Day by Day: The Nineties

DAY BY DAY

The Nineties 1990–1999

Smita Avasthi

Day by Day: The Nineties Copyright © 2004 by Facts On File, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Avasthi, Smita. Day by day : the nineties / by Smita Avasthi. p. cm. Includes index. eISBN 978-1-4381-2436-0 1. Nineteen-nineties. 2. World politics—1989– 3. Civilization, Modern—1950– I. Title. D856.A93 2003 909.82´9´0202—dc22 2003049296 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB TB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper.

CONTENTS EDITOR’S PREFACE INTRODUCTION LIST OF ACRONYMS YEARLY SUMMARIES MONTHLY AND DAILY CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS

iv v xiii 1

1990

4

1991

139

1992

281

1993

415

1994

549

1995

687

1996

819

1997

951

1998

1081

1999

1217

EDITOR’S PREFACE through E list international affairs for any given date, while columns F, G, and H deal mostly with U.S. domestic developments. Column I— Science, Technology, & Nature—covers both U.S. and foreign accidents, weather phenomena, natural disasters, and technological advances. Cultural events and personal items that do not have political implications are found in Column J. Each year is preceded by a monthly summary of events to include developments that cannot be fixed to a single date. Day by Day: The Nineties includes an index designed to facilitate references to specific events. For this reason it is keyed to dates and columns rather than page numbers. A list of acronyms has also been provided.

Day by Day: The Nineties is part of a decade-by-decade chronology of world events that begins with Day by Day: The Forties. The series is designed to provide both a quick reference to specific events and a broad overview of the years during and after World War II. Most of the material in Day by Day is based on the Facts On File News Services’s World News Digest, supplemented by major newspapers and scholarly reference works. The emphasis throughout is on events of public record, reported in the news media. The enormous number of events covered in the volume makes it impossible to treat any single one in great detail. Readers interested in more information are advised to consult one of many reference works on the period. Entries in Day by Day are grouped into 10 categories, designed to facilitate the location and comparison of events. In general, columns A

iv

INTRODUCTION Community (EC), the Arab League, and the Gulf Cooperation Council. In a “notification consistent with” the War Powers Resolution, U.S. president George H. W. Bush officially informed Congress that he sent U.S. forces to the Persian Gulf on August 10, 1990. Bush did not invoke the controversial 1973 law, which would have given Congress a say in the deployment. In addition, reservists were called to augment what is known as “Operation Desert Shield,” the first time since 1968 that reservists have been called to active duty in a foreign crisis. The U.S. forces led an international team of allies, and at least 10 nations sent troops to the region. On January 16, 1991, allied forces launched a full-scale attack against Iraq. More than 15,000 allied air sorties (8,000 of them combat missions) were flown in the first week of the bombing campaign alone. The roundthe-clock bombing of Baghdad continued for several weeks, and the intense military campaign ravaged Iraq, prompting humanitarian crises as epidemics of disease broke out in the country. Massive fires and oil spills led to environmental disasters throughout the Persian Gulf. On February 27, 1991, Iraq agreed to comply with UN resolutions demanding the Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait. In response, U.S. president Bush stated the allied forces would cease offensive operations at midnight, 100 hours after the ground offensive began and after the allies flew 106,000 air sorties and lost 36 aircraft in combat. During the six weeks of war, an estimated 85,000–100,000 Iraqis were killed or wounded, and the attack devastated Iraq’s infrastructure. On April 6, 1991, the government of Iraq accepted the terms for a permanent cease-fire stipulated in UN Security Council Resolution 687, bringing a formal end to the Persian Gulf War. However, it was not until November 10, 1994 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein signed a statement declaring that Iraq “recognizes the sovereignty of the State of Kuwait, its territorial integrity and political independence” and that it accepted the border between Iraq and Kuwait. Despite this declaration, the UN Security Council retained its oil and general trade embargoes on Iraq in a November 14, 1994, vote. The tensions between Iraq and the international community, as evidenced by the continuing UN embargo against the country, persisted throughout the decade. While the military campaign was relatively short, disputes over the UN arms inspectors resulted in several diplomatic crises, and the UN maintained its embargo against Iraq, although it launched a foodfor-oil program to aid with the humanitarian crises that beset Iraq after the allied bombing campaign in the Persian Gulf. Another international military campaign was conducted in Yugoslavia as the republic broke down and a bloody civil war erupted. On March 16, 1992, Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic announced his republic no longer recognized the legitimacy of the Yugoslav federal government, and the Serbian National Council, which represented ethnic Serbs in Croatia, declared an independent republic in the southwestern Krajina region of Croatia. Yugoslavia’s defense secretary, Colonel General Veljko Kadijevic, told the federal collective presidency that “Yugoslavia has entered a state of civil war” on May 6, 1991. In the years that follow, violence tore apart the former Yugoslav Republic, and the conflicts

The end of the 20th century was marked by both beginnings and endings as nations throughout the globe underwent political changes. During the 1990s, several countries ended their systems of government and embarked on new phases in their history, reimagining their communities and redrawing their maps. The breakup of the Soviet Union came on the heels of the dissolution of communism in Eastern Europe, and the formal reunification of Germany led to new ideas about communities in the West. At the same time, a crushing civil war in Yugoslavia exposed how atrocities can be committed to exterminate communities in the name of ethnic purity. Ongoing violence related to ethnicity was also evident in African nations, as civil wars in Liberia, Rwanda, and Somalia killed hundreds of thousands of people. Iraq’s attempted takeover of Kuwait prompted an international military action in the Persian Gulf. In Latin America, a violent coup rocked Haiti, while several other nations, such as Brazil and Chile, were returned to democracy for the first time in more than 20 years. Questions of self-determination continued to affect Asia. Indonesia went through radical changes when a referendum bestowed independence in East Timor, and China regained control over Hong Kong from Britain. The issue of what constitutes a community and a nation rose to the forefront of political strife as the countries around the world struggled to reimagine themselves. The United States enjoyed a period of economic prosperity toward the close of the century. While the first few years of the decade were marked in economic lethargy, the country passed several milestones in the stock market, and the federal budget reached a surplus in 1998 for the first time in nearly 30 years. The political climate was shaped by issues of gender equity as questions of sexual harassment affected every branch of the federal government. Allegations of sexual harassment rocked both the navy and the army, disrupted the nomination of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, and compelled the resignation of Senator Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.). One such scandal even prompted the House of Representatives to impeach President Bill Clinton. In the midst of these concerns came instances of both foreign and domestic terrorism against the U.S. government. The World Trade Center in New York City suffered an explosion, and U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed. A federal building in Oklahoma City was also destroyed in one of the worst cases of domestic terrorism in the nation’s history. In response to escalating terrorism activity and to bloody civil unrest around the world, international organizations intervened in several conflicts by sending peacekeeping missions to nations such as Somalia, Haiti, Indonesia, Bosnia, Liberia, and Rwanda. Global peacekeeping efforts marked the 1990s, as both the United Nations (UN) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) led campaigns in nations rocked by civil wars while attempting to respect those countries’ domestic policies. In contrast to peacekeeping efforts over internal ethnic strife, the UN took action against Iraq in 1991 after the nation forced the annexation of neighboring Kuwait in August 2, 1990. The invasion of Kuwait prompted international outrage from the UN, NATO, the European v

installed its first democratically elected government, reflecting changes brought by the destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989. On October 3, 1990, Germany became a unified nation for the first time since the end of the Second World War. In addition, many Eastern bloc countries launched a new phase in their history with multiparty democratic elections during the decade. The formal end of the cold war was marked on November, 19, 1990, at a summit held by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Additionally, NATO was expanded during the 1990s, and the Warsaw Pact, created in 1955, was dissolved on July 1, 1991. U.S. president Bush and Soviet president Gorbachev held the first post–cold war superpower summit on July 30, 1991. As old divisions fell, Europe reached a new stage of unity when, on January 1, 1999, the European Union (EU) launched a common currency unit known as the euro in many nations, including France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Germany. One significant reason for the breakdown of Eastern and Western divisions in Europe was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In the 1990s, the Baltic states in the Soviet Union made the first moves toward secession. On March 11, 1990, the parliament of Lithuania declared the republic’s independence from the Soviet Union. This act was quickly followed by Latvia and Estonia, and on May 12, 1990, the three countries signed a pact to revive the Baltic Council, which existed before the Soviets’ annexation of the region in 1940. The Soviet government denounced the declarations of independence as invalid, and a period of negotiation and economic threats reflected the USSR attempt to contain the crisis. However, several Soviet states followed the path of the Baltics, and on July 24, 1991, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev met with 10 leaders of the 15 Soviet states, who agreed on power-sharing provisions in a treaty. Only a few weeks later, on August 18, 1991, Soviet hard-liners attempted a coup against Gorbachev, prompting massive protests throughout the USSR. Particularly vehement against the coup was Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin, who addressed 150,000 people at a protest rally held on August 20, 1990, in Moscow. On that same day, over half a million other activists demonstrated against the coup attempt. In the face of internal and international condemnation, the rebellion was quashed by the end of August 21, 1990. But despite the attempted coup, the Soviet Union, formed in 1922, officially disbanded on December 25, 1991, and 11 of the 12 Soviet republics formed the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS. While there were some skirmishes regarding the independence movement, including the slaying of 15 pro-independence protestors in Lithuania on January 13, 1991, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was generally smooth and nonviolent. However, internal strife plagued some of the recently formed countries, and one conflict that gained prominence took place in Chechnya. After clashes, Russian forces launched a full-scale offensive on Grozny, capital of Chechnya, on December 31, 1994. By the time of that assault, only about 100,000 people remained in Grozny, down from a prewar population of 400,000. Clashes within Georgia and conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan also continued throughout the decade. Other significant events that took place in the 1990s in Europe included the peaceful division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993. Turkey launched violent campaigns against Kurdish separatists and debated the place of the Islamic religion in its political sphere. Italy suffered a massive political corruption scandal. Violent riots shook Albania over pyramid investment schemes in January 1997, and political protests in Romania erupted in violence in June 1990. Sectarian violence persisted in Northern Ireland, particularly during traditional parades in the summer months; and on March 20, 1993, a bomb in Warrington, England, killed two boys, ages three and 12. They were the youngest victims of such violence, and their deaths prompted an estimated 15,000 people to attend a protest on March 28, 1993; the demonstration has been called the largest ever protest criticizing the Irish Republican Army (IRA)

resulted in what observers called the worst human rights abuses in Europe since the end of World War II. Over a dozen peace accords were reached and broken, and international efforts to find diplomatic solutions were continually thwarted. On February 29, 1992, Bosnia held a referendum, which eventually prompted the area to declare its independence from Yugoslavia. On April 27, 1992, the Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia proclaimed a new “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” with a revised charter that tacitly acknowledged the independence of Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Macedonia. The fighting in the former republic of Yugoslavia killed hundreds of thousands of civilians, and international organizations attempted to intervene with both sanctions and humanitarian aid. On May 30, 1992, the UN voted to impose sweeping international sanctions on Yugoslavia as a means of ending the bloodshed in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The body also insisted that the Serb policy of expelling non-Serbs halt immediately. However, paramilitary groups continued to massacre people based upon ethnicity in a campaign of forced expulsion and extermination known as “ethnic cleansing.” Amid widespread reports of atrocities in Bosnia, the UN Security Council created a war crimes commission for the region in October 1992. On February 28, 1994, NATO fighter aircraft conducted their first combat action in the organization’s 45-year history when they shot down four planes in violation of the UN’s no-fly zone. The following November, NATO warplanes bombed the Udbina air base in the Serbheld Krajina region of Croatia in the biggest air raid carried out by NATO since it was formed in 1949. In an attempt to protect civilians, the UN designated several “safe zones,” including the city of Srebrenica, in May 1993. However, in July 1995, Bosnian Serb forces captured Srebrenica, and, as mass graves were discovered later, the city eventually represented the inability of peacekeeping forces to protect civilians. The war finally came to an end on November 21, 1995 when the presidents of Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina agreed to a pact. A NATO peacekeeping force of 60,000 troops was deployed in Bosnia to sustain the accord. The war claimed an estimated 250,000 lives, and its campaign of ethnic cleansing shocked the Western world. War crimes tribunals continued to operate throughout the decade, and in June 1996, rape was treated as a war crime for the first time. Upon the heels of this bloody conflict came an uprising in Kosovo. Problems in Kosovo emerged at the beginning of the decade when, on July 2, 1990, Albanian members of Kosovo’s parliament declared that Kosovo was independent from Serbia. However, on September 28, 1990, the Serbian parliament completed its effective annexation of the province. The conflict in Kosovo was overshadowed by the civil war, and when peace accords finally took effect, ethnic Albanians launched several attacks for the independence of Kosovo in February 1998. The ensuing Serbian violence against ethnic Albanians outraged Western nations, particularly since it followed a war that called attention to attempted genocide through ethnic cleansing. The attacks prompted NATO to launch its first assault on a sovereign nation in its 50-year history on March 24, 1999. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia indicted a sitting head of state for the first time on May 14, 1999, when it indicted Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic for “crimes against humanity” stemming from the forced deportation of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo. On June 9, 1999, Yugoslavia signed an agreement with NATO, pledging to withdraw all of its forces from the Serbian province of Kosovo, and NATO formally ended its bombing campaign against Yugoslavia on June 20, 1999. While the war in the former Yugoslavia dominated much of the European theatre during the 1990s, the decade was also marked by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The breakdown of the Soviet Union and the reunification of Germany, along with the end of communism in several Eastern European countries in the late 1980s, created an entirely different political climate in Europe. Without the Eastern bloc, the very concept of the cold war became obsolete. In April 1990, East Germany vi

as 800,000 Burundians fled to neighboring African nations, including Rwanda. After the April 1994 death of Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira, intense fighting disrupted the nation, and by March 1995, observers reported that the country was practically at a stage of civil war. In July 1996, the main Tutsi party in the coalition government, the Union for National Progress (UPRONA), rejected president Ntibantunganya and the 1994 accord that established the coalition government. Setting off international condemnation, Burundi’s Tutsi-dominated military announced that it seized power in a coup and named Major Pierre Buyoya as president on July 25, 1996. It dissolved the parliament, declared political parties and demonstrations illegal, and closed off the country’s borders. Burundi also repatriated thousands of Rwandans, as it was one of the African nations that had attempted to handle a massive exodus from Rwanda during 1994. For the next several years, the influx of Rwandan refugees led to severe problems in Zaire, Tanzania, and Burundi. International organizations were stunned by the speed of the exodus and the enormous numbers of the refugees in Rwanda. Camps were set up, but violence often plagued those areas, so many refugees were slain after fleeing ethnic cleansing in their country. In addition, poor sanitary conditions caused diseases to flourish, and hundreds of people died each day during the Rwandan refugee crisis. The influx of refugees led to violence in Zaire, and, as it highlighted the nation’s problems, the government of President Mobutu Sese Seko came under attack. In the face of a final rebel assault on the capital, Kinshasa, President Mobutu relinquished power on May 16, 1997, ending nearly 32 years of dictatorial rule. The following day, Laurent Kabila, a veteran guerrilla fighter, declared himself head of state and changed the country’s name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, fighting persisted in the nation as several rebel groups emerged. On August 31, 1999, two rival factions signed a peace agreement aimed at ending the country’s civil war. In addition to these conflicts, intense fighting besieged Somalia, where violence erupted in November 1991 and continued to flare, drawing international attention. In response to the ongoing factional clashes, UN peacekeeping troops arrived in the country in August 1992. However, sporadic fighting kept causing unrest, and, on June 5, 1993, a series of well-orchestrated attacks killed 23 UN peacekeepers. It was the worst single-day death toll for UN soldiers since 1961. The assault was launched after UN troops inspected munitions depots controlled by General Mohammed Farah Aidid, the most powerful warlord in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. In August 1996, Aidid died from gunshot wounds sustained in clashes, but his death did not resolve the conflict. One week in December 1996, renewed clashes left more than 300 people dead. One year later, on December 23, 1997, leaders of rival factions in Somalia’s sixyear-old civil war signed a landmark peace plan. The Middle East was also marked by violence during the 1990s. Fighting continued in Lebanon, and prolonged terrorist activity in Israel throughout the decade stressed that nation’s ongoing strife. Two of the most violent outbreaks in Israel took place in 1990 and 1994. On October 8, 1990, Israeli police opened fire on stone-throwing Palestinian protesters on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem’s Old City, killing at least 19 Arabs and wounding more than 100 others. In the second incident, a U.S.-born Israeli settler sprayed Palestinians with automatic rifle fire at a mosque in Hebron, leaving 40 worshipers dead and 150 wounded on February 25, 1994. The massacre was the worst in the West Bank since 1967. This assault was even more significant, for it came in the wake of a landmark peace agreement signed in September 1993; however, it was staged by a lone gunman, Baruch Goldstein, and the peace arrangement stayed in place, despite the violence that the attack sparked. The historic peace accord, signed by Israel’s prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, and Yasser Arafat, the chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), on September 13, 1993, committed Israelis and Palestinians to share a land that they both claimed as their own. It also set up

in Dublin. On April 10, 1998, political leaders tentatively agreed to a groundbreaking settlement aimed at ending the long-running sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland, and voters cast ballots for the country’s local legislature the following June. In September 1997, Scotland and Wales formed new assemblies that gave the regions a degree of political autonomy that had not been seen in hundreds of years. Great Britain suffered an emotional loss when Princess Diana died at the age of 36 in a car-crash accident on August 31, 1997, a death that shocked the world. When we turn to the African part of the world, we can see that violence affected many nations, and the practice of ethnic cleansing was not limited to the European theatre. In Africa, the 1990s were marked by coups and ethnic strife, and many long-standing conflicts in the Middle East continued to rock the region with terrorist activity, despite a landmark Israeli peace accord signed in September 1993. Coups were staged in several African countries, including Sierra Leone, Mali, Qatar, Niger, Cosmoros, Ivory Coast, and Guinea-Bissau. Intense fighting in Liberia, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, and Angola sparked international intervention as millions of people died in those wars. At the same time, South Africa gained international praise when it ended the apartheid system of racial separation and enfranchised its black citizens for the first time. In terms of Africa’s more violent conflicts during the 1990s, a bloody war in Liberia degenerated to tribal warfare in June 1990. On September 10, 1990, Liberian president Samuel Doe was killed by rebels led by Prince Yormie Johnson. Doe’s death resulted in more chaos, and, on September 20, 1990, Johnson declared all-out war on the remnants of Doe’s army and the forces of rebel leader Charles Taylor. By October 1992, Taylor’s rebels controlled most of Liberia, along with members of a rival rebel movement, the Independent National Patriotic Front. The UN Security Council approved an arms embargo against Liberia on November 19, 1992. The fighting persisted during the coming years, and by September 1994, approximately 150,000 Liberians had been killed in the civil war, and more than half of the population of 2.3 million people was displaced. In fact, by October 1994, refugee camps in Burkina Faso and Guinea were home to more Liberians than any Liberian city except Monrovia. Despite peace accords, sporadic violence plagued the nation throughout most of the decade. On August 2, 1997, former warlord Charles Taylor was sworn in as president of Liberia; his election marked the nation’s first balloting in seven years of civil war. While the fighting in Liberia was perpetuated by rebel groups, Rwanda was beset by ethnic fighting from the onset of the 1990s. In February 1993, rebels in Rwanda broke a peace accord when they launched an assault in order to stop an ethnic-cleansing campaign staged against the Tutsis by the Hutus. The violence reached astonishing proportions after Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira and Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana were killed in a plane crash on April 6, 1994. Fighting erupted almost immediately in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital, as groups of Hutus and Tutsis roamed the streets, shooting, knifing, and hacking civilians to death. The violence included massacres of civilians, such as a brutal incident on April 13, 1994, when 1,180 Tutsis, 650 of them children, were killed in a church in Musha, 25 miles (40 km) east of Kigali. Estimates suggested that 10,000 and 20,000 died within the first week of violence in the region. In addition, 2 million people were displaced by fighting within Rwanda, and another 30,000 fled to neighboring countries, including Burundi, which also faced ethnic strife between Hutus and Tutsis. By the time the war ended, over half a million ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed. In January 1997, a Rwandan court handed down its first sentences in its attempt to punish the people responsible for the massacres during the civil war in 1994. The problems in Rwanda were linked to clashes in Burundi, even before the April 1994 death of both the nations’ presidents. A coup attempt in October 1993 led to the death of Burundian president Melchior Ndadaye, the country’s first democratically elected leader. The attempted coup sparked violence between Tutsis and Hutus, and as many vii

in over 150 years of British rule, and prodemocracy parties won a majority of seats. On February 24, 1994, Hong Kong’s legislature approved a series of democratic-reform proposals, and China responded by threatening to disband all elected bodies in 1997. When power over Hong Kong reverted to Chinese authority at midnight on June 30, 1997, the transition was remarkably peaceful. Hong Kong and China struggled over the issue of democratic reforms, but no violent crackdowns marked the reemergence of Chinese sovereignty over the former British colony. At the same time, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan faced violent upheavals during the 1990s. In March 1992, the leftist Khmer Rouge launched a new offensive, prompting the Cambodian government to strike back. On September 24, 1993, Norodom Sihanouk assumed the title of king, a position he had abdicated in 1955. Although he set up a dual premiership between his son and the incumbent premier, Hun Sen, a bloodless coup in July 1997 ousted Prince Norodom Ranariddh, leaving control of the government to Hun Sen. On August 5, 1998, Hun Sen was declared the winner in Cambodia’s national elections, but rumors of election fraud sparked protests throughout the country. In Sri Lanka, the Tamil rebels continued to launch offensives throughout the decade. In August 1990, the estimated death toll from the conflict stood at 3,350, and the ongoing violence left even more people dead. On May 1, 1993, President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated in Colombo, the capital. After several major offensives in 1995, Sri Lankan troops captured Jaffna, the center of the Tamil movement, in December 1995 in what some observers called the most significant victory in 12 years of war. Afghanistan also suffered from rebel uprisings and a coup. On April 28, 1992, Afghanistan’s collapsed communist government relinquished power to a commission of mujaheddin rebels headed by moderate Islamic leader Sibghatullah Mojadidi, formally ending 14 years of rule by Sovietbacked regimes in Afghanistan. However, in January 1994, General Abdul Rashid Doestam and Premier Gulbuddin Hekmatyar staged an offensive against the government in the capital, Kabul. Within six months, the fighting left an estimated 2,500 people dead. In February 1995, the Taliban, a band of militant Muslim students, emerged as a major force in the nation, and in September 1996, the group seized control of Afghanistan, executed President Najibullah Mohammed Rabbini, and imposed strict Islamic law throughout the nation. The Taliban’s restrictions on personal power and its systematic oppression of women drew international condemnation. Only three countries recognized the Taliban as the government of Afghanistan until September 1998. At that point, the Taliban continued to shelter accused terrorist Osama bin Laden, who was thought to have planned twin bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998. In response, Saudi Arabia cut its contact with the Taliban, leaving Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates as the only two nations in the world that recognized the group as the official government in Afghanistan. Militant Muslim groups also wreaked havoc in Egypt and Algeria, while ongoing conflicts between India and Pakistan continued to foster animosity between the two nations. Violent skirmishes in Kashmir occurred throughout the decade. Both nations conducted underground nuclear tests in May 1998, prompting fears over the countries’ access to nuclear weapons. Violence between those nations over the disputed region of Kashmir broke out again in May 1999, and after less than one week of fighting, about 300 people died. On May 26, 1999, India launched a series of air strikes on a band of Islamic militants. On July 11, 1999, military commanders endorsed a plan for ending the recent conflict, which represented the heaviest fighting in the region for almost 30 years. India and Pakistan went through several separate crises during the decade as well. On May 21, 1991, former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Sriperumbudur, sparking violence across the nation. Another incident of bloodshed came from sectarian violence in the country on December 6, 1992. The Ayodhya mosque, a longtime area of

principles for interim Palestinian self-rule. On July 5, 1994, Arafat took the oath as head of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), the temporary Palestinian governing body. The formation of the PNA and the enactment of the September 1993 peace accords was one of the most impressive events that took place in the Middle East during the 1990s, and it represented a new era in Israeli and Palestinian relations. While violence continued to pepper the region, the steps toward sharing the land were unprecedented and garnered much hope and attention. In 1994, Arafat and Rabin were presented with the Nobel Peace Prize, as the world recognized their diplomatic achievement. The September accords survived the assassination of Israeli prime minister Rabin on November 4, 1995. His funeral was attended by 5,000 mourners, many of whom had been at odds with each other or Israel for years, such as representatives from the PNA, Egypt, Oman, and Qatar. While Rabin’s assassination stunned Israel and the world, his commitment to peace endured, despite continued incidents of terrorism. Another significant moment in the 1990s that offered hope to many nations was the dramatic changes that occurred in South Africa. On February 11, 1990, South African black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela was freed after more than 27 years in prison, and in September 1991, South African president F. W. de Klerk outlined his government’s proposals for a new constitution that would provide suffrage to the country’s black majority for the first time in modern history. The changes brought about a good deal of violence in the townships, but de Klerk and Mandela continued to work together toward ending the apartheid system of racial separation and black disenfranchisement in the nation. In December 1993, de Klerk and Mandela accepted their joint Nobel Peace Prize award to recognize the progress made in South Africa. On May 2, 1994, Mandela claimed a landslide victory for the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa’s first all-race elections, declaring that black South Africans are “free at last.” A week later and on the eve of Mandela’s inauguration, de Klerk declared, “We have opened up a new era of hope, security and bright future beyond words.” For the remainder of the decade, violence in South Africa was accompanied by this sense that the nation had opened a new chapter in history, as the country reimagined itself without the apartheid system of racial separation that hindered the progress of South Africa for decades. The explosive changes that rocked Africa and the Middle East were some of the most prominent events in the world in the 1990s. During this same period, countries in Asia also went through series of transformations, particularly when it came to questions of self-rule and autonomy. In July 1990, Mongolia held its first free parliamentary elections since 1921. In South Korea, Kim Young Sam took the oath of office on February 25, 1993, and he thus became the nation’s first civilian president since 1961. President Lee Teng-hui retained power in Taiwan’s first democratic presidential election, held in March 1996. Myanmar also held its first elections in May 1990; however, the ruling junta refused to turn power over to the winning opposition party and kept one of its founders, the Nobel Prize–winning Aung San Suu Kyi, under house arrest from 1989 until at least the end of the decade. On February 23, 1991, the government of Thai premier Chatichai Choonhavan was ousted by the military in a bloodless coup led by General Sunthorn Kongsompong, abolishing the 1978 constitution and imposing martial law. These changes in the Asian countries show that the region was struggling in response to calls for democratic reform. In China, prodemocracy activists received much attention, in the wake of the violent crackdown on protesting students in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in 1989. Many prodemocracy dissidents faced arrest, and 66 of them were released in January 1991 after their cases were completed. However, by the end of October 1996, all key members of the prodemocracy movement in China were either imprisoned or exiled. China’s stance against democracy was underscored by its response to the status of Hong Kong. In September 1991, Hong Kong held its first direct elections viii

elections in December 1990, and Reverend Jean-Bertrande Aristide was overwhelmingly chosen to lead the nation. However, his tenure was abruptly ended when Brigadier General Raoul Cédras staged a coup on September 29, 1991. The military takeover sparked protests in Portau-Prince, the capital, and elsewhere in the nation. As stories of humanrights abuses emerged, the coup in Haiti brought also international condemnation, and, on July 31, 1994, the UN Security Council cited the need for “an exceptional response” to the crisis and authorized a U.S.-led multinational invasion to restore Aristide to power. The following September, Haiti’s military government narrowly avoided the planned invasion by relinquishing power to Aristide. As we turn from the Americas to the United States, we find that the 1990s was marked by partisan politics as the Republicans won control of both seats of Congress in November 1994. It was the first time in 40 years that the GOP dominated both the House and Senate. However, William Jefferson Clinton (D, Ark.) beat out incumbent President George Bush in 1992 and Congressman Robert Dole (R, Kans.) in 1996. With Democrats in charge of the executive branch of government and Republicans in control of Congress, the 1990s were beset by partisan squabbles. The divisiveness was also evident on many social issues, such as abortion rights. For example, on January 25, 1991, Utah governor Norman Bangerter (R) signed one of the most repressive abortion laws in the U.S. The bill prohibited abortion in nearly all cases. Less than one month later, on February 18, 1991, Maryland governor William D. Schaefer (D) signed into law a measure designed to protect a woman’s ability to obtain a legal abortion, even if the Supreme Court is to overturn its 1973 Roe v. Wade decision. The contrast between the two bills shows the range of opinions on that controversial issue. Likewise, race relationships, sexual harassment, discrimination, and gay rights were publicly debated during the decade, and people reflected on social and political differences. At the same time, the 1990s made some breakthroughs in the United States’s diversity. For instance, in January 1990, L. Douglas Wilder (D, Va.) became the first black governor to take office in the nation. Dr. Antonia Coello Novello became the first female and the first Hispanic surgeon general in February 1990. Other women who pioneered in the political arena included Janet Reno, who became the nation’s first female attorney general in March 1993, and Madeleine Albright, whose December 1996 appointment as secretary of state made her the highest-ranking woman ever in the federal government. While women made strides in terms of political representation, questions of sexual harassment dominated the public sphere in unprecedented ways. During the 1990s, every major branch of the government faced a crisis regarding sexual harassment allegations and litigation, and these issues were among the most debated questions of the time. In the legislative branch, Senator Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) faced allegations of sexual harassment immediately after his reelection in November 1992. By February 1993, no fewer than 23 women had come forward to accuse Packwood of unwanted and persistent sexual advances, and a lengthy investigation ensued. On September 6, 1995, the Senate Select Committee on Ethics voted 6-0 to recommend the expulsion, the most severe punishment that the panel could recommend, of Packwood. As no senators have been expelled since the Civil War, Packwood announced his resignation the following day. In addition to this scandal in the federal legislature, allegations of sexual harassment rocked the judicial branch as well during the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court nominee Judge Clarence Thomas in October 1991. On October 6, 1991, Anita Hill, a tenured law professor at the University of Oklahoma, publicly accused Thomas of sexual harassment. The charge sparked an emotional and contentious national debate, and Thomas “totally and unequivocally” denied Hill’s charges. On October 11, 1991, Hill calmly testified under oath that Thomas had made sexually harassing statements and acted inappropriately from 1981 to 1983, and Thomas offered his repudiation of what he called “lies,” “sleaze,” “dirt,” and “gossip” the following day. After one of

dispute, was the site of clashes that left more than 700 people dead. That fighting represented the worst violence in the country since it gained independence in 1947. Pakistan was also beset by internal strife as political scandals rocked the nation. In April 1997, the Pakistani parliament repealed legislation that gave the president unilateral power to dismiss the prime minister. This action came in an attempt to stabilize the fluctuations in the country’s government. On October 12, 1999, Pakistan’s armed forces staged a bloodless coup, toppling the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The military takeover was the fourth coup in Pakistan’s 52-year history. Governmental upheavals also affected Indonesia, which underwent radical changes. In June 1996, the government’s efforts to undermine an opposition party led to street riots, and dissatisfaction with President Suharto continued to prompt sporadic protests until 1998, when the demonstrations escalated. In May 1998, weeks of massive protests and riots in Jakarta led to the May 21, 1998, resignation of President Suharto, who had ruled the country for 32 years. On June 7, 1999, Indonesia held its first fully democratic election in 44 years. While Indonesia was transferring its power, the question of independence in East Timor further rocked the nation. In January 1999, the Indonesian government gave its first indication that it would consider independence for the area, and the following September, a referendum was held on East Timor’s status. As the citizens voted overwhelmingly for independence, the opposition launched a campaign of violence. The fierce attacks in East Timor prompted the UN to send in troops. The changes that occurred in Indonesia during 1998 and 1999 forced the nation to reimagine itself at the close of the twentieth century. When we turn to the Americas, we see that many nations suffered from internal strife and political changes, yet few of them attracted a great deal of international attention. In North America, Canada redrew its map for the first time since 1949 when it designated the area of Nunavut from the Northwest Territories in April 1999. Latin America faced numerous domestic crises and triumphs, and several nations, including Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, and São Tomé and Príncipe, all moved toward democracy with free elections during the 1990s. However, Venezuela and Peru gave considerable power to those nations’ presidents during the decade. Several countries were affected by drug-related violence, particularly Colombia, whose president, Ernesto Samper Pizano, faced allegations that he accepted money from drug cartels. Cuba made significant moves toward recognizing Catholicism, and Fidel Castro met with Pope John Paul II on November 19, 1996. For the first time since 1969, Christmas was celebrated in Cuba in 1997. The following January, Pope John Paul II made his first official tour of the nation. In Panama, the country gained control of the Panama Canal in December 1999. Latin America also faced ongoing guerrilla warfare in several nations, including Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru. Mexico began a period of unrest when the Zapatistas attacked four towns in Chiapas, assaults that the insurgents characterized as a “declaration of war” against the federal government on January 1, 1994. This war continued for the remainder of the decade. In Nicaragua, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro beat President Daniel Ortega Saavedra in national elections held in February 1990. This surprising victory ended Sandinista rule in the country for the first time in 10 years. The change in government caused the Sandinistas to take up arms, but the violence in the country soon dwindled as Nicaragua began a new phase in its history. Guatemala reached a breakthrough peace accord in its 35-year civil war in September 1996. El Salvador officially ended its civil war on December 15, 1992. The 12-year war in El Salvador had an estimated death toll of 75,000 by the time the fighting ceased. In addition to these significant events throughout Latin America during the 1990s, Haiti was the source of much debate during the decade. On March 10, 1990, General Prosper Avril resigned in the midst of massive demonstrations launched by Haitians. Haiti held its first democratic ix

and Maryland. During the 1990s, antiabortionists launched a campaign of violence, during which they murdered people who worked in clinics. In addition to these pressing questions, a flurry of school shootings, particularly the deadly incident on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Colorado, brought the issue of gun control to the political debate. While these debates continued, the 1990s was also known for incidents of race-related violence. One of the most notable events that called attention to race relations in the United States was the riots in Los Angeles after the verdict in the case of Rodney King. On March 3, 1991, black motorist Rodney King was stopped by Los Angeles police officers after a highspeed chase. He was severely beaten by those officers, and the incident was recorded on videotape, which exposed the public to the assault. On April 29, 1992, a jury acquitted the four officers of charges filed as a result of King’s beating. The acquittal sparked riots in Los Angeles that were the worst since the 1965 Watts riots in L.A. The violence died down by May 3, 1992, but the riots brought the issue of race relations to the forefront of U.S. discourse. Riots due to race also erupted in Washington, D.C., and New York City during the decade. Another case that brought the issue of race to the public’s attention was the trial of former football player O. J. Simpson. After a prolonged, televised chase in California, police arrested Simpson in June 1994 for the death of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ronald Goldman. The ensuing trial riveted the nation, and the October 3, 1995, acquittal prompted even more debate, as the case highlighted issues of race, class, and gender. The O. J. Simpson trial was known as the trial of the century for its sensational hold on the public imagination. While those cases prompted debate, they did not shock the American people as much as a single incident in Oklahoma City. On April 19, 1995, a massive car bomb exploded outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 169 people and wounding more than 400 others. It was the deadliest terrorist attack ever in the United States. The crime was considered even more tragic because several children were in the building at a day-care center at the time of the assault. The bombing was called the deadliest act of terrorism ever committed on U.S. soil, and it stunned the nation. What was particularly unnerving about the bombing in Oklahoma City was that it was perpetuated by a decorated veteran of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Timothy McVeigh. On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was convicted on 11 charges related to the bombing in Oklahoma City. Other acts of terrorism plagued the United States during the 1990s, both domestically and abroad. Unlike the attack on Oklahoma City, though, these assaults were generally not committed by U.S. citizens. A bomb exploded in the parking garage of the World Trade Center in New York City on February 26, 1993, killing five people and injuring 1,000 others. On October 1, 1995, a federal jury in New York City ended the biggest terrorism trial in U.S. history when it convicted 10 militant Muslims on 48 of 50 conspiracy charges stemming from a failed plot to bomb the UN headquarters building and other city targets and to assassinate political leaders. The militants included Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, a blind cleric from Egypt, accused of leading his fellow defendants in plotting a “war of urban terrorism” in response to the U.S. government’s support of Israel and of Egypt’s current secular regime. Anti-American sentiment in other nations was also evidenced by a bomb attack on a military complex in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 U.S. servicemen and wounded several hundred others on June 25, 1996. It was called the most deadly guerrilla attack on Americans in the Middle East since 1983. The U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were bombed on August 7, 1998. The Nairobi blast killed at least 247 people, including 12 U.S. citizens. In Dar es Salaam, 10 people were killed. More than 5,000 people were wounded in the attacks. U.S., Kenyan, and Tanzanian officials asserted that the bombings were aimed at the United States, and the investigation linked a wealthy Saudi businessman, Osama

the most bitter and divisive confirmation battles in the 202-year history of the Supreme Court, the Senate confirmed Thomas as the court’s 106th associate justice on October 12, 1991. It was the closest vote for a Supreme Court justice in the 20th century. In terms of sexual harassment scandals in the 1990s, the one that attracted the most attention involved President Clinton. On May 6, 1994, Paula Corbin Jones filed a federal civil lawsuit accusing Clinton of making “persistent and continuous” unwanted sexual advances toward her in May 1991. The accusations sparked controversy, and questions of whether Clinton would face the charges while in office continued until May 27, 1997, when the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Clinton’s request to delay proceedings in a sexual harassment suit until he left office. The ruling in Clinton v. Jones was the first time that the high court ruled that sitting presidents may be sued for actions outside the realm of their official duties. However, accusations made by Jones were overshadowed by allegations that Clinton engaged in a sexual relationship with a 21-year-old intern at the White House, Monica Lewinsky. The scandal involving Clinton and Lewinsky reached news offices late on January 20, 1998, and by January 21, the story had ballooned into what was called the greatest crisis the Clinton White House ever faced. On January 26, 1998, Clinton stated, “I want you to listen to me. I’m going to say this again: I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky. I never told anybody to lie, not a single time—never. These allegations are false. And I need to go back to work for the American people.” This oft-quoted denial of his relationship with Lewinsky became significant as the investigation continued. In September 1998, independent prosecutor Kenneth Starr, who was appointed to investigate the financial scandal known as Whitewater, delivered his official report to Congress. On December 19, 1998, the House voted to impeach President Clinton for his conduct in the Monica Lewinsky scandal. In near party-line votes, the House’s Republican majority won passage of two articles of impeachment accusing Clinton of committing perjury and obstruction of justice. However, on February 12, 1999, the Senate voted to acquit Clinton of impeachment charges in the Lewinsky scandal, ending the second presidential impeachment in U.S. history. The 45-55 tally for Article I, the perjury charge, was 22 votes short of the 67 needed for conviction; Article II, the obstruction charge, failed in a 50-50 vote, 17 short of the two-thirds majority. The fact that neither charge gained even a simple majority was seen as a humiliating defeat for the 13 House Republicans who presented the case to the Senate. The Lewinsky scandal received a good deal of media coverage and public interest, particularly since Lewinsky did not file charges against the president. Tellingly, then, sexual misdeeds that received the most attention in the 1990s did not allege sexual harassment itself, as Lewinsky never suggested that Clinton forced unwanted sexual advances on her. While issues of sexual harassment dominated much of the social discourse during the 1990s, the decade was also a time of landmark legislation and judicial decisions. Major initiatives that were passed in the 1990s include the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Freedom to Access of Clinic Entrances Act of 1994, and gun control legislation codified in the Brady Bill of 1993. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 prompted debate over free-speech rights and what “standards of decency” may include. In October 1997, the Supreme Court refused to consider an appeal of a lower court ruling, and by doing so, Oregon became the first state to implement a statute allowing physicians to prescribe lethal prescriptions to terminally ill patients. In April 1996, Clinton signed the Line-Item Veto Act, which gave him unprecedented power over appropriations bills; however, on June 25, 1998, the Supreme Court ruled, 6-3, that the Line-Item Veto was unconstitutional. Other issues that affected the political discourse during the 1990s included a Colorado amendment regarding gay rights, California’s propositions over immigration and affirmative action, and abortion-rights bills throughout many states such as Utah, Pennsylvania, x

reached an agreement to balance the federal budget by 2002 on May 2, 1997. The historic deal included tax cuts and reductions in discretionary spending favored by Republicans and funding increases for education, welfare, and health insurance for children backed by President Clinton and the Democrats. On September 30, 1998, Clinton announced that the 1998 fiscal year had ended in the first federal budget surplus since 1969. The surplus totaled about $70 billion. The changes in the federal budget were mirrored by fluctuations in the stock market, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average went through one of its most profitable periods in U.S. history. In January 1990, the Dow reached a record high of 2,810.15. On March 29, 1999, the Dow closed at 10,006.78, finishing the day above the 10,000 level for the first time ever. It was the seventh time in just over four years that the benchmark stock average broke through a socalled millennium level, and it represented one of dozens of records set during the decade. The enormous, unprecedented growth in the stock market boosted consumer confidence, inspired new investors to enter the world of mutual funds, and reflected the economic turnaround that occurred between 1990 and 1999. In terms of economic legislation, the 1990s were marked by partisan conflicts regarding appropriations bills, and the government shut down during the presidencies of both George Bush and Bill Clinton. The 1996 budget needed no fewer than 12 continuing resolutions or “stopgap bills” to keep the government afloat while Congress and the White House struggled to agree on spending levels. The sense that the federal government was beset by partisanship seemed increasingly evident during one of the investigations of the Whitewater real estate venture that involved President Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. The economic scandal involved a tangle of records of the Clintons’ personal finances before 1992, when Clinton assumed the presidency. In January 1994, Attorney General Janet Reno appointed Robert Fiske to investigate the now-defunct land deal; however, Kenneth Starr, a former top government lawyer during the administration of President George Bush, took over the position on August 5, 1994. Starr’s investigation led to the convictions of James McDougal, Susan McDougal, and Governor Jim Guy Tucker (D, Ark.) on fraud and conspiracy charges on May 28, 1996. However, Whitewater’s web of economic misdeeds failed to capture vast amounts of public attention until Starr’s investigation turned from its analysis of finances to Clinton’s relationship with Monica Lewinsky. That Starr’s report on Whitewater ended up as an investigation of sexual liaisons and perjury caused debate during the 1990s. The animosity between the Republicans and the Democrats was notable during these investigations, and Americans throughout the country held widely divergent positions on the scandals that affected the Clinton administration. Part of the reason for the economic boom of the 1990s stemmed from increased use of technology. Computers became household items in the 1990s, and the popularization of the Internet prompted some people to dub the era as the “information age.” At the same time, the United States continued to explore space and develop new satellite technologies. On April 25, 1990, the space shuttle Discovery successfully deployed the Hubble Space Telescope in an orbit 381 miles above Earth. In December 1993, astronauts aboard the Endeavour repaired and released the Hubble telescope, prompting President Clinton and Vice President Al Gore to telephone and congratulate the Endeavour crew on fulfilling “one of the most spectacular space missions in all of our history.” Other achievements in space over the course of the decade included the launch of the Mars Observer in 1992 and the successful completion in 1994 of Magellan’s project to map 98% of Venus’s surface. On July 4, 1997, the Mars Pathfinder landed on Mars, and Sojourner, a roving robotic explorer vehicle, explored the geology of the planet. Pathfinder was the first spacecraft to reach Mars since two NASA Viking missions landed there in 1976. Additionally, space exploration during the 1990s pointed to the end of the cold war, as U.S. and Soviet scientists worked together in unprecedented ways. On June 29, 1995, the U.S. space shuttle Atlantis docked

bin Laden, to the terrorist acts. On November 4, 1998, a grand jury issued an indictment against bin Laden, charging him and five members of his alleged terrorist group, Al-Qaeda. The State Departments offered rewards of $5 million—the largest ever offered by the United States for the capture of a terrorist—for information leading to the conviction or arrest of bin Laden and Muhammed Atef, described as bin Laden’s top military commander. In addition, Clinton imposed economic sanctions on the Taliban militia in Afghanistan for allegedly harboring bin Laden in July 1998, and by that September, Saudi Arabia had suspended diplomatic ties to protest the Taliban’s support of bin Laden, leaving Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates as the only countries that recognized Taliban rule in Afghanistan. In terms of U.S. military intervention during the 1990s, America was primarily committed to peacekeeping missions rather than forcible invasions. With the notable exception of the Gulf War in 1991, U.S. military action consisted primarily of sending troops to areas beset by civil conflict, such as Serbia, Liberia, Somalia, and Haiti. Debate over these missions affected the nation, but the question of who had the right to serve the United States as a soldier was a bigger issue in the public consciousness during the decade. Gays in the military became a topic of heated conversation, and the Clinton administration came under fire when it announced a policy known as “Don’t ask, don’t tell” in January 1993. The following September, the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy toward the sexual orientation of members in the military was codified by an appropriations measure. For the next few years, the constitutionality of the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy was tested in court cases, and on February 14, 1997, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco, California, upheld the policy on homosexuals in a 2-1 decision. In addition, the military faced challenges to its exclusivity when female cadets petitioned for the right to be admitted to the Citadel and the Virginia Military Institute (VMI). On January 30, 1994, Shannon Faulkner attended her first classes at the all-male military academy, the Citadel, in South Carolina. The following July, a court ruled that the Citadel had to accept women to its corps of cadets. In September 1996, VMI decided to accept women in its program, an act that ended the last state-funded, allmale academic institution in the United States. On August 18, 1997, female students enrolled at VMI, ending 158 years of male-only education at that college. As always, U.S. foreign policy included economic components, and, throughout the decade, people debated the trading status of nations thought to perpetuate human rights abuses, particularly China. The United States generated great international controversy on March 12, 1996, when President Clinton signed into law a bill that penalized foreigners who invest in Cuba. The Helms-Burton Act continued to cause debate for the rest of the decade. U.S. trade entered a new era when Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into law on December 8, 1993. The pact, which went into effect on January 1, 1994, lowered or eliminated tariffs and removed other restrictions on trade and investment between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. These foreign economic decisions came during a period of great prosperity in the United States. The 1990s started out in an economic recession, with high unemployment rates and low consumer confidence. President Bush caused controversy on June 26, 1990, when he admitted that the budget deficit required “tax revenue increases,” sparking an uproar because the vow “Read my lips: No new taxes” had been an oft-quoted promise during Bush’s 1988 campaign. On August 15, 1991, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that the fiscal 1992 federal budget deficit would reach a record $362 billion. During the next three years, the economy turned around, and the United States entered a period of growth. By October 1994, the federal budget deficit stood at $203.4 billion for fiscal 1994. That was the smallest deficit reported since 1989. The economic recovery continued, particularly after Congress and the White House xi

Trust of Washington State, and three Seattle artists to reject possible grants and Murry DePillars, dean of the School of the Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University, to resign as an NEA review panelist. On November 5, 1996, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco, California, ruled, 2-1, that the federal government cannot force the NEA to use standards of decency when giving grants to artists, arguing that such stipulations represent an unconstitutional curb on freedom of speech. However, on June 25, 1999, in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 8-1, that the federal government was allowed to consider standards of decency when awarding federal arts grants. As the conflicting court decisions suggest, the issue was not nearly resolved by the end of the decade. In September 1999, controversy over an exhibit of contemporary British art at the Brooklyn Museum of Art led New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani to threaten to end city subsidies to the gallery. Giuliani’s opinions were reinforced by a non-binding resolution passed in the U.S. Senate on the issue. However, the Brooklyn Museum of Art filed a lawsuit and opened the show as scheduled on October 2, 1999. In addition to debates over censorship, popular culture in the United States was marked by violence and scandals in the world of sports. On April 30, 1993, Monica Seles, the world’s top-ranked female tennis player at the time, was stabbed in the back by a fan of rival Steffi Graf, the world’s second-ranked woman. In a similar incident, figure skater Nancy Kerrigan was assaulted on January 6, 1994. The attack launched a flood of media attention, particularly when it was linked to Kerrigan’s skating rival, Tonya Harding. On January 27, 1994, Harding admitted that “some persons that were close to me may have been involved in the assault.” In the wake of that statement, Harding was banned from the sport. In other sports scandals, the International Olympic Committee faced the biggest crisis in its history in December 1998, amid allegations that committee members had accepted bribes in return for naming Salt Lake City, Utah, as host for the 2000 winter games. However, this scandal was not as alarming as an attack staged during the 1996 summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. On July 27, 1996, a homemade pipe bomb exploded at an Olympic Games site, killing one person and injuring 111 others. The park bombing was the first terrorist attack at the Olympics since the 1972 games in Munich, Germany. While this overview of U.S. politics and social concerns provides only the smallest glimpse into the major events that shaped the 1990s, it shows that the United States was trying to find a way to balance personal freedoms and civil liberties with social and cultural traditions. The politics of sexuality were underscored in the country during the 1990s, as the nation faced the impeachment hearings of Bill Clinton, debate over what constitutes “obscenity” in art, arguments over whether gays could serve their country as part of the armed forces, and sexual harassment lawsuits. At the same time, economic booms and technological advances resulted in high standards of living while terrorist threats and anti-American sentiment found their way to U.S. soil. The end of the millennium represented a period of anticipation and change throughout the globe. During this period of change, however, the notion that all nations exist on a single planet was stressed throughout the decade, primarily due to environmental concerns and growing communications technologies. Toward the end of the 20th century, countries from around the globe expressed an awareness of the environmental problems caused by industrialism. The debate over how to best handle problems such as global warming and the hole in the ozone layer was not resolved by the end of the 1990s, but the attention paid to the planet’s resources on an international level was considered unprecedented. The millennium ended, then, with a sense of unity, despite differences, as global awareness shaped the way that we imagined the future.

with the Russian space station Mir as the first of seven dockings scheduled to occur prior to the beginning of construction on the planned international space station. The following day, the U.S. astronauts gave their Russian colleagues chocolates and flowers and, in return, received a traditional Russian greeting of bread and salt. Both crews were congratulated by U.S. vice president Al Gore and Russian premier Viktor Chernomyrdin. In March 1996, U.S. biochemist Shannon Lucid joined the Mir crew, thus becoming the second U.S. astronaut and the first U.S. woman to live on Mir. With the planned space station in mind, Mir was abandoned after being in space for 13 years when the final crew departed the station in a Soyuz capsule on August 27, 1999. Other major achievements in science during the 1990s included groundbreaking research on the treatment of AIDS, the mapping of genomes, and stem cell research. Much of this research caused controversy, and debate over fetal tissue research and medical uses for embryonic stem cells continued throughout the decade. Genetic engineering also came to the forefront of public debate when, on February 23, 1997, researchers in Scotland reported that they had created the first genetic clone of an adult animal, a Finn Dorset lamb named Dolly. The lamb had a genetic makeup identical to that of her mother, and the breakthrough prompted worldwide speculation worldwide about the dangers of human cloning. Additionally, evidence of the big bang theory of creation was presented in April 1992, and the top quark was discovered in March 1995. In the midst of all of these scientific advances, many Americans became more involved in personal technology. In July 1999, a study found that more than 40 percent of U.S. homes had a computer, 25 percent were connected to the Internet, and 94.1 percent had phones by the end of 1998. The report also noted a growing “digital divide” in information access drawn along financial and racial lines. The disparity between who had in-home technology was one of the many questions raised by the sudden popularization of computers. Another prominent issue was that of free speech and censorship. The Telecommunications Act of 1996, which included clauses about “decency” and specified concerns over the Internet, prompted a good deal of debate. In response to fears of governmental censorship of these new forms of communication, on August 17, 1996, computer hackers illegally entered the Department of Justice’s site on the World Wide Web and posted obscenities, sexually explicit pictures and harsh criticisms of the Communications Decency Act. The concern over free speech also dominated the arts during the 1990s. The issue began to cause controversy when Congress adopted decency standards for the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) in 1990. Throughout the decade, questions of obscenity led to indictments and lawsuits. In April 1990, Cincinnati’s Contemporary Arts Center was indicted by a grand jury on obscenity charges for displaying an exhibit of photographs by the late Robert Mapplethorpe; however, local lawenforcement officials were barred from shutting down the exhibit. The focus on censorship was underscored on June 29, 1990, when the NEA rejected grant applications from four artists who were approved by the review panel. The artists—Karen Finley, Holly Hughes, John Fleck, and Tim Miller—all incorporated issues of sexuality into their work, and the idea that the government was withholding funds based upon the explicit nature of their art sparked controversy that continued throughout the decade. For instance, on November 1, 1990, New York Shakespeare Festival producer Joseph Papp refused to accept two NEA grants totaling $323,000 in protest of the NEA’s consideration of “general standards of decency” when making awards. On May 12, 1992, Anne-Imelda Radice, the acting head of the NEA, went against the recommendation of review panels and its advisory council when she rejected two applications for grants to support exhibits that involve sexual material. The decision set off another firestorm of controversy, prompting Beacon Press, the Artist

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AARP ABA ABC ABL ABM ACDA ACLU ACS ACT ACTU ACTWU AD ADA ADFL AFC AFDC AFL-CIO AFT AFTA AID AIDS AIPAC AIS ALP ALPA ALS AMC AMD AMEX AMR ANC AOC AOL AP APA APEC APFA APWU ARENA ASARCO ASE ASEAN ASX

AT&T ATF ATP AWACS AWB

American Association of Retired Persons American Bar Association American Broadcasting Corporation American Basketball League Antiballistic Missile Treaty Arms Control and Disarmament Agency American Civil Liberties Union Association of Caribbean States American College Testing Australia Council of Trade Unions Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union Democratic Action (Venezuela) American Dental Association; Americans with Disabilities Act Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire American Football Conference Aid to Families with Dependent Children American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations American Federation of Teachers ASEAN Free-Trade Area Agency for International Development acquired immunodeficiency syndrome American Israel Public Affairs Committee Islamic Salvation Army (Algeria) Antigua Labour Party Air Line Pilots Association amyotrophic lateral sclerosis American Motors Corporation Advanced Micro Devices American Stock Exchange advanced meat recovery African National Congress Australian Olympic Committee America Online Associated Press Allied Pilots Association Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Association of Professional Flight Attendants American Postal Workers Union Nationalist Republican Alliance (El Salvador) American Smelting and Refining Company American Stock Exchange Association of Southeast Asian Nations Australia Stock Exchange

AWS AZT BBC BCCI BCOA BDP BEC BIS BJP BLDP BLP BNDES BNL BNP BOC BP BPF BRA BSE BSP bST CARE CARICOM CART CAW CBO CBOT CBS CCAR CCC CCM CCP CD CDC CDR CEA CEQ CERN CERT xiii

American Telephone and Telegraph Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Association of Tennis Professionals Airborne Warning and Control System Afrikaner Resistance Movement (South Africa) Solidarity Electoral Action (Poland) azidothymidine (zidovudine) British Broadcasting Corporation Bank of Commerce and Credit International Bituminous Coal Operating Association Botswana Democratic Party Bose-Einstein condensate Bank for International Settlements Bharatiya Janata Party (India) Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party (Cambodia) Barbados Labour Party National Development Bank (Brazil) Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (Italy) Bangladesh National Party British Oxygen Company British Petroleum Belarussian Popular Front Bougainville Revolutionary Army (Papua New Guinea) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) Bulgarian Socialist Party bovine somatotropin Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere Caribbean Community Championship Auto Racing Teams Canadian Auto Workers Congressional Budget Office Chicago Board of Trade Columbia Broadcasting System Central Conference of American Rabbis Commodity Credit Corp. Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Zanzibar) Cambodian Communist Party (Cambodia) Democratic Convergence (El Salvador) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Democratic Convention of Romania Council of Economic Affairs Council on Environmental Quality European Laboratory for Particle Physics Computer Emergency Response Team

CFC CFE CGG CGT CGTP CHA CHP CIA CIBC CIS CITES CJD CNN CNPC Cocom Codesa Comecon Comex CONCACAF COO COPS CP CPD CPI CPP CPR CPSC CRS CSCE CSIS CSSD CSU CTBT CUF CUNY CUPUW CWA CWC D D.A. DAX D.C. DDC DDI DEA DFLP DFP DHT DIA DIH DINA DKB DLP DMK DMZ DNA

DNC DPP DPS DYP EBRD

chlorofluorocarbon Conventional Forces in Europe Compañía General Geofíscica (Peru) Confederación General del Trabajo; Confédération Général du Travail Peruvian General Workers’ Federation Chicago Housing Authority California Highway Patrol Central Intelligence Agency Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Commonwealth of Independent States National Council for the Defense of Democracy (Burundi) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Cable News Network China National Petroleum Corp. Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls Convention for a Democratic South Africa Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Commodity Echange Confederation of North, Central American and Carribbean Association Football chief operating officer Community Oriented Policing Services Communist Party Coalition of Parties for Democracy consumer price index Cambodian People’s Party cardiopulmonary resuscitation Consumer Product Safety Commission Socialist Renewal Movement (Colombia) Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Center for Strategic and International Studies Czech Social Democratic Party Christian Social Union (Germany) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Civic United Front (Zanzibar) City University of New York Canadian Union of Postal Workers Communications Workers of America Chemical Weapons Convention Democrat (United States) district attorney German Stock Exchange District of Columbia zakitabine didanosine Drug Enforcement Agency Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Dominica Freedom Party dihydrotestosterone Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Headquarters (Japan) Direeción National de Inteligencia (Chile) Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank (Japan) Democratic Labour Party (Barbados) Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (India) demilitarized zone deoxyribonucleic acid

EC ECB ECE ECM ECOMOG ECOWAS ECU EEA EEOC EFTA EIB ELN EMS EMU EOE EOHR EPA EPL EPLF EPR EPRDF ER ERA ERISA ERM ERP ESA ETA EU EURECA EZLN FAA FALN Fannie Mae FARC FBI FCC FDA FDIC FEC Fed FEMA FERC FIFA FINA FIS FLEC FLNC xiv

Democratic National Committee Democratic Progressive Party (Taiwan) Democratic Socialist Party (Montenegro) True Path Party (Turkey) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development European Community European Central Bank Economic Commission for Europe Emerging Company Marketplace Economic Community Monitoring Group Economic Community of West African States European Currency Unit European Economic Area Equal Employment Opportunity Commission European Free Trade Assoication European Investment Bank National Liberation Army (Colombia) European Monetary System economic and monetary union equal opportunity employer Egyptian Organization for Human Rights Environmental Protection Agency Popular Liberation Army (Colombia) Eritrean People’s Liberation Front Popular Revolutionary Army (Mexico) Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front emergency room Energy Resources of Australia Employee Retirement Income Security Act exchange rate mechanism People’s Revolutionary Army (Argentina) European Space Agency Euskadi Ta Askatasuna European Union European Retrievable Carrier Zapatista National Liberation Army (Mexico) Armed Forces of Angola; Federal Aviation Administration Armed Froces of National Liberation (Puerto Rico) Federal National Mortgage Association Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Communications Commission Food and Drug Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Exchange Commission; Federal Election Commission Federal Reserve Board Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federation Internationale de Football Association Federation Internationale de Natation Islamic Salvation Front (Algeria) Cabinda Enclave Liberation Front (Angola) Corsican National Liberation Front

FLP FMC FmHA FMLN FNM FORD FRAPH FRC Freddie Mac Fretilin FRG FSB FSLN FTAA FTC Funcinpec

FWS FZLN G-7 G-8 GAO GATT GBL GCC GDP GE GIA GM GMHC GNP GOP GOPAC GPC GPS GRO GST GTE Hamas HCFA HDTV HDZ HHS HIV HMO HUD HVO HZDS IAAF IAEA IAHRC IAM IBF IBM

ICC ICJ ICM ICRC IDA IDCP IDE IFOR IGC ILGA ILGWU

Fiji Labour Party Federal Maritime Commission Farmers Home Administration Farabundo Martí National Liberation (El Salvador) Free National Movement (Bahamas) Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (Kenya) Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti Fatah Revolutionary Council Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. Revolutionary Front for the Independence of East Timor Guatemala Republican Front Federal Security Service (Russia) Sandinista National Liberation Front (Nicaragua) Free Trade Area of the Americas Federal Trade Commission United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia Fishing and Wildlife Service Zapatista National Liberation Front (Mexico) Group of Seven Group of Eight General Accounting Office General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade gamma butyrolactone Gulf Cooperation Council gross domestic product General Electric Armed Islamic Group (Algeria) General Motors Gay Men’s Health Crisis gross national product Grand Old Party (Republican Party) Grand Old Party Political Action Committee General People’s Congress (Yemen) Global Positioning System Gamma Ray Observatory goods-and-services tax General Telephone and Electronics Islamic Resistance Movement Health Care Financing Administration high-definition television Croatian Democratic Union Department of Health and Human Services human immunodeficiency virus health maintenance organization Department of Housing and Urban Development Croatian Defense Council Movement for a Democratic Slovakia International Amateur Athletic Foundation International Atomic Energy Agency Inter-American Human Rights Court International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers International Boxing Federation International Business Machines

ILO IMF INC INF INLA INMIK INS INTERFET IOC IPO IRA IRL IRS ITS KANU KCTU KDP KFOR KGB KIO KKK KLA KTCU L.A. LAFD LAPD LCD LDP LEAP LegCo LF LHC LIUNA LPGA LRA LSD LSO LSU LVF MDA MDN MDP MDS MENA Mercosur MFDC

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Interstate Commerce Commission International Court of Jurists International Creative Management International Committee of the Red Cross Islamic Democratic Alliance International Drug Control Program intact dilation and extraction Implementation Force (NATO) intergovernmental conference International Lesbian and Gay Association International Ladies Garment Workers Union International Labor Organization International Monetary Fund Iraqi National Congress Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Irish National Liberation Army UN Mission in Kosovo Immigration and Naturalization Services International Force for East Timor International Olympic Committee initial public offering Irish Republican Army Indy Racing League Internal Revenue Service Intermarket Trading System Kenya African National Union Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Kurdistan Democratic Party Kosovo Force (NATO) Soviet State Security Committee Kachin Independence Organization Ku Klux Klan Kosovo Liberation Army Korea Confederation of Trade Unions Los Angeles Los Angeles Fire Department Los Angeles Police Department Lesotho Congress for Democracy Liberal Democratic Party Light Exoatmospheric Projectile Legislative Council (Hong Kong) Lebanese Forces Large Hadron Collider Laborers International Union of North America Ladies Professional Golfers’ Association Lord’s Resistance Army (Uganda) lysergic acid diethylamide Legislative Service Organization Louisiana State University Loyalist Volunteer Force Muscular Dystrophy Association Mobilization for National Development (Haiti) Mongolian Democratic Party Movement of Democratic Socialists (Tunisia) Middle East–North Africa Economic Conference Southern Common Market (South America) Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (Senegal)

MFN MGM MIA MiG MIT MLB MLC MLS MNR MOMA MOSOP MP MPA MPLA MPRP MRTA MSNBC MST MTCR MVP NAACP NAFTA Nammco NAP NAR NARAL NAS NASA NASCAR NASD NASDAQ NATO NBA NBC NBK NCAA NCSL NCUA NDP NEA NEAR NEC NEH NFC NFL NFP NGA NHL NHLPA

NHTSA

most favored nation Metro Goldwyn Mayer missing in action Mikoyan-Gurevich fighter jet Massachusetts Institute of Technology Major League Baseball Movement for the Liberation of Congo Major League Soccer Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (Bolivia) Museum of Modern Art Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni Peoples (Nigeria) member of Parliament marine protection area Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (Peru) Microsoft National Broadcasting Corporation Landless Movement (Brazil) Missile Technology Control Regime most valuable player National Association for the Advancement of Colored People North American Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission New Aspiration Party (Thailand) National Alliance for Reconstruction (Trinidad and Tobago) National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League National Academy of Sciences National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Association for Stock Car Racing National Association of Securities Dealers National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Basketball Association National Broadcasting Company National Bank of Kenya National Collegiate Athletic Association National Conference of State Legislature National Credit Union Administration National Democratic Party (Egypt); National Democratic Party (Suriname) National Education Association; National Endowment for the Arts Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous National Economic Council National Endowment for the Humanities National Football Conference National Football League New Frontier Party (Japan) National Governor’s Association National Hockey League National Hockey League Players Association

NIE NIF NIH NKP NLA NLD NLRB NOAA NOW NP NPF NPR NPT NRA NRC NRO NSA NSC NSF NTSB NTT NYC NYSE NZF OAS OAU OCSS ODS ODS OECD OIC OMB OPEC OPIC OPON OPSEU ORA ORI ORT OSCE OSHA OTS PAC PacTel PAGAD PAIGC PAL

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National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Intelligence Estimate National Ignition Facility National Institutes of Health New Korea Party National Liberation Army (Northern Ireland) National League for Democracy (Myanmar) National Labor Relations Board National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association National Organization for Women National Party (South Africa) New Frontier Party (Japan); National Patriotic Front (Liberia) National Public Radio Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty National Rifle Association Nuclear Regulatory Commission National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency National Security Council National Salvation Front (Romania) National Transportation Safety Board Nippon Telegraph and Telephone New York City New York Stock Exchange New Zealand First Organization of American States Organization of African Unity Southern Sierra Peasant Organization (Mexico) Civic Democratic Party (Czechoslovakia) United Democratic Forces (Bulgaria) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization of the Islamic Conference Office of Management and Budget Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Overseas Private Investment Corp. Special Purpose Police Detachment (Azerbaijan) Ontario Public Service Employees’ Union Organization of Armed Resistance (Niger) Office of Research Integrity Obshchestvyennoye Rossiskoye Televidyeniye (Russia) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Occupational Safety and Health Administartion Office of Thrift Supervision political action committee; Pan-Africanist Congress (South Africa) Pacific Telesis Group People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (South Africa) African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Philippine Airlines

PAN PAP PASOK PBB PBS PC PCB PDC PDI PDM PDP PDS PECDAR PEN

PETN PELP PELP-GC PGA PKK PLA PLC PLF PLN PLO P.M. PMDB PNA PNC

PNP PNP POW PP PPP PRD

PRDS Pres. PRI Procup-PDLP PSA PSAC PSC

PSD PSL PUK PUP PUSH PVV

R RAF RCD RCMP RFE RICO

National Action Party (Mexico); National Advancement Party (Guatemala) People’s Action Party (Singapore) Panhellenic Socialist Movement Partido Progressista Brasileiro Public Broadcasting Service personal computer polychlorinated biphenyl Christian Democratic Party (Panama) Indonesian Democratic Party People’s Democratic Movement (Papua New Guinea) People’s Democratic Party (Nigeria) Democratic Party of the Left (Italy) Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists and Novelists penetaerythritol tetra nitrate Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine–General Command Professional Golfers’ Association Kurdish Workers Party People’s Liberation Army (China) Palestinian Legislative Council; public limited company Palestine Liberation Front National Liberation Party (Costa Rica) Palestine Liberation Organization prime minister Brazilian Democratic Movement Palestine National Authority Pacific Nuclear Council (Japan); Palestine National Council; People’s National Congress (Australia) People’s National Party (Jamaica) Philippine National Police prisoner of war Popular Party (Spain) Pakistan People’s Party; United Development Party (Indonesia) Democratic Revolutionary Party (Mexico); Dominican Revolutionary Party (Dominican Republic) Republican Democratic and Social Party president Institutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico) Clandestine Workers’ Revolutionary Party Union of the People–Party of the Poor prostate-specific antigen Public Service Alliance of Canada Parti Social Chrétien (Belgium); Partido Social Cristiano (Ecuador); Partido Social Cristão (Brazil) Social Democratic Party (Portugal) Polish Peasant Party Patriotic Union of Kurdistan People’s United Party (Belize) People United to Serve Humanity Flemish Liberal Party

RMT RNC RPF RPR RSI RTC RUC RUF S&L S&P SADD SAM SAMPEX SAR SAT SBA SDA SDI SDJP SDP SDS SDS SDSM SEC SEIU SESC SFOR SIDS SIV SLA SLD SLORC SLP SOHO SPD SPDC SPLA SPP SPS SS SSA SSI START SUV SWAPO SWAT TB THAAD TIMSS

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Republican (United States) Red Army Faction (Germany) Congolese Rally for Democracy Royal Canadian Mounted Police Radio Free Europe Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers Republican National Committee Rwandan Patriotic Front Rally for the Republic (France) repetitive stress injury Resolution Trust Corporation Royal Ulster Constabulary Revolutionary United Front (Sierra Leone) savings and loan Standard and Poor’s South African Development Community surface-to-air missile Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong) Scholastic Aptitude Test; Scholastic Assessment Test Small Business Administration Party for Democratic Action (Bosnia) Strategic Defense Initiative Social Democratic Party of Japan Social Democratic Party (Sweden) Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria) Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia-Herzegovina) Social-Democratic Union of Macedonia Securities and Exchange Commission Service Employees International Union Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission Stabilization Force sudden infant death syndrome simian immunodeficiency virus South Lebanon Army Democratic Left Alliance (Poland) State Law and Order Restoration Council (Myanmar) St. Lucia Labor Party Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Social Democratic Party (Germany) State Peace and Development Council (Myanmar) Sudan People’s Liberation Army Socialist People’s Party (Montenegro) Socialist Party of Serbia Schutzstaffel (Nazi secret police) Social Security Administration Supplemental Security Income Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty sport-utility vehicle South West Africa People’s Organization Special Weapons and Tactics tuberculosis Theatre High-Altitude Area Defense Third International Mathematics and Science Study

TNSM TPLF TVA TWA UAE UAR UARS UAW UBP UC UCK UCLA UCR UCSF UDA UDF UDM UDN UDP UDP UDR UL ULFA UML UMW UN UNAM UNAMET UNC UNDP UNESCO UNFPA UNHCR UNICEF UNIFIL UNIRD UNITA UNITE UNMIH UNMOVIC UNO UNOS

UNOSOM II UNP UNPROFOR UNSCOM UNTAC UNTAET

Tehriq Nifaz Shariat-I-Mohammadi (Pakistan/Afghanistan) Tigray People’s Liberation Front (Ethiopia) Tennessee Valley Authority Trans World Airlines United Arab Emirates United Arab Republic Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite United Auto Workers United Bermuda Party University of California Kosovo Liberation Army University of California, Los Angeles Radical Civic Union (Argentina) University of California, San Francisco Ulster Defence Association United Democratic Forces (Bulgaria) United Democratic Movement (South Africa) National Democratic Union (Brazil) Union for Democracy and Progress (Niger) United Democratic Party (Belize) Ulster Defense Regiment (Northern Ireland) Liberal Union (Andorra) United Liberation Front of Assam Communist Party of Nepal United Mine Workers United Nations National Autonomous University of Mexico UN Assistance Mission in East Timor United National Congress (Trinidad and Tobago) UN Development Program United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN Population Fund United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Forces in Lebanese National Union of Independents for Democratic Renewal (Niger) Union for the Total Independence of Angola Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees UN Mission in Haiti UN Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission National Opposition Union (Nicaragua) United Network for Organ Sharing

UPI UPN UPRONA UPS URNG URW USAID USC USDA USFSA USIA USSR USW UTA UTO UV UWP VA VAD VAT VDT VIP VMI VSNL WB WBA WBC WBO WCRP WEF WEU WHO WIC WIPP WIRE WJC WNBA WTO XTE YPFB ZANUPF ZCTU

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United Nations Operation in Somalia United National Party (Sri Lanka) UN Protection Force UN Special Commission Un Transitional Authority in Cambodia UN Transitional Administration for East Timor United Press International United Paramount Network Union for National Progress (Burundi) United Parcel Service Guatemala National Revolutionary Unity United Rubber Workers U.S. Agency for International Development University of Southern California U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Figure Skating Association United States Information Agency Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Steelworkers of America Union de Transports Aeriens United Tajik Opposition ultraviolet United Workers Party (Dominica/St. Lucia) Veterans Administration ventricular assist device value-added tax video display terminal Virgin Islands Party Virginia Military Institute Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (India) Warner Brothers World Boxing Assoication World Boxing Council World Boxing Organization World Climate Research Program World Economic Forum Western European Union World Health Organization Women, Infants and Children Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Wide-Field Infrared Explorer World Jewish Congress Women’s National Basketball Association World Trade Organization X-ray Timing Explorer Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos Zimbabwe African National Patriotic Front Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions

Y E A R LY S U M M A R I E S

2—1990–1999

Asia & the Pacific

Iraqi troops and tanks storm into Kuwait and seize control of the oilrich desert sheikdom, prompting condemnations by the UN Security Council, NATO, and the EC.

In a startling political upset, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro defeats incumbent pres. Daniel Ortega Saavedra in national elections, ending the 10year rule of the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua.

Amid violent protests, Bangladeshi president Hossein Mohammed Ershad announces his resignation from office.

Yugoslavia enters a state of civil war as fighting in Croatia escalates and the federal collective presidency breaks down.

Violence breaks out in Somalia’s already devastated capital between fighters loyal to interim president Mahdi and to Gen. Mohammed Farah Haideed.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti’s first freely elected president, is overthrown in a coup d’etat led by Brigadier General Raoul Cédras.

Indian Congress (I) Party leader and former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated in Sriperumbudur. Violence erupts throughout India as the news about Gandhi’s assassination spreads.

Talks at the Earth Summit are attended by 117 heads of state and government, reportedly the most ever assembled at an international conference.

Czech premier Vaclav Klaus and Slovak premier Vladimir Meciar agree on a plan for a peaceful division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states.

Pres. Joaquim Chissano of the Mozambique government and Afonso Dhlakama, the leader of the rebel Mozambique National Resistance, Renamo, sign a peace accord to end Mozambique’s 16year-old civil war.

The 12-year Salvadoran civil war, which took 75,000 lives, officially ends.

The death toll in India related to the Ayodhya mosque exceeds 700, the worst bloodshed since 1947. . . . Officials of Afghanistan’s collapsed communist government relinquish power, ending 14 years of rule by Soviet-backed regimes in Afghanistan.

Israel’s prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, the chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization, reach a breakthrough accord for interim Palestinian selfrule.

Yugoslav president Dobrica Cosic is ejected from office.

In Burundi, paratroopers storm the national palace capture and kill Melchior Ndadaye, elected president in the nation’s first democratic poll. An estimated 30,000 Hutu civilians flee to neighboring Rwanda.

For the first time, two high-ranking military officers receive prison sentences for rights abuses perpetrated during the reign of Chilean general Augusto Pinochet.

President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka is assassinated in Colombo, the capital.

The European Economic Area Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) go into effect.

The Channel Tunnel, hailed as one of the foremost engineering achievements of the 20th century, is inaugurated.

Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa’s first black president. . . . Rwandan pres. Juvenal Habyarimana and Burundian pres. Cyprien Ntaryamira are killed in a plane crash, sparking a massive wave of violence.

Haiti’s military-led de facto government relinquishes power and restores the democratically elected government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, averting an invasion by the U.S.

An alliance of forces loyal to General Abdul Rashid Doestam and Premier Gulbuddin Hekmatyar launch an assault to oust Afghanistan’s president Burhanuddin Rabbani.

The presidents of Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina agree to a pact to end a nearly four-year-old war that has claimed 250,000 lives. NATO deploys peacekeeping forces to sustain the accord.

Chechen resistance fighters clash with Russian forces.

Yitzhak Rabin, 73, Israel’s prime minister, is assassinated in Tel Aviv. The shooting stuns the nation and the world.

Peru and Ecuador agree to demilitarize more than 200 square miles (518 sq km) in the Cordillera del Condor mountains.

The Taliban, a faction comprised of religious students who took up arms in 1994, emerges as the most powerful military force in Afghanistan.

The United Nations AIDS program estimates that at least 1.3 million people died from AIDS or AIDSrelated illnesses in 1995 and that HIV is expected to cause more than 3.1 million new infections in 1996.

Turkish soldiers renew an army offensive against the separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).

A truck bomb explodes by a military complex near the Saudi Arabian city of Dhahran, killing 19 U.S. service personnel. It is the most deadly guerrilla attack on Americans in the Middle East since 1983.

The government and the leftist Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union (UNRG) sign an accord hailed by both sides as a major breakthrough in efforts to end Guatemala’s 35-year-long civil war.

A court in South Korea convicts and sentences to death former South Korean president Chun Doo Hwan for his role in the 1979 coup that brought him to power, for the subsequent massacre of prodemocracy demonstrators and for accepting bribes.

1997

The territory of Hong Kong reverts to Chinese sovereignty, ending 156 years of British colonial rule.

Diana, Princess of Wales, 36, dies after suffering grave injuries in a car accident in Paris.

Zairian president Mobutu Sese Seko relinquishes power, ending nearly 32 years of dictatorial rule over Africa’s third-largest country.

Colombia becomes the first and only country in the world to legalize euthanasia.

Fighting breaks out in Cambodia, and First Premier Prince Norodom Ranariddh, is ousted by Hun Sen in a bloody coup.

1998

UN member states vote in favor of a treaty authorizing the creation of a permanent international court for the adjudication of war crimes.

Political leaders agree to a groundbreaking settlement aimed at ending the long-running sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland.

Nigerian-led peacekeeping troops under the ECOMOG banner oust Sierra Leone’s military government from power.

Pope John Paul II makes an unprecedented tour of Cuba.

Amid widespread protests and rioting, Indonesian pres. Suharto resigns, ending his 32 years of nearly autocratic rule over Indonesia.

1999

According to UN experts, the global population reaches 6 billion, doubling since 1960.

Britain’s Parliament officially devolves political power over the province of Northern Ireland to a new provincial government, granting Northern Ireland home rule for the first time in decades.

Niger president Ibrahim Mainassara Bare, 49, is assassinated, apparently by members of his presidential guard.

Panama assumes control of the Panama Canal and the surrounding canal zone from the U.S. . . . Canada officially redraws its map to include the new territory of Nunavut.

Indonesia undergoes the first democratic transfer of power in the nation’s 49-year history. In a separate referendum, residents of East Timor overwhelmingly vote for independence from Indonesia, prompting a wave of violence in the country.

1991

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1996

Europe

The leaders of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe hold a summit in Paris that formally marks an end to the cold war.

Germany becomes a united nation for the first time since the end of World War II.

An international force led by the U.S. launches air and missile attacks on Iraq and Iraqi-occupied Kuwait. . . . The Soviet Union officially disbands and is replaced by a Commonwealth of Independent States made up of 11 of the 12 former Soviet republics.

Africa & the Middle East

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1990

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

1990 The Hubble Space Telescope was put into orbit in April 1990. It is seen here anchored to the payload bay of the space shuttle Endeavour.

6—January–September 1990

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Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

To quell an ethnic war between Azerbaijanis and Armenians, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev sends in troops.

Dissidents launch another attempt to overthrow the regime of Liberian president Samuel K. Doe.

The U.S. administration of the Panama Canal Commission is handed over to Panamanian control.

At least 210 people are killed and more than 700 injured when a crowded passenger train collides with a freight train near the city of Sukkur in the worst rail disaster in Pakistan’s history.

Cuba’s representative to the UN, Ricardo Alarcon de Quesada, takes over as president of the UN Security Council. It is the first time since 1957 that a Cuban has held the post.

Tens of thousands of people participate in a massive prodemocracy rally in Moscow, the largest unofficial demonstration in the Soviet capital since 1917.

South African black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela is freed after more than 27 years in prison.

In a startling political upset, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro defeats incumbent president Daniel Ortega Saavedra in national elections, ending the 10-year rule of the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicarargua.

About 600 people establish the Mongolian Democratic Party, the first opposition party in modern Mongolian history.

Namibia, formerly known as SouthWest Africa, becomes the world’s newest independent nation, ending 75 years of South African control.

The Supreme Soviet of Lithuania declares the republic’s independence from the Soviet Union. Although the declaration is called invalid by the Soviets, it is the first Soviet republic to attempt to secede.

Lesotho’s military ruler, Maj. Gen. Justin Lekhanya, sends King Moshoeshoe II into temporary exile in Britain after a bitter power struggle.

Chile and Brazil return to democracy when Patricio Aylwin and Fernando Collor de Mello are sworn in as those nations’ respective presidents. Ertha Pascal-Trouillot is chosen by opposition leaders to lead the government following the resignation of Haitian president Prosper Avril. It is first time since Duvalier’s overthrow that Haitian civilians have chosen their leader.

Taiwan’s National Assembly reelects Pres. Lee Teng-hui to a six-year term.

According to organizers, 200 million people in 140 nations celebrate Earth Day 1990, making it the largest grass-roots demonstration in history.

East Germany installs its first democratically elected government, and Lothar de Maiziere becomes the nation’s premier.

Lebanese kidnappers free U.S. hostage Robert Polhill after more than three years in captivity.

The largest native land-claim accord in Canadian history gives the Inuit more than 135,000 square miles of land and a total of C$612 million in compensation over the next 14 years.

Amid demonstrations in Nepal, King Birendra legalizes political parties.

In Paris, officials from 40 nations sign an accord to create the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

The presidents of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia agree to coordinate political and economic strategies and sign a treaty reviving the Baltic Council, a group that existed until the 1940 Soviet annexation of the Baltic region.

After years of conflict, the Yemen Arab Republic and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen merge into a single nation, the Republic of Yemen.

In Colombia, security forces seize 18 tons of cocaine powder and semirefined cocaine in the largest drug raid in the nation’s history.

The worst cyclone in India since 1977 batters the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for two days, killing 450 people and destroying thousands of homes.

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe adopts a declaration on human rights and commits its 35 member nations to multiparty free elections; the separation of political parties from the state; independent judiciaries; respect for minority rights; and the freedoms of expression, organization, and assembly. It is believed to be the first time that the Soviet Union signs a document pledging a multiparty system.

In Romania, thousands of students riot in Bucharest, and 10,000 armed miners from the Jiu Valley beat students, ransack the headquarters of opposition parties and newspapers, and rough up the foreign press.

In Liberia, fighting between rebel factions and governmental troops degenerates into tribal warfare.

Forensic experts in Chile excavate an unmarked grave containing the bodies of opponents of Augusto Pinochet who were apparently executed by army troops after Pinochet took over in 1973.

Chinese students mark the first anniversary of the crackdown on the prodemocracy movement with the largest display of open defiance against the government since that time. Demonstrations for Chinese democracy are held in Hong Kong, Japan, and other Asian countries.

Leaders of the NATO nations agree to a dramatic series of changes in military strategy and state they will seek a joint declaration of nonaggression with the Warsaw Pact nations.

Albanian members of Kosovo’s parliament declare that Kosovo is independent from Serbia. The move is denounced as unconstitutional by the Serbian government.

The government of Kenyan president Daniel arap Moi cracks down on opponents advocating a multiparty political system, and violent street demonstrations and riots erupt.

A group of 100 black Muslims in the Caribbean island nation of Trinidad and Tobago stage a coup attempt against P.M. Arthur N. R. Robinson.

The ruling Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party retains control of both houses of parliament in the first free elections in Mongolia since the communist takeover in 1921.

Iraqi troops and tanks storm into Kuwait and seize control of the oilrich desert sheikdom. The UN Security Council, NATO, and the EC condemn Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. The UN Security Council votes to impose a sweeping trade embargo against Iraq and occupied Kuwait.

The Estonian parliament passes a resolution stating that the republic is no longer part of the Soviet Union, and Karelia, an autonomous region of Russia, declares sovereignty. The parliament of Armenia votes to declare independence, and Tadzhikistan declares its sovereignty.

Saddam Hussein issues presidential decrees declaring that Kuwait is Iraq’s 19th province, renaming Kuwait city with the name it had before World War I, Kadhima, and shaving territory off the “province” of Kuwait to be called “Saddamiyat al-Mitlaa” in his honor.

In addition to an ongoing dispute over a blockade formed by the Mohawk nation, other blockades are erected at Seton Portage and Longlac to draw attention to demands for native rights in Canada.

In Sri Lanka, the death toll from the latest outbreak of civil war and related ethnic violence reaches 3,350. At least 2,000 of the dead were civilians.

Representatives of East Germany, West Germany, and the four victorious Allied World War II powers sign a treaty that ends the powers’ responsibilities over Germany and paves the way for a fully sovereign Germany to be reunited.

The Serbian parliament strips the Kosovo region of its status as an autonomous province of Serbia, in effect completing its annexation of Kosovo.

Liberian president Samuel K. Doe is killed by rebels led by Prince Yormie Johnson. The remnants of Doe’s army loot and burn the capital city, Monrovia.

Brazilian investigators discover a mass grave that may hold as many as 1,700 bodies.

Despite the opposition’s victory in May elections, the ruling military government of Myanmar continues to delay surrendering power and jails six opposition leaders on charges of spying and fomenting unrest.

World Affairs

Europe

In Vienna, an unprecedented seminar is attended by top military officials from 35 European and North American nations, including representatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact as well as nonaligned countries.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January–September 1990—7

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

L. Douglas Wilder (D, Va.) becomes the first elected black governor to take office in the United States.

Ousted Panamanian dictator General Manuel Antonio Noriega surrenders to U.S. officials after he takes refuge in the Vatican’s diplomatic mission in Panama City.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches a record high of 2,810.15.

The space shuttle Columbia conducts the longest flight of a U.S. space shuttle.

Cartoonist Charles Schulz of the “Peanuts” comic strip is named a Commander of Arts and Letters by the French Culture Minister in Paris.

Dr. Antonia Coello Novello is confirmed as surgeon general. She is the first woman and the first Hispanic to hold the position.

Former president Ronald Reagan gives videotaped testimony that he did not order any illegal acts in the Iran-contra affair.

Federal regulators seize Florida’s largest thrift as well as two of California’s largest savings-and-loan institutions.

Voyager 1 cameras take pictures of the solar system while 3.7 billion miles from Earth.

The continuing failure of long-term negotiations between Major League Baseball team owners and the players’ union postpones the formal opening of spring training.

Eighty-seven people are killed in a fire at an illegal social club in the Bronx . It is the deadliest fire in the continental U.S. since 1977.

Veterans Affairs Secretary Edward J. Derwinski authorizes compensation to Vietnam veterans suffering from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

The Amalgamated Transit Union begins nationwide strike against Greyhound Lines Inc.

An air force SR-71 Blackbird supersonic spy plane sets a transcontinental speed record.

Two thieves steal 13 artworks from Boston’s Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. As the paintings are estimated to be worth $100 million, it is considered the largest art theft in the world.

Ryan White, 18, a hemophiliac teenager who became a national symbol of the difficulties faced by children with AIDS, dies of complications from AIDS in Indianapolis.

A federal jury convicts former national security adviser John Poindexter on all five felony charges facing him. He is the highest-ranking official convicted of criminal charges in connection with the Iran-contra arms scandal.

Buffalo’s subway and bus system temporarily shuts down from lack of funds. It is the first such closure involving a federally subsidized mass-transit operation in the U.S.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery successfully deploys the Hubble Space Telescope in an orbit 381 miles above Earth.

Cincinnati’s Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, are indicted by a grand jury on obscenity charges for displaying an exhibit of photographs by the late Robert Mapplethorpe. Judge Carl B. Rubin bars local law-enforcement officials from shutting down the exhibit.

Dalton Prejean becomes the first person executed under a 1989 ruling that permits states to impose the death penalty for crimes committed by 16- and 17-year-olds.

A report by the bipartisan Arms Control and Foreign Policy Caucus shows that 11 of El Salvador’s 15 highest-ranking officers, who received U.S. training, commanded troops that are responsible for killing civilians, torturing prisoners, causing disappearances, denying medical attention to victims, and falsifying information to conceal abuses.

Commerce Department data shows that sales of new houses declined 1.6% in April, to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 546,000, the lowest number of new houses sold since Dec. 1982.

More than 200 noted scientists from around the world, including three Nobel laureates, announce a boycott of Chinese scientific meetings until dissident physicist Fang Lizhi is allowed to leave China.

Portrait of Dr. Gachet by Vincent van Gogh becomes the most expensive painting sold at auction when it goes for $82.5 million.

Federal agents arrest 174 suspected members of the Los Angeles-based Crips and Bloods street gangs on drug and weapons offenses. Suspects are seized in California, Arizona, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Washington.

Nelson Mandela meets Pres. Bush at the White House in an unprecedented visit between an African National Congress leader and a U.S. president. Mandela also addresses a joint session of Congress.

Pres. Bush announces a moratorium on offshore oil exploration for large areas of the coastal U.S. but leaves some key areas—off of Alaska, North Carolina, the midAtlantic states, and the Gulf Coast—open to lease sales for drilling.

According to data from the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, the first half of 1990 saw the most violent weather in the U.S. in 40 years with a total of 726 tornadoes in the first six months of the year.

The National Endowment for the Arts rejects grant applications from Karen Finley, Holly Hughes, John Fleck, and Tim Miller. Each of the artists were approved by the review panel and deal with issues of sexuality.

Pres. Bush signs into law a landmark civil rights bill that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.

Five former officials of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) and a Colombian businessman are convicted in Tampa, Florida, for laundering $32 million for Colombia’s Medellín drug cartel.

Two barges carry partly refined oil collide with a Greek tanker in Galveston Bay on Texas’s gulf coast, spilling 500,000 gallons of heavy crude oil into the bay.

The White House directs NASA to appoint an outside task force to examine the space program’s longterm direction.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of America suspends two congregations for five years for ordaining a gay man and two lesbians in defiance of church policy.

Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry (D) is convicted in federal court on one misdemeanor drug possession count and is acquitted on a second. A mistrial is declared on the 12 other misdemeanor and felony drug charges.

Pres. Bush officially informs Congress that he sent U.S. forces to the Persian gulf in a “notification consistent with” the War Powers Resolution. Bush orders the mobilization of a limited number of U.S. military reserves to augment Operation Desert Shield. It is the first time U.S. reservists have been called to active duty in a foreign crisis since 1968.

Pres. Bush signs the federal Oil Pollution Act.

The unmanned U.S. spacecraft Magellan attains orbit around Venus and begins a mapping mission projected to cover as much as 90% of the planet’s surface.

The Screen Actors Guild women’s committee finds that actresses in films, television and commercials get fewer roles and are paid less than actors.

Three youths—Antron McCray, Yusef Salaam, and Raymond Santana— are sentenced to maximum possible sentence of five to 10 years in prison for the near-fatal rape and beating of a female jogger in NYC’s Central Park.

Former CIA agent Thomas Clines is convicted on charges stemming from his participation in the illegal shipment of weapons to the Nicaraguan contras.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) files a $200 million civil suit against Neil Bush, Pres. Bush’s son, and the other directors of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association.

At the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, a four-year-old girl with a rare immune deficiency becomes the first person to undergo experimental treatment using a genetically engineered human gene.

The Motion Picture Association of America states it will replace its “X” rating with a rating called “NC-17,” meaning that no one under age 17 will be admitted.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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8—October–December 1990

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Dec.

World Affairs

Europe

The Council of Europe unanimously approves a membership application by Hungary so it becomes the first Warsaw Pact nation to join a Western political organization.

Germany becomes a united nation for the first time since the end of World War II.

The leaders of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe hold a summit in Paris that formally marks an end to the cold war.

The UN Security Council votes to dissolve the U.S.-administered UN trusteeship over a string of Pacific islands captured from the Japanese during World War II. The vote formally ends the U.S.’s 43-year trustee relationship.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Israeli police open fire on stonethrowing Palestinian protesters on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem’s Old City, killing at least 19 Arabs and wounding more than 100 others.

In Nicaragua, 200 rebels seize the northern town of Waslala following weeks of unrest.

Thousands of Hindus storm and occupy a Muslim mosque in the Indian holy city of Ayodhya before they are driven out by police.

Mary Robinson becomes the first woman elected president of Ireland and the first president since 1945 who is not supported by the Fianna Fail political group.

The Mozambique legislature adopts a new constitution designed to establish a Western-style democracy.

The presidents of Brazil and Argentina sign an agreement renouncing both the use and development of nuclear weapons.

Emperor Akihito is formally enthroned. According to Japanese historians, he is the 125th monarch to sit on the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan. His wife, Empress Michiko, is enthroned in the same ceremony.

The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly confirms the country’s first multiparty government in 40 years.

Pres. Kenneth Kaunda signs a constitutional amendment permitting the formation of opposition parties in Zambia for the first time since 1972.

Reverend Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a leftist Roman Catholic priest, is elected president by a landslide in Haiti’s first democratic elections.

Amid violent protests, Bangladeshi president Hossein Mohammed Ershad announces his resignation from office. In response, about 100,000 marchers celebrate wildly, and Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed is named the new president of Bangladesh.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October–December 1990—9

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Senate confirms, 90-9, Pres. Bush’s appointment of David H. Souter to the Supreme Court, and he is sworn in as the nation’s 105th Supreme Court Justice.

In the first organized nationwide protest against the U.S. intervention in the Persian Gulf, thousands of Americans stage antiwar marches in as many as 20 cities, including New York; Seattle; San Francisco; Washington, D.C.; Atlanta; Boston; Dallas; and Cleveland.

The government temporarily shuts down when Pres. Bush vetoes the stopgap measure because “it disciplines the United States Congress,” which, he claims, repeatedly evade budget decisions by passing interim spending authority.

The space shuttle Discovery deploys the Ulysses spacecraft for a surveying project to the Sun’s polar regions.

Three members of the black rap music group 2 Live Crew are acquitted of obscenity charges by a jury in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Pres. Bush signs legislation to protect Native American grave sites and to return remains and cultural artifacts to the tribes.

Pres. Bush signs a bill on comprehensive immigration legislation.

The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rejects a proposed “one-step” licensing procedure for future atomic power plants, a measure initiated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

The Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington State erupts in its largest blast since the U.S. Forest Service reopened the crater to the public in 1987, after the 1980 explosion.

New York Shakespeare Festival producer Joseph Papp informs the NEA that he refuses to accept two grants totaling $323,000 in protest of the NEA’s consideration of “general standards of decency” when awarding grants.

A state district judge in Clarkston, Mich., dismisses murder charges against Dr. Jack Kevorkian, an Oregon physician who created a device to assist individuals in committing suicide.

The U.S. suspends its $2.8 million military aid program to Guatemala, citing Guatemala’s failure to curb human rights abuses.

Data suggests that federal government funding provided only 17% of state and local budgets compared with 25% during the 1970s.

Four of the astronauts aboard the Columbia space shuttle beam the first-ever classroom lesson from space to 41 middle-school students assembled at two NASA centers in Huntsville, Ala., and Greenbelt, Md.

Pope John Paul II endorses a statement against anti-Semitism drawn up by Jewish and Roman Catholic representatives.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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Nov.

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1990–1999—3

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush signs into law a landmark civil rights bill that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.

Ousted Panamanian dictator Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega surrenders to U.S. officials. . . . Pres. Bush officially informs Congress that he sent U.S. forces to the Persian gulf in a “notification consistent with” the War Powers Resolution.

Pres. Bush announces a moratorium on offshore oil exploration for large areas of the coastal U.S. but leaves some key areas—off of Alaska, North Carolina, the midAtlantic states and the Gulf Coast— open to lease sales for drilling.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery successfully deploys the Hubble Space Telescope in an orbit 381 miles above Earth.

The National Endowment for the Arts rejects grant applications from Karen Finley, Holly Hughes, John Fleck, and Tim Miller, prompting debate over notions of “obscenity.”

Law professor Anita Hill publicly accuses Supreme Court nominee Judge Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment, sparking one of the most bitter and divisive confirmation battles in the 202-year history of the Supreme Court.

Terry A. Anderson, the longest-held Western hostage in Lebanon, is freed after 2,454 days in captivity. He is the last of 17 Americans held captive in Lebanon between Mar. 1984 and Dec. 1991 to be freed.

The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the fiscal 1992 federal budget deficit will reach a record $362 billion.

California scientists isolate “stem cells” whose divisions give rise to all the red and white blood cells in the body.

The Biblical Archeology Society of New York announces that it will publish a “facsimile edition” of the previously unpublished sections of the Dead Sea scrolls.

A jury acquits four white LAPD officers on all but one charge stemming from the beating of black motorist Rodney King. The verdict prompts the worst riots in L.A. since 1965.

Reports show 14 female naval officers and 12 female civilians were sexually abused at the September 1991 Tailhook Association aviators’ convention in Las Vegas.

The Census Bureau reports that in inflation-adjusted terms, median household income fell to $30,126 in 1991 from $31,203 in 1990. The number of Americans living below the poverty level in 1991 reached its highest level since 1964.

In a major finding, astronomer George Smoot announces the discovery of faint temperature variations in the most distant matter yet detected. These irregularities offer long-sought evidence to support the Big Bang theory.

Mona Van Duyn is named the U.S.’s first female poet laureate.

William Jefferson Clinton is formally inaugurated as president of the United States.

A bomb explodes in a garage below the World Trade Center in New York City, killing five people. It is the deadliest bombing in the U.S. since 1975.

Pres. Clinton signs the Family and Medical Leave Act, the first legislation to pass under the Clinton administration.

U.S. vice president Gore and Russian premier Victor Chernomyrdin sign an agreement that calls for the two countries to jointly design and build an international space station, closing decades of cold war competition in space.

Monica Seles, 19, the world’s topranked female tennis player, is stabbed in the back by an attacker who claims to be a fan of Steffi Graf, the world’s second-ranked woman.

In a case that captivates the nation, O. J. Simpson is charged in the slayings of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman after leading police on a televised 60-mile (95-km) chase.

The state-financed Citadel military college in Charleston, South Carolina, is ordered to admit a female student, Shannon Faulkner, to its all-male cadet corps.

Exxon Corp. agrees to pay $20 million in damages to Alaskan natives whose hunting and fishing grounds were polluted when the Exxon Valdez tanker spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska’s Prince William Sound in 1989.

A powerful earthquake strikes Los Angeles, leveling buildings and collapsing freeway overpasses.

Nancy Kerrigan, the favorite to win the women’s U.S. Figure Skating Championship, is assaulted by associates of rival skater Tonya Harding.

A massive bomb explodes outside a federal office building in Oklahoma City, killing more than 100 people. It is the deadliest terrorist attack ever in the U.S.

The Clinton administration ends a 30-year immigration policy when it announces that Cuban boat people seeking asylum in the U.S. will henceforth be summarily repatriated to Cuba.

Chemical Banking and Chase Manhattan announce the largest bank merger in U.S. history, involving a stock swap worth about $10 billion. The deal will create the largest bank in the U.S., to be known as Chase Manhattan.

The U.S. space shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian space station Mir.

Members of the Southern Baptist Convention vote overwhelmingly to formally repent for their church’s past support of slavery and to ask forgiveness from all African Americans.

Pres. Clinton chooses Madeleine K. Albright as secretary of state, making her the first woman to fill that post and the highest-ranking woman ever in the federal government.

The army investigates allegations of sexual assault and harassment at the Aberdeen training center in Maryland.

A federal jury convicts James McDougal, Susan McDougal, and Gov. Jim Guy Tucker (D, Ark.) on fraud and conspiracy charges brought during an investigation of the Whitewater venture.

A team of physicists announce that, for the first time ever, they created atoms of antimatter, which has the same mass as regular matter but an opposite electric charge.

A pipe bomb goes off at an Olympic Games site in Atlanta, Georgia, killing one person and injuring 111 others. It is the first terrorist attack at the Olympics since 1972.

In Clinton v. Jones, the Supreme Court unanimously rejects Pres. Clinton’s request to delay proceedings in a sexual-harassment suit until he leaves office.

Pres. Clinton issues new, classified nuclear-strike guidelines to top military officials in the first adjustment in U.S. nuclear-defense strategy since 1981.

The White House and Republican congressional leaders reach an historic agreement to balance the federal budget by 2002.

Mars Pathfinder, an unmanned spacecraft launched by the NASA, lands on Mars. . . . Researchers create the first genetic clone of an adult animal, a Finn Dorset lamb named Dolly.

Jane Alexander states she will resign as head of the NEA, citing the hostility by conservative members of Congress as one of her reasons .

The House votes to impeach Pres. Clinton after an investigation into allegations that Clinton had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky, a 21-year-old White House intern.

A grand jury issues an indictment against Saudi millionaire Osama bin Laden, charging him in the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.

Pres. Clinton announces that the 1998 fiscal year resulted in the first federal budget surplus since 1969.

Two teams of scientists report that they completed a map of the entire genome of a microscopic worm. It is the first time that scientists have deciphered the entire genetic map of a multicellular animal.

The International Olympic Committee faces a bribery scandal related to how cities are chosen to host the Olympic Games.

The Senate votes to acquit Pres. Clinton of impeachment charges in the Monica Lewinsky scandal, ending the second presidential impeachment in U.S. history.

A six-year-old Cuban refugee, Elián González, is found off the coast of Florida; his case sparks extended controversy.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 level for the first time ever.

In a landmark observation, two teams of astronomers announce the first discovery of a system of multiple planets orbiting a star other than the sun.

The Women’s Basketball Hall of Fame opens in Knoxville, Tennessee. It is the first hall of fame dedicated to any women’s sports.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

10—January 1–6, 1990

Jan. 1

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

U.S. president Bush and Soviet president Gorbachev exchange videotaped New Year’s greetings, and portions air in the two countries. . . . Fifteen nations establish a $1 billion fund to help stabilize the zloty, the currency of Poland.

In Czechoslovakia, Pres. Vaclav Havel announces amnesty for 20,000 prison inmates. . . . Romania’s provisional government disbands the Securitate, and the National Peasants Party is formally revived. . . . Corneliu Bogdan, 68, Romanian ambassador to the U.S., 1967–78, dies from a stroke in Bucharest. . . . A giant video screen collapses during New Year’s celebrations at the Berlin Wall. . . . Poland implements a radical economic-reform program. . . . Reports confirm that 7,000 died in Romania’s Dec. 1989 revolution. Vaclav Havel, Czechoslovakia’s noncommunist president, pays official visits to both East Germany and West Germany. . . . A National Salvation Front official claims that more than 30 members of the Political Executive Committee, the Romanian Communist Party’s outer politburo, are under arrest. . . . Evangelos Averoff, 79, former Greek foreign minister, dies of a heart attack in Athens.

Jan. 2

Jan. 3

Jan. 4

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

After an oil spill from an Iranian supertanker off the Moroccan coast, a tug begins towing the tanker to sea. . . . Reports emerge that dissidents launched another attempt to overthrow the regime of Liberian president Samuel K. Doe. Charles Taylor, a Liberian exile, claims responsibility. . . . In Israel, a Shamir aide denies knowledge of any telephone taps in science minister Ezer Weizman’s or other cabinet members’ homes. Arafat adviser Bassam Abu Sharif, in Baghdad, and Iraqi officials question Shamir’s move to fire Weizman.

The Panama Canal Commission is handed over to Panamanian control when Fernando Manfredo, deputy administrator since 1979, takes over as acting administrator. . . . Two Roman Catholic nuns are killed and another nun and a bishop wounded in an attack near Ojo de Agua in northeastern Nicaragua. The government and church officials blame the contras for the killings.

Reports emerge which increase the casualty toll in the Dec. 28, 1989, Newcastle earthquake to 12 dead, and 150 injured.

Gen. Doe states that two groups of rebels invaded Liberia from the Ivory Coast. He claims one group reached Monrovia before abandoning their arms and surrendering. The other group attacked a customs post in the frontier town of Butuo and killed a sergeant before the army intervened. . . . Israel’s Likud-Labor coalition government survives its latest crisis with a compromise that allows Science Minister Ezer Weizman to remain in the cabinet but with a reduced role.

The Pro-Canada Network, a liberal lobbying group, claims that 72,000 Canadian jobs have been lost because of the U.S.-Canada trade accord.

After tram workers refuse to sign a new contract, the government cuts off electricity to Melbourne’s entire tram system.

