Differential Equations with Impulse Effects: Multivalued Right-hand Sides with Discontinuities

De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics 40 Editors Carsten Carstensen, Berlin, Germany Nicola Fusco, Napoli, Italy Fritz Gesz...

Author: Nikolai A. Perestyuk

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De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics 40 Editors Carsten Carstensen, Berlin, Germany Nicola Fusco, Napoli, Italy Fritz Gesztesy, Columbia, USA Niels Jacob, Swansea, United Kingdom Karl-Hermann Neeb, Erlangen, Germany

Nikolai A. Perestyuk Viktor A. Plotnikov Anatolii M. Samoilenko Natalia V. Skripnik

Differential Equations with Impulse Effects Multivalued Right-hand Sides with Discontinuities

De Gruyter

Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: 34A37, 34A60, 34C29, 34A30, 34A12.

ISBN 978-3-11-021816-9 e-ISBN 978-3-11-021817-6 ISSN 0179-0986 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Differential equations with impulse effects : multivalued right-hand sides with discontinuities / by Nikolai A. Perestyuk … [et al.]. p. cm. ⫺ (De Gruyter studies in mathematics ; 40) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-11-021816-9 (alk. paper) 1. Impulsive differential equations. I. Perestyuk, N. A. (Nikolai Alekseevich) QA377.D557 2011 5151.353⫺dc22 2011007994

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ” 2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: Da-TeX Gerd Blumenstein, Leipzig, www.da-tex.de Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ⬁ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

To the Memory of Viktor Aleksandrovich Plotnikov

Introduction

Significant interest in the investigation of systems with discontinuous trajectories is explained by the development of equipment in which significant role is played by impulsive control systems and impulsive computing systems. Impulsive systems are also encountered in numerous problems of natural sciences described by mathematical models with conditions reflecting the impulsive action of external forces with pulses whose duration can be neglected. It was discovered that the presence of a pulse action may significantly complicate the behavior of trajectories of these systems even in the case of quite simple differential equations. Individual impulsive systems were studied by numerous researchers. Various examples of problems of this sort can be found in the works by N. N. Bogolyubov and N. M. Krylov [72], N. N. Bautin [16], B. S. Kalitin [60–62], A. E. Kobrinskii and A. A. Kobrinskii [68], N. A. Perestyuk and A. M. Samoilenko [142], and D. D. Bainov and A. B. Dishliev [11, 39]. In the works by N. N. Bogolyubov and N. M. Krylov [72], S. T. Zavalishchin and A. N. Sesekin [151, 152], and A. Halanay and D. Wexler [56], systems with pulse action were described by differential equations with generalized functions on the righthand side. In these works, the differential equations describe pulses occurring at fixed moments of time, and the case where the times of pulse action depend on the phase vector is not investigated. Another approach to the investigation of impulsive differential equations is based on the application of the classical methods of the theory of ordinary differential equations. As the first works in this direction, we can mention the works by A. D. Myshkis and A. M. Samoilenko [86, 87, 94], in which the general concepts of the theory of systems with pulse action are formulated from a new point of view and their basic specific features are investigated. Later, numerous works of many mathematicians were devoted to the analysis of the problems of stability of solutions of differential equations with pulse action, development of the theory of periodic and almost periodic solutions of impulsive systems, determination of invariant sets, construction of asymptotic expansions by the Krylov–Bogolyubov–Mitropol’skii method of small parameter, application of the method of comparison, solution of problems of the theory of optimal control, and investigation of impulsive systems with random perturbations [27,56,72,74,86–88,94,137,142,143,151,152]. The monographs [27,74,88,142,143] contain an extensive list of references in this field. It is worth noting that the analysis of the dynamics of any real processes with the help of differential equations with univalent right-hand sides corresponds to the ideal model that does not take into account the action of random noises, errors of

viii

Introduction

measurement in specifying the coefficients, and errors of specifying the functions on the right-hand sides of differential equations. If the probabilistic characteristics of the model are known, then the influence of random factors is taken into account by using stochastic differential equations. The theory of these equations is now rapidly developed and is extensively used in practice [1, 55, 64]. As a natural generalization of differential equations, we can mention differential inclusions capable of description of the dynamics of nondeterministic processes without using the probabilistic characteristics of the model. In numerous cases, this enables one to avoid the necessity of application of various a priori assumptions about these characteristics. The results of investigation of the model performed by the method of differential inclusions enable one to establish direct upper bounds for all results obtained by using probabilistic models, which is sometimes sufficient for applications. The first investigations of differential equations with set-valued right-hand sides were carried out by S. Zaremba [158, 159] and A. Marchaud [80–83]. In these works, the authors made an attempt to extend the available results in the theory of differential equations to a more general case. Thus, S. Zaremba introduced the notion of differential equations in paratingents, and A. Marchaud proposed the notion of differential equations in contingents. For the next 25 years, no works were published in this direction (we can mention only the works by A. D. Myshkis [92, 93]). This was explained by the absence of applications. At the beginning of the 1960s, new fundamental results on the existence and properties of solutions of differential equations with set-valued right-hand sides (differential inclusions) were obtained in the cycles of works by T. Wazewski [157] and A. F. Filippov [49]. As one of the most important results obtained in the cited works, we can mention the established relationship between differential inclusions and problems of optimal control, which led to the extensive development of the theory of differential inclusions. The interest in the problems of control after the Second World War was connected with urgent needs of new technologies developed in the aviation, spacecraft engineering, and power-generating industry. This period was characterized by the appearance of new general methods for the solution of optimization problems of control, including the Pontryagin maximum principle, the Bellman method of dynamic programming, etc. The principal results of the theory of differential equations with set-valued righthand sides are presented in the works by A. F. Filippov [23, 48, 49, 51], T. Wazewski [157], V. I. Blagodatskikh [21–23], T. Donchev [41], M. Z. Zgurovskii, V. S. Mel’nik [153], A. I. Panasyuk and V. I. Panasyuk [101, 103], V. A. Plotnikov, A. V. Plotnikov, and A. N. Vityuk [115], A. A. Tolstonogov [145], O. P. Khapaev and M. M. Filatov [47], J.-P. Aubin and H. Frankovska [9], K. Deimling [36], and M. Kisielewicz [67]. The authors studied the problems of existence of solutions of differential inclusions

Introduction

ix

and boundary-value problems, the problems of existence of monotone, bounded, and periodic solutions, stability of solutions, properties of solutions and integral funnels (compactness, connectedness, dependence on initial conditions and conditions on the right-hand side of the inclusion, and the relationship between the sets of solutions of the inclusions xP 2 F .t; x/ and xP 2 co F .t; x/), the problems of determination of the boundary of the set of attainability, conditions for the convexity of the set of solutions, the problems of averaging of differential inclusions, etc. The investigation of properties of the integral funnels of differential inclusions is of high significance for the qualitative theory. In this connection, numerous researchers studied the properties of the set of attainability [6, 91, 101, 145] and various approximate methods for its construction, including the method of ellipsoids for linear systems [30, 73, 98], asymptotic methods [41, 115], and numerical methods [91, 96, 149]. In [145], it was shown that the integral funnel is a subset of the solution of the corresponding equation with Hukuhara derivative. The first results in the theory of differential equations with Hukuhara derivative were obtained by F. S. de Blasi and F. Iervolino [25] and covered the problems related to the existence of solutions, their uniqueness, and continuous dependence on initial conditions and parameters. The possibility of application of the method of averaging to this class of problems was considered by M. Kisielewicz [66] and A. V. Plotnikov [109]. At present, the methods of the theory of differential equations with set-valued righthand sides and differential equations with Hukuhara derivative are extensively used in the investigation of the dynamics of systems under the conditions of uncertainty, ambiguity, and incompleteness of information (so-called fuzzy systems) [75, 76]. The investigations of differential equations with discontinuous right-hand sides in the case of “sliding modes” carried out by A. F. Filippov [51], M. A. Aizerman [2], L. T. Ashchepkov [5], and V. I. Utkin [147] were also based on the theory of differential inclusions. Note that numerous important engineering problems related, e.g., to the motion of flying vehicles, propagation of seismic oscillations, development of shock and explosive processes, and control over manipulators can also be formulated in terms of discontinuous systems. Discontinuous systems are widely used in economics, chemical technology, theory of automated control, theory of systems with variable structure, and other fields of science. The theory of impulsive differential equations and theory of differential inclusions were naturally developed in the works devoted to the investigation of differential inclusions with pulse action [7, 17–20, 43, 110–126, 156] dealing with the problems of existence of solutions of Cauchy and boundary-value problems, stability of solutions, existence of periodic solutions, and extendability and continuous dependence of solutions on the initial conditions and the right-hand sides of impulsive differential inclusions. Moreover, the hybrid control systems were also studied by the methods of impulsive differential inclusions.

x

Introduction

Chapters 1 and 5 were written by A. M. Samoilenko and N. A. Perestyuk, Chapter 2 was written by V. A. Plotnikov, Chapters 3, 4, and 7 were written by N. V. Skripnik (née Plotnikova), and Chapter 6 was written by V. A. Plotnikov and N. V. Skripnik.

Notation ¿ ¹xº kxk kM k Br .a/ Sr .a/ mes.A/ co A @A int A A .x; A/ comp.Rn / conv.Rn / h.A; B/ jAj c.A; / C Œa; b M Œa; b

empty set singleton set x 2 Rn Euclidean norm of a vector x 2 Rn spectral norm of a matrix closed ball of radius r centered at a point a 2 Rn sphere of radius r centered at a point a 2 Rn Lebesgue measure of a set A convex hull of a set A boundary of a set A interior of a set A closure of a set A distance from a point x to a set A space of nonempty compact subsets of Rn with Hausdorff metric subspace of comp.Rn / that consists of convex sets Hausdorff distance between sets A and B modulus of a set A support function of a set A space of continuous functions with uniform metric on a segment Œa; b space of bounded functions with uniform metric on a segment Œa; b

Contents

Introduction

vii

Notation

xi

1 Impulsive Differential Equations 1.1 General Characterization of Systems of Impulsive Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 23

2 Impulsive Differential Inclusions 2.1 Differential Inclusions with Fixed Times of Pulse Action . . . . . . . 2.2 Differential Inclusions with Nonfixed Times of Pulse Action . . . . . 2.3 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42 42 48 56

3 Linear Impulsive Differential Inclusions 3.1 Statement of the Problem. Theorem on Existence and Uniqueness . 3.2 Stability of Solutions of Linear Impulsive Differential Inclusions . . 3.3 Periodic Solutions of Linear Impulsive Differential Inclusions . . . 3.4 Linear Differential Equations with Pulse Action at Indefinite Times . 4

5

Linear Systems with Multivalued Trajectories 4.1 Differential Equations with Hukuhara Derivative . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Approximation of the Integral Funnel of a Linear Differential Inclusion with the Help of Systems of Differential Equations with Hukuhara Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Linear Differential Equations with -Derivative . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Extension of the Space conv.Rn / for n D 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Approximation of the Integral Funnel of a Linear Differential Inclusion with the Help of Systems of Differential Equations with -Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66 . 66 . 72 . 88 . 119

124 . . 124

. . 130 . . 151 . . 155

. . 159

Method of Averaging in Systems with Pulse Action 169 5.1 Oscillating System with One Degree of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . 169 5.2 Systems with Fixed Times of the Pulse Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 5.3 Systems with Nonfixed Times of the Pulse Action . . . . . . . . . . . 204

xiv 6

Contents

Averaging of Differential Inclusions 6.1 Averaging of Inclusions with Pulses at Fixed Times . . . . . . 6.2 Krasnosel’skii–Krein Theorem for Differential Inclusions . . . 6.3 Averaging of Inclusions with Pulses at Nonfixed Times . . . . 6.4 Averaging of Impulsive Differential Equations with Hukuhara Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

220 . . . . 220 . . . . 229 . . . . 241 . . . . 250

7 Differential Equations with Discontinuous Right-Hand Side 257 7.1 Motions and Quasimotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 7.2 Impulsive Motions and Quasimotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 7.3 Euler Quasibroken Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 A Some Elements of Set-Valued Analysis

276

B Differential Inclusions

283

References

295

Index

305

Chapter 1

Impulsive Differential Equations

1.1

General Characterization of Systems of Impulsive Differential Equations

Description of a Mathematical Model. Let M be the phase space of a certain evolution process, i.e., the set of all possible states of this process. By x.t / we denote a point that represents the state of this process at time t. We assume that the process is finite-dimensional, i.e., the description of its state at a fixed time requires a finite number, say n, of parameters. Under this assumption, the point x.t / for a fixed t can be interpreted as an n-dimensional vector of the Euclidean space Rn , and M can be regarded as a set from Rn . The topological product M R of the phase space M and the real axis R is called the extended phase space of the evolution process under consideration. Assume that the law of evolution of the process is described by (a) a system of differential equations dx D f .t; x/; dt

x 2 M; t 2 R;

(1.1)

(b) a certain set t given in the extended phase space, and (c) an operator A t given on the set t and mapping it onto the set t0 D A t t of the extended phase space. The process itself runs as follows: a representative point P t D .t; x.t // leaves a point .t0 ; x0 / and moves along the curve ¹t; x.t /º determined by the solution x.t / D x.t; t0 ; x0 / of the system of equations (1.1). The motion along this curve lasts up to a time t D t1 > t0 at which the point .t; x.t // meets the set t (hits a point of the set t /. At time t D t1 , the point P t is “instantaneously” transferred by the operator A t from the location P t1 D .t1 ; x.t1 // to the location P tC D A t1 P t1 D .t1 ; x C .t1 // 2 t01 1 and then moves along the curve ¹t; x.t /º described by the solution x.t / D x.t; t1 ; x C .t1 // of the system of equations (1.1). The motion along the indicated curve lasts up to a time t2 > t1 at which the point P t meets the set t again. At this time, the point P t jumps “instantaneously” from the location P t2 D .t2 ; x.t2 // to the location P tC D A t2 P t2 D .t2 ; x C .t2 // under the action of the operator A t and moves further 2 along the curve ¹t; x.t /º described by the solution x.t / D x.t; t2 ; x C .t2 // of the system of equations (1.1) up to a new contact with the set t , and so on.

2

Chapter 1 Impulsive Differential Equations

In what follows, the collection of relations (a)–(c) characterizing the evolution of a process is called a system of differential equations with pulse action. The trajectory ¹t; x.t /º of a point P t in the extended phase space is called an integral curve, and the function x D x.t / that defines this curve is called a solution of this system. A system of differential equations with pulse action, i.e., the collection of relations (a)–(c), can be rewritten in a more compact form: dx D f .t; x/; .t; x/ … t ; dt xj.t;x/2 t D A t x x:

(1.2)

Thus, a solution x D '.t / of the system of equations (1.2) is a function that satisfies Eq. (1.1) outside the set t and has discontinuities of the first kind at the points of t with jumps x D '.t C 0/ '.t 0/ D A t '.t 0/ '.t 0/:

(1.3)

A priori, solutions of Eqs. (1.2) may be of one of the following types: (i) solutions not subjected to instantaneous changes; in this case, the integral curve of the system of equations (1.1) does not intersect the set t or intersects it at fixed points of the operator A t ; (ii) solutions subjected to finitely many instantaneous changes; in this case, the integral curve intersects the set t at finitely many points that are not fixed points of the operator A t ; (iii) solutions subjected to countably many instantaneous changes; in this case, the integral curve intersects the set t at countably many points that are not fixed points of the operator A t . Among the solutions whose integral curves pass through countably many points of t , we separate solutions that are absorbed by the set t (they remain in t beginning with a certain time t1 > t0 ) or have an accumulation point. The motion along a trajectory absorbed by the set t consists, beginning with a certain time t1 > t0 , of successive transitions of the representative point P t from the location .t1 ; x1 / to the location .t1 ; A t1 x1 /, then from the latter to .t1 ; A2t1 x1 /, then to .t1 ; A3t1 x1 /, and so on. The motion along a trajectory having an accumulation point in t is a motion that meets and leaves the set t countably many times as time approaches a certain moment t1 > t0 . Therefore, this motion cannot be extended to the time moment t D t1 . The consideration of systems with pulse action meets the same problems as those for ordinary differential equations. However, some specific problems also arise. The character of these problems depends to a significant extent on properties of the operator A t . For example, if A t is not assumed to be one-to-one, then we encounter

Section 1.1 General Characterization of Systems of Impulsive Differential Equations

3

problems related to the study of motions for which the representative point can “instantaneously” split into several points at the times of contact with the set t . If the operator A t is not assumed to be bijective, then we can consider problems related to motions for which independently moving points merge “instantaneously” into a single one at the time of contact with t . Similar specific problems arise if we assume that the set A t ‡ t is empty for some ‡ t t . This assumption allows one to consider “mortal” systems: a representative point P t that hits ‡ t is transferred by the operator A t to the empty set, i.e., it “dies” according to Vogel [150], and ‡ t serves as the set of “death” of trajectories. For systems of this type, it is natural to pose the problems of the mean lifetime of a moving point, the probability of its “death” in time t0 t T , etc. Unfortunately, the wide variety of systems of differential equations that describe the evolution of a process between two successive times when a representative point hits the set t and the variety of sets t and mappings A t W t ! t0 do not allow one to give a deep classification of systems of differential equations with pulse action according to their specific properties. Depending on the character of pulse action, three essentially different classes (types) of systems of equations under study can be distinguished: (i) systems subjected to pulse action at fixed times; (ii) systems subjected to pulse action at the times when a representative point P t hits given surfaces t D i .x/ of the extended phase space; (iii) discontinuous dynamical systems. Prior to giving a brief description of these classes of systems, we present several examples that illustrate the variety of motions and trajectories in a system with pulse action and their essential dependence on the operator A t and the set t . Example 1. Assume that the phase space of a process is a straight line, the set t is given by the relation t D ¹.t; x/ 2 R2 W x D arctan.tan t /º; the operator A t is defined by the equality A t .t; x/ D .t; x 2 sign x/; and the system of differential Eqs. (1.1) has the form dx D 0: dt In other words, we consider the following system of differential equations with pulse action: dx D 0; .t; x/ … t ; (1.4) dt xj.t;x/2t D x 2 sign x x:

4


We now study the integral curves and possible motions described by this system. In this system, every motion that starts at t D 0 from a point x0 , jx0 j 2 , corresponds to the state of rest because the integral curve of this motion (the straight line x D x0 ) does not hit the set t for any t 0. The trajectory of each motion of this sort is the point x0 (Figure 1). The motion that starts at t D 0 from a point x0 , 1 < jx0 j < 2 , is subjected to finitely many pulse actions. The integral curve of this motion hits the set t finitely many times. For each motion of this sort, one can indicate the time t1 D t1 .x0 / beginning with which the integral curve stays in the set jxj 2 , and, hence, this motion is not subjected to pulse action for t > t1 .x0 /. The trajectory of each motion of this type is a finite number of points. p For example, the trajectorypof the motion that starts at t D 0 from the point x D 2 consists of two points x D 2 and xpD 2, whereas the trajectory p of the motion p p that starts at t D 0 from the point 8 8 4 x D 2 consists of four points: ¹ 2; 2; 2; 2º. The motion that starts at t D 0 from a point x0 2 .0; 1/ is subjected to countably many pulse actions. The integral curve of this motion intersects the set t countably many times. In this case, one has x.t; x0 / ! 0 as t ! 1. The trajectory of this motion consists of countably many points from the interval .0; 1/. For example, the trajectory of the motion that starts at t D 0 from the point x D 12 is the set of points x D 21n , n D 0; 1; 2; : : : . The integral curves that pass through the points x D 0 and x D ˙1 also intersect the set t countably many times, but the motions corresponding to them are not subjected to pulse action and correspond to the state of rest. This is explained by the fact that the integral curves of these motions intersect the set t at fixed points of the operator A t .

Figure 1. Integral curves (1.4) under different initial conditions.

The motions that start at t D 0 from points of the interval .1; 0/ are subjected to countably many pulse actions on the segment . 3 4 ; /. The sequence of times at which the motion is subjected to pulse action has the limit point t D . Hence, the solution that corresponds to this motion cannot be extended to the interval t .


5

The example of these motions illustrates the phenomenon of beating of solutions of impulsive systems against the set t : on a small time interval, the integral curve hits the set t infinitely (countably) many times. In addition to the variety of types of motions and integral curves, this example also shows that, in systems with pulse action, two integral curves can merge into a single one atpa certain time. For example, the integral curves of motions that leave pthe points x D 2 and x D 2 at t D 0 merge into a single curve x D 2 at time t D 2. Example 2. In the theory of optimal control, the following model problems are extensively studied: Find a control u.t / 2 U that minimizes the functional Z I.u/ D

T

x 2 dt

(1.5)

0

on trajectories of the system x .k/ D u;

x.0/ D x 0 ;

x 0 .0/ D x10 ;

::: ;

0 x .k1/ .0/ D xk1 :

(1.6)

For k D 1 and U D Œ1; 1, this example was first studied by L. I. Rozenoer in [130] for the illustration of the possibility of appearance of particular controls in the sense of the Pontryagin maximum principle. The optimal solution of the system has the form ´ x 0 t sign x 0 ; 0 t jx 0 j; x .t / D (1.7) 0; jx 0 j t T; ´ sign x 0 ; 0 t jx 0 j; u .t / D 0; jx 0 j t T: If U D ¹1; 1º, then a solution does not exist in the class of absolutely continuous functions for T > jx 0 j, and the so-called sliding mode begins at t > jx 0 j. The equation of motion along the optimal trajectory can be written in the form of an impulsive differential inclusion: xP D u; xjxD0 D 0; x.0/ D x 0 ;

uP D 0;

x ¤ 0;

ujxD0 D sign x 0 ;

(1.8)

u.0/ D sign x 0 :

The solution of the impulsive differential Eq. (1.8) obviously coincides with (1.7); it is subjected to a single pulse action and then remains on the surface x D 0. Problem (1.5), (1.6) corresponds to the motion of an object without regard for its inertia.

6


For k D 2 and U D Œ1; 1, this example was studied in detail in [53,54,79]. In this case, the surface of control switching has the form x D xP 2 sign x, P and the control has countably many switching points accumulated near the point 0 . For t > 0 , the control satisfies the relation u.t / 0 (special mode). Note that if the problem is posed so that x.0/ D x 0 and x.T / D x 1 , then the second point of accumulation of switching points can appear for some 1 2 .0 ; T / (Figure 2) [1].

Figure 2. Integral curve (1.6) in the presence of the sliding mode.

