Английский язык

М ИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ М ОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИНСТИТУТ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ М ЕЖГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ "РУТЕНИЯ"

В.А. Шляхова А.В. Парахина

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебное пособие для дистанционного образования

Книга 3

М ОСКВА 1998

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ББК 81.2 АНГЛ. П 18 ШЛЯХОВА В.А., ПАРАХИНА А.В., АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК: Учебное пособие. Ч III. - М .: М ГИУ, 1998, - 216 с. Ил. В третьей книге для самостоятельного изучения английского языка в системе дистанционного обучения рассматриваются грамматические конструкции, составляющие так называемое "ядро" языка. Это инфинитивные и причастные обороты, герундий, согласование времен, сослагательное наклонение, а также явление конверсии, многозначность слов, глаголы с послелогами, предлоги и т.д. В книгу включены тексты об учебе, покупках, переписке и почте, переговорах по телефону. В текстах о США даются краткие сведения об истории страны, ее городах, национальных праздниках. Пособие состоит из 8 уроков-блоков, рассчитанных на один семестр самостоятельной работы. К книге прилагается аудиозапись.

Подготовлено к печати на кафедре "Иностранные языки"

Редактор Л.В.М ормыло ЛР № 020407 от 12.02.97 Подписано в печать 25.11.98 Сдано в производство 26.11.98 Формат бумаги 60 × 90/16 Бум. множит. Усл. печ. л. 14,25 Уч.-изд. л. 14,5 Тем. План 1997 г., поз. 6 Тираж 1000 Заказ № 394 РИЦ М ГИУ, 109280, М осква, Автозаводская,16 ISBN 5-230-10948-3

© М ежгосударственный университет "Рутения", 1998 © В.А. Шляхова, А.В. Парахина, 1998 © М ГИУ, 1998

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Методические рекомендации Основная задача третьего этапа обучения (третьего семестра)завершение изучения тех грамматических конструкций, которые составляют так называемое "ядро" языка и без знания которых нельзя понять содержание текста и переводить с английского языка на русский. Это инфинитивные и причастные обороты, герундий, согласование времен, сослагательное наклонение, такие явления, как конверсия, многозначность слов, глаголы с послелогами, предлоги и т.д. В учебном пособии представлена лексика в таких ситуациях, как получение образования, на почте, написание письма, переговоры по телефону, покупки. Для знакомства с одной из англоязычных стран предложены тексты о США, в которых даются краткие сведения об истории страны, ее городах, национальных праздниках. Пособие включает в себя 8 уроковблоков, рассчитанных на один 1 семестр самостоятельной работы. Каждый урок Вы прорабатываете в зависимости от своей подготовки и времени, которым Вы располагаете. Последовательность работы определяется строгим методическим построением урока: 1. Знакомство с грамматическим явлением и последовательное выполнение всех упражнений, с тем чтобы четко усвоить грамматические правила. 2. Выполнение в письменной или устной форме всех упражнений, данных перед текстом (предтекстовые упражнения), которые включают в себя новую лексику текстового материала. Выполнение этих упражнений позволит Вам быстро и легко перевести текст на русский язык, а также обеспечит его понимание при прослушивании с аудио-кассеты. Тексты, записанные на аудиокассету обозначены знаком . 3. Прослушивание, затем чтение и перевод текста. Постарайтесь имитировать эталонную запись. 4. Выполнение послетекстовых упражнений после того, как Вы хорошо разобрались в тексте и он Вам понятен. Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на закрепление лексико-грамматического материала урока и выработку умения автоматического употребления этого материала в собственной речи. 5. Работа над диалогами направлена на развитие навыков устной речи. Диалоги следует прослушивать несколько раз, чтобы добиться не только их понимания на слух, но и умения строить свои высказывания, задавать вопросы. В конце каждого урока перечислены вопросы для самоконтроля грам-

матических правил, и дан тест с ключом, с тем чтобы Вы проверили правильность усвоенного Вами грамматического материала. Знание лексики можно проверять с помощью поурочного словаря в конце каждого урока. Типовая контрольная работа имеет целью проверку Ваших навыков и умений читать, понимать и переводить текст (с использованием словаря или без него), активно использовать лексический минимум в соответствующих ситуациях. В процессе самостоятельной работы рекомендуем пользоваться: 1) грамматическим справочником, представленным в таблицах в конце учебного пособия; 2) списком наиболее употребительных союзов, предлогов и наречий в английском языке; 3) списком слов и выражений, необходимых для общении в реальной жизни. В книге имеется разговорник на разные темы, записанный на аудиокассету. Авторы предлагают следующую последовательность работы над разговорником: прочтите диалог, пользуясь русским переводом, представленным слева от английского текста. В процессе чтения составьте список слов и выражений, которые Вам встречались впервые. Надеемся, он будет небольшим. Затем приступайте к прослушиванию диалогов, имея перед собой данный текстовой материал, и только когда понимание диалогов не будет вызывать затруднений, приступайте к активному их усвоению (задавайте вопросы, отвечайте на них, пересказывайте диалог, работайте в качестве переводчика). Надеемся, что изучать английский язык интересно. Продолжайте совершенствовать его. Успеха Вам! Авторы

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Инфинитив имеет следующие формы:

Indefinite

Perfect

Active

Passive

to ask to write

to be asked to be written

to have asked

to have been asked to have been written

to have written Continuous

to be asking to be writing

Perfect Continuous

to have been asking to have been writing

-

-

Называет действие, относя его к настоящему или к будущему. Называет действие, относя его к прошлому. Называет действие, рассматриваемое в процессе его развертывания. Называет действие, рассматривая его как начавшееся в прошлом и все еще продолжающееся.

Функции инфинитива в предложении и перевод Функция 1. Подлежащее. To read books is useful. To smoke is bad for health.

Перевод Существительнoе или неопределенная форма глагола. Чтение (читать) книг(и) полезно. Курение (курить) вредно для здоровья. 6

2. Дополнение. I want to read this book. 3. Часть составного сказуемого. Our task is to speak English. 4. Определение.

A thermometer is an instrument to show the temperature. The text to be translated is very interesting. 5. Обстоятельство.

We went to the station to meet them.

Неопределенная форма глагола. Я хочу прочитать эту книгу. Неопределенная форма глагола. Наша задача - говорить поанглийски. Глагол в настоящем или будущем времени, или с модальным значением определительного придаточного предложения. Термометр - это прибор, который показывает (должен показывать) температуру. Текст, который (будет) нужно перевести, очень интересный. Существительное с предлогом или неопределенная форма глагола с союзами "чтобы", "для того чтобы" Мы поехали на станцию, (для того) чтобы встретить их (для встречи с ними).

Примечание 1:После безличных оборотов типа it is possible, it is useful, it is difficult, it is necessary инфинитив выполняет функцию подлежащего. Например:

It is useful to read books. Читать книги полезно. It is bad for health to smoke. Курить вредно для здоровья. It is difficult to translate without a dictionary. Трудно переводить без словаря. 7

Примечание 2:Инфинитив в функции определения после слов The first, the second, the last и т.д. переводится на русский язык глаголом в личной форме в том времени, в котором стоит глагол–сказуемое. Например: He was the first to translate the text. Он первым перевел текст. She will be the last to leave the house. Она последней уйдет из дома. Примечание 3: Часто перед инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства цели употребляется союз in order - для того, чтобы. Например:

In order to enter the University you must pass entrance examinations. Для того, чтобы поступить в Университет, Вы должны сдать вступительные экзамены. It is necessary to carry out many experiments in order to obtain good results. Необходимо провести много экспериментов для того, чтобы получить хорошие результаты.

Примечание 4: Инфинитив в функции дополнения, стоящий в Passive Voice, переводится на русский язык придаточным дополнительным предложением. Например: I want to be met at the station. Я хочу, чтобы меня встретили на станции. (Сравните: I want to meet you at the station. Я хочу встретить тебя на станции.)

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Grammar Exercises I. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. He wanted to study English. 2. The lesson to be read at home is not difficult. 3. You must know grammar rules to translate texts correctly. 4. To live is to work. 5. To read this English text is our home-task. 6. My wish is to show the good results of their work. 7. He promised to ring me up immediately. 8. The problem to be discussed at the meeting is of great interest to us. 9. We study English to speak fluently.

II. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму инфинитива. 1. The students came to the University earlier to get books from the library. 2.

The students came to the University earlier to be instructed by the professor about their scientific work. 3. To understand the English text was difficult because he did not know a lot of words. 4. We were happy to have been sent to the conference. 5. The scientist was glad to have obtained good results of his experiments. 6. The problem to be solved is connected with water cleaning. 7. She is a pleasant woman to speak to. 8. The librarian promised to give me the book for a week. 9. It is necessary to do something to help him.

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III. Выберите соответствующую форму инфинитива и переведите

предложения на русский язык. 1. The problem of air pollution will be discussed at the conference (to hold, to be held) in May. 2. The reports (to make, to be made) at the conference are of great importance to scientists in various countries. 3. The scientists (to select, to be selected) the materials for the conference will come soon. 4. He came to the laboratory (to carry out, to be carried out) the experiment. 5. The engineers had to do a lot of experiments (to discuss, to be discussed) at their next meeting. IV. Переведите на русский язык. 1. He was happy to work for his country. 2. He was happy to have worked for his country. 3. He was happy to have been working all his life for his country. 4. I am glad to take your advice. 5. I was glad to have taken your advice. 6. They are sorry not to have been present at the conference. 7. They intend to finish their work next week. 8. They were glad to be invited to the party. 9. It is difficult to translate the text without a dictionary. 10. He was the first to come to the station. Предтекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done before reading the text) V. Переведите на русский язык следующие интернациональные слова. Перевод выделенных слов ("ложных друзей переводчика") проверьте по словарю. Distance, history, university, method, popularity, moment, special, organization, program, course, region, information, centre, series, observation, instruction, traditional, service, compromise, effective, problem, cooperation, proportion, dynamic, administrator, realize.

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VI. Переведите слова на русский язык на основе значения суффикса. to apply - применять application - _________________________ popular - популярный popularity - __________________________ to use - использовать useful - _____________________________ useless - ____________________________ usefulness - _________________________ uselessness - _________________________ high - высокий higher - _____________________________ highly - _____________________________ height - ____________________________ to educate - давать образование education - __________________________ region - район regional - ___________________________ observe - наблюдать observation - ________________________ active - активный activity - ____________________________ short - короткий shortage - ___________________________ dispute - спорить, дискутировать indisputable - ________________________

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VII. Переведите на русский язык "цепочки" слов.

Модель. Distance educational programs (образовательные программы для дистанционного обучения): 1. regional information centres; 2. local teaching centres; 3. research work; 4. traditional higher education; 5. open (distance) education; 6. traditional classroom (face to face) education; 7. qualified teaching staff shortage; 8. mass media;

9. favorable condinions. VIII. Прочтите слова и переведите предложения.

to like - нравиться I like English very much. He likes to read books. like - так же как to be like - быть похожим He is like his father. nothing like - ничто подобное the like - и тому подобное Nothing like age, nationality and the like limit open education. to provide - обеспечивать, снабжать Our University provides the students with all necessary books and other materials provided - при условии (если) I′ll give you my book provided you return it in time.

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to mean - значить What does it mean? It means that I can do it without any help. means - средства If you want to speak English well, try to use all means. All means are good. be means of - с помощью mean - средний What is the mean temperature of the human body? Measure it by means of a thermometer. age - возраст What is his age? How old is he? under age - несовершеннолетний My sister is under age and she may not go to the cinema at night. of age - совершеннолетний But her brother is of age and may go to the night club. teenagers - подростки, молодежь в возрасте до 19 лет (сравните в русском яз. двенадцатилетний, шестнадцатилетний и т.д.) at the age of - в возрасте He entered the University at the age of 17. She doesn't look her age. She looks like a teenager. the same - тот же самый We work and study at the same time. I like the same music as my sister does. all the same - все равно You may do this exercise orally or in a written form. It's all the same to me. very - очень I like to read books very much. the very - именно то (это) It's the very problem I am interested in. other - другой another - еще один (одна) Give me another cup of tea, please. I knew two friends, the first was very funny, the other was very serious. others – другие 13

We study many subjects such as physics, applied mathematics, English, history and others. capacity - возможность (емкость) What are the capacities of this device? quality - качество High quality of the goods of this firm is well–known. advantage - преимущество. What are the advantages of distance education? disadvantage - недостаток What are the disadvantages of this method? miracle - чудо The invention of radio was a miracle in 19-th century. obstacle - препятствие What is a serious obstacle in traditional education? take it easy! - не волнуйся! (не принимай близко к сердцу) a daytime soap - сериал, который показывают по ТВ днем (мыльная опера) I don′t like daytime soaps. It is waste of time to watch them. a lazybones - лодырь, лентяй(ка) She doesn′t like to clean her teeth, she is a lazybones to be sure - быть уверенным When we graduate from the University, we are sure to become good specialists. sure - конечно (of course) Attention!: Предлоги (prepositions), наречие (adverb) Over - preposition (предлог) означает: место - над There is a picture over the table через There is a bridge over the river. в The distance education is very popular over the world . окончание процесса (наречие) The lesson is over. 14

количество I bought the dress and has $10 over. after - после, в честь After he had passed his exams, he went home. The University is named after M.V. Lomonosov.

Text Distance Education over the World The distance education over the world has a history more than 100 years long. The very first application was carried out by the University of London in 1836. But the method gained popularity after 1970's. At the moment many countries like China, Australia, England, Russia, Japan, Spain, the USA and others are using this method, especially in higher education. The organizations of distance education programs and their capacities are getting larger every day. For example, the Open University of England has more thаn 80 000 students who are taking more than 140 courses per year. This university has 260 local teaching and 13 regional information centres. After a series of observations and research work it has been cleared out that the quality of instruction provided in the programs of distance education is not worse than that in traditional higher education. Nothing like age, place, daily activity and the like serve as limiting factors in open education. Does this mean a compromise in the quality? Certainly not! Open education has proved its superiorities to the traditional classroom education. One of the superiorities is this: open education has found an effective solution to the problem of qualified teaching staff shortage which is a serious obstacle in traditional classroom education. In open education the best teachers of the country can be called to cooperate, and the advanced technologies in mass media can be used. The second superiority is the lowered cost of 15

education which gives an indisputable advantage to open education over all other systems of education. In open education, video, television, radio, printed materials and face– to–face education are used only in needed proportions. A dynamic team of administrators and a highly qualified teaching staff are used to realize such a "miracle". The problem to be solved now is how to provide favorable conditions for practical work in this system.

Послетекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done after reading the text)

IX. Заполните пропуски инфинитивом в соответствующей форме. 1. Чтобы получить (v. to get)

higher education you must рабо-

тать hard. 2. The method, который следует применить, (v. to use) has a lot of advantages. 3. He пришлось работать (v. to have to work) very hard. 4. Чтобы платить (v. to pay fees) for his studies at the Univerдолжен был работать (v. to have to work). sity, he

X. Определите время и залог выделенных сказуемых и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Many countries are using this method now. 2. Distance education is used in many countries. 3. The Open University in England has more than 80000 students. 4. It has been cleared out that the quality of instruction provided by distance

education is high. 5. What does distance education mean? 16

6. Open education has proved its high quality.

XI. Переведите с русского языка на английский слова и словосочетания: Заочное обучение (образование) _______________________________ быть популярным ___________________________________________ высшее образование _________________________________________ возможности________________________________________________ качество ___________________________________________________ районный (местный) центр обучения ___________________________ исследовательская работа _____________________________________ традиционное обучение ______________________________________ решение____________________________________________________ решать _____________________________________________________ преподавательский состав ____________________________________ обеспечивать _______________________________________________ при условии ________________________________________________ благоприятные условия_______________________________________

XII. Соедините слова с помощью предлогов: by, in, of, over, per, for. 1. Distance education 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Education carried out The methods used 140 courses The quality The solution Condition

the world the University higher education year instruction the problem practical work

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XIII. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. When and where was the distance education carried out for the first time? 2. Are many countries using this method of education? 3. In what countries is this method used? 4. Do age, place, nationality and the like limit the population in open education? 5. Has open education superiorities to the traditional classroom education? 6. What are the advantages of open education? a) teaching staff shortage.. b) advanced technologies.. c) cost of education..

7. Which problem in this system must be solved now?

XIV. Переведите с русского на английский. 1. Впервые заочное обучение было начато в Лондонском Университете в

1836 году. 2. В настоящее время эта форма обучения используется во многих странах. 3. Заочное обучение имеет преимущества по сравнению с традиционным (дневным) обучением. 4. Этими преимуществами являются: а) решение проблемы недостатка в квалифицированном преподавательском составе; б) использование современных средств и методов обучения; в) низкая стоимость обучения.

XV. Сравните перевод пословиц. No fool like an old fool. Нет такого дурака, как старый дурак. (Старого дурака ничем не исправить). Like to like. Подобное к подобному. (Рыбак рыбака видит издалека). 18

Like father, like son. Каков отец, таков сын. (Яблоко от яблони недалеко падает). Like master, like man. Каков хозяин, таков и слуга. (Каков поп, таков и приход).

Постарайтесь запомнить диалог и разыграть его с Вашим другом (подругой). Dialogue 1

Mother: Tom! Switch (Turn) off TV and open your text-book. I see you don't think about your tomorrow's exam. Tom: Oh, Mam! Take it easy! It's going to be all right! Sit down next to me. It is the hottest daytime soap. Mother: I am sorry, but you are a lazybones. Are you sure you will pass your exam? Tom: Sure, I'll (I shall).

Прослушайте диалог. Dialogue 2 A.: T.: A.: T.:

Hello, Tom! Are you a part-time student of our University now? Hello, Ann! Yes, I am. I see you are a full-time student of the same faculty, aren't you? Yes, I am. Does the University provide you with the necessary programs? Yes, it does. We received (got) text-books and cassettes, and we can use the equipment in our laboratories. I often go to our language labo-

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ratory, take a cassette-recorder and listen to the texts through headphones. Haven't you a cassette-recorder of your own? I have got, but the sound is very weak, and I can't hear separate words. I can give you my cassette-recorder provided you return it next month. A cassette-recorder is necessary for effective learning English. But be careful with it. Sure. Thank you very much. Then I shall be able to monitor and improve my pronunciation and check on the progress in my studies. Bye. So long, Tom, see you soon.

A.: T.: A.:

T.: A.: Notes:

to monitor - прослушивать, контролировать, проверять; to check on - управлять, следить за. Прослушайте диалог еще раз, играя роль Тома, затем роль Анны.

Прослушайте диалог и расскажите его от имени Бориса. Dialogue 3

Anna: Boris: A.: B.: A.: B.: A.: A.:

When will you graduate from the University? I'll graduate from the University in five years. Do you attend all lectures and practical classes? Of course, I do. Especially I like lectures in the field of acoustics delivered by professor Petrov. I know him, he works at the department of physics. His advanced ideas help us to carry out our researches. Do you carry out interesting researches? Yes, interesting and very important. I think they will result in great progress in communication. Is education at your college free of charge?

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B.:

Yes, in general education is free of charge, and students of the University get grants. But there are groups which provide education on the commercial base, then students pay fees for their studies.

Составьте свой диалог на основе данного диалога.

Dialogue 4

A.: T.:

Did you discuss this problem? Yes, we did, and I took an active part in the discussion, because I know the problem in question as I follow the development of this

branch of science. Note: The problem in question - проблема, о которой идет речь (обсуждаемая проблема). XVI. Переведите на русский язык отдельные слова и выражения. Switch on (off); take it easy; it is all right; to be sorry; sure; equipment; sound, weak; provided; to monitor; to deliver lectures; to attend lectures; to carry (on, out); free of charge; to pay fees; to take place, to take part in; development; the problem in question.

XVII. Переведите на английский язык. 1. У Тома завтра экзамен. Он должен заниматься. Но

Том - лентяй, он не занимается, он смотрит телевизор. Я уверена, он не сдаст экзамен.

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2. Я студент-заочник. Наш институт обеспечивает нас програм-

мами, учебниками и кассетами. У меня хороший магнитофон и я могу слушать тексты и диалоги. Я дам тебе книгу и кассету, если ты их вернешь вовремя. Но обращайся с ними осторожно (внимательно). 3. Ты посещаешь все лекции в институте? Да. Они интересные?

Да, и очень важные. Чтобы стать хорошим специалистом, нужно много заниматься. 4. Вы учитесь бесплатно? Нет. За свою учебу я должен платить,

поэтому я вынужден работать. 5. Мы обсуждали эту проблему. Она очень интересная. Конфе-

ренция состоялась в нашем университете. Многие студенты приняли участие в дискуссии.

XVIII. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. Are you a full-time or a part-time student? 2. When did you enter (поступил) the University? 3. Do you pay fees for your studies? 4. What subjects do you like best?

XIX. Скажите: что Вы должны делать; что Вы не можете делать; что Вам разрешено делать.

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XX.

Согласитесь выражения:

с утверждениями

of course  sure  certainly 

Вашего

друга,

используя

конечно

all right    O. K . with pleasure agreed

хорошо, ладно с удовольствием согласен

Will your go home? Let's go to the library. Can you give me the cassette -recorder? Will you translate the text?

XXI. Возразите:

I don't agree I object (to..). The cost of education is very high. Tom is a full time student. XXII. Составьте краткие диалоги к ситуациям (используйте диалоги с 1 по 4 ). 1. Вам нужно сдавать экзамен по.., а вы не готовитесь и смотрите

телевизор; Что говорит ваш преподаватель, родители? 2. Вы прилежный студент и хотите получить стипендию, поэтому серьезно готовитесь к экзамену, а ваш друг зовет вас в кино. 3. Вы приняли приглашение идти в кино и не думаете о предстоящем экзамене.

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4. Вы встретились с другом и беседуете о своем поступлении в ин-

ститут и об институте.

Словарь урока (Vocabulary) distance (open) education - заочное обучение to apply - применять application - применение higher education - высшее образование to carry out - проводить (выполнять) to like - нравиться to clear out - выяснять age - возраст at the age of - в возрасте quality - качество quantity - количество qualify - квалифицировать qualification - квалификация qualified - квалифицированный advantages  преимущества superiorities  to solve - разрешать (проблему) to discuss - обсуждать (вопрос) solution - решение obstacle - препятствие advanced - усовершенствованный, передовой mass media - средства массовой информации dispute - диспут disputable - спорный

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indisputable - бесспорный to print - печатать printed material - печатный материал team - команда staff - штат (состав) teaching staff - штат преподавателей (учительский состав) miracle - чудо to provide - обеспечивать provided - при условии favorable conditions - благоприятные условия unfavorable conditions - неблагоприятные условия full-time student - студент(ка) дневного отделения part-time student - студент(ка) вечернего отделения Be careful - Будь осторожна to improve - улучшать to monitor - контролировать, проверять to check on - следить за to pay fees - платить (за обучение)

Вопросы для самоконтроля Инфинитив (The Infinitive) 1. Как переводится на русский язык "Infinitive"? 2. Какая форма глагола в русском языке соответствует английской форме глагола "Infinitive"? 3. Какой частицей характеризуется Infinitive? 4. Какие формы имеет Infinitive? 5. Какие функции в предложении выполняет Infinitive?

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6. Приведите примеры, в которых Infinitive выполняет функцию а) подлежащего; б) дополнения; в) обстоятельства цели; г) определения.

Test

Переведите на русский язык. 1. He is glad to help you.(помочь, помог) 2. He is glad to have helped you. (помочь, помог) 3. Ann wants to send (послать, чтобы ее послали) her son to London. 4. Ann wants to be sent (послать, чтобы ее послали) to London. 5. He wants to go there. (пойти, пошел) 6. He wants to be sent there. (послать, чтобы его послали) 7. The problem was to get (получить, получил) new results. 8. The best way to master the language is to read much. (читать, прочел) 9. He was to get (добраться, добрался) to the station in time. 10. He began to read (читать, читал) the story in the original. 11. He wanted to read (читать, прочитал) the story. 12. They decided to go (пойти, пошли) to the movie. 13. The road to connect (соединять, которая соединит) these two towns will be build.

Key

1 - помочь; 2 - помог; 3 - послать; 4 - чтобы ее послали; 5 - пойти; 6 чтобы его послали; 7 - получить; 8 - читать; 9 - добраться; 10 - читать; 11 - читать; 12 - пойти; 13 - которая соединит.

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Контрольная работа (Control work)

I. Переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь.

A United System of Distance Education in Russia. The federal program for a united System of Distance Education (SDE) in Russia has been under development since 1995. SDE provides the part-time and correspondence (existing since 1927) tuition and the integration of various educational structures and the development of a truly democratic system of continuous education for Russia's population that covers the entire territory of the country. This system is a system of education for everyone at any age. According to the Federal Bureau of employment 2 million specialists need to be retrained in Russia annually. They have many reasons to change their job profile. The major users of the system of Distance Education can be Russian-speaking people abroad and those for whom the Russian language is the second one. In contrast to the traditional systems Distance Education allows each student to have an individual scheme of education. After studies at educational institutions of DE, students get diplomas approved and recognized by the state. The united System of Distance Education in Russia is created as an open system. Russia presents its industrial, technical and educational potential to the world community and invites all countries to equal-right cooperation, one of the most interesting results of which will be the accumulation of mankind's knowledge.

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II. Переведите на русский язык. 1. To master English we must work hard. 2. We must work hard to master English. 3. He has come to see you. 4. He is too tired to continue the work. 5. The students to take part in the conference have come. 6. The article to be discussed tomorrow is written by our professor. 7. He brought the article to be translated into English. 8. This is a dress to be found in any shop now. 9. He is always the first to answer at the examination. 10. Our question will be the first to be discussed at the conference. Don't

be late.

III. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. What tuition does the System of Distance Education provide in Russia? 2. What does the distance education allow each student in contrast to the

traditional system? 3. What are the advantages of this education? 4. What University do you study at? 5. Does the University provide you with books and necessary programs? 6. What subjects do you study at the University? 7. Do you attend all lectures and seminars? 8. When do your classes begin? 9. When are the classes over? 10. What subjects do you like? 11. Who delivers lectures? 12. Do you pay fees for your education? (Is your education free of charge?) 13. What will you become after graduating from the University? 28

Lesson Two (2) The Second (2nd) Lesson Grammar:

§2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject).

Text:

The United States of America.

Dialogues:

1. 2. Словарь урока (Vocabulary). Вопросы для самоконтроля. Тест. Контрольная работа.

Grammar §2. Complex Subject

(Сложное подлежащее) Структура предложения и перевод 1 Подлежащее - существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в именительном падеже

2 3 + сказуемое в + инфинитив страдательном залоге

4 + второстепенные члены предложения

Moscow is known to be founded by J. Dolgoruky. Известно, что Москва основана Ю. Долгоруким.

