3A ftHHHEH c1JPOHTA
BOEHHASI ~CTOP~SI
3A.ftHHHEH IIIPOHTA 'S"OE1iHASI MCTOPMSI Eloise Engle Lauri Paananen
THE WINT...
8 downloads
214 Views
67MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
3A ftHHHEH c1JPOHTA
BOEHHASI ~CTOP~SI
3A.ftHHHEH IIIPOHTA 'S"OE1iHASI MCTOPMSI Eloise Engle Lauri Paananen
THE WINTER WAR THE SOVIET ATTACK ON FINLAND -
1939-1940
3A AHHHEH tPOHTA
BOEHHASI ~CTOPl1S1 3nOH3a3Hrn naYPH naaHaHeH
COBETCKO-... CIIHHCKAH BOHHA npOPblB nMHMM MAHHEPrEMMA
1939-1940
~. MOCKBa
UEHTPnOJlMrPACP
66K 63.3(0)62
362
OxpaHSleTCSI 3aKOHOM P 06 llBTOPCKOM npaBe. !3ocnpoH3Be.ucHHe BceM KHHrH HJlJ1 JlI060H ee l!aCTH BocnpewaeTCSI 6e3 nJ1CbM eHHoro pa3peweHHSI H3.uaTeJlSl. J1106ble nonblTKH HapyweHH!I 3aKOHa 6y.l\yT npeCJle.uoBaTbcR B cy.ue6HoM nopSl.uxe.
CeplHI «3a JUlHl1eH
MI1JIJII10Ha COJI,llaT.
COBeTCKHH
COlO3 rrOTepHJI rrpl1MepHO 1000 CaMOJIeTOB 11 2300 TaHKOB. JII1Wb B 1970 ro,llY B CBOI1X MeMyapax XpYllleB orry6JII1KOBaJI rrOTepl1 PYCCKI1X -
1 MI1JIJII10H qeJIOBeK.
COrrpOTI1BJIeHl1e OTOrpaQ>1111 11 6I1orpaQ>l1lJeCKl1e MaTepl1aJIbI.
3HalJl1TeJIbHa~ lJaCTb I1CCJIe.uOBaHI1W rrpOBO.uI1JIaCb B nl16JII10TeKe KOHrpeCCa
ClIIA,
r.ue 3aBe.uYlOlUl1W a6oHe-
MeHTOM rocrrO.uI1H JIer3p X.n. 0611p JIlO6e3HO rr03BOJI~JI aBTOpaM 6paTb JII1TepaTYPY Ha HeCKOJIbKI1X ~3bIKaX .uJI~ pa60TbI Ha,U KHl1rOW. naYJII1 nawyrrypo 11 3CKO JIeXMYC 113 «JIeXMYC Oy» B ropo.ue TaMrrepe, I1HJI~H.uI1~, rrpe.uOCTaBI1JII1 B Hallie
pacrrOp~)I(eHHe
YHI1KaJIbHble KapHKaTypbI
BpeMeH BOWHbI . J-hBeCTHbIW rrpo.ulOcep .u0KYMeHTaJIbHbIX Q>HJIbMOB Q>HHCKoro TeJIeBH.ueHI1~ 5[aaKKo 5[xHYKaWHeH crroco6CTBOBaJI HaJIa)l(l1BaHI1IO rrOJIe3HbIX KOHTaKTOB C BJIa.uelOlUHMI1 .uaHHOW TeMaTI1KOW I1CTOpHKaMI1. nl16JII10TeKI1 rpaQ>CTBa 3pQ>aKC (llITaT Bl1p.u)l(HHH~,
ClIIA)
H, B 4aCTHOCTI1, OT.ueJI nl16JII10TeKI1 I1MeHI1 By.u-
po BI1JIbCOHa B OJIJIC-l.Jep4 6bIJII1 Bcer.ua rOTOBhI 3aHI1MaTbC~ rrOI1CKOM Heo6xo.uI1MbIX MaTepHaJIOB, KaKI1MH 6bI
CTpaHHbIMI1 rropow HI1 Ka3aJII1Ch 3arrpOCbI aBTopOB. OQ>HuepbI I1HQ>0PMaUI10HHOrO rro.upa3.ueJIeHI1~ neHTarOHa rroMOraJIl1 KOHcyJIbTaUI1~MI1 rro BoeHHOH TepMI1HOJIOrHI1. HeB03MO)l(HO Bblpa311Tb CJIOBaMI1 6JIaro.uapHOCTb aBTOpOB 3a COBeTbI, KOHCYJIhTaUl111 11 rrOMep)I(KY rrHCaTeJIhCKOW cyrrp~ecKOW rrape, rrl1llIYlUeW BMeCTe rro.u rrceB.uoHI1MaMI1 3Pl1K neppl1 wTep6epT neCT.
BBEAEHME
B 1924 ro,llY, KOr,lla l1HCKaSJ HaUl10HaJIbHaSJ aBl1aKOM(FINNAIR) HalJaJIa CBOIO pa6oTY, rrl1J10Tbl, J1eTalO-
rraHl151
W:l1e Ha,ll 3aCHe)l(eHHbIMl1 rrpOCTOpaMl1 CBoeH PO,lll1Hbl, lJaCTeHbKO l1CrrbITblBaJIl1 3aTpY,llHeHl151, r,lle l1M rrpl13eMJ1l1TbCSJ.
B
MeXOBbIX lllJIeMaX, 04Kax l1 C pa3BeBalOW:l1Ml1C5I
Ha BeTpy 6eJlbIMl1 llIap<paMl1, OHl1 CHl1)1(aJIl1Cb Ha,ll rrOJleM KaKOM-Hl16Y,llb 11 Llp.
( npUMe'l. pea.) 1 C 11 6 e 11 11 Y C JlH ( 1865-1957) HeHUJI1H CI1 MI1HHa 3a HerrOBI1HOBeHl1e rrpl1Ka3aM CChIJIaJIl1 B CI16I1Ph. JI ro6l1MhIM crropTOM PYCCKI1X B rrepl10.ll rrpaBJIeHI1S1 006pl1KOBa CTaJIO 1136l1eHl1e HaraHKaMI1 ropo)!(aH Ha rrJIOlllMSIX XeJIhCI1HKI1.
K
1914 ro.llY caMoynpaB-
JIeHl1e, KOTOPhIM rrYCTh 11 B He3Ha'lI1TeJIhHOH CTerreHI1, HO BCe-TaKI1 rrOJIh30BaJIl1Ch Q>I1HHhI, nepeCTaJIO CYllleCTBOBaTh. HeHaBI1CTh K POCCI1I1 yrJIy6JISlJIaCh 11 KpenJIa .
B 3TOT
nepl10.ll He60JIhUll1e rpynrrhI aKTI1BHhJX rpa)!(.llaH
rrhITaJIl1Ch C6pOCl1Th npaBJIeHl1e PYCCKI1X 11 .ll06l1ThCSI He3aBl1Cl1MOCTH HHJISlH.llI1I1 . He I1MeSi c06CTBeHHOl1: apMl111 BO BpeMSI IlepBol1: MI1POBOH BOHHhI , I1HJISlH.llI1S1 I1CrrOJIh30BaJIa 3TO BpeMSI .ll1ISI C03.llaHI1S1 CBOI1X
Boop~eHHhIX
CI1JI. IloCKOJIhKY llIBeUI1S1 3aSlBHJIa 0 CBoeM HeHTpaJIl1TeTe, Q>HHHhI 06paTHJIH CBOH B30phI Ha fepMaHl1ro, Be.llYlllYIO BOHHY C PoccHeH. HeMUhI c PMOCTbIO OTKJIHKHYJIHCb Ha MOJIb6y 0 rrOMOlllH H B 1915-1916 ro.llax TaHHO rrpl1HSlJII1 2 TbICSI'Ili Q>I1HHOB B HaXO.llSllllYIOCSI HenO.llaJIeKY OT faM6ypra BoeHHYro UlKOJIY, r.lle H3 HI1X 6bIJI CQ>0pMHpOBaH 27-H KOpOJIeBCKHH npYCCKHH erepCKHH 6aTaJIbOH. IlepBbIM Q>HHCKHM BOHHCKHM nO.llpa3.lleJIeHl1eM H3 183 '1eJIOBeK KOMaH.llOBaJI OrrbITHbIH HeMeUKHH oHuep -
MaHop MaKCHMHJIl1aH oaHep,
'1bSl cypOBaSi BbJY'IKa BbIKOBaJIa 113 HOB06paHueB rrepBOKJIaCCHyro rpynrry KOMaH.llHpOB . eBpaJIbCKaH peBOJIIOUHH 1917 rO.lla B POCCHH rrOCTaBHJIa nepe.ll HHJISlH.llHeH Borrpoc: KaKOBO 6Y.lleT Tenepb ee nOJIO)!(eHHe? 6 .lleKa6pSl HHJIHH.llI1S1 OQ>HUHaJIbHO npoB03rJIaCHJIa CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTh, a B nOCJIe.llHHH .lleHb 1917 ro.lla npaBHTeJIbCTBO JIeHHHa npl13HaJIO HOBoe rocy.llapCTBO. Tenepb HHJIHH.llHSI OCTaJIaCb O.llHa JIHUOM K JIHUY C 6YPHMH, 6ywyIOlllHMl1 3a rpaHl1ueH H c06HparolllHMHCH y Hee .llOMa. Ha rrpaKTHKe nepe.lla'la rrOJIHOTbI BJIaCTH PoccHeH HHJISlH.llI1H He BbI3BaJIa OC06blX np06JIeM, H60 B Te'leHHe .ll1IHTeJIbHOrO BpeMeHI1 B npOUlJIOM HHJISlH.llI1H ~e
15
6hIJIa He3aBMCMMhIM KaK OT lllBeUMM, TaK M OT POCCMM rOCY,lI,apCTBOM. OHa MMeJIa ,lI,eMOKpaTWleCKYIO KOHCTMTYUMlO M npaBMTeJIhCTBO, HO He o6JIa,lI,aJIa ,lI,OCTaT04'HhIM nOJIMTM4'eCKMM OnhITOM. 3a npOBe,lI,eHHhIe 6e3 HOPMaJIhHoro npaBMTeJIhCTBa rO,lI,hI HaKOnMJIOCh HeMaJIO cephe3HhIX COUMaJIhHhIX np06JIeM, M ,lI,aBHO Ha3peJIa Heo6xo,lI,MMOCTh pe¢opM. B 51HBape
1918
rO,lI,a BOJIHa Teppopa CTaJIa npe,lI,BeCTHM-
KOM TparwlecKoM fpa)l(,lI,aHCKOM BOMHhl. noph6y C TeppopMCTaMM nOBeJIa neJIa51 rBap,lI,M5I, B03rIIaBJI5IeMa51 TOr,lI,a ellle reHepaJIOM MaHHepreHMoM, He,lI,aBHO BepHYBWMMC5I M3 POCCMM. H
XOT5I np06JIeMhI 6hIJIM B OCHOBHOM BHYTpeHHMMM,
M3 MHJI5IH,lI,MM He 6hIJIM BhIBe,lI,eHhI M nO-npe)l(HeMY OCTaBaJIMCh Ha ee TeppMTopMM
20
ThIC5I4' PYCCKMX COJI.IlaT,
KOTophIe npMCoe.IlMHMJIMCh K KpacHoH rBap,lI,MM MHJI5IHnMM. fJIaBHOH ueJIhIO MaHHepreMMa CTaJIO M36aBJIeHMe ¢MHJI5IH,lI,MM OT 3TMX 60JIhWeBMCTcKMX CMJI, HO ¢MHcKoe npaBMTeJIhCTBO, McnhIThIBa51 HeTepneHMe, 06paTMJIOCh 3a nOMOlllhIO K fepMaHMH. BonpeKM )l(eJIaHMIO MaHHepreHMa
8
ThIC5I4' HeMeUKMX COJI,lI,aT B anpeJIe BhICa.IlMJIMCh B
MHJI5IH,lI,MM, a K Cepe,lI,MHe Ma51 BOHHa 3a He3aBMCMMOCTh nOJIHOCThIO 3aBepWMJIaCh. MHJI5IH,lI,MM Y,lI,aJIOCh M36e)l(aTh KOMMYHM3Ma, HO OHa npeBpaTMJIaCh B rOCY,lI,apCTBO C 4'eTKO Bblpa)l(eHHOH nporepMaHCKOH nOJIMTMKOH.
Y
Hee 6hIJIO MHO)l(eCTBO Hepe-
rneHHhIX KOHCTMTYUMOHHhIX np06JIeM, M Ha YCTpaHeHMe CYllleCTBYlOlllMX nOJIMTM4'eCKMX
pacnpeH
Tpe60BaJIMCh
,lI,OJIrHe rO,lI,hl. 3aKJII04'eHHOe B H05l6pe nepeMMpMe nOJIO)l(MJIO KOHeu DepBOH MMPOBOH BOMHe, M MHJI5IH,lI,MM BnJIOTHYlO npMWJIOCh CTOJIKHYThC5I co CTOJIh )l(eJIaHHOH ,lI,JI5I Hee B Te4'eHMe MHorMX JIeT He3aBMCMMOCThIO, nepe,lI, KOTOPOH OHa, HaKOHeu 06peT5I ee, Ha4'aJIa MCnhIThIBaTh CTpax. B
KOHue KOHUOB 6hIJIO ,lI,OCTMrHYTO COrJIaCMe 0
pecny6JIMKaHCKOH ¢opMe npaBJIeHM5I, M B mOJIe nepBhIH npe3M,lI,eHT MHJI5IH,lI,MM, npo¢eccop K.H. lllTOJIh6epr, BCTynMJI B )lOJI)I(HOCTh.