Ousted Panamanian dictator General Manuel Antonio Noriega surrenders to U.S. officials, 10 days after taking refuge in the Vatican’s diplomatic mission in Panama City. . . . Col. Roberto Armijo steps down as head of the new Panamanian Public Force, less than two weeks after he assumed the post. . . . Peruvian officials say their nation will be represented at international drug talks scheduled for February in Colombia.

The worst series of brush fires since 1983 sweeps southwestern New South Wales and northern Victoria. . . . Vietnamese Communist Party officials announce that the party’s secretary general, Nguyen Van Linh, will resign at an upcoming meeting of the Central Committee.

South African foreign minister P. W. Botha pays a surprise visit to Hungary, the first time a South African foreign minister visits a Warsaw Pact nation.

Share prices on the London stock exchange close at 2,463.7, exceeding the record set in 1987 . . . Employment Secretary Norman Fowler resigns from the cabinet, and Conservative prime minister Margaret Thatcher names Housing and Planning Minister Michael Howard as his successor.

The African National Congress “unequivocally condemns” Hungary for meeting with Botha.

Foreign journalists are barred indefinitely from Azerbaijan. . . . Reports emerge that detail Causescu’s population-growth program, which aspired to raise Romania’s population to 30 million from 22 million and encouraged every Romanian woman to bear a minimum of five children. . . . Romania’s National Salvation Front announces it will field its own candidates in April.

Liberian president Doe blames the Ivory Coast recent invasion on allowing dissidents to use its territory as a base and warns that he may send troops across the border. The Liberian government also blames Libya and Burkina Faso for training the rebels. . . . Reports surface that a progovernment Arab militia massacred more than 2,000 black villagers in a central Sudanese town at the end of December 1989.

The Extraditables claim they kidnapped wealthy Colombians in order to raise funds for the “war against the political oligarchy” and for “construction of popular housing.”. . . Chilean president-elect Patricio Aylwin announces an agreement to eliminate the military junta that currently rules the nation. . . . Alberto Lleras Camargo, 83, president of Colombia, 1945–46 and 1958–62, dies of lung cancer in Bogota, Colombia.

At least 210 people are killed and more than 700 injured when a crowded passenger train collides with a standing freight train near the city of Sukkur in the worst rail disaster in Pakistan’s history.

A general strike called by nationalists paralyzes much of Bulgaria. . . . A small group of former dissidents form a Helsinki Watch Committee in Bucharest to monitor human-rights practices in Romania.

Although Pres. Doe’s reports suggest that fighting has calmed, refugees claim the Liberian army is burning homes in border villages and chasing people into the bush. . . . Iraqi president Saddam Hussein offers a three-point plan aimed to negotiate a permanent end to the Iran-Iraq War.

The Human Rights Committee of Peru’s Senate reports 3,198 people were killed in political violence in 1989, the highest total in a decade of political violence, bringing the death toll of the period to more than 17,000. . . . Gen. Fernando Matthei of the Chilean air force and Gen. Rodolfo Stange of the paramilitary police, both believed to be unsympathetic to Pinochet, agree to remain in their posts following Pres. Aylwin’s inauguration.

In India, 11 cities in Jammu and Kashmir are placed under curfew in response to rumors of mass demonstrations by militant secessionists. . . . The first group of former political prisoners tied to the American-backed regime in Saigon during the Vietnam War is allowed to immigrate to the U.S.

Several days of nationalist rioting in the Azerbaijan republic culminate in the destruction of Soviet border stations separating Azerbaijan from Iran. Moscow sends in troops. . . . Poland’s Central Committee of the United Workers’ Party votes to debate disbanding of the party and reforming it to unite the entire Polish left. . . . Soviet foreign minister Edvard Shevardnadze visits Romania and vows Kremlin support for any future political system that emerges in that country.

The New York Times reports a recent attack on nine villages in southern Kordofan province, Sudan, suggesting that the militias have become more active under the regime of Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir. . . . Iran faults the Jan. 5 Iraqi bid to end the war but does not reject it outright.

Jan. 5

Jan. 6

India and Sri Lanka reach an agreement on the withdrawal of the final 25,000 Indian peacekeeping troops from Sri Lanka.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January 1–6, 1990—11

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

Rep. Robert Garcia (D, N.Y.) resigns his House seat less than three months after he was convicted of extortion and conspiracy involving Wedtech Corp., a defense contractor.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Pres. Bush names Deane R. Hinton as ambassador to Panama.

Federal medical authorities report that the spread of AIDS in the U.S. appears to be falling below anticipated rates.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The United Mine Workers union and Pittston Co. announces a tentative agreement on a new contract that may end a bitter nine-monthold strike. . . . A runaway barge dumps 10,000 gallons of gasoline in the Monongahela River, about 15 miles south of Pittsburgh.

Patrick Kelly, 40, a black Americanborn fashion designer, dies in Paris of a bone-marrow disease.

Jan. 1

The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches a record high of 2,810.15 . . . . A major oil spill from a pipeline is discovered in the Arthur Kill shipping channel in New York Harbor.

Alan Hale Jr., 71, an actor best known as the skipper on “Gilligan’s Island,” dies of cancer of the thymus in Los Angeles.

Jan. 2

General Motors unveils a prototype of an electric car that offers performance rivaling that of many gasolinepowered automobiles. . . . A federal judge rules Pan American World Airways cannot be sued for punitive damages by families of the victims of Pan Am flight 103, which was destroyed by a terrorist bomb over Lockerbie, Scotland, in December 1988.

Pres. Bush extends economic sanctions against Libya for the fifth year. . . . Human Rights Watch accuses the Bush administration of “widespread disregard for human rights.”

A federal appeals court in Philadelphia overturns the first verdict in the U.S. that required a tobacco company to compensate the family of a smoker who died of cancer. . . . Former FDA chemist David Brancato pleads guilty in a Baltimore federal court to charges that he received $16,000 in illegal payments in 1988 and 1989 from generic-drug manufacturers Par Pharmaceuticals and Quad Pharmaceuticals.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Reports surface to show that confessed spy Klaus Fuchs was not instrumental in the development of the Soviet hydrogen bomb.

Jan. 3

Harold Eugene Edgerton, 86, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and credited with inventions in photography, dies of a heart attack in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The Bush administration offers $3 million to aid the relocation of contra rebels who wish to return to Nicaragua from bases in Honduras. . . . Pres. Bush expresses concern that the U.S. invasion of Panama injured U.S ties with Latin American nations and plans to send Vice President Dan Quayle to visit several Latin countries to help repair the damage.

Jan. 4

(John) Arthur Kennedy, 75, stage and film actor, dies of cancer in Branford, Connecticut.

Ian Charleson, 40, British actor, dies of AIDS in London.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 5

Jan. 6

12—January 7–11, 1990

World Affairs

Jan. 9

Jan. 10

Jan. 11

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Hungary, Foreign Ministry spokesman Horvath admits the security service illegally bugged phones to keep track of its opposition. . . . More than 5,000 demonstrators in Sofia’s central square shout down Bulgarian premier Georgi Atanasov. . . . Reports emerge that Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev sent troops to Georgia to keep peace between ethnic groups. . . . Lord Gerald Austin Gardiner, 89, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain, 1964–70, dies in England. . . . The British government discloses Thatcher’s foreign-affairs adviser, Sir Percy Cradock, made a secret visit to Beijing in early Dec. 1989. . . . Italy’s “Leaning Tower” of Pisa closes to tourists for a minimum of three months for safety constructions. . . . Thousands of Romanians stage nationwide demonstrations complaining of the high-profile role of ex-communists in the provisional regime.

Western diplomats and relief officials claim that between 300 and 1,500 people were killed in a massacre of black villagers in Sudan in Dec. 1989. The Sudanese government puts the number of dead at 214 and vows further investigation.

President Alfredo Cristiani discloses that members of the military were involved in the Nov. 1989 slayings of six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper and the housekeeper’s daughter at the José Simeón Canas University of Central America in San Salvador.

The Khmer Rouge guerrilla group announces its troops attacked Battambang, Cambodia’s secondlargest city.

The Organization of American States condemns the search of the Nicaraguan ambassador’s residence by U.S. troops in late Dec. 1989.

Peter Koch, the East German government official in charge of disbanding the security service, reports that 60,000 Stasi personnel are still on the government’s payroll. . . . Major Ion Bundea is convicted of firing on army officers in Sibiu, Romania, during the Dec. 1989 uprising and is sentenced to a nine-year prison term. . . . Protests against Bulgaria’s plan to reverse discriminatory policies toward the nation’s Turkish-speaking minority reach a halt when talks are held.

Reports surface that the Iranian foreign ministry sent a delegation to Moscow.

Reports emerge that a cracked Hydro-Quebec transformer has leaked more than 9,000 gallons of oil contaminated with toxic polychlorinated biphenyls into a tributary of the St. Lawrence River. . . . U.S. troops in Panama surrounded the Peruvian embassy after two Noriega associates take refuge there.

In India, at least 13 people are killed and as many as 100 wounded in clashes between protesters and police in Kashmir. Ten deaths occur when police fire at stone-throwing demonstrators. Two other protesters are killed in Sopur. . . . Five children drown when a 36-foot pleasure fishing boat capsizes and sinks off Snapper Island in Nelson Bay, New South Wales. Marine police rescue the other 43 people aboard the vessel. . . . Reports suggest that Australian police have brought separate charges against a 36-yearold man and a 16-year-old boy for allegedly starting or failing to extinguish blazes in Cooma and Albury.

The US drastically cuts funding of the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization because of its decision to work with the Palestine Liberation Organization. . . . Separately, Ahmed Jabril, leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine–General Command, dismisses reports that link his group to the Pan Am Lockerbie bombing as “media fabrications.”

British Secretary Peter Brooke finds “common ground” after speaking with political leaders in Northern Ireland. . . . Suzuki Motor Co. Ltd. of Japan agrees to build Hungary’s first automobile plant. . . . In Armenia, legislation that incorporates Nagorno-Karabakh into a socioeconomic plan and allows citizens of the enclave to vote in the Armenian republic passes. . . . Japanese premier Kaifu begins a tour of Europe by announcing $1 billion in aid to Poland and Hungary. . . . . The National Salvation Front lifts restrictions on the travel of Romanians abroad.

President Mohamed Siad Barre dissolves Somalia’s government, accusing its members of failing to solve the country’s political and economic problems.

Brazilian justice minister Saulo Ramos reverses an earlier decision to force gold prospectors out of Roraima . . . . Enrique López Albujar, Peru’s defense minister until May 1989, is shot and killed. Officials believe Maoist Sendero Luminoso guerrillas are most likely responsible.

An Indian intelligence official is shot to death by unidentified gunmen in the town of Berwa.

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the Soviet-bloc trade organization, agrees to adopt a free-market approach in their trading policies after a summit in Bulgaria. . . . The USSR upgrades the Palestine Liberation Organization’s mission to Moscow as an “embassy of the state of Palestine in the Soviet Union.”

The Presidium of the national Supreme Soviet declares the law passed Jan. 9 in Armenia is unconstitutional . . . . 20,000 Lithuanians hold a nationalist rally in the republic’s capital, Vilnius. . . . Romania’s exiled king Michael, speaking in Switzerland, restates his desire to return home.

Iran and Iraq agree to send foreign ministers to Moscow for talks on ending the Iran-Iraq War.

The UN halts informal contacts between UN officials and representatives of the popular fronts of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

In response to the Jan. 10 Supreme Soviet’s ruling, Armenia passes legislation to override national laws. . . . Pres. Gorbachev visits Lithuania to convince the Lithuanian Communist Party to rejoin the national Communist Party. . . . Azerbaijanis blockade local government and Communist Party offices and briefly seize a radio station in Lenkoran. . . . French foreign minister Dumas visits Bucharest and announces a package of economic assistance for Romania.

Amnesty International charges that Saudi Arabia allows torture and has “a clear pattern” of political detentions without trial. The Saudi government denies that it holds any political prisoners and says that, obeying the laws of God, it does not permit torture.

Jan. 7

Jan. 8

Europe

Chinese premier Li Peng lifts martial law in Beijing, which ends nearly eight months of military rule. . . . A Cambodian government statement acknowledges fighting near Battambang but asserts that the Khmer Rouge forces were repelled.

Reports show that a record number of murders, 4,015, were committed in 1989 in Medellín, known as the cocaine capital of Colombia.

Prime Minister V. P. Singh visits Punjab and offers to help find jobs for Sikh soldiers who deserted the Indian army after the assault on the Golden Temple at Amritsar . . . . Deputy Foreign Minister Zhou Nan is chosen as the Chinese envoy in Hong Kong. . . . Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, the geographical center of the 1989 democracy movement, is reopened to the public for the first time since the military crackdown.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January 7–11, 1990—13

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

State and federal officials criticize Exxon for its slow response to an underwater pipeline oil spill into New York Harbor on January 1–2. Exxon is also faulted by Carol Ash, regional director for the New York State department of environmental conservation, for slow reaction to help the cleanup effort at Pralls Island.

In a speech, Pres. Bush outlines his goals to cut capital gains taxes and to introduce a Clean Air Act and tougher antidrug and crime legislation. . . . The Supreme Court refuses to hear an appeal on a libel suit filed against Peter Matthiessen for statements in his 1982 book, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, which detail a shoot-out at the Pine Ridge Indian reservation.

The Bush administration calls off plans for U.S. Navy ships to monitor airborne drug traffic off the coast of Colombia.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Bronislau (Bronko) Nagurski, 81, U.S. football player, dies of cardiopulmonary arrest in Minnesota.

First Chicago Corp.’s First National Bank of Chicago lowers its prime lending rate to 10%, and other money-center banks follow.

The federally funded National Assessment of Educational Progress reports that the reading and writing ability of U.S. students did not significantly improve during the 1980s, despite some advances by minority pupils.

Jan. 8

The space shuttle Columbia is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The Supreme Court reaffirms its stand by ruling out the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

AT&T files a suit against MCI Communications Corp. and Pioneer Teletechnologies Inc. for illegal marketing practices.

The Bush administration denounces a Democratic proposal to reduce the Social Security payroll tax.

Jan. 7

Jan. 9

Drew Middleton, 76, reporter for The New York Times, dies in NYC after suffering from heart ailments.

At an annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society, scientists announce that the Milky Way, Earth’s home galaxy, is being pulled by two gravitational sources, one of them far outside the galaxy. . . . The FDA informs Symbion Inc., the manufacturer of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart, that the device will be recalled.

Jan. 10

Jan. 11

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

14—January 12–17, 1990

World Affairs

Jan. 12

Jan. 13

Jan. 16

Jan. 17

Africa & the Middle East

Violent protests begin in Bucharest. . . . Bulgarian citizens are granted freedom of religion while the nation reasserts its borders. . . . An interior-ministry officer is killed, purportedly by Azerbaijani police. . . . Romania outlaws its Communist Party. . . . In Bulgaria, an accord is reached by the protesting Turkish-speaking minority and government officials after four days of talks.

Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak dismisses Interior Minister Zaki Badr, who had been the leader of Cairo’s hard-line policies against Islamic fundamentalists since 1986.

At an anti-Armenia rally in the Azerbaijan capital of Baku, Azerbaijani youths go on a rampage. Armenians are beaten, shot, stabbed to death, and burned alive, while homes and shops are looted. . . . Gaspar Miklos Tamas, a member of the Alliance of Free Democrats, is the first in his party to win a parliamentary seat by election in Budapest . . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev expresses openness to a multiparty political system in the USSR . . . . In Romania, the National Salvation Front restricts political rallies to Cismigiu Park.

An Egyptian human-rights group charges that torture and sexual abuse of both political and regular prisoners “now appears to be a matter of policy by security forces.” The report was drawn up before the ouster of Interior Minister Zaki Badr.

Reports suggest that at least 30 Azerbaijanis were killed in Baku in the Jan. 13 riots. . . . More than 50,000 prodemocracy protesters rally in Sofia. The demonstration is described as the biggest in Bulgaria since Nov. 1989. . . . A fire at a discotheque in Zaragoza, Spain, leaves 43 people dead. . . . Corsican separatists blow up 60 cabins in Bastia and detain residents in the area by about 60 armed men from Corsican National Liberation Front while the bombings are carried out.

Jan. 14

Jan. 15

Europe

The five permanent members of the UN Security Council meet in Paris.

To quell an ethnic war between Azerbaijanis and Armenians, Soviet president Gorbachev declares a state of emergency in Azerbaijan and approves the airlifting of 11,000 military, KGB, and interior-ministry troops to the republic to restore order. . . . Algirdas Brazauskas is elected head of the Lithuanian Communist Party. . . . Bulgaria becomes the last Soviet bloc country to end the domination of the Communist Party . . . Thousands of protesters storm East Berlin headquarters in response to the slow pace of reform in Germany.

An unprecedented seminar attended by top military officials from 35 European and North American nations, opens in Vienna. The gathering includes representatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact as well as nonaligned countries. . . . The UN Security Council calls for a greater role in the settlement of Cambodia’s 11-year-old civil war. It is the first major diplomatic initiative regarding the Cambodian conflict since Aug. 1989.

More than 6,000 miners strike in the Silesia coal region in Poland. . . . Elena Petrescu, 103, mother of Elena Ceausescu, dies in Bucharest. . . . Talks between Bulgaria’s communist government and the political opposition start in Sofia.

China and Hong Kong announce they will not obey a global ban on ivory trading, intended to save Africa’s elephant herds from extinction. . . . The U.S. vetoes a resolution in the UN Security Council that would have censured U.S. troops for raiding the home of the Nicaraguan ambassador in 1989.

An oil slick of unknown origin begrimes the northern shore of Madeira, Portugal. . . . (Eugene) Charles Hernu, 66, French defense minister, 1981–85, dies of a heart attack near Lyons. . . . East and West Germany’s Evangelical churches agree to reunite, reversing a 1969 decision. . . . The Kremlin orders troops in the Transcaucasus region to fire on militants in self-defense and to protect civilians. The official death toll in the area reaches 56.

Walter Sisulu and other senior members of the African National Congress arrive in Zambia for talks.

The United Democratic Front, the antiapartheid coalition and African National Congress ally, announces that it will defy government restrictions by reopening its offices and resuming public activities. The special meeting of the African National Congress’s executive council formally opens.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reconsiders a proposal to renew peace talks with the Salvadoran government after the murder of leftist political leader Manuel Antonio Colindres. . . . A colonel, two lieutenants, and five lower-ranking soldiers are arrested for the 1989 slaying of six Jesuit priests and others in San Salvador.

British foreign secretary Douglas Hurd arrives in Hong Kong for the first time since assuming office.

Protests are staged in Montreal, Toronto, and other major cities in response to planned cutbacks in service on Via Rail Canada.

More than 5,000 people attend a demonstration in Mongolia, making it the largest protest in modern Mongolian history.

A Brazilian federal judge orders the closing of a road that leads to the world’s largest modern tin mine because it illegally cuts across a reservation of the Waimiri-Atroari Indians . . . . Cutbacks in service on Via Rail Canada go into effect.

Amnesty International accuses Hong Kong authorities of forcing the repatriation of Vietnamese refugees who are in danger of persecution in their homeland. Both the Hong Kong government and the British Foreign Office reject the Amnesty allegations as unfounded.

The union at Brazil’s state-owned oil company Petroleo Brasileiro, S.A., goes on strike.

British foreign secretary Hurd asserts that if Britain and China cannot reach agreement regarding Hong Kong, then the U.K. will make its “own decisions” on democratic reforms. . . . Reports suggest that more than 800 Chinese were sentenced to prison for involvement in the prodemocracy movement.

In Colombia, the Medellín drug cartel issues a declaration of conditional surrender, claiming it will halt its bombing and assassination campaign and all other illegal activity in exchange for an amnesty or pledges not to be extradited to the U.S. The cartel begins releasing some of the 20 hostages it seized.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January 12–17, 1990—15

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

William L. Roper, a physician and White House adviser, is named director of the federal Centers for Disease Control. . . . Joseph Sill Clark, 88, reform-minded Pennsylvania politician, dies of unreported causes in Philadelphia.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Reports emerge that retail sales climbed 5% in 1989, the smallest rise since 1982. In response, the Dow Jones Industrial Average drops 71.46 points, the biggest drop since Oct. 1989.

The space shuttle Columbia retrieves a bus-sized scientific satellite from its falling orbit and stores it in the cargo bay for return to Earth.

Laurence J. Peter, 70, Canadianborn author and educator, dies in Palos Verdes Estates, Calif., of complications from a stroke he had suffered in 1988.

L. Douglas Wilder (D) is sworn in as governor of Virginia by U.S. Supreme Court justice Powell Jr., and thus becomes the first elected black governor to take office in the U.S.

The astronauts aboard the Columbia hold an upbeat news conference from space.

An Exxon Corp. spokesman reports 130,000 gallons of oil have been recovered from the spill in New York Harbor. Half of the remainder of the 446,000 gallons of the spill evaporated.

Jan. 13

The Denver Broncos advance to the Super Bowl with a 37-21 victory over the Cleveland Browns in Denver. The San Francisco 49ers beat the Los Angeles Rams, 30-3, in the National Conference championship in San Francisco.

AT&T’s long-distance phone operations are severely curtailed for nine hours by a computer software fault.

The FDA halves the recommended dosage level of AZT for treatment of AIDS.

Officials announce looser restrictions on entry permits for foreign travelers to the U.S. who are infected with HIV.

Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack Kemp announces plans to end the coinsurance program. . . . In Kirkpatrick Co. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp., the Supreme Court rules unanimously that a company can bring suit against a competitor for bribing foreign officials. . . . In Swaggart Ministries v. California Board of Equalization, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that states may require religious organizations to pay sales tax on religious materials that they sell.

Jan. 14

Jan. 15

The Bush administration intensifies its attack on the proposal by Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D, N.Y.) to cut Social Security taxes. . . . Two units of the BCCI, an international bank, agree to plead guilty to reduced charges of money laundering in a Tampa, Fla., federal court. The case, the first in which the U.S. Justice Department has charged a major international bank with money laundering, is the result of a two year “sting” investigation. The Federal Reserve Board reports its industrial production index advanced 0.4% in December 1989. The U.S. merchandise trade deficit widened to a seasonally adjusted $10.5 billion in November 1989, the year’s largest monthly gap. . . . In Guidry v. Sheet Metal Workers Pension Fund, the Supreme Court unanimously rules out seizing the pension benefits of a former union official to pay back union funds that he embezzled.

Jan. 12

Jan. 16

The National Transportation Safety Board reports 11 fatal air crashes involving U.S. commercial air carriers in 1989, the most per year since 1968.

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducts Hank Ballard, Bobby Darin, the Four Seasons, the Four Tops, the Kinks, the Platters, Simon and Garfunkel, and the Who.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 17

16—January 18–23, 1990

World Affairs

Jan. 19

Jan. 20

Commercial air service between Argentina and Britain is renewed. British Airways PLC and Aerolineas Argentinas inaugurate the service, which had been suspended since the 1982 Falkland Islands conflict.

Jan. 22

Jan. 23

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Ecuador’s Supreme Court orders the arrest of former president León Febres Cordero Rivadeneira on embezzlement charges.

The Chinese government frees 573 people arrested during a military crackdown on prodemocracy unrest in Beijing in 1989. . . . Mongolian authorities announce a ban on protests.

In Poland, workers at four of the five mines hit by strikes end their job action. However, workers at the fifth mine remain on strike, and workers walk out at a mine in Lubiaz. . . . The Soviet national Communist Party Central Committee appeals to Armenians and Azerbaijanis to put down their weapons. . . . Aldo Gucci, 84, the last surviving son of Guccio Gucci, who founded the well-known Italian leather-goods firm, dies of unreported causes in Rome.

Col. André Neptune, his wife, and their maid are shot and killed by unidentified gunmen in a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, near the home of presidential candidate, Hubert de Ronceray. . . . In El Salvador, soldiers arrested Jan. 13 for the Nov. 1989 slaying of six Jesuit priests and two others plead not guilty. The suspects include Col. Guillermo Alfredo Benavides Moreno, the highestranking soldier ever detained in connection with human-rights abuses in the decade-old war.

Rodolfo Aguinaldo, governor of the Philippine province of Cagayan, steps down under pressure from Pres. Corazon Aquino. . . . Tomisaburo Hashimoto, 88, powerful figure in Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party, dies of pneumonia in Tokyo.

Soviet troops, in an attack spearheaded by tanks and armored personnel carriers, force their way into central Baku, the capital of the Azerbaijan republic. Heavy gunfire is reported. . . . In Yugoslavia, 1,654 delegates open negotiations, providing an opportunity for the Communists to find solutions to the nation’s economic and ethnic problems.

In Haiti, Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril declares a state of siege and begins arresting and deporting a number of opposition politicians following the Jan. 19 slaying of André Neptune. Hubert de Ronceray, a presidential candidate, is arrested and forced into exile in the U.S. Louis Roy, founder of the Haitian Red Cross, is arrested.

Rioting breaks out in Srinagar, triggered by India’s decision to impose central government rule in Kashmir after the resignation of Farooq Abdullah . . . . China adopts a press code that expands government control over foreign journalists. . . . Naruhiko Higashikuni, 102, a member of the Japanese imperial family, dies in Tokyo.

In India, 50 people are killed and 100 wounded as army troops open fire on Srinagar residents defying a government curfew. This action sets off a string of violent riots. Foreign ministers of Pakistan and India meet in New Delhi. . . . Separately, Indian prime minister V. P. Singh announces that his government has decided to reject a $470 million settlement agreement with U.S.-based Union Carbide Corp. to provide compensation for a 1984 gas leak in Bhopal. . . . More than 2,500 people stage a peaceful prodemocracy rally in Ulan Bator, Mongolia, defying a Jan. 18 ban on demonstrations.

Czechoslovakian premier Marian Calfa resigns from the Communist Party but remains the head of government. . . . Bulgaria’s state news agency reports that ousted Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov has been placed under house arrest on charges of inciting ethnic hostility, misuse of government property and money, and malfeasance in office. . . . In Poland, Lech Walesa, the founder of the Solidarity labor movement, appeals to striking miners to return to work.

Jan. 18

Jan. 21

Europe

Reports emerge that 50,000 civilians have been killed thus far during the civil war in Somalia.

Thousands of people in Baku, Azerbaijan, defy a ban on demonstrations and hold mass funerals for those killed in the attack on the city. The funerals coincide with a general strike. . . . In a speech to the congress, Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic accuses Slovenia of attempting to break up the party “into six autonomous organizations (representing Yugoslavia’s six republics),” so the Slovenes can “rule their own feudal estates.”

Talks between Walter Sisulu and the ANC’s external leadership end with the willingness of the guerrilla organization to engage in peaceful negotiations with the South African government. . . . Reports confirm that Gen. Michel Aoun shut down most newspapers based in east Beirut for refusing his demand that they not refer to Elias Hrawi as president or Selim al-Hoss as premier. He kept newspapers published in Muslim west Beirut from being distributed. The Phalangist party, the Lebanese Forces’s parent organization, protested by suspending news coverage in its media outlets.

Louis Roy, founder of the Haitian Red Cross, is deported.

Mutinous Azerbaijani military cadets fire on troops in Baku. The Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet condemns as “unconstitutional” the military occupation of Baku, and threatens an Azerbaijan secession from the Soviet Union unless troops are promptly withdrawn. . . . Slovene delegates walk out when the Serbian-led congress votes down Slovene resolutions. Prior to the walkout, the delegates vote to allow a multiparty system, overturning a 1972 constitutional provision.

Kuwaiti police disperse thousands of peaceful prodemocracy protesters with tear gas, water cannons and stun grenades since the rally was declared illegal. . . . In Egypt, police open fire to disperse protesting fundamentalists in Asyut, a hotbed of Muslim militancy. One demonstrator is killed and 12 arrested.

Haiti’s ambassador to the U.S., François Benoit, resigns in response to Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril’s recent actions.

A congress of Yugoslavia’s ruling Communists indefinitely adjourns, and the Slovene party considers a break with the national party. . . . Hungarian Premier Miklos Nemeth states the USSR agreed in principle to a withdrawal of Soviet forces from Hungary. . . . Turkish foreign minister Mesut Yilmaz accuses Soviet troops of a “massive violation of human rights” in the Azerbaijan region, where the official death total reaches 93.

Jewish residents of Azerbaijan begin arriving in Israel. Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir announces “special measures” to bring Azerbaijan Jews to Israel as refugees.

The Haitian government imposes censorship, permitting only officially approved news to be broadcast. . . . In Colombia, Medellín cartel boss Pablo Escobar Gaviria vows to continue a war with the Cali cartel. . . . British Columbia premier William Vander Zalm unveils a compromise plan designed to salvage the Meech Lake accord.

Two people are killed when security forces fire on a crowd of protesters who threw cinders at a UN vehicle in Srinagar. . . . Foreign Minister Gareth Evans announces that Australia is ending its ban on visits to China by government officials.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January 18–23, 1990—17

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Washington, D.C., mayor Marion S. Barry Jr. (D) is arrested by city police and FBI agents for allegedly purchasing and smoking crack cocaine. . . . In N.Y.C., black groups boycott two grocery stores owned by Korean immigrants in the wake of allegations that store owners beat a Haitian woman. . . . Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan blasts R.J. Reynolds’s introduction of the Uptown cigarette, charging it is “cynically and deliberately targeted toward black Americans.”

Reports indicate that housing starts fell 8% in Dec. 1989, its lowest level in seven years. . . . The government’s index of consumer prices rose 4.6% in 1989, the highest rate since 1981.

Harvard University researchers challenge claims about the ability of oat bran fiber to lower blood serum cholesterol levels. . . . Astronauts aboard the Columbia receive a telephone call from Pres. Bush in the White House.

Rusty Hamer, 42, former child actor, is found dead of a selfinflicted gunshot wound in De Ridder, La.

In response to the Jan. 18 charge, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. cancels its plans to test-market a new cigarette, Uptown, aimed at African-American smokers. . . . Arthur Joseph Goldberg, 81, former U.S. secretary of labor, 1961–62, Supreme Court Justice, 1962–65, and United Nations representative, 1965–68, is found dead of heart disease in Washington, D.C.

According to the American Lung Association, $40 billion is the midrange of the annual cost for health care necessitated by air pollution from automobiles. . . . Pres. Bush cautions Congress not to exceed his cost estimates in passing his proposed clean-air legislation.

A Kentucky journalist and antisegregation activist, Anne Braden, is named the winner of the first Roger Baldwin Medal of Liberty, awarded by the ACLU.

Jan. 18

Jan. 19

The Columbia lands safely at Edwards Air Force Base, concluding the longest flight of a U.S. space shuttle.

Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Stevens), 82, movie and television actress, dies of congestive heart failure in Santa Monica, Calif. . . . Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson is officially stripped of three world records because of his admitted use of performanceenhancing drugs.

Jan. 20

Jan. 21

A federal jury in New York convicts a former Cornell University graduate student for setting loose a program that disrupted a nationwide computer network in Nov. 1988.

The 101st Congress reconvenes to confront legislation still pending from 1989, including bills on clean air, child care, education, housing, and drugs and crime.

Jan. 22

A federal judge in Los Angeles orders the extradition of Bruno Karl Blach, a retired grocery clerk who was accused of killing three prisoners while serving as a guard in a Nazi concentration camp in World War II.

Cartoonist Charles Schulz, who draws the “Peanuts” comic strip, is named a Commander of Arts and Letters by the French Culture Minister in Paris. . . . . Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop Austin Vaughan claims that New York governor Mario Cuomo (D) is at “serious risk of going to hell” for his views on abortion.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 23

18—January 24–28, 1990

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Hungary passes legislation guaranteeing freedom of religion. . . . In Bucharest, the government outlaws unauthorized demonstrations. . . . Nearly daily battles between armed demonstrators, ethnic Albanians, and Serbian paramilitary riot police begin in Kosovo. Much of the violence takes place in Podujevo, but clashes are reported in other Kosovo communities. . . . Azerbaijani troops break a blockade at Baku harbor by shelling oil tankers taken over by nationalist forces.

Jan. 24

Storms with winds of more than 100 miles per hour claim at least 94 lives in Western Europe. . . . Troops round up members of a militant faction of the Azerbaijan Popular Front in Baku and seize a storehouse of weapons and ammunition.

Jan. 25

The first detailed political statement from Nelson Mandela in 26 years is published inside South Africa. . . . Torrential rains cause flooding that leaves at least 24 people dead, 32 missing, and thousands homeless in Tunisia.

In Haiti, Lt. Gen. Prospev Avril states he intends to lift the state of siege and pledges to proceed with scheduled elections.

In Poland, the United Workers’ Party votes itself out of existence and re-forms as the leftist Social Democracy Party. The delegates adopt new bylaws and a democratic-socialist platform. . . . A cease-fire takes effect when the Azerbaijan Popular Front and the Armenian National Movement agree to begin peace talks. . . . In East Germany, another mishap is reported to have happened at the Bruno Leuschner nuclear plant in Greifswald on Nov. 24, 1989. . . . The People’s Chamber approves legislation to free East Germany’s state media from communist control and to end state censorship.

Jan. 28

Four Indian air force soldiers are shot and killed by militants in Srinagar, while in Handawor, nine people are killed and 40 wounded when police open fire on a crowd of protesters. Indian officials report that about 70 people have been killed in the last five days of violence. . . . Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto becomes the first modern head of government to give birth while in office.

Haiti’s largest foreign-aid donor, France suspends its financial aid to protest the state of siege. . . . Archbishop Lewis Samuel Garnsworthy, 67, outspoken former Anglican archbishop of Ontario, dies in Toronto after suffering from cancer.

Reports show that Great Britain was the hardest hit from a wave of storms in Europe since 46 people died there. . . . In Poland, the United Workers Party opens its congress.

Jan. 27

Asia & the Pacific

Brazilian president-elect Fernando Collor de Mello begins a world tour. . . . An Israeli tied to Colombia’s drug cartels, Arik Afek, who helped plan security for Pres. Bush’s planned visit to Cartagena, is found slain. . . . Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, reputed leader of the Cali drug cartel, offers to surrender in a letter. . . . Argentine defense minister Italo Luder resigns.

The Bulgarian government announces it will remove the Communist Party’s control of military and police forces. . . . In Romania, interim vice president Dumitru Mazilu resigns. . . . Separately, Deputy Premier Gelu VoicanVoiculescu reveals the bodies of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu were buried in secret in Bucharest after their execution in Dec. 1989. . . . AP reports that, from the storm begun Jan. 25, there have been 19 deaths in the Netherlands, 10 in Belgium, eight in France, seven in West Germany, and four in Denmark.

Jan. 26

The Americas

The Australian government charges Ukrainian immigrant Ivan Timofeyevich Polyukhovich, 73, with war crimes allegedly committed during the Nazi German occupation of the Soviet Union in World War II. He is the first person to be charged under Australia’s War Crimes Amendment Act, passed in 1988.

A South African newspaper reports that President F. W. de Klerk, in a closed-door speech to police officers, said the police would no longer be used to fight political battles.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January 24–28, 1990—19

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

A federally funded study on black, inner-city teenagers finds that pregnant teens who had abortions did better economically, educationally, and emotionally than those who had children.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Retired air force major general Richard V. Secord is sentenced to two years’ probation for making false statements in the Iran-contra arms investigation.

Empire of America Federal Savings Bank is seized by federal regulators because they deem it insolvent.

IBM joins Siemens AG of West Germany in researching and developing a new semiconductor, or memory chip. . . . . Japan launches a satellite toward the Moon to test methods and equipment for future planetary probes.

Madge Bellamy, 89, Hollywood actress, dies of a heart ailment in Upland, Calif.

The Senate votes to sustain President Bush’s veto of a 1989 bill that would have prohibited Chinese exchange students from being deported.

General Electric’s NBC unit announces an agreement with Philips Consumer Electronics Co. and Thomson CSF of France to develop high-definition television for the U.S. market.

A Colombian Avianca Airlines jetliner crashes in Cove Neck, N.Y. Seventy-three are killed and dozens more are injured.

Ava Lavinia Gardner, 67, one of Hollywood’s best-known movie stars from the 1940s, dies of pneumonia in London.

In a letter to Pres. Bush, Manuel Noriega claims to be a prisoner of war because he surrendered to U.S. authorities in the wake of the Dec. 1989 invasion of Panama.

Federal banking regulators announce their intention to sanction Neil Bush, one of Pres. Bush’s sons, for alleged “conflicts of interest” while the director of a Denver-based savings and loan bank.

The Dark Half by Stephen King tops the bestseller list. . . . Lewis Mumford, 94, American cultural critic, urban planner, historian, and political commentator, dies in his sleep in Amenia, New York.

The Miami Herald reports that Arik Afek, found slain on Jan. 24, told friends that he had traveled to Colombia with Secret Service agents four times to help them prepare for president Bush’s trip. . . . U.S. vice president Dan Quayle begins a visit to Panama, Honduras, and Jamaica in an effort to reassure regional leaders about U.S. policy in the wake of the December 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama.

Jan. 24

Jan. 25

Jan. 26

Jan. 27

A U.S. Secret Service agent confirms reports that the Secret Service questioned Arik Afek on the military capabilities of the Medellín cartel.

Investigators find that the Colombian Boeing 707 jet that crashed on Jan. 25 had apparently ran out of fuel and that none of its four engines were functioning at the time of the crash.

The San Francisco 49ers win Super Bowl XXIV with a record-breaking score of 55-10 over the Denver Broncos.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 28

20—January 29–February 3, 1990

World Affairs

Feb. 2

Feb. 3

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Haiti, Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril ends a state of siege. . . . A resolution passes by the City Council of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, which declares English the city’s official language, sets off controversy in Canada. . . . In Nicaragua, President Daniel Ortega agrees to allow Catholic priests to say mass at prisons and military bases. . . . Argentina’s chief of intelligence, Juan Bautista Yofre, resigns. He is the fourth major government figure to resign since the beginning of 1990.

An emergency congress of the ruling Bulgarian Communist Party begins.

In response to clashes between Christian soldiers and militiamen in Lebanon Gen. Michel Aoun declares that only his men have the right to carry weapons, claiming “there are no armed elements outside the framework of the army.” . . . In South Africa, Clayton Sizwe Sithole is found hanged in a police cell.

The Ontario Court of Appeal declares unconstitutional a provincial regulation that provides for religion classes in the regular curriculum of public elementary schools. . . . Reports that tiny microphones were found in Argentine president Carlos Menem’s official residence and in his private home emerge.

In NYC, Salvadoran president Alfredo Cristiani meets with UN secretary general Javier Pérez de Cuellar. They reach an agreement to try to revive peace talks with the leftist Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front rebel organization that stalled in Nov. 1989.

Frantisek Pitra, a hard-line Communist, resigns as the premier of the Czech republic. . . . McDonald’s opens its first outlet in the Soviet Union and serves more than 30,000 people on its debut day, setting an international record.

In Lebanon, fighting begins when army troops loyal to Gen. Aoun move against the Lebanese Forces, led by Samir Geagea. . . . Reports emerge that almost all Western relief workers have been evacuated from Juba in Sudan, which is under siege by rebels. . . . In South Africa, Pres. F. W. de Klerk announces an investigation the death of Clayton Sizwe Sithole. He also states there will be a probe into allegations that a secret police unit ran death squads to assassinate antiapartheid activists.

In Haiti, Prosper Avril states at a news conference that seven opposition politicians exiled under the state of siege may return to Haiti and will have “all necessary guarantees to participate in elections.” The seven include Hubert de Ronceray, Antoine Izméry, Max Bourjolly, and Louis Roy.

Cuba’s representative to the UN, Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada, takes over as president of the UN Security Council, the first time since 1957 that a Cuban has held the post.

After nearly daily battles that started on Jan. 24, army units move into Kosovo province under a state of emergency. The official death toll reaches 19, with most of the victims ethnic Albanians. . . . Storms begin in Great Britain that continue on the continent for the next three days and take over 50 lives. . . . Reports emerge that a Soviet nuclear submarine sunk off Norway in 1989 is leaking radiation. . . . In Bulgaria, Premier Georgi Atanasov and his entire 22-member cabinet resign.

The UN World Health Organization estimates there were 215,144 AIDS cases worldwide by the end of Jan. 1990, up from 203,599 at the end of 1989.

A military court in Bucharest sentences four Ceausescu aides of complicity to commit genocide to life imprisonment. . . . Yugoslav president Janez Drnovsek meets with Kosovo’s political leaders. . . . Armenian and Azerbaijani negotiators hold peace talks. . . . A congress of the ruling Bulgarian Communist Party elects Alexander Lilov as party chairman.

South African president de Klerk lifts a 30-year ban on the African National Congress and promises to release activist Nelson Mandela shortly. Celebratory marches are held in major South African cities.

The question of German reunification dominates the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. At the meeting, West German chancellor Helmut Kohl outlines a plan for reunification that has been discussed by U.S. secretary of state James Baker and West German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher.

In Bulgaria, Andrei Lukanov is nominated and confirmed as premier with a unanimous vote at a parliament session.

The South African government gazette publishes the names of at least 165 people whose names and words will no longer be blacklisted from publication. The list includes Oliver Tambo, Joseph Slovo, and ANC secretary general Alfred Nzo.

Jan. 30

Feb. 1

Africa & the Middle East

About 20,000 people demonstrate in Bucharest, Romania, while an equally large counter-protest is staged in support of the interim regime. Police and soldiers protect Corneliu Coposu, the Peasants Party leader, from a mob. . . . Former Bulgarian leader Todor Zhivkov is placed under formal arrest and is transferred to a prison in Sofia. The prosecutor’s office announces indictments against two Zhivkov associates for “malfeasance in office.” . . . The final report into the 1989 tragedy at Hillsborough Stadium that killed 95 football fans rejects the British government’s plan for an ID card scheme and calls for phasing out standing sections for fans at stadiums.

Jan. 29

Jan. 31

Europe

Ricardo J. (Ricky) Bordallo, 63, governor of the U.S. territory of Guam, who was convicted in 1987 of bribery and extortion, wraps himself in Guam’s national flag, chains himself to a statue in Guam, and shoots himself in the head.

South Korean transportation minister Kim Chang-keun announces plans for a new international airport and two new rail lines.

Reports surface that a prominent Chinese dissident, Liu Qing, was released from prison in Dec. 1989, 10 years after his arrest.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January 29–February 3, 1990—21

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The FDA approves the use of fluconazole to treat fungal infections in AIDS patients. . . . Marilyn Harrell pleads guilty in federal court to charges that she embezzled $4.5 million from the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Defense Secretary Dick Cheney formally unveils the fiscal 1991 defense budget.

Pres. Bush sends to Congress a $1.23 trillion budget for fiscal 1991 that does not raise taxes, abides by the federal-deficit ceiling set by law, and sets forth several domestic initiatives. However, it also embodies only slight cuts in real defense spending and larger cutbacks in a variety of domestic programs. Bush’s budget is quickly attacked by key Democrats in Congress as unrealistic.

While reporting on the Jan. 25 crash, The Wall Street Journal cites a 1989 study by MIT and the U.S. Air Force Center for Studies and Analyses that found that Colombian airline Avianca has the second-worst fatality record of any air carrier in the world.

A federal judge orders former president Ronald Reagan to provide excerpts of his personal diaries for use in former national security adviser John Poindexter’s Irancontra trial. . . . Salvadoran president Alfredo Cristiani visits the U.S. to discuss U.S. aid to El Salvador and possible peace talks with leftist rebels.

The Senate authorizes $9.7 billion in funding for the State Department and related agencies in fiscal 1990 and 1991.

Jan. 30

Pres. Bush delivers his State of the Union message and declares that political changes in 1989 brought about a “new era” in world affairs.

Pres. Bush proposes that the U.S. and Soviet Union reduce forces in Central Europe to 195,000 troops on each side in his State of the Union address. . . . A grand jury in Los Angeles charges Mexican officials in the 1985 torture and slaying of a U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration agent.

Federal regulators seize MeraBank because it is in violation of new savings-and-loan industry capital requirements.

Jan. 31

Attorney General Richard Thornburgh recommends the appointment of a special prosecutor to investigate former Housing and Urban Development officials.

The State Department proposes an increase of $50 million in aid to El Salvador in fiscal 1991. . . . Iranian-American businessman Albert Hakim is sentenced for a misdemeanor in the Iran-contra arms scandal.

John J. Phelan Jr. states he will resign as chairman of the New York Stock Exchange at the end of 1990. . . . Chrysler announces it will close its St. Louis, Mo., car plant, the third to close since 1987.

More than 700 eminent American scientists, including 49 winners of the Nobel Prize, urge Pres. Bush to take action on global warming.

Peter Racine Fricker, 69, composer, dies of unreported causes in Santa Barbara, Calif.

Feb. 1

California senator Joseph Montoya is convicted on seven counts of extortion, racketeering, and money laundering.

The Justice Department agrees to treat ousted Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega as a prisoner of war, but that designation makes no difference to Noriega’s case. . . . Pres. Bush orders a state-controlled Chinese corporation to divest itself of the controlling interest in an American aircraft-parts manufacturer purchased in 1989.

Federal regulators seize CenTrust Bank, Florida’s largest thrift, declaring it insolvent.

Pres. Bush names 13 scientists and engineers to his newly created President’s Council of Advisers on Science and Technology and taps D. Allan Bromley to serve as the chair of the council.

Mel Lewis (born Melvin Sokoloff), 60, jazz drummer and orchestra leader, dies of cancer in NYC.

Feb. 2

Jan. 29

Jockey Bill Shoemaker ends a farewell tour preceding his retirement with a fourth-place ride aboard Patchy Groundfog at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, Calif.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 3

22—February 4–9, 1990

Feb. 4

Feb. 5

Feb. 6

Europe

At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski indicates that the main reason that Poland has not yet joined Hungary and Czechoslovakia in pressing for withdrawal of Soviet troops is concern over possible disputes with a reunified Germany over its eastern border with Poland.

The Slovene branch of the ruling League of Communists secedes from the central party, a serious blow to Yugoslav national unity. . . . Tens of thousands of people participate in a massive prodemocracy rally in Moscow, the largest unofficial demonstration in the Soviet capital since the 1917. . . . Storms continue throughout Europe. . . . Silviu Brucan, a leading spokesman for Romania’s provisional regime, resigns from the ruling front’s executive council.

Masked gunmen stop an Egyptian bus filled with Israeli tourists and open fire with automatic weapons and grenades. Eight Israelis are killed, and 17 are wounded, one of whom later dies. It is the worst anti-Israeli terrorist incident in Egypt since 1979. Egyptian Pres. Hosni Mubarak expresses his revulsion at the incident to P.M. Yitzhak Shamir of Israel. . . . Suspected far-right extremists escape after shooting out windows at the British embassy in Pretoria and painting pro-Boer graffiti on the building.

Rafael Angel Calderón Fournier of the opposition Social Christian Unity Party is elected president of Costa Rica. . . . The government admits that Argentina’s intelligence agency planted tiny microphones throughout Argentine president Carlos Menem’s official residence and in his private home and offices.

The International Monetary Fund approves $723 million in standby credit for Poland.

Hundreds of right-wing skinhead protesters march through a demonstration for reform in Leipzig while shouting Nazi slogans. . . . The Financial Times reports that storms in Europe took 29 lives, 23 in France. . . . East Germany’s communists lose their government majority when eight opposition figures are added to the coalition cabinet.

In South Africa, police report incidents of serious violence in 11 black townships nationwide, including a major clash between police and protestors in Tembisa. Conservative Party officials state they are mobilizing discontented whites, registering them to vote, and planning a freedom march and general strike to demonstrate white anger in South Africa.

In response to the Jan. 29 Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, resolution to make English the city’s official language, opposition leaders John Turner and Audrey McLaughlin ask P.M. Brian Mulroney to endorse a resolution reaffirming Canada’s commitment to bilingualism.

A three-judge panel in Seoul sentences a dissident student, Lim Su Kyong, to 10 years in prison for making an illegal visit to North Korea in 1989. A Roman Catholic priest, Reverend Moon Kyu Hyun, who accompanied Kyong, receives an eight-year sentence.

The World Bank approves two loans to Poland totaling $360 million.

The West German government outlines a plan to establish the West German mark as the single currency for East and West Germany. . . . Interior Minister Atanas Semerdzhiev announces that Bulgaria’s secret police has been disbanded. . . . Despite the Jan. 28 cease-fire between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, an Azerbaijani blockade of Armenia, protest strikes in Azerbaijan, and sporadic clashes between Soviet forces and Azerbaijanis continue.

The Soviet Communist Party Central Committee votes to renounce the party’s constitutionally guaranteed monopoly on political power. It is a historic victory for Pres. Gorbachev’s plan for “democratization.” . . . Janez Drnovsek, Slovene representative to the Yugoslavian presidency, discloses that the military presence in Kosovo will increase.

Jesse Jackson, a U.S. civil-rights leader and former presidential candidate, begins his first visit to South Africa since 1979.

The Haitian government declares a general amnesty for political prisoners to mark the fourth anniversary of the fall of Pres. Jean-Claude Duvalier. . . . A forest fire in the Poco das Antas Wildlife Reserve in Brazil threatens the last population of the nearly extinct golden lion marmoset. . . . In Peru, Henry Pease, a candidate from the United Left in upcoming elections, is hit in the knee by shotgun pellets when police break up a campaign march.

The state education commission adopts new restrictions that make it more difficult for Chinese students to study abroad.

Premier Lukanov appoints a cabinet composed entirely of communists in Bulgaria. . . . East Germany accepts responsibility for the crimes of Nazi Germany against the Jews. . . . Reports emerge that the Bucharest government banned adoptions of Romanian children by foreigners. . . . Sir Ernest William Titterton, 73, British nuclear scientist, dies in Australia. . . . Georges de Mestral, 82, Swiss inventor who created Velcro, dies in Switzerland.

While Ethiopian government troops are occupied with resisting Tigray People’s Liberation Front forces, another rebel group, the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front launches an offensive against the strategic port of Massawa.

The Ontario government and five Indian bands on Manitoulin Island reach historic land-claim settlement; the bands will receive a total of approximately C$8 million. . . . P.M. Mulroney forcefully defends Canada’s bilingual tradition in a speech. . . . According to Nicaraguan rebel reports, Enrique Bermúdez was ousted as commanding general of the contras. . . In Brazil, president-elect Collor states his administration will create an environmental secretariat.

Hungary reestablishes diplomatic relations with the Vatican. . . . In Bucharest, the new Council for National Unity convenes its first session and decides to expand the interim parliament to accommodate newer parties.

Iran’s supreme religious leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, reaffirms a yearold death edict on British novelist Salman Rushdie. . . . Namibia’s Constituent Assembly votes to adopt a constitution that will give the country the most liberal multiparty democracy in Africa.

The Nicaraguan government frees all remaining political prisoners as a gesture of goodwill two weeks before national elections. . . . In Peru, reports confirm that Interior Minister Agustín Mantilla tendered his resignation after police wounded a presidential candidate at a political demonstration on Feb. 7.

Feb. 7

Feb. 8

Feb. 9

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The World Health Organization approves a plan to aid Romania since the country is suffering an epidemic of AIDS in children

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

South Korea’s ruling Democratic Justice Party and two opposition groups formally merge into one party. Students in Seoul battle riot police in two days of protests over a party merger. In Kwangju, 1,000 students clash with police following an antigovernment demonstration.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

February 4–9, 1990—23

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The Washington Post reports that federal prosecutors are currently investigating Houston developer Robert L. Corson in connection with savings and loan fraud. Corson is described as a “known money launderer” with reputed links to the CIA and organized crime.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The National Football Conference defeats the American Football Conference, 27-21, in the National Football League’s annual Pro Bowl All-Star Game in Honolulu.

Feb. 4

In Selma, Ala., in response to the firing of its first black school superintendent, Norward Roussell, a group of black students walk out of Selma High School, and school officials close the city’s schools for a week to prevent further disturbances. . . . Ed Herschler (D), 71, who served three terms as governor of Wyoming, dies of cancer in Cheyenne.

A federal judge orders former president Ronald Reagan to give videotaped testimony for use in the Irancontra trial of John Poindexter.

A 12-person Superior Court jury in Anchorage, Alaska, begins hearing evidence in the criminal case against Capt. Joseph Hazelwood, master of the Exxon Valdez at the time of the the ship’s oil spill. . . . Reports indicate that productivity among the nation’s nonfarm businesses rose just 0.9% in 1989, the smallest gain since 1982.

The House passes legislation that makes it easier for U.S. citizens to register to vote. . . . The Los Angeles board of education votes to require all schools within the Los Angeles Unified School District to convert to a year-round schedule. . . . Officials of the Roman Catholic Franciscan order announce that Rev. Bruce Ritter, the head of Covenant House in NYC, the nation’s largest shelter for runaway youths, is stepping aside temporarily in the wake of allegations that he had sexual relations with three male runaways.

Secretary of State James Baker begins a visit to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. . . . Pres. Bush starts a three-day tour of military bases and weapons facilities in an attempt to win public support for his recently released fiscal 1991 defense budget.

Pres. Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers issues its first annual economic report, lauding the free-market beliefs that guided fiscal policy during the Reagan administration and issuing ambitious goals for the 1990s. . . . Agriculture Secretary Clayton Yeutter unveils recommendations for a new farm bill that proposes “flexibility” and “positive incentives” to meet environmental and market concerns. The bill, however, avoids specifying cuts in farm subsidy programs asked for in the administration’s budget proposals.

Rock singer Billy Idol suffers compound fractures of his right leg and forearm in a motorcycle accident in Los Angeles.

Feb. 6

A bipartisan group of legislators introduces legislation in both houses of Congress to strengthen laws against job discrimination that were weakened by several Supreme Court decisions in 1989.

The House and Senate approve $42 million in emergency aid to Panama. . . . Former president Reagan invokes executive privilege and refuses to surrender his diaries in the Iran-contra hearings. . . . Congress approves $10 million in aid to “support the democratic transition in Eastern Europe.”

New York City files a damage suit against Exxon Corp. over the January pipeline spill of 567,000 gallons of heating oil into the Arthur Kill waterway off Staten Island. . . . An American Transport and Trading Co. tanker spills nearly 400,000 gallons of crude oil a few miles off Huntington Beach, Calif.

Nathan (Nat) Wartels, 88, founder and former chairman of Crown Publishers, dies of pneumonia in NYC.

Feb. 7

A proposal by Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D, N.Y.) to reduce the Social Security payroll tax encounters significant opposition. . . . The FCC accuses two Nynex Corp. units, New York Telephone Co. and New England Telephone and Telegraph Co., of overcharging customers by $35.5 million and orders them to return the money and pay a $1.4 million fine.

CBS News suspends satirical commentator Andy Rooney for three months without pay in response to remarks that Rooney allegedly made that were derogatory to blacks and homosexuals.

Daniel P. Kearney resigns as president and CEO of the Oversight Board of the Resolution Trust Corp.

Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of former president Dwight D. Eisenhower, marries Soviet scientist Roald Sagdeyev in Moscow.

The first test of student geography skills administered by the National Assessment of Educational Progress shows that U.S. high school seniors lack geographical knowledge. . . . In Alabama, about 150 students and sympathizers launch a sit-in at Selma High School to protest the firing of the city’s first black school superintendent, Norward Roussell.

John Gotti, reputed head of the Gambino crime family, is acquitted in NYC of assault and conspiracy charges involving the 1986 shooting of a carpenters’ union official. . . . James Fleming Gordon, 71, retired federal judge, dies of complications from lung surgery in Sarasota, Fla.

Former president Reagan agrees to provide videotaped testimony for the Iran-contra trial of former national security adviser John Poindexter.

Feb. 5

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 8

Feb. 9

24—February 10–15, 1990

World Affairs

Feb. 10

Feb. 11

An unprecedented meeting of the foreign ministers of the 16 NATO nations and the 7 Warsaw Pact countries convenes in Ottawa. . . . The release of Nelson Mandela is applauded by the UN, the EC, the Commonwealth, and the Organization of African Unity. Leaders of several countries, including the U.S., praise the release.

Feb. 12

Feb. 13

At a landmark conference in Ottawa, the Soviets tentatively agree to limit their total number of troops in Europe to 195,000, all in the central zone, giving the U.S. a manpower advantage.

Feb. 14

Feb. 15

The presidents of the U.S., Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia meet in Cartagena, Colombia, and pledge to fight against illegal narcotics trafficking. . . . Negotiators for Great Britain and Argentina agree to fully restore diplomatic relations that were cut after a 1982 war over the Falkland Islands.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

James Baker becomes the first U.S. official to testify before a committee of the Soviet parliament. He is also the first secretary of state to visit Bulgaria as he flies to Sofia to meet with Pres. Petar Mladenov and Premier Andrei Lukanov after testifying. . . . West German chancellor Helmut Kohl meets with Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev to discuss Germany’s reunification, and they agree on a number of issues as momentum toward the reunification of East and West Germany grows.

In Ethiopia, the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front claims to have captured Massawa in one of the greatest rebel victories of the nearly 30-year-old Eritrean war, Africa’s longest.

In Bulgaria, 30 reformists quit the Communist Party and form the Alternative Socialist Party. . . . Secretary of State Baker meets with Romanian interim president Ion Iliescu and interim premier Petre Roman.

South African black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela is freed after more than 27 years in prison; he gives an address that backs the African National Congress’s armed struggle and calls for the complete destruction of apartheid.

Colombian drug traffickers begin to admit journalists to a complex of three drug-processing laboratories near the town of Turbo. Reporters state the complex, capable of producing as much as 20 tons of cocaine a month, is larger than any yet discovered by the authorities.

Hungary revives dual citizenship for Romanians of Hungarian descent for the first time since 1979. . . . Three days of demonstrations are held in Bucharest by thousands of junior military officers who call for the dismissals of Gen. Nicolae Militaru and Interior Minister Mihai Ghitac. The officers disobey orders by participating in the protests, and the statecontrolled press characterizes the protests as a “mutiny.”. . . Rioting begins in Dushanbe, Tadzhikistan, when several thousand people launch a protest in front of the CP headquarters.

In Israel, Trade and Industry Minister Ariel Sharon announces that he is quitting the cabinet, which sparks controversy.

A fire ignites at the Tyre King Recycling Ltd. dump in Ontario and burns for more than two weeks. . . . The New Democratic Party wins its first parliamentary seat in Quebec.

Western Australia premier Peter Dowding resigns after serving just under two years as state leader because of his role in a scandal involving mismanagement at a joint state government-private business enterprise known as WA Inc. Deputy Premier David Parker resigns as well.

After a meeting in Bonn, West German chancellor Kohl and East German Premier Hans Modrow agree to open talks on uniting the monetary systems of the two nations . . . . . Reports from the KGB estimate that 786,098 people were shot to death as enemies of the state during the reign of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. . . . In Tadzhikistan, a mob storms the Communist Party headquarters.

In South Africa, the far-right Conservative Party files formal charges of treason against Mandela for continuing to advocate armed struggle, and CP leader Andries Treurnicht states that president F. W. de Klerk no longer has the support of Afrikaners. It is also reported that the fighting in Natal since Mandela’s release resulted in the deaths of 50 people.

Colombian drug traffickers announce they will turn over to the government the three drug-processing laboratories and 15,000 barrels of chemicals used to refine cocaine that were shown to journalists Feb. 11. . . . Guerrillas of Colombia’s leftist National Liberation Army announce that they kidnapped David Kent and James Donnelly, two U.S. citizens, to protest Pres. Bush’s visit and drug policy.

Carmen Lawrence is unanimously elected by an emergency meeting of the Labor Party Caucus in Perth as the state’s first woman premier in Australian history.

The Soviet media reports pitched battles between Tadzhiks and police and interior-ministry troops. Clashes erupt in other parts of Tadzhikistan as well. . . . The Supreme Soviet convenes in Moscow, and Pres. Gorbachev calls for tough new laws to counter ethnic strife.

The African National Congress holds a preliminary meeting in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. . . . Before embarking on a trip to West Germany, Israeli foreign minister Moshe Arens states that Israel can back a united Germany if it is “a democratic Germany fully conscious of the responsibilities that it has towards the Jewish people.”

Ernesto Díaz Rodriguez, a long-term political prisoner, begins a fast to press for UN scrutiny of the human rights situation in Cuba. . . . Some 10,000 people march in Bogotá, Colombia, to protest Pres. Bush’s visit. . . . Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney admits that the Feb. 12 election result shows that the Progressive Conservatives are losing support across the country.

At least 91 people are killed when an Indian Airlines passenger jet crashes while preparing to land in Bangalore. . . . U.S. defense secretary Dick Cheney starts a tour of South Korea, the Philippines, Hong Kong, and Japan.

Communist Party and government leaders of Tadzhikistan resign after outbursts of ethnic strife . . . . Romania’s interim premier Petre Roman vows a probe of the military’s actions in Timisoara after days of protests. . . . A debate on reunification in West Germany’s lower parliamentary house produces heated exchanges. . . . Sweden’s premier, Ingvar Carlsson, resigns after a heated economic debate. . . . (Edward) Guy Schofield, 87, British newspaper editor, dies in London.

As many as 15,000 right-wing whites attend a rally in Pretoria to protest Pres. de Klerk’s legalization of the African National Congress and freeing of Mandela, one of the largest crowds of whites at a political gathering in South Africa in years.

The National Liberation Army abducts a U.S. priest, Reverend Francisco Amico Ferrari, along with two U.S. citizens kidnapped on Feb. 13, to protest Pres. Bush’s drug policies in Colombia.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

February 10–15, 1990—25

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The goal of a “sustainable” society is set forth by the Washingtonbased research organization Worldwatch Institute, which warns that without change, a period of global degradation will be reached within 40 years.

NASA’s Galileo spacecraft completes a “celestial billiard shot” around Venus. The craft makes its closest approach to Venus, about 10,000 miles above the surface.

Jill Trenary wins her third U.S. Figure Skating championship.

The Soviet Union launches a new team to the space station Mir from the Baikonur space complex.

Donald and Ivana Trump announce they are divorcing. . . . Todd Eldredge wins the men’s title in the U.S. Figure Skating championship. . . . The Eastern Conference wins NBA’s All-Star Game. . . . James (Buster) Douglas scores one of the greatest upsets in the history of boxing when he knocks out undefeated heavyweight champion Mike Tyson.

Franklin R. Collbohm, 83, pioneering aviation engineer, dies in Palm Desert, Calif., after suffering a stroke.

The National Book Critics Circle presents awards to E. L. Doctorow, Michael Dorris, Rodney Jones, Geoffrey C. Ward, and James Clive.

Pres. Bush indicates that he will not immediately ask Congress to lift economic sanctions against South Africa in a news conference.

The American Bar Association votes for the first time to support a constitutional right to abortion.

The White House announces the U.S. military presence in Panama is now equal to the number of troops before the invasion.

Drexel Lambert Group Inc. file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection from creditors.

According to a report by the National Academy of Science’s Institute of Medicine and National Research Council, the U.S. is decades behind many other countries-in the development of new birth-control methods. . . . The Justice Department files suit against six locals of the International Longshoremen’s Association in a move to end alleged influence by organized crime.

Feb. 10

Feb. 11

Feb. 12

Feb. 13

Voyager 1 indicates that its cameras took pictures of the solar system while 3.7 billion miles from Earth. . . . A rocket launched from Cape Canaveral puts two satellites into orbit to test reflection techniques.

A federal grand jury in Washington, D.C., indicts Mayor Marion S. Barry Jr. (D) on eight counts of drug possession and perjury.

Feb. 14

Keyes Beech, 76, foreign correspondent who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1951, dies of emphysema in Washington, D.C.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 15

26—February 16–21, 1990

World Affairs

Europe East German premier Hans Modrow agrees that Poland should be included in reunification plans. . . . Romania’s interim defense minister Gen. Nicolae Militaru resigns, and Col. Gen. Victor Stanculescu replaces him. . . . Vladimir Vasilievich Shcherbitsky, 71, former member of the Soviet Politburo, dies in the USSR.

Feb. 16

Feb. 19

Feb. 20

U.S. secretary of state James Baker calls on the UN to adopt a global antinarcotics program. . . . Foreign ministers of the EC, meeting in Dublin, for the first time give unanimous approval to German unity. . . . The United Kingdom announces that it will unilaterally lift a ban on new investments in South Africa. The move angers members of the EC, which opposes easing economic sanctions against the white minority government in Pretoria until it makes greater steps to abolish apartheid.

Feb. 21

The Americas

Namibia’s Assembly votes to elect SWAPO leader Sam Nujoma as the nation’s first president. . . . . The partially burned body of Kenyan foreign minister Robert Ouko is found in Koru. . . . Army troops overrun the east Beirut headquarters of the Lebanese Forces in Ain al Rummaneh.

Asia & the Pacific A drafting committee gives final approval to a new constitution for Hong Kong, ending several years of negotiations over the island’s political future.

In Lebanon, Samir Geagea’s militiamen launch an attack on the army helicopter base at Adma. However, a shaky cease-fire brings at least a temporary halt after two weeks of fighting between rival Christian forces in Lebanon that has killed over 600 people. Gen. Michel Aoun takes advantage of the pause to evacuate his men from Adma, leaving it to Lebanese Forces control.

In Cuba, the Central Committee of the Communist Party announces a campaign to “perfect” and “revitalize” the nation’s political system.

In Romania, 1,000 anticommunist demonstrators storm the government’s headquarters and seize Interim Deputy Premier Gelu VoicanVoiculescu, before being persuaded by soldiers to leave the building.

In Israel, Trade and Industry Minister Ariel Sharon formally resigns from the cabinet.

Some 50,000 National Opposition Union supporters gather in Nicaragua for UNO’s final rally, which is described as the largest anti-Sandinista demonstration ever staged in Managua.

About 10,000 people rally in Nepal, even after 700 political dissidents were jailed prior to planned demonstrations. . . . Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party is a surprise winner in general elections for the lower house. . . . About 600 people establish the Mongolian Democratic Party, the first opposition party in modern Mongolian history. A series of prodemocracy protests begins in Mongolia.

In Romania, interim president Ion Iliescu calls for measures to strengthen the military and police after days of protests. . . . A Bulgarian government decree is made public that grants private farmers the right to choose methods of farming and to export produce. The decree sets no limit on the amount of land a private farmer can cultivate.

Three members of Lesotho’s ruling six-man military council and a fourth senior army officer are arrested for apparently plotting against the government of Major Gen. Justin Lekhanya. . . . Students begin to protest in the Ivory Coast by boycotting classes. . . . In South Africa, Defense Minister Magnus Malan confirms accounts of the existence of the covert unit euphemistically named the Civil Cooperation Bureau.

Bank clerks, prison employees, and construction workers strike, as Peru’s economic crisis deepens. . . . In Colombia, Amico Ferrari is freed after a Feb. 15 abduction. He conveys a list of targets of the National Liberation Army, including the U.S. ambassador to Colombia, Thomas McNamara, and U.S. military advisers in the country.

In Nepal, a general strike is called by the Movement to Restore Democracy, an alliance of banned political parties. . . . In an attempt to calm protests, Kashmir governor Shri Jagmohan dissolves the state legislature since rumors of election fraud anger Muslim separatists. . . . . U.S. defense secretary Dick Cheney meets with Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos to discuss aid and the future of U.S. bases in the Philippines.

The city of Bremen becomes the first West German city to declare a freeze on accepting East German resettlers. . . . Reports state that Albania is encouraging limited foreign joint ventures. . . . In response to the unrest, the National Salvation Front calls for new laws to maintain public order in Romania.

Government investigators state that Kenyan foreign minister Robert Ouko was shot once in the head.

Looting for food by groups of women and their children breaks out in the city of Córdoba, and riots spread in Argentina.

In Nepal, police open fire on protesters in the village of Jaddukuha, killing at least 3 people. Reports indicate that at least 12 people died in violent demonstrations that started two days earlier.

Polish premier Tadeusz Mazowiecki declares that Soviet troops will remain in Poland until the “German problem” is resolved. . . . Romania’s Col. Gen. Stanculescu assures reporters that the Securitate has been disbanded.

Maj. Gen. Justin Lekhanya. strips King Moshoeshoe II of his powers in Lesotho, a landlocked state completely encircled by South Africa.

In Argentina, looting spreads to Rosario, the site of rioting in 1989. The riots continue and spread to other cities, including a suburb of Buenos Aires.

Feb. 17

Feb. 18

Africa & the Middle East

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

February 16–21, 1990—27

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Former president Reagan gives videotaped testimony that he did not order any illegal acts in the Irancontra affair.

Federal district judge D. Brooks Smith approves a $30 million settlement of 20 lawsuits against Ashland Oil Inc. for a 1988 fuel spill into the Monongahela River. . . . Reports state the U.S. merchandise trade deficit shrank in 1989 to $108.58 billion, the smallest gap since 1984.

The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. comes under fire for its plan to introduce a new cigarette, Dakota, aimed specifically at young, white, poorly educated, blue-collar women. The controversy comes in the wake of a furor involving another Reynolds cigarette, aimed at black smokers, that had been withdrawn in January following complaints that the company was exploiting African Americans.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Keith Haring, 31, New York graffiti artist, dies of complications from AIDS in NYC.

According to federal tax officials, many U.S.-based companies with foreign owners are currently undertaxed.

Feb. 16

Feb. 17

Feb. 18

The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. denies Feb. 17 reports that Dakota is intended to appeal only to young women. . . . Francis Keppel, 73, U.S. commissioner of education, 1962–66, dies of cancer in Cambridge, Mass.

Miners at Pittston Co. vote to ratify a new contract and end a 10-month strike. The previous contract expired more than two years earlier. . . . The FDIC sues the Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, along with Shearson Lehman Hutton Holdings Inc., for allegedly participating in a scheme to defraud the failed Guaranty Federal Savings and Loan Association of Dallas.

The Supreme Court rules that a program for disabled children from poor families had been illegally restricted. . . . The Supreme Court states a woman could not use her Fifth Amendment right to refuse to reveal the whereabouts of her abused son. . . . Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan states cigarette smoking costs the U.S. more than $52 billion a year. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand a ruling by a federal appeals court that looks with disfavor on use of quotations from unpublished materials without permission.

Exxon Corp. agrees to renew the cleanup of Alaska beaches soiled by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in March 1989. . . . Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan presents a semiannual monetary policy report to the House Banking Committee’s subcommittee on domestic monetary policy. Greenspan expects the economy to grow modestly in 1990.

Federal district judge Barbara Rothstein strikes down the federal law enacted in 1989 to outlaw desecration of the American flag. . . . The Supreme Court rules that the Office of Management and Budget overreached the law in curbing health and safety disclosure regulations.

The U.S. State Department issues its annual report on the status of individual human rights around the world. Because of the revolutionary changes in Eastern Europe, the report argues that 1989 is likely to be considered “a watershed year regarding the worldwide cause of human rights.” The reports condemns other nations for human rights abuses, including China, Cuba, Israel, Cambodia, and El Salvador.

Soviet astronauts Aleksandr Viktorenko and Aleksandr Serebrov return safely to Earth after spending more than five months on the space station Mir.

Feb. 19

Feb. 20

Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca makes the first of several appearances in a nationwide campaign to improve Chrysler’s image. . . . Reports suggest that executives of Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc. received bonuses totaling between $300 and $350 million shortly before the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. . . . The Supreme Court rules that interest-bearing promissory notes issued by a farmers’ cooperative are securities subject to federal regulation.

Feb. 21

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

28—February 22–27, 1990

World Affairs

Feb. 22

Feb. 23

Foreign Minister Gyula Horn expands on his notion that Hungary should have a nonmilitary role in NATO.

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

Feb. 26

A multinational Cambodian peace conference convenes in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Australia reveals a new peace plan.

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Czechoslovak and Soviet deputy foreign ministers Evzen Vacek and Ivan Aboimov, respectively, announce a basic withdrawal pact concerning Soviet troops.

After days of peace in Lebanon, Samir Geagea declares the interChristian war is over, but Gen. Michel Aoun warns the mediation is temporary . . . . Although the king’s palace in Lesotho is reported surrounded by soldiers, Maj. Gen. Justin Lekhanya denies that the monarch is under house arrest.

In Argentina, Buenos Aires authorities declare a provincial state of emergency and announce measures to provide food to the poor, suspend tax payments, and lower utility rates.

Japanese government leaders accept U.S. defense secretary Dick Cheney’s plan for withdrawal of 5,000 U.S. troops stationed in their country over the next two to three years.

Former Swiss justice minister Elisabeth Kopp is acquitted in Geneva of divulging official secrets. . . . The U.K. government formally lifts the investment ban and a ban on the promotion of tourism in South Africa.

In Kenya, memorial rites for Dr. Robert Ouko spark violence as riot police armed with tear gas and clubs clash with demonstrators. . . . About 200 students hold a peaceful sit-in at the Roman Catholic cathedral in the Ivory Coast.

José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes, 64, president of El Salvador, 1980–82 and 1984–89, dies in San Salvador.

Cambodian radio reports that forces loyal to Hun Sen’s government recaptured the town of Svay Chek. . . . In India, 400,000 proindependence protesters march peacefully in Srinagar in the largest such demonstration in decades.

Candidates backed by the Lithuanian nationalist organization win a majority of the seats in the Supreme Soviet in the first true multiparty contest in the USSR in 70 years. . . . Alessandro (Sandro) Pertini, 93, president of Italy, 1978–85, dies in his sleep in Rome.

Ivory Coast students end an occupation of a Roman Catholic church after supposedly receiving a promise of safe passage from the authorities. However, the protesters are then allegedly detained and beaten, prompting violent confrontations. Students are joined by striking civil service workers who demand the ouster of Pres. HouphouetBoigny. . . . A string of reports conclude that 70,000 refugees fled to the Ivory Coast and Guinea to escape fighting between the Liberian army and rebel forces in Dec. 1989.

The leader of the opposition Radical Civil Union, Eduardo Angeloz, refuses to join Pres. Carlos Menem’s cabinet in Argentina.

About 200,000 Kashmiri Muslims travel to a Muslim shrine in Charare-Sharif seeking divine help for the pro-independence movement. Indian police claim that at least 50,000 more had to turn back because of crowding on the narrow road from Srinagar.

More than 80,000 people participate in an anticommunist protest in Sofia, Bulgaria, the biggest demonstration since the ouster of Premier Todor Zhivkov. . . . A series of storms begins that cross Europe. . . . The refashioned Communist Party officially changes its name to the Party of Democratic Socialism in East Germany. . . . Hundreds of thousands of Soviets participate in peaceful nationwide prodemocracy marches.

In South Africa, Nelson Mandela gives a major pro-unity speech to a crowd of at least 60,000 in Natal.

In a startling political upset, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of the National Opposition Union defeats incumbent president Daniel Ortega Saavedra in national elections, ending the 10-year rule of the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicarargua. Some 2,000 foreign observers monitor the election, and few irregularities are reported.

Ingvar Carlsson returns as Sweden’s premier by a vote of parliament after his Jan. 15 resignation, temporarily settling what is called Sweden’s biggest political crisis in 30 years. . . . The Soviet Union begins a phased withdrawal of troops from Czechoslovakia under an agreement reached in Moscow. . . . Israeli foreign minister Moshe Arens arrives in Poland and pays homage at monuments to the millions of Polish Jews slain during World War II. In Italy, three North Africans are beaten by a band of white youths. . . . Hungary files a protest over a recent Romanian ban on the import of Hungarian-language books to Romania’s Transylvania region. . . . Poland resumes full diplomatic relations with Israel.

Feb. 27

Africa & the Middle East

Peasants from a Peruvian village capture and decapitate four Sendero Luminoso guerillas. . . . Pres. Menem gives the Argentine military increased authority to repress civil unrest. . . . The first democratic transition of power in Nicaragua’s history starts alongside sporadic confrontations between UNO and Sandinista supporters.

Black nationalist leader Mandela arrives in Zambia for his first trip outside of South Africa in 27 years.

At a Nicaraguan rally of 10,000, Pres. Daniel Ortega states the contras have to demobilize before the Sandinistas give up control of the army and police. President-elect Chamorro urges the contras to disband quickly for a smooth transfer of power.

Senate opposition leader Juan Ponce Enrile is arrested in Manila for allegedly participating in the Dec. 1989 coup attempt. . . . In India, the Congress (I) party of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi faces a election setback in eight states, and at least 82 people are killed in clashes between rival political gangs.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

February 22–27, 1990—29

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Indiana Senate votes down legislation that would ban abortions in public hospitals, except in cases of rape, incest, or danger to the mother’s life, and that would require doctors to test for fetal viability beyond the 20th week of pregnancy. . . . Pres. Bush announces that he asked his domestic policy council to determine what steps can be taken “to restore common sense and fairness to America’s medical malpractice system.”

Foreign trade representative Carla Hills states the U.S. will fight any attempts by Europeans to close their markets to Japanese cars manufactured in U.S. “transplant” factories.

The Justice Department reportedly warns Alaska that it will proceed with plea bargaining talks with Exxon even without the state’s participation, and Alaska officials walk out of the negotiations.

A rocket with two Japanese satellites on board explodes 101 seconds after liftoff from Kourou, French Guiana.

Victor Lasky, 72, anticommunist journalist and author, dies of cancer in Washington, D.C.

Feb. 22

Pres. Bush names Arthur A. Fletcher as chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission. . . . Bishop College in Dallas, Texas, once the largest black college in the western U.S., is sold in the first bankruptcy auction of an entire college in the U.S.

Retired Lt. Gen. James Maurice Gavin, 82, one of the U.S.’s top combat leaders in World War II, dies of complications from Parkinson’s disease in Baltimore, Md.

Federal regulators seize Imperial Savings and Mercury Savings, two of California’s largest savings and loan institutions.

The U.S. spacecraft Pioneer 11 flies beyond Neptune’s orbit, 2.8 billion miles from Earth, and out of the solar system.

Publisher’s Weekly lists The Bad Place by Dean R. Koontz as the top bestseller.

Feb. 23

West German chancellor Helmut Kohl meets with Pres. Bush at Camp David, Md.

Malcolm Stevenson Forbes, 70, chair of Forbes Inc., dies of a heart attack in Far Hills, N.J. . . . Anthony Richard (Tony) Conigliaro, 45, outfielder with the Boston Red Sox in the 1960s, dies of kidney failure.

The National Governors’ Association adopts a set of six goals designed to boost student achievement in the U.S. by the year 2000. The FEC reports that Sen. Phil Gramm (R, Tex.) raised almost $6 million in 1989, the highest total of anyone running for the Senate in 1990. Rep. Lynn M. Martin (R, Ill.), who plans to challenge the incumbent, raised $1.5 million, the highest total reported to the FEC by a challenger for a Senate seat. The House Energy and Commerce investigations subcommittee criticizes the FDA for allowing the continued sale of a heart valve after the manufacturer learned of fatal malfunctions.

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

Pres. Bush begins negotiations aimed at lifting economic sanctions imposed against Nicaragua in 1985. . . . The Supreme Court declines to review challenges to the military’s policy of barring homosexuals from service.

Rev. Bruce Ritter, founder of the Covenant House network of shelters for runaways, resigns in the wake of allegations that he had engaged in sexual misconduct with young male residents. . . . The Supreme Court rules states can treat mentally ill prisoners with antipsychotic drugs against their will without a court hearing.

Cornell Gunter, 53, lead singer of the Coasters doo-wop singing group, is shot and killed while driving his car in Las Vegas.

Exxon Corp. is indicted by a federal grand jury in Anchorage, Alaska, on criminal felony and misdemeanor charges stemming from the Exxon Valdez oil spill Mar. 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound.

Feb. 26

Feb. 27

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

30—February 28–March 5, 1990

World Affairs

Feb. 28

March 1

The multinational Cambodian peace conference concludes without reaching any agreements, and it is unclear whether talks will resume.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Greville Maynard Wynne, 71, spy for the British secret intelligence service in the 1960s, dies of cancer in London.

Nelson Mandela gives a news conference in which he expresses support for Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian cause.

The Financial Times reports storms that started in Europe on Feb. 25 have killed 45 people in 8 countries, 14 of them from Britain . . . . Hungary’s parliament amends the constitution to allow direct presidential elections.

In Bulgaria, 20,000 people stage a prodemocracy protest in Sofia. . . . A parliamentary committee reveals that high-ranking officials, including Premier Miklos Nemeth, Acting President Matyas Szuros, and Minister of State Imre Pozsgay, received secret intelligence reports after Hungary revised its constitution in Oct. 1989. . . . Striking workers at two British Aerospace PLC plants approve a pact.

March 2

At the end of a two-day meeting in Lusaka, Zambia, the 35-member executive committee of the African National Congress formally names Nelson Mandela as deputy president. . . . Israel imposes military censorship on domestic and foreign news media coverage of the Jewish Soviet immigration issue.

Around 30,000 people demonstrate in Bern against secret surveillance of citizens, and the march ends in vandalism. The demonstration is prompted by revelations, first made in Nov. 1989, that the federal police had 900,000 secret security files on 200,000 Swiss citizens and foreigners. . . . Gerard Blitz, 78, Belgian founder of the Club Med empire of vacation villages, dies in Paris.

March 3

March 4

March 5

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega calls for an immediate cease-fire with the contras.

Several people are reported to have been killed by bomb attacks on public buildings in Srinagar, India.

In Peru, peasants ambush 20 Maoist guerrillas, decapitating nine. . . . Panamanian president Guillermo Endara begins a 12-day fast in solidarity with the poor. . . . Luis Alberto Lacalle is sworn in as president of Uruguay. . . . Zelia Cardoso de Mello becomes the first woman to serve in a major cabinet post in Brazil.

At least 32 people are killed when Indian security forces fire on crowds of pro-independence marchers in Srinagar.

President-elect Fernando Collor de Mello names José Antonio Lutzenberger, Brazil’s noted environmentalist, as minister of the environment. . . . Reports surface of widespread desertions of army draftees since Violeta Barrios de Chamorro’s election win in Nicaragua. . . . One soldier is killed, and 15 U.S. military personnel and 12 Panamanians are injured in a grenade attack on a nightclub in Panama City. . . . The Alberta government accepts a review panel’s recommendation to bar construction of a C$1.3 billion Japanese-controlled pulp mill until further environmental impact studies are completed.

Indian officials impose an indefinite curfew on Srinagar and the rest of the Vale of Kashmir. Police are ordered to shoot curfew violators on sight.

In Nicaragua, a military helicopter drops a grenade on the home of UNO member Trinidad Ubeda Gonzales as Sandinistas are unwilling to accept election results. Lenin Cherna, director of the state security service, refuses to recognize Chamarro’s authority, stating that “there is going to be a new government, but you cannot change the regime. I will never obey the orders of Violeta.”

Candidates from the Lithuanian nationalist organization solidify their legislative majority in run-off elections as 90 of the 141 seats in the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet are held by pro-independence deputies. . . . Peter Walker, the secretary of state for Wales, announces his decision to leave the British cabinet on good terms.

Black nationalist military officers sympathetic to the ANC overthrow Ciskei’s president-for-life, Lennox Sebe. During the coup, Sebe is in Hong Kong, but his son and three officers are arrested. . . . Mahmoud Hashemi, an Iranian envoy, meets with a Syrian Foreign Minister to discuss the release of hostages in Lebanon.

Eleven opposition groups and one civic group form a coalition to call for free elections and demand Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril’s resignation in Haiti. . . . Argentina unveils a new austerity plan aimed at cutting $2 billion in government spending over the next year.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev holds a closed-door meeting in Moscow with Lithuanian Communist Party leader Algirdas Brazauskas in an attempt to dissuade the Baltic republic from declaring its independence from the Soviet Union.

Ugandan wildlife officials report efforts to save the mountain gorilla from extinction is succeeding as the gorilla population increased from 300 to 450 over the four years. . . . Pres. Mengistu Haile Mariam calls for Ethiopia to scrap its economic system and replace it with a liberalized mixed economy. . . . South African soldiers are dispatched to Ciskei by Brig. Joshua Oupa Gqozo, who also expresses his regime’s sympathy for the ANC by releasing 500 political prisoners. . . . In his first news conference in five years, Pres. Félix Houphouët-Boigny blames multinational corporations for trying to destabilize the Ivory Coast.

In Haiti, an 11-year-old girl, Roseline Vaval, is killed by a stray bullet fired by a soldier breaking up a protest in Petit Goave. . . An economic austerity plan is met with protests from Argentine unions, as about 2,500 workers take control of the targeted bank to resist the planned closing. . . . In Cuba, mobs of youths raid two homes where representatives of four human rights groups met to discuss forming a national opposition front.

Fourteen people are killed when army units recapture a Philippines hotel seized by forces loyal to Rodolfo Aguinaldo. . . . In India, security forces raid the homes of suspected militants and arrest more than 100 activists. . . . In Mongolia, 20,000 prodemocracy protesters gather in Ulan Bator in the largest demonstration since 1989.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

February 28–March 5, 1990—31

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The Supreme Court rules Pennsylvania’s death penalty law is constitutional, removing a threat to 13 similar state laws. . . . The Supreme Court states police arresting a suspect in his home can conduct a search to ensure they are not in danger without a warrant. . . . The Supreme Court upholds a search abroad of a foreigner’s property by U.S. officials without a warrant.

Zulu chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi urges Pres. Bush to lift economic sanctions against Pretoria. . . . U.S. humanitarian aid to the contras in Nicaragua expires.

Around 24,000 gallons of heating oil leak from a hole in an Exxon barge at Bayonne.

An earthquake that registers 5.5 on the Richter scale, strikes southern California, causing minor damage to buildings and roadways from Santa Barbara to the Mexican border.

Dr. Antonia Coello Novello is confirmed as surgeon general, the first woman and the first Hispanic to hold the position. . . . Researchers at Harvard University find that thousands of people in New York State die or are injured each year in hospitals because of medical negligence.

A compromise on clean-air legislation is announced by the Senate and White House. . . . Around 3,500 gallons of oil spill from a barge at Exxon Corp.’s Bayway plant. . . . The Nuclear Regulatory Commission approves a license for the Seabrook, N.H., nuclear power plant, despite protests. About 30 protesters are arrested.

The FDA approves the use of AZT in patients who are infected with the AIDS virus but do not have the disease itself. . . . A bipartisan commission recommends legislation to provide health insurance to every American, a plan estimated to cost $66.2 billion per year. . . . A retired federal judge, Arlin M. Adams, is named special prosecutor to investigate allegations that former Housing and Urban Development officials siphoned federal money into housing projects backed by prominent Republicans.

Japanese premier Toshiki meets with Pres. Bush in Springs, Calif., to discuss imbalance between the two tries.

Publishing tycoon Walter H. Annenberg donates an unprecedented $50 million to the United Negro College Fund. The gift is said to the largest ever given for black colleges.

Pres. Bush gives a news conference where he declares a U.S. policy that no new Jewish settlements should be built “in the West Bank or east Jerusalem.” His remarks precipitate an uproar over the next week.

For the second time in two weeks, a federal district judge declares unconstitutional a law that makes it a crime to burn the American flag. . . . The Supreme Court rejects two appeals by death-row inmates to reopen their cases in light of legal rulings since their trials. . . . The Supreme Court overturns a provision of North Carolina’s death penalty law that requires unanimous consent for a jury to consider mitigating circumstances. . . . The Supreme Court condones use of evidence obtained in violation of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel to impeach a defendant’s “false or inconsistent testimony” in court.

Kaifu Palm trade coun-

A nationwide strike against Greyhound Lines Inc. begins by the Amalgamated Transit Union. . . . Exxon suspends its tanker and barge traffic at the Bayway refinery and Bayonne terminal, pending investigations of recent spills. . . . Securities and Exchange Commission chairman Richard Breeden testifies before a subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee on the implications of the collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Feb. 28

The continuing failure of longterm negotiations between Major League Baseball team owners and the players’ union postpones the formal opening of spring training.

The National Research Council warns that Pres. Bush’s proposal for a base on the Moon and a manned mission to Mars is “comprehensive and robust” but under current technology such missions pose “unacceptable risks to the crew.”

March 1

March 2

An international team completes the longest unmechanized crossing of the Antarctic continent. The team, which set out on July 28, 1989, used only skis and dog sleds on its 3,800-mile trek. The group is led by Jean-Louis Étienne of France and Will Steger of the U.S.

U.S. space shuttle Atlantis reportedly deploys a $500 million defense spy satellite capable of producing high-resolution pictures of the Soviet Union as well as communications intercepts. Reports of the mission emerge after a touchdown at Edwards Air Force Base since a news blackout had been imposed earlier.

Greyhound chairman Fred G. Currey reveals that the company put aside millions of dollars in a special strike fund to hire and train replacement workers. . . . American Express reverses an effort to loosen ties with its struggling Shearson Lehman Hutton Inc. subsidiary and states it will buy up the remaining 31% of public shares.

New York City’s Roman Catholic archbishop, Cardinal John O’Connor, reveals that priests performed two exorcisms within the past year.

After a delay, the trial of former national security adviser John Poindexter opens in Washington, D.C. . . . The U.S. agrees to remove thousands of nerve-gas artillery shells from a base in Clausen in southern West Germany, where they had been stored since 1967 . . . . A Nicaraguan economic adviser, Francisco Mayorga Balladares, meets in Washington, D.C., with Secretary of State James Baker and asks for U.S. aid.

IBM announces it will not exclusively supply its computers with software made by Microsoft Corp. . . . General Motors announces it will merge two engine manufacturing units into one.

A commercially sponsored television news program, “Channel One,” designed for classrooms debuts in 400 schools. . . . Gary Merrill, 74, actor, dies of lung cancer in Portland, Maine. . . . Hank Gathers, center of the Loyola Marymount college basketball team, collapses during a game and dies less than two hours later.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 3

March 4

March 5

32—March 6–11, 1990

March 6

March 7

March 8

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Commission on Human Rights pass a resolution that expresses concern about human rights violations in Cuba. . . . East German premier Hans Modrow meets with Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, who does not agree to NATO membership for a unified Germany.

In France, a handcuffed and unarmed Algerian suspect is killed by police. . . . Protests against the British government’s new poll tax turn violent and last four days. . . . Election returns in the Soviet Slavic republics of Russia, Byelorussia, and the Ukraine show that radical reformists and nationalists score notable gains. However, as many as 70% of the races are undecided and therefore subject to run-offs.

The UN Human Rights Commission agrees to begin a special investigation into human rights abuses in Haiti.

In an interview, First Secretary Algirdas Brazauskas discloses that Pres. Gorbachev told him Lithuania will have to compensate the Soviet Union with money and territory if it wishes to secede. . . . Swiss president and justice minister Arnold Koller pledges a new law to put security police under the control of parliament. . . . Jay Lovestone, 91, Lithuanian-born former head of the American Communist Party who later became a staunch anticommunist, dies in NYC.

West German chancellor Helmut Kohl flies to Brussels, where he addresses representatives of NATO. . . . Eight nations bordering on the North Sea agree on a pact to cut water pollution.

March 9

March 10

March 11

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Brig. Joshua Oupa Gqozo’s government declares a state of emergency in an effort to halt looting and rioting. . . . The U.S. charges that Libya is producing poison gas at Rabta. . . . Sudanese leader Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir and Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi sign a pact paving the way for a merger between Sudan and Libya in four years.

In Nicaragua, Pres. Daniel Ortega announces a repeal of the decadeold law that restrains freedom of expression.

An Afghan air force jet bombs the presidential palace in Kabul in a coup attempt led by Defense Minister Shahnawaz Tanai.

In Bophuthatswana, a crowd of 50,000 ask for the resignation of Pres. Lucas Mangope and reincorporation into South Africa. Local police open fire, and at least seven people are reported killed and 450 injured. . . . In Ethopia, thousands of students march to demonstrate their support for the planned reforms.

In Colombia, the National Liberation Army rebel group issues a statement claiming it abducted 15 public officials.

Ten prodemocracy activists begin a hunger strike in Mongolia. . . . Fighting between the rival military factions continue in Afghanistan.

In Britain, violent protests of the poll tax continue. The worst violence occurs in the London borough of Hackney, where 60 people are arrested and 29 police officers are hurt after some protesters in a crowd of about 4,000 turn violent.

In Haiti, some 10,00 people attend the burial of Roseline Vaval, slain Mar. 5. in Petit Goave. A soldier and civilian are killed near the town during protests. At least one other person is killed in protests by thousands of demonstrators who burn cars and set up flaming barricades in towns and cities around the country. Several businesses shut down and remain closed for a week. In Port-au-Prince, 3,000 people converge to demand Gen. Prosper Avril’s ouster. . . . In Cuba, mobs riot outside Human Rights Committee director Gustavo Arcos’s home.

Afghan military forces led by Defense Minister Shahnawaz Tanai fail to oust the government of Pres. Najibullah. Afghan radio reports at least 56 people were killed in the revolt.

Western sources claim East German Stasi files and technical equipment are being turned over to the Soviet Union. . . . The Georgian Supreme Soviet condemns the republic’s 1921 forced incorporation into the USSR and demands talks with the Kremlin over independence. . . . In Paris, a cafe owner shoots two Arab youths, killing one.

Opposition leaders keep up their demand for Prosper Avril to resign and call on Haitians to stage a strike if the president does not step down in the next three days. . . . In Colombia, the M-19 rebel group leader Carlos Pizarro signs a peace pact with Pres. Virgilio Barco, ending 16 years of armed struggle.

In Mongolia, 29 people who went on hunger strikes call off their protest after hearing reports of Pres. Jambyn Batmonh’s intention to resign.

In France, a driver deliberately runs down and kills a Moroccan student, according to witnesses. . . . (Robert) Michael Maitland Stewart, 83, retired British foreign secretary, dies in London.

An Iraqi revolutionary court convicts a freelance correspondent for a British newspaper, Farzad Bazoft, of espionage and sentences him to death, ignoring international pleas for clemency. Daphne Parish, 53, a British nurse who drove Bazoft, is sentenced to 15 years in jail. . . . Lesotho’s military ruler, Maj. Gen. Justin Lekhanya, sends King Moshoeshoe II into temporary exile in Britain after a bitter power struggle.

In Haiti, violent protests continue, and soldiers kill eight youths. Pres. Prosper Avril resigns. . . . Cuban security police arrest eight human rights activists, accusing them of holding illegal meetings and claiming they are paving the way for a U.S. invasion. . . . In Nicaragua, the General Amnesty and National Reconciliation Law passes, which grants amnesty to public officials for all economic crimes and to contras and Sandinista soldiers for crimes committed during the contra war.

The Supreme Soviet of Lithuania declares the republic’s independence from the Soviet Union. It is the first Soviet republic to attempt to secede . . . British prime minister Thatcher sends an immediate appeal for clemency to Iraqi Pres. Hussein after hearing of the Mar. 10 convictions of British citizens. . . . Philippe Soupault, 92, French writer and poet who was one of the founders of the Surrealism movement in the 1920s, dies in Paris.

Reports confirm that Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gadhafi has released Abu Nidal (Sabry alBanna), the notorious Palestinian terrorist, from house arrest in Tripoli. . . . In Israel, Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir again refuses to put a new peace plan matter to a vote, prompting the Labor ministers to storm out of the cabinet.

Political leaders describe Haiti as on the brink of chaos, with some 20 people having been killed in the preceding 24 hours. Supreme Court justice Ertha Pascal-Trouillot is chosen by a coalition of opposition leaders to lead the government. . . . Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as president of Chile, returning the nation to a democratic tradition that ended in 1973.

Around 5,000 Mongolian Communists gather in front of Ulan Bator’s Lenin Museum to assail the opposition movement.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

March 6–11, 1990—33

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Senate confirms Clarence Thomas, chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, as a judge on the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.

Wealthy Saudi Arabians donate a total of $2 million to former first lady Nancy Reagan’s antidrug campaign.

William Francis Raborn Jr., 84, one-time head of the CIA, dies of cardiac arrest in MacLean, Va.

Three crew members of Northwest Airlines are arrested upon landing in Minneapolis–St. Paul after FAA officials receive information that they are flying while under the influence of alcohol. . . . A doctor who worked for a city-owned hospital in NYC reaches a settlement in a lawsuit which claims she contracted AIDS after pricking herself on a contaminated needle. . . . A national transportation plan is unveiled at the White House and runs into heavy flak from Capitol Hill and state and local officials.

Following a CBS News report, the White House admits Pres. Bush had been duped into taking a telephone call from someone purporting to be Iranian president Ali Rafsanjani. . . . Former president Richard Nixon gives a foreign-policy speech to the House Republican Conference and holds his first Washington news conference since his 1974 resignation.

The Senate votes to confirm John R. Dunne as assistant attorney general for civil rights. . . . Three Northwest crew members have their licenses revoked by the FAA after blood alcohol tests show they exceeded drinking limits.

The Pentagon unveils a two-year, $2 billion program to combat the smuggling of illegal drugs into the U.S. . . . Oliver North testifies he never hid his contra-related activities from John Poindexter and operated under Poindexter’s instructions.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The U.S. Postal Service proposes a record rate increase that would raise the price of a first-class stamp by 19%, to 30 cents from the current 25 cents. . . . A barge explosion dumps up to 200,000 gallons of heating oil into the Arthur Kill waterway in New York Harbor.

An Air Force SR-71 Blackbird supersonic spy plane, crewed by Lt. Col. Raymond E. Yeilding and Lt. Col. Joseph T. Vida, sets a transcontinental speed record before being retired from service by congressional mandate.

Joe Sewell, 91, baseball player in the 1920s and 1930s, dies in Mobile, Ala.

Teachers in W.Va. leave their jobs to demand better pay and an upgrade of the state’s education system in the first statewide teachers’ walkout. . . . The Labor Department charges Burger King Corp. with violating child-labor laws.

Three people are killed and 162 are injured in Philadelphia when a subway train derails and crashes into tunnel support beams.

A study in the New England Journal of Medicine shows that babies of older mothers are just as healthy as those born to younger mothers and are no more likely to be born prematurely or to die in infancy. . . . The first large-scale study of RU-486 finds the abortion pill to be as safe and effective as surgical abortion.

March 7

Kurt Browning of Canada repeats as men’s titlist at the World Figure Skating Championships.

Sporadic violence begins during the Greyhound strike.

A bullet shot from an overpass pierces a Greyhound bus roof and injured seven people during protests near Jacksonville, Fla.

March 6

March 8

March 9

Studies show that an unexpectedly high percentage of AIDS patients who took the experimental drug DDI through an unusual free distribution system died.

The Houston Post ends a more than month-long series of reports that allege at least 22 now-insolvent thrifts made loans to individuals who have links to the CIA, organized crime, or both.

Martial Jean-Paul Singher, 85, baritone and opera singer, dies of heart disease at in Santa Barbara, Calif. . . . Jill Trenary narrowly wins the women’s title in the World Figure Skating Championships.

The Roman Catholic archbishop of Los Angeles, Roger Mahony, sends a letter to 3,500 priests and nuns in the archdiocese, asking for 10 volunteers to test an experimental AIDS vaccine developed by polio vaccine pioneer Dr. Jonas Salk.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 10

March 11

34—March 12–17, 1990

World Affairs

March 12

March 13

March 14

The two German states, Great Britain, France, the U.S., and the USSR open talks on German reunification in Bonn. . . . Iraq rejects an offer by U.K.’s foreign secretary Douglas Hurd to talk with Pres. Saddam Hussein. . . . The International Monetary Fund approves the first installment of $206 million in standby credit for Hungary.

March 15

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In the midst of an amnesty program for 700,000 illegal aliens, Florentine police clear the city of unlicensed street vendors, mostly from Somalia and Senegal. . . . The Soviet congress holds a special session to consider a package of constitutional amendments. . . . An East German official states 4,000 foreign espionage employees of Stasi will be reduced to 250 by June.

Former U.S. president Jimmy Carter starts a visit to the Middle East. . . . Reports surface that Madagascar will permit multiparty politics, ending a ban from 1975. . . . Sudan’s news agency reports that 69 people were killed in Darfur in an ancient feud over grazing rights. Between 2,000 and 3,000 people died in the feud since 1989 alone.

President Gen. Prosper Avril leaves Haiti for Florida on a U.S. military transport jet with his wife and two children. . . . In Chile, Pres. Patricio Aylwin moves to the issue of human rights abuses committed during the Pinochet years by announcing a decree releasing “numerous” political prisoners. . . . Nicaragua’s president Daniel Ortega meets with U.S. vice president Dan Quayle in Chile.

In Ulan Bator, Mongolia, General Secretary Jambyn Batmonh paves the way for the changes at a historic Central Committee meeting when he and the entire Communist Politburo officially offer their resignations. Batmonh vows the Communists will work with opposition forces to make sweeping political changes.

The Soviet Congress repeals the Communist Party’s political monopoly, revamps and strengthens the presidency. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev calls Lithuania’s Mar. 11 declaration “illegitimate and invalid” and bars negotiations over secession with any of the Baltic republics. . . . The mayor of Florence, Giorgio Morales, resigns after a feud over the Mar. 12 action against street vendors. . . . The Irish Supreme Court refuses to extradite two convicted Provisional Irish Republican Army members who escaped from jail.

Liberian president Samuel K. Doe accuses local government officials of having helped stir the unrest in Nimba County, where the army had been battling an incursion by rebels since Dec. 1989. . . . In Israel, Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir fires Labor Party member Shimon Peres, which prompts the rest of the Labor ministers to immediately resign.

Supreme Court justice Ertha Pascal-Trouillot is sworn in as interim president of Haiti. Her appointment marks the first time since Duvalier’s overthrow that Haitian civilians choose their own leader. . . . Brazil’s central bank orders the closing of all banks pending the announcement of president-elect Collor’s economic program. . . . Reports surface that 6 people were killed when a long-standing land feud flared in Piate, an agricultural community in Haiti.

A Philippine military spokesman discloses that suspended provincial governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo is hiding with pygmy tribesmen in the far north of the Philippines. . . . The government of Papua New Guinea withdraws its troops from Bougainville.

In East Germany, Democratic Awakening leader Wolfgang Schnur resigns amid allegations that he had been an informer for the Stasi. . . . The Soviet congress votes to choose the new executive president itself, and then have the president chosen by a popular election in 1995.

Reports emerge that a Libyan factory alleged by the U.S. to be producing chemical weapons is on fire. A spokesman for Libya’s official news agency, JANA, states Libya “does not rule out Israeli or American sabotage.” Pres. Bush denies “absolutely” any American role.

Cuban leader Fidel Castro launches a visit to Brazil to attend the inauguration of Fernando Collor de Mello as Brazil’s new president and to strengthen ties with Latin America.

The Central Committee of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party votes to relinquish its constitutionally guaranteed monopoly on power, and it selects a new reformist leader and an entirely new Politburo. Gombojavyn Ochirbat, a former party official, replaces General Secretary Jambyn Batmonh.

The Soviet congress elects Gorbachev to a five-year term as executive president, and it votes to invalidate Lithuania’s Mar. 11 declaration. . . . A bomb explodes at a mosque in Rennes. Police describe the attack as the latest manifestation of racial tensions in France. . . . In East Germany, Rev. Rainer Eppelmann is named to succeed Wolfgang Schnur as chairman of the Democratic Awakening Party. . . . The Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union re-establish diplomatic ties for the first time since 1923.

Iraq ignores international pleas for clemency and promptly hangs Iranian-born Farzad Bazoft, severely straining relations between Iraq and the United Kingdom. . . . Libyan and U.S. officials report the plant at Rabta is extensively damaged from the blaze reported Mar. 14 and will be out of operation indefinitely. . . . In Israel, P.M. Shamir grants recognition to Modai’s group as an independent party allied to Likud. . . . Despite unprecedented protests against the Ivory Coast’s austerity plan, the government announces it will cut salaries for public-sector employees.