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She is said to live in Moscow. Говорят, что она живет в Москве.

Запомните:

Сначала переводится сказуемое в страдательном залоге неопределенно-личным оборотом, например: говорят, известно, сообщают, ожидается; и затем подлежащее с инфинитивом сложноподчиненным дополнительным предложением, которое вводится союзом “что”.

Примечание 1 В действительном залоге употребляются глаголы: seem, appear - кажется, prove - оказывается, happen - случается. Обратите внимание: Форма инфинитива влияет на его перевод на русский язык. The scientists are believed to work at this problem. Полагают, что ученые работают (вообще) над этой проблемой. The scientists are believed to be working at this problem now. Полагают, что ученые сейчас работают над этой проблемой. The scientists are believed to have worked at this problem. Полагают, что ученые работали над этой проблемой. The scientists are believed to have been working at this problem for 5 years. Полагают, что ученые работают над этой проблемой в течение 5 лет.

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Complex Subject Complex Subject встречается: à) со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге: is (are) said - говорят is (are) known - известно is (are) supposed - предполагают is (are) assumed - допускают is (are) reported - сообщают is (are) considered - считают is (are) found - найдено is (are) believed - полагают is (are) stated - утверждают Например: He is said to know English well. Говорят, что он хорошо знает английский язык. b) со следующими глаголами в действительном залоге: seem, appear - кажется, prove - оказывается, happen - случается. Например: He happened to be at the laboratory. Случилось так, что он был в лаборатории. (Он случайно был в лаборатории.) She seems to have seen this film. Кажется, она видела этот фильм. c) со словосочетаниями: is (are) likely - вероятно, is (are) unlikely - маловероятно, is (are) sure (certain) - несомненно, безусловно

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Например: He is sure to come here in time. Он, безусловно, придет сюда вовремя. They are unlikely to have seen the city. Маловероятно, что они видели город.

Grammar exercise I Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму инфинитива. 1. Many people are known to go in for sports. 2. She is said to be a good student. 3. She is said to have been a very good actress. 4. The text is believed to be quite difficult. 5. The article is believed to have been published on time. 6. The doctor is supposed to come in 2 hours. 7. The doctor is likely to have already come. 8. They are believed to be carrying out experiments in the laboratory now. 9. They seem to have already carried out their experiments. 10. They are believed to have been carrying out their experiment for already 3 hours. 11. The delegation is reported to arrive in the city tomorrow. 12. The delegation is reported to have arrived in the city yesterday. 13. Theodore Dreiser is known to be a well-known American writer. 14. His books are known to have been translated into many languages. 15. He is known to have been working for all his life at this problem. Предтекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done before reading the text) I. Переведите на русский язык следующие интернациональные слова. Проверьте по словарю перевод выделенных слов. colony, subject, final, original, central, continent, nation, national, federation, federal, constitution, president, congress, senate, prairies, tropical, arctic, natural, industrial, formal, resolution, document, delegate, popular, interest, profession, professional, mile, declaration, resources, order.

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II. Переведите слова на русский язык. Обратите внимание на суффиксы. final -

финальный, конечный finally

__________

steady -

постоянный

steadily

__________

original -

первоначальный

originally

__________

natural -

естественный

naturally

__________

to establish -

учреждать

establishment

__________

to develop -

развивать

development

__________

to govern -

управлять, править

government

__________

to celebrate -

праздновать

celebration

__________

to prohibit -

запрещать

prohibition

__________

to declare -

провозглашать, дек-

declaration

__________

ларировать to found -

основывать

foundation

__________

to delegate -

делегировать

delegation

__________

a slave -

раб

slavery

__________

free -

свободный

freedom

__________

III. Прочитайте слова и переведите предложения на русский язык. to found - основывать. The USA was founded on July 4th 1776. to establish - учреждать. Thirteen English colonies were established in the previous century. tax - налог. They had to pay heavy taxes on tea and paper. to declare - декларировать, провозглашать. They declared their independence.

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in favour of - в пользу. The War of Independence ended in favour of the colonists. to interrupt - прерывать. The development of the United States of America was interrupted by the Civil War. to celebrate - праздновать. Independence Day - День независимости. Independence Day is celebrated on July 4. to sign the resolution - подписать резолюцию. The resolution was signed. to approve - одобрять. The document was approved by the delegates. fireworks - салют, фейерверк. Fireworks became a part of the celebration. to prohibit - запрещать. The state laws prohibit many types of fireworks. slave - раб. slavery - рабство. Slavery became a shame (позор) to the American Nation. to regard (to consider) - считать, рассматривать. to revolt - восставать. The colonists revolted. to increase - увеличивать. power - мощь, власть. The USA increased its power after the War of Independence. to solve - решать. The problem was solved. to decide - принимать решение (решать). He decided to go to the country. wheel - колесо. America is a nation on wheels. desert - пустыня. near - близко, близкий. nearly - почти.

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IV. Переведите глаголы на русский язык. order -

приказ, порядок

to order

________

end -

конец

to end

________

active - активный

to activate

________

head -

to head

________

голова

V. Напишите вторую и третью формы глаголов, переведите. Infinitive

Past Indefinite

Participle II

Перевод

to found

________

________

________

to know

________

________

________

to grow

________

________

________

to become

________

________

________

to find

________

________

________

to be

________

________

________

to win

________

________

________

to break

________

________

________

VI. Переведите слова с помощью словаря. 1. region, district; 2. way, highway, road, street; 3. to break, to break out, to begin, to start; 4. to found, to establish; 5. near, nearly.

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VII. Найдите слова, противоположные по значению. 1. tropical, 2. cold, 3. heat, 4. increase, 5. decrease, 6. arctic, 7. slavery, 8. freedom, 9. to end, 10. to begin. VIII. Найдите слова, одинаковые по значению. 1. to found, 2. to solve, 3. frequent, 4. to consider, 5. to decide, 6. to establish, 7. often, 8. to regard.

Text

The United States of America The United States of America is known to have been founded on July 4th, 1776, when thirteen English colonies, which had been established during the previous century and a half, decided that they could no longer regard themselves as subjects to the British Crown. When George III, King of England and his Government in London ordered the colonists to pay heavy taxes on tea and paper, they revolted and declared themselves independent. The War of Independence is known to have ended in favour of the colonists. Since 1783 the USA has steadily increased its power, and the original thirteen states have now grown to fifty. The development of the United States of America is considered to be interrupted by the Civil War between the Northern and Southern States in the 1860’s. The struggle of the American colonies for political and economic freedom from Great Britain activated the anti-slavery movement. Slave revolts were frequent. Slavery became a shame to the American nation. 36

The problem was not solved even in Congress and the Civil War between the North and the South broke out. This war is known to be won by the Northerners (or “Yankee”, as they were called) in 1865, and since that time the country has become more and more important. The USA is a federation of 50 states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The federal government is headed by the President and the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Washington is the capital of the USA. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. America lies in the central part of the North American Continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific Ocean to the West, Canada to the North, and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South. The United States covers an area of 3,022,387 square miles and includes fifty states and the District of Columbia, the seat of the national government. The climate of the USA is various. One can find high mountains and prairies, tropical heat and arctic cold, valleys and deserts because the nation occupies nearly half of the continent. There are industries of every kind. The country is rich in mineral resources. America is a country of roads and cars and is a nation on wheels.

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Послетекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done after reading the text)

IX. Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквивалентные словосочетания: 1) они решили, что не могут больше считать себя субъектами Британской Короны; 2) приказал им платить огромные (непомерные) налоги на чай и бумагу; 3) они взбунтовались и провозгласили независимость (себя независимыми); 4) закончилась в пользу колонистов; 5) тринадцать штатов выросли до пятидесяти; 6) федеральное правительство возглавляется Президентом и Конгрессом; 7) всевозможные отрасли промышленности; 8) страна дорог и автомобилей. X. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие Complex Subject и переведите их на русский язык. XI. Переведите текст. Independence Day Independence Day is one of the chief holidays of the United States. It was adopted in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. On that day thirteen colonies sent their delegates to the Congress and the document was approved and signed by the delegates and the president of the Congress.

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This document is known as the Declaration of Independence and declared the establishment of the USA. Since then the Fourth of July is always celebrated by the Americans as the anniversary of national independence. Fireworks, sporting events in honour of the day became parts of the celebrations in most cities of the USA. But state laws prohibit many types of fireworks because the state government is afraid of fires especially in Houston, the hottest city of America.

XII. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. When was the USA founded? 2. How many colonies declared themselves independent? 3. How many states has the USA now? 4. When did the Civil War between the Northern and Southern States take place? 5. Who won the war? 6. Is the USA a federation? 7. By whom is the federal government headed? 8. What does the Congress consist of? 9. What is the climate of the USA? 10. What city is the capital of the United States of America? 11. What date is considered as Independence Day? 12. How do Americans celebrate their Independence Day?

XIII. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык (проверьте себя по ключу) 1. США были основаны 4 июля 1776 года. 2. Тринадцать колоний провозгласили себя независимыми. 39

3. В 1860-х годах между северными и южными штатами была гражданская война. 4. Гражданскую войну выиграли Северные штаты. 5. Сейчас Америка представляет собой федерацию 50 штатов. 6. Федеральное правительство возглавляется Президентом и Конгрессом. 7. Конгресс включает в себя Сенат и Палату Представителей. 8. День Независимости отмечается 4 июля. 9. Столица США - Вашингтон.

Key

1. The United States of America was founded on July 4th, 1776. 2. Thirteen colonies declared themselves independent. 3. In the 1860s the Civil War between the northern and Southern states took place. 4. The Civil War was won be the Northerners. 5. At present the USA is a federation of 50 states. 6. The federal government is headed by the President and the Congress. 7. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. 8. Independence Day is celebrated on July 4. 9. The capital of the USA is Washington.

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Dialogue 1 Прослушайте диалог, а затем разыграйте попеременно ту или иную роль. Anna:

Hi, Alex. I haven't seen you for ages! Where did you rest in summer?

Alex:

Glad to see you Ann. I've been to America!

Anna:

Really? Such a good chance! (Какой прекрасный случай, возможность!)

Alex:

Sure. I was sent with a delegation just on the eve (íàêàíóíå) of their Independence Day.

Anna:

Sorry, and what date is considered as Independence Day in America?

Alex:

They celebrate it on the 4-th of July.

Anna:

How do they celebrate the day?

Alex:

Oh! Fireworks, sporting events in honor of the day take place in most cities of America.

Anna:

And what city have you visited?

Alex:

I have visited New-York, Washington and Houston. I have some photos with me.

Anna:

Can you show them to me and can you tell me about America in detail?

Alex:

Why not! Come to my place on Saturday. Some of our classmates asked me to tell them about America.

Anna:

Thanks a lot. I'll come.

Alex:

See you later.

Anna:

Bye.

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Dialogue 2 Прослушайте диалог и расскажите на английском языке, что Вы поняли. Teacher: What do you know about the United states of America? Student: I know that it is the country of roads and cars. Teacher: Do you know when the USA was founded? Student: Yes, I do. I know that the USA was founded on July 4, 1776. Teacher: You are quite right. But how many states were there? Student: There were 13 states then. Now there are 50 states. That is why (вот почему) the American flag has 13 strips (полос) and 50 stars (звезд). Teacher: That is very interesting. Do you know any holidays that Americans celebrate? Student: Sure. They celebrate their Independence Day on the 4-th of July, then they celebrate Memorial Day - May 27-th, and May 12-th is Mother's Day, and of course Christmas. Teacher: Oh, you know quite a lot about America. How did you know about it? Student: I've read it in newspapers and some facts I know because I was in America last summer. I'm interested in history of America. Teacher: That’s good. Next time I'll ask you to tell us about Mother's Day.

XIV. Ответьте на вопросы. 1) What do you say on the New Year's Day? 2) What do you wish your friends and relatives on Christmas? 3) How do you congratulate on one's birthday?

(Many happy returns of the day. Merry Christmas! A happy New Year! XY. Прочтите о праздниках в США. Скажите (на русском языке), какие праздничные дни отмечают американцы. 42

1. January 1. It is New Year's Day. People say to each other: Happy New

Year! 2. Memorial Day is a U.S. legal holiday to honour those who died defend-

ing their country. It is a day to remember and memorialize all those who died defending their country. 3. Independence Day - the 4 of July. 4. Thanksgiving Day (День благодарения) is celebrated on the fourth

Thursday of November. 5. Christmas is a great religious holiday. It is celebrated on December 25.

It is a custom to stay at home and spend time with one's family. 6. On the second Sunday of May Mother's Day is celebrated. You can

forget anniversaries and birthday but to forget Mother's Day is nearly unforgivable. Flowers and cards are standard gifts. Think of something special you can do for your mother - clean the house, prepare breakfast, and the most important thing to remember is to tell your mother "I love you". Словарь урока (Vocabulary) to found - основывать to establish - учреждать tax - налог heavy - тяжелый to declare - декларировать, провозглашать declaration - декларация independence - независимость independent - независимый in favour of - в пользу to interrupt - прерывать 43

to celebrate - праздновать to sign the resolution - подписывать резолюцию to approve - одобрять firework - фейерверк, салют to prohibit - запрещать to allow - разрешать to regard themselves - считать себя subject - субъект to order - приказывать to grow - расти to increase - увеличивать(ся) to decrease - уменьшать(ся) valley - долина desert - пустыня prairies - прерии natural resources - естественные ресурсы wheel - колесо holiday - праздник to adopt - принимать (законы) anniversary - годовщина event - событие in honour of - в честь (кого-либо) to be afraid of -

44

Вопросы для самоконтроля Именительный падеж с инфинитивом (Complex Subject) 1. Каким предложением переводится эта конструкция на русский язык? 2. Дайте формулу этой конструкции. 3. Какой союз вводит придаточное предложение? 4. Каким оборотом переводится на русский язык сказуемое английского предложения? 5. Каким членом предложения является инфинитив конструкции Complex Subject при переводе английского предложения на русский язык?

Test Укажите номера предложений, содержащих оборот "именительный падеж с инфинитивом". 1. This river is said to be very long. 2. He said that the lived in Omsk. 3. 1

know English well. 4. 1 knew his sister's friend. 5. She is known to be a good swimmer. 6. 1 like to read English books. 7. These tests are said to be very easy. 8. This method of teaching is expected to give a good result. 9. She is asked at the lesson.

Key 1.5.7.8.

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Контрольная работа (Control Work) Переведите текст с помощью словаря. Вариант А. I. Прочтите следующее пояснение к тексту: 1. mother country -зд. Great Britain

II. Прочтите текст, постарайтесь понять его общее содержание, ответьте на вопросы: 1. Why is July 4 celebrated by Americans as a national holiday? 2. Who was the new country's first president?

The War of Independence or the American Bourgeois Revolution (1775-1783) The rapid development of the British colonies in America in the 18th century gave rise to the so-called "American problem". The French and Indian War was over in 1763. The American colonies helped England in this war. The northern country of Canada now belonged to England and the French were driven out of the fertile western river valleys. George III King of England, wanted to draw the 1) American colonies closer to the mother country . New laws were passed and

the colonists had to pay new high taxes to support England. These post-war decisions stimulated an evergrowing movement of protest which exploded into the War of Independence. In 1774 thirteen colonies sent their delegates to a Continental Congress in Philadelphia. On July 4, 1776 the delegates signed the document known as the Declaration of Independence, and declared the establishment of the United States of America. Since then July 4 is celebrated by the Americans as a na46

tional holiday - Independence Day. The Continental Congress authorized an American army appointing George Washington its commander. But Britain didn't agree with the Declaration until 1783, when the American colonists won in the War of Independence. So after the years of bitter fighting the United States at last were recognized as a new independent country. George Washington had led the army in its successful fight. He was elected the new country's first president.

Вариант В. Прочитайте текст, постарайтесь понять его общее содержание, скажите, что явилось причиной Гражданской войны между Севером и рабовладельческим Югом.

The Civil War (1861-1865) The American Revolution opened a new stage in the transformation from feudalism to capitalism, but it failed to abolish slavery. The struggle of the American colonies for political and economic freedom from Great Britain activated the anti-slavery movement. Slavery as a source of cheap labour was instituted in America as early as the 1660s. Many poor people came to America to escape political oppression and economic exploitation. They had to work on a master's land for some years as payment for their transportation from Europe. But it was impossible to enslave the entire working population and therefore the enslavement of black Africans became a source of cheap labour available. Negroes brought by force from their African homeland to America were turned to slaves. Almost all of them were in the South where southern planters made them plant and pick the great cotton crops. Cruelty was an integral part of the slave system. Slave revolts were fre-

47

quent. Slavery became a shame to the American nation. Many people in the North opposed slavery and took part in anti-slavery actions. The problem was not solved even in Congress. The southern states left the Union and the Civil War between the North and the South broke out. The Civil War greatly affected the course of American history. President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which committed the nation to stamp out slavery in the southern states. The American slavery was crushed, the nation was unified. But the fight for Negro rights has not been yet ended. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1) She is expected to come to-morrow. 2) Radio is known to have been invented in Russia. 3) The expedition is believed to have reached the river. 4) He is said to be writing a new story (novel). 5) He proved to be a good specialist. 6) He is sure to come in time. 7) The house is likely to have been built many centuries ago. 8) The boy happened to be at home.

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Lesson Three (3) The Third (3rd) Lesson Grammar:

§3 Сложное дополнение (Complex Object). Washington - the capital of the USA. New York.

Text. Dialogues.

1, 2, 3, Словарь урока (Vocabulary). Вопросы для самоконтроля. Тест. Контрольная работа.

Grammar §3. Complex Object Сложное дополнение Структура предложения и перевод 1

подлежащее

2

3

сказуемое

сложное дополнение

Существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном падеже

She Она

knows знает,

что

him + to live он живет 49

4

обстоятельство

+

Infinitive

in Moscow. в Москве.

They expected Они ожидали, We know Мы знаем,

что что

the conference + to take place конференция состоится Moscow + to be founded Москва была основана

in May. в мае. in 1147. в 1147 г.

Запомните: Complex Object (with the Infinitive) переводится на русский язык придаточным дополнительным предложением, вводимым союзами “что”, “чтобы”, ”как”. Подлежащее этого предложения соответствует существительному в общем падеже (или местоимению в объектном падеже), а сказуемое - инфинитиву. Обратите внимание:

Форма инфинитива влияет на его перевод на русский язык.

We know him to work for a big company. Мы знаем, что он работает на большую компанию. We know him to be working now in the lab. Мы знаем, что он работает сейчас в лаборатории. We know him to have worked for an oil company. Мы знаем, что он работал на нефтяную компанию. We know him to have been working for about 2 years. Мы знаем, что он работает в течение 2 лет. We know the thermometer to be used in medicine. Мы знаем, что термометр используется в медицине. We know this device to have been used in old times. Мы знаем, что это устройство использовалось в древние времена. 50

Примечание 1 После глаголов, выражающих физическое восприятие, to see, to hear, to watch, to feel, to observe инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.

I saw the children play in the garden. Я видела, что дети играли в саду. He heard somebody cry in the house. Он слышал, как кто-то плакал в доме. She felt him look at her. Она чувствовала, что он смотрит на нее.

Grammar exercise

I Переведите предложение ñ Complex Object, обращая внимание на форму инфинитива. 1. We want him to come here. 2. I know her to sing well. 3. They believe him to know their address. 4. She knows him to be a good specialist. 5. We know him to have worked at a big plant. 6. She wants me to give her this book. 7. We know this instrument to function well. 8. We know this instrument to have functioned well. 9. We heard the girl say something to her brother in English. 10. He saw her stop at the bus-stop. 11. I felt somebody touch (дотронуться) my arm.

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Предтекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done before reading the text) I. Переведите на русский язык следующие интернациональные слова, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов - “ложных друзей переводчика”. Capital, practical, synonymous, federal, nation, president, congress, political, centre, section, avenue, procession, parade, memorial, natural, local, colony, architectural ensemble, general, plan, statue, emigrant, bar, bank, clerk.

II. Переведите на русский язык сложные слова a skyscraper, a businessman, well-known, cornerstone

III. Вспомните, как образуются степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания. the largest city; the lower part; the highest building; the most interesting; happier life; the longest street; more; less; less important; the most beautiful.

IV. Переведите на русский язык. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

London is situated on the Thames. Washington is situated on the Potomac River. New York is situated in the mouth (устье) of the Hudson River. The bank is situated in the centre of the city. The bank is located there. This city is compared with the capital. This city cannot be compared with the capital. 52

V. Прочтите собственные имена и названия. Вспомните, что вы знаете о них. George Washington, the Capitol, the White House, Abraham Lincoln, Amsterdam, Manhattan, Rockefeller Centre, the Statue of Liberty, Harlem, Broadway, Wall Street.

VI. Напишите II и III формы глаголов и переведите их на русский язык. Infinitive

Past Indefinite

Participle II

Перевод

to find

__________

__________

__________

to found

__________

__________

__________

to build

__________

__________

__________

to make

__________

__________

__________

to know

__________

__________

__________

to buy

__________

__________

__________

VII. Переведите на русский язык. 1. I found him in the room. 2. Moscow was founded in 1147. 3. What are they building? 4. The block of flats was built in time. 5. The radio-set was made in Japan. 6. He is a known scientist. 7. The device was used in the experiment. 53

VIII. Вспомните, что такое конверсия. Переведите на русский язык существительные и глаголы. Model: name - имя, to name - называть a letter

________

to letter

________

a number

________

to number

________

a place

________

to place

________

a house

________

to house

________

a cross

________

to cross

________

trade

________

to trade

________

work

________

to work

________

a crowd

________

to crowd

________

IX. Переведите слова на русский язык на основе значений суффиксов и префиксов. to discover

________

discovery

________

practical

________

practically

________

to name

________

to rename

________

to own

________

owner

________

to represent

________

representative

________

to use

________

user

________

to found

________

founder

________

to employ

________

employees

________

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X. Переведите на английский язык . юг, север, восток, запад, юго-восток, северо-запад, юго-запад, северовосток.

XI. Прочтите слова и переведите предложения на русский язык. neither ... nor - ни ... ни. He knows neither English nor German. either ... or - либо ... либо. You may visit either New-York or Washington. both ... and - как ... так. Both Boston and Harvard are the most prestige Universities in America. in honour of - в честь (кого-либо). He was named in honour of his grandfather. to own - владеть. They own all the bars and stores in this street. to owe - быть должным, обязанным. a great deal = much. The city owes a great deal to George Washington. to take an active part - принимать активное участие. He took an active part in the conference. to compare - сравнивать. Washington cannot be compared in size with New York. sense - чувство, смысл, значение. He has a sense of humour. In the political sense Washington is the most important city in the United States. harbour of the mouth - гавань (порт) в устье. New York is situated in the natural harbour of the mouth of the Hudson River. to capture - захватить. The English fleet entered the harbour and captured the city. the bank of the river - берег реки. The skyscraper of the United Nations Organization is situated on the bank of the East River. entirely - полностью, целиком. The building is made entirely of glass. 55

as a matter of fact - фактически. according to - согласно. Rockefeller Centre was built according to a general plan. at first glance - на первый взгляд. At first glance he is a yesman (подхалим). Text 1

Washington - the Capital of the USA Washington, the capital of the United States, is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The terms Washington and District of Columbia are practically synonymous. The federal district is a piece of land ten miles square; it is neither north nor south, and it does not belong to any other state, but to all the states. The District is named in honour of Columbus, the discoverer of America. The capital owes a great deal to the nation’s first President, George Washington. Washington took an active part in selecting the site of the District of Columbia and laid the cornerstone of the Capitol Building, where Congress meets. Washington is not the largest city in the United States, as it cannot be compared in size with cities like New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Los Angeles, which have more than a million inhabitants. In the political sense, however, it is the most important city in the United States. The centre of the city is the Capitol, with its great Hall of Representatives and Senate Chamber.

56

Four sections radiate out from the Capitol dividing the District of Columbia into North-East, NorthWest, South-East, SouthWest. From the Capitol to the White House runs broad Pennsylvania Avenue about a mile and a half

in

length.

This

avenue is used for all processions and parades. The Capitol is the highest

building

in

Washington, which is known as an American city without skyscrapers. Washington is today one of the world’s most beautiful

capitals,

not

only the centre of the National Government, but also it has become a great cultural, educational and scientific centre, with its museums, art galleries, libraries,

institutions,

parks and monumental buildings, such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial and others. Text 2

New York New York, one of the largest cities of the world, is situated in the natural harbour of the mouth of the Hudson River. In the year 1626 the Dutch Trade 57

Company bought Manhattan Island from the local Indians for twenty-four dollars. Here the Dutch founded their colony and gave it the name New Amsterdam. Forty years later the English fleet entered the harbour, captured the city and renamed it New York. At present Manhattan Island is the centre of New York and at the same time the business section. The 39-storey skyscraper of the United Nations Organization is situated on the bank of the East River. The two narrow side walls of the building have no windows at all. But the front and the back walls are made almost entirely of glass. New York is considered to be the city of skyscrapers. As a matter of fact, most of the skyscrapers are mainly in the lower part of Manhattan. The highest of them is the Empire State Building. It has 102 storeys and its height is 380 metres. The Empire State Building was constructed in 1931. Not far from the Empire State Building there in an interesting architectural ensemble - Rockefeller Centre. It was built according to a general plan. Rockefeller Centre consists of 15 skyscrapers. Rockefeller Centre houses all kinds of offices, enterprises, theatres and music halls. The Statue of Liberty greets everybody who comes to New York by sea. Millions of emigrants from all parts of the world cross the ocean, hoping to find a better and happier life, hoping to find liberty. The National City Bank and other big offices are located in the famous Wall Street. 58

Broadway is the longest street in the city. It is 29 kilometres long. Many businessmen make money here. They own this main trading street of New York with all its bars, restaurants, music halls, theatres, cinemas and various stores and shops. When it gets dark the lights of the electric advertisements flash out along Broadway. By eight o’clock in the morning New York streets are crowded with clerks and office employees. When they start work, there is nobody in the streets but those who have no work. Such is New York at first glance, the largest city with a population of more than 10 million.

Послетекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done after reading the text) XII. Переведите на русский язык 1. We know Manhattan to have been bought from the local Indians. 2. New York is considered to be a city of skyscrapers. 3. It is dark and late to go out. 4. I hope you to find a better and happier life. 5. It is not easy to find a job in New York. 6. He is said to own this house. 7. Washington is known to be an American city without skyscrapers.

59

8. I want you to tell me the truth. 9. Americans are known to be proud of the Statue of Liberty.

XIII. Составьте пары слов, имеющих противоположное значение, и переведите их на русский язык. 1. large, 2. cold, 3. wrong, 4. near, 5. good, 6. hot, 7. far, 8. bad, 9. small, 10. long, 11. right, 12. short, 13. high, 14. low.