16
TapTYCKl1H ,IlOrOBOp ocPl1Ul1aJlbHO nOJlO)l(l1Jl
KOHeu
rOCnO,llCTBY POCCI1I1, pO,lll1JlaCb He3aBI1CI1Ma51
B MOCKBe nOCOJI HHJJ5IH.uHH I1pbe- KOCKHHeH 6bIJI BbI3BaH B KpeMJIb, me eMY 3a5IBHJIH, 4TO XyiJO:JICIIIIK IOeCli AapIIIIO
rrOJlH5fJlC5J 6oe3anac , YKJla)lbIBaJIYfCb napaWIOTbI, Bce nYfJlOTbT Yf TeXHMKM HaXO)lMJlYfCb B nOJlHOH rOTOBHOCTYf. Ha BoeHHO-B03)lYUIHOH 6a3e B I1MMOJla, HerrO)laJIeKY OT )!(Yf3HeHHO Ba)!(HOH :,)JleKTpOCTaHUMYf «I1MaTpa», B
30
Jl5JX OT BMYfnypYf, Ha 60eBOM )le~pCTBe HaXO)lYfJlaCb
MYf-
24-51
YfcTpe6MTeJlbHa5J 3CKa)lpYfJlb5J, B COCTaBe KOTOPOH 6bIJlO BoceMb MCTpe6YfTeJleH MapKYf «cDoKKep-)l», TPYf YfMelOll(YfX oqmuepcKMe 3BaHM5J rrYfJlOTa Yf n5JTb JleT4YfKOB B 3BaHMYf Cep)!(aHTOB. 3a HeCKOJlbKO rrOCJle)lHYfX )lHeH Heo6cTpel HlHHa5f MOJlO)le)!(b B rrpouecce YCYfJleHHbIX TpeHYfpOBOK rrpYfo6peJla Heo6xo)lYfMhle HaBbTKM, rrpe)l(,L{,e Bcero B Be)leHMYf OrH5f no CaMOJleTaM rrpOTMBHYfKa M Ha3eMHbIM ueJl5fM. CBO-
51
60nHoe OT TpeHl1pOBOtfHblX nOJleTOB BpeMH HaXOnHLUl1eCH Ha 60eBOM ne)l(ypCTBe nl1J10Tbl npOBOnl1J111 B nanaTKe, CJlYWaH rpaMMocj:JOHHble nJlaCTI1HKI1 C nonYJlHpHbIMI1 cj:JI1HCKI1MI1 3CTpanHbIMI1 neCH5TMI1 11J111 06CY)I(Jla5T nOCJlenHl1e HOBOCTI1 0 BoHHe . PaHHI1M YTPOM
30
H05T6pH Kanl1TaH 3HHO JIlolOKKaHeH
11 OCTaJlbHble JleTtfl1KI1 I1rpaJlI1 B nOKep. JIlOlOKKaHeHY KaK pa3 npl1WJlI1 XopOWl1e KapTbl, Koma K Bxony B nanaTKY non6e)l(aJl nOJlKOBHI1K PI1KY J10peHU 11, BblCTpeJlI1B B B03nyx 113 CBoero Ta6eJlbHoro nI1CTOJleTa , npOKpl1tfaJl: «BOT 11 Bce, napHI1! CerOJllH1 YTPOM, B
6.15 ,
PYCCKl1e BOHCKa
nepeWJl11 Hawy rpaHI1UY» . BCKope nocTynl1J10 co06LueHl1e o HeCKOJlbKI1X npI16J1I1)1(UIOLUI1XCH K Bl1l1nYPI1 PYCCKI1X 60M6apnl1p0I3I11I1Kax . J11010KKuHeH CXBaTI1J1 CBOH WJleM 11 6POCI1JIC5T K BbIXOJlY. MeXaHI1K ero CaMOJleTa Y)I(e 3anycTI1J1 MOTOp. J1lolOKKuHeH B306puJlCH HU KPblJlO CBoero «cj)OKKepu » 11 BJle3 B Ka6I1HY . Yepe3 n5TTb MI1HyT OH 11 Tpl1 n pYrl1X JleT l ll1Ka 6blJll1 y)!(e B 003nyxe 11 I-IanpaBJl5TJlI1Cb K Bl1l1nYPI1 . ct>aKTl1tfeCKI1 J1lolOKKaJ-leH B03rJlUBI1J1 nepoblH 60eBOH OblJleT 311MHeH OoHHbl. OCYLUeCTOJHlH nOJleT Ha BblCOTe POCTI1
2000
cj:JYTOB npl1 CKO-
186
MI1J1b B llaC, 3C Kanpl1J1b5T nOJl)l(Ha 6bl Jla npl16blTb K MeCTY HU3Ha l ICI-II15T 'lepe3 20 MI1HYT. Ho 3Tl1X
20
MI1HYT OnOJlHe XBUTI1J10 60M6apnl1pOBLUl1KaM npOTI1B-
I-1I1Ka, llT06bl BbInOJl HI1Tb 3anal-ll1e 11 nOBepl-IYTb Ha3an .
B 9.45
cj:JI1I-1CKHe nl1nOTbl pa3nl1lJl1J111 nOJl C060H 3HaKO-
Mble O'iepTaHI15T CTapl1HHOrO ropona . YBl1nCB OTKpbrBaIOU1YIOC5T no npaOOMY 60PTY ero CaMOJleTa KapTI1I-1Y, J11OIOKKal-lel-l nOHHn , lITO ero l-lal1xynWl1e OnaCeHI15T nOJlTJ3epnl1J1I1Cb: HeCKonbKO 3naHl1H neno )((eJle3HOH noporH Ha MaacKona 6blnl1 Y)I(e OXBa'leHbl orHeM . PYCCKI1C c6poCI1J1H 60M6bl 11 yneTeJlI1. J110IoKKuHeH nooepHyn K lory 11 . 3aMeTHJI nBa Y)l(e no'11'11 CKPbIBWI1XC5I B 06naKux COl3eTCKI1X 60M6apnl1pOBLUI1Ka . ct>I1HH nOnH5IflC5I I3blwe 06f1aKOB Ha BbICOTY B TOO , 1-10 npOTI1BHI1Ka He 06HUPY)l(l1n .
nocne
5000
cj:JY-
tfUca naT -
pynl1pOBaHI151 Han paAOHOM, He BI1Jl51 HHKaKHX npyrl1X
52
CaMOJleTOB, KpOMe CBOI1X, pa30llapOBaHHbJe cpl1HCKl1e JleTlIl1KI1 HanpaBI1JlI1Cb Ha CBOlO 6a3Y. nOJleT npOxo,llI1Jl B CHerOBbJX 06JlaKaX, nJlOTHOCTb KOTOpbJX YBeJlI1l1I1BaJlaCb no Mepe npl16mnKeHJ-HJ K VlMMOJla, 11 B KOHue 11M npl1XO,llI1JlOCb JleTeTb, 6YKBaJTbHO 3a,lleB35J BepXYWKI1 ,llepeBbeB. Ha 6a3e OHI1 Y3HaJlI1, tITO Bl1l1nYPI1 nO,llBeprC5J 60M6ap,lll1pOBKe B 9.42, Bcero 3a Tpl1 MI1HYTbJ ,ll0 I1X npI16bTTI15J. 3TO paCCTpOI1JlO 11 B36ecl1Jlo nI1JlOTOB . Ho 3aBTpa 6y,lleT HOBbJti ,lleHb. n05JBI1TC5J Macca B03MO)l(HOCTeH BCTynl1Tb B 60ti C COBeTcKoti aBl1aUl1eti I . BoeHHO-MOpCKl1e CI1JlbJ ,llBYX CTpaH BeJlI1 B 3TOT ,lleHb 60eBbJe ,lleHCTBI151, 11 PYCCKI1M Y,llaJlOCb 3aXB3Tl1Tb HeCKOJlbKO
He3aml1meHHbIX OCTPOBOB
pe)l(b5l . PYCCKI1H KpeHcep «KI1POB»
Y
lO)I(HOrO
no6e-
11 ,llBa MI1HOHOCua
BeJlI1 orOHb no Kpenocnr Pyccape Ha XaHKO. B KOPOTKOM 6010 O,llI1H 113 MI1HOHOCueB 6blJl nOBpe)l(,lleH H nOKHHYJl CTPOH Kopa6Jleti, Ha 6epery nOTepb He 6b1JlO . )lBa CPHHCKI1X 6pOHeHocua -
«B5IHH5IMeHHeH» 11 «YlJlbMapHHeH» -
BO,ll0I13MemeHl1eM
4000
TOHH
Ka)l(,llbIH,
lfMeBWl1e
Ha
BoopY)l(eHHI1 no BoceMb 40-MI1JlJlI1MeTpOBbJX 11 BoceMb I05-MHJlJlI1MeTpoBbJX nyweK, HanpaBI1JlI1Cb K TYPKY ,llJl51 OpraHl13aUl1l1 npOTI1BOB03,llYWHOH 060pOHbJ 3Toro )1(113HeHHO Ba)l(HOrO ,llJl51 ct>I1HJl5lH,ll1111 nopTa. n5lTb CPHHCKI1X nO,llBO,llHbJX JlO,llOK TeXI1HI1HCKOrO 3aJlHBa H COBepWa51 peH,llbI ,llO Pl1)1(CKOrO 3aJlI1Ba, npen5lTCTBOBaJll1 ,llBI1)1(eHHIO COBeTCKI1X CY,llOB 11 BbIIlOJlH5IJlI1 pa3Be,llbIBaTeJlbHhJe 3a,llaHlf51. B 60eBbIX ,lleHCTBI151X TaK)I(e YlIaCTBOBaJlI1 lIeTbJpe KaHOHepKl1: «YYCI1Maa»
11 «XaMeeHMaa»
BO,ll0I13MemeHHeM 450 TOHH Ka)l(-
,llhIH, a TaK)I(e «Kapb51Jla» 11 «TYPYHMaa» BO,ll0I13MemeHl1eM no 370 TOHH 11 JlerKl1e TOpne,llHbJe KaTepa .
1 PUCCKU3 06 3TI1X C06blTI1SlX B3SlT 113 KHl1fl1 3HHO JlIOIOKKUHCHU Tpc611TCJll1 HUll I1IIJlSl\lIlI1C~l» (Jl OfiIlOH, 1963).
53
.l1c-
Korna MOpe 3aMep3JIO, H3
13
TbJCHq qeJIOBeK JIHqHOrO
COCTaBa QlHHCKHX BoeHHO-MOPCKHX CHJI non KOMaHnOBaHHeM reHepaJI-MaHOpa B . BaJIBe 6bIJIO CCPOpMHpoBaHo paBHoe no qHCJIeHHOCTH nB}'M 6aTaJIbOHaM CneUHaJIbHOe nonpa3neJIeHHe , no.nyqHBWee Ha3BaHHe «6aTaJIbOH AaJITOHeH» .
B XeJIbCHHKH, a TalOKe B BHHnYPH, XaHKO, KOTKe H npyrwx roponax, nonBeprWHXCH 60M6apnHpOBKaM, B neHCTBHe BCTynHJIH CHJIbJ CPHHCKOH npoTHBoB03nywHoH 060POHbI. ObJJIO C6HTO HeCKOJIhKO 60M6apnHpoBlUHKOB, HO 3TO BpHn JIH MOrJIO CJIY)l(HTh YTeweHHeM 3alUHTHHKaM He6a. TaM , oTKyna npHJIeTeJIH 3TH 60M6apnHpOBlUHKH, 6bJJIH COTHH npyrwx. BOHCKa KpaCHOH apMHH PBaJIHCb Ha KapeJIbCKHH nepeweeK H HacTynaJIH B npyrwx MeCTax K ceBepy OT JIanO)l(CKoro 03epa Ha BceM npOTH)I(eHHH no OeTcaMO . B 3THX YCJIOBHHX npe3HneHT Cl>HHJIHHnHH KJ03CTH KaJIJIHO npOB03rJIaCHJI CTpaHY B «COCTOHHHH BOHHbJ». 3TO 6bJJI OnHH H3 CaMhJX TparHqeCKHX nHeH B HCTOPHH MOJIOnOH pecny6JIHKH. YJIHUbJ XeJIbCHHKH HaXOnHJIHCb non nOCTOHHHbJM nYJIeMeTHbJM 06CTpeJIOM CaMOJIeTOB, H cpHHCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO nepeHeCJIO CBOIO wTa6-KBapTHpy H3 3naHHH napJIaMeHTa B 60JIee 6e30naCHbJH paHOH B npHropOne . B TY HOqb napJIaMeHT Ha CBoeM ceKpeTHoM 3acenaHHH BbJpa3HJI npaBHTeJIbCTBY KaHHHnepa BOTYM noBepHH, HO npeMbep-MHHHCTp Hero Ka6HHeT YWJIH B OTCTaBKY B Hane)l(lle,
~JTO
HOBO My npaBHTeJIhCTBY JIyqwe
ynacTbcH nOJIanHTb C PYCCKHMH. HOBoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO, B03f1laBJIHeMOe PHCTO PIOTH, npe3HneHTOM oaHKa Cl>HHJIHHnHH, cpa3y 3aHBHJIO 0 CBOHX HaMepeHHHX HCKaTb nYTH K MHPy.
J1
nYCTb PIOTH 6bJJI rOTOB HaqaTb neperoBopbJ, OH
CKa3aJI: « .. . MbJ He COrJIaCHMCH nO)l(epTBOBaTb HaweH He3aBHCHMOCTbIO panH CneJIKH». TeM BpeMeHeM «rne-TO B Cl>HHJIHHnHH»
HeH3BeCTHaH
panHOCTaHUHH C006lUHJIa, 'ITO KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH napTHH Cl>HHJIHHnHH CCPOpMHpOBaJIa «neMOKpaTHqeCKOe npaBHTeJIbCTBO Cl>HHJIHHnHH» BO rJIaBe C TOBapHlUeM OTTO Ky-
54
YOfHeHOM. IllTa6 - KBapTHpa :noro MapHOHeTOllHOrO npa BHTeJlbCTBa HaXOnHJlaCb B TepHHOKH, nepBOM ropone, «OC B060)l(.lJ.eHHOM» KpaCHOH apMHeH . Ha caMOM )Ke n ene TePHHOKH -
KYPOPTHbIH ropon Ha 6epery cDHHCKoro
3aJl HBa
B HeCKOJlbKHX MHJl5lX OT COBeTcKo-q)J.1HCKOH rpaHHUbI 6bIJl OCTaBJleH norpaHHllHHKaMH 6e3 6051 . COBeTcKoe npa BHTeJlbCTBO cpa3Y )Ke YCTaHOBHJlO n HnnOM3T WleCKl1e OTHOUJeHH5I C npaBI1TeJlbCTBOM KYYCI1HeH3 . MonoToB , nO - BI1nHMOMY, 6bIJl OLleHb n OBOJleH CBOHMI1 neperOBOpaMI1 C q:n1HcKHM MapKCHCTOM KYYCI1HeHOM , 1160 B On l1H H3 n HeH eMY ynaJlOCb y6enHTh fJlaBY HOBoro « HapOn Horo npaBI1TeJlbCTBa» OTnaTb B a peHny nOJlYOCTpOB XaHKo , yCTynl1Tb LI3CT b Teppl1TOpHH H a KapeJlbCKOM nepeweHKe H npOn aTb OnHH H3 OCTPOBOB B cDHHCKOM 33nl1Be .11 Cj)J.1HCKYIO llaCT b non YOCTpOB3 PbJ6a LIHH 3 a 300 MHnnHOHOB CPI1HCKI1X MapOK. KyycHHeH, B03fJlaBn5lBWHH KpacHbIH M5ITe)K BO Bpe M5I rpa)KnaHCKOM BOMHbI , nOCJle n06enbI 6eJl ocPl1HHOB 6e)KaJl B POCCHIO , H eCTb npennOJlO)KeHHe , llTO OH Bo06we He nOKHnaJl POCCHIO , nOK3 KpeMJlb He nopylII1Jl eMY «neJlo» B TepHHOKH I . PeaKUH5I CPHHHOB OKa3aJlaCb nHaMeTpaJlbHO npOTI1BO nOJlO)KHOM TOM, Ha KOTOpylO pacclIHTblBaJl COBeTcKHH COI03. MapHoHeTollHoe rrpaBHTeJlbCTBO CTaJlO He TOJlbKO rrOCMeUJHweM nn51 Bcero MHpa, HO ero C03naH.I1e ewe TeCHee CrrJlOTHJlO cPHHHOB. ECJlH cPHHHbI XOTeJlH rrpo nOJl)l(aTb cyw:eCTBOBaTb KaK He3aBHCHMoe neMOKpaTI1lleCKoe rocynapcTBO, 3TOT CMeXOTBopHbIH 3aMbICeJl He OCTaBJl5lJl HM HHoro BbI60pa, KpOMe 60Pb6bJ.
I CeronHlI KyPOPTHbIH ropon Tepl1HOKI1 HOCI1T pYCCKoe Ha3BaHI1e 3eJIeHoropCK. I1HCKI1H nl1CaTeJIb 3CKO MaHHepMaa B 1969 ron y B aBryc TOBCKOM HOMepe «HOBoro Ml1pa » Bblpa3 11JI COMHeHl1e, 'ITO KYYCI1HeH CHHll5lHll HH , 130 BC5IKOM cllY'lae 13 caMOM Halfalle . ,llJT5I TaKoro l.J eJloBeKn , KaK MaHHepreHM , C ero orpoMHblM onbl ToM , Cj:HII-lcKa51 UpMHH npeLlCTUBllH JIUCb LlOBOllbl-IO c-rpaHHblM KOHrllOMep . XyiJOJIClIlIK IOcclI Aap/IIiO
3pxo H ero TOBapHWH BblCK04HJlH H3 naJlaTKH 11 npl1COe.LlI1HI1JlHCb K rpyrmel13
10 lleJl013eK.