Fernando Collor de Mello is sworn in as president of Brazil, marking the first democratically elected regime in Brazil in three decades. . . . The Supreme Court of Canada, in a unanimous landmark decision, rules that French-speaking parents in Edmonton have a right to administer their own publicly financed schools in a case begun in 1982.

Batmonh remains Mongolia’s president, but the state newspaper reports that he has offered to resign tha post as well. . . . In Taiwan, the members of the National Assembly provoke a great furor by granting itself veto power over legislation, the right to meet annually, and a 400% pay raise.

March 16

Dr. Jonathan Mann, the founder and director of the World Health Organization’s Global Program on AIDS, resigns unexpectedly.

Soviet president Gorbachev orders the Lithuanian government to rescind its Mar. 11 declaration of independence by Mar. 19. . . . Ambulance workers across Britain formally end their six-month industrial dispute.

The Israeli Knesset votes out the government of P.M. Yitzhak Shamir after he refuses to accept a U.S. plan for beginning Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.

A group calling itself the December 20 Movement after the date of the U.S. invasion of Panama claims credit for the Mar. 2 bombing of a Panamanian nightclub and the crash of two U.S. helicopters. . . . Nicholas Braithwaite is appointed prime minister in Grenada after the governor general, Sir Paul Scoon, persuades Ben Jones to step down. . . . Under the amnesty law, 73 ex-Sandinista soldiers and 11 contras are freed, leaving Nicaragua with no remaining political prisoners.

In Taiwan, demonstrations against the National Assembly’s new authority are held in Chiang Kaishek Square.

March 17

The foreign ministers of the Warsaw Pact nations meet in Prague to discuss the German issue.

The Lithuanian parliament form a noncommunist coalition government and choose economist Kazimiera Prunskiene as premier. Thousands of people stage an antiindependence rally in Vilnius after Soviet military helicopters drop leaflets encouraging ethnic Russians to attend the protest. . . . A national opera house built on the site of the former Bastille prison in Paris has its grand opening.

Tens of thousands of Iraqis march in government-sponsored demonstrations in Baghdad and other Iraqi cities, chanting anti-British slogans and expressing support for Farzad Bazoft’s execution.

Antiriot police evict striking workers from Mexico City’s Cervecería Modelo brewery. . . . A restored 19th-century opera house located in Mana´us, Brazil, reopens for the first time in more than 80 years.

South Korean president Roh Tae Woo announces a cabinet shuffle. Although these are the first changes since Roh’s conservative ruling party merged with two opposition parties, only three of 15 new ministers are from the opposition groups.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

March 12–17, 1990—35

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Oliver North admits he saw John Poindexter destroy an order, purportedly signed by Pres. Reagan, that permitted the CIA to become involved in an Israeli shipment of missiles to Iran and referred to the shipment as an arms-for-hostages deal. . . . The U.S. State Department and the White House reiterate U.S. support for Lithuanian selfdetermination but decline to recognize Lithuanian sovereignty.

Nynex Corp. formally disputes charges by the FCC that it overcharged customers for a number of years.

Walter Orr Roberts, 74, climatologist who was one of the first scientists to warn that human technology is changing the Earth’s climate and founded the National Center for Atmospheric Research, dies of cancer in Boulder, Colo.

Swimmer Janet Evans is named the winner of the Sullivan Award as the nation’s top amateur athlete for 1989. . . . Gene Klein, 69, former owner of the National Football League’s San Diego Chargers, dies in La Jolla, Calif., after a heart attack.

Oliver North testifies the secret Iranian arms sales were known throughout the government. North confirms that officials of the National Security Council considered sending then-Vice President George Bush as an emissary to Iran in early 1986. . . . Pres. Bush lifts all economic sanctions against Nicaragua and sends to Congress an emergency request for $300 million in aid to help rebuild that nation’s war-torn economy. . . . Graham Anderson Martin, 77, last U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam, dies of a heart ailment in WinstonSalem, North Carolina.

A House committee unanimously votes in favor of a bill that will give increased authority to the Securities and Exchange Commission to curb program trading. . . . An empty bus is set on fire by a flare in a bus yard in Fresno, Calif., during the Greyhound strike.

The National Academy of Sciences finds that the U.S.’s child-care system is inadequate and requires a major increase in federal spending to meet the needs of American families.

A court challenge to the Seabrook, N.H., nuclear plant is rejected by the U.S. Court of Appeals. . . . California’s Columbia Savings and Loan Association announces a plan to sell off its entire junk-bond portfolio, which was the largest junkbond portfolio ever put up for sale.

Ellen Glasser, a FBI agent, testifies that John Poindexter deleted more than 5,000 messages from his computer as investigations started in Nov. 1986. . . . Talks on opening up Japan’s markets to foreign satellites break off and are not likely to resume. . . . A number of observances are held to mark the fifth anniversary of the kidnapping of Terry A. Anderson, the AP correspondent who is the longest-held Western hostage in Lebanon.

March 13

A $150 million communications satellite fails when it cannot properly clear from its Titan-3 rocket launcher. The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, or Intelsat, satellite settles into a lopsided orbit ranging from 90 to 130 miles from Earth.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission signs a full-power operating license for Seabrook nuclear power plant. . . . The Labor Department reports that a 530-person “strike force” found alleged child-labor violations involving 7,000 youngsters at Burger King franchises.

MCA Inc. buys Geffen Records from its founder and owner, David Geffen, for a reported $545 million in stock, which makes MCA one of the largest record companies in the U.S.

A record-store clerk in Sarasota, Fla., is charged with selling harmful materials to a minor after he sold the album As Nasty as They Wanna Be by 2 Live Crew to an 11-year-old girl. A judge in Broward County, Fla., rules that same album obscene and bans its sale in the county. . . . Thomas Dudley (Tom) Harmon, 70, football hero and sports broadcaster, dies in Los Angeles after a heart attack.

An International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, or Intelsat, satellite is nudged into a slightly higher orbit by engineers at ground control at Cape Canaveral, Florida, which stretches the life expectancy of the satellite from weeks to months. Martin Marietta Corp., blames the mishap on faulty wiring in its Titan-3 booster rocket.

A firebomb destroys a building that housed a local DEA office in Fort Myers, Florida. No injuries are reported, but officials say that files are destroyed and more than $4 million in damage has been done to the building and its contents.

March 12

Pope John Paul II and a delegation of American Jewish leaders meet at the Vatican for the first time in two years.

The $500 million spy satellite launched by the U.S. in February suffers a “disabling malfunction,” according to U.S. and Soviet officials. The satellite is expected to fall from orbit and reenter the Earth’s atmosphere within four weeks.

March 14

March 15

March 16

March 17

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

36—March 18–23, 1990

World Affairs

March 20

March 21

Africa & the Middle East

An alliance of conservative parties backed by West German chancellor Helmut Kohl scores a surprising triumph in East German general elections. It is the first free election in that part of Germany since 1932 and is also the first national election in a Warsaw Pact nation since reforms in the Eastern bloc in 1989. . . . Soviet forces in Lithuania begin large-scale maneuvers that include almost daily flyovers of Vilnius by military jets.

March 18

March 19

Europe

French foreign minister Roland Dumas states the German moves toward unity should not hinder the attempts by the 12-nation European Community to establish an open internal market by the end of 1992.

Romanians and ethnic Hungarians clash in Tirgu Mures, leaving at least three people dead and hundreds injured in the worst inter-ethnic conflict in Romania since World War II. . . . Although the Mar. 19 deadline is disregarded by Lithuania, Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev meets with Lithuanian deputies and issues a warning against the republic’s printing its own currency, opening its own customs posts, or taking over state-owned enterprises.

Hungarian premier Miklos Nemeth calls for UN intervention in Transylvania. . . . U.S. secretary of state James Baker meets with Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, to attend Namibian independence ceremonies. Canada says it will lift its sanctions against Namibia and provide over $4 million in aid.

An estimated 70,000 Hungarians hold an anti-Romania rally in Budapest. . . . Lithuania forms a paramilitary security force, the Volunteer Society for Cooperation with the Army and Navy. . . . Lord (Nathaniel Mayer Victor) Rothschild, 79, third baron of Rothschild, zoologist, business executive, and a member of the famous European banking family, dies of unreported causes.

Namibia, formerly known as SouthWest Africa, becomes the world’s newest independent nation, ending 75 years of South African control. U.S. president George Bush lifts economic sanctions imposed on Namibia while it was controlled by South Africa.

Romania’s National Salvation Front declares a state of emergency in Tirgu Mures and sends in 500 troops. . . . British home secretary David Waddington announces a new police inquiry of the Birmingham Six, who were serving life sentences for two 1974 bombings that killed 21 people. The six prisoners claim confessions had been coerced. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev bans the sale or ownership of firearms in Lithuania.

In Sudan, reports emerge that fighting between rebels and government groups prevented emergency food shipments from reaching the war zone, threatening hundreds of thousands of people with famine.

Pres. F. W. de Klerk meets with Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze in the first meeting between a ranking Soviet minister and a South African head of state. . . . ANC leader Nelson Mandela meets with U.S. secretary of state Baker in the firstever senior-level contact between the U.S. and Mandela.

A Soviet military convoy rolls through Vilniusto, pressuring Lithuania to back down from its declaration of independence. Lithuania’s head of volunteer security, Gen. Taruiskis, reveals he began to comply with the Soviet order to disarm the force. . . . Ethnic Albanians attack Serbs and Montenegrins in Kosovo in response to rumors that the Slavic minority poisoned Albanian children.

March 22

The Soviet government curbs movements of foreign journalists in Lithuania, gives Western diplomats 12 hours to leave the republic, and restricts entry into Lithuania by foreigners. . . . In Bulgaria, reports emerge that concentration camps during the regime of ousted Communist leader Todor Zhivkov killed or tortured hundreds of prisoners in the 1950s and 1960s. . . . Britain’s Duchess of York (Sarah Ferguson), wife of Prince Andrew, gives birth to her second child in London.

March 23

Reports indicate that the Palestine Liberation Organization has been lobbying the Soviet Union to curb Russian-Jewish immigration to Israel for the past two months.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Violent riots erupt in Haiti and continue for five days.

In Taiwan, protests reach a peak when 20,000 people rally in the park to demand democratic changes and the removal of the aging assembly members.

In a major initiative, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney states that Canada will forgive C$182 million (US$154 million) in debt owed by Caribbean countries. . . . Brazil’s financial markets are at a virtual standstill as they feel the effects of the liquidity squeeze resulting from President Fernando Collor de Mello’s program.

Governor Joseph F. Ada (R) of the U.S. Pacific island territory of Guam signs into law a measure that contains the most restrictive abortion curbs in the U.S.

Thirteen people, including 11 members of a neighborhood defense group, are killed in Petite Goave, Haiti. . . . Nicaragua’s National Assembly grants lifelong immunity to presidents and other officials elected since 1984 and to future ones during their terms of office. . . . Venezuela reaches an agreement to reduce its $20 billion commercial bank debt, becoming the fourth country to do so under the developing-country debt strategy launched by U.S. treasury secretary James Brady in March 1989.

Guam’s attorney general, Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson, files charges against an anti-abortion law to force a constitutional review. . . . The National People’s Congress, China’s parliament, opens, and Chinese premier Li Peng vows that socialism would “stand rock firm” in his country.

Gen. Gustavo Leigh Guzmán, a one-time member of the military junta that ruled Chile for 16 years, is shot 5 times and critically wounded. A leftist guerrilla group claims responsibility for the shooting. . . . Gen. Isidro Caceres, the Argentine chief of staff, dies after a heart attack left him in a coma earlier. . . . Argentina’s Peronist labor leaders orchestrate a national strike that shuts down schools, the state airline, and government offices.

Mongolia’s People’s Great Hural (parliament) chooses Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat as the new president of Mongolia and Sharavyn Gunjaadorj as the country’s new premier. . . . Taiwan’s National Assembly reelects President Lee Teng-hui to a six-year term. Lee is the only official candidate, and the vote comes amid growing prodemocracy protests in the capital city, Taipei.

Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa, presidential candidate of the leftist Patriotic Union, is shot and killed at the El Dorado airport in Bogotá, the second Colombian presidential candidate to be slain in seven months. . . . Argentine president Carlos Menem appoints Antonio Ermán Gonzalez, his finance minister, to assume control of the central bank.

Taiwan’s president Lee Teng-hui meets with representatives of 4,000 prodemocracy student protesters. He makes promises of democratic reforms but insists that changes will take time. Although protest leaders are not entirely satisfied, students withdraw from the square.

In Haiti, reports suggest that at least 40 people have been killed in riots that started Mar. 18. . . . In Nicaragua, 12 soldiers are killed and 10 people, including 2 civilians, are wounded in a contra ambush of an army truck. Separately, the Nicaraguan contras agree to dismantle their camps in Honduras.

A federal judge in Guam issues a restraining order barring enforcement of a law that calls for the strictest curbs on abortion in the U.S.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

March 18–23, 1990—37

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Walter Staunton Mack, 94, former president of Pepsi-Cola Co., dies of heart disease at his home in NYC.

Teachers in West Virginia return to classes in exchange for a promise by state legislative leaders to work toward increasing teachers’ pay and improving education programs. . . . The Bush administration proposes a five-year, $22 billion program for aviation facilities and equipment, airport improvements, and research and development.

The Defense Department pledges to take steps to aid the press in covering U.S. military operations after complaints that the military obstructed coverage of the 1989 invasion of Panama. . . . The trial of former Philippine first lady Imelda Marcos begins in NYC. Marcos is charged with 4 counts of racketeering, fraud, and obstruction of justice.

The Seabrook, N.H., nuclear power plant is turned on, 14 years after construction began. . . . A brief “site area emergency” is declared at the Plant Vogtle nuclear power plant near Augusta, Ga., when the plant suddenly loses electrical power.

The Supreme Court lifts a permanent gag on disclosure by grand jury witnesses.

A district judge rules former president Reagan does not have to provide John Poindexter’s defense team with his diaries since that information is duplicated in Reagan’s taped testimony, which is shown to the jury. . . . Polish premier Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Pres. Bush sign a treaty that will further open Poland to U.S. investment.

The Supreme Court rules migrant farm workers who are injured on the job are entitled to sue employers under the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers Protection Act.

The Idaho Senate approves legislation that bans most abortions in the state. The law is designed to give the Supreme Court an opportunity to reconsider its 1973 Roe v. Wade decision.

Former attorney general Meese testifies John Poindexter did not try to hide details of the Iran-contra arms scandal from Congress.

A state jury in Anchorage, Alaska, convicts Joseph J. Hazelwood, captain of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez, of negligence, a misdemeanor, in the trial involving the worst oil spill in U.S. history. . . . Pres. Bush nominates T. Timothy Ryan Jr. to succeed M. Danny Wall as head of the Office of Thrift Supervision.

New Hampshire’s transportation commissioner, Wallace Stickney, is selected as the new head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Trade negotiators announce a new pact that will make Japanese markets more open to U.S.-made supercomputers.

The Energy Department discloses it is monitoring a hydrogen buildup in nuclear-waste storage tanks at the Hanford nuclear reservation in Washington State.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Two thieves disguised as policemen break into the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston and steal 13 priceless artworks. The paintings are estimated to worth $100 million, making the robbery the largest art theft in the world.

The New York Times reports that a team of experts has found a major flaw in the $30 billion space station being developed by NASA. A NASA statement minimizes the problem as remediable without disruption of the schedule, cost, or “overall architecture of the program.”

After four months of negotiations, representatives of Major League Baseball owners and players reach an agreement in NYC on a new fouryear collective bargaining contract.

Cuban-American pop singer Gloria Estefan is injured in Pennsylvania when a truck runs into her tour bus. . . . Christie’s and Sotheby’s announce they will underwrite a $1 million reward for information leading to the recovery of the art works stolen on Mar. 18.

March 18

March 19

March 20

March 21

Daily doses of aspirin can prevent tens of thousands of strokes a year, according to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Pres. Bush declares he does not like broccoli, causing a reaction among farmers. . . . Van Gogh’s Irises is sold for an undisclosed sum to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, Calif.

Pres. Bush states he is opposed to legislation that would bar the NEA from supporting “obscene” artwork. . . . Rene Enriquez, 58, actor from Hill Street Blues, dies of pancreatic cancer in Tarzana, Calif.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 22

March 23

38—March 24–29, 1990

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Zimbabwe, Patrick Kombayi, who is running against Vice President Simon Muzenda for a parliament seat, is shot and seriously wounded in Gweru by Muzenda’s bodyguards. Debate over whether the shots were in self-defense ensues.

Some 10,000 people march in San Salvador to mark the 10th anniversary of the slaying of Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero. . . . Brazilian president Fernando Collor de Mello orders the destruction of illegal airstrips built by gold miners in the Amazon to protect the stoneage Yanomami Indian population.

Chai Ling, one of the leaders of the Tiananmen Square prodemocracy protest, escapes from China, where she had been in hiding for 10 months. . . . India withdraws the last 2,000 soldiers from Sri Lanka and ends a 30-month peacekeeping effort, during which 1,200 Indian troops died. . . . Australian voters return the governing Labor Party to power and give P.M. Bob Hawke a fourth term in office.

Soviet paratroopers seize the Vilnius headquarters of the renegade Lithuanian Communist Party. . . . Kosovo interior minister Jusuf Karakusi, an ethnic Albanian, resigns. . . . The Vatican unveils a decade-long, $3 million restoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. . . . Hungary holds its first free multiparty national election since 1945.

Libyan-backed Chadian rebels based in Sudan launch an attack against army positions in eastern Chad. Both Chad and the rebels claim to have killed or captured more than 1,000 of the other side’s men.

Contra leaders state most fighters already in Nicaragua will not disband but will remain armed for a period of months. Only contras demobilizing in Honduras are to give up their weapons under the agreement. . . . Colombian interior minister Carlos Lemos Simmonds resigns, claiming the government’s war on drug traffickers has weakened. Pres. Virgilio Barco names Senator Horacio Serpa Uribe to replace Lemos.

Foreign observers report that country-wide balloting in Bangladesh was marred by widespread fraud and violence that killed at least 26 people. . . . Approximately 13,000 protesters gather in Ulan Bator to demand the resignation of the entire parliament. Sanjaasuren Zorig, de facto leader of the Mongolian Democratic Party, says the protest is prompted by assertions that only socialist parties will be permitted to participate in elections.

Social Democratic Party cofounder and leader Ibranim Boehme steps aside, despite maintaining he never cooperated with Stasi. . . . Student protest leader Chai Ling arrives in Paris with her husband Feng Congde. Both are on a list of “most wanted students” circulated by Chinese police.

In South Africa, police open fire on antiapartheid protesters in the black township of Sebokeng. Hundreds are wounded, and at least 11 die. . . . In the Ivory Coast, 126 teachers are arrested for violating a ban on demonstrations. Doctors launch a 48-hour strike over pay cuts and threaten a walkout to protest the mass arrest.. . . . The foreign ministers of Chad and Libya meet in Libreville to discuss the Azouzou Strip, a territory claimed by Chad but occupied by Libyan troops.

Brazilian president Fernando Collor de Mello drops two provisions of his economic program that ran into staunch opposition from civil libertarians, businesses, and politicians.

Communist Party officials from Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang call on China’s central government to provide more relief funds for their poverty-stricken regions.

The UN approves the deployment of 800 Venezuelan troops to aid the demobilization of contras.

Soviet paratroopers raid a psychiatric hospital in Vilnius that gives sanctuary to ethnic Lithuanian military deserters and arrest 23 young men. Lithuanian president Vytantas Landsbergis sends a telegram demanding a return of the “kidnapped” deserters to Pres. Gorbachev. . . . Czech and Slovak deputies reach an impasse over changing the official name of the nation.

In South Africa, the high level of inter-black violence in eastern Natal province grows even worse as at least 25 people are killed and scores wounded in fighting that lasts two days.

In Nicaragua, after weeks of negotiation, the Sandinista government recognizes the right of presidentelect Violeta Barrios de Chamorro to exercise full authority over the army and security forces after her inauguration. . . . In Peru, weeks of election-related violence begin when two people die in a car bombing in Lima. . . . A delegation from the Guatemalan government holds talks with leftist rebels in Oslo on ways to end three decades of civil war.

The Vietnamese Communist Party adjourns a two-and-one-half week session of its Central Committee. . . . Reports emerge that the Portuguese colony of Macao will grant resident status to a few thousand illegal aliens whose children were already legal residents.

An attempt by Iraq to obtain restricted U.S.-made electronic devices used to trigger nuclear weapons is thwarted in London by U.S. and British customs agents at the conclusion of an 18-month undercover “sting” operation.

In a conciliatory gesture, Lithuania indicates a willingness to discuss independence with the Soviets. . . . Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo mark the first anniversary of the Serbian political takeover with silent protests.

In Haiti, Ertha Pascal-Trouillot’s government restores most of the articles from the 1987 constitution. . . . Colombian president Barco resumes extraditions of drug suspects to the U.S. . . . In Nicaragua, weeks before leaving office, the Sandinistas vote to award property titles to all those living in state-owned houses prior to the Feb. 25 election.

The Philippine army reports the destruction of a large communist rebel base in Lianga, 540 miles southeast of Manila. Fifty-nine rebel troops are reported killed in the two-day assault. . . . The Vietnamese Communist Party expels a senior party official who advocated reform, Tran Xuan Bach, from the ruling Politburo.

Police arrest a retired deputy interior minister, Col. Gen. Mircho Spasov, in response to reports that Bulgaria operated concentration camps during the regime of ousted communist leader Todor Zhivkov. . . . Chancellor Helmut Kohl holds two days of talks with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in London.

In Colombia, the Extraditables, the name adopted by the Medellin drug cartel, threaten to retaliate for Pres. Barco’s decision to reinstate extradition and accuse the government of betrayal.. . . . Mexico announces it will resume a program of swapping debt for equity suspended in 1987.

In Kashmir, 11 people are reported killed in gun battles between separatist rebels and Indian paramilitary units.. . . . Congress (I), the political party of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, loses control of the Rajya Sabha, India’s upper house of Parliament. . . . Andrew Peacock steps down as opposition leader in Australia. . . . About 50,000 illegal Chinese immigrants seeking permanent residency gather in the center of the Portuguese colony of Macao, and more than 100 people are injured in the crush.

March 25

March 26

March 28

Africa & the Middle East

The Serbian government assumes control of Kosovo police after unrest triggered by a rumor that children had been poisoned. . . . Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev appoints a Presidential Council, a 16-member committee of top advisers. . . . Allegations appear in newspapers that link Social Democratic Party leader Ibrahim Boehme to the Stasi secret police.

March 24

March 27

Europe

March 29

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

March 24–29, 1990—39

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

An Wang, 70, Chinese-born engineer who founded one of the world’s major computer manufacturers, Wang Laboratories, dies in Boston of cancer.

Ray Goulding, 68, half of the Bob & Ray comedy team with Bob Elliott, dies in Manhasset, N.Y., of kidney failure.

Eighty-seven people are killed in a fire at an illegal social club in the Bronx borough of NYC Police arrest a Cuban immigrant, Julio González, and charge him with arson and murder. The fire is the deadliest in the U.S. since a 1986 hotel fire in Puerto Rico killed 97 people and a 1977 blaze at a Kentucky nightclub killed 165 people.

Pat Bradley becomes the first woman golfer to surpass $3 million in career earnings when she wins the Turquoise Classic in Phoenix.

Attorney General Richard L. Thornburgh announces that 21 reputed Mafia leaders from New England were indicted by grand juries in Boston and Hartford, Conn. Fifteen men were arrested, including Raymond J. Patriarca Jr., the reputed head of the region’s top crime family.

U.S. Defense Department officials revise downward its tally of the number of Panamanian military casualties in the December 1989 invasion, to some 50 deaths from the 314 initially reported by the U.S. Southern Command based in Panama. This means that the civilian death toll in the invasion, placed at 202 by the Southern Command, is four times that of the Panamanian military death toll.

The Office of Thrift Supervision reports that U.S. thrift industry losses surged to a record $19.17 billion in 1989.

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presents its 62nd annual Oscar Awards in Los Angeles. Driving Miss Daisy is voted Best Picture. . . . Halston (Roy Halston Frowick), 57, top American fashion designer, dies in San Francisco of complications from AIDS.

The Supreme Court upholds federal or state restrictions on corporate political spending. . . . Testimony before the House Small Business subcommittee reveals U.S. consumers spend billions of dollars a year on ineffective and potentially dangerous diet plans.

Press Secretary Marlin Fitzwater admits the Bush administration is taking a deliberately low-key approach to the events in Lithuania. . . . The U.S. and Mexico agree to consider talks on a free-trade pact between the two nations. . . . A U.S.-financed television station begins testing broadcasts to Cuba, but the Cuban government jams its signal, as promised.

Energy Secretary James Watkins announces the Health and Human Services Department will take over research on the effects of radiation on atomic plant workers while the Energy Department will continue to oversee health and safety programs operated by private contractors at the nation’s nuclear weapons plants. . . . Eastern announces it cannot meet the terms of an earlier settlement, which angers its creditors.

George Lucas’s Lucasfilm Ltd. files a $300 million trademark infringement lawsuit against Luther Campbell, the leader of the rap group 2 Live Crew, for use of the name Luke Skywalker.

The Supreme Court rules that a state appeals court can weigh the factors of a crime and decide whether to impose the death penalty if the jury has considered improper factors.

Congress appears to be divided on Pres. Bush’s low-key response to Lithuania’s political situation. . . . William M. Galvin, one of the key targets in the Pentagon procurement scandal, pleads guilty to bribery, conspiracy and tax evasion in Alexandria, Virginia.

The House approves a bill to create a new cabinet post for environmental protection. . . . The Energy Department discloses that the escape of plutonium into air ducts at the Rocky Flats, Colo., weapons plant over the past 38 years amounts to 62 pounds, enough to make seven nuclear bombs.

The General Accounting Office finds “widespread discrimination” against Hispanics and Asian Americans as a result of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. . . . The Education Department reports enrollment of black students at private colleges rose by 7.1% between 1986 and 1988. Black enrollment at public universities, though, rose by only 0.2%.

The Centers for Disease Control release a study that links cancer to Vietnam service. . . . Veterans Affairs Secretary Edward Derwinski authorizes compensation to Vietnam veterans suffering from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

A U.S. District Court judge rules that Motorola Inc. and Hitachi Ltd. of Japan are both guilty of the patent infringement charges they leveled at one another. . . . The International Tin Council finalizes an agreement with its creditors after a dispute that had lasted five years.

March 24

March 25

March 26

March 27

March 28

A study of women’s health is published in the New England Journal of Medicine and finds that being overweight by any amount increases the risk of heart disease.

The Recording Industry Association of America, a trade group that represents major record companies in the U.S., agrees to place uniform new warning labels on records, tapes and compact discs that contain potentially offensive lyrics.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 29

40—March 30–April 4, 1990

World Affairs

April 1

April 2

April 3

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Ashfaq Majid, a leader of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, is killed by police. According to Indian officials, Majid was shot as he led an attack on a security patrol. That same day, about 50,000 people in Srinagar defy a curfew to march in a funeral procession for Majid. . . . South Korean president Roh Tae Woo and Soviet president Gorbachev agree to make efforts to normalize relations between their countries.

British customs officers uncover evidence of a second Iraqi smuggling operation. . . . Soviet troops in Vilnius seize the state prosecutor’s office and a printing plant that publishes the pro-independence newspaper. The Kremlin ousts Arturas Palauskas, the state prosecutor appointed by the Lithuanian parliament. . . . Estonia’s parliament adopts a resolution characterizing the republic as an “occupied” territory and states that Estonia will enter a “transitional period” that will result in independence.

In the Ivory Coast, Pres. Félix Houphouët-Boigny orders the release of teachers imprisoned for demonstrations. . . . Two Polish diplomats are shot and wounded in Muslim west Beirut.

After two weeks of violent protests and more than 200 arrests, 1,500 students storm the steps of the National Assembly in Quebec City to protest a planned tuition increase at universities. . . . The town of Envigado, Colombia, headquarters of Medellín cartel leader Pablo Escobar Gaviria, is placed under martial law. Police officials state Escobar is offering large cash bounties for dead policemen.

The Arab Cooperation Council, made up of Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, and North Yemen, issues a statement calling Western criticism of Baghdad “flagrant interference in Iraq’s internal affairs.”

A protest in London against new local taxes turns into a riot that injures more than 400 people, including 331 police officers. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, in a radio and television message to Lithuania, warns the breakaway republic to “immediately annul” its declaration of independence or face “grave consequences.”

A previously unknown group claims responsibility for the Mar. 30 attack on Polish diplomats and states it is a warning to Poland not to fly Jews “to our sacred Palestinian land.”

In Colombia, the Extraditables confirm their return to terrorism and say they will execute judges, government officials, and members of the Cano family, which owns the El Espectador newspaper. . . . Canada reaches an agreement in principle with the Yukon Indians that gives them 16,000 square miles of land in the western high Arctic region and C$248 million.

The International Monetary Fund reports that the U.S. regained the lead as the world’s largest exporter from West Germany in 1989.

The Soviet military bolsters its garrison in Vilnius, Lithuania. . . . A series of prison riots begins at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, England, which was constructed in 1868. The riots spread from prison to prison and last several weeks.

Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe and his ruling party win a landslide victory. . . . Pres. Omar Bashir signs a nonaggression treaty with Pres. Yoweri Museveni between Sudan and Uganda.

In Brazil, a restored opera house in the Amazon jungle is forced to close less than a month after opening because of economic measures imposed by Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello.

The Chinese government seals off most of Beijing’s Tiananmen Square and deploys thousands of extra police to prevent a planned silent protest to commemorate the first anniversary of the crackdown on the 1989’s prodemocracy movement.

The Iraqi foreign ministry issues a denial of recent “sting” operations, accusing the U.S. and U.K. of twisting a “small and normal deal” for capacitors into “a suspicious intelligence matter.”. . . Czechoslovak foreign minister Jiri Dienstbier proposes a new European security structure that will include the member nations of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

A delegation from Lithuania, led by Deputy Premier Romualdas Ozolas, meets with Politburo member Aleksandr Yakovlev for informal discussions. . . . The Estonian parliament passes a resolution stating that the USSR’s latest secession law does not apply to Estonia. . . . Social Democratic Party leader Ibrahim Boehme officially resigns amid allegations that he collaborated with the Stasi secret police.

South African president F. W. de Klerk tells a special joint session of Parliament in Cape Town that he is ordering a nationwide crackdown on violence, in particular sending more army troops into Natal. . . . Iraq’s president Saddam Hussein threatens to use advanced chemical weapons to destroy half of Israel if it launches a preemptive attack on Iraqi facilities.

An armed Haitian soldier seizes control of an empty American Airlines jet in Port-au-Prince and demands to be flown to the U.S.

After a month of scattered prodemocracy protests in Nepal, police open fire on 4,000 demonstrators in Katmandu. Five people are killed. . . . The government of New South Wales decides to scrap plans for a poll tax in the wake of the riots in London.

The UN Children’s Fund reports that the level of child malnutrition in Malawi is second only to that in Ethiopia.

Bulgaria’s parliament passes legislation that permits free, multiparty national elections, adopts constitutional amendments that create an executive presidency, and elects former Communist Party general secretary Petar Mladenov as executive president.

In Colombia, gunmen suspected of belonging to the Medellín cartel kill 16 policemen and kidnap a Liberal Party senator, Federico Estrada. . . . The U.S. arrests a Mexican suspect, Dr. Humberto Alvarez Machaín, in the 1985 torture and slaying of a U.S. drug agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar. The arrest and arraignment cause controversy in Mexican-U.S. relations. . . . Five Central American presidents meet in Montelimar, Nicaragua, and set a deadline for the full demobilization of the Nicaraguan contra rebels.

Thirty-five people are killed when a bomb explodes at a Hindu religious procession in Batala, India. The bombing sets off dozens of Hindu-Sikh clashes that result in 16 more deaths. . . . Australia’s prime minister, Bob Hawke, announces sweeping changes in his 17-member cabinet.

March 30

March 31

Europe

Belgium legalizes abortion, leaving Ireland as the only European nation still banning the procedure. . . . The Soviet Union opens an investigation into mass graves uncovered in East Germany believed to contain bodies of Germans who died in Soviet camps after World War II. . . . Estonian president Arnold Ruutel reveals that Gorbachev warned him against emulating Lithuania’s independence move.

April 4

Reports surface that in the Rwandan capital of Kigali, up to 30% of the people between the ages of 18 and 45 are infected with the AIDS virus. . . . The official Libyan news agency reports that leader Muammar Gadhafi appealed for the release of all hostages to mark the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.

Salvadoran president Alfredo Cristiani and leftist rebels agree to renew talks on ending the nation’s civil war. . . . Pres. Rafael Callejas of Honduras states that once the contras inside Honduras are demobilized, none will be allowed refugee status. . . . Pres. Virgilio Barco says that if Medellin cartel leader Pablo Escobar Gaviria surrenders he will not be extradited but will receive an impartial trial in Colombia.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

March 30–April 4, 1990—41

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Idaho governor Cecil D. Andrus (D) vetoes a law that bans most abortions within the state. . . . Alfred Renton Bryant (Harry) Bridges, 88, Australian-born U.S. labor leader, dies of emphysema in San Francisco; the city’s mayor, Art Agnos (D), orders flags to be flown at halfmast in his honor.

The Bush administration releases a 216-page annual report of foreign trade barriers to U.S. exports, taking the first step toward retaliation under the so-called Super 301 provision of the 1988 Omnibus Trade Act. . . . Frederick J. Carville, a former Unisys Corp. executive, pleads guilty in Alexandria, Va., to participating in a scheme that involved bribing Pentagon procurement officials.

A pipeline breaks near Freeport, Penn., and spills a mixture of gasoline, diesel fuel and home heating oil in Knapp Run Creek, which flows into the Allegheny.

A study in Science reports the first decade’s worth of microwave temperature data collected by U.S. weather satellites shows no evidence of a global warming from the greenhouse effect. . . . Researchers at the National Institutes of Health say large doses of a steroid hormone given soon after a spinal injury can reduce the chance of paralysis and other disability from the injury.

The Bourne Ultimatum by Robert Ludlum tops the bestseller list.

Outside Nashville, Tenn., a driver operating a Greyhound run is shot in the left arm from a passing pickup truck in reaction to the continuing Greyhound strike.

At least 100,000 people attend a rally near UN headquarters in NYC to urge the USSR to allow direct flights to Israel.

The Federal Courts Study Committee warns the U.S. court system is inundated by a wave of prosecutions under antidrug and anticrime legislation enacted by Congress in the 1980s. . . . The National Assessment of Educational Progress reports that U.S. students have a limited grasp of history and civics.

The Ku Klux Klan broadcasts its first television program on a cableTV channel serving Kansas City.

March 31

Columbia Savings and Loan Association, once one of the thrift industry’s most profitable institutions, announces it is insolvent. . . . Buffalo’s subway and bus system shuts down from lack of funds, the first time this has happened to a federally subsidized mass transit operation in the U.S.

Michigan State center Kip Miller wins the Hobey Baker Memorial Award as the top college hockey player in the U.S.

A strike by the Service Workers International Union against the Kaiser Permanente health maintenance organization begins in seven hospitals and more than 40 clinics in Southern California.

The University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) wins the finals of the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball tournament with a 103-73 rout of Duke University. The margin of victory is the largest in the history of the NCAA finals, and UNLV is the first team to score more than 100 points in the NCAA finals. . . . Real estate developer Donald J. Trump opens the Taj Mahal casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

The House approves a $2.4 billion supplemental spending bill for fiscal 1990 that includes $720 million in aid to Panama and Nicaragua. . . . The Pentagon reveals previously classified details about the F-117A Stealth fighter.

The Labor Department, revising its March figures, reports 11,000 child-labor violations, and 1,750 businesses are found in violation, including well-known fast-food and pizza chains. . . . The Senate passes comprehensive clean-air legislation, setting tough controls on industry. . . . Eastern Airlines’ unsecured creditors vote to seek a bankruptcy court trustee to run the carrier. . . . . . . Buffalo’s subway and bus system resumes operations. . . Reports emerge that the oil leak in the Allegheny River of Mar. 30 did not cause serious problems.

White House press secretary Marlin Fitzwater confirms that Pres. Bush did not issue an executive order to protect Chinese students studying in the U.S. . . . Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze holds talks with Secretary of State James Baker in Washington, D.C., to discuss the Lithuania crisis and arms control.

The Senate confirms Pres. Bush’s choice, Timothy C. Ryan, for chief regulator of the nation’s savings and loan industry. . . . White House budget director Richard G. Darman asks the House Appropriations subcommittee on treasury, postal service and general government for $626,000 to renovate the vice presidential mansion.

March 30

Israel launches its second satellite into orbit.

April 1

April 2

Sarah Lois Vaughan, 66, jazz singer, dies of lung cancer in a Los Angeles suburb.

April 3

Senior Lionel Simmons of LaSalle wins the John Wooden Award as college basketball’s top player.

April 4

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

42—April 5–10, 1990

World Affairs

April 5

April 6

April 7

Economic ministers of the Group of Seven nations express concern over the recent decline in the value of the Japanese yen.

April 10

Africa & the Middle East

Soviet troops evict pro-independence workers from the state prosecutor’s office in Vilnius. The Lithuanian parliament acknowledges for the first time that provisions of the Soviet constitution may apply to Lithuania’s independence bid. . . . In East Germany, the freely elected Volkskammer holds its first session and elects Sabine Bergmann-Pohl as president of the parliament; she also serves as the nation’s acting interim president.

A Cameroonian lawyer and two others are sentenced to three to five years for subversion. Amnesty International classifies the defendants as prisoners of conscience who were arrested for trying to start a new political party in Cameroon, which is legal under the country’s constitution. . . . Pres. Frank Ravele is ousted as leader of the nominally independent tribal homeland of Venda in a military coup led by Col. Gabriel Ramushwana.

The Irish Supreme Court refuses to extradite to Britain a fugitive, Owen Carron, a former British member of Parliament and a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, who is wanted on weapons charges. . . . Soviet border guards bar U.S. senator Alfonse M. D’Amato (R, N.Y.) from crossing into Lithuania from Ogrodniki, Poland. D’Amato, carrying a visa issued by the “Republic of Lithuania,” announced before leaving the U.S. his intention to test the Soviets’ willingness to accept the visa as valid.

Because of its open-door policy toward refugees fleeing the civil war in neighboring Mozambique, one in 10 people in Malawi’s population of 8 million is now a Mozambican, according to The New York Times.

At least 166 people are killed when a fire breaks out aboard a Danish ferry in the North Sea. Although officials state that about 360 people escaped in lifeboats, it is the worst disaster in the North Sea since a British ferry capsized March 1987. It takes two days to extinguish the blaze. . . . As many as 300,000 Lithuanians hold a proindependence rally.

A crowd of 150,000 gathers in Tel Aviv to protest political scheming in the cabinet and to call for electoral reforms to end the country’s chronic political instability. It is the largest demonstration in Israel since a protest during the 1982 invasion of Lebanon.

Members of Lithuania’s unarmed volunteer security force, bolstered by a crowd of civilians, prevent Soviet troops from entering a proindependence newspaper printing plant. . . . Demos, a separatist opposition coalition, wins a majority in parliamentary elections in Slovenia in the first free, multiparty voting in Yugoslavia since World War II. . . . The center-right Hungarian Democratic Forum and its allies hold nearly 60% of the seats in parliament after run-off national elections.

April 8

April 9

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Bolivia, construction begins on a U.S.-financed $500,000 base for the nation’s combined antidrug forces. . . . In Mexico, soldiers and police in Michoacán oust opposition supporters from city halls occupied in protest of alleged fraud in municipal elections in Dec. 1989. . . . The Haitian solider who seized control of an empty American Airlines jet on Apr. 2 jumps from the plane and escapes.

In Nepal, Premier Marich Man Singh Shrestha resigns from office, under pressure by King Birendra, who faults the premier’s failure to control protests. . . . Twenty-two people are killed during two days of rioting in the remote town of Kashgar in the predominantly Muslim province of Xinjiang. . . . Elderly members of Taiwan’s parliament pledge to begin stepping down.

Nepal’s king Birendra, appoints a new premier, Lokendra Bahadur Chand, who is instructed to negotiate with leaders of the prodemocracy movement. Later that day, however, police and soldiers fire on 200,000 protestors in Katmandu, killing 50. . . . More than 200 people are killed when a ferry in Myanmar overturns and sinks. . . . Rebels at an Afghan peace ceremony suddenly open fire, killing at least 12 people. . . . The vice chancellor of Kashmir University, his aide, and a businessman are kidnapped by Muslim militants. In Peru, Sendero Luminoso guerrillas attack the U.S.-financed Santa Lucía anti-drug outpost and engage in a pitched battle with helicopters piloted by U.S. civilians and defended by Peruvians manning machine guns.

Nepal’s king Birendra imposes a virtual 24-hour curfew on Katmandu and orders police and soldiers to shoot violators on sight. Opposition leaders ignore conciliatory gestures by Premier Chand, including the release of Singh and other prisoners.

In Peru, Alberto Fujimori, a virtual unknown, receives enough votes in the presidential election to force a run-off contest with the candidate novelist Mario Vargas Llosa. . . . Colombian police capture Jairo Rodrigo Rodríguez, an alleged regional paramilitary leader for the Medellín cartel. Separately, gunmen in Bogotá kill José Humberto Hernández Rodríguez, a member of the party that opposes negotiations with drug traffickers.

After two months of sporadic demonstrations in Nepal, King Birendra legalizes political parties. Birendra also proposes that a limited number of opposition figures be added to the existing cabinet. . . . About 800 people from Mongolia meet for the first national congress of the MDP. In anticipation, Pres. Ponsalmaagiyn Ochirbat bans unauthorized public demonstrations.. . . . About 15 masked rebel soldiers raid a jail in Manila and free Lt. Col. Billy Bibit, ret., who was imprisoned under suspicion of aiding a Dec. 1989 coup attempt.

The first international World Ministerial Summit to Reduce Demand for Drugs and to Combat the Cocaine Threat meets in London. The summit, cosponsored by Britain and the UN, is attended by more than 500 representatives from 112 nations. . . . Forty-two industrial nations agree to create a special bank to aid the economies of Eastern Europe.

In a two-day protest, tens of thousands of people in Georgia mark the first anniversary of the slayings of 20 pro-independence activists. They march to the headquarters of the Soviet Transcaucasian military command and demand the withdrawal of Soviet troops. . . . Four members of the Ulster Defense Regiment are killed by an IRA car bomb. . . . The Soviet Union announces its first trade deficit in 14 years.

In Ethiopia, reports suggest that Pres. Mengistu’s army lost as many as 30,000 who were killed, wounded, or captured in three unsuccessful attempts to retake Massawa.

The Canadian government reaches an agreement in principle with the Dene and Metis peoples that gives them 70,000 square miles and C$500 million in compensation.

In Nepal, an estimated 250,000 people gather at Katmandu to celebrate the king’s Apr. 8 decision.

Contradicting earlier reports, data shows that the 1981 plans made by the World Bank in the IMF for Malawi are not as successful as initially believed. This report is especially problematic, since those economic policies in Malawi were heralded was a model for the rest of Africa. . . . Venezuelan troops under UN command arrive in Honduras to oversee the demobilization of the contras.

Soviet president Gorbachev warns Lithuania that he has not ruled out the possibility of placing the republic under direct presidential rule.

A Libyan-backed Palestinian terrorist group frees three hostages in Beirut, leaving no more French captives in the Middle East.

In Colombia, Gustavo Mesa Meneses, a known assassin for the Medellin cartel, is arrested.

Indian prime minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh charges that Pakistan is aiding Kashmiri insurgents and warns that India will consider a military reprisal. Separately, the bodies of the kidnapped vice chancellor of Kashmir University, his aide, and a businessman are found in Srinagar. . . . In Nepal, opposition forces reject King Birendra’s offer and insist on complete control of any interim cabinet. . . . Tim Fischer is chosen as the new leader of Australia’s National Party.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

April 5–10, 1990—43

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The National Conference of Catholic Bishops hire the public relations firm of Hill & Knowlton and a polling firm, the Wirthlin Group, as part of a campaign to influence public opinion against abortion. . . . The AT&T Foundation withdraws its support of Planned Parenthood because of Planned Parenthood’s support for abortion rights.

Pres. Bush signs an executive order officially ending all U.S. sanctions imposed against Panama in 1988. . . . The U.S. and Japan pledge to eliminate some major structural barriers to free trade.

The House Energy and Commerce Committee approves new clean-air legislation. . . . Woody F. Lemons, the former chairman and CEO of Vernon Savings and Loan Association, is sentenced to 30 years in prison for defrauding the thrift’s depositors.

A privately developed Pegasus rocket is launched from a B-52 aircraft over the Pacific Ocean. The rocket, set free at an altitude of 40,000 feet, falls for five seconds before igniting and flying like a plane during a first-stage burn, then ascending like a missile in second- and third-stage burns, accelerating to eight times the speed of sound. Before tumbling into the ocean, Pegasus releases other satellites for the navy and NASA.

Actor Paul Newman wins a lawsuit filed against him by Julius Gold, a delicatessen owner who claimed that Newman promised him a share of the profits from sales of Newman’s brand of salad dressing.

A federal scientific study recommends a partial logging ban in the Pacific Northwest to save the northern spotted owl.

The board of UAL Corp. agrees to a $4.38 billion buyout led by the company’s employees.

E. L. Doctorow wins the 10th annual PEN/Faulkner Award, for the best work of fiction published in 1989, Billy Bathgate. . . . A jury in NYC orders Vantage Press, the largest ‘vanity’ press in the U.S., to pay a total of $3.5 million to 2,200 authors who filed a class-action fraud suit.

A Chinese Long March-3 rocket launches a U.S.-made telecommunications satellite into orbit, which marks China’s debut in the international launching business. . . . Ronald Ellwin Evans, 56, U.S. astronaut who piloted the command module during the Apollo 17 flight in 1972, dies of a heart attack in Scottsdale, Ariz.

Cincinnati’s Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, are indicted by a grand jury on obscenity charges for displaying an exhibit of photographs by the late Robert Mapplethorpe.

A U.S. District Court jury in Delaware rules that patents on a Genentech Inc. heart drug are valid. . . . Studies indicate legal abortions performed in the first trimester of pregnancy cause little long-term mental distress.

A federal jury convicts former national security adviser John Poindexter on all five felony charges facing him. Poindexter becomes the highest-ranking official convicted of criminal charges in connection with the Iran-contra arms scandal.

The FBI reports that overall crime in the U.S. increased 3% in 1989. Violent crime rose by 5% and major property crimes rose 2%. . . . Ryan White, 18, hemophiliac Indiana teenager who became a national symbol of the difficulties faced by children with AIDS, dies of complications from AIDS in Indianapolis.

Senate Minority Leader Robert Dole (R, Kans.) leads a delegation of senators on a week-long tour of the Middle East.

PepsiCo and the Soviet Union sign a 10-year agreement under which the Pepsi-Cola soft drink will be bartered for Soviet ships and vodka. The accord, valued at more than $3 billion, is believed to be the largest trade pact ever between a U.S. company and the USSR.

New Hampshire governor Judd Gregg (R) vetoes a bill that would have liberalized the state’s abortion laws. . . . . Judge Buckingham of Montgomery County Court sentences eight peace activists for a 1980 protest in which they poured blood over blueprints at a nuclear weapons plant in Pennsylvania. . . . California kicks off a $28.6 million advertising campaign against cigarette smoking, the most extensive of its kind ever launched by a state.

England’s Nick Faldo wins the Masters golf championship in Augusta, Ga. . . . U.S. district judge Carl B. Rubin bars local law enforcement officials from shutting down the Mapplethorpe exhibit in Cincinnati’s Contemporary Art Center.

A strike by the Service Workers International Union in Southern California, started Apr. 2, ends. . . . Greyhound Lines Inc. files a $30 million federal racketeering suit against the striking Amalgamated Transit Union. Since the strike began, buses operated by newly hired replacement drivers have been fired upon more than 25 times.

Playboy magazine founder Hugh M. Hefner, 64, has a son with his wife, Kimberley Conrad, 27. . . . John Henry Faulk, 76, radio host who won a celebrated libel suit in 1962 that helped break the McCarthy-era blacklist, dies of cancer in Austin, Tex.

Defense Secretary Dick Cheney orders an inquiry into why he was not told the truth about the performance of one of the Stealth planes used in the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama. . . . Pres. Bush appoints Richard Armitage to lead the U.S. delegation for talks between the U.S. and the Philippines over the future of military bases.

Eight National Football League players file federal antitrust suits in Newark, N. J. against the league.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 5

April 6

April 7

April 8

April 9

April 10

44—April 11–16, 1990

April 11

World Affairs

Europe

The U.S. rejects the idea of a reunified Germany belonging to both NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

Constantine Mitsotakis is sworn in as the new premier of Greece. . . . P.M. Charles Haughey tours Belfast in the city’s first official visit by an Irish prime minister in 25 years. . . . All ethnic Albanian ministers in the Kosovo provincial government resign, citing pressure from Serbia. . . . The Estonian parliament abolishes the conscription of Estonians into the Soviet military, particularly rejecting mandatory military service.

April 12

April 13

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports emerge that the Apr. 10 release of French hostages is part of a deal in which France returns three Mirage jet fighters to Libya. Other elements of the deal allegedly involve the resumption of French sales to Libya and a reduction of the French military presence in Chad. . . . An effort by Israeli Labor Party leader Shimon Peres to form a center-left coalition government collapses. . . . Pres. F. W. de Klerk meets with Anglican archbishop Desmond Tutu and other leaders of the South African Council of Churches to discuss how to end the warfare in Natal.

In Colombia, eight policemen and at least 13 other people are killed when a truck bomb explodes on a highway near Medellín. Eleven vehicles are destroyed in the blast, and more than 100 people are injured.

General Mirza Aslam Beg, chief of staff of the Pakistani army, claims that Indian troops have gathered just 50 miles from the Pakistani border.

East Germany installs its first democratically elected government, and Lothar de Maiziere becomes the nation’s premier. . . . The National Salvation Front, Romania’s interim government, bars a return to the country by exiled king Michael. . . . The U.S. and Czechoslovakia sign a trade agreement to reduce U.S. tariffs on Czechoslovak exports, increase business ties, and facilitate tourism.

An attempt by right-wing Jewish settlers to move into the Christian quarter of Jerusalem’s Old City sparks debate in Israel that lasts for the next two weeks.

The Brazilian National Congress approves the most controversial part of President Fernando Collor de Mello’s economic plan.

In South Korea, Pres. Roh Tae Woo pardons convicted North Korean terrorist Kim Hyon Hui, who faced execution for planting a bomb that destroyed a Korean Air Lines passenger jet in 1987. . . . Separately, workers at the state-run Korean Broadcasting System strike to protest of the appointment of Suh Ki Won as president of the network.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev threatens an economic embargo of Lithuania unless it rescinds its bid for independence. . . . The Soviet government admits for the first time the Soviet secret police were responsible for the 1940 Katyn Forest massacre of 4,000 Polish military officers. The apology coincides with the arrival of Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski for a visit.

Nelson Mandela speaks to the annual convention of the South African Youth Congress, the country’s largest youth organization.

In El Salvador, a state of siege put in place during the rebel offensive of Nov. 1989 is suspended due to demands by the Farabundo Martí Liberation Front.

Mandela admits that the African National Congress has in the past tortured some of its dissident members. However, he states the ANC officials responsible have been disciplined and steps have been taken to insure that it never happens again.

Marco Aurelio Robles, 84, Panamanian president, 1964–68, dies of unreported causes in Miami.

April 14

April 15

A team of scientists assembled by the UN concludes it is a “virtual certainty” that the Earth’s temperature will rise substantially in the 21st century.

In Armenia, 1,000 people attack KGB headquarters in Yerevan, provoked by the arrest of four Armenians on charges of stealing military weapons. The rioters besiege the headquarters for two hours before being dispersed by military reinforcements. One man is reported dead when a homemade explosive device detonates in his hands. . . . At the Vatican Easter Sunday, Pope John Paul II says a prayer for Lithuanian independence through negotiation. Supporters and opponents of the National Salvation Front brawl outside government’s headquarters in Bucharest, prompted by a demonstration in support of the government’s decision to bar King Michael’s return. . . . Lithuanian officials draw up emergency plans on fuel rationing in case the Soviet Union carries out its embargo threat.

April 16

Africa & the Middle East

In Nepal, 15,000 demonstrators gather in Katmandu, where Premier Lokendra Bahadur Chand and other representatives of the government are meeting with opposition leaders. The protesters call for Chand’s resignation and the king’s immediate acceptance of opposition demands for political power. . . . Pakistan denies claims by India that Pakistani soldiers are marching toward the border.

Reports indicate that one of the reasons that mass starvation has been prevented so far during the fighting in Ethiopia is the semicovert delivery of Western-donated food through Sudan to the worst affected areas of Eritrea and Tigre.

Approximately 260 Miskito Indians of the Yatama group surrender their weapons to Venezuelan troops in Honduras, the first rebels to do so. . . . Reports state that the bodies of nine people were found in graves on two farms owned by Fidel Castaño, who is believed to be the military leader of the Medellín cartel in Colombia.

Nepal’s King Birendra announces the resignation of Premier Chand’s 10-day-old cabinet, dissolves the national parliament, and invites opposition leaders to form an interim government. . . . India bans eight militant Muslim organizations in Kashmir and shuts down two Srinagar newspapers. . . . Separately, The New York Times reports that 570 people were killed by Sikh separatists in the Indian state of Punjab since the beginning of 1990.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

April 11–16, 1990—45

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Federal officials report that the return of completed census forms is running significantly behind expectations. . . . The funeral for Ryan White, who died Apr. 8, is attended by more than 1,500 people, including First Lady Barbara Bush and singers Michael Jackson and Elton John.

A U.S. soldier, Roberto Enrique Bryan, who participated in the 1989 invasion of Panama is charged with murder and assault on Panamanians. . . . The FBI arrests Jose Dionisio Suarez Esquivel, an alleged member of a Cuban-American terrorist group for involvement in the 1976 killing of a former Chilean ambassador. . . . Pres. Bush issues an executive order protecting Chinese students in the U.S. from deportation.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Journal of the American Medical Association publishes a study reporting that work environments with high stress and little control over decisions are linked with chronic high blood pressure.

East German conductor Kurt Masur is appointed music director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

The three companies that produce 70% of the canned tuna sold in the U.S. announce they will stop buying tuna caught in nets that also trap and kill dolphins.

The FDA, contradicting an earlier statement it released, admits that over 80% of milk samples tested by the agency are contaminated with small amounts of antibiotics. . . . Pres. Bush’s approval rating among black Americans is at the highest sustained level for a Republican president in 30 years, according to a New York Times/CBS News survey.

The INS creates a special visa for visitors to the U.S. who plan to attend scientific or professional conferences. Individuals who apply for that visa will no longer have to declare on an immigration form whether they are infected with HIV. . . . U.S. president Bush meets in Hamilton, Bermuda with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher.

A rally in Portland, Oregon, draws 2,500–3,000 demonstrators protesting the proposed logging ban.

August Wilson wins his second Pulitzer Prize for his play The Piano Lesson. For the Pulitzer Prize in literature, Oscar Hijuelos wins the fiction award for his novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love.

An Indonesian satellite is successfully launched from Cape Canaveral, Fla., aboard a Delta rocket. The satellite is destined for an orbit 22,300 miles above the equator and will provide an electronic link for the Indonesian islands.

Soul singer James Brown, convicted for aggravated assault and evading police, is placed in a workrelease program. Brown is expected to speak to young people about the dangers of alcohol and drugs.

Doctors successfully accomplish the first heart transplant between infant twins at Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis. The heart of Tyler Whisman (who was born brain dead) is transplanted into his sister, Alison Paige Whisman, who had been born with a fatal congenital heart defect. Spark Masayuki Matsunaga, 73, liberal Democratic senator from Hawaii, dies of cancer in Toronto.

Johns Hopkins University researchers find ordinary doses of the popular nonprescription pain reliever ibuprofen can cause kidney failure in people with mild kidney disease.

The Supreme Court refuses to review a ban on school dances in Purdy, Mo.

April 11

April 12

April 13

April 14

Greta Garbo (born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson), 84, legendary Swedish movie star, dies of unreported causes in NYC.

Reigning Olympic champions Gelindo Bordin of Italy and Rosa Mota of Portugal win the men’s and women’s sections of the Boston Marathon, becoming the first marathon gold medalists to win the prestigious event.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 15

April 16

46—April 17–22, 1990

April 17

Europe

At a conference attended by 17 nations, the EC, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pres. Bush’s cautious call for more research on global warming draws heated criticism since it delays taking immediate action.

The republic of Serbia lifts the emergency measures it imposed on Kosovo province in Mar. 1989. . . . Top Albanian officials indicate a desire to end a policy of strict isolationism. . . . A series of vigils are held in Britain to mark the fourth anniversary of the kidnapping of journalist John McCarthy. . . . Two Canadian air force fighter jets based in West Germany collide while on a training flight, killing a pilot and injuring three others.

Protests against Jewish settlers climax when Palestinian activists stage the first nationalist demonstration inside the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. . . . Jafta Masemola, 58, founder of the military wing of the South African black nationalist Pan-Africanist Congress, dies after an automobile accident.

The Soviet Union shuts off the flow of crude oil into Lithuania. In response, Lithuanian foreign minister Algirdas Soudargas begins a scheduled visit to Norway and plans to ask the Norwegians for oil. . . . Estonia signs a contract with an unidentified foreign company to print its own currency.

South African president F. W. de Klerk rejects the concept of majority rule, saying it will lead to black “domination,” but he endorses power sharing between blacks and whites.

Nova Scotia premier John Buchanan suggests Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland will have no other option than to join the U.S. if Quebec secedes from Canada over the Meech Lake accord.

The British House of Commons approves a bill to offer U.K. residency to 225,000 citizens of Hong Kong, which will revert to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.

Three of the four natural-gas pipelines serving Lithuania shut down, and Lithuania initiates an emergency program of energy rationing. . . . Soviet foreign ministry spokesman Vadim Perfilyev states the Kremlin is considering further economic sanctions on Lithuania.. . . . Diplomatic relations between the Vatican and Czechoslovakia resume after 40 years.

In South Africa, police open fire on demonstrators in the Orange Free State black township of Rammulotsi, killing five youths between the ages of 13 and 16.

In Nicaragua, representatives of the contras, the Sandinista army, and the incoming government sign agreements on a cease-fire. . . . Colombian police report they foiled a plot by two Spanish Basque terrorists to attack the Medellín airport.

At the end of a two-day conference, 32 nations of the Organization of American States sign a 20point agreement to speed up the war on illegal narcotics.

Both houses of the Federal Assembly approve “Czech and Slovak Federative Republic” as the new official name of Czechoslovakia.

After police fire in South Africa’s Orange Free State black township of Rammulotsi, protest riots over the deaths shake the township.

The U.S. ambassador to Peru, Thomas Quainton, approves the disbursement of a $35 million antidrug package in an agreement with Peru’s defense minister, Julio Velazquez Giaccarini. It is the first time in two decades the U.S. has a military relationship with Peru.

In Poland, Lech Walesa is reelected chair of the Solidarity Union. . . . Pope John Paul II visits Czechoslovakia in his first papal visit to a Warsaw Pact country aside from his native Poland. . . . Erte (born Romain de Tirtoff), 97, Russian-born Art Deco designer, dies in Paris.

Israeli troops raid a Hezbollah base north of Israel’s self-proclaimed security zone in southern Lebanon, killing 6 guerrillas. . . . In Gabon, a month-long national conference on democratic reforms close in Libreville, the capital.

A wave of strikes and work stoppages by Sandinista public-sector workers begins, and the job actions paralyze Nicaragua in the weeks leading up to the presidential inauguration.

Protests begin in Romania during election campaigns. . . . A poll shows a negative rating for French president François Mitterrand for the first time since 1986. . . . Milan Kucan of the Democratic Renewal Party, the incumbent president of Slovenia, wins the presidential runoff election. . . . Tudjman, who campaigned on a pro-independence, anti-Serbia platform, wins the Croatian presidency. Croatia and Slovenia are the first Yugoslav republics to hold free elections.

Lebanese kidnappers free U.S. hostage Robert Polhill after more than three years in captivity. Pres. Bush states if the Iranian government wants improved relations with the U.S., it must release all the remaining hostages being held by its Shiite allies in Lebanon. The New York Times reports that Iran gave Hezbollah increased financial and military aid to persuade Lebanese kidnappers to free U.S. hostages. . . . After 10 days of denials, the Israeli government admits it covertly gave $1.8 million to the Jewish settlers’ cause. . . . The military government of Pres. Ibrahim Babangida survives a coup attempt by junior officers protesting the domination of Nigeria’s Christian south by the Muslim north. As many as 30 people are killed in the fighting.

April 18

April 19

April 20

April 21

April 22

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Millions of people throughout the world celebrate Earth Day 1990 with parades, marches, rallies, concerts, festivals, and fairs in 3,600 communities across Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America. Organizers claim 200 million people in 140 nations participate, which makes it the largest grass-roots demonstration in history.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Following King Birendra’s acceptance of a new interim cabinet, opposition leaders promise multiparty elections will be held within a year in Nepal for the first time since 1959.

In Nepal, King Birendra approves the opposition’s choice of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai as premier. . . . A Queensland court agrees to the request of a male criminal defendant that no women serve on the jury deciding his case.

The highest level of rainfall recorded in Australia in 100 years causes severe flooding in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

April 17–22, 1990—47

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Supreme Court rules employment discrimination suits under the Civil Rights Act can be filed in state and federal courts. . . . The Supreme Court rules the government may prohibit drugs that are part of religious rituals so a ban against peyote does not violate Native Americans’ right to free religion. . . . Rev. Ralph David Abernathy, 64, civil rights leader, dies of a heart attack in Atlanta.

The Justice Department wins a federal court order freezing 684 accounts at 173 banks across the U.S. that are believed to hold money from Colombia’s Medellín cocaine trafficking cartel.

Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corp. is censured by the Securities and Exchange Commission for illegally profiting from unauthorized trades in customers’ stock. . . . The Supreme Court states that companies that hire replacements for striking workers cannot presume new hires who are opposed to the union.

The Supreme Court rules that states can make it a crime to possess pornographic photographs of children even in the privacy of one’s home. . . . The Supreme Court approves the authority of federal judges to order local governments to increase taxes to finance school desegregation, even if the tax hike is not permitted by state law.

Reports indicate the U.S. merchandise trade deficit shrank to a seasonally adjusted $6.49 billion in February, the smallest gap since Dec. 1983. . . . A federal bankruptcy court judge removes control of Eastern Airlines from Frank Lorenzo and appoints Martin R. Shugrue as trustee to run the carrier.

A group of congressional Democrats declares the first phase of the census a failure and urges the Commerce Department to consider using statistical methods to correct the totals. . . . Colt Firearms, which halted public sales of its AR-15 semiautomatic rifle in 1989 in the wake of complaints, introduces a new rifle similar to the AR-15.

Lebanese kidnappers call for John Kelly, the U.S. assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern and South Asian affairs, to be in Syria to “coordinate the final measures necessary for the success of the release” of a U.S. hostage. Pres. Bush states Kelly will not be dispatched from West Germany to Syria because the U.S. “does not knuckle under to demands.”. . . pres. Bush meets with French president François Mitterrand in Key Largo, Fla.

The Securities and Exchange Commission approves a securities trading system called Portal, created by NASDAQ. Trades on Portal are negotiated entirely by computer and telephone. . . . The SEC liberalizes the issuance and trading of privately placed securities.

Merck & Co., the U.S.’s largest pharmaceutical company, announces it will offer state Medicaid programs a discount on its prescription drugs.

Senator Sam Nunn (D, Ga.), the influential chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, urges a reduction in the fiscal 1991 defense budget of as much as $18 billion and a $100 billion cut over a five-year period.

Philip J. Bakes Jr. resigns as president and chief executive of Eastern Airlines.

Frank John Lausche, 94, former governor and senator of Ohio, dies in Cleveland.

The Pentagon puts two F-117A planes on public display at Nellis, Air Force Base, Nev.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

April 17

Researchers discover a gene that is linked to incidence of alcoholism.

April 18

April 19

In basketball, Dale Ellis of the SuperSonics sets a single-game record with nine three-point goals in a 121-99 victory over the Los Angeles Clippers.

April 20

April 21

Bob Davies, 70, basketball star of the 1940s and 1950s, dies of cancer in Hilton Head, S.C. . . . Two professors at Claremont McKenna College in Claremont, Calif., conclude that William Shakespeare is the author of all the works attributed to him.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 22

48—April 23–27, 1990

World Affairs

April 27

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Sudan’s military government foils a coup launched by junior army officers and led by retired generals. . . . In Nigeria, 14 officers and 200 lowerranking soldiers are arrested in the April 22 coup attempt.

U.S. officials put drug agents on alert after a Mexican magazine prints the names and locations of 57 agents for the DEA who are working inside Mexico.

Most office buildings and factories in Manila close as businesses observe the first of six scheduled “powerless Mondays,” ordered by the Philippine government to combat a severe energy shortage.

A court in Kosovo province acquits for lack of evidence 14 of the 15 ethnic Albanians on trial in the town of Titova Mitrovica for “counterrevolutionary activities.” The 14 include Azem Vlasi, the popular former leader of the provincial Communist Party.

Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko ends a 20-year ban on multiparty politics. . . . After an attempted coup, Sudan reports state that 28 officers were shot after a summary court-martial. One colonel was acquitted. . . . A group calling itself Islamic Jihad issues a statement in Beirut, Lebanon threatening to attack Americans around the world unless the U.S. resolution on Jerusalem passed by Congress is rescinded.

The Chilean Supreme Court orders a military court to reopen the investigation of the Orlando Letelier killing, reversing a 1979 order. Separately, Pres. Patricio Aylwin establishes a national commission to investigate the human rights abuses of the Pinochet era and proposes compensation for the victims and their families. . . . In Nicaragua, Miriam Arguello Morales is elected president of the National Assembly.

China and the Soviet Union sign an agreement for cuts in the nearly 1 million troops stationed along the Sino-Soviet border as well as a 10-year pact that calls for increased economic and scientific cooperation between the nations.

Australian prime minister Bob Hawke, Turkish president Turgut Ozal, British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and Sir Paul Reeves, the governor general of New Zealand, observe the 75th anniversary of the Allied amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula during World War I, which cost 300,000 Allied and Turkish lives.

The British House of Commons votes for changes in abortion laws. . . . The last five prisoners surrender at Strangeways, ending the longest siege in the history of British prisons. . . . Oskar Lafontaine, the West German Social Democratic Party’s candidate for chancellor, is stabbed in the throat at a campaign rally in Cologne. . . . Lithuania cuts off exports of meat and milk to the rest of the USSR in retaliation for the Soviet economic embargo.

In Zaire, Mobutu names a former professor and legal adviser, Lunda Bululu, as premier, replacing Kengo wa Dondo. . . . The U.S. State Department advises Americans to leave Liberia and authorizes U.S. government employees and their families to leave if they wish because of mounting violence.

In Nicaragua, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro is sworn in as president, ending more than a decade of rule by the Sandinista National Liberation Front. In his departing speech, Daniel Ortega lashes out at the U.S. for supporting the contras. . . . In Colombia, a truck bomb explodes in Medellín. At least nine people are killed and 30 others are wounded.

In South Korea, Hyundai Heavy Industry Co. workers strike to protest the continued imprisonment of four union leaders involved in a 1989 strike at the plant. . . . Japan announces it will open its markets to U.S. lumber products.

West German chancellor Helmut Kohl and French president François Mitterrand appeal to Lithuania to suspend its declaration of independence in the first attempt by Western countries to convince Lithuania to retreat.

After a two-day meeting in Paris, West German chancellor Kohl and French president Mitterrand announce their nations will harmonize policies on all European defense and security issues.

Israel declines to release Muslim prisoners as a goodwill gesture on the Islamic holiday of Id al-Fitr, as it has done in the past. . . . Israel’s Supreme Court upholds the eviction of Jewish settlers in Jerusalem. . . . Israeli Labor Party leader Shimon Peres concedes defeat in his fiveweek effort to form a center-left coalition government. . . . In Sudan, four officers are sentenced to jail terms for the April 23 coup attempt, while four others are dismissed from the armed forces and another six are acquitted.

A gunman kills Carlos Pizarro Leongómez in the third assassination of a presidential candidate in Colombia’s election campaign. . . . After months of strikes in Argentina, Pres. Carlos Saúl Menem asks for the power to curtail strikes in “essential services.”

An earthquake in central China measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale kills 115 people. The epicenter of the quake is located about 70 miles southwest of Xining, in the province of Qinghai.

The International Monetary Fund withholds the disbursement of $54 million in loans earmarked for Zaire because it does not meet IMF budgetary targets.

Britain’s Court of Appeal overturns the convictions of three people charged with plotting to kill thenSecretary of State for Northern Ireland Tom King in 1987. . . . The Soviet Union commemorates the fourth anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear-power disaster. However, a series of press reports discloses that more than 3 million people still live in contaminated areas in the Ukraine, Byelorussia, and western Russia.

The leaders of the 10 Christian denominations with a presence in Israel close all their holy sites for the day in an unprecedented protest against the Apr. 7 Palestinian demonstration in Holy Sepulcher.

In Nicaragua, the government introduces a new 1 million cordoba note, worth $7.14 at the parallel exchange rate, and a new 500,000 cordoba note, at the same time slashing in half the value of the cordoba at the parallel rate. . . . Roman Catholic Church officials in Medellin claim they foiled a plot to kill Colombia’s Catholic prelate.

April 24

April 26

Africa & the Middle East

Lithuania’s only oil refinery shuts down for lack of crude oil. . . . East Germany begins making payments to support survivors of the Holocaust. . . . Voters in the East German city of Karl-Marx-Stadt readopt the city’s previous name, Chemnitz. . . . Premier Li Peng visits Moscow in the first trip to the Soviet Union by a Chinese premier in 26 years. Several hundred Soviet citizens stage a demonstration outside the Soviet foreign ministry in Moscow while Li’s delegation is inside.

April 23

April 25

Europe

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

April 23–27, 1990—49

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Pres. Bush signs into law a bill that requires the federal government to keep records on hate crimes. . . . The first black professor at Harvard Law School, Derrick Bell, requests an unpaid leave of absence until the school appoints a black woman to its tenured faculty. . . . The Supreme Court overrules a Minnesota Supreme Court decision that exempts an Amish group from complying with a highway safety law. . . . Common Cause reports that Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (D, Tex.) received the most money from PACs from 1983 to 1988 than any other current senator. . . . The Supreme Court refuses to review a ruling that allows a lawsuit for parental rights by a man who donated sperm for the artificial insemination of a woman who is not his wife.

Pres. Bush telephones Syria’s president Hafez al-Assad and thanks him for his role in Robert Polhill’s release. However, U.S. officials report that no dramatic improvement in Washington’s ties with either Syria or Iran is likely in the immediate future. . . . Clifton Reginald Wharton, 90, first black U.S. career Foreign Service officer to attain the ranks of minister and ambassador to Norway, dies of a heart attack in Phoenix, Ariz.

The Supreme Court rejects a challenge by an outsider against the death sentence of a convicted murderer, Ronald Gene Simmons, who does not seek a reprieve.

The House of Representatives approves a nonbinding resolution recognizing a united Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, a measure identical to one passed by the Senate and contrary to official U.S. policy. . . . The U.S. approves an increase in funds for the Bolivian military to combat its domestic cocaine industries. . . . Pres. Bush indefinitely delays the imposition of U.S. sanctions against the Soviet Union over the Lithuania crisis. . . . Victor Stello Jr.’s request to have his name withdrawn from nomination as assistant energy secretary in charge of the nation’s nuclear weapons production program is accepted by Pres. Bush.

The Justice Department overturns Georgia’s system for electing superior court judges as discriminatory against blacks.

Pres. Bush restores Nicaragua’s eligibility for credits and loan guarantees. . . . The U.S. and Soviet Union agree to cut their stocks of chemical weapons to a ceiling of 5,000 tons each, or about 20% of the current U.S. arsenal.

The American College of Physicians becomes the first major medical organization to call for some form of nationalized health care. . . . The Washington, D.C., Court of Appeals rules that a lower court erred in ordering a dying cancer patient to undergo a Caesarean section to save her unborn fetus without her consent.

A documentary alleges that U.S. aid to Cambodian noncommunist rebels benefited the Khmer Rouge in its quest to regain power. In response, the U.S. State Department asserts a key objective of U.S. policy is “the prevention of a return to power of the Khmer Rouge.” . . . Defense Secretary Dick Cheney proposes major cutbacks in new aircraft programs as a budget-cutting device. . . . U.S. and Soviet negotiators, meeting in Paris, reach a broad agreement on bilateral trade.

California senator Joseph Montoya is sentenced to 61⁄2 years in prison for extortion, racketeering, and money laundering. . . . The Memphis bank fraud trial of Rep. Harold E. Ford (D, Tenn.) ends in a mistrial.

Pres. Bush decides against identifying Japan and Brazil as unfair trading partners under the Super 301 provision of the 1988 U.S. Omnibus Trade Act.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Albert Salmi, 62, actor from Gunsmoke and Bonanza is found dead from a gunshot wound in a murdersuicide with his wife. . . . Paulette Goddard (born Marion Levy), 78 (according to her account) or 84 (according to officials in Ronco), Hollywood film star of the 1930s and 1940s, dies of heart failure in Ronco, Switzerland.

Former Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc. “junk-bond” operations chief Michael R. Milken pleads guilty in U.S. District Court in NYC to 6 felony counts related to securities fraud. . . . Reports show new orders for durable goods rose 6.7% in March, the highest monthly increase since 1988.

The spacecraft Discovery lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Fla., without any hitches, and it attains the highest orbit ever reached by the shuttle, above any traces of friction from the upper atmosphere.

The Supreme Court rules the owners of Alfred Hitchcock’s 1954 film Rear Window infringes the copyright of the short story on which the film is based. The ruling raises questions about hundreds of classic films. . . . Joan Tower, a professor of music at Bard College in New York, wins the fifth Grawemeyer Award for original music composition. She is the first woman and the first Native American to win the award.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery successfully deploys the Hubble Space Telescope in an orbit 381 miles above Earth. One of the telescope’s two major antennas snags on a bowed electric cable, blocking the antenna from one-quarter of its turning capability.

Dexter Gordon, 67, jazz tenor saxophonist and actor, dies of cancer in Philadelphia. . . . Media mogul John Kluge, who was named by Forbes magazine as the richest man in the U.S., files for divorce from his wife Patricia.

Ames Department Stores Inc. files for protection under Chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy code.

A panel of scientists convened by the U.S. Public Health Service conclude that there is no persuasive evidence that the fluoridation of drinking water creates a significant risk of cancer.

Joseph Papp, director of the New York Shakespeare Festival, rejects a $50,000 grant from the NEA to protest its stance on “obscene” art. . . . The New York Court of Appeals upholds a ruling that the San Diego Yacht Club is the winner of the 1988 America’s Cup competition against a syndicate from New Zealand.

Pennsylvania governor Robert P. Casey (D) signs the nation’s most restrictive law designed to discourage hostile corporate takeovers. Two suits are filed in U.S. District Court in Philadelphia against the measure. . . . Reports assert the gross national product grew at a 2.1% annual rate in the first quarter of 1990, while inflation soared to its highest quarterly rate since 1981.

The Hubble telescope successfully opens its 10-foot- wide “lens cap.”

Bella Cohen Spewack, 91, coauthor of books to Broadway musicals Kiss Me Kate and Boy Meets Girl, dies in NYC. . . . San Antonio Spurs center David Robinson is named basketball’s rookie of the year, the first unanimous choice for the award since 1984. . . . The Bourne Ultimatum by Robert Ludlum tops the bestseller list.

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 23

April 24

April 25

April 26

April 27

50—April 28–May 3, 1990

April 28

World Affairs

Europe

The Los Angeles Times reports that millions of dollars of UN relief money for Afghanistan, earmarked for repair of roads and villages, has instead been spent on salaries, offices, and housing for relief workers. . . . Leaders of the 12 EC nations agree to set an examination of proposals designed to increase political cooperation within the community.

April 29

Asia & the Pacific

Syrian president Hafez al-Assad meets with Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev in his first visit to Moscow in three years.

Slain Colombian candidate Carlos Pizarro Leongómez is buried, and 20,000 mourners accompany his coffin in a procession through the capital. His second in command, Antonio Navarro Wolff, states he will replace Pizarro as the group’s presidential candidate.

More than 10,000 riot police assault the Hyundai Heavy Industry Co. shipyard plant in an attempt to halt a 20,000-worker wildcat strike.

Men in the Swiss sub-canton of Appenzell Inner-Rhoden vote to keep the ban on women voting in local elections, the only place in the nation that withholds the right to vote in local elections from women. . . . British Satellite Broadcasting begins its satellite television service. . . . New East German premier Lothar de Maiziere pays his first visit to Moscow and meets with Soviet president Gorbachev.

Panama’s president, Guillermo Endara, embarks on a five-day visit to the U.S.

In South Korea, at least 3,000 Hyundai striking workers clash with police. Protests over the raid spread to Seoul, where more than 1,000 students block traffic and throw stones at police.

Lebanese kidnappers free hostage Frank Reed, the second American captive released in eight days. . . . In Zaire, government security forces attack a political rally in Kinshasa, killing at least two people. . . . During Israel’s independence day celebrations, Pres. Chaim Herzog receives petitions signed by half a million adults demanding reform of Israel’s electoral system to end the paralyzing influence of small parties. . . . The U.S. and South Yemen restore diplomatic relations after a break of over 20 years.

The largest native land-claim accord in Canadian history gives the Inuit over 135,000 square miles of land and a total of C$612 million in compensation over the next 14 years. It also gives the Inuit the rights to oil, gas, and mineral holdings on 14,000 square miles of the territory. In exchange, the Inuit relinquishes their claim to a 772,000-square-mile area. . . . Panama and the U.S. sign three agreements on fighting drug trafficking. . . . Pres. Bush nominates Gilberto Guardia Fabrega as the first Panamanian administrator of the Panama Canal.

In Japan, Foreign Minister Taro Nakayama announces that thirdgeneration Koreans in Japan will be granted permanent resident status and will no longer be required to be fingerprinted. . . . At least 2,000 riot policemen raid the offices of the state-run Korean Broadcasting System in Seoul to break up a strike. . . . Reports surface that China supplied Cambodian rebels with arms.

May Day celebrations and marches are held in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary, and groups stage a prodemocracy rally in Leningrad, where the official celebration was canceled. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev and Kremlin leaders are jeered by thousands of protesters at the May Day parade in Red Square. . . . Hundreds of thousands of people cross between East and West Berlin while leftist youths stage antireunification rallies in both Germanies. . . . The Irish government bans smoking in theaters and buses.

The U.S. suspends the Peace Corps program, with its 130 volunteers, in Liberia because of escalating violence.

In El Salvador, Col. Roberto Mauricio Staben, who is linked to a kidnap-for-profit ring and is frequently accused of human rights abuses, is ousted from his command.

The Chinese government ends martial law in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet. Martial law has been in effect since March 1989. . . . Tens of thousands of demonstrators rally to demand the removal of U.S. military bases from the Philippines.

In Washington, D.C., more than 200 legislators from 42 countries call for a “global Marshall Plan” to help developing countries cope with environmental problems. World Bank president Barber Conable states the bank will ask its members to establish a new environmental fund.

In Hungary, Arpad Goncz becomes the parliamentary speaker, which encompasses the role of acting president. West German president Richard von Weizsaecker becomes the first West German head of state to visit Poland. . . . East and West German negotiators finalize terms for the unification of monetary systems and agree to implement the two-for-one rate as the official currency exchange rate, replacing the three-for-one rate.

The South African government and the African National Congress meet in Cape Town for their first formal talks. . . . Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak flies to Damascus, where he is warmly received by Syrian president Assad in the first visit to Syria by an Egyptian leader since 1977.

Law enforcement agents from Ontario, Quebec, and New York State seal off the St. Regis Mohawk Indian Reservation in an attempt to quell a series of gunfights in a dispute over gambling casinos on the reservation. . . . Jamaican prime minister Michael Manley visits Washington, D.C.

OPEC officials meet in Geneva and agree to scale back production to stem tumbling world oil prices.The foreign ministers of NATO adopt a package of proposals related to the reunification of Germany.

In Hungary, Pres. Arpad Goncz appoints Jozsef Antall as premier. . . . Britain’s ruling Conservative Party loses 191 seats, and the Labour Party gains 300 seats. . . . The Latvian Supreme Soviet begins a new session. . . . Bulgaria restores diplomatic relations with Israel after a 23-year break. . . . Accused Nazi war criminal Josef Schwammberger arrives in West Germany after being extradited from Argentina, where he was arrested in 1987.

Ivory Coast president Félix Houphouët-Boigny instructs the interior minister to implement multiparty politics.

In Colombia, security forces start a two-day raid and seize 18 tons of cocaine powder and semirefined cocaine in the largest drug raid in the nation’s history. . . . Separately, a bomb explodes outside a pharmacy said to be owned by Cali drug cartel leaders. Five people are killed and 36 wounded.

May 1

May 3

The Americas

In Czechoslovakia, the People’s Party sparks a furor by using secret-police files to disclose the communist pasts of two parliamentary deputies, both members of the prodemocracy Civic Forum movement.

April 30

May 2

Africa & the Middle East

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

April 28–May 3, 1990—51

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Hawaii governor John D. Waihee (D) appoints Rep. Daniel K. Akaka (D, Hawaii) to fill the Senate seat of the late Spark M. Matsunaga. . . . Hundreds of thousands of people attend an antiabortion rally in Washington, D.C.

A Chorus Line, the longest-running show in the history of NYC’s Broadway theater district, gives its final performance after a run of nearly 15 years and 6,137 performances.

Margaret T. Hance, 66, Republican who was elected the first female mayor of Phoenix, Ariz., dies of cancer in Phoenix.

Connecticut governor William O’Neill (D) signs legislation intended to ensure a woman’s right to abortion even if the Supreme Court were to strike down the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision. . . . DuBois Gilliam, imprisoned for his role in the HUD scandal, describes HUD’s fraud and political favoritism. . . . The Supreme Court says the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey can be sued in federal court. . . . The Supreme Court recognizes the authority of states or private parties to challenge mergers as anticompetitive even if they receive federal approval.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The spacecraft Discovery lands safely at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

Pres. Bush for the first time thanks Iran for the release of hostages but stresses there are no deals involved in the releases. . . . The U.S. State Department releases its annual list of countries that support international terrorism. . . . A federal judge in Alexandria, Va., dismisses new charges against Thomas Muldoon, the first figure to be reindicted in the Pentagon procurement scandal.

Reverend Henry C. Gregory, 54, pastor whose sermons were broadcast over the radio each Sunday, dies of cancer in White Sulphur Springs, W.Va.

The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching finds campus life at America’s colleges and universities is undermined by crime, alcohol abuse, and growing racial and sexual intolerance.

The Senate approves a $3.4 billion supplemental spending bill for fiscal 1990 that includes $720 million in aid for Panama and Nicaragua. . . . Defense Secretary Dick Cheney extends for 45 days a freeze on domestic and foreign U.S. military construction.

The House passes a $1.2 trillion spending plan for fiscal 1991 put forth by the Democrats as “a first step in the process” of working out a budget with the Bush administration.

The FDA approves a test to screen the nation’s blood supply for the hepatitis C virus.

The Washington Post reports the Bush administration passed messages to Iran via Algerian, Japanese, and Swiss intermediaries that parallel Bush’s public statements and were meant to encourage further hostage releases.

The Senate Budget Committee approves a $1.23 trillion fiscal 1991 spending plan that will reduce the federal deficit by $43 billion by spending less on defense and domestic programs than either the House or the White House proposed.The White House reveals Pres. Bush mistakenly underpaid his 1989 federal income tax and remedied the underpayment.

David Rappaport, 38, British-born dwarf who appeared in the television series L.A. Law, dies of a selfinflicted gunshot wound in Los Angeles.

In a case that touched off civil-rights protests, an all-white jury in Houston convicts three white former police officers of murdering a black man who died after a prison beating. . . . A Pennsylvania jury awards the largest libel judgment ever against a newspaper in a suit filed against the Philadelphia Inquirer. . . . The FDA grants formal approval for use of the drug AZT in treating children with AIDS, waiving its requirement of separate testing of drugs in children.

Lithuanian premier Kazimiera Prunskiene meets with U.S. president Bush in Washington, D.C.

Pres. Bush supports William Taylor, a top Federal Reserve Board official, to succeed L. William Seidman as chairman of the government’s program to bail out failed savings and loan institutions.

The First Family responds to controversy when a group of 150 Wellesley students protest an invitation to act as commencement speaker to Mrs. Bush, who dropped out of Smith College to marry.

NASA engineers report that they found a way to correct an antenna problem on the Hubble telescope.

Reports state that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints dropped some Mormon rituals that are offensive to women and to members of other religions. . . . John F. Kennedy Jr. fails the New York State bar exam for the second time.

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 28

April 29

April 30

May 1

May 2

May 3

52—May 4–8, 1990

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Supreme Soviet of Latvia votes in favor of a declaration of independence from the Soviet Union and calls for a period of transition to independence. . . . About 2,000 young Serbian nationalists stage a protest march through Belgrade on the 10th anniversary of the death of former Yugoslav leader Josip Broz, Marshal Tito. Police use truncheons to break up the protest. . . . The Greek parliament elects Constantine Karamanlis as the nation’s president. . . . David Hunt becomes secretary of state for Wales.

Iranian and Israeli officials and Lebanese militants begin to trade demands on the possible swap of Western hostages in Lebanon for Shiite Muslim prisoners held by pro-Israeli forces.

In Colombia, seven people are killed in a shoot-out between counterterrorist police and suspected drug traffickers. . . . In Nicaragua, disarmament talks begin between the government and contras.

U.S. Marine sergeant John S. Fredette is shot dead in Olongapo City, near the U.S. Subic Bay Naval Station in the Philippines.

Foreign ministers from East and West Germany and the victorious Allied powers of World War II meet in Bonn to discuss the reunification of Germany.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev condemns the Latvian measure in a phone call to the head of the Latvian Communist Party. . . . The English soccer season ends violently when police in Bournemouth clash with 2,500 fans. . . . In Romania, a presidential candidate, Rodu Campeanu, is assaulted by protesters in Braila. . . . The people of Plzen, Czechoslovakia, honor two dozen U.S. veterans, who liberated the city from Nazi German occupation.

In South Africa, the Azanian People’s Organization, a militant blackconsciousness group, accuses the ANC of forging an alliance with F. W. de Klerk’s ruling National Party at the expense of mass struggle by the black majority.

In Nicaragua, Pres. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro pledges to grant the contras a parcel of land on which they can settle as farmers with government aid. The territory will be permanently demilitarized. The accord is called the Declaration of Managua.

Afghan foreign minister Abdul Wakil urges the U.S. to agree to dialogue with his government on the possibility of internationally monitored elections in Afghanistan. . . . In response to the May 4 shooting of a marine, military authorities cancel off-base leave for all U.S. service personnel and their families in the Philippines.

Top finance officials from the Group of Seven nations meet in Washington, D.C., and agree to increase the lending resources of the International Monetary Fund by 50%.

The Soviet government opens eight border points for six hours and allows Romanians to travel freely. . . . The Croatian Democratic Union wins a parliamentary majority in run-off elections. . . . Latvian president Anatolijs Gorbunovs appeals to the Kremlin to discuss independence. . . . Italian regional elections show waning support for the Communist Party and gains for conservative regional parties. . . . In East Germany’s first free local elections, Lothar de Maiziere takes the lead.

Former president P. W. Botha resigns from the National Party to protest the government’s talks with the ANC, while Nelson Mandela, Joseph Slovo, and Alfred Nzo give a positive report on their talks with the government at a rally in Soweto.

Pope John Paul II starts a visit to Mexico.

The World Health Organization (WHO) opens its annual meeting in Geneva with renewed controversy over the PLO’s request for full membership in the UN agency. . . . Czechoslovakia signs a 10-year accord on trade and cooperation with the European Community.

Latvian deputies choose Ivars Godmanis, a noncommunist, as Latvia’s premier. A column of Soviet tanks roll through Riga, the Latvian capital. A leading Latvian trade-union organization vows a campaign of civil disobedience to protest secession. . . . U.S. vice president Dan Quayle visits London in his first European trip as vice president. The trip commemorates the 100th anniversary of the birth of Pres. Eisenhower.

The ANC invites the leaders of four of the six nominally self-governing black tribal “homelands” for a briefing on the Cape Town talks. . . . In Zaire, the cabinet is sworn in by Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko.

Canadian employment and immigration minister Barbara McDougall acknowledges that immigration officials used tranquilizing drugs on illegal immigrants who resisted deportation. . . . In Canada, Fisheries Minister Valcourt releases a federal plan to aid the ailing Atlantic Canada Fishing industry. . . . Pres. Bush’s chief of staff, John Sununu, warns Salvadoran president Alfredo Cristiani that mishandling of the Benavides investigation may jeopardize U.S. aid.

The Group of Seven (U.S., Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, France, Italy, and Canada) makes several decisions about the IMF that are endorsed at a meeting in Washington. . . . Premier Adil Carcani announces that Albania will join the 35-nation Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

The Albanian People’s Assembly approves a package of bills for liberal reform and becomes the last Marxist nation in Europe to effect liberalization. . . . Estonian lawmakers pass a resolution declaring the birth of the “Estonian Republic.” The deputies adopt the Estonian flag as the republic’s official symbol and pass legislation that states only laws passed in Estonia are valid on Estonian soil. . . . Cardinal Tomas O Fiaich, 66, Roman Catholic primate of all Ireland since 1977, dies from heart trouble.

About 2,000 Moroccan fundamentalists are beaten and arrested when they stage a peaceful demonstration in Rabat in support of six jailed Islamic leaders. Hours later, King Hassan orders the release of many of the demonstrators and announces the creation of a 37member consultative committee on human rights. . . . F. W. de Klerk begins a nine-nation tour of Europe.

Rafael Angel Calderón Fournier is sworn in as president of Costa Rica. . . . U.S. president George H. W. Bush pledges to seek to increase funding to help cut Bolivian cocaine production. . . . Nicaragua resumes exporting goods to the U.S.

World Affairs

May 4

May 5

May 6

May 7

May 8

Europe

Philippine police arrest two men in connection with the May 4 shooting of a U.S. marine. Police report that an investigation “discounted the possibility of political motive” for the crime. . . . In response to growing public discontent, South Korean president Roh Tae Woo makes a televised speech acknowledging that his administration made mistakes.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

May 4–8, 1990—53

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Robert Tappan Morris Jr., a former Cornell University graduate student, is sentenced in U.S. District Court to three years’ probation for creating a computer virus that disrupted a nationwide network in Nov. 1988.

A federal jury in Portland, Oreg., acquits a self-proclaimed CIA contract agent of lying when he claimed that the Reagan-Bush campaign struck a deal with Iran in Oct. 1980 to hold the 52 U.S. hostages in Teheran until after the election. . . . Two U.S. soldiers who participated in the 1989 invasion of Panama, Sgt. Paul T. Finsel Jr. and Pfc. Mark McMonagle, are charged with murdering a Panamanian. . . . Seventeen Marines are injured in a Sea Knight crash at Twentynine Palms, Calif.

Reports state that the U.S. civilian unemployment rate rose to 5.4% in April from 5.2% in March, the highest increase in more than a year.

A volcano with slow-moving lava compels officials to move the historic Star-of-the-Sea Roman Catholic Church in Kalapana, Hawaii. . . . A study in Science finds that where meat consumption has risen in China, so have the socalled “diseases of affluence” such as heart attacks, cancer, and diabetes.

A bipartisan commission report concludes that U.S. voters are uninformed and apathetic about national elections.

U.S. federal prosecutors file documents in Los Angeles stating that the police chief of Mexico City, Javier García Paniagua, was present at a 1984 meeting of drug traffickers, Mexican law enforcement officials, and others in which Enrique Camarena’s abduction was planned.

In the Greyhound strike, contract talks between the union and management resume under the auspices of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. However, they are halted indefinitely after a nine-hour bargaining session.

A slow-moving lava flow from Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii cuts off road access to Kalapana, prompting Hawaiian governor John Waihee (D) to declare the village a disaster area. The 2,000-ft-wide lava flow is the result of eruptions at Kilauea that began in Jan. 1983.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

May 4

Elton Hoerl Rule, 73, president of ABC, 1972–83, dies of cancer in Beverly Hills, Calif. . . . Unbridled wins the 116th running of the Kentucky Derby.

Charles (Charlie) Farrell, 88, film actor and former mayor of Palm Springs, Calif., dies in Palm Springs after a heart attack.

A settlement is reached in a dispute over the Selma, Ala., school board’s decision not to renew the contract of school superintendent Norward Roussell, a decision that had sparked protests earlier.

Craig I. Fields becomes the deputy director of defense research and engineering. . . . Carl Russell (Spitz) Channell, 44, the first person to plead guilty to criminal charges in the Iran-contra affair, dies from complications after an earlier car accident.

According to a report published in American Psychologist, teenagers who experiment with drugs to a limited extent tend to be emotionally healthier and better adjusted than either total abstainers or drug abusers.

A previously undisclosed meeting between Oliver North and then-vice president Bush is revealed when 1,400 pages of North’s notebooks are made public.

Business Week reports that average compensation for top executives of U.S. corporations rose 3.4% in 1989, the smallest increase since 1970.

Nora Dunn, a cast member of Saturday Night Live, announces that she will not appear on an episode hosted by Andrew Dice Clay, noted for his routines directed against women and homosexuals. . . . Pistons’ forward Dennis Rodman is named basketball’s top defensive player.

The FCC grants a license to Millicom Inc. to test a new type of portable phone network that may emerge as an alternative to cellular systems currently in use.

May 5

May 6

May 7

May 8

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

54—May 9–14, 1990

May 9

May 10

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The U.S. presents opposition to a UN plan to provide direct aid to Third World countries to reduce use of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons. . . . The Lithuanian premier meets with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, who states she “absolutely, unquestionably” supports Lithuanian independence but urges the republic to compromise with the Kremlin.

In Poland, Lech Walesa, founder of the Solidarity union movement, threatens to lead a “permanent political war” that will shake Premier Tadeusz Mazowiecki and the Solidarity-led government. . . . The minority Socialist government of French premier Michel Rocard survives a censure motion over controversial legislation to grant amnesty to politicians in cases of illegal fundraising prior to June 1989. . . . The USSR marks the 45th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany with a military parade in Moscow.

Nelson Mandela starts a six-nation tour of Africa.

NATO’s Nuclear Planning Group decides to decrease its arsenal of nuclear weapons in Europe. . . . In response to a U.S. threat to withdraw crucial funding to the World Health Organization, it defers the divisive PLO bid indefinitely.

The Lithuanian government takes over state television and radio outlets in the republic. . . . In Poland, 10 rail workers start a hunger strike. . . . Desecrated Jewish graves in France call attention to racism and anti-Semitism. . . . F. W. de Klerk confers with François Mitterrand, becoming the first South African leader to meet with a French president since 1947.

Tens of thousands of Algerians stage a peaceful march to show their support for democracy and their opposition to Islamic fundamentalism.

In Nicaragua, 60,000 government workers stage sit-ins and strikes to press for wage increases.

China releases 211 dissidents who were involved in the 1989 prodemocracy movement.

The presidents of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia meet for the first time since the start of the independence push. . . . British publisher Robert Maxwell launches The European, a weekly English-language paper available throughout Europe. . . . In Romania, three Peasants Party deputies resign from the Provisional Council of National Unity to protest the “atmosphere of terror” pervading the elections.

The Financial Times reports that the Ethopian government has lifted its 13-year-old ban on private banking.

The pope holds an unscheduled prayer in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico, for 27 people who died in a plane crash while on the way to see him.

An explosion and fire rip through a Philippine Airlines jet as it prepares to take off from Benigno Aquino International Airport in Manila on a domestic flight. The blast kills seven people and injures 82. . . . A secret Chinese government document made public in the U.S. appears to confirm that Chinese leaders considered the release of detained dissidents a “card” to play for favorable U.S. policy.

The presidents of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia agree to coordinate political and economic strategies and sign a treaty reviving the Baltic Council, a group that existed until the 1940 Soviet annexation of the Baltic region. . . . Around 100,000 demonstrators in Prague demand that former officials be prosecuted for the alleged crimes they committed during Communist rule. . . . Andrei Pavlovich Kirilenko, 84, former member of the Soviet Politburo, dies of unreported causes in the USSR.

South Yemen president Ali Abdullah Saleh announces that the armed forces of North and South Yemen are technically dissolved. . . . In Liberia, rebels seize Yekepa, the site of an iron-ore mine that is Liberia’s biggest industrial facility. . . . The Washington Post reports that powerful old-guard members of the Popular Movement of the Revolution successfully pressured Zaire’s president Mobuto to slow down the process of liberalization.

In Colombia, at least 17 people die and more than 140 are injured when two car bombs explode in front of shopping malls in Bogota. Separately, as many as 10 people die and 40 are injured when a bomb explodes in the nightclub district of Cali. . . . Chile reaches a tentative accord under which it will pay compensation to the U.S. for the 1976 killing of Chilean exile Orlando Letelier and an aide, Ronni K. Moffitt.

P.M. Vishwanath Pratap Singh visits the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu after they are hit by cyclones and announces a total of $70 million in emergency relief funds.

British fears about the possibility of the transmission of mad cow disease to humans are raised when a cat dies from the disease. . . . The West German Social Democratic Party (SPD) posts key election victories in state elections in Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia.

Eleven armed dissidents seize control of a radio station in Madagascar. In clashes with security forces, three people are killed and 20 injured. . . . The U.S. and Iran sign an agreement under which Iran will pay the U.S. $105 million to settle 2,795 small financial claims arising from the 1979 Iranian revolution.

Mexico’s Chamber of Deputies approves a constitutional amendment returning control of the nation’s banks to private hands. The banks had been nationalized in 1982.

South Korean police arrest a prominent dissident, Kim Keun Tae, in connection with recent protests. . . . In the Philippines, two U.S. servicemen are shot and killed. Officials cancel all off-base leaves for U.S. military personnel.

Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev declares the efforts of Estonia and Latvia to break with the Soviet Union have no legal basis. . . . At least 200 protesters, some on a hunger strike, take up residence in a tent city erected in Bucharest, the headquarters for daily antigovernment protests. . . . In response to several desecrated Jewish graves, 80,000 march in Paris to protest racism and antiSemitism. Pres. Mitterrand joins the march, the first time a French president participates in a public protest since World War II. . . . Seven people are injured in an IRA bomb attack on the Ministry of Defense’s Directorate of Army Education in London.

In the Ivory Coast, hundreds of lowranking army conscripts, disgruntled over low pay and poor working conditions, stage unprecedented protests. . . . Around 20,000 Jordanians and Palestinians stage a march that ends in chaos when some youths charge across the Allenby Bridge, which links Jordan to the West Bank. More than 50 people are injured when police use tear gas to drive back the crowd.

Nicaraguan labor minister Francisco Rosales declares a public sector strike illegal. . . . The Mexican attorney general’s office creates a new investigative division that will handle special cases, including the 1985 torture and slaying of a U.S. drug agent and his pilot.

Bilateral talks open in Manila. Supporters and opponents of the U.S. bases demonstrate throughout the Philippines.

May 11

May 12

May 13

May 14

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Nearly 100,000 students in 16 cities demonstrate against South Korea’s dominant Democratic Liberal Party in the largest protest in South Korea since 1987. Student protesters in Seoul attack and set fire to the U.S. Information Service building. . . . The worst cyclone in India since 1977 batters the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for two days, killing 450 people and destroying thousands of homes.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

May 9–14, 1990—55

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Senate Ethics Committee votes to broaden an investigation of Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.). . . . Pauline Frederick, 84, news commentator and the first woman to moderate a presidential debate, dies of a heart attack in Lake Forest, Ill.

Americas Watch, a U.S.-based human rights group, charges that before and during the 1989 invasion of Panama, the U.S. violated the Geneva Conventions on warfare. . . . Bush administration officials contend that the Bush-North meeting concerned arms sales to Iran but did not address illegal contra aid

The Animas–La Plata reservoir project in Colorado is put on “indefinite hold” after the Fish and Wildlife Service finds the project threatens the endangered Colorado squawfish. . . . The EPA concludes that secondhand smoke causes more than 3,000 cases of lung cancer in nonsmokers each year in the U.S. . . . The Treasury sells $10 billion of new 10-year notes at an average yield of 8.88%, the highest since May 1989.

Singer Tom Waits wins a lawsuit against Frito-Lay and its ad agency, which unlawfully re-created his distinctive voice with an imitator. . . . Singer Sinead O’Connor joins the boycott of Saturday Night Live announced by Nora Dunn May 7 . . . Pulitzer Prize–winning columnist Jimmy Breslin is suspended for two weeks after making racist remarks about a female Korean-American reporter.

A federal appeals court rules that begging is not a form of free speech, so NYC has the right to ban panhandlers from its subways. . . . The Senate Judiciary Committee releases a report that estimates 2.2 million Americans use cocaine at least once a week. . . . The House passes a bill to require companies to grant workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to tend to newborn or adopted children or seriously ill family members.

The U.S. temporarily recalls Alan Green Jr., the U.S. ambassador to Romania, “in light of the reports of irregularities in the Romanian electoral process which raise questions about whether those elections will be free and fair.”

According to The Wall Street Journal, 207 banks needed FDIC assistance in 1989. . . . Three top U.S. bank regulators urge bankers not to curb credit in reaction to stricter government supervision of lending practices.

Walker Percy, 74, author and philosopher, dies of cancer in Covington, La.

Deputy Atty. Gen. Donald Ayer resigns after less than six months on the job. The resignation is prompted by earlier disclosures that he was forced to retract support for tough sentencing guidelines for corporations convicted of criminal activity. The White House nominates William Barr to replace him. . . . U.S. officials announce Pres. Bush’s nomination of U.S. district judge Robert C. Bonner as the head of the DEA.

Interior Secretary Manuel Lujan Jr. states the Endangered Species Act is “too tough” and should be revised to allow more weight for economic factors in deciding the fate of certain kinds of plants and animals, remarks which set off controversy. . . . News of wholesale figures help push up the Dow Jones Industrial Average by 63.07 points, which is equal to 2.3% of its total value. Volume on the NYSE is at its highest in five months.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In a commencement address at Texas A&M University, Pres. Bush envisions an American landing on Mars by the year 2020.

May 12

The Washington Post reports that U.S.-backed Afghan rebels are heavily involved in the heroin trade.

More than 30 Democrats mail letters to colleagues asking them to join the Coalition for Democratic Values, a newly formed organization of liberal legislators launched by Sen. Howard Metzenbaum (D, Ohio). . . . U.S. district judge Gerhard A. Gesell orders Price Waterhouse & Co. to award a partnership to a woman, Ann Hopkins, who was denied promotion in 1983 because of sexual bias. . . . The Supreme Court refuses a suit supported by 30 states seeking liability of asbestos companies for the cost of removing asbestos from state buildings and facilities.

May 10

May 11

In a commencement address, Pres. Bush proposes the creation of a “citizens democracy corps” for American private-sector assistance to Eastern Europe.