This behavior of systems of optimal control is typical of a certain class of problems that take the inertia of an object into account. The equation of motion along the optimal trajectory can be written in the form of an impulsive differential equation: xR D u; uP D 0;

x.0/ D x 0 ;

x.0/ P D xP 0 ;

u.0/ D sign x 0 ;

x D 0;

xP D 0;

x ¤ xP 2 sign x; P .x; x/ P ¤ 0; ´ P 2u; x D xP 2 sign x; u D u; x D xP D 0:

(1.9)

It is obvious that, for T > 0 , the solution of the impulsive differential Eq. (1.9) has the point of accumulation of switching points, and then the trajectory is located on the switching surface. If the problem is posed so that the final point x.T / D x 1 is also given, then there may exist the second point of accumulation of switching points t D 1 < T . Systems Subjected to Pulse Action at Fixed Times. If a real process described by the system of equations (1.1) is subjected to pulse action at fixed times, then the mathematical model of this process is given by the following system of differential equations with pulse action: dx D f .t; x/; dt xj tDi D Ii .x/:

t ¤ i ;

(1.10)


7

In this system, the set t is a sequence of hyperplanes t D i of the extended phase space, where ¹i º is a given (finite or infinite) sequence of times. In this case, it is sufficient to define the operator A t only for t D i . In other words, it is sufficient to consider only its restriction to the hyperplanes t D i , A ti W M ! M . The most convenient is to consider the sequence of operators Ai W M ! M defined as follows: Ai W x ! Ai x D x C Ii .x/:

(1.11)

Definition 1. The solution of Eqs. (1.10) is defined as a piecewise-continuous function '.t / with discontinuities of the first kind at the points t D i for which the following conditions are satisfied: (1) ' 0 .t / D f .t; '.t // for all t ¤ i ; (2) for t D i , the following jump condition is satisfied: 'j tDi D '.i C 0/ '.i 0/ D Ii .'.i 0//:

(1.12)

In what follows, the value of the function '.t / at a point t 0 is understood as lim t"t 0 '.t /, i.e., if i is a point of discontinuity of '.t /, then we assume that '.t / is left-continuous and (1.13) '.i / D '.i 0/ D lim '.t /: t "i

Following [94], we present several general theorems on properties of solutions of the systems of Eqs. (1.10). We assume that the function f .t; x/ is defined in the entire space .t; x/ 2 RnC1 (the case where it is defined in a certain domain of this space can be considered by analogy). We also assume that the solutions of the system of equations (1.1) possess the following properties: (i) extendability: every solution x.t / is a continuous function defined on an interval .a; b/, 1 a < b 1, which is individual for every solution; in this case, if a > 1 .b < 1/, then kx.a C 0/k D 1 (kx.b 0/k D 1, respectively); (ii) local character: if a function x.t /, a < t < b, satisfies condition (i) and, for any t0 2 .a; b/, there exists " > 0 such that the function x.t / coincides with a certain solution on each of the intervals .t0 "; t0 / and .t0 ; t0 C "/, then x.t / is also a solution; (iii) solvability of the Cauchy problem: for any t0 and x0 , there exists at least one solution x.t /, a < t < b, for which a < t0 < b and x.t0 / D x0 . These conditions are satisfied, in particular, for system (1.1) whose right-hand side is continuous or satisfies the Carathéodory conditions. Generally speaking, the operators Ai are not assumed to be one-to-one, i.e., for any x 2 Rn , i 2 K, Ai x is a certain (possibly empty) subset of Rn . The definition of impulsive system and the assumptions concerning solutions of system (1.1) yield the following statement:

8


Theorem 1 ([142]). If the solutions of the system of equations (1.1) satisfy conditions (i)–(iii), then, for any t0 2 R and x0 2 Rn , there exists at least one solution x.t /, a < t < b, of the impulsive system (1.10) for which a < t0 b and either x.t0 / D x0 .a 1, b 1/ (for t0 < b) or x.t0 0/ D x0 (for t0 D b). In this case, the following assertions are true: (a) if a > 1, then either kx.a C 0/k D 1 or a D i , x.a C 0/ exists (as a finite limit), and x.a C 0/ … Ai Rn ; (b) if b < 1, then either kx.b 0/k D 1 or b D j , x.b 0/ exists, and Aj x.b 0/ D ¿. A solution x.t / of this type cannot be extended. For any M Rn , we denote by g.t; t0 /M the set of values of x.t / for all solutions of system (1.1) for which x.t0 / 2 M . Then an analogous set for solutions of system (1.10) takes the form G.t; t0 /M , where the mapping G is defined by the following relation for t > t0 : G.t; t0 /M D g.t; i /Ai g.i ; i1 /Ai1 Aj g.j ; t0 /M

(1.14)

.i < t < iC1 ; i D j 1; j; : : : ; j D min¹i W i t0 º/: Furthermore, if there are only finitely many times i for t > t0 and m D max¹i º, then relation (1.14) with i D m holds for m < t < 1 (in what follows, we do not make a special mention of this fact). For the construction of a solution of system (1.10) in the case where t decreases, i.e., for t < t0 , an analogous formula is valid, in which Ai should be replaced by the naturally introduced mappings A1 i . The introduction of the operator G.t; t0 / of shift along the trajectories of a system with pushes allows one to reformulate, in an obvious manner, the conditions of boundedness, stability, etc., of solutions of this system in terms of properties of this operator. As a remark on Theorem 1, we note that if one additionally assumes that Ai x ¤ ¿, then kx.b 0/k D 1 for b < 1. If one assumes instead that Ai Rn D Rn .i 2 K/, then kx.a C 0/k D 1 for a > 1. The case where Ai x D ¿ corresponds, according to Vogel, to the “death” of a trajectory that hits the point x at time i . Thus, the set ¹xW Aj x D ¿º serves as the “set of death” of trajectories at time j . For example, a solution x D '.t /, '.0/ D 0, of the impulsive equation dx D 1; dt

t ¤ i ;

xj tDi D ln.1 x/;

(1.15)

where i D i , i D 1; 2; : : : , cannot be extended to the interval Œ0; 2, and the time t D 2 is the time of death of this solution. Indeed, for 0 t < 2, this solution is determined by the equality x D '.t / D t (for t D 1 D 1, one has '.1 / D 1, and, therefore, this solution does not have a discontinuity at t D 1 because ln.2 '.1// D 0). For t D 2 D 2, one has '.2/ D 2, and the function ln.2 x/ is not defined at the point x D '.2/. Thus, this solution dies at time t D 2 .


9

Theorem 2 ([142]). For the uniqueness of a solution of the Cauchy problem for the impulsive system (1.10) with arbitrary initial data in the case where t increases, it is necessary and sufficient that system (1.1) possess this property for any t0 ¤ i and that, for any t0 D i and x0 2 Ai Rn , each of the sets Ai x contain at most one element. For the uniqueness of a solution of the Cauchy problem for system (1.10) in the case where t decreases, it is necessary and sufficient that system (1.1) possess this property for any t0 and that each of the sets A1 i x contain at most one point. Thus, even if a solution of the Cauchy problem for system (1.1) is unique, solutions of an impulsive system can split or merge in the course of their extension under the action of the operators Ai . For the unbounded extendability of all solutions of system (1.10) forward (back) in time, it is necessary and sufficient that the solutions of system (1.1) possess this property and Ai x ¤ ¿ (respectively, Ai Rn D Rn ) for all i 2 K. One should not think that if a solution of the Cauchy problem for the system of equations (1.1) cannot be extended, say, to the interval Œt0 ; t0 C h, h > 0, then a solution of the corresponding Cauchy problem for the system of equations (1.10) cannot also be extended to this interval. For example, a solution x D '.t /, '.0/ D 0, of the equation dx D 1 C x2 dt cannot be extended to the interval Œ0; =2 (this solution goes to infinity in finite time: '.t / D tan t ! 1 as t " =2). However, considering a solution x D '.t /, '.0/ D 0, of the impulsive equation dx D 1 C x2; dt

t ¤ i ;

xj t Di D 1;

i D

i ; 4

we conclude that this solution is extendable for all t 0. It is easy to prove that this solution is periodic with period =4 for t 0. For t 2 .0; =4, this function is determined by the equality '.t / D tan t, i.e., i '.t / D tan t for t 2 .i ; iC1 : 4 We assume that the solutions of system (1.1) also possess the following property: (iv) local compactness: for any t0 and x0 , there exists " > 0 such that if jt 0 t0 j < " and kx 0 x0 k ", then any solution x.t / for which x.t 0 / D x 0 exists on the interval Œt0 "; t0 C ", and the set of these solutions for fixed t0 , x0 , and " is compact (in itself) in the metric of C Œt0 "; t0 C ". We also assume that the mappings Ai are upper semicontinuous. Theorem 3 ([142]). Suppose that, under the assumptions introduced above, for given t0 and x.t0 / and a nonempty compact set K Rn all solutions of system (1.1) for

10


which x.t0 / 2 K exist on a certain interval t0 t T , T < 1. Then, for some " > 0, any solution x.t / satisfying the condition .x.t 0 /; K/ ", jt 0 t0 j ", exists on the entire interval t0 " t T , and the set of these solutions for fixed t0 , K, T , and " is compact in the metric of uniform deviations for discontinuous functions. If t0 D i , then the assertion presented above is valid under the additional condition t 0 t0 . Note that if T D i , then we can take the segment Œt0 "; T C" instead of Œt0 "; T . To extend Theorem 3 to the segment T1 t t0 , T1 < t0 , one should assume that the mappings A1 are upper semicontinuous and take the segment ŒT1 "; t0 C ", i t0 ¤ i , or ŒT1 "; t0 , t0 D i , instead of Œt0 "; T . Corollary 1. Under the additional assumption that a solution of the Cauchy problem for system (1.1) is unique and the mappings Ai are bijective, the solution x.t; t0 ; x0 / of the impulsive system (1.10) depends continuously on t0 ¤ i and x0 on every closed interval of the axis t on which it is defined; for t0 D i , this dependence is left continuous. Corollary 2. Under the conditions of Theorem 3, the set G.t; t0 /K, t0 t T , is compact for every t and depends continuously on t ¤ i ; furthermore, for t D i , this dependence is left continuous and G.i C 0; t0 /K D Ai G.i ; t0 /K: The dependence of G.t; t0 /K on K is upper semicontinuous uniformly in t. If system (1.1) possesses the Knezer property of connectedness of a section of an integral funnel, all sets Ai x are connected, and K is connected, then the set G.t; t0 /K is connected for every t 2 Œt0 ; T . We now present sufficient conditions that must be satisfied by the system of Eqs. (1.10) in order that its solutions depend continuously on the initial data and righthand sides. For what follows, we need the lemmas presented below. Lemma 1 ([142]). Suppose that a nonnegative piecewise-continuous function u.t / satisfies the following inequality for t t0 : Z t X v.s/u.s/ds C ˇi u.i /; u.t / C C t0

t0 i i are “created” at time i , namely, the solutions x.t; y/, x.i C 0; y/ D y, for which the initial point is such that the algebraic system of equations .E C Bi /x D y is unsolvable. In what follows, we restrict ourselves to the investigation of systems (1.44) for which the following conditions are satisfied: (1) any compact interval Œa; b I contains finitely many points i ; (2) for all i such that i 2 I , the matrices E C Bi are not degenerate. Under these assumptions, the following statement is true: Theorem 7 ([142]). The set of all solutions ‡ of the linear homogeneous system of differential equations with pulse action (1.44) on the interval Œa; b forms an ndimensional vector space. Definition 2. A basis of the linear space of solutions ‡ is called a fundamental system of solutions of system (1.44).

26


Theorem 7 yields the following important corollaries: (1) the system of equations (1.44) has a fundamental system of n solutions '1 .t /; '2 .t /; : : : ; 'n .t /; (2) any solution of the system of equations (1.44) is a linear combination of solutions of the fundamental system; (3) any n C 1 solutions of Eqs. (1.44) are linearly dependent. Let X.t / denote a matrix whose columns are solutions of system (1.44) that form a fundamental system of solutions. The matrix X.t / is called a fundamental matrix of system (1.44). It is obvious that, for any constant vector c, the function x.t / D X.t /c

(1.46)

is a solution of system (1.44). If c passes through the entire space Rn , then the family of functions (1.46) forms a space. It follows from the definition of the matrix X.t / that it satisfies the following matrix equation with pulse action: dX D A.t /X; dt

t ¤ i ;

Xj t Di D Bi X:

(1.47)

It is also obvious that any nondegenerate solution of the matrix system (1.47) is a fundamental matrix of the system of equations (1.44). All nondegenerate solutions of system (1.47) are given by the formula X.t / D X0 .t /C , where X0 .t / is a nondegenerate solution of system (1.47) and C is an arbitrary nondegenerate matrix. The nondegenerate solution X.t / of system (1.47) that satisfies the condition X.t0 / D E is called the matrizant of system (1.44) and is denoted by X.t; t0 /. Let U.t; s/ be a solution of the Cauchy matrix problem dU D A.t /U; dt

U.t; s/ D E;

(1.48)

i.e., the matrizant of system (1.45). Then any solution X.t / of the matrix system (1.47) admits the representation X.t / D U.t; j Ck /.E C Bj Ck /U.j Ck ; j Ck1 / .E C Bj /U.j ; t0 /X.t0 /; j 1 < t0 j < j Ck < t j CkC1 :

(1.49)

In particular, for the matrizant X.t; t0 /, we have X.t; t0 / D U.t; j Ck /.E C Bj Ck /U.j Ck ; j Ck1 / .E C Bj /U.j ; t0 /; j 1 < t0 j < j Ck < t j CkC1 ;

27

Section 1.2 Linear Systems

or X.t; t0 / D U.t; j Ck /.E C Bj Ck /

1 Y

U.j C ; j C1 /.E C Bj C1 /U.j ; t0 /:

(1.50)

Dk

By virtue of the Liouville–Ostrogradskii formula, relation (1.49) yields 1 Y

det X.t / D det U.t; j Ck / det.E C Bj Ck /

det U.j C ; j C1 /

Dk

det.E C Bj C1 / det U.j ; t0 / det X.t0 / De

Rt

j Ck

1 Y Dk R j

e

t0

Sp A.s/ds

e

R j C

j C1

Sp A.s/ds

det.E C Bj Ck / Sp A.s/ds

det.E C Bj C1 /

det X.t0 /;

i.e., det X.t / D det X.t0 /e

Rt t0

Sp A.s/ds

kC1 Y

det.E C Bj C1 /;

(1.51)

D1

j 1 < t0 j < j Ck < t j CkC1 : The condition of nondegeneracy of the matrices E C Bi and relation (1.51) imply that the matrix X.t / is nondegenerate if the matrix X.t0 / is nondegenerate. If the matrix X.t / is nondegenerate, then the inverse matrix X 1 .t / is determined by the relation X 1 .t / D X 1 .t0 /U 1 .j ; t0 /.E C Bj /1 U 1 .j Ck ; j Ck1 /.E C Bj Ck /1 U 1 .t; j Ck / D X 1 .t0 /U 1 .j ; t0 /

k Y

.E C Bj C1 /1 U 1 .j C ; j C1 /

D1 1

.E C Bj Ck /

U

1

.t; j Ck /;

j 1 < t0 j < j Ck < t j CkC1 ;

28


and X.t /X 1 .s/ D U.t; j Ck /

mC1 Y

.E CBj C /U.j C ; j C1 /.E CBj Cm /U.j Cm ; s/;

Dk

j Cm1 < s j Cm < j Ck < t j CkC1 : In particular, for the matrizant X.t; t0 /, we have X

1

.t; t0 / D U

1

.j ; t0 /

k Y

.E C Bj C1 /1 U 1 .j C ; j C1 /

D1

.E C Bj Ck /1 U 1 .t; j Ck /; X.t; t0 /X 1 .s; t0 / D U.t; j Ck /

mC1 Y

.E C Bj C /U.j C ; j C1 /

Dk

.E C Bj Cm /U.j Cm ; s/ D X.t; s/;

(1.52)

j 1 < t0 j j Cm1 < s j Cm < j Ck < t j CkC1 : If i < s t i C1 , then X.t; t0 /X 1 .s; t0 / D U.t; s/. Also note that any solution of system (1.44) x.t; x0 /, x.t0 ; x0 / D x0 , can be written with the help of the matrizant X.t; t0 / in the form x.t; x0 / D X.t; t0 /x0 :

(1.53)

The system of equations dx D A.t /x C f .t /; dt

t ¤ i ;

xj t Di D Bi x C ai ;

(1.54)

where the matrices A.t / and Bi and times i are the same as in system (1.44), f .t / is a function continuous (piecewise continuous) on the interval I , and ai are constant vectors, is called a linear inhomogeneous system of differential equations with pulse action. The relationship between solutions of the inhomogeneous system (1.54) and the corresponding homogeneous system (1.44) is described by the following theorem: Theorem 8 ([142]). If x D '.t / is a solution of system (1.44) and x D .t / is a solution of system (1.54), then the function x D '.t / C .t / is a solution of system (1.54). Conversely, if x D '1 .t / and x D '2 .t / are solutions of the inhomogeneous system (1.54), then the function x D '1 .t / '2 .t / is a solution of the system of equations (1.44). In what follows, we use a linear change of dependent variables in systems (1.44) and (1.54).

29

Section 1.2 Linear Systems

Theorem 9 ([142]). Let S.t / be a nondegenerate matrix continuously differentiable for t 2 Œa; b n ¹i º. Then the linear change x D S.t /y

(1.55)

reduces system (1.54) to the form dy dS D S 1 .t / A.t /S.t / y C S 1 .t /f .t /; dt dt

t ¤ i ;

yj tDi D S 1 .i C 0/.S C Bi S /yj t Di C S 1 .i C 0/ai :

(1.56)

In particular, if S.t / is a fundamental matrix X.t / of the system of equations (1.44), then the change of variables (1.55) is called a “variation of constants” because it is realized by the replacement of the constant vector c in (1.46) by a variable vector y.t /. Then system (1.54) reduces to the system dy D X 1 .t /f .t /; dt

t ¤ i ;

yj tDi D X 1 .i C 0/ai ;

(1.57)

which can easily be integrated. With regard for the relation X.i C 0/ D .E C Bi /X.i /, the condition of jump in Eqs. (1.57) can be written in the form y D X 1 .i /.E C Bi /1 ai : For t t0 , Eqs. (1.57) yield Z t X y.t / D c C X 1 .s/f .s/ds C X 1 .i /.E C Bi /1 ai ; t0

(1.58)

(1.59)

t0 i 0 such that, for any s1 , s2 2 I W js2 s1 j < ı, one has j'.s2 / '.s1 /j
0, one can find ı."/ > 0 such that the following conditions are satisfied: (1) all R-solutions X.t / of inclusion (3.1), (3.2) that satisfy the condition h.X.t0 /; R.t0 // < ı

(3.12)

are defined for all t t0 ; (2) for all solutions satisfying inequality (3.12), the following relation is true: h.X.t /; R.t // < ": Definition 4. An R-solution R.t / .t0 t < C1/ of the impulsive differential inclusion (3.1), (3.2) is called asymptotically stable if the following conditions are satisfied:

Section 3.2 Stability of Solutions of Linear Impulsive Differential Inclusions

73

(1) it is stable in the sense of Lyapunov; (2) it satisfies the following condition: lim h.X.t /; R.t // D 0:

t!1

Definition 5. A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the impulsive differential inclusion (3.1), (3.2) is called stable if, for every " > 0, there exists ı."/ > 0 such that, for every xQ 0 such that kxQ 0 .t0 /k < ı, every solution x.t Q / with the initial condition x.t Q 0 / D xQ 0 exists and satisfies the following inequality for t0 t < C1: kx.t Q /

.t /k < ":

Definition 6. A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the impulsive differential inclusion (3.1), (3.2) is called weakly stable if, for every " > 0, there exists ı."/ > 0 such that, Q / with the initial condition for every xQ 0 such that kxQ 0 .t0 /k < , some solution x.t x.t Q 0 / D xQ 0 exists and satisfies the following inequality for t0 t < C1: kx.t Q /

.t /k < ":

Definition 7. A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the impulsive differential inclusion (3.1), (3.2) is called asymptotically stable if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) it is stable; (2) it satisfies the following condition: lim kx.t Q /

t!1

.t /k D 0:

Definition 8. A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the impulsive differential inclusion (3.1), (3.2) is called weakly asymptotically stable if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) it is weakly stable; (2) it satisfies the following condition: lim kx.t Q /

t!1

.t /k D 0:

We now study the problem of stability of solutions of linear homogeneous impulsive inclusions of the form xP 2 A.t /x;

t ¤ i ;

xj tDi 2 Bi x;

(3.13)

where A.t / is a compact set of n n matrices measurable on Œt0 ; C1/, Bi are compact sets of n n matrices, and the times of pulse action i ! C1 as i ! 1.

74

Chapter 3 Linear Impulsive Differential Inclusions

Theorem 2 ([117]). For the linear homogeneous impulsive differential inclusion (3.13), the following assertions are true: (a) for the asymptotic stability of a solution x.t; x0 /, it is necessary and sufficient that the matrizants ÂBi .t; t0 / satisfy the condition lim ÂBi .t; t0 / D 0

t !1

(3.14)

uniformly in all A.t / 2 A.t / and Bi 2 Bi , i D 1; 2; : : : ; (b) for the stability of the trivial solution, it is necessary and sufficient that the matrizants ÂBi .t; t0 / be uniformly bounded for t t0 (i.e., there should exist a constant M > 0 such that kÂBi .t; t0 /k M for t t0 and all A.t / 2 A.t / and Bi 2 Bi , i D 1; 2; : : :/; (c) for the weak stability of a nontrivial solution x.t; x0 /, it is sufficient that this solution be bounded for t t0 ; (d) for the weak stability of the trivial solution, it is sufficient that there exist at least one matrizant ÂBi .t; t0 / bounded for t t0 ; (e) for the weak asymptotic stability of a nontrivial solution x.t; x0 /, it is sufficient that lim x.t; x0 / D 0I t!1

(f) for the weak asymptotic stability of the trivial solution, it is sufficient that there exist at least one matrizant ÂBi .t; t0 / ! 0 as t ! 1. Proof. (a) If condition (3.14) is satisfied, then lim kx.t; x0 / x.t; y0 /k

t!1

D lim kÂ1 B 1 .t; t0 /x0 Â2 B 2 .t; t0 /y0 k D 0; t !1

i

i

(3.15)

i.e., the solution is asymptotically stable. If condition (3.15) is satisfied for any y0 , then relation (3.14) is true. (c) Assume that a nontrivial solution x.t; x0 / is bounded for t t0 by a constant M0 and corresponds to the matrices A1 .t / 2 A.t / and Bi1 2 Bi . Choosing the matrices A.t / D A1 .t / and Bi D Bi1 for the solution that starts at the point y0 D ˛ x0 , j˛ 1j < ı, we obtain kx.t; x0 / x.t; y0 /k D kÂ1 B 1 .t; t0 /x0 Â1 B 1 .t; t0 /˛x0 k < ıM0 D " i

i

for all t t0 whenever ı D M"0 . This means that the solution x.t; x0 / is weakly stable. Moreover, it can be unstable.


75

Indeed, the difference of solutions corresponding to different A.t / and Bi may not be small even for y0 D x0 : kx 1 .t; x0 / x 2 .t; x0 /k D kÂ1 B 1 .t; t0 /x0 Â2 B 2 .t; t0 /x0 k i

i

D k.Â1 B 1 .t; t0 / Â2 B 2 .t; t0 //x0 k: i

i

For example, if we consider the differential inclusion with zero pulses xP 2 Œ1; 0x;

x.0/ D x0 ¤ 0

and take A1 .t / 0 and A2 .t / 1, then we obtain Â1 ;0 .t; 0/ 1;

Â2 ;0 .t; 0/ D e t :

Then kx 1 .t; x0 / x 2 .t; x0 /k D kx0 k.1 e t / is an increasing function tending to kx0 k as t ! 1. (e) Let lim x.t; x0 / D lim ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 D 0: t!1

t!1

Consider the solutions x.t; y0 / D ÂBi .t; t0 /y0 ;

where y0 D ıx0 :

Then lim Œx.t; x0 / x.t; y0 / D lim ŒÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ÂBi .t; t0 /ıx0 D 0;

t!1

t!1

i.e., the solution x.t; x0 / is weakly asymptotically stable. Assertions (b), (d), and (f) are proved by analogy. Theorem 3 ([117]). For the linear homogeneous impulsive differential inclusion (3.13), the following assertions are true: (a) for the stability of an R-solution X.t; x0 /, it is necessary and sufficient that the matrizants ÂBi .t; t0 / be uniformly bounded for t t0 ; (b) for the asymptotic stability of an R-solution, it is necessary and sufficient that the matrizants ÂBi .t; t0 / uniformly satisfy condition (3.14); (c) for the instability of an R-solution, it is necessary and sufficient that the matrizants ÂBi .t; t0 / be not uniformly bounded for t t0 .