KOMaH.LlHp rpynnbl ,
Cep)!(aHT OYTH XeJlac, npl1Ka3aJl 11M OKonaTbCH no 060411HaM .Lloporl1 B IHITH MeCTax: COJl.LlaTbl C «KOKTeiiJleM MOJlOT013a» -
no O.LlHY CTOPOHY, a C B3pblI34aTKOii -
«BOT Mbl H rOT013bl, -
nO.LlYM3Jl 3pxo, -
no .Llpyrylo.
Tenepb nycTb
I1.LlYT». IOHOMY clmHHY C006WHJl H , lITO
10
PYCCKI1X TaHK013
npOpBaJlI1Cb 4epe 3 JIHHI110 cPPOl-fTa 11 npI16JlI1)((aIOTCH K ero yl13CTKy. Co c130eti 3aM3CKI1pOBaHHoii n03 11UI1H OH BI1.LleJl, KaK JleiiTeHDHT pacnp e.LleJ IHJl no MeCT3 M nyJleMCT4I1K013, KOTOPblM np e.LlC TO~I Jl O n03a60TI1T bC H 0 TOM, llT06 b l 3K l1na)((11 PYC CKHX T3 HK OB He CMOI'JlYt CKPblTbC51.
77
B nOJ]e 3pemiH nOHBHJ]OCb nepBoe 'Iy,llOBHLUe, CTpeJ]HJOLUee BO Bcex HanpaMeHHHX; OHO TaK YBepeHHO npH6JIH)l(MOCb , 'ITO, Ka3MOCb , HH'ITO He B CHJ]ax ero OCTaHOBHTb. BCJ]e,ll 3a HHM CJ]e,llOBMH OCTaJIbHbIe, Be,llH yparaHHbIH orOHb .
11 3pxo
nO,llYMM : «He~eJIH MbI ,llOJ])I(Hbl Cpa)l(aTb-
CH C 3THMH CTMbHbIMH 'IY,llOBHLUaMH npH nOMOLUH napbI 6YTbIJ]OK C 6eH3HHOM H HeCKOJ]bKHX py'IHbIX rpaHaT?» MbICJ]b 3Ta Ka3MaCb a6CYP,llHOH. HaMHoro pa3YMHee 6bmo 6bI ceHlIac OCTOPO)I(HO BCTaTb H ' oTcTynHB, nOKHHYTb 3TO 6e3YMHoe CTOJ]nOTBopeHHe. TPH TaHKa ~e MHHOBMH ero n03HUHJO, HO npHKa3a aTaKOBaTb Bce eLUe He 6bIJ]0. HaKOHeu np03BYlJM CHrHM. 3pxo OCB060,llHJ] 3anM , ,llOClIHTM ,llo Tpex H 6POCHJI MeWOK C ,llHHaMHTOM no,ll ,llHHLUe TpeTbero TaHKa. OT HeCKOJ]bKHX rpOMKHX B3PbIBOB 3eMJ]H 3aXO,llHJIa XO,llYHOM, HO Kor,lla OH nO,llHHJ] rJ]a3a , TO 3aMeTHJ], KaK ero TaHK BMecTe C OCTMbHbIMH Me,llJ]eHHO nOBOpa'IHBaeT Ty,lla, OTKY,lla npHweJ]. I1cnbITa B ropbKoe p a 301lapOBaHHe OT Toro , liTO Ta HK He J]e)l(l1T 6ecnOMOLUHO Ha 60KY , OH TKHyJ] J] OKTeM CBoero npHHTeJ]H, KHBHBHpTa, H CKa3M, 'ITO y Hero BblWJ]H Bce 60enpHnaCbl. «,L(aBaH yrocTHM HX BOT 3TOH nOCJ]e,llHeH 6YTbIJ]KOH » , CKa3M JOHblH BOHH .
C
3 THMH CJ]OBaMH OH cnOKOHHO no,ll-
)l(er 3a naJ] H llIBbIPHYJ] 6YTbIJ1KY B H,llYlUHH nOCJ]e,llHHM TaHK. OHa nonMa np5lMO B LUeJ]b.llJ151 3a60pa B03,llyxa H TYT )l(e BocnJ]aMeHHJ]aCb, OCBeLUaH Bce BOKpyr )l(eJ]TOBaTbIM nJ]aMeHeM. BCKope BeCb TaHK 6blJI 06bHT nJ]aMeHeM, H
KJi-
BHBHpTa npOH3Hec: «MbI HaBepHHKa nO,ll)l(apHJ]H pyCCKHX». TeM BpeMeHeM J]eHTeHaHT KaapTO, CBH3aB ,llBe TpeXKHJ]orpaMMOBbIe TPOTHJ]OBbIe llIallIKH, MeTHYJI HX no,ll ryceHHUbl BToporo TaHKa, KOTOPblH OCTaHOBHJICH . BCKope 3anbIJ]M H TpeTHH TaHK, nO,llO)l()l(eHHbIH caMHM KOMaH,llHpOM OTpMa ; OCTMbHbIe TaHKH 6blJ]H ~e BHe npe,lleJ]OB ,llOCHraeMOCTH . 3KHna)l( BToporo TaHKa nbITMCH CKPbITbC5I B J]ecy, HO CTM J]erKOH ,ll06bllleH aBTOMaTlIHKOB I .
1
Kaarlo Erho . Summa. Poorvo, Finland , 1940.
rnaBa 6 nE.QOBbl~ A.Q 311MHE~ BO~Hbl
DOHa'-laJIY PYCCKI1H COJl,UaT HI1'-1erO He I1MeJl npon1B XOJlo,Ua. OH nOJl3 B aTaKY Ha )[(I1BOTe, 11 ero 60eBOH ,UYX no,U,Uep)[(I1BaJla MbICJlb 0 CKOPOH no6e,Ue .
Y
Hero 6bIJlO MOlUHoe
HOBoe oPY)[(l1e, '-IaCTeHbKO np5IMO C 3aBo,Ua, a JleTH5I5I cpopMa ,UOCTaBJl5IJla JlI1Wb JlerKl1e Hey,Uo6cTBa . Ho Bce H3MeHHJlOCb, Kor,Ua TeMnepaTypa ynaJIa CHa'-laJIa,Uo
20, 30, 40
10,
a nOTOM ,UO
rpa,UycoB HI1)[(e HYJl5I; BOT Tor,Ua-TO H Ha'-laJlC5I
HaCT05llUI1H a,U, a,U 3HMHeH BOHHbl. B TaKHe MOP03bI opY)[(He COJl,UaTa KpaCHOH apMHH 3aMep3aJlO, 3aMep3aJll1 npo,UyKTbI nHTaHH5I, Mep3J1H PYKH H HorH. ECJlI1 OH CJlI1WKOM 0611J1bHO CMa3bIBaJI op~.He, OHO CTaHOBHJlOCb 6eCnOJle3HbIM . CTOHJlO eMY npHKOCHYTbCH K CTBOJlY BI1HTOBKI1 rOJlbIMH PYKaMI1, a nOTOM y6paTb pyKH, Ha MeTaJlJle OCTaBaJll1Cb CJle,UbI ero KpOBH. BO,UHTeJlH TaHKOB 11 aBTOMaWI1H 3aMeTHJlI1, '-ITO, eCJlH He nporpeBaTb ,UBl1raTeJlH B Te'-leHl1e
15
MHHYT Ka)[('uble ,UBa '-Iaca, aKKYMY-
Jl5ITOPbI BbTXO,U5IT H3 CTP05l. BOHcKaM Tpe6oBaJlOCb 60JlbWe, '-IeM 06bI'-IHO, np0,UYKTOB nHTaHHH; '-ITo6bI BbI)[(HTb H cpa)[(aTbCH, COJl,UaTaM 6bIJI Hy)[(eH 06HJlbHbIH H CbITHbIH paUI1OH, a He '-IepCTBbIH XJIe6 H '-IaH 6e3 caxapa. B JlTOTble MOP03bI '-IeJlOBe'-leCKaH KPOBb OCTbTBaJla , H ee nJla3Ma nepeCTaBaJla BbInOJlH5ITb CBOH CPYHKUHH. )la, xoJlO,U cnoco6cTBoBaJl OCTaHOBKe KpOBI1 y paHeHblx , HO ecnH lJeJlOBeK ,Uonro OCTaBaJlC5I Ha Mop03e 6e3 nepeBH3KH , TO ero HCTep3aHHa51 H OKpOBaBJleHHa51 nJlOTb BCKope HalJHHaJla TeMHeTb, H3 Hee COlJHJlaCb 3eneHOBaTaH )[(11,UKOCTb , CBI1,UeTeJlbCTBYJOlUaH 0 Ha'-lI1HaJOlUeHCH raHrpeHe . OTorpactlHM pa3pyweHHbIX fOPO.aOB 11 3ana.aHbIX ra3eT 111I5I cpaBHCHH5I C ne'laTaIOUIHMHC5I co06I.l{CHH5IMH KaK
MOrlIO HaCelIeHHe
COBeTCKoro COlO3a
pacn03HaTb pa3HHUY? EieccMbIClIeHHbIe 60M6ap.aHpOBKH npOllOlI)((aJIHCb .lleHb 3a .a HeM, H (PHHHbI BCKope CTalIH C HCHaBHCTblO OTHOCHThC5I K nporH03aM noro.abl, co06lualOlUHM 0 «xopoweM noro.ae H 5ICHOM Hc6e» , H60 3TO 03Ha4alIO BOM CHpeH, He06XOllHMOCTb 6e)((aTb 13 60M60y6e)((Hllle, r.lle CTeHbI 6YKBaJIhHO COTp5ICalIHCb OT pa3pbIBOB 60M6 BOKpyr. 3TO Bcef.aa 03Ha4alIO rH6elIb H YBelJb51 3HaKOMbiX HM 1IIOllet1; B He601Ibwot1 CTpaHe «'IY)((HX» 6ell He 6blBaeT. CnaCeHH5I OT 60M6 H 06CTpelIOB npaKTHl{eCKI1 He cyU{eCTBOBaJIO HH 111I5I KOfO, HCKlIlOlJeHHeM CTanH lIHWb COBceM MaJIeHbKHe .aCTH , KOTOPblX C06PaJIH 11, nOBeCI1B 11M Ha weH )((eTOHhl C HMeHaMI1 , OTnpaBl1lIl1 B WBeUHIO . MHOfHe 113 HHX He BepHYTC5I B CJ)HHlI5IHll HIO nOClIe BOI1-
85
HhI, nOCKOllhKY Y HI1X He OCTaHeTC5I pO.llI1Telleti:. ITpl1eMHhle pO.llI1Telll1 B lllBeU1111 BOCnl1TalOT I1X, KaK CBOI1X c06CTBeHHhIX .lleTeti:. IToe3.lla Ha MapllIpyre Bl1l1nYPI1-XellhCI1HKI1, Be3Yllll1e )l(eHllll1H 11 .lleTeti: Ha 3ana.ll, CTalll1 1131110611eHHoti: uellhlO .llJ1Sl 60M6aplll1pOBOK 11 06CTpellOB PYCCKI1X. CT0I1110 no51BI1ThCSl B He6e COBeTCKOMY caMOlleTY, noe3ll OCTaHaBlll1BMC5I,_a lllOlll1 6e)l(MI1 B llec 111111 np5lTMI1Ch 3a orpOMHhlMI1 BMYHaMI1. OT XellhCI1HKI1.ll0 TaMnepe 11 Ha BceM nyrl1 llO OYllY 60M6aplll1pOBKI1 nOe3.ll0B CTMI1 06hIlIHhIM lle110M. Y611ti:CTBO Ml1pHhIX rpa)l(.llaH He llaBaJIO OlleBl1llHhlX BoeHHhIX npeI1MYlUeCTB , XOT5I BhlBOll 113 CTP051 noe3ll0B 11 )l(elle3HOllOpO)l(Hh1X CTaHUI1H HapYllIaJI nOTOK BoeHHhIX nOCTaBOK, I1llYllll1X 113 lllBeUI1I1 . Olll1Mnl1HCKI1H lIeMnl10H ITaaBo HYPMI1 B CBOI1
42
rOlla
He 6hIll np"3BaH B apMI1IO. ITpl1Ha.lllle)l(allll1H eMY Mara311H MY)I(CKOH Olle)l(.llhl B XellhCI1HKI1 6blll nOllHOCThlO 06WI1T llOCKaMI1 llll51 3allll1ThI OT HalleTOB. 5IH Cl16elll1Yc , KOTOPOMY I1CnOllHI1110Ch
74
rO.lla 11 KOTOPhIH .llaBHO OTO-
well OT 06111ecTBeHHoH )l(113HI1, C006111aJI 113 CBoero llOMa, HaXOll5l111erOC5I B llecy B TYYCYll a, OllHOM 113 npl1rOpO.llOB XellhCI1HKI1: «)lBe MblClll1 BOJIHYIOT MeH5I 6011hllIe .llPyrl1x.
5I
BOI1CTI1HY rOp)[{YCb CBOI1M HapOllOM 11 TeM, liTO OH lle-
llaeT B 3TI1 llHI1.
11
51 CliaCTlll1B CHOBa 6blTh CBI1.lleTelleM
Toro, KaK Belll1Ka51 aMep"KaHCKa51 HaUI151 BblcTynaeT B nOll.llep)l(KY ct>11 Hll 51 Hlll1 11 » • B COelll1HeHHhlX lllTaTax He 6bIllO COMlleHI1H no noBOllY OTHOllIeHI151 K ct>I1H1l5lHlll1l1, HO BCKope CTallO olleBl1llHbIM , liTO CllOBa, MopallbHa51 nOlUlep)[{Ka 11 nO.llapKI1 He B COCT05lHI111 113MeHI1Tb nOllO)l(eHI151. HanalleHl1e POCCI1I1 Ha ct>I1H1l5lHlll1lO CTaJIO llll51 aMep"KaHueB nOllHOH HeO)l(l1llaHHOCTbIO ; OHI1 nhITaJIl1Ch pa306paTbC5I,
KaK
Hal111YlIWI1M 06pa30M
nOMOlib cjmHHaM.
nepBblM warOM CTM npl13hlB npe311lleHTa ct>paHKlll1Ha )l. PY3BellbTa, ompaBlleHHblH 11M JTopeHCY
A.
CTeMHxap-
TY, nOCllY B MOCKBe, 11 ApTYPY 1ll0Hcj:>ellbllY, nOCllaHHI1KY B XellbCI1HKI1. 06a nOCllaHI151 rllaCI111I1 :
86
«JlPOUCXOdflUl,Ue e xode e03HUKmUX e noclledllUe 200bl e pa3HblX 'faCm5lX 3eMlL020 mapa KOf{(jJIlUKmoe 6e3J1CallOCmHble 60M6apoupoeKu C e03dyxa 2paJICOaflCK020 llaCellellUfl e lle3aUl,Ulll,ellllblX Mecmax npOJICUeallUfl, e pe3Yllbmame KomopblX n02u61lu U nOlly'fU/lu yee'fbfl mblCfl'fU 6e33alll,UmllblX .MYJIC'fUIl, JlCellUl,UH U oemeu, llanOIlHUIlU 60llblO CepOl{a ecex lI,uellIlU30eG1i1lblX IllOoeu U 21ly6oKO nompflCIlU ece np02peCClIelloe 'felloee'fecmeo ... B 3mou cefl3U fl aopecylO ceou npU3ble COeemCKOMY npaeumellbcmey [npaeumellbcmey (/JWlIlfIllOUU e nOCllaIlUU, llanpaelleHlLOM e XeJlbcullKul~ mO'fIlO maK JlCe KaK fl YJICe o6palll,a/lCfl K npaeUmeJlbCmeaM Y'facmeylOllI,ux e KOIlrPllUKmax cmpaH ny6llu'fIlO noomeepoumb ceolo pemUMocmb He np1l6e2amb npu 1l106oM pa3611muu co6blmliu U IlU npu KaKUX YCIl06UflX K 60M6apdup06KaM C 6030yxa 2paJICOallCK020 llaCellefllJfl UIlU lIe3aLlI,UllI,eflllbiX 20P0006». 3TO Ha pe,llKOCTb Be)!(]Il1BOe rrOCJIaHl1e MaJIO '-IeM MorllO YTellll1Tb npSI'-IYW:l1XCSI B 60M60y6e)IJIaHrax H B ThlJIY Bpara, OHH 6YKBaJIhHO BhIHY)I(.llaJIH HacTynalOlllero npOTHSHHKa seCTH 060pOHHTeJIbHbie 60H. cDHHCKHe CO.llaThl, Cpe.llH KOTOPblX HaXO.llHJIC5J, K npHMePY, OJIHMnHMCKHM lJeMnHOH no CKOPOCTHOMY 6ery Ha KOHhKax DHprep B aceHHYC, 6blJIH KpenKHMH, 3aKaJIeHHhlMH aTJIeTaMH H OnhlTHhlMH JIbl)l(HHKaMH i . DOJIhWHHCTBO H3 HHX HBJI5IJIHCh MeCTHhlMH pe3epBHCTaMH, 3aLUHlllalOlllHMH CBOH .llOMa H .llepeSHH, npHBhlllHhlMH K KJIHMaTY H peJIheQ>Y MeCTHOCTH. VfMeHHO Ha ceBepe KpaCHYIO apMHIO )I(JlaJIO B03Me3.llHe.
