Dietary Magnesium: New Research

DIETARY MAGNESIUM: NEW RESEARCH No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services.

DIETARY MAGNESIUM: NEW RESEARCH

ANDREW W. YARDLEY EDITOR

Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York

Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dietary magnesium : new research / Andrew W. Yardley, editor. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61668-105-0 (E-Book) 1. Magnesium in the body. 2. Magnesium--Metabolism. 3. Magnesium deficiency diseases. I. Yardley, Andrew W. [DNLM: 1. Magnesium--metabolism. 2. Magnesium Deficiency. 3. Nutritional Requirements. QU 130 D565 2008] QP535.M4D54 2008 669'.723--dc22 2008033234

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

New York

Contents Preface

vii

Short Communications Magnesium Concentration in Mononuclear Cells of COPD Patients in Stable Phase N. Ruljančić, S. Popović-Grle, V. Rumenjak, B. Sokolić, A. Malić, M. Mihanović and I. Čepelak Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

1

Magnesium Intake, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Chronic Disease: A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Studies Yiqing Song

11

Chronopathological Forms of Asthma due to Magnesium Depletion with Hypo- or Hyper-Function of the Biological Clock: Therapeutic Implications Jean Durlach, Nicole Pagès, Pierre Bac, Michel Bara and Andrée Guiet-Bara

45

Low Birth Weight and Magnesium: From the Standpoint of “Fetal Origin” Hypothesis Junji Takaya

99

Chapter 4

Dietary Magnesium and Metabolic Syndrome Fernando Guerrero-Romero and Martha Rodríguez-Morán

Chapter 5

Relation of Vitamin D, Calcium, and Magnesium to the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sara Chacko and Simin Liu

127

Enhancement of Magnesium Content in Plants by Exploiting Ionomics and Transcriptomics Christian Hermans and Nathalie Verbruggen

159

Chapter 6

113

vi Chapter 7

Chapter 8 Index

Contents A Role for Magnesium in the Regulation of Ruminal Sodium Transport Friederike Stumpff and Holger Martens Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Magnesium in Liver Cirrhosis Dario Rahelic, Milan Kujundzic and Velimir Bozikov

177 209 231

Preface Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body and is essential to good health. Approximately 50% of total body magnesium is found in bone. The other half is found predominantly inside cells of body tissues and organs. Only 1% of magnesium is found in blood, but the body works very hard to keep blood levels of magnesium constant. Magnesium is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady, supports a healthy immune system, and keeps bones strong. Magnesium also helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes normal blood pressure, and is known to be involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. There is an increased interest in the role of magnesium in preventing and managing disorders such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary magnesium is absorbed in the small intestines. Magnesium is excreted through the kidney. This new book presents the latest research in the field. Short Communication - Magnesium (Mg) is the most abundant intracellular divalent cation and free cytoplasmic Mg can modulate the activity of a number of cellular enzymes, including key enzymes in phospholipase C signalling pathway which are initiated by antigen receptors on lymphocytes. The concentration of Mg may change after the cell activation. Lymphocytes have a role in the pathogenesis of COPD and recent studies indicate their abnormal function. As result of the above findings we determined the concentrations of total magnesium (tMg) and ionised magnesium (iMg) in isolated mononuclear cells (MNC) by using group of 46 COPD stable phase patients (past smokers, current smokers and nonsmokers) and 61 control subjects (24 healthy smokers and 37 healthy non-smokers). Due to the antagonism of magnesium towards calcium we determined in the same sample the concentrations of the total (tCa) and ionised calcium (iCa). We found an increased of biologically active iMg in isolated MNC of the COPD patients compared to the group oh healthy non-smokers (median 22.09 μmol/109 cells, CI 5.67-50.00 vs. median 17.02 μmol/109 cells, CI 10.84-38.89, p 0.83 mmol/L) [44]. Both groups were comparable in terms of sex, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and steady-state insulin concentrations. Similar associations between plasma magnesium concentrations and insulin-mediated glucose disposal were also observed when the same investigators enrolled 98 healthy nondiabetic individuals [39]. One nonrandomized trial examined the effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity in 12 nondiabetic participants with normal body weight [12]. Magnesium-deficient diet (