76


Proof. (a) We prove the sufficiency. Let X.t; x0 / be an R-solution of inclusion (3.13) and let there exist a constant M0 > 0 such that kÂ;Bi .t; t0 /k M0 for t t0 and all A.t / 2 A.t / and Bi 2 Bi . Then h.X.t; x0 /; X.t; y0 // [ Dh ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

D

[

ÂBi .t; t0 /y0

A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

sup ¹d1 .t /; d2 .t /º;

A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

where

d1 .t / D ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ;

[

ÂBi .t; t0 /y0

A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

kÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ÂBi .t; t0 /y0 k M0 kx0 y0 k; [ d2 .t / D ÂBi .t; t0 /y0 ; ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

kÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ÂBi .t; t0 /y0 k M0 kx0 y0 k: Thus, h.X.t; x0 /; X.t; y0 // M0 kx0 y0 k < " for kx0 y0 k < ı, ı D M"0 , and t t0 . Hence, the R-solution X.t; x0 / is stable. Let us prove the necessity. Assume that the R-solution X.t; x0 / is stable, i.e., for any " > 0, there exists ı > 0 such that, for kx0 y0 k < ı, one has h.X.t; x0 /; X.t; y0 // [ Dh ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

[

ÂBi .t; t0 /y0

< ":

A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

We fix " > 0, select the corresponding ı > 0, and take y0 D ˛x0 , where j1 ˛jkx0 k < ı. Then [ [ h ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; ÂBi .t; t0 /y0 A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

Dh

[ A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; ˛

[ A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

ÂBi .t; t0 /x0

77


ˇ ˇ D max ˇˇc 2S1 .0/

[

ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ;

A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

ˇ ˇ D j1 ˛j max ˇˇc 2S .0/ 1

D j1 ˛j h

ˇ ˇ ˇ ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; ˇ

[

˛ c

A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

ˇ ˇ ˇ ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; ˇ

[ A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; ¹0º < ":

[ A.t/2A.t / Bi 2Bi

Hence,

[

h

ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 ; ¹0º
0, there exists ı D ı."/ > 0 such that, for all y0 such that kx0 y0 k < ı, one has h.X.t; x0 /; X.t; y0 // < ". We now estimate h.X.t; x0 /; X.t; y0 // D

sup A.t/2A.t/;Bi 2Bi

¹d1 .t /; d2 .t /º;

where Z t ÂBi .t; /f . / d d1 .t / D ÂBi .t; t0 /x0 C X

C

t0 i 0 so that kJ."/k D ƒ2 C ."/ < 1. The space conv.Rn / is complete [23,28]. The existence of a T -periodic R-solution of Eq. (3.37), i.e., the existence of an initial set Z0 ."/ that satisfies Eq. (3.42), is related to the existence of a fixed point of the mapping .Z/ D J."/Z C D."/:

(3.43)

Using the properties of the Hausdorff distance and support function, we obtain h..Z1 /; .Z2 // D h.J."/Z1 C D."/; J."/Z2 C D."// D h.J."/Z1 ; J."/Z2 / D sup jc.J."/Z1 ; / c.J."/Z2 ; /j 2S

T

D jc.Z1 ; J ."/

/c.Z2 ; J T ."/

/j kJ T ."/

k h.Z1 ; Z2 /

kJ."/k h.Z1 ; Z2 / < h.Z1 ; Z2 /; i.e., the mapping .Z/ is contracting. Hence, all conditions of the Banach theorem [14] are satisfied, and, therefore, mapping (3.43) has a unique fixed point in conv.Rn /. Thus, if the spectral radius of the matrix ˆ.T; 0/ is less than 1, then, for any T periodic set-valued mapping F .t / and periodic sequence Pi , the linear impulsive differential inclusion (3.37) has a unique T -periodic R-solution R.t / whose initial value is determined by the formula R0 D M 1 L1 Z0 ."/, where Z0 ."/ is determined as a fixed point of mapping (3.43).

92


Example 7. Consider the impulsive differential inclusion xP 1 1 0 x1 2 C ˛.1 C sin t /B1 .0/; t ¤ .2i 1/; 0 1 x2 xP 2 1 2 ˇ x1 x1 ˇˇ e 1 0 2 2 C pB1 .0/; 1 2 ˇ x2 tD.2i1/ x2 0 2e 1 where

4 12e 2 and p D : 3e C 1 3e C 1 The initial set R0 corresponding to a 2-periodic R-solution satisfies Eq. (3.38). In this example, we have T D 2, ´1 s 1 0 2 e 0 1 ; s ; ˆ.2; s/ D s > ; e s2 E; Z 2 GD ˆ.T; s/˛.1 C sin s/B1 .0/ds C ˆ.2; /pB1 .0/ ˛D

0

D G1 C G2 C G3 ; where 1 G1 D ˛ 2

Z

0

e s .1 C sin s/

1 0 0 1

B1 .0/ds

Z 1 e s .1 C sin s/B1 .0/ds D ˛ 2 0 Z 3 1 1 1 s e B1 .0/; e .1 C sin s/ds B1 .0/ D ˛ D ˛ 2 0 2 2 2 Z 2 1 3 2 s G2 D ˛e e e .1 C sin s/B1 .0/ds D ˛ B1 .0/; 2 2 1 1 1 0 G3 D pe B1 .0/ D pe B1 .0/: 0 1 2 2 Thus, GD

3 1 1 3 1 1 ˛ e C˛ e C pe B1 .0/ D B1 .0/: 2 2 2 2 2 2

Hence, Eq. (3.38) takes the form R0 D

1 2

0 0 12

R0 C B1 .0/:

(3.44)

Section 3.3 Periodic Solutions of Linear Impulsive Differential Inclusions

93

By virtue of the uniqueness of a solution of Eq. (3.44) in the space conv.R2 /, we get R0 D B2 .0/. For the determination of the set X0 , we obtain the system ´ 0 x1 D 12 x10 C g1 ; x20 D 12 x20 C g2 ;

g12 C g22 1;

which implies that .x10 /2 .x 0 /2 C 9 2 1: 4 4 Thus, X0 is an ellipse and X0 R0 . Case ƒ > 1 ([118]). Since ƒ D max j i j > 1; iD1;n

where i are the eigenvalues of the matrix ˆ.T; 0/, there exists i0 W j i0 j > 1 (in what follows, we assume, for simplicity, that i0 D 1). In Eq. (3.41), we separately consider the cases where 1 is real (simple or multiple) and complex (simple or multiple). (1) Let 1 be simple and real. Then the Jordan cell has the form J1 D 1 : Let prx1 A be the projection of the set A to the axis x1 . Then mes.prx1 Z0 / D mes.prx1 .J Z0 C D// D mes.prx1 J Z0 C prx1 D/ D mes.prx1 J Z0 / C mes.prx1 D/ D mes. 1 prx1 Z0 / C mes.prx1 D/ D j 1 j mes.prx1 Z0 / C mes.prx1 D/: Consequently, Eq. (3.41) has solutions if and only if mes.prx1 D/ D 0 and mes.prx1 Z0 / D 0. In other words, the set D lies in the hyperplane x1 D d1 , and the set Z0 lies in the hyperplane x1 D x1 , where x1 is determined from the equation x1 D 1 x1 C d1 , i.e., d1 : x1 D 1 1 In this case, Z0 and D can be considered as sets of dimension n 1, and Eq. (3.41) reduces to the equation ! J2 0 Q where JQ D ZQ 0 D JQ ZQ 0 C D; ; : 0 :: ZQ 0 D ¹.x2 ; : : : ; xn /W .x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn / 2 Z0 º; DQ D ¹.d2 ; : : : ; dn /W .d1 ; d2 ; : : : ; dn / 2 Dº:

94


Thus, we have obtained a problem whose dimension is less by 1, which can be studied by analogy with the original problem. Example 8. Consider a linear impulsive differential inclusion of the form 10 1 0 1 0 1 x1 xP 1 2 0 0 @ xP 2 A 2 @ 0 1 0 A @ x2 A C ˛.1 C cos t /BQ 1 .0/; xP 3 x3 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 1 1ˇ 0 0 2e 1 x1 ˇˇ x1 1 2 @ x2 Aˇ @ A @ x2 A C p BQ 1 .0/; 0 2 e 1 0 ˇ 2 1 2 x3 ˇ tD.2i1/ x3 0 0 1 2e where BQ 1 .0/ D ¹.x1 ; x2 ; x3 /T W x1 D 0; .x2 ; x3 /T 2 B1 .0/º, ˛ D p D e . In this case, the fundamental matrix has the form 8 ! s ˆ 2e 2 0 0 ˆ 1 s ˆ 0 0 ˆ ; s 2e < 1 s 0 0 e 2 ˆ.2; s/ D 1 ˆ ˆ e 2 .2s/ 0 0 ˆ ˆ ; s> : 0 0 e 2s 0

0

2 2e e 3 ,

e 2s

We now determine the set G. We have Z 2 ˆ.T; s/˛.1 C sin s/BQ 1 .0/ds C X.2; /p BQ 1 .0/ GD 0

D G1 C G2 C G3 ; where 0

Z G1 D ˛

0

Z

s

2e 2 @ 0 0

0 1 s e 2 0

1 0 0 A .1 C cos s/BQ 1 .0/ds 1 s 2e

˛ s e .1 C cos s/BQ 1 .0/ds 2 0 Z ˛ ˛ s e .1 C cos s/ds BQ 1 .0/ D .3 e /BQ 1 .0/; D 2 0 4 0 2s 1 Z 2 e 2 0 0 @ 0 e 2s G2 D ˛ 0 A .1 C cos s/BQ 1 .0/ds 0 0 e 2s Z 2 e 2s .1 C cos s/BQ 1 .0/ds D˛ D

and


Z

95

2

1 e 2s .1 C cos s/ds BQ 1 .0/ D ˛e 2 .e 3e 2 /BQ 1 .0/; 2 0 1 1 2e 2 0 0 p G3 D p @ 0 12 e 0 A BQ 1 .0/ D e BQ 1 .0/: 2 0 0 12 e D˛

Hence, 1 1 2 p Q 2 GD ˛ .3 e / C e .e 3e / C e B1 .0/ 4 2 2 D BQ 1 .0/: Thus, Eq. (3.38) takes the form 0

1 2 0 0 R0 D @ 0 12 0 A R0 C BQ 1 .0/: 0 0 12

Since 1 D 2 and BQ 1 .0/ belongs to the hyperplane x1 D 0, we conclude that R0 must belong to the hyperplane x1 D 0, and Eq. (3.38) reduces to the equation 1 0 RQ 0 D 2 1 RQ 0 C B1 .0/; 0 2 whose solution is RQ 0 D B2 .0/. In other words, R0 D ¹.x1 ; x2 ; x3 /T W x1 D 0; .x2 ; x3 /T 2 B2 .0/º D BQ 2 .0/: Ordinary periodic solutions exist for all g 2 BQ 1 .0/, and the corresponding initial conditions are determined from the system 0 1 2 0 0 x0 D @ 0 12 0 A x0 C g: 0 0 12 Thus, the set of initial values for ordinary periodic solutions X0 has the form 0

11 1 0 0 X0 D @ 0 12 0 A BQ 1 .0/ D 2BQ 1 .0/ D R0 : 0 0 12 Example 9. Consider the linear impulsive differential inclusion from Example 8 with the mapping F .t / and set P chosen as follows: F .t / D ˛.1 C cos t /B1 .0/ and P D pB1 .0/. In this case, we have G D B1 .0/. Therefore, a 2-periodic R-solution

96


does not exist because 1 > 1 and G does not belong to the hyperplane x1 D g1 . Ordinary T -periodic solutions exist for any g 2 G because the eigenvalues of the matrix ˆ.T; 0/ do not contain 1. In this case, the set X0 is an ellipsoid. (2) Let 1 be of multiplicity k. Then the cell J1 takes the form 0

1 0 B e 1 1 B 1 J1 D B :: : : : : @ : : : k1 0 e1

1

0 0 :: :

C C C; A

1

where e1i 2 ¹0; 1º. In this case, by analogy with the previous one, we establish that Eq. (3.41) has solutions if and only if mes.prx1 D/ D 0 and mes.prx1 Z0 / D 0. In other words, the set D lies in the hyperplane x1 D d1 , and the set Z0 lies in the hyperplane x1 D x1 . Since mes.prx2 Z0 / D mes.prx2 .J Z0 C D// D mes.prx2 J Z0 C prx2 D/ D mes.prx2 J Z0 / C mes.prx2 D/ D mes. 1 prx2 Z0 C x1 / C mes.prx2 D/ D j 1 j mes.prx2 Z0 / C mes.prx2 D/; we conclude that Eq. (3.41) has solutions if and only if mes.prx2 D/ D 0 and mes.prx2 Z0 / D 0, i.e., the set D lies in the hyperplane x2 D d2 , and the set Z0 lies in the hyperplane x2 D x2 , etc. Thus, Eq. (3.41) has solutions if and only if the set D lies in the hyperplanes xi D di , i D 1; k, and the set Z0 lies in the hyperplanes xi D xi , i D 1; k. In this case, the constants xi are determined from the system 1 0 1 0 1 x1 x1 d1 B :: C B :: C B :: C @ : A D J 1 @ : A C @ : A; 0

xk

xk

(3.45)

dk

which is solved successively from the top downward and has a unique solution because the matrix E J1 is nondegenerate. (3) Let 1 be simple and complex. Then the Jordan cell has the form J1 D

Re 1 Im 1 : Im 1 Re 1

Let pr.x1 ;x2 / A be the projection of a set A to the hyperplane .x1 ; x2 /. Then pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 D pr.x1 ;x2 / .J Z0 C D/:


97

The projection of the set Z0 to the hyperplane .x1 ; x2 / is a convex compact set. Therefore, either pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 is a segment, or we can choose a disk with maximum area among the disks contained in pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 (let this be Sr .a/, r > 0/. In the first case, if mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / D/ > 0, then Eq. (3.41) does not have solutions because mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / .J Z0 C D// mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / D/ > 0 D mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 /: If mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / D/ D 0, i.e., pr.x1 ;x2 / D is a segment, then it is obvious that the segment pr.x1 ;x2 / J Z0 must be parallel to the given one, otherwise pr.x1 ;x2 / .J Z0 C D/ is a parallelogram by virtue of the definition of the sum of two sets and cannot coincide with the set pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 . By .x11 ; x21 / and .x12 ; x22 / we denote the endpoints of the segment pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 . Then length pr.x1 ;x2 / .J Z0 C D/ D length pr.x1 ;x2 / .J Z0 / C length pr.x1 ;x2 / D D Œ.Re 1 x11 Im 1 x21 .Re 1 x12 Im 1 x22 //2 1

C .Im 1 x11 C Re 1 x21 .Im 1 x12 C Re 1 x22 //2 2 C length pr.x1 ;x2 / D 1

D Œ.Re 21 C Im 21 /..x11 x12 /2 C .x21 x22 /2 / 2 C length pr.x1 ;x2 / D D j 1 jlength pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 C length pr.x1 ;x2 / D: Thus, in this case, Eq. (3.41) has a solution if and only if length pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 D 0 and length pr.x1 ;x2 / D D 0, i.e., pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 and pr.x1 ;x2 / D are points. In the second case, since Sr .a/ pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 , we have J1 Sr .a/ C pr.x1 ;x2 / D pr.x1 ;x2 / .J Z0 C D/; and the set J1 Sr .a/ C pr.x1 ;x2 / D contains the disk J1 Sr .a/ C d D j 1 j cos ' D

Re 1 ; j 1 j

cos ' sin ' sin ' cos '

sin ' D

Im 1 ; j 1 j

Sr .a/ C d;

d 2 pr.x1 ;x2 / D;

i.e., a disk of radius r1 D j 1 jr > r, which, by virtue of Eq. (3.41), contradicts the choice of the disk Sr .a/. Thus, a T -periodic R-solution may exist only in the case where the sets pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 and pr.x1 ;x2 / D are singletons. For the determination of pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 , we obtain the

98 system

or


x1 x2

D

Re 1 Im 1 Im 1 Re 1

1 Re 1 Im 1 Im 1 1 Re 1

x1 x2

x1 x2

C

D

d1 ; d2

(3.46)

d1 ; d2

whose determinant is .1 Re 1 /2 C Im 21 > 0. Hence, this system has a unique solution. The sets Z0 and D can be considered as sets in the space conv.Rn2 /. Thus, the dimension of the problem is decreased by 2, and the obtained problem Q ZQ 0 D JQ ZQ 0 C D; where JQ D

! J2 0 ; : 0 ::

ZQ 0 D ¹.x3 ; : : : ; xn /W .x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; : : : ; xn / 2 Z0 º, and DQ D ¹.d3 ; : : : ; dn /W .d1 ; d2 ; d3 ; : : : ; dn / 2 Dº, can be studied by analogy with the original one. Example 10. Consider the linear impulsive differential inclusion xP 1 D x2 ; xP 2 D x1 ; xP 3 2 x3 C ˛Œ1; 1;

t ¤ .2i 1/;

x1 j t D.2i1/ D x2 ; x2 j t D.2i1/ D x1 ; 1 2 e x3 j tD.2i1/ 2 1 x3 C pŒ1; 1; 2 where i 2 N , ˛ D 2e e1 1 , and p D e . The fundamental matrix of this system has the form

ˆ.2; s/ D

8 cos sCsin s ˆ ˆ < sin scos s s ˆ ˆ : cos sin s 0

0

cos ssin s cos sCsin s 0

sin s 0 cos s 0 0 e 2s

;

0 0 1 s 2e

; s ; s > :


99

In this case, we have 0 1 Z cos s C sin s cos s sin s 0 @ sin s cos s cos s C sin s 0 A B 1 .0/ds G1 D ˛ 1 s 0 0 0 2e Z ˛ ˛ e s ds B 1 .0/ D .1 e /B 1 .0/; D 2 0 2 0 1 Z 2 cos s sin s 0 @ sin s cos s 0 A B 1 .0/ds G2 D ˛ 0 0 e 2s Z ˛ 2 2s D e ds B 1 .0/ D ˛.e 1/B 1 .0/; 2 0 1 1 1 0 p G3 D ˆ.2; /P D p @ 1 1 0 A B 1 .0/ D e B 1 .0/; 2 0 0 12 e where B 1 .0/ D ¹.x1 ; x2 ; x3 /T W x1 D 0; x2 D 0; jx3 j 1º. Thus, 1 p .1 e / C .e 1/ C e GD ˛ B 1 .0/ D B 1 .0/: 2 2 Then Eq. (3.38) takes the form 0

1 1 1 0 R0 D @ 1 1 0 A R0 C B 1 .0/: 0 0 12

By virtue of the arguments presented above, R0 is a point in the plane .x1 ; x2 /, which is determined from the system 0 1 x1 0 D : 1 0 0 x2 Thus, x1 D 0 and x2 D 0. Equation (3.38) reduces to the following one: 1 RQ 0 D RQ 0 C Œ1; 1: 2 Therefore, RQ 0 D Œ2; 2, whence R0 D B 2 .0/. Considering the problem of existence of ordinary periodic solutions, we conclude that the matrix E ˆ.T; 0/ is nondegenerate, periodic solutions exist for all d 2 B 1 .0/, and 0 11 0 1 0 X0 D @ 1 0 0 A B 1 .0/ D B 2 .0/ D R0 : 0 0 12

100


(4) Let 1 be a complex root of multiplicity k. Then the cell J1 takes the form 1 0 Re 1 Im 1 0 0 C B Im 1 Re 1 C B C B Re 1 Im 1 1 C B e1 E2 0 C B Im 1 Re 1 C: B C B :: :: :: C B : : 0 : C B @ Re 1 Im 1 A k1 E 0 e1 2 Im 1 Re 1

Consequently, similarly to the case of a simple complex root, the sets Z0 and D must lie in the hyperplanes x1 D x1 and x2 D x2 , as well as in the hyperplanes x2i1 D x2i 1 , x2i D x2i , i D 2; k (which is established by successively decreasing the dimension of the problem by analogy with the case of a multiple real root). Thus, Z0 and D are sets of dimension n 2k. For the determination of xi , i D 1; 2k, we obtain the system 0 1 0 1 0 1 x1 x1 d1 B :: C B :: C B :: C (3.47) @ : A D J1 @ : A C @ : A: x2k x2k d2k Case ƒ D 1 ([118]). Without loss of generality, we assume that max j i j D j 1 j:

i D1;n

(1) Let 1 be simple and real, i.e., 1 D ˙1. By virtue of (3.41), we have prx1 Z0 D prx1 .J Z0 C D/ D prx1 J Z0 C prx1 D D 1 prx1 Z0 C prx1 D: If 1 D 1, then it is clear that a solution of Eq. (3.41) exists if and only if prx1 D D ¹d1 º D ¹0º. In this case, prx1 Z0 is an arbitrary segment in R. Let 1 D 1. Denote prx1 Z0 D Œx1 ; x1C and prx1 D D Œd1 ; d1C . Then x1 D x1C C d1 ;

x1C D x1 C d1C ;

whence d1 D d1C D d1 , i.e., D can be considered as a set of dimension n 1. d

In this case, we have prx1 Z0 D Œx1 ; d1 x1 , where x1 21 is an arbitrary constant. (2) Let 1 D ˙1 be a root of multiplicity k. Then, by analogy with the previous case, we consider projections to the axis x1 and establish that, for 1 D 1, the set D must lie in the hyperplane x1 D 0, and prx1 Z0 is an arbitrary segment. For 1 D 1, the set D must lie in the hyperplane x1 D d1 , and prx1 Z0 D Œx1 ; d1 x1 , where x1

d1 2

is an arbitrary constant.


101

Let e11 D 0. Then prx2 Z0 D prx2 .J Z0 C D/ D prx2 J Z0 C prx2 D D 1 prx2 Z0 C prx2 D: Similarly to the previous case, for 1 D 1 the set D must lie in the hyperplane x2 D 0, and prx2 Z0 is an arbitrary segment. For 1 D 1, the set D must lie in the d

hyperplane x2 D d2 , and prx2 Z0 D Œx2 ; d2 x2 , where x2 22 is an arbitrary constant. Now assume that e11 ¤ 0. Let !T

;p ; 0; : : : ; 0 2 Rn e; D p 2 2 2 2

C

C and let x; be the straight line in the hyperplane .x1 ; x2 / that passes through the point .0; 0/ and is determined by the vector e; . Then mes.prx2 Z0 / D mes.prx2 .J Z0 C D// D mes.prx2 J Z0 / C mes.prx2 D/ D c.J Z0 ; e0;1 / C c.J Z0 ; e0;1 / C mes.prx2 D/ D c.Z0 ; J T e0;1 / C c.Z0 ; J T e0;1 / C mes.prx2 D/ q p ® ¯ D J T e0;1 D .1; 1 ; 0; : : : ; 0/T D 1 C 21 e1; 1 D 2e1; 1 p D 2Œc.Z0 ; e1; 1 / C c.Z0 ; e1; 1 / C mes.prx2 D/ p D 2 mes.prx1; Z0 / C mes.prx2 D/ 1 p D 2.mes.prx1; J Z0 / C mes.prx1; D// C mes.prx2 D/ 1 1 p p D 2Œc.Z0 ; J T e1; 1 / C c.z0 ; J T e1; 1 / C 2 mes.prx1; D/ C mes.prx2 D/ 1 p ² 5 1 D J T e1; 1 D p .2 1 ; 21 ; 0; : : : ; 0/T D p e2 1 ; 2 I 1 2 2 ³ 1 mes.prx1; D/ D mes.prx2 D/j cos e0;1 ; e1; 1 j D p mes.prx2 D/ 1 2 p D 5 mes.prx Z0 / C 2 mes.prx2 D/ D 2

4

21 ;1

p D m2 C 1 mes.prx

mm1 ;m 1 1

Z0 / C m mes.prx2 D/:

102


As m ! 1, the straight line xm m1 ; m tends to the straight line x1 . Therefore, 1 1 the limit p lim m2 C 1 mes.prx m1 m Z0 / m!1

m 1

; 1

exists if and only if mes.prx1 Z0 / D 0, i.e., in the case where prx1 Z0 D ¹x1 º. Thus, Z0 can be considered as a set of dimension n 1. Furthermore, mes.prx2 D/ D 0, whence prx2 D D ¹d2 º. Then prx2 Z0 D prx2 .J Z0 C D/ D prx2 J Z0 C d2 D 1 prx2 Z0 C x1 C d2 : By analogy with the case of a simple root, we establish that, for 1 D 1, the set D must lie in the hyperplane d2 D x1 , and prx2 Z0 is an arbitrary segment in R. For

1 D 1, we have prx1 Z0 D ¹ 12 d1 º and prx2 Z0 D Œx2 ; .d2 C x1 / x2 , where d Cx

x2 2 2 1 is an arbitrary constant. Thus, prxi D D ¹di º for all i D 1; k. Let i1 ; : : : ; im1 be the set of indices for which e1i D 0 and im D k. Then prxi Z0 is an arbitrary segment that satisfies j

i 1

the equation prxi Z0 D 1 prxi Z0 C xij 1 C dij if e1j j

j

i 1 D 0 (we

1 prxi Z0 C dij if e1j j we have prxj Z0 D ¹xj º, where

xj D

8 d ˆ ˆ ˆ j C1 < ˆ ˆ ˆ :

assume here that

e10

D 1 and prxi Z0 D j

D 0). For the other indices,

if 1 D 1;

xj 1 Cdj

if 1 D 1 and j ¤ iq C 1; q D 1; m 1;

2 dj

if 1 D 1 and j D iq C 1; q D 1; m 1:

2

By virtue of Eq. (3.41), we get c.Z0 ; / D c.J Z0 C D; / D c.Z0 ; J T / C c.D; /

(3.48)

for all D . 1 ; : : : ; k ; 0; : : :/T 2 Rn . Let 1 D 1. We rewrite equality (3.48) as follows: c.Z0 ; / D max

x2Z0

k X

xi

i

D max.xi1

i1

C C xi m

im /

C

iD1

X i 21;k i¤iq

c.Z0 ; J T / C c.D; / D max.xi1 C

X i21;k i¤iq

i1

xi .