I DHprcp Baccl-IHYc nom6 BO BpeMJI nbllKl·IOro naTpyn HpOB11I-IHOB Ha JlbI)J(ax YCTpeMI1J1l1cb no JlbLl,y 03ep Ha lOr Ll,JlH yCTpaHeHI151 1303HI1KWerO no I3I1He 44-ti Ll,I1B1131111 «3aTopa» Ha Ll,opore B PaaTe. nOCKOJlbKY Q:>I1HHbl 3apaHee paClJI1CTI1J111
158
ce6e nYTI1 nOAxoAa Ha HanpaBJ1eHI1I1 rJ1aBHOrO YAapa, OHI1 J1erKO CnpaBI1J1I1Ch C TpaHCnOpTl1pOBKOH CBOI1X TpOcpeeB, HeAaBHO 3aXBa4eHHhIX B 605lx: rpY30BI1KOB, J10WaAeH , apTI1J1J1epI1HCKI1X 0PYAI1M:, nOJ1eBbIX KYXOHb 11 BCerO TOro, 4TO, no I1X MHemIlO, Momo 11M npl1rOAI1TbC5I . Cpa3Y 6poca51 B 6oM: n06eAI1TeJ1eM: B Cpa)l(eHl111 Y CyoMaCCaJ1MI1, nOJ1KOBHI1K CI1I1J1acBYo B nepBylO 04epeAb paCC4HTbIBaJ1 Ha pO)I(tJ:eHHOe HeAaBHI1M ycnexoM BooAyweBJ1eHl1e, KOTopoe AOJ1)1(HO 6hIJ10 nOM04b ero BOHcKaM, HeCMOTp51 Ha I1X YCTaflOCTh. COJ1AaTbI 11 ocpl1uepbI Tenepb 06J1aAaJ1H HeCOKPYWI1MOH BepoH B ce651 11 6bIJ111 y6e)l(AeHbI, 4TO Ao6bJOTC5I HOBOM: no6eAbI, eCJ111 TOJ1bKO OTnpaB5ITC5I 3a HeH.
BonJ1o~a51 B )I(l13Hb ero nJ1aHbI, C4I1TaJ1 CI1HJ1acBYo, ero BOM:CKa Ha AaHHOM :nane cnoco6HbI aTaKOBaTb 11 C ceBepa 11 C lora OAHOBpeMeHHO. rJ1aBHbIe CHJ1bI 44-H AHBH3Hl1 PYCCKI1X HaXOAHJ1I1Cb Ha OTpe3Ke AOpOrl1 npOT5I)I(eHHOCTblO B n5lTb MHJ1b Me)J(AY KYI1BaC5IpBI1 11 KOKK05lPBI1. OHI1 «nepeKpbIJ1I1» Aopory B3BOAaMI1,
HaXOA5I~I1MHC5I
Ha paCCT05lHHH OKOJ1H MHJ1H
Apyr OT APyra Ha BCeM: 15-MI1J1bHOM: npOT5I)J(eHHOCTH AOpO-
rH AO COBeTCKOM: rpaHI1UbJ. npoMe)J(YTKH Me)I(tJ:y B3BOAaMH nOCT05lHHO naTpYJ1HpOBaJ1HCb TaHKaMI1. OAHI1M 113 nepB004epeAHbIX MepOnpl151TI1H no AOCTI1)J(eHI1I1 cpl1HHaMI1 AOPOHI CTaJ10 CTpOI1TeJ1bCTBO npOTHBOTaHKOBbIX 3arpa)J(AeHI1M: H3 nOBaJ1eHHbIX AepeBbeB 11 K0J1104eM: npOB0J10KH. B CJ1Y4ae npopbIBa TaHKOB 4epe3 3arpa)l(AeHI151 B AeJ10 AOJ1)1(Hbl 6blJ111 BCTynl1Tb HeAaBHO n0J1Y4eHHbIe npOTI1BOTaHKOBbIe 0PYAH5I. BCKope CPI1HHbI YAapHJ111 B r0J10BY paCT5IHYBWeM:C5I KOJ10HHbI PYCCKHX CHJ1aMH AByX 6aTaJ1bOHOB 4HCJ1eHHOCTbIO npHMepHO B
800
4eJ10BeK, H pe3YJ1bTaT OKa3aflC5I HMeHHO
TaKHM, KaKI1M ero npeABI1AeJ1 CHHJ1acBYo. npOTHBHI1K CTafl CTPOI1Tb 06opOHHTeJ1bHbIe COOp~eHI151, OKanbIBaTbC5I, OTKa3aJ1C5I OT aKTI1BHblX AeHcTBHH H Bcex CBOI1X HacTynaTeJ1bHbIX nJ1aHOB. 3TO AaJ10 cpHHHaM BpeM5I neperpynnl1pOBaTb CBOI1 CI1J1bI AJ151 pewaJo~ero YAapa no 44-H AI1Bl131111.
159
I
fII-mapH 4eTbipe cPHI-iCKHe POTbl aTaKOBaJ1H XOpOWO
YKpenHI3WHi1cH 6aTaJTbOl-l PYCCKHX Y ,llepel3HH XaYKHJTH. Ha CJT el lYloLUHH ,lleHb OHH nOI3TOpHJIH aTaKY, Ha :nOT paJ CHJIaMH ,ll l3yx 6aTaJ1bOH0I3, H nOCJle T}1)KeJ10rO 60H Bbl/lIJlH K BOCTOlIHOt'! H 10>KJ-IOH OKpaHHaM ,llepeI3HH. Ha BOCTOllHOH CTopOHe (PHHHbl cpa3Y llepCpe3UJIH ,llopory H coopy,llYlJlH 1l0J1el3ble YKpen,'leHHH 130Kpyr HaH60Jlee YH3BHMbiX nYI-IKTOB 1l0porH. Y,llep>KHBaH 3TH 1l03HUHH, HeCMOTpH Ha BPOCHlble KOHTpaTaKH PYCCKHX, (IH1HHbl «oTPy6H)1H roJlOBY'> rHraHTCKOH 3Mce . Ho 3MeH >KHI3Y'IH, ,lla>Ke 6C3 rOJlOB. TeM HC MCBee (lH1UHbl 6blJlH y6C>KJIeHbl, 'ITO pYCCKHe, HCCMOTPH Ha IlpeB0CXO,llCTI30 13 >KHBOt'! CHJle H TeXHHKe, He CMorYT 1l06HTbCH ycnexa 3a TO I3peMH, 'HO 6blJI0 HC06XOJIHMO IlJIH no,llrOTOBKH K npOl3ellCHHIO 1l0CJle,llHeti «XHpyprHlleCKOH onepaUHH». OJ-IH HaMepCIHIO CTapaJTHCb C03,llaTb y npOTHBI-IHKU nne'JaTnel-IHC, 6YJITO 06J1UJIaIOT 3Ha l lHTeJlbHO 60J1bWCH MOUlbIO, lleM 6blJI0 UU CUMOM ,lleJle. KOMaH,llOBaHHe 44-ti l lH13113HH ,llOnYCKMO, 'ITO TOJ1bKO KpynHble CHJ1bI npoTHI3HHKH cnoc06Hbi o,llHOl3peMeHHO Cpa)l(aTbCH CO \63-H LlH13H3HeH H C HHMH . cD~1HHbl HU,lleHJII1Cb, 'ITO nO,ll06HOe npe,llnOJIO>KeHl1e eUlc CHJlbHee OXJTaLlHT BOHHCTBCHHblti IlblJ1 44-H JIHI3113I1H_ CHHJJaCI3YO TUlaTeJlbHO 3u60THJICH 0 3aMeHe CBOHX y4uCT130BUBWHX B 60HX BOHCK Cl3e>KHMI1. DOH n04Tl1 BCCf)l3 3UKUH'IHBaJII1Cb pYKonawHbIMH CXI3UTKaMI1, 11 B 3TOM I3HJIe 60e13bIX ,lleHCTBHH (PHHHbl npeycneJlH.
B TCMHOTe C130l1X
OT
l ly>KHX 'laCTO IlPHXO,llI1JIOCb OTJ1H4aTb no OCTpOKOHe4HbIM r0J1 0BHbIM y60paM PYCCKHX HJ1H YMeHl110 nponeTb nepBylo CTpo'IKy rocY,llapcTBeHHoro rHMHa H1-IJTHH,llI1I1. TfI>KCJ1a51 apTHJ1J1epUfI 6blJ1a 6eCn0J1e3Ha; 6aTapeH HU KOHl-loti Tflre, nblTaBWHeCfI OTXOll. HTb, 11HWb YCHJlImanl1 3UTOPbl 11 UUPfILUYIO HepU36cpHXY. COCTUI3JIHlOUlHe KOCTHK ,llHI3H3HH YKpaHHUbl He nOJlYllaJIH nOll.llep>KKH C130HX TaHKOI3, oc06eHHO nOCJle TOro, KaK 1I.0pOrH 6bIJlI1 nepepe3aHLI H 3UMHHHp0l3aHbl. (D~Hlllbl, HCnOJl b3YIOLUHe 13 KUllCCTBe YKPbITHH (HlH, I3CKope IIUlJ::lJU1 nOHHMaTb, liTO nOll6HTblti T::lHK npell.CTUB-
160
Jl5leT C060H npeBOCXOJlHOe yKPb/THe . OHH C Y)f(aCOM Ha6mOJlaJlH, KaK, oTcTyna5l, 3TH CTaJlbHble YYJlOBHlUa )laBI1JlH Ha CBOeM nYTI1 C06CTBeHHOe I1MYlUeCTBO; Jla)f(e neXOTe PYCCKHX npHXOJlI1JlOCb, yCTyna51 HM )lOpory, )f(aTbC5I K 3arpa)f(,lleHI151M H rpY30BI1K3M. HI1 O)lI1H KOMaH)lHp He 6blJl cnoc06eH nOKOHYI1Tb C uaP5llUeH Hepa36epHXOH; 33yaCTYlO KOMaH)l npOCTO HeJlb351 6blJlO paCCJlblWaTb. 3Kl1na)f(H COBeTCKHX CaMOJleTOB, Kpy)f(alUHX B He6e, MOrJll1 JlI1Wb 6ecnOMOlUHO Ha6JlIO)laTb 3a TBOP5llUHMC5I Ha 3eMJle. DOM6apJll1poBKaMI1 I1JlI1 06CTpeJlaMI1 C 6peIOlUero nOJleTa JlerKO MO)l(HO 6blJl0 YHI1YTO)f(HTb CBOHX)I(e COJlJlaT;
17 TbIC5IY
PYCCKHX, Me1.fylUI1XC5I Ha 5-MI1Jlb-
HOM OTpe3Ke )loporH B pa3Hble CTOPOHbl, npe)lCTaBJl5lJlI1 CO60H nJlaLleBHoe 3peJlHlUe )lJl51 He Bep5llUHX CBOI1M fJla3aM COBeTCKI1X JleTYI1KOB. B03MO)f(HO, COBeTCKa51 aBl1aUI151 H MorJla YHI14TO)l(J1Tb LlaCTb JlHHI1H, no KOTOPblM OCYlUeCTBJl5lJlOCb cHa6)1(eHHe J1HHbl Tenepb CMOrJlH nOCTeneHHO nepe6paCblBaTb BO~.fcKa Ha llPyme YllaCTKH Q>pOHTa . CTOJlb nOllP06Hoe onHcaHHe Cpa)[(eHHH Y TOJlBa5lpBH H CYOMYCCaJIMH npHBelleHO nOTOMY , liTO, KaK BnOCJlellCTBHH nHCaJl MaHHepreHM , «OHH OKa3aJlHCb OllHHMH H3 caMhlX BbillaJOWHXC5I C TOllKH 3peHH5I TaKTHKH H J1MeJlH pewaJowee 3Ha l leHHe llJl51 n01l1lep)[(aHH5I MOpaJIbHOrO .llyxa HapOlla cDHHJl5IH.llHJ1 .
VJ
ewe OHH llalOT HaH60Jlee nOJlHYIO
K a pTHHY Tex 6e3)[(aJIOCTHbIX yCJlOBHH, B KOTOPbIX npHXOllHJlOCb BoeBaTb Ha 3HMHeH BoHHe» .
C HacTynJleHHeM HOBoro, 1940 rO.lla nOJlO)[(eHHe PYCCKHX B cDHHJl5IHllHH OCTaBaJlOCh T5I)[(eJlbIM . MHorHe nonbITKH HX npOllBH)[(eHH5I 6blJlH OCTaHOBJleHhl. rlpollOJl)[(aJl .llep)[(aTbC5I H KapeJlbCKHH nepeweeK. DPH nonbITKax npopBaTb J1HHHlO MaHHepreHMa PYCCKHe HeCJlH T5I)[(eJlbIe noTepH, a caMoe XOJlOllHOe BpeM5I 3HMbI 6blJlO ewe BnepellH . cDHHCKa51 apMH5I, nOllTH ueJlHKOM Ha J1bl)[(aX (3a HCKJIlOlIeHHeM KapeJlbCKOrO nepeweHKa), lleHCTBOBaJla Ha 14 Ba)[(HbIX YlIaCTKax H HaHOCHJla YllapbI PYCCKHM llHBJ13H5IM C Q>J1aHrOB H TbIJla, nOllYBCTBOBaB CBoe npeBocxollCTBO B TaKOM cnoc06e BelleHH5I 60eBhlx .lleHCTBHH .
VJ
Q>HHcKoe H COBeTCKoe KOMaH.llOBaHHe J13YlIaJIO CJlO-
)[(HBWeeC5I K 51HBaplO nOJlO)[(eHHe. )lPY3b51 cDHHJl5IH.llHJ1 Ha 3ana.lle TO)[(e .lleJlaJIH 3TO: «Bxo.ll5lwa51 B COCTaB 14-H apMHH PYCCKJ1X 104-51 .llHBH3HH HacTynaJla H3 paHoHa KyoJlJlaa lIepe3 rleTcaMo B rJly6b cDHHJlHH.llHH B HanpaBJleHHH .llepeBHH HaYTcH, HO, npollBHHYBWHCb Ha 80 MHJlb, 6bIJla BbIHy)[(.[I.eHa oTcTynHTb Ha 18 MHJlb. Ha 3TOM Py6e)[(e OHa OCTaHOBHJlaCb H B llaJIhHeHweM He BeJla aKTHBHbIX 60eBhIX lleHcTBHH . 88-51 llHBH3HH PYCCKHX, npollBHHYBWHCb B rJly6b cDHHJ1HHllHH npHMepHo Ha 100 MHJlb, HaTOJlKHYJlaCb Ha HPOCT-
166
Hoe COnpOTl1BJIeHl1e l1 6blJIa oT6poweHa Ha 55 Ml1JIb K CaHHJIa, rne l1 OCTaHOBl1JIaCb. POBaHl1eMl1 HacTynJIeHl1H PycCKl1X -
rJIaBHaH ueJIb
no-npe)J(HeMY HaXOnl1JIaCb Ha
paCCTOHHl1l1 200 Ml1JIb. 122-H nl1Bl13l1H PYCCKl1X l13 COCTaBa 9-H apMI1l1 l13 paHOHa BJ1eHaHa 6blJIa 6poweHa npOTl1B qmHHoB, HO BCKope npOTl1BHl1K HaLlaJI HaHOCJ1Tb eH ynapbl C TblJIa l1 nepepe3aJI OCHOBHble JIl1Hl1l1 cHa6)J(eHI1H. npOTl1BHI1K 6blJI BbIHY)J(.lleH OTOHTl1 Ha 20 Ml1JIb K 03epy MepKe.
