Disability at a Glance: A Profile of 28 Countries and Areas in Asia and the Pacific

Disability a t a Glance:

a Profile of 28 Countries and Areas in Asia and the Pacific

United Nations ESCAP

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

CONTENTS Introduction Organization of the profile Sources of the data and information, and methodology Explanatory notes Key findings Summary table Country and area profiles East and North-East Asia China Hong Kong, China Japan Mongolia Republic of Korea

3 4 8 9 10 13

14 16 18 20 22

South-East Asia Cambodia Indonesia Lao People's Democratic Republic Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam

24 26 28 -. 30 32 34 36 38 40

South and South-West Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh

42 44 ..

India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Turkey

48 50 52 54 56

North and Central Asia Kazakhstan Pacific Australia Cook Islands F:::

Kiribati Solomon Islands

References Questionnaire

58 60 62 2 ',

66 68 70 71

Introduction The Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (2003-2012) started with a premise of promoting a paradigm shift from a welfare-based to a rights-based approach towards disability. Its regional policy guideline, the 'Biwako Millennium ~ r a m e i o r ktowardsand Inclusive, Barrier-free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (BMF)" reflects this shift and provides a set of overarching principles and directions with seven priority and four strategic areas.' These principles include the importance of establishing rights-based policies/legislation, mainstreaming disability perspectives in sectoral laws and policies as well as having disability-specific laws and policies in place, strengthening of the national coordination mechanism, and the strengthening of national capacity in data collection and analysis on disability statistics. One of the four strategic areas of the BMF, entitled "Disability statistics/common definition of disabilities for planning" points out a number of critical issues and proposes the national system development on disability-related data collection and analysis, and the establishment of definition of disability, which would enable internationally comparable analysis. The concern about the absence of appropriate data on disability has been also raised repeatedly in a series of regional forum on the topic held thereafter.2 To address the issues and t o examine the extent of the national level commitment to the BMF principles and directions, in 2004, ESCAP embarked on the survey on its implementation. The questionnaire was distributed to disability focal points in Governments and NGOs active in the field of the region. Thus far, 28 Governments and 18 NGOs responded to the survey, and the quantitative analysis of the responses was included in a paper, ' Review of National Progress in the Implementation of Targets and Strategies of the Biwako Millennium Framework towards and Inclusive, Barrier-free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (BMF) 2004" presented at the Regional Workshop on Monitoring the Implementation of the Biwako Millennium Framework towards and Inclusive, Barrier-free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (BMF), held from 13 to 15 in October 2004.' The current publication, "Disability at a Glance: a Profile of 28 Countries and Areas in Asia and the Pacific" builds itself on the wealth of information obtained from the responses. It aims to provide disability-related statistical data and policy-related information so that readers are able to see in Seven priority areas are l) self-help organizations of persons with disabilitiesand related family and parent associations 2) Women with disabilities; 3) early detection, eady intervention and education; 4) training and employment, including self-employment; 5) access to built environment and public transport; 6) access to information and communications. including information, communication and assistive technologies; and 7) poverty alleviation through social security and livelihood programmes. Four strategic areas are 1) national plan of action on disability: 2) promotion of rights-based approach to disability issues: 3) disability statistics/common definition of disabilities for planning and 4) strengthened community development approach to prevention, rehabilitationand empowerment of persons with disabilities. These meetings were organized by ESCAP Statistics Division for further details, please visit http://www.unescap.or~stat~rneeUpast meet.asp The paper analysed responses of the 23 Governments,which were madeavailable before September2004. it is available at httpII/~~~.woddenabie.neUbmf2004Idocworking2.htm

details how a particular country or area defines disability and collects related statistics, and implements the BMF, in particular, with regard to the establishment of relevant institutional framework and policies. It is our hope that this publication will serve as a basis for continuing dialogue amongst the stakeholders on reviewing current status of Governments commitments in the region on disability and serve as an impetus for further actions. Regionally, ESCAP is expected to convene a high-level intergovernmental meeting in 2007 to conduct the mid-point review of a Decade and to formulate a set of strategies entitled "Biwako Plus Five" for the second half of the Decade, 2008 to 2012. Globally, we are at a critical juncture of a history in internationaldisabilitv ~olicvframework: member states are neaotiatina the 'International ~onventlonon the Rights of ~ & n s with Disabilities: and it is anticipateh that the drafting process will be concluded and that Governments will start the signing, accession and ratification process relatively soon. The current draft delineates the importance ofappropriate disability data collection, which ensures privacy protection of persons with disabilities, which supports the implementation of the States obligations in the Convention, and which enables to provide information on disabling barriers challenged by persons with disabilities. The current publication is an initial step of continuing processes by ESCAP to compile and analyze disability-related data and information in the region. We would like to continue to welcome inputs and updating of the data and information from the countries in the region as well as other information considered useful for promoting a 'barrier-free, inclusive and rights-based society".