C C xi m i

C

iC1 / C

im / k X i D1

di

i:

xi

i;


103

Since d1 D 0; diq C1 D 0, q 2 1; m 1, and xi D diC1 for the other indices, it follows from equality (3.48) that the projection of the set Z0 in the space xi1 ; : : : ; xim is an arbitrary convex compact set. Let 1 D 1 and let the set Z be such that

Z0 D Z C .x1 ; : : : ; xk ; 0; : : : ; 0/T ; where .x1 ; : : : ; xk /T is a solution of system (3.45). Then Eq. (3.48) is equivalent to the equation c.Z; / D c.Z; J T /; or max..xi1 xi1 /

i1

C C .xim xim /

D max¹..xi1 xi1 /

i1

im /

C C .xim xim /

im /º:

Thus, the projection of the set Z0 in the space xi1 ; : : : ; xim is an arbitrary convex compact set symmetric with respect to the point .xi1 ; : : : ; xim /. (3) Let 1 be a simple complex root. Then, by virtue of Eq. (3.41), we obtain pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 D pr.x1 ;x2 / .J Z0 C D/ D J1 pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 C pr.x1 ;x2 / D:

(3.49)

In this case, J1 is the matrix of rotation by an angle ': cos ' D Re 1 , sin ' D Im 1 . It is obvious that mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / D/ D 0, i.e., pr.x1 ;x2 / D is a segment because mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 / D mes.J1 pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 C pr.x1 ;x2 / D/ mes.J1 pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 / C mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / D/ D mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 / C mes.pr.x1 ;x2 / D/: We have Z0 2 conv.Rn /. Therefore, pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 2 conv.R2 /, i.e., pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 is either a segment or a solid set. Hence, this set contains a segment AB of maximum length r. If pr.x1 ;x2 / D is not a singleton, then the set J1 pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 C pr.x1 ;x2 / D contains a segment of length greater than r (the major diagonal of the parallelogram AB C pr.x1 ;x2 / D/, which is impossible by virtue of (3.49). Thus, pr.x1 ;x2 / D D .d1 ; d2 /T and the set pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 is such that pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 D J1 pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 C .d1 ; d2 /T : Assume that a set Z 2 conv.R2 / is such that pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 D Z C .x1 ; x2 /T ;

(3.50)

104


where .x1 ; x2 /T is a solution of the system of equations x1 d1 x1 D J1 C : x2 x2 d2

(3.51)

Then Eq. (3.50) takes the form Z D J1 Z. Let x 2 Z be such that kxk D h.¹0º; Z/. The point J1 x obtained from the point x as a result of rotation by an angle ' about the point .0; 0/T also belongs to the boundary of the set Z. k k Thus, if ' D 2 m , where m is an irreducible fraction, then the solutions of the equation are “pseudo-m-gons”. The term “pseudo-m-gon” stands for a convex compact set in R2 , which remains invariant under the rotations by the angle 2 m about the T origin. It is clear that a disk of any radius centered at the point .0; 0/ is a special case of “pseudo-m-gons”. In view of the convexity of the set Z, it is clear that Zm Z Bkxk .0/; where Zm is a regular m-gon with vertices at the points x; J1 x; : : : ; J1m1 x. For m D 6, the corresponding example is presented by the set depicted in Figure 1. k If ' ¤ 2 m , then the set of boundary points ¹J1i x; i 2 Nº is everywhere dense on a circle of radius kxk centered at the point .0; 0/T . Hence, Z D Bkxk .0/.

Figure 1.


105

(4) Let 1 be a complex root of multiplicity k. By analogy with the previous case, we now consider the projections onto the hyperplane .x1 ; x2 / and conclude that the set pr.x1 ;x2 / D must contain a single point. In this case, pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 is an arbitrary convex compact set in R2 satisfying the equation pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 D

cos ' sin ' sin ' cos '

pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 C .d1 ; d2 /T ;

(3.52)

i.e., either a disk or a “pseudo-m-gon” whose center is located at the point .x1 ; x2 /T . Consider the projections onto the hyperplane .x3 ; x4 /. By virtue of Eq. (3.41), we get pr.x3 ;x4 / Z0 D pr.x3 ;x4 / .J Z0 C D/ D pr.x3 ;x4 / J Z0 C pr.x3 ;x4 / D: If e11 D 0, then, as in the previous case, we conclude that the set pr.x3 ;x4 / D must be one-point. In this case, pr.x3 ;x4 / Z0 is an arbitrary convex compact set in R2 satisfying an equation similar to (3.52), i.e., either a disk or a “pseudo-m-gon” centered at the point .x3 ; x4 /T . Let e11 D 1 and let prx1 ;:::;x4 A be the projection of the set A 2 conv.Rn / in the space x1 ; : : : ; x4 . We choose a set Z such that prx1 ;:::;x4 Z0 D Z C .x1 ; x2 ; 0; 0/T ; where .x1 ; x2 /T is a solution of system (3.51). Then Z D J Z C D1 ; where D1 W prx1 ;:::;x4 D D D1 C .d1 ; d2 ; 0; 0/T ; 0 1 cos ' sin ' 0 0 B sin ' cos ' 0 0 C C: J D B @ 1 0 cos ' sin ' A 0 1 sin ' cos ' If Z is a solution of this equation, then Z is also a solution of the equation Z D Jm Z C .Jm1 D1 C C D1 / for all m 2 N . The matrix Ji takes the form 0

1 cos i' sin i' 0 0 B C sin i' cos i' 0 0 C Ji D B @ i cos.i 1/' i sin.i 1/' cos i' sin i' A: i sin.i 1/' i cos.i 1/' sin i' cos i'

(3.53)

106


Furthermore, according to the properties of the operations in conv.Rn /, we conclude that Jm1 D1 C C D1 .Jm1 C C J C E/D1 P 0 Pm1 1 m1 0 0 iD0 cos i' iD1 sin i' B Pm1 C Pm1 B C 0 0 iD1 sin i' iD0 cos i' B C D BP CD : B m1 i cos.i 1/' Pm1 i sin.i 1/' Pm1 cos i' Pm1 sin i'C 1 iD1 i D0 iD1 @ i D1 A Pm1 Pm1 Pm1 Pm1 i D1 i sin.i 1/' iD1 i cos.i 1/' iD1 sin i' iD0 cos i' Thus, for any x D .x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4 /T 2 Z and d D .0; 0; d3 ; d4 /T 2 D1 , the point y D .y1 ; : : : ; y4 /T D Jm x C .Jm1 C C E/d 2 Z for all m 2 N. In this case, y3 D mx1 cos.m 1/' mx2 sin.m 1/' C x3 cos m' x4 sin m' C d3

m1 X

cos i' d4

iD0

m1 X

sin i';

iD1

y4 D mx1 sin.m 1/' C mx2 cos.m 1/' C x3 sin m' C x4 cos m' C d3

m1 X

sin i' C d4

iD1

m1 X

cos i':

iD0

Moreover, if x12 C x22 > 0, then

q y3 D m x12 C x22 cos..m 1/' C ˇ12 / C x3 cos m' x4 sin m' C d3

m m sin mC1 sin mC1 2 ' cos 2 ' 2 ' sin 2 ' d ; 4 sin '2 sin '2

q y4 D m x12 C x22 sin..m 1/' C ˇ12 / C x3 sin m' C x4 cos m' m m sin mC1 sin mC1 2 ' sin 2 ' 2 ' cos 2 ' C d4 ; ' ' sin 2 sin 2 x1 x2 Dq ; sin ˇ12 D q : x12 C x22 x12 C x22

C d3

cos ˇ12

In this case, y32 C y42 ! 1 as m ! 1, which is impossible because the set Z 2 conv.R4 /.

107


Hence, equality (3.53) is possible only in the case pr.x1 ;x2 / Z D .0; 0/T , i.e., pr.x1 ;x2 / Z0 D .x1 ; x2 /T . Thus, Eq. (3.52) is reduced to cos ' sin ' T pr.x3 ;x4 / Z0 C pr.x3 ;x4 / D: pr.x3 ;x4 / Z0 D .x1 ; x2 / C sin ' cos ' As in the case of a simple complex root, we obtain pr.x3 ;x4 / D D .d3 ; d4 /T , and the set pr.x3 ;x4 / Z0 is either a “pseudo-m-gon” or a disk centered at the point .x3 ; x4 /T . Further, we consider the projections onto the hyperplanes .x2i1 ; x2i /, i k, etc. T This yields pr.x2i1 ;x2i / D D .d2i 1 ; d2i / for all i D 1; k. Let i1 ; : : : ; im1 be the i set of indices such that e1 D 0 and im D k. Then pr.x2i 1 ;x2i / Z0 ; j 2 1; m, is an arbitrary convex compact set in R2 satisfyj j ing an equation similar to (3.52), i.e., a disk or a “pseudo-m-gon” centered at the point /T . For all remaining indices, we get pr T ; x2i .x2i .x2i1 ;x2i / Z0 D .x2i 1 ; x2i / . j 1 j Thus, we arrive at the following system for the determination of xi ; i D 1; 2k: 0 1 0 1 0 1 x1 x1 d1 B :: C B :: C B :: C @ : A D J1 @ : A C @ : A: x2k x2k d2k

Hence, by virtue of Eq. (3.41), c.Z0 ; / D c.J Z0 C D; / D c.Z0 ; J T / C c.D; /

(3.54)

for all D . 1 ; : : : ; k ; 0; : : :/T 2 Rn . Assume that the set Z is such that Z0 D Z C .x1 ; : : : ; x2k ; 0; : : : ; 0/T :

Then Eq. (3.54) is equivalent to the equation c.Z; / D c.Z; J T /

(3.55)

for all D . 1 ; : : : ; k ; 0; : : :/T . We rewrite this equation in a more detailed form: c.Z; / D max

2k X

Q x2Z i D1

xi

i

D max¹.x2i1 1 x2i / 1 1

2i1 1

C .x2im 1 x2i / m 1

C .x2i1 x2i / 1

2im 1

2i1

C

C .x2im x2i / m

2im º;

108


c.Z; J T / D max¹.

2i1 1 cos '

C . C.

C

C

2i1 1 sin '

2im 1 cos '

C .

2i1

C

2im 1 sin '

sin '/.x2i1 1 x2i / 1 1 2i1

cos '/.x2i1 x2i / C 1

2im

sin '/.x2im 1 x2i / m 1

C

2im

cos '/.x2im x2i /º: m

Thus, equality (3.55) means that the projection of the set Z0 in the space x2i1 1 ; x2i1 ; : : : ; x2is 1 ; x2is is an arbitrary convex compact set invariant under rotations by an angle ' in the hy T ; x2i / . perplanes .x2ij 1 ; x2ij /; j D 1; m, about the points .x2i j 1 j Consider the general case. Let 1 ; : : : ; m be different eigenvalues of the matrix ˆ.T; 0/ whose moduli are equal to 1 and let kj ; j D 1; m, be the dimensions of the corresponding Jordan cells Jj . now find the projection Z1 of the set Z0 in the space x1 ; : : : ; xm0 , where m0 D PWe m j D1 kj . As shown above, the set Z1 “degenerates” into points in a part of variables. In the variables corresponding to D 1, the set Z1 is symmetric about the given point and, in the couples of variables corresponding to roots of the form D cos ' C i sin ', the set Z1 is invariant under rotations by the angle ' about the given point. from the set Z . Consider a section We now choose an arbitrary point x1 ; : : : ; xm 1 0 . By using the structure of of the set Z0 by the hyperplanes x1 D x1 , : : : , xm0 D xm 0 the matrix J and the set D, we arrive at the following equation for the given section: Q Z2 D JQ Z2 C D;

(3.56)

where DQ is a section of the set D [as shown above, the set DQ does not depend on / and the matrix JQ contains solely the Jordan the choice of the point .x1 ; : : : ; xm 0 cells of the matrix J corresponding to eigenvalues whose moduli are smaller than 1. As indicated above, since .JQ / < 1, Eq. (3.56) possesses a unique solution Z2 . Thus, Z D Z Z . independent of the choice of the point x1 ; : : : ; xm 0 1 2 0 Example 11. Consider a linear impulsive differential inclusion of the form 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 x1 xP 1 @ xP 2 A 2 @ 0 1 0 A @ x2 A C ˛.1 C cos t /B 1 .0/; 1 xP 3 x3 0 0 2 0 2 1ˇ 0 10 1 e 1 0 0 x1 ˇˇ x1 2 1 @ @ x2 Aˇ A @ x2 A C pB 1 .0/; 0 e 0 2 ˇ 1 1 x3 ˇ tD.2i1/ x3 0 0 1 2e where ˛D

1 C 4 2 3 2

16 3 .e e

12

; /

1

p D e2:


The fundamental matrix takes the form 8 es 0 0 ˆ 0 e s 0 ˆ ; ˆ < 0 0 1 e s 2 2 ˆ.2; s/ D 2s e 0 0 ˆ ˆ ˆ 0 0 e 2s : 1 0

0

109

s ; ; s > :

e 2 .2s/

In this case, 0

Z G1 D ˛ D

˛ 2

0

Z

0

e s 0 @ 0 e s 0 0

0 0 s 1 2 2e

1 A .1 C cos s/B 1 .0/ds

s

e 2 .1 C cos s/dsB 1 .0/

1 4 .2 2 .1 e 2 / C 1/B 1 .0/; 1 C 4 2 0 1 Z 2 e 2s 0 0 @ 0 e 2s 0 A .1 C cos s/B 1 .0/ds G2 D ˛ 2s 0 0 e 2 Z 2 2s e 2 .1 C cos s/dsB 1 .0/ D˛

D˛

1 4 .2 2 e 2 e 1 .1 C 2 2 //B 1 .0/; 2 1 C 4 0 2 1 e e 0 0 0 e 2 e 0 A B 1 .0/ G3 D ˆ.2; /P D p @ 1 12 0 0 2e e p 1 D e 2 B 1 .0/: 2

D ˛e

Hence, GD ˛

1 4 .2 2 .1 e 2 / C 1/ 1 C 4 2

Ce

p 1 4 2 12 1 2 2 B .0/ D B .0/: e .2 e e .1 C 2 // C 1 1 1 C 4 2 2

Therefore, Eq. (3.38) takes the form 0 1 1 0 0 R0 D @ 0 1 0 A R0 C B 1 .0/: 0 0 12

110


The eigenvalues 1;2 D 1 and the set B 1 .0/ belongs to the hyperplanes x1 D 0 and x2 D 0. Hence, pr.x1 ;x2 / R0 is an arbitrary convex compact set in R2 , and the analyzed equation is reduced to 1 R0 D R0 C Œ1; 1; 2

R0 2 R:

The solution of the last equation is R0 D Œ2; 2 and, thus, R0 D pr.x1 ;x2 / R0 Œ2; 2: As for the existence of ordinary periodic solutions, we note that the matrix E ˆ.T; 0/ is degenerate but periodic solutions exist for all d 2 B 1 .0/ because 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rang@ 0 0 0 0 A D rang@ 0 0 0 A D 1: 0 0 12 0 0 12 d3 In this case, the system for x0 degenerates into the equation 1 x3 D d3 ; 2

d3 2 Œ1; 1

and, therefore, X0 D ¹.x1 ; x2 ; x3 /T W x1 ; x2 2 R; x3 2 Œ2; 2º: Remark 8. If ƒ 1 and there exists i D 1, then ordinary periodic solutions exist for all d 2 D provided that a periodic R-solution exists. Indeed, the rank of the extended matrix 0 1 0 0 0 0 d1 B e 1 0 0 0 d2 C B i C B :: : : : : :: :: :: C B : : : : : C .E J; d / D B : C B 0 e k1 0 0 dk C i @ A : : :: 0 0 0 : : is equal to the rank of the matrix E J in view of the fact that d1 D 0 and dj C1 D 0 j for all j 2 ¹1; : : : ; k 1º such that ei D 0. Otherwise, dj D dj D const. Relationship Between the Sets X0 and R0 . As shown above, it is clear that Eq. (3.38) may have more than one solution. Therefore, we consider a set R defined as the union of the sets R0 specified by Eq. (3.38). We now show that X0 R provided that R exists.


111

By using representation (3.40) for the matrix ˆ.T; 0/, by analogy with (3.41), we conclude that Eq. (3.39) is equivalent to the equation y D Jy C d;

where d 2 D; y D M x0 :

In view of the “cellular” structure of the matrix J , this equation decomposes into s independent equations of the form y i D Ji y i C d i ;

i D 1; s:

(3.57)

For the numbers i such that j i j > 1, the vector d i is chosen from a one-point set. Moreover, by virtue of systems (3.45), (3.46), and (3.47), the sets Y0 D M X0 and Z D MR coincide in the variables corresponding to a given eigenvalue. In addition, they can be regarded as sets of lower dimensions. Let i be such that j i j D 1. Then the vector d i is also chosen from a one-point set, the component of the set Z0 in the corresponding variables is not unique, and the union of the sets Z0 covers the entire space in a part of variables (for which the property of uniqueness is absent). At the same time, Y0 is a one-point set in the case where i ¤ 1 and, hence, Y0 is a strict subset of Z in the variables corresponding to a given eigenvalue. However, if i D 1, then a part of variables in system (3.57) turns out to be free (these are the variables for which Z0 is not unique). Therefore, Y0 coincides with Z in the variables corresponding to the given eigenvalue. Consider the set I of all i such that j i j < 1. By analogy with (3.42), Eqs. (3.57) with i 2 I are equivalent to the equation y I ."/ D JI ."/y I ."/ C d I ."/;

(3.58)

where d I ."/ 2 D I ."/ D LD I , y I ."/ D Ly I , y I is a vector formed by the vectors y i ; i 2 I , and D I and JI are defined similarly. In these variables, for any d I ."/ 2 D I ."/, the solution of Eq. (3.58) is unique because the matrix E JI ."/ is nondegenerate. We now show that Y ."/ D LY0 is a subset of the set Z ."/ D LZ in the corresponding variables. The set Z I ."/ is a nonempty convex compact set. Hence, this set is a complete metric space. A mapping .y/ D JI ."/y C d I ."/; d I ."/ 2 D I ."/ is contracting because ..y1 /; .y2 // D .JI ."/y1 C d I ."/; JI ."/y2 C d I ."// kJI ."/k.y1 ; y2 /; and kJI ."/k < 1. Therefore, has a unique fixed point in Z I ."/. Thus, in the corresponding variables, Y ."/ Z ."/ and, hence, X0 R . As follows from Example 7, the sets Y ."/ and Z ."/ do not coincide in the general case.

112


Remark 9. The accumulated results can readily be extended to the case of measurable A.t / and F .t /. Remark 10. A linear differential inclusion .Bi D 0, Pi D 0 for all i / and a linear discrete inclusion .A.t / 0; F .t / 0/ are special cases of the impulsive differential inclusion (3.37). Remark 11. If F .t / and Pi are one-point sets [i.e., (3.37) is a linear impulsive differential equation], then Eqs. (3.38) and (3.39) specify different objects: Eq. (3.39) specifies a periodic solution, whereas Eq. (3.38) specifies a periodic bundle of solutions. Example 12. Consider an impulsive differential equation xP D 0;

t ¤ 2k 1;

xj t D2k1 D 2x: This equation possesses a unique 2-periodic ordinary solution x.t; 0/ 0 and a one-parameter family of 2-periodic bundles of solutions R.t; Œa; a/ D Œa; a, a 0. Remark 12. The accumulated results can be extended to the case where the segment Œ0; T contains infinite many times of pulses. In this case, for the set R0 , we get an equation of the form (3.38) with the sole difference that the sum in the definition of the set G contains infinitely many terms [95]. We now consider sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic R-solutions of linear inhomogeneous periodic differential inclusions with pulse action of the form xP 2 A.t /x C F .t /;

t ¤ i ;

xj tDi 2 Bi x C Pi ;

(3.59) (3.60)

where t 2 R is time, x 2 Rn is the phase vector, AW R ! comp.Rnn / and F W R ! comp.Rn / are measurable T -periodic set-valued mappings, jA.t /j ˛.t /; jF .t /j .t /, where ˛.t / and .t / are summable on Œ0; T , and the compact sets Bi of .nn/matrices, sets Pi 2 conv.Rn /, and times i are such that BiCr D Bi ;

PiCr D Pi ;

i Cr D i C T

for all i 2 Z and some natural r. We also assume that 0 1 < < r < T and det.E C Bi / ¤ 0 for all Bi 2 Bi , i D 1; r. We now prove several auxiliary assertions.

113


Let Â .t; s/ be the matrizant of system (3.59) corresponding to a measurable branch A.t / of the set-valued mapping A.t /, i.e., the solution of the matrix Cauchy problem dX D A.t /X; dt

X.s; s/ D E:

(3.61)

Lemma 2. A set of matrizants Â .t; s/ D ¹Â .t; s/W A.t / 2 A.t /º is a nonempty compact set in the space Rnn for any fixed t; s 2 R; t s. Proof. We choose arbitrary real t and s such that t s. The set Â .t; s/ is nonempty because, by virtue of the Filippov theorem, there exists a summable branch of the setvalued mapping A.t / and, by virtue of the Carathéodory theorem for linear systems, there exists a solution of the matrix problem (3.61) . We now show that the set Â .t; s/ is bounded. The matrix Â .t; s/ is represented in the form Z t Z t Z t1 A.t1 /dt C A.t1 / A.t2 /dt2 dt1 C : Â .t; s/ D E C s

s

s

As a result, we get the following sequence of estimates: Z t Z t Z t1 kA.t1 /kdt C kA.t1 /k kA.t2 /kdt2 dt1 C kÂ .t; s/k 1 C s

Z 1C

t

s

s

Z ˛.t1 /dt C

t s

˛.t1 /

s

Z

t1 s

˛.t2 /dt2 dt1 C :

The validity of the inequality Z

Z

tQ s

˛.t1 /

t1 s

Z ˛.t2 /

tk1 s

˛.tk /dtk : : : dt2 dt1

k .tQ; s/ kŠ

(3.62)

for all tQ 2 .s; t is proved by induction. For k D 1, this inequality is true. Assume that (3.62) holds for k D m. Then, for k D m C 1, we get Z

Z

tQ s

˛.t1 / Z

t1 s

tQ s

˛.t1 /

Z ˛.t2 /

tm s

˛.tmC1 /dtmC1 : : : dt2 dt1

m .t1 ; s/ mC1 .tQ; s/ dt1 D ; mŠ .m C 1/Š

Thus, kÂ .t; s/k

1 X k .t; s/ D e .t;s/ ; kŠ

kD0

and the boundedness of the set Â .t; s/ is proved.