B
paHoHe KlOlOcaMo HacTynJIeHl1e PYCCKI1X ynaJIOCb
cnep)J(aTb, l1 60JIbWaH 4aCTb l1X Cl1JI TaK 11 OCTaBaJIaCb no CBOIO CTOPOHY rpaHl1UbJ. OCHoBHble CI1JIbl 9-H apMI1I1, 163-51 11 44-51 nI1BI13l1l1, 6blJII1 YHI14TO)J(eHbl B cpa)J(eHI151X B paHoHe CyoMyccaJIMl1-IOHTycpaHTa 11 PaaTe . B paHoHe KYXMO 54-H nI1Bl13I1H PYCCKl1X 6blJIa npaKTl1 l leCKl1 nOJIHOCTblO OKpY)J(eHa CpI1HHaMl1, 11 ee HacTynJIeHl1e 3axJIe6HYJIOcb. (n03nHee, B 51HBape, KOJIbUO OKpY)J(eHl151 3aMKHYJIOCb, l1 pYCCKl1e OCTaBaJII1Cb Ha 3TOM YlJaCTKe BnJIOTb no OKOHlJaHI1H BOHHbJ.)
Y 11 l1eKCa
pYCCKl1e, nOCJIe npOnBI1)J(eHI1H BrJIy6b npl1-
MepHO Ha 15 Ml1JIh, 6hlJIl1 BblHY)J(neHbl oTcTynl1Tb lJepe3 rpaHl1UY Ha CBOIO Teppl1TOpl1lO. ropon OyJIy HacTynJIeHI151 -
ueJIb l1X
npOnOJI)J(aJI OCTaBaTbCH OT Hl1X Ha pac-
CT05lHl1l1 170 Ml1JIb. B paHoHe VlJIOMaHTCl1 HaCTynaJIa 115-51 nl1Bl13l151 113 COCTaBa 8-H apMl1l1, HO K 23 neKa6p51 eH 6blJI HaHeceH 3Ha'Il1TeJIbHbIH ypOH, 11 OHa He CMOrJIa npOnOJI)J(aTb HacTynJIeHl1e. OHa npOCTO OTOWJIa Ha 60JIee BblronHble «060POHl1TeJIhHble» n03l1UI1I1, me l1 OCTaBaJIaCb .
Y
TOJIBa5lpBl1 11 AHTTOHOKl1
139-51 11 75-51 nl1Bl1311l1
PYCCKI1X 6bIJIl1 lJaCTl1lJHO pa3611Tbi 11 oT6poweHbi Ha3an Ha 25 MI1JIb K BOCTOlJHOMY 6epery peKl1, rne l1 OCTaBaJIl1Cb B OKonax BnJIOTb no OKOHlJaHl151 60eBbix neHCTBl1H.
Y
KOJIJIaa HacTynJIeHl1e 56- H l1 164- H nl1Bl13l1H pyc-
CKl1X 6blJIO nOJIHOCTblO OCTaHOBJIeHO. )laJIbHeHWee )J(eJIaHl1e HacTynaTb y Hl1X nponaJIo.
B
paHoHe KeCHeCeJIKe-CaJIMl1 fJIaBHhle Cl1JIbl 8-H ap-
Ml111 PYCCKl1X, BKJIIOl.JaBWl1e 18-10 l1 168-10 nI1Bl13l1l1, a TaK-
167
)!(e 34-10 TUHKOBYIO 6pHrullY, npOllBWHYJlHCb OT rpUHHUbl B rJly6b I1HJHlHllHI1 Ha 25 MI1Jlb. Hx xopOWO CnJlaHl1pOBaHHble llei1cTBI1H n03BOJll1Jll1 11M COellHHI1TbCH B paMOHe
KOM-
PI1HOMH H npOllOJI)!(I1Tb HaCTynJleHl1e. OllHaKO B Ha4aJle HHBapH 060pOHa Q)l1HHOB ycnewHo OCTaHOBI1Jla HaCTynJleHl1e PYCCKI1X, 11 OHH OCTaHOBHJlI1Cb 11 3aKpenl1Jll1Cb HU 110CTl1rHYTOM py6e)!(e. 168-H 11I1BI13I1H PYCCKI1X BhlllBl1raJIaCb OT CaJYMI1 H npollBI1HYJlaCb OT rpaHI1Ubl Ha 45 MI1Jlb 110 KI1TeJlH, rlle ee HacTynJleHI1C 6blJlO OCTaHOBJleHO npWMepHO B 35 MI1;lHX OT ropOlla COpTaBaJla,).
rJlaBHOH np06JleMOH llJlH COBeTCKI1X BOHCK B 3TOH BOMHe, nO)!(aJlYH, 6blJlO cHa6)!(eHI1C. HacTynaH, Ha CPHHCKOM CTopOHe OHH npaKTI14eCKH He HaXOllWJlH HH nH-
mH, HH )!(HJlbH. Bce 6blJlO CO)!()I(eHO cpHHHaMH . llowallH PYCCKHX npaKTH4eCKI1 He nOJlY4aJlH CPypa)!(a, H COJlllaTaM 4aCTO npl1XOllHJlOCb eCTb 6YKBaJlbHO CKeJleTbl y6HTbIX B 6010 JlOWalleH; nOllB03 npollYKTOB nHTaHWH no MypMaHcKoH )!(eJle3HOH llopore ocymeCTBJlHJlCH KpaMHe HeperyJlHpHo. B 3TOT ncpHOll pyccKHe 6bIJll1 HaMHoro 6JlH)I(e K HaCTOHmeMY rOJlOllY , 4eM 11M Ka3aJlOCh . CYMeM CPHHHbI nepepe3aTh MYPMaHCKYIO )I(eJle3HYlO llopory rlle-HH6Yllb B paMOHe llOTHHaHneJlTO W B3HTb ee nOll CBOM KOHTPOJlh, PYCCKHM BOHCKaM B I1HJlHHllHH Bo06me He4ero 6hIJ10 6bI eCTb . Ho CPHHHbI OKa3aJlHCb He cnoc06HbI Ha nOll06HhIM nOllBHr, n03TOMY npOTI1BHHK H3pellKa nOJlY4aJl npollYKThI nHTaHHH .
K
Ha4aJlY 1940 rO)la cpHHcKoe KOMaHllOBaHHe HCnbIThI-
BaJlO MeHhwee 6ecnOKOMCTBO OTHOCHTeJlhHO nOJlO)!(eHHH lleJl K ceBepy OT llallo)KcKoro 03epa. 0pY)l(we H 60enpwnaChI, 3aXBa4eHHhle y npOTHBHHKa Ha 3aMep3WHX nOJlHX Cpa)!(eHHM, 6YllYT BCKope OTnpaBJleHhI B KapeJlHIO ... a TeM BpeMeHeM pYCCKHe npOllOJl)!(aJlH TepHTh HHTepec K BOMHe Bo06me.
rnOBO
50EBbiE AEHCTB~SI
no
13 np~Hu.~nY «MOTTl»
Koe-KTO paCCYlKJlaeT 0 TaKTHKe, nOJlY 'IHIlWdf Ha31lmll1e «motti,), TaK , Cjl011HO ee pa 3pa6oTKa 6blJla rJlallHOH IlCJlblO (PI1HHOll'. 3TO ilaJl CKO He TaK. EnI1I1CTIlCHlIoe , 'ITO nnalll1pOllanOCb nepen CpalKeHI1CM B paHOHe KI1TenH - KoHpI1IIOHH , 6h1JlO Ta K Ha3blBaeMOC «60JlbtllOe motth). MeHbtllHC no pa3Me paM (, rIlC3Ita ') Il03Hl1KaJlH caMH C060H, nOilo6Ho OnI1JlKaM, nailaIOLUHM In-nOll HHcTpYMeHTa pe3'lI1Ka no llepellY, COJnalOlllero clloe npOH3lleneHl1e .
r ellepaA-"/(/I/OP fi. B. Xez2Jlyua, KOMallaYIOII(lIii 4-M apMeiicKIlM KopnycoM
nOCJIe nopa)l(emUI B paHOHe PaaTe KOMaH.Ill1p 44-H .Ill1BI131111 PYCCKI1X reHepaJI-MaHOp BI1HOrpa.IlOB, KOMaH.Ill1p 662-ro neXOTHoro nOJIKa CapOB, KOMMccap nO.IlXOMyrOB 11 KOMaH.Ill1p 3-ro 6aTaJIbOHa 662-ro neXOTHoro nOJIKa KafTMTaH lfaHKOBCKI1H 6blJII1 Ka3HeHbi no npl1Ka3y COBeTCKOro BepXOBHoro KOMaH.IlOBaHI151. CY.Ilb6a reHepaJI-MaHopa 3eJIeHUOBa HeI13BeCTHa. n06e.IlI1TeJIb C cPl1HCKOH CTOPOHbl nOJIKOBHI1K CI1I1JIacByO nOJIYllMJI 3BaHI1e reHepaJI-MaHOpa 11 6bIJI cpa3y HanpaBJIeH B KYXMO, r.Ile eMY npe.IlCTOHJIO peWI1Tb cY.Ilb6y 54-H .Ill1BI131111 PyCCKI1X. )lo npl16bITI151 reHepaJI-MaHOpa Cl1l1JIaCBYO B paHOH KYXMO .IlBa 60eBbIX OTpH.Ila I1HHbl He I1Melll1 3eHI1THoij apTI11111epl1l1, COBeTCKl1e caMOlleTbl MOrlll1 c6paCbIBaTb np0,llYKTbI nl1TaHI1SJ 11 60enpl1naCbI, 11 nYCTb lIaCT114-
171
HO OHl1 nOn31l3JIl1 B PYKl1 Q)l1HHOB, caM CP3KT l1X 1l0CTaBKI1 BCeJHlll Halle)l(llY B OC3)1(lleHHbIX J1I01leH . Ho WllO BpeMSI, llHI1 CKllallbIB311l1Cb B Hellelll1, 11 HeXB3TK3 nl1WI1 11 60enpl1naCOB CT3HOBHJ13Cb Bce OCTpee; KOHl1Ha COCTaB1l5l11a e.>KellHeBHbIH paUI10H 3 Tl1X HeC'-I3CTHbIX. [lOPOH, KOrlla y KaKoH-HH6Yllb H3 oKpY)I(eHHbIX
rpynn
3aKaH'-II1BaJII1Cb
npHnacbI, OH3 nbITa1l3Cb CoellI1Hl1TbCSI C 6011ee KpynHoH rpynnl1pOBKOH, H3XOllSlweHCSI n06111130CTI1, HO nOnbITKI1 3TH, KaK npaBl1JIO, 3aK3H'-Il1BaJII1Cb nlla'-leBHO. BoeHHble CTpaTerH I1cnbITblBalll1 He1l0YMeHHe OT TaKOH naCCl1BHOCTl1 PYCCKHX, HO M3HHepreHM C'-Il1TaJI ee BnOllHe npellCKa3yeMoH. CorllaCHO HaCTaBlleHl1S1M KpaCHOH apMl111 l1 nOCTOSlHHO nOBTopSleMbIM YKa3aHI1S1M BepXOBHora KOMaH1l0BaHl1S1, WI J1I060H 3aXBa'-leHHOH Teppl1TOpl111 Clle1l0BallO llep)l(aTbCSI 110 nOCllellHerO '-IellOBeKa . [l03TOMY pYCCKl1e, rOllOllaSl H 33Mep3aSl HaCMepTb, np01l011.>K311l1llep)I(aTbCSI, CTapaSlCb COXPaI-II1Tb B ce6e I1CKPY )I(I13HI1 KaK MO.>KHO 1l011bwe. YIx OKpY.>K311a BcellSlIOwaSl Y.>Kac 1l11Ka5i MeCTHOCTb, 11 CT0I1110 KOMY-HI16Yllb PI1CKHYTb BblpBaTbC5I 6e3 n01l1lep)l(KI1 TaHKOB l1 apTHllllepl1l1, CPI1HHbT npOCTO ycTpal1BaJIl1 11M ewe 01lHO
«mottij>. DOllee Toro, 11I06a51 KHOe, '1T06bI KaK MO)l(HO CKopee YHl1'1TO.>K11Tb 3TI1 6a3bT, HO 6e3 HI.>KellOrO BoopY.>KeHI1S1, MI1HOMeTOB 11 npOTHBOTaHKOBbTX Opy,llI1H 6bIJ1l1 BbIHY.>K,UeHbI YHI1'1TO.>KaTb l1X no '1aCTSlM . OHl1 3KOHOMl11111 60enpl1naCbI, l1CnOllb3Y51 I1X m3BHbIM 06pa30M C TeM, lJT06bI ,lleMOpaJIl130BaTb OKpy.>KeHHbie BOHCK3, 'Ibl1 ,llOllrOBpeMeHHbie orHeBble coopy.>KeHI1S1 11 nYlleMeTHbIe rHe3,lla no BceMY nepl1MeTpy HO'lbIO aTaKOBaJIl1 OTpSl,llbI narpYlleH . [locTeneHHO «peMeHb» 3ar5lrl1B3JICSI l1 nllOW3,llb OKpY.>KeHI1S1 YMeHbllJaJIaCb B pa3Mepax ,ll0 rex nop, nOKa He HacTynall KOHeu 11 MO.>KHO 6bIllO 3aHl1MaTbCSI nOllC ' lerOM YHWITO)l(eHHbiX BparOB. B paHOHe ,llI1CJIOKaUHl1 4-ro apMeHCKoro Kopnyca reHepall XerrllYH,ll CTOllKHYllCSI co Clle,llYIOWl1M nOllO.>KeHI1-
172
eM . HaJlMlJMe Ha nJlOW3.rU1 B 100 KBa)1paTHbIX KI1J10MeTpOB 10 PYCCKMX )1MBM3MH (lJI1CJleHHOCTblO 160 TblC5Jl1 lJeJlOBeK), 60JlbWMHCTBO M3 KOTOPblX 6blJll1 OKpY)I(eHbl 11J111 H3XO)1MJlMCb B npouecce OKpY)I(eHIUI, Tpe6oB3J10 npI1H5ITM5I HeOTJlO)l(HblX Mep . PYCCKMM HeJlb351 6blJlO )1aBaTb nepe)1bIWKM M B03MO)l(HOCTM neperpynnl1pOBaTb CBOI1 CI1J1bl. ITPOTI1BHMKa CJle)10BaJlO YHl1lJTO)l(I1Tb . ITJI3H onepaUI1M, HaMelJeHHOH Ha nepl10)1 C
5 no
26 51H-
Bap5l, npe)1YCM3TpMBaJl HaHeCeHl1e MOWHblX Y)1apOB no )1MBM3M5IM, lJbe HacTynJIeHMe Y)1aJIOCb OCTaHOBI1Tb. llJl51 H3HeCeHI151 3TI1X Y)1apOB Tpe60BaJIOCb 60JlbWee KOJll1lJeCTBO BOHCK M TeXHMKM, 11 C 0)106peHI151 MaHHepreHMa B 3TOT paHoH HalJaJlI1 nepe6p3cblB3 TbC5I BOHCK3 . ITollnoJlKOBHMK . 10. 3repHec, BllOXHOBJleHHblH CBoeH n06e1l0H B paHoHe PaaTe, npI16blJl co CBOMM 64-M neXOTHblM f10JlKOM. Xopowo BooPY)I(eHHblH 11 33K3J1eHHbIH B 605lx Ha KapeJIbCKOM f1epeWeHKe, 4-H erepcKMH 63TaJlbOH 6blJl nepe6poweH B nOMOUJb CMJlaM XerrJlYHlla. DblJlI1 nOllnlHYTbl 3-H M 4-H napTM3aHCKI1e 6aT3J1bOHbl, a TeM BpeMeHeM MeCTHwe nOllp3311eJIeHM5I HaUMOHaJlbHOH rBaplll111 3aHMM3J1I1Cb nOJ1CKOM 1l06pOBOJIbUeB )1J151 CPOpMMpOBaHI151 HOBbIX nOllpa311eJIeHJ1H . )lJl51 BbInOJlHeHI151 nJI3H3 onepaUJ1J1 npOTJ1B 10 PYCCKJ1X )1MBM3MH B nOMOWb XerrJlYH)1Y M3HHepreHM npJ1CJIaJI M3 CBoero UJTa6a nOllflOJIKOBHMK3 B.K. HMTJ1JI5I. Bce MMeIOWMeC5I pe3epBbI J1 Boop~eHMe 6blJIM c06paHbI )1JI5I 3Toro peUJalOlUero y)1apa . HeKOTopble 113 npl16blBUJMX n0)1pa311eJleHI1H MMeJIM 60eBOH onblT 11 6blJll1 XOPOUJO 3Kl1nl1pOBaHbl, )1PyrJ1e Bce ewe HOCMJII1 CPOPMY «MO)1eJlM KaH5IH)1ep», TO eCTb rpa)l()laHCKYIO O)1e)l()lY.