XIV. Составьте пары предлогов, имеющих противоположное значение. Придумайте предложения, используя эти предлоги. 1. inside, 2. above, 3. up, 4. into, 5. in front of, 6. under, 7. out of, 8. outside, 9. behind, 10. down.

XV. Заполните пропуски артиклями, где это необходимо. Washington is ... capital of ... United States of America. It is situated on ... Potomac River in

... District of ... Columbia. ...federal district is ten miles

square. ... district is named in honour of ... Columbus. George Washington was ... first President of ... America. ... city was named after ... first President. Washington is not ... largest city but it is ... most important city in ... country. ... Pennsylvania avenue runs from ... Capitol to ... White House. All kinds of ... processions and ... parades took place in ... avenue. Washington is ... centre of ... National Government and it is also ... cultural, educational and scientific centre.

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XVI. Переведите на русской язык, обратите внимание на выделенные слова. 1. It is neither north, nor south. 2. Neither Tom, nor Mary will go there. 3. He will go either to New York, or to Washington. 4. Both Pete and Mary speak English well. 5. Both cities are beautiful. 6. By eight o’clock in the morning New York streets are crowded both with clerks and with people who have no work.

XVII. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова, данные в скобках. 1. У меня много друзей. Эта фирма принадлежит государству. Кто владеет этим домом? (to own, to have, to belong to) 2. От Капитолия до Белого Дома идет широкий проспект. (to run, road, avenue) 3. Капитолий является самым высоким зданием в Вашингтоне, в котором нет небоскребов. (to be, there are, skyscrapers) 4. Нью-Йорк - это город небоскребов. (to be, skyscrapers) 5. Эмпайер Стэйт Билдинг имеет 102 этажа, и его высота составляет 380 метров. (to have, to be, height) 6. Бродвей является самой длинной улицей в Нью-Йорке. Ее длина равна 29 километрам. (to be, street, long) 7. Утром улицы Нью-Йорка заполнены клерками и служащими офисов. (to be crowded, clerks, office employees) 8. Таков Нью-Йорк на первый взгляд. (such, at first glance)

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XVIII. Найдите в текстах ответы на вопросы. 1. Where is Washington situated? 2. Why was the city named in honour of the first President? 3. What is situated in the centre of Washington? 4. What Avenue runs from the Capitol to the White House? 5. What is Pennsylvania Avenue famous for? 6. What historical places do you know in Washington? 7. Is Washington the city of skyscrapers? 8. What river is New York situated on? 9. What is the centre of New York? 10. Where is the skyscraper of the United Nations Organization situated? 11. Is New York the city of skyscrapers? 12. What is the highest of them? 13. How many storeys has it? 14. What is the Rockefeller Centre? 15. What street in the longest in the city? XIX. Переведите пословицы и поговорки. Сравните с русскими пословицами. Better late than never. Лучше поздно, чем никогда. Сравните: Лучше поздно, чем никогда. Least said, soonest mended. Чем меньше сказано, тем быстрее исправлено. Сравните: Меньше слов, больше дела. The more haste, the less speed. Чем больше спешка, тем меньше скорость. Сравните: Тише едешь, дальше будешь. Two heads are better than one. Две головы лучше, чем одна. Сравните: Ум хорошо, а два лучше. 62

Dialogue 1

Прослушайте диалог несколько раз и постарайтесь понять общее содержание. Tom. Welcome to New York, Mary. Mary. Thank you. I am happy to visit the city. T. How do you like the city? M. I can say it is a very impressive city, but it is easy to lose the way in New York. Am I right? T. Oh, I don’t agree with you. First of all you must remember “streets” are running east and west. “Avenues” are running south and north. M. And what about Broadway? T. Where Broadway crosses an avenue, a square or a circle is formed: Columbus Circle at 8th Avenue and 59th Street. M. Thank you for the information. T. You are welcome. The oldest section of the city is Manhattan, many streets are named there. M. Giving directions how to get somewhere New Yorkers use the terms “uptown”, “downtown” and “cross-town”. What do thes words mean? T. “Uptown” means north of where you are. “Downtown” means south, “cross-town” means east or west of where you are. M. Thank you very much, I hope I’ll not lose my way (не заблужусь) now.

63

Dialogue 2

Прослушайте диалог несколько раз, затем разыграйте его с вашим другом. T. Mary, I want to show you round. New York is famous for its skyscrapers and wonderful monuments. M. With great pleasure. When and where do we meet? T. We’ll meet tomorrow at 11 o’clock. Agreed? M. OK. I want to see the Empire State Building and visit the famous Metropolitan Museum. T. Agreed.

Dialogue 3

Прослушайте диалог, затем расскажите его своему другу от имени Петра. Peter. I want to tell you some words about the capital of the USA. Teacher. I am glad to listen to you. You have been to Washington on a tourist trip and learned a lot about the city. P. George Washington, the first President of the USA, selected the area for the capital. The city was named after him. The city is well planned. There are no skyscrapers in the city. There are numbered and lettered streets in the city. The heart of the city is the Capitol. All the tourists are eager to see the White House, the Washington Monument, the Arlington National Cemetery, museums and memorials well-known in the world. 64

XX. Переведите на русский язык 1. Excuse me, could you tell me the way to ... ? 2. Will you, please, tell me how I can get to ... ? 3. How long will it take me to get there? 4. Take the street on your left and go straight on. 5. Does this bus go to ... ? 6. Here comes your bus now. Get on! 7. The theatre is on Third Avenue. It’s the next stop. 8. Another bus will come in three minutes. 9. Here only coins (монеты) or tokens (жетоны) are accepted. 10. How much is the fare? 11. Where must I get off?

XXI. Дополните диалог T. 1. Welcome to New York.

M. 1.________________________

2. What places in New York

2.________________________

have you visited? 3. Do you know the difference

3.________________________

between “streets” and “avenues”? 4. What do "uptown" and

4.________________________

"downtown" mean?

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XXII. Ответьте на вопросы 1. Who was the first President of the USA? 2. Who is the President of the USA now? 3. What is the White House? 4. What do the words “numbered”, “lettered” and “named” streets mean? (The streets has: a number, a letter, a name) 5. What historical places in Washington and New York can you name?

XXIII. Переведите на английский язык 1. Добро пожаловать в Нью-Йорк. 2. Как тебе нравится город ? 3. Я с тобой не согласен. 4. Я с тобой согласна. 5. Я надеюсь, что не заблужусь. 6. Простите, можете ли Вы мне показать дорогу ... ? 7. Извините, как проехать до ... ? 8. Сколько стоит проезд?

XXIV. Составьте краткие диалоги к следующим ситуациям: а) Узнайте, как проехать до ...; б) Вы на автобусной остановке. Спросите, каким автобусом Вам следует ехать до ..., как часто ходит автобус, на какой остановке Вам следует выходить; в) На вопрос "Как проехать до ...?" посоветуйте вид транспорта, где сделать пересадку, сколько стоит проезд (на метро, на автобусе), сколько времени потребуется на дорогу.

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Словарь урока

(Vocabulary) in honour of - в честь (кого-либо) both - оба both ... and - как ... так either ... or - либо ... либо neither ... nor - ни ... ни to take an active part - принимать активное участие to own - владеть to owe - быть должным, обязанным a great deal (much) - много, большое количество to compare - сравнивать sense - чувство, смысл, значение to capture - захватить entirely - полностью, целиком as a matter of fact - фактически according to - согласно at first glance - на первый взгляд federal - федеральный avenue - проспект, авеню memorial - мемориал ensemble - ансамбль emigrant - эмигрант clerk - клерк, служащий employee - служащий cornerstone - краеугольный камень well-know (famous) - известный to be named (to be called) - быть названным

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Вопросы для самоконтроля

Сложное дополнение (с инфинитивом) (Complex Object) 1. Напишите предложение, содержащее “Complex Object”( witn the Infinitive) 2. Каким предложением переводится эта конструкция на русский язык? 3. Какие союзы вводят придаточные предложения? 4. Чему соответствует подлежащее придаточного предложения? 5. Чему соответствует сказуемое придаточного предложения? 6. После каких глаголов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to? Приведите пример.

Test

Укажите номера предложений, содержащих оборот “Complex Odject” (“объектный падеж с инфинитивом”). 1. My sister wants them to come here. 2. My sister wants to know English well. 3. I know this girl well. 4. He knows this girl to study well. 5. We heard the boy say something to her brother. 6. They saw us stop at the school. 7. They saw an interesting book on the table.

Key 1. 4. 5. 6.

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Контрольная работа (Control work)

I. Прочтите текст, постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. American cities Chicago is the second largest city in the United States. It was built on the shore of the Lake Michigan, one of the Great Lakes, and is a busy inland port. Chicago is the centre of the meat packing industry. The city is famous for its stores, the Art Institute, and museums. Built on the side of an Indian village, Chicago has grown to a large port and a railroad centre. It is a gigantic industrial and economic centre. San Francisco, on the Pacific Coast in California, is considered to be the most beautiful city in the United States. It has a fine natural harbour, it carries on the trade with other countries. The city is built on hills and it faces the famous Golden Gate Park, which is a beautiful man-made area in the north and San Francisco Bay in the east. Today much of San Francisco is a 20th-century city, the charm of early California can be felt in its narrow winding streets. New Orleans is in Louisiana, at the mouth of the great Mississippi River. Los Angeles in south-western California is famous for Hollywood, where both movie and TV shows are produced, and its world-famous Disneyland and the nearby suburb (Anaheim). Disneyland is a huge amusement park which delights both adults and children. Philadelphia is a unique blend of historical and modern America. The colonial city where the American nation was born in 1776 is today a centre of culture, education, science as well as business and industry. Boston is the capital of Massachusetts and the largest city in New England. It is located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean 180 miles (290 km) north-east of 69

New York City. The Boston metropolitan area has a large population of which there is a large student component, including an international student population.

II. Ответьте на вопросы 1. Where was Chicago built? 2. What is Chicago famous for? 3. Where is San Francisco situated? 4. Is New Orleans in Louisiana? 5. Is Boston the city of students?

III. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова. 1. We must read much to understand English well. 2. She worked hard in order not to be behind the others. 3. He did everything to achieve his aim. 4. He knew the subject well enough to answer all questions. 5. She suppose the students to have read all the novels written by great writers. 6. We should like these sentences to be translated into Russian before the text is read. 7. The students wanted some of new expressions in the text to be explained by the teacher. 8. It is necessary for us to consider this question at our next meeting. 9. It was unnecessary for the students to repeat the experiment.

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IV. Переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова. either ... or neither ... nor both ... and (the) both They will go neither to the library nor to the cinema. I will go neither by tram, nor by bus. I know neither Peter nor Mary. She speaks neither English nor German. You may go either to the Institute or to the library. Either Peter or Mary will do it. He will translate either the text or the article. Both friends went to the movie. Both Peter and Mary don’t know the lesson. It was both cold and wet. She liked the both sisters.

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Lesson Four (4) The Fourth (4th) Lesson Grammar:

§4. Герундий (Gerund). §5. Отглагольное существительное (Verbal Noun).

Text.

Sport.

Dialogues.

1. 2. Словарь урока (Vocabulary) Вопросы для самоконтроля. Тест. Контрольная работа.

Grammar

§4. Герундий (Gerund) Герундий является неличной формой глагола, образуется прибавлением суффикса “ing” к основе глагола, обладает чертами существительного и глагола. Основа глагола + ing read - reading читать - чтение

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Формы герундия Active

Passive

Indefinite

asking

being asked

Perfect

having asked

having been asked

Примечание1: Перфектные формы герундия указывают на то, что это действие предшествует действию, выраженному сказуемым.

Черты существительного

Черты глагола

1. Может иметь при себе опре-

1. Может определяться обстоя-

деление, выраженное притяжа-

тельством, выраженным наречи-

тельным местоимением.

ем.

I like his singing. Мне нравится

I like his reading well. Мне нра-

его

пение.

вится, что он хорошо читает.

2. Может употребляться с пред-

2. Имеет после себя прямое до-

логом.

полнение.

On coming home he saw his

I like reading books. Я люблю

friends. Придя домой, он увидел

читать книги.

своих друзей. He knew of my studying in the

3. Имеет форму действительного

technical school. Он знал о моей

и страдательного залога.

учебе в техникуме.

writing ↓

being written ↓

действительный страдательный залог

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залог

4. Имеет перфектную форму. After having failed in English three times, he started working hard. После того как он три раза провалился на экзамене по английскому языку, он начал упорно работать. Функции в предложении 1. Подлежащее Smoking is harmful. 2. Прямое дополнение I like singing. 3. Часть составного

Перевод существительное Курение   инфинитив Курить  вредно. существительное Я люблю инфинитив существительное Его лю-

глагольного сказуемого His favourite sport is

инфинитив

пение.   петь. бокс,

бимый вид спор-

боксирование.

та

боксировать

boxing. 4. Обстоятельство On coming home he

деепричастный оборот Придя домой, он увидел своих друзей.

saw his friends. 5. Определение

существительное

His method of teach-

Его метод преподавания обсуждался на

ing was discussed at the conference.

конференции.

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6. Предложное допол-

Он знал о моей учебе в техникуме.

нение He

knew

Существительное

of

my

глагол-сказуемое в составе придаточного

studying in the tech-

дополнительного предложения

nical school.

Он знал, что я учусь в техникуме.

Grammar exercises

I. Образуйте герундий от следующих глаголов и переведите их на русский язык. to read, to open, to close, to write, to swim, to train, to build. II. Определите, какую функцию в предложении выполняет герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I like reading. 2. Reading books is my favourite occupation. 3. My favourite occupation is reading. 4. On reading the book he went to bed. 5. The idea of reading this book was given by our teacher of English. 6. He knew of my reading English books in the original (в подлиннике). III Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I like sitting in the sunshine. 2. Thank you for helping me. 3. He likes reading detective stories. 4. Stop talking, please. 5. I was surprised at not having heard from you for a month. 6. Before being given a post as a technician Sergey attended a technical school. IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму герундия. 1. I am proud of being a citizen of my country.

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2. The library succeeded (удалось, преуспела) in carrying out cultural work among its readers. 3. After having read the article he made some notes in his copy-book. 4. His method of learning foreign languages is very progressive. 5. Nobody likes being interrupted. 6. He told us of being sent to Volgograd. 7. He told us of having been sent to Volgograd. 8. They informed the commander of having carried out his order. 9. I am surprised at your making so many mistakes in your test. 10. I was surprised at your having made so many mistakes in your test. Отличие герундия от причастия Герундий может выполнять в предложении любую функцию. Причастие может быть определением и обстоятельством. В этих случаях герундий всегда употребляется с предлогом, а причастие без него. Причастие

Герундий Определение

The idea of crossing the street at this I saw the girl crossing the street. ß увидел девушку, переходящую place was given by Mike. Идея перейти (перехода) улицу в улицу. этом месте была предложена Майком. Обстоятельство Leaving the room he always On leaving the room he locked it. Выйдя из комнаты, он ее замкнул. switches off the light. Уходя из комнаты, он всегда выключает свет.

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§ 5. Отглагольное существительное (The Verbal Noun)

Отглагольное существительное - это существительное, образованное от глагола путем прибавления суффикса ing к основе глагола (как причастие и герундий). to read - читать (глагол) - the reading - чтение (существительное) to begin - начинать (глагол) - the beginning - начало (существительное) to come - приходить (глагол) - the coming - приход (существительное) Признаки отглагольного существительного Наличие: 1. артикля; 2. окончания мн. числа; 3. определения; 4. предлога of после отглагольного существительного.

Отличие герундия от отглагольного существительного Герундий 1. Нет артикля.

Отглагольное существительное 1. Есть артикль.

Smoking is harmful for you health. The beginning of summer was very cold. 2. Нет множественного числа.

2. Есть множественное число.

He insisted on her leaving the room

Her leaving irritated him.

3. Нет предлога of после герундия. 3. Есть предлог of после отглагольReading books is useful.

ного существительного. The opening of the conference is fixed for 2 o' clock.

4. Есть предлог перед герундием.

4. Предлога перед отглагольным

On coming home he saw his friends. существительным нет. 5. Переводится инфинитивом, су- 5. Переводится существительным. 77

ществительным,

деепричастием, I like the singing of this actress. -

придаточным предложением.

Мне нравится пение этой артистки.

He began reading his paper. - Он начал читать (чтение) газеты. О п р е д е л я е тс я : наречием

прилагательным или причастием

I was tired of sitting still in the li- We greet the early coming of brary. - Я устал от долгого сиде- spring. - Мы приветствуем ранния в библиотеке. (Я устал от то- ний приход весны. го, что долго сидел в библиотеке). V. Переведите на русский язык. 1. The heating of water was rapid. 2. In describing Moscow we must begin with Red Square. 3. The beginning of the lesson will be at 10 o’clock. 4. She knew of his being a student. 5. He entered the University at the beginning of the year. 6. We watched his comings and leavings the room. 7. On coming home he did not recognise it. It was reconstructed. 8. The writing of letters to his parents was very difficult for him. 9. He was glad of watching the football match on TV. VI. Напишите в две колонки предложения, содержащие герундий и причастие, и переведите их на русский язык. 1. He introduced a new method of jumping over the rack. (планка) 2. All stadium watched the young man jumping over the rack. 3. On running a long distance he felt very tired. 4. Running a very long distance he thought only how to win. 5. The idea of holding the first Olympic Games was given by Greece.

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Предтекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done before reading the text) VII. Переведите интернациональные слова. sport, popular, practise, form, golf, tennis, cricket, prestige, athlete, culture, Olympic, champion, favourite, image. VIII. Прочитайте слова и переведите следующие предложения. to go in for sport - увлекаться спортоì. All my friends go in for sport. to practise - заниматься (спортом). Many people practise various kinds of athletics. open-air games - игры на открытом воздухе. Many people prefer openair games as they made them healthy. it is important to note - важно отметить. as far as ... is (are) concerned - что касается ... . As far as my friends are concerned they prefer to play hockey in winter and football in summer. to take place - иметь место, происходить. to take part - принимать участие. All of us took part at our Institute running championship. championship - первенство, чемпионат. The first world tennis championship took place at Wimbledon in 1877. racing - гонки. I like to watch boat-racing. beach - пляж. Why do you like beach volleyball? soccer - футбол (европейский). as well as - также. kind - вид. What kind of sport do you prefer? team - команда. There are some football teams at our Institute.

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to be crazy about - быть без ума от ... . She is crazy about her child. My younger brother is crazy about Spartak team. IX. Образуйте герундий от глаголов. Переведите на русский язык . глагол

перевод

герундий

перевод

to jump

_______

_______

_______

to swim

_______

_______

_______

to row

_______

_______

_______

to run

_______

_______

_______

to skate

_______

_______

_______

to race

_______

_______

_______

X. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов: Модель: to work - a worker to play

_______

to win

_______

to support

_______

to follow

_______

XI. Образуйте от следующих прилагательных существительные с помощью суффикса -ness и переведите их на русский язык. week - слабый

_______

bright - яркий

_______

happy - счастливый

_______

dark - темный

_______

black - черный

_______

white - белый

_______

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XII. Найдите противоположные по значению прилагательные. 1. cool, 2. weak, 3. short, 4. thin, 5. bad, 6. strong, 7. dark, 8. old, 9. big, 10. long, 11. light, 12. young, 13. thick, 14. warm, 15. small, 16 good. XIII. Найдите слова, близкие по смыслу (синонимы). 1. different

1. kind

2. outdoor

2. open-air

3. to call

3. popular

4. prestige

4. various

5. to support

5. to help

6. a lot

6. to name

7. to like

7. many (much)

8. type

8. to be fond of

XIV. Переведите на английский язык, используя выражения. to be proud of - гордиться à) Я горжусь своим отцом. Мы гордимся игроками в теннис. Он гордится своей женой. Они гордятся своей командой. to go in for - заниматься б) Он занимается спортом. Я занимаюсь атлетикой. Она занимается спортом летом. instead of (+ герундий) - вместо чего-то в) Вместо игры вы должны заниматься. Вместо того, чтобы идти в кино, вы должны быть дома.

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Text 1

Sports and Games The United States of America is a sport-loving country. Thousands of people, old and young, go in for sports. The most popular games in the USA are baseball and basketball. A lot of people practise various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, rowing and ets. There are many athletic halls and swimming pools in the USA. But in America people prefer open-air games, such as playing golf, tennis, beach volleyball as well as football. It is important to note that they call this game soccer because they play American football the rules of which differ from those of the European football. As far as England is concerned football, cricket, tennis and golf are the most favourite games. The first world tennis championship took place at Wimbledon in 1877. Now the Wimbledon championships are considered to be the most prestige for tennis players. Millions of people like to watch the championship on TV. There are all kinds of racing in England: motor-racing, horse-racing, boat-racing, and even dog-racing. But boat-racing between Oxford University and Cambridge University is the most popular. Usually it takes place on the River Thames and a lot of people go there to watch the winner. And, of course, all know English football fans to be crazy about their teams. Thousands of football fans follow their football teams in order to support them. Sometimes instead of being helpful to the sportsmen they do harmful things and spoil the image of the game. In our country many people are fond of sports too. Such games as football and ice-hockey are very popular in our country. We are proud of taking part in World Championships and Olympic Games. We are also proud of winning in some kinds of sport.

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Послетекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done after reading the text) XV. Выпишите из текста названия видов спорта. XVI. Закончите предложения, используя герундий и переведите их на русский язык: 1. He is interested in ... 2. I am fond of ... 3. She was afraid of ... 4. My friend succeeded in ... 5. He was ashamed of ... 6. I thought of ... XVII. Переведите на русский язык. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

He trained hard, because he wanted to win the championship. Because of illness he didn’t take part in the championship. Because of rain he couldn’t go to the stadium. I went to the library because I had to take some text books. As far as I am concerned, I am very tired and can't go to the swimming pool. 6. As far as I am concerned, I don’t like her. 7. As far as I am concerned, I can’t answer your questions. XVIII. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Do you go in for sport? What kind of sport do you prefer? What are the most popular games in the USA? What forms of athletics do people practise? What open-air games do Americans prefer? What are the most favourite games in England? 83

7. When did the first tennis championship take place at Wimbledon? 8. What kinds of racings are there in England? 9. What racing in the most popular? 10. What river does it take place on? 11. What are the most popular games in Russia? 12. Do you play any games? XIX. Переведите тексты без словаря. Sports Most students of our technical school go in for sport. In winter they skate and ski, and some of them are members of our hockey team. They play hockey very well and often go to other towns to take part in various competitions. Running, jumping, swimming are also very popular with our students, and they have often won first place. They try to keep up their position, and so they train systematically. This is our gymnasium. The girl doing exercises on the parallel bars is our champion. The girl on the wall bars is training for a competition. The young man doing exercises on the rings once won a second prize. The students have built their own stadium: they play football and volleyball there. Various competitions take place at this stadium. Sport is an essential part of life of our students.

Sports in England The most popular games in England are cricket in summer and football in winter. Tennis and golf are also very popular; as well as running, jumping, swimming and rowing. Many Englishmen go in for boxing and horse-racing. When they get a really a snowy winter, they skate, ski and toboggan. Sport is an essential part of English life.

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XX Опишите картинку. Используйте лексику из упражнения XIX.

XXI. Закончите предложения In the gym At the stadium

Ann Nick Our team Our students

has won have won

Ann ... students ... sportsmen ... we ... Nick ... 1 (2, 3) place in ...

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XXII. Ответьте на вопросы. Are there many sportsmen in your group? What sports do you go in for? Where do you train? Do you do morning exercises every day? What kind of sport do you like best?

XXIII. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на предлоги и наречия. Are you tired? Do physical exercises. First exercise: Stand up. Hands up. Down. Hands forward! To the sides! Back! Down! Second exercise: Hands forward! Over your head! To the sides! Down! Third exercise: Hands on waist (талию). Bend to the right! Bend to the left! Stop! Hands down! Fourth exercise: Right hand up! Left hand back! Change the position of the hands! Fifth exercise: Boxing. Sixth exercise: Hands forward! Bend knees! Up! Hands down! Seventh exercise: Raise your right leg and clap hands under it to the count: one, two - foot down. Three - raise your left leg and clap hands under it. Four foot down. Eighth exercise: Jumping. Feet apart! Feet together! March! Ninth exercise: Hands on waist! Breathe in! Breathe out!

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XXIV. Прочтите и переведите шутку. A Few Laughs A champion athlete, in bed with a cold, was told that he had a temperature. “How high is it, doctor?” he wanted to know. “A hundred and one”. “What’s the world record?”

XXV. Переведите с русского языка на английский. 1. Многие молодые люди увлекаются спортом в нашей стране. 2. Наиболее популярными видами спорта являются футбол и хоккей. 3. Большое количество людей занимается также бегом, плаванием, прыжками и другими видами атлетики. 4. Что касается меня, я предпочитаю гимнастику (gymnastics). 5. Теннис - одна из самых престижных игр. 6. Первый Мировой чемпионат по теннису состоялся в Уимблдоне в 1877 году. 7. В Англии наиболее популярными соревнованиями являются крикет, гольф, теннис.

Прослушайте диалог, постарайтесь понять содержание.

Dialogue 1 Tom: Good morning, Mary. How are you? Where are you going? Mary: Hello! I am fine. I am going to the tennis court to play a game of tennis. Will you join me? T.: With pleasure. I see tennis is your hobby. M.: Yes, it is. Tennis is very popular, because it is played all the year round - either on hard courts or grass courts in summer, and on hard or 87

covered courts in winter. And what games do you prefer, indoor or outdoor? T.: I am fond of football. M.: I like to watch football matches on TV.

Dialogue 2

Jim: Ann, what is on (the) TV? Ann: A football match between the Germans and the British teams. J.: Are you watching? Who is expected to win? A.: I suppose the German team to be a winner. J.: And what is the score? A.: 3-2 in favour of the German team.

XXVI. Переведите на английский ответы Бориса. Ann. 1. What is your hobby?

Boris. 1. Теннис.

2. When did you begin to play

2. Я начал играть в теннис в

tennis?

школе, когда мне было 9 лет.

3. On what court do you play

3.Я играю на открытом кор-

tennis?

те на стадионе.

XXVII. Опишите картинки, употребив слова и выражения: 1. to be going + Infinitive (собираться делать что-либо); 2. a ball; 3. a skating-rink (каток); 4. a field (поле); 5. skis (лыжи); 6. skates (конь88

ки); 7. instead of + существительное или герундий (вместо чеголибо). 1. Ann is going to the skating-rink. 2. What has she in her hands? 3. What

must

she

take

instead

of

skis?