Organization of the profile The "Disability at a Glance: a Profile of 28 Countries and Areas in Asia and the Pacific" is a compilation of disability-related data and information from the following 28 countries and areas: five from the East and North-East Asia (China; Hong Kong, China; Japan; Mongolia; Republic of Korea); nine from South-East Asia (Cambodia; Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; the Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Viet Nam); eight from South and South-West Asia (Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Turkey); one from the North and Central Asia (Kazakhstan); and five from the Pacific (Australia; Cook Islands; Fiji; Kiribati; Solomon Islands). They all contributed to the self-administered "Questionnaire on the implementation of the Biwako Millennium Framework towards and Inclusive, Barrier-free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (BMF)" distributed in 2004. There are many types of data and information from which one can see a profile of a country or area through disability lens. The current Profile comprises 23 indicators in the seven categories. The data and information of the 23 indicators were compiled in a common table format for a specific country or area. This is a tiUe of the working draft of the convention, available at http:/lwww.un.org/esalsocdevlenable/righ~/ahc7ann2~p.htm

4

1) Human Development Report Index GDP per capita (converted to purchasing power parity US$) and the Human Development Index (HDI)' ranking are included under the category. These are not disability-specific data per se, but included to provide a development perspective for analysis of the disability-related data. 2 ) DemograPhv Under the category, the data on the size of disabled population and its proportion in a total population, definition of disability and/or persons with disabilities, employment rate of disabled working age population, and the data on disabled children and youth access to education are included. This set of data enables us to see how and to what extent Governments in the region capture the basic disability statistics.

Definition on disability is included to show the basis of the population data and its diverse expressions in the region. When asked to provide definition of disability in the 2004 survey, Governments gave definitions of persons with disabilities, and/or definitions of disability. For this reason, two categories were provided. As we see that disabled persons' lack of equitable access to educational and economic opportunities as major hindrances for social participation, and the lack of solid evidence to show the inequality as major problems as well: attempt was made to obtain the employment rate of disabled population in working age as well as data on disabled children and youth access to education. We also attempted to add employment rate of the overall population to see a difference between the two groups. 3) Institutional framework

Disability has traditionally tended to be regarded only as an issue of social welfare and protection, when in fact; the issue is much more comprehensive, covering all aspects of one's life. Also, increasingly, disability has been considered as a part of general development agenda. To facilitate such wider approach, ESCAP has promoted the establishment of a national coordination mechanism on disability that covers multi-ministries and involves many, multi-sectoral stakeholders including persons with disabilities themselves, to coordinate policy and programme matters. Against this background, the information on the existence and membership composition of the national coordination mechanism was collected. If there was no such mechanism, information on the existence of the disability focal point are presented. 4) Legislative and policy framework

Under the category, information on the existence of both disability-inclusive and disability-specific legislation and policies are included. "Disability-inclusive" refers to incorporating disability dimension into mainstream legislation and policies, while "disability-specific" refers to legislation and policies 5 Human Development Index (HDI) is a 'composite index measuring average achievement n three basic d,mensions of (P 357. Human Development Report human development-a long and healthy hie, knowleage and a decent standard ofl~v~ng" 2005). 6 The BMF states that less than ten par cent of children and youth with disabilities have access to any form of education and that establishing reliable data on employment of disabled persons is urgently called for.

BOX:Disability definition and data collection During the last thirty years, concepts on disability have changed signH7cently. Traditional medical approach regards disability as certain physical, intellectual, and mental impairments andregards them asabnormalandcauses ofone's loss offunctions andreducedopporlunities in socialparticipation. However, sociaiappmach refutes the idea ofabnormalilyand draws our aftentions to a social aspect and regards disability not as a consequenceofimpairment. but as a consequence of social, political. economical and cultural exclusion against those with impairments. Thus,a cumnt chair of the Ad Hoc Comminee on the International Convention suggests a definifion at its 7th session: "Disabilily"resuHs from the interactionbetween persons with impairments. conditions or illnesses and the environmental and aftitudinal bam'ers they face. Such impairments. conditions or illnesses may be permanent, temporary,intermiftent or imputed, and include those that are physical, sensow, psychosociai. neumlogical, medical or intellectual (for further information, please visit hffp://www.un.org/esa/sov /enablehqs.htm. http:///www.un.org/es~~dev/enable/right~ahc7pddisablllty.htmand hHp:///www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/right~ahc8doc~ahc8bkd~3,doc), Disability data collection in many wuntries has not been able to be in line with this change fora number of reasons: disability-related data itself has been often absent due to lack of regularized system and capacities of the wllection; available prevalence rate tended to be collected based on the n a m w scope of the traditional view on disabilily and methodology of the data collection might not be adequate (i.e.. phrasing of Questions and methods 01 interviews am not sensilive to persons with disabilities)