Y KorO-TO MMe-
JlMCb naJIaTKl1 M nOJIeBble KYXHM, Y )1PYfI1X He 6blJlO Hl1lJeroo 1l3)1(e BeCbMa CKYllHO 3KI1nMpOB3HHblH OTP5l11 C f103MUl1H Y KOJlJI33 nocTynMJI B pacnOp5l)l(eHI1e XerrJIYH1l3, M TaKMM 06pa30M K Cepe,LlMHe 51HB3p51 4-H 3pMeHCKMH KOpnyc H3ClJMTblBaJI 46 400 lJeJlOBeK npl1 106 0pYlll151X. nepBOOlJepellHOH 3a,Ll3lJeH 6WJIO oKpy~eHl1e
BOHCK
16S-H ,LlMBM3I1M reHepaJI3 DOH,Ll3peB3 11 IS-H 3J1MTHOH 1111-
173
BI131111 reHepaJIa KOH.11,paCeBa , a TaK)I(e 34-H TaHKOBOH 6pl1ra)lbl nO)l KOMaH)lOBaHl1eM reHepaJIa KOH.11,paTbeBa Bce 3 TI1 CI1JIbI COe.11,I1HI1JII1Cb B paHOHe KI1TeJI5I 11 PYTl1aaM5IKI1 . BTOPOH no Ba)l(HOCTI1 3a)lal.feH, eCJII1 n03BOJII1T BpeM5I, 6blJIO YHI1l.fTO)l(eHl1e «)I(I1BOH » CI1JIbI npOTI1BHI1Ka. CI1JIbl reHepaJIa XerrJIYH)la Ha l laJII1 HacTynJIeHl1e 6 51HBap51 VI B nepl10.11, C
II
no 18 51HBap51 BblWJII1 K 6eperaM
Jla)lO)l(CKOrO 03epa Y KOHPI1HOH5I 11 OMTK5IpaHTbJ. HacTynalOllll1e C 3ana)la )lPyrl1e nO.11,pa3.11,eJIeHI151 HHJI5IHllHH reHepa]) MepeUKOB 6blJI CMeweH co cnoero nOCTa H CTan Bcero JIHWb KOMaHllYJOWHM 7-H apMHej;'1 n 3anallHOH 'IaCTH KapeJIbCKOrO nepeweHKU. DbIBwero nOJIKOBHHKa UpTMJIJIepHH uapCKOH apMHH, a Tenepb reHepaJIU KpaCHOH apMHH B ..lJ.. rpeHllUJl51, l.JeH OTeu 6blJI WBellOM,
a MaTb (~HHKOH,
Ha3Ha4HJIH
KOMaHllYIOWHM
13-H apMHej;'l, KOTOPYIO npellnOJIaranOCb llHCJIOUHpOBaTb B BOCTOtlHOH 'Jacnl nepeweHKa . KaK H npell13HlleJI MapWaJI MUHHepreHM, PYCCKHe Bbl6paJIH MeCTOM npopblBa Yl.JaCTOK K nOCTOKY OT llepenHH CYMMa Ha 3unnlle KapeJlbcKoro nepeweHKa . 311eCb HaxollHJIHCb 60JlbWHe OTKpbITble nomI, H npOTHBHHK Mor COcpe,llOTO'IHTb Ha HHX KpynHble CHJIbl TaHK013 H neXOTbI. .lJ.a)l(e CHe)l(Hble 3aHOCbl He 1l0JI)I(Hbl 6blJIH nOMewaTb TaHKaM npOpBUTb CPHHCKYIO 060POHY. nJIaHbI THMoweHKO 6blJIH TWUTeJIbHO pa3pa6oTUHbJ. DOJIbWOe KOJIHlleCTBO 1l0nOJIHHTeJIbHblX llHBH3HH 6blJIO nepe6poweHO B 3anullHYJO l.JaCTb nepeweHKa, a 13-51 apMH5I nOnOJIHHJIa CHJIbl PYCCKHX B BOCTOlJHOH l.JaCTH. nOKa WJIH 3TH npHrOTOBJIeHH5I, pYCCKHe HenpephlBHO HaHOCHJIH CJIa6ble Yllapbl C ueJIblO H3MOTaTb H 6e3 TOro YCTaBWHX cpHHHOB. T5I)I(eJIa51 UpTHJIJIepH5I BeJIa nOCT05lHHble 06CTpeJIbl CPHHCKHX n03HUHH, K Hal.JaJIY cpeBpUJI5I THMoweHKO
188
CKOHueHTp"pOBaJI
25
.lIl1Bl13l1M .lIJHl npopbIBa JIl1Hl1l1 MaH-
HepreMMa.
B TOT
)!(e nep"o.lI CTaJll1H, no CJIOBaM XpymeB a, CKpe-
)I(eTaJI B MOCKBe 3y6aMl1 B O)l(l1.lIaHl1l1 C006meHl1H 0 TOM , 4TO ero «MOTOPbl» YJIa.lIl1JIl1 .lIeJIO pa3 l1 HaBCer.lIa . «B
60M
6b1JIl1 6poweHbI HaWl1 B03.lIYWHble Cl1JIbl. DbIJIO pa3pyweHO MHoro MOCTOB. YHl14TO)!(aJIl1Cb )!(eJIe3HO.lIOpO)!(Hhle COCTaBhI » . DocJIe 3Toro CTa JIl1H 3a MeTl1JI : « Y CPl1HHOB OCTaJIl1Cb TOJIbKO JIbDKl1. B JIbI)!(aX y Hl1X HI1Kor.lIa He 6blJI O He.lIOCTaTKa »I .
1
cpeBpaJI5I
1940
rO.lIa MaCCl1pOBaHHbTe 60M6a p .lI l1pOB-
Kl1 COBeTCKI1Ml1 BoeHHO-B03.lIYWHbIMI1 Cl1JIa MI1 TblJIOBbI X lJa CTeM CPl1HHOB 03HaMeHOBaJIl1 Ha4 aJ1 0 KOHua .lIJI5I ynopCTBYlOml1X CPl1HHOB . LI:JI5I H a cTyn JI eHl151 6bIJI l1 CKOHue H T pl1pOBaHbI CI1JIbI Kp a cHoH apMl111 o6meH 411CJIeHHOCThIO
600
ThIC5IlJ 4eJIOBeK, B TOM lJl1CJIe 11 HCnhlTaHHble B 605fX
lJaCTl1 Tl1MOWeHKO C YKpal1Hbl. OrpOMHoe KOJI l14eCTBO apTl1JIJIepl1MCKl1X 0PY.lIl1H .lIOJ1)!(HO 6hIJIO 06pYWl1Th JIaBl1Hy CTaJI I1 l1 OrH5I Ha JI I1Hl11O MaHHepreMMa . 3a O.lIHI1 CyTKl1 He MeHee
300
TbIC5IlJ CHap5l.lIOB 6hIJIO BbmymeHo
no n03l1Ul151M CPl1HHOB B paMoHe .lIepeBHl1 CYMMa . 3TO 6bIJI caMbIM MaCCl1pOBaHHbIM a pTI1JIJIepl1HCKMM 06CTpeJI co BpeMeHH 06CTpeJIa HeMuaMl1 cppaHUY30B no.lI Bep.lIeHOM B DepBYIO MHPOBYIO BOMHY. KOHueHTpaUl151 apTl1JIJIepI1HCKl1X CTBOJIOB 6bIJIa HaCTOJIhKO BbICOKa, 4TO pYCCKl1e npl16erJIH K pe.lIKO l1CnOJIb3yeMoM TaKTl1Ke orHeBoro BaJIa . OHH npOCTO TO YCHJIHBaJIl1, TO YMeHhWaJIl1 l1HTeHCl1BHOCTb 06CTpeJIa, He nepeHOC51 OfH51. JIeT4HKl1 cPl1HCKl1X CaMOJIeTOB-pa3Be.lIlJl1KOB .lIOKJIa.lIhIBaJIl1, 4TO Ha O.lIHOM l13 j'LlaCTKOB nepe.lI .lIepeBHeM CYMMa Wl1Pl1HOM npl1MepHO B
1,3
MHJIH
104
6aTapel1 npOTl1BHl1Ka CBOl1Ml1
Ml1 BeJIl1 06CTpeJI CPl1HHOB, l1MeBWl1X Beero
440 OPY.lIl15116 6aTapeM .
OHHoro pa3rOBopa MepeUKOBa C Hapo.LlHbIM KOMHCcapOM 060POHbl. HHKTO B MOCKBe He BepHJ1, 'ITO HaWH BOHCKa 3aXBaTHJ1H CYMMY. YBH.LleB MeH5I, MepeUKOB npoH3Hec: -
TOBapHW HapO.LlHbIH KOMHccap, TOJ1bKO 'ITO npHWeJI
BOpOHOB.
51
01-1
Bce BH.LleJ1 CBOHMH ma3aMH.
nO.Llp06HO .Ll0J10)l(HJ1 Hap0.LlHOMY KOMHccapy 0 XO.Lle
Cpa)[(eI-lH5I. TeM He MeHee OH TPH)I(.LlbI nepeCnpOCHJ1 MeH5I, npaB.Lla J1 H, 'ITO onopHbl H nyHKT 6bIJ1 B351T. HaKOHeu ero pa3.Llpa)l(eHHbIH TOH CTaJI .LlPY)I(eJ1106HbiM H J1aCKOBbIM. HapKOM nO)l(eJ1aJ1 BOHCKUM ycnewHo 3aBepWHTb 3TO HacTynJ1eHHe» I .
I
BOPOII06
H.H. Hn cnYlK6e 1l0eHHoH. M., 1963. C. 153- 157.
194
ct>I1HHbi Ha'Ialll1 OTXO.u co CBOI1X OCHOBHbIX 060POHI1TellbHbIX n0311Ul1ti B 3aml'.llHoti LJaCTI1 KapellbCKOrO nepe-
16
llIetiKa
cpeBpallH.
MaCCl1pOBaHHbie 60M6ap.uHpoBKH
PYCCKI1X B TbIllY YHI1'ITO)!(l1lll1 .uoporl1 . )lmi npoxo)!(,[{eHHH TeXHI1KI1 6bICTPO npOKlla.ubIBaJIl1Cb HOBbIe 1l0P0fJ1. l.{TO)J(e KacaeTCH COll.uaT, TO B 3TOM patioHe 6bI1l0 CTOllbKO neCKa 11 061l0MKOB, 'ITO MHOrl1e He MOrlll1 nepellBl1raTbCH, .ua)J(e Ha llbI)!(ax. lJepe3 BOPOHKI1, I1Hor.ua 1l0CTHraBllII1e B rlly6HHY
10,
a B llIl1pl1HY
45
CPYTOB ('ITO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO IlIHpH-
He npOCe1l0'IHoti .uOpOfJ1), npHxo.u111l0Cb nepe6paCbIBaTb MOCTbl. Korlla HaKOHeu YllaBa1l0Cb .uBHHYTbCH llallbllIe, B TbrJIY OCTaBaJIl1Cb He601lbllII1e OTPH.ubI .llJlH HaHeCeHI1H 6ecnOKOHlUl1X y.uapOB no HacTynaIOlUl1M PYCCKHM BoHCKaM. OTcTynlleHl1e CTaJIO npWII1HOH CPO'IHOH nepeTpHCKH CPHHCKOro KOMaHllOBaHI1H.
19
cpeBpaJIH reHepall-lleHTe-
HaHT 3PHK XetiHpI1KC, 113BeCTHbIH YLJeHbIH, KpynHbiti BOeHHbIti cneUl1aJIl1CT 11 OnbITHbIH llHn1l0MaT, 6bIll Ha3Ha'IeH KOMaH.uYlOlUI1M BCeMI1 BOHCKaMI1 Ha KapellbCKOM nepellIeHKe, CMeHI1B Ha 3TOM nOCTY reHepaJIa 3cTepMaHa, LJbH )!(eHa Mapra nOllY'Il1lla YBe'IbH BO BpeMH 60M6e)J(KH; caM 3CTepMaH TO)!(e COCllallCH Ha 601le3Hb, BbI3BaHHYIO THroTaMI1 KOMaHllOBaHI1H Ha KapellbCKOM nepellIeHKe. XdiHpl1KCa Ha nOCTY KOMaH.uYIOlUero 2-M apMeHCKHM KopnyCOM CMeHl1ll He.uaBHO nOllYLII1BllIl1ti nOBbillIeHHe B 3BaHHI1 reHepaJI-Matiop TaJIBella. 060pOHHIOlUI1H 3ananHyJO LIaCTb KapellbCKOrO nepellIetiKa 2- H apMeHCKl1ti Kopnyc 6bIll pa3.uelleH Ha .uBe 'IaCTI1; KOMaH.ul1pOM BHOBb C03.uaBaeMOro
1-1'0
apMeticKoro Kopnyca CTaJI reHepaJI-MaHOp JIaaTH-
KaHHeH.
C
OTXO.uOM CPI1HHOB Ha HOBbIe BpeMeHHbIe 060POHI1-
TellbHbIe n0311Ul111 PYCCKl1e CTalll1 BoeBaTb, 'IYBCTBYH ce6H n06e.uI1Tell5lMI1. ,UllH HI1X, 'ITO TaM HI1 rOBOpl1, BOHHa 3aKOH'Il1llaCb. Ho OHa He 3aKOH'Il1llaCb 11llH CPI1HHOB, npo.uOll)!(aBllII1X COnpOTI1BllHTbCH.