(3.63)

114


We now show that the set Â .t; s/ is closed, i.e., the limit of any convergent sequence of matrices Âk .t; s/ 2 Â .t; s/ also belongs to the set Â .t; s/. In view of the equivalence of the differential equation to a Volterra integral equation, we get the following representation: Z Âk .t; s/ D E C

t

Ak ./Âk .; s/d

s

(3.64)

By analogy with (3.63), we get kÂk .; s/k e .t;s/ for all 2 Œs; t . Since Z kÂk .t2 ; s/ Âk .t1 ; s/k D ˇZ ˇ ˇˇ

t2 t1 t2

t1

Ak ./Âk .; s/d

ˇ ˇ ˛./e .t;s/ d ˇˇ D e .t;s/ j.t2 ; s/ .t1 ; s/j;

where the function .; s/ is absolutely continuous on Œs; t , for any " > 0, one can find ı."/ > 0 such that the inequality j.t2 ; s/ .t1 ; s/j "e .t;s/ is true for any t1 ; t2 2 Œs; t W jt2 t1 j < ı and, hence, kÂk .t2 ; s/ Âk .t1 ; s/k < ": Thus, the sequence of functions Âk .; s/ is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous on Œs; t . Hence, by the Arzelà theorem, this sequence contains a subsequence uniformly convergent to a continuous matrix function ˆ .; s/. This means that, for any " > 0, one can find k0 such that the inequality kÂk .; s/ ˆ .; s/k
0, inclusion (3.67) possesses a unique T -periodic R-solution R.t; Œ 12 ; 1/. We now establish sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic ordinary solutions of nonlinear impulsive differential inclusions of the form xP 2 A.t /x C F .t; x/;

t ¤ i ;

(3.69)

xj t Di 2 Bi x C Ii .x/; where x 2 Rn is the phase vector, t 2 R is time, A.t / is a continuous T -periodic matrix, F W RRn ! conv.Rn / is a set-valued mapping continuous in its variables, T periodic in t , and bounded (i.e., there exists a set-valued mapping QW R ! conv.Rn / such that the inclusion F .t; x/ Q.t / is true for any fixed t 2 R and all x 2 Rn /, the matrices Bi , the set-valued mappings Ii W Rn ! conv.Rn /, and the times of pulses i are such that BiCp D Bi ;

IiCp .x/ Ii .x/;

iCp D i C T

(3.70)

for all i 2 Z and some natural p, and the sets Ii .x/ are bounded, i.e., there exist sets Pi 2 conv.Rn / such that the inclusion Ii .x/ Pi is true for all i D 1; p. We also assume that 0 1 < < p < T and det.E C Bi / ¤ 0 for all i D 1; p. Let R.T; x/ be the set of attainability (R-solution) of inclusion (3.69) from the initial point .0; x/ at time t D T . Together with inclusion (3.69), we consider the inclusion xP 2 A.t /x C Q.t /; xj t Di 2 Bi x C Pi :

t ¤ i ;

(3.71)

119

Section 3.4 Linear Differential Equations with Pulse Action at Indefinite Times

Assume that inclusion (3.71) possesses a T -periodic R-solution R.t; R0 /. Then the mapping R.x/ D R.T; x/ maps the set R0 into itself because R.x/ R.T; R0 / D R0 for all x 2 R0 . The set-valued mapping R.x/ is upper semicontinuous [23]. Hence, by the Kakutani theorem [14], there exists a fixed point x0 2 R0 of the given mapping. Thus, there exists a periodic solution of the initial inclusion (3.69).

3.4

Linear Differential Equations with Pulse Action at Indefinite Times

Consider a linear differential equation with pulses at indefinite times: xP D A.t /x C f .t /;

t ¤ i ;

(3.72)

xj tDi D Bi x C pi ; where x 2 Rn is the phase vector, t 2 I D Œt0 ; T is time, A.t / is a matrix function continuous on I , f .t / is a vector function continuous on I , i 2 Œi ; iC I , i D 1; m, are the times of pulses, Œi ; iC are disjoint segments, Bi are .n n/matrices, and pi 2 Rn . An equation of the form (3.72) describes, e.g., the physical processes subjected to pulse actions at times known with certain errors. Let .t0 ; T / D .1 ; : : : ; m / and let ˆ.t; t0 ; .t0 ; T // be the matrizant of the homogeneous impulsive differential equation corresponding to (3.72): xP D A.t /x;

t ¤ i ;

xj tDi D Bi x: By virtue of relation (1.50) in Chapter 1, the following representation is true for k t < kC1 : ˆ.t; t0 ; .t0 ; T // D e

Rt k

A.s/ds

.E C Bk /

k1 Y R j C1

e

j

A.s/ds

.E C Bj /e

R 1 t0

A.s/ds

:

j D1

Thus, every solution x.t; x0 ; .t0 ; T //; x.t0 ; x0 ; .t0 ; T // D x0 of Eq. (3.72) for t 2 I can be represented in the form x.t; x0 ; .t0 ; T // D ˆ.t; t0 ; .t0 ; T //x0 Z t X C ˆ.t; s; .t0 ; T //f .s/ds C ˆ.t; i ; .t0 ; T //pi : t0

t0 i
[

X0 D

¹ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//X0 C d. .0; !//º:

(3.75)

i 2Œi ;iC

Equation (3.74) is solvable if and only if either the matrix E ˆ.!; 0; .0; !// is nondegenerate for at least one collection i 2 Œi ; iC or the rank of the extended matrix .E ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//; d. .0; !/// is equal to the rank of the initial matrix. In this case, different i 2 Œi ; iC correspond to different matrices ˆ.!; 0; .0; !// and vectors d. .0; !// and, hence, a single initial point may correspond to several periodic solutions. Consider the problem of solvability of Eq. (3.75). Theorem 12 ([119]). If the inequality kˆ.!; 0; .0; !//k M < 1 holds for all i 2 Œi ; iC ; i D 1; r, then Eq. (3.72) possesses a single !-periodic bundle of solutions. Proof. Consider a mapping .X0 / D

[

¹ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//X0 C d. .0; !//º:

i 2Œi ;iC

122


By using the properties of the Hausdorff distance, we obtain [ ¹ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//X0 C d. .0; !//º; h..X0 /; .Y0 // D i 2Œi ;iC

[

¹ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//Y0 C d. .0; !//º D sup¹d1 ; d2 º;

i 2Œi ;iC

where

d1 D ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//x0 C d. .0; !//; [

¹ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//Y0 C d. .0; !//º

i 2Œi ;iC

.ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//x0 C d. .0; !//; ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//Y0 C d. .0; !/// kˆ.!; 0; .0; !//k.x0 ; Y0 / M h.X0 ; Y0 / < h.X0 ; Y0 /; d2 D ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//y0 C d. .0; !//; [

(3.76)

¹ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//X0 C d. .0; !//º

i 2Œi ;iC

.ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//y0 C d. .0; !//; ˆ.!; 0; .0; !//X0 C d. .0; !/// kˆ.!; 0; .0; !//k.y0 ; X0 / M h.X0 ; Y0 / < h.X0 ; Y0 /:

(3.77)

Thus, the mapping .X0 / is contracting. Hence, all conditions of the Banach theorem [14] are satisfied. This means that the mapping .X0 / has a single fixed point in comp.Rn /. We now consider the problem of stability of a bundle of solutions of the impulsive differential Eq. (3.72) [119]. Theorem 13. Assume that the matrizants ˆ.t; t0 ; .0; C1// of Eq. (3.72) are uniformly bounded. Then the bundle of solutions X.t; t0 ; x0 / is Lyapunov stable in the positive direction. Proof. We now show that, for any " > 0, there exists ı."/ > 0 such that the estimate h.X.t; t0 ; x0 /; X.t; t0 ; y0 // < " is true for kx0 y0 k < ı.

Section 3.4 Linear Differential Equations with Pulse Action at Indefinite Times

Further, we estimate h.X.t; t0 ; x0 /; X.t; t0 ; y0 // D sup¹d1 .t /; d2 .t /º; where, by analogy with estimates (3.76) and (3.77), d1 .t / D .x.t; x0 /; X.t; t0 ; y0 // M kx0 y0 k; d1 .t / D .x.t; y0 /; X.t; t0 ; x0 // M kx0 y0 k: Finally, we choose ı D

" M

and arrive at the required assertion.

123

Chapter 4

Linear Systems with Multivalued Trajectories

4.1

Differential Equations with Hukuhara Derivative

The spaces comp.Rn / and conv.Rn / are not linear because they do not contain the opposite element and, hence, the operation of subtraction. However, the operation of subtraction is urgently required in numerous cases and, hence, one can use several approaches for its definition. In what follows, we consider the notion of Hukuhara difference [58] in more detail. Definition 1 ([15]). Let X; Y 2 conv.Rn /. A set Z 2 conv.Rn / such that X D h Y C Z is called the difference of sets X and Y and denoted as follows: X Y. Remark 1. If the difference exists, then it is uniquely defined. The operation of subtraction has following properties [25]: h h h h (1) .X C Y / .U C V / D .X U / C .Y V / if the differences X U and h Y V exist. h h h h h h (2) .X U/ .Y V / D .X Y / C .V U / if the differences X Y, h h V U and Y V exist. h h h h h h h h U/ .Y V / D .X Y/ .U V / if the differences .X Y/ (3) .X h h V / and Y V exist. .U h h h .~U CV / D . ~/X C~.X U /C./Y C C.Y V/ (4) . X CY / h h if ~ 0; 0, and the differences X U and Y V exist. h h h h h U D .X V / C .V U / if the differences X V and V U exist. (5) X h h h h (6) h.X U; Y V / h.X; Y / C h.U; V / if the differences X U and Y V exist. h h Y; 0/ if the difference X Y exists. (7) h. X; Y / D h.X

(8) h. X; Y / ˇh.X; Y / C j j.h.X; 0/ C h.Y; 0// provided that ˇ D max¹ ; º. (9) The operation of subtraction is continuous relative to the Hausdorff metric: If 1 sequences ¹Xn º1 nD1 and ¹Yn ºnD1 converge to X and Y and the differences h h Xn Yn exist for all n 2 N , then the difference X Y exists and the seh h 1 quence ¹Xn Yn ºnD1 converges to X Y .

Section 4.1 Differential Equations with Hukuhara Derivative

125

Definition 2 ([24]). A set-valued mapping X W Œ0; T ! conv.Rn / is differentiable in Hukuhara’s sense at a point t0 2 .0; T / if there exists Dh X.t0 / 2 conv.Rn / such that the limits h X.t0 C t /X.t 0/ t t#0

lim

and

h X.t0 /X.t 0 t / t t #0

lim

exist and are equal to Dh X.t0 /. Note that, in this definition, it is assumed that, for all sufficiently small t > 0, the h h differences X.t0 /X.t 0 t /, X.t0 C t /X.t0 / exist. It makes sense to speak about unilateral derivatives at the points t D 0 and t D T . A differential equation with Hukuhara derivative was considered for the first time in [25]: (4.1) Dh X D F .t; X /; X.0/ D X0 ; where F W Œ0; T conv.Rn / ! conv.Rn / is a set-valued mapping, X0 2 conv.Rn / is an initial state, and Dh X is the Hukuhara derivative of a set-valued mapping X W Œ0; T ! conv.Rn /. Definition 3 ([29]). A set-valued mapping X. / is called a solution of Eq. (4.1) if it is continuously differentiable in Hukuhara’s sense and satisfies system (4.1) everywhere on Œ0; T . The differential Eq. (4.1) is equivalent to the integral equation [25] Z t F .s; X.s// ds; X.t / D X0 C 0

the integral in which is understood in Hukuhara’s sense [58]. The following theorem on existence and uniqueness is true: Theorem 1 ([29]). Assume that F . ; / satisfies the conditions: (1) F . ; / is continuous in .t; X / on Œ0; T conv.Rn /; (2) F .t; / has the Lipschitz property with respect to X on conv.Rn /, i.e., there exists a constant L > 0 such that h.F .t; X /; F .t; Y // Lh.X; Y /: Then system (4.1) is uniquely solvable. Example 1. Consider a linear differential equation of the form Dh X D .t /X C F .t /;

X.0/ D X0 ;

(4.2)

126

Chapter 4 Linear Systems with Multivalued Trajectories

where W R ! RC is summable, F W R ! conv.Rn / is measurable, h.F .t /; 0/ k.t /, k W R ! RC is summable, and X0 2 conv.Rn /. By using the properties of the Hukuhara derivative, one can easily show that the set-valued mapping X. / defined, for any t 0, by the formula Z t Rs Rt X.t / D e 0 .s/ ds X0 C F .s/e 0 ./ d ds 0

is a solution of Eq. (4.2). The other interesting result established for differential equations with Hukuhara derivative is the construction of an Euler broken line and estimation of the error. We split the segment Œ0; T into N parts as follows: 0 D t0 < t2 < < tN D T; Ik D Œtk ; tkC1 ;

tkC1 tk D ı;

k D 0; N 1;

and construct the Euler broken line Xk .t / D Xk1 .tk1 / C .t tk1 /F .tk1 ; Xk1 .tk1 //; t 2 Ik1 ;

X0 .t0 / D X0 ;

k D 1; N :

Denote R D sup D.X; Xk /; k

D.X; Xk / D max h.X.t /; Xk .t //; Ik1

k D 1; N :

Theorem 2 ([26]). Assume that F . ; / satisfies the conditions: (1) F . ; / is continuous in .t; X / on Œ0; T conv.Rn /; (2) F .t; / satisfies the Lipschitz condition in X with constant L; (3) the solution X. / of system (4.1) has the second continuous derivative on Œ0; T such that h.Dh .Dh X.t //; 0/ < K; t 2 Œ0; T : Then the error R satisfies the inequality R
2. The matrix A.t / is represented in the form 0 1 A11 .t / A12 .t / A1m .t / B A21 .t / A22 .t / A2m .t / C B C A.t / D B (4.12) C; :: :: :: :: @ A : : : : Am1 .t / Am2 .t / Amm .t / P where Aij .t / 2 Rni nj , m iD1 ni D n. Equation (4.10) is associated with the following system of linear equations with Hukuhara derivative: Dh Xi .t / D

m X

Aij .t /Xj .t / C Fi .t /;

Xi .0/ D Xi0 2 conv.Rni /; i

D 1; m;

j D1

(4.13) where F .t / F .t / D F1 .t / Fm .t /, Fi W Œ0; T ! conv.Rni / are continuous 0 , and X W Œ0; T ! conv.Rni / are functions set-valued mappings, X0 X10 Xm i continuously differentiable in Hukuhara’s sense. Consider a set X .t / D X1 .t / Xm .t /.

132


Theorem 4 ([124]). The following inclusion is true for Eqs. (4.10) and (4.13) and any t 2 Œ0; T : X.t / X .t /: Proof. The sets X.t / and X .t / are convex compact sets in Rn . Hence, it suffices to show that the inequality c.X.t /; / c.X .t /; / holds for all 2 Rn , We split the segment Œ0; T by the points tk D of Euler broken lines for Eqs. (4.10) and (4.13):

kT N

; k D 0; N . Consider a family

X N .tkC1 / D X N .tk / C hŒA.tk /X N .tk / C F .tk /; X N .0/ D X0 ; X m XiN .tkC1 / D XiN .tk / C h Aij .tk /XjN .tk / C Fi .tk / ; j D1

XiN .0/

Xi0 ;

D

Let

i D 1; m;

k D 0; N 1:

N

N X .t / D X1N .t / Xm .t /: N

Since X N .0/ X .0/, we have N

c.X N .0/; / c.X .0/; / for all

2 Rn . Assume that the inequality N

c.X N .tk /; / c.X .tk /; / holds for all

2 Rn and let 1

0 1

C B D @ ::: A;

i

2 Rni :

m

Then c.X N .tkC1 /; / D c.X N .tk / C hA.tk /X N .tk / C hF .tk /; / D c.X N .tk /; / C hc.X N .tk /; AT .tk / / C hc.F .tk /; / N

N

c.X .tk /; / C hc.X .tk /; AT .tk / / C hc.F .tk /; /

(4.14) (4.15)

Section 4.2 Approximation of the Integral Funnel of a Linear Differential Inclusion m X D Œc.XiN .tk /;

C hc.XiN .tk /; .AT .tk / /i / C hc.Fi .tk /;

i/

133

i /

i D1

8 10 00 T 11 A11 .tk / AT21 .tk / ATm1 .tk / ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ BB AT .t / AT .t / AT .t / C B ˆ CC < BB 12 k 22 k m2 k C B 2 CC T C B B D .A .tk / /i D BB : CC :: :: :: :: CB ˆ @ :: AC : ˆ : : : A @ A @ ˆ ˆ : T .t / AT .t / AT .t / m A1m k mm k 2m k i 9 1 0 Pm T > j D1 Aj1 .tk / j > > C B Pm > m = X B j D1 AjT2 .tk / j C T C D DB A .t / ji k j > C B :: > A @ : j D1 > > Pm ; T j D1 Aj m .tk / j i m m X X N N T D Aj i .tk / j C hc.Fi .tk /; i / c.Xi .tk /; i / C hc Xi .tk /; i D1

m X

j D1

c.XiN .tk /;

Ch

i/

D

c.XiN .tk /; AjTi .tk / j /

C hc.Fi .tk /;

i/

j D1

iD1 m X

m X

c.XiN .tk /;

i/

Ch

i D1

m X

c.Fi .tk /;

i/

Ch

m X m X

c.XiN .tk /; AjTi .tk /

j /:

iD1 j D1

iD1

(4.16) N

We now find the support function of the set X .tkC1 /: N

c.X .tkC1 /; / D

m X

c.XiN .tkC1 /;

i/

iD1

m m X X D c XiN .tk / C h Aij .tk /XjN .tk / C hFi .tk /; j D1

iD1

D

m X

c.XiN .tk /;

i/

Ch

D

iD1

c.XjN .tk /; ATij .tk / i /

i

C hc.Fi .tk /; i /

j D1

iD1 m X

m X

c.XiN .tk /;

i/

Ch

m X iD1

c.Fi .tk /;

i/ C

h

m X m X

c.XjN .tk /; ATij .tk /

i /:

iD1 j D1

(4.17)

134


In view of relations (4.16) and (4.17), we obtain N

c.X N .tkC1 /; / c.X .tkC1 /; / for all 2 Rn . As N ! 1, the Euler broken lines (4.14) and (4.15) converge to solutions of (4.10) and (4.13), respectively [26]. Hence, passing to the limit and using the property of continuity of the support functions, we conclude that c.X.t /; / c.X .t /; / for all 2 Rn . Thus, X.t / X .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T . The theorem is proved. We now study the problem of variation of the set X .t / in the case of subsequent decomposition of the matrix. Assume that the th row and the th column of the matrix A.t / 2 1; m are split into the following matrices: 0 11 1 1s A .t / A12 .t / A .t / B 21 C 2s B A .t / A22 .t / A .t / C; A .t / D B : : : : :: :: :: C @ :: A s2 .t / Ass .t / As1 .t / A P s lp lq and where Apq .t / 2 R pD1 lp D n ; Ai .t / D . A1i .t / A2i .t / Asi .t / /;

(4.18)

ni lp and i D 1; m, i ¤ ; where Ap i .t / 2 R 0 1 1 Ai .t / B 2 C B A .t / C lp ni and i D 1; m; i ¤ : Ai .t / D B i:: C; where Ap i .t / 2 R @ : A Asi .t /

Together with system (4.13), we consider a system Dh XQ i .t / D

m X j D1 j ¤

s X

Aij .t /XQj .t / C

Ai .t /Xp .t / C FQi .t /; p

pD1

XQ i .0/ D Xi0 ; i D 1; m; i ¤ ; Dh Xq .t / D

m X j D1 j ¤

Aqj .t /XQj .t / C

s X

Aqp .t /Xp .t / C Fq .t /;

(4.19)

pD1 0 ; q D 1; s; Xq .0/ D Xq

where Fi .t / D FQi .t /; i ¤ , F .t / FQ .t / D F1 .t / Fs .t /, Fq W Œ0; T ! 0 X0 , X Qi W conv.Rlq / are continuous set-valued mappings, X0 2 XQ0 D X1 s

135

Section 4.2 Approximation of the Integral Funnel of a Linear Differential Inclusion

Œ0; T ! conv.Rni / .i ¤ /, and Xq W Œ0; T ! conv.Rlq / .q D 1; s/ are setvalued mappings continuously differentiable in Hukuhara’s sense. Consider a set XQ .t / D XQ 1 .t / XQ 1 .t / X1 .t / Xs .t / XQ C1 .t / XQ m .t /: Theorem 5 ([124]). The following inclusion holds for systems (4.13) and (4.19) and any t 2 Œ0; T : X .t / XQ .t /. Proof. The sets X .t / and XQ .t / are convex compact sets in Rn . Hence, it is sufficient to show that the inequality c.X .t /; / c.XQ .t /; / is true for all vectors 2 Rn . We split the segment Œ0; T by the points tk D kT N ; k D 0; N and consider the family of Euler broken lines for Eqs. (4.13) and (4.19), i.e., equalities (4.15) and XQiN .tkC1 / D XQ iN .tk / C h

X m

Aij .tk /XQjN .tk / C

j D1 j ¤

s X

N Ap i .tk /Xp .tk /

Q C Fi .tk / ;

pD1

XQ iN .0/ D Xi0 ; i D 1; m; i ¤ ;

N Xq .tkC1 /

D

N Xq .tk /

Ch

X m

Aqj .tk /XQjN .t /

s X

N Aqp .tk /Xp .tk /

C Fq .tk / ;

N 0 Xq .0/ D Xq ; q D 1; s; k D 0; N 1:

(4.20)

C

j D1 j ¤

pD1

Let N N N N N .t / X1 .t / Xs .t / XQ C1 .t / XQ m .t /: XQ N .t / D XQ 1N .t / XQ 1 N

N

Since X .0/ XQ N .0/, we have c.X .0/; / c.XQ N .0/; / for all vectors 2 Rn . Assume that the inequality N c.X .tk /; / c.XQ N .tk /; /

holds for all

2 Rn . Then, by virtue of (4.17), we get

N

c.X .tkC1 /; / D

m X

c.XiN .tk /;

i/

Ch

m X iD1

c.Fi .tk /;

i/

Ch

i D1

iD1

m X

c.XQ iN .tk /;

i/ C h

m X iD1

m X m X

c.XjN .tk /; ATij .tk /

i/

c.XQjN .tk /; ATij .tk /

i/

i D1 j D1

c.FQi .tk /;

i/ C h

m m X X iD1 j D1

136 D


m X i D1 i ¤

Ch

c.XQ iN .tk /; m X m X i D1

D

D

8 ˆ
;

i D1

D

i/

9 > =

N c.Xp .tk /;

pD1 m X

c.Fi .tk /;

Q N .tk /; ATi .tk / i / C c.X

pD1

Ch

Ch

h

iD1 i¤

0

ˆ :

/ C

m X

p

pD1

00

.A1i .tk //T BB .A2 .tk //T BB i i /p D BB :: @@ :

p .Ai .tk //T

1 C C C A

.Asi .tk //T iI

.AT .tk / /p

1 C C iC A p

11

00

.A1i .tk //T BB .A2 .tk //T BB i D BB :: @@ : .Asi .tk //T

i i

i

CC CC CC AA p

/

137


10 11 T .As1 .t //T .A11 1 .tk // k C B :: CC BB :: :: :: D @@ A @ : AA : : : T .Ass .t //T .A1s .t // s k k p 1 0 Ps q1 T q s qD1 .A .tk // X C B :: T D@ D .Aqp A .tk // : Ps qs T qD1 q p qD1 .A .tk // 00

D

m X

c.XQ iN .tk /;

i/

C

i D1 i ¤

Ch

s X

N c.Xp .tk /;

s X

c.Fp .tk /;

p /

Ch

m X m X

pD1

c.XQ iN .tk /;

i/

C

s X

c.Fp .tk /;

Ch

N c.Xp .tk /;

p / C

p /

Ch

h

m X

c.Fi .tk /;

i/

iD1 i¤

m X m X


N T c.Xp .tk /; .Ap i .tk //

i/ C h

s s X X

i/

N T c.Xp .tk /; .Aqp .tk //

T c.XQjN .tk /; .Ap j .tk //

p /:

(4.21)

pD1

c.XQ N .tkC1 /; / m X i D1 i¤

q /

pD1 qD1

We now find the support function of the set XQ N .tkC1 /:

D

q

qD1

p

pD1

m X s X j D1 j ¤

iD1 j D1 i¤ j ¤

m X s X iD1 i¤

i/

pD1

pD1

Ch

i/

pD1

iD1 i¤

Ch


pD1

j D1 j ¤

s X

c.Fi .tk /;

s s X X N T c Xp .tk /; .Aqp i/ C h .tk //

N T c.Xp .tk /; .Ap i .tk //

m s X X N T Q Ch c Xj .tk /; .Ap j .tk //

> > ;

iD1 j D1 i¤ j ¤

m X s X iD1 i¤

m X

Ch

q

iD1 i¤

pD1

Ch

p /

pD1

m X

9 > > =

c.XQ iN .tkC1 /;

i/ C

s X qD1

N c.Xq .tkC1 /;

q /

138


D

m X

c.XQ iN .tk /;

i/

Ch

i D1 i¤

m X


i/

j D1 j ¤

Ch

s X

p N c.Xp .tk /; .Ai .tk //T

i/

C hc.Fi .tk /;

i/

pD1

C

s X

N .tk /; c.Xq

q /

Ch

m X

c.XQjN .t /; .Aqj .tk //T

q /

j D1 j ¤

qD1

Ch

s X


q /

C hc.Fq .tk /;

q /

pD1

D

m X

c.XQ iN .tk /;

i/

Ch

i D1 i¤

Ch

m X s X

s X

p N c.Xp .tk /; .Ai .tk //T

i/

Ch

pD1

i/

N c.Xp .tk /;

s X s X

m X

c.Fi .tk /;

i/

iD1 i ¤

p /Ch

m X s X j D1 j ¤

pD1

Ch


iD1 j D1 i¤ j ¤

iD1 i ¤

C

m X m X

p /

pD1


pD1 qD1

T c.XQjN .tk /; .Ap j .tk // s X

c.Fp .tk /; q /Ch pD1

p /:

(4.22)

In view of relations (4.21) and (4.22), we obtain N

c.X .tkC1 /; / c.XQ N .tkC1 /; / for all 2 Rn . As N ! 1, the Euler broken lines (4.15) and (4.20) converge to the solutions of (4.13) and (4.19), respectively [26]. Hence, passing to the limit and using the property of continuity of the support functions, we conclude that c.X .t /; / c.XQ .t /; / for all 2 Rn . Thus, X .t / XQ .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T . The theorem is proved. Corollary 1 ([124]). Let 1 and 2 be decompositions of the matrix A.t / for Eq. (4.10). Assume that 2 can be obtained from 1 by additional decomposition. Let X 1 .t / and X 2 .t / be solutions of systems of the form (4.13) corresponding to the indicated decompositions. Then X 1 .t / X 2 .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T .