WHO 2001 International Classification of Functioning, Disabililyand Health (ICF) sheds lights on these issues. ICF views disability as phenomenon arising from wmplex interactions of body functions and stmctures. activities and participation. envimnmentaland personal factors. It sewes as a framewod lo assess disability from different angles and to wllect data on disabled populations for different purposes. Countries such as Australia are known to have applied the ICF framework in their disability data collection, having a higher prevalence rate of disabilily compared to others. WHO and ESCAP Statistics Division are currently pmviding training on the impmvement o f disability statistics to countries in the mgion and developing a training manual (for further information please visit hftp:/hww3. who.inl/icf/ and hftn'/hwm11nc1scmom/efal/ indear i l ~ n 1

that focus on persons with disability or disability issues. For the disability-inclusivepart, information on a mention on disability in the Constitution is presented. For disability-specific legislation or policies, the data on the existence on comprehensive disability law, disability-specific anti-discrimination law, and national action plan on disability are presented. Gmprehensive disability law means a law for persons with disabilities, covering more than one thematic area. Understandingof the existence of disability comprehensive law would allow us to see whether a Government approach disability from multi-sectoral views. Disability-specific sectoral laws would include a law on disability employment, a law on disabled person's social security and so on. Understanding of the existence of disability-specific sectoral laws would allow us to see what

thematic areas a Government commit exclusively. A disability-specific anti-discrimination law means a law legally prohibiting discrimination based on disability and punished non-compliance in the court. Understandingof the existence of a disability-specific anti-discrimination law would allow us to see whether a Government has instituted a legal framework based on a principle of human rights, non-discrimination and equal opportunity.' 5) National efforts to promote indusive society

Regardless of the development stage of a society, persons with disabilities tend to have limited access to meaningful and gainful economic opportunities. Inaccessibility to the built environment and information remains as a major barrier for social and economic participation of persons with disabilities as well. Given the importance of the issue, ESCAP promotes policy and programmatic responsesto these areas through the BMF priority areas. The data under the category show specific examples of measures taken by Governments in the three areas, namely, employment quota scheme, national accessibility standard and the standardized sign language. The information on the auota scheme is included because the 2004 survev revealed that it was widelv used bv the maioritv of the respondingGovernments in the region. he information on the accessibility standard aid the standardized sign language are included because their development is highly - . recommended in the BMF target 13 and 1%&pectively. 6) Financial commitment

To indicate Government's commitment on disability issues in financial terms, two data are presented: proportion of disability (social spending) to GDP or entire national budget, and annual budget allocated to the national coordination mechanism. The first data might be indicative of the Government's commitment on disability matters in larger scale, while the second might be indicative of importance given to the national coordination mechanism, which the BMF promotes.

7) Commitment to regional and international policy framework. Under the category, the data on whether or not Government signed the ESCAP Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of People with Disabilities in Asian and Pacific Region for the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002, 2003-2012), and whether or not it ratified ILO Convention 159 Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 are included as indications of Government's commitmentsto regional and internationalpolicy framework. I n future, the ratification of the "International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" will be another indicator in this regard. For further details on the information included in the profile, please refer to the websites and contacting details of organizations listed in the references. 7 To measure the extent of mainstreaming of disability concerns in legislativeor policy framewk, the survey, conducted in 2004, also asked whether a Government intmratesdisabilitv concerns in their sectoral laws or plans. Also, E Is found out that there are disabilitv-swc wlicies that a&formulated in the reaion. However. these were not included in the current " compilation not tobe'confus& with other data.

Sources of the data and information, and methodology The data in the Profile are primarily derived from the following six sources: 1) Responses a self-administered 'Questionnaire on the implementation of the Biwako Millennium Framework towards and Inclusive, Barrier-free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (BMF)".

The following data and information were derived from the responses: data on proportion of disabled population; information on definition of disability and persons with disabilities; institutional framework; legislative and policy framework; natlonal efforts to promote inclusive society and annual budget to the national coordination mechanism. The Questionnaire was distributed by the ESCAP secretariat in April 2004 to disability focal points in our member and associate member states. Twenty-eight Governments listed in the previous section sent back a reply to the secretariat by September 2005; 2) Written responses to additional request from ESCAP secretariat for data and information on population of persons with disabilities, their employment rate, access to education, rate for quota scheme, and proportion of disability or social spending to GDP or entire national budget. 3) Human Development Report 2005, published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2005; Data on GDP per capita and Human Development Index (HDI) ranking were derived from the report;

4) World Population Prospects, the 2004 Revision, published by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations; Data on the national population is derived from this publication in which mid-2006 population is projected by incorporating the results of 2000 round of national population censuses and recent specialized surveys carried out in developing countries; 5) ESCAP in-house information on the status of the ESCAP Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of People with Disabilities in Asian and Pacific Region for the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002 and 2003-2012); 6 ) ILO website on the status of ratification of the ILO convention 159 concerning disabled persons.'