Y MlOCTaJIaMnl1
CPI1HHbI YHI1'ITO)!(l1lll1 6aTaJIbOH 11 nHTb
20 no 22 cpeBpaJIH 6brJIO 29 I1MeBllIl1XCH y HHX ny-
TaHKOB npOTI1BHI1Ka. 3a nepl1o.u C y611TO
800
PYCCKI1X 11 3aXBa'IeHO
195
JleMeTOB; B CMMeHKaHTa PYCCKHe nOTep51JlH 400 4eJlOBeK H 15 nYJleMeTOB. C 20 no 24 eBpM51 1-51 nHBH3H51 HHHOB YHWITO)l(HJlU 18 TaHKOB H 3aXBaTHJla 38 nYJleMeTOB H OKOJlO 280 BHHTOBOK. B cpenHeM e)l(enHeBHO YHI14TO)l(aJlOCb OT 10 no 30 COBeTCKHX TaHKOB. OnTHMHcTbI cpenH HHHOB CTaJlH norOBupHBUTb, 4TO npOTHBHHK, BepOHTHO, nOTepHJl Bce CJ30H TaHKH; Koe-KTO OCMeJlHBaJlCH YTBep)l(naTb, 4TO PYCCKHe BCKope 3anpOCHT MHpa. Ho TeM He MeHee HHHbI npOnOJl)l(MH OTxonHTb. JIHHHH POHTa HUnOMHHaJTa C060H nblpHBYIO KOP3HHY, H TO TYT, TO TaM nOHBJlHJlHCb Bce HOBbie H HOBbIe nblpbI, KOTopble Y)I(e HeB03MO)l(HO 6bI J10 3aJlaTaTb. HHorna TaHKH OTBa)l(HBaJlHCh BTopraTbCH 3a Jl HHHIO 060pOHbI HHHOB 6e3 nOJ.lllep)l(KH neXOTbI. Ho, OKa3aBWHCb TaM, He 3HaJlH, 4TO neJlaTb; OHH nOHHMaJlH: C HucTynJleHHeM TeMHOTbI «CMepTb nOCTY4HT B HX 6POHHpOBaHHbie nBepH» . ECJlH PYCCKHM npHXOnHJlOCb OCTaBaTbCH Ha H04b B TaHKax, OHH 3aHHMaJlH KpyrOBYIO 060POHY H nepHOnH4eCKH OTKpbIBaJlH orOHb BO Bcex HanpaBJleHHHX . .LI0 18 eBpaJlH Y3KHH MOPCKOH 3aJlHB Y BHHnYPH 060 POHHJlH nBa 6aTMboHa MOpHKOB. Tenepb 3TOT Y4acToK 6bIJl nepenaH apMHH nepeweHKa. ClOna 6blJlH rrepe6poweHbI nOnOJlHHTeJlbHble CHJlbI H3 JIanJlaHnHH, H 28 eBpaJTH 6bIJl opraHH30BaH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH 6eperoBoH ceKTOp 060poHhI BHHnYPH non KOMaHnOBaHHeM reHepM-MaHopa BMJleHHyca. 51pocTHble 60H rrpOnOJl)l(aJTHCb Ha BpeMeHHbIX H npOMe)l(YT04HbIX 060pOHHTeJlbHhIX n03HUHHX B nepHOn Me)l(JlY
l7
H 26 eBpaJlH, Bce aTaKH rrpOTHBHHKa 6hIJlH OT-
6HThI, 3a HCKJl104eHHeM onHoH, B paHoHe 03epa HeIOKKH, rne npOTHBHHKY ynaJlOCh npopBaThCH. HenaBHo COPMHpOBaHHaH 23-51 nHBH3HH, COCTOHlUaH B OCHOBHOM H3 rro)l(HJlhIX pe3epBHCTOB, OKa3MaCb B 4pe3BhI4aHHo TpynHoM nOJlO)l(eHHH. PyccKHe BHOBh BbIWJlH Ha Jlen H CTaJlH yrpo)l(aTh rrpaBOMY JlaHry HHHOB, HeCMOTpH Ha rrOrrbITKH Tex He naTb 3aMep3HYTh BOnHHbIM HHHaM KaKHM-TO 06pa30M y,llaBallOCb nOllYYHTb nOMOll{b H K Beyepy llHHHIO 060pOHbI BOCCTaHaBllHBallH. Ho CeHyaC OCTaBallOCb CllHWKOM MallO mO,lleH; B KalJeCTBe nO,llKpenlleHH5I npHCbIllallH nO)J(HllbIX npH3bIBHHKOB . 11 no,ll CMepTOHOCHbIM apTHllllepHHCKHM orHeM npOTHBHHKa 3TH HeMOllO,llbIe lllO,llH fH611H npaKTHyeCKH e)J(e,llHeBHO, nopoH ,lla)J(e He ycneBa51 ,ll06paTbC5I ,ll0 n03HUHH. 3all{HTHHKH KOllllaa He nepeCTaBallH npOCHTb reHepalla XerrllYH,lla 0 nOMOll{H. no HX CllOBaM, HM .llJ151 3anllaHHpOBaHHOH KOHTpaTaKH H~Ha 6bIJ1a ell{e XOT5I 6bI O,llHa pOTa. HaKoHeu XerrllYH,ll C006WHll, YTO 060POH5IIOll{He YllHcMaHHeH BOHCKa 6Y,llYT nepe6poweHbI B KOllllaa, KaK TOllbKO BbInOllH5IT B03110)J(eHHYIO Ha HHX 3a,llalJY. Ho Kor,lla 60H Y YllHcMaHHeHa 3aKOHlJHllHCb, B pOTe OCTaBallOCb Bcero HeCKOllbKO YellOBeK, H 3TH )J(allKHe OCTaTKH npHCOe,llHHHllHCb K He6011bWHM CHllaM Q>HHHOB, no-npe)J(HeMY Bep5lll{HX B YY,lleCHoe cnaceHHe KOllllaa. OHI1 )I(,llalll1 COBpeMeHHbIX apTI111JIepI1HCKHX OPY,llI1H H 60enpHnaCOB, HO nOllYlJHllH Bcero 11I1Wb ,llBe Q>paHUY3CKl1e 3 , 5-,llIOHMOBbIe nYWKI1 06pa3ua
1871
rO,lla . 113 HI1X He
Y,llaBallOCb np0l13BeCTI1 BbICTpella C nOMOWblO 311eKTpl1lJeCKOrO B3pbIBaTeJl51 ,lla)J(e nOClle
TpeX-~leTbIpex
nonbITOK .
B KOHue KOHUOB COll,llaTbI 6bl1l11 BblHY)J(,lleHbl BPYYHYIO 3aCbInaTb nopox, 3ap5l)J(aTb CHap5l,ll 11 CTpe1l5lTb, npl1yeM CHap5l,llbl B3pblBallHCb B onaCHOH 6111130CTH OT CBOHX )J(e BOHCK. npHUellbl 6blllH TaKHMH CTapbIMH , YTO npI1XO,llI11l0Cb npOCTO HaBO,llHTb CTBOllbl 3TI1X ,llBYX aHTI1KBapHbIX 06pa3UOB Ha BOCTOK . BHe3anHO C 11I1HI1I1 Q>pOHTa non01l311H CllYXH 0 npeKpaweHl111 OrH5I, H Tenepb 3all{I1THI1KaM KOllllaa BnepBble CTallO nOH5ITHO, ~ITO nOMOll{b H3-3a Py6e)J(a He npl1,lleT. Ho YTO )J(e CllyYHllOCb C orpoMHoH apMHeH COI03HHKOB? Ml1p XOyeT, YT06bI MbI cpa)J(allHCb B O,llHHOYKY, peWHllH
210
COllnaTbI, H nYCTb HarpanOM M~eCTBeHHbIM Huep TOJTKHYJT JTe)f(aLuero Y ne4H COJTllaTU, KU3aBwerOCH cnHIUHM . Ho COJTllaT llaBHO YMep OT pUH. Ha KpoBaTHX CTOHUJlH HeCKOJTbKO paHeHbJX .
B
npOTHBono-
JTO)f(HOM yrJTY H3 llBYX Ton4aHUX wTa6eJTHMH JTe)f(aJTH TeJTa y6HTbIX. B ueHTpe 6JTHHlla)f(a HeCKOJTbKO 4eJTOBeK KpenKO llep)f(aJTH llByX cowelllllHX C YMa COJTllUT. DPH Ka)f(1l0M pU3pbJBe CHapHllOB Ha KpbJWe 6JTHHlla)f(a Te Ha4HHaJTH KpJ1l/aTb, a 3aTeM 60PMOT3Tb 6eCCBH3HbJe cppa3bJ. KPHKH paHeHblX, nOCJTelll-lMe B3110Xl1 YMHP310lUHX CMeWHBaJTHCb C llHKHMH BOnJTHMH CYM3cwellWHX. CseT norac , H ocpHllep npHHHJTCH CYllOPO)f(HO HCKaTb CBOH cpOHUpb.
113
ocpl111epOB OH OCTaJTCH OIlHH , H Tenepb
ero 06513aHHOCTblO 6bJJTO pa3pu60TaTb nJTaH KOHTpHacTynJTeHHH . KOMaHllHp B3BOlla, OTJTH4HBWerOCH B 60HX B nOCJTellHHe llBe HelleJTH , BIlPyr nOTepHJT Hall C090H KOHTPOJTb. OH BOpBaJTCH B 6JTHHlla)f( H YCTaBHJTC5I Ha ocpHuepa HaJTHTbIMl1 KPOBblO rJTa3UMH: «ClOlla elleT MOH )f(eHa H Be3eT C C060H nYJTeMeTbJ. MbI Bcex HX nepe6beM. Bcex, 110 noCJTellHerO lJeJTOBeKa. ElleT MOH )f(eHa H Be3eT C C060H nyJTeMeTbJ» . 3aTeM, OCTaBHB opY)f(He H rOJTOBHOH y60p, OH BbI6e)f(aJT HapY)f(y H 3aKpHlJUJT: «ElleT M051 )f(eHa, elleT MOH )f(eHa H Be3eT op~He!»
B
Hero nonaJT OCKOJTOK CHapHlla,
H OH 3UTHX. KOMaHllHblH nYHKT CPHHHOB, paCIlOJTO)f(eHHbIH Bcero B
40
MeTpax OT 6JTHHlla)f(a PYCCKHX, HanOMI1HaJT C060H TIOPb-
My . KOMaHlll1p pOTbJ OCMeJTI1BaJTC5I IlOKI111UTb ero JTI1Wb nOCJTe TOro, KaK YllaBaJTOCb 6pOCl1Tb B CTOPOHY PYCCKI1X HeCKOJTbKO rpaHaT, 4T06bJ OTBJTe4b I1X BHI1MaHl1e. BCKope nOJTKOBHI1K naHHpl1, KOMUHllOBUBWI1H paHee BOHCKaMI1 s 60Slx Y TOJTSaHpBI1, nOCeTI1JT IlOJTKOSHI1Ka CseHCCOHa B KOJTJTaa . naHHpH 06elUaJT llBU CBOI1X JTYlJlllHX 6aTaJTbOHa, KOTopbIe MO)f(HO 6YlleT I1CnOJTb30BaTb llJTH pa3rpOMa PYCCKI1X Y TCYMeHKKa. nOCJTe :noro 6aTaJTbOHbJ CMorYT OCTaTbC5I B KOJTJTau.
212
«E.lll1HCTBeHHbll1 cnoco6 nOJlY'/I1Tb OTnYCK - :no lKeHI1TbCSI WJlW nol1Tw HU nOXOpOHbl. OOlKanyl1, SI Jlj"IllIe lKeHIOCb". XyaOJICHUK IOCCII AOPHIIO
OaTaJIbOHbJ .lleHCTSHTeJIbHO npHlliJIH lJepe3 JIe.llSIHYIO nYCTblH10 H paCCeSlJIH PYCCKHX so scex HanpaSJIeHHSlX. Ho Y HHX He 6bJJIO np0.llYKTOS nHTaHHSI, OHM CMepTeJIbHO ycTalIH, H HM Tpe60salICSI XOTSI 6bJ .lleHb OT.llbJXa nOCJIe 60es. TeM speMeHeM 3alUHTHHKH KOJIJIaa nOJIYlJHJIH npHKa3 OTOHTH Ha HeCKOJIbKO COTeH MeTpos. CaJIO H KapKKaHHeH, 3aHHMaSlllHe n03HUHIO Y )l(eJIe3HOH .llOPOrH, 06CY,UHJIM nOJIO)l(eHHe C JIeHTeHaHTaMH JIeHHo H JIaHHe. OHH
213
3aKpemfJHfCb 3,UeCb TOJIbKO CerO,UH5I Be'IepOM,
10
MapTa,
H npOTHBHHK BeJI ce651 nO,U03pHTeJIbHO TI1XO. B03MO:>KHO, PYCCKl1e YCTaJIl1; Bce C'IHTaJII1 I1MeHHO TaK. ITpH6bTJIH pe3epBI1CTbI ,UJI5I nOnOJIHeHI151 P5l,UOB 060POH5I101llI1XC5I. B nOCJIe.aYlOlUl1e .aBa .aH5I qmHHbI 3aHHMaJII1Cb pa3pa60TKoM nJIaHa 06111eM KOHTpaTaKI1, npl13BaHHOM HaHeCTI1 pewa10111I1M y.aap no ,UI1B1131111 pyCCKHX. ,lla, OHI1 6y.aYT aTaKOBaTb. HOB HO'Ib Ha
12
MapTa BHOBb nOnOJI3JIH Ka3aBWHeC5I
BnOJIHe npaB.aono.a06HbIMH CJIYXI1 0 3aKJIIO'IeHI1H Ml1pa. ITJIaH KOMaH.aHpa .aI1BI13I1H TaK HI1Kor.ua H He 6bIJI oCYllleCTBJIeH .
O.aI1HOKHM qmHcKHM COJI.aaT nOHI1MaJI, 'ITO He .aOJI:>KeH 3aCbInaTb. Ero rJIa3a ,UOJI:>KHbI HeYCTaHHO CJIe.aHTb 3a pycCKI1MI1, 'IT06bI OH Mor cpa3y .aOJIO:>KI1Tb 06 HX ,Uetl:cTBI151X B pOTy. OH TO'IHO He 3HaJI, Koro eMY y.aaCTC5I no.aH5ITb no TpeBore, 1160 B nOCJIe.aHl1e ,UHI1 OH n04TI1 He BI1.aeJI CBOI1X . OH JII1Wb 3HaJI, 'ITO CBOI1 HaXO,U5ITC5I r.ae-TO n06JI1130CTI1, Be.ab OH He BI1.aeJI, 'IT06bI KTO-TO YXO,UI1JI.
0
TOM :>Ke
CKa3aJI H JIeMTeHaHT, Kor.aa ero YHOCI1JII1 Ha HOCI1JIKax. « OHI1 Bce YMPYT», -
no.aYMaJI COJI.aaT . OH TO:>Ke yMpeT.
TOJIbKO B'Iepa Be'IepOM KTO-TO ynOM5IHYJI 0 npe,UCTO51111eM KOHTpHacTynJIeHI1I1 . KaKOM-TO HOBbIM 6aTaJIbOH .aOJI:>KeH BbInOJIHHTb :ny pa60TY . IT pH6bIJI ueJI bIM 6aTaJIbOH, 11 C PYCCKI1MH 6y.aeT nOKOH'IeHO pa3 11 HaBcer,Ua. Ho r.ae :>Ke 3TOT 6aTaJIbOH? BpeM5I np116JII1:>KaJIOCb K noJIy.aHIO. DO:>Ke MOM! HeY:>KeJII1 OHI1 n0fl16JII1 no .aopore? COJI.aaT 3aKpl1'IaJI 11 CJIe351111I1MI1C5I rJIa3aMI1 nOCMOTpeJI B CTOPOHY pyCCKI1X . EMY nOKa3aJIOCb, 4TO OH BI1,UI1T 6awHI1 HeCKOJIbKHX TaHKoB, HO JIIO.aeM He 6b1JI0 . HeY:>KeJII1 ero rJIa3:;!. 06MaHbIBalOT ero, KaK 3TO Y:>Ke He pa3 CJIY'IaJIOCb H04aMI1? OH n04YBCTBOBaJI, KaK OT CJIa60CTI1 nO,UKaWI1BaIOTC5I 3aTeKWI1e HOrl1, OH 60JIbWe He Mor CT05lTb B CBoeM OKOne. CeM4ac OH BI1.aeJI, KaK K HeMY HanpaBJI5IIOTC5I y611TbIe
214
pYC~KHe. OHH 6b[JIH 6e30PY)I(Hbl H YJIbI6aJIHCb. COJI)laT B)lPyr nO'lYBCTBOBaJI, 'ITO Tep5IeT C03HaHHe. OH O'lHYJIC5I OTToro, 'ITO KTO-TO CHJIbHO Tp5IC ero. Ha)l HHM CKJIOHHJIC5I He3HaKOMblH 'IeJIOBeK.