1. Mike is going to play football. 2. What has he in his hands? 3. What must he take instead of skates?

1. Nick is going to play hockey. 2. What has he on his feet? 3. What must he take instead of skis?

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1. Kate is going to ski. 2. What has she in her hands? 3. What

must

she

take instead of the ball?

Словарь урока (Vocabulary)

sports - спорт go in for sports - заниматься спортом games - спортивные игры outdoor games - игры на воздухе indoor games - игры в помещении gymnastics - гимнастика gym - гимнастический зал football - футбол basket-ball - баскетбол volleyball - волейбол tennis - теннис chess - шахматы playground (sports ground) - спортивная площадка ice-hockey - хоккей ping-pong - настольный теннис track and field athletics - легкая атлетика race - гонка, бег sprinter - спринтер 90

stayer - стайер jumping - прыжки boxing - бокс swimming - плавание swimming-pool - бассейн skating - катание на коньках figure-skating - фигурное катание skates - коньки skis - лыжи training - тренировка team - команда sportsman - спортсмен gymnast - гимнаст athlete - атлет training group - спортивная секция medal - медаль match - матч championship - чемпионат Olympic Games - Олимпийские игры victory - победа stadium - стадион fan - болельщик

Вопросы для самоконтроля Герундий (Gerund) 1. Что такое герундий? 2. Напишите формулу образования герундия. 3. Образуйте герундий от глаголов to play, to jump, to swim. 4. Свойствами каких частей речи обладает герундий? 5. Каким членом предложения может быть герундий? 91

6. Напишите предложение, в котором герундий является подлежащим. 7. Напишите предложение, в котором герундий является прямым дополнением. 8. Напишите предложение, в котором герундий является частью составного глагольного сказуемого. 9. Какими частями речи переводится герундий на русский язык? 10. Напишите предложение, в котором герундий является определением. (Употребляется он с предлогом или без него?) 11. Какой частью речи в данном случае переводится герундий? 12. Напишите предложение, в котором герундий является обстоятельством. 13. Как переводится герундий в данном случае? 14. Если герундий является обстоятельством, употребляется он с предлогом или без предлога? 15. Напишите предложение, в котором герундий является предложным дополнением. 16. Как переводится герундий в данном случае?

Отглагольное существительное (Verbal Noun) 1. Дайте форму образования отглагольного существительного. 2. Образуйте отглагольные существительные от глаголов to smoke (курить) и to sing (петь). 3. С какой частью речи отглагольное существительное совпадает по форме? 4. Укажите признаки отглагольного существительного. 5. Каковы отличия отглагольного существительного от герундия?

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Test

I. Выберите соответствующую форму герундия в следующих предложениях: 1. I like (reading, having read) English books. 2. He continued (studying, being studied) foreign languages. 3. After (having finished, having been finished) the translation the students handed in their papers to the teacher. 4. On (working, having worked) at the plant he made some innovations (усовершенствованный). II. Укажите предложения с отглагольным существительным. 1. He likes translating from Russian into English. 2. At the beginning of the year we have tests. 3. He left the room without saying: “Good bye”. 4. His comings and leavings irritated (раздражали) everybody. 5. Call on him before leaving the house. 6. We succeeded in getting better results. 7. Her singing was perfect.

Key

I

1- reading; 2 - studying; 3- having finished; 4- working

II 2; 4; 7.

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Контрольная работа (Control work)

I Переведите текст со словарем. Do you know that... ... the first Olympic Games took place in Olympia in Southern Greece in 776 B. C. Every athlete had to take part in all the sports events to prove his versatility. ... athletes gathered 293 times for the Games but in A. D. 394 the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius forbade the Games. They were restored in the 1890s by Pierre de Coubertin, a man of deep culture. ... in July 1894 the Olympic Charter was adopted. It stated that the Olympic Games would be held every four years. ... the Charter also states that when the winner is being decorated his country's national anthem will be played and the national flag hoisted. ... the first Olympic Games of our time were held in the land where the Olympiads had been born – Greece. They took place in 1896 in Athens.

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The Olympic Games (1896 – 1996) Games in

Year

City

Country

1st

1896

Athens

Greece

2nd

1900

Paris

France

3rd

1904

Saint Louis

USA

4th

1908

London

England

5th

19I2

Stockholm

Sweden

7th

1920

Antwerp

Belgium

8th

1924

Paris

France

9th

l928

Amsterdam

Holland

10th

1932

Los Angeles

USA

11th

1936

Berlin

Germany

14th

1948

London

Great Britain

15th

1952

Helsinki

Finland

16th

l956

Melbourne

Australia

17th

1960

Rome

Italy

18th

l964

Tokyo

Japan

19th

1968

Mexico City

Mexico

20th

1972

Munich

GFR

21st

1976

Montreal

Canada

22nd

1980

Moscow

USSR

23d

1984

Los Angeles

USA

24th

1988

Seul

Korea

25th

1992

Barcelona

Spain

26th

1996

Atlanta

USA

their order

The Olympic Games were not held in 1916, 1940, 1944 because of the First and Second World Wars.

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II Ответьте на вопросы: 1. When and where did the first Olympic Games take place? 2. When were they restored? 3. How often are the Olympic Games held? 4. When didn’t the Olympic Games take place? 5. Why were they not held?

III Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий. 1. Our aim is mastering English in the shortest time. 2. Between saying and doing is a long distance. 3. He has begun studying mathematics. 4. We went without looking back. 5. After having waited for 10 minutes, she left the station. 6. We succeeded in getting the best results. 7. After having finished his lecture the professor put some questions to the students.

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Lesson Five (5) The Fifth (5th) Lesson Grammar:

§ 6. Независимый причастный оборот. (The Absolute Participle Construction).

Text.

Does Travel Broaden the Mind?

Dialogues.

1. At the Customs House. 2. At a Hotel. Словарь урока (Vocabulary). Вопросы для самоконтроля. Тест. Контрольная работа.

Grammar § 6. Независимый причастный оборот (The Absolute Participle Construction) Независимый причастный оборот - это: Существительное в общем падеже местоимение в именительном падеже

+

Participle I

Существительное или местоимение выполняет роль подлежащего по отношению к причастию, которое выполняет роль сказуемого.

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Независимый причастный оборот всегда отделяется от главного предложения запятой и на русский язык переводится: 1

2

В начале предложения -

В конце предложения -

обстоятельственным

придаточ-

самостоятельным предложением

ным предложением с союзами:

с союзами: “а”, “но”, “и”, “при-

“так как”, “после того как”, “ко-

чем”.

гда”, “если” и др. (союз подбирается по смыслу). ↓

↓

My sister studying in the eve-

They went to the theatre yesterday,

nings, I seldom see her.

the performance being very in-

Так как моя сестра учится по

teresting.

вечерам, я ее вижу редко

Они вчера пошли в театр, причем спектакль был очень интересным.

Grammar exercises

I. Выпишите в две колонки предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот в зависимости от его местоположения, и переведите их на русский язык. 1. My friend translating an article, I helped her to find some words in the dictionary. 2. The lessons being over, many students went to play valley-ball. 3. All the work having been done, we could have a rest. 4. The text-book has many illustrations, some of them being the pictures of famous English painters. 5. The students having made many mistakes in their translation, the teacher put bad marks. 6. The weather being fine, we shall go to the country tomorrow. 7. All the students passed their winter exams, Nick and Mike being the best. 8. The 98

night being very cold, we wore coats and hats. 9. The meeting being over, the concert began. 10. They went to the cinema yesterday, the film being very good. 11. The film being very good, they went to the cinema. II. Соедините два предложения в одно, используя независимый причастный оборот, и переведите их на русский язык. Образец: The lesson is over. We shall go to play football. The lesson being over, we shall go to play football. Когда закончится урок, мы поедем играть в футбол. 1. Nick was ill. We didn’t see him at the University last time. 2. Last summer we visited

Paris. Louvre made a great impression on us. 3. The goods were

unloaded. The ship was ready to return back to the country. 4. Americans like to travel by car. The roads are fine there. 5. The text is very difficult. He couldn’t translate it without a dictionary. 6. It was very late. We had to return home. 7. I arrived at the station. My parents were waiting for me. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. There being dark in the room, he couldn’t find his bag. 2. The work having been finished, the scientists realised how they were tired. 2. We have three lessons a day, each lesson lasting an hour and a half. 4. The experiments having been carried out, we could compare some results. 5. Many people like to watch TV programs in the evening, some shows being uninteresting and it is waste of time to see them. 6. I like to read English books in the original, my favourite writer being Theodor Dreiser. 7. People are fond of travelling, some of them making it their profession.

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Предтекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done before reading the text)

IV. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова. Проверьте выделенные слова по словарю. Start, adapt, tolerant, actual, contact, marmalade, jam, idea, stop. V. Прочтите новые слова и переведите предложения. to travel - путешествовать. Do you like to travel? (travelling) Travelling is his hobby. mind - ум, кругозор. Travelling broadens the mind. to mind - возражать. Do you mind my opening the window? never mind - неважно (не имеет значения). When he was asked about the cost of the ticket, he said “Never mind”. custom - привычка (обычай). Their customs are very unusual. to be accustomed (to) - быть привыкшим (привыкнуть к чему-либо). He was so accustomed to his old things that he didn’t want to throw them off (избавляться). customs - таможня. Have you gone through the customs? customer - посетитель, клиент. The customer is always right. to happen - случаться. What happened? It so happened that first I saw the play before reading the book. a trip - поездка. to go for a trip - отправляться в поездку. Will you go to France for a business trip? to decide (to make up one’s mind) - решать. What have you decided to do with this house? I made up my mind to sell it.

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to insist on (upon) - настаивать (на чем-либо). He insisted on returning home because it began raining. to mean - значить. What does it mean? It means that I don’t agree with you. means - средства. In studying English all means were good. by no means - ни в коем случае. By no means allow children to play with mathes. (Обратите внимание - в английском предложении употребляется одно отрицание) VI. Найдите синонимы (слова, имеющие одинаковое значение) и запишите их в пары. 1. the start, 2. many, 3. all, 4. the beginning, 5. the whole, 6. much, 7. to decide, 8. to return, 9. of course, 10. to make up one’s mind, 11. to come back, 12. sure, 13. a lot, 14. to expect, 15. to wait for, 16. kind, 17. type. VII. Переведите пары слов, обратите внимание на разницу между ними. to see - to look

always - never

to hear - to listen

often-seldom

to ask - to answer

before - after

VIII. Переведите на русский язык. broad ____________

to broaden _______

a judge ___________

to judge __________

trouble ___________

to trouble ________

a place __________

to place __________

travel ___________

to travel _________

a stop ___________

to stop __________

contact __________

to contact ________ 101

IX. Образуйте от прилагательных наречия и переведите их. Образец : exact - точный

exactly - точно

usual - обычный _________ entire - полный

_________

obvious - очевидный _________ common - обычный __________

X. Напишите II и III формы глаголов и дайте их перевод. Infinitive

Past Indefinite

Participle II

to teach;

____________

____________

to bring;

____________

____________

to think;

____________

____________

to fight;

____________

____________

to hear

____________

____________

to see

____________

____________

to eat

____________

____________

XI. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова. 1. I bought one book. 2. One must remember that to know a foreign language one must work hard. 3. Give me, please, another pen, I can’t write with this one. 4. What is the trouble? 5. Don’t trouble him. 6. The trouble is he doesn’t know English. 7. Does travel broaden the mind? 8. He made up his mind to travel. 9. The cup is broken. Never mind!

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XII. Подберите по контексту (слов, окружающих данное) эквивалентное значение выделенного слова и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. As aluminium is light it is widely used in aviation. 2. There is no light in the hall as there are no windows in it. 3. The room was light and clean. 4. Why did they light that old kerosene lamp? 5. What does this word mean? 6. Boil water by all means. 7. We express percentage by means of the sign %. 8. Does he own any property? 9. He lived in his own house. 10. He is accustomed to new food. 11. I am interested in new customs. 12. You must go through the customs. 13. When will he come back? 14. The back door was open. 15. In September we are back at school. 16. The dog has a black spot on his back. 17. Don’t lean against the back of the chair, sit up. Text

Does Travel Broaden the Mind? Spring coming, many people start to travel. People often hear that travel broadens the mind: if you stay in your own country the whole time, your ideas remain narrow. If you travel, you see new customs, eat new foods, do new things, and come home with a broader mind. But does this always - or usually happen? My friend who lives in England and had never been anywhere decided to go over to France for a trip. When he returned, I asked him how he liked it. “Terrible”, was the answer. “I couldn’t get a nice cup of tea anywhere. Thank goodness, I’m back”. My friend being angry, I stopped speaking about breakfast and asked him about dinners and suppers. “Oh, the dinners were all right”, he said. He found a little restaurant, fish and chips being cooked quite well there. “Sure, not as good as ours. But the breakfasts were terrible, I had fried eggs and chips but it was quite a business to get them. They expected me to eat rolls”. He asking them for marmalade, they

103

brought him strawberry jam. “And you know, they insisted that it was marmalade. The trouble is they don’t know English.” I thought it useless to explain that we borrowed (заимствовали) the word ‘marmalade’ from French, and that it means, in their language, any kind of jam. So I said ‘But didn’t you eat any of the famous French food?’ “What? Me?”, he said. “Of course not! Give me good old English food every time! None of these fancy bits for me!” Obviously travel had not broadened his mind. He went to France and wanted to live there exactly as if he were in England and judged it entirely from his own English viewpoint. This does not, of course, happen only to Englishmen in France. All nationalities, in all foreign countries, judge what they see, hear, eat and smell according to their own habits and customs. People who are better educated and who have read a lot about foreign countries try to be more adaptable and tolerant. If you want to travel, remember, please, that actual physical contact with things you are not accustomed to is much more difficult, but very useful.

Послетекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done after reading the text) XIII. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы. 1. What do you see if you travel? 2. Does travelling broaden your mind? 3. What did the Englishman decide to do? Where did he go for a trip? 4. Did he like France? 5. Did he like French food? (breakfast, dinner, supper) 6. What did he want to have for breakfast? 7. How did he judge French meals? 8. Is he an adaptable and tolerant person? 9. Is he well-educated? 10. Did travelling to France broaden his mind?

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XIV. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам с помощью вопросительных слов. 1.

In spring many people start to travel. When .................................... ? What..................................... ?

2. Travelling broadens the mind. What..................................... ? What..................................... ? 3. An Englishman decided to go to France to broaden his mind. Who _____________________ ? What_____________________ ? Where ___________________ ? Why _____________________ ? 4. Better educated people try to follow customs and traditions of foreign countries. Who _____________________ ? What people ______________ ? What ____________________ ? XV. Переведите на английский язык. Многие люди любят путешествовать. Во время путешествия вы видите другие (новые) обычаи, новых людей, узнаете много интересного о культуре страны. Вы посещаете исторические места. Когда вы возвращаетесь домой, то рассказываете своим друзьям о своей поездке. Образованные люди всегда стараются соблюдать обычаи и традиции других стран.

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Прослушайте диалоги и выучите наизусть ответы.

Dialogue 1

At the Customs House

Passport Control officer: How do you do, miss. Your passport, please. Mary: Hello. Here it is. P.C.O.: Where are you going to? What is the purpose of your trip? M.: I intend to visit Oxford. I am invited to Oxford University, I am to take part in the conference. P.C.O.: Have a nice time! M.: Thank you.

The Customs Officer is Checking Mary’s Luggage Customs officer: Have you anything to declare? Mary: I have a bottle of wisky, a tin of cavier and a box of chocolates. Are they liable to duty? C.O.: They are not. Tobacco is also duty - free. M.: Thank you.

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Послушайте короткие диалоги, выучите наизусть фразы и предложения, которые Вам пригодятся в реальной жизни. Dialogue 2

At a Hotel

Mary: Good morning! I’d like to have a single room. Clerk: Have you made a reservation? M.: Yes. My name is Petrova, I sent a telegram asking for a single room with a bath. C.: Sorry, miss. Spell your name, please. M.: P-E-T-R-O-V-A. C.: Thanks. Here you are, miss. Room number 14. M.: What is the price of this room per night? C.: $ 50 a day, including breakfast. How long will you stay? M.: For a week, perhaps. C.: Will you pay in cash? M.: No, I’ll pay by credid card. C.: Fill in a registration form, please? You must write your name, the place and date of birth, nationality and home address. M.: All right. I am leaving to-morrow in the morning. C.: Shall I send the bill to your room? M.: No, I’ll pay at the desk in the morning. C.: Have a good day. M.: Thanks.

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XVI. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I’d like to have a reservation for next Monday. 2. Do you want a single or a double room? 3. How long are you planning to stay? 4. How much is the room? (What is the price of the room per night?) 5. Please, prepare my bill. 6. I’ll pay by credid card (in cash). 7. Fill in a registration form. 8. Have you any vacant rooms? 9. Sorry, but all the rooms are engaged. 10. Have you anything to declare? 11. They are not liable to-duty. 12. Tobacco is duty-free. XVII. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. Where is Mary going? 2. What is the purpose of her visit? 3. Has she anything to declare? 4. Has she anything liable to duty? 5. What is duty-free? 6. Has Mary made a reservation? 7. What room does she want to get? 8. What is the price of the room per night? 9. Does the price include breakfast? 10. What must one write in a registration form? 11. How may one pay? (in cash or by credid card?) XVIII. Переведите текст на русский язык. Обратите внимание на то, как пишется объявление (реклама). A small cozy hotel invites scientists, businessmen and travellers. One or two room comfortable suites are available. There is a bar with good choice of appetizers and beverages in our hotel. You will be able to use the services of interpreters and drivers, send FAXes and use satellite communication. There is a comfortable conference hall for seminars. The prices are quite moderate. 1 room suite for one person: $ 56 2 room suite for one person: $ 84 2 room suite for two people: $ 90 2 room suite for three people: $ 96 (includes breakfast) The hotel is secure. 108

XIX. Расскажите, какой номер в гостинице Вы хотите заказать. Употребите слова и выражения: a single room (a double room); a hotel in down town (центр); a front room (окна на улицу); a back room (во двор); to reserve a room; I’ll stay ..... ; to pay in cash; on ..... floor XX. Переведите диалог на английский язык. А: Здравствуйте. В: Здравствуйте. А: Мне нужен номер на двоих с телефоном, ванной и цветным телевизором. В: Есть свободные одноместные номера. А: Хорошо. Я беру этот номер, но только на одни сутки. Завтра я перееду в другой отель. Приготовьте счет, пожалуйста. В: Минутку. (Just a minute.) Ваш номер 12. Вот ключ от номера и счет. Спокойной ночи! А: Спасибо. В: Пожалуйста.

Словарь урока (Vocabulary)

to travel - путешествовать travelling - путешествие mind - ум, кругозор to mind - возражать never mind - не имеет значения (не важно) 109

custom - привычка (традиция) to be accustomed (to) - привыкнуть к чему-либо, к кому-либо customs - таможня customer - посетитель (клиент) to happen - случаться trip - поездка business trip - деловая поездка to go for a trip - (собираться) поехать to decide (to make up one’s mind) - решать что-либо to insist on (upon) - настаивать на чем-либо to mean - значить means - средства by no means - ни в коем случае to broaden the mind - расширять кругозор to remain - оставаться terrible - ужасный to be angry with - быть рассерженным на кого-либо to expect - ожидать (чего-либо от кого-либо) to borrow - брать в долг (заимствовать) exactly - точно to judge - судить judge - судья viewpoint - точка зрения according to - согласно (чему-либо) to be adaptable - приспосабливаться to be tolerant - быть терпимым (к другим) purpose - цель to declare - декларировать tin - жестяная банка to be liable to duty - облагаться таможенной пошлиной single room - одноместный номер (на одного) 110

double room - двойной номер to pay in cash - платить наличными to pay by credit card - платить по кредитной карточке to fill in - заполнять registration form - регистрационная форма the bill - счет rooms are engaged - номера заняты

Вопросы для самоконтроля Независимый причастный оборот (The Absolute Participle Construction)

1. Что включает в себя независимый причастный оборот? 2. Какую роль выполняет существительное или местоимение в этом обороте? В каком падеже они употребляются? 3. Какую роль в этом обороте выполняет причастие? 4. Отделяется ли независимый причастный оборот от главного предложения запятой? 5. Каким придаточным предложением переводится независимый причастный оборот, если он употребляется в начале предложения? 6. Какими союзами в русском предложении вводится такое предложение? 7. Каким предложением переводится независимый причастный оборот, если он стоит после главного предложения? 8. Какими союзами соединяется такое предложение с главным предложением? 9. Переведите на русский язык: а) We went to the cinema yesterday, the film being very interesting. б) The film being very interesting, we went to the cinema yesterday.

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Обратите внимание на разницу в переводе предложений.

Test

Укажите номера предложений, где используется независимый причастный оборот. 1. Being ill I couldn’t go to the concert. 2. My mother being ill, I couldn’t go to the concert. 3. Having finished my work I went home. 4. The work being over, I went home. 5. Helping my friend with English I used records. 6. My friend helping me with mathematics, I help him with English.

Key 2, 4, 6. Контрольная работа (Control Work) I. Переведите текст с помощью словаря. Dear guests! If you want to visit Russia, you need (must obtain) a visa for your entry and stay in the country. The inhabitants of our country are not only very hospitable, but it is also their desire to maintain good relations and friendship with the people of all nations. “Everything for our guests” is therefore the motto of “Intourist” and other firms offering you all the opportunities for your pleasant stay in the country. Such cities as Moscow, St.Petersburg, which are sung about in many songs are special centres of attraction for art and theatre enthusiasts.

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World-famous art treasures in museums, theatres, world - famous parks and palaces, cathedrals and churches, trips by bus or boat into the attractive surroundings are worth seeing. You can book the trip at a travel agency. You will be offered city tours and sightseeing, trips to the most beautiful regions of the country, visits to old and new cultural or memorial places, tickets for theatres, concerts and other events and many other things - according to your wishes. Hotels offer modern (up-todate) furnished rooms and apartments, radio and telephone in every room, television on request, every room with a bath or shower. Hotel restaurants with international cuisine, conference and banquet rooms, postal service and travel agency, parking lot and garages (hair-dressing and cosmetic saloons), dance bars, ets. Perhaps you will say: “I like it, I shall take such a trip” and we say to you “a cordial welcome to our country!” II. Найдите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Having read the book I returned it to my friend. 2. Being very busy he couldn’t come. 3. The weather being line, the children played outdoors. 4. The work having been done, he went home. 5. Entering the room he saw the boys sitting at the table. 6. The text translated by us yesterday was very difficult. 7. Professor Petrov being very busy, I couldn’t see him. 8. Being well written the article was short and clear. 9. The article being well written, Pete read it with pleasure.

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Lesson Six (6) The Sixth (6th) Lesson Grammar:

§ 7. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses).

Text.

Sending a Letter. The Post-office.

Dialogues.

1. At the Post-office. 2. Telephone Call. Словарь урока (Vocabulary). Вопросы для самоконтроля. Тест. Контрольная работа.

Grammar § 7. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)

Согласование времен в английском языке имеет место тогда, когда сказуемое главного предложения выражено в прошедшем времени. В этом случае сказуемое придаточного предложения должно также употребляться в одном из прошедших времен.

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Сравните: Времена сказуемых придаточных

Времена

предложений не меняются, если

ных предложений меняются, ес-

сказуемое главного предложения

ли сказуемое главного предложе-

выражено настоящим временем.

ния

сказуемых

выражено

придаточ-

прошедшим

временем. he knows

he knew English.

English

он знает англий-

он знает

ский.

He says that

английский

he had known

Он говорит,

he knew English

He said that

English.

что

он знал

Он сказал, что

он знал англий-

английский.

ский.

he will know

he would know

English.

English.

он будет знать

он будет знать

английский.

английский

Запомните: 1. Past Indefinite выражает одновременное действие с действием главного предложения. 2. Past Perfect выражает действие, которое предшествует действию главного предложения. 3. Future in the Past выражает будущее действие с точки зрения прошлого. Вместо вспомогательных глаголов shall и will употребляются should и would. Правило согласования времен действует при переводе прямой речи в косвенную: 1) повествовательных предложений; 2) общих вопросов; 3) специальных вопросов; 4) повелительного наклонения. 115

1. Повествовательные предложения. Прямая речь

Косвенная речь

He said to her, “I study at the Uni- He told her that he studied at the versity”. Он сказал ей, “Я учусь в University. Он сказал ей, что он университете”.

учится в университете.

He said to her, “I studied at the He told her that he had studied at University”. Он сказал ей, “Я the University. Он сказал ей, что учился в университете”.

он учился в университете.

He said to her, “I shall study at the He told her that he would study at University”. Он сказал ей, “Я буду the University. Он сказал ей, что учиться в университете”.

он будет учиться в университете.

Запомните: Вместо глагола to say (to) используется глагол to tell и производятся все соответствующие изменения личных, приятяжательных местоимений, а также место и время действия. Например: this - этот, это

заменяется на

that - тот, та

these - эти

заменяется на

those - те

now - сейчас

заменяется на

then - тогда

here - здесь

заменяется на

there - там

to day - сегодня

заменяется на

that day - в тот день

yesterday - вчера

заменяется на

the day before - накануне

tomorrow - завтра

заменяется на

the next day - на следующий день

next week - на сле-

заменяется на

the following week - на сле-

дующей неделе ago - тому назад

дующей неделе заменяется на

before - тому назад

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He said to me, “I translated the

He told me that he had trans-

text 2 weeks ago.”

lated the text 2 weeks before.

2. Общие вопросы. Прямая речь

Косвенная речь

He asked her : ”Do you study Eng- He asked her if she studied English. lish?”

Он спросил ее, учит ли она анг-

Он спросил ее: “Ты учишь анг- лийский язык. лийский язык?” He asked her : ”Did you study Eng- He asked her if she had studied lish yesterday?”

English the day before.

Он спросил ее: “Ты учила анг-

Он спросил ее, учила ли она анг-

лийский язык вчера?”

лийский язык накануне.

He asked her : ”Will you study Eng- He asked her if she would study lish tomorrow?”

English the next day.

Он спросил ее: “Ты будешь

Он спросил ее, будет ли она

учить английский язык завтра?”

учить

английский язык на сле-

дующий день. Запомните: При переводе общего вопроса в прямой речи в косвенную исчезает вспомогательный глагол и появляется “if”. If в русском языке соответствует частице “ли”. 3. Специальные вопросы. He asked her, “Where do you He asked her, where she studied. study?”

Он спросил ее, где она учится.

Он спросил ее: “Где ты учишься?” He asked her, “When did you He asked her, when she had studstudy?”

ied. 117

Он спросил ее: “Когда ты учи- Он спросил ее, когда она училась?”

лась.