The Knights of Columbus, a Roman Catholic fraternal organization, announces it will contribute $3 million of the $5 million needed to fund an antiabortion publicity campaign by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.

May 9

May 13

The Supreme Court rules that price-cutting arrangements that damage a competitor’s business do not necessarily violate federal antitrust laws.

May 14

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

56—May 15–20, 1990

World Affairs

May 15

May 16

An environmental conference by Western nations in Bergen, Norway, concludes with a commitment by most of the 34 nations attending to stabilize carbon dioxide emissions at current levels by the year 2000. Many world powers, including the U.S., do not agree . . . The council of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade grants the Soviet Union observer status in the organization.

May 17

May 18

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Asia & the Pacific The New People’s Army claim responsibility for the May 13 killings of U.S. airmen, which they describe as “a warning,” and threaten more violence unless U.S. bases are removed from the Philippines.

In Yugoslavia, Borisav Jovic of Serbia succeeds Janez Drnovsek in the one-year post of federal president and warns that political differences and ethnic tensions have brought Yugoslavia to the brink of “civil war”. . . . The death count of workers constructing the Eurotunnel reaches eight. . . . Soviet loyalists, believed to be mainly ethnic Russians, storm the parliament buildings in Estonia and Latvia. . . . Pres. Hosni Mubarak meets with Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, formally closing more than a decade of strained Soviet-Egyptian diplomatic relations.

Pres. Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali from Tunisia meets with U.S. pres. Bush, who praises Tunisia as “an example of pragmatism, stability and progress in the Middle East.”

Nicaraguan strikers ignore the government’s ultimatum, and they are joined by workers from the telephone service, public transportation, banks, the international airport and border crossings.

The first noncommunist government in Yugoslavia since World War II takes office in Slovenia, and Lojze Peterle becomes premier. . . . A British army sergeant is killed and another injured when a bomb rocks their van in London. . . . The federal government in Bonn and the 11 West German states agree to create a 115 billion deutsche mark fund to restructure the ailing economy of East Germany.

In South Africa, a clash between black workers and white officials at an Anglo-American Corp. gold mine kills two whites and injures 18 blacks and whites. Following the deaths, members of the white separatist AWB chant “We want blood” outside the police station. . . . In the Ivory Coast, 1,000 recruits seize control of the country’s main airport and briefly occupy the national television and radio stations.

Nicaraguan president Violeta Barrios de Chamorro agrees to higher wages for state workers, and other measures, ending a week-long strike in the public sector. . . . Representatives of the Salvadoran government and the FMLN rebels hold talks in Caracas, Venezuela. . . . The Dominican Republic holds presidential elections that are so close that a recount is ordered.

Soviet president Gorbachev confers with Lithuanian premier Kazimiera Prunskiene in Moscow in the first meeting with a senior official of any of the renegade Baltic republics.

The South African government sends police and army reinforcements to an Anglo-American Corp. gold mine after the May 16 riot.

In Papua New Guinea, a rebel leader, Francis Ona, declares independence and names himself interim president of the “Republic of Bougainville.”

In Poland, Lech Walesa convinces 7,200 Gdansk shipyard workers to return to work after a four-hour stoppage. . . . A by-election in the Northern Ireland district of Upper Bann returns a representative of the Ulster Unionist Party to Parliament. . . . The finance ministers of East and West Germany sign a treaty setting conditions for merging the economies of the two countries.

In Liberia, rebel fighting escalates to the point where Pres. Samuel K. Doe calls for the entire population to “get their cutlasses and singlebarrel guns and get in the bush” to fight the rebels.

In South Korea, students in Kwangju begin three days of demonstrations to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the 1980 Kwangju prodemocracy uprising, which was violently suppressed by South Korean troops. . . . Reports suggest that riots and fighting between faction groups are occurring in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea.

In Liberia, rebels attack Buchanan, the country’s second-largest city and the chief port for the export of iron ore. . . . The Egyptian government announces that, in an effort to calm Iraqi fears, Cairo won a pledge from Israel that it will not launch a first strike against any Arab country.

May 19

The ruling National Salvation Front and its leader, Interim President Ion Iliescu, wins the Romanian national elections. Opponent Ion Ratiu charges vote fraud and vows to contest the results. . . . The Soviet government publishes a presidential decree allowing Soviet citizens to build, buy, or sell their own housing and to own the land on which their housing stood. It is the first major economic directive by Pres. Gorbachev that uses his new executive powers.

May 20

The Americas

In Colombia, gunmen kill a city councilman from the Patriotic Union. Separately, a member from the Liberal Party is shot and killed in Colombia’s Antioquia province.

An Israeli Jew, described as “deranged” by witnesses, opens fire on a group of Palestinian laborers inside Israel, killing seven of them. The massacre sparks widespread riots in the occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank that last for two days and spread to Arabs inside Israel and to Palestinians in Jordan. Five Gazans are shot to death by troops in the rioting, and hundreds are wounded by live ammunition and plastic bullets. . . . In South Africa, police open fire on protesters in the black township of Thabong, outside Welkom. Four blacks are killed.

Pres. Lee Teng-hui is inaugurated, and he proposes that Taiwan open “channels of communication” with China. Lee also pardons nine imprisoned dissidents. Around 6,500 demonstrators protest Lee’s appointment of Defense Minister Hau Pei-tsun as premier. . . . In South Korea, protests turn violent as police fire tear gas to hold back 10,000 students armed with firebombs and rocks. Fifty people are reported injured, and 200 protesters are arrested. . . . Robert Gates, the U.S. deputy national security adviser, travels to Pakistan and India to discuss tensions in Kashmir.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

May 15–20, 1990—57

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Chief Justice William Rehnquist calls for restrictions on death penalty appeals to federal courts. . . . Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry pleads not guilty to six new drug charges. . . . The trial of four Mexicans accused of involvement in the Enrique Camarena murder opens in Los Angeles. . . . A study reveals that married people live longer than unmarried people. The highest death rate is among divorced men.

A presidential commission investigating the Dec. 1988 terrorist bombing of Pan American World Airways Flight 103 criticizes Pan Am. The FAA calls for new steps to improve aviation security and urges U.S. military strikes against terrorist targets.

Congressional leaders and Bush administration officials meet to negotiate the fiscal 1991 budget. . . . Circle K Corp. files for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the U.S. bankruptcy code.

Reports surface that 13 people were killed in floods that hit parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana over the last month. A total of 117 counties in the four states are declared disaster areas.

Portrait of Dr. Gachet by Vincent van Gogh becomes the most expensive painting sold at auction (for $82.5 million).

The Senate approves a bill that provides an estimated $2.9 billion in emergency funds over the next five years to help cities and states cope with the costs of the AIDS epidemic.

A privately financed rocket is launched at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, to conduct commercial experiments. The Starfire-1 rocket flies 189 miles into space then coasts for about seven minutes in very weak gravity crucial for the experiments. The payload is parachuted back to Earth 54 miles north of the launching site.

James Maury (Jim) Henson, 53, puppeteer who created the Muppets, dies of streptococcal pneumonia in NYC. . . . Sammy Davis Jr., 64, singer, dancer, and actor who was one of the first black performers to win widespread acclaim from white audiences, dies of throat cancer in Los Angeles.

Arizona governor Rose Mofford (D) signs a law that makes slain civil rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.’s birthday a paid holiday for state employees.

The General Accounting Office reports that the Bush administration is deeply divided in its attitude toward cigarette exports. . . . Joseph Fama, 19, is found guilty of murder in the death of a black youth, Yusuf Hawkins, who was shot to death after being chased by a gang of white teens in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, in 1989.

West German chancellor Helmut Kohl holds talks with Pres. Bush in Washington.

Dalton Prejean becomes the first person executed under a 1989 ruling that permits states to impose the death penalty for crimes committed by 16- and 17-year-olds. Prejean’s case evoked national protest since he has an IQ of 71, is black, and was convicted by a white jury. . . . Keith Mondello, a member of the mob that attacked a black youth, Yusef Hawkins, is acquitted of murder and manslaughter charges and convicted on lesser counts. His acquittal on the most serious charges touches off a series of protests by blacks in Bensonhurst and Brooklyn.

Veterans Affairs Secretary Edward Derwinski announces that Vietnam war veterans with soft-tissue sarcoma, a rare form of cancer, are eligible for disability payments in a major breakthrough for veterans groups that claim there is a link between Agent Orange and cancer. . . . Another 1,200 pages of Oliver North’s personal notebooks are released to the public. . . . A new federal grand jury in Washington, D.C., begins a probe into the Irancontra arms scandal.

Jill Ireland, 54, British-born actress who appeared in many films, often with her husband, actor Charles Bronson, dies of cancer in Malibu, Calif.

Jose Rafael Abello Silva, extradited from Colombia in 1989, is found guilty of two drug conspiracy charges in Tulsa, Oklahoma. . . . Secretary of State James Baker returns from the Soviet Union and announces a tentative agreement that both sides will reduce their strategic missiles by 30%, each with a ceiling of 6,000 nuclear warheads.

Pres. Bush becomes the first sitting president to play in a Professional Golfers Association event when he plays a round of the Celebrity Classic.

Robert Reischauer, director of the Congressional Budget Office, forecasts that the federal deficit would be between $149 billion and $159 billion.

May 15

May 16

May 17

The Hubble Space Telescope relays its first photographs of the universe. The pictures returned of a nearby star cluster known as NGC 3532 reveal that what looked like an oblong blob in a recent photograph from Earth is instead two stars orbiting near each other.

Randy Barnes sets a world record in the shot put with a throw of 75 feet, 101⁄4 inches at the Jack in the Box Invitational in Los Angeles. . . . Monica Seles, 16, of Yugoslavia ends the 66-match winning streak of West German Steffi Graf, which began in June 1989 and is the second-longest streak in the modern era of women’s tennis.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 18

May 19

May 20

58—May 21–25, 1990

World Affairs

May 23

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

As many as six Palestinians are killed by army gunfire, and a Gazan Palestinian residing in Jordan storms aboard a bus filled with French tourists and wounds at least eight people. Arabs who are citizens of Israel stage a one-day strike as well as violent protests. . . . Riots in South Africa kill three blacks, which spark more clashes. . . . In Liberia, the mutilated bodies of 18 men from the Gio and Mano tribes are found dead. They are believed to have been killed as a warning by pro-Doe militants. . . . In Ethiopia, the government executes 12 officers convicted of taking part in a failed coup attempt in May 1989. . . . In Gabon, Pres. Omar Bongo lifts a ban on multiparty politics. . . . On the Ivory Coast, hundreds of police go on strike, blocking roads throughout Abidjan until Pres. Félix HouphouëtBoigny meets with the dissidents.

Representatives of the Salvadoran government and the FMLN reach an agreement on a “general agenda” to end the civil war. . . . In Colombia, Liberal Party senator Federico Estrada Vélez, 63, a political ally of Gaviria, is slain while driving. . . . The Progressive Conservative government of Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney is thrown into a crisis by the resignation of Environment Minister Lucien Bouchard in response to changes to the Meech Lake constitutional accord being discussed by the government.

Maulvi Mohammed Farooq, the chief Muslim cleric in Kashmir, is shot and killed in his home in Srinagar. Indian security forces fire on a procession of 100,000 mourners in Srinagar, killing at least 60 people.

NATO’s defense ministers agree to review military strategies in light of what they perceive as a significantly lessened threat from the Warsaw Pact.

In Poland, strikes spread throughout the northern region, shutting down the port of Szczecin and disrupting the flow of coal and other goods. . . . The Soviet Presidential Council and the Federation Counsel approve a new economic program.

In South Africa, Law and Order Minister Adriaan Vlok threatens to use gun control laws to crack down on self-styled Boer commando groups. . . . In Gabon, the Gabonese Democratic Party adopts a new constitution for the transitional period. . . . After years of conflict, the Yemen Arab Republic and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen merge into a single nation, the Republic of Yemen. . . . In Jordan, tens of thousands of Palestinians stage marches, and two people are killed when security forces open fire. . . . Police use tear gas to break up a march by hundreds of Palestinians in Jerusalem.

In Canada, Gilbert Chartrand resigns from the Progressive Conservative Party since he cannot accept any changes to the Meech Lake accord.

About 350,000 people gather in Srinagar, Kashmir, for Farooq’s funeral.

NATO’s defense ministers agree that the organization can safely reduce the state of readiness of its forces in Central Europe.

The Soviet government formally unveils its economic-reform program, which includes a plan for a national referendum.

A delegation from the ANC holds its first meeting inside South Africa with white business leaders. . . . In Gabon, Joseph Rendjambe, secretary general of the opposition Gabonese Progress Party, is found dead under suspicious circumstances. In response, riots break out in Gabon’s two largest cities in response that last for a week. . . . The Liberian government admits for the first time that a town was captured by rebels when it reports that Buchanan fell.

Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov presents the economic program to the Supreme Soviet, causing debate. . . . Mikhail Gorbachev tells Lithuanian officials in Moscow that the republic will be independent in two years if it suspends its March declaration of independence. . . . In Poland, Lech Walesa travels to Slupsk for four days of intensive private talks with strike leaders.

To reinforce the 500-strong battalion of French marines normally stationed in Gabon, France starts sending 200 more soldiers to its former colony, Gabon, after recent riots.

Haiti’s interim president, Ertha Trouillot, meets with U.S. pres. Bush in Washington, D.C. . . . In El Salvador, one soldier is convicted and two acquitted in the 1982 killing of a U.S. citizen, Michael David Kline. . . . In Colombia, at least nine people are killed and 20 injured by a car bomb that explodes in Medellín.

Emperor Akihito of Japan expresses his “deepest regret” for the 1910–45 Japanese occupation of Korea during a Tokyo banquet for South Korean president Roh Tae Woo. . . . In an emotional news conference, New South Wales, Premier Nick Greiner announces that Sir David Martin, the state governor, will resign because of ill health.

The Lithuanian government restricts the distribution of gasoline to use for food transport and emergency services and shuts off hot water for both domestic and industrial use. . . . British prime minister Margaret Thatcher breaks ranks with the U.S. and proposes that Britain “set itself the very demanding target” of a substantial reduction in carbon dioxide emissions to help ease the threat of global warming.

In the Ivory Coast, customs officers stage a walkout and obtain a meeting with Pres. Houphouët-Boigny. Firefighters also issue a list of demands. . . . In Lambarene, Gabon, protesters reportedly storm the prison and free inmates. . . . In Liberia, Pres. Samuel K. Doe show his first sign of compromise, when he states he will hold early elections under international supervision if that move will end the fighting.

Imre Finta, a Hungarian emigre, is acquitted in Toronto on charges involving the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Nazi concentration camps. He is the first person tried under a 1987 law that allows Canadian courts to try suspected war criminals for crimes committed outside Canada.

Roh becomes the first South Korean leader to address the Japanese parliament.

May 24

May 25

Africa & the Middle East

Greek premier Constantine Mitsotakis’s new conservative government announces it will establish full diplomatic relations with Israel and it upgrades the status of Greece’s relations with the PLO. . . . In Romania, an international team of 60 monitors conclude that “the (voting) process was flawed,” but not fraudulent. . . . The Supreme Soviet approves legislation making it a criminal offense to insult the nation’s president “in an indecent way” in response to the May Day crowd’s jeers.

May 21

May 22

Europe

The UN Security Council reconvenes in Geneva to hear for the first time from Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat. . . . Argentina wins the renewal of a $1.44 billion loan package from the IMF and announces an agreement with commercial bankers to resume negotiations on the nation’s mediumand long-term bank debt.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

May 21–25, 1990—59

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Supreme Court upholds North Dakota’s regulation of liquor sold at U.S. military bases. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand a federal court order that permanently bars Operation Rescue from blocking access to and from abortion clinics. . . . The Supreme Court upholds a 1984 federal law requiring persons convicted of federal misdemeanors to pay a $25 fine for each count into a Crime Victims Fund. . . . The City University of New York begins to divest its holdings in tobacco companies.

The bipartisan Arms Control and Foreign Policy Caucus headed by Representative Howard Berman (D, Calif.), issues a report showing that 14 of El Salvador’s 15 highestranking officers commanded troops that are responsible for killing civilians, torturing prisoners, causing disappearances, denying medical attention to victims, and falsifying information to conceal abuses. Eleven of the 14 officers received U.S. training. . . . According to a report in The Washington Post, U.S. government agencies supplied the names of suspected communist leaders to the Indonesian army during its brutal 1965–66 crackdown on leftists.

Kidder, Peabody & Co. Inc. announces that it will resume using computerized program trading, a controversial practice that some critics argue is responsible for volatility in the stock market.

More than 200 noted scientists from around the world, including three Nobel laureates, announce a boycott of Chinese scientific meetings until dissident physicist Fang Lizhi is allowed to leave China.

Laker guard Earvin (Magic) Johnson is named the NBA’s most valuable player. . . . The 43rd annual film festival in Cannes awards its top prize to U.S. director David Lynch’s film Wild at Heart. . . . The Supreme Court rules that Mormon parents cannot take a charitable deduction on their federal tax returns for money spent to support their children while they serve as unpaid missionaries.

The House approves legislation that prohibits discrimination against disabled Americans in employment, housing, and public accommodations and transportation.

The House rejects a foreign aid supplemental authorization bill and thereby cuts aid to El Salvador.

The FDIC announces that its insurance fund to protect bank depositors fell in 1989 for the second consecutive year.

The Senate approves legislation that imposes a three-year ban on the manufacture or sale of nine types of semiautomatic assault rifles.

Harvard University president Derek Bok discloses that the university has completed its divestment of all its stock holdings in tobacco companies. . . . Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan calls on states to adopt tough measures to curb smoking by young people.

The House passes a revised comprehensive clean-air bill to send to the Senate. . . . The House approves a pilot program in California on the feasibility of using cars that run on nongasoline fuels. . . . The House votes to enhance warranty protection on antipollution equipment on cars. . . . In congressional testimony, Neil Bush, son of Pres. Bush, denies any wrongdoing as a director of a Denver S&L that failed. . . . The Bush administration states for the first time that it greatly underestimated the cost of the S&L bailout and that new funds are necessary for the program to proceed. Pres. Bush recommends the renewal of most-favored-nation trade status for China. . . . The navy reopens its investigation of the April 1989 gun-turret explosion on the battleship Iowa that killed 47 crew members.

Rocky Graziano (born Thomas Rocco Barbella), 71, middleweight boxing champion who fought in the 1940s and 1950s, dies of cardiopulmonary failure in NYC.

The Journal of American Medicine finds that vigorous exercise for 50 minutes three or four times a week can be as effective as medication in treating moderately high blood pressure.

Charles Ernest (Charlie) Keller, 73, baseball outfielder who played for the New York Yankees and the Detroit Tigers, dies of cancer in Frederick, Md.

Two new studies are published in the New England Journal of Medicine that lend support to the idea that weight gain is genetically influenced.

The Edmonton Oilers win the National Hockey League’s Stanley Cup for the fifth time in seven years.

Congress clears and Pres. Bush signs a bill providing $4.3 billion in fiscal 1990 supplemental appropriations, including $720 million in economic assistance for Panama and Nicaragua as well as funds for Haiti. . . . The Senate confirms Pres. Bush’s choice of veteran diplomat Harry Shlaudeman as ambassador to Nicaragua.

Mark Strand is named the new poet laureate of the U.S. The Canadianborn Strand wrote seven books of poetry and is an English professor at the University of Utah. . . . Victor (Vic) Tayback, 60, actor best known for the television series Alice, dies of a heart attack in Glendale, California.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 21

May 22

May 23

May 24

May 25

60—May 26–31, 1990

World Affairs

May 26

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A French airlift flies about 1,800 people out of Gabon. . . . Separately in Gabon, Pres. Omar Bongo states that multiparty systems have “always been a source of division” and the new system leads to unrest. However, he affirms that he will not renege on his promise to end oneparty rule. . . . More than 60,000 pro-apartheid white South Africans hold a rally against Pres. F. W. de Klerk’s reforms outside Pretoria.

Colombian police report they dismantled a drug traffickers’ bomb factory in a suburb of the capital. Six members of the ring who are allegedly responsible for five bomb attacks in Bogota are captured.

In Pakistan, a group of masked men in cars and on motorcycles fire at crowds. Gun battles between militant ethnic groups, as well as terrorist activity, continues for several days.

Six allegedly armed civilians are shot to death by troops at the railroad station in Yerevan. Debate over whether the civilians were armed leads to violence in Armenia. . . . Poland holds its first free local elections since World War II, and more than 100,000 candidates compete for about 50,000 seats on local councils.

Reports state that many Liberians have been fleeing for Monrovia and Sierra Leone in fear of massacres on both sides as rebels advance.

Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, a strong advocate of the government’s war against drug cartels, is elected president of Colombia.

In Pakistan, 80 people are killed when police fire on crowds protesting the arrests of suspected militants. . . . The main opposition party wins in the first free, multiparty elections in Myanmar in 30 years.

At a meeting of the UN Security Council, the U.S. bows to pressure by Israel and blocks a compromise proposal to send observers to the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.

May 27

Africa & the Middle East

May 28

The Arab League holds a summit in Baghdad, Iraq, after weeks of negotiation.

The Provisional Irish Republican Army admits it mistakenly killed two London-based Australian lawyers in the Dutch town of Roermond who were thought to be offduty British military personnel. . . . In Poland, Lech Walesa persuades railroad workers to suspend strikes and to delay a planned national strike. . . . Yugoslav president Borislav Jovic calls for a new federal constitution. . . . In Armenia, clashes between nationalists and soldiers lead to an official death toll of 23. . . . The USSR begins dismantling the controversial radar complex near Krasnoyarsk in Siberia.

Zambia’s 600-member National Council discusses whether to allow multiparty politics. . . . In the Ivory Coast, former railroad workers who demand better unemployment pay block rail traffic and paralyze Abidjan’s port for two days. Pres. Félix Houphouët-Boigny says he will “examine” all their grievances. . . . A bomb explodes in a outdoor market in west Jerusalem, killing one and wounding nine other Israelis. Islamic Jihad, a radical Palestinian group, claims responsibility for the attack.

Chilean president Patricio Aylwin reprimands Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte for attempting to undermine the authority of Chile’s new civilian government. . . . Eugenia Charles is reelected to a third consecutive term as prime minister of Dominica, although her party loses seats in the House of Assembly.

Pakistan prime minister Benazir Bhutto flies to Karachi to hold emergency talks with the chief minister of Sind, Aftab Shahban Mirani. . . . In Myanmar after election results, leaders of the ruling military junta concede and reiterate a preelection promise that the military will turn over power to a civilian government after the newly elected legislators draft a new constitution. . . . Hussein bin Dato Onn, 68, prime minister of Malaysia, 1976–81, dies in Daly City, Calif., after a heart attack. . . . Organizers of a project to broadcast prodemocracy radio programming to China from a French ship terminate the venture after meeting opposition at several ports.

May 29

In Paris, officials from 40 nations sign an accord to create the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

France agrees to reschedule $1.5 billion in debt owed by Poland. . . . Communist Party maverick Boris Yeltsin is elected president of the Russian Federation by the republic’s parliament.

In Zambia, Pres. Kenneth Kaunda states that his nation will hold a referendum to allow the people to choose whether to introduce a multiparty system.

Canadian officials open a visit by Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev by announcing that they will extend a new C$500 million credit line to the Soviet Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs.

The U.S.-based human-rights group Asia Watch reports that widespread human rights abuses by the Chinese authorities continue in Tibet.

The Arab League threatens “political and economic measures” against nations that recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

A powerful earthquake strikes northern Romania. It is centered about 20 miles east of the town of Sfintu Gheorghe and measures 6.7 on the Richter scale. . . . In Poland, a preliminary count shows the only political party to get more than 7% of the seats on the local councils is the Peasant Party. No other party wins more than 2%. . . . French agriculture minister Henri Nallet bans imports of British beef due to fears of mad cow disease.

Israeli security forces foil an attempted raid by Palestinian guerrillas to invade Israel after landing on beaches. The Palestine Liberation Front, a radical faction of the PLO, claims responsibility. Israeli officials call on the U.S. to end diplomatic contacts with the PLO. . . . In Liberia, masked soldiers enter a refugee camp and go on a rampage. They kill one person and abduct 40 men, women and children from the Gio and Mano tribes.

A major earthquake jolts northern Peru. The quake, centered near the town of Moyobamba, measures 6.4 on the Richter scale. . . . In Nicaragua, the government and contras sign an agreement under which the contras will have a degree of autonomy in the territory granted earlier.

Moldavia becomes the first nonBaltic Soviet republic to recognize Lithuania as a sovereign nation. . . . EC agriculture commissioner Raymond MacSharry, states that the commission made the “fullest guarantees” that beef from Britain is safe. . . . Greek finance minister Yiannis Palaiocrassas unveils the government’s budget for 1990. . . . The consortium to build the Eurotunnel secures an underwriting agreement that brings an apparent end to the group’s financing problems.

Yasser Arafat denies that the PLO is connected to the attempted attack on Israel but declines to take action against those responsible. . . . In Liberia, 15 bodies are been found where refugees abducted May 30 were believed to have been taken. Separately, Liberian rebel leader Charles Taylor says he will not be satisfied until Pres. Samuel Doe is removed from office. . . . The Ivory Coast approves of nine opposition parties. . . . In South Africa, 10,000 progressive young Afrikaners gather for a rock music festival that mocks conservatism, militarism, and apartheid.

A strong earthquake rattles Mexico. The epicenter is located about 180 miles southwest of Mexico City, and it measures 6.1 on the Richter scale. . . . The U.S. makes a $60 million payment to Nicaragua from a package of aid approved by Congress.

May 30

May 31

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

May 26–31, 1990—61

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

May 26

Robert Baumle Meyner, 81, governor of New Jersey, 1953–62, dies in Captiva, Fla., due to ill health since suffering a stroke in 1986.

Yugoslavia wins the Association of Tennis Professionals World Team Cup in Dusseldorf, West Germany. . . . Arie Luyendyk wins the Indianapolis 500.

A series of torrential thunderstorms start in the Ohio River valley region.

The New York Times reports that rising food prices forced many states to cut back the assistance for WIC, a federally funded program to prevent malnutrition in pregnant women and infants. . . . The Supreme Court agrees to review the constitutionality of regulations that prohibit federally funded clinics from discussing abortion or providing referrals. . . . Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry admits he used crack cocaine in January.

The FDA approves a plan that will provide expanded distribution of the experimental anti-AIDS drug DDC.

The NBA announces it will open its 1990–91 season by playing two games in Tokyo. The contests will be the first regular-season games held outside of North America by a U.S. sports league.

The countdown for the launching of the space shuttle Columbia from Cape Canaveral, Fla., is halted when sensors detect a fuel leak while filling the craft’s external tank.

Greek and U.S. officials initial a new agreement to allow the U.S. to maintain military bases in Greece for eight more years. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife, Raisa, arrive in Washington, D.C., for a scheduled four-day visit.

The Commerce Department data shows that sales of new houses declined 1.6% in April, to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 546,000, the lowest number of new houses sold since Dec. 1982.

The U.S. Defense Department orders a six-warship amphibious task to sail to Liberia in case an evacuation of U.S. citizens becomes necessary.

Ashland Oil Inc. is ordered to pay $10.3 million to four people who claimed damages from polluting fallout from the company’s oil refinery in Catlettsburg, Kentucky.

May 27

May 28

May 29

The Journal of American Medicine reports that people who try to quit smoking on their own are twice as successful as those who enroll in programs.

May 30

Raisa Gorbachev attends the opening of an exhibit of Russian religious texts at the Library of Congress.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 31

62—June 1–6, 1990

World Affairs

June 1

June 2

June 3

Demonstrations for Chinese democracy are held in Hong Kong, Japan, and other Asian countries on the anniversary of the 1989 crackdown. Protests in Asian countries last for two days.

June 4

June 5

The foreign ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe meet in Copenhagen.

June 6

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In separate meetings, Boris Yeltsin talks with Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis and Marju Lauristin, the deputy chairwoman of the Estonian parliament. . . . West Germany embargoes British beef. . . . Sir Rex Harrison (born Reginald Carey Harrison), 82, British-born film and theater actor, dies of pancreatic cancer in NYC.

Liberian president Samuel Doe appeals for the U.S. “and other friendly countries to bring to an end this six-month-old, Libyan-backed incursion in order to pave the way for a peaceful, free and fair election in 1991.” He states he will not seek reelection.

Peruvian police begin a raid of several hideouts of the Maoist Sendero Luminoso guerrilla group and arrest as many as 35 suspected members of the group.

In Czechoslovakia, a home-made bomb injures 18 people in Prague’s Old Town Square. No one claims responsibility. . . . About 65,000 people march in East Berlin to protest the East German law that authorizes the government to seize land, houses, and businesses controlled by the former Communist Party.

In Liberia, the Red Cross officially begins protecting Gio and Mano refugees in the capital.

In El Salvador, reports confirm that a central piece of evidence in the Col. Alfredo Benavides case was destroyed. Benavides is charged for alleged involvement in the murder of six Jesuit priests in 1989. . . . Forensic experts in Chile begin to excavate an unmarked grave and uncover 20 bullet-riddled corpses. The bodies—preserved because of the desert conditions of the gravesite—are those of opponents of Augusto Pinochet and were apparently executed by army troops after Pinochet took over in 1973.

The threat of protests in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square is averted as Chinese authorities seal off the square for three days.

The East German government shuts down a nuclear reactor at the Greifswald power plant because of “grave safety deficiencies.”. . . The executive committee of Britain’s Social Democratic Party votes to disband after the party’s humiliating seventh-place finish in a parliamentary by-election in Bootle. . . . In Romania, reports confirm that 14 people were killed by the May 30 quake and more than 200 injured.

According to Ethiopian radio, air force MiG warplanes, which bombed the port of Massawa after its capture, killed 200 people in nine raids. Western officials express fears of a major famine unless the Massawa relief route is reopened.

In Peru, the official death toll from the May 30 quake is 101, although other reports suggest that up to 200 people were killed. Another 1,500 people are reported to have been injured. . . . Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney convenes a series of private meetings with Canada’s 10 provincial premiers in an attempt to resolve the crisis over the Meech Lake accord.

For two days, Chinese students mark the first anniversary of the crackdown on the prodemocracy movement with the largest display of open defiance against the government since that time. About 200 students hurl bottles from windows. One man is arrested in Tiananmen Square. Foreign journalists covering the Beijing University protests are harassed or beaten by police. . . . Over the next two days, demonstrations for Chinese democracy are held in Hong Kong, Japan, and other Asian countries.

Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis, criticizes U.S. president Bush’s decision not to link Lithuania with the Soviet trade pact. . . . In the Soviet republic of of Kirghizia, thousands of Uzbeks riot in the Muslim holy city of Osh over a decision by local authorities to allocate a large plot of land for housing for Kirghiz citizens.

Nelson Mandela starts a six-week, 13-nation world tour in which the issue of sanctions is expected to figure prominently.

The Czechoslovak government interrogates five former members of the Communist Party. . . . Riots in Osh lead to a death toll of 11. The government declares a state of emergency, but the ethnic unrest spreads to Frunze, the Kirghizian capital. . . . The House of Lords rejects a bill passed in the House of Commons that allowed for trials of suspected World War II criminals living in Britain.

In Liberia, rebels attack the world’s largest rubber plantation, run by Bridgestone-Firestone Tyre & Rubber Co. and located about 30 miles southwest of Monrovia. . . . The Ethiopian government announces its willingness to allow the rebelheld port of Massawa to be used to deliver food relief to the warwracked and famine-threatened northern provinces of Eritrea and Tigre.

The Chilean Supreme Court denies a request that investigation into the 1976 slaying of Orlando Letelier be reopened after a military tribunal established that there is no new evidence in the case. . . . The Soviet Union and Cuba hold talks on future trade relations.

Soviet troops rush to Kirghizia and seal off its border with Uzbekistan. . . . Premier Tadeusz Mazowiecki declares that Poland’s transition to a free market is complete. . . . The Czechoslovak government detains Vasil Bilak, rumored to have urged military intervention in Czechoslovakia. . . . Clyde Lee Conrad, a former U.S. Army sergeant, is convicted of treason in West Germany and sentenced to life in prison. . . . Italy joins the embargo on British beef.

The ruling National Party of South African president F. W. de Klerk narrowly fends off defeat in a special parliamentary by-election in Natal, losing ground to the Conservative Party, which is dedicated to preserving apartheid. . . . In Liberia, reports indicate that rebel fighting is only 10 miles from Monrovia’s city limits. Separately, Liberian rebels acknowledge one of their top military leaders—Elmer Johnson, a Liberian citizen who served in the U.S. armed forces—was slain.

Brazilian president Fernando Collor de Mello states Brazil will consider agreeing to preserve parts of its rain forests in return for forgiveness of some of its foreign debt. . . . Separately, Brazil’s Supreme Court rules unconstitutional a presidential decree that curtails the powers of regional labor courts to award salary increases.

Protests in China continue as more than 1,000 students march across Beijing University campus. The rally lasts two hours, after which the students peacefully return to their dormitories.

The Philippine Supreme invalidates rebellion and murder charges against Juan Ponce Enrile, an opponent of Pres. Corazon Aquino. . . . The Foreign Correspondents Club of Beijing files a protest with the Chinese government. . . . Cambodian president Hun Sen and Prince Norodom Sihanouk, leader of a coalition of rebel groups, sign a conditional cease-fire agreement.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

June 1–6, 1990—63

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Presidents Bush and Gorbachev sign more than a dozen bilateral agreements. The agreements call for reductions in arms and freer trade relations between the countries.

The meeting between Gorbachev and Bush ends. The two leaders admit differences over important issues, such as the reunification of Germany and the unresolved conflict over Lithuania. In spite of the differences, both presidents declare that the summit pushed U.S.-Soviet relations into a new era of cooperation. Gorbachev and his entourage fly to Minnesota and California before returning to the Soviet Union.

Dr. Jack Kevorkian admits he helped a woman commit suicide. . . . The Supreme Court rules that police can seize items in “plain view” for evidence even if they are not listed in a search warrant. . . . The Supreme Court upholds a federal law that requires public schools to give student political and religious groups the same access to facilities that other extracurricular groups receive. . . . A federal judge decides the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors violated constitutional rights of the Hispanic population when it drew voting districts in 1981.

After months of strike negotiations, Greyhound Lines Inc. files for protection from its creditors under Chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy code.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Richard William Millar, 91, former chairman of Northrop Corp. and expresident of Bankamerica Corp., dies in Pasadena, Calif., . . . NASA launches an unmanned Delta rocket carrying an X-ray observatory from Cape Canaveral, Fla.

The Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize is awarded to Hayden Carruth. . . . Barbara Bush and Raisa Gorbachev speak at Wellesley College’s annual commencement exercises . . . Stephen King’s The Stand: The Complete and Uncut Edition tops the bestseller list.

A series of tornadoes and heavy thunderstorms begin to tear through parts of the Midwest, lasting for two days.

Frederick Mellinger, 76, founder of the Frederick’s of Hollywood lingerie chain, dies of pneumonia in Los Angeles.

Robert Norton Noyce, 62, coinventor of the silicon microchip that revolutionized the computer and electronics industries and founder of Intel Corp., dies in Austin, Tex., after a heart attack.

The 44th annual Tony Awards are presented in NYC. The award for best play goes to The Grapes of Wrath, an adaptation of the John Steinbeck novel. Grand Hotel wins five awards, and City of Angels wins six awards.

Reports suggest that the series of tornadoes and heavy thunderstorms that tore through parts of the Midwest starting June 2 killed at least 13 people and injured dozens more. Indiana officials declare a state of emergency after eight people are killed and 150 are injured by the twisters, which are the worst in the state since 1974. Other major tornado damage is reported in Illinois, Wisconsin, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio.

The presidents of the Big Ten Conference universities admit Penn State to the conference, which will change its name within 60 days. . . . Jack Gilford (born Jacob Gellman), 82, actor who was once nominated for an Academy Award, dies of stomach cancer in New York.

Thomas Root pleads guilty in Washington, D.C., to five federal charges of forgery and fraud involving the FCC. . . . The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that the state’s system of funding public education is unconstitutional because it benefits wealthy school districts at the expense of poor ones.

The Presbyterian Church revises its statement of faith by including environmental concerns and references to God as both mother and father. . . . Data shows NYC’s Broadway theatre district set a box-office record.

Premier Constantine Mitsotakis holds talks with Bush in Washington, D.C., becoming the first Greek premier to pay an official visit to Washington in more than 25 years.

Moody’s Investors Service Inc. lowers its rating on New York State’s general obligation debt so that only two states, Louisiana and Massachusetts, have a lower rating than New York. . . . The Senate Agriculture Committee bans exports of pesticides that are outlawed in the U.S. The panel then appends that legislation as an amendment to the 1990 farm bill.

NASA returns the spacecraft Columbia to a hangar for repair work, which delays its mission indefinitely .

Judge Jose Gonzalez rules that a 2 Live Crew album, As Nasty as They Wanna Be, is obscene under Florida state law. . . . Mark Messier of hockey’s Edmonton Oilers is awarded the Hart Trophy.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 1

June 2

June 3

June 4

June 5

June 6

64—June 7–12, 1990

June 7

Europe

The foreign ministers of NATO meet in Turnberry, Scotland. . . . The leaders of the Warsaw Pact, meeting in Moscow, proclaim an end to the idea that the West is an “ideological enemy.”

In, Kirghizia, the death toll mounts 48. In response, Soviet interior minister Vadim V. Bakatin calls for “round-table” talks involving the authorities and nationalist elements of all the Soviet republics. . . . European Community agriculture ministers reach a compromise agreement to end embargoes against British beef put in place because of fears of mad cow disease. . . . British prime minister Margaret Thatcher visits the Soviet Union.

South African president F. W. de Klerk lifts the four-year-old nationwide state of emergency in three of the country’s four provinces. . . . Unconfirmed reports suggest that rebels have seized Liberia’s main airport.

Admiral Alfredo Poveda Burbano, 64, last military dictator of Ecuador, dies of a heart attack in Miami, Fla.

Civic Forum and its Slovak sister party, Public Against Violence, wins parliamentary and regional elections in the first free voting in Czechoslovakia in over 40 years.

After over a month of internal haggling, Yitzhak Shamir announces that he has formed a coalition in the Israeli government. . . . South African president de Klerk issues a limited emergency decree in Natal, site of three years of inter-black violence that killed 3,000. . . . In Liberia, a twomonth bout of fighting degenerates into tribal warfare.

José Figueres Ferrer, 83, threetime president of Costa Rica, affectionately known as “Don Pepe,” dies of a heart attack in the capital city of San José.

British prime minister Thatcher travels to Kiev, where she visits a British trade pavilion, places a wreath on the monument to 100,000 people slain by the Nazis in Babi Yar, and attends a meeting of the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet.

The formation of Yitzhak Shamir’s right-wing Israeli government prompts dire forecasts by Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Palestinian leaders. . . . South African president de Klerk releases 48 political prisoners to promote negotiations on constitutional reform between his white minority government and the leaders of the nation’s black majority.

After much negotiation, Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney and provincial premiers reach an agreement on the Meech Lake accord impasse. The agreement finds that a controversial clause stating that Quebec is a “distinct society” complements but does not override the nation’s Charter. The premiers of provinces that oppose the Meech Lake accord agree to submit it to their legislatures or to a provincial vote.

The ruling Bulgarian Socialist Party takes the lead in Bulgaria’s first free national elections in 58 years. . . . The pilot of a British Airways BAC 1-11 passenger jet is nearly sucked out of the plane after a cockpit windshield blows out at an altitude of 23,000 feet. Crew members grab the legs of the pilot and hang on to him for 15 minutes, until the copilot makes an emergency landing.

Tunisia holds local elections, but all opposition parties boycott the voting as unfairly biased, resulting in a 99% victory for Ben Ali’s ruling Democratic Constitutional Rally. . . . In Kuwait, elections for the 50 council seats are held, despite a boycott by opposition leaders. . . . Singer Miriam Makeba returns to her native South Africa, ending a 31-year exile.

Alberto Fujimori is elected president of Peru by a wide margin in the second round of elections. . . . The U.S. and Mexico agree in principle on moving toward talks on a freetrade pact. . . . Panamanian president Guillermo Endara marries a 23-year-old college student, Ana Mae Díaz Chen, in Panama City. The marriage sets off controversy among Panamanians.

India agrees to lift the crippling trade sanctions against Nepal it imposed in March 1989. In return, Nepal agrees to delay acceptance of arms from China and to maintain a dialogue with India on all defense-related matters.

In Romania, student leaders meet with representatives of the ruling National Salvation Front However, they do not reach agreements, and students refuse to abandon the tent city. . . . Tens of thousands of people protest in Sofia, Bulgaria, claiming that Socialists used intimidation and fraud to steal the elections. . . . In Czechoslovakia, reports indicate that several candidates dropped out of the elections to avoid public disclosure of past ties to the secret police.

The bullet-riddled bodies of three prominent Americo-Liberians turn up at a Monrovia morgue. . . . Israel’s Knesset approves a new right-wing coalition government led by P.M. Yitzhak Shamir.

After an electoral review, the Dominican Republic’s incumbent President Joaquín Balaguer, 83, is declared the winner of the May presidential voting by a margin of less than 25,000 votes over Juan Bosch.

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the dominant rebel faction, seizes 10 police stations in eastern Sri Lanka and captures about 600 officers.

Peace talks between representatives of Samuel Doe’s Liberian government and Charles Taylor’s NPF rebels are held in Freetown, Sierra Leone. . . . Algeria’s fundamentalist Islamic Salvation Front unexpectedly emerges as the winner in local elections. The vote is the country’s first free, multiparty balloting since independence in 1962.

More than 1,000 demonstrators march in Santiago, Chile, demanding that Augusto Pinochet be brought to trial for the executions of the people found June 2 in a mass grave.

In Sri Lanka, police report that hundreds of captured policemen were killed by the rebels. The Tamil spokesmen denies that any policemen were killed.

June 8

June 9

June 10

June 11

June 12

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Western central banks offer Hungary $280 million in short-term loans.

Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev confers with the presidents of the three Baltic republics, proposes to transform the USSR into a confederation of “sovereign states” and asks the Baltic leaders to suspend independence declarations during negotiations. . . . The Supreme Soviet votes for a law to establish freedom of the press. . . . The Russian Federation declares the sovereignty of its laws over federal laws.

The Americas

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

June 7–12, 1990—65

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan takes issue with the growing animal-rights movement and its attempts to curb medical research on animals.

U.S. agents arrest Roderick James Ramsay, a former U.S. Army sergeant, in Tampa, Fla., on espionage charges. He is connected to Clyde Conrad, who was convicted of treason in West Germany June 6.

A British-registered oil tanker runs aground and spills 260,000 gallons of heavy crude oil in the third major spill of 1990 in New York Harbor. The tanker’s first mate, Englishman Geoffrey Frederick Gregory, 52, is arrested for operating a vessel while under the influence of intoxicants and of discharging a pollutant without a permit.

The first woman to head the American Bar Association, Jill WineBanks, announces her resignation.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 7

A Titan-4 rocket successfully launches a secret military payload into orbit from Cape Canaveral. . . . An explosion aboard a Norwegian supertanker results in a fire and a threat of a massive oil spill off the coast of Texas. Two crewmen are killed in the explosion and two others are missing and presumed dead. Firefighters work for days to bring the raging flames under control.

Law enforcement officials arrest a Fort Lauderdale record store owner who sold a copy of the banned As Nasty as They Wanna Be to an undercover police officer.

Kerry Kennedy, daughter of the late Robert Kennedy, and Andrew Cuomo, son of New York governor Mario Cuomo, marry in Washington, D.C. . . . Monica Seles of Yugoslavia upsets Steffi Graf to win the women’s title in the French Open.

Thousands of animal-rights supporters march in Washington, D.C., to protest the use of animals for food and research.

A story published in the Atlanta Journal and Constitution reports that the CIA played a key role in the capture of African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela in 1962, which led to his imprisonment for more than 27 years.

The Supreme Court upholds a federal law allowing the president to mobilize the National Guard for training missions outside the U.S. without the approval of state officials. . . . The Supreme Court widens police power to stop, question, and search suspects on “reasonable suspicion” of criminal activity. . . . The Supreme Court strikes down as unconstitutional a 1989 federal law forbidding desecration of the American flag.

A federal judge in Washington, D.C., sentences former national security adviser John Poindexter to six months in prison for lying to Congress about his involvement in the Iran-contra arms scandal. . . . East Germany’s premier, Lothar de Maiziere, confers with Pres. Bush on reunification issues. He is the first East German leader to visit Washington.

Two members of the rap group 2 Live Crew are arrested on obscenity charges after a performance in Hollywood, Florida. . . . Andrés Gómez of Ecuador wins the men’s title over Andre Agassi of the U.S. in the French Open.

June 8

June 9

June 10

June 11

A New York Stock Exchange advisory panel recommends mandatory trading halts at times of extreme stock market volatility.

The three major U.S. television networks—ABC, CBS and NBC— announce that they are changing the way they measure television viewership for advertising purposes.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 12

66—June 13–18, 1990

World Affairs

June 17

June 18

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Chile, the army denies blame for the mass grave since it had been a wartime operation. . . . The Southern Front signs a peace treaty with the Nicaraguan government, the last contra group to do so.

In Sri Lanka, the Tamils ignore a cease-fire agreement, and fighting between army and rebel forces escalates. Rebels continue to attack police stations and eventually capture as many as 20 officers.

Australian industry minister John Button and Vietnamese Commerce Minister Hoang Minh Thang sign an agreement to expand trade between their nations. . . . Australian prime minister Bob Hawke insists that 200 Cambodian refugees who arrived in northern Australia by boat in 1990 have no legitimate fear of persecution in their native country.

In Romania, 10,000 miners from the Jiu Valley region pour into Bucharest. Armed with iron bars, they beat students, ransack the headquarters of opposition parties and newspapers, and rough up the foreign press. Police do not interfere. . . . The Supreme Soviet rejects a plan to triple bread prices but approves the nation’s first corporate income tax. . . . The British government rejects a funding proposal to build a railroad link between London and the English Channel Tunnel.

In an interview in The Wall Street Journal, Yitzhak Shamir charges that the U.S., by allowing “the perception in the Arab world” that U.S.-Israeli relations are troubled, is “to a great extent” to blame for increasingly hostile rhetoric from Arab nations. . . . A 12-year-old Jewish boy is stabbed and wounded by an Arab in east Jerusalem, prompting days of anti-Arab rioting by Israeli mobs.

Chilean general Horacio Toro, head of the civil police, calls for Augusto Pinochet’s resignation as commander in chief of Chile’s armed forces.

The International Bureau of Expositions choose Hanover, West Germany, as the site of World Expo 2000., . . . The Bush administration reverses its policy and announces support for a special international fund to help developing countries reduce the use of chemicals that erode the ozone layer.

The Romanian government reports more than 500 people were injured in the past three days and six are dead. A mob of miners leaves Bucharest. Pres. Ion Iliescu, at a mass farewell rally, thanks them for “doing very good work.”. . . East and West German negotiators reach an agreement about property and assets seized since 1950. . . . The Russian parliament elects Ivan S. Silayev premier of the federation, succeeding Vlasov.

Iran agrees to pay the U.S. oil company Amoco Corp. $600 million for installations seized during the 1979 Iranian revolution. The decision is the first major settlement of more than $1.8 billion in U.S. corporate claims against Iran.

Nicaraguan reports state that more than 14,000 contra rebels out of 16,000 demobilized under an agreement reached by Pres. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro’s government and the contras.

A summit attended by the presidents of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Honduras opens. Panama’s president sits in as an observer.

Lithuania suspends its declaration of independence. In response, the Soviet government restores 15% of Lithuania’s supply of natural gas. . . . The Romanian government orders an investigation of the June 13–14 riots. . . . Tens of thousands of demonstrators block crossing points on the Greek-Yugoslav border, and accuse the Greeks of discriminating against the ethnic Macedonians in Greece. . . . Dutch and Belgian police arrest suspects believed responsible for IRA attacks against British military targets on the continent.

Kenyan president Moi announces that the Kenyan people unanimously backed KANU as the country’s sole party since a multiparty system would spark tribal divisions.

The presidents of five Central American nations launch a plan for a Central American economic community.

The ruling Bulgarian Socialist Party wins a solid majority in parliament in run-off elections.

In response to the recent violence, the European Community indefinitely suspends economic relations with Romania.

East German officials end a string of arrests that capture nine people wanted in West Germany in connection with terrorist actions by the Red Army faction. . . . Romania’s new parliament votes for legislation that effectively bans protests in central Bucharest. The government arrests three prominent opposition activists.

June 14

June 16

Africa & the Middle East

In Romania, police oust more than 200 youths before burning a makeshift tent city. Thousands of students riot in Bucharest and burn police headquarters. At least 4 are killed and more than 200 are injured. . . . About 30,000 Serbs hold anticommunist rallies in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. . . . Reports indicate that 148 people died and 885 were injured in riots in Kirghiz. . . . Tens of thousands of people stage another round of protests in Sofia, Bulgaria, against election practices. . . . Lord Terence Marne O’Neill, 75, prime minister of Northern Ireland, 1963–69, dies in Hampshire, England.

June 13

June 15

Europe

In Sri Lanka, a second cease-fire between the Tamils and government is declared, and the two sides agree to exchange prisoners.

In Cambodia, forces of the Khmer Rouge and the rebel faction led by Prince Norodom Sihanouk capture Kompong Thom, a provincial capital 60 miles north of Phnom Penh.

In Israel, P.M. Yitzhak Shamir invites Syrian president Hafez alAssad to visit Jerusalem for peace talks to demonstrate its good intentions in the face of U.S. skepticism and Arab hostility.

In talks with U.S. secretary of state James Baker, Nicaraguan president Chamorro indicates that small arms destined for the leftist rebels in El Salvador continue to pass through to the U.S. . . . . Amnesty International reports “widespread” human-rights abuses by Brazilian law-enforcement authorities between 1985 and 1990.

The truce in Sri Lanka breaks down, prompting Deputy Defense Minister Ranjan Wijeratne to tell parliament, “From now on it is all-out war. We will annihilate the Liberation Tigers.” He states 600 rebels died during the fighting. . . . The state of Queensland withdraws its bid for a joint Australian-Japanese “city of the future” development project, giving the venture to South Australia.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

June 13–18, 1990—67

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The House approves legislation to provide a total of $4 billion over the next five years for AIDS health care and prevention. The legislation is sent to a conference committee.

Secretary of State James Baker criticizes the PLO for failing to condemn a raid on Israel and for the anti-American tone of the recent Arab League summit. He also rebukes the new Israeli government in unusually strong terms, citing Israeli officials’ remarks that the U.S. peace plan was irrelevant.

Don R. Dixon, former owner of the now-insolvent Vernon S&L, is indicted by a grand jury in Dallas on 38 counts, including conspiracy and misapplication of funds. . . . The House Banking Committee approves a housing bill that appropriates funding for the construction of rental apartments.

A board of inquiry, authorized by the Norwegian government in consultation with the U.S. Coast Guard, opens a hearing on the June 8 disaster off the Texas coast.

The New York Stock Exchange announces a plan to establish offhours trading systems.

Flash floods inundate Ohio, northern West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania. In Shadyside, Ohio, at least 23 people are killed and 10 missing.

Medieval artworks that disappeared from Germany after World War II are traced to a former U.S. Army lieutenant, Joe Tom Meador, a former art teacher who died in 1980 in Texas. . . . The Detroit Pistons defeat the Portland Trail Blazers to win their second consecutive NBA title.

Rep. Bruce F. Vento (D, Minn.) states to the RTC Oversight Task Force of the House Banking subcommittee on financial institutions supervision, regulation, and insurance that six former executives at two failed California thrifts continued to receive salaries as high as $300,000 months after they stopped working at the institutions.

Pres. Bush declares Belmont County a disaster area, bringing to the total to 17 counties that are federal disaster areas after a series of thunderstorms and floods. . . . The fire aboard a ship that exploded June 8 near Galveston, Tex., is finally extinguished.

George Nakashima, 85, furniture designer who received a gold medal for craftsmanship from the American Institute of Architecture, dies in New Hope, Pa.

The Supreme Court rules hospitals and nursing homes can sue states for higher Medicaid reimbursement rates. . . . Federal agents arrest 174 suspected members of the Los Angeles–based Crips and Bloods street gangs on drug and weapons offenses. Suspects are seized in Calif., Ariz., La., N.Mex., Okla., Oreg., and Wash. . . . Published remarks by Cardinal O’Connor that warn of the danger of excommunication to politicians who support legalized abortion touch off a political outcry. Pres. Bush vetoes a bill that would have eased many of the restrictions of the 1939 Hatch Act, which bars federal employees from engaging in most forms of political activity. . . . Jack Henry Abbott, who won literary acclaim for a 1980 book written in prison, is ordered to pay $7.57 million to the widow of a man he stabbed to death in 1981 after being paroled with the aid of author Norman Mailer and other literary figures.

The State Department decides to withhold economic aid from Romania after learning of recent violence. The decision does not affect food or medical aid.

The ACLU reports that acts of discrimination against people with AIDS increased in 1989.

The Supreme Court rules that a special exemption from patent infringement for drugs, to permit testing, may be applied to medical devices.

Rep. Stephen Solarz (D, N.Y.), chairman of the House Foreign Affairs subcommittee on Asian and Pacific affairs, warns that tensions between India and Pakistan over Kashmir pose “the most serious threat of a major military conflict anywhere in the world at the present time.”

A 42-year-old construction worker, James E. Pough, sprays gunfire from a semiautomatic rifle at an office in Jacksonville, Fla. Eight people are killed and five are critically injured before the gunman shoots himself to death. . . . The Supreme Court upholds the right of police to videotape drunk-driving suspects and use evidence of slurred speech against them at trial without having advised the drivers first of their constitutional rights. . . . Pres. Bush nominates lawyer Stephen Potts as director of the White House Office of Government Ethics.

The Internal Revenue Service steps up audits of the U.S. operations of foreign banks following the discovery that many of them paid little or no income taxes during the mid1980s.

An alliance of the American Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange, the Cincinnati Stock Exchange, and Reuters Holdings PLC of Britain announces its plan to establish off-hours trading systems.

According to data from the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, the first half of 1990 saw the most violent weather in the U.S. in 40 years, with a total of 726 tornadoes in the first six months of the year.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 13

June 14

June 15

Dame Eva Turner, 98, one of the first British opera singers to achieve international fame, dies in London.

June 16

Harry Gant, 50, becomes the oldest driver ever to win a NASCAR race with a victory in the Miller 500 in Long Pond, Pennsylvania.

June 17

The Supreme Court lets stand a declaration that Cathy Stone Deupree Adkinson is the natural daughter of the late country singer Hank Williams and is therefore entitled to a portion of his estate. Adkinson, 37, was born five days after Williams’s death in 1953.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 18

68—June 19–24, 1990

June 19

June 20

World Affairs

Europe

Five member nations of the EC sign an agreement, known as the Schengen treaty, that will open common borders. The treaty requires ratification and is expected to come into effect in 1992.

In Moscow, 2,744 delegates open a conference to establish a Russian Communist Party.

An international conference on the ozone problem opens in London. . . . The Sixth International AIDS Conference opens in San Francisco. The conference is attended by more than 10,000 researchers and offers 3,000 studies.

Ion Iliescu is sworn in as president in Bucharest. Alan Green Jr., the U.S. ambassador to Romania, boycotts the ceremony. Iliescu appoints Petr Roman as the new premier. . . . The parliament of Uzbekistan declares the sovereignty of its laws over the laws of the central government. . . . Switzerland tightens its immigration laws.

June 21

June 22

Africa & the Middle East

In El Salvador, the second round of peace talks open in Oaxtepec, Mexico.

In Singapore, Vincent Cheng is released from jail after a 1987 arrest and becomes the last of a group of 16 alleged communist plotters to be released. . . . In Kashmir, rebels kill four policemen in a grenade and rocket attack on two Srinagar hotels.

A major earthquake strikes northern Iran, killing thousands of people. The quake measures 7.7 on the Richter scale and is followed by dozens of aftershocks, one of which measures 6.5 on the Richter scale. . . . The PLO’s executive committee in Baghdad, Iraq, issues a statement calling on the Arab League to respond to the “challenge” issued by the U.S. on June 20. It complains that the U.S. has not reacted similarly to “Israeli crimes against Palestinians.”

Haitian Council of State member Serge Villard is shot by gunmen, two of whom are dressed in army uniform. Trade unionist Jean-Marie Montes is also shot.

The East German Supreme Court begins to overturn convictions of those found guilty of political offenses under the former Communist regime and to order compensation to be paid.

Bombs wreck the constituency offices of two cabinet ministers of F. W. de Klerk’s ruling National Party in Johannesburg. Reports surface that Piet Rudolph, the deputy Boerestaat leader, sent a videotape to a newspaper in which he declared “open war” on de Klerk’s government.

The Meech Lake accord, a series of constitutional amendments aimed at persuading the province of Quebec to ratify Canada’s 1982 constitution, dies as the provinces of Newfoundland and Manitoba do not approve the accord.

In Poland, prominent figures in the Solidarity movement break with union leader Lech Walesa. . . . Reports show that negligent safety procedures in the uranium mines in East Germany and Czechoslovakia have caused the premature deaths of thousands of workers. . . . Romanian president Ion Iliescu outlines a plan to create a special antiriot force in Romania made up of “young and determined lads who are morally beyond suspicion.”

June 24

Asia & the Pacific

The process for converting East Germans’ marks into deutsche marks is ratified by both governments. . . . A military court in Bucharest convicts Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu, the younger brother of deposed Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu, of attempted murder and inciting genocide during the 1989 revolution. . . . The Budapest Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Eastern Europe, officially opens. . . . Sixty-one volunteers of the U.S. Peace Corps arrive in Hungary.

The parliament of Moldavia declares the sovereignty of its laws over the laws of the central government. . . . A conservative communist, Ivan K. Polozkov, is chosen to lead the newly independent Communist Party of the Russian Federation. . . . Gabriel Mace, 72, editor-in-chief of the satirical French weekly newspaper Le Canard Enchaine, dies of heart disease in Paris.

June 23

The Americas

Jean Chrétien is elected leader of Canada’s opposition Liberal Party in Calgary, Alberta.

Two large earthquake, aftershocks shake Iran. Accurate counts of the dead and wounded people after the June 21 earthquake are difficult to confirm, but it is estimated that tens of thousands are dead. . . . Israel’s housing minister Ariel Sharon announces that the government will not settle Soviet Jews in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Serge Villard, shot on June 21 in Haiti, dies on his way to the U.S. for treatment. . . . British Columbia premier William Vander Zalm considers the possibility of “sovereignty association” for his province.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

June 19–24, 1990—69

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The trial of Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry opens. . . . On the eve of an international AIDS conference, protesters stage the first of a series of demonstrations in San Francisco. The first protest is targeted at U.S. immigration policy regarding people with HIV, so 500 demonstrators march to the local office of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Reports state that the Pentagon will eliminate about 40,000 civilian jobs by Sept. 30. . . . Separately, Defense Secretary Richard Cheney submits to Congress a plan to reduce military forces 25% over a five-year period.

The House approves a $20.8 billion fiscal 1991 energy and water bill. . . . A resolution making the House budget the guide for dividing discretionary spending between domestic and military programs is approved by the chamber.

Danish researchers report that a large-scale study has found that isoprinosine appears to delay the onset of AIDS in some people who are infected with HIV.

American protesters continue to call attention to what they see as the slow rate of progress at the international AIDS conference in San Francisco. The National Research Council reports the AIDS epidemic is continuing to spread in the U.S.

Pres. Bush suspends U.S. diplomatic dialogue with the PLO because it did not condemn the May 30 abortive attack on Israel. . . . Nelson Mandela arrives in the U.S. for an 11-day visit and is enthusiastically received with a ticker-tape parade in NYC. . . . Two explosions on the aircraft carrier Midway kill two crew members and injure 16 while off the east coast of Japan.

Public Citizen’s Congress Watch, a consumer organization, reports that the Bush administration’s efforts to combat S&L fraud resulted in the recovery of less than 2% of the funds that were lost.

The Supreme Court bars a state antitrust suit on behalf of consumers to recover overcharges by public utilities. . . . The Supreme Court rules that editorial statements are not automatically exempted by the First Amendment from libel lawsuits. . . . The Supreme Court rules out political patronage practices in the hiring, promoting, or transferring of most public employees in non-policy-making positions.

The U.S. expresses “willingness to provide appropriate humanitarian assistance, if Iran so requests” after learning of its earthquake. The U.S. and Iran have not had formal diplomatic relations since Iranian revolutionaries held 52 hostages for 444 days in 1979–81. . . . The navy begins an investigation into the cause of the June 20 explosions on the Midway.

U.S. auditors and regulators find instances of fraud in a federal program to sell real estate belonging to S&L institutions that the government seized. Separately, Pres. Bush announces a stepped-up effort to prosecute perpetrators of fraud at S&L institutions.

Marilyn Louise Harrell, also known as “Robin HUD” for her donations to the poor after embezzling millions of dollars from HUD, is sentenced to 46 months in prison and to pay $600,000 in restitution. . . . . Separately, the House Government Operations subcommittee wraps up its investigation of HUD and former Secretary Samuel Pierce, reporting that it had uncovered “widespread abuses, influence peddling, blatant favoritism, monumental waste and gross mismanagement.”

Northrop Corp. and McDonnell Douglas Corp. unveil a $50 million version of the Air Force Advanced Tactical Fighter at Edwards Air Force Base in California. . . . A navy CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter goes down off the coast of Virginia Beach,Virginia, killing all four persons on board.

Pres. Bush steps up efforts to prosecute perpetrators of fraud at savings and loan institutions.

At the International AIDS conference, studies show that some gay men in the U.S. stopped practicing safe sex, which prompts a call for explicit education efforts that are targeted at younger groups in America.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 19

June 20

Nelson Mandela is welcomed by an exuberant rally in Harlem before attending a rock concert at Yankee Stadium. The ANC leader dons a Yankee baseball cap and jacket and proclaims, “I am a Yankee.”

Ilya M. Frank, 81, Soviet physicist who shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in physics, dies of unreported causes in the Soviet Union.

June 22

At the International AIDS conference, several researchers report progress toward a vaccine. . . . A Martin Marietta Corp. Titan-3 rocket successfully launches a $150 million communications satellite from Cape Canaveral, Fla. . . . At an international conference in London, scientists report that the ozone layer is being destroyed faster than estimated.

U.S. secretary of health and human services Louis Sullivan closes the International AIDS conference with a speech that is virtually drowned out by shouts, whistles, and air-horn blasts from 500 activists angered by U.S. policies on immigration and research.

June 21

June 23

Studies find that the savings and loan rescue plan will result in a substantial redistribution of wealth to states that housed the most insolvent thrifts.

June 24

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

70—June 25–30, 1990

June 25

World Affairs

Europe

The leaders of the European Community hold a summit in Dublin.

Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic warns that his republic will declare independence from Yugoslavia if the federal system changes to a confederation. . . . Tens of thousands of Moldavians and Romanians converge on the Soviet-Romanian border to condemn the 50th anniversary of Soviet annexation. . . . Eight people are injured when a bomb explodes at a London social club.

June 26

June 27

June 28

June 29

Africa & the Middle East In Zambia, riots begin in response to the 100% increase in the price of cornmeal, the country’s staple food. In the capital, police and troops open fire on stone-throwing university students, and riots last for three days.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Honduras, 10,000 banana workers strike over pay. . . . Brazil’s science and technology minister José Goldemberg reports ranchers and farmers illegally burned 11,600 square miles of forested land in the Brazilian parts of the Amazon jungle in 1989. . . . In Quebec, a parade draws 200,000 people, many of them waving Quebec’s flag and chanting, “Vive le Quebec libre” (“Long live free Quebec”).

Chinese authorities permit dissident physicist Fang Lizhi and his wife, Li Shuxian, to leave the country. The couple has been harbored in the U.S. embassy in Beijing for more than a year.

The Hungarian parliament votes to negotiate Hungary’s withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. . . . The Provisional Irish Republican Army claims responsibility for the June 25 bombing of a London club.

The Brazilian Satellite Research Institute reports that 8% of total Amazon rain-forest area has been destroyed. . . . Brazil announces a plan to reduce tariffs on imported goods. . . . Three Quebec members of Parliament from Brian Mulroney’s ruling Progressive Conservative party resign in reaction to the Meech Lake failure. . . . P.M. Mulroney names Justice Antonio Lamer as the new chief justice of the Canadian Supreme Court.

The Estonian parliament curbs immigration from other parts of the Soviet Union and becomes the first Soviet republic to assert authority over internal immigration. . . . Polish farmers demand a reinstitution of price supports and stage a sit-in in the agricultural ministry building. . . . The Federal Assembly, the first freely elected parliament in Czechoslovakia since World War II, opens. . . . France’s National Assembly bans all tobacco advertising, beginning in 1993.

In a ceremony marking the end of the civil war in Nicaragua, some 100 top contra commanders surrender their arms to Pres. Violeta Chamorro.

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe concludes a four-week human-rights session. The CSCE adopts a declaration on human rights and commits its 35 member nations to multiparty free elections, the separation of political parties from the state, independent judiciaries, respect for minority rights, and the freedoms of expression, organization and assembly. It is believed to be the first time that the Soviet Union signs a document pledging a multiparty system.

Albanians flood embassies in central Tirana after a prodemocracy demonstration turns into a two-day clash with police. . . . . In Rimini, 246 English soccer fans are deported after an outbreak of violence with Italians.

In Zambia, Pres. Kenneth Kaunda tours riot-torn areas. It is reported that riots killed at least 23 people. . . . Iraqi president Saddam Hussein gives his first interview with a U.S. newspaper in almost six years and states war is “inevitable” unless the U.S. stops Israel from carrying out anti-Palestinian and anti-Arab policies.

In London, representatives of 93 nations agree to banish the production of chemicals that destroy the ozone layer by the end of the 20th century. The nations also agree to establish a global fund to help underdeveloped nations phase out use of those chemicals.

Lithuania’s Supreme Council votes to place a moratorium on the republic’s declaration of independence. A group of demonstrators protest the decision. . . . Polish police use force to oust hundreds of farmers from the agriculture ministry building in Warsaw. . . . Yugoslav premier Ante Markovic unveils the second stage of economic reform to parliament. . . . The Hungarian government unveils a package of emergency budget measures.

A bomb explodes in the home of Clive Gilbert, a Jewish Johnannesburg councilman. . . . In Iran, Pres. Hashemi Rafsanjani, who was criticized when he accepted U.S. aid after the June 21 earthquake, defends his decision. . . . Pres. Kaunda promises a national referendum on whether to allow multiparty politics in Zambia. . . . Separately, police storm the University of Zambia, arrest antigovernment students, beat others, and close the campus.

Officials discover that a U.S. Peace Corps worker, Timothy Swanson, has been abducted from his home in the Philippines. The U.S. embassy orders all of the Peace Corps’ 260 volunteers in the Philippines to be evacuated to the U.S. for their own safety.

The CIA reports that economic austerity measures introduced in China in late 1988 brought a deep recession. . . . India readmits Amnesty International humanrights observers into Kashmir. Observers were banned during the six-month Kashmiri uprising.

Colombian guerrillas of the Marxist People’s Liberation Army release a U.S. gold miner, Scott Heimdal, in return for a $60,000 ransom payment presented by his parents. The ransom payment was mostly raised through donations in the Heimdals’ hometown of Peoria, Ill.

A Kashmiri separatist group shoots and kills the highest-ranking judge in the capital city of Srinagar. . . . Japan’s Prince Aya, 24, marries a 23-year-old commoner, Kiko Kawashima, at a Shinto ceremony at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo in the first major royal marriage in Japan since 1959.

The Soviets reopen the oil pipeline to Lithuania’s only refinery at Mazeikiai. . . . Leading West German industrialist Detlev Rohwedder is appointed to lead the restructuring of East Germany’s state-owned companies.

June 30

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

June 25–30, 1990—71

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Supreme Court rules that a person whose wishes are clearly known has a constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment in its first decision on a “right-to-die” case. . . . The Supreme Court rules that states may require a minor to notify both parents before an abortion only if the law offers an alternative for those who do not want to involve their parents. . . . The Supreme Court upholds Minnesota’s provision that minors must wait 48 hours for an abortion after notifying their parents.

Nelson Mandela meets Pres. Bush at the White House in an unprecedented visit between an ANC leader and a U.S. president. . . . Retired Admiral Robert Bostwick Carney, 95, commander in chief of North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces, 1951–53, and U.S. chief of naval operations, 1953–55, dies of cardiac arrest in Washington, D.C.

Armed robbers steal $10.8 million from an armored car on its way to the Federal Reserve office in Buffalo, N.Y. The FBI reports it is the second-largest armored car theft in U.S. history. . . . Sirhan B. Sirhan, the convicted killer of Robert Kennedy, is denied parole for the 13th time.

Nelson Mandela addresses a joint session of Congress.

Pres. Bush reports that the budget deficit requires “tax revenue increases,” sparking an uproar since the vow “Read my lips: No new taxes” was a center of Bush’s 1988 campaign. . . . A bill that appropriates $10.6 billion for the depts. of commerce, justice, and state and the federal judiciary, for fiscal 1991 is approved. . . . Pres. Bush announces a moratorium on offshore oil exploration for large areas of the coastal U.S. but leaves some key areas—off Alaska, North Carolina, the mid-Atlantic states, and the Gulf Coast—open to lease sales for drilling.

Los Angeles and Phoenix set new temperature records of 112 and 122 Fahrenheit degrees, respectively.

The Supreme Court upholds federal affirmative-action policies designed to increase the number of broadcast licenses held by minorities and women. . . . The Supreme Court rules that states may allow victims of child abuse to testify on closed-circuit television to avoid more trauma.

The House approves a $15.6 billion foreign-aid bill for fiscal 1991. . . . Pres. Bush unveils proposals to encourage the growth of free market economies in Latin America, in part by forgiving Latin debt to the U.S. and taking steps to establish a hemispheric free-trade zone encompassing North, Central, and South America.

The Supreme Court rules out a suit that challenges plans to open millions of acres of federal land to mining. . . . The Nuclear Regulatory Commission announces new guidelines that allow the disposal of some low-level radioactive wastes as ordinary trash. . . . The Senate passes an omnibus housing bill for fiscal 1991.

Severe heat and persistent drought conditions in the Southwest feed a series of fires that last three days. . . . NASA discovers a flaw in the Hubble Space Telescope that considerably cuts back its exploratory capability. The defect, an improper curvature of one or both of the mirrors, prevents light rays from coming to a sharp focus and negates use of the telescope’s wide-field camera.

The Supreme Court concludes its 1989–90 term. During the term, the court issued 129 signed majority opinions, the fewest in a decade. . . . Edward Dennis Jr. announces his resignation as assistant attorney general in charge of the criminal division. Pres. Bush chooses Robert Mueller to succeed him.

The U.S. and Japan sign a final agreement that commits both nations to reforming their domestic economies with the aim of reducing the U.S. trade deficit with Japan. . . . The Pentagon announces that the armed services will drop 78 top-ranking officers. . . . The air force suspends an F-15 pilot, Lt. Michael Lynch, for firing a heat-seeking Sidewinder missile at another F-15 during a practice dogfight. The target plane sustained nearly $1 million in damage.

The House adopts an $83.6 billion bill covering fiscal 1991 spending by the departments of Veterans Affairs and HUD, plus independent agencies such as NASA and the EPA.

Fires that swept through Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Montana, and California compel California governor George Deukmejian (R) to declare Santa Barbara and Los Angeles County emergency areas.

Pres. Bush vetoes a bill that would have required workers to be allowed unpaid time off for births, adoptions or medical emergencies at home. His veto draws bipartisan criticism. . . . The Senate approves a plan to increase funds for WIC, a federal nutrition program that aids poor women and children.

The Senate Intelligence Committee votes to cut off covert funds for the military training of the noncommunist Cambodian rebels because of growing concern about the strength of the Khmer Rouge.

The Resolution Trust Corp. announces that it successfully completed the sale or liquidation of 155 insolvent thrifts in the second quarter of 1990, exceeding a goal set earlier. . . . Separately, Common Cause reports that Sen. Pete Wilson (R, Calif.) is the leading congressional recipient of contributions associated with the savings and loan industry.

NASA discovers a fuel leak while test-firing the shuttle Atlantis. The flaw also appeared in the Columbia spacecraft, so NASA grounds the space shuttle fleet until the cause of a fuel leak can be found and fixed. . . . Fire officials believe the blaze in Santa Barbara was caused by an arsonist.

The NEA rejects grant applications from four artists who were approved by the review panel. The artists, Karen Finley, Holly Hughes, John Fleck, and Tim Miller, all deal with issues of sexuality. The decision sets off controversy. . . . Scott Turow’s Burden of Proof tops the bestseller list.

A series of fires started on June 27 are reported to have killed two people and destroyed more than 500 homes. Pres. Bush declares that Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties are federal disaster areas after fires.

Marquis William Childs, 87, Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for 47 years, dies of unreported causes in San Francisco.

A federal judge issues a temporary injunction against Rev. Donald Wildmon’s American Family Association’s pamphlet that criticizes federal funding of sexually explicit artwork by David Wojnarowicz because it places fragments of Wojnarowicz’s work out of context.

Reports surface that Roman Catholic Bishop Rene H. Gracida of Corpus Christi, Tex., excommunicated officials of two local abortion clinics.

The Vatican instructs Roman Catholic theologians not to publicly dissent from church teaching and warns that there is no “right to dissent” within the church.

June 25

June 26

June 27

June 28

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 29

June 30

72—July 1–6, 1990

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Rebel leaders report that all roads linking northwestern Cambodia to Phnom Penh, the capital city, have been cut off by the rebel Khmer Rouge army. Western diplomats report the Khmer Rouge made its greatest gains of the 11-year Cambodian civil war in the past month. The International Red Cross estimates that at least 25,000 refugees fled in June. . . . The official results of the May national election are released by the government of Myanmar and show that the opposition National League for Democracy had easily won the majority of seats. . . . An agreement between Australia and New Zealand establishing free trade in goods takes effect.

Lt. Gen. Henry Dubar, the army chief of staff, reportedly has deserted Pres. Samuel Doe and fled Liberia to Sierra Leone. . . . Bombs in South Africa damage a synagogue and a Hebrew nursery school. . . . In Zambia, Pres. Kenneth Kaunda fires his army commander and names new chiefs of the air force and police. He swears in Lt. Gen. Hanniah Lungu as defense minister. . . . In Israel, the cabinet approves emergency powers for Housing Minister Ariel Sharon to allow him to bypass bureaucracy and launch a crash construction program. He calls for the importation of 90,000 prefabricated trailer and mobile homes over the next two years.

Britain’s queen Elizabeth II makes a rare foray into politics when she pleads for Canadian unity in Ottawa at a ceremony marking Canada Day.

Albanian members of Kosovo’s parliament declare that Kosovo is independent from Serbia. The move is denounced as unconstitutional by the Serbian government. . . . Thousands of East German workers begin a strike for higher wages and a shorter working week. . . . The Soviet Union lifts its economic embargo on Lithuania. . . . A controversial French bill that toughens penalties against racial discrimination passes. . . . Norway’s government declares an oil and gas strike illegal and invokes compulsory arbitration.

The Saudi Arabian government estimates that 1,426 Muslim pilgrims are dead after a stampede in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca. . . . In Liberia, rebels launch an assault on Monrovia, cutting off electricity, food, water, and fuel. . . . In South Africa the ANC and its allies begin a series of nationwide protests against the Natal strife. . . . Reports emerge that Kenyan police raided music shops and arrested several people for listening to “subversive” cassettes.

A strike is called by Nicaragua’s Sandinista-led National Federation of Workers.

The parliament of the republic of Slovenia adopts a declaration of sovereignty asserting that its constitution and laws take precedence over the federal Yugoslav government. Slovenia is the first republic to approve such a measure. . . . West German chancellor Helmut Kohl welcomes East Germany’s decision to hold all-German elections in December.

Shimon Shamir, Israel’s ambassador to Egypt since 1988, resigns, saying he cannot work for the right-wing government. . . . In South Africa, a shadowy group calling itself the White Wolves claims responsibility for bombings on June 29 and July 1. . . . The foreign ministers of Iran and Iraq hold their first direct talks since 1988.

China and Indonesia sign a pact restoring diplomatic relations between the two Asian nations, effective in August.

The foreign ministers of 24 of the world’s leading industrial nations agree to channel economic assistance to Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Yugoslavia and continue to aid Hungary and Poland.

Bulgarian president Petar Mladenov admits that a videotape that shows him calling for military tanks to quell a large prodemocracy protest in Sofia in 1989 is accurate. Thousands of students mount a protest in front of the presidential building and demand that Mladenov resign. . . . Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev states he will resign in two years if perestroika fails to improve the lives of the Soviet people. . . . Nelson Mandela meets for the first time with Britain’s prime minister Margaret Thatcher.

The government of Kenyan president Deniel arap Moi cracks down on opponents advocating a multiparty political system and arrests two dissidents. . . . Liberia’s head of the presidential guard leaves the country.

A week-long National Affairs Conference ends in Taipei, Taiwan, with a call for democratic reforms.

Leaders of the NATO nations agree to a dramatic series of changes in military strategy and state they will seek a joint declaration of nonaggression with the Warsaw Pact nations.

Serbia dissolves the parliament and government of Kosovo, thus taking direct control of the autonomous Yugoslav province. Police in Kosovo, under Serbian direction, seize radio and television stations. . . . The Federal Assembly reelects former dissident and playwright Vaclav Havel to a two-year term as Czechoslovakia’s president.

In Kenya, security police arrest nine opposition figures.

New measures allow the Indian army and police forces shoot-onsight powers during curfew periods and ban gatherings of more than four people.

Petar Mladenov resigns as Bulgaria’s president “in order not to be a reason to increase political tension.” The resignation brings shouts of victory from 5,000 demonstrators. . . . Thousands of Albanian refugees seek political asylum in nine embassies in Tirana. Riot police seal off the embassy district and attack 10,000 people staging a protest. . . . Hungary approves a plan by Ford Motor Co. to build an $80 million auto plant in Szekesfehervar in Ford’s first venture in Eastern Europe.

A bomb explodes at a crowded bus terminal in Johannesburg, South Africa, injuring 27 black commuters.

July 2

July 3

July 5

Africa & the Middle East

Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic calls for a referendum on reforming the Serbian constitution. His proposal, if approved by the voters of Serbia and Kosovo, in effect revokes Kosovo’s self-governing status. . . . General Jaime Milans del Bosch, 75, a key figure in a failed 1981 Spanish coup, is released from prison in Madrid after serving more than nine years of a 26-year sentence. . . . Norwegian oil and gas workers in the North Sea go on strike. . . . The deutsche mark becomes the common currency for East and West Germany.

July 1

July 4

Europe

July 6

The Nicaraguan government breaks off talks with strikers, declares the strike illegal, and vows to fire publicsector workers who refuse to return to work by July 9.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

July 1–6, 1990—73

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Gen. Michael J. Dugan succeeds retiring Gen. Larry D. Welch as the air force chief of staff. . . . Sen. Charles Grassley (R, Iowa) and Sen. William Roth Jr. (R, Del.), in a letter to the Pentagon’s inspector general, state that they uncovered evidence that the military is still paying ludicrous prices for ordinary items, citing a $999.20 pair of pliers among others.

A federal judge rules that the government-funded Legal Services Corp. cannot deny legal aid to those challenging congressional or state redistricting plans.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A former Nazi rocket scientist who played a key role in NASA, Arthur L. H. Rudolph, arrives in Toronto from West Germany and fights to reclaim his U.S. citizenship.

Salsabil becomes the first filly since 1900 to win the Irish Derby. . . . Cal Ripken sets an American League mark for shortstops by playing in his 73rd straight baseball game without an error.

Former Philippine first lady Imelda Marcos is acquitted in federal court in NYC of charges of racketeering, fraud and obstruction of justice. A spokeswoman for Corazon Aquino, now the Philippine president, contends that despite the verdict, evidence in the trial “established what the Marcos regime was all about— unbridled corruption and a total abuse of power.”

Steve Backley of Great Britain breaks the world record in the javelin throw with a distance of 293 feet, 11 inches at a grand prix meet in Stockholm.

The Energy Department estimates that the cost of cleaning up radioactive wastes at nuclear weapons plants will total at least $20 billion over five years.

The National Transportation Safety Board issues an official ruling that blames the pilot of a USAir jet for a 1989 accident at LaGuardia Airport that killed two passengers.

Two Christian Scientists are convicted of manslaughter by a Boston jury because they relied on prayer rather than conventional medical care to treat their 2-year-old son, who died of a bowel obstruction in 1986.

The Office of Thrift Supervision files civil charges against Thomas Spiegel, the former CEO of Columbia Savings and Loan, seeking $24 million in restitution and civil penalties. . . . Separately, the OTS also announces that Neil Bush is required to attend a hearing on charges against him. The OTS states that proceedings regarding failed thrifts will be open to the public.

A small-scale study published in the New England Journal of Medicine suggests that treatment with a human growth hormone can significantly reverse some of the physical effects of aging.

July 2

July 3

Philip (Phil) Boggs, 40, Olympic gold diving medalist dies of lymphoma. . . . Maurice Girodias, 71, French publisher who defied censorship laws by publishing Nabokov’s Lolita and Miller’s Tropic of Capricorn, dies in Paris of a heart attack.

Mitchell Darryl (Mitch) Snyder, 46, nationally known advocate for homeless people who fasted for 51 days to persuade the administration of Pres. Reagan to turn over an abandoned federal building so his group could establish a homeless shelter, commits suicide over a failed love relationship.

July 1

Paul Wynne, 46, television entertainment reporter who received nationwide attention for a weekly show that detailed his battle with AIDS, dies in San Francisco.

An explosion and fire at a petrochemical plant, Arco Chemical Co., in a Houston suburb kills 17 workers and injures five others. Officials claim the blast did not release any dangerous material. . . . Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh states the Justice Department will focus its probe of savings and loan fraud on the 100 institutions that are considered the worst offenders.

July 4

July 5

July 6

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

74—July 7–12, 1990

World Affairs

July 11

July 12

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Kenya, prodemocracy demonstrators gather near downtown Nairobi, despite warnings from Pres. Daniel arap Moi. Police break up the protest with gunfire, clubs, and tear gas. A string of riots erupt that lasts four days.

Albania gives permission for a mass emigration of refugees. . . . Bulgarian student leaders demand the resignations of Premier Andrei Lukanov, Defense Minister Dobri Dzhurov, and Interior Minister Atanas Semerdzhiev. . . . Hungary dedicates a monument to the 600,000 Hungarian Jews slain during World War II. . . . A strike by Norwegian oil and gas workers in the North Sea ends.

South African police arrest nine white men in connection with a series of bombings over the past three months. . . . Israeli jets hit bases belonging to Hezbollah (the Party of God) in Jarjuh and Ain Busear. Police report that at least 14 Hezbollah members killed in the air strikes.

The Group of Seven major industrial democracies holds its 16th annual summit on world economic issues. The meeting is attended by West German chancellor Helmut Kohl, U.S. president George Bush, Japan’s premier Toshiki Kaifu, Britian’s prime minister Margaret Thatcher, Italy’s premier Giulio Andreotti, Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney, French president François Mitterrand and European Community Commission president Jacques Delors.

Czechoslovakia evacuates 51 Albanians from its embassy. . . . Former head of the Communist Party in Prague, Miroslav Stepan, is convicted of abuse of power and sentenced to four years in prison. . . . Riot police break up a silent protest against Serbian rule by 1,500 ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.

Reports state that a new group calling itself the White Liberation Army claimed responsibility for the July 6 South African bus terminal bombing. . . . A revived interim parliament opens in Kuwait. . . . In Kenya, riot police and a paramilitary unit fight street battles with rock-throwing demonstrators who loot shops and burn buses and cars. Pres. Moi vows that his opponents will be hunted “like rats.”

In Nicaragua, a strike turns violent and at least four people are reported killed and more than 40 injured. Nicaragua is virtually paralyzed by the strike, and Pres. Violeta Chamorro appeals for calm in an emergency address. . . . Five Cuban dissidents ask for protection at the Czechoslovak embassy. . . . Forty-eight members of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Peru’s second-largest guerrilla group, escape from a maximum-security prison.

Forbes magazine lists Japanese railway and real-estate magnate Yoshiaki Tsutsumi, with an estimated net worth of $16 billion, as the world’s wealthiest individuals (excluding heads of state).

The Group of Seven hails “the intention of the Soviet Union to move toward a democratic political system, as well as Soviet attempts to reform their economy along market principles.” . . . The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe accords Albania observer status in the 35-nation organization.

Kosovo’s president, Hisen Kejdomcaj, resigns along with two other provincial officials. Yugoslav president Borisav Jovic, a Serb, appeals for a peaceful resolution to the Serbian takeover of Kosovo.

The Group of Seven industrial nations reaches significant agreement on several major issues despite their differing approaches to a world economy rapidly changing because of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. Accords that relate to global warming, farm subsidies, and aid to the Soviet Union are reached. . . . Ambassadors of Britain, France, Italy, Spain, and West Germany in Liberia express horror over the tribal killings of innocent civilians by both sides.

Romanian premier Petre Roman indicates that some coal miners will be prosecuted for their actions during the rampage in midJune. . . . Polish farmers stage a nationwide protest. . . . Soviet coal miners stage a one-day “warning strike”. . . . British home secretary David Waddington refers the case of the Maguire Seven, in which seven people were convicted in 1976 of operating an IRA bomb factory and sentenced to prison, to the Court of Appeal because a report finds several errors on questions of evidence.

Reports indicate that Israel, faced with the continuing influx of Soviet Jews, has a severe problem with housing, so ragged tent towns of poor Israeli families are springing up in cities across the country. . . . In Kenya, minor street clashes are reported, as the government announces an official death toll of 20 in the riots started on July 7, with 73 seriously injured people and more than 1,000 arrests.

A band of 200 armed Mohawk Indians confront Quebec police in a dispute involving tribal land claims over a golf course in Oka, about 25 miles from Montreal. The Mohawks set up a barricade, and one officer is killed. . . . Several Cubans take refuge in embassies over the next three days. . . . In Nicaragua, Sandinista leaders demand talks, and Pres. Chamorro agrees to reopen talks in return for restoring public order. . . . Protesters stage a general strike in Haiti that shuts down most of Port-au-Prince and finds support in the provinces.

Asian diplomats cancel a 28-nation conference to discuss how to handle the overflowing refugee camps for the Vietnamese “boat people.” Asian officials reluctantly conclude that the meeting would be fruitless without a change in U.S. policy that opposes forced repatriation.

A UN plan to evacuate Albanian refugees takes effect as vessels chartered by Italy and France arrive at Durazzo.

The Soviet Communist Party suffers a major setback when Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Federation, resigns from the party. The mayors of Moscow and Leningrad follow his lead. . . . Armenian gunmen attack a convoy of Azerbaijani buses, killing three.

A second round of peace talks between representatives of Samuel Doe’s Liberian government and Charles Taylor’s NPF rebels are held in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

A strike called by Nicaragua’s Sandinista-led National Federation of Workers ends when the government agrees to a number of the workers’ demands.

India and Pakistan agree to a meeting of their foreign secretaries to discuss the Indian state of Kashmir.

July 8

July 10

Africa & the Middle East

To show opposition to the Serbian takeover, Western diplomats boycott a reception given by Pres. Slobodan Milosevic. . . . Albanian president Ramiz Alia’s regime dismisses hard-liners from the Workers’ Party Politburo and the government in an attempt to defuse growing unrest.

July 7

July 9

Europe

In response to the Nicaraguan government’s threat to fire strikers, Sandinista workers and students engage in scattered protests for two days.

The Indian army takes control of much of Kashmir under new emergency measures instituted July 5.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

July 7–12, 1990—75

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush tells Japanese premier Toshiki Kaifu that the U.S. no longer opposes Japanese aid to China. . . . Commander Robert L. (Hoot) Gibson’s stunt plane collides with another plane during an air race, downing the other craft and killing the pilot, Henry W. Jones Jr., 69, a retired fighter pilot.

The New York Times reports that the federal government pledged $1.85 billion in subsidies to an Arizona insurance executive who put up just $1,000 of his own money in a transaction that allowed him to purchase 15 insolvent Texas savings and loan associations in Dec. 1988.

Michael Drummond, 30, the first person to be successfully implanted with an artificial heart in 1985 as a bridge to receiving a human heart, dies after developing an infection that weakened the donor heart. Although he was given a second artificial heart, he dies of multiple organ failure and a yeast infection in his bloodstream.

Martina Navratilova defeats Zina Garrison in the All England Tennis Championships at Wimbledon to earn a record ninth singles title there.

The Louisiana state legislature approves legislation that bans abortion except in cases of rape reported to the police within seven days, incest, or threat to the mother’s life. The bill sets forth criminal penalties for doctors who perform abortions.

The New York Times reports that Pres. Bush gave the go-ahead for launching of U.S. commercial satellites via Soviet rockets.

Three computer hackers plead guilty in Atlanta to federal charges of conspiring to defraud the BellSouth Corp. telephone company of computer information.

In the first such disciplinary action, NASA grounds two astronauts for violations of safety rules. Commander Gibson is grounded after he collided with a plane on July 7, and navy captain Walker narrowly avoided a “near mid-air collision” in May 1989. . . . Reports conclude that a U.S.-Saudi arms sale worth $4 billion moved quietly through Congress without the usual vocal opposition from pro-Israel forces.

At Wimbledon, Swede Stefan Edberg beats West German Boris Becker to win the men’s title. . . . West Germany wins the 1990 World Cup soccer competition over Argentina in Italy.

Federal mediators declare an impasse in contract negotiations between Eastern Airlines and its pilots’ union. The decision starts a 30-day cooling-off period.

Howard Duff, 76, Hollywood character actor, dies of a heart attack in Santa Barbara, Calif.

In NYC, federal district judge Edelstein orders that monitors be placed at every local Teamsters’ union to observe the 1991 election for national union officers. . . . A federal jury in Birmingham, Ala., convicts USX Corp. and two United Steelworkers union officials of violating federal labor law in connection with a 1983 labor contract. The Senate overwhelmingly approves a wide-ranging anticrime bill that includes a temporary ban on the import or manufacture of nine types of semiautomatic assault rifles.

Defense Secretary Dick Cheney names Henry F. Cooper, a former U.S. arms negotiator, to head the Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”) program.

A Roman Catholic nun from Brooklyn, New York, Sister Mary Rose McGeady, is named the new president of the NYC-based Covenant House shelter for runaways.

July 7

July 8

July 9

July 10

Pres. Bush defends his son, Neil Bush, who is under attack for his role in the failure of a Colorado savings and loan association. At the same time, however, the president promises that Neil Bush will receive no special treatment because he is the president’s son. . . . In what is believed to be the largest settlement ever of a whistleblower’s lawsuit, Textron Inc. agrees to pay the government $17.9 million to settle civil charges that it knowingly supplied the Coast Guard with faulty helicopter engines. Fifteen percent of the settlement is to go to Robert Ballew, the man who disclosed the wrongdoing.

July 11

The House approves a $30.8 billion transportation bill that imposes a penalty on states that fail to enact laws to revoke licenses of drivers convicted on drug charges. . . . The Energy Department discloses that large amounts of radiation were released from the Hanford Nuclear Reservation along the Columbia River in Washington State in a three-year period ending in Dec. 1947.

Several actors visit Capitol Hill to argue against obscenity restrictions. . . . The FCC seeks to enforce a 24-hour-a-day ban on what it deems “indecent” material on radio and TV. . . . In NYC, Asian-American actors protest casting a white lead actor in Miss Saigon.

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 12

76—July 13–18, 1990

World Affairs

July 13

July 14

NATO secretary general Manfred Woerner is scheduled to become the first NATO leader to visit Moscow.

July 17

July 18

Africa & the Middle East

Forty members of an international team of mountaineers are killed in an avalanche on Lenin Peak in Kirghiz in one of the worst mountain disasters in world history. . . . The Soviet Communist Party closes its congress with Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev in command after he beat a series of conservative challenges. . . . In Albania, 100,000 people participate in a pro-government rally. Meanwhile, 4,000 Albanian refugees arrive in Italy. . . . More than 20,000 people rally in Bucharest’s Victory Square, defying a ban on protests in the center of the capital.

A bomb explodes at a mainly black hotel bar west of Johannesburg, South Africa, killing a black waiter.

The new Soviet Communist Party Central Committee elects a 24member Politburo that reflects Pres. Gorbachev’s aim to separate the party from the central government.

In a direct challenge to the ANC, Mangosuthu Buthelezi formally announces that his group, Inkatha, will convert from a Zulu “cultural and liberation movement” into a national, multiracial political party. . . . Syrian president Hafez al-Assad starts his first visit to Egypt in more than 13 years, ending the long rift that resulted from Cairo’s peace treaty with Israel. . . . In South Africa, a grenade thrown into a bar kills one black man and injures 21.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Gen. Khin Nyuht, head of Myanmar’s military intelligence, announces that opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi will not be released July 19, when her oneyear sentence expires in another sign that the military government is not willing to leave power after losing elections.

In Cuba, Fidel Castro denies exit visas to refugees who were entering Czechoslovakian embassy because “experience has shown us this just stimulates more” to leave. . . . In the Dominican Republic, Pres. Juan Bosch calls for a period of national mourning to “bring an end” to the government before turning the reins over to president-elect Joaquín Balaguer.

West German and Soviet leaders hold talks in Moscow. . . . Around 500 Albanian refugees reach Marseilles. . . . Around 100,000 demonstrators stage a rally outside the Kremlin to demand that the Soviet Communist Party relinquish power and turn over its property to the people. Separately, Pres. Gorbachev ends the Communist Party’s monopoly on radio and television broadcasting.

Talks between representatives of the Mohawk Nation, the federal government and the Quebec government break down as they cannot reach consensus over a land dispute. . . . . Czechoslovakia evacuates the dependents of its diplomats from Cuba.

Soviet president Gorbachev agrees to conditions that allow a reunified Germany to become a member of NATO. . . . The East German Interior Ministry confirms that East Germany harbored Palestinian terrorists, including the man believed responsible for killing 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. . . . Arab League foreign ministers announce a decision to boycott companies and other nongovernmental institutions that help Jews immigrate to Israel.

Prominent figures in Poland’s Solidarity labor movement form a new political lobby to challenge the presidential ambitions of Solidarity leader Lech Walesa. . . . The Ukrainian parliament votes to declare the sovereignty of its laws over the laws of the central regime.

The seven Cubans who took refuge at the Czechoslovak embassy hold the original five dissident refugees and five Czechoslovak diplomats hostage. The diplomats are freed after several hours.

A major earthquake strikes Luzon Island, the main island of the Philippines. The quake’s epicenter is located near Cabanatuan, about 55 miles north of Manila, and it registers 7.7 on the Richter scale, making it the strongest earthquake to hit the Philippines since 1976. . . . A crisis in India’s ruling Janata Dal party is averted when the controversial chief minister of the state of Haryana resigns under pressure from P.M. Vishwanath Pratap Singh.

East and West Germany, the four Allied powers, and Poland reach an agreement in Paris on a plan to guarantee Poland’s border with a united Germany, overcoming the last major international hurdle to German reunification.

Ethnic clashes between Kirghiz and Uzbeks resume in the Kirghiz city of Osh. . . . Lithuania’s Supreme Council passes a law that permits the formation of security forces made up of Lithuanian conscripts, a measure that seems to contradict the republic’s freeze on independence-related laws pending formal talks with the Kremlin.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein charges that some gulf rulers are “inspired by America” to plot to keep oil prices low through overproduction. . . . A stray shell lands near a group of reservists during an army training exercise in Israel, killing five soldiers and wounding 10. . . . The Israeli Supreme Court rules that the emergency powers given to Sharon on July 1 are unconstitutional.

In the Dominican Republic, stonethrowing demonstrators angered by the slow transfer of power to the president-elect clash with police. One person is killed and at least 20 are injured. . . . All the Cubans in the Czechoslovak embassy surrender. More Cubans seek asylum in embassies of other nations for the next five days.

Pres. Corazon Aquino flies to Cabanatuan to survey the damage caused by the July 17 earthquake and declares that Cabanatuan, Baguio, and several other areas in the Philippines are calamity areas. . . . China announces that possession of obscene photographs or films is punishable by death.

The IMF approves Hungary’s emergency budget measures, clearing the way for further aid.

Seven prominent Soviets resign from the Communist Party. . . . Spain recalls its ambassador, Antonio Serrano de Haro, to Madrid after he and Cuban officials disagreed bitterly with each other.

Iraq makes public a letter to the Arab League that charges Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates with taking part in an “imperialist-Zionist plan” to depress oil prices. Kuwait’s ruling emir, Sheik Jabir alAhmad Al Sabah, responds by dispatching envoys to Arab capitals, calling an emergency session of Kuwait’s interim parliament and putting the emirate’s small, 20,000man armed forces on alert.

Reports surface that a wave of kidnappings swept Rio de Janeiro in the first half of 1990. At least 30 abductions had taken place, and $16 million had been paid in ransom. . . . Eleven members of the dissident Pro-Human Rights Youth Association are sentenced on charges ranging from terrorism and rebellion to having contacts with U.S. officials in Cuba.

Secretary of State James Baker announces that the U.S. is withdrawing its diplomatic recognition of the Cambodian rebel coalition and will initiate talks with Vietnam in an effort to end the Cambodian civil war. . . . Yun Po Sun, 92, president of South Korea, 1960–62, dies in Seoul after suffering from diabetes and high blood pressure.

July 15

July 16

Europe

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

July 13–18, 1990—77

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Senate approves a landmark bill to prohibit discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities and sends it to the White House.

The Senate Armed Services Committee approves a bill for $288.9 billion in defense spending in fiscal 1991, a reduction of $18 billion from the administration’s request.

The House passes a $20.7 billion bill for the Treasury Department, the Postal Service, and other agencies for fiscal 1991. . . . Reports state that inflation in the 12 months through June reached 9.8%, the highest in eight years. . . . The Federal Reserve shifts toward a looser monetary policy, and the federal funds interest rate falls to about 8.06%.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

July 13

July 14

The U.S. wins the Lacrosse World Series, 19-15, over Canada in Perth, Australia.

Vice Pres. Dan Quayle announces that the White House strongly opposes the U.S. Senate candidacy in Louisiana of former KKK leader David Duke. . . . District judge Thomas Lambros orders the consolidation of thousands of personalinjury asbestos lawsuits into a nationwide class action. . . . James Meredith, an aide to Sen. Jesse Helms (R, N.C.), criticizes the leadership of the NAACP, alleging its members are involved in unspecified “criminal or immoral activities.”

McDonnell Douglas Corp., the nation’s leading defense contractor, announces it will eliminate 14,000–17,000 jobs by the end of 1990 and trim discretionary and capital spending. . . . Pres. Bush revises the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and installs former Texas senator John Tower (R) as chairman.

The White House reports the estimated fiscal 1991 budget deficit ascended to $168.8 billion, exceeding the January forecast of $100.5 billion. . . . . The government finds that retail sales fell 2.8% in June, the biggest monthly drop since 1979.

The White House directs NASA to appoint an outside task force to examine the space program’s longterm direction.

The DEA reports that supplies of cocaine in major metropolitan areas in the U.S. fell in the past year while prices rose.

Reports state that the armed forces accepted 42,000 fewer enlistees in 1990 than at the same point in 1989, a 20% reduction.

The Senate and House begin to work to process the fiscal 1991 spending bills in the absence of a formal budget resolution.

NASA announces that space shuttle flights will resumed in mid-August or early September. . . . Astronauts aboard Mir conduct a space walk that brings them perilously close to exhausting their oxygen supply.

A $50.35 billion appropriations for the Agriculture Department for fiscal 1991 is approved by the House.

According to a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, blood pressure that is above normal but not high enough to qualify as hypertension can permanently damage the heart and blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attack.

The Senate passes a civil-rights measure designed to overcome recent Supreme Court decisions that make it more difficult for individuals to win job-discrimination lawsuits. . . . NAACP executive director Benjamin Hooks calls James Meredith’s July 16 assertions “sheer nonsense.”

The heavy-metal rock group Judas Priest and its record label, CBS Records, are sued by the families of two youths who shot themselves after listening to the band’s album Stained Class.

July 15

July 16

July 17

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of America suspends two congregations for five years for ordaining a gay man and two lesbians in defiance of church policy.

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 18

78—July 19–24, 1990

July 19

July 20

Europe

Spain suspends a $2.5 million aid program to Cuba and asks the EC to halt all aid projects with Cuba. The EC agrees.

Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski expresses a willingness to resign as Poland’s president before the end of 1990 for an elected successor. . . . Latvia decides to form its own customs service to guard its borders with other Soviet republics. . . . More than 10,000 people in Timisoara demand the release of dissidents and call for the resignation of Romanian president Ion Iliescu.

Saudi Arabia’s King Fahd urges Kuwait and Iraq to settle their differences by dialogue. . . . In Liberia, NPF rebels end peace talks and say they will oust Pres. Samuel Doe by force.

The Haitian government asks the UN to send monitors to observe its election, becoming the first UN member to make such a request. The General Assembly defers action on the request.

A bomb explodes in London’s International Stock Exchange building. There are no casualties since the area was evacuated after telephone warnings were received. The IRA claims responsibility. . . . Negotiations on a treaty that will transform the USSR. into a confederation of sovereign republics open when Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev presides over a meeting in Moscow of the Presidential Council and the Federation Council.

Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak asks Kuwait and Iraq to settle their differences through discussion.

Reports indicate more than a dozen people were killed during ethnic clashes between Kirghiz and Uzbeks in Osh, Kyrgyzstan. At least 100 were seriously injured. . . . Rock performers stage a large concert in East Berlin to celebrate the dismantling of the Berlin Wall. More than 150,000 people attend. . . . Slavic Bulgarian nationalists end a general strike launched to protest alleged discrimination against Slavs in the region by ethnic Turks.

July 21

July 23

The members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) criticize the U.S. for withdrawing its recognition of the Cambodian rebel coalition and also take issue with U.S. policy on Vietnamese and Cambodian “boat people” refugees.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Quebec’s Minister of Native Affairs John Ciaccia announces that the federal government will acquire land in Oka that is the subject of an armed dispute between Mohawk Indians and local authorities. The government also moves a special Royal Canadian Mounted Police assault task force into Montreal in response to demands from white residents that the army clear a blockade of the Mercier Bridge set up by Mohawks on July 11.

In the Philippines, reports estimate that 674 people died and 2,600 were injured in the earthquake that struck Luzon Island July 16.

Reports state that 26 Cubans have sought asylum at the Italian ambassador’s residence and the Spanish and Swiss embassies. In response, Cuban police seal off the Canadian and West German embassies and tighten security around the Spanish embassy.

Israel’s center-left Labor Party chooses to retain Shimon Peres as its leader, defeating a strong challenge by his long-time rival, Yitzhak Rabin. . . . Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak meets with Iraqi foreign ministery Tariq Aziz in Cairo. . . . In the South African township of Sebokeng, Inkatha supporters battle members of the Vaal Civic Association, allied with the ANC. Thirty people are killed. . . . Separately, reports indicate that South African police have arrested as many as 40 Umkhonto guerrillas.

China and Saudi Arabia establish diplomatic relations. As part of the agreement, Saudi Arabia recognizes China as the “sole legitimate government” of the “entire Chinese people.” The move leaves South Korea and South Africa as the only major nations to recognize Taiwan as the legitimate government of China.