139

Corollary 2 ([124]). Denote by Ym .t / the intersection of all sets X .t / of solutions of systems of the form (4.13) for all possible decompositions of the matrix A.t / into the matrices Aij .t /, i; j D 1; m. Then, by Theorems 4 and 5, X.t / D Y1 .t / Y2 .t / Yn .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T : The inclusion X.t / Yn .t / is proved and illustrated by model examples in [116, 120]. Remark 2 ([116]). For m D n, system (4.13) can be simplified. Let Xi .t / D xi .t / C yi .t /Œ1; 1 and Fi .t / D fi .t / C gi .t /Œ1; 1. Then system (4.13) can be represented in the form Dh ¹xi .t / C yi .t /Œ1; 1º D

n X

aij .t /¹xj .t /Cyj .t /Œ1; 1ºCfi .t /Cgi .t /Œ1; 1;

j D1

xi .0/ C yi .0/Œ1; 1 D xi0 C yi0 Œ1; 1;

i D 1; n:

By definition, the Hukuhara derivative Dh ¹xi .t / C yi .t /Œ1; 1º 1 ¹Œxi .t C / yi .t C /; xi .t C / C yi .t C / !0

D lim

Œxi .t / yi .t /; xi .t / C yi .t /º D lim

!0

1 Œxi .t C / yi .t C / .xi .t / yi .t //; C xi .t C / C yi .t C / .xi .t / C yi .t //

D

xi .t C / xi .t / .yi .t C / yi .t // ; xi .t C / xi .t / C .yi .t C / yi .t // lim !0 lim

!0

D Œ.xi .t / yi .t //0 ; .xi .t / C yi .t //0 D xP i .t / C yPi .t /Œ1; 1: Thus, system (4.13) is decomposed into two linear inhomogeneous systems of ordinary differential equations ´ P xP i .t / D jnD1 aij .t /xj .t / C fi .t /; xi .0/ D xi0 ; i D 1; n; ´ P yPi .t / D jnD1 jaij .t /jyj .t / C gi .t /; yi .0/ D yi0 ; i D 1; n; whose solutions are obtained in the explicit form.

140


Remark 3. As mentioned above, the construction of solutions of the Hukuhara equation in spaces with dimensionality n > 2 encounters serious computational difficulties. Therefore, it is reasonable to decompose the matrix A.t / into blocks such that ni 2; i D 1; m. Example 3. Consider a controlled system xP 1 D x2 ;

xP 2 D u;

u 2 Œ1; 1;

x1 .0/ D x2 .0/ D 0:

(4.23)

The set of attainability for this system takes the form ² ³ x2 x2 x2 t t 2 x2 t t2 R.t / D .x1 ; x2 / W 2 C x1 2 C C : 4 2 4 4 2 4 System (4.23) corresponds to the following equation with Hukuhara derivative: 0 1 X.t / C F .t /; X.0/ D 0; Dh X.t / D 0 0 where F .t / D 0 Œ1; 1. We decompose the matrix A into blocks of dimensionality 1 1 and consider a system of differential P equations with Hukuhara derivative of the form (4.13). For any i D 1; 2, the sum j2D1 AjTi j contains at most one nonzero element and, moreover, X0 D X 0 and F .t / F .t /. Hence, by virtue of (4.16) and (4.17), the identity X.t / X .t / is true for all t 2 Œ0; 1. According to Remark 2, system (4.13) is reduced to the following two systems of ordinary differential equations: ´ ´ yP1 D y2 ; yP2 D 1; xP 1 D x2 ; xP 2 D 0; x1 .0/ D x2 .0/ D 0; y1 .0/ D y2 .0/ D 0: As a result of the solution of these systems, we find (Figure 1): x1 .t / D x2 .t / D 0;

y1 .t / D

t2 ; 2

and y2 .t / D t:

Thus, we get an approximation of the set of attainability for problem (4.23) in the following form: 2 2 t t R.t / X.t / D X .t / D ; Œt; t : 2 2 Example 4. Consider a linear control problem on the segment Œ0; 1 xP D Ax C u;

x.0/ 2 X0 ;

u.t / 2 U;

(4.24)


141

Figure 1. Approximation of the set of attainability for system (4.23).

where AD

1 0 ; 0 1

(4.25)

X0 is a unit ball centered at the point .1; 2/, and U is a unit ball centered at the origin. For t D 1, we get the approximation depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Approximation of the set of attainability for system (4.24), (4.25).

142


Example 5. Assume that, in Eq. (4.24), 1 0 ; AD 0 0:1

(4.26)

X0 is a unit ball centered at the origin, and U is a unit square centered at the point .1; 0/. In this case, we arrive at the approximation shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Approximation of the set of attainability for system (4.24), (4.26).

It is natural to study the problem of construction of approximations to the bundles of solutions for linear impulsive differential inclusions. Assume that the system described by inclusion (4.8) is subjected to pulse actions at fixed times. In other words, on the segment Œ0; T , we consider a linear impulsive differential inclusion xP 2 A.t /x C F .t /;

t ¤ k ;

x.k C 0/ 2 Bk x.k / C Pk ; x.0/ 2 X0 ;

(4.27)

k D 1; K;

where Bk are n n matrices, Pk 2 conv.Rn /, and the times of pulses are such that 0 1 < < K < T . Inclusion (4.27) is equivalent, e.g., to the following linear impulsive control system xP D A.t /x C D.t /u;

t ¤ k ;

x.k C 0/ D Bk x.k / C Ck vk ; x.0/ 2 X0 ;

k D 1; K;


143

where u.t / 2 U.t / and vk 2 Vk 2 conv.Rr / are control vectors, Ck are .n r/matrices, and in addition, Pk D ¹y 2 Rn W y D Ck vk ; vk 2 Vk º. The equation with Hukuhara derivative corresponding to the impulsive differential inclusion (4.27) takes the form Dh X.t / D A.t /X.t / C F .t /;

t ¤ k ;

X.k C 0/ D Bk X.k / C Pk ; X.0/ D X0 ;

(4.28)

k D 1; K;

where the solution X W Œ0; T ! conv.Rn / is a set-valued mapping piecewise continuously differentiable in Hukuhara’s sense. Assume that the matrix A.t / can be represented in the form (4.12) and that the matrices Bk .k D 1; K/ admit the following representations: 1 0 k k Bk B11 B12 1m B k k C B k B2m C BB k n n Bk D B :21 :22 : :: C; where Bij 2 R i j : : : : @ : : : A : k Bk k Bm1 m2 Bmm Equation (4.28) is associated the following system of linear impulsive differential equations with Hukuhara derivative: Dh Xi .t / D

m X

Aij .t /Xj .t / C Fi .t /;

t ¤ k ;

j D1

Xi .k C 0/ D

m X

Bijk Xj .k / C Pik ;

(4.29)

j D1

Xi .0/ D Xi0 2 conv.Rni /;

i D 1; m; k D 1; K;

k , P k 2 conv.Rni /, and X W Œ0; T ! conv.Rni / where Pk P k D P1k Pm i i are functions piecewise continuously differentiable in Hukuhara’s sense. Consider a set X .t / D X1 .t / Xm .t /.

Theorem 6 ([124]). The inclusion R.t / X.t / X .t /, where R.t / is the set of attainability of (4.27) holds for Eqs. (4.27), (4.28), and (4.29) for any t 2 Œ0; T . Proof. Denote 0 D 0 and KC1 D T . Suppose that the inclusion R.k1 C 0/ X.k1 C 0/ X.k1 C 0/ holds for some k 2 1; K C 1. By virtue of Theorem 4 and inclusion (4.11), we get R.t / X.t / X .t / for all k1 < t k .

144


We now show that R.k C 0/ X.k C 0/ X .k C 0/; k 2 1; K. The first part of the inclusion directly follows from (4.27) and (4.28). We now prove the second inclusion. In view of the convexity of the sets X.k C 0/ and X .k C 0/, it suffices to show that the inequality c.X.k C 0/; / c.X .k C 0/; / holds for all 2 Rn . Equations (4.28) and (4.29) now imply that c.X.k C 0/; / D c.Bk X.k / C Pk ; / D c.X.k /; BkT / C c.Pk ; / c.X .k /; BkT / C c.P k ; / D

m X i D1

D

c.Xi .k /; .BkT /i / C

8 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
j > j D1 .Bj1 / > > C > B Pm m = k T X B j D1 .B / j C k T j 2 C B DB D .B / j ji C :: > > A @ : j D1 > > Pm > k T ; .B / j

.B T ˆ k

j D1

D

m X

i

j D1

m X m X i D1 j D1

c.Xj .k /; .Bijk /T

i/

C

n X iD1

In view of (4.30) and (4.31), we conclude that the inequality c.X.k C 0/; / c.X .k C 0/; /

145


is true for all 2 Rn and, hence, X.k C 0/ X .k C 0/. The theorem is thus proved. We now study the problem of variation of the set X .t / in the case of subsequent decomposition of the matrix. Assume that the th row and th column of the matrix A.t / 2 1; m are decomposed as in (4.18) and the th rows and th columns of the matrices Bk are decomposed into the following matrices: 1 0 k11 k12 k1s B B B B k21 k22 s k2s C X C B B B B kpq k lp lq C; where B B 2 R ; lp D n I B D B : :: : : : C : :: A @ :: : pD1 ks1 ks2 kss B B B k1 k2 kp k ks ; Bi D Bi 2 Rni lp ; i D 1; m; i ¤ I (4.32) where Bi Bi Bi 1 0 k1 Bi B k2 C B Bi C kp k lp ni C DB ; i D 1; m; i ¤ : Bi B :: C; where Bi 2 R @ : A ks Bi Parallel with system (4.13), we consider a system Dh XQ i .t / D

m X j D1 j ¤

XQ i .k C 0/ D

m X

Bijk XQj .k / C

s X

m X

Bi Xp .k / C PQik ; kp

i D 1; m; i ¤ ; Aqj .t /XQj .t / C

j D1 j ¤

Xq .k C 0/ D

t ¤ k ;

pD1

XQ i .0/ D Xi0 ; m X

Q Ap i .t /Xp .t / C Fi .t /;

pD1

j D1 j ¤

Dh Xq .t / D

s X

Aij .t /XQj .t / C

s X

Aqp .t /Xp .t / C Fq .t /;

(4.33)

pD1 kq Q Bj Xj .k / C

j D1 j ¤

0 ; Xq .0/ D Xq

s X

k

k Bqp Xp .k / C Pq ;

pD1

q D 1; s; k D 1; K;

k P k , P k 2 conv.Rlq /, X 0 2 where Pik D PQik , i ¤ , Pk PQk D P1 s q 0 X0 , X Q i W Œ0; T ! conv.Rni / (i ¤ ), and Xq W Œ0; T ! XQ0 D X1 s conv.Rlq / (q D 1; s) are set-valued mappings piecewise continuously differentiable in Hukuhara’s sense.

146


Consider a set XQ .t / D XQ 1 .t / XQ 1 .t / X1 .t / Xs .t / XQ C1 .t / XQ m .t /: Theorem 7 ([124]). The following inclusion is true for systems (4.29) and (4.33) for any t 2 Œ0; T : X .t / XQ .t /: Proof. Denote 0 D 0 and KC1 D T . Assume that the inclusion X.k1 C 0/ XQ .k1 C 0/ holds for some k 2 1; K C 1. By Theorem 5, for all k1 < t k , we have X .t / XQ .t /. Q k C 0/; k 2 1; K. In view of the convexity of We now show that X .k C 0/ X. Q k C 0/, it suffices to show that the inequality the sets X .k C 0/ and X. c.X .k C 0/; / c.XQ .k C 0/; / is true for all

2 Rn . By virtue of (4.31), Eqs. (4.29) and (4.33) imply that

c.X .k C 0/; / D

m X m X

c.Xj .k /; .Bijk /T

i/

C

iD1 j D1

m X m X

c.XQj .k /; .Bijk /T

m X m X iD1

C

m X

c.Pik ;

i/

c.PQik ;

i/

iD1 i/ C

iD1 j D1

D

m X

m X iD1


k T i / C c.XQ .k /; .Bi /

i/

j D1 j ¤

c.Pik ;

i/

C c.PQk ;

/

iD1 i ¤

D

m X m X


i/ C

m X j D1 j ¤

k T c.XQj .k /; .Bj /

k T c.XQ .k /; .Bi /

i/

i D1

iD1 j D1 i¤ j ¤

C

m X

/C

m X i D1 i¤

c.Pik ;

i /C

s X

k c.Pp ;

pD1

p /


D

m X m X


m X s X k T c.Xp .k /; ..Bi / i /C

i D1 j D1 i¤ j ¤

C

s X

m X

i /p /

iD1 pD1 i ¤

k T c.Xp .k /; ..B /

C

/p /

m X

k T c.XQj .k /; .Bj /

/

j D1 j ¤

pD1

C

147

c.Pik ;

i/ C

s X

k c.Pp ;

p /

pD1

iD1 i ¤

8 ˆ ˆ < k T / D ..Bi ˆ ˆ : k T .Bj /

1 k1 /T .Bi C BB :: A i /p D @@ : ks T .Bi /

1

00

D

s X

kp T .Bj /

C

kp T D .Bi /

iA

iI

p

p I

pD1

11 k11 T ks1 T 1 0 / .B / .B 1 C B :: CC BB :: :: k T :: / /p D @@ ..B A @ : AA : : : k1s T kss T s .B / .B / p 9 1 0P kq1 T s > .B / q > s = X C B qD1 : k qp T C D :: DB .B / q A @ > > Ps kqs T qD1 ; .B / q qD1 p 00

D

m X m X


i /C

iD1 j D1 i¤ j ¤

iD1 i¤

s s X X k C c Xp .k /; .Bqp /T pD1

j D1 j ¤

m X iD1 i ¤

q

p

pD1

c.Pik ;

i/ C

s X pD1

k c.Pp ;

p /

kp

c.Xp .k /; .Bi /T

pD1

qD1

m s X X kp T C c XQj .k /; .Bj /

C

m X s X

i/

148

Chapter 4 Linear Systems with Multivalued Trajectories m X m X


i/

iD1 j D1 i ¤ j ¤

m X s X

C

iD1 i ¤

kp T c.Xp .k /; .Bi /

s s X X

C

i/

pD1 k

c.Xp .k /; .Bqp /T

q /

pD1 qD1

C

m X s X j D1 j ¤

C

m X

kp T c.XQj .k /; .Bj /

p /

pD1

c.Pik ;

s X

i/ C

k c.Pp ;

p /:

(4.34)

pD1

iD1 i ¤

Q k C 0/: We now find the support function of the set X. c.XQ .k C 0/; / D

m X

c.XQ i .k C 0/;

i/ C

s X

c.Xq .k C 0/;

q /

qD1

iD1 i¤

m X m s X X kp D c Bijk XQj .k / C Bi Xp .k / C PQik ; iD1 i¤

C

j D1 j ¤

j D1 j ¤

m X m X

m X


i /C

iD1 i¤

C

s X s X qD1 pD1

m X s X iD1 i ¤

c.Pik ;

q

pD1

iD1 j D1 i¤ j ¤

C

i

pD1

X s m s X X k kq Q k c Bj Bqp Xp .k / C Pq ; Xj .k / C qD1

D

i/ C

m s X X qD1

kp T c.Xp .k /; .Bi /

i/

pD1

kq T c.XQj .k /; .Bj /

q /

j D1 j ¤

k c.Xp .k /; .Bqp /T

q /

C

s X

k c.Pq ;

q /:

qD1

(4.35)


149

By using (4.34) and (4.35), we conclude that the inequality c.X .k C 0/; / c.XQ .k C 0/; / holds for all 2 Rn . Hence, X.k C 0/ XQ .k C 0/. The theorem is thus proved. Corollary 3 ([124]). Let 1 and 2 be decompositions of the matrices A.t / and Bk for Eq. (4.28). Assume that 2 can be obtained from 1 by additional decomposition. Let X 1 .t / and X 2 .t / be solutions of systems of the form (4.29) corresponding to the given partitions. Then X 1 .t / X 2 .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T . Corollary 4 ([124]). Let Ym .t /, be the intersection of all sets X .t / of solutions of systems of the form (4.29) for all possible decompositions of the matrices A.t / and Bk into the matrices Aij .t / and Bijk i; j D 1; m. Hence, by virtue of Theorems 6 and 7, X.t / D Y1 .t / Y2 .t / Yn .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T : The estimate X.t / Yn .t / is proved in [116]. Remark 4 ([116]). For m D n, system (4.29) decomposes into two systems of linear impulsive differential equations. Let Xi .t / D xi .t / C yi .t /Œ1; 1, Fi .t / D fi .t / C gi .t /Œ1; 1, and Pik D pik C qik Œ1; 1. Thus, by analogy with Remark 2, we find 8 Pn .t /xj .t / C fi .t /; t ¤ k ; k D 1; N ; ˆ <xP i D j D1 aijP k x . / C p k ; xi .k C 0/ D jnD1 bij j k i ˆ : xi .0/ D xi0 : 8 Pn t ¤ k ; k D 1; N ; ˆ ij .t /jyj .t / C gi .t /; 0. If ı 0, then a.x; ı/ D ahŒx; x C ı; 0i D hŒax; ax C aı; 0i D .ax; aı/: Further, if ı < 0, then a.x; ı/ D ahx; Œ0; ıi D hax; Œ0; aıi D .ax; aı/: Now let a < 0. Thus, if ı 0, then a.x; ı/ D ahŒx; x C ı; 0i D h0; jajŒx; x C ıi D h0; Œjajx; jajx C jajıi D .jajx; jajı/ D .ax; aı/: At the same time, if ı < 0, then a.x; ı/ D ahx; Œ0; ıi D hjajŒ0; ı; jajxi D hŒjajx; jajx jajı; 0i D .jajx; jajı/ D .ax; aı/: Lemma 3 ([121]). lim .xk ; ık / D .x; ı/ , lim xk D x; lim ık D ı:

k!1

k!1

k!1

Proof. First, we prove necessity. Assume that all ık 0 beginning with some k0 . Then .xk ; ık / D hŒxk ; xk C ık ; 0i: Further, let ı 0. Then

.x; ı/ D hŒx; x C ı; 0i:

Since lim .xk ; ık / D .x; ı/;

k!1

we get ..xk ; ık /; .x; ı// D .hŒxk ; xk C ık ; 0i; hŒx; x C ı; 0i/ D h.Œxk ; xk C ık ; Œx; x C ı/ D max¹kxk xk; kxk C ık x ıkº ! 0 as k ! 1. Hence,

lim xk D x

k!1

and

lim ık D ı:

k!1

If ı < 0, then .x; ı/ D h0; Œx; x ıi and, therefore, ..xk ; ık /; .x; ı// D .hŒxk ; xk C ık ; 0i; h0; Œx; x ıi/ D h.Œxk x; xk x C ık ı; 0/ D max¹kxk xk; kxk C ık x ıkº ¹ 0; which contradicts the condition.

158


The case where all ık < 0 beginning with some k0 is analyzed similarly. Assume that there are infinitely many ık 0 and infinitely many ık < 0. In this case, we split the sequence of numbers ¹kº into two subsequences ¹k1 W ık1 0º and ¹k2 W ık2 < 0º. Since any subsequence of a convergent sequence converges, we have limk1 !1 .xk1 ; ık1 / D .x; ı/ and, as shown above, limk1 !1 xk1 D x and limk1 !1 ık1 D ı 0, i.e., for any " > 0, there exists k10 such that the following estimates are true for k1 > k10 : kxk1 xk < " and

kık1 ık < ":

Similarly, we obtain limk2 !1 .xk2 ; ık2 / D .x; ı/. Hence, limk2 !1 xk2 D x, limk2 !1 ık2 D ı 0. In other words, for any " > 0, there exists k20 such that the estimates kxk2 xk < " and kık2 ık < " are true for k2 > k20 . Thus, we get ı D 0. Choosing k0 D max¹k10 ; k20 º, we conclude that kxk xk < " and kık k < " for k > k0 . Hence, necessity is proved. Sufficiency is proved similarly. Lemma 4 ([121]).