He asked her, “What will you He asked her, what she would study?”

study.

Он спросил ее: “Что ты будешь Он спросил ее, что она будет изучать.

изучать?”

Запомните: При переводе специального вопроса прямой речи в косвенную исчезает вспомогательный глагол и предложение имеет прямой порядок слов, вопросительные слова становятся союзными словами.

4. Повелительные предложения. He told me, “Give me your book!” He told me to give him my book. Он сказал мне: “Дай мне твою Он сказал мне дать ему мою кникнигу!”

гу.

He told me, “Don’t open the win- He told me not to open the window. dow!” Он сказал мне: “Не открывай Он сказал мне не открывать ококно!”

но.

Запомните: При переводе прямой речи в косвенную глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом, отрицательная форма образуется добавлением отрицания not (not + Infinitive).

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Grammar exercises

I. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующем времени по правилу согласования времен и переведите их на русский язык. 1. He said that he (to work) at school as a teacher of English. 2. He said that he (to work) at the University 5 years before. 3. He said that he (to work) at school the following year. 4. The doctor told the patient that he (to come) on Monday. 5. I knew that she (to go) to Great Britain 2 weeks before. 6. I knew she (to study) the management the following year. 7. We realized that the train (to arrive) at the station on time. 8. The teacher told the students that they (to take exams) at the end of the term. 9. The teacher told the students that all of them (to pass) their exams. II. Переведите прямую речь в косвенную, сделав все соответствующие изменения, и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. She said, “Give me some water, please”. 2. He asked her, “Where do you live?” 3. She answered, “I married 5 years ago”. 4. My sister asked John, “Do you understand Russian?” 5. The doctor told the patient, “Take this medicine 3 times a day! And you will recover.” 6. He ordered us, “Leave her alone!” (Оставьте ее в покое!). 7. The professor asked us, “Don’t touch any devices!”. 8. My brother said to me, “I have finished my work.” 9. I asked him, “Where do you live?” 10. I asked him, “Where did you live last year?” 11. She asked them, “Are you students of the University?” 12. They answered, “Yes, we are students of the University.” 13. He said, “My friend lived near the metro station”. 14. He was told, “Nick got good results in his experiments.” 15. My friend asked me, “Will you allow me to come to you next week?” 119

III. Переведите предложения на английский язык, расположив их в две колонки, в зависимости от времени сказуемого главного предложения. 1. Она говорит, что может читать английские книги без словаря. 2. Она сказала, что может читать английские книги без словаря. 3. Он знает, что мы идем в театр. 4. Он знал, что мы пойдем в театр. 5. Он знает, что мы ходили в театр. 6. Он знал, что мы ходили в театр. 7. Он уверен (to be sure), что мы пойдем в театр. 8. Он был уверен, что мы пойдем в театр. 9. Я уверена, что видела ее вчера. 10. Я была уверена, что видела ее накануне. 11. Я надеюсь, что увижу ее завтра. 12. Я надеялась, что увижу ее в институте. 13. Я была уверена, что знаю ее. IV Раскройте скобки и выберите сказуемое в соответствующей форме. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. His father asked him why he (did not go, had not gone, would not go) to the lecture the day before. 2. I was sure that we (shall go, should go, go) to the country the following summer. 3. He demanded (not to open, didn’t open) the window, as it was very cold. 4. We asked him where he (was, were, had been, would be) the following week. 5. We asked him where he (was, were, had been, would be) the day before. 6. She asked me what the matter (was, had been, is) but I did not know what to answer. 7. I was asked why I (choose, had chosen, would choose) distant education. 8. I answered that I (chose, had chosen) distant education because I had to earn my living. 9. The master asked the worker why he (was late, had been late) that day. 10. The master asked the worker why he (was late, had been late) the day before. 11. I hoped that he (had met, met, would meet) me at the station.

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Предтекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done before reading the text) V. Прочитайте слова и переведите предложения на русский язык. envelope - конверт. Write down the address on the envelope as shown in the picture. stamp - марка (почтовая). to stamp - наклеивать марку. The stamp must be placed in the upper righthand corner of the envelope. in full - полностью. The state must be spelled in full. abbreviation - сокращение. You may write such words as streets, avenue in abbreviation. back side of the envelope - обратная сторона конверта. On the back side of the envelope they usually place the post-mark. post(al) card - почтовая открытка. You should send a postal card to your parents, if you can’t write a letter. to mail - отправлять по почте. E-mail - электронная почта. Now you can use E-mail. registered letter - заказное письмо. Would you like to send a registered letter? package - бандероль. It is not good to send documents in a package, it is better to send them in a registered letter. parcel - посылка. Before sending a parcel it must be weighed. pillar-box (letter-box) - почтовый ящик. Where is the nearest pillar-box? beside - рядом. Who is the man sitting beside Ann? besides - кроме того. We study English and besides we have classes in German. fiction - художественная литература. I like to read scientific journals, my brother preferring fiction. should - должен, следовало бы. You should do this work on time. They should have posted the letter the day before, but they did not know his address. 121

Text 1 Sending a Letter Do you know how to write and to send a letter to England? On the envelope you should write the address in the following order:

1. name, 2. number of flat, 3. number of house, 4. street 5 city, 6. country.

The person who sends the letter writes his address on the back of the envelope. You buy stamps at a post-office.

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This is an English pillar-box. It is usually painted red. Would you be so kind as to put my letter into the box?

A letter Dear Kate, I am happy to write you that now I am a first-year student of the University. I passed all the entrance exams successfully and now attend evening classes and work in the day-time. The first term began on the 1st of September and will last till January. In January we shall have exams in mathematics and chemistry and some tests. This term classes are normally held on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays. Our University provides favourable conditions for practical work. You know my interest in chemistry and so courses in organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry including considerable experimentation with the use of many modern instruments promise me a lot. We study English but besides we have optional classes in German and French at elementary and advanced levels. As I am interested in technical translation from English into Russian I attend a course of technical translation. Our library contains a lot of volumes on different subjects and includes fiction. The laboratory of foreign languages has tape-recorders and a TV set, we spend a lot of time there working at our texts and exercises. Full-time students of the University organized an English students' club, and we are invited to its first meeting. Every subject is new and interesting, so we attend all lectures and practical studies and have no wish to miss an hour. Would you be so kind as to write me regularly. Hope to hear from you soon. Best wishes! Tanya 123

Text 2 Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык. The post-office Every town has a post-office. It sends your letters and postal cards to all parts of the world. The cost of sending a letter is not very high. If a letter is heavy, you must have it weighed at the post-office. The clerk will tell you how much it will cost. You must buy stamps to put on the letter before mailing it. After you drop your letter into the letter-box, a letter-carrier will take it away to the post-office and from there it is sent to the person addressed. Sometimes you want to be sure that your letter was received. You must take it to the post-office and have it registered. Packages and parcels may be sent by the parcel post. Before sending a package, take it to the post-office, have it weighed, and place the right amount of stamps on the package. It is not safe to send money in a letter. A better way is to send money by postal money-order. Переведите текст с помощью словаря. At the post-office, either on the outside wall or inside the building, you will see letter-box openings into which you drop your letters. You will also see red pillar-boxes for the same purpose. In London the openings are often marked LONDON AND ABROAD and COUNTRY. Country here means all places in Great Britain except London; it includes large towns such as Glasgow and Manchester. Inside a large post-office you will see, over the long counters, notices telling you what kind of business is done below them: POSTAGE STAMPS, PARCELS, TELEGRAMS, PENSIONS, INSURANCE STAMPS, WIRELESS, LICENCES. T he post-office does a wide variety of business. You must have a li-

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cence for your wireless set and for your car. You can pay for it at the post-office. Old Age Pensions and Family Allowances, and various sorts of National Insurance benefits are paid out there. VI. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. Has every town a post-office? 2. What can you send at the post-office? 3. What must you do before mailing a letter? 4. How may packages and parcels be sent? 5. What is a better way to send money?

Послетекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done after reading the text) VII. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов и переведите их. to stamp

________________

to drop

________________

to address

________________

to print

________________

to place

________________

to pay

________________

to name

________________

VIII. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги. 1. The cost ... sending a letter is not very high. 2. After you drop a letter ... the letter-box, first it will be sent ... the post-office, registered and then received ... a person addressed. 3. The name ... the city should be written in full. 4. The

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stamp should be placed ... the corner ... the envelope. 5. The address may be written ... the back side ... the envelope. 6. ... the post-office you can see letterboxes ... which you can drop your letter. IX. Дайте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. конверт, марка, почтовая открытка, письмо, заказное письмо, бандероль, посылка, почтовый ящик, почтовое отделение, отправить по почте, электронная почта, опускать письмо в почтовый ящик, взвесить посылку, посылать денежный перевод. X. Выберите правильный вариант местоимений и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I wrote (he, him) a letter and he answered (I, me). 2. We know (they, them) very well, and they know (we, us). 3.They invited (her, she) and she invited (they, them). 4. He told (I, me) about the parcel, but I didn’t listen to (he, him). 5. We thought about (they, them) but they didn’t think about (we, us). XI. Образуйте новые слова, используя суффикс - mis (означающий недостаток, неправильность) и переведите их на русский язык. Образец: understanding -

misunderstanding -

понимание

непонимание, неправильное понимание

1. trust -

____________

доверять

____________

2. direction -

____________

направление

____________

3. fortune -

____________

счастье

____________ 126

4. to place -

____________

положить на место

____________

5. print -

____________

печатный знак

____________

6. behave -

____________

вести себя

____________

XII. Выучите выражения и используйте их при написании письма. To a man: Mr. James Smith To an unmarried lady: Miss Mary White. To a married lady: Mrs. Mary Green or Mrs. John Green (The lady is married to John Green) To a boy: Master Fred Green To a physician: Dr. Henry Green You begin your letter: To a man:

Dear Sir—My dear Sir Dear Mr—My dear Mr

To a woman:

Dear Madam—My dear Madam Dear Miss—My dear Miss Dear Mrs— My dear Mrs

To a friend:

Dear George—My dear George—My dear friend George

You close your letter: Yours truly, Very truly yours, Yours respectfully, Yours sincerely, Your friend

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XIII. Напишите письмо на английском языке. Сообщите о своих успехах, времяпровождении. Соблюдайте форму обращения и завершите письмо. Подпишите конверт на английском языке по образцам, данным в этом уроке. XIV. Напишите поздравление другу (подруге) по случаю дня рождения (Нового года). XV. Напишите (скажите) по- английски. 1. Я покупаю марки, открытки и конверты на почте. 2. Вчера я послала посылку и заказное письмо своей матери. 3. Я написала письмо, вложила его в конверт, наклеила марку и опустила письмо в почтовый ящик на почте. 4. В настоящее время многие люди пользуются электронной почтой. 5. Я люблю получать письма, но не люблю их писать. XVI. Прочтите и постарайтесь запомнить слова и фразы. telephone - телефон dial telephone - дисковый телефон press-button telephone - кнопочный телефон. May I use your telephone? Можно позвонить по вашему телефону? Are you on the phone? У вас есть телефон? call - телефонный звонок. There is a call for you. Вам звонят. receiver - телефонная трубка to dial - набирать номер the line is free - номер не занят the line is engaged - номер занят speaking - слушаю (говорите). Who is calling? Кто звонит? Hold on the line! Не вешайте трубку! What is your number? Какой ваш номер? 128

What is your extension? Какой ваш добавочный номер? I’m putting you through. Я вас соединяю. Can you put me through to Mr. Petrov, please? Соедините меня с Петровым, пожалуйста. Ivanov is out. Иванова нет. Could you leave him a message? Не могли бы вы передать ему записку? I’ll call him back later. Я ему перезвоню позже. You have got the wrong number. Вы не туда попали. Вы набрали не тот номер. Oh, sorry to have troubled you. Извините за беспокойство. Thank you for your calling. Спасибо, что позвонили. Dialogue 1

At the post-office Miss: (On the telephone) Yes . . . one moment, hold on, please!— Mr. Johnson, Liverpool's on the line.—Box number 4, please!— Well, gentlemen, you are lucky you haven't come during the rush hour when you would have to queue up here. But now I have enough time for you. What would you like? Winter: Well, miss, there's a letter . . . M.: Look, the postman is collecting the letters from the pillar-box. Why don't you hand your letter to the postman, sir? Simon: You see, my friend intends to have his letter registered. M.: Ah, a registered letter. That's different.—Oh, you've forgotten to print the name and address of the sender on the back of the envelope, sir. W.: Shall I also write the post-box number below the address of the recipient? M.: The P.O. Box number? Well, you may.—The counter for poste re129

stante letters is over there, next to the parcel counter, if you are expecting something. S.: No, miss, we aren't expecting anything. But we want to send this packet to Glasgow. Please make it c.o.d.* M.: We'll send it c.o.d. to Glasgow. S.: Now I'd like some stamps and some postcards. M.: But I can only sell you ordinary postcards, not picture postcards. W.: Ordinary postcards will do. M.: By the way, are you a stamp-collector, a philatelist sir? Do you want to buy special stamps or first-day covers? S.: No, miss. I don't need special stamps or first-day covers. W.: We need the stamps for postage only. M.: Then I'll give you a stamp book; it contains a variety of stamps. W.: Yes, please, give us two stamp books and ten postcards. M.: Here you are—two stamp books and ten postcards. *c.o.d. - cash on delivery - наложенным платежом. Прослушайте диалог еще раз и разыграйте его в лицах.

Прослушайте диалог. Dialogue 2

Telephone is ringing Helen: 465-33-89. Hello! Steeve: Hello! Can I speak to Mr. Blake, please? H.: Who is calling? S.: Steeve Coldman. H.: Excuse me. I didn’t catch you. Spell your name, please. S.: S-t-ee-v-e. 130

H.: Hold on the line! I’ll look for him. (After a minute). Sorry, he is out. He is at the conference. He may be in later. Could you leave him a message? S.: No, thanks. I’ll call him later. Just tell him Steeve called. And sorry to have troubled you. H.: No trouble at all. Bye. S.: Thanks, bye. XVII. Прослушайте диалог еще раз и, прослушивая, запишите, кто звонил, по какому номеру (куда звонил), где был мистер Блейк. XVIII. Выучите диалог наизусть, разыгрывая ту или иную роль.

Cловарь урока (Vocabulary)

post-office - почта letter - письмо envelope - конверт registered letter - заказное письмо post(al) card - почтовая открытка package - бандероль parcel - посылка stamp - марка money order - перевод денег по почте to weigh - взвешивать address - адрес to post - посылать по почте

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letter (pillar) box - почтовый ящик to cost (cost, cost) - стоить to send by parcel post - посылать посылкой to mail - отправлять почтой E-mail - электронная почта air-mail - авиапочта to drop - опускать (в почтовый ящик) a telephone - телефон dial or press - button telephone - дисковый или кнопочный телефон call - телефонный звонок receiver - телефонная трубка to dial - набирать номер to put through - соединять to be free - быть свободным to be engaged - быть занятым to be on the phone - иметь телефон to be in - быть в помещении to be out - отсутствовать to leave a message - оставить (передать) записку to call back - перезвонить to have got the wrong number - набрать не тот номер (не туда попасть) Вопросы для самоконтроля

Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses) Прямая и косвенная речь 1. Когда действует правило согласования времен?

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2. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено в Past Indefinite Tense, в каких временах может стоять сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения? 3. Если сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения выражено в Past Indefinite Tense, в каком времени оно переводится на русский язык? 4. Если сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения выражено в Past Perfect Tense, в каком времени оно переводится на русский язык? 5. Если сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения выражено в Future-in-the-Past, в каком времени оно переводится на русский язык? 6. Каков порядок слов в вопросе в косвенной речи? 7. Сохраняется ли вспомогательный глагол при переводе вопроса из прямой речи в косвенную? 8. Какие изменения происходят при переводе повелительных предложений в косвенную речь? Test

I. Выберите правильное придаточное предложение. I was sure that ... . 1. you knew her address; 2. you know her address; 3. you will know her address. II. Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое стоит в прошедшем времени, то какое время употребляется в придаточном, если действие происходило одновременно с действием главного? 1. Past Indefinite; 2. Past Perfect; 3. Future-in-the-Past.

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III. Укажите номер глагола, который следует употребить. а). He said that he ... come the next day. 1. will; 2. should; 3. would б). He thought that she ... Moscow. 1. leaves; 2. will leave; 3. had left в). She knew that (мы придем). 1. we should come; 3. we had come; 3. we came

Key I - 1. II - 1. III - а-3; б-3; в-1.

Контрольная работа (Control work)

I. Переведите текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем. Do you know how to write a letter? How to Address an Envelope From

To Mr. James

W.S. Black Portland, Main

R. Whit 26 Winter Street Pairkvill New York

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The writing on the envelope should be very plain. The name should be written in the middle, so as to leave space for the stamp and post-mark. The number and name of the street should be written under the name of a person, as in the example above. The name of the city should be written on the third line, and on the fourth line the state. The state may be spelled in full or the abbreviation may be written. The stamp should be placed in the upper right-hand corner. The address of the sender may be written on the back side of the envelope, but it is better to write in the upper lefthand corner, in small letters, the name and address of the sender, so as to secure return of the letter in case of misdirection. Сокращения: street=st.; Avenue=Ave.; Company=Co.; in care of=c/o (для передачи); and=& Read and translate these addresses: 1. Mr.Robert L.Smith

2. Miss Mary Brown

3. Mr. Henry Green

18 Summer St

12 Garden Ave

c/o Black & Co

Buffalo

Detroit

Columbus

NY

Michigan

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Ohio

II. Выберите соответствующую форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. He said that he (received, receives, had received, would receive) a letter from his parents the day before. 2. He said that she (had gone, goes, went, would go) to the post-office. 3. She wrote in her letter that she (was ill, had been ill, would be ill, is ill) and (did not come, would not come, had not come) to us. 4. The teacher asked the students if they (are, were, had been) ready for the lesson. 5. He asked me what (was written, is written, would be written) in the letter. 6. My brother told me not (to touch, to be touched, to have touched) his new bicycle (велосипед).

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Lesson Seven (7) The Seventh (7th) Lesson Grammar:

§ 8. Cослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood). § 9. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences).

Text.

Adults and Kids.

Dialogues.

1, 2, 3. Словарь урока (Vocabulary). Вопросы для самоконтроля. Тест. Контрольная работа.

Grammar

§ 8. Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood)

Сослагательное наклонение служит для выражения действия не реального, а предполагаемого, желаемого или условного. В русском языке сослагательное наклонение выражается глаголом в прошедшем времени + “бы” для всех времен (настоящего, прошедшего и

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будущего). Например: Я помог бы тебе сегодня (вчера, завтра), если у меня было бы время. В английском языке сказуемое в сослагательном наклонении имеет следующие формы:

}

1) для настоящего и

should

будущего времени

would

}

+ Infinitive (без to)

I should translate the text now (tomorrow). Я перевел бы текст сегодня (завтра). 2) для прошедшего времени

should would

}

+ Perfect Infinitive (без to)

I should have translated the text yesterday. Я перевел бы текст вчера.

Употребление сослагательного наклонения

1. После безличных оборотов: it is necessary - необходимо, чтобы it is important - важно, чтобы it is required - требуется, чтобы it is strange - странно, что it is doubtful - сомнительно, чтобы it is suggested - предполагается, что Например: It is necessary that you should speak to him about my proposal today. - Необходимо, чтобы ты поговорил бы с ним о моем предложении сегодня. It is doubtful that you would have spoken to him last week. Сомнительно, чтобы ты говорил с ним на прошлой неделе. 138

2. В придаточных дополнительных после глаголов- сказуемых: to suppose - предполагать to require - требовать to suggest - предлагать to desire - желать to insist - настаивать to order - приказывать Например:He suggested that we should go to the theatre. - Он предложил, чтобы мы пошли в театр. I desired you would leave the room. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы вышли из комнаты. Запомните:

а) Глагол “to be” в сослагательном наклонении имеет форму “were” для всех лиц и чисел (для настоящего или будущего времени). I wish he were here now. I wish they were here tomorrow. - Мне хотелось бы, чтобы он (они) был(и) здесь сейчас (завтра). (Возможно будут, есть вероятность исполнения желания.) b) Глагол “to be” имеет форму “had been” для всех лиц и чисел (для прошедшего времени). I wish he had been here yesterday. I wish they had been here last week. - Мне бы хотелось, чтобы он(и) был(и) бы здесь вчера (на прошлой неделе). Жаль, что их не было вчера здесь. (Нет вероятности исполнения желания.)

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§ 9. Условные предложения (Сonditional Sentences) Употребление сослагательного наклонения

1. В условных предложениях, относящихся к настоящему или будущему времени, сослагательное наклонение имеет следующие формы: Условное придаточное предложение

Главное предложение

Should (would) + Infinitive без частицы to

Совпадает с Past Indefinite

If he received the telegram,

he would meet the delegation to day.

Если бы он получил телеграм-

Он встретил бы делегацию

му,

сегодня. (Есть вероятность совершения действия, что он встретит.)

2. В условных предложениях, относящихся к прошлому, сослагательное наклонение имеет следующую форму:

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Условное придаточное предложение

Главное предложение

Should (would) + Perfect Infinitive без частицы to

Совпадает с Past Perfect

If he had worked hard then,

he would have entered the University last year.

Если бы он тогда работал

он поступил бы в университет в

упорно,

прошлом году. (Действие не совершено - он не поступил, нет вероятности исполнения действия.)

Примечание: Условные предложения употребляются также и в изъявительном наклонении. If he works hard,

he will enter the University.

Если он будет работать упор-

он

но,

(Действие реально.)

Внимание:

поступит

в

университет.

В условных предложениях после if вместо Future Indefinite всегда употребляется Present Indefinite.

If I receive a telegram, I shall meet you. - Если я получу телеграмму, я встречу тебя.

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Grammar exercises

I. Переведите на русский язык. 1. It is important that you should know this fact. 2. It is possible that he would come to see us. 3. It is desirable that they should arrive tomorrow. 4. It is important that all the members of the committee would be present at the meeting. 5. It is strange that your friend should have done such a thing. 6. It is doubtful that the delegation would have arrived yesterday. 7. My brother suggested that we should go to see an English film. II. Переведите предложения на русский язык. The commander ordered that the soldiers should move to the next village. I wish you saw this performance next week. I wish they had seen this performance last month. If I were in your place I should tell him the truth. If I had been in your place I shouldn’t have told him the truth about it.

III. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I should like to see this film. 2. Would you be so kind to translate the article for me? 3. Would you like to attend English lessons? 4. He would like to go to the cinema. 5. Would you like a cup of tea? 6. Would you be so kind to show us the way to the University? 7. I should like to ask you a question. 8. He would like to read this book.

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Предтекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done before reading the text)

IV. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и переведите предложения на русский язык. to turn into - превращаться. Good people do not automatically turn into good parents. lack - oтсутствие, нехватка. He couldn’t buy the house because of lack of money. contrary to - в противоположность, в отличие to neglect - пренебрегать trouble - неприятность (беда). He neglected his father’s advice and got into trouble. fault - вина. It is the parents’ fault that their kids don’t know how to clean the room or to brush their teeth. case - случай . In this case the parents must teach their kids to do simple things. to fail - провалиться. She failed to teach her son to live in our complex society. failure - провал, неудача poverty - бедность. Although he lived in poverty he could give his children higher education. wealth - богатство. Wealth doesn’t always bring happiness. to be responsible for - быть ответственным за. Parents are responsible for their kids. to be rigid - быть жестоким. It is not good to be rigid with kids. to have nothing to dо - ничего не иметь общего. I have nothing to do with him. to spend time - проводить время. You should spend more time with your daughter. 143

to put aside to set aside

}

отложить в сторону. Set aside all your work and go for a walk.

to bring up - воспитывать. Who brought up this girl? V. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова. automatic, automatical, automatically, stereotype, function, segment, class, complex, positive, problem, focus, organize, organization, protection, stress, result, priority, fact VI. Составьте пары слов, имеющие противоположное значение (антонимы). 1. poor, 2. upper, 3. to fail, 4. good, 5. rich, 6. lower, 7. poverty, 8. to succeed, 9. bad, 10. careful, 11. simple, 12. careless, 13. complex, 14. wealth VII. Пpочтите и переведите пары прилагательных. Обратите внимание на отрицательные префиксы. important - unimportant comfortable - uncomfortable responsible - irresponsible necessary - unnecessary understanding - misunderstanding possible - impossible educated - uneducated kind - unkind VIII. Переведите cловосочетания на русский язык. poor people, poor health, upper-class people, upper society, middle-class people. 144

Text

Parents and Kids Good people do not automatically turn into good parents. Contrary to stereotype bad children are not a result of poverty or lack of education. Good parents may neglect their children and these children may get into trouble. Such children come from all segments of society: poor, middle or upper class kids face the same problems. It is wrong to think that upper class parents are good parents and it is the kids’ fault they are bad. In this case the parents failed to teach their children how to live in our complex, difficult society. Children need to be taught and poverty or wealth have nothing to do with it. It doesn’t matter what you give to your kid, the trouble is how you give it. What priorities must parents set? It is not good to be rigid with kids. Working parents are likely to describe themselves as happy when they can spend more time with their children. At the same time they generally express positive feelings about their jobs. But what happens at work gets reflected in the home, and it is necessary to understand that fact. Those parents who try to focus on the family’s ability to educate children and to ensure good relations stay strong and healthy. School age is the most stressful time for parents. To reduce such stress it is necessary that parents should be with the children as much as possible. Kids should be first. Parents should set aside their problems and should listen their kids carefully. Let the housework be put aside if it keeps you from spending time with your children and your family. The best parents are people who feel good with their children who know what their kids are doing. There is a good proverb (пословица): “As you sow, you shall mow” (“Что посеешь, то и пожнешь”).

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Послетекстовые упражнения (The exercises to be done after reading the text)

IX. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты русских слов и словосочетаний. Превращаться; не является результатом; попасть в беду; встречаться с одинаковыми проблемами; вина ребенка; в этом случае; не удалось воспитать; не иметь ничего общего; не имеет значения; беда в том, что; быть жестоким; отложить все в сторону.

X. Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных и переведите их на русский язык. general, careful, careless, necessary, automatical, comfortable, bad

XI. Выберите правильное по смыслу слово. 1. He swims (good, well). 2. She speaks German rather (quick, quickly). 3. My brother drives (bad, badly). 4. Mrs. Smith can speak Russian (slow, slowly). 5. She is a (good, well) cooker. 6. Her father is a (heavy, heavily) smoker.

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XII. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. Do good people automatically turn into good parents? 2. What happens if parents neglect their children? 3. What priorities must parents set? 4. What is the most stressful time for parents? 5. Why is it necessary to be with kids as much as possible? 6. What parents are the best?