Once we compiled the data and the information from the above mentioned sources, we sent them back to the disability focal point in each of the 28 countries and areas in March 2006, and requested to veritj or update the data and the information by May of the same year. After the data was confirmed, they were shared amongst the focal points on disability of International Labour R

This is available at http://ww.ilo.org/ilolexlcgi-lexlratifce.pI?c59

86V

Organizations(1LO)'s Disability Programme in Asia and the Pacific Region, Bangkok and the Asian Pacific Disability Development Centre (APCD) for peer review. While efforts were made to maintain the accuracy and recency, the data and the information gathered, whlch heav~lyrely on self-reporbng, have its own limitations. For example, the accuracy of mformationis subject to the interpretattons of the wording of each indicator by a person who answered the Questionnaire. Furthermore, when the laws and policies are written in national language, there is a chance that subtle nuances may not be properly reflected in the English translation.

Explanatory notes I n the "Disability at a Glance: a Profile of 28 Countries and Areas in Asia and the Pacific", tables on the 28 countries and an area are listed by the sub-regions. Sources of the data and information are identified in the column, "Source". If the data or information was taken from the Questionnaire, question number is identified. I f the original source of the data or information was identified by the respondents or ESCAP secretariat for any of the entries, they are included as well. When the data and/or information were not made available, and/or the respondent stated the data and/or information were not available or applicable in the particular context of the counby or the area, or when the respondent left the area blank, it is shown as N/A. The termindogy shown in an original language submitted by the respondentof each munby or area is presented. On indicatws regarding &&ne of i r d t u t h a l and p d i i framework, natjonal e f h k to promote inclusive sadety and commibnent to regional and international policy framework, spedfics such as names, year of estaMiment are provided when made available. (Xhemke, ''yes" W "NIA" is pmvided. Total population and the population of persons with disabilities are expressed in thousands. If data only on the population of persons with disabilities but not its proportion was provided, or if data only on the proportion but not the population was provided, the proportion or population against the total population was calculated only when the differences in years of the data between the total population and the available data are less than three years.

Key findings The following section briefly summarizes the key findings from the following categories. 1)Human Development Report Index

Human Development Index was available from all countries and areas except three (Afghanistan, Cook Islands and Kiribati). Among the 25 countries and areas, five (Australia followed by Japan,

Hong Kong, China, Singapore and the Republic of Korea) belong to a "high human development" category, while the majority or 20 (Malaysia followed by Thailand, Kazakhstan, Philippines, China, Fiji, Turkey, Maldives, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Mongolia, India, Solomon Islands, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Timor-Leste) belong to the "medium human development" category. 2) Demography Graph: Proportion of disabled persons among total population krcentane

A wide range of the prevalence rate

Mthe 28 countries and areas, 24 provided data on the proportion of disabled population. As seen in the graph, the level varies from 0.7 per cent to 20 per cent. This finding corroborates frequently mentioned analyses of disability data: disability prevalence rates differ tremendously across borders not because the populations are that much different but because of different definitions, methodologies, and capacities for data collection at national level (please refer to the Box). Traditional medical approach definitions Of the 28, 24 provided definitions of either disability or persons with disabilities (please see the Summary table). While diversity in expression, description and categorization on disability is o b ~ e ~ e almost d, all of the definitions provided describe disability as limitation, restrictionand/or loss or lack of capabilities andfor lack or loss of normal behaviours, corroborating again often mentioned analysis of the definition that many of the available definitions are based on the traditional medical approach.

Four predominant categories of impairments

Among those who provided the types of impairment and limitation, almost all cover physical, visual (sensory), hearing, intellectual dimensions of disability, while others include a category of psycho-social and/or invisible disability (i.e., chronic illness etc.), multiple disabilities, difficulties in speech, developmental disabilities. Terminology and translation- interpretations and usage of "mental"

Description of psycho-social disabilities has different expressions such as 'mental illness (Australia)", "mental health problems (Kiribati)", "psychiatric disorders (Mongolia)". On the other hand, description of intellectual disabilities has different expressions such as "difficulty in leaning or understanding (Australia)", 'mental handicap (Hong Kong, China)", 'intellectual disability (Japan)" and 'mental retardation (the Republic of Korea)". "Mental disability" seems to be used differently either to refer to psycho-social disabilities (Japan, the Republic of Korea) or intellectual disabilities (Bangladesh). However, in other cases, it is not dear whether "mental" refers to psycho-social disabilities or intellectual disabilities. Purposed-based definitions

A couple of country and an area provided different definitions based on the purpose: Hong Kong, China and Australia. I n Hong Kong, China, there are three definitions depending on a purpose: definition for the registration of disabled; definition for the survey, and the definition for their antidiscrimination law. The definition includes disability which previously existed but no longer exists and which is imputed to a person. Fewer countries and areas have data on employment and education access

. .