P //; D .x.t /; ı.t // D .x.t P /; ı.t

where D .x.t /; ı.t // is the -derivative [146], [15] of the couple .x.t /; ı.t //. Proof. By using the definition of the -derivative and Lemmas 2 and 3, we find 1 Œ.x.t C /; ı.t C // .x.t /; ı.t // !0 1 D lim Œ.x.t C /; ı.t C // C .x.t /; ı.t // !0 1 D lim .x.t C / x.t /; ı.t C / ı.t // !0 x.t C / x.t / ı.t C / ı.t / ; D lim !0 x.t C / x.t / ı.t C / ı.t / D lim ; lim !0 !0 P //: D .x.t P /; ı.t

D .x.t /; ı.t // D lim

159


4.5

Approximation of the Integral Funnel of a Linear Differential Inclusion with the Help of Systems of Differential Equations with -Derivative

Example 8. Consider a linear differential inclusion xP 2 ax C Œm; m;

x.0/ D 0

(4.44)

for m > 0 and various a ¤ 0. Tolstonogov ([145], p. 232) studied the relationship between the R-solution R.t / of inclusion (4.44) and a solution of the corresponding equation with Hukuhara derivative Dh X.t / D aX.t / C Œm; m;

X.0/ D 0:

(4.45)

It was shown that the following equality is true for a > 0 and t 2 Œ0; T : R.t / D X.t / D

e at 1 Œm; m: a

At the same time, if a < 0, then R.t / D

e at 1 Œm; m; a

X.t / D e at R.t /

and, hence, R.t / X.t / for t 2 .0; T . Consider the equation with -derivative corresponding to inclusion (4.44): ´ D .x; ı/ D a.x; ı/ C .m; 2m/; (4.46) .x.0/; ı.0// D .0; 0/: By virtue of Lemmas 2 and 4, this equation decomposes into two linear inhomogeneous equations ´ ´ xP D ax m; ıP D aı C 2m; x.0/ D 0; ı.0/ D 0: As a result of the solution of these equations, we conclude that x.t / D Therefore,

m at .e 1/ a

and ı.t / D

2m at .e 1/: a

2m at m at .e 1/ .x.t /; ı.t // D .e 1/; a a Dh m i E e at 1 m D .e at 1/; .e at 1/ ; 0 D Œm; m; 0 : a a a

160


Hence, for all a, the R-solution of inclusion (4.44) coincides with the integral funnel of inclusion (4.44) and with the solution of the equation with -derivative (4.46). Thus, it is reasonable to consider the problem of approximation of the R-solution of a linear differential inclusion with the help of the solution of the corresponding equation with -derivative. Consider a linear differential inclusion xP 2 A.t /x C F .t /;

x.0/ 2 X0 ;

(4.47)

where t 2 Œ0; T ; x 2 Rn is the phase vector, A.t / is a continuous .n n/-matrix, F .t / is a continuous set-valued mapping Œ0; T ! comp.Rn /, and X0 2 conv.Rn /. The R-solution R.t / of inclusion (4.47) with the initial condition R.0/ D X0 has the form Z t R.t / D ˆ.t; 0/X0 C ˆ.t; s/F .s/ds; (4.48) 0

where ˆ.t; s/ is the matrizant of the system xP 2 A.t /x. Assume that a mapping FQ .t / D F1 .t / Fn .t /, where Fi .t / D Œfi .t /; fi .t / C ri .t /;

i D 1; n;

and a set XQ 0 D X10 Xn0 , where Xi0 D Œxi0 ; xi0 C ıi0 ; i D 1; n, are such that F .t / FQ .t / .F .t / FQ .t // for all t 2 Œ0; T and X0 XQ 0 .X0 XQ 0 /. Inclusion (4.47) is associated with a system of linear differential equations with -derivative of the form D .xi ; ıi / D

n X

aij .t /.xj ; ıj / C .fi .t /; ri .t //;

(4.49)

j D1

.xi .0/; ıi .0// D .xi0 ; ıi0 /;

i D 1; n:

By virtue of Lemmas 2 and 4, system (4.49) decomposes into two systems of linear differential equations ´ P xP i D jnD1 aij .t /xj C fi .t /; (4.50) xi .0/ D xi0 ; i D 1; n; ´ P ıPi D jnD1 aij .t /ıj C ri .t /; (4.51) ıi .0/ D ıi0 ; i D 1; n; whose solutions can be represented in the form Z

t

T

x.t / D .x1 .t /; : : : ; xn .t // D ˆ.t; 0/x0 C Z T

ı.t / D .ı1 .t /; : : : ; ın .t // D ˆ.t; 0/ı0 C

ˆ.t; s/f .s/ds; 0 t

ˆ.t; s/r.s/ds: 0


161

´ Œxi .t /; xi .t / C ıi .t /; ıi .t / 0; Œxi .t / C ıi .t /; xi .t /; ıi .t / < 0;

Now let

and let XQ .t / D X1 .t / Xn .t /. We now study the relationship between the sets R.t / and XQ .t /. According to the property of the support functions, we find Z c.R.t /; / D c.ˆ.t; 0/X0 ; / C c

ˆ.t; s/F .s/ds; 0 t

Z T

D c.X0 ; ˆ .t; 0/ / C

c.F .s/; ˆT .t; s/ /ds

0

./ c.XQ 0 ; ˆT .t; 0/ / C D

n ² X

xi0

ıi0

C

Z

t

c.FQ .s/; ˆT .t; s/ /ds

0

ı0 .ˆ .t; 0/ /i C i j.ˆT .t; 0/ /i j 2

2

iD1

t

³

T

³ ri .s/ ri .s/ T T .ˆ .t; s/ /i C j.ˆ .t; s/ /i j ds C fi .s/ C 2 2 0 i D1 ˇ³ ˇ n n n ² X ˇ ıi0 X ıi0 ˇˇ X 0 j i .t; 0/ j C ˇ j i .t; 0/ j ˇˇ D xi C 2 2 Z tX n ²

iD1

C

n Z t X

j D1

²

fi .s/ C

i D1 0

ri .s/ 2

X n

n X iD1

D

ˇ n ri .s/ ˇˇ X C j i .t; s/ 2 ˇ

n X ıi c.Xi ; i / D xi C 2

n ² X n X iD1

j i .t; s/

j D1

j D1

c.XQ .t /; / D

j D1

j D1

Z

C C

t

ˇ³ ˇ ˇ j ˇ ds D I1 .t; /;

i

iD1

jıi j j C 2

ij

ıj0 ij .t; 0/ xj0 C 2 n X

0 j D1

j

j

rj .s/ ds ij .t; s/ fj .s/ C 2

ˇX n

i j ˇˇ

2 ˇ

j D1

ij .t; 0/ıj0

C

n Z X j D1 0

t

i

ˇ³ ˇ ij .t; s/rj .s/ds ˇˇ D I2 .t; /:

162


The relationship between I1 .t; / and I2 .t; / is directly connected with the relationship between n ˇX X ˇ n j i .t; 0/ ıi0 ˇˇ J1 .t; / D j D1

iD1

ˇX ˇ Z t ˇ n ˇ ˇ j i .t; s/ ri .s/ˇˇ jˇ C 0

j D1

ˇ ˇ ˇ j ˇ ds

and J2 .t; / D

n X i D1

ˇX ˇ n Z t X ˇ n ˇ 0 j i j ˇˇ ij .t; 0/ıj C ij .t; s/rj .s/ds ˇˇ: j D1 0

j D1

Thus, we have proved the following assertion: Theorem 10 ([121]). Assume that, for the linear differential inclusion (4.47), there exist a continuous function FQ .t / such that F .t / FQ .t / .F .t / FQ .t // and a set XQ 0 such that X0 XQ 0 .X0 XQ 0 / and J1 .t; / J2 .t; / .J1 .t; / J2 .t; // for all 2 Rn and t 2 Œ0; T . Then R.t / XQ .t / .R.t / XQ .t // for all t 2 Œ0; T . Corollary 5. Assume that n D 1. In this case, F .t / D FQ .t /, X0 D XQ0 , and Z t J1 .t; / D ı0 j.t; 0/ j C r.s/j.t; s/ jds 0

ˇ ˇ Z t ˇ ˇ j jˇˇ.t; 0/ı0 C r.s/.t; s/ds ˇˇ D J2 .t; / 0

for all

2 R and t 2 Œ0; T . Then R.t / XQ .t /.

Example 9. Consider the differential inclusion (4.47) with n D 2 and a diagonal matrix ˆ.t; s/. Assume that the mapping FQ .t / and the set XQ 0 are such that F .t / FQ .t / and X0 XQ 0 . In this case, J1 .t; / D ı10 j11 .t; 0/ 1 j C ı20 j22 .t; 0/ 2 j Z t Z t r1 .s/j11 .t; s/ 1 jds C r2 .s/j22 .t; s/ C 0

0

2 jds;

ˇZ t ˇ ˇ ˇ 0ˇ ˇ J2 .t; / D j 1 jˇ r1 .s/11 .t; s/ds C 11 .t; 0/ı1 ˇ 0

ˇZ t ˇ ˇ ˇ 0ˇ ˇ r2 .s/22 .t; s/ds C 22 .t; 0/ı2 ˇ: C j 2 jˇ 0

Since 11 .t; s/ and 22 .t; s/ are sign-preserving functions (otherwise, the matrix ˆ.t; s/ is nondegenerate), we conclude that J1 .t; / D J2 .t; / for all 2 Rn

163


and t 2 Œ0; T . Thus, by virtue of the already proved theorem, R.t / XQ .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T . If F .t / D FQ .t / and X0 D XQ 0 , then R.t / D XQ .t /. In the case where the matrix ˆ.t; s/ is inversely diagonal, we get the same estimate. Corollary 6. Assume that a matrix ˆ.t; s/ has the following property: Each row and each column of the matrix contain a single nonzero element. Let a mapping FQ .t / and a set XQ 0 be such that F .t / FQ .t / and X0 XQ0 . Then R.t / XQ .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T . It is clear that, in the general case, it is impossible to say which of the quantities J1 .t; / and J2 .t; / is larger. Theorem 11 ([121]). Assume that, for the linear differential inclusion (4.47) and any k … 1; n, all ki .t; s/ are nonnegative (nonpositive) for all i … 1; n and t; s 2 Œ0; T . Moreover, there exist a function FQ .t / such that F .t / FQ .t / and a set XQ 0 such that X0 XQ0 . Then R.t / XQ .t / for all t 2 Œ0; T . Proof. We use Theorem 10. It suffices to check the validity of the inclusion J1 .t; / J2 .t; / for the vectors D ˙ek , k D 1; n, where ek is a unit vector. In this case, Z t n X 0 J1 .t; ˙ek / D ri .s/jki .t; s/jds ; ıi jki .t; 0/j C 0

iD1

ˇX ˇ n Z t X ˇ n ˇ 0 ˇ ki .t; 0/ıi C ki .t; s/ri .s/ds ˇˇ: J2 .t; ˙ek / D ˇ iD1

iD1 0

Since, for any k D 1; n, all ki .t; s/ are nonnegative (nonpositive) for all i D 1; n and 0 s t T , we conclude that J1 .t; ˙ek / D J2 .t; ˙ek / for all k D 1; n and t 2 Œ0; T . Remark 7. If, in Theorem 10, F .t / D FQ .t / and X0 D XQ 0 , then J1 .t; ˙ek / D J2 .t; ˙ek / for all k D 1; n and t 2 Œ0; T . Thus, the set R.t / is inscribed in the set XQ .t /. Example 10. In [84], the differential inclusion (4.47) was considered for n D 1: xP 2 a.t /x C F .t /;

x.0/ 2 X0 :

(4.52)

In the case where a.t / 0 and the mapping F W Œ0; T ! conv.R/ is measurable and integrally bounded, it was shown in [145] that the R-solution R.t / of inclusion (4.52) coincides with a solution of the equation with Hukuhara derivative Dh X D a.t /X C F .t /;

X.0/ D X0 :

164


Consider the equation with -derivative corresponding to inclusion (4.52): D .x; ı/ D a.t /.x; ı/ C .f .t /; r.t //;

(4.53)

.x.0/; ı.0// D .x0 ; ı0 /: In this case, F .t / D FQ .t /, X0 D XQ 0 , and Z t a. /d > 0 .t; s/ D exp s

for all t; s 2 Œ0; T . Thus, by virtue of Theorem 11 and Corollary 5, we get R.t / D XQ .t / Z t Rt Rt Rt a.s/ds 0 C f .s/e s a./d ds; .x0 C ı0 /e 0 a.s/ds D x0 e 0

Z C

t 0

.f .s/ C r.s//e

Rt s

a./d

ds :

Example 11. Consider a linear inhomogeneous inclusion 0 2 1 x1 xP 1 ; 2 C 1 2 xP 2 x2 Œ0; 2 sin2 t

(4.54)

x1 .0/ D x2 .0/ D 0: The matrizant of the corresponding homogeneous system takes the form 1 e .ts/ C e 3.ts/ e .ts/ e 3.ts/ ˆ.t; s/ D : 2 e .ts/ e 3.ts/ e .ts/ C e 3.ts/ Since all ij .t; s/ > 0 for i; j 2 1; 2 and all 0 s t T , by virtue of Theorem 11, the R-solution R.t / of inclusion (4.54) is a subset of the set XQ .t / specified by the system of equations with -derivative 8 ˆ D .x1 ; ı1 / D 2.x1 ; ı1 / C .x2 ; ı2 /; ˆ ˆ ˆ and the sequence of times i is such that iCp D i C T , then, for all t t0 , the function y.t / admits the following estimate: p p .1 C /p e T .t t0 / .tt0 / y.t / ˛.1 C /p e T .tt0 / C ˇe .ı/T e ˇ ı.tt0 / e C : ı

Moreover, if ı > .1 C

p T /,

then

e ı.t t0 / y.t / ˛.1 C /p C

ˇpe .ı/T ˇ : C p T .ı .1 C T // ı

Lemma 2. There exists a positive number " "0 such that the solutions h t .; "/ of the system of equations (5.10) are uniformly bounded independently of t if the initial values h0 are sufficiently small for all 0 < " < " and t t0 .

Section 5.1 Oscillating System with One Degree of Freedom

175

Indeed, we fix a sufficiently small positive number ı0 < 0 and choose " from the condition .1 C "2 L/p ı0 C

"Mpe " T "M 0 : C p T Œj j ".1 C T /L j j "L

In view of inequalities (5.13) and (5.14), it follows from Eqs. (5.11) that Z t e " .t t0 / jh t j jh0 j C "2 Œe " .st0 / M C Le " .st0 / jhs jds C "2

X

t0

.e " .i t0 / M C Le " .i t0 / jhi j/;

t0 s:

Representation (5.20) and estimate (5.21) now imply that ju.nC1/ .; t; "/ u.n/ .; t; "/j Z 0 2 e " Œku.n/ .; t; "/ u.n1/ .; t; "/k " L 1

C "2 L

X

.n1/ C .1 C N."//j t.n/ C .t; / tC .t; /jd

e " .t i / Œku.n/ .; t; "/ u.n1/ .; t; "/k

i ı, and i 2 Z. We now show that if system (5.71) is almost periodic in t , then the function v.t;y;"/ is almost periodic in the above-mentioned sense. Indeed, let the system of equations (5.71) be almost periodic. We fix ı > 0 and choose l; s, and p such that inequalities (5.80) hold. Then Z t v.t C s; x"/ v.t; x; "/ D e " .t/ ŒX. C s; x/ X.; x/d 1

C

X

Ii .x/e " .tCsi /

i 0; JA .t / D t < 0: diag .0; e "A t /; Since the real parts of the eigenvalues of the matrix A are not equal to zero, there exist positive constants K and ˛ independent of " such that kJA .t /k Ke "˛jtj

(5.83)

for all t 2 R. By using the matrix JA .t /, we now define the function x .t / as follows: Z 1 X x .t / D JA ./P .t C /d C JA .i t /Ii : (5.84) 1

1 0 and an integer number p be such that kP .t C s/ P .t /k < ı;

kIiCp Ii k < ı;

jiCp i sj < ı

for all t 2 R, jt i j > ı, and i 2 Z. We estimate the difference x .t C s/ x .t / for jt i j > ı. Indeed, X X 2K ıC J . t s/I J . t /I kx .t C s/ x .t /k i i A i A i "˛ i2Z i2Z X 2K ıC D ŒJA .iCp i s/ JA .i s/Ii Cp "˛ i 2Z X C JA .i t /ŒIiCp Ii i 2Z

"kAkı 1 X 1 ˛Lm" e 1 2K ı C 2Ke "˛L.1 d / C 1 < ı: e d "˛ ı mD0

201

Section 5.2 Systems with Fixed Times of the Pulse Action

This means that x .t / is an almost periodic function for any fixed 0 < " "0 . We now prove the existence of a bounded solution of the system of equations (5.78). To this end, we construct a sequence of functions xn .t / each of which is a bounded solution of the system of equations dx D "Ax C P .t; xn1 .t /; "/; dt xj tDi D Ii .xn1 .i /; "/;

t ¤ i ;

(5.86)

where the matrix A, the functions P .t; x; "/ and Ii .x; "/, and the sequence ¹i º satisfy conditions (1)–(4). As the initial function, we take x0 D 0. According to Lemma 5, for any n D 0; 1; 2; : : : , a bounded solution of the system of equations (5.86) exists and is given by the formula Z 1 xn .t / D JA . t /P .; xn1 ./; "/d 1

C

X

JA .i t /Ii .xn1 .i /; "/:

(5.87)

1 0 such that, for all " < "0 , the system of equations (5.93) possesses a solution x t .x0 /, x0 .x0 / D x0 defined for t 2 Œ0; L" and such that L kx t .x0 // x."t; x0 /k for t 2 0; : " Theorem 7 is an analog of the well-known Bogolyubov result concerning the substantiation of the method of averaging. Proof. It follows from relations (5.94) that there exists a function '.t / vanishing as t ! 1 and such that Z t CT '.T / ŒX.t; x/ X0 .x/dt (5.97) 2 T; t X '.T / Ii .x/ I0 .x/T 2 T: t t10 and x t .x0 / D x1 .t; 0; x0 / C "I10

for t1 < t < t20 C " 2 D t2 :

Further, x tC2 .x0 / D x1 .t2 ; 0; x0 / C ".I10 C I20 / D x1 .t20 ; 0; x0 / C ".I10 C I20 / and, hence, Z x t .x0 / D x1 .t2 ; 0; x0 / C

".I10

C

I20 /

D x1 .t; 0; x0 / C ".I10 C I20 /

C"

t t2

X.t; x0 /dt

for t2 < t < t3 :

209

Section 5.3 Systems with Nonfixed Times of the Pulse Action

To avoid beating upon the surface t D t2 .x/, we assume that @t20 0 I ˇ 0, and the set A 2 conv.Rn /. 1 Pm Let F 2 comp.Rn / and let Mm .F / D m iD1 F . Then the following inequality holds: jF j.n C 1/ h.co F; Mm .F // ; m where jF j D maxf 2F kf k is the modulus of the set F . n Definition 4 ([127]). A sequence of sets ¹An º1 nD1 , An 2 comp.R /, n D 1; 1, is 1 called convergent to A 2 comp.Rn / if the sequence ¹h.An ; A/ºnD1 converges to zero.

Theorem 1 ([127]). The metric space comp.Rn / is a complete space.

278

Appendix A Some Elements of Set-Valued Analysis

Definition 5 ([23]). A support function of the set A 2 comp.Rn / is defined as a scalar function c.A; / specified by the condition c.A; / D max.a; /; a2A

where .a; / is the scalar product of the vectors a; 2 Rn . The support set of the set F 2 comp.Rn / in the direction of the vector 0 2 Rn is defined as the set of all vectors f0 2 F on which the maximum is attained in the definition of the support function U.F;

0/

D ¹f0 2 F W .f0 ;

0/

D c.F;

0 /º:

The hyperplane 0 in the space Rn specified by the relation 0 D ¹x 2 Rn W .x; 0 / D c.F; 0 /º is called the support hyperplane for the set f in the direction of the support vector 0 . The following representation is true for the support set U.F; U.F;

DF \

0/

0

0 /:

:

The hyperplane 0 splits the entire space Rn into two half spaces RC and R . The set F lies in the negative half space R relative to the vector 0 , i.e., the inequality .f;

0/

c.F;

0/

holds for all points f 2 F . Definition 6. The set F 2 comp.Rn / is called strictly convex in the direction of the vector 0 2 Rn if its support set U.F; 0 / is formed by a single point. The set F is called strictly convex if it is strictly convex in any direction. We now present the main properties of the support function. Let F; G 2 comp.Rn / and let ; 1 ; 2 2 Rn . Then (1) c.F; / D c.F; / for 0; (2) c.F;

1

C

2/

c.F;

1/

C c.F;

2 /;

(3) c.F C G; / D c.F; / C c.G; /; (4) c. F; / D c.F; /; (5) c.AF; / D c.F; AT /; (6) c.co F; / D c.F; /; T n (7) co F D 2S1 .0/ ¹x 2 R W .x; / c.F; /º; (8) if F D G, then c.F; / D c.G; / for all all 2 S1 .0/, then co F D co G;

2 Rn ; if c.F; / D c.G; / for

279


(9) if F G, then c.F; / c.G; / for all 2 Rn ; if c.F; / c.G; / for all 2 S1 .0/, then co F co G; T (10) if F G 6D ;, then c.F; / C c.G; / 0 for all 2 Rn ; if c.F; / C c.G; / 0 for all 2 S1 .0/, then co F \ co G 6D ;; (11) jc.F;

1 /c.G;

2 /j

(12) h.co F; co G/ D max

jF j k 2S1 .0/

1

2 kCk 1 kh.F; G/C2k 1

2

kh.F; G/;

jc.F; / c.G; /j h.F; G/;

(13) the set F is strictly convex in the direction of the vector its support function c.F; / is differentiable at the point

2 Rn if and only if 0.

0

Definition 7. A set-valued mapping is defined as an arbitrary function F W Rm ! comp.Rn /, i.e., a function whose argument is a vector x 2 Rm and values are elements of the space comp.Rn /, i.e., nonempty compact sets from the space Rn . Definition 8 ([24]). A set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / is called measurable if, for any nonempty compact set K, the set ¹x 2 Rm W h.F .x/; K/ "º is Lebesgue measurable. Definition 9. A set-valued mapping f W Rm ! Rn is called a measurable section (a single-valued measurable branch or a measurable selector) of the set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / if f .x/ is measurable and f .x/ 2 F .x/ for almost all x 2 Rm . Theorem 2 ([49]). If a set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / is measurable, then it has a measurable single-valued branch. Theorem 3 ([48]). If F W Rm ! comp.Rn / is a measurable set-valued mapping, n 0 2 R , then there exists a measurable single-valued branch f .x/ of the mapping F .x/ that belongs to the set U.F .x/; 0 /. Theorem 4 ([49]). Let a set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / and a function v W Rm ! Rn be measurable. Then there exists a measurable branch f .x/ of the mapping F .x/ such that the condition .v.x/; F .x// D kv.x/ f .x/k is satisfied for almost all x 2 Rm . Theorem 5 ([48]). Assume that the function f W Rm Rp ! Rn is measurable with respect to x 2 Rm and continuous in u 2 Rp . Moreover, suppose that a mapping U W Rm ! comp.Rp / and a function v W Rm ! Rn are measurable and, in addition, v.x/ 2 f .x; U.x//. Then there exists a measurable branch u.x/ of the mapping U.x/ such that v.x/ D f .x; u.x//. We now fix a segment I D Œt0 ; t1 and a set-valued mapping F W I ! comp.Rn /.

280


Definition 10 ([10]). The Aumann integral of the set-valued mapping F .t / on the segment I is defined as the set ² Z t1 ³ Z t1 GD F .t /dt D f .t /dt W f .t / 2 F .t / : t0

t0

Here, the Lebesgue integral on the right-hand side is taken over all single-valued branches of the mapping F .t /, where it exists. Theorem 6 (Lyapunov [78]). Assume that the set-valued mapping F .t / is measurable and on I . Then G D R t1 satisfies the estimate jF .t /j k.t /, where k.t / is summable n t0 F .t /dt is a nonempty convex compact set in the space R . Note that this integral may exist even in the case where a set-valued mapping is not measurable on I because the condition of its existence is the presence of a singlevalued Lebesgue integrable branch of the set-valued mapping. Thus, the set-valued mapping ´ S1 .0/; t 2 J; F .t / D ¹0º; t 2 I n J; where J is a nonmeasurable subset of I , is not measurable on I . However, this setvalued mapping contains a Lebesgue integrable single-valued branch f .t / 0, t 2 I , and therefore, Z 02

t1

F .t / dt: t0

Theorem 7 ([10, 78]). Assume that a set-valued mapping F .t / is measurable and satisfies the estimate jF .t /j k.t /, where k.t / is summable on I . Then Z t1 Z t1 c F .t /dt; D c.F .t /; /dt: t0

t0

Definition 11 ([23]). A set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / is called upper semicontinuous at a point x0 2 Rm if, for any number " > 0, one can find a number ı > 0 such that F .x/ F .x0 / C S" .0/ for kx x0 k < ı. Definition 12 ([23]). A set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / is called lower semicontinuous at a point x0 2 Rm if, for any number " > 0, there exists a number ı > 0 such that the inclusion F .x0 / F .x/ C S" .0/ holds for kx x0 k < ı.


281

Definition 13 ([23]). A set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / is called continuous at a point x0 2 Rm if it is both upper and lower semicontinuous at this point. As one of the most important properties of set-valued mappings extensively used in applications, we can mention the Michael theorem [85]. We now present one of its numerous interpretations. Theorem 8 ([8]). Let X be a metric space and let Y be a Banach space. Assume that a set-valued mapping F . / from X into a closed convex subspace of Y is lower semicontinuous. Then there exists a continuous selector f W X ! Y from F . /. Remark. The condition of convexity of F .x/ for all x 2 X is essential because if F .x/ is not convex, then even its continuity does not guarantee the existence a continuous selector for F . /. Theorem 9 ([52]). Assume that a set-valued mapping F W R Rm ! conv.Rn / is measurable with respect to t and continuous in x. Then there exists a single-valued branch f .t; x/ 2 F .t; x/ measurable with respect to t and continuous in x. Definition 14 ([51]). A set-valued mapping F W I Rm ! comp.Rn / satisfies the Carathéodory conditions if (a) for any fixed x 2 Rm , the set-valued mapping F . ; x/ is measurable; (b) for almost all fixed t 2 I , the set-valued mapping F .t; / is upper semicontinuous. Definition 15 ([51]). A set-valued mapping F .t; x/ satisfies the improved Carathéodory conditions if it satisfies condition (a) and the condition (b0 ) for almost all fixed t 2 I , the set-valued mapping F .t; / is continuous. Theorem 10 ([28]). If a set-valued mapping F . ; / satisfies the improved Carathéodory conditions, then, for any measurable set-valued mapping Q W I ! comp.Rn /, the set-valued mapping F . ; Q. // W I ! comp.Rn / is measurable. Note that this property is not true if the improved Carathéodory conditions are replaced by the ordinary conditions. Definition 16 ([3]). A set-valued mapping F W R ! comp.Rn / is called absolutely continuous if, for any " > 0, there exists a number ı > 0 such that, for any natural N , the following inequality is true: N X

h.F .bi /; F .ai // < "

iD1

for a1 < b1 ; : : : ; aN < bN and

PN

iD1 .bi

ai / < ı.