The government orders the “organs of social order” to put an end to antigovernment protests in Bulgaria. Police, however, take no action against the tent city set up by protesters. . . . The Ukrainian parliament elects Leonid Kravchuk to the post of president. He vows to seek increased Ukrainian autonomy.

U.S. officials and Arab diplomats note that Iraq has massed 30,000 troops on its frontier with Kuwait. The move is generally interpreted as an intimidation tactic rather than as a preparation for war. . . . Jordan’s King Hussein joins a meeting between Aziz and Mubarak in Cairo.

Civil defense officials in the Philippines report at least 1,621 people died in the July 16 earthquake. . . . In Australia, members of the federal cabinet spar over the findings of a scientific report on logging in southeastern New South Wales. . . . Reports show that 80% of the 500,000 victims of the 1984 Bhopal, India, gas leak have not yet received any of the $470 million settlement from Union Carbide.

Three Northern Ireland policemen and a Roman Catholic nun are killed by a bomb explosion near the Ulster town of Armagh. . . . Greece’s parliament ratifies a military agreement between the nation and the U.S. and Greece to continue the U.S. military presence in Greece but to concentrate it on the island of Crete. Police battle with 2,000 demonstrators in Hania, Crete, protesting the pact.

Bush administration officials announce that the U.S. dispatched air force aerial refueling planes in an emergency training exercise with UAE fighter jets, at the UAE’s request. The maneuvers were backed up by the six-warship U.S. Navy task force on permanent duty in the Persian Gulf. . . . Israel’s National Council for Building and Planning reverses an earlier decision and approves construction of a huge radio transmitter for the U.S. Voice of America.

July 22

July 24

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Quebec’s Human Rights Commission rules that a blockade of food and medical supplies to the barricaded Mohawks is illegal.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

July 19–24, 1990—79

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Sen. Donald Riegle Jr. (D, Mich.) says he will turn over to the Treasury nearly $120,000 in contributions that he received since 1983 from PACs and individuals with ties to the savings-and-loan industry. . . . A $170.7 billion appropriations bill is approved by the House for the departments of Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services for fiscal 1991. . . . PPG Industries Inc. agrees to pay New Jersey $82.5 million for dumping chromium wastes in Hudson County. Justice William J. Brennan Jr. resigns from the Supreme Court after nearly 34 years of service. . . . Herbert T. Jenkins, 83, police chief of Atlanta, 1947–73, with a policy of accommodating civil-rights leaders, dies in Atlanta of a selfinflicted gunshot wound.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The $21 million Richard Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California, is dedicated with Pres. Bush and former presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Richard Nixon at the ceremonies. . . . The Senate approves a bill that limits the amount of advertising on TV programs aimed at children and requires broadcasters to provide programming for children.

A three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals sets aside Oliver North’s convictions for deceiving Congress and for receiving an illegal gratuity. It overturns his conviction for destroying government documents so all three of North’s felony convictions are suspended. . . . George Stone, a navy contract specialist, is sentenced to 15 months in prison for his role in the Pentagon procurement scandal. . . . A group of 60 Panamanian companies sue the U.S. government demanding $30 million in compensation for damages incurred during the 1989 invasion.

July 19

July 20

The New York Times reports that an Arizona insurance executive, James M. Fail, who in 1988 won $1.85 billion in federal subsidies to acquire 15 Texas thrifts, was allowed in March 1987 to buy an insolvent Oklahoma bank despite his failure to submit required documents to regulators.

July 21

Kennedy family matriarch Rose Kennedy turns 100. . . . Manuel Puig, 57, Argentine novelist whose 1979 book The Kiss of the Spider Woman was made into an awardwinning film in 1985, dies of a heart attack following gall bladder surgery in Cuernavaca, Mexico.

Reports suggest the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms gave permission for the import of modified versions of semiautomatic assault rifles banned in 1989 by Pres. Bush. . . . Pres. Bush nominates David H. Souter as a Supreme Court justice. Debate over Souter’s politics, particularly his stance on abortion rights, ensues.

The navy suspends a plan to use bottle-nosed dolphins as sentries at a submarine base near Bangor, Washington, an idea that prompted legal challenges from animal-rights activists.

Sen. Tim Wirth (D, Colo.) sends nearly $100,000 to the state of Colorado because it is money he raised from the S&L industry in his career. . . . Walt Disney Co. accepts responsibility for the illegal disposal of hazardous paint thinner and other cleaning solvents used at Disneyland, in Anaheim, California, and agrees to pay the EPA a $550,000 fine.

The House Government Operations subcommittee on employment and housing, which held hearings into allegations of wrongdoing at the HUD Department under former Secretary Samuel R. Pierce Jr., asks the special prosecutor investigating the case to widen his probe.

In a memo, Vice Admiral Joseph Donnell, the commander of the navy’s East Coast installations urges that lesbian sailors be rooted out of the service. . . . The Strategic Air Command ends round-theclock flights of the airborne command planes collectively known as “Looking Glass” in order to save $18 million in fiscal 1991.

Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh notes that the Justice Department may need until 1995 to prosecute the savings and loan fraud cases at the 100 institutions on the list.

James David Hart, 79, literary scholar who was the creator and sole author of the Oxford Companion to American Literature, dies of a brain tumor in Berkeley. . . .The House approves a TV advertising bill similar to the one passed in the Senate July 19.

July 22

July 23

July 24

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

80—July 25–29, 1990

World Affairs

July 27

July 28

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev decrees that ethnic militants have 15 days to disarm voluntarily or they will face confrontations with Soviet security forces.

Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak announces that Iraqi and Kuwaiti officials have agreed to hold direct talks to work out their oil and border disputes. . . . Clashes between Inkatha supporters and members of the Vaal Civic Association, allied with the ANC, break out in South Africa’s Soweto township.

Former U.S. president Jimmy Carter visits Haiti and says he will return in November to monitor elections. . . . British Columbia’s native affairs minister, Jack Weisgerber, declares that, for the first time in British Columbia’s history, the province will recognize “certain aboriginal rights and interests.”. . . Seven members of Canada’s parliament who left their political parties over the Meech Lake accord announce they will form a bloc in the House of Commons as the Bloc Quebecois (BQ).

Ambassadors of five EC nations in Liberia issue another joint statement expressing their horror over the tribal killings of innocent civilians by both sides. . . . U.S. secretary of state James Baker arrives in Jakarta for talks with the ASEAN ministers from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

Poland’s Senate gives final approval on a package of legislation to privatize the economy. . . . The U.S. begins removing its stockpile of chemical weapons from West Germany that has been stored there for 23 years. . . . Stasi’s former chief, Erich Mielke, is arrested by East German authorities and is charged with harboring terrorists.

In South Africa, Nelson Mandela meets with F. W. de Klerk to discuss recent unrest.

In Peru, a bomb explodes outside the presidential palace. Several more bombs, believed to have been planted by Maoist guerrillas knock out electricity in Lima. . . . Representatives of the leftist FLMN rebels and the Salvadoran government reach an accord on human rights, the first such pact in their decade-old war. . . . Quebec’s minister of Native affairs, John Ciaccia announces a government blockade of food and medical supplies to barricaded Mohawks will be lifted in response to the July 24 ruling.

The UN High Commissioner for Refugees states that at least 375,000 Liberians have fled to neighboring Ivory Coast, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. Food shortages, malnutrition, and disease are reportedly spreading in Liberia. . . . The European Investment Bank, an EC unit, will lend Czechoslovakia up to $500 million over a three-year period. . . . At the ASEAN meeting, U.S. secretary of state Baker announces a modified U.S. position on the “boat people” issue. The U.S., he asserts, agrees to the repatriation of those refugees who “do not object” to returning. In return, the ASEAN nations agree to continue accepting the refugees. However, they warn that unless a comprehensive settlement is reached soon, their countries will begin to send boat people back to sea.

The Byelorussian parliament passes a sovereignty resolution and expresses the desire to become a neutral, nuclear-free state. . . . The French government releases five men convicted in the attempted 1980 assassination of former Iranian premier Shahpur Bakhtiar. . . . Authorities in West Berlin arrest a 32-year-old West German of Lebanese origin on charges of organizing the 1986 bombing of the La Belle discotheque. The attack, which killed two U.S. soldiers and a Turkish woman, led to a retaliatory air raid by the U.S. on Libya. . . . Separately, West Germany’s leading antiterrorist official is slightly injured in a bomb blast aimed at his car. The Red Army Faction terrorist group claims credit for the attack.

An Italian envoy warns that Liberia is slipping into “anarchy and national suicide.”

Armed with rifles and grenades, a group of 100 black Muslims in the Caribbean island nation of Trinidad and Tobago attack the parliament building, seize the prime minister and several other cabinet officials, take over the government television station where they keep 29 people hostage, and blow up the police headquarters. It is an coup attempt against P.M. Arthur N.R. Robinson. . . . Canadian federal minister of Indian affairs Thomas Siddon announces that the government has bought the 30-acre parcel of land adjacent to the golf course that is at the center of the Mohawk dispute. . . . Colombia’s Medellin drug cartel pledges to suspend the use of violence indefinitely as a good-will gesture to the new administration, but many Colombians are skeptical of the promise.

The Honduran government signs a 12-month, $41 million standby loan agreement with the IMF.

Poland’s Citizens’ Movement for Democracy lobby, formed July 16, opens its first meeting. Members strenuously object to press characterizations of the Citizens’ Movement as a political party. . . . The three Baltic republics refuse to participate in negotiations with the Soviet central government over a new union treaty, which would transform the USSR into a confederation of sovereign republics.

A pipe bomb explodes on a crowded Tel Aviv beach, wounding 18 Israelis and tourists and killing a 17-year-old Canadian girl. Enraged Jews attack Arab bathers and workers and stone cars with Arab license plates. Police detain seven Israelis in connection with the rampage.

Alberto Fujimori is sworn in as president of Peru in Lima. . . . The dispute over land between the Canadian government and the Mohawk Indians continues. . . . In Trinidad and Tobago, negotiations with rebels staging a coup begin, and acting president Emanuel Carter declares a state of emergency and a curfew. Eight hostages, two of them government ministers, are released. In Port of Spain there are outbreaks of gunfire between government troops and members of the sect. Fires rage in several locations as looters ransack stores.

Soviet government data for the first half of 1990 indicates the economy is still in crisis. . . . The Red Army Faction threatens a guerrilla war against the “Fourth Reich” of a unified Germany. . . . Bruno Kreisky, 79, chancellor of Austria, 1970–83, dies of heart disease in Vienna.

Eight Palestinians are arrested for the July 28 bombing. . . . Forty years after it was banned and nearly six months after it was legalized by Pretoria, the South African Communist Party publicly relaunches itself as an open political party at a rally in the black township of Soweto.

The Retail Council of Canada announces that it is taking steps to fight an exodus of Canadian shoppers across the border to the U.S. for lower prices.

July 25

July 26

Europe

July 29

Asia & the Pacific

The ruling Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party retains control of both houses of parliament in the first free elections in Mongolia since the communist takeover in 1921. . . . Ivan Timofeyevich Polyukhovich, a 74year-old accused war criminal, is found shot near his home in Adelaide, a day before his trial was set to begin.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

July 25–29, 1990—81

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Senate votes 96 to 0 to denounce Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.) for improper financial dealings.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Eastern Airlines and nine of its managers are indicted on charges of falsification of aircraft maintenance records from 1985 to 1989. The criminal indictment on maintenance is unprecedented in the airline industry.

Pres. Bush signs into law a landmark civil-rights bill that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. . . . The House of Representatives votes to reprimand Rep. Barney Frank (D, Mass.) for improper use of his office to aid a male prostitute. . . . The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that warning labels on cigarette packages do not protect tobacco manufacturers from product-liability lawsuits filed by smokers or their families.

General Electric agrees to pay $30 million in penalties and restitution in a case stemming from overcharges on an Army battlefield computer system. . . . A jury in Los Angeles convicts Honduran narcotics trafficker Juan Ramon Matta Ballesteros on three counts in connection to the 1985 slaying in Mexico of a DEA agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, and three other individuals.

According to a Washington Post/ ABC News poll, Americans are increasingly pessimistic about the national economy.

Louisiana governor Buddy Roemer (D) vetoes a strict antiabortion bill passed by the state legislature. . . . A mistrial is declared in Los Angeles in the second trial of Raymond Buckey, the sole remaining defendant in the McMartin Pre-School child molestation case.

The Justice Department closes the criminal phase of Operation Uncover, a 15-month investigation of illegal trafficking by defense contractors in confidential Pentagon documents. The criminal phase ends with the sentencing of Frank J. Caso and John R. Kiely to serve six months in a half-way house and fined each $5,000. . . . An Army UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter crashes about five miles from Charleston, South Carolina, killing five soldiers and injuring eight others. . . . Separately, a Marine Corps UH-1N Huey helicopter crashes in the Southern California desert, killing two Marines and injuring three others.

USX Corp. agrees to pay $34 million in costs and penalties for discharging untreated waste water from its Gary, Indiana, steel mill.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Louisiana governor Buddy Roemer (D) vetoes the nation’s first bill that requires warning stickers on record albums with explicit lyrics because it is unconstitutional.

Cosmonauts take another space walk from Mir.

Brent Mydland, 37, keyboard player for the Grateful Dead, dies in Lafayette, California.

July 26

The Burden of Proof by Scott Turow is at the top of the Publisher’s Weekly bestseller list.

July 27

Two barges carrying partly refined oil collide with a Greek tanker in Galveston Bay, on Texas’s gulf coast, spilling 500,000 gallons of heavy crude oil into the bay.

The National Governors’ Association agrees to form a committee to examine the S&L bailout and propose solutions to the budgetary crisis it created. The governors also finalize plans for a panel to monitor improvements in education.

Five former officials of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) and a Colombian businessman are convicted in Tampa, Florida, for laundering $32 million for Colombia’s Medellín drug cartel.

The Houston Ship Channel, which leads into Galveston Bay, is closed after the July 28 spill.

July 25

July 28

The west side of Chicago suffers a 14-square-mile blackout after a fire in a malfunctioning transformer damages a Commonwealth Edison generating plant. During the blackout, stores are ransacked and 49 people are arrested.

July 29

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

82—July 30–August 3, 1990

World Affairs

Aug. 3

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific In Myanmar, the League of Democracy demands that the government step down and release all political prisoners, but the ruling military junta shows no signs of handing over power. . . . Reports state that the rate of extinction of animals and plants in Australia is the highest in the world.

Government troops storm into a Lutheran church compound in Monrovia where 2,000 Gio and Mano civilians had taken refuge and kill as many as 600 people. The attack is considered to be the worst single Liberian massacre so far. A spokesman for Pres. Doe claims that the killers are rebels dressed up as government troops, but U.S. officials back up the contention of witnesses that the attackers are Krahn soldiers.

A fierce gun battle breaks out at the television station in Trinidad and Tobago. . . . A Quebec superior court judge refuses to order police to dismantle their barricades in Oka since the Mohawks are defying the law by refusing to dismantle their roadblocks.

Two men are charged in Northern Ireland in connection with the July 24 slaying of three policemen and a nun. . . . The IRA claims responsibility for the death of Ian Gow. . . . West Germany reschedules $1.8 billion of Polish debt. . . . The Presidium of the Albanian People’s Assembly issues two decrees, one permitting foreign investment, the other granting Albanians a limited right to public demonstrations.

In a telephone interview with the BBC, Liberian president Samuel Doe vows to the “fight until the last soldiers in the Liberian army die.”

Trinidad and Tobago’s prime minister Arthur N. R. Robinson, 63, is freed by a rebel faction who shot him in the leg.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev and his chief political rival, Boris Yeltsin, agree to cooperate on transforming the nation’s economy to a market system. . . . Bulgaria’s Grand National Assembly chooses Zhelyu Zhelev as the nation’s president. . . . Givi Gumbaridze, Georgia’s president, promises that multiparty elections will be held in October. About 800 protesters end a blockade of a railroad junction in response. . . . Swiss legislation that outlaws money laundering goes into effect.

Talks on oil and border disputes between Iraq and Kuwait in the Saudi city of Jidda break off after only one two-hour session.

One hundred and thirteen black Muslims who staged a coup in Trinidad and Tobago surrender after freeing their remaining hostages at the Red House and the television station. . . . Around 16,000 workers at two major Canadian steel companies go on strike.

Indian prime minister Viswanath Pratap Singh fires Deputy Prime Minister Devi Lal, ending a cabinet crisis after Singh forced Lal’s son to resign from a state post in July.

Iraqi troops and tanks storm into Kuwait and seize control of the oilrich desert sheikdom. Reports indicate that at least 200 Kuwaitis were killed or wounded before armed resistance was crushed by the massive invasion force. Moving with unusual unanimity, the UN Security Council, NATO, and the EC condemn Iraqi’s invasion of Kuwait and demand the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi troops. . . . The World Bank offers to lend Poland $300 million for basic goods and aid to the unemployed.

Britain and France freeze Kuwaiti assets to keep them from Iraq, and Switzerland monitors Kuwaiti holdings to prevent their seizure. The Soviet Union decides to suspend arms deliveries to Baghdad, until now its ally. . . . Armenian nationalists raid a military depot and steal a cache of flamethrowers and guns. . . . More than 4,000 contract workers take part in a 24-hour wildcat strike on North Sea oil platforms.

Kuwait’s ruling emir, Sheik Jabir alAhmad Al Sabah, flees to Saudi Arabia after the Iraqi invasion. . . . The Israeli cabinet adopts a $1 billion plan to import 20,000 pre-fab and trailer homes.

The government of Trinidad and Tobago confirms 30 deaths in the attempted July coup. Much of the commercial district and suburbs of Port of Spain is in ruins with a short supply of food and medicine.

Philippine communist rebels free Timothy Swanson, a U.S. Peace Corps worker they kidnapped in June. The rebels also free a Japanese relief worker, Fumio Mizuno, who was abducted in a separate incident in June.

Waiving its usual requirement of unanimity, the Arab League passes a resolution condemning “Iraqi aggression against Kuwait.” The measure is approved by 14 of the league’s 21 members. . . . Most European nations, Canada, and Japan freeze Kuwait’s assets to prevent their seizure by Iraq. . . . The Saudi-led six-member Gulf Cooperation Council speaks out against the Iraqi invasion, along with Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria. . . . In a move unprecedented in decades, Soviet foreign minister Shevardnadze and U.S. secretary of state Baker issue a joint statement. It condemns “the brutal and illegal invasion of Kuwait.”

West German chancellor Helmut Kohl and East German premier Lothar de Maiziere sign an agreement to hold all-German general elections on Oct. 14. . . . Hungary’s parliament elects Arpad Goncz to the post of president. . . . Britain records its highest temperature ever, 99 degrees Fahrenheit. London breaks a 50-year old mark with a reading of 95 degrees Fahrenheit.

In Liberia, reports indicate that Prince Yormie Johnson’s rebels are fighting fiercely with government troops within a mile of Pres. Doe’s mansion.

Leaders of the 13 nations of the Caribbean Community and Common Market meet in Kingston, Jamaica to plan for an integrated Caribbean market. . . . The leaders of Italy, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, and Hungary meet.

Aug. 1

Aug. 2

Africa & the Middle East

Ian Gow, an adviser to British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, is killed by a car bomb. . . . A suspected IRA bomb maker loses his appeal in Dublin against extradition to Britain in the first case governed by Ireland’s 1987 Extradition Act. . . . Armenia’s parliament declares that Armenians have a “natural right to self-defense.”. . . The Ukrainian parliament demands its military conscripts serve only in the Ukraine. . . . Albania and the Soviet Union restore diplomatic relations after 29 years.

July 30

July 31

Europe

In Sri Lanka, Tamil rebels kill 140 Muslims at prayer in the eastern town of Kathankudy.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

July 30–August 3, 1990—83

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The House passes an $8.31 billion military construction appropriation for fiscal 1991 that cuts funding for construction on U.S. bases overseas. . . . In Los Angeles, former state policeman Juan Jose Bernabe Ramirez is convicted on three counts in the abduction and killing of DEA agent Enrique Camarena Salazar.

Officials of the Resolution Trust Corp. (RTC) tell Congress that it will need as much as $100 billion in fiscal 1991 to continue the savings and loan industry bailout at its current pace. . . . The Coast Guard reports that 500,000 gallons leaked from a collision in the Gulf of Mexico on July 28.

Ruben Zuno Arce, 60, is found guilty on three counts in connection with the 1985 slaying of DEA agent Enrique Camarena Salazar. . . . The House Armed Services Committee approves a defense authorization bill cuts $24 billion from the administration’s fiscal 1991 budget.

The Texas Department of Health halts fishing after the spill in the Gulf of Mexico. . . . The National Transportation Safety Board ends a 16-month investigation of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and cites failures by the captain, the third mate, Exxon Shipping Co., the Coast Guard, and Alaskan authorities for the accident. . . . The House passes a measure that raises the federal debt ceiling to $3.444 trillion from $3.123 trillion. . . . The House overwhelmingly approves legislation for tougher prosecution of S&L crime.

Superior Court judge Stanley Weisberg dismisses all charges against Raymond Buckey, the sole remaining defendant in the McMartin PreSchool child molestation case, thereby ending the longest and most expensive criminal prosecution in U.S. history. . . . The Senate narrowly passes a campaign-finance reform bill that calls for voluntary spending limits in Senate campaigns.

Science, Technology, & Nature

July 30

July 31

McDonald’s and the Environmental Defense Fund begin to seek ways to reduce the tons of trash generated daily by the fast-food chain. . . . The RTC announces a plan to dispose of $50 billion in real-estate and securities assets by the end of 1990. . . . Texas governor William Clements Jr. (R) declares Galveston Bay a disaster area. . . . A series of budget meetings between congressional leaders and the Bush administration ends after making no progress.

Rep. Floyd H. Flake (D, N.Y.) is indicted by a federal grand jury on 17 counts of conspiracy, fraud, and tax evasion.

Pres. Bush orders economic sanctions against Baghdad and quickly freezes both Iraq’s and Kuwait’s assets in the U.S. . . . The American Legion and the Vietnam Veterans of America file suit to force the federal government to complete a study on the impact of Agent Orange on U.S. troops.

The House passes a campaignfinance reform bill that is weaker than the one passed by the Senate on Aug. 1. . . . The House passes a civil rights measure that is nearly identical to the one passed on July 18 by the Senate. . . . Federal Judge David Kenyon imposes a plan to reset voting districts in L.A. so they do not discriminate against Hispanic Americans.

U.S. intelligence monitors an Iraqi military buildup of 100,000 troops south of Kuwait city.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Actress Meryl Streep releases a report by the Screen Actors Guild women’s committee which shows that actresses in films, television, and commercials get fewer roles and are paid less than male actors.

Oil prices shoot up in frenzied trading in the wake of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. West Texas Intermediate, the benchmark U.S. crude, rises to $23.11 a barrel, up $1.57.

Aug. 1

Aug. 2

Aug. 3

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

84—August 4–9, 1990

World Affairs

Aug. 4

The 12-nation European Community imposes a broad array of trade sanctions against Baghdad, Iraq.

Aug. 9

Iraqi-controlled Kuwaiti radio announces that a new “popular army” is being formed that is open to all nationalities, including the invading Iraqi troops occupying the sheikdom.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Honduras, the government sends in troops to oust striking workers from banana plant facilities and threatens to dismiss the workers.

U.S. Marines begin to fly into Liberia to evacuate U.S. citizens after a rebel leader threatened to take foreign hostages The forces evacuate 73 people, 61 of them Americans. No shots are fired and no one is injured. . . . Conflicts erupt in Kagiso, South Africa.

China halts arms sales to Iraq. . . . Under U.S. pressure, Japan bans Iraqi and Kuwaiti oil imports, blocks Japanese exports to those countries, suspends capital transactions, and freezes aid to Iraq. . . . The government of Papua New Guinea and separatist rebels on the country’s island of Bougainville sign an interim agreement after peace talks in New Zealand.

The Polish government and the Roman Catholic Church decide that all public schools will offer voluntary classes in religious education beginning in the fall.

U.S. defense secretary Dick Cheney meets with Saudi Arabia’s king Fahd. After Fahd gives permission, U.S. president Bush decides to send military troops to Saudi Arabia. . . . Iraq reduces the flow of oil through Turkey, due to the growing world boycott. . . . Two Jewish teenagers who disappeared while hitchhiking are found bound, gagged, and stabbed to death on the outskirts of the Arab sector. Israelis go on a revenge rampage.

Pakistani president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses the government of P.M. Benazir Bhutto, accusing Bhutto of “corruption and nepotism.” . . . In Sri Lanka, reports indicate that Muslim mobs raided the Tamil village of Thirraikerni, killing 40 men, women, and children in retaliation for the Aug. 3 attack. . . . The U.S. holds its first formal bilateral talks with Vietnam on the conflict in Cambodia.

The Estonian parliament passes a resolution stating that the republic is no longer part of the Soviet Union. . . . Despite entreaties from Iraq, Turkey states it will obey UN sanctions and stop ships from loading Iraqi oil at the pipeline terminus.

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein vows to “pluck out the eyes of those who attack the Arab nation” and declares, “We would rather die in dignity than live in humiliation.”. . .The ANC suspends its 30-year armed struggle against South Africa’s white minority regime. . . . Revenge rampages in Israel worsen after the funerals of the teenagers found on Aug. 6. At least 80 Palestinians are injured by mobs shouting “Death to the Arabs!” and two are killed.

Cesar Gaviria Trujillo is sworn in for a four-year term as Colombia’s president and promises to continue the war against drug cartels. . . . In Honduras, some 10,000 banana workers return to work, ending a strike that began June 25 over pay. . . . Canada’s Liberal Party loses its majority in the appointed Senate for the first time since 1946 when New Brunswick Sen. Margaret Anderson retires.

The Sri Lankan army kills 42 Tamils suspected of participation in a massacre. . . . The premier of the Australian state of Victoria, John Cain, announces his intention to leave the post after serving for nearly nine years.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein responds to U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia by annexing Kuwait. . . . Liberian rebels release 22 hostages from eight nations who were taken Aug. 6.

Czechoslovakia’s federal premier, Marian Calfa, meets with the premiers of the Czech and Slovak republics, Petr Pithart and Vladimir Meciar, respectively, to discuss Slovak autonomy. . . . P.M. Margaret Thatcher orders British air and naval forces to the Persian Gulf at the request of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. . . . A Swiss Red Cross worker, Emanuel Christen, is released after being held hostage in Lebanon for 10 months. . . . Greek employees at two bases scheduled for closure begin a 48-hour strike.

The evacuation of U.S. citizens from Liberia ends after bringing out at least 125 people.

The federal government, Quebec provincial government, and Mohawk negotiators agree to the intervention of a mediator in a land dispute. Separately, P.M. Brian Mulroney announces that Canadian Forces army troops will be sent to Oka, Quebec, to relieve provincial police forces in the dispute with the Mohawks. . . . In the Dominican Republic, Pres. Joaquín Balaguer sets forth an economic austerity program. . . . Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori announces an austerity program.

In Pakistan, Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi states that tribunals can bar those found guilty of corruption from running in the Oct. 24 national elections. Bhutto supporters call the move a blatant attempt to keep the former prime minister and her allies from regaining power. . . . In Myanmar, government security forces fire on 5,000 prodemocracy marchers in Mandalay. Four people are killed.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to declare Iraq’s annexation of Kuwait as “null and void” under international law. . . . The International Energy Agency, meeting in Paris, assures that world oil supplies currently remain plentiful and that there is no need to draw on emergency reserves, but it also urges preparation for such a need in the future.

Helmut Kohl and Lothar de Maiziere announce that they will delay an earlier plan and back December 2 for all-German elections instead. . . . The Kremlin agrees to give Armenia’s government sole authority over the collection of weapons from militants. . . . East Germany, in a surprise move, cancels $450 million in contracts for Czechoslovak imports because of financial problems. . . . U.S. secretary of state James Baker talks with Turkish president Turgut Ozalin in Ankara.

Iraq officially seals its borders so only foreign diplomats are allowed to leave. . . . Saudi Arabia’s King Fahd, in his first public comment since the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, blasts it as “the most vile aggression known to the Arab nation in its modern history.”

In Peru, inhabitants of slum areas riot in reaction to the economic austerity plan. Police are reinforced by armed soldiers on the streets in an effort to prevent looting, and soldiers kill three people who are burning tires and erecting roadblocks.

In Australia, Victoria’s ruling Labor Party selects Deputy Premier and Education Minister Joan Kirner to replace John Cain.

The UN Security Council votes to impose a sweeping trade embargo against Iraq and occupied Kuwait. . . . Reports suggest that U.S., British, West German, French, and other foreign citizens have been rounded up in Kuwait and Iraq. . . . . . . . The 16-nation Economic Community of West African States agrees to send a peacekeeping force to Liberia. . . . Separately, in Liberia, rebels seize 22 foreigners from eight countries.

Aug. 7

Aug. 8

Africa & the Middle East

The Armenian parliament elects a fervent nationalist, Levon Ter-Petrossian, to the post of president. . . . Reports indicate that 35 British military advisers in Kuwait were seized by Iraqi troops and are being held in a Baghdad hotel.

Aug. 5

Aug. 6

Europe

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

August 4–9, 1990—85

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A congressional study concludes that testing of DNA genetic material is a valid means of identifying suspects in criminal cases, but it advises that strict standards be set to insure that such tests are performed properly.

In response to reports about Liberia, Pres. Bush authorizes a rescue mission after a meeting at Camp David with Defense Secretary Dick Cheney and Gen. Colin Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. . . . The Senate votes for a $289 billion defense authorization.

Congress clears and sends to the president comprehensive oil-spill legislation that covers liability, cleanup, and prevention.

The House and Senate approve legislation that provides $875 million in the coming year and $4 billion over the next five years to help cities and states cope with the rising costs of AIDS. The legislation, known as the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Act, is the federal government’s most comprehensive financial response to the AIDS crisis thus far.

An Air Force internal audit that finds $9.2 million in improper spending on recreational projects is made public. The outlays include $2.2 million to upgrade an officers’ club at a U.S. air base in England and $244,667 to renovate golfing facilities at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida.

Officials grow increasingly concerned about the 3,000 U.S. citizens in occupied Kuwait and more than 500 others in Iraq. . . . The last defendant in the trail of the 1985 slaying of DEA agent Salazar, Javier Vasquez Velasco, 31, is convicted on two counts. None of the defendants are convicted on murder charges.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Aug. 4

The west side of Chicago suffers another blackout when an explosion and fire break out at an electrical substation that Commonwealth Edison was using to supply power to customers hit by the July 29 blackout. Around 25,000 customers in the same area have their electricity cut off.

At a news conference in Washington, Cheney and Powell make public the details of the deployment of U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia. The action, dubbed Operation Desert Shield, is also the subject of a national address by Pres. Bush, who states, “After perhaps unparalleled international consultation, and exhausting every alternative, it became necessary to take this action.”

The Justice Department challenges Georgia’s runoff primary system as a violation of the Voting Rights Act. This challenge also affects Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas since they have similar runoff systems. . . . A former DEA agent, John Anthony Jackson, pleads guilty in Los Angeles to charges that he conspired with two other agents to sell drugs and to launder the profits.

The second Goodwill Games conclude in Seattle, Washington. The Soviet Union wins 188 medals. U.S. athletes come in second, winning 161 medals. Athletes from 35 different countries receive medals.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 93.31 points in the biggest one-day slide since the panic selloff of October 1989.

The council of Actor’s Equity denies permission for Jonathon Pryce to repeat his London role in a New York production of Miss Saigon because the union cannot “appear to condone the casting of a Caucasian in the role of a Eurasian.”

Some U.S. oil companies start cutting or freezing prices after public complaints that the companies artificially inflated the price of gasoline after the Iraqi invasion. . . . Oil prices and the stock market begin to stabilize. . . . The United Auto Workers union goes on strike.

The federal agency overseeing the thrift industry announces that it will sue the principal owner of Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, Charles H. Keating, to recover $40.9 million in depositor funds. . . . The Wall Street Journal reports that jet fuel prices rose about 20% since July.

Aug. 5

Aug. 6

U.S. forces take off for Saudi Arabia.

The American Bar Association alters a position it adopted in February by declaring itself neutral on the issue of abortion.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Theatrical producer Cameron Mackintosh announces that he is canceling the planned production of Miss Saigon in NYC, rather than accede to the conditions made by the American Actors Equity on August 7.

Two Soviet cosmonauts return to Earth with 23 space-grown crystals after six months aboard the space station Mir. Besides growing the crystals, estimated to be worth $1 million each, the cosmonauts conducted hundreds of experiments and photographed 8.4 million square miles of the Earth’s surface. The crystals are to be used in semiconductors and computer chips. . . . Forest fires that swept the Southwest and destroyed more than 22,000 acres of Yosemite National Park force the National Park Service to close the entire park to visitors for the first time in its 100-year history.

Canada’s federal sports minister, Marcel Danis, lifts the government’s lifetime ban on sprinter Ben Johnson, who was caught using steroids at the 1988 Olympic Games.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 7

Aug. 8

Aug. 9

86—August 10–14, 1990

Aug. 10

Aug. 11

Aug. 12

Aug. 13

Aug. 14

World Affairs

Europe

NATO foreign ministers back U.S. military moves against Iraq but steer clear of collective NATO action. They state, however, that an Iraqi attack on Turkey will be considered an attack on NATO. . . . Iraq orders all foreign embassies in Kuwait to shut down and transfer their diplomatic personnel to Baghdad within two weeks. The U.S. and the EC reject the order, since they do not recognize Iraq’s annexation of Kuwait. . . . In a landmark decision, an emergency Arab League summit in Cairo votes to send troops to Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf states to protect them from Iraqi attack.

A bomb explodes on a bus in Azerbaijan, killing 17 people and injuring 15 others. . . . In Armenia, Pres. Ter-Petrossian states that members of the various militias are allowed to retain their arms as a special security force. The Armenian National Army, however, refuses either to be brought under government control or to give up its weapons. . . . The Presidium of the Russian parliament passes a resolution asserting the republic’s control over all of its natural resources. . . The Lithuanian government and parliament urge Moscow to exempt Lithuanians from the Soviet military draft and to return to the republic all Lithuanian draftees.

Neutral Austria agrees to let U.S. military aircraft fly through its airspace on the way to the Middle East. Similar pledges have been received from the U.S.’s allies in NATO.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Hours before an Arab League vote, Saddam Hussein shocks fellow Arab leaders in a speech that calls, “Oh, Arabs, oh, Muslims and believers everywhere, this is your day to rise and defend Mecca, which is captured by the spears of the Americans and the Zionists.”. . . Assistant Secretary of State John Kelly visits Damascus for talks with Syrian officials.

Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney announces that Canada will send three warships and 800 sailors to the Persian Gulf as part of a multinational force.

Australian prime minister Bob Hawke pledges military support for an multinational force against Iraq.

Reports show Turkey reinforced its border with Iraq with 10,000 additional troops to a total strength of 70,000. . . . Two days after a deadline expired, Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev extends by two months the date for nationalist groups to disarm, since the government received fewer than 2,000 firearms. . . . A former Greek deputy finance minister, Nikos Athanasopoulos, is found guilty of fraud and forgery in connection with the illegal sale of grain to the EC in 1986.

Egyptian and Moroccan troops begin landing in Saudi Arabia. . . . The Washington Post reports that Iraq is jamming the Voice of America, the BBC, and Egyptian and Turkish radio stations. . . . Syria serves notice that it will not come to Iraq’s assistance if it is attacked by Israel and that Syrian forces will join the Arab contingent. . . . Violence breaks out in Ermelo, South Africa. . . . Since Iraq continues to allow refugees to leave via Jordan, 11 U.S. citizens arrive in Jordan

The reputed number-two man in the Medellín drug cartel, Gustavo de Jesús Gaviria is killed in a shoot-out with Colombian antinarcotics policemen.

In Sri Lanka, 33 Tamil civilians at a refugee camp are killed by Muslim villagers. In response, Tamil gunmen kill 119 Muslims in five villages. . . . Pakistan’s new government starts arresting Bhutto allies. . . . According to Asia Watch, both the Philippine government and the communist rebels in that country are guilty of human rights violations.

In his first “peace initiative,” Saddam Hussein links a possible Iraqi troop withdrawal from Kuwait with “an immediate and unconditional Israeli pullout from the Araboccupied territories in Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon, the withdrawal of Syria from Lebanon, and withdrawal between Iraq and Iran,” all to be overseen by the UN Security Council.

In the first known Western casualty in the Persian Gulf, British businessman Douglas Croskery is shot to death by Iraqi soldiers while trying to cross into Saudi territory. Britain protests the “barbarous act.”. . . Pres. Gorbachev reminds republics that his declaration that all independence moves by Estonia and Latvia are invalid is still in effect.

Tens of thousands of Arabs hold a pro-Iraqi, anti-American march in Jordan. Other such protests are held by Palestinians in the Israelioccupied territories and Lebanon and by Arab militants in Yemen, Sudan, Libya, and Mauritania. . . . In South Africa, an eruption of violence starts in the Thokoza township and spreads to Kathlehong, Vosloorus, and Soweto. At least 140 people are killed during the three days of the violence. . . . In Liberia, several Western reporters are beaten by government troops.

In Canada, the Mohawk Nation and the federal and Quebec governments sign an agreement to resume formal talks. Separately, residents of Chateauguay, the South Shore community near the Mercier Bridge, clash with police over the blockade of the bridge by the Mohawks. Police respond with nightsticks and tear gas when hundreds of Chateauguay protesters pelt them with rocks and bottles. At least 38 people, including 16 police officers, are injured.

In Sri Lanka, more Tamil civilians are killed by gangs of Muslims armed with axes. . . . According to a report by a now-exiled Chinese journalist in The London Observer, the Chinese army killed more than 450 people in Tibet in March 1989.

Although the U.S. claims to be acting under Article 51 of the UN Charter, which grants all countries the right of “individual or collective selfdefense” against an aggressor, several nations fault the de facto blockade. They argue a new resolution, Article 42 of the UN Charter, is required to authorize military enforcement of the embargo, and that such a step should wait until there is evidence of significant violations of the sanctions.

Britain states its naval force in the gulf is also prepared to intercept any ships that try to break the sanctions. . . . Armenia’s new president appoints Vazgen Manukian, a nationalist and former political prisoner, to the post of premier.

Jordan’s king Hussein meets in Baghdad with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. . . . The PLO issues a statement claiming it abstained on the Arab League’s vote to send forces to oppose Iraq. However, Egyptian officials maintain that records show the PLO voted against the resolution. . . . . Iraqi officials for the first time indicate that some Americans and other foreigners in Iraq and Kuwait are “restrictees” who will not be allowed to leave until the crisis is over.

In Canada, Gilles Duceppe becomes the first Quebec separatist elected to Parliament. . . . Unrest due to the Mohawk barricade continues as protestors hurl Molotov cocktails at police. Indians from the Long Lake 58 band set up a railway barricade near Longlac, about 180 miles from Thunder Bay, Ontario, to draw attention to demands for native rights.

Pakistan agrees to send troops to Saudi Arabia at the request of King Fahd. . . . A Taiwanese navy patrol boat collides with a boat filled with refugees being forcibly repatriated to China, and at least 21 refugees drown.

The U.S. convenes a meeting of the UN Security Council’s permanent members and puts forward a proposal to reactivate the Military Staff Committee. The committee is a moribund UN body, consisting of the chiefs of staff of the five permanent members, which oversees military enforcement of council resolutions.

Elio Erriquez, a Swiss hostage held in Lebanon for 10 months, is released. . . . The Yakutian Autonomous Republic, a resource-rich self-governing region of Russia, is reported to be claiming sovereignty over its diamonds, precious metals, and raw materials. . . . The Czechoslovak government announces that dissidents who were persecuted by communists from 1948 to 1989 are entitled to share in a compensation pool tentatively set at $95 million.

Jordan’s King Hussein flies to the U.S. . . . Syrian troops begin arriving in Saudi Arabia.

Haiti’s 19-member Council of State, which rules alongside the interim president, passes a vote of no confidence in the administration of President Trouillot. . . . A two-day general strike against Pres. Joaquin Balaguer’s economic plan ends in the Dominican Republic. Reports indicate that 11 people died in violent antigovernment protests. . . . Reports confirm that nine Cubans slipped into the Belgian embassy and asked for asylum.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

August 10–14, 1990—87

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry (D) is convicted in federal court on one misdemeanor drug possession count and is acquitted on a second. Jurors are unable to reach a verdict on the 12 other misdemeanor and felony drug charges, so a mistrial is declared on those counts. . . . Pres. Bush leaves for a controversial 25-day vacation at his summer home in Maine, which is to be punctuated by brief trips to Washington. . . . Henry G. Barr, former head of the criminal investigations division of the Justice Department under Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh, is indicted by a federal grand jury in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on drug charges.

Bush officially informs Congress that he sent U.S. forces to the gulf in a “notification consistent with” the War Powers Resolution. However, he does not invoke the controversial 1973 law, which would give Congress a say in the deployment. . . . Officials report the number of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia may reach 100,000, twice as many as estimated. . . . The navy orders two hospital ships to the Mideast. . . . Pres. Bush, citing the Persian Gulf crisis, says he will exempt automatic spending cuts on Pentagon accounts related to military personnel if the administration and Congress fail to reach a budget accord. . . . Judge Edward Rafeedie orders the release of Humberto Alvarez Machaín, a Guadalajara doctor indicted in the Enrique Camarena murder, because he was illegally kidnapped from Mexico.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The unmanned U.S. spacecraft Magellan attains orbit around Venus and begins a mapping mission projected to cover as much as 90% of the planet’s surface.

Aug. 10

In the first-ever NFL game in continental Europe, 55,000 fans turn out to watch the Los Angeles Rams defeat the Kansas City Chiefs in West Berlin.

Administration officials confirm that Pres. Bush ordered the large navy fleet assembling in the Mideast to be prepared to use force to prevent any ships—including those carrying food—from breaking the economic embargo of Iraq and occupied Kuwait imposed by the UN Security Council. U.S. officials call its enforcement of the embargo on Iraq an “interdiction.”

Aug. 11

Aug. 12

A U.S. district judge in NYC bars enforcement of an amendment passed by Congress in 1989 that bans obscene messages offered by commercial telephone services because the law “presents a threat of imminent irreparable harm to First Amendment freedoms.”

Defense Secretary Richard Cheney orders cutbacks in two costly navy programs with the aim of saving a total of $7 billion through fiscal 1994, including $2.2 billion in fiscal 1991.

A power outage caused by a fire at an electrical substation forces the shutdown of several businesses in NYC’s financial district. Among those forced to close are the American Stock Exchange and the New York Mercantile Exchange. . . . Rank-and-file Teamster members spurn their leadership’s advice and vote to accept a new contract at UPS . . . . GM and the United Auto Workers union reach a tentative agreement to end a strike.

A U.S. district judge in Norfolk, Virginia, rules that a team of treasure hunters is entitled to keep the largest treasure trove in U.S. history, estimated at $1 billion in gold bars and coins, from a ship that sunk in 1857 off the South Carolina coast. It is the first time that individuals (rather than nations) are found to have deep-sea salvage rights in international waters. . . . Marion Barry announces that he will seek an at-large seat on the Washington, D.C., City Council as an independent candidate.

Pres. Bush states that if Aqaba, Jordan, is “a hole through which commerce flows” to Iraq, it will be blocked by the U.S. Navy.

Pres. Bush accuses congressional Democrats of endangering “the economic well-being of this country” by their failure to take budgetary action. . . . The FDIC announces that it will seek to increase by 30%, or $1.1 billion, the annual premiums paid by banks to its insurance fund.

Pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope are made public and reveal 60 stars in a star cluster called 30 Doradus, in the constellation Dorado, heretofore thought to consist of only 27 stars. The area is considered a star nursery, containing clusters believed to be only 160,000–170,000 years old, newcomers within a universe 10–20 billion years old.

Hedley Williams Donovan, 76, editor in chief of Time Inc., 1964–79 who was responsible for the content of Time’s four magazines— Time, Life, Fortune, and Sports Illustrated—and helped launch Money and People, dies of a chronic lung ailment in New York City.

Aug. 13

Aug. 14

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

88—August 15–20, 1990

World Affairs

Aug. 17

Aug. 18

Aug. 19

Aug. 20

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Pres. Ghulam Ishaq Khan directs the Pakistani criminal code to “conform with the injunctions of Islam,” undoing Benazir Bhutto’s steps to secularize the judicial process. . . . Asia Watch reports the government of Myanmar is guilty of “gross human rights violations.” . . . Indian prime minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh plans to reserve nearly half of all government jobs for people from “socially and educationally backward castes.” He asks that 40% of the seats in Parliament are reserved for lower castes and the poor. . . . Bangladesh sends soldiers to Saudi Arabia.

The Russian Federation and the Baltic republic of Lithuania sign a treaty on trade and economic cooperation that bypasses the central government. It is the first of its kind between two Soviet republics. . . . In East Berlin, 250,000 collective farmers stage protests demanding government support of agriculture.

Iran has a moment of victory when Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein offers a permanent settlement to the IranIraq War that represents virtually a complete capitulation to Teheran’s demands.

In Canada, talks involving representatives of the Mohawk Nation, the federal government, and the Quebec government begin. . . Reports state that the Iranian government appointed Mohammad Hossein Lavasani as ambassador to Canada, a position that had not been filled since 1979.

UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar states that any unilateral U.S. action regarding Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait will violate the UN Charter. . . . The blockade against Iraq goes into effect. The main zones for intercepting ships are inside the gulf near Kuwait, in the Gulf of Oman, and in the northern Red Sea, including the Jordanian port of Aqaba.

A series of reports conclude that the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe are beset by environmental problems of monumental proportions. According to Thomas B. Cochran of the private U.S. Natural Resources Defense Council, the Soviet plutonium-weapons center at Chelyabinsk, in the Ural Mountains, is the “most polluted spot on the planet.”

Some 80,000 people sign up in Jordan to join a volunteer force to fight against the U.S. The group, founded by a Palestinian guerrilla, is not part of Jordan’s government. . . . Nelson Mandela meets with Pres. F. W. de Klerk to discuss the violence in South Africa. The fighting returns to Soweto and lasts for two days, killing more than 63 people. . . . U.S. Marines airlift several hundred foreigners from Liberia.

Joaquín Balaguer, 83, is sworn in for a second consecutive term—and his sixth overall—as president of the Dominican Republic. . . . Indians in Canada set up another blockade on Canadian Pacific Rail’s main line outside White River, Ontario.

Soviet foreign minister Shevardnadze says the USSR is willing to contribute military forces to a joint force under the UN flag if the Security Council votes to take action against Iraq.

West German police arrest seven people suspected of supplying Iraq with technology to produce poison gas.

The U.S. Navy halts two Iraqi cargo ships in the Persian Gulf but allows them to proceed after determining that they are empty. . . . Thirty-five Americans held under armed guard in a Baghdad hotel are transferred to another hotel and cut off from contact with the U.S. embassy. . . . The speaker of Iraq’s parliament declares, “The people of Iraq have decided to play host to the citizens of these aggressive nations as long as Iraq remains threatened with an aggressive war.”

A blockade is erected on British Columbia Rail’s main line at Seton Portage by Indians in Canada to draw attention to native rights.

The UN Security Council calls on Iraq to release all foreigners and warns against harming them. UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar states he will send two senior envoys to Iraq to begin talks aimed at gaining the freedom of foreign citizens.

The Serb minority in the Yugoslav republic of Croatia votes on an unofficial referendum on political autonomy. Voting on the initiative has been declared illegal, but it continues over a two-week period. . . . France warns Iraq of “grave consequences” if any harm comes to the 560 French citizens in Iraq and Kuwait. . . . French citizens protest an extension of the high-speed Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) rail line from Lyons south to Marseille and along the Mediterranean Coast.

The Iraqi ministry of labor and social affairs issues a statement that calls the U.S.-led naval blockade of Iraq “an act of war” and says foreigners, including babies, will suffer the same shortages as Iraqis. . . . Fears of war are amplified as U.S. Navy warships fire warning shots across the bows of Iraqi oil tankers trying to evade the trade embargo. . . . Iraqi troops begin to withdraw from the Iranian territory they still occupy, and the two sides start to exchange prisoners of war.

Iraq orders 9,000 “Western foreigners and Australians” in Kuwait to report to three hotels in Kuwait city. Along with Americans and Britons, there are hundreds of Canadian, French, West German, Australian, and Japanese citizens in Kuwait. Saddam Hussein states he will free foreign nationals if the U.S. withdraws its forces from Saudi Arabia and promises not to attack, and if the worldwide trade boycott of Iraq is lifted.

Like the U.S. and Britain did, the French government orders its navy to use force if necessary to implement the UN embargo of Iraq.

Violence throughout South African townships flares up and lasts four days, leaving more than 500 dead. . . . U.S. Marines airlift hundreds of foreigners from Liberia . . . Two Jordanian soldiers, acting on their own, cross the border to Israel and clash with an army patrol. One is killed and the other captured. . . . Jordan protests that a U.S. warship in the Red Sea turned back a Sudanese vessel at Aqaba to pick up refugees.

In Canada, the blockade set up by Indians from the Long Lake 58 band is dismantled after Canadian National Railways officials obtain an injunction from the Ontario Supreme Court.

UN negotiations about the enforcement of the embargo continue. . . . Iraq threatens to close 60 embassies in Kuwait by Aug. 24, after which all embassy personnel will lose diplomatic status and be subject to internment. The U.S., Britain, France, the Soviet Union, West Germany, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland reject the Iraqi demand as unacceptable.

Romanian workers in Brasov stage warning strikes to protest shortages of raw materials and to demand freedom from government bureaucrats and holdover central economic controls. . . . Armenian guerrillas burn the Azerbaijani village of Baganis-Airum after driving off Soviet troops.. . . . A senior Iraqi official visits Moscow. . . . A cigarette shortage in the USSR causes scores of smokers to block traffic in Leningrad, Gorky, and other cities.

Iraq announces it moved some Westerners to key military and industrial sites to deter the U.S. from bombing Iraqi targets. . . . Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi criticizes Iraq’s use of foreign civilians as hostages and says Libya will send forces to the Persian Gulf if the UN Security Council votes to enforce its naval blockade. He also condemns the U.S. for enforcing a blockade without UN authorization. . . . Liberian president Samuel Doe refuses to agree to any cease-fire plan that requires his resignation.

About 900 soldiers of the Canadian Forces’ 5th Mechanized Brigade replace Quebec police at barricades near Oka and Chateauguay, continuing the conflict begun on July 11.

Aug. 15

Aug. 16

Europe

In Sri Lanka, reports state the death toll from the latest outbreak of civil war and related ethnic violence has reached 3,350. At least 2,000 of the dead were civilians.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

August 15–20, 1990—89

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

James Thomas Foley, 80, the longest-serving federal judge in the U.S., dies in Albany, New York, of a stroke.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Reports confirm that the Bush administration is expediting arms sales to Egypt and Saudi Arabia and is considering new weapons requests from other Mideast nations, including Bahrain, Morocco, Oman, Turkey, and the UAE

The Energy Department announces a strategy to offset the loss of the oil supply from Iraq and Kuwait by conservation measures such as carpooling, properly inflating tires, and increasing U.S. oil production.

Jordan’s king Hussein meets with Pres. Bush. . . . The Senate Foreign Relations Committee rejects a Bush administration proposal to provide Haiti with $1.2 million in nonlethal training and equipment for election security. . . . In an example of the post–cold war era, the Soviet military attaché in Washington, D.C., gives the Pentagon information about arms that Moscow sold to Iraq over the years.

The EPA finds that almost all major metropolitan areas in the U.S. failed to meet federal clean-air standards for at least several days during the past three years.

A study in the New England Journal of Medicine reports that a widely prescribed drug for Alzheimer’s disease, Hydergine, neither slows nor cures the disease and may actually accelerate the mental deterioration of sufferers. . . . A report in the New England Journal of Medicine finds the hydrogenated fats used in margarine and vegetable shortenings can boost a form of cholesterol.

Actor’s Equity holds a second vote and reverses its Aug. 7 decision about Miss Saigon.

Aug. 16

Defense Secretary Dick Cheney starts a whirlwind tour of five Arab countries to confer with government leaders and visit U.S. soldiers and sailors stationed in the region. . . . The Pentagon commandeers 38 wide-body jets from 16 commercial airlines to help ferry troops and cargo to the Persian Gulf. It is the first time the U.S. invokes the emergency program known as the Civil Reserve Air Fleet since its creation in the 1950s.

The Commerce Department reports that the U.S. merchandise trade deficit fell in June to the lowest level in seven years.

Lew Allen, director of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, states that if the flaw in Hubble’s mirror from a spacing error of 1.3 millimeters turns out to be “an essentially pure spherical aberration,” as indicated thus far, it will be “relatively easy to correct.”. . . According to R. Stephan Saunders, the Magellan’s project scientist, pictures received of Venus show ancient hardened lava flows, faults, fractures and volcanic cinder cones.

Carlton Fisk of the Chicago White Sox hits his 328th home run as a catcher, breaking the record of 327 set by Johnny Bench.

Aug. 17

Three NYC teenagers are convicted in the gang rape and beating of a 28-year-old investment banker who had been jogging in New York’s Central Park in April 1989. The youths, Antron McCray, Yusef Salaam, and Raymond Santana, are convicted on rape, assault, and several lesser charges, but are acquitted of attempted murder. . . . Pres. Bush signs into law a bill authorizing emergency federal aid to help cities and states cope with the rising costs of AIDS.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Terry Mulholland of the Philadelphia Phillies throws the eighth no-hitter of Major League Baseball’s 1990 season., breaking the record set in 1908 and in 1917.

Pres. Bush signs the federal Oil Pollution Act passed recently by Congress.

B(urrhus) F(rederic) Skinner, 86, psychologist who was a pioneer in the field of behaviorism, dies in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of complications from leukemia.

Richard Lee Strout, 92, columnist for the New Republic magazine who won a Pulitzer Prize for lifetime achievement in 1978, dies in Washington, D.C. . . . Yugoslavia wins the men’s World Basketball Championship with a 92-75 victory over the Soviet Union in Buenos Aires.

A federal jury in Minneapolis convicts three former Northwest Airlines pilots of flying a jetliner while intoxicated.

Pres. Bush for the first time refers to detained Americans and other Westerners in Kuwait as hostages but states the U.S. will not be intimidated. . . . Defense Secretary Cheney announces that he obtained permission from UAE to allow U.S. military forces to operate from bases there. . . . Pres. Bush signs a trade bill that makes permanent the 1983 Caribbean Basin Initiative and widens the list of goods allowed into the U.S. under the CBI.

Yosemite National Park in California reopens to the public after closing due to fire damages.

Aug. 15

Aug. 18

Aug. 19

Aug. 20

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

90—August 21–26, 1990

Aug. 21

Aug. 22

Aug. 23

Aug. 24

Aug. 25

Aug. 26

World Affairs

Europe

The Western European Union, a defense grouping of nine member states, agrees to increase its naval operations in the Persian Gulf region and coordinate its efforts with the U.S. . . . EC foreign ministers condemn Iraq’s intention to hold foreigners near military targets and pledge to try to keep embassies open in Kuwait “as long as practically and physically possible.”

P.M. Margaret Thatcher states that Britain will not negotiate with Iraq over Western nationals held in Kuwait and Iraq. . . . Students in the University Square area of Bucharest lead six days of anti-Iliescu demonstrations and are joined by citizens protesting high prices and shortages of goods. Sporadic clashes with riot police occur when rock-throwing militants attempt to block traffic. . . . Karelia, an autonomous region of Russia on the Finnish border, declares sovereignty. . . . Greece says it will send ships to the Persian Gulf.

Iraq offers to free some Japanese and French detainees in a bid to divide the Western alliance.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Vessels arrive at the Yemeni port of Aden, but Yemen’s government does not allow them to unload their oil. . . . In Jordan, Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz urges the U.S. to begin peace talks but warns that Iraq will not be intimidated into first withdrawing from Kuwait. . . . A joint statement is released in South Africa by Chief Buthelezi and F. W. de Klerk, urging an end to the violence. . . . Iraq completes its troop pullout in Iran.

As peace talks wind down, rebels attack a military communications center in San Salvador. . . . In Haiti, 300 demonstrators demand Pres. Ertha Trouillot’s resignation. . . . Rebels of Peru’s largest guerrilla movement use armed force to support a 24-hour strike to protest Pres. Alberto Fujimori’s austerity plan. . . . Mohawk negotiators in Quebec submit a proposal aimed at ending a 43-day armed standoff. Blockades outside White River, Ontario, and at Seton Portage are dismantled after railway officials obtain court injunctions.

The caretaker government of Pakistan publishes regulations authorizing special judicial tribunals to try top officials of the dismissed government of former prime minister Benazir Bhutto in the officials’ absence.

The East German parliament approves an electoral law to govern allGerman elections set for Dec. 2. . . . In Romania, 30,000 workers hold a rally and meet with representatives sent by Premier Petre Roman. . . . A Saudi envoy is warmly received when he visits Moscow, even though Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union do not have diplomatic relations. . . . Smokers upset about the cigarette shortage in the USSR block traffic in Moscow.

Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir attempts to calm the public with assurances that Israel will not become involved in a gulf war. Shamir states that Israeli involvement may deter Arab states from opposing Iraq. . . . The interblack conflict that spread over the past month to townships near Johannesburg results in a death toll of more than 500 blacks. Archbishop Tutu returns to South Africa and calls for an international peacekeeping force.

Reports show that 13 Cubans remain inside the Spanish embassy, and nine are inside the Belgian ambassador’s residence in Havana.

The proceedings of the Australian Senate are shown on television for the first time.

Japan reveals that it will offer compensation to Arab states that are hurt economically by the UN trade embargo of Iraq. Japan promises to send medical personnel and supplies to the U.S.-led gulf forces. These offers are made since Japan’s constitution prohibits any direct involvement in overseas combat activity. . . . The French government dismisses Iraq’s offer to release some hostages as a ploy and reaffirms its solidarity with the countries whose citizens are being held.

The parliament of Armenia votes to declare independence. The resolution asserts Armenia’s control over its economy and natural resources and claims the right to create and control its own army. It also asserts Armenian control over a disputed enclave in the Azerbaijan republic. . . . After weeks of debate, East Germany votes to reunify with West Germany on Oct. 3. . . . Turkmenistan declares its sovereignty. . . . Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev declares illegal an attempt by the Russian Federation to assert control over its natural resources.

The U.S. Marines are withdrawn from Kuwait since the U.S. does not intend to defend the Kuwaiti embassy from the Iraqi army. The U.S. evacuates most of its staff from its embassy in Kuwait City. . . . A convoy of more than 100 people cross into Iraq with assurances that they can leave the country via Baghdad. However, this convoy is not allowed to leave Iraq immediately, despite the reputed prior Iraqi pledge. Iraq allows women and children to leave but retains adult men.

A 3,000-strong military force from the 16-nation Economic Community of West African States lands in Liberia to effect a cease-fire in the Liberian civil war and to pave the way for free elections. . . . The UN Security Council begins a marathon all-night session to confer about the embargo on Iraq.

Russian president Yeltsin calls Soviet Pres. Gorbachev’s Aug. 23 decree an “encroachment upon Russia’s sovereignty” and accuses Gorbachev of undermining their decision to cooperate on reform. . . . .Tadzhikistan declares its sovereignty. . . . Brian Keenan, a teacher from Belfast, Northern Ireland, who has been held hostage in Lebanon for over four years, is freed in Beirut by his pro-Iranian captors.

The South African government imposes a limited state of emergency in strife-torn areas. . . . Iraqi troops surround at least nine foreign embassies in Kuwait City after they refuse to shut down. The troops shut off water and electric lines but do not enter the premises.

Three members of the caretaker administration of Haiti’s president Ertha Pascal Trouillot resign. . . . Colombian attorney general Alfonso Gómez predicts, “It is going to be very difficult to convince our people of the necessity to extradite our nationals given these kinds of verdicts,” in response to the U.S. trial of Marion Barry.

The UN Security Council authorizes a U.S.-led Western naval armada in and around the Persian Gulf to use force to prevent violations of UN economic sanctions imposed on Iraq. The vote is 13 to 0, with Cuba and Yemen abstaining. Iraqi president Saddam Hussein dismisses the Security Council as a puppet of the U.S.. . . . Forces from 16 African nations start a week-long operation to capture sections of Monrovia.

Angry smokers riot in the Siberian city of Chelyabinsk over shortages of cigarettes and food, resulting in hundreds of arrests. . . . . In what is believed to be the largest rally ever by Yugoslav Muslims, 200,000 people honor Muslims slain by Serbian royalists during World War II.

In South Africa, police seal off black areas in townships and confiscate huge numbers of weapons. . . . The Washington Post reports that Jews who left the Soviet Union for Israel fear the dangers of anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union more than an attack on Israel by Iraq. . . . Charles Taylor’s rebel forces stage a mock execution of journalist Stephen Smith, which compels the press to flee Liberia.

In Canada, negotiations between the Mohawks and the federal and provincial governments collapse when the Mohawks demand that they be treated as a sovereign nation and receive immunity from prosecution in the death of a Quebec policeman shot July 11.

The UN announces that Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuellar will mediate the Persian Gulf crisis. . . . In Liberia, forces from 16 West African states order Prince Johnson to remove his rebels from the Monrovia port area. Johnson agrees to pull out all but a token force.

A total of 178 Yugoslav coal miners die after an underground explosion in Bosnia-Herzegovina. . . . Hundreds of protesters loot the headquarters of the ruling Bulgarian Socialist Party in Sofia. . . . . Spanish ships set sail for the Persian Gulf. . . . Shevardnadze states the USSR will not use military means to enforce the blockade of Iraq but will not object to other nations doing so. . . . France deploys ground troops to join the naval forces in the Gulf.

Iraq’s ruling Revolutionary Command Council decrees that “housing a foreigner for the purpose of hiding him or her from the authorities is a crime of espionage,” and is punishable by death. . . . Mario Pinto De Andrade, 62, one of the founders of Angolan nationalism, dies in London.

Reports confirm that the verdict in the drug trial of Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry Jr. outrages citizens in Colombia who view it as a test of whether the U.S. is serious about fighting its drug problem.

In Guam, U.S. District Judge Alex Munson overturns the island’s recently approved antiabortion law, ruling that it is unconstitutional. . . . New Delhi is hit by four days of student riots protesting a new government hiring program that reserves civil-service jobs for those from the lowest rungs of India’s caste system.

In Sri Lanka, Tamil rebels begin a series of attacks in the eastern part of the country.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

August 21–26, 1990—91

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

FBI Director William Sessions names Paul Philip, the agency’s highestranking black field agent, to investigate allegations of racial discrimination within the bureau. Sessions also appoints Thomas Jones, the highest-ranking black agent in the FBI’s headquarters in Washington, D.C., as the bureau’s chief spokesman.

John S. Vento, the third defendant to be convicted in the 1989 racial killing of a black youth, Yusuf K. Hawkins, in the Bensonhurst section of the NYC borough of Brooklyn, is sentenced in NYC for unlawful imprisonment.

U.S. District Judge Daniel Huyett strikes down several key provisions of a 1989 Pennsylvania abortion law. . . . The FEC sues the National Republican Senatorial Committee on charges of illegal fundraising. . . . A federal grand jury in Columbia, South Carolina, indicts five members of the South Carolina state legislature for selling their votes to an undercover FBI agent.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pictures taken by the spacecraft Magellan are released much earlier than planned. The images reveal a prominent fault line cutting across volcanic plains on Venus.

Pres. Bush orders the mobilization of a limited number of U.S. military reserves to augment Operation Desert Shield. It is the first time U.S. reservists are called to active duty in a foreign crisis since 1968. . . . The State Department reports that embassy officials in Kuwait contacted 1,982 of the 2,500 U.S. citizens believed to be in the country, leaving about 500 unaccounted for.

The price of a barrel of West Texas Intermediate, a benchmark grade of U.S. crude oil, soars 9% to $31.22 on the New York Mercantile Exchange.

Eight years after it was first developed, a genetically engineered rabies vaccine begins to be tested on raccoons on Parramore Island, an uninhabited island off Virginia.

A federal judge in Washington, D.C. dismisses a lawsuit by Charles Keating Jr., former chairman of Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, that challenges the government’s seizure of the thrift. . . . Oil prices rise to $31.93, the highest in seven years. . . . The Dow Jones closes at the lowest point since 1989.

The New England Journal of Medicine publishes a study that finds that phenytoin, a drug given to more than 100,000 head-injury victims each year, is ineffective after the first week.

In response to how Iraq broke its pledge to allow Americans to leave Baghdad, the U.S. State Department calls the development “another stark example of Iraqi duplicity.” . . . Defense Secretary Dick Cheney orders cutbacks in the Army’s newgeneration Light Helicopter program of reconnaissance and attack aircraft.

Aug. 21

Aug. 22

David Rose, 80, Hollywood film and television composer who won a total of five Grammy awards, four Emmy awards and six gold records for his music, dies of complications from heart disease in Burbank, California.

A state district judge in Reno, Nevada, rules that the heavy-metal group Judas Priest is not responsible for the deaths of two youths who committed suicide. . . . Irish singer Sinead O’Connor refuses to allow the U.S. national anthem to be played before her concert.

Aug. 23

Aug. 24

Aug. 25

Reports state that 45,000 U.S. servicemen and women are in the Persian Gulf. . . . U.S. president Bush announces that the Voice of America’s TV Marti, a controversial television station that broadcasts to Cuba, passed a five-month test and will be put into operation on a permanent basis.

Aug. 26

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

92—August 27–September 1, 1990

Aug. 27

Aug. 28

Aug. 29

Aug. 30

Aug. 31

Sept. 1

World Affairs

Europe

The five permanent members of the UN agree for the first time to a plan to end the Cambodian civil war. The plan, however, will take effect only with the approval of the four warring factions.

In Romania, 10,000 employees at a Brasov tractor factory strike. . . . About 15,000 Socialist supporters stage a rally in Sofia and denounce the vandals who looted headquarters as “newborn neo-fascists.” Bulgaria’s new president, Zhelyu Zhelev, also denounces violence in a national radio address. . . . A senior Macedonian politician, Pear Gosev, accuses neighboring Serbia of “threatening to wipe Macedonia off the map.”

The UN plan for peace in Cambodia is endorsed by two rebel factions.

In Armenia, five people, including a member of parliament, are shot and killed in the republic’s capital, Yerevan. . . . The Moscow City Council orders rations after it receives an emergency supply of Bulgarian cigarettes.

In another step toward peace in Cambodia, Khmer Rouge, the most powerful rebel faction, backs the UN plan. . . . UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar flies to Amman, Jordan. . . . OPEC authorizes its members to increase oil production to maintain normal supplies during the Persian Gulf crisis.

Britain refers the case of the Birmingham Six, who were found guilty of two 1974 bomb attacks, to the Court of Appeal. . . . Reports claim the French government imposed tight restrictions on 26 Iraqis in France. . . . In France, 20,000 farmers protest on a “National Day of Action.” Violence breaks out in Angers, Alencon, and St. Lo. . . . Armenia declares a state of emergency and outlaws the Armenian National Army, a paramilitary group. . . . Ethnic Albanians clash with Serbian police in Kosovo.

UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar meets with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz. . . . Officials of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the organization that established the multinational force in Liberia, selects Amos Sawyer, a Liberian exile living in the U.S., to lead a proposed interim government.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev hosts an economic summit in Moscow. Separately, Pres. Gorbachev fires Vladilen V. Nikitin as a first deputy premier and chairman of the state commission on food and supplies because of a summer-long shortage of cigarettes and food in the USSR. . . .The Armenian National Army, the largest guerrilla group in Armenia, promises to surrender its arms and disband after soldiers and riot police surround the group’s headquarters in Yerevan.

The World Bank agrees to give Poland a $300 million loan. . . . Reports in the West African press claim Charles Taylor’s rebels killed at least 200 West African civilians in Liberia in retaliation for the participation of their nations in the multinational force. . . . Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz states that Iraq will release all its foreign hostages if the UN guarantees that U.S.-led military forces will not attack Iraq.

France announces a 1.2 billion French franc aid package for its farmers. . . . Representatives of East Germany and West Germany sign a treaty establishing terms for the reunification of Germany and naming Berlin as the new capital. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev states that the country needs a sixmonth period to deal with chronic shortages and inflation before attempting an economic transition.

The Arab League passes resolutions that renew its condemnation of Iraq and call upon it to pull out of Kuwait, pay war reparations, release all foreign nationals, guarantee the safety of all civilians in Kuwait and allow embassies there to function freely. The League also calls on its members to submit any peace proposals for collective action.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

U.S. officials claim that Iraq, in a reversal of its previous orders, instructed its merchant fleet not to resist efforts by U.S. or other naval forces to inspect Iraqi vessels. . . . In South Africa, tens of thousands of blacks commemorate those who died in the clashes, and up to 50,000 march in Soweto in a funeral for eight ANC supporters killed in the unrest.

Quebec premier Robert Bourassa requests the army to dismantle the Mohawk barricades at Oka and the Mercier Bridge. Bourassa states negotiations with the Mohawks broke down, and he accuses them of making “all kinds of unacceptable demands.”

After four days of riots in India, P.M. V. P. Singh vows that his party will not back down from the quota plan. . . . The Washington Journal reports that South Korea plans to provide nonlethal aid to the forces in Saudi Arabia.

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein issues presidential decrees declaring that Kuwait is Iraq’s 19th province, renaming Kuwait City with the name it had before World War I, Kadhima, and shaving territory off the “province” of Kuwait to be called “Saddamiyat al-Mitlaa,” in honor of Saddam Hussein. . . . Hussein promises to allow the departure of detained women and children. . . . Reports show that Burkina Faso, which is not involved in the West African force, supplied arms and troops to the Taylor-led rebel faction in Liberia.

Two of the 13 Cubans in the Spanish embassy in Havana leave the building. . . . In Canada, a convoy evacuating Mohawks from the Kahnawake reserve near Chateauguay is met by 500 angry Quebec residents, many armed with baseball bats, who throw rocks and bricks. About a dozen Mohawks are reported injured in the incident. In addition, some Quebecois start blocking deliveries of food to the reserve in retaliation for the bridge blockade.

Reports state the small island nation of Tonga took advantage of a legal loophole and claimed the rights to the last 16 unoccupied orbital satellite spaces over the South Pacific region.

Canadian Forces army troops, aided by masked Mohawk Indians, dismantle two barricades erected by Mohawks on roads leading to the Mercier Bridge, after reaching a settlement that does not involve the land claims and sovereignty issues. . . . Ecuador’s Supreme Court acquits former president León Febres Cordero on a charge of embezzling public funds.

Philippine president Corazon Aquino announces her willingness to negotiate with both communist and military rebels to reach ceasefire agreements. . . . The Japanese government unveils a package of economic and logistical contributions to the international effort in the Persian Gulf.

Japanese premier Toshiki Kaifu specifies the aid package pledged on Aug. 29 will be worth $1 billion.

South African president F. W. de Klerk’s ruling white National Party announces its intention to open itself to members of all races.

Finance Minister Antonio Ermán González unveils a new austerity plan aimed at slowing Argentina’s inflation rate to a single-digit monthly level.

In the first release, an Iraqi plane carrying 69 Japanese citizens leaves Baghdad while 143 Japanese men remain behind as hostages. . . . A judicial inquiry commissioned by Pres. F. W. de Klerk’s government finds the police opened fire without justification in Sebokeng, South Africa, on March 26.

Four of the 11 Cubans still in the Spanish embassy leave. . . . In Canada, as 400 dismantle barricades set up by Mohawk Indians in Oka, many Mohawk Warriors flee the area. but about two dozen heavily armed members of the Warrior Society hole up in a former drug and alcohol rehabilitation clinic with about 30 women and children and vow to fight if troops attempt to remove them.

Pakistan’s interim government reveals that former prime minister Benazir Bhutto will be charged with official corruption and abuse of power. . . . The New York Times reports that the rebel Khmer Rouge moved more than 60,000 refugees from camps on the Thai border into malaria-ridden “liberation zones” in rebel-controlled sectors of Cambodia.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

August 27–September 1, 1990—93

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

A U.S. District Court jury in Miami declines to make a monetary award to Eugene Hasenfus, a U.S. mercenary whose plane was shot down over Nicaragua on a supply mission to the contra rebels in 1986.

The U.S. expels 36 Iraqi embassy personnel and restricts the remaining 19 Iraqi officials to within 25 miles of their embassy in Washington, D.C. . . . Pres. Bush praises UN secretary general Perez de Cuellar’s involvement but expresses pessimism about hopes for a diplomatic solution to the Iraq crisis.

U.S. District Judge Thelton E. Henderson in San Francisco bans tuna fish caught by the five nations that fail to limit dolphin kills. . . . The College Entrance Examination Board releases the 1990 results of the SATs and finds that, while scores on the mathematics section of the test remained level, scores on the verbal section declined from 1989.

Pres. Bush briefs more than 170 members of Congress on the Persian Gulf crisis and the U.S. buildup in Saudi Arabia. . . . An eight-member court-martial board at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, believed to be the first of its kind since the Vietnam War, convenes. . . . The National Transportation Safety Board places most of the blame on the navy for a June 1989 accident involving a nuclear submarine and a tugboat.

At least 25 people are killed and more than 350 are injured when a major tornado tears through Will County in northern Illinois, about 35 miles southwest of Chicago.

Preliminary population listings from the 1990 census show that California not only retains its place as the most populous state, but it also grew another 24% since 1980.

Thirteen U.S. servicemen die when their C-5A transport plane carrying supplies intended for the Persian Gulf crashes and burns at Ramstein Air Base in West Germany. . . . The 36 Iraqis expelled from their embassy on Aug. 27 leave the U.S. with their families.

Illinois governor James R. Thompson (R) tours the region hit by a tornado and declares it a state disaster area. Pres. Bush declares it a federal disaster area as well.

Bush states he will not allow Iraq’s holding of Western hostages to “shape the foreign policy of this country.” He also announces a plan to seek billions of dollars from U.S. allies to help pay for the military buildup in the Mideast and to aid those countries most hurt by the UN embargo on Iraq. . . . A U.S. commander notes that the navy is intercepting 75 ships daily in the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman and the Red Sea, mostly by radio.

The launch of the spacecraft Columbia is delayed when NASA discovers an electronic malfunction in a telescope in the shuttle’s Astro observatory payload for its astronomy mission.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Stephen (Stevie) Ray Vaughan, 35, one of the U.S.’s top blues and rock guitar players, dies in a helicopter crash near East Troy, Wisconsin, that also takes the lives of three members of Eric Clapton’s entourage.

Aug. 27

Aug. 28

Aug. 29

A federal appeals court panel in San Francisco overturns a $5.2 million libel award to singer Wayne Newton against NBC regarding news reports on his purchase of a Las Vegas hotel and casino.

The State Department files a formal protest with the Yugoslav foreign ministry when it learns Shaban Kastrati, 19, a U.S. citizen, has been sentenced to 60 days in jail for alleged complicity in unrest in Albania. . . . Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf vows, “There is not going to be any war unless Iraq attacks first.” . . . A court-martial board in Fort Bragg acquits a member of the 82d Airborne Division of murder during the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama.

Ken Griffey Sr., 40, and Ken Griffey Jr., 21, become the first father and son ever to play on the same team. . . . Nat (Sweetwater) Clifton, 65, one of the first black players in the NBA, dies of a heart attack in Chicago. . . . Burden of Proof by Scott Turow remains at the top of the bestseller list.

Edwin Oldfather Reischauer, 79, one of the U.S.’s leading experts on Japan who served as ambassador to Japan, 1961–66, dies of complications from hepatitis in La Jolla, California.

The French national team sets a new world record in the men’s 4by-100-meter relay at the European championships in Split, Yugoslavia, when it clocks in at 37.39 seconds.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 30

Aug. 31

Sept. 1

94—September 2–7, 1990

Sept. 2

Sept. 3

Sept. 4

Sept. 5

Sept. 6

Sept. 7

World Affairs

Europe

UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar admits he is “disappointed” after meeting with Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz. “I did not find any indication of flexibility, apart from allowing women and children to leave,” he explains. . . . A Lufthansa charter flies 65 Americans and 250 Europeans from 10 nations out of Iraq. Another Iraqi Airways jet takes off with nearly 200 Britons, 22 French citizens, and 47 Americans.

Reports state that the USSR will allow a team of selected U.S. Navy officers to join Soviet warships patrolling the Persian Gulf in order to coordinate procedures in the event that war breaks out. . . . British prime minister Margaret Thatcher states that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein may face a trial for war crimes if any harm comes to hostages currently held in Iraq.

A UN conference on the economies of poor countries opens in Paris. . . . Arab League secretary general Chedli Klibi, a Tunisian, resigns after more than 10 years in the post. His resignation points to growing tensions in the Arab League.

More than 100,000 people stage a general strike in Kosovo to protest Serbia’s takeover of ethnic-Albanian businesses. . . . Shoppers in Moscow grow angry when they discover that bread has virtually disappeared from the shelves of the city’s food stores.

Iraq accuses Egypt of engineering Klibi’s Sept. 3 resignation to take over the Arab League and “make it a rubber stamp for the Egyptian and Saudi governments.” . . . The Times of London reports that a French investigation into the Sept. 1989 bombing of a UTA aircraft over Niger found that the attack was probably a cooperative effort between Libya, Syria, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command. . . . Serbian police detain a team from the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights in Kosovo.

Africa & the Middle East In South Africa, police reported that 21 blacks died in overnight fighting.

Two caravans—one carrying 300 women and children and the other 100 people—travel from Kuwait to Baghdad. Two Iraqi airliners fly 300 people to Jordan. . . . Reports indicate the gulf sheikdom of Qatar expelled more than 70 Palestinian families in retaliation for Palestinian support for Iraq. . . . In South Africa, members of Inkatha kill 27 people in a non-Inkatha workers’ hostel in Sebokeng township. When residents of the hostel try to stop the attackers, troops arrive, allegedly open fire and kill nine more people.

Reports state that a team from the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights was expelled from Yugoslavia by Serbian authorities.

In the USSR, details of a plan drafted by a 13-member working group headed by economist Stanislav Shatalin are published. The program would, if implemented, lead to swift and radical economic transformation of the USSR. . . . Reports show France and Britain cut off supplies of military equipment to Jordan because of its links to Iraq.

An Iraqi plane carries 135 Canadians, 12 Americans, and 10 Irish citizens to freedom in Turkey. . . . The New York Times reports that the leaders of the West African forces demanded that Pres. Samuel K. Doe resign.

Reports indicate that West Germany is opposed to providing financing for the U.S.-led military operation in the gulf. Rather, it prefers to provide aid to “those countries that are hit by the gulf crisis and that make a significant contribution to its solution.” . . . The British House of Commons meets after being recalled for debate on the Persian Gulf crisis. The session marks the first time that Parliament is recalled from a recess since 1982.

Reports show that a total of more than 600,000 non-Western refugees have arrived in Jordan so far since the invasion of Kuwait. About 100,000 remain stranded there, while 20,000 continue to arrive every day, but only 10,000 refugees leave daily.

Foreign ministers of the EC nations pledge financial aid to the nations hurt by the UN embargo, but state no direct contributions will be made to the U.S.-led military effort. . . . A series of “freedom flights” from Iraq begin and last for over two weeks. The flights transport citizens of France, Canada, Japan, West Germany, Taiwan, Australia, the Philippines, Ireland, India, Syria, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Trinidad, Singapore, Jamaica, the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and South Africa.

A vote in Britain’s House of Commons backs the government’s stance in the Persian Gulf. . . . A total of 111 members of the dissolved Kosovo parliament meet in secret and adopt a new constitution that portrays Kosovo as an independent republic of Yugoslavia.

A three-man delegation from the International Commission of Jurists assails the police in Natal, South Africa, for appearing to side with Inkatha and calls for the deployment of human rights monitors, possibly from the European Community, in the province.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Canadian army holds control of all barricades around Oka constructed over land disputes since July 11.

Delegates to Mexico’s ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party national congress approve a series of measures aimed at weakening traditional power brokers in the party and making the selection of party candidates and leaders more democratic.

Mongolia’s first democratically elected parliament convenes for the first time and reelects Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat as president.

The last five remaining Cubans who sought asylum in foreign embassies in Havana leave the Spanish embassy, bringing to an end a 58day crisis that strained ties with Spain and Czechoslovakia. . . . The Quebec National Assembly sets up a 35-member commission to study the province’s future political options in the wake of the failure of the Meech Lake accord . . . . Brazilian investigators discover a mass grave that they believe hold as many as 1,700 bodies.

North Korean Premier Yon Hyong Muk arrives in South Korea in the truce village of Panmunjom to meet with South Korean Premier Kang Young Hoon. . . . New Zealand prime minister Geoffrey Palmer resigns, as his Labour Party prepares for an uphill fight in federal elections.

Colombian president Cesar Gaviria Trujillo offers drug traffickers a chance to avoid extradition to the U.S. if they surrender, confess to Colombian courts, and turn their property over to the state . . . The mass grave discovered in Brazil holds at least two corpses of political prisoners who disappeared in the early 1970s. . . . Amnesty International reports that Brazilian death squads murder hundreds of children each year, often with the endorsement or participation of the police.

Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze and Japanese foreign minister Taro Nakayama release a joint statement condemning Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. The communique is hailed in the Japanese press as an unprecedented bilateral move by the two powers. . . . China states that, starting Jan. 11, 1991, it will obey a global ban on ivory trading. . . . Special tribunals to prosecute former ministers of the government of dismissed prime minister Benazir Bhutto open in Lahore, Pakistan.

The Mercier Bridge, a main commuter artery into Montreal, Canada, is reopened to traffic after a conflict with Mohawk Indians that started July 11. . . . The New Democratic Party scores a historic victory in Ontario, winning an election that gives it control of the provincial government and replaces Liberal Premier David Peterson with Bob Rae. . . . The Brazilian police launch an investigation into the origins of the mass grave found Sept. 4.

The ruling military government of Myanmar jails six opposition leaders on charges of spying and fomenting unrest. Opposition parties won a landslide victory in elections in May, but the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council continue to delay surrendering power. . . . An unprecedented meeting between the North Korean and South Korean premiers ends without a joint statement or any major agreements.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

September 2–7, 1990—95

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 2

Pres. Bush ends his controversial long holiday and returns to the White House. . . . David J. Acer, 40, Florida dentist who is believed by the CDC to be the only health-care provider in the U.S. to infect one of his patients with AIDS, dies from AIDS.

The New York Times reports that the U.S. secretly deployed combat aircraft at several Arab gulf states besides Saudi Arabia. U.S. officials state the wider deployment is necessary because Saudi air bases became too crowded.

Judge David Souter, Bush’s nominee for the Supreme Court, receives the top rating from the American Bar Association. . . . Sen. Sam Nunn (D, Ga.), a long-time opponent of abortion, decides that he now supports the right to abortion until the fetus is viable outside the womb.

Bush formally proposes to forgive Egypt’s $7 billion military debt to the U.S. for opposing Iraq and supporting U.S. military moves in the gulf. . . . Secretary of State James Baker testifies before the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the gulf crisis and calls the invasion a “defining moment” of the post–cold war era.

Sept. 3

Scientists announce they have identified a genetic defect that appears to cause some cases of osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis.

Pres. Bush declares that there are “clear signs of progress” in the U.S.’s war against illegal drugs, and he vows to continue fighting “until this scourge is licked for good.”

Irene Marie Dunne, 91, popular Hollywood actress of the 1930s and 1940s, dies of heart failure in Los Angeles.

A study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology finds no significant evidence of increased cancer rates during the six-year period following the 1979 reactor leak at Three Mile Island. The review of disease cases in the area suggest the slight increases are “curious” but not “convincing” of a causal link, because the number of cases is too low to be statistically significant. . . . . Launch of the space shuttle Columbia is postponed by a new fuel leak.

The Alliance for Justice, representing about 30 groups, warns that “Judge Souter’s opinions and legal briefs threaten to undo the advances made by women, minorities, dissenters and other disadvantaged groups” while investigating Bush’s nominee for the Supreme Court. Similar reservations are expressed by Arthur J. Kropp, president of People for the American Way Action Fund.

The U.S. decided to approve the export to Brazil of rocket casings that can be used to make an intercontinental ballistic missile, according to The New York Times. . . . A federal appeals court in Richmond, Virginia, upholds the dismissal of charges related to the Iran-contra affair against former CIA agent Joseph F. Fernandez.

The oil industry unveils an $800 million, five-year plan to combat major oil spills off the U.S. coast.

Eight NYC youths are indicted in the fatal stabbing of a 22-yearold tourist from Utah, Brian Watkins. . . . The Department of Health and Human Services finds that more than 250,000 American adolescents use anabolic steroids for bodybuilding or other athletic purposes.

U.S. officials welcome Colombia’s shift in its policy of extraditing drug lords. “If the government and people of Colombia are now able to enforce their own laws against drug trafficking, so much the better,” says Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh.

Budget talks between congressional leaders and the Bush administration begin. . . . The FCC concludes that most television and radio stations regularly overcharge political candidates for advertisements in an audit.

A study in the New England Journal of Medicine finds that nonsmokers who grew up in households where they were exposed to heavy tobacco smoke as children are twice as likely to develop lung cancer as other nonsmokers.

Sept. 4

Sept. 5

Tom Fogerty, 48, rhythm guitarist and cofounder of the rock group Creedence Clearwater Revival, dies in Scottsdale, Arizona, of respiratory failure due to tuberculosis.

In tennis, the U.S. Open men’s doubles title goes to Pieter Aldrich and Danie Visser of South Africa.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 6

Sept. 7

96—September 8–13, 1990

World Affairs

Sept. 8

Sept. 9

Sept. 10

Sept. 11

Sept. 12

Sept. 13

Europe

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein issues an open message to U.S. president Bush and Soviet president Gorbachev, denouncing “foreign intervention” and restating his nation’s intent to keep Kuwait. . . . U.S. secretary of state Baker concludes his visit of the Middle East after obtaining pledges of aid several nations totaling billions of dollars.

Africa & the Middle East In South Africa, 26 people are killed in an Inkatha raid on a squatter settlement in Soweto.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Dominican Republic’s main labor groups agree to economic and social reforms in talks with the government.

U.S. president Bush and Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev display unity on the Persian Gulf crisis following seven hours of talks in Helsinki, Finland.

A bomb explodes at a recruiting office in Derby, but no one is injured. . . . Police in the town of Novi Pazar use tear gas to quell a clash between followers of the Democratic Action Party and 30,000 adherents of the Serbian Renewal Movement. . . . . Father Aleksandr Menn, a liberal Russian Orthodox priest, is murdered with an ax by an assailant in a wooded area near his home in Zagorsk.

According to reports, Pres. Samuel K. Doe arrived unannounced at the headquarters of the West African force that entered Liberia. He was accompanied by a large entourage of bodyguards. Shortly thereafter, Prince Yormie Johnson and a contingent of his rebels arrived and quarreled with Doe’s men. Gunfire broke out, and 78 people were killed, nearly all of them Doe bodyguards . . . . Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz arrives in Teheran the first high-level Iraqi official to visit Iran since the outbreak of the Persian Gulf War in 1980.

The four warring Cambodian factions agree to accept a UN plan to end the civil war. Western observers and diplomats call the agreement one of the most hopeful signs in 20 years of conflict in Cambodia. . . . U.S. secretary of state James Baker briefs the foreign ministers of the NATO on the summit at NATO headquarters in Brussels.

The mayors of Moscow and Leningrad urge an abandonment of Revolution Day celebrations marking the 1917 triumph of the Bolsheviks. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev sends telegrams to the heads of 15 republics, their parliaments, and local officials, urging a fostering of respect for law and order. “The whole system of legislative, executive and judicial power could break down,” he writes, as a result of ethnic feuds and nationalist violence.

Liberian president Samuel K. Doe is killed by rebels led by Prince Yormie Johnson . . . . Iran and Iraq agree to restore diplomatic relations. . . . Pope John Paul II blesses the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in the Ivory Coast, despite controversy over its cost in a nation saddled with debt. It is the largest Christian church in the world . . . . In South Africa, a group of Anglican prelates led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu meet with Pres. F. W. de Klerk and charge that right-wing whites are behind recent township violence.

Sir Dawda Jawara, the president of Gambia, orders the Economic Community of West African States’ forces to protect Liberians and others from the Krahn tribe from reprisal attacks since Doe was a Krahn.

Soviet president Gorbachev stuns Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov by endorsing the radical 500-day Shatalin program of economic reform during a raucous debate in the Supreme Soviet. The parliament of the Russian Federation vote to endorse the Shatalin plan in conjunction with the republic’s “500-day confidence mandate.” . . . The first two Pizza Hut fast-food restaurants in the USSR open in Moscow.

Nelson Mandela and de Klerk meet, and the ANC leader warns that the authorities’ failure to halt factional fighting threatens South Africa fragile peace process. . . . In Liberia, a new round of fighting between Johnson’s rebels and surviving members of Doe’s armed forces erupts at the executive mansion.

In Chile, Gen. Augusto Pinochet leads a controversial public holiday celebration of the anniversary of the 1973 coup that brought him to power. Many civilians attend alternative ceremonies in honor of former Pres. Salvador Allende Gossens and others who died in the coup. Pres. Patricio Aylwin departs to Antarctica for the day. . . . The Progressive Conservative Party scores a reelection victory in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

In Mongolia, the upper house of parliament chooses Dash Bambasuren as the country’s new premier, replacing Sharavyn Gungaadorj.

Representatives of East Germany, West Germany, and the four victorious Allied World War II powers sign a treaty that ends the powers’ responsibilities over Germany and paves the way for a fully sovereign Germany to be reunited. . . . A 285mile railway line crossing the border between western China and the USSR is completed so trains can run from the eastern Chinese port of Lianyungang to Rotterdam, the Netherlands, a total of 6,700 miles.

The Bulgarian government formally charges 20 people with arson in a fire that destroyed the Socialist Party’s headquarters in August. . . . An explosion occurs at a nuclear-fuel processing plant in the city of UstKamenogorsk. The blast leaves the city shrouded in a dust cloud of beryllium, a nonradioactive but highly toxic metal.

Iran’s supreme religious leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, condemns the U.S. military buildup in the Persian Gulf and says an Islamic jihad, or holy war, is justified in combating it. . . . Pretoria calls on other nations to help end the bloodshed in South Africa by convincing Nelson Mandela to meet with Chief Buthelezi.

Pres. Alberto Fujimori turns down a U.S. offer of $35.9 million for antidrug operations in Peru, reiterating a long-standing opposition to purely military solutions to the drug crisis. . . . The Canada–Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board, federal energy minister, and Nova Scotia’s provincial energy minister approve the development of two oil fields off the coast of Nova Scotia . . . . Brazil ends measures instituted to protect the nation’s computer industry from foreign competition.

The Pakistani government files two more charges against Benazir Bhutto concerning an Islamabad hotel project and a petroleum contract. . . . Separately, one tribunal dismisses for lack of evidence the corruption case against former petroleum minister Jahangir Badar.

The UN Security Council votes to impose strict limits on humanitarian shipments of food to Iraq and occupied Kuwait.

Two ethnic Albanians are shot dead by Serbian police while purportedly resisting arrest in Kosovo. . . . West Germany and the Soviet Union disclose details of an agreement in principle on German payments for the maintenance and repatriation of Soviet forces currently in East Germany. The nations initial a 20-year friendship pact.

In South Africa, 400 squatters’ shacks are burned down. On a train from Johannesburg to Soweto, 26 black commuters are killed and more than 100 wounded when black attackers shoot and stab people randomly. Reports confirm that at least 731 blacks were killed since the beginning of August. . . . From Liberia, reports surface that rebels engaged in reprisal attacks against the Krahn, Samuel Doe’s tribe, and the Mandingo, who were allied with Doe.

Former president Efraín Ríos Montt, 64, who ruled Guatemala for 18 months after a military coup in 1982, files to run in the November presidential election pending a final decision on his eligibility.

The Sri Lankan army breaks a three-month rebel siege of a fort on the northern Jaffna peninsula with a surprise dawn attack. According to military sources, 12 soldiers and about 100 rebels are killed in the fighting. . . . Amnesty International reports that more than 500 people have been executed in China in 1990, most as part of a campaign to “clean up crime” before the Asian games begin.

King Birendra of Nepal is formally presented with a new constitution that establishes a multiparty democracy in the country. . . . About 1,000 protesters battle with police in Mandalay, Myanmar. . . . Former prime minister Benazir Bhutto is formally charged by a special Pakistani court with abuse of power.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

September 8–13, 1990—97

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle In tennis, Gabriela Sabatini of Argentina wins the U.S, Open women’s title in an upset, defeating West Germany’s Steffi Graf.

U.S. officials announce that Department of Health and Human Services secretary Louis Sullivan selected a Cleveland cardiologist, Bernadine Healy, to become director of the National Institutes of Health. . . . The former immigration processing center on Ellis Island in Upper New York Bay, which served as the gateway for millions of immigrants, is dedicated as a museum after undergoing an eight-year, $156 million renovation.

Nineteen-year-old Pete Sampras beats Andre Agassi in an upset victory in the finals of tennis’s U.S. Open. Martina Navratilova and Gigi Fernandez win the women’s doubles title.

A Cuban American, Jose Dionisio Suarez Esquivel, pleads guilty in U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., to the 1976 killing of Chilean exile Orlando Letelier. He receives a sentence of no more than 12 years in prison in exchange for his plea.

Sept. 8

Sept. 9

Sept. 10

The three youths convicted in the near-fatal rape and beating of a female jogger in NYC’s Central Park, Antron McCray, Yusef Salaam, and Raymond Santana, are sentenced to maximum possible sentence of five to 10 years in prison by Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Thomas B. Galligan.

Pres. Bush addresses a joint session of Congress and a national television audience to gain support for his deployment of U.S. military forces to the Persian Gulf region in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. . . . A New York Times story reports that a survey of members of the armed services found that sexual harassment in the military is widespread. The survey was conducted by the Defense Manpower Data Center, a Pentagon unit, in 1988–89.

The Judicial Conference of the United States approves a threeyear experimental program to permit radio and television coverage of civil trials. . . . Officials report that Louis Sullivan selected David Kessler as the next commissioner of the FDA, replacing James Benson. . . . The Michigan state legislature approves a bill that requires teenagers 17 or younger to obtain a parent’s or judge’s permission for an abortion.

The House passes an amendment to the Defense Department authorization bill calling for Japan to assume the entire cost of basing 50,000 U.S. troops in Japan. If Japan does not pick up the cost, the amendment calls for 5,000 troops a year to be withdrawn.

Atlantic Richfield Co. (Arco) announces that it will pay $287 million to Alaska in settlement of a 13-year dispute over royalties on oil from the North Slope. . . . The Bush administration joins congressional leaders in advocating an end to the limit on the deposit premiums that the FDIC charged banks. . . . The Energy Department folds its auction of a Jasper, Tennessee, ethanol plant when the bids come in too low.

The Tennessee Court of Appeals awards joint custody of frozen embryos to a divorced couple, overturning a 1989 ruling that gave sole custody of the embryos to the woman. . . . The Senate Judiciary Committee opens hearings into the nomination of David Souter to the Supreme Court. . . . Samuel Studdiford Stratton, 73, Democratic U.S. representative from New York State, 1959–89, dies in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

Bush administration officials disclose the U.S. warned Iraq that it will hold Baghdad responsible for any terrorist attacks on U.S. or allied targets carried out by pro-Iraqi or Iraqbased terrorist groups. . . . A Coast Guard officer notes that U.S. forces are boarding three to four ships a day, mainly in the Red Sea, to check cargoes and destinations.

Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan endorses giving the FDIC new latitude to hike bankdeposit premiums, but he cautions that that latitude should be used sparingly because of the dangers of a premium hike.

Ron Townsend, the president of Gannett Television Group, becomes the first black member of the Augusta National Country Golf Club, home of the Masters tournament.

The Professional Golfer’s Association (PGA) begins looking for new hosts that do not violate the new antidiscrimination policies it adopted.

Sept. 11

Sept. 12

Sept. 13

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

98—September 14–19, 1990

Sept. 14

Sept. 15

Sept. 16

Sept. 17

Sept. 18

World Affairs

Europe

Iraqi troops raid the residences of the Canadian, Dutch, and Belgian ambassadors in Kuwait. Western officials at the Canadian mission, including the consuls of the U.S., Britain, Ireland, Australia, and Canada, are briefly detained. Troops release a military attaché from the French residence, but the three citizens who sought refuge there are kept in custody. Iraq’s ambassador to France claims Iraqi actions do not violate international law because Kuwait is no longer an independent nation, but part of Iraq.

Britain announces that it is sending a full armored brigade of 8,000 troops and 120 Challenger tanks to Saudi Arabia. . . . Italy states that it will send a frigate and eight Tornado aircraft to the Persian Gulf to supplement its previous commitment. . . . Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev offers the Supreme Soviet an amended version of the radical Shatalin plan to create a market economy in 500 days. The revision is known as the “president’s plan.”

Wealthy industrial nations agree to increase their aid to the world’s poorest countries at a UN conference in Paris. . . . Freed Western hostages claim that Kuwaiti resistance is crumbling due to the harsh Iraqi response. “For each Iraqi soldier that gets killed, there are at least six Kuwaitis who are killed,” one states.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

U.S. and Australian warships fire warning shots at an Iraqi tanker in the Gulf of Oman after it refuses to stop. The vessel then halts and is boarded. After it is determined that the ship holds no cargo, it is allowed to proceed to Iraq. . . . Two Israeli cabinet members, Finance Minister Yitzhak Modai and Science Minister Yuval Neeman, meet with Soviet president Gorbachev in the highest-level contact between the two nations in 23 years. . . . U.S. secretary of state James Baker meets with Syria’s president, Hafez al-Assad, and foreign minister, Farouk al-Sharaa.

Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney announces that his nation will send a squadron of CF-18 fighter jets to the gulf to provide air cover for two Canadian destroyers on their way to the region. . . . The Canadian federal government, the provincial government of Newfoundland, and representatives of four oil companies sign agreements to pave the way for construction of Canada’s largest offshore oil project located in the Hibernia oil field about 195 miles southeast of St. John’s, Newfoundland.

In the face of criticism that Japan’s contribution to international efforts in the Persian Gulf is insufficient, Japan’s cabinet pledges another $3 billion in aid.

French president François Mitterrand announces that 4,000 soldiers and dozens of planes, helicopters and tanks will be sent to Saudi Arabia. . . . Spanish premier Felipe González’s decision to send three warships to the Persian Gulf draws criticism at home. . . . West German chancellor Helmut Kohl announces a $2 billion package of aid for the gulf effort after meeting with U.S. secretary of state Baker.

Iraq unexpectedly opens the southern border between occupied Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, allowing thousands of Kuwaitis to flee into exile.

Nearly 13,000 workers at Ford Motor Co. of Canada Ltd. go on strike after a contract dispute.

The UN Security Council unanimously condemns Iraq’s violation of the diplomatic outposts.

British prime minister Margaret Thatcher begins a five-day visit to Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Switzerland.

U.S. president Bush, in a videotape broadcast on Iraqi television, warns the Iraqi people that Pres. Saddam Hussein brought them “to the brink of war” by invading Kuwait.

The EC foreign ministers announce that all 12 member nations will expel all Iraqi military attachés and limit the movements of other Iraqi diplomats. . . . In a press conference, U.S. president Bush endorses French president Mitterrand’s request that the UN Security Council extend the embargo against Iraq to include air traffic.

A British Army colour sergeant, Bernard Cox, is shot outside an Army recruiting center in North London. . . . An anti-Socialist rally in Sofia, Bulgaria, draws 30,000 people. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev proposes to hold a nationwide referendum on whether there should be private ownership of land. . . . The Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia restore diplomatic relations after 52 years.

Iraqi troops at the exit point on the border begin seizing Kuwaiti men between the ages of 17 and 45 as they try to cross. Iraqi troops strip refugees of their passports and identity papers. . . . In Liberia, the remnants of Samuel Doe’s army loot and burn the capital city, Monrovia, The soldiers, chanting “No Doe, No Liberia!” burn homes, rape women, and shoot those they suspect of being rebel sympathizers, according to witnesses. . . . Farright white extremist Piet Rudolph, who declared “open war” on the government of Pres. de Klerk and is implicated in terrorist bombings, is caught by police in Pretoria after months in hiding as South Africa’s most-wanted white man.

Canadian prime minister Mulroney names William A. Stevenson to the Supreme Court of Canada.

The 45th session of the General Assembly convenes at UN headquarters in NYC Guido de Marco, Malta’s minister of foreign affairs and justice, is unanimously chosen to serve as president of the assembly for the next year, succeeding Joseph Namvan Garba of Nigeria.

The IRA claims responsibility for the Sept. 17 shooting of British army colour sergeant Bernard Cox. . . . Sir Peter Terry, former governor of Gilbraltar, is shot at his home in Milford, England.

Reports indicate that as many as 10,000 Kuwaitis have left the country, a large number of them wealthy Kuwaiti professionals driving luxury cars. . . . The Transvaal province attorney general Klaus von Lieres states Winnie Mandela, the controversial wife of Nelson Mandela, will be tried on charges of kidnapping and assault. . . . The New York Times reports that Jordan stopped truck traffic at its border with Iraq.

Trinidad and Tobago’s national security and justice minister, Selwyn Richardson, resigns after a coup attempt. . . . Argentina announces that it will send a small force to the gulf region, becoming the first Latin American nation involved in the Persian Gulf crisis. . . . The fifth round of peace talks between the rebel Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) and the government of El Salvador end with little hope of a cease-fire.

The IRA claims responsibility for the attack on Sir Peter Terry, the former governor of the British colony of Gibraltar, who had authorized a security operation that resulted in the slaying of three IRA operatives there. . . . Poland’s president, Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, effectively announces his resignation when he asks parliament to set a date for ending his term in office. . . . The Russian Federation’s parliament passes a resolution formally requesting the chairman of the Council of Ministers, Nikolai Ryzhkov’s resignation.

The Washington Post reports that the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait has shifted into a more brutal phase.

Sept. 19

In a nationally televised address, Pres. Corazon Aquino called for a discussion on the “orderly withdrawal” of U.S. troops from the Philippines. Protests against the bases are staged for two days in several cities.

A round of talks on the future of U.S. military bases in the Philippines opens in Manila.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

September 14–19, 1990—99

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The House Special Task Force on El Salvador concludes that “a concerted effort has been made by the armed forces, including the high command, to contain the investigation; to avoid implicating any individual except those charged; and, almost certainly, to prevent the conviction of” Col. Guillermo Alfredo Benavides.

A congressional audit of nearly 100 deals in which the Federal Home Loan Bank Board granted subsidies to private buyers of failing savings and loan associations in 1988 reveals that the FHLBB (now defunct) vastly underestimated the deals’ cost, which in 1988 were estimated to be at $38.6 billion. However, the report claims their total cost skyrocketed to $71 billion. . . . Exxon Corp. completes its second straight summer of cleanup work in Alaska’s Prince William Sound, site of the largest oil spill in U.S. history.

At the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, a four-year-old Cleveland girl with a rare immune deficiency becomes the first person to undergo experimental treatment using a genetically engineered human gene. She is injected with a blood infusion containing her own genetically engineered cells to enhance her production of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), necessary to keep T-lymphocyte immune cells alive. . . . The White House announces that Pres. Bush will nominate Walter E. Massey as the new head of the National Science Foundation.