Nine countries and an area orovided the data on em~lovmentrate of oersons with disabilities. Though the interpretations o i "persons with disabilities", "economically active", "employment" and the methodological basis for the rate is not comvarable among those, the highest rate is 89.4 percent of the ~e~ublic-of Korea, while the lowest rate is 26.4 per cent of ~ o n ~ o l iFour a - countries provided employment rate of general population for comparative purpose, showing the rate is higher than the rate for persons with disabilities. Seven countries provided the data on access to educational opportunities by persons with disabilities. Similar to the data on the employment, interpretations of the "school going children", "schools" and methodological basis for the rate differ among the four. The highest is 83.6 per cent from the Republic of Korea and the lowest is two per cent of Mongolia. 3) Institutional framework

Majority has the multi-ministerial mechanism

All of the 28 countries and an area have either the national coordination mechanism or focal point (please see the Summary table). Twelve countries clearly indicates that they have multi-ministerial mechanisms while countries such as Afghanistan has the single ministry responsible for disability matters. Bangladesh has the National Coordinating Committee, composed of 17 multi-sectoral

members from Government and NGOs including persons with disabilities, and it is also supported by the District level Disability Committees in 64 administrative districts in the country. 4) Legislative and policy framework

Majority has disability component in constitution and either law or plan on disability. Sixteen countries provided information that their respective constitution has a specific mention on disability. Four countries mention on it in the context of ensuring equal opportunities, non-discrimination and removing barriers. Fourteen countries reported that they had a comprehensive law on disability. Also, twelve countries and an area have a national action plan on disability. Among them, six countries and an area have both a comprehensive law and a national plan of action. Eight countries including Cambodia, Malaysia, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Turkey and Fiji are currently developing the plan. Anti-discrimination law on disability Five countries and an area reported that they had an anti-discrimination law on disability. This member is expected to increase when the International Convention on Disability is applied at the national level. 5) National efforts to promote inclusive society Majority have quota scheme, accessibility standards and standardized sign language.

Fifteen countries reported that they had quota scheme for persons with disabilities. Of the 15, information on the quota rate was made available from 12. Their rates vary from one to four per cent. Fiji and Timor-Leste are currently developing the quota system (please see the Summary table). Eighteen countries and an area have national accessibility standards and sixteen countries have standardized sign language (please see the Summary table). 6) Financial commitment

Seven countries made available information regarding ratio or amount of budget used for social spending or disability-related purposes. Nine countries made available information regarding annual budget allocated to the national coordination mechanism. 7) Commitment to regional and international policy framework

All of the 28 countries and areas except Kazakhstan are signatories of the ESCAP Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of People with Disabilities in Asian as well as Pacific Region for the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002 and 2003-2012). Nine countries have ratified the ILO convention 159 Vocational Rehabilitation.

East and Nartli-East Asia

mma ngICong.Chlna mn

X

X X

X

X X X

nooAs

X

X

X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x

X

X

X

x

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

x x

X

X

X X

X

X

Bbnaladesh Bhutan

X

w X

X X X

X

X

wum Tcnk.v

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

Iitfrc ,Iran &.warhis

X

X X

X X

X

X

X

X

X X

:I

China

GDP per capita (ppp)

US$ 1,096 (2003)

National Human Development Report 2005

Human Development Index ranking out of 177

85 (2003)

Human Development Report 2005

Total population (in thousands)

1,323,636 (mid-2006)

World Population Prospects. the 2004 Revision

Population of persons with disabilities (in thousands)

N/A

Proportion of disabled population

5% (1987)

National Sampling Survey on Disabilily.1987

Definition of disability

N/A

0.20

Definition of persons with disabilities

A disabled person refers to one who suffers from abnormalities of loss of a certain organ or function, psychologically or physiologically or in anatomical structure and has lost wholly or in part the ability to perform an activity in the way considered normal.

Lawofrhe People'sRepublic of Chma on the Protectron of Disabled Persons (1990)

Employment disabilities

rate

of

persons

with

84% (2004)

'

'

China Disabled Persons Federation

Access to education

Physically disabled children are mainstreamed in normal school; for blind, deaf and intellectually disabled children, the rate is 80%

Ibid.

The national coordination mechanism or disability focal point

The State Council Working Committee on Disability, established in 1993

Q.lb

Numbers of members and composition of the mechanism

38 multi-sectoral members from relevant ministries, government departments and NGOs

0.lb

Mention on disability in constitution

Article 45 stipulates that the Government and society will support disabled citizens with their employment, living and education (1982)

0.76

Comprehensive ~m d k s W R y i ndisability c o n r b ilaw tutZar

The 45Law of People's of China on the 0.76 o.iob PJWk stlpuletcs that* Republic tovsmment and rodeh/ Protection of Disabled Persons (1990)

14

East and North-East Asia

Proportion of dlsablllty (soda1)spandlng to GDP or entlre national budget

NI)(

k#wd~-tDthensWnal

r@4

coordination mechanism

WaWlcation d ILO Canventlon 159 Notes:

2 Fdkwry l O B

' The second Natlonal Sampling Survey on Disability in China will be finished at the end of May 2006, and the information will be available in 2007. 84% refera to employment rate of urban disabled parsons. The employment is mainly the following three forms: weifare enterprises. quota scheme, and seif-employment.