Y
HerO 6blJIO y3-
Koe, 3apocllIee 60PO)lOH JIHUO, B pYKax OH )lep)I(aJI pycCKYIO BHHTOBKy. Cl>HHH B)lpyr nOH5IJI, 'ITO apTHJIJIepHHCKMH orOHb npeKpaTHJIC5I.
- 51 -
YMep, M nOTOMY TaK THXO? -
BCTaBaH, COJI)laT.
Y
CnpOCHJI OH .
Hac Tenepb MHP, -
npOH3Hec
'IenOBeK . -
KOJIJIaa He C)laCTC5I? -
CnpOCHJI qlH:HH. -
[OPO)l
)lOJI)I(eH Y)lep)l(aTbC5I . npMllIeJI JIM 6aTaJIbOH? OY)leT KOHTPHacTynJIeHHe? -
CeH'IaC MHp . OrOHb npeKpameH. Tbl MO)l(ellib yxo-
)lHTh, -
- A -
CKa3aJI 'IeJIOBeK. r)le OCTaJIhHble?
HHKoro He OCTaJIOCb.
HaKoHeu )l0 COJI)laTa )lOllIJIO, 'ITO HHKTO 60JIbllIe He CTpeJI5IeT. Ho eMY He BepHJIOCh, 'ITO HacTynHJI MHp . OH CHOBa nOTep5lJI C03HaHHe . npH)l51 B ce651, COJI)laT nO'lYBCTBOBaJI, KaK KTO-TO KJIa)leT eMY B pOT KYCOK caxapa, Teneph BOKpyr 6hlJIH 3HaKOMhle JIHua. Koe-KTO JIe)l(aJI y 060'lHHhl )lOpOrH, )lpyrHe CT05lJIM Ha JIhI)I(ax. BM)lHO, M B caMOM )leJIe HaCTYTIMJI MHp. CTpeJIh6hI He 6bIJIO. Ho panOCTM HH
Y Koro
Ha JIHuaX He BH)lHO. He~eJIH
'ITO-TO CJIY4MJIOCh? KTO-TO paCCKa3aJI 0 HeBep05lTHO )l(eCTKHX YCJIOBH5IX MMpa, H COJI)laTY CTaJIO HCHO, nO'leMY Bce TaK neqaJIbHbI. -
Ho KaK )ICe TaK? -
CnpOCHJI OH. -
MbI B KOJIJIaa
He C)laJIHCb. KOJIJIaa BhICT05lJI i .
I npKBOJlKTClI no M8TepKaJJaM KHKrH 3PKKK naJI01l8MnJ-I " Kollaa Kestaa,. (XellbCKHKK, 1940).
rnaBa 17
Cl»HHnSiHAHSI B
TP~ YPE
B XellbcHHKH H JIPYrHX HHHbI H36aBHJIH CBOIO 3eMJIIO OT npHCYTCTBHH HeMueB, HO HaBcerlla nOTepHJIH KapeJIHIO, a TaK)f(e HeKOTopbIe llpyme paHOHbI. PenapaUHH POCCHH 3a 3TH BOHHbl 6blJIH orpOMHbIMH, HO HHJIHHllHH COBeTCKOMY COlO3Y BO
BpeMH 3HMHew BOWHbI llOJI)f(HO OCTaTbCH cpellH caMbIX BOJIHYIOlllHX C06b1Tl1tl' B I1CTOPI1I1 .
3nMnor
CHEr 3AMETAET cnEAbl
n011KOBHHK
M.A.
51pBHHeH nHCaJI: «MHoro CHera naJIO
Ha n011HTble KPOBblO n0l151 Cpa)!(eHHH 3HMHeH BOHHbl. npHHeCeHHble :nOH BOHHOH rope H CTpaJlaHH5I YCTynH11H MeCTO npaKTJ.1lIeCKHM C006pa)!(eHH5IM. HCTHHHblH cPPOHTOBHK He HCnbITbIBaeT HeHaBHCTH H11H npe3peHH5I K Bpary , My)!(eCTBeHHO H lfeCTHO Cpa)!(aBllJeMYC5I C HHM JlO KOHua. B 3TOM CMbIC11e cPHHCKHH COl1}laT C HCKpeHHHM YBa)!(eHHeM OTHOCHTC5I K CBoeMY PYCCKOMY npOTHBHHKY. Ero My)!(eCTBO H CTOHKOCTb nepeJl X0J10JlOM H rOll OJlOM, ero 6e33aBeTHOCTb H 6e3ponOTHoe nOJllfHHeHHe BOHHCKOH JlHCUHn11HHe BOCXHwaJ1H, a nOJllfaC Jla)!(e H3YMJ15111H. H ewe . Tenepb, KOrJla PYCCKHe BeJlYT 6011bllJYIO BOHHY 3a CBOIO POJlHHY, OHH nOHHMaIOT , lfTO 3HalfHJ1a 3HMH5I5I BOHHa Jll151 cPHHHOB, H BHJl5lT, lfTO BHHnYPH, CaJIMH H JlOpOra Ha PaaTe 6bl11H HaWHMH B0110K0J1aMCKHMH llJOCce, a CYMMa, KHTe115l, TOJ1Ba5lpBH H CYOMYCCaJIMH -
Ma11eHb-
KHMH CTaJ1HHrpaJlaMH. no 06we ' le110BelfeCKHM MepKaM, B03MO.>KH0, KOHellHblH pe3Y11bTaT 3TOH BOHHbl Jl011)!(eH 6blJ1 6bl B 6011bllJeH CTeneHH B03HarpanHTb Hac 3a HaWH YCH11H5I H )!(epTBbl. Ho, 6yJlYlfH 11IOJlbMH lfeCTHbIMH, npHBblKllJHMH K MbIC11H, lfTO Ba)!(Hee xpa6po Cpa)!(aTbC5I, lfeM n06eJlHTb, npOHrpaBWHe rOpJlbl CBOHM My)!(eCTBOM B Cpa)!(eHHH. ECJ1H 6bl npOCTOH C011JlaT Mor Bbl6HpaTb Me)!(JlY BOHHOH H MHPOM, TO BOHH 6bl110 6bl MaJIO , a MHp 6bl11 6bl CnpaBeJl11HBbIM. EMY H3Bec-
226
THbl y)!(aCbI BOMHbl, H OH OT,UaeT ,UOll)!(HOe YCHllH5JM H ,UOCTH)!(eHH5JM CBoero npOTHBHHKa . VlMe5J no,Uo6Hble MbICllH , cjmHCKHW COll,UaT 3HMHew BOWHbl Tenepb MO)!(eT CK a 3aTb CBoeMY Bpary: « BXO,UH B MOM ,UOM . .LJ:aBaM BcnOMHHM npowlloe. HblW CTOll.
51
51
HaKpoJO CKPOM-
nOBeCHll CBOW HO)!( Ha CTeHY, TaK OCTa Bb )!(e
H Tbl CBOW Tonop Ha Kpbl11bue ».
npMnO>KeHMe 1
nOMOllib Y'lACTH~KOB 3~MHEH BOHHbl
HeCKOJIbKHM paHl(UU: nOllYlJCHO BO BpCMH BOHHbl
12 155-MM ray6HU H 15 000 CHapHllOB 12 105-MM nOJlCBblX 0PYllI1H H 54 000 CHapHllOB 100 81-MM MHHOMCTOB H 54 000 cHapHlloB 40 25-MM npOTHBOTaHKOBblX 0PYllHH 11 25 000 CHapHllOB 150 panHocTaHUHH 5000 aBTOMaTHlJCCKHX BHHTOBOK H 11 MHJlJlHOHOB naTpOHOB 20 000 PY'IHbIX rpaHaT 12 TpaKTopOB 136 nYWCK CTaporo o6pa3ua 11 300 500 CHapHllOB 76 CaMOJlCTOB «MOPOH-COJlhHhC» (nOJl)"-leHO TOJlbKO 12 WTYK) 36 75-MM nOJleBhTX 0PYllI1H 11 50 000 CHapHllOB 10 47 -MM npOTI1BOTaHKOBhlX 0pYllHH H 5000 CHapHllOB (HC nOJlYlJeHO)
113 IOJlCNo-ArjJpuKaHcKoeo COI03a: nOJlYlJCHO BO BpCMH BOHHbl
25 CaMOJlCTOB «rnallHaTOp» (llap)
113 Al/eJll/II: nOJlY'ICHO BO BpeMH BOHHbT
20 450 12 25 24 18 24
200 28 20 000 000 10000000
TopnCll MHH 152-MM 6YKCHPYCMhlX MOPCKHX 0PYllI1H 114-MM ray6HU H 25 000 CHapHllOB 76-MM 3eHHTHbiX 0pYllHH H 72 000 cHapHlloB 40-MM 3CHI1THblX nYWCK H 36 000 CHapHllOB 13-MM 3eHHTHblX nYJleMeTa 11 72 000 CHapHllOB npOTHBOTaHKOBblX PY)KeH TpaKTopOB BI1HTOBOllHblX naTpOHOB nHCTOJlCTHblX naTpOHOB
230
40 000 PY'-IHbIX rpaHaT 50 000 KOMnneKTOB CPOPMbl i 60M6bl, noneBble KYXHI1, nanaTKI1, cpellCTBa CBH311 11 T. ll. 33 caMoneTa «rnocTep-rnalll1aTOp» 12 caMoneTOB «xappI1KewH » 17 caMoneToB-pa3Bell'-lI1KOB «nawceHllep» 24 60M6aplll1pOBlUI1Ka «6neHxeWM» 230 ll06poBonbueB 4 TopnellHblX KaTepa (He nonY'-IeHo) 30 84-MM noneBblX 0PYllYfW
H3 CilIA2: TIonY'-IeHO BO BpeMH BOWHbl
44 caMoneTa «6plOcTep»
TIoCTynl1nl1 113 HopBerl111 nocne BOWHbl
32 203-MM ray611Ubi 200 75-MM noneBblX 0PYllI1W
TI pl16blnl1 3a llM llHH llO OKOH'-IaHI1H BOWHbl
350 ll06poBonbueB
H3 jJaHull: TIonY'-IeHO BO BpeMH BOi1Hbl
170 20-MM 3eHI1THbiX 0PYllI1W CI1CTeMbl «MallceH» (cHapHllbl 6bInl1 3aKa3aHbi B AHrnl1l1) 2 neT'-II1Ka-ll06poBonbua (06a norl16nl1) p1OK3aKI1, KOHcepBbl 11 T. ll. 800 ll06poBonbueB
H3 Hop6ezuu: TIonY'-leHO BO BpeMH BOWHbl
50 000 nap 60TI1HOK 100000 plOK3aKOB (50 000 B Ka'IeCTBe llapa) 16000011eHn 200 000 Kf CTanbHoro nl1CTa, cenna I1 T. ll.
I opMa, nonyqeHHaH H3 AHrmm, He Morna 6blTb Hcnonb30saHa H3 KeHMe 3
CPABHHTEnbHASI XAPAKTEPHCTHKA COCTABA H CTPYKTYPbl Cl>HHCKOH H PYCCKOH AHBH3HH
B COCTaB CPHHCKOH ,llHBH3HH BXO,llHJlH:
wTa6, TpH neXOT-
HbiX nOJIKa, O,llHa JIerKa5I 6pHra,lla, O,llHH nOJIK nOJIeBOH apTHJIJIepHH, ,llBe HH)!(eHepHbie POTbI, O,llHa pOTa CB5I 3 H, O,llHa canepHa5I pOTa, O,llHa HHTeH,llaHTCKa5I pOTa . 06111a5I 4HCJIeHHOCTb JIH4HOrO COCTaBa -
npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO
14200
4e-
JIOBeK.
B
COCTaB PYCCKOH ,llHBH3HH BXO,llHJIH: TpH neXOTHbiX
nOJIKa, O,llHH nOJIK nOJIeBOH apTHJIJIepHH, O,llHH nOJIK ray6H4HOH apTHJIJIepHH, O,llHa 6aTape5I npOTHBOTaHKOBbiX opy,ll11l1, O,llHH 6aTaJIbOH pa3Be,llKH, O,llHH 6aTaJIbOH CB5I3H, O,llHH HH)!(eHepHbIH 6aTaJIbOH . 06111a5I 4HCJIeHHOCTh JIH4HOro COCTaBa -
npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO
17 500
4eJIOBeK.
BOOPY)KEHYIE ¢YlHCKOH J.1 PYCCKOH AJ.1BI13I1H ¢I1HCKall BHHTOBKH ABToMaTbl ABTOMaTH'leCKHe BHHTOBKYI OYJIeM eTbl (Kaml6p
7,62
MM)
PYCCKall
II 000 250 250 116
14000
HeT
HeT
32 6 261 18 12
18
48
HeT
419 200
3eHYlTHble nYJIeMeTbl, 'leTblpeXCTBOJIbHble OYJIeMeTbl (KaJIYl6p
12,7
HeT
MM)
HeT
MaJIble MYlHOMeTbl MYlHOMeTbl (KaJIw6p OT MWHoMeTbl (KaJIH6p
81 .D.O 82 120 MM)
OOJIeBaH apTYlJIJIepYlH (OPY.D.WH KaJIYl6pa OT 37 .D.O 45 MM)
234
MM)
18
¢HHCK311
n OneBaSi apnlnnepl1S1 (OPYlll1S1 Kanl16pa OT 75 llO 90 MM) noneBaSi apTI1nnepI1S1 (oPYlll1S1 Kaml6pa OT 105 llO 152 MM) TaHKl1 fipOHeMallJl1HbI
PYCCK311
24
38
12
40 40-50 15
HeT HeT
PYCCKaSl )J}fBI1311S1 no cOBoKynHoH orHeBoH MOlUl1 nyJIeMeTOB 11 MI1HOMeTOB B .llBa pa3a npeBOCXO.llI1JIa qmHCKYIO, a no orHeBoH MOlUl1 apTI1JIJIep1111 -
B Tpl1 pa3a .
B
KpaCHOH apMl111 He 6bIJIO Ha Boopy)((eHI1I1 aBTOMaTOB, HO 3TO 4aCTI14HO KOMneHCl1pOBaJIOCb HaJII1411eM aBTOMaTI14eCKI1X 11 nOJIyaBToMaTI14eCKI1X BI1HTOBOK . ApTI1JIJIepI1HCKaSl nO.ll.llep)((Ka PYCCKI1X .llI1BI13I1H oCYlUeCTBJISlJIaCb no 3anpocaM BbIcwero KOMaH.llOBaHI1S1; B I1X paCnOpSl)((eHI1I1 I1MeJII1Cb MHOr0411CJIeHHbIe TaHKOBbIe 6pl1ra.llbI , a TaK)((e HeOrpaHI14eHHOe KOJII14eCTBO 60enpl1naCOB.
npMnOlKeHMe 4 A~CnOKA'-'~SI PYCCK~X ~ CI)~HCK~X
A~B~3~~
Ha cppoHTe npOHDKeHHOCTblO B
90
MI1JIb OT