E(dwin) Allan Lightner Jr., 82, former U.S. ambassador to Libya, 1963–65 and assistant chief of the U.S. mission in Berlin, 1959–63, dies of heart failure in Bayside, Maine.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 14

Magellan’s Venus-mapping project formally begins.

The Washington Post and The Los Angeles Times publish stories in which Gen. Michael J. Dugan, Air Force chief of staff, reveals classified information on the troops in Iraq and makes controversial remarks.

Sept. 15

The Emmy Awards are presented. The winners for best drama and comedy series are L.A. Law and Murphy Brown, respectively.

Pres. Bush, for the first time, addresses the controversy regarding the U.S. policy toward Iraq before it invaded Kuwait. Bush admits that “with hindsight” he “absolutely” regrets the U.S.’s early overtures toward Saddam Hussein’s regime. But he asserts that the invasion cannot be blamed on a faulty U.S. policy. . . . Manuel M. Caldera pleads guilty in a federal court to conspiring to bribe public officials to obtain navy contracts in the 1970s and 1980s. He is the 35th person convicted in the Pentagon procurement scandal. . . . Defense Secretary Dick Cheney fires Gen. Dugan for publicly discussing confidential elements of the U.S. military strategy in the Persian Gulf crisis.

The New York Post reaches an agreement with all 11 of its unions. . . . The United Auto Workers and General Motors agree on a new three-year contract.

The FBI promotes 11 of the Hispanic agents who won a discrimination lawsuit against the bureau in 1988. . . . Several abortion-rights groups and women’s rights groups urge the Senate committee to reject David Souter’s nomination to the Supreme Court because they fear that Souter will cast the deciding vote to overrule Roe v. Wade.

Former CIA agent Thomas Clines is convicted on charges stemming from his participation in the illegal shipment of weapons to the Nicaraguan contras. . . . The Pentagon issues a list of 151 overseas U.S. military bases or installations that will either close or be curtailed in fiscal 1991 . . . . A GAO report is made public that estimates that the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama cost over $163.6 million.

Butte County, California, officials vote to accept an $11 million state bailout and avoid becoming the first county government in the U.S. to declare bankruptcy . . . . The directors of Fannie Mae elect James Johnson as the new chairman and CEO. . . . The EPA announces nine major companies have agreed to reduce toxic chemical emissions from 40 plants in 14 states.

Theatrical producer Cameron Mackintosh reinstates the scheduled opening of Miss Saigon in NYC after negotiations with Actors Equity. . . . Atlanta, Georgia, is chosen to host the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. . . . Rep. Joseph Kennedy II (D, Mass.) and his wife, Sheila, file for a no-fault divorce.

The Senate Judiciary Committee concludes hearings for David Souter.

The House passes a $283 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1991. . . . The defense subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee passes a $1.89 billion emergency supplemental defense spending bill to cover the costs of the U.S. buildup in the Persian Gulf. . . . The full Appropriations Committee asserts that Congress, not the Pentagon, will control the spending of funds, including the contributions of U.S. allies, in the Persian Gulf crisis.

The Resolution Trust Corp. formally requests Congress for roughly $122 billion in funding for the fiscal year beginning October 1. . . . Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan tells Congress that the Persian Gulf crisis is likely to cut economic growth and fuel inflation. . . . Budget negotiations, resume, with the participants pared down to eight key negotiators.

Hermes Pan (born Hermes Panagiotopulos), 79, Academy Award– winning choreographer who created the dances films starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, dies of unreported causes in Beverly Hills, California.

Columbia’s launch is canceled because of a leak of hydrogen gas during fueling.

Forbes magazine lists Bill Cosby as the world’s highest-paid entertainer with an estimated income of $115 million for 1989 and 1990 . . . . Lisa Olson, a reporter for the Boston Herald, charges that she was harassed by several New England Patriot players in their locker room, causing a furor.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 16

Sept. 17

Sept. 18

Sept. 19

100—September 20–25, 1990

Sept. 20

Sept. 21

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Soviet Union backs an air embargo on Iraq and calls for the foreign ministers of the five permanent UN Security Council members—China, France, Great Britain, the U.S., and the USSR—to underscore the nations’ commitment to pressure Iraq into withdrawing from Kuwait.

The East German and West German parliaments ratify a treaty governing the legal aspects of German reunification. . . . The Bulgarian Grand Assembly confirms a cabinet, three months after the Socialist Party’s victory in national elections.

The U.K., Hong Kong, Vietnam, and the UN High Commission for Refugees announce an agreement to increase the number of boat people repatriated to Vietnam from Hong Kong.

Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev asks the Supreme Soviet for new powers to meet the nation’s economic plight. He rejects the idea that Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov should resign, and Ryzhkov states that he will stay in office. . . . In Poland, the Sejm votes to hold presidential elections in Dec. and to dissolve itself by Apr. 1991. . . . A German immigration spokesman states that only a “handful” of the 80,000 guest workers brought to East Germany under the communist regime will be allowed to remain in the united Germany.

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

Sept. 25

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

An Israeli reserve soldier mistakenly drives into a Gaza Strip refugee camp and runs into a donkey cart while trying to escape stone-throwers, injuring two youths. A large mob then stones and burns the car, killing the soldier.

Chilean president Patricio Aylwin asks Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte to keep out of politics. . . . In Nicaragua, a national dialogue among the government, businesses, and labor on the new economic program begins. . . . The Medellin cocaine cartel claims to be responsible for the kidnappings of three prominent Colombians. . . . Argentine president Carlos Menem reaffirms his commitment to send troops to the Persian Gulf despite domestic opposition.

Amnesty International reports that 64 people were executed in a single day in China, many of whom were arrested for illegal religious or prodemocracy activity.

Iraq’s ruling Revolutionary Command Council declares there is “not a single chance for any retreat” and tells Iraqi citizens to prepare for “the mother of all battles.” . . . In Lebanon, Pres. Elias Hrawi signs the Taif peace accord, which gives Muslim majority more power, into law, against the objections of Gen. Michel Aoun. . . . Charles Taylor, leader of a Liberian rebel faction, announces a unilateral cease-fire set to take effect the next day.

The Canadian Auto Workers union reaches an agreement with Ford Motor Co. of Canada, ending a strike that started on Sept. 15.

In the Philippines, the government decides to hike fuel prices and to increase police suppression of protests against U.S. military bases . . . . The International Campaign for Tibet reports that China is suppressing Buddhism in Tibet . . . . Thailand’s cabinet lifts a decadelong ban on imported cigarettes but maintains its ban on cigarette advertisements.

Syrian president Hafez al-Assad visits Teheran for talks with Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.

Pres. Jaime Paz Zamora signs an agreement with leaders of Bolivian Indian tribes that bars timber companies from felling trees in the rain forest where the tribes live, effective October 31.

At a meeting in Washington, D.C., economics ministers from the Group of Seven (G-7), the seven largest industrial democracies, predict continued economic growth despite the strain caused by the Persian Gulf crisis.

Swiss voters approve a 10-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants.

Angry Israelis attack Palestinian workers, and the right-wing cabinet members call for a draconian crackdown.

In the Dominican Republic, a bomb explodes in Santo Domingo near the headquarters of the National Union of Revolutionary Students, killing three students and wounding three other people.

The IMF’s Interim Committee announces a new effort to aid those impoverished nations whose economies are threatened by the Mideast crisis. . . . Although it is not immediately reported, the UN passes a resolution on a procedural matter that stresses that only the UN’s special sanctions committee has the power to permit humanitarian shipments to Iraq or Kuwait. . . . East Germany formally withdraws from the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.

The Soviet parliament votes to give Pres. Gorbachev new powers to rule by decree.

Iranian authorities announce that they seized two bands of 29 people trying to smuggle food across a remote border area into Iraq. . . . The Israeli army demolishes at least 15 homes and stores in the Gazan camp. . . . Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir warns that his country is ready to “repay” Iraq for any attack. . . . Delegations from the Angolan and U.S. governments reach an agreement to ship emergency food and medicine to central and southern Angola.

A U.S. DEA agent is wounded by Bolivian drug traffickers in an ambush, described as the most serious confrontation between drug traffickers and Bolivian police and DEA officials in three years.

A group of leaders of Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party visits North Korea. . . . Communist rebels announce an end to a cease-fire in Manila and three northern Philippine provinces that were heavily damaged in a July earthquake.

The IMF and the World Bank discuss ways to help nations most severely affected by the Persian Gulf crisis. . . . The UN Security Council votes to extend its land and sea blockade of Iraq to include an embargo on air traffic.

The ruling Bulgarian Socialist Party reelects Alexander Lilov as its chairman after much debate.

Syrian president Assad and Iranian president Rafsanjani conclude their talks with “full agreement” on opposing Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait as well as the buildup of U.S.-led foreign forces in the Persian Gulf. . . . The Israeli Supreme Court approves the bulldozing of 30 Arab buildings around the site of the attack.

Canadian prime minister Mulroney sets forth his government’s agenda for dealing with Indian issues.

Eleven people are killed when a bus carrying them to New South Wales, Australia, from the mountains of the Gold Coast plunges 30 meters over a cliff. . . . In India, violence over job quotas peaks when at least 22 people are killed as stone-throwing students battle police throughout the north.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

September 20–25, 1990—101

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Attorneys general in Alabama and Illinois file suit to stop a deceptive Republican fund-raising tactic. . . . The NAACP contends that Supreme Court nominee David Souter “failed to articulate that level of concern for fairness, equality and justice for all citizens that should be present in any individual taking a seat on the court.” The Alliance for Justice also urges the Senate to reject the nomination.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Federal Reserve ends a longtime ban on trading in securities by commercial banks by allowing J. P. Morgan & Co. Inc. to establish a division to underwrite corporate stocks.

NASA removes Columbia from the launch schedule entirely after a series of delays.

The Olympic Council of Asia bars Iraq from the Asian Games because of its invasion of Kuwait.

Philadelphia Mayor W. Wilson Goode (D), acting to forestall impending bankruptcy of the city, announces plans to freeze city hiring, to defer $90 million in pension payments, and to reschedule payment of a $25 million court settlement over real-estate transfer taxes. . . . The FDIC files a $200 million civil suit against Neil Bush and the other directors of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association.

Two teams of scientists report a major step toward developing a therapy for cystic fibrosis. Researchers find that diseased cells can be “fixed” by replacing a defective part of the cell’s genetic material with doctored cells.

A California superior court judge awards temporary custody of a baby born to a surrogate mother to the baby’s genetic parents. The case is one of the first surrogacy lawsuits involving a baby who is not genetically related to the surrogate, who had been implanted with a fertilized egg. . . . John Anthony Danaher, 91, Republican senator from Connecticut, 1939–45, and U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals judge, 1954–69, dies in West Hartford, Connecticut.

Sept. 21

The 11th Asian Games, an Olympictype competition for athletes from Asia, open in Beijing.

U.S. District Judge E. B. Haltom imposes the maximum fine—$4.1 million—on the USX Corp. and gives jail terms to two union officials for violating federal labor law in connection with a 1983 labor contract. According to the U.S. State Department, more than 1,900 Americans and their families were evacuated from Iraq and Kuwait during “freedom flights” that started Sept. 7. . . . Pres. F. W. de Klerk meets with Bush in the first visit to the U.S. by a South African head of state in 45 years. . . .Pres. Alfredo Cristiani seeks to persuade Congress to continue providing El Salvador with military aid. He also announces a plan to create a panel of U.S. judges to evaluate the Jesuits’ murder case. Pres. Bush signs into law a $1.6 billion bill designed to improve vocational education classes at high schools across the U.S . . . . A federal district judge in Sacramento, California, strikes down limits on campaign contributions that were approved by voters in 1988.

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

The Senate votes, 94-1, to prohibit employers from discriminating against older workers in providing pensions and disability payments.

The Senate fails by three votes to cut off debate on a bill that would tighten the fuel-economy rules for cars. . . . The Senate votes, 98-0, to ratify two 1970s treaties that limit underground nuclear explosions to 150 kilotons or less. . . . The price of crude oil on the New York Mercantile Exchange reaches $38.67 a barrel, more than double its price in July.

Sept. 20

The Senate approves a measure that requires TV broadcasters to cut back on the amount of advertising shown during programming aimed at children. It is a reconciliation of measures passed by the House and Senate in July.

Radar images of Venus taken by the robotic U.S. spacecraft Magellan reveal a surprisingly active planet with traces of volcanoes, craters, and a strange crisscross pattern of intersecting fracture lines. Some of the craters are the deepest ever detected in the solar system—twice as deep as the Grand Canyon.

Sept. 24

Sept. 25

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

102—September 26–30, 1990

Sept. 26

Sept. 27

World Affairs

Europe

The World Bank releases a list of the 10 nations that it predicts will be most seriously affected by the Persian Gulf crisis: Egypt, Jordan, Turkey, Morocco, Pakistan, the Sudan, Bangladesh, India, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka.

Alberto Moravia (born Alberto Pincherle), 82, Italy’s best known and most widely read contemporary author, dies of a heart attack in Rome.

The attendance of the first official Soviet delegation at meetings coincides with new pledges of technical assistance from the IMF and the World Bank. . . . The European Community pledges 20 million European currency units ($26.2 million) to help clean up East Germany’s environmental problems.

The Polish government begins to transform six state-owned enterprises into joint stock companies, taking the first step in its privatization program. . . . The Social Democratic parties of East Germany and West Germany merge at a conference in West Berlin.

Sept. 28

Sept. 29

Sept. 30

Seventy-one world leaders attend the first World Summit for Children at the UN General Assembly in NYC. . . . Reports confirm the World Bank approved new loans to China, reversing an earlier policy that resisted loans to China because of its 1989 repression of the prodemocracy movement. . . . The foreign ministers of the four victorious World War II Allied powers formally suspend their remaining rights over the two Germanies.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Nicaragua, 2,000 school teachers stage a one-day strike and attempt to march on the National Assembly while legislators debate a proposed law that would replace school directors. . . . The last of the Mohawk Indians engaged in an 11-week standoff behind barricades near Oka, Quebec, surrenders. . . . A 72hour strike in the Dominican Republic starts and gains an unexpected level of support.

The Sri Lankan government announces that it will abandon a key fort in Jaffna because the extreme difficulty of defending the fort outweighs its limited strategic value. . . . Indian prime minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh asks students to stop their protests over job quotas and meet with him face to face.

Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria’s first president, returns to the country after 10 years in exile in France and Switzerland.

During the strike in the Dominican Republic, violent incidents occur, in which at least one person dies. Several people are injured and at least 300 arrests are reported. . . . Reports suggest that Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney is employing an obscure constitutional provision that has never before been used, in an effort to pack the Senate with members of his Progressive Conservative Party to ensure passage of the government’s unpopular goods-and-services tax plan.

Indian student leaders dismiss P.M. Singh’s Sept. 26 proposal, vowing that they will not agree to talks until the job plan is abandoned.

The Slovene parliament asserts the primacy of Slovenia’s laws over federal laws and Slovenian control of the territorial defense forces in the republic. . . . The Serbian parliament legalizes multiparty elections. It also strips the Kosovo region of its status as an autonomous province of Serbia, in effect completing its annexation of Kosovo. . . . The Kazakhstan government urges the Kremlin to declare an ecological disaster zone around Ust-Kamenogorsk after an explosion on Sept. 12.

In Liberia, a cease-fire collapses when Prince Yormie Johnson’s forces attack the presidential palace, trapping up to 1,000 Doe loyalists. . . . In Lebanon, Pres. Elias Hrawi’s government imposes a siege on the territory controlled by Gen. Michel Aoun, which is about one-third of the 300-square-mile Christian enclave.

The government vows to lower utility bills for poor Nicaraguans and distribute food in a bid to head off nationwide protests threatened by Sandinista unions. . . . The leader of the Mohawks during the protest that started July 11, Loran Thompson, apparently escaped during the confusion that surrounded the Mohawks’ surrender, and a warrant is issued for his arrest in Canada.

Three military officers and 13 other Philippine soldiers are convicted for the 1983 murder of opposition leader Benigno S. Aquino Jr. and sentenced to life in prison. . . . Leaders of Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party and North Korean officials sign an agreement to take steps to normalize relations between the two countries

Croatian paramilitary riot police institute house-to-house searches for illegal weapons in the predominantly Serb towns in the republic. There are clashes in several areas, and more than 200 Serbs are arrested.

Lebanese president Hrawi travels to Syria and meets with Pres. Hafez alAssad, apparently to request help in confronting Gen. Aoun. . . . A spokesman for Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir announces that direct flights between the USSR and Israel will begin in October.

U.S. secretary of state Baker meets with Vietnamese Foreign Minister Nguyen Co Thach in the highestlevel meeting between the two nations since the Vietnam War.

Azerbaijan multiparty local elections are held for the first time since a military crackdown in January. . . . Tens of thousands of people in the Ukraine demand independence from the USSR, demonstrate against the Communist Party and denounce the union treaty proposed by Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev. . . . A group in Knin, the center of the Serb autonomy movement in Croatia, form the Serbian National Council, a self-proclaimed parliament. Serb nationalists erect barricades to keep Croatian police out of Knin.

A rebel army of refugee tribesmen invade the tiny central African country of Rwanda from Uganda in a bid to topple its government. . . . In Liberia, Prince Johnson declares all-out war on the remnants of Samuel Doe’s army and Charles Taylor’s forces.

The Soviet Union and South Korea establish full diplomatic relations.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

September 26–30, 1990—103

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In its annual report on household income in the U.S., the Census Bureau reports that the median family income rose in 1989, while the poverty rate declined slightly. The bureau notes that the gap between rich and poor Americans widened over the past 20 years.

Secretary of State James Baker confirms that Iraq asked diplomats at the U.S. embassy in Baghdad to name the nondiplomats who took refuge at the embassy. He states that Iraq threatened to execute diplomats if they continue to harbor refugees. . . . Iraqi president Saddam Hussein’s reply to a Bush speech aired on Iraqi television, a 75minute speech, in Arabic with English subtitles, is shown in full only by CNN at 1:00 A.M.

Pres. Bush announces that he authorized the release of 5 million barrels of oil from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve as a “test” to see if the action would dampen surging oil prices.

An earthquake that hits southeastern Missouri registers 4.5 on the Richter scale, making it a relatively minor quake.

Jack Valenti, president of the Motion Picture Association of America, announces that the MPAA will eliminate its “X” rating for films and replace it with a rating called “NC-17,” meaning that no one under age 17 will be admitted.

A gunman with a history of psychiatric problems holds 33 people hostage at a hotel bar in Berkeley, Calif. The gunman, Mehrdad Dashti, shoots one student to death and wounds seven others. Police storm the bar and distract Dashti so the hostages escape. Dashti is shot and killed. . . . Public officials at the annual conference of the Congressional Black Caucus in Washington, D.C., charges that law enforcement officials are selectively targeting black politicians for investigation and prosecution. Rep. John Conyers Jr. (D, Mich.) promises that the House Government Operations Committee he chairs will investigate the reports made by the Black Congressional Caucus on Sept. 27.

The House passes legislation to compensate victims of radiation from open-air nuclear tests in the 1950s or from the mining of the uranium used in nuclear weapons. . . . FDIC Chairman L. William Seidman reports that the FDIC is likely to post losses exceeding $3 billion in 1990, about 50% more than estimated.

The four performance artists whose applications for grants from the NEA were rejected in June after being approved by the agency’s review panels file a lawsuit against the NEA in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles.

Rep. Les Aspin (D, Wis.), the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, reports that U.S. intelligence believes that Iraq has developed biological weapons and will be able to deploy them by early 1991.

Four Past Midnight by Stephen King tops the bestseller list.

Sept. 26

Sept. 27

Sept. 28

Sept. 29

The White House and congressional leaders of both parties present a five-year deficit-reduction plan. . . . At the end of fiscal 1990, the deficit is $220 billion.

Comiskey Park, home of the Chicago White Sox since July 1910, closes after the Sox’s final home game of the season, a 2-1 win over Seattle in front of a capacity crowd of 42,849 fans. . . . Patrick Victor Martindale White, 78, Australian novelist who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1973, dies of unreported causes in Sydney, Australia.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 30

104—October 1–5, 1990

Oct. 1

Oct. 2

Oct. 3

World Affairs

Europe

U.S. president Bush addresses the opening session of the UN General Assembly by telling the gathering that he hopes for a diplomatic solution to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.

Regional authorities in Kazakhstan ban nuclear blasts at the USSR’s underground testing range at Semipalatinsk. . . . The Supreme Soviet passes a landmark law guaranteeing religious freedom to all citizens. . . . Vuk Draskovic, the head of Serbian Renewal Movement, threatens to mobilize a volunteer armed force to aid Serbs in Croatia. The Serb minority in Croatia declares itself autonomous, citing the results of an unauthorized referendum in which 99% of voters backed self-rule. . . . The Yugoslav federal collective presidency opens a crisis meeting on escalating nationalist tensions and ethnic unrest. . . . French officials strongly deny speculations that France negotiated with Iraq over the Kuwait conflict. . . . Poland’s president, Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, signs into law a measure that names Nov. 25 as the date for the presidential election. . . . Ukrainian workers stage protest strikes in support of sovereignty.

At the UN General Assembly, Saudi Arabia’s foreign minister, Prince Saud al-Faisal Al Saud, urges Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait for the sake of Palestinians who claim a homeland in territory occupied by Israel. . . . French, British, and U.S. military commandants in West Berlin close the last meeting of the Allied Kommandatura headquarters in West Berlin. . . . The Council of Europe unanimously approves a membership application by Hungary, so it becomes the first Warsaw Pact nation to join a Western political organization.

Germany becomes a united nation for the first time since the end of World War II, 45 years ago. . . . U.S. secretary of state Baker and Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze announce they reached agreement on the main points of a Conventional Forces in Europe treaty. . . . In Liberia, the ECOWAS force drives Taylor’s forces out of central Monrovia to the eastern suburbs. The operation is staged in cooperation with Doe loyalists and Johnson’s forces.

Oct. 4

Oct. 5

Iraq delivers a speech to the UN General Assembly in which it blasts the U.S. for sending troops to the Persian Gulf in reaction to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, and accuses the U.S. of seeking a new era of “Western imperialism” in the gulf region.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein orders the release of nine French citizens who were held as human shields at strategic sites to deter an armed attack. . . . After much debate in the government, Israel announces that it will distribute gas masks to the country’s entire civilian population because of Iraq’s threat to attack Israel with chemical weapons in the event of war. . . . In Lebanon, Gen. Aoun vows to resist the siege, and thousands of his supporters stage a protest against the blockade. Unknown gunmen open fire on the rally, killing at least 25 civilians and wounding more than 80. The government denies any affiliation with the gunmen.

The U.S and Chile sign an agreement establishing a joint council to monitor and expand commerce between the two nations. . . . Loran Thompson, the unofficial leader of Mohawk Warrior Indians in the standoff with the Canadian police and the army, turns himself in. . . . Cuban government officials announce that 38,000 of Cuba’s 50,000 troops have been removed from Angola in accord with a treaty negotiated in Dec. 1988.

The Indian Supreme Court orders the government to delay implementation of a controversial plan to reserve an additional 27% of civilservice jobs for low-caste Hindus.

The Kremlin opens preliminary talks with the leadership of Lithuania in preparation for full-scale formal discussions on independence. . . . In the Ukraine, thousands of students, frustrated by Parliament’s inaction, erect a tent city in Kiev during proindependence demonstrations.

U.S. secretary of state James Baker claims that in exchange for $400 million in loan guarantees for Soviet immigrant housing, Israeli foreign minister David Levy confirmed in a letter that “it is the policy of Israel that immigrants will not be settled beyond the green line,” Israel’s boundaries before the 1967 war. . . . Uganda issues a statement that denies any affiliation with the group of rebel refugees that attacked Rwanda.

In Nicaragua, the National Workers’ Front agree to join a national dialogue with the government and business that started Sept 20. Separately, 200 rebels seize the northern town of Waslala following weeks of unrest. Ten people are killed. . . . Carlos Nu~ nez Tellez, 39, one of the leaders of the Sandinista revolution that overthrew dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, dies of heart failure in Havana, Cuba.

A judicial hearing against ousted Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is postponed after thousands of her supporters storm the courtroom. . . . In Japan, rioting begins after a man is arrested and reports suggest that a policeman accepted bribes from gangsters. . . . The Japanese stock market soars 13.2%, breaking a year-long slump. . . . At least 132 people are killed and 50 injured when a hijacked Chinese passenger jet crashes into two planes while attempting to land at Baiyun Airport. The crash is one of the worst aviation disasters ever to occur in China.

On the first day of German unity, authorities arrest Werner Grossmann, the last chief of counterespionage in Stasi. . . . At Berlin’s unification celebration, violence breaks out when 9,000 opponents of unity including anarchists known as Autonome, break windows, burn cars, and clash with riot police. Police arrest 246 people.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein makes his first known visit to Kuwait since the invasion. . . . French president François Mitterrand becomes the first Western leader to visit the Persian Gulf since Aug. 2 when he meets with Sheik Zayid bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan, the president of UAE.

Colombian president Cesar Gaviria Trujillo convenes a meeting of the National Security Council to coordinate action “to neutralize the worrying increase in kidnappings in the country and especially in the metropolitan area of Medellin.”

China and Singapore establish diplomatic relations for the first time.

Federal military police seize the headquarters of Slovenia’s territorial militia in the republic’s capital, Ljubljana. The building apparently had been vacated prior to the takeover, but Slovenia nevertheless complains to the federal government. . . . Marshal Sergei F. Akhromeyev, an adviser to Soviet president Gorbachev and former military chief of staff, predicts that the Warsaw Pact will disband as a military alliance in 1991.

French president Mitterrand meets with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. . . . France announces it will send to Rwanda 150 Foreign Legion paratroopers to protect its embassy and 670 nationals. Belgium states it will send 500 paratroopers and military equipment to Rwanda to protect over 1,600 Belgian citizens there.

Reports indicate that three legal challenges to Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney’s creation of eight new Senate seats have been filed in court.

In Afghanistan, rebels capture Tarin Kot, the capital of Uruzgan Province. . . . In the Philippines, 200 rebel soldiers capture a military outpost at Butuan, 480 miles south of Manila. Another 300 rebels capture a base at Cagayan de Oro, 65 miles southwest of Butuan. The seizures are effected without combat, and no one is reported killed.

The new all-German Bundestag, meeting in Bonn, sets new elections rules for the December general elections. . . . Great Britain announces that it will join the exchange rate mechanism of the European Community’s European Monetary System.

In Rwanda, fighting breaks out briefly in Kigali after rebels infiltrate the capital. . . . Separately, France sends another 150 soldiers to Rwanda. . . . Zaire, acting under a mutual defense treaty, also sends 500 troops to Kigali.

The New York Times reports that the Guatemalan army detained five soldiers for involvement in the killing of an American civilian, Michael DeVine. . . . The New York Times discloses that the Brazilian government in early September uncovered a 15-year-old secret military project to develop an atom bomb. Science and Technology Minister José Goldemberg states that Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello ordered the project halted.

Philippine air force jets force the rebels out of the Butuan base with a series of bombing runs. One pilot is killed in a crash. . . . Riots continue in Osaka, Japan, even after an earlier arrest of two gangsters and the dismissal of the police officer for bribery.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October 1–5, 1990—105

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Supreme Court opens its new term with eight justices. . . . The U.S. Department of Education announces that an investigation conducted by its Office of Civil Rights found that UCLA discriminated against Asian Americans in admissions in its graduate mathematics program. Another 75 departments at UCLA were cleared of discrimination charges, however. . . . The House gives final congressional approval to a bill that requires all television sets sold in the U.S. after July 1, 1993 to contain a microchip to decode closed-caption signals for the hearing-impaired.

The House approves, 380-29, a joint resolution that supports the actions “taken by the president with respect to the Iraqi aggression in Kuwait.” . . . Gen. Curtis Emerson LeMay, 83, U.S. Air Force chief of staff, 1961–65 who directed the U.S. bombing of Japan during World War II, dies of a heart attack at March Air Force Base in California.

Pres. Bush signs a stopgap spending bill that expires at midnight Oct. 5 to keep the government running until a new budget is put in place. . . . The Education Department chooses the Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) to take over the $8.8 billion student loan portfolio of the failing Higher Education Assistance Foundation.

The Senate confirms Pres. Bush’s appointment of David H. Souter to the Supreme Court by a vote of 90-9.

The Senate approves, 96-3, a resolution that supports action “to deter Iraqi aggression and to protect American lives and vital interests.”

The Committee for the Study of the American Electorate reports only 19% of those eligible to vote cast a ballot in a state primary in 1990.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle A female journalist is barred from the locker room of the Cincinnati Bengals after the Sept. 17 incident with the New England Patriots. The decision to ban a female reporter instead of disciplining and educating team members about sexual harassment is met with outcries. . . . The House clears a conference committee’s reconciliation of legislation regarding the reduction of advertising and children’s programming passed by the Senate Sept. 24.

Oct. 1

Oct. 2

Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, states at a congressional hearing that budget negotiators have “crafted what appears to be a credible, enforceable reduction in the budget deficit stretching over a number of years.”

The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that asthma deaths rose markedly among young Americans between 1978 and 1987, taking the worst toll among children ages five to 14.

The USA Basketball Council approves the inclusion of professional players in the U.S. men’s team at the 1992 Olympics.

The State Department announces it has withdrawn the nomination of Frederick Vreeland as ambassador to Myanmar since the Myanmar government decided it would not accept Vreeland due to statements he made that were critical of the regime.

Oct. 3

Oct. 4

A five-year deficit-reduction plan is rejected by the House, 254-179, causing much debate and resentment. . . . Another stopgap measure to continue funds to the government is passed by the House and the Senate. . . . Pres. Bush vetoes legislation that restricts textile, apparel and shoe imports.

Cincinnati’s Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, are acquitted of obscenity charges involving an exhibit of photographs by the late artist Robert Mapplethorpe. The trial is the first in the U.S. in which a museum and its director faced criminal charges over a display of artwork.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 5

106—October 6–11, 1990

World Affairs

Oct. 6

Oct. 7

Oct. 8

Oct. 9

The U.S. asks the UN Security Council to approve a U.S.-drafted resolution condemning Israel for the Oct. 8 killings in Jerusalem. The extremely rare U.S. move against its ally is prompted by fear that it might lose the support of Arab countries in the U.S.-led international consensus against Iraq.

Oct. 10

Oct. 11

The IMF agrees in principle to grant a $2.016 billion standby loan to Brazil.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Former members of the interior ministry, which ran Poland’s security services, are arrested on corruption and murder charges. The suspects served under the Communist regimes from the 1960s through the 1980s. . . . More than 500 teenagers, many of them of North African origin, riot in Vaulxen-Velin, a Lyon suburb because of treatment by French police.

Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko pledges to institute “a full multiparty system” in Zaire. . . . Belgium and France take up positions around the airport in Rwanda to guard their evacuation of hundreds of foreign citizens.

Juan José Arévalo Bermejo, 86, president of Guatemala, 1945–51, whose civilian government is regarded as a bright spot in the country’s modern history of military dictatorships, dies of unreported causes in Guatemala City.

The leader of dissident soldiers in the Philippines surrenders to police after his men occupied two army outposts for 48 hours. After Col. Alexander Noble’s surrender, Philippine authorities round up rebels and arrest more than 150. . . . In Osaka, Japan, reports confirm that more than 2,500 police have been called in to face rioters numbering about 1,500.

The Sunday Times of London reports that Leningrad is a center of organized crime in the USSR. . . . The Socialist Party of Chancellor Franz Vranitzky polls the most votes in the Austrian general elections. The right-wing Freedom Party makes significant gains at the expense of the traditional conservative group. . . . Vasil Mohorita, the first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, calls for workers to resist the impending privatization of state enterprises.

The Washington Post reports that the UN and Jordanian relief agencies found that nearly 700,000 nonWestern refugees who had fled to Jordan have been evacuated to their home countries. . . . Sheik Rashid bin Said al Maktum, 76, cofounder and vice president of the United Arab Emirates and ruler of the sheikdom of Dubai, dies in Dubai after suffering a series of strokes in recent years.

In its first international treaty since unification, Germany agrees with Czechoslovakia to clean up pollution in the Elbe River. . . . The West German parliament completes ratification of the so-called two-plus-four treaty on German sovereignty. . . . More former members of the interior ministry, which ran Poland’s security services under the communist regime, are arrested, bringing the total up to nine.

Israeli police open fire on stonethrowing Palestinian protesters on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem’s Old City, killing at least 19 Arabs and wounding more than 100 others. The incident causes great uproar. . . . In Rwanda, the government declares a state of emergency while fierce fighting reportedly continues in the northeast part of the country. . . . Zaire’s news agency reports that its troops fought a twohour battle with the rebels near the town of Gabiro in Rwanda.

South Korean president Roh Tae Woo fires two senior officials after evidence of widespread domestic spying by the military is revealed. Kim Dae Jung, the leader of the South Korean political opposition, begins a hunger strike in response to the evidence. . . . Pakistan president Ghulam Ishaq Khan assures Bush that Pakistan’s nuclear program is strictly for creating energy. . . . The Australian cabinet decides to permit logging in 40% of the forest region of southeast New South Wales.

British security forces claim that they killed Desmond Grew, reputed to be one of the IRA’s most dangerous killers, during a raid. They say IRA member Martin McCaughey was also killed, and three other people were arrested. . . . The Supreme Soviet passes a law that places all political parties on an equal legal footing with the Communist Party. . . . Austrian president Kurt Waldheim asks Franz Vranitzky to form a new government.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, responding to the Oct. 8 killings in Jerusalem, repeats his prior threats to attack Israel to defend Iraq and the Palestinian cause. . . . Israel is strongly criticized by anti-Iraqi Arab countries, such as Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia. Anti-Israel protests are staged in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan. . . . There are scattered clashes along with funerals in east Jerusalem, in Arab communities in Israel and in the territories.

Forty-seven people are killed in India when one car of a moving train is set afire by terrorists protesting an injunction against a proposed government affirmative-action plan. . . . P.M. D. B. Wijetunge announces that Sri Lankan banking laws will be amended to allow secret numbered bank accounts for foreigners.

In the Ukraine, about 100,000 people take part in a week of street and campus protests in Kiev to support the tent-city residents and the 200 students who are on hunger strikes.

In response to the international outcry, P.M. Yitzhak Shamir appoints a commission to investigate the Oct. 8 Jerusalem clash. . . . About 360 people, mostly U.S. men of Arab descent, are allowed to leave Kuwait. . . . In Rwanda, reports show that more than 1,500 suspected rebel sympathizers have been arrested. Tutsi refugees flee into Uganda and claim that Rwandan soldiers shot and killed hundreds while civilians armed with spears and machetes cut down women and children as they tried to escape.

A rash of antigovernment protests in Bangladesh begins.

Former British prime minister Edward Heath plans to travel to Iraq in an attempt to win the release of sick British hostages held there since Aug. . . . The Soviet coast guard announces the seizure of a Greenpeace ship protesting the planned nuclear tests at Novaya Zemlya. . . . Thousands of workers stage an anticommunist rally in Prague.

The Rwandan government denies massacre claims and states all those killed were rebels. . . . Reports indicate that Lebanese president Hrawi officially asked for Syrian military intervention to end Gen. Michel Aoun’s rebellion.

In Afghanistan, rebels led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Islamic fundamentalist, begin a two-pronged attack on Kabul. . . . The Australian federal cabinet agrees to set standards to lower emissions of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. . . . North Korea releases two Japanese sailors who were arrested as spies in 1983.

Europe

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October 6–11, 1990—107

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush vetoes the stopgap measure passed by the Senate and House Oct.5 because “it disciplines the United States Congress,” which, he claims, repeatedly evade budget decisions by passing interim spending authority. A shutdown of federal operations begins immediately, but it does not affect most departments since it is Saturday.

The space shuttle Discovery is launched from Cape Canaveral to begin a four-day mission to deploy the Ulysses spacecraft for a surveying project to the Sun’s polar regions.

The Collingswood Magpies win the Australian rules football championship, its first title since 1958.

The Justice Department reports that the number of inmates in state and federal prisons across the U.S. reached a record high of 755,425 in the first half of 1990, an increase of 6% since the end of 1989. . . . Scott Milne Matheson, 61, Democratic governor of Utah, 1977–85, dies of bone marrow cancer in Salt Lake City, Utah.

The United Auto Workers and Ford Motor Co. reach a tentative agreement on a new three-year labor contract covering 100,000 workers.

Two papers published in the science magazine Priroda (Nature) are reported in the West. They contradict the long-held Western belief that the Soviet Union developed a deliverable hydrogen bomb in 1953. The study contends that the USSR did not achieve a deliverable Hbomb until 1955.

David H. Souter is sworn in as the nation’s 105th Supreme Court justice.

Coerced by the shutdown of the government, the House passes a new budget resolution which has the same goals as the first agreement but leaves the details, particularly on the contentious subject of taxation, to congressional committees to fill in. New stopgap legislation passes as well.

The 1990 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine Prize is awarded to two American doctors, Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas, for their pioneering work in organ and cell transplants.

At the Supreme Court building, David Souter takes the judicial oath, administered by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, and assumes his seat at the end of the bench.

Four Annapolis studies are made public that conclude sexist perceptions at military academies lead to sexual harassment and cruel pranks by male cadets. The panels recommend that instruction on discipline and the limits of acceptable behavior be bolstered at the academy. . . . Richard W. Miller, a 20-year veteran of the FBI, is convicted of espionage in his dealings with Soviet agent Svetlana Ogorodnikova. Miller is the only FBI agent ever convicted of spying.

The House approves a Health and Human Services Department reauthorization bill that includes authorization for the largest expansion of the Head Start program since it was created 25 years earlier.

Leaders of American Jewish groups condemn the U.S. move to criticize Israel at the UN as “harsh and hypocritical.”. . . The House of Representatives approves a bill calling for a referendum in Puerto Rico in 1990 to decide on the political future of the island. . . . The U.S. freezes economic and military aid to Pakistan because it suspects Pakistan is developing nuclear weapons.

Oct. 6

Oct. 7

Oct. 8

The Senate adopts the budget resolution passed by the House on Oct. 8. It also approves the new stopgap legislation. Bush signs the stopgap, extending federal borrowing and spending power until Oct. 19.

Oct. 9

Discovery touches down at Edwards Air Force Base in California after successfully deploying the Ulysses spacecraft.

The University of Miami accepts an invitation to become the 10th member of the Big East Conference.

The New England Journal of Medicine reports that drinking caffeinated coffee does not appear to increase the risk of heart disease or stroke among men.

The Swedish Academy of Letters awards the Nobel Prize in Literature to Octavio Paz, a Mexican poet, novelist, and essayist. He is the first Mexican writer to win the Nobel literature award.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 10

Oct. 11

108—October 12–17, 1990

Oct. 12

Oct. 13

Oct. 14

Oct. 15

Europe

The UN adopts a U.S.-backed resolution that criticizes Israel for the killing of 21 Palestinians during an October 8 riot in Jerusalem and calls for an investigation.

German interior minister Wolfgang Schaeuble is shot and seriously wounded after a political meeting in southwest Germany. . . . In the first case of its kind in the Soviet Union, a Moscow judge sentences a leader of Pamyat, Konstantin SmirnovOstashvili, to two years in prison for inciting anti-Semitism.

The speaker of the Egyptian parliament, described as the second most powerful politician in Egypt, Refaat Mahgoub, is assassinated in Cairo by four men wielding machine guns. . . . As Gen. Michel Aoun addresses thousands of his supporters, a Shiite Muslim from southern Lebanon opens fire with a pistol. The shots wound an aide before the assailant is captured, beaten, and reportedly confesses to that he was sent by the Lebanese Communist Party.

The government of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir expresses its “anger and dismay” over the UN vote of Oct. 12. . . . Reports begin to surface that show the UN economic sanctions are starting to have an effect on Iraqi industry, and possibly even on its military forces.

Poland signs a draft agreement establishing diplomatic relations with the neighboring Soviet republic of the Ukraine. It is the first such agreement between a Soviet republic and a foreign nation.

Gen. Michel Aoun, the renegade Christian army commander who defied the Syrian-backed Lebanese government for more than two years, surrenders in the face of a Syrian-led military attack. He is granted asylum at the French embassy, where his presence sparks a diplomatic row between the Lebanese and French governments.

The Israeli cabinet votes unanimously to condemn the UN’s decision to send a delegation to investigate the Jerusalem killings as interference in Israel’s internal affairs, and vows not to cooperate with it.

Hungary’s ruling coalition, led by the Democratic Forum, makes a weak showing in local elections. . . . Voters in the five German states created out of the old East Germany go to the polls, and the Christian Democratic Union of Chancellor Helmut Kohl tops the voting in four of the five states, winning the overall vote by more than 15 percentage points.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Peace Prize to Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev for promoting greater openness in the Soviet Union, helping to end the cold war with the U.S., and allowing former Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe to regain their independence. Gorbachev, 59, is the first communist head of state to win the peace prize. . . . U.S. negotiators at the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations offer concessions in the hope of meeting a Dec. 31 deadline for a farm trade agreement.

Reports emerge that ethnic Russians and Gagauz (Turkic-speaking Orthodox Christians) in Moldavia have formed their own unofficial republics and declared sovereignty.

French and Lebanese officials meet to ease tensions created when Gen. Aoun found asylum in the French embassy. . . . The Israeli cabinet approves the construction of new housing for immigrants in annexed East Jerusalem. . . . The New York Times reports that pro-Syrian Christian militiamen clashed with pro-Iranian Hezbollah gunmen in Lebanon.

Janez Drnovsek, Slovenia’s representative in the federal collective presidency, storms out of a meeting during a debate over a draft federation plan for the country. . . . U.S. defense secretary Dick Cheney makes his first visit to the USSR.

Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, breaking with other Israeli officials, states he is willing to meet with the UN mission to investigate the Oct. 8 riot. “Not to do this doesn’t portray strength, it portrays weakness,” he explains.

The premier of the Ukraine, Vitaly A. Masol, tenders his resignation in response to nationalist protests in Kiev. Masol, 62, is believed to be first high-ranking Soviet official ever to step down as a direct result of public pressure.

Rwanda’s president Juvenal Habyarimana holds talks with Uganda president Yoweri Museveni and Pres. Ali Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania in Tanzania.

Oct. 16

Oct. 17

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The EC offers $7.7 million in emergency assistance for Romania’s 100,000 orphans.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Le Duc Tho (born Phan Dinh Khai), 78, North Vietnamese Communist official who directed the final military offensive by North Vietnam in 1975 that brought the fall of the South Vietnamese government and the merger of the two nations under communist rule, dies of cancer in Hanoi.

In Nicaragua, former contras take over the Sandinista headquarters in Quilali. . . . The New York Times reports that 40 street children were killed in a 1990 crackdown by police in Guatemala.

In Pakistan, P.M. Benazir Bhutto’s ouster is upheld by a state court.

Three Australian environmental organizations react to the Oct. 8 decision on logging with a boycott. . . . The New York Times reports that a national census found the population of China is at 1.13 billion. . . . The Japanese cabinet approves a plan to send noncombat soldiers to the U.S.-led force in the Persian Gulf. Parliament begins debate on the plan, which, if implemented, will bring the first deployment of Japanese troops abroad since World War II. Leftist rebels of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) attack the army’s main air base at Ilopango on the outskirts of San Salvador. . . . Pres. Carlos Saúl Menem issues a decree severely limiting the right of Argentina’s workers in essential services to strike.

Reports indicate that Khmer Rouge and other Cambodian rebel forces are pillaging the ancient Angkor Wat ruins in northern Cambodia. . . . The premiers of North Korea and South Korea fail to reach any significant agreements at talks in Pyongyang.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October 12–17, 1990—109

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Senate approves a measure to revise the Orphan Drug Act of 1983 so it requires drug manufacturers to share marketing rights with other companies that are developing the same drugs. . . . The Senate passes legislation to reauthorize a 1986 program that provides federal funding for childhood vaccines. . . . The Illinois Supreme Court upholds a lower-court decision barring a thirdparty slate of candidates from the November election ballot in Cook County.

Lawrence E. Walsh, the independent counsel prosecuting the Irancontra cases, announces that he is dropping his efforts to prosecute former CIA Costa Rica bureau chief Joseph F. Fernandez.

Congressional and White House negotiators reach a compromise on a package that includes a combination of direct grants and childcare tax credits, for child-care. The measure is the federal government’s first comprehensive childcare program since World War II.

U.S. officials estimate that Iraqi forces in the so-called southern theater rose to 430,000.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Oct. 12

The New York Times reports that after a Florida savings and loan became insolvent in 1988, the federal government repaid most of a loan taken out by a partnership that included Jeb Bush, Pres. Bush’s son.

A New York Times/CBS News poll finds that support for Pres. Bush’s handling of the Persian Gulf crisis dropped to 57% from an initial high of 75%

The House approves a measure that reauthorizes a 1986 program to provide federal funding for childhood vaccines. . . . William Edward Minshall, 79, Republican U.S. representative from Ohio, 1955–74, dies in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

Pres. Bush signs legislation to compensate victims of radiation from open-air nuclear tests in the 1950s or from the mining of the uranium used in nuclear weapons.

Pres. Bush signs the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act. . . . The Senate approves a new version of a major civil rights bill designed to modify or reverse recent Supreme Court rulings that make it more difficult to win job discrimination suits. . . . According to a Washington Post/ABC News poll, Pres. Bush’s approval rating has dropped to the lowest point of his administration.

The Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Economics to three American economists—Harry M. Markowitz of Baruch College at the City University of New York, Merton H. Miller of the University of Chicago, and William F. Sharpe of Stanford University. . . . Pres. Bush signs two bills that increase the regulatory authority of the SEC. . . . A revision to the farm bill scraps a ban on the export of hazardous chemicals used as pesticides.

Peter MacDonald Sr., the suspended leader of the Navajo Nation, the U.S.’s largest Indian tribe, is convicted in Navajo Tribal Court in Window Rock, Arizona, of bribery, conspiracy and violating the tribe’s ethics laws. . . . The House gives final approval to a major civil rights bill designed to modify or reverse recent Supreme Court rulings that make it more difficult for women and minorities to win job-discrimination suits.

Douglas Edwards, 73, the first American television news anchorman, dies in Sarasota, Florida, of cancer.

Oct. 13

Leonard Bernstein, 72, one of the most talented conductors and composers in American musical history, dies of a heart attack in NYC.

Oct. 14

Oct. 15

A. S. (Antonia) Byatt wins the Booker Prize, Great Britain’s most prestigious literary award, for her novel Possession.

The first known entry of Africanized honeybees, or “killer bees,” into the U.S. is reported by the Agriculture Dept. . . . The Royal Swedish Academy awards the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Elias James Corey for his work in synthesizing chemical compounds. The Nobel Prize in Physics goes to Richard Taylor, Jerome Friedman, and Henry Kendall for their work in the 1960s and 1970s that proved the existence of the quark.

Oct. 16

Oct. 17

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

110—October 18–22, 1990

Oct. 18

Oct. 19

Europe

A ministerial meeting of the Arab League, meeting in Tunis to condemn the Oct. 8 Temple Mount killings, accentuates the inter-Arab split caused by the Persian Gulf crisis when a PLO-drafted resolution condemning the U.S. as well as Israel is defeated, 11-10. . . . The UN General Assembly votes unanimously to send poll watchers to Haiti. It is the first time the UN agrees to verify an election at the invitation of a member state. . . . France asks UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar to investigate reports that Syrian forces executed Michel Aoun loyalists after capturing them.

Premier Petre Roman presents to Parliament a legislation aimed at a Swift transformation of the Romanian economy into a market system. . . . The Conservative Party of British prime minister Margaret Thatcher is upset in a parliamentary by-election in Eastbourne, East Sussex. It is considered one of the severest defeats for Thatcher since 1979, since Conservatives held that seat for more than 80 years. . . . Students in the Ukraine greet Premier Vitaly A. Masoi’s resignation with jubilation, especially after hearing that Parliament promised to take action. They end the hunger strike and disband the tent city, but warn that protests will resume if parliament reneges on its promises.

Soldiers shoot and wound 35 Palestinians in fierce clashes in the Rafa refugee camp in the southern Gaza Strip. . . . The New York Times reports that at least 750 people died in the eight-hour battle in Lebanon Oct. 13. . . . Pres. F. W. de Klerk lifts the four-year-old state of emergency in Natal province, the last place in South Africa where it was still in effect. Both the ANC and Inkatha welcome the move, which meets a key condition for continued negotiations with the government. . . . Rwanda’s Pres. Juvenat Habyarimana meets with French president François Mitterrand and accepts a Belgian plan for neutral troops to monitor a cease-fire between his army and the rebels. Habyarimana also calls for the UN Security Council to meet on the crisis and states he will agree to open Rwanda’s borders to all refugees.

UN general secretary Perez de Cuellar tells the council that he will not send a delegation to Jerusalem unless he is assured of Israeli cooperation.

The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopts a long-awaited plan to reform the nation’s economy. . . . Stipe Mesic, a Croat who is strongly anti-Serbian, is sworn in as the Yugoslav vice president. . . . A military court in Bucharest suspends for lack of evidence the trial of Gen. Iulian Vlad, the former head of the Securitate. Vlad was charged with complicity in the deaths of the more than 1,000 Romanians during the 1989 revolt. . . . Hungary’s State Property Agency opens all stateowned enterprises for privatization.

In the Khan Yunis camp, 10 Gazans are wounded during a violent protest. . . . Police in East Jerusalem use water cannons to disperse Muslims protesting being barred from prayer services at the Temple Mount’s Al Aksa mosque for the second straight week. . . . Koigi wa Wamwere, a former member of the Kenyan parliament and an opponent of Pres. Daniel arap Moi, returns to Kenya after exile in Norway and is charged with treason. . . . Canada announces that it is shutting its embassy in Kuwait.

Protests against the poll tax flare up again, and nine people are injured and 91 arrested during a violent demonstration in London. . . . Some 500 neo-Nazi demonstrators march in Dresden shouting racist slogans and making Nazi salutes. . . . More than 2,000 people attend the first congress of Democratic Russia, an umbrella group of fledgling political parties based in the Russian Federation.

Oct. 20

Oct. 21

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Australia’s Foreign Affairs Minister Gareth Evans discloses that his country will back an UN Security Council resolution approving the use of military force against Iraq.

Oct. 22

Norwegian finance minister Arne Skauge announces that the value of the nation’s currency, the krone, will be linked to the EC’s European Monetary System.

Gunmen posing as Lebanese soldiers assassinate Dany Chamoun, head of one of the most prominent Maronite Christian clans and a firm backer of Gen. Michel Aoun. . . . Two Americans who were hiding in Kuwait are arrested and taken to Iraq as hostages. About 1,000 Americans are believed to be trapped or in hiding in Iraq and Kuwait, about 100 of whom are held as human shields. . . . In the worst of a series of attacks by Arabs seeking revenge for the Oct. 8 killings, a Palestinian laborer stabs three Israelis to death in West Jerusalem.

The Supreme Soviet stiffens penalties for “speculation,” or black-market activities. . . . Vasil Mohorita, the first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, is expelled from the upper house of the Federal Assembly after remarks made on Oct. 7. . . . The New York Times reports that homelessness, once rare in Hungary, is now a growing problem.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein vows to free all French hostages for its pro-negotiations stance in the Persian Gulf crisis. . . . Paramilitary police are stationed in Jerusalem, and Arabs from the occupied territories are barred from the city. Still, a Palestinian stabs and wounds a Jewish man, two soldiers are wounded in knife and ax attacks, and troops shoot and kill a youth during a protest. . . . . Kenya breaks off diplomatic ties with Norway, accusing it of supporting writer and human-rights activist Koigi wa Wamwere.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The U.S. and the Soviet Union urge the Salvadoran government and the FMLN to refrain from military activity and intensify peace negotiations in their first combined effort to end the civil war in El Salvador. . . . Former U.S. president Jimmy Carter announces that he wrote a letter to Pres. Vinicio Cerezo asking for an investigation into the kidnappings of two Guatemalan human rights workers, one of whom has already been found dead.

In Pakistan, P.M. Benazir Bhutto’s ouster is upheld in a second state court.

Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt is disqualified from the presidential race by Guatemala’s Court of Constitutionality. The court rules that Ríos Montt’s bid violates a constitutional ban on presidential office for anyone who previously come to power in a coup.

China and South Korea agree to open trade offices in each other’s capital cities. . . . Reports indicate that the South Korean government released a dissident churchman, Rev. Moon Ik Hwan, who was jailed after making an unauthorized trip to North Korea in 1989. . . . Kim Dae Jung, the leader of the South Korean political opposition, ends a 12-day hunger strike when government leaders appear willing to compromise on some of his demands. Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad is reelected to a third term in national elections.

Argentine authorities arrest a rebellious colonel, Mohamed Ali Seineldin, who warns of widespread discontent within the armed forces. . . . Canadian federal government officials apply for a court order in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to halt construction on the nearly completed Rafferty Dam on the Souris River, pending completion of an environmental impact study.

In Myanmar, the monks who refused to minister to government soldiers or their families to protest the killing of two monks and two students by government troops at a protest march in August face a military raid at dozens of monasteries. At least 40 monks are detained by military police.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October 18–22, 1990—111

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

An Agriculture Department study concludes that the government’s Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is highly effective in lowering Medicaid costs and raising birth weights of babies. . . . The Senate clears a Health and Human Services Department reauthorization bill that will result in the largest expansion of the Head Start program in 25 years earlier. . . . Pres. Bush signs a bill into law requiring television broadcasters to reduce the amount of advertising shown during programming aimed at children.

Pres. Bush signs the so-called twoplus-four treaty on German sovereignty. . . . Hungarian premier Jozsef Antall confers with Pres. Bush and other officials and receives aid. . . . U.S. Rep. Joe Moakley (D, Mass.) charges that U.S. officials withheld information from Salvadoran officials investigating the 1989 killings of six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter.

An emergency measure to continue federal spending authority through October 24 is passed in the Senate. . . . The Commerce Department reports the U.S. merchandise trade deficit rose in August to its highest level since January. . . . A federal district court judge lowers the bail set for Charles H. Keating Jr., the former owner of the failed Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, to $300,000 from $5 million.

The Navajo Nation Council votes to disqualify Peter MacDonald Sr. from running for tribal president in an upcoming election after he was convicted of bribery, conspiracy and violating the tribe’s ethics laws. . . . Congress clears a bill to prohibit trucks and rail cars from hauling garbage and other toxic materials on an outward journey and food and drink on the way back.

The Senate cuts an aid bill to El Salvador that will withhold half of the $85 million in military aid for 1991 unless the rebels refuse to negotiate to end the civil war or launch a major military offensive. All the aid will be lost if the Salvadoran government breaks off the peace talks and if it fails to investigate the case of six Jesuit priests allegedly murdered by army soldiers in November 1989. . . . The House passes a $8.36 billion appropriation for military construction in fiscal 1991.

An emergency measure to continue federal spending authority through October 24 is passed by the Senate, and Pres. Bush signs the extension. . . . The Senate approves a new budget package and sends it into conference with the House. . . . Both houses clear a $20.2 billion spending bill for energy and water projects for fiscal 1991.

In response to legislation that would offset recent Supreme Court decisions, making it difficult for minorities and women to win discrimination suits, Pres. Bush proposes an alternative bill that puts the burden on the individual to prove discrimination and allows more leeway for companies to defend their employment practices.

In the first organized nationwide protest against the U.S. intervention in the Persian Gulf, thousands of Americans stage antiwar marches in as many as 20 cities, including San Francisco; Washington, D.C.; Seattle; Atlanta; Boston; Cleveland; and Dallas. The biggest protest is in NYC with a crowd of 5,000 to 20,000.

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D, Mass.), the prime sponsor of the congressional measure on civil rights rejected by Pres. Bush on Oct. 20, calls the new Bush proposal a “cynical attempt to appear to support civil rights while actually satisfying the anti-civil rights forces in his own party.” Many other civil rights activists decry the proposed plan as well.

Pres. Bush vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1990. . . . Two leaders of a white supremacist group are found liable by a Portland, Oregon, jury for inciting the 1988 beating death of an Ethiopian immigrant. The Metzgers and their group are ordered to pay $12.5 million in punitive and compensatory damages. . . . A Superior Court judge in Santa Ana, California, awards permanent custody of a boy born to a surrogate mother to the child’s genetic parents.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Oct. 18

NASA scientist Arlin Krueger reports that the annual destruction of the ozone layer over the South Pole equals its historic maximum for the second straight year.

Oct. 19

The Cincinnati Reds stun the baseball world by beating the favored Oakland Athletics to win the World Series. . . . Three members of the black rap music group 2 Live Crew are acquitted of obscenity charges by a jury in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

During budget negotiations, the president’s aides—John Sununu, the White House chief of staff, Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady, and budget director Richard Darman—walk out and accuse the Democrats of being unwilling to adjust to an accord.

Pres. Bush halts indefinitely the use of Kahoolawe, a barren Hawaiian island, as a Navy bombing range.

Oct. 20

Oct. 21

Federal regulators file civil charges against the chairman of Centrust Bank of Miami, a now-defunct savings and loan association, seeking $30.8 million in restitution. . . . The White House team resumes budget bargaining.

Oct. 22

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

112—October 23–27, 1990

World Affairs

Oct. 23

Oct. 24

The U.S. joins in a unanimous 15-0 UN Security Council vote to approve a resolution deploring Israel’s refusal to accept the UN fact-finding mission. . . . The foreign ministers of the six Balkan nations—Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia—hold a summit in Tirana, the capital of Albania.

Oct. 25

Oct. 26

Israeli officials express the hope that its commission’s report can be given to the UN by the U.S. to serve as a substitute for the proposed UN investigative mission. The U.S. State Department, though, stands by its position that the UN mission should proceed and receive the cooperation of the Israeli government.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A 24-hour strike of legal workers paralyzes the French judicial system. . . . Edward Heath, the former British prime minister leaves Iraq with 33 released Britons, although he asked for 200 to be set free.

The Iraqi National Assembly approves the release of French hostages. . . . A car full of Gazan workers is fired on by Jewish civilians, killing one Palestinian and wounding two. A Gazan worker fractures the skulls of two Israelis with a hammer. An Arab stabs and wounds two unarmed female soldiers in Haifa, after which he is caught and severely beaten. In an effort to halt the attacks, Defense Minister Moshe Arens seals off the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and orders Palestinian day laborers in Israel to return home.

Pres. Alberto Fujimori announces a contraception program aimed at cutting Peru’s population growth by more than 50% by the year 2000. . . . Reports surface that an upsurge of kidnappings recently swept Colombia.

In Myanmar, at least 12 opposition officials are arrested, leaving all but three of the 16 members of the executive committee of the National League for Democracy in prison, even though the League won 80% of parliament’s seats in May. . . . Lal Krishna Advani, the Bharatiya Janata Party leader who campaigned for the construction of a temple in Ayodhya, a holy city, is arrested, precipitating the BJP party to withdraw from India’s coalition. . . . Japan announces a national plan to stabilize emissions of carbon dioxide by 2000.

The Supreme Soviet passes a law stating that, pending the completion of a new union treaty, no republic can claim primacy of its laws over national laws. In response, the Ukraine and the Russian Federation vote to defy that measure. . . . The IRA forces three men to drive car bombs to British security targets in Northern Ireland. Seven are killed, and 35 are injured. . . . The Soviets conduct their first underground nuclear test of 1990 in Novaya Zemlya. . . . The Yugoslav government reports a sharp economic downturn over the first nine months of 1990.

In Liberia, rebel leader Charles Taylor refuses to sign a proposal at peace talks held in the Gambian capital, Banjul.

The government of Panama files a $6.5 billion lawsuit against Manuel Noriega in a U.S. district court in Miami. The suit alleges that Noriega used Panamanian Defense Forces as a criminal enterprise that engaged in assassination, torture, diversion of government revenue, illegal sale of visas, and other abuses of official power.

The party of ousted prime minister Benazir Bhutto is decisively defeated by the nine-party Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA) in Pakistani national elections. Bhutto charges that the government engaged in large-scale electoral fraud to prevent her from returning to power. . . . In India, at least 54 people are killed in clashes between Hindus and Muslims during a one-day nationwide strike called by the BJP. P.M. V. P. Singh asks for a vote of no-confidence to be held on Nov. 7. If Singh loses the vote, the government will fall and national elections will be held.

Czechoslovakia’s Slovak Republic passes a law that makes Slovak the official language of the republic. Until the law’s passage, the Czech and Slovak languages enjoyed equal status in both of Czechoslovakia’s republics. . . . The parliament of Kazakhstan adopts a sovereignty resolution.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein orders the release of 700 Bulgarians who were prevented from leaving Iraq. . . . The government of Lebanese president Elias Hrawi announces that three of the main Muslim and Christian militias agreed to withdraw from “greater Beirut.” The government begins consolidating its control over Beirut by ordering and supervising the departure of sectarian militias from the capital.

Reports state that, in Mexico, Pres. Carlos Salinas has proposed legislation to limit the use of confessions in court and to require that all interrogations be carried out by lawyers from the attorney general’s office, not by federal police.

In India, riots continue and result in several more deaths. . . . A postgraduate student is convicted of masterminding the 1978 terrorist bombing of a Sydney hotel where the heads of government of members of the Commonwealth of Nations were staying.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev issues decrees aimed at stimulating investment, boosting exports, and encouraging citizens to save. . . . A member of the National Democratic Party, Giorgy Chanturia, is wounded by a gunman at a political gathering in Tbilisi, Georgia’s capital. . . . Pres. Gorbachev becomes the first Soviet leader to visit Spain. . . . In Hungary, hundreds of taxi and truck drivers start a blockade of traffic to protest a 65% increase in gas prices.

A commission to investigate the killing of Palestinians by police during the Oct. 8 riot in Jerusalem issues its report. Although the threeman panel criticizes senior police commanders for failing to anticipate the riot, their report mainly supports the Israeli government’s account of the incident when it blames the Palestinians for starting it, justifying police gunfire.

While visiting Spain, Soviet president Gorbachev signs 16 bilateral trade, industrial, and investment agreements. Gorbachev and Premier Felipe González, in a joint statement, condemn Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and call for a new Mediterranean security conference to extend the East-West arms control process to Europe’s southern flank and reduce naval forces in the area.

Oct. 27

In Pakistan, the Islamic Democratic Alliance follows up its landslide victory in national elections with a decisive victory in provincial elections. . . . Jim Bolger is elected prime minister of New Zealand when his opposition National Party sweeps a landslide victory in national elections.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October 23–27, 1990—113

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The House clears compromise legislation that reauthorizes and revises the Orphan Drug Act of 1983.

The navy’s two top officials separately order steps to improve the lot of women sailors and to curb sexual harassment and rape in the service.

The Senate clears a $20.9 billion fiscal 1991 spending bill for the Treasury Department that contains a major overhaul of the federal pay system. . . . The Senate Ethics Committee votes to hold public hearings on five senators linked to indicted savings-and-loan executive Charles H. Keating Jr.

A 14-year-old youth is found guilty in Family Court in NYC for setting fire to an 11-year-old boy. The case drew nationwide sympathy for the burned boy. . . . Rep. Donald (Buz) Lukens (R, Ohio) resigns from Congress under the threat of an investigation into charges of sexual harassment.

The House adopts bill that requires notification to Congress of covert actions by other countries on behalf of the U.S. Direct covert actions by the U.S. are already required to be reported to Congress. . . . Congressional leaders urge further investigations of the condition of women in the navy. . . . The U.S. Senate grants Czechoslovakia mostfavored-nation trading status, which makes Czechoslovakia the first Eastern European country to gain MFN status in the so-called post–cold war era.

Congressional leaders reach agreement on a $140 billion tax plan designed to reduce the federal deficit by $40 billion in the first year and by $500 billion over five years. . . . Another stopgap measure is approved. . . . Congress clears a $19.3 billion fiscal 1991 spending bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice and State and the judiciary. . . . The House clears the $20.9 billion fiscal 1991 spending bill for the Treasury Department passed by the Senate Oct. 23. . . . Elizabeth Dole, the only woman in the cabinet, resigns as labor secretary to become president of the American Red Cross.

Congress clears legislation to tighten security procedures at major airports. . . . The House passes a bill to reauthorize the CPSC that the Senate approved on Oct. 22. . . . The Supreme Court overturns an Illinois judgment and orders a third-party slate of candidates on the ballot in Cook County.

The Senate passes a bill, adopted by the House Oct. 24, that requires notification to Congress of covert actions by other countries on behalf of the U.S.

The Senate assents to final passage of a bill appropriating $78 billion for housing, environmental, space, and veterans’ programs for fiscal 1991. . . . A strike begins at the New York Daily News, precipitated by a minor incident involving a union driver.

Three former Northwest Airlines pilots who were convicted of flying a passenger plane while drunk are sentenced to a year in prison and are ordered to serve three years’ “supervised release.” . . . Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry (D) is sentenced to six months in prison for his conviction on a misdemeanor cocaine possession charge. He is released on his own recognizance until the appeal process is complete.

The navy formally decommissions the battleship Iowa at the Norfolk Naval Base, 18 months after a gunturret explosion killed 47 Iowa crew members. . . . The Senate clears a $288.3 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1991. . . . Congress clears an export-controls reauthorization bill to ease curbs on the transfer of high technology to the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other areas.

The House passes the housing, environmental, space, and veterans’ bill that the Senate approved on Oct. 25. . . . A $182.2 billion fiscal 1991 spending bill is cleared for the Depts. of Labor, Health, and Human Services and Education. . . . Congress passes laws to restrict logging in Alaska. . . . Congress sends to Bush a housing reauthorization bill reversing a 10-year trend toward reduced spending on housing.

William S. Paley, 89, chairman of CBS, dies in NYC of a heart attack related to pneumonia. . . . The Plains of Passage by Jean M. Auel, is at the top of the bestsellers list.

Congress clears an anticrime bill without its most controversial provisions, such as ones that would restrict appeals by death-row inmates, ban certain semiautomatic weapons, and allow death-row prisoners to appeal their sentence on the basis of racial discrimination. . . . The Senate confirms David Kessler as commissioner of the FDA.

Congress passes a House-Senate conference report approving a $15.39 billion foreign aid appropriations bill for fiscal 1991. . . . Congress sends to the president the first comprehensive overhaul of the immigration system in 66 years.

A grueling fight over a deficit-reduction package, begun on May 15, ends when Congress adopts a fiveyear plan. . . . A bill appropriating $12.9 billion for the Transportation Department is cleared. . . . Both houses clear a bill providing $2.16 billion for the legislative branch, an 11% increase from fiscal 1990. . . . A bill appropriating $11.7 billion for fiscal 1991 operations of the Interior Dept. is cleared. . . . The Senate approves the 1990 Clean Air Act.

Congress approves legislation to reauthorize the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) for three years. The reauthorization does not include a controversial provision that would have barred the NEA from supporting “obscene” art.

Oct. 23

Oct. 24

In a major advance, doctors have succeeded in inducing pregnancy in a woman who has gone through menopause, according to the New England Journal of Medicine.

Oct. 25

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 26

Oct. 27

114—October 28–November 2, 1990

Oct. 28

Oct. 29

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Leaders of the EC agree not to conduct separate hostage negotiations with Iraq and express support to the creation of a central bank for the community in 1994. Only British prime minister Margaret Thatcher opposes the bank plan.

In Hungary, a traffic blockade ends when the government announces it will scale back the price increase of gasoline to 35%. . . . The Soviet interior ministry sends troops to Moldavia to prevent clashes between ethnic Moldavians and the Gagauz minority. . . . The Georgian Round Table, a coalition of noncommunist pro-independence parties, triumphs in legislative elections in the Transcaucasian republic. . . . Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Paris and signs agreements dealing with economic, scientific, and social exchanges.

Egyptian officials reveal that four Muslim extremists, taken into custody after the shooting of Refaat Mahgoub, confessed to the crime. . . . Amid charges of electoral fraud, Pres. Felix Houphouet-Boigny wins a landslide victory in the Ivory Coast. . . . Israeli authorities reopen the border, but reports suggest thousands of Palestinians were fired by Jewish employers. . . . The Israeli cabinet endorses the findings of the Oct. 26 commission but does not discipline police commanders criticized in the report.

The UN Security Council passes a resolution that makes Iraq liable for damages, injuries, and financial losses resulting from its invasion and occupation of Kuwait. The Security Council’s Military Staff Committee meets at the highest level in UN history to discuss the enforcement of sanctions.

P.M. Jan Syse and her center-right coalition government collapses in a dispute over Norway’s links to the EC. . . . Presidents Gorbachev and Mitterrand sign a friendship and cooperation treaty that pledges their countries to “harmonize their positions” during international crises.

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

Nov. 1

UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar proposes that the 164 signatory nations of the Geneva Convention on protecting civilians in wartime should meet to discuss measures to safeguard Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. . . . The world’s largest industrial countries agree to phase out the dumping of industrial waste at sea by the year 1995 at a meeting in London.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In an interview, Iraqi president Saddam Hussein blames Israel, British prime minister Thatcher and U.S. president Bush for pushing the gulf crisis toward war. . . . Reports surface that 26 blacks were killed in a renewal of factional violence, 16 of them in Soweto, South Africa. . . . Libya expels 145 members of the PLF, a radical faction of the PLO, and closes four training bases used by the guerrilla group.

A three-month-old strike by steelworkers at Toronto-based Stelco Inc. is settled.

Wang Ruowang, a prominent elderly Chinese dissident, is released after 16 months of detention. Wang, an essayist, was held by Chinese authorities since the June 1989 crackdown on the prodemocracy movement.

More than 260 French hostages are flown out of Iraq and arrive in Paris. . . . Memorial, a prodemocracy group, dedicates a monument in Moscow to all Soviet victims of totalitarianism. . . . Workers drill a small hole through 100 meters of chalk marl to connect the two sections of a tunnel between Britain and France under the English Channel.

In Israel, a policeman is stabbed in East Jerusalem, and a security guard is stabbed in the West Bank city of Nablus by an assailant who is then shot to death. A Palestinian is slain by troops, and another is killed and two more injured when a bomb they were assembling in a vegetable market near Tel Aviv explodes. . . . France evacuates its diplomatic personnel from Kuwait. . . . Ten U.S. sailors are killed in a steam-pipe explosion aboard the amphibious assault ship Iwo Jima in the Persian Gulf.

Colombia’s Medellín cartel threatens to execute seven kidnapped journalists. . . . In Canada, Philip Fontaine, the leader of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs, announces he was sexually abused as a child by a priest at the Catholic-run school at the Fort Alexander Indian reserve. . . . The chief architect of Nicaragua’s economic program, Francisco Mayorga, resigns as central bank chief. . . . Nestor Perl, the governor of the Argentine province of Chubut, resigns after he is found guilty of embezzlement and maladministration.

Thousands of Hindus storm and occupy a Muslim mosque in the Indian holy city of Ayodhya before they are driven out by police.

About 3,000 ethnic Moldavians attack Soviet checkpoints at the Romanian border during a demonstration to protest the presence of the interior-ministry forces in Moldavia. . . . The German Constitutional Court unanimously rules that only Germans can vote in elections in Germany, striking down laws in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein.

Reports confirm that the ruling party of Pres. Omar Bongo held on to power in Gabon’s first multiparty election. . . . In Lebanon, Amal chief Berri and Hezbollah leader Sheik Soubhi Toufaili agree to a cease-fire.

The Canadian government, in an unprecedented action, states that it instructed Canadian subsidiaries of U.S. companies not to comply with a new U.S. law that prohibits them from trading with Cuba as part of an export-control bill.

In India, at least six rioters are shot by police, and violence in protests claim another 50 lives. . . . A high court in Nagoya rules that Japanese doctors are not required to inform patients they have cancer, which carries a great social stigma. . . . P.M. Hawke and the leaders of Australia’s eight states and territories agree to a plan for significant governmental reform.

The parliament of the Russian Federation implements a 500-day radical economic-reform program. . . . Sir Geoffrey Howe resigns from the British government in protest of P.M. Thatcher’s continued opposition to greater integration of the EC. . . . The Ukraine becomes the first Soviet republic to issue a form of currency of its own. The move is the result of a secret vote in the republic’s parliament, and the currency is in the form of crudely printed coupons.

The Ethiopian government announces that all Ethiopian Jews are free to leave for Israel. . . . A convoy of emergency food and medicine approved by delegations from the Angolan and U.S. government sets out for central and southern Angola.

Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney announces the creation of a national commission to discuss the political future of Canada in the wake of the failure of the Meech Lake accord.

Militiamen in Moldavia kill six people and wound 30 others during an ethnic clash near Dubossary. . . . In Romania, thousands of workers demonstrate against price hikes, and unions in state-owned industries demand higher wages. Protesters block traffic in Bucharest for four days. . . . Pres. Gorbachev issues a decree ordering Soviet enterprises to surrender to the government 40% of any hard-currency earnings. The levy is, in effect, a new business tax.

Nov. 2

Two Japanese police stations are bombed, and one officer is killed. Officials believe the attack stems from leftist radical groups opposed to ceremonies planned for Emperor Akihito’s enthronement.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October 28–November 2, 1990—115

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The 101st Congress adjourns, 23 days past its scheduled conclusion. . . . Twenty-seven members of the Ku Klux Klan stage a march in Washington, D.C. Klan members, protected by more than 3,000 police officers, are jeered at and pelted with rocks by 1,200 protesters. Fourteen people are injured, and 40 are arrested.

Congress adjourns without passing a controversial reauthorization of the 1950 Defense Production Act. . . . Before closing, Congress clears an $8.36 billion appropriation for military construction in fiscal 1991.

In the rush to adjournment, Congress fails to act on several pending measures, including funding to carry the S&L bailout through the end of 1990, legislation to shut down financial institutions convicted of money laundering, compromised legislation to reform the system of financing political campaigns, and legislation requiring mandatory inspection of fish and shellfish.

The Supreme Court lets stand a New York court ruling that bars public utilities from including their charitable contributions among business expenses charged to customers. . . . William French Smith, 73, U.S. attorney general, 1981–85, dies of cancer in Los Angeles

Pres. Bush and Secretary of State James Baker rail against Iraq’s treatment of foreign hostages and, openly hinting at the possibility of war, warn that Washington’s patience is wearing thin.

The Federal Reserve honors its pledge to loosen monetary policy if Congress passes a deficit reduction agreement.

A former winery worker from Sonoma County, California, Ramon Salcido Bojorquez, is convicted of murdering seven people during a killing spree in April 1989.

Pres. Bush meets with a bipartisan group of congressional leaders who question why the administration is now making a major issue of U.S. hostages after it downplayed that aspect of the crisis. A number of them express concerns that Bush is seeking to create a pretext for attacking Iraq, while some Democrats suggest that the White House is trying to divert voter attention away from the budget debacle.

Chrysler Corp. and the United Auto Workers reach an accord on a new three-year contract in line with earlier agreements between the union and General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. . . . Separately, Ford Motor Co. reports its lowest quarterly earnings since 1982.

The College Board announces that it approved a series of changes to the SAT that puts less emphasis on multiple-choice questions and more on students’ analytical skills. . . . A former chief of the FDA’s generic-drug division, Marvin Seife, is found guilty on two perjury counts in Baltimore, Maryland, for lying during an investigation of the FDA.

Pres. Bush proclaims, “The American flag is flying over the Kuwait embassy and our people inside are being starved by a brutal dictator. . . . And what am I going to do about it? Let’s just wait and see. Because I have had it with that kind of treatment of Americans, and I know others feel the same way.”

General Motors Corp. announces a record loss in the third quarter of 1990.

The Democratic Party charges that Republicans attempted to intimidate black voters in North Carolina and Texas.

The EPA grants a permit for the Energy Department to start a fiveyear experimental program to bury nuclear waste in a New Mexico salt cavern. The Energy Department still needs approval from Congress. . . . McDonald’s Corp. announces it will phase out its use of polystyrene plastic-foam containers after pressure from environmental groups. . . . Although the House failed to approve funding to carry the S&L bailout through 1990, politicians find a loophole in the 1989 thrift bailout law that frees up funds to compensate for the lost appropriation. The White House announces that Pres. Bush will spend Thanksgiving with U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Oct. 28

The NEA confirms that it will no longer require grant recipients to pledge that they will not use NEA money to create “obscene” art. . . A defunct satellite NYC TV company pleads guilty to obscenity charges in Montgomery, Alabama.

Oct. 29

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

The National Transportation Safety Board places primary blame on United Airlines for a 1989 DC-10 crash in Sioux City, Iowa, in which 112 people died. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine reports that female athletes are not more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles than less-active women.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rejects a proposed “one-step” licensing procedure for future atomic power plants, a measure initiated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The court rules the measure would violate the Atomic Energy Act.

New York Shakespeare Festival producer Joseph Papp informs the NEA that he refuses to accept two grants totaling $323,000 in protest of the NEA’s consideration of “general standards of decency” when awarding grants.

Eliot Furness Porter, 88, U.S. photographer whose his work was exhibited at the MOMA and NYC reproduced on calendars for the Sierra Club, dies of cardiac arrest in Santa Fe, New Mexico. . . . Ivana Trump announces that she is filing for divorce from real-estate developer Donald Trump.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 1

Nov. 2

116—November 3–8, 1990

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific The new 217-seat Pakistani National Assembly is sworn in.

Moldavian lawmakers pass a resolution that calls for armed groups to disband, and they set up a “conciliation committee” to discuss grievances. Since Moldavia was once a Romanian region, demonstrators in Bucharest call for the “formation of volunteer units to protect Moldavian integrity.”. . . Thirteen radical Soviet economists, including advisers to Mikhail Gorbachev, assail the president’s compromise economicreform program.

Soldiers assault a crowd forming for a political opposition meeting in Zaire’s capital, Kinshasa. Dozens of people are wounded and hundreds are arrested.

In France, tens of thousands of students, including 30,000 in Paris, begin a week-long demonstration for increased educational funding and increased security. . . . Reports indicate that there were more bank robberies in October in Eastern Germany than in the entire 40 years of the German Democratic Republic. . . . Sir Humphrey Vicary Gibbs, 87, last British governor of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), dies of complications from influenza in Harare, Zimbabwe.

In Damascus, Syria, Amal chief Berri and Hezbollah leader Sheik Soubhi Toufaili sign a peace agreement to resolve the conflict in Lebanon. . . . Former West German chancellor Willy Brandt visits Iraq with $4 million worth of baby food and medicine donated by German companies and assembled by the Social Democratic Party. Officials deny that the supplies are intended as ransom, stating they are humanitarian items exempt from the UN embargo.

Native leaders in the Canadian province of Manitoba urge the federal government to conduct an inquiry into church-run schools for Indians, in the wake of allegations made since Oct. 30 that native children were sexually abused by priests. . . . Haiti’s Electoral Council bars 10 candidates, including three figures tied to the fallen Duvalier family dictatorships, from running in the presidential election.

Environmental ministers from around the world convene at the Second World Climate Conference in Geneva and commit to “active and constructive steps in a global response” to the environmental problems.

Reports indicate 1 million Poles, or 7.5% of the national workforce, are unemployed. . . . Norway’s Gro Harlem Brundtland announces a new budget program aimed at creating 30,000 jobs.

A gunman wearing civilian clothes, in a car with Israeli license plates, drives past a village in the occupied West Bank and shoots to death two elderly Palestinians. . . . About 50 Saudi women from Westerneducated families in Riyadh stage an unprecedented “protest drive” against the ban on women drivers.

Citing constitutional restrictions, Haiti’s Electoral Council states that Pres. Leslie Manigat, who was elected president in a 1988 vote widely considered fraudulent, cannot be reelected until five years after his initial term. . . . The provincial panel to examine Quebec’s political future after the failure of the Meech Lake accord begins formal hearings in Quebec City.

More than 130 countries agree to begin drafting an international plan to combat global warming at the Second World Climate Conference in Geneva.

A gunman is subdued by plainclothes security agents after firing two shots near Soviet president Gorbachev during the 73d annual Revolution Day parade in Moscow. . . . The German cabinet sets a goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by more than 25% by the year 2005. . . . Gorbachev aide Grigory Revenko reveals that the new Soviet Union treaty will permit the Baltic states to leave the USSR if they so choose.

Former West German chancellor Willy Brandt meets with Saddam Hussein, after which the Iraqi president orders the release of 177 hostages. This begins a series of visits by renowned figures from various countries who leave Iraq with hostages.

Two days of bilateral negotiations over the future of U.S. military bases in the Philippines begin, and negotiators announce that all U.S. fighter planes will be removed from the Philippines during 1991. . . . In Pakistan, P.M. Nawaz Sharif lifts a two-month national state of emergency instituted after the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto.

In Moscow, police arrest Aleksandr Shmonov, a 38-year-old unemployed metal worker from Leningrad with purported ties to two radical organizations, on charges of attempted assassination for the Nov. 7 attack. . . . Greek environment minister Stephano Manos announces a plan to fight air pollution.

An Israeli soldier and an Arab gunman are killed in a clash in the occupied West Bank when five Arab guerrillas cross the border to avenge the Oct. 8 Temple Mount attack. . . . Reports state that South African police arrested five Zulus in connection with the Sept. 13 train massacre; four are in Inkatha. . . . Israeli defense minister Moshe Arens declares that Israel will not let the Lebanese government regain control of the self-declared security zone Israel established in southern Lebanon.

Pres. Ghulam Ishaq Khan vows that Pakistan will survive without U.S. aid. . . . P.M. Bob Hawke announces that the Australian telecommunications industry will be opened to unlimited competition by 1997.

Nov. 4

Nov. 5

Nov. 7

Africa & the Middle East

The Moldavian parliament declares a state of emergency in the eastern part of the republic and orders an investigation of the Nov. 2 incident. . . . In Bulgaria, hundreds of demonstrators stage an anti-Socialist rally in central Sofia. . . . Labor Party leader Gro Harlem Brundtland is sworn in as Norway’s premier, succeeding Jan Syse. . . . In Germany, violence between rival soccer fans in Leipzig ends in death when police trying to control fans shoot and kill an 18-year-old, Mike Polley.

Nov. 3

Nov. 6

Europe

Nov. 8

In Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto, who was elected to parliament but boycotted ceremonies, is sworn in. . . . Former Japanese premier Yasuhiro Nakasone begins a visit to Baghdad, Iraq.

Nawaz Sharif is sworn in as prime minister of Pakistan in Islamabad, the capital city.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

November 3–8, 1990—117

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Pres. Bush signs into law the Head Start expansion legislation and a bill on a new vaccine program.

Secretary of State James Baker departs for an eight-day tour of Arab and European nations to consult with U.S. allies and “lay the foundation” for the possible use of military action against Iraq.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

More than 600 top scientists, meeting as part of the conference, issue a call for the world’s governments to cut emissions of carbon dioxide by at least half to avert disastrous climatic change.

Reports confirm that John F. Kennedy Jr., passed the New York State bar exam on his third try. . . . The Suns and the Utah Jazz open their basketball season at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium in the first U.S. professional major league regular-season game played outside North America.

Douglas Wakiihuri of Kenya wins the NYC Marathon. Wanda Panfil of Poland wins the women’s race.

Rabbi Meir Kahane, 58, founder of the militant Jewish Defense League and Israel’s extremist anti-Arab Kach party, is assassinated in NYC. His alleged killer, who is wounded and captured, appears to have acted on his own. . . . . In regard to a Republican mailing in North Carolina that allegedly intimidated African Americans, the Democratic National Committee files a complaint in federal court. However, a federal judge absolves the GOP in a mailing relating to a 1982 court order.

Reports indicate that U.S. hostages in Iraq are now free to telephone their families. . . . Bush signs the defense spending authorization for fiscal 1991. . . . The State Department dismisses Felix Bloch, a suspect of spying, on the grounds that he made “deliberate false statements or misrepresentations” to the FBI.

Pres. Bush signs the 13 appropriations bills Congress completed in the last eight days of the 101st session. He also signs a $492 billion, five-year deficit-cutting measure that was the focus of a year-long wrangle among the White House and congressional leaders of both parties. . . . The Wall Street Journal quarterly earnings review report shows that corporate earnings for the third quarter advanced over the year-earlier level for the first time since the second quarter of 1989.

Against predictions, incumbents win nearly all the races they contested in midterm elections. Of 31 senators running for reelection, only one is defeated when Sen. Rudy Boschwitz (R, Minn.) is edged out by Paul Wellstone (D). Only 15 incumbent members of the House are defeated. . . . The Supreme Court rules that maritime law allows an action for the wrongful death of a seaman, but it does not extend to recovery for loss of society or lost future earnings.

Thousands of Jews gather at an emotional funeral in Brooklyn for Rabbi Meir Kahane, assassinated Nov. 5. Rites are attended by leaders of mainstream American Jewish organizations at odds with Kahane’s extremism. . . . Reports state that Pres. Bush extended the service of Gen. Michael Dugan, who was fired as the air force chief of staff, so Dugan could receive a higher pension upon retirement.

Election returns on state measures show that major environmental initiatives have been defeated in at least five states, including California and New York. Proposals calling for state tax reductions or curbs on government spending are voted down in Nebraska, Massachusetts, Utah, and Colorado. . . . NYC’s commodity futures exchanges agree to build new headquarters in the Wall Street area.

The Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington State erupts in its largest blast since the U.S. Forest Service reopened the crater to the public in 1987, after the 1980 explosion. The latest blast hurls chunks of hot rock across the crater from a vent in the central lava dome but does not cause any serious damage. . . . California officials report that they are winning the battle against the Mediterranean fruit fly, but they also warn that the struggle needs to continue.

Herbert Berghof, 81, New York actor, theatrical director and teacher whose students include Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Anne Bancroft, Matthew Broderick, and Geraldine Page, dies of heart failure in NYC.

Dave Justice of baseball’s Atlanta Braves is the near-unanimous choice as the National League’s rookie of the year.

The Justice Department charges Walter Leroy Moody Jr., with murder in the 1989 mail-bomb killings of a federal appeals court judge and a civil rights lawyer. . . . A fire destroys 20% of the sets at Universal Studios in L.A., and police arrest a studio security guard for arson. . . . The FBI arrests 14 members of a Miami-based black religious sect known as the Nation of Yahwehs on 18 counts of racketeering that include 14 killings, extortion and arson. The CDC reports that the death rate from Alzheimer’s disease increased tenfold between 1979 and 1987. . . . The Alan Guttmacher Institute finds that sexual activity among teenage girls rose substantially in the 1980s. . . . William J. Bennett, the nation’s first director of national drug control policy, announces that he will leave his post at the end of the month.

Nov. 3

Nov. 4

Nov. 5

Nov. 6

Nov. 7

Pres. Bush orders as many as 200,000 more troops to be sent to the 230,000 already in and around Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Desert Shield in order to give U.S. forces “an adequate offensive military option” against Iraq. The battleship Missouri is also ordered to the Persian Gulf region.

Pres. Bush promises that he will never again renege on the pledge of “no new taxes” made during his 1988 election campaign.

In an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine, 22 of the world’s leading statisticians propose a new strategy for testing AIDS drugs by using nonhomogenous trials rather than focusing on homogenous groups.

Nov. 8

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

118—November 9–14, 1990

Nov. 9

World Affairs

Europe

German chancellor Helmut Kohl, initially opposed to Willy Brandt’s trip to Iraq, changes his opinion after it becomes apparent that Brandt has widespread support. However, Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium criticize Germany’s endorsement of Brandt’s trip, arguing it violated the EC’s agreement not to conduct separate hostage negotiations with Iraq.

Mary Robinson, a leftist lawyer and former member of the Irish Senate, is declared the upset winner in Ireland’s presidential election. Robinson, 46, is the first woman elected president of Ireland and the first president since 1945 who is not supported by the Fianna Fail political group. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the first foreign leader to pay a state visit to Germany since its reunification. Gorbachev and Chancellor Helmut Kohl sign a series of treaties in Bonn, including a nonaggression pact.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Israeli troops attack targets north of Israel’s security zone. No Israelis are killed or wounded in the raids, and no information is provided on Hezbollah casualties. . . . Former New Zealand prime minister David Lange visits Iraq.

Reports confirm that former Peruvian president Alan García narrowly avoided criminal charges for his role in a 1986 prison massacre.

King Birendra approves a new constitution for Nepal that establishes a multiparty democracy, curtails the king’s power, and guarantees fundamental civil liberties. . . . The Immigration Review Tribunal rules methods used to limit visitors to Australia from certain countries are illegal. . . . Transcripts of a 1946 tape are published which suggest Emperor Hirohito believed that if he had tried to stop the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan would have faced a civil war.

Reports confirm that 26 people were killed since Oct. 1 in sectarian violence in Northern Ireland. Those killings bring the Ulster death toll related to such violence to 70 for the year.

In Lebanon, Muslim militias begin their withdrawal of men and weapons. . . . Idriss Deby, a renegade general, and his guerrillas launch another attack against Chadian army positions in eastern Chad for the fifth time in two years.

In Colombia, police and army troops drive back an attack launched by 1,000 members of two guerrilla groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the National Liberation Army, seeking to take strategic points in the northern towns of Taraza and Caceres. . . . The Washington Post reports that, since late August, at least nine politicians were slain by groups with various motives in Guatemala.

Chandra Shekhar, 63, is sworn in as India’s eighth prime minister, replacing Vishwanath Pratap Singh. Shekhar’s Janata Dal party, though, only controls 60 of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha (legislature). . . . Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) withdraws a proposal to send noncombat soldiers to the Persian Gulf. Instead, LDP and opposition leaders agree on a plan to send a civilian corps of medical and technical personnel.

A UN treaty on drug trafficking, known as the Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, takes effect.

Macedonia holds multiparty elections for the first time. The ruling League of Communists of Macedonia is voted out of power but runoff elections are still on the schedule.

Libya describes the latest fighting in Chad as “nothing but a tribal and civil war” and states that Libya is still committed to the accord with Habre’s government to submit their territorial dispute over the Aozou Strip along the Chad-Libyan border to international arbitration.

Government statements verify that the Nov. 10 offensive by leftist rebels resulted in the deaths of 40 Colombians. . . . Jorge Carpio Nicolle and Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías emerge as the top two winners in the first round of Guatemala’s presidential elections and advance to a runoff.

A New York Times reporter, Stephen Erlanger, reports widespread criticism by Indonesians of the success of the children of President Suharto in gaining government contracts.

The government of Israel offers to accept a single emissary from the UN Secretary General’s office to study Arab-Israeli tensions, if the Security Council halts debate on the Palestinian situation. . . . Foreign ministers of the 12 EC nations meet in Brussels with their counterparts from Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The EC ministers express the hope that the North African states will “use their good relations with Iraq” to intercede on behalf of the European hostages. The EC also vows to discourage further missions like Willy Brandt’s to Iraq.

Kirghizia declares itself an “independent and sovereign state” and asserts the primacy of Kyrgyzstan laws. It is the last of the 15 Soviet constituent republics to declare sovereignty. . . . A protest by students in Paris turns violent with looting and clashes with police. Pres. François Mitterrand invites students to discuss demands with him. . . . The British government releases its report on the 1988 explosion on the Piper Alpha North Sea oil platform that killed 167 men. The report criticizes Occidental Petroleum Corp., the platform’s owner, for “unsafe practices.”

Prince Letsie David Mohato is sworn in as the new king of Lesotho after his father, King Moshoeshoe II, was exiled from the country in March. . . . Israeli police announce the promotion of an officer primarily responsible for the deployment of police in the October 8 Temple Mount killings.

In response to recent election disqualifications, Duvalierists set up barricades of burning tires in residential neighborhoods of Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince.

Emperor Akihito is formally enthroned. According to Japanese historians, he is the 125th monarch to sit on the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan. His wife, Empress Michiko, is enthroned in the same ceremony.

Gorbachev warns that a “bloodbath” will result if Soviet republics resort to their own economic systems or establish their own armies. . . . Upon his resignation, Sir Geoffrey Howe attacks P.M. Margaret Thatcher’s stance on Europe during an unusually vitriolic speech in the House of Commons. . . . The first Soviet stock exchange is founded in Moscow by 187 Soviet enterprises and banks. It is unclear when trading will begin.

In South Africa, the commission to investigate charges of governmentsponsored death squads sparks an uproar because its report draws circumspect mild conclusions and is called a whitewash. . . . A 16year-old Palestinian murders an Israeli reserve soldier and is captured. . . . Israeli military authorities jail three Palestinian leaders without trial. . . . The Saudi government upholds the ban on women drivers and threatens protesters with unspecified punishment.

A group of Ukrainian Canadians begins negotiating with P.M. Brian Mulroney to win a government apology and up to C$30 million in compensation for internment during World War I. . . . In Mexico, the government, labor and business agree to extend through the end of 1991 an anti-inflation economic solidarity pact in effect since Dec. 1987.

In Singapore, P.M. Lee Kuan Yew and U.S. vice president Dan Quayle sign an agreement providing for expanded U.S. use of military bases.

In Nicaragua, four policemen are killed in a clash the between police and 300 former contras blocking a bridge on the Pan American Highway at Sebaco.

Pres. Suharto becomes the first Indonesian leader to visit China since 1964. . . . A gunman, David Gray, is shot and killed after he goes on a 24-hour rampage that kills 13 people in New Zealand. It is the worst mass killing in the country’s history. . . . Australia’s opposition Liberal Party reverses a longheld position and announces that it now backs lower immigration rates.

Nov. 10

Nov. 11

Nov. 12

Africa & the Middle East

Nov. 13

Germany and Poland sign a treaty guaranteeing their nations’ current borders. . . . In England, three detectives involved in the case of the Guildford Four are charged with conspiracy to pervert the course of justice. . . . In Germany, the police evict hundreds of young squatters from East Berlin tenements. The confrontation results in more than 450 arrests and 260 injuries. . . . Zviad Gamsakhurdia, is elected president of Georgia.

Nov. 14

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

November 9–14, 1990—119

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Pres. Bush signs a bill into law regarding the labels on packaged foods. . . . Pres. Bush signs into law a bill that requires colleges and universities to publish annual statistics on their graduation rates, crime rates, and security procedures, known formally as the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act. . . . Pres. Bush exercises a “pocket” veto by refusing to sign legislation that would have amended the Orphan Drug Act of 1983.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Freedom National Bank in NYC, one of the largest black-owned banks in U.S., is declared insolvent by federal regulators. . . . Philadelphia Mayor W. Wilson Goode (D) and other city officials unveil a plan to keep the city out of bankruptcy.

The Texas State Board of Education votes to approve a new series of biology textbooks that discuss evolution extensively while ignoring “creationism.”

U.S. secretary of state James Baker completes a tour of Arab and European nations and hails the “extraordinary unanimity and cohesiveness” of the international alliance against Iraq. . . . A delegation of five U.S. House members begin the first U.S. congressional visit China since the 1989 crackdown.

Lynne V. Cheney, the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, blasts current educational practices in U.S. schools and universities.

Bipartisan concerns mount in Congress and among citizens that Pres. Bush may unilaterally lead the country into a war against Iraq in the Persian Gulf.

Reports confirm that the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, one of the largest health insurers, has agreed to finance an experimental treatment for breast cancer. Blue Cross expresses the belief that its decision marks the first time a private health insurance company will finance an experimental medical treatment.

U.S. Roman Catholic bishops, at their annual meeting in Washington, D.C., appeal for a peaceful solution to the Persian Gulf crisis.

The Supreme Court sets aside a ruling that orders antipsychotic medication to be administered to a death-row prisoner so that he can become sane enough to be executed. . . . Republican and Democratic senators elect leadership teams for the 102nd Congress. Senate minority leader Robert Dole (Kans.) and Minority Whip Alan Simpson (Wyo.) are reelected unanimously. Wendell H. Ford (D, Ky.) is unanimously selected by Senate Democrats as their majority whip.

When discussing justification for the military action in the Persian Gulf, Secretary of State Baker states, “To bring it down to the level of the average American citizen, let me say that means jobs. If you want to sum it up in one word, it’s jobs. Because an economic recession worldwide, caused by the control of one nation—one dictator, if you will—of the West’s economic lifeline [oil], will result in the loss of jobs for American citizens.”

The National Conference of Catholic Bishops produces a set of guidelines for sex education that includes a reassertion of the church’s official condemnation of contraception. . . . The New York Times starts a controversy when it claims that the National Institutes of Health delayed reporting news of an effective treatment for AIDSrelated pneumonia. Federal health officials angrily deny the accusation.

Pres. Bush, in an effort to head off the drive for a special session of Congress to discuss the Persian Gulf, meets with a bipartisan group of about two dozen senior lawmakers, led by Mitchell (D, Maine) and Foley (D, Wash.).

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle A Harvard University divinity professor and chief editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls, John Strugnell, calls Judaism a “racist” and “very primitive” religion that “should have disappeared” in favor of Christianity in an interview.

The Phoenix Suns set an NBA record when they score 107 points in the first half of a game with the Denver Nuggets.

Stormie Jones, 13, a Texas girl who, in 1984, became the world’s first recipient of a heart-liver transplant, dies of heart failure in Pittsburgh.

Derrick Thomas of football’s Kansas City Chiefs sets an NFL record with seven sacks against the Seattle Seahawks in Kansas City, although Seattle still wins the game. . . . In the Soviet Union’s first men’s professional tennis tournament, Andrei Cherkasov wins the Kremlin Cup.

Eve Arden (born Eunice Quedens), 83, film and television actress nominated for an Oscar for Mildred Pierce (1945), dies of cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

The RTC and the FDIC file claims of $6.8 billion against defunct securities firm Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc. in connection with losses by savings and loan associations. . . . A show of solidarity for the strikers at the Daily News draws top union officials from across the country, including AFL-CIO president Lane Kirkland.

The FDA grants approval to an experimental treatment that uses genetically altered genes to treat cancer. The approval represents the final legal hurdle for the therapy, which was approved by the National Institutes of Health in 1989.

Bob Welch of baseball’s Oakland Athletics wins the American League’s Cy Young Award as the league’s top pitcher.

Aspirin appears to lower the body’s ability to break down alcohol in the stomach, according to a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Simon & Schuster Inc. cancels publication of American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis after Time alleges the novel contains “the most appalling acts of torture, murder and dismemberment ever described in a book headed for the best-seller lists.”

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 9

Nov. 10

Nov. 11

Nov. 12

Nov. 13

Nov. 14

120—November 15–20, 1990

Nov. 15

Nov. 16

World Affairs

Europe

Western nations and Japan begin to formulate plans over the next four days to aid the USSR in its time of economic crisis. German chancellor Helmut Kohl pledges to increase his country’s food shipments to the Soviet Union if shortages develop during the winter, and British foreign secretary Douglas Hurd announces that his nation is establishing a 20 million (US$39 million) “Know-How Fund” to help Soviet managers make the transition to a market economy.

An estimated 50,000 people attend a nationalist rally against both Serbia and Macedonia’s ethnic Albanians. . . . The third anniversary of the 1987 workers’ riot in Brasov is marked with large antigovernment protests throughout Romania. . . . The Berlin government falls when the Alternative List party withdraws from the twoparty coalition because of police action on Nov. 14. . . . French premier Michel Rocard announces the government will spend an additional 4.5 billion francs to meet students’ demands.

Following the Nov. 15 pledges to the USSR, Joe Clark, Canada’s external affairs minister, announces a C$500,000 technical-assistance program to aid the Soviet economic transition, and Japanese banks decide to loan $400 million to the Soviet Bank for Foreign Economic Relations.

Reports state the Albanian parliament adopted decrees to protect foreign investment. . . . About 10,000 people, most of them women, march through Sofia, Bulgaria, in a demonstration against food shortages. . . . Soviet lawmakers give a cold reception to an address by Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev at a crisis session.

Nov. 19

Nov. 20

Gideon Hausner, 75, attorney general of Israel, 1960–63, who led the prosecution of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, dies of cancer in Jerusalem.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Public-sector workers in Peru begin an indefinite national strike. . . . Separately, The New York Times reports the archbishop of Lima has warned that women who practice birth control run the risk of “not going to heaven.” . . . Aristides Sanchez, once a senior contra leader, is arrested in Managua, Nicaragua, after the Nov. 14 shootings.

In Australia, New Zealand P.M. David Lange asks, “Isn’t it a little odd to point a quarter of a million troops in the direction of Iraq, when [the U.S.] just in the last few years walloped Libya, invaded Grenada, stoushed Panama—you name it, they’ve been there. Isn’t it a bit odd that Liberia is an abattoir of carnage and human suffering and we don’t even pass a UN resolution about it?”

U.S. president George Bush pays his first visit to Czechoslovakia since the 1989 collapse of communism in that region. . . . The Supreme Soviet votes to give tentative approval to a proposal by Pres. Gorbachev for an emergency reorganization of the executive branch of the Soviet government.

Riot police clash with marchers in Johannesburg, South Africa, as activists demand the resignation of all black township councilors, who are widely viewed as collaborators with apartheid.

Like the aid packages beginning on Nov. 15, Italian premier Giulio Andreotti offers the USSR a $900 million line of credit.

Ethnic nationalists rout the ruling Communists in Bosnia-Herzegovina in elections, and runoffs are set for December. . . . Barclay’s Bank PLC reinstates 12 women who were forced to retire at age 60 after the Court of Appeal rules that the bank discriminated against women because it allows men to work through age 65. The ruling may affect at least 10,000 women. . . . A crowd of 70,000 and 120,000 hold a peaceful antigovernment rally in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Iraq offers to release all of its remaining foreign hostages over a three-month period beginning at the end of the year, providing there is no outbreak of war with the U.S.led military forces in the Persian Gulf region. . . . At least 126 people board an Iraqi Airways plane chartered by the U.S. government and fly from Baghdad to London. The evacuees are almost all women and children or men of Arab descent.

Nicaraguan president Violeta Chamorro sends a military convoy to clear barricades that for two weeks have blocked main roads in the cattle-ranching Chontales and Boaco provinces.

The leaders of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) hold a summit in Paris that formally marks an end to the cold war. The highlight of the summit is the signing of a treaty aimed at dramatically reducing conventional weapons in Europe. . . . U.S. president Bush joins efforts made by other nations since Nov. 15 when he confirms that the U.S. is considering sending emergency food aid to the Soviet Union if winter shortages develop.

The head of the Spanish Bishops’ Conference, Cardinal Angel Suquia, accuses the government of “abusing” its power by launching an $8 million advertising campaign encouraging the use of condoms. The attack is the fiercest by the Roman Catholic Church on the government during the eight years of Socialist rule. . . . Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin attacks the proposed government reorganization.

The South African Institute of Race Relations reports that political violence claimed the lives of 3,038 people in the first 10 months of 1990, and a total of 8,577 since September 1984. . . . Iraq states it will add 250,000 troops to bolster the 430,000-strong army it has already deployed in occupied Kuwait and southern Iraq.

A two-day nationwide strike, organized by a coalition of unions and opposition parties, idles much of the Dominican Republic. . . . Mexico’s ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) is accused of using fraud when the party wins elections.

Afghan president Najibullah meets with rebel leaders in Geneva, Switzerland, for talks aimed toward a peaceful settlement of the country’s civil war. . . . The military government of Myanmar sentences two opposition leaders to 10 years in prison. The National League for Democracy won in May elections but has not been permitted to take power. . . . West Australia premier Carmen Lawrence bows to increasing public pressure by forming a royal commission to investigate political corruption in the state.

At the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Hungarian premier Jozsef Antall indicates that the Warsaw Pact will disband, at least as a military alliance, by 1992. At the same conference, leaders of Eastern European countries warn that economic disparities among nations on the continent are spurring ethnic unrest and undermining new democracies.