80% refers to enrollment rate of school age deaf, blind and ~ntellectually disabled children. S c h d age is 7-16 years, as we practice 9 year mmpulsoryeducation in China. Since physically disabled Ghlldrengo to normalschool,we usually don't munt thairenmllment rate.

H o n e Kong, Chins Source GDP per capita (ppp)

US$ 25,625 (2003)

Census and Statistics Deparfment (CBSD) 2005

Human Development Index ranking out of 177

22 (2003)

Human Development Reporf 2005

Total population (in thousands)

6,935

CBSD 2005

Population of persons with disabilities (in thousands)

269.5 (excluding mentally handicapped persons)'

C&SD'sample survey 2000

Proportion of disabled population

4 % (excluding mentally handicapped persons)

Definition of disability

1) For the registration system, the definitions were individually defined in depth by the following types of disability, physical handicap, autism, visceral disabilities, hearing impairment, mental handicap, mental illness, visual impairment, speech difficulty.

'

CBSD' sample survey 2000 1) Health, Welfare and Food Bureau

2) Disability Discrimination Ordinance (1996)

2 ) For the anti-discrimination law disability means total or partial loss of a person's bodily or mental functions, total or partial 1055 of a part of the body, the presence of organisms causing disease or illness (such as HN), the malfunction, malformationor disfigurement of a part of the person's body, or a disorder, illness or disease that affects a person's perception of reality, emotions or judgement or that results in disturbed behaviour, and learning difficulties. A disability includes not only a disability which presently exists, but also a disability which previously existed but no longer exists, which may exist in the future or which is imputed to a person.

Definition of persons with disabilities

Under the framework of the survey, "persons with disabilities" were defined as those who (i) had been diagnosed by qualified health personnel (such as practitioners of Western medicine and Chinese medicine, including herbalists, bone-setters and acupuncturists) as having one or more of the following 7 conditions; or (ii) had perceived themselves as having one or more of the first 4 of the following 7 conditions which had lasted, or were likely to last, for a period of 6 months or more at the time of enumeration: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

restriction in body movement; seeing difficulty; hearing difficulty; speech difficulty; mental illness; (f) autism; and (9) mental handicap.

CBSD'sample survey 2000

East and North-East Asia Employment rate of persons with disabilities

87.9% (52,500 persons 'of all economi&lly active pemns with disabilities (59, 700 persons) are employed. The latter 59,700 persons represents 22.9% of disabled persons who are 15 years old or above.

Access to education

N/A

The national coordination mechanism or disability focal point

Rehabilitation Advisory Committee established in 1995. Focal point is Commissioner for Rehabilitation under the Health, Welfare and Food Bureau.

CBSD'sample survey 2000

0.I b

Numbers of members and composition of the mechanism

6 officials and 20 unofficial members

0.lb

Mention on disability in constitution

N/A

0.76

Comprehensive disability law

N/A

0.lob

Disability-specific anti-discrimination law

Disability DiscriminationOrdinance (1996)

O.llb

M o r a l disability laws and the areas

Health, building code

0.9a

National plan of action on disability

Rehabilitation Programme Plan (1999)

0.2a

Employment quota scheme

N/A

0.3Oa

National accessibility standard

Design Manual: Barrier Free Access 1997; Transport Planning and Design Manual: Facilities for People with Disabilities 1987.

0.326

Standardized sign language

N/A

0.34

Proportion of disability (wxial) spending to GDP or entire national budget

N/A

Annual budget allocated to the national coordination mechanism

N/A

Q.lb

Signatory to the Proclamation of the decade

1993

htfp://w. unescap.org/esid/ psiddisability

Ratification of ILO Convention 159

No

hnp://www.ilo. org/ilolex/cgilex/ratrfce.pl?C159

Notes~ ' The estimates pertaining to mentally handicappedpersons are excluded from thebgure asthey are consideredto be subjectto under-estimationin the survey. A crude StatiStical assessment showed lhat the total number of mentally handicapped persons in Hong Kong. China might be in the region of 62.000 87.000. Further breakdowns of such figure are no1 available

'

~

Unofficial means "not governmenr ~ M c i a lappointed ~. in personal capacity

.... 17

I:

Human Development Report Index

* v

.*--

m

ph&lddlsab~[ties'+h&&&&&dthe

~ w h ~ ~ ~ - r ~ m p e m s w l t h phVricddDllbiiltkrhmc~aPW~ "Penofts*-'dbsBmbr"aR~whom -~Rty~avhg-dDvdopmcntsl pcrlad ( M t o t8years dagc) and hweruncllaraldeRds h 5#Rs W dally lite whm require supportive "Pemwwlthmentaldisbllltks" shan be persowwhohave

-.

st and an North-East orth-East Asia Asia East The national cwrdination mechanism or disability focal point