XIII. Выберите соответствующую форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. If family traditions were strong, family divorces (would be, would have been) less. 2. If parents (paid, had paid) more attention to their kids, they would have not experienced family tension. 3. If we have everything all right at work, everything (will be, would be) all right at home. 4. If we had had everything all right at work, everything (would be, would have been) all right at home. 5. If parents (educated and socialised, educate and socialise) children more carefully, the relationships between them will be more open. 6. If parents (understood, had understood) their kids, there would not have been misunderstanding between them. 7. If some adults (knew, have known) who they were and what they were doing, they would have been the best parents in the world. 8. If you are interested in water-sports, swimming, diving, floating, you (will come, would come) and see the floating match today. 9. If you were interested in water-sports, you (would come, will come) and see the swimming races today. 147

XIV. Переведите предложения с русского на английский, обращая внимание на употребление сослагательного наклонения после “wish”. 1. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы пришли завтра. 2. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы пришли вчера (жаль, что вы не пришли вчера). 3. Я хотел бы прочесть эту книгу в оригинале. 4. Я хотел бы прочесть эту книгу давно (long ago). (Жаль, что я не прочел эту книгу давно.) 5. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы посмотрели этот фильм завтра. 6. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы посмотрели этот фильм вчера. (Жаль, что вы не видели этого фильма вчера.)

XV. Найдите русские предложения, соответствующие английским. 1. If it doesn’t rain, we shall go to the forest. 2. If it didn’t rain, we should go to the forest. 3. If it hadn’t rain, we should have gone to the forest. а) Если бы не было дождя, мы бы пошли в лес. (Но дождя не было, в лес ходили.) b) Если не будет дождя, мы пойдем в лес. c) Если бы не было дождя, мы бы пошли в лес. (Может быть его сегодня не будет.)

XVI. Переведите с русского языка на английский. 1. Хорошие люди не превращаются автоматически в хороших родителей. 148

2. Он попал в беду, так как пренебрег моим советом. 3. Перед родителями стоит проблема, как воспитать своих детей. 4. Не имеет значения, что вы даете. 5. Беда в том, что некоторым родителям не удается (to fail) научить детей делать самые простые вещи. 6. Я ничего общего не имею с этим человеком. 7. Необходимо, чтобы вы отложили все в сторону. 8. Моя вина в том, что я не сказала ему правду.

Прослушайте диалог и разыграйте его в паре.

Dialogue 1

Mrs. Blake: Hello, Mr Green! How are you getting on? Mr. Green: Hello, Mrs. Blake! Glad to see you. I’m not quite well. Mrs. Blake: What is the matter? What has happened? Mr. Green: I have some problems. My grandson has got into trouble. He took my car and rushed. Mrs. Blake: Oh! What a pity! Such things happen when parents neglect their children. Mr. Green: You see, his parents are working all day long. He is 15 years old, the most stressful time for parents. Mrs. Blake: Mr. Green, I think parents should set aside everything and try to spend free time with their son. Mr. Green: You are quite right, and ... Mrs. Blake: Don be so upset! (Не отчаивайтесь!) Let us hope everything will be all right. Mr. Green: That is the only thing I can do. 149

Прослушайте диалоги, выпишите новые для Вас выражения и составьте свой диалог.

Dialogue 2

Mr. Johnson: Hello, Mary. What’s wrong? You look so tired? Mss. Brown: Hello, John! Oh, I am so tired of life! It’s again the problem of parents and children. I’m afraid, I don’t understand my son. He: What happened? Bad news? Did he get into trouble? She: Oh, no, he didn’t. But I want him to pay much more attention to his studies at the University, and he is more interested in pop music and his girl friends. He: Oh, Mary. Don’t worry. It is quite natural for his age to like singing and dancing. Do you remember how much time we spent in dancing clubs when we were young? She: Of course! I do. I remember everything what happened when I was young and in love with Tom. He: So, take it easy! And let your son dance and sing when he is tired of studying. She: Yes, when he is tired of studying, but not instead of studying.

Dialogue 3 Tom: Hello, Mary! Mary: Hi, Tom. What’s the matter with you? You look so sad. T.: Oh, it is again my problems with parents. They don’t understand me. M.: Take it easy! They love you so dearly, and want you to become a good and honest man.

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T.: You speak as if you were a mother yourself. M.: I speak so because I am two years older than you. T.: I wish I knew what to do? I try to explain to them that I want to be independent and do what I like. M.: Oh, Tom! You can’t always do what you like and you can’t be quite independent living with your family. Remember it when you want or don’t want to do anything. I wish you solved all your problems. See you later.

XVII. a) Переведите на русский язык. Обратите внимание, как переводятся выражения: боюсь, что ... ; бояться чего-либо. I am afraid she has got into trouble. I am afraid you are wrong. I am afraid you neglect your child. He was afraid of her being rigid with his children. I am afraid of dogs. He is afraid of darkness. She was afraid of getting into trouble. Don’t be afraid of this dog. The boy was afraid of being punished. b) При переводе предложений употребите слова: to understand; to remember; to happen; to pay attention (to); to be tired (of); to be afraid (of); to be interested (in); sorry; should. 1. Я вас не понимаю, извините. 2. Ты помнишь Анну? - Сожалею (боюсь), но я ее не помню. 3. Что случилось? - Ничего. 4. Ты устал(а)? - Да. 5. Я интересуюсь компьютерами. А чем ты интересуешься? - Я интересуюсь иностранными языками. 6. Обрати внимание на свой почерк (handwriting). 7. Я не могу понять, что ты написал. 8. Ты помнишь, как писать слово “sorry”? Скажи его по буквам, пожалуйста. 9. Тебе следует обращать больше внимания на свой почерк. Вам следует проводить больше времени в семье.

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XVIII. Дополните диалоги на английском языке фразами, данными на русском языке. A. А.: What happened? B.: Я очень устал от работы, и, кроме того (besides), сын поA.: Did (has) he leave (left) his

пал в беду.

studies and work? B.: Нет, он учится и работает, но много времени отдает (посвящает) пению и танцам. А.: Oh, don’t trouble. He is young and must sing and dance and

make

a date.(назначать

свидание) B. A.: What’s the matter? B.: Я не сдал экзамен. Я не смог перевести текст с английского на русский. A.: Was it difficult? B.: Нет, не трудный, но я не A.: It’s a pity. You should work

помню много слов.

hard and pay more attention to new grammar rules and new words.

B.: Спасибо за совет. Постараюсь (I’ll do my best).

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Вопросы для самоконтроля

Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive mood)

1. Для выражения какого действия используется сослагательное наклонение? 2. Как выражено сослагательное наклонение в английском языке для настоящего и будущего времени? 3. Как выражено сослагательное наклонение в английском языке для прошедшего времени? 4. После каких безличных оборотов употребляется сослагательное наклонение? 5. После каких глаголов-сказуемых используется сослагательное наклонение в придаточных дополнительных предложениях? Приведите пример. 6. В какой форме используется глагол “to be” в сослагательном наклонении? 7. Какую форму сослагательного наклонения имеет глагол-сказуемое в условных предложениях, относящихся к настоящему или будущему времени? 8. Какую форму сослагательного наклонения имеет глагол-сказуемое в условных предложениях, относящихся к прошедшему времени. 9. В каком времени употребляется глагол-сказуемое в изъявительном наклонении в условных предложениях (для будущего реального действия )?

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Test

Выберите правильный вариант. 1. If the work (were done, had been done) in time, we (should go, should have gone) to the country yesterday. 2. If you (posted, have posted) the letter to day, she (would get, would have got) it tomorrow. 3. If I (were, had been) in your place, you (would enter, would have entered) the University two years ago. 4. I wish he (were, had been) at home now. 5. It is impossible that they (would get into trouble, would have got into trouble). 6. It is necessary that you (should teach, should have taught) your children. Key 1. - had been done, should have 4. - were gone

5. - would have got

2. - posted, would get

6. - should teach

3. - had been, would have entered

Контрольная работа (Control Work)

I. Переведите на русский язык с помощью словаря. Camps keep children out of the street. It is that time of the year when parents want to secure places for their children in a summer camp. If you want to place your child in a sports camp, you should have looked through a lot of advertisements before the Christmas tree was down.

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Why is it necessary for working parents to place children in a summer camp? One reason is that working parents need to know that their children will not be tying (привязывать) younger sister to a chair or doing some more rigid things during long summer afternoons while they are at their work. Parents need to know that their children are not sitting on the roof of the house while they are working. At last parents have another long-term goal. They wanted their children to play outdoors, to go in for sports but at the same time they wanted to be sure that their children are headed by good and professional people. Those parents who failed to teach their children to be responsible for making their bed or cleaning their teeth, they also think their children to be taught to do such simple things at a summer camp. Such parents don’t talk about these private feelings but they are worried about it. So summer camps do not only keep children out of the street but parents can be sure if the kids are in a summer camp, they will not eat icing sandwiches on the roof of the house and will not get into trouble. II. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. Why is it necessary for working parents to place their children in a summer camp? 2. What do parents want of summer camps? 3. What do some parents, who failed to teach their kids to do simple things, want of summer camps? 4. Do summer camps keep children out of the street? III. Раскройте скобки и напишите глаголы-сказуемые в соответствующем времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. If parents (to look after) their children, the kids would not get into trouble. 2. It is necessary that parents (to be) with their children as much as possible. 3. I wish they (to tell) their pupils the truth now. 4. If you had spent more time with your family you (to be more happy). 5. I wish he (not to be rigid).

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Lesson Eight (8) The Eighth (8th) Lesson Обзорный Лексико-грамматические упражнения на пройденный материал

Переведите c английского на русский язык упражнения, обращая внимание на грамматические явления, указанные в начале каждого упражнения. I. Глагол “to have”. 1. He has a brother. 2. He had translated the text by Monday. 3. He had to translate the text by Monday. 4. He had dinner at home. 5. Did you have a good rest last Sunday? 6. When do you usually have your supper? 7. Have you had breakfast? 8. You have to do it just now. 9. Have you bought the book? 10. Have you this book at home? 11. He has never seen how bananas grow. 12. They have a good idea to go to the country tomorrow. 13. A new ring-road has been built round the city. 14. The workers had built a new road round the city by the winter. 15. The date of the discussions has been changed. 16. They have already changed the date of their meeting. 17. Nick had no car of his own and he had to go to the country by train. 18. Have you heard the latest news? 19. They had not been invited to the party. Why have they come? 20. The boy had to clean the classroom because he was on duty that day. 21. I’ll have to go to the library because I have no books on the subject. 22. He has his hair cut.

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23. We have this apparatus repaired. 24. Have you finished reading the novel? 25. I had free time so I decided to visit the Tretiakov Gallery.

II. Функции глагола “to be”. 1. He was at home yesterday. 2. One of my friends is a pilot. 3. Who is standing at the window? 4. What are you thinking about? 5. I am very tired. 6. Where were you yesterday? 7. I don’t know whose book is on table. 8. There were some women in the room. 9. What he said is of great interest to me. 10. I know that he is to be present at the lecture. 11. It is interesting to study new subjects. 12. Is it cold today? Yes, it is. 13. It is winter. It is 5 o’clock, but it is dark. 14. Is he in? No, he is out. 15. It was in the Crimea that I met him. 16. What is it? It is the article that you asked me to translate. Is it easy? No, it is difficult, but it is interesting. 17. The first text I was to translate was very difficult. 18. What are you doing? I am translating? 18. It was I o’clock, the children were sleeping. 19. The children will be sleeping at 10 o’clock. 20. To be or not to be, that is the question. 21. The text to be read is about M. Twain. 22. Was he at the lecture yesterday? Yes, he was. 23. This detective story was translated into Russian. 24. New houses were built in the village. 25. He was spoken about a lot. 26. He was to speak at the meeting.

III. Функции глагола “to do”. 1. He can do everything. 2. He does everything in time. 3. I don’t know his address, but Ann does. 4. He reads better than I do. 5. He translated better than I did. 6. He didn’t come to the Institute yesterday. 7. I don’t understand you. 8. Do you speak English? Yes, I do. (No, I don’t.) 9. Does he know chemistry? Yes, he does. (No, he doesn’t.) 10. Where does he live? I don’t know. 159

IV. Пользуйтесь “правилом ряда слов” (существительное в функции определения). 1. He liked to swim in summer water. 2. I know a man who swims in an ice water and doesn’t catch cold. 3. She made a ten-minute person-to person call to New-York. 4. He bought a brick house. 5. He rented a flat in a five-story building. 6. He spent his five week leave in the country, and took a two-week tour to London. 7. Where is your twenty-dollar suit? 8. Little John liked the piano lessons which his mother gave him. 9. A Clean Air Act was passed by Parliament in 1956 giving local councils power to control smoke. 10. Being situated on the Thames London existence depended upon its water-born trade. 11. Summer days are longer than winter days. 12. A ten year old boy looked like a seven year old boy because of his short height. 13. Americans are proud of their Independence Day and other holidays. 14. English people like to go to golf clubs. 15. Recently my son has bought a portable transistor radio. 16. All new cars are provided with a cigarette lighter.

V.

Hard трудный, усердный, усердно, много

hardly едва, почти не

1. She seems to be a hard student. 2. You should work hard at your English. 3. He listened attentively but could hardly hear what she was saying. 4. The next ten years were very hard for him. 5. I hardly know him. 6. I could hardly see him. 7. My sister can read English books but can hardly speak English. 8. I hardly realised what had happened to me. 9. When I was a school-girl I studied hard all the subjects. So I entered the University without any difficulties. 10. It was so dark in the room that I could hardly distinguish the objects.

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11. They were so tired that they could hardly walk. 12. My friend smokes a lot and we call him a hard-smoker.

VI.

Near -

nearly -

близко, рядом

почти

1. He lived near the Institute. 2. Westminster Abbey is the church where nearly all the kings and queens have been crowned. 3. Modern English has the words borrowed (заимствованные) from nearly all European languages. 4. Nearly all the schools in England and Wales have been reorganised into comprehensive schools. 5. The building will be reconstructed in the near future. 6. Near the house there was a beautiful garden with many trees and flowers. 7. The village was near the railroad and when a train passed by it was very noisy.

VII.

Bad -

badly -

плохой

плохо, очень, сильно

1. I don’t like to go out in bad weather. 2. He was badly wounded (ранен). 3. The translation was badly done. 4. A young man was badly in love with a girl but she did not pay attention to him. 5. My younger brother is a bad boy, he doesn’t obey me (не слушается). 6. That was a very bad time, the sun was shinning badly, there was no rain, there was nothing to eat and to drink for animals. 7. The experiment was carried out under very bad conditions and the results were poor. VIII. the (more) ... the (better) (чем (больше) ... тем (лучше)) 1. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day. 2. The longer we worked with the professor, the more we liked him. 3. The more we study, the 161

more we know. The more we know, the more we forget. 4. The stronger is the wind, the higher are the waves. 5. The more literature you read, the more interesting will be your report.

IX. Very очень

the very именно тот (та) самый (ая)

1. Newton was very modest (скромный). 2. The next ten years were very hard. 3. This is the very book I wanted to have. 4. Thank you very much. 5. That was the very man I had seen at the station the day before. 6. She was very beautiful and she was the very woman I was in love with all my heart. 7. She was the very person we could rely upon (положиться). 8. We spent a lot of time to find the very man who can play this role. 9. Be very careful while crossing the street.

X. One (функции) 1. One of the most interesting rooms in the British Museum is the one devoted to Egypt. 2. One of the most peculiar features of life in England is the preserving (сохранение) of many traditions. 3. When one sees the warders at the Tower of London, one feels carried back to the age of Queen Elisabeth I. 4. When one doesn’t know grammar, one often makes many mistakes. 5. One can do it at once. 6. One must do one’s duty. 7. One should be attentive at the lesson. 8. This pen is better than the old one. 9. The new textbook is more interesting than the old one. 10. The first text was easy, but the one you are translating now is very difficult. 11. For centuries England and Wales have formed one single political and administrative unit. 12. If one goes to Wales and can’t understand what people are saying, one must know they are speaking Welsh. 13. In the West End of London one can see the famous St. Paul’s Cathedral, the masterpiece of the well-known English architect Christopher Wren. 14. Have you 162

heard of Fleet Street - the street where most of British newspapers are printed? The national papers are the ones sold over the country. 15. There are two types of national papers - the “popular” (массовая) papers and the “quality” (солидная) ones for more serious readers. 16. One plus one makes two. 17. I want to buy one of these books. XI. Усилительная конструкция It is ... that (who, which ...) (Слова, стоящие между it is ... и that переводятся со словами именно, как раз.) 1. It was these books that I gave him. 2. It was I who gave Ann the books. 3. It was yesterday that I gave Ann these books. 4. It is our student who takes part in the conference. 5. It is your book which (that) is on the table. 6. It is in this journal that you will find the necessary information. 7. It is two months since he left the town (Уже ...) 8. It was Russian scientist Popov, who invented the radio. 9. It was Mendeleev who established the Periodic Table of Elements. 10. It was U.Gagarin who was the first man is space. 11. It was Lomonosov who became the founder of Moscow State University. 12. It was U. Dolgoruki who founded Moscow in 1147.

XII.

Because -

because of -

так как, потому что

из-за, благодаря

1. Because of their traditions, historical associations and reputation the prestige of Oxford and Cambridge is very high. 2. Because of the plague (чума) Cambridge was closed and Newton returned to the country. 3. The fact that the earth is flattened (сплющена) at the poles because of rotation was explained. 4. I haven’t seen him since May, because I was not in the city. 5. We went to the sea-shore because the day was very hot and it was pleasant to swim in the sea and to lay in the

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sun. 6. We can speak English fluently because we worked hard all the year. 7. She couldn’t meet him because of her illness. 8. He did not return the book to the library because he had lost it.

XIII. every +

{

body thing where

1. She remembered his every word. 2. Everybody was waiting for the signal. 3. He knew everything about the man. 4. He looked for the lost (потерянные) glasses everywhere. 5. Everything was explained. 6. He goes to the Institute every day.

XIV. any +

{

body thing

any

where

любой

1. Have you got any money about you? 2. Is there anybody in the room? 3. Is there anything on the table? 4. Will you go anywhere? 5. I am ready to translate any text in the textbook.

XV. some +

{

body thing

the same

where

тот же самый

times

1. Give me some sugar, please. 2. Put some sugar in your tea, there is no sugar in it. 3. I had no time to go and buy some bread. 4. Will you have some 164

more tea? You have had only one cup. 5. I think he has something against me. 6. Somebody was crying (плакать) in the room. 7. Sometimes he asks me the same question. 8. He is somewhere here.

any XVI.

I. so me II. no

}

+ where.

III. ev ery

1. Will you go anywhere on Sunday? 2. I shall go nowhere. 3. You can buy this book everywhere. 4. He lives somewhere in Europe. any XVII.

I. so me II. no III. ev

}

+ thing.

ery

1. I can tell you nothing about it. 2. Can you tell me anything about it? 3. I can tell you something about it. 4. I can tell you everything about it.

any I. so

XVIII.

me II. no

}

+ body.

III. ev ery

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1. Somebody must go there. 2. Nobody knows the address. 3. Everybody wants to know a foreign language. 4. Does anybody know how to get to the nearest metro station?

XIX.

Only -

the only -

только

единственный

1. In the early nineteenth century Oxford and Cambridge were the only two universities in England. 2. The cost of education at these universities was so high that only the sons of the rich could study there. 3. The Welsh language is a Celtic language and is very different from English. In general this is the only national feature left in Wales. 4. The City occupies only a small part of London. 5. When he came into the hall he saw only her and her beautiful blue eyes. 6. There are so many charming women, there are so many charming names, and only one of them is touching you when you are in love.

XX.

Both оба

both ... and и тот ... и другой как...так

1. They have houses both in the country and in the city. 2. Academic life in both Universities is hard and interesting. 3. “Gulliver’s Travels” by Swift is still read with great interest both by children and grownups. 4. Both the pupils and teachers leave the school building when the day’s classes are finished. 5. Both of them graduated from the University in 1995. 6. Both the son and the father were fond of playing football. 7. Both Cambridge and Oxford Universities are the oldest ones in Great Britain. 8. I didn’t like both films. They were both very long and boring (скучными). 9. Both these festivals are very good.

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XXI. Многозначность слова “it”. 1. It is very important to solve many problems of building spaceships. 2. Since the problem of aeronautics was very important, the scientists paid much attention to it. 3. The knowledge of electricity makes it possible to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. 4. It is a method which scientists will always follow. 5. It was the great Russian scientist M.V.Lomonosov who first studied “the Northern lights”. 6. The Periodic Law established by Mendeleev is so important that every chemist must study it. 7. Nowadays it is possible to compute the path of the rocket to any planet. 8. The TU-104 is a high-speed passenger jet airliner. It serves long distance lines. 9. It is always necessary for every engineer and scientist to know English. 10. It is Mercury that is the smallest of the planets, for its diameter is 3000 miles. 11. In order to travel into space we must have a special flying vehicle (транспортное средство): it is the rocket. 12. It is cold today, put on your coat. 13. It is obvious that the most difficult problem will be the design of this device (устройство). 14. These new machines make it possible to lighten man’s labour. 15. It was Isaac Neuton who first pointed out that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. 16. As the balloon depended on the wind, the man could not control it when it was in flight. 17. It is dark in the street, cross it carefully. 18. Give me a cup of tea and put some sugar into it, please. 19. It was a golden time of his life. 20. It is said that the delegation arrived in Moscow yesterday. 21. It is supposed that he lives in New-York. 22. It is believed that the train will arrive at the station in five minutes. 23. It is known that the Earth is rotating. 24. It is time to go to bed. XXII. Многозначность “should” и “would” (вспомогательный глагол при согласовании времен, вспомогательный глагол при сослагательном наклонении, модальный глагол). 1. John said that he would tell me something worth my attention. 2. It would be hard to believe that the facts in this story really took place in real life. 3. It would be interesting to know if the story is based on real facts. 4. My friend 167

told me that he would introduce me to a well- known painter. 5. He said that I should not miss this chance. 6. The parents proposed that the plans for the summer vacation should be discussed later. 7. I was not sure if my plans for winter would succeed or fail. 8. If I had asked where he had got this book, I should not have got a correct answer. 9. John said that he would win the first place in swimming. 10. I should like to tell you some words about my profession. 11. Would you like a cup of tea or coffee? 12. If you go to America you should see the Statue of Liberty. 13. If you came to Moscow you would be surprised by its beautiful metro stations. 14. They said that they would go to the theatre the next day. 15. If you want to read and understand English books in the original you should read and listen much more. 16. I suppose that we should go shopping. 17. My mother said that she would go shopping. 18. Would you mind opening the window? 19. I would like you to tell me the truth. XXIII . Причастие I (Participle I). 1. Which of the four men smoking by the window is Tom? 2. From time to time you will get letters informing you of my life. 3. Having got what she wanted, she took her coat and went away. 4. And saying so he left the room. 5. Go to the corner and ask the militiaman standing there to tell you the way to the gallery. 6. Having arrived in a big city, he started to look for a job. 7. Not speaking the language he couldn’t ask the way to the museum. 8. The man standing at the time-table is our teacher. XXIV. Причастие II (Participle II). 1. People dressed in winter coats hurry along the street. 2. The suits made by this firm are of high quality. 3. We are discussing the article written by our professor. 4. There were some broken chairs in the room. 5. The task discussed at the conference is very interesting. 6. The doctor sent for lives not far from our house. 7. The meeting attended by the students was stormy and ended late

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at night. 8. Asked to help me, he rang me up at once. 9. Given the dictionary only yesterday, he couldn’t translate the text in time. XXV. Причастие I, II (Participle I, II). 1. Reading the book I wrote out some useful expressions. 2. Having read the book, he put it aside. 3. Being very busy he could not come. 4. Having finished my work I could go to the country. 5. Having entered the room, he opened the window as it was very hot in the room. 6. I am interested in the problem being discussed now. 7. The letter sent yesterday will be received only tomorrow. 8. The man writing something at the table in the corner of the room is an old friend of mine. 9. A smiling girl came up to me and asked if I recognised her 10. The children playing in the garden forgot about their promise to return home in time. 11. They watched the boys playing football. 12. We saw him walking along the street. 13. He heard her crying something to the boy. 14. Opening the door, I saw some people reading newspaper. 15. Having received a negative answer, he decided to get the book from some other library. 16. Being invited to take part in the conference he began to prepare for it carefully. 17. Seeing a car at the front door, I understood that she had returned. 18. Working together for many years they understood each other very quickly. 19. They took the train leaving at 5.30. XXVI. Самостоятельный причастный оборот (Absolute Participle Construction). Обратите внимание на место оборота в предложении. 1. My mother being ill, I went shopping. 2. The work being over, everybody went home. 3. Everybody went home, the work being over. 4. Weather permitting (позволять), we shall be able to fly to London. 5. Jim helping me with English, I helped him with Russian. 6. He was given two articles on the subject, the latter (последняя) being more interesting. 7. The letter having been written, we went to the post-office. 8. His mother being ill, he started to 169

look for a job. 9. He didn’t go out because of the rain, everybody wishing to speak to him. 10. He lifted the cup and kept it in his hand till she drank, both standing. 11. The wind being strong, our yacht will reach the island in no time. 12. I was sitting at my desk, pen in hand, studying the figures, my chief being silent (молчать), his face being passive. 13 It being very dark, we switched on the light. 14. She said she would gladly join our company, her husband standing silently at the window. XXVII. Герундий (Gerund). 1. Travelling abroad is rather expensive. 2. She stopped answering my letters. 3. I understand perfectly your wishing to leave. 4. We insist on sending him to the hospital. 5. Excuse me for giving you so much trouble. 6. I don’t remember having asked this question. 7. After being examined by the doctor, the young man joined the sports club. 8. He can translate from Russian into English without using a dictionary. 9. You must go on reading. 10. On hearing the telephone call they stopped talking. 11. Between saying and doing is a long distance. 12. Translating this article took me a week. 13. Translating the article was difficult for him. 14. Nobody likes being interrupted. 15. She went out of the room without saying “good-bye”. 16. After having waited for 10 minutes, she left the station. 17. We succeeded in getting good results. 18. We thanked the professor for having delivered such an interesting lecture. 19. On finishing the lecture, the professor asked if there were any questions. 20. Stop talking and let us continue working. 21. I am surprised at your making so many mistakes. 22. He is proud of being a student of the University. 23. He felt satisfaction (удовлетворение) in helping his friends. 24. I want you to give up smoking. 25. We hope to get good results by sending the boy to the summer camp. 26. His life experience helped him in writing his short stories.