British prime minister Margaret Thatcher faces a serious blow when she fails to win reelection as Conservative Party leader on the first ballot of a contest against former cabinet minister Michael Heseltine. Falling just four votes shy of the 15% majority required for election on the first ballot, Thatcher vows to go forward into the second ballot. . . . An estimated 20,000 people hold a progovernment rally in Bucharest, Romania.

Israeli soldiers clash with PLO guerrillas near the Lebanese village of Ain Atta, about three miles north of the Israeli security zone. One soldier and four guerrillas are killed. . . . As part of a continued effort to split the international alliance against Iraq, the country states it will free all German hostages as a reward for German chancellor Helmut Kohl’s support for a peaceful end to the Persian Gulf crisis.

Leftist rebels of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front launch a long-awaited fall campaign, attacking army positions in seven of El Salvador’s 14 provinces. . . . Bolivia’s lower house of Congress votes to impeach eight of the nation’s 12 Supreme Court Justices.

Riots that started on Nov. 17 in India leave 120 people dead. . . . The Australian government announces an agreement with national trade unions which provides workers with tax cuts in lieu of a wage increase.

Nov. 17

Nov. 18

Africa & the Middle East

A month-long rash of antigovernment protests in Bangladesh in which students demanded the resignation of Pres. Hossein Mohammed Ershad, threw stones, burned cars, and battled with police comes to a close. Reports show that the government shut down schools and universities, and at least eight people were killed. . . . A three-day flare-up in terrorist violence by Sikh militants in India’s Punjab province begins. . . . China devalues its currency for the second time in less than a year.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

November 15–20, 1990—121

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The FBI announces that it arrested or issued warrants for 30 members of a cocaine ring whose alleged and still-at-large leader, Ramon Torres Gonzalez, is believed to have buried millions of dollars on his farm in Puerto Rico.

In an interview with U.S. television news anchor Peter Jennings, Pres. Saddam Hussein stresses that Iraq wants to begin negotiations to reach a peaceful end to the gulf crisis. However, he also states that his government cannot accept the U.S. demand that Iraq first withdraw unconditionally from Kuwait. . . . Secretary of State Baker flies to Europe for five days of in-depth, country-by-country talks.

Pres. Bush signs into law the Clean Air Act of 1990, calling it “simply the most significant air pollution legislation in our nation’s history.”. . . The Senate Ethics Committee opens hearings in the case of five senators accused of pressuring federal bank regulators on behalf of a political contributor, S&L executive Charles Keating Jr. The senators, known as the Keating Five, are Democrats Alan Cranston (Calif.), Dennis DeConcini (Ariz.), John Glenn (Ohio) and Donald W. Riegle Jr. (Mich.), and Republican John McCain (Ariz.).

The Atlantis is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to carry out a secret military flight.

The U.S. Golf Association, which organizes the U.S. Open, announces that it, like the PGA, will require clubs hosting its tournaments to bar discrimination against women and minorities. . . . The National Council of Churches calls for an immediate withdrawal of most of the U.S. forces from the Persian Gulf and urges that the remaining troops be put under the UN flag.

Pres. Bush signs legislation to protect Native American grave sites and to return remains and cultural artifacts to the tribes. . . . Pres. Bush signs legislation regarding the Consumer Product Safety Commission reauthorization and aviation security.

Former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega makes his first public comments at a court hearing since January when he concludes, “I am now at the mercy of a totally unfair and unjust system who chooses my prosecutors and now chooses my defense lawyers.”

The Federal Reserve loosens monetary policy for the second time in three weeks, as economic statistics indicate that the country is entering a recession.

Scientists from the National Institutes of Health decide to halt experiments on the use of RU-486 as a treatment for Cushing’s disease because of uncertainty about obtaining the drug. . . . New photographs of the planet Venus reveal “features never seen before” on any planet, such as pancake-shaped domes and giant horseshoe-shaped formations.

Alfred A. Knopf publishers announce that Knopf will publish American Psycho under its Vintage Contemporary series.

Two days of antiabortion protests and counterdemonstrations by abortion rights supporters comes to a close. Police in Washington, D.C., made over 650 arrests. . . . William J. Bennett, former White House drug policy director, is selected as the chairman of the Republican National Committee, replacing Lee Atwater.

The FBI announces the arrests of two soldiers and two civilians in connection with a seizure of a huge cache of stolen military firearms and explosives. Army Special Forces Sergeant Michael Tubbs, Army Warrant Officer Jeffrey Jennett, John Tubbs and Stephen Fussell are arrested. The FBI contends that the four are involved in the whitesupremist movement.

Pres. Bush exercises a “pocket veto” of a bill reauthorizing regulatory controls on U.S. exports.

Robert Hofstadter, 75, physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1961 for his research into the size and structure of the particles that formed the nucleus of the atom, dies of a heart attack in Stanford, California.

Nov. 15

Nov. 16

Nov. 17

The Supreme Court refuses to allow CNN to broadcast tape recordings of telephone calls between deposed Panamanian strongman Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega and his defense attorneys.

Nov. 18

Eight teenage gang members are arrested in Boston for the rape and murder of a 26-year-old black woman as part of an alleged Halloween-night robbery spree. Police describe the slaying as the worst in the city in 15 years. . . . Rep. Ron Wyden (D, Oreg.), chairman of the House Small Business subcommittee on regulation and business opportunities holds a hearing into the FDA’s ban of RU-486. . . . Phillip Mitchell Landrum, 81, U.S. representative from Georgia, 1953–77, dies of heart failure in Jasper, Ga.

The rock duo Milli Vanilli is stripped of its 1989 Grammy for best new artist when it is revealed that its two stars, Rob Pilatus and Fabrice Morvan, do not actually sing on their best-selling debut album. It is the first time the academy has stripped an artist of a Grammy.

The FDA approves the request of an unidentified Virginia AIDS patient to use marijuana to help ease the pain of the disease. . . . The Navajo Nation, the U.S.’s largest Native American tribe, elects Peterson Zah to the new position of tribal president after former tribal chairman Peter MacDonald Sr. was convicted of accepting bribes.

The Department of Energy increases its cost projection for the Superconducting Super Collider to $8.24 billion from $7.8 billion. The Super Collider, a giant particle accelerator designed to study the nature of matter, has been under construction since 1987. . . . The Atlantis lands at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Nov. 19

Nov. 20

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

122—November 21–26, 1990

Nov. 21

World Affairs

Europe

At the close of the CSCE summit, leaders sign a document called the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. The document proclaims an end to “the era of confrontation and division in Europe” and vows “a new era of democracy, peace and unity” on the continent. . . . A UN investigator reports that human-rights violations “occur frequently” in Iran.

Opposition protesters clash with thousands of supporters of P.M. Andrei Lukanov and police in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Margaret Thatcher, the longestserving British prime minister of the 20th century, announces that she will resign within a week, reversing an earlier decision. With Thatcher out of the race for Tory leadership, Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd and Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major enter the contest against Michael Heseltine. . . . The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly debates a 1991 austerity budget proposed by Premier Lukanov while 20,000 anti-Socialist demonstrators chant for Lukanov’s resignation.

Nov. 22

Nov. 24

The five permanent members of the UN Security Council—the U.S., U.K., USSR, China, and France— complete a final version of a peace plan to send to Cambodian factions for approval.

Nov. 26

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Nicaraguan president Violeta Chamorro appeases a growing dissident movement within her National Opposition Union (UNO) coalition when she agrees to withdraw a military convoy. She also replaces the police chiefs in the two provinces and agrees to distribute 23,000 hectares of land, in addition to 100,000 hectares already given to former contra rebels. Amos Sawyer is sworn as the president of Liberia’s interim government.

In Bulgaria, the Grand National Assembly approves an amended version of the budget after much debate and many demonstrations. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev unveils his long-awaited plan for restructuring the relationship between the central government and its 15 republics. He reiterates that any republic that wishes to secede from the Soviet Union has to follow a cumbersome procedure that requires two referendums and a five-year waiting period.

Nov. 23

Nov. 25

Africa & the Middle East

Sikh separatists attack three buses near Chandigarh, the state capital and reportedly single out and shoot non-Sikh passengers, killing 25 civilians. . . . Hundreds of fires sparked by the high temperatures and strong winds of the Australian summer hit the state of New South Wales. Fires last for three days; between 180,000 and 200,000 sheep are killed and at least 160,000 hectares of grazing land burned. . . . A more private religious ceremony in Japan officially completes Akihito’s enthronement. In El Salvador, the rebels use an antiaircraft missile to down a military plane in Usulutan province. . . . The Washington Post reports that, in a concession to drug traffickers, the Colombian government has transferred Col. Oscar Pelaez, the director of the judicial police who drug cartels accused of abusing human rights, to a diplomatic post in Washington, D.C.

Boris Yeltsin publishes the draft of a new Russian Federation constitution that puts the republic at odds with the union treaty in several key areas. . . . Opposition protesters clash with thousands of Lukanov supporters in Sofia, Bulgaria.

The Israeli navy sinks a speedboat carrying at least five Palestinian guerrillas heading from Lebanon toward Israel. All of the guerrillas, who belong to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, are killed.

Tadeusz Mazowiecki finishes third in a field of six candidates in Poland’s presidential election. Lech Walesa and Stanislaw Tyminski finish in first and second place, respectively, and will face each other in a presidential runoff. . . . As Iraq promised, 100 Germans fly home, with the rest of the hostages to follow shortly. . . . Australia agrees to provide the Soviets with A$500 million (US$384 million) in export credits toward the purchase of Australian farm commodities.

An Egyptian gunman crosses into Israel and goes on a shooting spree, killing four people and wounding 26. The radical Muslim group Islamic Jihad claims responsibility. . . . A teenage girl approaches an Israeli patrol in southern Lebanon and blows herself up, wounding two soldiers and a civilian bystander. The National Syrian Socialist Party, a Lebanese group, claims responsibility.

Opponents of Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello’s monetarist anti-inflation program win governorships in Brazil’s most populous and wealthiest states in runoff elections.

Reports confirm that hundreds of people were killed in battles between the Indonesian army and separatist Islamic rebels in the westernmost province, Aceh. . . . In India, an attacker on a motorcycle kills 15 civilians. The assault is blamed on Sikh militants. . . . Fires strike Sydney, Australia’s largest city. At Sydney’s inner harbor, more than a hundred picnickers are rescued by helicopter or forced to swim out to boats to escape the fire.

In the largest job action since German unification, most of the 250,000 rail workers in eastern Germany strike. . . . In Bulgaria, Podkrepa, an anti-Socialist independent labor federation that represents more that 500,000 workers, launches a general strike to pressure the regime out of power. . . . Tadeusz Mazowiecki resigns as Poland’s premier after a poor showing in preliminary elections.

The main factions in Liberia’s 11month-old civil war meet for peace talks in Bamako, the capital of Mali.

The central bank devalues the Nicaraguan cordoba in the 44th devaluation since Pres. Chamorro took office. . . . Pres. Bush confers with Mexican president Carlos Salinas de Gortari on issues including a free-trade agreement between the U.S. and Mexico and the use of force in the Persian Gulf.

State authorities declare an indefinite curfew in the Punjab town of Jullundur in India. . . . Amnesty International reports that the army and police force of Papua New Guinea are guilty of human rights abuses on Bougainville island, where at least 19 people suspected of supporting the Bougainville Revolutionary Army were executed without trial in the last two years. . . . Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore’s prime minister for 31 years, announces he is resigning.

In India, state police arrest more than 500 Sikh religious and political leaders to prevent them from attending a meeting.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

November 21–26, 1990—123

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Pres. Bush goes to Saudi Arabia to celebrate Thanksgiving with U.S. troops deployed in the kingdom as part of Operation Desert Shield.

A U.S. District Court judge in NYC sentences Michael R. Milken, Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc.’s former “junk-bond” chief, to a 10-year prison term, the most severe sentence yet handed down in a series of Wall Street securities fraud cases dating from 1986.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Nov. 21

Pres. Bush makes a whirlwind tour of four different U.S. military sites in the region. As well as shaking hands and signing autographs, he eats Thanksgiving dinner with the troops at two of the stops and makes tough anti-Iraq speeches at all four locations.

Nov. 22

Archie Brown, 79, former West Coast leader of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union who won a landmark Supreme Court decision in 1965 upholding the right of communists to serve as union officials, dies of lung cancer in San Francisco.

Roald Dahl, 74, bestselling British writer, known for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and James and the Giant Peach, dies of unreported causes in Oxford, England. . . . The autobiography of former president Ronald Reagan, titled An American Life, is published by Simon & Schuster.

Severe flooding caused by two days of torrential rains forces more than 2,600 people from their homes in Washington State. One person is missing and presumed dead. . . . Astronomers atop Hawaii’s Mauna Kea make the first image with a new and innovative telescope that will, upon completion in late 1991, be the largest in the world.

Nov. 24

Astronomers announce a $14 million, 10-year-plus project to map 100 times as much of the universe as had ever been mapped before. The project, known as the digital sky survey, will entail building a new 100-inch telescope, using digital and computer technology atop New Mexico’s Apache Point.

The Supreme Court lets stand a ban on begging in the NYC subway system, refusing to hear arguments that panhandling is a form of free speech protected by the Constitution.

Nov. 23

Nov. 25

Alaska’s oil-spill coordinator reports that about 85% of the shoreline fouled with oil in the Exxon Valdez disaster in March 1989 has been sufficiently cleaned.

Nov. 26

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

124—November 27–December 1, 1990

World Affairs

Nov. 29

Africa & the Middle East

John Major wins 185 votes, two short of the absolute majority needed to win leadership of the British Conservative Party. Michael Heseltine takes 131 votes, and Douglas Hurd wins the backing of 56 Conservative members of Parliament. Hurd and Heseltine withdraw upon hearing the results.

Five Israeli soldiers are killed in a clash with Palestinian guerrillas in southern Lebanon. Two guerrillas are killed in the fighting near the town of Shabaa, in the self-proclaimed Israeli security zone. Hours later, Israeli jets bombard Palestinian bases in southern Lebanon.

The UN adopts a resolution that condemns both Iraq’s destruction of Kuwaiti civil records and its efforts to alter Kuwait’s demographic composition. . . . In talks attended by representatives of the Economic Community of West African States and by Amos Sawyer, the president of Liberia’s interim government, a peace agreement is signed by Charles Taylor, the leader of the National Patriotic Front; Prince Yormie Johnson, the leader of a second rebel group; and Major Wilmott Diggs, who represents the remaining Liberian army of slain Pres. Samuel Doe.

John Major becomes the new prime minister of Great Britain, succeeding Margaret Thatcher. . . . A railworkers strike ends when the German government agrees to consider the workers’ demands. . . . Britain restores ties with Syria. . . . In Bulgaria, striking workers shut down a major oil refinery on the Black Sea, and many Bulgarian airline workers walk off their jobs, forcing the nation’s largest airport, near Sofia, to suspend operations.

Ryan Crocker, the new U.S. ambassador to Lebanon, reopens the American embassy, closed since Sept. 1989.

The UN approves a resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq if it does not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991. The resolution is considered a major diplomatic victory for the U.S.

The Confederation of Independent Trade Unions, Bulgaria’s largest labor organization, joins the general strike, and the country is at a virtual standstill. In response, P.M. Andrei Lukanov resigns along with his entire cabinet. . . . A Soviet transport plane leaves Hanover, Germany, for Moscow with 37 tons of German food, the first of hundreds of thousands of tons of planned aid.

When three major opposition parties boycott elections for the Egyptian National Assembly, the National Democratic Party of Pres. Hosni Mubarak wins a sweeping victory. . . . According to reports, more than 10,000 people were killed in Liberia’s civil war, most of them civilians. . . . Rebel leader Idriss Deby’s men overrun Abeche, the largest town in eastern Chad. . . . Reports confirm that the Persian Gulf states, led by Saudi Arabia, offered the USSR up to $4 billion in loans and emergency aid.

The parliaments of Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia hold their first-ever joint session. . . . Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev issues a decree that authorizes the creation of vigilante committees to curb theft and speculation (black-market activities) in the Soviet food-distribution system, and he asks the KGB to form a special “economic-sabotage unit” to oversee the distribution of food in the USSR. . . . Austria vows to send 100,000 food parcels for the USSR.

The Mozambique legislature adopts a new constitution designed to establish a Western-style democracy.

In Leningrad, Nizhni Novgorod (formerly Gorky), Vorkuta, and Chelyabinsk, comprehensive programs of food rationing in the Soviet Union begin. . . . Construction workers from France and Great Britain meet in one of the three “Eurotunnels” being constructed under the English Channel.

Representatives of the Mozambican government and the Mozambique National Resistance, a rebel group known as Renamo, sign a partial cease-fire—the first ever—in their 14-year-old civil war. . . . Israeli war planes attack a Palestinian guerrilla base in Lebanon. . . . Israeli police shoot and kill a Palestinian woman after she tries to stab a policeman near Jerusalem’s Old City. . . . Chadian president Hissene Habre and thousands of residents flee to nearby Cameroon from Chad’s capital when the army is defeated in a three-week rebel offensive, and advance patrols of rebels enter the city.

Nov. 27

Nov. 28

Europe

Nov. 30

Dec. 1

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific The government of Indonesia bans a New York Times reporter, Stephen Erlanger, from the country, because of his critical Nov. 11 story. . . . In Bangladesh, Pres. Hossein Mohammed Ershad declares a state of emergency in an attempt to quell protests. . . . Reports show more than 430 people were killed in the violence in Punjab in the last month. . . . Tasmania premier Michael Field announces that a royal commission will probe political corruption in the state.

Members of the ruling Progressive Conservative Party in Canada’s House of Commons reverse their position and agree to hold public hearings into the 78-day standoff between law-enforcement officials and Mohawk Indians at Oka, Quebec. . . . The presidents of Brazil and Argentina sign an agreement renouncing both the use and the development of nuclear weapons.

In Bangladesh, thousands of protesters defy curfew and gather in Dhaka, battling police and army units with homemade weapons. Journalists stage a nationwide strike to protest press restrictions implemented as part of the emergency regulations. . . . The Indian government imposes direct rule over the northeastern state of Assam due to violent activity by the separatist United Liberation Front of Assam. . . . Goh Chok Tong becomes Singapore’s prime minister.

In Bangladesh, street battles worsen, and opposition leaders claim that 50–75 people were killed by police in the fighting, while the government acknowledges only six deaths. Thousands of demonstrators are reportedly arrested.

Honduran armed forces chief Gen. Arnulfo Cantarero resigns.

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 90, former Indian ambassador to the USSR. and the U.S. and the first woman to serve as president of the UN General Assembly, dies in Dehru Dun, India.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

November 27–December 1, 1990—125

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Supreme Court rules that federal law preempts state law in regulating self-funded employee-benefit plans that are not fully insured.

The National Organization for Women blasts Saudi Arabia’s “gender apartheid” and calls for a U.S. pullout from the Persian Gulf.

The Energy Department dedicates a $1.3 billion plant at Aiken, South Carolina, to process millions of gallons of highly radioactive wastes. . . . U.S. bankruptcy judge Burton R. Lifland clears Eastern Airlines’ emergency request for $135 million from escrow to continue flight operations through the winter season.

A special panel probing the project of the malfunctioning Hubble Space Telescope finds serious supervisory flaws within NASA.

The 1990 National Book Awards are presented in NYC. Charles Johnson wins the fiction prize for The Middle Passage, and Ron Chernow receives the nonfiction award for The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance.

Pres. Bush signs into a law several bills, including ones regarding housing reauthorization; anticrime legislation; Tongass Forest protection laws; and the Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990. . . . The National Center for Health Statistics release figures that show the life expectancy gap between blacks and whites widened in 1988.

Nov. 27

Nov. 28

A CDC report finds that AIDS is spreading at a faster rate among U.S. women than among men.

Pres. Bush signs a bill on comprehensive immigration legislation.

The Illinois Supreme Court strikes down a school decentralization plan adopted by the city of Chicago in 1989. . . . Pres. Bush nominates outgoing Florida governor Bob Martinez (R) as the new director of national drug control policy.

Pres. Bush announces that he is ready to send Secretary of State James Baker to Baghdad and invite the Iraqi foreign minister to the White House in a last effort to reach a peaceful end to the Persian Gulf crisis. . . . Pres. Bush unexpectedly pocket-vetoes the 1991 budget authorization for intelligence agencies because it requires disclosure to Congress of covert operations.

Iraq accepts Pres. Bush’s Nov. 30 invitation to discuss a peaceful settlement of the Persian Gulf crisis.

Pres. Bush signs legislation to curb the growth of zebra mussels.

Nov. 29

The Plains of Passage, by Jean M. Auel tops the bestseller list. . . . Lynn Jennings wins the Athletics Congress’s Jesse Owens Award as the outstanding U.S. trackand-field performer of the year.

David Abner Morse, 83, former acting U.S. secretary of labor, 1948, and director general of the International Labor Organization, 1948–70, dies of complications from a heart attack in NYC.

Ty Detmer, the junior quarterback at Brigham Young University, wins the Heisman Trophy as the top collegiate football player of the year. . . . The U.S. wins its first Davis Cup tennis final since 1982. Andre Agassi, Michael Chang, and the doubles team of Jim Pugh and Rick Leach take the first three matches in St. Petersburg, Florida to capture the best-of-five-match series for the U.S.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 30

Dec. 1

126—December 2–6, 1990

World Affairs

Dec. 2

Dec. 3

Dec. 4

Africa & the Middle East

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein claims he will free all of the foreign hostages being held in Iraq and occupied Kuwait, an announcement met with cautious optimism by Western nations. . . . A 39nation conference on the environmental protection of Antarctica ends without an agreement.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Chancellor Helmut Kohl and his Christian Democratic Union win an easy victory in the first general election in recently reunified Germany. . . . Ethnic nationalist parties rout the ruling Communists in Bosnia-Herzegovina runoff elections. . . . Reports estimate that 180,000 single people in Britain live in temporary shelters or on the street. . . . Nearly 1,200 French citizens and other foreign nationals citizens who fled Chad during the fighting land in Paris.

Violence resurges in South Africa, and at least 71 die. . . . The Histadrut, Israel’s national trade union stages a general strike to protest the government tax plan. . . . Three Palestinians board an Israeli bus near Tel Aviv and attack its passengers, fatally stabbing one and wounding three. One assailant is shot dead by police. The other two are wounded during capture. . . . Rebel leader Idriss Deby enters Ndjamena, Chad.

In Guatemala, four drunken soldiers allegedly shoot and wound a resident and try to abduct another. In response, 5,000 people, most of them indigenous Indians, march on the barracks. Soldiers rake the crowd with machine-gun fire, killing 14 and wounding others.

Five troops are beaten to death by a mob in the city of Namangan, in the republic of Uzbekistan. . . . Three policemen, all Azerbaijanis, are slain in a gun battle with Armenian guerrillas on the Armenian-Azerbaijani border. . . . Turkey’s top military officer, Gen. Necip Torumtay, resigns, the third senior Turkish official to resign less in than two months.

An Israeli military court sentences 12 Palestinian guerrillas to 30 years in prison for attempting a May 30 sea raid on Israeli beaches. . . . Zairean demonstrators protesting soaring food prices are attacked by police in Kinshasa. Four protesters are killed during the incident. . . . In Chad, rebel leader Idriss Deby frees at least 450 Libyan prisoners of war, some of them held since 1982. . . . The Lebanese Forces complete their withdrawal, although gunmen in civilian clothes are in key locations in east Beirut.

An uprising by several hundred Argentine army troops is quashed by forces loyal to the elected civilian government of Pres. Carlos Saúl Menem. The fighting results in 21 deaths. . . . Pres. Bush begins to tour five South America nations, making the most comprehensive swing through the continent of any U.S. leader since Pres. Eisenhower in 1960.

Faced with increasing public chaos in Bangladesh, Pres. Hossein Mohammed Ershad offers to resign 45 days before elections, set for June 1991, and to immediately end press censorship.

Hungarian premier Jozsef Antall describes the country’s economic situation as “extremely grave” and admits the Hungarian people have “every right” to be discouraged. . . . Baghdad announces that all 3,300 Soviet citizens in Iraq—most of them technicians in oil, industrial and military projects—will be permitted to leave if Moscow will “bear the responsibility for the impact of the breach of worker contracts.”

The ruling Kenyan African National Union closes a national conference and rejects the creation of a multiparty political system in the country. . . . In Chad, Idriss Deby declares himself president and promises a multiparty democracy. . . . In Lebanon, government troops began dismantling barricades that have long split Beirut, leaving the city free of private armies and with a unified central government for the first time since 1975.

Col. Eduardo Herrera Hassan escapes from prison. He and his rebels seize Panama’s national police headquarters. . . . Reports confirm that the Nov. 20 attack staged by leftist rebels of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front in El Salvador left 170 people dead and 510 wounded. The fighting continues as the FMLN shoots down a Salvadoran air force jet.

Bangladeshi president Hossein Mohammed Ershad announces his resignation from office after eight weeks of violent protests and after leaders of the two major opposition parties reject the compromise offer made on Dec. 3. About 100,000 marchers celebrate wildly when his resignation is announced.

U.S. troops surround the headquarters of Panama’s national police and force the surrender of rebels who seized the building on Dec. 4. . . . In Haiti, five people are shot to death and at least 54 wounded when unidentified assailants attack supporters of Rev. Jean-Bertrand Aristide during a blackout minutes after a rally in Petionville.

Sheikh Hasina Wazed, head of the leftist Awami League, and Begum Khaleda Zia, leader of the more conservative Bangladesh National Party (BNP), select Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed as the new president of Bangladesh. . . . Another round of bilateral negotiations over the future of U.S. military bases in the Philippines begins.

In Guatemala, Defense Minister General Juan Leonel Bolanos Chávez apologizes for the Dec. 2 incident and promises that soldiers will be withdrawn from the base, especially since residents have complained of a series of abuses by the army during the 11 years that the base has been in the town.

Financially troubled magnate Alan Bond is arrested by Australian authorities on one count of corporate misconduct. . . . Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, 87, first prime minister of Malaysia, dies of intestinal bleeding and other ailments in Kuala Lumpur. . . . In Bangladesh, Pres. Ershad dissolves the national parliament, and interim president Shahabuddin Ahmed takes power.

The Soviet foreign ministry indicates its willingness to discuss the issue of monetary compensation for the termination of contracts suggested by Iraq on Dec 4, and Iraq begins processing Soviet exit visas.

Dec. 5

Dec. 6

Europe

In London, two men believed to be operatives of the outlawed Provisional IRA, Liam O’Dhuibhir and Damien McComb, are each sentenced to 30 years in prison after being found guilty of conspiring to cause explosions. . . . The Vatican restores diplomatic relations with Bulgaria.

In South Africa, as many as 30,000 ANC supporters march through Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Bloemfontein as the ANC launches its latest “mass action” campaign designed to pressure the government to move more quickly toward dismantling apartheid. Police keep a low profile, and the demonstrations proceed without incident.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

December 2–6, 1990—127

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

The acquittal of six Miami police officers in the beating death of a Puerto Rican drug dealer sparks a riot in the city’s Hispanic Wynwood section. . . . House Republicans and Democrats reelect their respective incumbents for leadership teams. . . . The Supreme Court rules that federal pension law preempts state laws in adjudging an employee’s claim of “wrongful discharge.” . . . The Supreme Court broadens the Miranda warning when it rules out questioning once the suspect asks to speak with a lawyer, unless the lawyer is present.

In an interview, former surgeon general Everett Koop claims his successor and the Bush administration are not doing enough to educate the public about AIDS. . . . The American Medical Association votes to support reporting to public health authorities the names of people who test positive for the HIV virus. . . . A survey in the Journal of the American Medical Association finds that 22% of sampled hospitals do not require a patient’s consent before testing for HIV.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Defense Secretary Richard Cheney tells Congress that there is “no guarantee” that economic sanctions will force Iraq out of Kuwait, even “given five years.”

Continental Airlines Holdings Inc. files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection from creditors.

Months after Congress learned that the A-12 aircraft project is at least one year behind schedule, at least $1 billion over its development budget, and plagued by design problems, the navy announces that three senior officers have been punished for their roles in the scandal.

The Federal Reserve Board announces a reduction in reserve requirements for banks to stimulate the economy as many believe that it is in a recession.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The space shuttle Columbia takes off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and, by doing so, sets a record for the number of people in orbit around the Earth. In addition to the seven astronauts aboard the Columbia, three men are also launched by the Soviet Union aboard a space capsule to rendezvous with space station Mir. The space station has two other cosmonauts aboard, making a total of 12 astronauts orbiting Earth.

Aaron Copland, 90, one of the best-known and most influential American composers of the 20th century, dies of respiratory failure in North Tarrytown, New York.

A Northwest Airlines passenger plane explodes and bursts into flames after colliding with another Northwest passenger jet on a fogshrouded runway at Detroit Metropolitan Airport. One flight attendant and seven passengers are killed and 21 are injured, two of them critically. . . . The pointing system on telescopes on the spacecraft Columbia fail, forcing the astronauts to try to lock manually onto targets with three ultraviolet Astro telescopes.

Dec. 3

Dec. 4

The U.S.-based relief agency CARE promises 50,000 food parcels for Moscow and Leningrad.

The CDC reports that the homicide rate among black males between the ages of 15 and 24 rose 68% between 1984 and 1988, making homicide the leading cause of death among black men in that age group.

Dec. 2

Salman Rushdie appears in public for the first time since his death was ordered in 1989 for blaspheming Islam in his novel The Satanic Verses. . . . Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz, 75, historian and author whose book The War Against the Jews is considered a pioneering study of Nazi genocide, dies of unreported causes in NYC.

The Congressional Budget Office predicts a record federal budget deficit of $253 billion for fiscal 1991 and suggests it will increase to $262 billion the following year. The deficit reached $220 billion on Sept. 30, the end of fiscal 1990. . . . Reports confirm that the court-appointed monitor of the Teamsters union ordered the removal of Teamster vice president Jack Yager because of his “silence and incomprehensible passivity” about union corruption.

Pope John Paul II endorses a statement against anti-Semitism drawn up by Jewish and Roman Catholic representatives. . . . The National Hockey League awards new franchises to Ottawa and Tampa Bay, Florida, scheduled to begin play in the 1992 through 1993 season.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 5

Dec. 6

128—December 7–12, 1990

Dec. 7

Dec. 8

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs Uruguay Round of multilateral trade talks is suspended after negotiators fail to agree on a plan to reduce farm subsidies.

Bulgaria’s Grand National Assembly elects Dimitar Popov, a political independent, to the post of premier. . . . Recently resigned British prime minister Margaret Thatcher is awarded the Order of Merit by Queen Elizabeth II.

Iraq begins a five-day release of over 2,000 Western hostages trapped in Iraq and Kuwait for more than four months as Pres. Saddam Hussein carries through a pledge to release the captives as a humanitarian gesture and because they were no longer needed as “human shields.”

A car bomb kills six policemen and injures eight other people in the first fatal attack in a campaign to undermine the 1992 Olympic Summer Games in Barcelona. . . . Two days of cold weather and snow storms strike the U.K. and the Continent. In the course of the storms, 10 people die in Britain and 11 people are reported dead or missing due to cold weather on the European continent.

Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, leader of the Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party, declares his group’s opposition to ANC’s mass action tactics. . . . Local elections in Nigeria, the first since 1983, are marred by a turnout of between 10% and 15% of registered voters. . . . A U.S. Air Force plane evacuates 400 Libyan rebels from Chad as part of a series of evacuations.

A Salvadoran judge orders the soldiers indicted in the Nov. 1989 slaying of six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter to stand trial on charges of murder and terrorism.

The ruling Serbian Socialist Party retains power. Runoffs are scheduled for Dec. 23. Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic, a nationalist, is reelected. . . . The ruling League of Communists of Macedonia is voted out of power in final runoff elections. . . . The League of Communists of Montenegro remains in power. Runoffs are to be held Dec. 23. . . . Lech Walesa, the leader of the Solidarity labor movement, wins the Polish presidential runoff election. . . . In Albania, protests by thousands of students in Tirana begin and last twp days, and demonstrators clash with riot police.

As the Arab intifadah, or uprising, enters its fourth year, a Palestinian is fatally shot in the Gaza Strip and a bomb outside military headquarters in Bethlehem kills an Israeli soldier and wounds two others. . . . Pres. F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela issue a joint statement voicing concern about the factional fighting that killed more than 900 people in the black townships around Johannesburg since August. . . . Angola’s ruling party, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola–Workers’ Party, discards its Marxist-Leninist ideology and adopts “democratic socialism” as its new ideology.

A curfew imposed in Trinidad in July after an unsuccessful coup bid by a Muslim group is lifted. . . . The Mexican government privatizes the national telephone company. . . . The Colombian military launches a major offensive against the nation’s largest remaining guerrilla group by bombing the mountain jungle headquarters of the Marxist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).

Anatoly Kovalev accepts the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of Mikhail Gorbachev in Oslo, Norway. . . . In Romania, the national truck drivers’ union begin a nationwide strike to force the government to resign. . . . Czechoslovak president Vaclav Havel surprises the Federal Assembly when he asks for broad temporary powers.

The Congolese Workers’ Party, the ruling party of Congo, officially drops its Marxist ideology and plans to officially become a multiparty state Jan. 1, 1991.

Jean Chrétien, the leader of Canada’s Liberal Party, is elected to the federal House of Commons.

The Georgian parliament abolishes South Ossetia as an autonomous region of Georgia. In response, three people are shot to death in clashes between Ossetians and Georgians. A state of emergency is declared in South Ossetia. . . . The Albanian Workers’ Party purges its politburo and approves a proposal for independent political parties. Pres. Ramiz Alia meets with protesting students.

South African police for the first time bring together local Inkatha and ANC leaders in Thokoza in an effort to arrange a truce.

The Colombian government’s chief negotiator, Jesús Antonio Bejarano, states the FARC rejected earlier government overtures toward a peaceful settlement. . . . The Canadian government unveils its longawaited Green Plan, a five-year, C$3 billion effort to clean up the nation’s land, air, and water.

Moscow police rout 43 squatters and raze a tent city erected in June to protest poverty, homelessness, hunger and mental and physical illnesses. . . . The Czechoslovak Federal Assembly approves a package of legislation that redistributes power between the central government and the Czech and Slovak republics to appease the push for autonomy. . . . Thousands of people meet in Tirana to form the Albanian Democratic Party, the first opposition political party since 1946. Separately, riots erupt in an Albanian eastern town, Kavaje, and Pres. Alia appeals for calm.

Mandela and Chief Buthelezi pay separate visits to the South African township of Thokoza, where 130 blacks were killed over a 10-day span. . . . The parliament of Zimbabwe approves a radical landreform bill to resettle an estimated 1 million homeless blacks by seizing land held by farm owners, virtually all of whom are white. . . . P.M. Yitzhak Shamir meets with foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze, in the highest-level talks ever between the Israel and the Soviet Union.

Reports suggest that there is a growing number of killings of street children by police in Guatemala.

Dec. 9

Dec. 10

Dec. 11

Dec. 12

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific In India, despite the peaceful nature of an Ayodhya protest Dec. 6, religious violence attributed to the mosque dispute flares up. Violent clashes between Hindus and Muslims in several Indian cities begin and last for over a week.

John Fairfax Group Ltd., a major Australian newspaper group, is placed into receivership at the urging of its creditor banks.

In Bangladesh, former leader Hossein Mohammed Ershad and his wife are arrested on charges of theft of public funds, nepotism, and gold smuggling. . . . A third round of talks between North and South Korean premiers opens.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

December 7–12, 1990—129

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

A State Supreme Court jury in Philadelphia finds the Philadelphia Inquirer liable for $6 million for defaming a State Supreme Court judge, James T. McDermott. . . . The magazine Soldier of Fortune is found liable for damages of $12.4 million by a District Court jury in Montgomery, Alabama in a suit by the family of a businessman slain by a gunman who advertised in the classified section of the magazine. . . . Democrats in the North Carolina House of Representatives select Daniel T. Blue to be the first black speaker of a southern legislature since the post-Civil War Reconstruction era. Dallas voters reject a plan intended to increase minority representation on the city council. . . . Ed Edmondson, 71, U.S. representative from Oklahoma, 1953–73, dies of a heart ailment in Muskogee, Oklahoma. . . . Deane Chandler Davis, 90, two-term Republican governor of Vermont, 1969–73, dies in Berlin, Vermont after gall bladder surgery.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Pentagon announces that Defense Secretary Dick Cheney ordered the permanent removal of SRAM-A nuclear missiles from bombers on alert for safety reasons. . . . The U.S. announces that $48.1 million in military aid will be rushed to the government of El Salvador.

Four of the astronauts aboard the Columbia beam the first-ever classroom lesson from space to 41 middle-school students assembled at two NASA centers in Huntsville, Alabama, and Greenbelt, Maryland. . . . A scientific review panel from the National Institutes of Health backs the use of genetically engineered growth hormone in cows to boost milk production.

Joan Bennett, 80, glamorous leading Hollywood film actress of the 1930s and 1940s, dies of a heart attack in Scarsdale, New York.

The planned talks between the U.S. and Iraq over the Persian Gulf crisis founder as both sides argue over the date of the proposed meeting.

On the Columbia, a plumbing problem surfaces, which adds to the list of problems faced on the spacecraft’s mission. . . . The Jupiterbound Galileo spacecraft, launched by the U.S. in Oct. 1989, passes within 600 miles of Earth at 3:35 P.M. EDT.

Martin Ritt, 76, film and television director noted for his socially conscious dramas who was blacklisted during the anticommunist McCarthy era in Hollywood in the 1950s, dies of heart disease in Santa Monica, California.

Dec. 7

Dec. 8

Dec. 9

The FDA grants approval of Norplant, the first major new form of contraception in more than 20 years. . . . Pfizer Inc. announces a recall of 20,000 heart valves., one of the largest recalls of a medical device in U.S. history.

Former U.S. president Jimmy Carter and Houston philanthropist Dominique de Menil present the fifth annual Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize to two groups, one from Guatemala and the other from Sri Lanka. The two organizations share a $100,000 monetary award.

Armand Hammer, 92, American industrialist who built Occidental Petroleum Co., dies of cerebral arteriosclerosis in Los Angeles, California.

The Columbia lands safely at Edwards Air Force Base. . . . A White House commission of aerospace experts urges NASA to focus more on unmanned rockets.

John Strugnell, a Harvard University divinity professor, is dismissed as chief editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls after making anti-Semitic remarks on Nov. 9.

John Gotti, reputed head of the New York-based Gambino organized crime family, is arrested on racketeering charges. . . . In the case of the rape and murder of a female jogger in Central Park, two more teens are convicted. Kevin Richardson, 16, is convicted on all eight counts, including rape, sodomy, and attempted murder. Kharey Wise, 18, is convicted of sexual abuse, assault, and riot.

Pres. Bush pledges in White House talks with Israeli prime minister Shamir that the U.S. will not resolve the Persian Gulf crisis at Israel’s expense. . . . A report to the navy judge advocate general’s office criticizes security lapses at the Trident submarine base at Bangor, Wash., where, earlier in the year, a naval petty officer, Shyam Drizpaul, killed three people and then committed suicide.

Pres. Bush appoints Robert L. Clarke to a second term as comptroller of the currency, on the advice of Treasury secretary Nicholas F. Brady. . . . FDIC chairman L. William Seidman discloses that the FDIC’s bank insurance fund is likely to post losses of $4 billion in 1990.

Twelve people are killed and more than 50 others injured in a chainreaction crash on Interstate Highway 75 near Calhoun, Tennessee. A total of 83 vehicles are involved in the accident, which occurred in dense fog.

The New York Times reports that wider participation of women in intercollegiate athletics is accompanied by a decrease of female coaches and administrators for women’s sport programs. . . . Donald and Ivana Trump are divorced.

The Education Department announces that it will prohibit colleges that receive federal funds from awarding scholarships designated for minority students. The secretary of education, Lauro F. Cavazos, who reportedly opposes the plan, resigns.

The Defense Department’s undersecretary for acquisition, John A. Betti, resigns amid disclosures of severe problems in the navy’s classified A-12 Stealth attack-plane program. . . . Bush approves up to $1 billion in federal loan guarantees for the Soviet Union to allow the Soviets to purchase U.S. food. In addition, he pledges U.S. emergency shipments to the USSR of food and medical supplies.

An Amtrak train from Washington, D.C., crashes into a local commuter train, that was stopped in a tunnel underneath Boston’s Back Bay Station. A total of 265 people are injured, but no deaths are reported.

Movie and television writers and producers agree to extend their current contract through mid-1995.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 10

Dec. 11

Dec. 12

130—December 13–17, 1990

World Affairs

Dec. 15

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

African National Congress president Oliver Tambo returns to South Africa after three decades in exile. . . . Iraq announces that it is setting up hundreds of civil defense centers to prepare the population for war.

The Mexican National Commission of Human Rights states it issued 33 recommendations for action against police and government officials accused of human rights abuses. . . . Canada’s Supreme Court rules that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms does not protect the right to promote hatred. . . . The Colombian military reports 30 guerrillas and 17 troops were killed in the fighting . . . Canada’s unelected federal Senate, the scene of a protracted procedural battle, clears goods-and-services tax.

In a meeting in Seoul, South Korea refuses to agree to a North-proposed nonaggression pact, so the talks break down, accomplishing little.

The leaders of the EC nations meet in Rome and back a package of grants and aid to the Soviet Union worth 1.15 billion European currency units. The summit also sets $130 million in food and medical aid to Romania and Bulgaria.

The first anniversary of Romania’s revolution is marked by a week of antigovernment strikes and protests. Thousands of workers begin a general strike and demand the resignation of Pres. Ion Iliescu and Premier Roman. . . . In Albania, riots spread to Elbasan. Police make scores of arrests in Albania in street clashes. . . . Two people are killed in separate car bomb explosions in Spain. The Basque separatist group ETA, which claimed responsibility for a Dec. 8 bombing, is suspected.

For two days, the ANC holds its first large-scale legal conference inside South Africa in 31 years. . . . Representatives of the Angolan government and the Union for the Total Independence of Angola reach a tentative agreement on a plan to end their 15-year-old civil war. . . . A general strike begins in Fez, Morocco, but it turns into a violent riot. . . . Three Israelis are stabbed to death by two unidentified Arabs in the Israeli town of Jaffa.

In Nicaragua, Pres. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro signs a decree eliminating compulsory military service.

Pres. Roh Tae Woo becomes the first South Korean leader ever to visit the Soviet Union. . . . The Taj Mahal, in Agra, India, closes to tourists because of ongoing violence.

The leaders of the EC decide to lift a voluntary ban on new investment in South Africa. The policy, adopted in 1986, has already been relaxed by Britain and Italy. The leaders at the summit also reiterate their call for Iraq to pull out of Kuwait and, separately, for the convening of an international conference under the auspices of the UN to resolve the Palestinian question.

Sporadic outbreaks of violence continue in Albania. . . . In Germany, energy officials begin shutting down the last of eastern Germany’s Soviet-designed nuclear reactors.

Rioting continues in Fez, Morocco. Rioters, many of them students, burn buildings, smash cars, and battle with police. . . . Attacks continue in response to the Oct. 8 Temple Mount killing, leaving at least eight Israelis dead. In response, Israeli police virtually close off the occupied Gaza Strip from Israel in efforts to locate suspects. Police also arrest between 600 and 1,000 Palestinians allegedly linked to a fundamentalist Islamic group, Hamas. The Israeli government announces that it will deport four residents of the Gaza Strip said to be members of Hamas.

To commemorate the Romanian revolution, Rev. Laszlo Tokes holds an outdoor religious service in Timisoara and calls for a peaceful “second revolution” to rid the nation of the National Salvation Front. About 10,000 Timisoara demonstrators jeer NSF officials. . . . Two antitank missiles are fired at the EC’s offices in Athens. The November 17 terrorists claim responsibility, and reports suggest the attack is linked to Greece’s new antiterrorist bill.

A leaflet circulated in Israel indicates that recent murders were committed by Hamas, an Islamic fundamentalist movement affiliated with the PLO. . . . Three guerrillas are killed in a clash between the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a PLO faction, and Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon. . . . Israeli troops shoot dead a masked Palestinian as he sprays nationalist slogans on a wall in the Gaza Strip.

Reverend Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a leftist Roman Catholic priest, is elected president by a landslide in Haiti’s first democratic elections, which are held without violent incident. . . . Eleven people die and 20 are wounded when dozens of former contras seize a police post in Jalapa, Nicaragua. The army captures more than half the rebels.

Reports confirm that Estonia has passed a law allowing Estonians to avoid the Soviet military draft by performing alternative civilian service. . . . Talks between Romania’s ruling National Salvation Front (NSF) and the opposition National Liberal Party on the possibility of a coalition government open in Bucharest. . . . Reports state that 81 prisoners have escaped from a prison in Athens, Greece, and 64 prisoners are still at large. . . . In Albania, the government announces that 157 accused rioters will stand trial immediately.

Pres. Kenneth Kaunda signs a constitutional amendment permitting the formation of opposition parties in Zambia for the first time since 1972.

A crowd celebrating Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s victory as Haiti’s president is fired upon by men in national police uniforms. A pregnant woman is killed, and several are wounded. . . . Colombian president Cesar Gaviria offers greater leniency to drug traffickers who turn themselves in. . . . In Canada, the controversial 7% goods-and-services tax becomes law at an assent ceremony boycotted by opponents.

Dec. 16

Dec. 17

Africa & the Middle East

In Albania, riots erupt in the northern city of Shkoder and in the coastal city of Durres Thousands of riot police and army troops, including armored units, are sent into the troubled areas. . . . Romania’s premier Petre Roman announces the government will put on trial all persons suspected of political crimes or human-rights abuses during the 24-year reign of the late Pres. Ceausescu. . . . The Greek parliament approves a new antiterrorism bill.

Dec. 13

Dec. 14

Europe

U.S. secretary of state James Baker warns that Iraq may try to divide the coalition arrayed against it by withdrawing from part of Kuwait on or around the Jan. 15 deadline at a NATO meeting. The other NATO foreign ministers join Baker in a statement that declares, “There can be no partial solution.”

Reports show that eight days of protests in India have left about 300 people dead and 3,000 arrested.

A new Thai cabinet is sworn in after a reshuffle by Premier Chatichai Choonhavan in response to pressure from the military.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

December 13–17, 1990—131

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

A state district judge in Clarkston, Michigan, dismisses murder charges against Jack Kevorkian, an Oregon physician who created a device to assist individuals in committing suicide. . . . Arthur Shawcross is convicted for murdering 10 women in Rochester, New York, in 1989 and 1990 while on parole for a 1972 killing. . . . William Bennett, reversing his position, states he will not accept the chairmanship of the Republican National Committee.

Reports states that most U.S. citizens who wanted to leave Kuwait or Iraq have apparently done so when the last U.S.-chartered flight takes off. . . . Former CIA agent Thomas Clines, suspected of involvement in the Iran-contra arms scandal, is sentenced in District Court in Baltimore to 16 months in prison for filing false income-tax returns.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission approves new radiation exposure limits for nuclear plant workers and neighborhoods. The limit for atomic workers is reduced to 5 rems of radiation a year, compared with up to four times that amount allowed under current rules.

A major study in the New England Journal of Medicine finds that the consumption of animal fat in red meat increases the likelihood of developing colon cancer.

Johns Hopkins Hospital announces that patients of a doctor who died of AIDS will be tested for HIV. The announcement is accompanied by a critique that charges that the Centers for Disease Control fail to provide enough data on the transmission of AIDS by health-care workers and calls for new guidelines on AIDSinfected personnel. . . . Prosecutors in Oakland County, Mich., drop their case against Dr. Kevorkian, but seek to extend a temporary restraining order that prohibits him from using his suicide device.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Dec. 13

Nan Wood Graham, 91, who posed for her brother, Grant Wood, when he painted American Gothic, dies in Menlo Park, California. . . . Former television evangelist Jim Bakker is found liable for nearly $130 million in damages by a federal district court jury in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Dec. 14

Dec. 15

The U.S. condemns Israel’s decision to resume deportations, citing prohibitions against such treatment in the Geneva Convention.

Pres. Bush nominates former Tennessee governor Lamar Alexander (R) as secretary of education.

Appearing on NBC’s “Meet the Press” television program, FDIC chairman L. William Seidman estimates that the deposit insurance fund will lose an additional $5 billion in 1991. He claims that FDIC projections indicate that between 170 and 200 banks will fail in 1991.

Dec. 16

Space Travel Service Corp. in Houston announces plans to conduct a national sweepstakes to select an American to ride aboard a Soviet spacecraft and visit the space station Mir. The winner will have to pass a Soviet physical examination and undergo preflight training, which includes Russianlanguage instruction.

Bernard Aronson, the U.S. assistant secretary of state for interAmerican affairs and part of a U.S. observer group that monitored the election, states that the U.S. recognizes Aristide as Haiti’s presidentelect and is ready to renew aid to the impoverished nation.

Plans for the formation of a new women’s professional basketball league are announced. The league, the Liberty Basketball Association, will begin play in February 1991.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 17

132—December 18–22, 1990

Dec. 18

Dec. 19

Dec. 20

Dec. 21

Dec. 22

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The foreign ministers of NATO warn the Soviet Union that ratification of the Nov. 19 CEF treaty may be delayed by an inaccurate accounting of Soviet weapons. . . . Reports state that the UN World Food Program appealed to donor nations for 1 million tons of emergency food for Ethiopia. . . . Japan joins the international effort to feed the Soviet people, offering $100 million in loans and $3.75 million in direct food and medical aid.

The last functioning Soviet-designed nuclear reactor at the Greifswald plant in Germany closes. . . . The British government announces a 96 million pounds sterling plan to aid the homeless. . . . Reports suggest that Estonia is establishing its own banking system and pricing policies. . . . The Latvian government accuses the Kremlin of being behind a series of mysterious bombings in the capital, Riga.

The UN Children’s Fund, in its annual report, calls for an international commitment of $20 billion to meet goals set at the World Summit for Children in September. . . . UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar appoints Sadako Ogata of Japan to the post of UN high commissioner for refugees, succeeding Thorvald Stoltenberg, who resigned to become the foreign minister of Norway.

The government formally recognizes the Albanian Democratic Party. . . . Poland’s Roman Catholic bishops issue a statement denouncing anti-Semitism in the nation and conceding that some Poles aided the Nazi persecution of Jews during World War II. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev continues a surprising shift to the right. Fifty-three prominent Soviets publish an open letter urging Gorbachev to crack down on separatists and criminals. Gorbachev threatens to impose direct presidential rule on disorderly areas of the USSR.

The UN Security Council adopts a resolution that refers to the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip as “Palestinian territories” and condemns Israel for its treatment of Arab civilians there.

Eduard Shevardnadze resigns as the Soviet foreign minister and warns that the nation is headed toward a dictatorship. . . . A gun battle among soldiers near the Soviet-Czechoslovak border results in injuries to 21 troops. . . . The German Bundestag holds its first meeting in the old Reichstag in Berlin. . . . The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly confirms the country’s first multiparty government in 40 years.

Nearly three weeks of reports claim that hundreds of Liberians died of starvation, and doctors predict that thousands more will succumb unless a huge relief program is launched. . . . Former education minister Omar Karami is named Lebanon’s prime minister by Pres. Elias Hrawi.

Stating that Honduras is facing the “worst economic crisis in its history,” Foreign Minister Mario Carias Zapata states the country will no longer accept refugees from other countries.

Police in Bangladesh place former vice president Moudud Ahmed under house arrest. . . . India and Pakistan agree to a pact banning attacks on each other’s nuclear facilities. . . . In response to the League’s Dec. 18 announcement, the military government of Myanmar formally bans the National League for Democracy, which won an overwhelming victory in May national elections but has not been permitted to take power.

A joint study by the IMF, the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development argues that most direct financial aid to the Soviet Union will go to waste unless that country takes a radical turn toward a free-market economy. . . . Separately, an EC report on the Soviet economic situation contends that political turmoil and “reform fatigue” in the USSR will hamper a transition to a market economy.

Tens of thousands of people in Bucharest turn a revolution commemoration into an antigovernment rally. . . . The Croatian parliament adopts a new constitution that calls for a referendum on secession to be held within 30 days of a two-thirds majority vote by parliament. . . . In Albania, the last bastion of Stalinism in Europe, the government orders the removal of all statues and symbols of former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

In a German television interview, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein declares that Iraq will not withdraw from Kuwait by the Jan. 15 deadline. . . . Israeli officials denounce the UN’s Dec. 20 resolution. . . . Reports state that eight U.S. soldiers were hospitalized after being poisoned by home-brewed alcohol in Saudi Arabia, which bans alcoholic beverages.

The province of Quebec reaches an agreement with the Canadian federal government that gives it greater powers over immigration.

Cambodia and the three rebel factions meet for two days of talks in Paris.

The UN Security Council votes to dissolve the U.S.-administered UN trusteeship over a string of Pacific islands captured from the Japanese during World War II. The vote formally ends the U.S.’s 43-year trustee relationship.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev indicates unspecified “necessary measures” will be taken unless Moldavia meets his demands. . . . The head of the KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov, stuns deputies with a warning against Soviet acceptance of Western aid. . . . Fifteen thousand Albanians are permitted to hold a rally for the Albanian Democratic Party, Albania’s first such legally sponsored event. . . . Lech Walesa is sworn in as Poland’s president in a somber ceremony in Warsaw.

Twenty-one sailors from the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga drown when the Israeli ferry they were taking back to their ship after shore leave in Haifa capsizes.

The Ethiopian government and the rebel Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) agree to reopen the rebel-held port of Massawa to allow the delivery of relief food to the famine-threatened province of Eritrea. . . . In Fez, Morocco, the government promises salary increases and unspecified social improvements after riots.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Haiti, police deny responsibility for the Dec. 17 attack. . . . In Colombia, one of the leaders of the powerful Medellín cocaine cartel, Fabio Ochoa Vásquez, surrenders.

Members of Myanmar’s opposition National League for Democracy announce the creation of a rival government. U Sein Wei is named prime minister.

James R. Lilley, the U.S. ambassador to China, and Richard Schifter, the assistant secretary of state for human rights and humanitarian affairs, close a two-day meeting with Chinese officials to ask them to free 150 jailed dissidents. . . . A Philippine military court sentences 81 soldiers to prison terms of up to 32 years for participating in a 1987 coup attempt. Twenty other defendants are acquitted. . . . Reports state that the Japanese parliament has approved the creation of a $375 million “Japan-U.S. Global Partnership Fund” to promote cultural exchanges and improve understanding with the U.S.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

December 18–22, 1990—133

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A judge in Washington, D.C., rules that Neil Bush had conflicts of interest as a director of an S&L and recommends a “cease-and-desist” order, the mildest possible sanction. . . . The Commerce Dept. reports the merchandise trade deficit rose in Oct. to its highest level since Feb. 1988. . . . The Federal Reserve Board votes to cut its basic interest rate for loans to its member institutions to 6.5% from 7%. The cut is the first in the so-called discount rate since Aug. 1986.

Seven people are killed and another 41 injured (five of them critically) when a tractor-trailer truck collides with a second truck and a Greyhound bus on Interstate Highway 80 near Emory, Utah, during a heavy snowstorm

The International Tennis Federation names Steffi Graf as the women’s world champion for 1990 and, in a surprise, chooses Ivan Lendl as the men’s champion.

Three nuclear physicists, in a report to the House Armed Services Committee, warns that most U.S. nuclear weapons need safety modifications, particularly the Trident II (D5) submarine-launched ballistic missile. . . . The Strategic Air Command grounds all 97 B-1B strategic bombers because of recurring engine failures. . . . The federal government agrees to grant temporary legal status to an estimated 500,000 undocumented Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants, pending a review of their requests for political asylum.

The Justice Department brings civil racketeering charges against the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union and its Local 54 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, a union allegedly controlled by the Bruno-Scarfo family.

The National Transportation Safety Board states the Amtrak train in the Dec. 12 accident was traveling at about 110 mph shortly before the crash—10 mph over the speed limit on that section of track. . . . Iowa researchers find a majority of children who had high cholesterol levels in childhood achieve normal levels as adults.

British prime minister John Major makes his first trip to the U.S.

Don R. Dixon, former owner of Vernon Savings and Loan Association of Dallas, is convicted of 23 federal criminal charges by a jury in a Dallas federal court. . . . USX Corp. agrees to pay fines of $3.3 million to settle federal charges of health and safety violations at two Pennsylvania plants. The penalty is the largest in history for the Labor Department’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Amtrak suspends the two engineers of the train that crashed on Dec. 12 without pay pending the results of the Dec. 19 NTSB investigation, and it installs a new signal system that automatically slows any train approaching Back Bay Station.

According to Health and Services Secretary Louis W. Sullivan, a total of $604.1 billion was spent on health care in the U.S. in 1989—an average of $2,400 for each person in the country. . . . In Ohio, Gov. Richard Celeste grants clemency to 25 women convicted of killing men who abused them.

The U.S. suspends its $2.8 million military-aid program to Guatemala, citing Guatemala’s failure to curb human rights abuses. U.S. State Department officials state the primary cause of the suspension is the June slaying of a resident of Guatemala born in the U.S., Michael DeVine. . . . Since the Saudi government restricts the practice of religions other than Islam, the U.S. command starts instructing its troops to celebrate Christmas discreetly.

The House Select Committee on Intelligence closes a nine-monthold investigation into possible links between the CIA and savings-andloan fraud. . . . Former Sunbelt Savings Association Chairman Edwin T. McBirney pleads guilty to fraud charges in a Dallas federal court.

According to a study in Congressional Quarterly, only 46.8% of congressional votes on which Pres. Bush took a position were decided in his favor in 1990.

At a Camp David press conference, British prime minister John Major and Pres. Bush express solidarity in calling for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait and in backing NATO as the mainstay of the Western alliance.

The court-appointed monitor of the Teamsters Union, Frederick B. Lacey, recommends barring Teamsters vice president George Vitale from the union for five years.

A self-proclaimed white supremacist, Byron De La Beckwith, is charged for the third time with killing civil rights leader Medgar Evers in 1963. . . . . The Education Dept. announces a partial reversal of the controversial policy announced on Dec. 12. The revisions allow colleges that receive federal funds to award scholarships to minority students if the money for those scholarships comes from donations or federal programs to aid minority students. A federal grand jury indicts five Chicago political figures on corruption charges. . . . A National Institute on Drug Abuse survey finds casual drug use declined significantly over the past two years. Critics, however, take issue with the survey’s methods, and Sen. Joseph Biden (D, Del.) releases his own survey, which shows there is a total of 2.4 million hard-core cocaine or crack addicts in the U.S. . . . Health officials in Florida declare an end to the state’s worst encephalitis outbreak in nearly 30 years, which killed nine and infected 202.

Dec. 18

Dec. 19

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Dec. 21

Dec. 22

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

134—December 23–27, 1990

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Residents of the northern republic of Slovenia vote overwhelmingly in a referendum to have the republic secede from Yugoslavia should efforts at confederation fail. . . . The ruling Serbian Socialist Party retains power in Yugoslavia’s largest and most influential republic after final runoff elections. . . . The League of Communists of Montenegro, Yugoslavia’s smallest republic, remains in power following final runoff elections.

Dec. 23

The Soviet Congress of Peoples’ Deputies votes to endorse in principle the “draft concept” of Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev’s union treaty. The vote does not constitute an actual ratification of the treaty.

Dec. 24

The Cambodian government and the three rebel factions agree to most aspects of a UN plan for an end to the civil war, but they continue to squabble over several issues.

Israel’s Housing Minister Sharon announces plans to put up 2,500 new houses for Jewish settlers in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. . . . A Spanish TV station quotes Hussein as threatening that Tel Aviv will be Iraq’s first target in the event of war, regardless of whether Israel joins in an attack on Iraq. . . . Author Salman Rushdie issues a statement in which he embraces Islam and states he will oppose the paperback publication or any further translations of his novel The Satanic Verses.

Albania’s leading Roman Catholic activist, Father Simon Jubani, conducts the first Mass in Albania in 23 years.

Dec. 25

Dec. 26

Dec. 27

Asia & the Pacific

Suriname’s army seizes the nation’s government in a bloodless coup when civilian president Ramsewak Shankar and his cabinet surrender power at the army’s request to avoid bloodshed.

For two days the cyclone Joy batters the Australian state of Queensland, causing an estimated A$40 million worth of damage to coastal communities. . . . The U.S. warns Thailand that continued violations of U.S. copyrights in the country may result in retaliatory tariffs.

The government of the Netherlands, which ruled Suriname until 1975, denounces the Dec. 24 coup. The Dutch government orders a complete suspension of aid to Suriname, which totaled $28 million in 1989.

The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee holds a five-day meeting to discuss a five-year economic plan.

The Russian Federation’s parliament votes to withhold about 80% of its scheduled contribution to the 1991 Soviet central budget. . . . The commander of the Soviet Baltic Fleet warns that relations between the military and the Baltic republics are at a flashpoint. . . . Bonn’s Federal Crime Office reports that Soviet troops commit 20–30 crimes daily and that 15–30 soldiers desert weekly. . . . At a Workers’ Party conference, Albania’s president Ramiz Alia states the party “would deviate from many principles of socialism, correct many attitudes of the past, but does not intend to abandon its Marxist ideology.”

The U.S. orders 200 U.S. government dependents and nonessential personnel to leave Sudan and Jordan—two nations sympathetic toward Iraq in the current crisis— before Jan. 15. . . . Three members of the extremist Jewish Underground, Menachem Livni, Shaul Nir, and Uzi Sharbav, are released from prison after serving less than seven years for the murder of three Arabs and the maiming of two Palestinian mayors. . . . In Algiers, Parliament passes a law that forbids the use of foreign languages in Algeria. . . . Iranian spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei states that Iran’s death edict against Rushdie remains intact, despite Rushdie’s Dec. 24 retractions.

The north and northeastern coast of the Australian state of Queensland is declared a disaster area after winds up to 145 miles per hour and torrential rains tore roofs from houses, caused power outages and flooded highways.

Prior to closing the fourth Congress, Soviet deputies agree to place executive structures directly under the president. Gennady I. Yanayev becomes the vice president after a second ballot. . . . In response to the Dec. 26 Russian vote, Russian finance minister Fyodorov resigns, and Pres. Gorbachev warns, “This would mean the breakup not only of the economy, but of the Soviet Union.” . . . The IRA fires on a border crossing 20 minutes after the expiration of a 72-hour Christmas truce, the first in 16 years. . . . Reports confirm the first bank in Albania with foreign capital has opened.

Rebels from the United Somali Congress, one of three major groups seeking to oust Siad Barre, begin four days of fierce fighting with Siad Barre’s security forces, known as the red berets. . . . More than 100,000 people march to protest a law that forbids the use of foreign languages in Algeria. . . . The Israeli Supreme Court bars the deportations begun on Dec. 15 until the court completes deliberations on their legality. . . . Iraq test fires a surface-to-surface missile into a remote area in western Iraq.

The Swiss Federal Court rules that $350 million in Swiss bank accounts belonging to Philippine ex-president Ferdinand Marcos, which the Philippines claims Marcos stole from public funds, will be turned over to the government of the Philippines instead of to relatives of the late president.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

December 23–27, 1990—135

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Foy David Kohler, 82, U.S. State Department official who was the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union at the time of the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, dies of heart ailments in Jupiter, Florida.

Reports confirm that the top AIDS drug regulator for the FDA, Ellen Cooper, has resigned her post.

Dec. 23

The Pentagon restricts news coverage and even censors jokes of the Christmas shows performed for U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia, and Brooke Shields is kept from participating because she is a woman.

Dec. 24

Researchers at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons report that teenage suicide prevention programs may do more harm than good. The study finds little evidence that such programs reduce teen suicide attempts, while there is “some evidence” that they might stir up depressed feelings.

Dec. 25

The Census Bureau reports the 1990 census count as 249,632,692 people, 10.2% more than the 1980 census tally. The final tally, still subject to adjustment for undercount, is 3.8 million over August’s preliminary estimate. . . . Nancy Beth Cruzan, 33, comatose patient who was the focus of a nationwide debate concerning her parents’ efforts to have doctors remove the feeding tube that was sustaining her life, dies 12 days after the tube was removed with permission from a Missouri state court.

Joseph C. Wilson, the U.S. ambassador to Iraq, resumes contact with Iraqi officials, but no progress is reported.

The FDA announces that it will begin random testing in early 1991 to detect the presence of antibiotics and sulfa drugs in milk. . . . San Francisco becomes the first city in the U.S. to enact a law regulating the use of video display terminals (VDTs) in the workplace.

Following CIA warnings that Iraq has developed biological weapons, the Pentagon plans to begin vaccinating U.S. troops in the Persian Gulf. . . . Reports indicate that the SEC is conducting an informal investigation of whether General Dynamics and McDonnell Douglas made improper financial disclosures on the A-12 program. . . . The Soviet ambassador to Washington reassures Pres. Bush that there will be no major shifts in Soviet foreign policy in the wake of Shevardnadze’s Dec. 20 resignation.

The Senior Professional Baseball Association calls off its season midway through its schedule. The league, with a total of six teams in Florida, Arizona, and California, folds after the Fort Myers Sun Sox dropped out in a dispute between owners.

Massachusetts governor Michael S. Dukakis (D) signs into law a clean-air bill that sets some of the nation’s strictest standards for automobile emissions.

Dec. 26

Dec. 27

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

136—December 28–31, 1990

World Affairs

Africa & the Middle East

In the USSR, reports indicate that nearly one-third of Muscovite youths called for military service in the fall of 1990 failed to respond to their draft notices. . . . Reports show Albanian protesters arrested in mid-December riots received sentences of up to 20 years in prison. . . . Britain announces it will inoculate its soldiers in fear of biological weapons in the Persian Gulf.

Dec. 28

Dec. 29

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

Europe

Year-end data indicates that stock markets in the world’s financial centers generally declined between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31 in the face of international economic and political uncertainties.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Guatemala, police arrest 11 people and net 1.5 tons of cocaine worth $3.8 billion in its largest-ever drug raid. The U.S. embassy in Guatemala requests the extradition of three suspects. . . . The Canadian cabinet upholds a ruling that orders Canadian cable TV companies to pay more than C$50 million to U.S. movie producers and other foreign copyright holders for use of their material.

Indian prime minister Chandra Shekhar meets with radical Sikh leader Simranjit Singh Mann in an attempt to reach a settlement of the ongoing separatist conflict in Punjab state.

Polish president Lech Walesa nominates Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, a 39year-old economist, to succeed Tadeusz Mazowiecki as the nation’s premier.

In Israel, soldiers shoot and kill two masked men who refuse to submit to a search in the Rafa refugee district. Angry Palestinians pelt the soldiers with stones, killing two people. In the aftermath, tens of thousands of Arabs flood the streets. Some throw fire bombs at the Israeli soldiers. In the end, four are dead and at least 125 wounded. It is the worst violence in a single day there since the Oct. 8 Temple Mount killings.

Salvadoran rebels promise they will end their five-week military campaign and present new peace proposals on Dec. 31.

Japan’s prime minister Toshiki Kaifu announces sweeping changes in his cabinet by replacing 17 of 20 ministers. . . . The Times of London reports that China continues to send arms to the Khmer Rouge despite a September promise to cut off such aid.

In response to demands by Pres. Gorbachev, Moldavia backs down from a plan to form a special defense force in the republic and pledges to take steps to dissolve the renegade autonomous republics formed by ethnic Russians and the Gagauz. However, legislators refuse to pull back from the contention that Moldavia was illegally annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. . . . An Albanian official discloses that Albanian Jews will be allowed to emigrate. Separately, 3,000 Albanians begin to stream across the Greek border seeking political asylum.

In Somalia, the Dec. 27 uprising results in hundreds of deaths. . . . The Israeli government declares the Gaza Strip a closed military zone and put a curfew into effect in response to the Dec. 29 killings. . . . In a strongly worded New Year’s message broadcast on Iraqi TV, Saddam Hussein brands U.S. Pres. Bush and Saudi King Fahd as “traitors” to their religions.

In Argentina, Pres. Carlos Saúl Menem pardons eight military men and one civilian, including former ruling military junta members responsible for the 1970s “dirty war” against suspected leftists. . . . The New York Times reports that the Nicaraguan Sandinista-controlled army admitted that advanced weapons have recently been smuggled to FMLN rebels in El Salvador, but the operations have ceased.

The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee issues a communiqué that strongly reaffirms the socialist economic system and cautions against an overeagerness to embrace a market economy.

Reports suggest that Pres. Gorbachev has issued decrees to introduce a nationwide 5% sales tax and to establish a stabilization fund for enterprises threatened by economic reform. . . . Hungary’s National Assembly passes Premier Antall’s 1991 budget. . . . Faced with an influx of Albanian refugees, Greece appeals to ethnic Greeks to stay in Albania and wait for “the inevitable” democratization. Greek premier Constantine Mitsotakis announces that he plans to visit Albania in Jan. 1991, and the Greek Orthodox Church urges the Albanian government to allow priests to travel to Albania for the feast of Epiphany, a religious holiday.

Somali president Mohamed Siad Barre is forced to flee his palace in Mogadishu as rebels threaten to take over the city. . . . The Israeli air force attacks a PLO base near Sidon, killing 12 guerrillas. By Lebanese police count, the air strike raises the death toll from such attacks to 40, with 82 people wounded.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

December 28–31, 1990—137

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The speaker of the Texas House of Representatives, Gib Lewis, is indicted by an Austin, Texas, grand jury on two misdemeanor ethics charges.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Publisher’s Weekly lists The Plains of Passage by Jean M. Auel as the top bestseller of the year.

About 400 people attend ceremonies marking the 100th anniversary of the massacre of Indians at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Time magazine names Pres. Bush as its “Men of the Year.” The magazine claims it takes the unusual step of describing Bush as two men because of his successes in foreign affairs and his failures in domestic policy.

Dec. 28

Dec. 29

Vice President Dan Quayle begins a three-day trip to the Persian Gulf region.

The New York Times reports that federal government funding provided only 17% of state and local budgets compared with 25% during the 1970s.

In basketball, Scott Skiles of the Orlando Magic chalks up 30 assists, breaking the record of 29 set by Kevin Porter of the New Jersey Nets in 1978.

The Pentagon announces that five more U.S. troops died in separate incidents in the Persian Gulf. A total of 52 servicemen have been killed in and around Saudi Arabia since the start of Operation Desert Shield, most of them in accidents, such the ones occurring on Dec. 22 and Oct. 30.

The Dow Jones industrial average closes the year at 2633.66, down 119.54 points from the 1989 yearend level. . . . Analyses suggest that the U.S. dollar fell in value against major foreign currencies between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31. . . . The Rhode Island Share and Indemnity Fund Corp., which insures banks and credit unions, asks the state to name a conservator to take it over, essentially declaring itself insolvent.

Chess world champion titleholder Garry Kasparov of the Soviet Union wins the world championship match against his countryman Anatoly Karpov with a draw in the final meeting of their 24-game contest.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

1991 American air force F-15 fighters flying over a Kuwait oil field which has been set ablaze by retreating Iraqi troops during the Gulf War, 1991.

140—January–October 1991

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Vilnius, Lithuania, Soviet army troops kill 15 pro-independence protesters. The slayings draw international condemnations as well as many protests in the republics.

Iraq's National Assembly passes a resolution that calls on the nation to fight a “holy war” to defend the occupation of Kuwait.

In Haiti, an attempted takeover by Roger Lafontant prompts violent riots until loyalist forces crush the coup.

In China, leaders of the 1989 Tiananmen Square prodemocracy demonstrations are sentenced. A total of 66 of 71 protesters whose cases are complete are released, but the others face prison terms of between two and 10 years.

Pilots from 10 nations, including the U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain participate in air strikes against Iraqi targets.

In Albania, prodemocracy rallies begin, and the demonstrations turn into a serious of riots.

Iraq continues to launch Scud missiles at Israel.

At least 100 people die in Peru's first cholera epidemic in over 100 years.

The government of Premier Chatichai Choonhavan is ousted by the Thai military in a bloodless coup led by Gen. Sunthorn Kongsompong. The 1978 constitution is abolished, and martial law is imposed.

The Warsaw Pact formally disbands its military structure in Moscow; only its political arm, the Political Consultative Committee, is still in effect.

In Belgrade, 10,000 Serbian nationalists stage a pro-Milosevic rally, and the Serbian National Council, which represents ethnic Serbs in Croatia, declares an independent republic in the southwestern Krajina region of Croatia.

In Mali, violent protests and a coup attempt are staged against Pres. Moussa Traore.

Miguel Trovoada, an ex-premier and a former political exile, wins the first-ever free presidential elections in Sao Tome and Principe.

Afghan guerrillas seized the town of Khost after heavy fighting against government forces.

The government of Iraq accepts the terms for a permanent ceasefire stipulated in UN Security Council Resolution 687, bringing a formal end to the Persian Gulf war.

Turkey is beset by Kurdish refugees who are fleeing the conflict in Iraq.

Iraqi government forces drive Kurdish rebels out of the cities of Dahok, Erbil, and Zakho.

A powerful earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale shakes Costa Rica and the Caribbean coast of Panama. It is reported to be the worst earthquake to hit Costa Rica since 1910.

Thousands of people drown and millions are left homeless when a powerful cyclone strikes Bangladesh in the worst storm in that area since 1970.

Defense ministers of NATO approve a fundamental military restructuring of the alliance in the broadest reorganization in NATO's 42 years.

Yugoslavia appears to be in a state of civil war as fighting in Croatia escalates and the federal collective presidency breaks down.

Ethiopia's president, Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam, resigns and flees the country. Rebel soldiers take possession of the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa.

A prison takeover at the Tamaulipas state prison in Matamoros, Mexico, leaves 18 inmates dead.

Indian Congress (I) Party leader and former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated in Sriperumbudur. Violence erupts in Madras and at various locations in New Delhi as the news about Gandhi's assassination spreads.

At the Organization of African Unity's annual summit, representatives from 36 countries sign a treaty designed to create an African common market, similar to the EC, by the end of the century.

Norway's King Harald V formally ascends to the throne. He becomes the third king of modern Norway.

A new constitution for Rwanda is signed into effect by Pres. Juvenal Habyarimana.

Mudslides in the Chilean city of Antofagasta kill 116 people and wash away whole shantytowns.

Mt. Unzen, a Japanese volcano dormant for two centuries, erupts. The Mt. Pinatubo volcano, about 55 miles northwest of Manila, also erupts.

The Warsaw Pact, created in 1955, formally disbands. U.S. president Bush and Soviet president Gorbachev hold the first post–cold war superpower summit.

Soviet president Gorbachev and the heads of 10 of the 15 Soviet republics agree on disputed power-sharing provisions in the proposed union treaty.

In a referendum, Mauritanians vote overwhelmingly in favor of a new constitution that will widen their political freedom.

In a Haitian trial seen as a symbol of the death of Duvalierism, Roger Lafontant and 21 codefendants are convicted for a coup attempt.

Australia's Northern Territory awards the Chamberlains, the subjects of the 1988 film A Cry in the Dark, more than $A415,000 in damages for their wrongful conviction for killing their child.

A group of top Soviet hard-liners attempt a coup d'etat against Soviet president Gorbachev The move draws international condemnation before the rebellion is quashed.

Armenian guerrillas seize Soviet interior ministry troops in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in the republic of Azerbaijan.

In Togo, a national conference on democracy elects Joseph Kokou Koffigoh as premier of an interim government, thereby ending an autocratic rule in Togo begun in 1967, one of Africa's longest.

The provincial government of Ontario signs a formal agreement with Indian leaders which declares that native groups have an inherent right to self-government. Ontario thus becomes the first government in Canada to recognize a native right to self-government.

For the first time, the Hanoi government allows U.S. investigators to visit a Vietnamese former camp in search of evidence of MIAs.

UN delegates formally vote to admit seven countries: North Korea, South Korea, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and the three newly independent Baltic states–Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

The Yugoslav federal military launches a massive armored offensive into the republic of Croatia.

South African president F. W. de Klerk outlines his government's proposals for a new constitution that will provide suffrage to the country's black majority for the first time in modern history.

Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti's first freely elected president, is overthrown in a coup d'etat led by Brigadier General Raoul Cédras.

Political parties that favor expanded democracy for Hong Kong win 16 of the 18 seats contested in the colony's first direct elections in 150 years of British rule.

In its largest and most ambitious mission ever, the UN will oversee a peace treaty between the four factions warring for control of Cambodia since 1978 as they try to share power.

In Great Britain, a panel of five law lords rule that rape can occur in marriage, formally reversing 225 years of legal precedent.

Violence erupts in major cities in Zaire.

In Brazil, president Fernando Collor de Mello designates 71 areas as legal Indian territories.

An earthquake strikes the Himalayan foothills of northern India, killing at least 360 people and injuring 2,000 others.

World Affairs

Europe

An international force led by the U.S. launches air and missile attacks on Iraq and Iraqi-occupied Kuwait.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January–October 1991—141

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Utah governor Norman Bangerter (R) signs one of the most repressive abortion laws in the U.S.

When 11 Marines are killed near the Kuwaiti border, they become the first U.S. troops to die in the ground war.

The Commerce Department reports that the U.S. gross national product declined at a 2.1% annual rate in the fourth quarter of 1990. After adjusting for inflation, in all of 1990 the U.S. economy grew 0.9%, the lowest yearly growth since 1982.

Two private medical groups announce that they will establish an advisory board to monitor embryo and fetal tissue research.

British billionaire Richard Branson and his Swedish copilot become the first people to cross the Pacific Ocean in a hot-air balloon.

Maryland governor William D. Schaefer (D) signs into law one of the most liberal abortion bills in the U.S. The measure is designed to protect a woman's ability to obtain a legal abortion, even if the Supreme Court is to overturn its 1973 Roe v. Wade decision.

Pres. Bush signs into law a bill that will compensate Vietnam veterans who had been exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange.

Lynn Martin is confirmed by the Senate and sworn in as secretary of labor.

A study suggests that individuals infected with HIV who take the antiviral drug AZT before they develop symptoms of AIDS may live no longer than those who begin taking AZT once they develop symptoms.

The handwritten manuscript to the first half of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is found by a 62-year-old librarian in a trunk she inherited from her grandfather.

A videotape shows California Highway patrolmen beating black motorist Rodney King after a car chase.

Data suggests that 170 Cubans fled to southern Florida in homemade rafts in the first three months of 1991. That is more than twice the amount of rafters who arrived in the U.S. in the first three months of 1990.

Exxon Corp. agrees to plead guilty to four misdemeanor environmental charges and to pay a $100 million fine, the largest-ever fine for polluting, over charges arising from the Exxon Valdez spill.

At least 23 people are killed in a series of violent thunderstorms across Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas.

Violence breaks out at the premier of film New Jack City in New York; Los Angles; Las Vegas; Boston; and Sayreville, New Jersey.

William Kennedy Smith, 30, a nephew of Sen. Edward Kennedy (D, Mass.), is formally identified by police as the suspect in an alleged rape at the Kennedy family's vacation estate in Palm Beach, Florida.

In a White House ceremony, Pres. Bush awards a posthumous Medal of Honor to a World War I soldier, army corporal Freddie Stowers, making Stowers the first black American to receive the honor for duty in either World War I or World War II.

The minimum hourly wage rises 45 cents, to $4.25 from $3.80 per hour, and the so-called training wage, a lower minimum wage for teenagers, increases to $3.62 per hour from $3.35.

The crew of the space shuttle Atlantis releases the $617 million, 17-ton Gamma Ray Observatory into an orbit about 280 miles above Earth. It is the heaviest scientific payload ever carried aboard the shuttle.

The National Conference of Christians and Jews elects Maryann Bishop Coffey as its cochair. She is the first woman and the first black to hold the position.

Riots erupt in the largely Hispanic neighborhood of Mount Pleasant in Washington, D.C., after a police officer shoots a Hispanic man. The rioting is described as the worst in the nation's capital since the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968.

In a controversial move, Pres. Bush states he will renew most-favorednation trade status for China.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission authorizes the restart of a reactor at the Browns Ferry nuclear power plant near Athens, Alabama. The facility has been closed since 1985, marking the longest shutdown in the history of U.S. commercial atomic power.

A memorial to dead American astronauts is dedicated at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The Smithsonian Institution's board of regents unanimously approves the creation of a National African American Museum.

Justice Thurgood Marshall, the first black American to sit on the Supreme Court, announces his retirement after 24 years of service.

In NYC, 18,000 troops, including some 6,000 veterans of earlier U.S. wars, are given a traditional tickertape parade.

Mayor Mary C. Moran (R) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, files for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection for the city. Bridgeport, Connecticut's largest city, is reported to be the largest U.S. city to have filed for bankruptcy.

NASA reveals that the U.S.'s next series of weather satellites, currently under development, contains serious flaws that may affect the nation's ability to obtain vital readings. NASA states it is considering several emergency plans.

An original copy of the Declaration of Independence sells for $2.42 million at Sotheby's. The price is reported to be the highest ever paid for a piece of printed Americana.

Police in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, arrest serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer and discover human heads, boxes of body parts, a barrel of acid, and photographs of mutilated bodies in his apartment.

Pres. Bush lifts U.S. trade and investment sanctions against South Africa in place since 1986.

Senators vote to increase their salaries to $125,100, a $23,200 raise. The Senate also votes to bar acceptance of speaking fees by its members.

Scientists note that the volume of ice in the Arctic Ocean declined by 2% between 1978 and 1987.

A contestant from the Miss Black America beauty pageant charges that former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson raped her in Indianapolis.

In Brooklyn, a car driven by a Hasidic Jewish driver strikes and kills Gavin Cato, a seven-year-old black boy from Guyana. The incident touches off rioting.

The Defense Department discloses that nearly 24% of U.S. combat deaths in the Persian Gulf war were the result of friendly fire.

The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the fiscal 1992 federal budget deficit will reach a record $362 billion, $70 billion higher than previous CBO estimates and $13.7 billion higher than the Bush administration's most recent forecast.

Hurricane Bob, the first major hurricane of the 1991 season, tears up the eastern seaboard, causing 16 deaths and more than $1 billion in property damage.

Disgraced television evangelist Jim Bakker wins a reduction in his 45year prison sentence to 18 years for fraud.

Ed Pastor (D) becomes the first Hispanic elected to Congress by Arizona.

For the first time since 1957, the U.S. has no long-range bombers in a state of nuclear-attack readiness.

About 2,000 gallons of radioactive coolant water escape into a larger water system at the Seabrook, New Hampshire, nuclear power plant.

Four men and four women seal themselves in “Biosphere II,” a giant glass-and-steel greenhouse in Oracle, Arizona.

The International Olympic Committee admits the Baltic states of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania into the Olympic movement.

Anita Hill publicly accuses Supreme Court nominee Judge Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment. The charge sparks an emotional and contentious national debate, and, after one of the most bitter and divisive confirmation battles in the 202year history of the Supreme Court, the Senate confirms Thomas as the court's 106th associate justice in the closest vote for a Supreme Court justice in the 20th century.

A federal judge in Alexandria, Va., sentences Melvyn R. Paisley, a former Navy assistant secretary, to four years in prison and fines him $50,000 for his role in the Pentagon procurement scandal.

A federal judge approves a settlement between Exxon Corp., the Alaskan government, and the Justice Department over criminal charges arising from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The settlement calls upon Exxon to pay a total of $1.025 billion in fines and restitution payments through the year 2001.

The first fetus-to-fetus tissue transplant shows initial signs of success.

The number of cassette tapes sold throughout the world has declined in 1990 for the first time since they were introduced in 1965.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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142—November–December 1991

Nov.

Dec.

World Affairs

Europe

Representatives of Israel, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestinians of the Israeli-occupied territories close a Middle East peace conference sponsored by the Soviet Union and the U.S. in Madrid, Spain. It is the first peace conference to draw all the major parties in the Middle East conflict to one table for comprehensive talks.

Voters in the republic of Tadzhikistan elect Rakhman Nabiyev president in the first popular election for the post.

The Soviet Union, formed in 1922, officially disbands and is replaced by a Commonwealth of Independent States made up of 11 of the 12 former Soviet republics.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, who did more than any other figure to end the Cold War, to curb the arms race and to put the Soviet Union on the road to democracy, announces his immediate resignation.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Fighting breaks out in Somalia's already devastated capital between fighters loyal to interim president Ali Mahdi and to Gen. Mohammed Farah Haideed.

Police in Nicaragua seize more than 1,500 pounds of cocaine in the largest such seizure in Nicaraguan history.

Hong Kong authorities reinitiate a controversial program of forced repatriation of Vietnamese refugees advocated by the British government.

The fundamentalist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) of Algeria takes a majority of seats in the first free parliamentary elections.

Canada reaches an agreement with Inuit leaders that will lead to the creation of a new Canadian territory from the current Northwest Territories to be called Nunavut. The Inuit will be given ownership of a 135,000-square-mile area within Nunavut, making them the largest landowners in North America.

In Myanmar, students stage demonstrations to demand the freedom of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who recently won the Nobel Peace Prize and has been under house arrest since 1989.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

November–December 1991—143

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

President Bush signs the Civil Rights Act of 1991.

Rear Admiral John Snyder, implicated in the sexual-harassment Tailhook scandal, is relieved of duty.

EPA director William K. Reilly warns that about 74 million U.S. citizens live in urban areas where air quality fails to meet federal standards.

California scientists isolate “stem cells” whose divisions give rise to all the red and white blood cells in the body.

The Biblical Archeology Society of New York announces that it will publish a “facsimile edition” of the previously unpublished sections of the Dead Sea scrolls.

A California District Court of Appeal strikes down a Los Angeles law that makes parents responsible for their children's criminal activities.

Terry A. Anderson, the longest-held Western hostage in Lebanon, is freed after 2,454 days in captivity. He is the last of 17 Americans held captive in Lebanon between Mar. 1984 and Dec. 1991 to be freed.

President Bush signs legislation giving long-term unemployed workers in all states a minimum of 13 weeks of extended benefits.

Reports show that scientists synthesized the polio virus in the laboratory, marking the first time that a virus has been created outside living cells.

The gun used by Jack Ruby to kill accused presidential assassin Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963 is auctioned for $200,000.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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144—January 1–5, 1991

Jan. 1

Jan. 2

Jan. 3

Jan. 4

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), the Soviet-led trading bloc, begin making trade payments in hard (convertible) currencies, breaking the organization's bonds with the inconvertible Soviet ruble. . . . An exchange of New Year's greetings taped by U.S. president Bush and Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev are broadcast in the USSR and the U.S.A.

Albanian president Ramiz Alia vows that national elections will be “completely free and democratic, pluralist and secret.” . . . The Times of London reports that, in Romania, 1 million abortions were performed in 1990 since contraceptives, illegal during the Ceausescu regime, are still difficult to find in the country. . . . David (Daithi O Conaill) O'Connell, 53, reputed chief of staff of the IRA during the 1970s, dies of unreported causes in Dublin.

Jordan moves most of its 80,000 troops into defensive positions facing the Israeli border.

The goods-and-services tax goes into effect in Canada. . . . The Nicaraguan army announces four Sandinista army officers and 11 Salvadorans were arrested for selling antiaircraft missiles to Salvadoran rebels. . . . In Colombia, FARC kills five policemen when rebels attack an oil pipeline. They claim the violence is in response to a Dec. 1990 government offensive against the rebel group. . . . In Canada, the Manitoba Nurses Union strikes over wages.

NATO announces that more than 40 German, Belgian, and Italian jet fighters will be sent to Turkey to bolster defenses along the TurkishIraqi border. It is the first time that the Federal Republic of Germany deploys forces outside its territory. . . . The EC issues a call for a ceasefire in Somalia.

Elite Soviet interior-ministry troops seize the central printing plant in Riga, Latvia, and the Communist Party headquarters in Vilnius, Lithuania. About 10,000 Latvians protest the seizure with a demonstration in front of the republic's CP headquarters. . . . Britain's most wanted terrorist suspect, Patrick Sheehy, is found dead in the street in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland, with a single gunshot wound to the head and a gun lying next to him.

People who fled Somalia tell of rocket fire, indiscriminate shooting by government troops and streets in Mogadishu littered with bodies. Unconfirmed estimates of civilian and combatant deaths range up to 1,000. Pres. Mohammed Siad Barre calls for a cease-fire. . . Iranian foreign minister Ali Akbar Velayati states that should a war break out in the Persian Gulf, Iran will remain neutral, reversing remarks made by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

Three U.S. Army servicemen die when Salvadoran rebels shoot down their helicopter in El Salvador. Photographic and forensic evidence suggests Pfc. Earnest Dawson and Lt. Col. David Pickett were executed by rebels after the crash. The third, Chief Warrant Officer Daniel Scott, is assumed to have died from the crash. . . . In Colombia, FARC kills at least 12 people when rebels attack a truck carrying narcotics police troops.

UN General Assembly president Guido de Marco has “a frank exchange of views” with Israeli Foreign Minister David Levy in Jerusalem, but cancels a tour of a Gaza Strip refugee camp because of fighting between stone-throwing demonstrators and soldiers. De Marco's visit to Israel is the first by a UN official since the Temple Mount killings in Oct. 1990.

Turkish workers hold the first general strike since 1980. . . . The British government announces its expulsion of seven Iraqi diplomats and 68 other Iraqis. . . . Israel opens a consulate in Moscow, the first Israeli diplomatic facility in the USSR in 23 years. . . . The Soviet military chief of staff, Gen. Moiseyev, meets with Latvian president Anatolijs Gorbunovs in Moscow to discuss an easing of tensions in the Baltics. . . . The heads of Bulgaria's 15 political parties and the nation's top labor federation sign a political accord aimed at a “peaceful transition to a democratic society.”

The leaders of Egypt, Syria, Libya, and the Sudan meet in Libya for talks related to the Persian Gulf crisis. . . . Reports indicate that proposals from the Egyptian government for informal peace talks between Somalia's president and rebels has been rejected. . . . Pan American World Airways announces that it is suspending flights to Israel and Saudi Arabia because of the soaring price of war-risk insurance.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of the Palestinians in the occupied territories. . . . The EC pledges to support the U.S. position on the Persian Gulf crisis.

Jan Krzysztof Bielecki is confirmed as Poland's new premier by the lower house of parliament, the Sejm. . . . The Soviet military chief of staff, Gen. Moiseyev, pledges that no more soldiers will be based in the volatile Baltic region.

Reports find that rebels in Somalia have taken key areas of Mogadishu and that the Somali army, which normally numbers 65,000 shrank to 10,000 after a rash of desertions. . . . An Arab bus driver is shot dead after his bus collides with a car driven by an Israeli woman and kills her. Palestinians claim the man was shot defending himself while Israelis state the driver purposely hit the car.

Reports state that the ruling Albanian Workers' (Communist) Party has issued a political manifesto that pledges “nonstop” democratic reform, economic liberalization and an expansion of public services.

Italy, a former colonial power in Somalia, retrieves more than 200 people from Mogadishu while the U.S. evacuates 61 people, including 23 U.S. citizens. . . . Israeli soldiers kill a 12-year-old boy after they open fire on Palestinian stonethrowers in the occupied West Bank. Separately, 14 Arabs are injured in a clash on the Gaza Strip. . . . Sir Mudah Hassanal Bolkiah, the sultan of Brunei, releases six political prisoners detained since a 1962 abortive revolt.

Jan. 5

The Americas

The FMLN denies executing the U.S. soldiers whose plane crashed in El Salvador on Jan. 2 and state the crew died on impact.

Asia & the Pacific

Reports indicate that Japan's single team in Saudi Arabia has returned home since most of the Japanese oppose any involvement in the gulf effort other than financial support.

The Chinese government announces that seven people accused of conspiring against the Chinese state because of their participation in prodemocracy demonstrations in 1989 were given relatively lenient sentences of between two and four years in jail. The sentences are viewed as an attempt to mollify international human rights groups and foreign governments.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 1–5, 1991—145

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

A law that requires pharmaceutical companies to give Medicaid programs the same discounts for drugs that they give to other big customers goes into effect.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Rhode Island's newly inaugurated governor, Bruce G. Sundlun (D), orders the closing of 45 privately insured credit unions and small banks in the state after their private insurer, Rhode Island Share and Indemnity Fund Corp., became insolvent on Dec. 31, 1990.

The FDA approves a new drug, erythropoietin, to treat anemia in people with AIDS who are taking AZT. . . . A study finds that second-time Caesarean sections are linked to economic factors and not solely to a woman's medical condition. . . . Darlene Johnson, who pleaded guilty to child abuse, is ordered by a State Superior Court judge to receive an implant of the recently approved birth-control device Norplant, as part of her plea bargain arrangement. . . Newly elected California governor Pete Wilson (R) appoints John Seymour (R) to replace him in the U.S. Senate.

Reports confirm that the Pentagon has imposed physical-fitness standards and tests on U.S. journalists who wish to join the combat press pools in the gulf region. . . . Senator-elect Paul Wellstone (D, Minn.) takes flowers to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and makes a tearful plea against a Persian Gulf war.

Bush administration officials recommend Lawrence B. Lindsey to fill a vacancy on the Federal Reserve Board. . . . Michael J. Boskin, chairman of the president's Council of Economic Advisers, acknowledges the U.S. probably entered a recession in the fourth quarter of 1990 in the first admission from the White House that an economic contraction is under way. . . . Most of the largest U.S. banks lower their prime lending rates to 9.5% from 10%.

The 102nd Congress convenes with the Democratic Party holding wider majorities in each house than it had in the 101st Congress, which adjourned in Dec. 1990. . . . On a straight party-line vote, the House passes a measure to strip from the White House's Office of Management and Budget the power to rule whether new tax or spending measures violate the 1990 deficitcutting agreement. Under the bill, that responsibility will be taken over by the Congressional Budget Office.

Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell (D, Maine) tells Pres. Bush that the constitution requires congressional approval before U.S. troops can be ordered into combat. He also refuses to back a resolution giving Bush unconditional authority to take military action against Iraq.. . . Reports state the Czechoslovak embassy in Washington, D.C., will no longer act as a diplomatic buffer between Cuba and the U.S. . . . Reports confirm that Health Secretary Louis Sullivan removed AIDS from a list of diseases that can prevent infected travelers from entering the U.S.

OSHA announces that Arco Chemical Co. agreed to pay a fine of $3.48 million for federal safety violations related to a July 1990 explosion at a Texas petrochemical plant. The fine is the largest ever levied by OSHA. . . . Reports state that the National Governors' Association found that 28 states face potential budget shortfalls. . . . In Rhode Island, 22 of the 45 credit unions that closed Jan. 1 are granted membership in the National Credit Union Administration, the federal government's insurance fund for such institutions.

The Sentencing Project, an advocacy group, finds that the U.S. has more people in jail compared with its total population than any other country in the world. . . . The Daily News files a $1 million lawsuit against rival New York tabloid Newsday. The suit charges that Newsday “willfully induced” two home-delivery companies in Queens to deliver Newsday to subscribers of The Daily News.

The Bush administration announces that it is postponing the sale of approximately $13 billion in advanced weaponry to Saudi Arabia until the Persian Gulf crisis ends.

The Energy Department announces it is transferring to the Health Department its program for studying the effects of radiation on workers in the nuclear weapons industry. . . . The Postal Rate Commission approves a four-cent increase in the price of a first-class stamp, bringing the cost to 29 cents. . . . The Labor Department reports that the unemployment rate ended 1990 at a three-year high of 6.1%.

Jan. 1

For the first time since after the 1978 season, the two final major college football polls choose different teams for the top ranking. The AP ranks Colorado number one, while UPI gives the top spot to Georgia Tech.

A group of aviation historians announce that they have uncovered a clue to the 1937 disappearance of aviator Amelia Earhart. The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery state a 1989 expedition found a box on the Pacific island of Nikumaroro that is believed to have been a navigator's bookcase on Earhart's plane. Richard Gillespie, director of the research group, argues that it is likely Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, died of thirst.

Lucius Benjamin (Luke) Appling, 83, star shortstop with Major League Baseball's Chicago White Sox from 1930 to 1950, dies of an abdominal aneurysm in Cummings, Georgia.

The NEA reverses itself and agrees to award grants to two controversial performance artists, Karen Finley and Holly Hughes, whose work often addresses sexual issues. The two had been denied grants in 1990, even though they were recommended by an NEA review panel.

Reports show that the eight largest city governments all face budget shortfalls for 1991. The largest city government without a budget gap is Houston. The top-20 city government with the largest shortfall by percentage is San Diego, with a $60 million deficit on a $455 million budget, or 13.2%.

Jan. 2

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Jan. 5

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

146—January 6–10, 1991

World Affairs

Jan. 8

Jan. 9

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Germany sends 18 Alpha fighter jets to join the NATO's deployment in Turkey. . . . Marko Nikezic, 69, leading liberal Serbian politician in Yugoslavia in the post–World War II era who served as the nation's foreign minister, 1965-68, and as head of the Serbian Communist Party, dies of intestinal cancer in Belgrade. . . . British prime minister John Major embarks on a tour of the Middle East.

The Israeli air force attacks a PLO base in southern Lebanon, killing one guerrilla and wounding six. . . . South African Airways, Cyprus Airways, and the Polish airline, Lot, suspend flights to and from Israel.

Roger Lafontant, a former head of the Tonton Macoutes, the private militia of the deposed Duvalier family dictatorships, leads armed supporters in the seizure of Haiti's presidential palace. . . . Jorge Serrano Elías, an engineer and educator, is elected president of Guatemala in a runoff vote.

The UN advises nonessential personnel to leave Israel immediately. . . . Reports show that the executive committee of Comecon, the Soviet-led trading bloc, agreed to transform the organization into a purely coordinating body. . . . The IMF announces a $1.8 billion loan to Czechoslovakia, the largest loan by the IMF to any Eastern European nation since the collapse of communism in that area.

Albania plans to release 200 political prisoners. . . Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev invalidates Georgia's Dec. 1990 annexation of South Ossetia. . . . The Soviet defense ministry plans to send the army to seven republics to round up draft dodgers and to enforce military conscription. . . . Reports indicate that Albanian border guards fired on hundreds of Albanians attempting to cross into Yugoslavia without passports, injuring four.

Lebanon's largest Christian militia, the Gagea-led LF, announces it will block the peace process if its demands for joining the new government are not met. . . . In South Africa, test results show the worst scores in the recorded history of black-segregated education. . . . In Israel, the defense ministry announces that it will distribute an additional 1 million gas masks to residents in rural areas.

Responding to news of the Jan. 6 coup in Haiti, riots begin that last two days. Thousands of supporters of president-elect Jean-Bertrand Aristide burn barricades, block access to the airport and destroy the headquarters of Lafontant's party. Many Lafontant supporters are hacked to death with machetes or burned with gasoline-filled tires around their necks. Loyalist army forces then crush the coup.

Belize and Guyana become the 34th and 35th members of the Organization of American States.

One person is killed and 248 are injured when a commuter train crashes in London. . . . In response to the Soviet Union’s Jan. 7 plan, the Latvian parliament passes a resolution condemning the plan as a Soviet “invasion.” Lithuania's Supreme Council passes a resolution asserting the deployment will violate the laws of the “sovereign Lithuanian republic,” the Soviet Union, and international conventions. However, troops begin taking up key positions in Vilnius. . . . The premier of Lithuania, Kazimiera Prunskiene, resigns along with her entire cabinet.

Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak warns Israel to keep out of the Persian Gulf conflict or it will take a different position. . . . Reports show the emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel slowed considerably. . . . Israel deports from the occupied Gaza Strip four Palestinians said to part of a militant Islamic organization. . . . Four Belgians held in captivity in Lebanon for over three years are reportedly freed by the Abu Nidal group.

The prosecutors in the case against Salvadoran soldiers accused of slaying six Jesuit priests and two women in 1989 resign, claiming Salvadoran armed forces prevented their investigation. . . . In Canada, a group of Mohawk Indians armed with baseball bats and metal bars clash with 150 Quebec police officers on the Kahnawake Reserve near Montreal.

After nearly of a month of negotiation, U.S. secretary of state James Baker and Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz meet in Geneva, Switzerland, but fail to reach any agreement that will forestall war between Iraq and a U.S.-led multinational force in the Persian Gulf. . . . A UN agency reports that drug abuse in many areas of the world appears to be on the rise. . . . Jacques Poos, president of the EC's Council of Ministers, renews an invitation to Iraqi foreign minister Aziz to hold talks on the Persian Gulf crisis.

Georgia's parliament votes to disregard the Jan. 7 directive and warns that any effort to enforce the Soviet decree will be “an effective declaration of war.” . . . Pres. François Mitterrand pledges that France will continue to seek a peaceful settlement in the Persian Gulf until midnight Jan. 15. . . . In Yugoslavia, the presidency authorizes the Yugoslav army to disarm all “illegal armed units” in its six republics. . . . Reports indicate that Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin have reached agreement on Russia's contribution to the 1991 Soviet central budget.

A few black students are admitted for the first time to formerly allwhite public schools in South Africa. . . . Jordan closes its border with Iraq since it will not be able to handle another flood of refugees. . . . Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz states that if war breaks out Iraq will strike Israel. . . . Israeli foreign minister David Levy meets with a 25-member U.S. congressional delegation in Jerusalem and urges a U.S. strike on Iraq, even if Iraqi troops withdraw from Kuwait.

Reports suggest that riots set off by the Jan. 6 coup in Haiti have left 70 people dead and destroyed an historic cathedral in Port-au-Prince. President-elect Aristide criticizes mob rampages against the Roman Catholic Church, but he encourages people to seek out Duvalier supporters. . . . Reports suggest the government of president Violeta Barrios de Chamorro defended Nicaragua's military commander in the alleged sale of missiles to Salvadoran rebels. . . . Salvadoran rebels announce they are holding two troops in the alleged Jan. 2 execution of two U.S. soldiers.

Soviet president Gorbachev warns Lithuania to “immediately” adhere to Soviet central authority, but Lithuanian president Vytantas Landsbergis rejects the message. Independence backers show support, but supporters of the central government launch a series of strikes. . . . In Germany, it is reported that an antiterrorist squad raided the homes of several Arabs, and arrested two people. . . . French foreign minister Ronald Dumas urges 30,000 French citizens to leave the Persian Gulf region.

Britain's ambassador to Iraq leaves Baghdad, and most Western embassies close or are in the process of closing. . . . The Israeli defense ministry warns citizens that they should prepare for an Iraqi attack. . . . A South African newspaper reports that the younger son of South African president F. W. de Klerk is engaged to a woman of mixed race, Erica Adams. . . . U.S. president Bush asks Israeli prime minister Shamir to stay out of the Persian Gulf conflict.

Jan. 6

Jan. 7

Europe

Jan. 10

Asia & the Pacific

At the end of talks between Japanese president Toshiki Kaifu and South Korean president Roh Tae Woo in Seoul, Kaifu announces that his nation will no longer require ethnic Koreans who live in Japan to be fingerprinted.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 6–10, 1991—147

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Secretary of State James Baker calls for the resumption of unrestricted military aid to El Salvador. . . . Reports show that the U.S. is preparing to protect frontline troops against biological warfare in the Persian Gulf.

The IRS finds that more than 2 million Americans may have improperly claimed a child-care deduction on their 1988 taxes. Another tax-law change caused 7 million children to “disappear” from tax rolls. . . . Federal regulators take control of Bank of New England Corp., declare three subsidiaries insolvent, and pledge to fully insure the institution's depositors. The cost of the government bailout is estimated at $2.3 billion.