Headquarters for Promoting the Measures for Persons with Disabilities under directorate of Promoting the Measures for Persons with Disabilities in Cabinet Office (2001)

Q.lb

Numbers of members and composition of the mechanism

Prime Minister, Chief Cabinet Secretary, Ministers and Secretariat

Q.1b

Mention on disability in constitution

NIA

0.76

Comprehensive disability law

‘%sic l a w for Persons with Disabi1ities”amended in 2004

0.l o b

Disability-specific anti-discrimination law

NIA

O.llb

Sectoral disability laws and the areas

Employment, rehabilitation, health, m i a l security and others

0.9a

National plan of action on disability

Basic Programme for Persons with Disabilities (2002)

0.26

Employment quota scheme

1.8% for private entity, 2.1% for Government agencies

0.30a

National accessibility standard

Yes

0.32b

Standardized sign language

Yes

0.34

Proportion of disability (social) spending to GDP or entire national budget

0.02 % of total budget for the 2005 fiscal year

Annual budget allocated to the cwrdination mechanism

NIA

0.lb

Signatory to the Proclamation of the decade

Yes

htlpNwww.unescap.org/esid/ psis/disability

Ratification of 110 Convention 159

12lune 1992

htlpNwww.ilo.orgfilolex/cgi-le x/ratifce.pl?C 159

Nofes:

‘

national

Theoriginal survey divides theworkableage group into ten subcategories Figures in the lableare from 25to29years. Employmentrate for physically disabled persons for the age group 45 10 49 years is 52.1% The rate for intellectually disabled persons IS 44.4% as compared to 81.9%. the rate for non-disabled persons. This applies to companies which have more than 56 employees

19

rota1 population (in thousands) Po(xllatian of persons wlth disabilii (m thwsands)

Ibid.

~roportionof disabkd popuiation

Ibid.

Definition of disability

€2.20

Definition of p e m s with disabilities

Provision No. 3 of law on ''Soda1 seavity of the people with disabilii says that the citizen of Mongolia, foreign residents wtro live officially in Mongolia and the stateless persons whose physiological and mental impairment is iransmitted through genetically and non-genetically, congenital defect, post-injection complication, lost conirol of voluntary movement functions reasoned from aaidents and impodsibk to labor in an ordmary circumstances, have visual, auditory and speech disability, as well as mentally retarded and psychdogkally Impaired are investigated and registered by Medical and Labor CeMmtbn Commissions.

Q20

(DeAn160n used for M d a l stafhtb, NSO of Mongols.)

Employment rate of disabilities

persons with

N6fbaI StatisfM Offfoe

Access to education

15.7% of 20,748 children and younger people with dtsabilitb Q0to &l.

Ibid.

The national coordination mechanism or disability focal point

Natlonal committee fou in 1995, renewed in 2002, 2OW and 2m5. l point: Population and Soda1 Security Department of the Minisby of Sxial Welfare and Labor.

0.1b

East and North-East Asia mben of mmbers &xicunpsMm d e maehanlsm

1entlon on dhbilii in fonstiMion

13 members hdudlng National Cantnittee and

?

~ ~ ~ ~ 1 5 a r $ u ~ r i 0 h t ~ ~ g l p p a t w QR henl~np long and losing work abmy, right to be care for health, right to education, right to unl voluntarily, right to express their opinion freely and publish (1992)

m p ~ h e m dlssblllty h bw

Law on Sodal welfare for Dlsabllities (2005)

0.1Ob

iedaal disability laws and the areas

Wucstion, employment, rehabilitation, health, and technology, building code, bamw&tbn, allwiat[on and soda1 securny/sadai welfare

Q.&

E~Pbn+=ntquota&erne

Yes

Q.&

Nations1 d b l l l t y standard

Normal of Building Planning for Disabilitiesenacted In

0.328

2004 Standardized sign langwge

Yes

;DPwentbcfmtbnalbudget

Appmlmatel~4.49% or about US42 mlllion is used forsoda(wethre,educatbr$atc

\mud lwbt albcat& to the national

NIA

*opcrtbn ddiabiHty (social) spndlng to

Nob

' National Pmgramme fw DevelopingDisabilitiesUfe (1ggs2W4)

(2.34

Q.lb

Republic of Korea

4ccea to education

S%S9b'

East and North-East Asia DlntMllty-spedRcanll-dlsamrlnatlon kR

UWbeirodevelaped

SectDlal dbaMllty bm and the areas

1. M on InrbdlatRn d Convenknce Fadlitksfor the DbabM; 2. and vogtiorlai RehaMlltdtion M for Persars wlth Wabilitks;

Q.&

Yes

0.34

T h e Committee has the following purposes: l)aatablkh the Comprehsnslve Weifen Stralegy fa People with DisaMlitiee; 2) adju64 the pdkies of me mlmd Minisbias; -The disabled waifare poUcv. Budgst for Uw d b b k &re promliar. Coadination of spsdal e d u c a h pdky. - CmrdinaUon of Employmen1pmmoh policy for p e r m with disabllittes. - CmrdlnaUon the Minlstrba &led to hdbabled wdfam, etc. 3) supervise and monitor the impiemen~onof the policies.