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XXVIII. Слова, оканчивающиеся на ing. 1. Being ill I couldn’t go to the theatre. 2. When the workers were building the house they used new materials. 3. Building the house the workers used new materials. 4. The workers building the house wanted to finish their work in time. 5. Building the house took ten months. 6. The building of the house took ten months. 7. They used new building materials. XXIX. Инфинитив (Infinitive). 1. The work to be done at home is very important for us. 2. He was the first to come to the office. 3. Here are the new grammar rules to be remembered. 4. In order to speak English fluently, you should read English books in the original and speak to native-speakers. 5. To be an expert in a computer science one must study many subjects as well as English. 6. To enter any University one must study hard at school. 7. The reports to be made at the conference attract the attention of many scientists. 8. It is necessary for us to discuss the problem at our next meeting. 9. You must help him to finish the work. 10. I am glad to have taken your advice. 11. They were happy to answer your questions. 12. They were happy to have been answered their questions. 13. She is glad to invite you to the party. 14. She was glad to be invited to the concert. 15. To explain the design, he drew several diagrams. 16. It is necessary to explain the design of this apparatus in order to understand how it operates. 17. The article to be published contains a lot of misprints. 18. To be published in time the article must be typed immediately. XXX. Инфинитивные конструкции (Complex Object and Complex Subject). 1. She is considered to be a good specialist. 2. He is known to be doing interesting experiments now. 3. They are expected to tell us everything about 171

their plans. 4. The opening of the conference is known to have been fixed on September. 5. The work of the conference is believed to be very important. 6. They are supposed to be discussing the book now. 7. He is known to have finished translating the article. 8. The invention is considered to be of great importance. 9. Dostoevsky is known to be an outstanding Russian writer. 10. His books are said to have been translated into many languages. 11. The teacher expected us to write letters in English. 12. We know Dreiser to be one of the greatest American writers. 13. I heard somebody say her name. 14. We saw him enter the room. 15. I felt somebody have touched me.

XXXI. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice). 1. I was invited to see the new film. 2. Preparations are being made for new tests. 3. I know that these goods were ordered by our firm. 4. These cars have been designed and produced at our plant. 5. New methods of tests were developed. 6. The students will be offered a very interesting research work at the University. 7. Don’t enter the room. They are being examined now. 8. Many new houses have already been built in the city. 9. We were given a very interesting task last week. 10. We shall be given a very interesting job next month. 11. The new machines will be tested in the nearest future. 12. The doctor was sent for. 13. The data were reffered to earlier. 14. The speaker was greeted by the audience. 15. This film may be shown only to grown-ups. 16. She was offered a job as a secretary. 17. The report was listened to with great interest. 18. We were informed about the conference. 19. The experiments were followed by a discussion. 20. A new film will be shown next mouth. 21. Much work is being done now to improve the conditions of life. 22. I was told that my report had been published in the journal.

172

XXXII. Условные предложения и сослагательное наклонение. 1. If I know about these facts, I shall tell you. 2. If I knew about these facts, I should tell you. 3. If I had known about these facts, I should have called your attention to them long ago. 4. If these facts are not neglected, the results of the discovery will be very interesting. 5. If these facts had not been neglected, the discovery would have been made long ago. 6. If it is possible, we shall go there at once. 7. If it had been possible, we should have gone there the day before. 8. If you read more information on this subject, please, write to me. 9. If I read more information on this subject, I should write to you now. 10. If I had read more information on that subject, I should have already written to you. 11. If she is not so stupid, she will put on her coat. It is raining now. 12. If she had not been so stupid, she would have put on her coat and would not have caught cold. 13. If her son were not so polite, he would not be invited to the party today. 14. If her son had been polite, he would have been invited to the party to his friend last night. 15. If people were more reasonable, there would be no wars on the planet. 16. If people had been more reasonable, there would have been no wars on the planet. 17. If people had been aware of the Earth threat, they would have used its resources more reasonably. 18. If the teams worked on friendly terms, the results would be more successful. 19. If the team had worked more successfully, it would have had the first place. 20. If the discussion of this problem had begun earlier, scientists would have been able to offer some solutions. 21. If he hadn’t looked like his mother, I’d have never recognised him. 22. If she hadn’t been so beautiful, she’d have never been a film-star. 23. We should not have been so afraid of his dog, if it hadn’t been so big and angry. 24. They suggest that the plan should be submitted to the commission. 25. I suggested that the problem should be discussed at the next meeting. 26. They propose that the work should be done at once. 27. We propose that a time limit should be fixed for the discussion. 28. It was important that all members of the team should be very attentive. 29. It is strange that she would have spoken to him. 30. The parents insisted that we should have supper with them. 31. I wish I knew his ad173

dress. 32. I wish it didn’t rain so hard in autumn. 33. The sportsmen wished there had been more snow in the mountains. They would like to ski. 34. I wish my husband stopped smoking. 35. George wished his girl-friend could come to the dinner-party. 36. Parents wished their children hadn’t repeated their mistakes in life. 37. I wish summer had never ended (lasted forever). 38. I wish you had been there. 39. He wished he spoke English perfectly.

174

Материал для устной речи Последовательность работы: ь

1. Выберите разговорную тему. 2. Прочтите и выучите слова и выражения. 3. Прочтите диалог, пользуясь русским переводом. 4. Составьте список слов и выражений, которые Вы встретили впервые. 5. Прослушайте диалог, имея зрительную опору с текстом. 6. Прослушайте диалог без зрительной опоры (прослушивание должно быть многократным). 7. Прослушайте диалог и ответьте на поставленные вопросы. 8. Предложите своему другу (подруге) русский текст и выступите в роли переводчика. Перескажите диалог. 9. Выбор режима работы может быть вольным в зависимости от Вашей подготовки и желания.

Времена года

The Seasons

Весна

Spring

Лето

Summer

175

Осень Autumn

Зима Winter

Месяцы года

The Months of the Year

Январь Февраль Март Апрель Май Июнь Июль Август Сентябрь Октябрь Ноябрь Декабрь

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Дни недели

The Days of the Week

Воскресенье Понедельник Вторник Среда Четверг Пятница Суббота

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 176

A: Какой сегодня месяц?

A: What month is it now?

В: Январь.

B: It is January.

А: Какой сегодня день?

A: What day is it today?

В: Сегодня пятница.

B: It is Friday today. (Today is Friday.)

А: Какое сегодня число?

A: What date is it today?

В: Сегодня пятое января.

B: It is the fifth of January.

А: Который час?

A: What time is it now? What is the time now?

В: Без пяти минут шесть.

B: It is five minutes to six.

Погода

The Weather

Какая сегодня погода?

What is the weather like today?

Сегодня погода хорошая.

The weather is fine today.

Сегодня погода плохая.

The weather is bad today.

Вчера погода была холодной.

Yesterday the weather was cold.

Вчера день был жарким.

Yesterday it was hot.

Сегодня ветрено.

It is windy today.

Сегодня морозно.

It is frosty today.

Вчера было облачно.

It was cloudy yesterday.

Вчера было дождливо.

It was rainy yesterday.

177

Формы вежливости

Formulars of Politeness

Извините, пожалуйста.

Excuse me, please.

Простите.

Sorry.

Я очень сожалею.

I am very sorry.

Прошу прощения.

I beg your pardon.

Пустяки (не имеет значения).

Never mind.

Все в порядке.

That’s all right.

Большое спасибо.

Thank you very much. Thanks a lot.

Я вам очень обязан.

I am very much obliged to you.

Не стоит (пожалуйста).

Don’t mention it.

Пожалуйста (рад вам помочь).

You are welcome.

Как поживаете?

How are you getting on?

Как вы себя чувствуете?

How are you (feeling)?

Как дела?

How are things with you? (How is your business?)

Что новенького?

What’s new?

Спасибо, хорошо.

Fine, thank you.

Так себе.

So-so.

Не так уж и плохо.

Not so bad.

Боюсь, что не очень хорошо.

Not so well, I am afraid.

Дела идут неплохо.

Things are fine.

Передавайте привет своей сест- My compliments to your sister. ре.

(Remember me to your sister.)

Постараюсь (передать привет).

I’ll do my best.

Мои наилучшие пожелания тебе. My best regards to you. 178

Поздравления, пожелания, приветствия (Greetings, congratulations, wishes) Поздравляю с днем рождения!

Many happy returns of the day! Happy birthday to you!

Желаю Вам здоровья, удачи и

I wish you be healthy, be lucky and

счастья в семье.

be happy in the family.

Мои наилучшие пожелания Вам и My best wishes to you and your Вашей семье.

family.

С Новым годом!

Happy New Year!

Поздравляю Вас с днем свадьбы!

I congratulate you on your marriage (wedding)!

Счастливого Рождества!

Happy (merry) Christmas!

И Вас тоже!

The same to you!

Поздравляю Вас по случаю окон- My congratulations on the occasion чания университета!

of your graduation from the University!

Поздравляю Вас по случаю ус-

My congratulations on the occasion

пешной защиты дипломной рабо-

of successful defending your di-

ты!

ploma work!

Поздравляю Вас с успешной за-

My congratulations on your suc-

щитой диссертации.

cessful defending a dissertation.

Желаю, чтобы все ваши мечты

I wish your dreams come true!

сбылись! Приветствую, рад Вас видеть!

Hi, glad to see you!

Привет, не видел тебя сто лет

Hi, haven’t seen you for ages!

(давненько тебя не видел)! Как я рад!

How happy I am!

179

Профессии и хобби

Professions and Hobbies

А: Какова Ваша профессия?

A: What is your profession?

В: Я - преподаватель и преподаю

B: I am a teacher. I teach English at

английский язык в университете.

a University.

А: Где Вы работаете?

A: Where do you work?

В: Я инженер и работаю в боль-

B: I am an engineer and work for a

шой нефтяной компании.

large oil company.

А: Чем Вы занимаетесь в свободное

A: What do you do in your free

время? Каково Ваше хобби?

(spare) time? What is your hobby?

В: Я люблю заниматься (возить-

B: I like to deal with my car.

ся) со своей машиной. А: Сколько Вы зарабатываете?

A: How much do you earn?

В: Это не очень корректный во-

B: It is the wrong question. But I

прос. Но я зарабатываю доста-

earn enough.

точно. А: У Вас есть семья?

A: Have you a family?

В: Да, нас пятеро, моя жена, я и

B: Yes, I have. There are 5 of us,

трое сыновей. А Вы женаты?

my wife, me, and three sons. And what about you?

А: Я не женат (я холост), но ду-

A: No, I am single (I am not mar-

маю жениться.

ried). But I am going to get married.

В: Желаю Вам здоровья и сча-

B: I wish you be healthy and happy.

стья. А: Спасибо.

A: Thanks.

180

Работа

Job

Анна: Добрый день. Не видела

Ann: Good afternoon. Haven’t seen

тебя сто лет!

you for ages!

Георг: Добрый день, Анна. Как

George: Good afternoon, Ann. How

поживаешь?

are you?

А: Спасибо, прекрасно. Я слыша- A: Thanks, fine. I know you are a ла (знаю), что ты работаешь ме-

manager and work for a company.

неджером в компании. Это так?

Is that so?

Г: Да, ты права. Я получил рабо-

G: Yes, you are right. I got the job

ту после окончания университета. after graduating from the UniverА что ты делаешь?

sity. And what about you?

А: Я работаю секретаршей в не-

A: I work as a secretary at a small

большом офисе. Работа хорошая, office. The work is good but the pay но оплата не очень.

is not so good.

Г: Ты говоришь по-английски?

G: Can you speak English?

А: Да, почему ты спрашиваешь?

A: Yes, I can. Why do ask about it?

Г: Я могу предложить тебе рабо-

G: I can offer you a job in our com-

ту в нашей компании, если ты

pany if you can type documents in

можешь печатать документы на

English.

английском языке. А: О, это прекрасно, спасибо. Но A: Oh! That’s fine, thank you. But I я должна подумать немного. Это

must think a little. It is so unex-

так неожиданно.

pected.

Г: Вот моя визитная карточка.

G: Here is my visit-card. Ring me

Позвони. Работа интересная и

up. The work is interesting and the

зарплата хорошая.

salary is also very good.

А: Спасибо, позвоню.

A: Thanks, I’ll ring you up.

Г: До свидания. Не теряй время.

G: Bye and don’t waste time!

А: До встречи.

A: Bye-bye.

181

Отпуск

Holidays

1. Где Вы собираетесь провести

1. Where are you going to spend

отпуск?

your holidays?

2. Этим летом я собираюсь по-

2. This summer I am going to the

ехать на море.

sea.

3. А Вы когда берете отпуск?

3. And when do you want to take holidays?

4. Обычно я беру отпуск зимой. Я 4. Usually I take holidays in winter. очень люблю горы, я люблю ка-

I like mountains very much. I prefer

таться на лыжах с гор.

to ski in the mountains.

5. А Вы любите горные лыжи?

5. And do you like mountain skis?

6. Нет, я не умею кататься на лы-

6. No, I can’t ski. I prefer to play

жах. Я больше предпочитаю иг-

tennis or golf. I like to rest in sum-

рать в теннис или гольф. Я люб-

mer. I don’t like cold weather.

лю отдыхать летом. Я не люблю холодную погоду. 7. Как жаль. А я люблю мороз и

7. It is a pity. (Such a pity!) I like

солнце, горы и чистый воздух.

the frost and the sun, the mountains

Это - прекрасно.

and pure air. It is wonderful.

8. Желаю Вам прекрасно провес-

8. I should like you to have a good

ти время, набраться сил и здоро-

rest, to restore your health for future

вья для дальнейших успехов.

successes.

9. Я тоже желаю Вам того же.

9. I also wish you the same.

10. Спасибо, удачи Вам.

10. Thank you. Good luck.

11. До встречи.

11. See you later. 182

На таможне

At the Customs

Таможенник: Это Ваш багаж?

Customs officer: Is it your lag-

Клиент: Да, у меня только один

gage?

чемодан.

Client: Yes, I have only one suit-

Т: У Вас есть что внести в декла-

case.

рацию? Какой-нибудь дорогой

C. o.: Have you anything to de-

подарок, например?

clare? Any expensive presents, for

К: Да, я везу подарки, но недоро- example? гие.

C: Yes, I have got some presents,

Т: Покажите их, пожалуйста.

but unexpensive.

К: Вот, пожалуйста.

C. o.: Would you show them to me?

Т: Есть иностранная валюта?

C: Here they are, please. C. o.: Have you any foreign cur-

К: Нет, я не везу валюту.

rency?

Т: Есть ли дорогие ювелирные

C: No, I have no foreign currency.

изделия, антикварные вещи?

C. o.: Have you any expensive jew-

К: Нет. Я ничего такого не везу.

elry, antiques?

Т: Прекрасно. Вот Ваш паспорт и

C: No, I have nothing of the kind.

декларация. Удачи Вам.

C. o.: Fine, here is your passport

К: Спасибо.

and declaration. Good luck. C: Thank you.

183

Как проехать

Asking the Way

(пройти)

А: Извините, пожалуйста. Скажи- A: Excuse me, please. Can you tell те, как пройти к ближайшей стан- me the nearest way to the metro staции метро?

tion?

В: Идите прямо до светофора, за- B: Go straight ahead up to the trafтем поверните налево (направо).

fic light, then turn left (right).

А: Это далеко отсюда?

A: Is it far from here?

В: Нет, около 20 минут ходьбы.

B: No, it’s about 20 minutes walk.

А: Могу ли я доехать автобусом

A: Can I get there by bus or by trol-

или троллейбусом?

ley-bus?

В: Да, автобус 46, а троллейбус

B: Sure. Take bus 46 or trolley-bus

20.

20.

А: А где остановка?

A: And where is the stop?

В: Вам нужно перейти на другую

B: You should cross the street. It is

сторону улицы. Она находится

over there.

там. А: А где выходить?

A: And where to get off?

В: Вам нужно выйти на второй

B: You should get off the second

остановке и перейти улицу. Стан-

stop and cross the street. The metro

ция метро находится на правой

station is on the right side of the

стороне улицы.

street.

А: Спасибо.

A: Thank you.

В: Пожалуйста.

B: You are welcome.

184

Поездка на машине

1. Вы любите путешествовать на

Travelling by Car

1. Do you like to travel by car?

машине? 2. Да, люблю. Но есть один не-

2. Yes, I like. But there is one dis-

достаток - она иногда ломается.

advantage. Sometimes it breaks.

1. Что Вас беспокоит больше все- 1. What is the most trouble with the го?

car?

2. Часто случаются неприятности

2. The troubles are in the ignition

в системе зажигания, иногда в

system, sometimes they are in the

системе питания, и, конечно,

fuel system and, of course, brakes.

тормоза. 1. Что вы делаете в этом случае?

1. What do you do in this case?

2. Обращаюсь к механику, если

2. I contact a mechanic, if (the trou-

что-то серьезное. Обычно я ре-

ble) something is serious. Usually I

монтирую (делаю мелкий ремонт) fix my car myself (if something is сам. Например, поменять колеса,

wrong in the car). For example, to

помыть машину, проверить дав-

change wheels, to wash the car to

ление в шинах.

check up pressure in the tyres.

1. А если очень серьезное повре-

1. And if there is a serious fault in

ждение в машине?

the car?

2. Такого не бывает, так как перед 2. I have no such problems because 185

поездкой я всегда прохожу ме-

I always go through the mainte-

хосмотр в техцентре.

nance centre.

1. Вы очень заботливый хозяин и

1. You are a very careful person and

следите за машиной очень тща-

look after you car with great care.

тельно. 2. Да, это так. Недаром говорят,

2. Yes, it is so. Many people say

что машина - это вторая жена.

that the car is the second wife.

(шутка)

(a joke)

Достопримечательности города

Places of Interest

Moscow

New York

А: Что Вы посоветуете посмотреть в городе?

A: What sights would you recommend to see?

В: В городе много достопримеча- B: There are many places of interest тельностей. Наиболее важные из

in the city. The most important of

них музеи, театры, художествен-

them are museums, theatres, art gal-

ные галереи и др.

leries, ets.

А: Это древний город?

A: Is it an ancient city?

В: Да. В городе много старинных B: Sure. There are many ancient зданий, парков и скверов.

buildings, parks and squares in the city. 186

А: Есть ли какие-нибудь соборы,

A: Are there any cathedrals and

церкви?

churches?

В: Конечно, что Вас интересует в

B: Yes, of course. What are you in-

частности?

terested in particular?

А: Да мне все интересно, так как

A: I am interested in everything,

я здесь впервые.

because I visit the city for the first time.

В: Тогда Вам лучше присоеди-

B: Then it is better for you to join a

ниться к туристической группе.

tourist group.

А: Спасибо.

A: Thanks a lot.

В: Пожалуйста.

B: You are welcome.

В гостинице

In the Hotel

А: Доброе утро! Я заказывал но-

A: Good morning. I booked (re-

мер.

served) a room.

В: Сколько дней Вы пробудете?

B: How long do you want to stay?

А: С понедельника до пятницы.

A: From Monday till Friday.

В: Вам одноместный или двухме- B: Would you like a single-room or a double-room? стный номер? А: Одноместный, пожалуйста, но

A: A single-room, please, but with a

с ванной и телефоном.

bath-room and a telephone.

В: На каком этаже?

B: What floor would you prefer? 187

А: Не имеет значения. Только

A: It doesn’t matter. Only I would

чтобы номер был тихий.

like a quiet room.

В: Заполните регистрационную

B: Fill in the blank, please, and

карточку, пожалуйста, и сдайте

hand it to me.

мне. А: Сколько стоит этот номер в сутки?

A: How much does the room cost per night? (What is the cost per

В: Около $ 50, включая завтрак.

night?)

А: Хорошо. Пусть посыльный от- B: About $ 50 including breakfast. несет мой чемодан в номер, а я

A: Good. Let the porter take my

пойду в бар выпью чашку кофе.

suit-case to the room, I’ll go down

В: Хорошо!

to the bar to have a cup of coffee. B: O.K.

At a Restaurant

В ресторане

B: Что Вы хотите заказать?

B: What would you like to order?

О: Давайте посмотрим меню!

О: Let’s see the menu-card!

В: Вот, пожалуйста.

B: Here you are, please.

О: А что Вы можете порекомен-

О: Well, what can you recommend?

довать? В: Полагаю, что сегодня хорош

B: I think, beefsteaks with eggs are

бифштекс с яйцом.

good today. 188

О: Какие овощи у Вас имеются?

О: What vegetables have you got today?

В: Помидоры, огурцы, салат и ...

B: Tomatoes, cucumbers, salad and ...

О: Хорошо, мы заказываем биф- О: Well, we would like to order штекс, помидоры с огурцами.

beefsteaks, tomatoes and cucumbers.

В: Что будете заказывать на де-

B: What will you order for dessert?

серт? О: Мороженое, пожалуйста.

О: An ice-cream, please.

В: Бутылку вина или минераль-

B: Would you like a bottle of wine

ную воду?

or mineral water?

О: Минеральную воду, пожалуй- О: Mineral water, please. ста. В: Что-нибудь еще?

B: Anything else?

А: Нет, ничего не надо.

А: Nothing, that is O.K.

В: Хорошо, подождите немного,

B: Good. Just a minute, I’ll bring

я все принесу. Я вернусь быстро. everything you ordered. I’ll be back Один момент.

in a moment. In the Supermarket

В супермаркете

А: Чем могу помочь? (Нужна по- A: What can I do for you? (any мощь?)

help?)

В: Да. Я хочу купить костюм для B: Yes, I want to buy a suit for me себя и платье для жены.

and a dress for my wife.

189

А: Какой Ваш размер и какой

A: What is your size in suits, and

размер носит Ваша жена?

what size does your wife wear?

В: Мой размер 52, а у жены 48

B: My size is 52, my wife’s size

размер.

is 48.

А: Хорошо. Взгляните (посмот-

A: O.K. Have a look at these suits.

рите) на эти костюмы. В: Где я могу их примерить?

B: Where can I try them on?

А: Вот здесь, в примерочной.

A: This way, please. Here is the fitting room.

В: Простите, где касса?

B: Excuse me, where is the cashdesk?

А: Вы будете платить наличными

A: Would you like to pay in cash or

или чеком?

by check?

В: Наличными.

B: In cash.

А: Тогда пройдите направо.

A: Then go to the right.

В: А где можно купить платье?

B: Where can I buy a dress?

А: Пройдите прямо, потом по-

A: Go straight ahead then turn left.

верните налево. В: А туфли и парфюмерия про-

B: Well, are shoes and perfume sold

даются в вашем магазине?

in your supermarket?

А: Да, этот отдел находится за

A: Sure, the department is next to

спортивными товарами.

sport goods.

В: Спасибо.

B: Thanks.

190

В книжном магазине

At the Book-shop

А: Могу я чем-либо помочь?

A: Can I help you?

В: Да, мне нужна карта города.

B: Yes, I want a guide-book to the city.

А: Вот, пожалуйста.

A: Here is one, please.

В: Спасибо. Это то, что я хотел.

B: Thank you. This is just I wanted.

У Вас есть какие-нибудь романы

And have you any novels or detec-

или детективные рассказы?

tive stories?

А: Да, у нас большой выбор лю-

A: Yes, we have a wide range of

бых книг.

books.

В: Спасибо. Я бы хотел купить

B: Thanks. I’d like to buy some

открытки или слайды города.

cards or slides with the views of the city.

А: Пожалуйста, взгляните. Что-

A: Here you are. Have a look. Any-

нибудь еще?

thing else?

В: Нет, спасибо. Я возьму путе-

B: No, thanks, I’ll take the guide-

водитель по городу и слайды.

book and the slides of the city. How

Сколько это стоит?

much are they?

А: Все вместе $ 5.

A: Five dollars on the whole.

191

На почте

At the Post-office

1. Простите, мне нужно 2 конвер- 1. Excuse me, please. I want 2 regisта для заказных писем и 2 почто-

tered envelopes and 2 post-cards.

вые открытки.

2. Here you are, the envelopes and

2. Вот, пожалуйста, конверты, и

the post-cards. Do you prefer ordi-

почтовые открытки. Вы хотите

nary mail or air-mail?

отправить обычной почтой или авиа?

1. Air-mail, please, and registered.

1. Авиа, пожалуйста, и заказным. Also I want to send a telegram. Еще я хочу послать телеграмму.

Where can I get a telegram form?

Где мне взять телеграфный бланк?

2. It is over there, on the table. Do

2. Вон там на столе. Вы хотите

you like to send ordinary, express or

послать обычную, срочную или

urgent?

молнию?

1. Express, please. And where can I

1. Срочную. А где здесь можно

phone?

позвонить?

2. Do you want a transcall?

2. Вам междугородний звонок?

1. Sure, the number is 275-15-49.

1. Да, № 275-15-49.

2. Go into the call-box. Your city is

2. Пройдите в телефонную будку.

on the line. There is no delay.

Ваш город на линии. Никаких задержек.

1. Thanks.

1. Спасибо.

2. You are welcome.

2. Пожалуйста.

192

Sports and Games

Cпортивные игры

1. Каким видом спорта Вы увле-

1. What kind of sport are you fond

каетесь (занимаетесь)?

of? (do you go in for?)

2. Я увлекаюсь теннисом и катанием на лыжах. А Вы?

2. I am fond of playing tennis and skiing. And what about you?

1. Летом я люблю плавать, а зи-

1. In summer I like swimming, in

мой кататься на коньках.

winter I prefer to skate.

2. Вы играете в хоккей? 1. Нет, я люблю смотреть хоккей.

2. Do you play ice-hockey? 1. No, I don’t. I like to watch ice-

И еще, я большой любитель фут-

hockey. Also, I’m a great fan of

football. 2. Какая Ваша любимая команда? 2. What is you favourite team? 1. I’m a fan of “Spartak”. (My fa1. Я болею за “Спартак”. Он игбола.

рает хорошо и интересно. У ко-

vourite team is “Spartak”.) The

манды хороший вратарь. Он не

team plays well and interesting. The team has a good goalkeeper. He

пропускает мячи.

doesn’t let in goals. 2. Как закончилась последняя иг- 2. How did the last match of “Sparра “Спартака”? tak” end? 1. Игра закончилась со счетом 3 : 1. The game ended three to nil (3 : 0 в пользу “Спартака”. 0) in favour of “Spartak”. 2. Я не увлекаюсь футболом, но я 2. I am not fond of football but I’m с удовольствием смотрю спор- fond of watching sporting events on тивные новости по телевизору, TV, especially car races. особенно автомобильные гонки. 193

At a Hospital

В больнице 1. Что с Вами? (Что Вас беспокоит?)

1. What is the matter with you? (What troubles you?)

2. Боюсь, что я заболел. У меня

2. I’m afraid I’m ill. I have a bad

сильный кашель и высокая тем-

cough, high temperature and a run-

пература, и насморк. 1. Вам следует пойти к доктору и

ning nose (a cold in the head). 1. You should better go to the doc-

проконсультироваться с ним.

tor and consult him.