282


Definition 17 ([4]). A set-valued mapping F W Rm ! comp.Rn / is called locally Lipschitz if, for any x0 2 Rm , there exist a neighborhood U.x0 / Rm and a constant L 0 such that h.F .x 00 /; F .x 0 // Lkx 00 x 0 k for any x 0 ; x 00 2 U.x0 /. Moreover, this mapping is called Lipschitz if there exists L 0 such that h.F .x 00 /; F .x 0 // Lkx 00 x 0 k for any x 0 ; x 00 2 Rm .

Appendix B

Differential Inclusions

Consider a differential inclusion xP 2 F .t; x/;

(B.1)

where t 2 I R is time, x 2 Rn is the phase vector, and F W I Rn ! comp.Rn /. Definition 1. An absolutely continuous function x.t / defined on a segment (in an interval) J I is called an ordinary solution of the differential inclusion (B.1) on J if x.t P / 2 F .t; x.t // almost everywhere on J . It is known that, in the theory of differential equations, the transitions from differential equations to integral equations, and vice versa, are equivalent. For differential inclusions, this is not true, i.e., a solution of inclusion (B.1) is a solution of the integral inclusion Z t x.t / 2 x.t0 / C F .s; x.s//ds (B.2) t0

but not all solutions of the integral inclusion (B.2) are solutions of the differential inclusion (B.1). Example 1 ([34]). Let F .t; x/ Œ0; 1, x0 D 0, I D Œ0; 2 and let ´ 0; t 2 Œ0; 1/; x.t / D 2t 2; t 2 Œ1; 2: It is clear that x.t / is not a solution of the differential inclusion xP 2 Œ0; 1;

x.0/ D 0

on Œ0; 2 because x.t P / D 2 … Œ0; 1 for t 2 .1; 2/ but is a solution of the corresponding integral inclusion Z t Œ0; 1ds x.t / 2 0 C Rt

0

because 0 Œ0; 1dt D Œ0; t and 0 x.t / t for t 2 Œ0; 2. For this reason, the theory of differential equations deals with a different form of integral inclusions for which it is possible to obtain a result similar to the corresponding result in the theory of differential equations.

284

Appendix B Differential Inclusions

Definition 2 ([34]). A continuous function x.t / is called a generalized solution of inclusion (B.1) on J if the integral inclusion 00

0

Z

x.t / x.t / 2

t 00 t0

F .t; x.t //dt

(B.3)

is valid for all t 0 < t 00 W t 0 ; t 00 2 J . Theorem 1 ([34]). Assume that F W I Rn ! conv.Rn / satisfies the following conditions: (1) F . ; x/ is measurable for all x 2 Rn ; (2) F .t; / is continuous for almost all t 2 I ; (3) jF .t; x/j m.t /, .t; x/ 2 I Rn , m.t / is summable on I . Then the set of ordinary solutions of inclusion (B.1) coincides with the set of generalized solutions. Corollary 1. Let F W I Rn ! comp.Rn / be a set-valued mapping satisfying conditions (1)–(3) of Theorem 1. Then the set of ordinary solutions of inclusion (B.1) is contained in the set of generalized solutions. We now present some other definitions of solutions of the differential inclusion (B.1). Definition 3 ([65]). A function x.t / is called a quasisolution of the differential inclusion (B.1) if there exists a sequence of functions ¹xk .t /º1 such that kD1 (1) xk .t / is absolutely continuous on J ; (2) jxP k .t /j m.t /; t 2 J; m.t / is summable on J; k D 1; 2; : : : ; (3) limk!1 xk .t / D x.t /; t 2 J ; (4) limk!1 .xP k .t /; F .t; xk .t /// D 0 almost everywhere on J . Definition 4 ([65]). A function x.t / is a called a Riemannian solution of the differential inclusion (B.1) if x.t P / is Riemann integrable and x.t P / 2 F .t; x.t // for all t 2 J . Definition 5 ([65]). A function x.t / is called a classic solution of the differential inclusion (B.1) if x.t / is continuously differentiable on J and x.t P / 2 F .t; x.t // for all t 2 J . Since differential inclusions are obtained as a result of generalization of differential equations, all problems typical of the theory of ordinary differential equations appear in the theory of differential inclusions, namely, the problems of existence of solutions,

285


their extendability, boundedness, continuous dependence on the initial conditions and parameters, etc. At the same, for differential inclusions, a family of trajectories originates from every initial point. This set-valuedness leads to the appearance of various specific problems, including the closedness and convexity of the family of solutions, existence of boundary solutions, selection of solutions with given properties, and many others. First, we present some results concerning the conditions of existence of ordinary solutions to the differential inclusion (B.1) with initial condition x.t0 / D x0 . Theorem 2 ([51]). Assume that, at every point .t; x/ of the domain D D ¹t0 t t0 Ca; kxx0 k bº, a set-valued mapping F .t; x/ satisfies the following conditions: (1) the set F .t; x/ is nonempty and closed; (2) F . ; x/ is measurable for all x; (3) F .t; / is continuous for all t ; (4) jF .t; x/j m.t /, where m.t / is summable on Œt0 ; t0 C a. Then, for t0 t t0 C d , there exists a solution of problem (B.1), where Z t d a; '.t0 C d / b; '.t / D m.s/ds: t0

Definition 6 ([23]). A function !.t; r/ 0 .t t0 ; 0 r b/ is called a Kamke function if it is continuous in r, measurable with respect to t, !.t; r/ m0 .t /, where m0 .t / is summable on the segment Œ0; c for any c, and the function r.t / 0 is a unique solution of the problem rP .t / D !.t; r.t //;

r.t0 / D 0;

for t t0 . Thus, if the function k.t / is summable, then k.t /r is a Kamke function .0 r b/. Theorem 3 (Filippov [23, 105]). Assume that, at every point .t; x/ of the domain D D ¹t 2 Œt0 ; T ; kxx0 k bº, a set-valued mapping F .t; x/ satisfies the following conditions: (1) the set F .t; x/ is nonempty and closed; (2) F . ; x/ is measurable for all x; (3) the set F .t; x/ is convex; (4) for any r > 0, kx yk r, and almost all t, h.F .t; x/; F .t; y// w.t; r/; where w.t; r/ is a Kamke function.

(B.4)

286


In addition, let the function y.t / be absolutely continuous for t 2 Œt0 ; T , let its graph be contained in D, y.t0 / D y0 , and let, for almost all t 2 Œt0 ; T , .y.t P /; F .t; y.t /// .t /; where .t / is summable on Œt0 ; T . Then, for .t0 ; x0 / 2 D, one can find a solution x.t / of the problem xP 2 F .t; x/;

x.t0 / D x0 ;

such that kx.t / y.t /k r.t /;

kx.t P / y.t P /k w.t; r.t // C .t /

(B.5)

for almost all t 2 Œt0 ; t , where r.t / is the upper solution of the problem rP D w.t; r/ C .t /;

r.t0 / D kx0 y0 k;

and t is an arbitrary number such that .t; x.t // 2 D for t0 t t . Remark 1. If, in Theorem 3, condition (4) is replaced by the Lipschitz condition, i.e., h.F .t; x/; F .t; y// k.t /kx yk;

k.t / is summable on Œt0 ; T ;

then condition (3) can be removed and, in inequalities (B.5), we have Z t Rt Rt k.s/ds C .s/e s k./d ds: r.t / D kx0 y0 ke t0 t0

Definition 7. An integral funnel of the point .t0 ; x0 / (of the set K/ is defined as a set of points lying on the graphs of all solutions passing through this point (resp., through the points of the set K/. Definition 8. A section t D t 0 of the funnel of the point .t0 ; x0 / is defined as a set of attainability at time t 0 , i.e., as the set of points ¹x.t 0 /º that can be attained at time t 0 by moving along all possible solutions originating at time t0 from the point x0 . A section of the funnel of the set K is defined similarly. Theorem 4 ([23,33]). Assume that the following conditions are satisfied in a bounded domain D: (1) the set F .t; x/ is nonempty and closed; (2) jF .t; x/j m.t /, where m.t / is a function summable on Œt0 ; t1 ; (3) F .t; / is upper semicontinuous on D;

287


(4) F . ; x/ is measurable on D; (5) the set F .t; x/ is convex. If all solutions of (B.1) on the segment Œt0 ; t1 exist and are contained in D, then the set HF .t0 ; x0 / of these solutions is a compact set in the space C Œt0 ; t1 . The same is true for the set HF .K/ of all solutions with all possible initial conditions .t0 ; x0 / 2 K, where K is a compact set and K D. If K is a connected compact set (and, in particular, if K is a point), then the set HF .K/ is connected. If the set F .t; x/ is not convex, then both the funnel and the set of attainability can be nonclosed. Example 2 ([48]). Consider a system xP D y 2 C u2 ;

yP D u;

1 u.t / 1:

(B.6)

Here, the set F is an arc of the parabola v1 D v22 y 2 ;

1 v2 1;

i.e., is not convex .v1 and v2 are the projections of points of the set F onto the coordinate axes). For 0 t 1, we consider the set of solutions with initial conditions x.0/ D y.0/ D 0. If y.t / 0, then u.t / D 0 everywhere, xP D y 2 C u2 D 0, and x.t / 0. If y.t / is not identically equal to zero .0 t 1/, then xP D y 2 C u2 1. Moreover, xP < 1 in the intervals where y.t / ¤ 0. Hence, x.1/ < 1 for all solutions and the point t D 1; x D 1; y D 0 belongs neither to the graphs of solutions, nor to the segment 0 t 1 of the integral funnel. We now consider a solution xk .t /; yk .t / for which xk .0/ D 0, yk .0/ D 0, and ´ 2i 1; t < 2ikC1 ; k uD i D 0; 1; 2; : : : : t < 2ikC2 ; 1; 2iC1 k In this case, 0 yk .t /

1 ; k

xP k .t / 1

1 ; k2

xk .1/ 1

1 : k2

Thus, points of the graphs of solutions with trivial initial conditions lie arbitrarily close to the point t D 1; x D 1; y D 0, whereas the point itself does not lie on the graph of this solution. Hence, the set of these points and the segment 0 t 1 of the funnel are not closed. Equations (B.6) can be regarded as equations of a controlled system, i.e., a system whose motion can be controlled by an arbitrary choice of the function u.t / within the prescribed limits. This means that, for a unit period of time, this system cannot

288


be transferred from the state x D y D 0 into the state x D 1, y D 0 but can be transferred into a state arbitrarily close to x D 1; y D 0 by changing the function u.t / sufficiently rapidly from 1 to 1 and back (sliding mode). In the absence of the condition of convexity of the set F .t; x/, the relations between the sets of solutions of the inclusion xP 2 F .t; x/ and the inclusion xP 2 co F .t; x/

(B.7)

were studied, e.g., in [31, 157]. Theorem 5 ([31, 104]). Assume that a set-valued mapping F .t; x/ satisfies the conditions: (1) the set F .t; x/ is nonempty and closed; (2) jF .t; x/j m.t /, where m.t / is a summable function; (3) F .t; / is upper semicontinuous in x; (4) for any r > 0, kx yk r, and almost all t , h.F .t; x/; F .t; y// w.t; r/; where w.t; r/ is a Kamke function. Then each solution of inclusion (B.7) with the initial condition x.t0 / D x0 is the limit of a uniformly convergent sequence of solutions of the inclusion xP 2 F .t; x/ with the same initial condition. In this case, the indicated limit may be not a solution of the inclusion xP 2 F .t; x/ if the set F .t; x/ is not convex.

Figure 1.

Thus, if x 2 R and the set F .t; x/ consists of two points 1 and 1, then the sequence of solutions ¹xk .t /º uniformly converges to the function x.t / 0, which is not a solution of inclusion (B.1) (Figure 1). Condition (4) cannot be removed [104] and replaced by the Hölder condition.


289

Example 3 ([104]). Assume that the setpF .t; x/, t 2 R, x 2p R2 , does not depend on 2 2 t and consists of two points .1; x1 C jx2 j/ and .1; x1 C jx2 j/. Then co F .t; x/ is the segment connecting these points. The vector function x.t / 0 satisfies the inclusion xP 2 co F .t; x/ but does not satisfy the inclusion xP 2 F .t; x/. In [104], it is shown that none of the sequences of solutions of the inclusion x 2 F .t; x/ has the limit x.t / 0, i.e., the solution of the inclusion xP 2 co F .t; x/. We now consider inclusion (B.1), where F W D ! conv.Rn / is a set-valued mapping continuous in D. The section of the integral funnel by the plane t D const is a closed set R.t / depending on t . Thus, the funnel is the graph of the set-valued function R.t /. The following approach to the determination of this function is proposed in [99–102]: Definition 9 ([23, 101, 102, 144]). A set-valued function R.t / is called an R-solution generated by the differential inclusion (B.1) if, for any t , the set R.t / is closed, the function R.t / is continuous, and, for all t, [ 1 h R.t C /; ¹x C F .t; x/º ! 0 as # 0: (B.8) x2R.t/

Theorem 6 ([101]). Assume that, for any t; x, F .t; x/ is a convex compact set continuous in the collection of its variables as a set-valued mapping. Then there exists > 0 such that the R-solution generated by the set-valued function F .t; x/ exists in the half interval Œt0 ; t0 C /. Theorem 7 ([101]). Assume that F .t; x/ satisfies the Lipschitz condition in a certain neighborhood S.R0 / of the set R0 2 comp.Rn /. Then the indicated solution is unique for all t t0 for which the R-solution R.t / .R.t0 / D R0 / is defined and R.t / S.R0 /. Moreover, this solution continuously depends on the initial set R0 . Theorem 8 ([101]). Let R.t / W for t 2 Œt0 ; T , where the set W is open and bounded, and let F .t; x/ be a Lipschitz function in W . Then, for t 2 Œt0 ; T , the set R.t / is the set of attainability from R.t0 / D R0 at time t . Theorem 9 ([23,144]). For any compact set K Rn , there exists an R-solution with the initial condition R.t0 / D K. The integral funnel is the graph of the R-solution R.t /. If condition (B.4) is satisfied, then the R-solution with the initial condition R.t0 / D K is unique and continuously depends on K, and the graph of R.t / is an integral funnel. p Example 4. Let F .t; x/ D 2Œ˛; ˇ x; x.0/ D x0 ; 0 ˛ ˇ. For x D 0, the mapping F .t; x/ does not satisfy the Lipschitz condition.

290


Let x0 D 0. We now show that a set-valued mapping 8 ˆ for 0 t t1 ; 0; then the R-solution p p x0 x0 2 2 ;ˇ t C R.t / D ˛ t C ˛ ˇ is unique and coincides with the integral funnel.

291


A similar example is constructed in [9]. Later, Panasyuk generalized the notion of R-solutions to the case of right-hand sides F .t; x/ measurable with respect to t and continuous in x. Definition 10 ([23,101,102,144]). A set-valued function R.t / is called an R-solution generated by the differential inclusion (B.1) if, for any t , the set R.t / is closed, the function R.t / is absolutely continuous, and Z t C [ 1 ¹x C F .s; x/dsº ! 0 . # 0/ (B.10) h R.t C /; t x2R.t/

for almost all t . There are several approaches used for the investigation of stability of differential inclusions. These approaches differ by the objects of investigation. Thus, by analogy with the theory of ordinary differential equations, the first approach is based on the analysis of stability of separate trajectories [49, 51]. At present, there exists another approach aimed at the description of dynamics of the sets specified by differential inclusions. Within the framework of this approach, the R-solutions are used for the investigation of stability. Definition 11 ([107]). An R-solution R.t / .t0 t < C1/ of the differential inclusion xP 2 co F .t; x/ (B.11) is called Lyapunov stable if, for any " > 0; there exists ı."/ > 0 such that (1) all R-solutions X.t / of inclusion (B.11) satisfying the condition h.Y .t0 /; F .t0 // < ı

(B.12)

are defined for all t > t0 ; (2) the following inequality holds for all solutions satisfying inequality (B.12): h.Y .t /; F .t // < ": Definition 12 ([107]). An R-solution R.t / .t0 t < C1/ of the differential inclusion (B.11) is called asymptotically stable if: (1) it is Lyapunov stable; (2) for any R-solution X.t / satisfying the inequality h.Y .t0 /; F .t0 // < ı; the following relation is true: lim h.Y .t /; F .t // D 0:

t !1

292


Definition 13 ([23]). A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the differential inclusion (B.1) is called stable if, for any " > 0; one can find ı > 0 such that, for any xQ 0 satisfying the inequality kxQ 0 .t0 /k < ı, every solution x.t Q / with the initial condition x.t Q 0 / D xQ 0 exists for t0 t < C1 and satisfies the inequality kx.t Q /

.t /k < ":

Definition 14 ([23]). A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the differential inclusion (B.1) is called weakly stable if, for any " > 0, there exists ı > 0 such that, for any xQ 0 satisfying the inequality kxQ 0 .t0 /k < ı, a solution x.t Q / with the initial condition x.t Q 0 / D xQ 0 exists for t0 t < C1 and satisfies the inequality kx.t Q /

.t /k < ":

Definition 15 ([23]). A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the differential inclusion (B.1) is called asymptotically stable if (1) it is stable and (2) satisfies the condition kx.t Q /

.t /k ! 0 as t ! 1:

Definition 16 ([23]). A solution .t / .t0 t < C1/ of the differential inclusion (B.1) is called weakly asymptotically stable if (1) it is weakly stable and (2) satisfies the condition kx.t Q /

.t /k ! 0 as t ! 1:

Example 5. Consider a differential inclusion xP 2 ˛x C Œ1; 1;

x.0/ D x0 ;

where ˛ is an arbitrary parameter. In this case, the R-solution can be represented in the form R.t / D Œx1 .t /; x2 .t /; 1 ˛t 1 e ; x1 .t / D x0 C ˛ ˛

1 ˛t 1 x2 .t / D x0 e C : ˛ ˛

Any solution x.t / of this differential inclusion satisfies the relation x1 .t / x.t / x2 .t /. For ˛ < 0, the R-solution is asymptotically stable. For any value of ˛; the stable ordinary solution x.t / does not exist. At the same time, for any value ˛ < 0, every solution x.t / is weakly asymptotically stable.

293


Example 6 ([23]). Consider a differential inclusion xP 2 Œ˛; ˇx;

x.0/ D x0 ;

where ˛ and ˇ are arbitrary constants. For the solution of the differential inclusion x.t /, we can write the following inequality: x0 e ˛t x.t / x0 e ˇ t ;

x0 0:

If x0 D 0, then the solution x.t / is asymptotically stable for ˛ ˇ < 0, stable for ˛ ˇ D 0, weakly asymptotically stable for ˛ < 0 < ˇ, weakly stable for ˛ D 0 < ˇ, and unstable for 0 < ˛ ˇ. The R-solution is asymptotically stable for ˛ ˇ < 0 and stable for ˛ ˇ D 0 for any x0 .

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Index

Approximation of a bundle of solutions, 131 of an integral funnel, 130 Aumann Integral, 43 Aumann integral of a set-valued mapping, 280 Autonomous oscillating system, 169 Averaged inclusion, 236 Beating of a solution of a system, 5 Bundle of motions, 258 of solutions, 67 Carathéodory condition, 281 Case nonresonance, 169 resonance, 169 Cauchy problem, 7 Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, 49 Compact set, 9 connected, 287 convex, 289 Conjugate system, 39 Connectedness property, 10 Continuous dependence, 10 Continuous selector, 281 Convex combination of corner points, 72 Counterexample Kononenko, 258 Subbotin, 260 Degree of freedom, 169 Differentiability in Hukuhara’s sense, 152 Differential inclusion, 42 Discontinuity of the first kind, 2 Discontinuous cycles, 186 Discontinuous dynamical systems, 3

Equation integrodifferential, 193 matrix, 26 Equations averaged, 184 of the first approximation, 184 Equivalence class of, 151 relation of, 151 Estimation of an error, 126 Euler broken line, 126 Euler quasibroken lines, 273 Evolution process, 1 Family of bounded solutions, 176 Fixed point of an operator, 2 Frequency of oscillations, 187 Function absolutely continuous, 42 almost periodic, 198 equicontinuous, 238 Green, 38 Kamke, 43 limiting, 181 matrix, 37 periodic, 177 summable, 42 uniformly continuous, 238 vector, 37 Games differential, 257 positional, 257 Hölder condition, 288 Hausdorff metric, 152 Hukuhara derivative, 124 Hyperplane, 7, 278

306 Impulsive differential equations, 1 Integral curve, 2 Integral funnel, 10 of a point, 42 of a set, 42 Iterative method, 176 Jordan cell, 93 Linear impulsive differential inclusions, 66 Linear periodic system, 36 Linear subspace, 25 Linear systems, 23 homogeneous, 23 inhomogeneous, 23 Liouville–Ostrogradskii formula, 27 Lipschitz condition, 11 Mapping bijective, 22 bounded, 228 compact, 228 convex, 228 integrally continuous, 230 isometric, 151 measurable, 42 measurable branch of, 67 set-valued, 42, 229 measurable branch of, 279 upper semicontinuous, 42 Matrix, 24 degenerate, 24 diagonal, 90 eigenvalues of, 36 extended, 110 inverse, 27 nondegenerate, 24, 90 of monodromy, 36 rank of, 25 real canonical form of, 90 spectral radius of, 90 Matrix norm, 80 Matrizant, 26 Measurable selector, 49 Method of averaging, 169, 227 “Mortal” systems, 3

Index Motion, 1, 257 stepwise, 258 Multiplier, 36 Multivalued pulses, 44, 220 Operator, 1 linear, 25 set of images of, 25 restriction of, 15 operator bijective, 3 of shift, 8 one-to-one, 2 Optimal control, 5 Oscillating process, 169 Oscillator, 184 Periodic system, 36 Phase vector, 66 Piecewise-continuous function, 7 Point accumulation, 2 limit, 229 of discontinuity of a function, 7 Polyhedron, 72 Problem of control, 131 Process of successive changes, 170 Quasimotion, 257 stepwise, 260 R-solution of a differential inclusion, 43 Representative point, 1 Section of a bundle of quasimotions, 266 Sequence of functions, 68 equicontinuous, 68 uniformly bounded, 68 Set compact, 42 connected, 42 convex, 42 integral, 185 invariant, 175 of attainability, 42, 131 projection of, 93 strictly convex, 278

307

Index support function of, 127 toroidal, 175 Set of “death” of a trajectory, 3 Set of states of a process, 1 Solution absorbed, 2 asymptotically orbitally stable, 219 bounded, 216 boundedness of, 8 extendable, 47 nontrivial, 36 nonunique, 235 of a system of equations, 2 of inclusion, 46 periodic, 37 stability of, 8, 30 stationary, 173, 184 upper, 46 weakly extendable, 47 Solutions fundamental system of, 25 linear combination of, 26 linearly dependent, 26 linearly independent, 39 Space complete, 151 Euclidean, 1 extended phase, 1 functional, 14 linear, 25

basis of, 25 metric, 151 quotient, 151 vector, 25 Stability Asymptotic, 31 in the first approximation, 33, 86 of a solution, 8 Strategy, 257 Sufficient condition for the absence of beating, 17 Switching point, 6 Switching surface, 6 System of differential equations, 1 Tangent cone, 48 Theorem Arzelà, 68 Bogolyubov, 235 Filippov, 44, 55 Krasnosel’skii–Krein, 229 Kronecker–Capelli, 41 Lyapunov, 69 Michael, 281 on existence and uniqueness, 66 Picard–Cauchy, 23 Topological product, 1 Trajectory of a motion, 4 Vector, 1 Velocity of a phase point, 169

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