-

c a mbodia :

n Ocvelopment Report Index

US)m:w)

~tof 177

$%,(m ..., . .

m1 population (hthousands1

e 3 5 1 (mid-2006)

man Development Index ra'nkill-

)pulation of persons with disabilities Ithousands)

~,

.~

~

I

.

.

,

" . '... . .

. .:. ., . . . .- .. . . ,! Ibid. 1 . c . . . ', !

2&2.4%

.I. -.

l) National lnmuta@ StaUsbcS,hi/~aQ'l($

29 3.9%

Planning; 2) Wodd Bank

0.20

finition of disability finitton of persons with disabilities

re iiiimnaf-bw~lilletloirm m r ~ mor nmnity manmmdl VAC), m twwrn PYW :

u m h of members and compwltlon of

. .:

,

oportion of disabled population

sabllity focal point

.;;

.

...

W ...

43 members from Government and NGOs. DAG %S'

South-East Asia

Commitment to Regional and International Policy Framework

..

L ,,,

8

Human Development Index ranking MRof177

.,

.

-

ulation of pwsons with disabilities portion of disabled population

110 (20q

......

NIA

.

.-

........

.

... . . . . .. -

.

,,

..

. .,

.-

1.0% .,,

-

,,,

, ,,

. , .,

.. , -.

.

....

.

.- , ,

,..

,,

.

Minis& of WslA&im a, Sl~tistic CenkaiSoerd

Mnition of diibllii &finition of pemm with disabilities . .

The handicapped is any petson having physkd ' Q&l andlor mental dafidencies which can hinder M & woporly l -%4 .... . . . . .....

t?TiSwrn

..

.

.~

South-East Asia

I ao People's Democratic Republic

I

Hutna~

s.....L

N/A

.....L......

Persons, l991

.. ;kmben of members and composition of

16 representatlves from NGOs, Government, DPOs, academic instihtions

Focal pdnt: Bureau of Empowerment for Persons with Disabilities under the Minisby of Social Development and Human Security

Q.1b

South-East Asia

Disability-spedfic anti-discrimination law

N/A

Sectoral diibilii laws and the areas

MMbil

Natlonal plan of action on dkabiri

Employment quota scheme

2%

Q.m

National ~ l b i l i t standard y

Ministerial R e g u m No. 4 enacted in 2001'

P.32h

PmpMtton d disability (social) spending to GDP or &hnational budget

N/A

L

RatiRcation of ILO Convention 159

1-

No

' The regulahonwas revised in 2005 and ib Englishtranslation will be made wallable in 2006

hUp&%w"ile.~ol~w' ~ B ~ p n ~ 1

5

@

Human Dewlopment Index ranking out of 177

140 @Oaq

.

.,,. . . . . . . . .

SUN^^ 2d2,by of State for Labor and Solidarity

wulation of persons with dha~~llues n thousands)

~portlonof disabled population eflnition of disability efintion of persons with disabilities mployment rate of sabliities

persons with

a.iB ......

- ......

- .....

-. .

blished in 2001

W ~igr~ttwan on ground of

m

or mental condition. S&&l provides that diibled citizens shall enjoy the same rights and be subjected to same duties as all citizens, and the State shali promote the umtecbion of disabled citizens (2002).

,

.

South-East Asia Comprehensive disability law

N/A

Q.1Ob

Disability-specific anti-discrimination law

N/A

Q.llb

Sectoral disability laws and the areas

N/A

0. 9a

National plan of action on disability

Currently being drafted

0.26

Employment quota scheme

Currently being developed

Q.30a

National accessibility standard

Currently being developed

Q.32b

Standardized sign language

N/A

0.34

Proportion of disability (social) spending to GDP or entire national budget

N/A

Annual budget allocated to the national coordination mechanism

$ 70,000 (2006-2007)

Q.lb

Signatory to the Proclamation of the decade

2004

http://ww. unescap.org/esid/ psis/disability

Ratification of ILO Convention 159

No

hffp://www.ilo.org/iioleu/cgiiex/ratifce,p/?C159

Notes Notes:

'

Provlslonai 1.4%0fof the hp Provisional Census 2004 data Indicate indicate that 1 11.4% the household householdenumerated enumeratedrepolted reportedat at least leastone onehousehold householdmamber memberwith withpphysical dlsabilltyand ,3% ofthe householdreportedat leasf for eveiy 20 disability and 2 2.3% leastone one household household member memberwith with mental mentalIllness, illness,ornearly or nearlythree threehauseholds householdsfor every20 in Timor-Leste.

39

Viet Narn

&man DWebpmeIIt Index ranking

:

., .: -~