У врача

At the Doctor’s

Врач: Вы, кажется, нездоровы. Боюсь, что Вы простудились.

Doctor: You seem to be unwell. I’m afraid you have caught a cold.

Пациент: Да, я ощущаю боль в

Patient: Yes, I feel pain in my

груди и сильный кашель. И еще у chest, and a bad cough. Also I have меня болит голова. Врач: Минутку. Я Вас осмотрю.

a bad headache. Doc.: Just a minute. I want to examine you.

Пац.: Что-нибудь серьезное со мной?

Pat.: Is there anything serious with me?

Врач: Боюсь, что пневмония. Я

Doc.: I’m afraid it is pneumonia. I’ll

Вам пропишу лекарства. Прини-

prescribe you medicine. You should

мать 4 раза в день. Если через 2-3 take it 4 times a day. If it will not be дня не станет лучше, придется better in 2-3 days you have to be Вас отправить в больницу. Я вы-

sent to the hospital. I’ll put you on

пишу Вам бюллетень.

the sick list.

Пац.: Будем надеяться на лучше. Врач: Я тоже так думаю.

Pat.: Let’s hope for the best. Doc.: I think so.

194

Грамматический справочник

I. Неличные формы глагола Таблица 1 Инфинитив (Infinitive) Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Active Passive to write to be written I want to write him a letter. The letter to be written will Я хочу написать ему пись- be posted at once. мо. Письмо, которое нужно написать, будет послано сразу. to be writing The students seem to be writing a dictation now. Кажется, студенты пишут диктант сейчас. to have written to have been written The students seem to have The dictation seems to have written their dictation. been written. По-видимому, студенты на- Диктант, кажется, написан. писали диктант.

Perfect Conto have been writing tinuous The students seem to have been writing a dictation for about 2 hours. Студенты, по-видимому, пишут диктант уже в течение 2 часов.

195

II Сложное подлежащее

(Complex Subject) Глаголы-сказуемые, с которыми употребляется сложное подлежащее. 1. В страдательном залоге to know - знать to think - думать to consider - считать to believe - полагать to expect - ожидать to report - сообщать to state - утверждать to suppose - предполагать 2. В действительном залоге to seem - казаться to appear - оказываться to happen - случаться to prove - оказываться

Примеры

The delegation in said to arrive soon. The delegation in said to have arrived. The delegation in said to be arriving now. He is believed to have been working for 2 years there.

Таблица 2 Перевод

Говорят, что делегация скоро приедет. Говорят, что делегация прибыла. Говорят, что делегация сейчас прибывает. Полагают, что он работал там в течение 2-х лет.

He seems to know English Он, кажется, знает хороwell. шо английский. He seems to have known English well. Он, кажется, знал хорошо английский.

3. Со словосочетаниями to be likely - вероятно She is likely to come here in Она, вероятно, придет воto be unlikely - мало- time. время. вероятно to be certain - определенно to be sure - обязательно

196

Сложное дополнение (Complex Object). Глаголы-сказуемые, после которых употребляется сложное дополнение 1. Выражающие желание (нежелание): to want - хотеть to wish - желать to like - нравиться to dislike - не нравиться to hate - ненавидеть 2. Выражающие умственную деятельность: to expect - ожидать to think - думать to suppose - предаолагать to know - знать to suspect - подозревать и др. 3. Выражающие чувственные восприятия: to see - видеть to watch - наблюдать to feel - чувствовать to hear - слышать 4. Выражающие побуждение: to make - заставлять to let - позволять to force - заставлять (силой)

Примеры

Таблица 3 Перевод

I want him to read this Я хочу, чтобы он прочел эту книгу. book. I like people to tell the Мне нравится, когда люди говорят правду. truth

We know him to be a Мы знаем, что он хороший инженер. good engineer. Мы предполагаем, что он We suppose him to have выполнил свою работу. done his work.

I saw him cross the street. I felt somebody touch my arm. (Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to)

Я видел, что он переходил улицу. Я почувствовал, что кто-то дотронулся до моей руки.

He made us wait for him. She let me do it. (Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to)

Он заставил нас ждать его. Она позволила мне сделать это.

197

Герундий (Gerund) Таблица 4 Active Simple

Perfect

Passive

asking The students like asking questions. Студенты любят задавать вопросы.

being asked Some students don’t like being asked. Некоторые студенты не любят, когда их спрашивают. having asked having been asked I know of his having asked you I remembered having been about it. asked about it. Я знаю, что он спрашивал те- Я вспомнил, что меня бя об этом. спрашивали об этом.

Причастие (Participle I, II) Таблица 5 Participle I Simple

Perfect

Paticiple II

Active reading The girl reading a book is my friend. Девушка, читающая книгу, моя подруга. Reading a book he made some notes. Читая книгу, он делал какието записи. having read Having read the book he put it aside. Прочитав книгу, он отложил ее в сторону. The book read by him is on the table. Книга, прочитанная им, лежит на столе.

198

Passive being read The book being read now is very interesting. Книга, которую сейчас читают, очень интересная.

having been read Having been read the book was returned to the library. После того, как книгу прочитали, ее вернули в библиотеку.

Причастные обороты (Paticiple Constructions ) Таблица 6 Определительный причастный оборот The translation done at home by the Перевод, выполненный (котоstudents was of great importance for рый быд выполнен) дома стуthem. дентами, представлял для них большую важность. Обстоятельственный причастный оборот Translating the text the students used the dictionaries. Having translated the text the students began to answer the questions.

Переводя текст (во время перевода текста), студенты пользовались словарями. Переведя текст (после перевода текста), студенты начали отвечать на вопросы.

Независимый причастный оборот The students having translated the text, the lesson was not over. The lesson was over, the students having translated the text before the bell rings.

перевели Когда студенты текст, урок еще не был закончен. Урок быд закончен, причем студенты перевели текст раньше звонка (до того, как прозвенел звонок).

199

Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses) Таблица 7 Примеры Перевод Повествовательное предложение He said, “I look after the He said that he looked Он сказал, что он boy”. after the boy. присматривает за мальчиком. He said, “I looked after He said that he had Он сказал, что он the boy”. looked after the boy. присматривал за мальчиком. Вопросительное предложение Общие вопросы He asked, “Do you look He asked if (whether) Он спросил, приafter the boy?” she looked after the boy. сматривает ли она за мальчиком. He asked, “Did you look He asked if (whether) Он спросил, приshe had looked after the сматривала ли after the boy?” она за мальчиком. boy. He asked, “Will you He asked if (whether) Он спросил, буlook after the boy?” she would look after the дет ли она присматривать за boy. мальчиком. Специальные вопросы He enquired, “Where do He enquired where she Он спрашивал you go every evening?” went every evening. (интересовался), куда она ходит каждый вечер. He enquired, “Where He enquired where she Он спрашивал did you go yesterday?” had gone the day before. (интересовался), куда она ходила накануне. He enquired, “Where He enquired where she Он спрашивал, will you go tomorrow?” would go the next day. куда она пойдет на следующий день (завтра). Повелительное наклонение The teacher demanded, The teacher demanded to Учитель потребо“Hand in the translations hand in the translations вал сдать перевоof the text.” of the text. ды текста. The teacher asked, The teacher asked not to Учитель попро“Don’t touch the de- touch the device. сил не трогать vice!” устройство (прибор).

200

Формы наклонения Таблица 8 Наклонение 1.Изъявительное

2.Повелительное

Действие Выражает реальное действие в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. Выражает приказание, просьбу; побуждает к действию.

3.Сослагательное Выражает допустимость, возможность совершения действия (в настоящем или будущем).

Выражает нереальность, невозможность совершения действия (в прошлом).

Пример

Перевод

He goes to the Он ходит в офoffice every day. фис ежедневно.

Come up to me! Подойди ко мне! Open the window, Открой окно, please. пожалуйста. Let’s go to the Давайте пойcinema. дем в кино. Don’t go there. Не ходите туда. If I knew him Если бы я знал better, I should его лучше, я дал give him an ad- бы ему совет. Я предложил, vice. I suggested that чтобы мы поwe should go to ехали за город the country завтра. tommorow. Я хотел бы, I wish you were чтобы вы приpresent at the сутствовали сеconference to- годня на конфеday. ренции. If I had known Если бы я знал him better, I его лучше, я дал should have бы ему совет. (Я given him an ad- его не знал, совета не дал.) vice. I wish you had Я хотел бы, been present at чтобы вы вчера the conference присутствовали на конфеyesterday. ренции.

201

Функции глагола should Таблица 9 Функция 1. Вспомогательный глагол для образования Future-in-the-Past (согласование времен). 2. Вспомогательный глагол для образования сослагательного наклонения. 3. Модальный глагол (следует).

Пример Перевод He thought that I Он думал, что я пойshould go there on foot. ду туда пешком.

If I had free time, I Если бы у меня было should have gone there свободное время, я бы пошел туда пешком. on foot. You should go there on Вам следует идти туда foot. пешком.

Функция глагола would Таблица 10 Функция 1. Вспомогательный глагол для образования Future-in-the-Past (согласование времен). 2. Вспомогательный глагол для образования сослагательного наклонения (II и III лица множественного числа). 3. Модальный глагол ( в отрицательной форме - нежелание что-то сделать). 4. Повторность действия в прошлом.

Пример Перевод She said he would take Она сказала, что он exams in physics. будет сдавать экзамены по физике. If you asked for a help, Если бы ты попросил he would do it with о помощи, он сделал great pleasure. бы это с величайшим удовольствием. He asked her for help Он попросил ее о поby she wouldn’t listen мощи, но она и слуto him. шать не хотела. In summer we would Летом мы обычно езgo to the country. дим за город.

202

Союзы Сочинительные союзы Таблица 11 Союз

Перевод

and

и, а

but

но, а

both ... and

как ... так и ...

neither ... nor

ни ... ни ...

either ... or

или (либо) ... или (либо)

as well as (as well)

так же, как и ... а также

also

также

Пример He came to the library and we began to do our hometask. The train has arrived at the station but there was no delegation on it. Both my brother and my sister want to play chess. Neither my brother nor my sister can play football. I don’t know who could do it, either my sister, or my brother. We can read, write as well as speak English. We can read, write and speak English as well. There are two departments at our University: the day department and the evening department. Also the University provides distance education.

Подчинительные союзы Союз или союзное слово that - что

what - что

Таблица 12 Перевод

Пример It is possible that he will come. He said that he would come. I don’t know what will come of it. What he told us is not true. 203

Возможно, что он придет. Он сказал, что придет. Я не знаю, что из этого получится. То, что он нам рассказал, неправда.

who - который, кто whom - о ком (кому) whose - чей

The man who is sitting by the window is my friend. I don’t know whom you are speaking about. Do you know whose book it is? when - когда When I came home my daughter was sleeping. where - где The city where he was born is very beautiful. how - как I don’t remember how I got there. why - почему We didn’t know why he was absent. if - если If you come we shall go to the theatre together. if (whether) - ли We didn’t ask if (whether) he had entered the University. while - в то While I am reading an inвремя как teresting book I notice nothing around me.

Человек, который сидит у окна, мой друг. Я не знаю, о ком ты говоришь. Ты знаешь, чья это книга? Когда я пришла домой, моя дочь спала. Город, где он родился, очень красивый. Я не помню, как я добрался туда. Мы не знали, почему его нет. Если ты придешь, мы пойдем в театр вместе. Мы не спросили, поступил ли он в университет.

В то время как я читаю интересную книгу, я не замечаю ничего вокруг себя. as soon as - как I shall ring you as soon as Я позвоню тебе, как только I have free time. только буду свободен. since - с тех пор I haven’t seen him since Я не видел его с мая. как, May. так как Since I was very busy, I Так как я был очень заcouldn’t come to see you. нят, я не смог прийти к вам.

before - перед тем, прежде чем

Before going to some for- Прежде чем ехать (перед eign country you should тем как поехать) в какуюлибо иностранную страну, read about the customs. вам следует почитать об ее обычаях.

after - после то- After I graduated from the После того как я законуниверситет, я го как University, I became a чила post-graduate at once. стал(а) сразу же аспирантом(кой).

204

because - потому что as - так как

I didn’t come because I was ill. We returned to the camp as it was very cold.

though - хотя (although)

I recognized him by his photograph though I have never seen him before. He spoke English so fluently as if he were an Englishman.

as if - как если бы

Я не пришел, потому что был болен. Мы вернулись в лагерь, так как было очень холодно. Я узнала его по фотографии, хотя никогда не видела его прежде. Он говорил по английски так бегло, как если бы он был англичанином.

Список наиболее употребительных предлогов, союзов и наречий, совпадающих по форме about - о, про, относительно, около, примерно above - выше, над above all - прежде всего across - поперек, через, на другой стороне to come across - случайно наткнуться (встретить) after - после, за, после того как after all - в конце концов against - против along - вдоль, по among - среди around (round) - вокруг at - в, на, у (обозначение места - at the table) в (обозначение времени - at 5) at last - наконец at least - по крайней мере before - перед (место); до (время); прежде чем (союз) behind - позади, за below - ниже, внизу besides - помимо, кроме beside - рядом с between - между (двумя предметами)

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by - у (у окна); посредством, мимо, к определенному моменту (by 5 o’clock) by the way - между прочим, кстати by means of - посредством by no means - никоим образом by all means - любым способом down - вниз during - во время (чего-либо) to write down - записать to write out - выписать for - за, ради, для, в течение from - из, от in this way - таким образом in spite of (despite) - несмотря на in front of - впереди into - внутрь of - (для обозначения родительного падежа) of course - конечно on = upon - для (обозначение с днями, числами); на, по over - через, над, свыше since - с момента, так как through - через throughout - по всему till = untill - до тех пор пока ... не towards - по направлению к under - под, при, согласно up - вверх по up to - вплоть до with - с within - в пределах, внутри without - без

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Примеры использования наиболее употребительных предлогов Простые предлоги at 1. He was surprised at this fact.

Он был удивлен этим фактом. 2. I was frightened at this noise. Я была напугана этим шуBut: (of him) мом. I was frightened of him. Я его боялась. (Я была напугана им.) 3. She smiled at him. Она улыбнулась ему. 4. She laughted at him. Она посмеялась над ним. 5. He was angry at her answer. Его злил ее ответ. (Он был зол на ее ответ.) 5а. At present I am going to the В настоящее время я собираюся идти на футбольный football match. матч. 6. I called at the post-office. Я зашла на почту. But: (on a person) I’ll call on you tomorrow. Я зайду (заскочу) к тебе завтра. 7. He ussually sleeps at night. Он обычно ночью спит. (спит по ночам) 8. I work hard at my English. Я упорно занимаюсь английским языком. 8а. He entered the University at Он поступил в университет в возрасте 17 лет. the age of 17. 9. My sister is good at maths. Моя сестра способна к математике. 9а. He works and studes at the Он учится и работает одноsame time. временно. 10. He stayed at a hotel. Он остановился в отеле. 11. He has done it at my request. Он это сделал по моей просьбе. by 1. He recognized me by my Он узнал меня по голосу. voice. 2. I’ve seen him by chance. Я встретила его случайно. 207

2а. I’ll go by train (bus, car).

Я поеду на поезде (поездом) (автобусом, на машине). 3. He has done it by mistake. Он это сделал по ошибке. 4. He has done it by himself. Он сделал это сам. (without help) (без помощи) (by my advice) (по моему совету) 5. day by day день за днем 6. We ussually work by day. Мы обычно работаем днем. 7. The books by this writer are Книги этого писателя (наvery interesting. писанные этим писателем) очень интересные. 8. We were shocked (surprised) Мы были удивлены этой новостью. by the news. 9. You can see a picture by the Вы можете увидеть картину у окна. window. for 1. He is always late for the les- Он всегда опаздывает на sons. занятия. 2. I’m sorry for my being late. Я извиняюсь за мое опоздание. 3. She asked for help. Она попросила помощи. (a cup of coffee) (чашку кофе) 4. Parents are responsible for Родители отвечают за поtheir children’s behaviour. ведение своих детей. 4а. We are looking for gold. Мы ищем золото. 5. I asked him for advice. Я попросил его совета. (for permission) (его разрешения) 5а. She got a good present for her Она получила хороший поbirthday. дарок на свой день рождения. 6. What do you like for break- Что ты любишь на завтрак? fast? 6а. His love for children was Его дюбовь к детям была great. велика. 7. He stayed at the hotel for three Он остановился в отеле на days. три дня. 7а. I am sorry for her illness. Мне жаль, что она больна. 7б. I am very sorry for her. Мне ее очень жаль. oil Он работает в (на) большой 8. He is working for a big company. нефтяной компании. 208

9. What is the reason for you Какова причина твоего coming? прихода? But: What is the purpose of it? Какова цель твоего прихода? 10. He is famous for his novels. Он известен своими романами. (благодаря своим романам) with 1. I don’t agree with you. But: I don’t agree to you plan. 2. She was angry with him. 3. She symphathsed with him. 4. The writer is popular with the readers. 5. Leave your message with the secretary. 6. He is ill with influencia. 7. She was very pleased with the room.

Я не согласен с вами.

Я не согласен с вашим планом Она сердилась на него. Она ему сочувствовала. Этот писатель популярен у читателей. Оставьте записку у секретарши. Он болен гриппом. Она была очень довольна комнатой. (Комната ей очень понравилась). 8. Can you help me with my Ты не поможешь мне по рабо work? те?

1. 2. 3. 4.

of We are fond of spots. He is short of money. I am in need of money. What do you want of him?

Мы увлекаемся спортом. У него мало денег. Мне нужны деньги. Что ты хочешь от него? Что тебе надо от него? 5. He was a man of about 50. Это был мужчина лет 50.(около 50 лет.) 6. Nothing will come of it. Ничего из этого не получится. 7. She reminds me of her mother. Она напоминает мне свою мать. 8. We were glad of his success. We had great hopes of his success. But: to hope for the best

Мы были рады его успеху. Мы возлагали большие надежды на его успех. (но: надеяться на лучшее)

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9. It is good of her to help you.

Хорошо с ее стороны, что она тебе помогает. Она была в этом уверена (убеждена). Нам сообщили о его болезни. Вы должны заботиться о своих детях. Цель его визита - это показать его хорошее отношение к вам.

10. She was sure of it.

11. We were informed of his illness. 12. You must take care of your children. 13. The purpose (aim) of his visit is to show his good attitude to you. But: reason for What is the reason for it? Какова причина этого? 14. He was proud of his son’s Он гордился успехами своsuccesses. его сына. from 1. She is suffering from headache. 2. The film was quite different from the book. 3. I heard this fact from my secretary. 4. He wanted to protect her from doing a mistake.

Он страдает от головной боли. Фильм значительно отличался от книги. Я услышал этот факт от моего секретаря. Он хотел защитить ее от того, чтобы она сделала ошибку.

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Сложные предлоги according to in accordiance with The scienlists carried out experiments in accordiance with the plan. According to his words they had been in the house for 2 hours only. as compared with (to) in comparision with Their experimental results differed greatly as compared with theoretical predictions. by mean of with the help of You can measure your blood pressure by means of (with the help of) of a pressure device. instead of Instead of speaking a lot you should... in spite of (despite) In spite of the rain we spent time perfectly. as for As for me I like football.

согласно, соответственно Ученые проводили эксперименты в соответствии с планом. Согласно его словам, они пробыли в доме только 2 часа. по сравнению с Их экспериментальные результаты по сравнению с теоретическими расчетами значительно отличались. с помощью, посредством. Вы можете измерить ваше давление крови с помощью измерительного аппарата давления. вместо Вместо того, чтобы много говорить, Вы бы... несмотря на Несмотря на дождь, мы прекрасно провели время. что касается Что касается меня, я люблю футбол.

Символы и их чтение 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

+ (плюс) - plus - (минус) - minus ÷ (знак деления) - division sign × (знак умножения) - multiplication sign = (знак равенства) - equal ≈ (приближенное равенство) - approximately equal > (больше, чем) - more than < (меньше, чем) - less than ( ) (круглые скобки) - parantheses 211

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

[ ] (квадратные скобки) - brackets {} (фигурные скобки) - braces # (число) - number ∞ (знак бесконечности) - infinity sign √ (корень) - root 2 а (в квадрате) - square power (a to the square power) 3 a (в кубе) - cube power (a to the cube power) 4...(n) (в четвертой степени ... n степени) (a to the 4th (nth) power) a a - square root of “a” 3 a - cube root of “a” ∼ =a.c (переменный ток) - alternative current  =d.c (постоянный ток) - direct current Единицы измерения (Units of Measurement) Меры длины (Linear Measures)

Дюйм Фут Ярд Миля Миля морская

Драхма Унция Фунт Стон Квартер Центнер Тонна большая

inch foot yard mile nautical mile (knot)

in. ft (12 in.) yd (3 ft) mi. (1760 yd) naut.mi. (6080ft)

2.54 cm 30.48 cm 91.44 cm 1609.33m 1853.18 m

Меры веса (Measures of Weights) dram dr. 1.77 g ounce oz (16 dr.) 28.35 g pound Ib. (16 ог) 453.59 g stone st. (14 Ib.) 6.35 kg quarter qr (28 Ib.) 12.7 kg hundredweight hwt (112 Ib.) 50.8 kg ton t (20 hwt) 1016.048 kg

Меры объема жидких и сыпучих тел (Measures of Volume) Джилл gill — 0,14 l Пинта pint pt (4 gills) 0,57 l Кварта quart qt (2 pt) 1.14 l Галлон gallon gal. (4 qt) 4.55 l Бушель bushel bsh. (8 gal.) 36.37 l Квортер quarter qr (8 bsh.) 290.94 l

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Кв. дюйм Кв. фут КB. ярд Акр Кв. миля

Меры площади (Square Measures) square inch sq. in. square foot sq. ft (144 sq. yd) square yard sq. yd (9 sq. ft) acre ac. (4840 sq. yd) square mile sq. mi. (640 ас.)

Куб. дюйм Куб. фут Куб. ярд Тонна регистровая

2

6.45 cm 9.29 dm2 0.836 m2 0.4 hectare 2 2.59 km

Меры объема (Cubic Measures) cubic inch с. in. 16.39 cm3 3 cubic foot с. ft (1728 с. in.)28.32 dm 3 cubic yard с. yd (27 с. ft) 764.53 dm register ton reg. t. (100 с. ft)2.83 m3 Время (Time)

60 seconds = 1 minute 60 minutes = 1 hour 24 hours = 1 day 7 days = 1 week Углы (Angles) 60 seconds (60") = 1 minute (1') 60 minutes (60') = 1 degree (1°) Can you read this table? There are 12 inches in 1 foot. 1 centimetre = 0,394 inches (1 centimetre equals o point three nine four inches) 1 unch = 2.540 centimetres (one inch equals two point five four nought centimetres) 1 mile = 1.600 kilometres; 1 kilometre = 0,621 mile Наиболее употребительные сокращения a.m. .ante meridiem (лат.) - во столько-то часов утра С centigrade - стоградусный (о температурной шкале Цельсия) Со company - компания c.o.d. cash on delivery - наложенным платежом cwt hundredweight - центнер e.g. exempli gratia (лат.)- например etc. et cetera (лат.)- è ò.ä. h.p. horse power - лошадиная сила h.p. high pressure - высокое давление hr hour - час 213

i.e. id est (лат.)- то есть kg kilogram - килограмм lb pound - фунт lit litre - литр 1.p. low pressure - низкое давление m metre - метр mi mile - миля min minute - минута NB nota bene (лат.) pay attention - обратите внимание, заметьте O.K. - хорошо, все в порядке (искаженная интерпретация выражения all correct) p.m. post meridiem (лат.) - во столько-то часов пополудни rpm revolution per minute - оборотов в минуту sec. second - секунда S.O.S. save our souls - радиосигнал бедствия St., Std. State Standard - ГОСТ s.w. specific weight - удельный вес t ton - тонна vs versus (лат.) - против w watt - ватт X-rays Roentgen rays - рентгеновские лучи

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Содержание Методические рекомендации ...................................................................3 LESSON ONE (1).....................................................................................5 Grammar §1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive). Формы инфинитива. Функции в предложении ......................................................................5 Text. Distance Education over the World ................................................ 15 Dialogue 1 .......................................................................................... 19 Dialogue 2 .......................................................................................... 19 Dialogue 3 .......................................................................................... 20 Dialogue 4 .......................................................................................... 21 Словарь урока.................................................................................... 24 LESSON TWO (2).................................................................................. 29 Grammar §2. Complex Subject.............................................................. 29 Text. The United States of America........................................................ 36 Словарь урока.................................................................................... 43 LESSON THREE (3)............................................................................... 49 Grammar §3. Complex Object............................................................... 49 Text 1. Washington - the Capital of the USA........................................... 56 Text 2. New York ................................................................................ 57 Dialogue 1 .......................................................................................... 63 Dialogue 2 .......................................................................................... 64 Dialogue 3 .......................................................................................... 64 Словарь урока.................................................................................... 67 LESSON FOUR (4)................................................................................. 72 Grammar § 4. Герундий....................................................................... 72 § 5. Отглагольное существительное (The Verbal Noun) ........................ 77 Text 1. Sports and Games ..................................................................... 82 Dialogue 1 .......................................................................................... 87 Dialogue 2 .......................................................................................... 88 Словарь урока.................................................................................... 90 LESSON FIVE (5) .................................................................................. 97 Grammar § 6. Независимый причастный оборот (The Absolute Participle Construction) ...................................................................................... 97 Text. Does Travel Broaden the Mind? .................................................. 103 Dialogue 1 ........................................................................................ 106 Dialogue 2 ........................................................................................ 107 Словарь урока.................................................................................. 109 215

LESSON SIX (6) .................................................................................. 114 Grammar § 7. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses).................... 114 Text 1. Sending a Letter...................................................................... 122 Text 2. The Post-office....................................................................... 124 Dialogue 1. At the post-office.............................................................. 129 Dialogue 2. Telephone is ringing.......................................................... 130 Cловарь урока.................................................................................. 131 LESSON SEVEN (7)............................................................................. 137 Grammar § 8. Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood) ............ 137 § 9. Условные предложения (Сonditional Sentences)............. 140 Text. Parents and Kids ........................................................................ 145 Dialogue 1 ........................................................................................ 149 Dialogue 2 ........................................................................................ 150 Dialogue 3 ........................................................................................ 150 Словарь урока.................................................................................. 153 LESSON EIGHT (8) Обзорный. Лексико-грамматические упражнения на пройденный материал .......................................................................... 158 Материал для устной речи ................................................................... 175 Грамматический справочник ................................................................ 195

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