The White House announces the selection of Agriculture Secretary Clayton Yeutter to head the Republican National Committee, succeeding Lee Atwater.

The State Department announces it will hold Pres. Saddam Hussein responsible for any Iraqi-sponsored terrorist attacks. The FBI orders the interview of more than 200 ArabAmerican business and community leaders about possible terrorism. . . . Defense Secretary Dick Cheney cancels the Navy A-12 Stealth attack-plane project. It is the most expensive weapons program ever eliminated by the Pentagon.

Standard and Poor’s (S&P) announces that it made a record number, 768, of corporate credit downgradings in 1990. . . . EaglePicher Industries Inc. files for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the U.S. bankruptcy code. The filing puts an end to an effort to consolidate all asbestos-related injury claims against the company into one class-action lawsuit.

A nationwide survey sponsored by the National Science Foundation finds that white Americans continue to hold negative stereotypes of blacks and Hispanics. . . . The Supreme Court rules that convicted prisoners called to testify as witnesses in federal court have to be paid the same fee as other federal witnesses. . . The Supreme Court rules that taxpayers who sincerely believe that federal incometax laws do not apply to them cannot be convicted of tax evasion, because tax laws require “willful” conduct.

Pres. Bush asks Congress to approve a resolution authorizing the use of “all necessary means” to drive Iraq out of Kuwait, the first request made by a president for congressional backing of military action since Aug. 7, 1964. . . . Officials announce two men and a woman serving in Operation Desert Shield died in separate incidents, raising the death toll to 98. Two deaths were accidents, and the third was a suicide.

OTS officials ask to bar Neil Bush from a role in any financial institution that receives government insurance until he shows an understanding of conflict of interest. The penalty is harsher than the ceaseand-desist order recommended in Dec. 1990. . . . Pan American World Airways files Chapter 11. . . . White House figures indicate that the budget deficit for fiscal 1991 will be between $300 and $325 billion, up from a Sept. 1990 projection of $254 billion. . . . The Federal Reserve loosens monetary policy for the sixth time since July 1990.

Steve Clark, 30, guitarist for the heavy-metal rock group Def Leppard, is found dead in London. . . . Hungary's Tamas Darnyi sets a world record by winning the 400 meter individual medley in 4:12.36 in the World Swimming and Diving Championships.

Two NYC teenagers are sentenced in the 1989 rape and beating of a jogger in Central Park. Kevin Richardson, 16, receives a sentence of five to 10 years—the maximum possible since he was a juvenile at the time of the crime. Kharey Wise, 18, who is sentenced as an adult, receives a sentence of five to 15 years. . . . Deborah J. Glick is sworn in as the first openly homosexual state legislator in New York.

President Bush reaffirms the military's powers to divert transportation resources, construction supplies, food, and other materials from civilian use to military use in case of war. . . . The Defense Department approves strict regulations on press coverage of U.S. combat in the Persian Gulf, sparking controversy. . . . The Defense Department announces plans to ask for emergency authority to keep reservists in the military for as long as two years. . . . According to a poll, 86% of respondents believe war with Iraq is inevitable.

A jury in Chicago convicts eight commodities traders from the Chicago Board of Trade of racketeering. . . . Stock prices plunge 39.11 points on the news of the failure of the Baker-Aziz talks.

A District Court judge in L.A. rules that a NEA antiobscenity pledge adopted by Congress in 1989 is unconstitutional. . . . The Roman Catholic archbishop of Milwaukee, Rembert Weakland, states he is willing to ordain married men to the priesthood in an effort to combat a shortage of priests in the U.S.

Congress opens debate over whether to authorize president Bush to use military force against Iraq. . . . Ohio governor Richard Celeste (D) commutes death sentences to life imprisonment for eight prisoners, including all four women on Ohio's death row. . . . The Census Bureau reports that white households average eight times the net worth of Hispanic households and 10 times the net worth of black households.

Several journalists are reported to have sent letters of complaint about the Jan. 9 press regulations to Cheney. . . . Nine union presidents publish an open letter opposing war against Iraq. . . . Pres. Bush sends a letter to 460 college newspapers asking students to support his Persian Gulf policy. . . . The Justice Department orders INS officials to begin photographing and fingerprinting anyone entering the U.S. with an Iraqi or a Kuwaiti passport.

The Dow Jones rebounds 28.46 to close at 2498.76, down 134.10 points, or more than 5%, for the year.

The National Society of Film Critics select Martin Scorsese's Goodfellas as the best film of 1990. Scorsese is named best director. Jeremy Irons is chosen as best actor, and Anjelica Huston is named best actress. . . . Tom Kite wins the Tournament of Champions in Carlsbad, California the opening event of the 1991 PGA tour.

Two private medical groups, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Fertility Society, announce that they will establish an advisory board to monitor embryo and fetal tissue research.

The Supreme Court refuses to hear a challenge to the National Football League's free-agency system, ended an antitrust suit against the league by the NFL Players Association.

According to analyses by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies and the British Meteorological Office, average surface temperatures around the globe in 1990 were higher than in any year since records were first kept in the 19th century.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

148—January 11–15, 1991

Jan. 11

Europe

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein addresses an international Islamic conference in Baghdad, where he states that he is preparing for a holy war against the U.S.-led alliance. . . . The Mexican government and the presidents of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica agree to negotiate bilateral free-trade agreements with Mexico and to integrate their countries' economies gradually over the next six years.

Reports state that Gostelradio, the Soviet telecommunications agency, has shut down Moscow's independent Interfax news service and suspended a nonconformist TV news program. . . . In Lithuania, Soviet troops seize two buildings and injure seven people. . . . A Lithuanian politician announces the creation of the “National Salvation Committee” which has a purpose to replace the republic's pro-independence elected leadership.

In Lebanon, Walid Jumblat, the leader of the Druse militia, quits the national unity cabinet. . . . Prince Bandar bin Sultan, the Saudi ambassador to the U.S., states that Saudi Arabia will pay up to 50% of U.S. costs in a war against Iraq.

An estimated 200,000 Germans protest war in the Persian Gulf. Crowds estimated in the tens of thousands march in Paris, London, and Rome as well. . . . In response to the Jan. 8 release of Belgian hostages, Belgium frees a Palestinian guerrilla linked to Abu Nidal's terrorist Fatah Revolutionary Council, Said Nasser, who was sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment after killing a Jewish child in a 1980 grenade attack.

Gunmen open fire on 300 South Africans attending an all-night funeral vigil in Sebokeng. At least 35 people are killed and 40 injured. Police arrest 10 suspects. . . . Syrian president Hafez al-Assad calls on Iraqi president Hussein to withdraw his troops from Kuwait so the Arab world can form a unified front against Israel. . . . Jordanian prime minister Mudar Badran states that Iraq agreed not to use Jordan as a corridor for a ground attack against Israel.

UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar leaves Baghdad without making any progress in meetings with Saddam Hussein. . . . Czechoslovakia vows to consult with Hungary and Poland on a possible immediate withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact in response to the killings in Lithuania. . . . The presidents of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and the Russian Federation issue a joint appeal for UN intervention in the Baltic region.

In Vilnius, Lithuania, Soviet army troops kill 15 pro-independence protesters. The slayings draw international condemnations. . . . In response to the killings, Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin signs a mutual-security pact with representatives of the three Baltic republics, and 5,000 protestors march in Moscow's Red Square. . . . Anti-Soviet demonstrations are staged in Prague and Warsaw. . . . Portuguese president Mario Soares easily wins reelection.

In Israel, U.S. deputy secretary of state Lawrence Eagleburger meets with Premier Yitthak Shamir and Defense Minister Moshe Arens to encourage them not to respond to an Iraqi attack. Arens states, “If Israel is attacked, it will respond.”. . . At least 40 South Africans are killed and 50 injured when fighting erupts during a soccer game at Orkney. . . . The ruling party of Cape Verde loses its majority in Parliament in the first multiparty Elections since 1975.

Reports show that a total of 3,384 people were killed in political violence in Peru in 1990.

France unveils a last-minute proposal for a peaceful settlement of the Persian Gulf crisis, a plan supported by Spain, Germany, Italy, Egypt, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Sweden, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and the PLO. It calls for an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, guarantees that Iraq will not be attacked, and endorses holding a peace conference on the Middle East in the future. The U.S. and Great Britain state such terms are unacceptable since they refuse to link the Persian Gulf crisis with other Middle East disputes.

Although President Mikhail Gorbachev insists he did not give the order for the Jan. 13 attack, tens of thousands of people stage antiGorbachev protests throughout the USSR. Debate over what instigated the violence ensues. . . . Reports state a group of intellectuals founded the Albanian Human Rights Forum. . . . The Supreme Soviet confirms Valentin Pavlov as the premier Constantine of the USSR. . . . Greek premier Constantine Mitsotakis ends a meeting with Albanian prime minister Adil Carcani and they announce citizens of both countries can freely cross the border.

Iraq's National Assembly passes a resolution to give Pres. Hussein a free hand in dealing with the Persian Gulf crisis and to call for the nation to fight a “holy war” to defend the occupation of Kuwait. . . . Two high-ranking leaders of the PLO are shot dead in Tunis. . . . The Israeli Supreme Court orders the distribution of gas masks to Palestinians in occupied territories in case of a chemical weapons attack by Iraq. . . . Reports confirm that South Africa sold coal to the British electricity industry for the first time since 1986.

In Argentina, eight ministers in Pres. Carlos Saúl Menem’s government resign.

With only a few hours left before the UN deadline for Iraq to pull out of Kuwait, Perez de Cuellar pledges that if Iraq begins to pull out of Kuwait, “Every effort will be made to address in a comprehensive manner, the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the Palestinian question.” U.S. and British diplomats are satisfied with the statement since it does not specifically commit to a conference upon which Pres. Hussein has repeatedly insisted.

In Great Britain, the House of Commons backs the use of force against Iraq. . . . Soviet “black beret” interior-ministry troops seize a police academy in the Baltic republic of Latvia. . . . Despite controversy over the Jan. 13 killings, the Supreme Soviet confirms Boris Pugo's nomination as interior minister. It also confirms Aleksandr Bessmertnykh as the new foreign minister, succeeding Eduard Shevardnadze, who resigned in Dec. 1990.

Hundreds of thousands of Iraqis demonstrate their support for Saddam Hussein across the country. . . . Jordan's King Hussein pledges to protect Jordan's “land and skies . . . and prevent anyone from crossing in one direction or the other.” . . . The PLO states that a turncoat bodyguard, once linked to the Abu Nidal terrorist organization, is the Jan. 14 assassin of PLO members in Tunis. . . . In Cape Verde, P.M. Pedro Pires concedes defeat and resigns.

Two grenades are thrown at the U.S. embassy in Panama. . . . In response to the Jan. 2 executions of three U.S. servicemen, U.S. President Bush announces he will release all fiscal 1991 military aid to El Salvador but will delay delivery of the funds to encourage peace talks.

Jan. 12

Jan. 13

Jan. 14

Jan. 15

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Sir Robert Gillman Allen Jackson, 79, Australian diplomat who served as an undersecretary general of the UN, 1972–87, dies of a stroke in New York City.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 11–15, 1991—149

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Former Rep. Donald (Buz) Lukens (R, Ohio) is released from jail after serving nine days of a 30-day sentence for having sex with a teenage girl. . . . John Vento and Joseph Serrano, two of the men convicted in the 1989 Bensonhurst, New York, racial killing of a black youth, Yusef K. Hawkins, receive relatively lenient sentences.

Public Citizen, a public-interest group, files suit to block a Department of Defense proposal to use experimental drugs on troops in the Persian Gulf for protection against chemical and biological warfare. . . . The White House offers its first accounting of the Persian Gulf operation, announcing that it cost $10 billion in 1990. The account states the U.S. received $6 billion from allies and a further $2 billion is expected.

NYC black activist Rev. Al Sharpton is stabbed in the chest by a white man during a march in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, to protest the Jan. 11 sentences in the killing of Yusef K. Hawkins. Sharpton is listed in stable condition after the stabbing, which doctors say is not life-threatening. Police arrest Michael Riccardi and charge him with attempted murder, possession of a weapon and violation of Sharpton's civil rights.

Congress narrowly passes a resolution authorizing Pres. Bush to use military power to force Iraq from Kuwait in the first congressional authorization of offensive military action since the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that paved the way for the Vietnam War. During the debate, 268 representatives and 93 senators took the floor. House Speaker Thomas Foley (D, Wash.) describes the resolution as the “practical equivalent” of a declaration of war. Congress has not made a declaration of war since the onset of WW II.

Pope John Paul II calls the gulf war a “tragic adventure” that will mark “the decline of the whole of humanity.”

The Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that violent crimes against men declined by about 20% over the period from 1973 to 1987, while violent crimes against women remained level. According to the bureau's survey, 25% of violent crimes against women were committed by family members or men they dated, compared to 4% of crimes committed by family members or female acquaintances against men.

The U.S. government donates $242,000 to an educational program in Soweto designed to prevent the spread of the deadly disease AIDS in South Africa.

The World Swimming and Diving Championships in Perth, Australia, closes with the U.S. winning a meet-leading 17 gold medals and 34 medals in total. China wins the second-most golds with eight. Hungary wins five golds.

Carl David Anderson, 85, 1936 Nobel Prize–winning physicist with V. G. Hess, for work in cosmic rays and scientist who discovered the subatomic particle known as the positron, or positive electron, dies of unreported causes in San Marino, California.

The Supreme Court declines to review a case on the private possession of machine guns. . . . The controversial director of the United States Information Agency, Bruce Gelb, agrees to step down.

The Supreme Court rules on conditions for ending court supervision of formerly segregated school districts. . . . Surgeon General Antonia Novello calls for major changes in the marketing of Cisco, a drink that resembles wine coolers in flavor and color, and in the shape and labeling of its bottle. However, wine coolers contain about 4% alcohol, whereas Cisco contains 20%, so one bottle of Cisco contains the equivalent of five shots of 80-proof liquor.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Jan. 11

The American Library Association awards the Newbery Medal to Jerry Spinelli for Maniac Magee. The Caldecott Medal is awarded to David Macaulay for Black and White, which he wrote and illustrated.

Although it is not immediately reported, Pres. Bush signs a National Security Directive committing the U.S. military to war with Iraq. It is subject to revocation only if Iraq begins withdrawing from Kuwait. . . . Sen. James Sasser (D, Tenn.) releases a Congressional Budget Office report which finds the combat costs of a war on Iraq range from $28 billion to $86 billion. . . . A New York Times/CBS News poll results show that 47% of respondents think military action should start after the Jan, 15 deadline, while 46% favor waiting to see if economic sanctions will work.

The Commerce Department reports that retail sales climbed 3.6% in 1990, the smallest rise since 1982. . . . The EPA initiates a campaign to convince 1,000 large businesses to increase profits, reduce pollution, and improve public relations by using more efficient light bulbs.

In response to the Jan. 13 slayings in Lithuania, Yelena Bonner, the widow of physicist Andrei Sakharov, asks the Nobel Committee to remove her husband's name from the list of Peace Prize laureates to sever that connection to Soviet president Gorbachev. . . .The Annals of Internal Medicine publishes preliminary results in one of the first tests of an AIDS vaccine on uninfected humans, which indicate the treatment is safe and well tolerated by the subjects' bodies.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

150—January 16–19, 1991

Jan. 16

Jan. 17

Jan. 18

Jan. 19

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

An international force led by the U.S. launches air and missile attacks on Iraq and Iraqi-occupied Kuwait. The attack is launched less than 17 hours after the expiration of a UN Security Council deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, which it invaded on Aug. 2, 1990.

Turkish president Turgut Ozal warns that Turkey will not tolerate invasions of Iraq by Iran or Syria. . . . France’s National Assembly authorizes the use of force against Iraq. . . . Vandalism against U.S. targets occur in Milan, Berlin, Lyons, and Paris. . . . In Latvia, Soviet troops kill a civilian Reports indicate that the Latvian National Salvation Committee, made up of anti-independence Communist Party loyalists, formed. . . . In Lithuania, the Jan. 13 death count is officially placed at 15, and at least 140 are reported injured. Nine of those killed Jan. 13 are buried in a peaceful mass funeral in Vilnius attended by 500,000 people, including representatives from Estonia, Latvia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and the Ukraine. . . . A Polish official announces the successful sale to the general public of five state-owned companies in Poland’s first attempt at large-scale privatization. . . . German chancellor Helmut Kohl unveils his new cabinet, having resolved major disputes between his Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and its junior coalition partner, the Free Democratic Party (FDP).

The first U.S. planes launched against Iraq leave their base at about 4:50 P.M. EST and begin to hit their targets around 6:30 P.M. EST. Thousands of Iraqis are reported to have fled Baghdad before the bombing begins.

Officials report that the allies hit 60–80% of their targets and lost four aircrafts, two British, one U.S., and one Kuwaiti. . . . Anti-U.S., protests are held in Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Yemen. . . . A foreign ministry, official for the exiled government of Kuwait thanks U.S. president Bush. . . . Jordan, Iran, and the PLO condemn the war, but Iran vows to remain neutral. . . . Iraq reports 23 civilians dead and 66 wounded.

More than 100,000 protesters march in the sixth straight day of antiwar demonstrations in Germany. . . . The Italian parliament votes to allow the use of force by its forces in the gulf. . . . Turkey authorizes the use of its airbases by the U.S. for attacks on Iraq, despite fear that the action may directly involve Turkey in the war. . . . Olav V, King of Norway, 87, dies after suffering a heart attack. He is succeeded by Crown Prince Harald. . . . The Latvian parliament orders the removal of vehicles blocking bridges around the city.

Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel. Despite heavy damage, only 15 people are reported injured in Israel. Israel declares a state of emergency and does not immediately retaliate. Israeli authorities begin enforcing the harshest, most widespread, and longest curfew ever imposed on Palestinian residents of the West Bank and Gaza Strip since 1967. . . . Iraq fires a Scud missile into Saudi Arabia that hits and sets fire to an oil facility at Khafji. . . . . An Iraqi fighter is shot down by a F-15E.

Round-the-clock bombing of Iraqi targets by the U.S.-led international coalition directs its efforts toward mobile Scud missile launchers. The allies report a total of eight planes—four from the U.S.—lost so far. U.S. warplanes begin bombing Iraq from Turkey’s Incirlik air base, in effect opening a second, front in the gulf war.

Albanian Muslims are permitted to worship at a mosque in Tirana for the first time since 1967, when all religions were banned in the country. . . . Italy’s interior ministry states it expelled seven Iraqis, ordered three more to leave the country, and detained two other individuals suspected of being Palestinians with links to terrorist groups.

Iraq continues to fire missiles against Israel. Israeli threats to retaliate are not carried out as a result of initiatives by U.S. officials. An Israeli official states, “We are not going to play into the hands of Saddam Hussein, who wants to drag us into this conflict.”. . . Electricity and water service in Baghdad is reported to have been disrupted. . . . An Iraqi Scud missile fired at Saudi Arabia is successfully intercepted by a U.S. Patriot, a radar-guided antimissile missile.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein continues to wage war in the face of the massive allied bombing. News reports begin to show that Moslems in North Africa and Asia and other Arabs are showing increasing support for Hussein. Pro-Iraqi sentiment is even prevalent in nations that have contributed troops to the international coalition against Iraq.

Croatia and Slovenia ignore the disarmament deadline set by the Yugoslav presidency. Croatia places its police and territorialdefense units on maximum alert, preparing for a possible battle with the army.

U.S. raiding parties attack nine oildrilling platforms in the Persian Gulf and take 12 Iraqis prisoner. The Iraqis, who were firing at allied planes, are the first captured during the war. . . . The Louisville becomes the first U.S. attack submarine to launch a cruise missile in combat, although the action is not yet reported. . . . After another Iraqi Scud missile attack on Israel, Pres. Bush calls P.M. Yitzhak Shamir and dispatches two Patriot missile batteries complete with U.S. crews to Israel.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Argentine president Carlos Saúl Menem swears in a new cabinet.

Reports state that China has agreed to provide a $19.2 million commercial loan to Romania. The loan is announced during a visit to China’s capital, Beijing, by Romanian president Ion Iliescu, the first European leader to visit China since the violent 1989 crackdown on the prodemocracy movement.

China, which abstained on the 1990 UN Security Council resolution, authorizing the use of force against Iraq, expresses “deep anxiety and concern” over the outbreak of hostilities. . . . After a series of cabinet meetings, Japanese premier Toshiki Kaifu states that his nation will extend the “maximum support possible” for allied military actions but will not join in combat.

A bomb explodes in Manila, the Philippines, near U.S. offices. One Iraqi man is killed, and another is seriously injured. Police believe the two men were planting the bomb when it went off. . . . A poll by Gallup in Pakistan shows “overwhelming” support for Iraqi president Hussein. . . . In Sydney, 15,000 people demand an end to the war and a withdrawal of Australian forces from the region in the largest antiwar demonstration in Australia since the Vietnam War. About 10,000 protesters march in Adelaide, and 5,000 demonstrate outside the U.S. consulate in Perth.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 16–19, 1991—151

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that patients without health insurance receive substantially inferior care compared to what is given to insured patients.

Pres. Bush’s spokesman Marlin Fitzwater announces that “the liberation of Kuwait has begun” under the codename Operation Desert Storm. Pres. Bush addresses the nation, stating “28 countries with forces in the gulf area have exhausted all reasonable efforts to reach a peaceful resolution, and have no choice but to drive Saddam from Kuwait by force.” Bush reiterates a pledge that the action against Iraq “will not be another Vietnam.”. . . Members of Congress on both sides of the debate declare that they strongly support the military effort. . . . Antiwar demonstrations are held in cities throughout the U.S. including Washington, D.C.; NYC; Atlanta; Boston; and San Francisco, where 400 people are arrested. . . . For security measures, the White House is closed indefinitely to tourists for the first time since World War II. . . . The Senate passes a nonbinding resolution urging a curtailment of U.S. economic cooperation with the Soviet Union unless Soviet troops are removed from the Baltics.

The Labor Department reports that the government’s index of consumer prices rose 6.1% in 1990, the highest rate since 1981. . . . Several major oil companies announce that they will freeze the prices charged for petroleum in an effort to protect consumers from an anticipated spike in market oil prices.

A judge in New Orleans declares a mistrial in a case of a suspect accused of cocaine possession, after the suspect’s lawyer points out the absence of any penalty for the crime. . . . Aileen Carol Wuornos, is charged with murdering seven men in Florida in 1989 and 1990. . . . The CDC confirm that a Florida dentist who died from AIDS is now believed to have infected three of his patients. The AMA and the ADA urge doctors and dentists infected with HIV either to warn patients about their condition or to give up surgery.

In a Washington press conference, Defense Secretary Dick Cheney and Gen. Colin Powell, report heavy antiaircraft fire and surfaceto-air missile fire, but little resistance from the Iraqi air force. . . . White House officials reveal that president Bush signed the directive committing the U.S. military to war with Iraq on Jan. 15. . . . Officials report one U.S. plan has been lost and its navy pilot, Lt. Commander Michael Speicher, has been killed. . . . The FAA orders airlines and airports to implement the highestlevel security precautions.

Oil prices fall and stocks soar, confounding predictions that war would send the markets in opposite directions.

The National Institutes of Health finds that an experimental treatment of concentrated antibodies may lessen the development of bacterial infections in children carrying the AIDS virus.

ABC airs videotapes of Baghdad during the U.S.-led air-raids. Three CNN reporters transmit live audio information for 16 hours until ordered to stop. . . . British billionaire Richard Branson and his Swedish copilot become the first people to cross the Pacific Ocean in a hot-air balloon.

A District Court judge in Jacksonville, Florida, rules that posting pictures of nude women in the workplace is a form of sexual harassment. . . . Hamilton Fish, 102, conservative Republican representative from New York, 1921–44, dies of pneumonia and heart failure in Cold Spring, New York

A poll suggests that 83% of those surveyed support the U.S. intervention in the Persian Gulf. . . . Sporadic demonstrations are reported at colleges and universities across the U.S. . . . The Pentagon changes the report on the status of Lt. Commander Speicher to missing in action.

Eastern Airlines stops flying and announces it will liquidate its assets, ending nearly two years of struggle to emerge from bankruptcy protection. . . . Philadelphia wins a temporary reprieve from bankruptcy by securing a $150 million short-term loan. . . . Thomas Spiegel is charged by federal regulators with helping to manipulate the junk-bond market. Also named in the suit are Michael Milken, Charles Keating Jr., and David Paul.

The National Transportation Safety Board reports that all categories of aviation accidents declined in 1990.

Three teenagers are crushed to death during an AC/DC concert in Salt Lake City. . . . Leaders of the Episcopal Church and the Lutheran Evangelical Church in America propose an agreement that may lead to interchangeable clergy and allow church members to receive communion and other sacraments at either church.

Reports suggest that hundreds of suspects waiting trial in Louisiana may go free because the state legislature neglected to set penalties for drug possession in legislation enacted in September 1990. The problem was discovered during a Jan. 17 mistrial. . . . Residents of Corpus Christi, Texas, vote to reject a proposed amendment to the city’s charter which declares that “human life begins at conception and continues until natural death.”

The largest demonstrations in the U.S. to date against the Persian Gulf war take place in Washington, D.C., and San Francisco. A crowd estimated by police at 25,000 and by organizers at 100,000 rallies in Washington D.C., while in San Francisco, an estimated 35,000 people march from Mission Dolores Park to a rally at the Civic Center.

Pres. Bush draws the largest television audience in U.S. history with his address to the nation on the commencement of war in the Persian Gulf when he reaches an estimated 78.8% of the 93.1 million households with televisions. . . . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducts Ike and Tina Turner, Wilson Pickett, Jimmy Reed, the Impressions, Howlin’ Wolf (Chester Arthur Burnett), LaVern Baker, and John Lee Hooker.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

152—January 20–24, 1991

Jan. 20

Jan. 21

Jan. 22

Jan. 23

Jan. 24

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

NATO’s secretary general cautions that an Iraqi military move against Turkey will trigger a like response from NATO. . . . On Iraqi television, Pres. Saddam Hussein states that so far he has committed only a small portion of his forces against the allies. The TV station airs a videotape of seven men identified as downed allied pilots that include an Italian, a Kuwaiti, two Britons, and three Americans.

At least four Latvians are killed when elite Soviet “black beret” interior-ministry troops storm the headquarters of the Latvian interior ministry in Riga. Soviet interior minister Boris Pugo denies that he either controlled the black berets in Latvia or ordered the attack. A few hours before the attack in Latvia, an estimated 200,000 people march to the Kremlin to protest the crackdown in the Baltics.

Ten Scuds are launched at Saudi Arabia. . . . U.S. Marine Corps units begin the first sustained allied artillery shelling of the war, firing on suspected Iraqi positions in Kuwait. . . . In Sao Tome and Principe, the ruling Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democrat Party loses its majority in Parliament in legislative elections. The multiparty elections are the first in the West African country since it gained independence from Portugal in 1975.

Supporters of Haiti’s presidentelect, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, win a plurality in the National Assembly in runoff elections.

Iraq threatens to hold allied prisoners at bombing targets. . . . Iraqi diplomats in Paris, London, and Washington, D.C., receive formal protests over Iraq’s treatment of prisoners. . . . Syria, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia vow that Israeli retaliation against Iraqi Scud attacks will not make them abandon the alliance in the Persian Gulf war. . . In response to developments in the Baltics, the European Parliament suspends $1 billion in EC emergency food aid to the Soviet Union.

British prime minister John Major suspends a technical aid fund for the USSR. . . . Latvia adopts a plan to form a special defense force made up of Latvian evaders of the Soviet military draft. The Soviet state prosecutor’s office threatens unspecified measures in response. . . . Three bombs explode at a U.S. military warehouse in Istanbul. Dev Sol, a Turkish leftwing group, states the bombs protest “the imperialist force in the gulf.”. . . Bulgarian police seize the hijacker of a Soviet plane.

A downed U.S. Navy pilot is rescued in the Iraqi desert by an air force team. . . . After U.S. deputy secretary of state Lawrence Eagleburger meets with P.M. Yitzhak Shamir and Defense Minister Moshe Arens in Jerusalem, he states the Israeli leaders have pledged to consult the U.S. before launching a retaliatory strike against Iraq.

El Salvador’s FMLN rebel group admit that two of its members executed two U.S. soldiers on Jan. 2. . . . Colombian officials report that Gonzalo Mejía Sanín, the first drug trafficker to surrender under Pres. Cesar Gaviria’s amnesty plan, has been illegally released from custody by a judge, who is now under investigation. . . . In Cuba, José Abrantes Fernández, a former interior minister, dies of a heart attack in prison while serving a 20-year sentence.

The New York Times reports that in the first five days of bombing in Iraq, the allies flew about three times as many missions as U.S. pilots had flown in the 11 days of U.S. bombing of North Vietnam in Dec. 1972. . . . The allies announce a plan to build a compound to accommodate up to 20,000 prisoners of war. Twenty-three POWs are in custody.

A Patriot missile is fired in error as U.S. warplanes return to the NATO air base in Incirlik, Turkey from a raid in Iraq. . . . France expels 16 alleged pro-Iraqi activists on the grounds that they support terrorist groups. . . . Latvian president Gorbunovs holds a two-hour meeting with Soviet president Gorbachev in Moscow. . . . president Gorbachev issues a decree abolishing largedenomination notes of the ruble, as legal tendersetting off a virtual panic.

The air force of Qatar flies its first missions. . . . U.S. and Iraqi troops exchange fire in the war’s first significant ground skirmish. . . . Iraq sets fire to the Wafra oil field in Kuwait. . . . As Iraq fires more Scuds in to Israel, a Patriot fired by an Israeli crew hits the tail of an incoming Scud but fails to disable it. The Scud then kills three, wounds 96, and leaves 200 homeless. . . . Up to 600 rebels invade Rwanda from Uganda and seize part of the city of Ruhengeri.

Fifteen peasants are slain in El Zapote, a village north of San Salvador. . . . Reports confirm that Chile halted all sales of Chileanmanufactured weapons to countries in the Persian Gulf region for the duration of the gulf war. . . . Lloyd Erskine Sandiford is elected to a five-year term in office with just under 50% of the vote in Barbados. . . . Canada’s House of Commons supports the UN actions that led Canada to join the allied coalition against Iraq.

The Financial Times reports the G-7 ministers forgave one-third of Egypt’s foreign debt.

Soviet troops seize a paper warehouse in Vilnius, claiming to protect the property of the Communist Party. . . . German chancellor Helmut Kohl pledges $165 million in humanitarian aid to Israel. . . . Britain deports 14 Iraqi students to Jordan. . . . German economics minister Juergen Moellemann finds more than 100 companies are being investigated for illegal exports to Iraq. . . . Nikolai Vladimirovich Talyzin, 61, head of the USSR’s State Planning Committee, 1985–88 dies of unreported causes.

A huge oil spill fouls the waters of the Persian Gulf. . . . Allied forces capture a small island, Qaruh, off the Kuwaiti coast, the first part of Kuwait recaptured by the allies. . . . A Patriot missile intercepts and destroys an incoming Iraqi Scud missile as Iraq launches its fourth attack on Israel. . . . Despite the continued Iraqi attacks, Israeli officials suggest retaliation is not imminent. . . . France sends 100 paratroopers to Ruhengeri, Rwanda, to evacuate 60 French nationals and 150 other foreigners.

A case of cholera is reported in Chimbote, a port city 225 miles northwest of Lima, Peru.

According to official reports, the allies lost 23 aircraft (including 15 U.S. and six British planes), and 30 personnel are dead or missing. More than 15,000 allied air sorties (8,000 of them combat missions) were flown since the start of the war. Iraq claims to have downed 172 allied planes and reports 231 Iraqis killed in air and missile attacks.

Four Soviet republics substitute their own deadlines for the Soviet deadline to abolish high-value ruble notes. The Soviet central bank declares this illegal. . . . Germany expels 28 Iraqi diplomats. . . . The Greek government reports that 1,800 Albanian refugees have returned to Albania. . . . British officials note that British Tornado aircrafts are stuffering the heaviest proportional losses of the allied air forces because many of their missions are low-level attacks against defended airfields.

French warplanes, previously restricted to targets inside occupied Kuwait, hit targets inside Iraqi territory for the first time. . . . Four CF-18 Canadian Forces fighters fly air cover for U.S. bombers. The action is the first for the Canadians in the gulf war and the first combat mission for Canadian air units since World War II.

Marina Montoya de Pérez, who was kidnapped by drug traffickers in Sept. 1990, is found dead. Because of wounds to her face, her body is not immediately identified. . . . Mexico’s ruling party criticizes the U.S. role in the Persian Gulf, backing off from its earlier stance against Iraq. . . . Reports show a Dec. 1990 earthquake in Costa Rica left 14,000 people homeless. The quake also left one person dead and 229 injured. Damages are estimated at $19.5 million.

Asia & the Pacific

Australian prime minister Bob Hawke unveils a parliamentary resolution supporting the Australian military presence in the allied force and reaffirming Australia’s backing for UN resolutions condemning Iraq. The introduction of the measure on the floor of the House is disrupted by antiwar protesters. About 70 demonstrators are ejected from Parliament House.

Philippine officials expel the Iraqi consul general, Muwafak al-Ani, who investigators believe is linked to the Jan. 19 bombing. . . . Japanese premier Toshiki Kaifu proposes to send noncombat aircraft to the Persian Gulf to help evacuate refugees and to contribute an additional $9 billion to the allied force in the region.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 20–24, 1991—153

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The American Council on Education publishes its annual report on graduation rates and finds that although the Hispanic population in the U.S. grew by 39% between 1980 and 1990, currently accounting for 8.2% of the total U.S. population, Hispanics are “underrepresented at every rung of the education ladder.”

Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf reports the allies are battering Iraqi Republican Guard positions . . . The New York Times reports that Iraq is believed to have 400–800 Scud missiles. . . . An ABC News/ Washington Post poll shows that 75% of those polled approve of the U.S. going to war with Iraq. . . . The New York Times suggests most campus demonstrations include both antiwar protesters and those who favor U.S. intervention.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The Buffalo Bills win the American Football Conference championship game and advance to the Super Bowl for the first time. The New York Giants surprise the two-time defending National Football Leagure champion San Francisco 49ers to advance to the Super Bowl.

Pres. Bush officially designates the Persian Gulf region a combat zone, retroactive to Jan. 17. . . . Lt. Gen. Thomas Kelly tells the press that U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf number 472,000. . . . Defense Secretary Dick Cheney states that the war may last for weeks or months. . . . Pres. Bush pledges that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein will be held accountable for the mistreatment of allied prisoners. . . . The Wall Street Journal suggests the war is costing the U.S. a minimum of about $600 million per day.

Amoco Corp. reports a 69% surge in net income to $538 million in its fourth-quarter profits.

The Supreme Court dismisses an Ohio case on the issue of “victim impact” statements during the sentencing phase of capital cases. . . . The Supreme Court rules to set aside the death sentence of a convicted murderer in Florida in the first case in which David Souter casts a deciding vote. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand a New Jersey ruling that found an all-male eating club practiced illegal sex discrimination. . . . The Washington Post finds out-of-wedlock births in the U.S. have reached a record level.

Israeli finance minister Yitzhak Modai states that Israel needs at least $13 billion in new aid from the U.S. to pay for the Persian Gulf war and the absorption of an unprecedented wave of Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union.

Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan tells Congress that the nation’s money supply is growing too slowly. He also says that he does not believe new taxes will be necessary to pay for the war. . . . Mobil Corp. posts a 45.6% fourthquarter gain to $651 million. . . . The U.S. Postal Service’s Board of Governors approve a postal rate hike that, among other things, raises the cost of a first-class stamp to 29 cents.

In the first papal encyclical since 1959 to deal with missionary activity, Pope John Paul II urges Roman Catholics to spread the doctrine of Christianity, even in Islamic countries that forbid such teachings.

A former chief of the FDA’s generic drug division convicted of perjury, Marvin Seife, is sentenced in Baltimore to five months in a workrelease program and five months in home detention. He is also fined $25,000. . . . The Census Bureau releases its report on population counts. NYC remains the largest municipality in the country, but L.A. surpasses Chicago as the second-largest since the reports shows Chicago’s population is less than three million for the first time since 1920.

Pres. Bush rules out a pause in the allied bombing that would make way for possible peace efforts. . . . The House calls on Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev to cease the use of force in the Baltics. . . . A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll finds that 91% of those polled feel the U.S. and its allies should continue fighting until Iraq withdraws from Kuwait. . . . The House clears a bill that will compensate Vietnam veterans who were exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange.

A fourth-quarter increase of 35%, to $388 million is reported by Texaco Inc. . . . Treasury Secretary Brady asks Congress to appropriate at least another $80 billion toward the bailout of the nation’s S&L industry. . . . The Congressional Budget Office officially notifies the government that the economy is in a recession.

(Herman) Northrop Frye, 78, Canadian literary theorist who taught English at the University of Toronto, Harvard, Oxford, and Princeton, dies of a heart attack in Toronto.

Reports suggest the Justice Department has shifted its position on challenging court-ordered desegregation plans. . . . A survey finds that illegal drug use among high-school students declined in 1990. . . . The CDC reports that of the 161,073 persons in the U.S. who developed AIDS since June 1981, a total of 100,777 died by the end of Dec. 1990. . . . The American Cancer Society states the average U.S. woman runs a one-in-nine risk of developing breast cancer.

The Senate passes a bill that will compensate Vietnam veterans who were exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange. . . . The Senate passes a nonbinding resolution urging Pres. Bush to consider using economic pressure on the USSR to end the crackdown.

Chevron Corp. and Exxon Corp. weigh in with profits of $633 million and $1.55 billion, respectively.

Jack Warner Schaefer, 83, author of dozens of western novels, including Shane (1949), which was made into a 1953 film, dies of heart failure in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Jan. 20

Jan. 21

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 22

Jan. 23

Jan. 24

154—January 25–29, 1991

Jan. 25

Europe

The U.S. contends that Iraq deliberately caused the Jan. 23 huge oil spill. Iraq files a complaint with the UN, saying the U.S. caused the spill by bombing two tankers in the gulf.

The Soviet government bolsters the domestic roles of the army and KGB. . . . In Belgrade, an army film that suggests a conspiracy against the army in Croatia causes an uproar. The army begins a series of arrests for alleged involvement in the conspiracy. Foreign Minister Martin Spegelj is not arrested. . . . The Times of London reports that 160 Iraqis and Palestinians living in Britain were selected for deportation, and more than 60 of them are held in two London prisons. . . . In Athens, the offices of Citibank and Barclays Bank are damaged in bomb attacks.

One person is killed in Saudi Arabia when a Scud demolishes two government office buildings. Thirty people are injured. . . . Seven Scuds fired at Israel are intercepted by Patriot missiles, but at least one person is killed and 42 wounded when shrapnel falls on Tel Aviv. The fatality brings the total reported number of deaths directly attributable to the Iraqi missiles to three.

Czechoslovakia begins privatizing state-owned retail outlets. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev issues a decree giving the KGB new powers to battle “economic sabotage.”. . . In response to the Jan. 25 allegations in Belgrade, the federal defense secretary, Col. Gen. Kadijevic, agrees to end the military’s threat to use force to disarm Croatia. . . . A bomb explodes at the offices of the liberal French newspaper Le Monde, the first terrorist attack in France related to the war.

U.S. B-52s bomb suspected positions of the Republican Guard, Iraq’s top troops. . . . U.S. general Norman Schwarzkopf charges that Iraq is releasing oil from storage tanks at the Al-Ahmadi complex. . . . Pres. Mohammed Siad Barre flees Mogadishu, the Somalian capital, marking the end of his 21-year rule.

A poll is reported showing that British prime minister John Major’s public satisfaction rating has risen to 61%. The rating is the highest since Winston Churchill during World War II.

The U.S. bombs key sections of the Al-Ahmadi complex to stanch the torrents of oil flowing into the gulf. . . . U.S. Marines report that Iraq laid half a million mines in the desert north of the Saudi border. . . . Israel redefines its state of readiness as an “emergency routine” and reopens schools. . . . A coup attempt against the leader of Ciskei, Oupa Gqozo, fails.

In Haiti, rumors that Roger Lafontant escaped from prison lead crowds to gather in Port-au-Prince and build barricades of flaming tires and debris. Thirteen people are killed and at least 14 are wounded in fighting between protesters and soldiers. Four people die when a mob, hunting for suspected members of the Duvalierist Tontons Macoute militia, burn down a house. Protesters attack one police station and set another one on fire.

A grenade strikes the Athens headquarters of American Express, and a bomb explodes by the offices of the Inter-American Insurance Co. . . . Germany states 11 illegal exporting cases will be brought to trial as the result of Jan. 23 investigations. . . . Georgia removes troops from South Ossetia. . . . Reports suggest 33 Iraqis originally admitted to Britain as students have been detained as prisoners of war. . . . Reports indicate that hundreds of Moslems in Turkey have denounced the U.S. and called for an end to Turkey’s involvement in the war.

The total of Iraqi Scud missile attacks reaches 53. . . . Iraqi president Saddam Hussein states Iran offered sanctuary for the planes in a gesture of Muslim solidarity. . . . At the request of the Saudi government, the U.S. dispatches a six-member team to help deal with damage from the Jan. 23 oil spill. . . . The government of Morocco, which has troops in the Persian Gulf, gives its support to a one-day general strike called by pro-Iraqi parties and trade unions.

The Argentine national currency, the austral, takes its worst singleday downturn since the government announced an economic austerity plan in Aug. 1990. As a result, Economy Minister Antonio Ermán González and Central Bank Governor Javier González Fraga resign. . . . Army officials in Haiti blame the Jan. 27 violence on unidentified subversive groups.

Georgia’s parliament votes to form a national guard. . . . In France, Defense Minister Jean-Pierre Chevenement resigns to protest the Persian Gulf. . . . Democratic Russia, a group of political parties, announces a campaign of civil disobedience to protest the new powers given to Soviet police,. . . . In Athens, a bomb damages the offices of British Petroleum . . . Germany pledges 8.3 billion marks in new aid for U.S. operations against Iraq.

Pro-Iraqi PLO guerrillas fire rockets toward Israel. Israel hits back at Palestinian sites. . . . U.S. B-52s bombings continue. . . . The ANC’s Mandela and Inkatha’s Buthelezi meet for the first time to 30 years in an effort to end the violence between the two antiapartheid groups. . . . Up to 10,000 white farmers block off key intersections in Pretoria with farm vehicles to protest South African agricultural policies. At least 200 are arrested.

The U.S. delivers three A-37 jets and six UH-1M helicopters to the Salvadoran air force as part of resumed military aid to El Salvador. The jets have been inscribed with the names of the three U.S. soldiers killed Jan. 2. . . . In Argentina, Foreign Minister Domingo Cavallo replaces González, who resigned Jan. 28.

Jan. 26

Jan. 27

The U.S. denies charges issued by Iraq Jan. 25 to the UN about the oil spill.

Jan. 28

Jan. 29

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Iraq begins an incursion into Saudi Arabia in the first major ground offensive of the war. . . . . Reports indicate that the British, French, German, and Norwegian governments, as well as the UN Environment Program offered to help Saudi Arabia deal with the Jan. 23 oil spill.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Diana Turbay Quintero, a magazine publisher and the daughter of former Colombian president Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala, is killed during a police raid that was intended to free her from kidnappers, who had abducted her Aug. 1990.

In China, leaders of the 1989 Tiananmen Square prodemocracy demonstrations are sentenced. While a total of 66 of 71 protesters whose cases are complete are released, others face prison terms of between two and 10 years.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 25–29, 1991—155

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Utah governor Norman Bangerter (R) signs into law a bill that prohibits abortion in most cases, one of the most repressive laws in the U.S. . . . Pres. Bush nominates Rep. Edward Madigan (R, Ill.), to become agriculture secretary, replacing Clayton K. Yeutter. . . . .The president of Brown University upholds the expulsion of a student for using racist slurs in violation of a campus antiharassment speech code. . . . Reports state the entire staff of PUSH, the Chicago civil-rights organization founded by Rev. Jesse Jackson in 1971, have been laid off.

Officials state the Defense Department gave commanders in the Persian Gulf permission to use nonlethal riot-control gases. . . . Four INS employees and two Army recruiting sergeants are arrested for allegedly selling “green cards” and other immigration documents to more than 1,000 illegal aliens in NYC The group reportedly charged up to $6,000 per person for the documents, which they sold mainly to West Indians.

Federal regulators seize Columbia Savings and Loan Association, once one of the nation’s most prosperous thrifts. . . . The Bush administration projects that the Bank Insurance Fund of the FDIC will show a deficit in 1992.

The Secret Pilgrim by John le Carre tops the bestseller list. . . . Bernard Law, Roman Catholic archbishop of Boston, becomes the highest-ranking Catholic churchman in the U.S. to support the military action in the Persian Gulf.

In Washington, D.C., a demonstration against the Persian Gulf war draws 75,000–250,000 antiwar activists. . . . New Soviet foreign minister Aleksandr Bessmertnykh arrives in Washington, D.C., for the first time and meets with Secretary of State Jarnes Baker. . . . breaking with policy, U.S. officials confirm the attack submarine Louisville in the Red Sea became first submarine to launch a cruise missile in combat on Jan. 19.

In tennis, Monica Seles, 17, of Yugoslavia becomes the youngest winner of the Australian women’s title. The men’s doubles crown goes to Scott Davis and David Pate.

Defense Secretary Richard Cheney states, “We’ve always assumed we would eventually have to send in ground forces, but we don’t want to do it earlier than we have to.”

The Commerce Department reports that the U.S. gross national product declined at a 2.1% annual rate in the fourth quarter of 1990. After adjusting for inflation, in all of 1990 the U.S. economy grew 0.9%, the lowest yearly growth since 1982.

Football’s New York Giants win Super Bowl XXV, 20-19, over the Buffalo Bills in the closest Super Bowl ever played. . . . In tennis, Boris Becker of Germany wins the men’s singles title at the Australian Open. Fernandez and Fendick win the women’s doubles.

Pres. Bush pledges that when the Persian Gulf war ends, the U.S. will have a “key leadership role in helping to bring peace to the rest of the Middle East” while addressing the National Religious Broadcasters in Washington, D.C. . . . The U.S. condemns China’s Jan. 26 sentencings. “We have seen no evidence that their offenses consisted of more than a nonviolent expression of political views,” declares State Department spokeswoman Margaret Tutwiler.

The Commerce Department reports that personal income rose 6% to $4.646 trillion in 1990.

Harold (Red) Grange, 87, legendary football player known as the “Galloping Ghost” and a charter member of the Professional Football Hall of Fame, dies of complications from pneumonia in Lake Wales, Florida.

Pres. Bush, in his State of the Union message, reiterates that the goal of the allied effort in the Persian Gulf is “to drive Iraq out of Kuwait” and not to bring about “the destruction of Iraq, its culture or its people.” In the Democratic response, Senate majority leader Mitchell (D, Maine) argues that the U.S. “cannot oppose repression in one place and overlook it in another.”. . . Around 30,000 people rally in San Diego to support Bush’s policy in the gulf.

The Bush administration agrees that the FDIC fund will probably show a deficit in 1992, backed by a report from the Congressional Budget Office. . . . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration finds that chemical pollution has abated over vast stretches of coastal waters in the U.S.

Bruce Gelb’s Jan. 14 agreement to step down as director of the USIA is reported, and he is slated to be appointed ambassador to Belgium.

In Wyoming, a House committee refuses to pass a bill that would have outlawed abortion except in cases of rape or incest reported to police within five days, or if the pregnancy poses a threat to the woman’s health.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

156—January 30–February 3, 1991

Jan. 30

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The oil spill in the Persian Gulf is called the largest slick ever recorded. The spill is estimated to be 60 miles long and 20 miles wide and to contain as much as 11 million barrels of crude oil. . . . The Group of 24, made up of the world’s leading industrial nations, lift a ban on aid to Romania at a meeting in Brussels, Belgium.

Croatia is ordered to detain Defense Minister Martin Spegelj, implicated in the film aired Jan. 25. Croatia refuses. . . . The November 17 Group, a Guerilla organization, claims responsibility for the Jan. 25–29 bombings in Athens as a reprisal for “the barbarous Western assault” on Iraq. . . . In Turkey, gunmen shoot and kill Lt. Gen. Sayin, the chief security adviser to Premier Yilderim Akbulut. . . . Germany states it will provide 800 million marks in aid for Britain’s military effort.

Iraq announces victory in the town of Khafji. . . . Eleven U.S. Marines are killed near the Kuwaiti border. They are the first U.S. troops to die in the ground war. . . . U.S. B-52s continue to bomb strategic sites; a total of more than 1,200 tons of bombs have fallen since; Jan. 26 . . . . Some Western journalists are allowed to return to Iraq. . . . Western officials reveal a new slick is forming from oil spilling out of the Mina al-Bakr terminal. . . . The conflict between PLO guerrillas and Israel begun on Jan. 29 continues in Lebanon.

Reports note there have been about 70 acts of terrorism against members of the allied coalition since the onset of the Persian Gulf war. . . . Reports show the Council of Europe has accepted Czechoslovakia as a member. . . . Jordan protests the alleged killing of civilians in allied bombings on the highway between Amman and Baghdad to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. . . . Accounts state Hungary will join the NATO Council as an associate member but will not join NATO’s military structure.

Yugoslavia deports 368 Albanian refugees. . . . The Soviet Communist Party Central Committee endorses Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev’s campaign to restore law and order in the USSR. . . . Franjo Tudjman, the president of the Yugoslav republic of Croatia, storms out of a highlevel meeting to resolve a potentially violent rift between Croatia and the Yugoslav army. . . . In Tirana, Albania 1,000 people demand the resignation of Foreign Minister Reis Malile, after news that Albania and China have agreed to normalize diplomatic relations.

Allied accounts of the battle for Khafji state that 500 Iraqis were taken prisoner and 30 were killed, while Saudi losses are put at 18.

Feb. 2

Feb. 3

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Allied forces retake the town of Khafji. . . . Another Scud missile is fired on Israel. The Israeli military indicates it did no significant damage and states it will no longer disclose whether it fires Patriot antimissile missiles at incoming Scuds. . . . The Wall Street Journal finds reports that many jobs of Palestinians have been taken by Soviet Jewish immigrants. . . . In Sudan, military leader Lt. Gen Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir signs into law a criminal code that applies Islamic law in the north but not in the south.

Canada’s unelected federal Senate unexpectedly votes against a proposed bill to restrict abortions. . . . A sword belonging to Latin American independence leader Simón Bolívar stolen by Colombian April 19 Movement rebels in 1974 is returned to the Bogota Museum.

The Indian government dismisses the democratically elected government of the state of Tamil Nadu, allied with former prime minister Singh. It is the fourth such action since P.M. Shekhar took office, so nearly a fifth of Indian states are without elected governments. . . . Statements show that officials in Thailand have asked six Iraqi diplomats to leave the country, and four Arabs have been taken into custody.

Soviet president Gorbachev issues a decree to form three delegations for discussions with the three Baltic republics. . . . Bulgaria ends subsidies on energy and transportation. . . . After Croatia refuses to detain Martin Spegelj Jan. 30, he goes into hiding. Slaven Latica, an adviser to Croatian president Franjo Tudjman, warns that any attempt by the military to arrest the defense minister will “lead immediately to civil war.”

The Lebanese government reports the arrest of four senior Palestinian guerrillas. . . . Before Parliament, South African president F. W. de Klerk announces plans to end the apartheid system of racial separation while the ANC stages marches in Cape Town, Pretoria, Johannesburg, and other cities to protest the exclusion of blacks from Parliament.

In Canada, nurses in Manitoba begin returning to their jobs after a month-long strike. . . . The Chilean government issues a decree to dissolve a secretive colony that has been accused of human-rights abuses. The 37,000acre camp, known as Colonia Dignidad, or Dignity Colony, is located 250 miles south of Santiago.

A major earthquake strikes Pakistan and Afghanistan. The quake, with an epicenter in the Hindu Kush mountains, about 200 miles northeast of Kabul, registers 6.8 on the Richter scale.

An antiwar protest held in London’s Hyde Park draws between 15,000 and 40,000 people.

Three mobile Scud launchers fire missiles and are attacked immediately, with a secondary explosion at one of the two. Those missiles cause no reported damage. . . . Reports confirm that Iraq imposed a 22-hour curfew in Kuwait City. . . . The U.S. battleship Missouri begins shelling Iraqi bunker positions on the coast of Kuwait.

Expedito Ribeiro de Souza, a farmunion leader in Brazil, is murdered in the town of Rio Maria, Pará state. He is reported to be the fifth union leader killed in Rio Maria in less than a year.

P.M. Nawaz Sharif visits the area rocked by an earthquake in Pakistan and Afghanistan to survey the damage. He announces a recovery program.

In Albania, supporters of the Democratic Party clashe with Communists at a Democratic mass campaign rally in the town of Burrel, 37 miles northeast of Tirana. . . . Polish premier Jan Krzysztof Bielecki urges his country’s Western creditors to forgive 80% of Poland’s $46.6 billion foreign debt.

A report finds that more than 1.28 million of Liberia’s 2.5 million citizens have become refugees in the 13-month-old civil war. . . . Although it is not yet reported, a young Jordanian air force pilot and his truck driver friend are hanged after being convicted of spying for Israel. . . . After angry debate, an accord to allow the extremist Moledet (Homeland) Party to join the ruling coalition is approved by the Israeli cabinet. . . . Syrian military forces see their first action of the war. . . . The allies claim that the Iraqi navy ‘s ability to launch any attack from the sea has been “obliterated.”

Arturo Rivera y Damas, the Roman Catholic archbishop of San Salvador, accuses army soldiers of the Jan. 22 killing of peasants in a village north of San Salvador.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 30–February 3, 1991—157

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

U.S. officials estimate that 161 prisoners of war have been taken and that 42 tanks and 35 other vehicles have been destroyed in the Iraqi offensive. The U.S. does not estimate the number of Iraqi deaths.

The California Department of Water Resources estimates the state will face a “deficit” of 26% of its annual water supply in 1991. . . . In a letter, Energy Secretary James Watkins informs Washington governor Booth Gardner (D) that cleanup work on a waste-processing plant at the Hanford nuclear reservation will be delayed at least one to two years.

John Bardeen, 82, winner of the 1956 Nobel Prize with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for developing the transistor and the 1972 Nobel Prize for research on low-temperature superconductivity, dies of a heart attack in Boston. . . . According to a survey of U.S. space-shuttle crews, many astronauts feel that their mission training is inadequate. However, before the survey was reported, NASA officials estimated that it reflects the views of fewer than 10% of the astronauts in training.

Actor Woody Harrelson is dropped as grand marshal of a Mardi Gras parade scheduled in February because he is politically involved in opposition to the U.S.’s role in the Persian Gulf war and attended an antiwar rally at UCLA.

Jesse Jackson announces that PUSH, a political organization, has received pledges of support from black churches and businesses and will continue to operate.

Pres. Bush signs legislation that permits military personnel to delay paying income taxes until six months after leaving the combat zone. . . . The FBI concludes its “interviews” with hundreds of ArabAmerican leaders across the country. . . . U.S. District Judge Stanley Harris rules that the Defense Department can require troops serving in the Persian Gulf to take unapproved drugs as a protection against chemical and biological warfare.

Pres. Bush proposes an increase of 11% in federal spending on the war against drugs, up nearly $1.2 billion over fiscal 1991, to $11.7 billion. . . . FDIC chairman L. William Seidman denies that the insurance fund will become insolvent in 1992, but he says the FDIC needs to raise between $5 billion and $10 billion in funds.

The CDC finds that the number of people who die annually from health problems caused by smoking is steadily increasing. . . . Arthur Shawcross, convicted of murdering 10 women in New York area in 1988–90, is sentenced in Rochester to at least 250 years in prison. . . . Frank Anthony Rose, 70, president of the University of Alabama, 1958–69, when it underwent a peaceful desegregation, dies of cancer in Washington.

The Pentagon lists as missing the 14-man crew of an AC-130H aircraft believed to have been shot down in Kuwait. . . . The Pentagon lists Spec. 4 Melissa A. RathbunNealy as missing in action. Rathbun-Nealy is the first woman serving as a soldier in the U.S. military to be officially listed as MIA.

The Federal Reserve Board cuts its basic interest rate for loans to member institutions to 6% from 6.5%. Soon after, Citicorp, BankAmerica Corp., and other leading banks reduce their base lending rates on corporate loans to 9% from 9.5%. . . . The National Research Council finds the lung-cancer risk posed to households by the radioactive gas radon has been significantly overstated in previous estimates.

A federal court jury in Des Moines, Iowa, convicts Stephen C. Blumberg, 42, of stealing more than $20 million of rare books from libraries and museums across the U.S. and Canada. He stole 21,000 books as well as musical instruments and stained glass windows.

Thirty-four people are killed and two dozen injured when a USAir jet collides with a smaller commuter plane while landing at Los Angeles Airport.

U.S. vice president Dan Quayle states in an interview that while the U.S. has “no desire” to use nuclear weapons in the gulf war, “it is an option we are not going to rule out.” . . . A Marine dies, and officials believe his death was caused by bombs dropped by a U.S. plane.

The State Department, fearing terrorist attacks, announces a reduction in the staff at the U.S. embassy in Amman, Jordan’s capital. . . . . Major Gen. Robert Johnston, chief of staff of the U.S. Central Command in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, discloses the 11 Marines who died Jan. 30 were killed by a missile from a U.S. aircraft during “very intense, very close combat” with armored Iraqi forces. . . . The White House holds the day as “a national day of prayer” for peace and the well-being of U.S. troops, as requested by Pres. Bush earlier.

James MacDonald, 84, the voice of Mickey Mouse, 1946–76, dies of heart failure in Glendale, California. . . . Irish singer Sinead O’Connor announces that she is boycotting the Grammy Awards because she objects to the “false and destructive materialistic values” of the music industry.

A book by John Shelby Spong, the Episcopal bishop of Newark, New Jersey, suggests that St. Paul was a repressed homosexual. . . . Pete Axthelm, 47, author, sports columnist, and commentator for NBC and ESPN, dies of complications caused by liver failure in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

USX Corp. and the United Steelworkers of America agree on a tentative labor contract.

Federal investigators state it appears that an air-traffic controller gave both planes clearance to be on the same runway at the same time in the Feb 1 accident at Los Angeles Airport.

In football, the AFC edges the NFC, 23-21, in the Pro Bowl. . . . Nancy Kulp, 69, actress best known for her role as the homely bank secretary Jane Hathaway on the “Beverly Hillbillies” (1962–71), dies of cancer in Palm Desert, California.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 30

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Feb. 3

158—February 4–8, 1991

Feb. 4

World Affairs

Europe

The EC welcomes F. W. de Klerk’s initiatives to end apartheid, but agrees not to lift sanctions until the South African parliament has “actually tabled” the proposed legislation. . . . Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani offers to serve as a mediator between the U.S. and Iraq to reach a settlement in the Persian Gulf war. . . . According to allied spokesmen, the international coalition has flown an average of one bombing mission per minute against Iraq since the war’s beginning.

Reports state that Russian Federation leader Boris Yeltsin has dropped the idea of Russia having its own defense force. . . . Vitaly Churkin, the chief spokesman of the Soviet foreign ministry, warns against foreign intervention in the Baltics controversy. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev promotes Boris Pugo to the rank of colonel general.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The ruling military council of Sudan passes a decree to convert the country into a federal system in an effort to end the seven-year-old civil war. . . . Arafat loyalists and FRC fighters fight a brief battle in the Ain Hilwe camp outside Sidon, Lebanon. Separately, a spokesman in Sidon states that guerrillas will halt rocket bombardment and will concentrate instead on ground combat against Israeli forces and their allies in the South Lebanese Army militia. . . . The kidnapping and assault trial of Winnie Mandela opens in Johannesburg, South Africa.

In Argentina, workers occupy the headquarters of the National Savings and Insurance Bank to protest Domingo Cavallo’s plans to privatize the institution. . . . Roman Catholic Bishop Hubert Patrick O’Connor of Prince George, British Columbia, is charged with six sexrelated criminal offenses.

Afghanistan reports 1,000 deaths from the Feb. 1 earthquake, and Pakistan reports about 200.

Reports show that clashes between Georgians and independence-minded Ossetians in January claimed more than 20 lives and wounded as many 150 people. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev declares an impending Lithuanian plebiscite on independence illegal. . . . Very Reverend Pedro de Arrupe y Gondra, 83, superior general of the Jesuits, 1965–83, and the first head of the order to resign rather than die in office, dies of cardiac arrest in Rome.

Israeli warplanes launch one of their few major attacks in several years against Fatah targets, bombing strongholds in the Iqlim al-Toffah district southeast of Sidon and killing as many as 12 people, the majority of them guerrillas. . . . Syrian artillery repulses an Iraqi raid into Saudi Arabia.

FARC and ELN rebels launch an attack to protest their exclusion from the assembly elected to reform Colombia’s constitution. . . . In response to the Feb. 4 Argentine job action, Economy Minister Domingos Cavallo suggests the privatization of the bank’s insurance arm only. Separately, employees of Argentina’s stateowned railway strike over wages. . . . The MRTA attacks the company that provides security for the U.S. embassy in Peru, killing two Peruvians.

Iraq announces that it is breaking off diplomatic relations with the U.S., Britain, France, Italy, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. . . . The Times of London reports that non-U.S. allied losses in the Persian Gulf War include 18 missing and four POWs.

In Albania, prodemocracy rallies begin, and students initiate a strike at Enver Hoxha University in Tirana. . . . Reports show that three Russian Orthodox liberal priests were murdered in the Moscow metropolitan area since September 1990.

Israeli helicopters continue the fight in Lebanon. . . . Jordan’s King Hussein condemns the “savage and large-scale war against brotherly Iraq.”. . . Iraq estimates that 150 people, including 35 children, are killed in an air raid on Nasiriya.

Employees of Argentina’s stateowned railway return to work.

The Australian Industrial Relations Committee, in a landmark decision, rules that labor union positions set aside for women and voted on exclusively by women are permissible.

Reports show the allied forces have flown about 52,000 sorties in their offensive against Iraq and occupied Kuwait since the war started. The U.S. reports 12 deaths in combat, 26 noncombat deaths, 26 missing, and eight POWs since the war started. Eighteen Saudi Arabians are reported killed in action. Reports put allied combat dead, missing, and prisoners of war at a total of 86. . . . The UN secretary general states that “there appear to be thousands” of Iraqi civilian casualties so far in the gulf war.

British prime minister John Major and his senior cabinet members escape an assassination attempt. The IRA claims responsibility. . . . A gunman in Turkey kills a retired U.S. serviceman who worked at the Incirlik air base. A caller claiming to speak for Dev Sol states, “The bases cannot be used for the bloody games of U.S. imperialism.” . . . Reports show the Romanian health ministry has tightened the screening of Romanians and foreigners seeking to adopt Romanian children.

U.S. officials report allied planes have shot down six or seven Iraqi planes have flying to Iran. . . . Israeli commandos storm a PLO base north of the security zone, their first such ground raid in three months. Only hours later, Lebanese army soldiers begin moving further south down the coastal highway. . . . Reports note the allied bombing and the lack of food have put Iraqi troops in Kuwait in a “very bad condition.” . . . Baghdad is bombed for the 22nd consecutive night.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a Roman Catholic priest, is inaugurated as the president of Haiti. . . . A preliminary government report finds that three former Salvadoran army soldiers are responsible for the Jan. 22 slayings of 15 peasants in a village north of San Salvador.

The official SPK news agency reports that Cambodia postponed elections scheduled for 1991 in an effort to encourage efforts to negotiate an end to the nation’s 12year-old civil war. . . . An Australian Federal Court justice in Sydney rules that secondhand smoke causes lung cancer and other respiratory ailments. The decision is reported to be the first ever in which an Australian court ruled on the health effects of passive smoking.

Iraq asks the UN to investigate whether a factory destroyed Jan. 21 produced infant formula, as claimed by Iraq, or biological weapons, as claimed by the U.S.

At fractious meetings in Belgrade, Slovene president Kucan walks out, complaining of the noisy Serbian nationalist demonstration of 5,000 people outside. Croation president Franjo Tudjman boycotts the talks. . . . The Soviet CP newspaper Pravda calls the U.S.’s motivations in the Persian Gulf war “neocolonial.”. . . Romanian railroad workers strike in and around the city of Iasi, near Romania’s border with the Soviet Union.

Three Arabs infiltrate Israel and open fire on a bus carrying Israeli soldiers, wounding four. The attackers, described as Islamic extremists, are slain in a shoot-out. . . . The desalination plant at Safaniya, Saudi Arabia, shuts down in response to oil slicks.

Colombian officials report that at least 63 people died in rebel attacks started Feb. 5. . . . Police report José Serafím Sales has confessed to the Feb. 2 killing of de Souza, but they continue to investigate. . . . Haiti’s Pres. Aristide prohibits Ertha Pascal Trouillot and 150 prominent Haitian citizens from leaving the country because of a judicial commission investigation.

Feb. 5

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Africa & the Middle East

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 4–8, 1991—159

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Police discover six pipe bombs attached to storage tanks at Allied Terminals Inc., a chemical storage and transport facility in Norfolk, Virginia. The bombs are disarmed and do not cause any damage. . . . Reports show the FEC sued the NRA’s political action committee for illegal use of corporate funds. . . . It is reported that at least 12 drug addicts in the NYC were killed and 100 hospitalized by a batch of killer heroin.

A former, agent of the FBI, Richard W. Miller, is sentenced in Los Angeles to 20 years in prison for spying after an Oct. 1990 conviction. . . . Defense Secretary Dick Cheney presents the fiscal 1992 defense budget at a Pentagon press conference. He also unveils a six-year defense spending plan (fiscal 1992 through fiscal 1997) that anticipates a leaner U.S. military in the post–cold war era.

Pres. Bush sends to Congress a $1.45 trillion budget for fiscal 1992. If approved, the budget plan will result in a $280.9 billion deficit, the second-highest deficit ever. Not included in the budget are the full costs of the Persian Gulf war or of the S&L bailout. . . . The Federal Reserve mounts a massive intervention in foreign-exchange markets to support the plunging U.S. dollar.

James E. Burnett Jr., a National Transportation Safety Board member, reveals several other factors that led to the Feb. 1 crash in Los Angeles, including a broken ground radar device and the failure of airport officials to hire an assistant airtraffic controller for busy times despite recommendations by the FAA dating back to 1988. . . . In the worst drought in California history, the State Water Project cuts off all water it supplies to the state’s farms.

E. Spencer Abraham, a political assistant to Vice Pres. Quayle, is named as cochairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee. . . . Judge Alice Gilbert bars Jack Kevorkian from using his suicide device. . . . The District of Columbia Council repeals the nation’s strictest assault-gun law after some congressmen threatened that the city would not receive a special $100 million appropriation if the legislation remains intact.

The Treasury unveils sweeping proposals to scale back both government regulation of the banking industry and taxpayer-financed deposit insurance.

Fourteen people, including seven state legislators, are indicted in Arizona as part of a sweeping investigation into political bribery. . . . Peter MacDonald, the former leader of the Navajo Nation, is sentenced in tribal court to serve 450 days in jail. . . . Public Citizen notes the rate of state disciplinary actions taken against physicians fell in 1989 for the first time since the mid-1980s.

The White House announces that U.S. emergency medical aid will be shipped directly to the Baltic republics and to the Ukraine. . . . Secretary of State James Baker outlines long-term U.S. foreign policy goals for the postwar Persian Gulf region before the House Foreign Affairs Committee. . . . Pres. Bush signs into law a bill that will compensate Vietnam veterans who had been exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange.

The Treasury sells $11 billion of new 10-year notes at an average yield of 7.85%—the lowest yield since 1987. . . . The Dow closes at 2830.94, going above 2800 points for the first time since Aug. 3, 1990. . . . Reports show that in response to the Jan. 30 letter from Energy Secretary James Watkins, Washington State and the federal EPA accused the Energy Department of violating a cleanup agreement signed in May 1989.

A former top aide to Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh becomes the highest-ranking federal official ever convicted on drug charges. . . . The CDC finds that between 13 and 128 Americans have been infected with the AIDS virus by their doctors and dentists since the disease first appeared.

In response to King Hussein’s Feb. 6 speech, the State Department asserts, “We are reviewing all military and economic assistance to Jordan.” . . . Defense Secretary Cheney and Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Gen. Colin Powell leave for Saudi Arabia. . . . Reports state the Defense Department has decided against giving troops in the Persian Gulf an experimental chemical warfare drug after new tests indicate that it poses potentially life-threatening hazards.

The Senate unanimously confirms former Rep. Lynn Martin (R, Ill.) as the new secretary of labor. . . . The Federal Reserve Board reports outstanding consumer credit fell $1.45 billion in Dec. 1990 for the first time since Feb. 1989. . . . The Energy Department unveils four possible plans to scale back the nuclear weapons industry. . . . U.S. district judge H. Russel Holland of Anchorage, Alaska, rules that Exxon is liable to pay civil damages only to those who suffered direct economic losses from the Exxon Valdez spill.

Silvio O. Conte, 69, Republican U.S. representative from Massachusetts since 1959, dies in Bethesda, Maryland. . . . In NYC, Steven Curreri and Charles Stressler, two of the last three defendants accused in the 1989 Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, racial killing of a black youth, Yusuf Hawkins, are acquitted by a racially mixed jury. . . . A U.S. district judge is indicted in New Orleans for accepting a bribe in a drug-trafficking case.

The Washington Post finds that the typical U.S. soldier in the Persian Gulf is 27 years old.

Reports show that, in the U.S. Federal Reserve’s intervention in foreign-exchange markets to support the plunging U.S. dollar, a total of about $1.5 billion has been spent buying dollars since Feb. 4.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Feb. 4

James L. Knight, 81, former chairman of Knight-Ridder Inc., dies of respiratory ailments in Santa Monica, California. . . . Dean Jagger, 87, character actor who won an Academy Award in 1950 for Twelve O’Clock High, dies in Santa Monica, California, after suffering from heart disease.

Salvador Edward Luria, 78, physician who shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in medicine, dies of a heart attack in Lexington, Massachusetts. . . . Debris from Salyut 7, a Soviet space station abandoned in 1986, reenters the Earth’s atmosphere. Much of the craft is believed to land in the Atlantic, but pieces are found in Argentina. . . . Two promoters of a contest offering a ride on a Soviet space station are charged with running an illegal lottery.

Danny Thomas (born Muzyad Yakhoob, later Amos Jacobs), 79, comedian and television star best known for his series Make Room for Daddy (later titled The Danny Thomas Show), 1953–64, dies in Los Angeles after suffering a heart attack.

Feb. 5

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

160—February 9–13, 1991

World Affairs

Feb. 9

Feb. 10

Feb. 11

Feb. 12

Feb. 13

Iraqi deputy premier Sadun Hammadi, in a press conference in Amman, Jordan, rejects Iran’s peace initiative, claiming “We have told Iran that what is taking place is unrelated to Kuwait. The question now is American aggression— imperialist aggression—which is intended to destroy Iraq and subjugate the region.”

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific India begins a nationwide census. . . . A Japanese nuclear power plant shuts down automatically after irradiated water leaks out of a broken pipe and a small amount of radiation is released into the atmosphere. The accident is said to be the worst in Japan’s history.

Lithuania holds a nonbinding plebiscite on independence. The results indicate overwhelming popular support for secession from the Soviet Union. Lithuania is the first Soviet republic to hold a such a referendum. . . . A bomb damages a railroad line in western Austria that was to be used to transport U.S. tanks from Germany to Italy on their way to the Persian Gulf.

An Iraqi Scud missile is intercepted by a Patriot missile over Tel Aviv, but debris from the encounter wounds between 15 and 20 people. . . . A coup attempt against Brigadier Gen. Oupa Gqozo, Ciskei’s leader, fails. . . . In South Africa, 30,000 members of the police and military conclude a 10hour anticrime operation and arrest 11,361 people, including 43 for murder, 428 for thievery, 92 for robbery, and 42 for rape. The ANC demands a breakdown by race of those being held.

In El Salvador, arsonists destroy the offices of a newspaper, El Diario Latino. . . . In Haiti, Pres. Jean-Bertrand Aristide names René Préval as premier. . . . Donald Cameron narrowly wins election as leader of the ruling Progressive Conservative Party in Nova Scotia, Canada, making him the province’s new premier.

Official results of the Feb. 9 Lithuanian referendum indicate that 90.4% of the voters support independence. Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis calls the vote a “victory against lying and intimidation.”. . . Separately, the Soviet military begins staging previously announced maneuvers in all three Baltic republics.

In South Africa, 17 members of the Inkatha Freedom Party are killed and at least 29 injured when gunmen ambush two buses in Natal province. Police and Inkatha leaders plead for restraint by thousands who gather at the site. . . . The army provides for 6,000 Palestinians to return to their day jobs in Israel on a “test-case basis.” . . . It is reported that more than 1,000 Falashas, or Ethiopian Jews, arrived in Israel in Jan. 1991, the highest such monthly total since the mid1980s.

In El Salvador, 13 government soldiers are killed when they clash with FMLN forces. . . . Chilean president Patricio Aylwin receives a report about human rights abuses under the military regime of Augusto Pinochet.

Iraq announces that 17-year-olds who are still attending school will be drafted. . . . In a 24-hour period, the allies fly 2,900 sorties. . . . Iraq continues to not report on military casualties, but Iraq’s minister of religious affairs, Abdullah Fadel Abbas, states thousands of civilians have been killed or wounded in the allied bombing.

Latin American countries begin banning food imports from Peru and testing travelers for cholera to fight the spread of the epidemic.

The Australian government suspends the wool price-support program until at least July. The move means that for the first time in 17 years there is no governmentbacked wool price floor.

The principal factions in Liberia’s civil war meet for talks in Lome, the capital of Togo. . . . Allied forces coordinate air attacks on Iraqi positions in southeastern Kuwait with artillery shelling and salvoes from a U.S. battleship in the Persian Gulf. Military spokesmen call it the largest combined operation of the war. . . . Western diplomats claim Saudi Arabia is seeking to borrow billions of dollars from international banks for the first time since the early 1970s.

Peruvian fishermen protest the Feb. 11 warnings against seafood by marching through the streets of Lima eating raw fish and demanding that the restrictions be lifted. . . . A state-owned bank in the Amazon city of Belem is robbed of $24 million in one of the largest heists in Brazilian history.

Closing the final cases of associated with the 1989 prodemocracy demonstrations, China hands out its harshest punishments when two defendants are given prison sentences of 13 years each. One defendant is released, and another receives a six-year sentence.

Scores of Iraqi civilians are killed when two U.S. bombs destroy a building in Baghdad sheltering civilians. . . . Refugees claim that allied bombers hit two buses filled with civilians fleeing the war, killing 60 people. . . . The principal factions in Liberia’s civil war sign a cease-fire and agree to take steps to form an interim government. . . . An Israeli human-rights group finds army gunfire killed 15 Palestinians in Jan. 1991, including five people under age 16. During the curfew, 3,650 Arabs were arrested. The report condemns the curfew as a form of collective punishment.

Employees of Argentina’s stateowned railroad, Ferrocarriles Argentinos, begin a wildcat strike. . . . At least 41 Mexican religious pilgrims are trampled to death or suffocated at an Ash Wednesday service in Chalma, a city 40 miles south of Mexico City. Up to 35 others are injured.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev notifies the heads of state of the Warsaw Pact countries that the organization will disband as a military alliance on April 1, 1991. . . . Switzerland announces that it will sponsor Cuba’s diplomats in the U.S. . . . As the U.S. dollar continues to slide, the Federal Reserve intervenes again, with the support of three other G-7 nations—the Great Britain, France, and Canada.

In the most substantial peace initiative so far in the gulf war, Soviet special envoy Yevgeny Primakov meets in Baghdad with Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. . . . The EC approves $700,000 in medical aid for Peru to fight the cholera epidemic. In addition, the EC sends medical personnel and five tons of medicine. . . . Reports confirm that the EC has pledged $144 million in foreign aid to Haiti.

Africa & the Middle East

Moldavian president Mircea Snegur receives an enthusiastic welcome in Bucharest, Romania. . . . . David Mellor, the chief secretary to the Treasury, announces the UAR pledged 250 million ($500 million) toward the cost of Britain’s military contribution to the war. . . . Slovenia and Croatia issue a joint statement hinting that they will leave the federation by July if Yugoslavia is not transformed into a “community of sovereign republics.”

The U.S. tallies that 62 Scuds have been fired from Iraq during the Persian Gulf War. Thirty-two were launched toward Israel and 30 toward Saudi Arabia.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 9–13, 1991—161

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Reports confirm that Canandaigua Wine Co. has agreed to alter the packaging of Cisco, after complaints from the U.S. surgeon general in Jan. 1991. . . . Charles Edward Gresham, Joseph Wayne Openshaw, and Cecil Howard Ross are arrested and charged with conspiring to bomb Allied Terminals Inc. on Feb. 4.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

American Airlines and its pilots agree to a tentative labor contract after an all-night bargaining session in Washington, D.C.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Soviet pole vaulter Sergei Bubka sets a world indoor mark of 19 feet, 113⁄4 inches (6.08 m). . . . Criminal Type is named Horse of the Year for 1990 at the Eclipse Award ceremonies. . . . Reverend James Cleveland, 59, three-time Grammy Award winner credited with teaching a nine-year-old Aretha Franklin to sing gospel music, dies of heart failure in Los Angeles.

In New Jersey, one of Princeton’s popular clubs, the Tiger Inn, admits 27 women in response to the Jan. 22 Supreme Court ruling.

A group of diverse performers assemble in Los Angeles to record a song, “Voices That Care.” Proceeds are to go to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund and the United Service Organizations. . . The Eastern Conference edges the Western Conference, 116–114, in the NBA’s All-Star Game.

The Education Department finds that Spanish-speaking students learn English at about the same rate regardless of whether they are taught in bilingual programs or in all-English programs. . . . William L. Hart, Detroit’s police chief is indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of stealing $1.3 million from a police undercover operations fund.

The U.S. announces a 55% increase in aid to Haiti for fiscal 1991. . . . Israeli defense minister Moshe Arens visits Washington, D.C., and meets with Pres. Bush, Vice Pres. Dan Quayle, Secretary of State James Baker, and Defense, Secretary Dick Cheney. . . . Reports show that Rep. Dan Burton (R, Ind.) has become the first member of Congress to call for the use of tactical nuclear weapons to bring a quick end to the Persian Gulf War.

Robert Ferdinand Wagner, 80, Democratic mayor of NYC, 1954–65, and U.S. diplomat until 1980, dies of heart failure in New York. . . . A three-judge panel of the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals throws out the 45-year prison sentence given to former TV evangelist Jim Bakker. The panel upholds Bakker’s conviction on fraud and conspiracy charges and orders that Bakker be resentenced by a different judge.

The Pentagon pledges to increase opportunities for journalists to cover front-line military activities in Operation Desert Storm. . . . Officials announce two Americans were wounded in the Persian Gulf war’s first ground skirmish Jan. 22.

Pres. Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers issues its second annual economic report, forecasting a speedy emergence from the recession and a prosperous economy in the remainder of the 1990s.

The National Council of Churches, in its first official statement on the gulf war, affirms its opposition to war and calls for an immediate cease-fire.

U.S. officials express regret at the civilian casualties in Baghdad but reiterate that all possible steps are being taken to avoid them. . . . The U.S. ambassador to Kenya, Smith Hempstone, reports that the U.S. decided to release $5 million of $9.6 million in military aid to Kenya. . . . A poll shows only 11% of respondents think that the U.S. “should begin fighting the ground war very soon,” while 79% believe that the U.S. should “continue mainly to bomb from the air for the coming weeks.”

Robert Di Giorgio, 79, former president of Di Giorgio Corp., the first major produce grower to break ranks in 1966 during a bitter struggle by farmworkers organized by Cesar Chavez when he declared workers should have a union, dies of complications from 1988 surgery in San Francisco. . . . The Bush administration announces details of a five-year, $105 billion transportation program that will substantially upgrade the roads while limiting new spending on mass transportation.

Sotheby’s auction house in NYC announces that the handwritten manuscript to the first half of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain has been found by a 62-year-old librarian in a trunk she inherited from her grandfather, James Fraser Gluck, a friend of Twain’s.

Feb. 9

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 12

Feb. 13

162—February 14–18, 1991

Feb. 14

Feb. 15

Feb. 16

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

A new round of CFE talks opens in Vienna. . . . The UN Security Council meets in private for the first time since 1975. . . Outrage against the Feb. 13 U.S. bombing is voiced by Iraq and its allies. Coalition members Egypt and Syria blame Saddam Hussein for the unnecessary shedding of Arab blood. . . . A report shows the allies have flown a total of 70,000 sorties since the beginning of the war. Allied casualties total at least 54.

Reports indicate Slovenia and Croatia have concluded a mutual defense pact that calls for both republics to declare independence if the Yugoslav military intervenes in either republic. . . . The government of Spain backs a halt to allied bombing raids on Baghdad and other Iraqi cities. . . . The city of Dresden, Germany marks the anniversary of the 1945 Germany, fire-bombing of that city during World War II, killing 35,000 people.

Iraqi officials recover the bodies of 288 people, including 91children, and charge the Feb. 13 attack was a deliberate strike on a shelter. Allied officials claim the facility was used for the military and blame Iraq for allowing civilians to take shelter in the building. . . . A Fatah battalion commander stages a mutiny, refusing to turn over positions to the Lebanese army and briefly kidnapping and beating Yasser Arafat’s senior officer in Lebanon.

Iraq offers to withdraw from Kuwait with conditions on other Mideast conflicts. The allies reject the offer due to its conditions. In the name of the eight Arab nations backing the international alliance, Egypt’s foreign minister calls the proposal an “insincere offer which contains conditions that were previously considered unacceptable as well as new conditions.”. . . The presidents and premiers of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland pledge a mutual effort to overcome the political and economic legacies of communist rule.

The Constitutional Compliance Committee of the Supreme Soviet criticizes the creation of police-military joint patrols as a possible violation of the Soviet constitution. . . . It is reported the U.K. government is ready to spend up to £14 million in order to exempt the 40,000 British service personnel in the gulf from having to pay the controversial poll tax.

The Fatah commander who mutinied Feb. 14 is captured and executed after clashes in which 17 guerrillas are killed. . . . U.S. military officials state the allies have been using “fuelair” explosives against Iraq. The weapons create explosions so they can trigger mines on the ground or devastate underground bunkers. . . . A black lawyer who investigated allegations of government-run death squads is killed in Soweto. Separately, South Africa and the ANC state they have worked out differences over what political and military activities the ANC may conduct.

Foreign ministers of nine Commonwealth nations, meeting in London, decide to maintain trade and financial sanctions against South Africa pending firmer steps by the government toward the abolition of apartheid.

Feb. 17

Feb. 18

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev meets Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz in Moscow and presents a Soviet peace proposal aimed at ending the Persian Gulf War.

A bomb explodes at the Victoria Station railway terminal in London, killing one and injuring 40. The IRA claims responsibility. Heathrow Airport is evacuated after a bomb threat. . . . Great Britain makes Bulgaria eligible to receive aid from its fund that provides economic and technical assistance. . . . In Albania, the strike that started Feb. 6 gains momentum, with most of the university’s 10,000 students boycotting classes. An estimated 700 students and faculty begin a hunger strike.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The 14-member Peruvian cabinet resigns over differing views about the economy in the first major cabinet change since Pres. Alberto Fujimori took office in July 1990.

Iraq claims that a Feb. 14 British bombing raid on the town of Fallujah devastated an apartment block and killed 130 civilians. . . . In the wake of the Feb. 14 mutiny, 20 more mutineers are executed by the PLO after being condemned by “revolutionary courts.”

Reputed drug lord Juan David Ochoa Vásquez surrenders to Colombian authorities. Separately, a car bomb kills 22 and injures 176 in Medellin. . . . Fortunato Gaviria Botero, a cousin of Colombia’s president, is found slain. Police claim he was kidnapped and murdered by drug traffickers. . . . The pro-Cuban Peruvian rebel group, MRTA, destroys two U.S. restaurants in Lima to protest U.S. involvement in Iraq. . . . Enrique Bermúdez, former director of the U.S.-backed Nicaraguan contras, is assassinated in Managua.

Talks to renew U.S. leases for military bases in the Philippines break off with the key issues of duration and payment unresolved.

Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro wins Cape Verde’s first free presidential elections. . . . Reports show Baghdad may suffer from epidemics due to water shortages caused by bombing. . . . Travelers from Iraq claim that 10 officials of the Iraqi ruling party were killed by a mob protesting Saddam Hussein’s refusal to leave Kuwait. . . . A UN shipment of 54 tons of medicine for children reaches Baghdad.

Reports find that a judge on the Caribbean island of Barbados reintroduced flogging with a cat-o’nine-tails as punishment for serious crimes, including rape and murder. No one on Barbados has been sentenced to flogging in 22 years. Church and human-rights groups protest the reinstatement of flogging, calling the punishment inhumane. . . . Colombian police blamed the Feb. 16 bombing in Medellín on drug traffickers.

P.M. Chandra Shekhar announces that he will no longer allow U.S. transport aircraft to refuel in India on the way to the Iraqi war theater.

Reports show that, in the wake of the Feb. 15 murder of a black lawyer, the ANC calls for “total and verifiable proof” from the South African government that death squads have been disbanded, and for the immediate suspension of the activities of counterinsurgency units. . . . Two U.S. warships strike mines in the Persian Gulf, injuring seven crewmen. The mines are the first struck by ships in the multinational coalition force.

In EI Salvador, rebels launch grenade attacks on a building in southwestern San Salvador that houses the armed forces and defense ministry headquarters. The rebels report that six people died in the attack, while the military puts the death count at one. . . . Peruvian officials object to the ban on their nation’s food products. . . . In Nicaragua, the opposition Sandinista National Liberation Front condemns the slaying of Colonel Enrique Bermúdez and deny any involvement.

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam kill 45 Sri Lankan troops in an ambush, part of their continuing battle over ethnic strife and a homeland. . . . South Korean president Roh Woo shuffles the cabinet after a bribery scandal.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 14–18, 1991—163

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Two San Francisco men, Chris Minor and Richard Mulholland, become the first couple to register as “domestic partners” under a San Francisco city ordinance approved in 1990. Although registration does not confer any concrete legal benefits, Minor declares the registration to be “a real milestone, not only in our relationship, but for the gay community.”

The U.S. reports 14 U.S. soldiers killed in action, 12 wounded, 28 missing in action and eight prisoners of war. . . . John Alex McCone, 89, Republican businessman who served as director of the CIA, 1961–65, and chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, 1958–60, dies of cardiac arrest in Pebble Beach, California.

The federal Bureau of Reclamation announces cuts in its water deliveries to California farmers by as much as 75%. Because of earlier restrictions, farmers stand to receive only about a third of the water usually delivered from state and federal water projects.

The New England Journal of Medicine finds that a genetically engineered antibody may cut the death rate from septic shock. . . . A study suggests that individuals infected with HIV who take the antiviral drug AZT before they develop symptoms of AIDS live no longer than those who begin taking AZT once they develop symptoms, contradicting widely accepted conclusions.

The Federal Reserve Board reports that U.S. mines, factories, and utilities operated at 79.9% of capacity in January, its lowest level since January 1987. . . . California governor Pete Wilson (R) announces proposals to combat the state’s worst drought since 1977.

Vanderbilt University researchers find that the use of the pain reliever ibuprofen and certain other antiinflammatory drugs increases the risk of ulcers. . . . The FAA issues regulations to prohibit airplanes from waiting in the middle of runways while awaiting clearance for takeoff at night. The change is made in response to an earlier collision at Los Angeles Airport.

The New York Times reports that measles was almost eradicated in the U.S. by 1983, when fewer than 1,500 cases were reported across the country. After federal budget cuts affecting immunization programs, the number of cases rose to about 30,000 in 1990, with nearly 100 deaths.

A Washington Post/ABC News poll finds that eight of 10 Americans questioned believe that Iraq is most to blame for the Feb. 13 incident in which Iraqi civilians were killed.

The New York Times reports that many pharmaceutical companies are circumventing a new law that requires them to give Medicaid programs the same discounts for drugs that they gave to other big customers. Instead of lowering drug prices for Medicaid programs, the companies are raising prices for their other customers.

Two U.S. soldiers are killed and six are wounded from friendly fire. . . . The U.S. accuses Iraq of “faking” some of the bomb damage of civilian areas that were shown to Western journalists.

Maryland governor William D. Schaefer (D) signs into law one of the most liberal abortion bills in the U.S. The measure is designed to protect a woman’s ability to obtain a legal abortion, even if the Supreme Court is to overturn its 1973 Roe v. Wade decision.

Gregory D. Levey, 30, burns himself to death on the town common in Amherst, Massachusetts, in protest against the war.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Feb. 14

Feb. 15

Feb. 16

Feb. 17

NASA finds cracks in the shuttle Discovery that range up to two inches in length.

Eugene Fodor, 85, travel writer of Fodor’s Travel Guides, dies of a brain tumor in Torrington, Connecticut.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 18

164—February 19–23, 1991

Feb. 19

Feb. 20

Feb. 21

Feb. 22

Feb. 23

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

The Feb. 18 Soviet peace initiative presents problems for the U.S. and other allies since it leaves Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in power with at least some of his military still intact. . . . Reports find that Iraqi missiles fired on Israel during the war killed two, wounded 230, and caused 11 other deaths (such as heart attacks). The attacks destroyed or damaged 10,992 apartments. . . . According to an Iranian newspaper, Iraq suffered more than 20,000 dead and 60,000 wounded in the first 26 days of the war.

In a live interview on Soviet television, the president of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, demands the resignation of Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev. It is Yeltsin’s strongest public criticism to date of the Soviet leader.

Baghdad experiences what is described as its worst night of bombing in a week. . . . Iraqi fires what is believed to the 36th Scud missile on Israel. . . . A Kuwaiti resistance official, Da’ad Abdullah, states in London that 7,000 Kuwaitis have been killed and 17,000 detained since the Iraqi invasion. . . . Reports confirm that British ground forces saw their first action of the war when a Royal Artillery unit shelled Iraqi tanks and guns across the Saudi border.

Reports show that at least 100 people died in Peru’s first cholera epidemic in over 100 years. Some 16,600 people have been treated for the disease. . . . Colombian security agents claim that they have seized a record average of 225 kilograms of cocaine a day thus far in 1991. . . . Haitian president JeanBertrand Aristide unveils P.M. René Preval’s cabinet. . . . The U.S. embassy in Lima warns Americans to leave or stay away from Peru until the end of the war since terrorists have attacked eight U.S. targets in the country since Jan. 24.

Allied officials state that pilots from 10 nations are now participating in air strikes against Iraqi targets. The nations include the U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, and the UAE. . . . Italy argues that the Feb. 18 Soviet peace proposal is consistent with UN resolutions, and Germany reportedly lends its support to the peace initiative.

The Slovene parliament approves constitutional amendments that invalidate all federal laws. . . . In Albania, more than 5,000 people demonstrate, and thousands go on an illegal strike. Protesters topple statues of Enver Hoxha, the father of Albanian communism, in three cities. Pres. Ramiz Alia asserts emergency presidential rule and dismisses the government. . . . The Romanian Supreme Court rules the railworkers strike started Feb. 8 is illegal.

Some of the fiercest skirmishes of the war are reported, including allied probes along the Saudi border with Iraq and Kuwait. U.S. officials disclose that U.S. Army helicopters attacked Iraqi bunkers north of the Saudi border and forced the surrender of more than 450 Iraqi troops. . . . The Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council meets to consider the Soviet peace proposal.

Reports show that, in response to the railway strike started Feb. 13 in Argentina, Pres. Carlos Menem ordered the presidential jet and three military planes to fly stranded travelers to Buenos Aires. . . . Nineteen tourists die when their chartered Chilean airplane crashes into the Beagle Channel at the southern tip of Chile. . . . The Colombian government restates that it will not grant pardons for drug traffickers’ crimes.

The Soviet Union announces that Iraq has agreed to a proposal for a “full and unconditional withdrawal” from Kuwait that may end the fiveweek-old war in the Persian Gulf. While not rejecting the plan, the U.S. expresses “serious concerns.”. . . Allied sources raise their estimates to 2,100 Iraqi tanks destroyed and state 22 U.S. aircraft and nine other allied aircraft have been lost. . . . Iraq suggests that captured allied airmen should be treated as war criminals because of purported civilian casualties.

The Croatian parliament passes legislation asserting a veto power over all federal laws that apply to the republic and curtail the rights of the federal government in Croatia. . . . In Albania, demonstrators storm a bookstore devoted to the writings of Hoxha and burn hundreds of volumes in the street. The government closes the Hoxha museum in the capital. Soldiers fire warning shots to disperse a crowd of protesters. . . . Striking Romanian railroad workers agree to end a two-week-old walkout.

Iraq touches off fires at some 150 oil wells. . . . A helicopter crash kills seven U.S. soldiers

President Violeta Chamorro announces that Germany has pledged $65 million in new aid to Nicaragua, making Germany its second-largest lender. . . . A National Democratic Union Party candidate for city council in San Salvador, Heriberto Robles Garcia and his pregnant wife, Vilma Palacios, are murdered.

U.S. president Bush gives Iraq until Feb. 23 (EST) to begin an “immediate and unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait” or face an allied ground assault. Germany and France support the deadline. . . . Soviet spokesman Vitaly Ignatenko discloses that Iraq and the Soviet Union have narrowed the previous eight-point peace plan into a tougher six-point initiative. Iraq’s ruling party only implies agreement to the plan, and U.S. officials find it unacceptable because it allows too much time for an Iraqi withdrawal and permits the UN resolutions to lapse.

The presidents of Yugoslavia’s republics hold crisis talks in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina. . . . Albanian president Alia appoints a new government in an attempt to end a wave of prodemocracy protests. The new 19member cabinet is to remain in office until the national elections. . . . Separately, one policeman and three civilians are slain in gunfire at the central military academy in Tirana, Albania.

Reports suggest Iraqi forces are systematically destroying Kuwaiti oil installations. . . . The PLO receives a blow when King Hussein of Jordan states Iraq’s withdrawal from Kuwait should be achieved without an implicit linkage to a resolution of the Palestinian question. . . . Iranian news reports that epidemics of diarrhea and medical problems resulting from the lack of fresh water are rampant in Basra, Iraq, home of military facilities and a major target for allied bombers. . . . Refugees reaching Iran claim that 60% of Basra’s population has fled.

In El Salvador, the UDN accuses the government and the military of waging a terror campaign against party members and alleges the ruling Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) murdered Heriberto Robles Garcia and his pregnant wife, Vilma Palacios.

The allied ground offensive begins with a sweeping western flanking movement into Iraq. . . . The UN Security Council meets behind closed doors but recesses without taking any action. . . . A Soviet official states that the failure of the Iraqi-Soviet peace initiative did not hurt U.S.-Soviet relations. . . . Iran’s president, Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, accuses the U.S. of pursuing goals beyond the UN’s mandate.

In Albania, the opposition Democratic Party calls for protests against “criminals and antidemocratic forces,” while Communists organize counterprotests in defense of Hoxha’s monuments. . . . Conservative forces stage mass demonstrations in Moscow.

Iraq launches the 39th Scud missile at Israel. . . . U.S. officials report that Iraq is staging “a systematic campaign of executions” in Kuwait City. . . . Reports disclose the U.S. closed its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, in mid-January in fear of possible terrorist attacks. . . . The rebel Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Forces launch an offensive against government troops in an effort to overrun northern provinces.

Asia & the Pacific

In Thailand, Premier Chatichai Choonhavan appoints Deputy P.M. Arthit Kamlang-ek, a former army chief of staff who is widely unpopular, as deputy defense minister.

The government of Premier Chatichai Choonhavan is ousted by the Thai military in a bloodless coup led by Gen. Sunthorn Kongsompong. The 1978 constitution is abolished, and martial law is imposed. . . . . China removes Xu Jiatun, a top Chinese official in Hong Kong from 1983 and the highest-ranking official who left the country after the 1989 crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrators, from his parliamentary seat.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 19–23, 1991—165

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

After being videotaped accepting a bribe, Rep. Bobby Raymond (D, Ariz.), pleads guilty to five felony counts. . . . Gloria Molina becomes the first Hispanic elected to the L.A. County Board of Supervisors. . . . The Supreme Court rules unanimously that a death sentence handed down to a black Georgia man must be reviewed since the prosecutor excluded blacks from the jury. . . . Governor Schaefer (D, Md.) commutes the prison sentences of eight women convicted of killing or assaulting abusive men.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

U.S. District Court judge Kimba M. Wood recommends that Michael R. Milken be paroled no sooner than three years into his 10-year sentence for securities fraud. The U.S. probation office separately determines that Milken’s admitted crimes caused total losses of $685,614.

Scientists from the Public Health Service conclude that there is no discernible evidence that fluoride causes cancer in humans, and they argue that the use of fluoride to prevent tooth decay should continue.

The Archives of Ophthalmology finds that older people who consume plenty of vitamins, either through eating fruits and vegetables or by taking daily supplements, appear to decrease their risk of developing cataracts.

The Supreme Court rules that individuals and businesses may sue state and local governments over laws that restrict interstate trade. . . . A panel of the Michigan Court of Appeals strikes down as unconstitutional a state ban on Medicaid-funded abortions for poor women. . . . The American Heart Association finds the death rate from strokes in the U.S. declined 33% between 1978 and 1988.

The Senate rejects a bill that would have allowed single parents and one member of a military couple with children to receive an exemption from serving in the Persian Gulf war. . . . The Supreme Court rules that illegal immigrants have the right to sue the INS over its administration of the 1986 immigration law.

Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan presents the Fed’s semiannual monetary policy report to the Senate Banking Committee and projects that the US economy will grow by 0.75–1.5% in 1991. . . . The Commerce Department notes that housing starts fell 12.8% in January, the lowest monthly level in nine years. . . . Sparking debate, Pres. Bush unveils a comprehensive national energy plan.

Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia states he will not extend appeals deadlines for death-row inmates who cannot find attorneys. . . . John Sherman Cooper, 89, U.S. senator from Kentucky, 1946–48, 1952–54, and 1956–73, dies of heart failure in Washington, D.C. . . . According to medical experts, mandatory AIDS testing of health workers is neither necessary nor useful. . . . The FEC reports overall spending in 1990 congressional races fell when compared with campaigns in 1988.

Reports disclose that a helicopter battalion commander, Lt. Col. Ralph Hayles, was relieved of his command in connection with a “friendly fire” incident that killed two U.S. infantrymen. . . . Reported U.S. deaths in the Persian Gulf War reach 59. . . . The Senate passes a bill to extend job security and other protections to military personnel serving in the Persian Gulf.

The Daily News security agents count 1,427 strike-related incidents in NYC since the walkout in Oct. 1990.

The Bush administration asks Congress to appropriate $15 billion in “working capital” to finance the Persian Gulf war effort until aid pledged by foreign nations contributing to the war is received.

Lynn Martin is sworn in as secretary of labor.

John Alfred Hannah, 88, first chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1957–69 and supporter of integration, dies of cancer in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Feb. 19

The World Council of Churches calls for an unconditional halt to the gulf war, followed by an immediate Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait. . . . Bob Dylan, the late John Lennon, Marian Anderson, and Kitty Wells receive lifetime achievement Grammy awards.

Dame Margot Fonteyn (born Margaret Hookham), 71, considered the greatest British ballerina of her era and one of the foremost figures in 20th-century dance, dies of cancer in Panama City.

Feb. 20

Feb. 21

Feb. 22

A fire begins that rages for 181⁄2 hours through a high-rise office building in downtown Philadelphia.

Speaking in Washington, D.C., after Pres. Bush announced the launching of the ground war, Defense Secretary Dick Cheney states there will be a total blackout on information about the offensive in order to restrict any news that might be useful to the enemy. . . . The U.S., one of Thailand’s staunchest allies, condemns the coup in that country and announces the suspension of $16.4 million in development aid.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Bishop Leo Maher, 75, former head of the Roman Catholic diocese of San Diego who refused to allow a California state assemblywoman to receive communion because she supports legalized abortion, dies of a malignant brain tumor in San Diego.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 23

166—February 24–28, 1991

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

Feb. 26

Feb. 27

Feb. 28

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

U.S. and allied forces achieve quick breakthroughs into Kuwait, presaging a rapid collapse of Iraqi forces. More than 5,000 Iraqis—tired, hungry, dirty, and shaken from weeks of allied shelling and bombing—surrender. . . . The 15 UN Security Council members meet but break off talks since little can now be accomplished. . . . Poland announces that it has reached a tentative three-year accord with the IMF.

Liberal forces stage a mass demonstration in Moscow. . . . In Albania, the official death toll from days of protests reaches five when an army patrol in Tirana shoots a young man who reportedly refused to produce identity papers on demand. . . . Britain’s queen, Elizabeth II, broadcasts a wartime message to the nation for the first time in her 39-year reign.

Thousands of Yemenis march on embassies of nations in the U.S.led coalition to protest the ground offensive. . . . Jordan’s premier, Mudar Badran, estimates that since August 1990, the gulf crisis has cost his nation $8 billion. . . . In the largest demonstration in Egypt since the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 2,000 Cairo University students protest the war.

Baghdad radio announces that the Iraqi armed forces have “completed their duty” and that orders have been given for their withdrawal from Kuwait. . . . An official of the World Health Organization reports serious public health problems in Iraq because of a shortage of clean drinking water. . . . The foreign ministers and defense ministers of the six Warsaw Pact nations sign an agreement to disband the alliance’s military structure by March 31.

The corruption trial of Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria’s former Communist Party leader, opens in Sofia. He is the first former communist leader in Eastern Europe to be tried in public since the emergence of democracy in that region. . . . Reports conclude that British public support for the Persian Gulf war runs as high as or even higher than support in the U.S. . . . British officials announce the first confirmed death of a British soldier in gulf combat. The soldier, Corporal David Denbury, 26, was killed Feb. 21.

Kuwaiti resistance leaders claim control over Kuwait City as U.S. and Saudi special forces secure parts of the capital. Saddam Hussein announces over Baghdad radio that his troops are pulling out, but he characterizes the Iraqi effort as a “victory.”. . . The UN Security Council, meeting informally, agrees to the allied position that Iraq has to comply with the 12 relevant Security Council resolutions before a cease-fire can begin.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Baghdad suffers a night of intense bombing raids. . . . An Iraqi Scud missile kills 28 U.S. soldiers and wounds at least 89 others when it hits a makeshift barracks. . . . A Patriot missile intercepts a Scud fired at the small gulf island state of Bahrain. . . . Resistance forces state Iraqi troops began to retreat from Kuwait City. . . . Nadir Sultan, the president of the stateowned Kuwait Petroleum Co., estimates it will take more than two years to repair damages to his country’s oil fields.

A U.S. Army helicopter crashes in Lake Ilopango in El Salvador, killing the five U.S. soldiers on board. American officials state mechanical failure caused the accident. . . . The U.S. and Colombia sign a series of agreements designed to improve trade and to fight drug trafficking.

Thailand’s new five-member military junta vows it will draw up a new constitution within six months and call elections shortly thereafter. An estimated 1,000 students from Ramkhamhaeng University in Bangkok condemn the coup, even though their demonstration violates the government’s ban on political gatherings. The police arrest about 15 activists. . . . Prices at the first free-market wool sales in Australia in 17 years falls 35% from the old, government-supported price.

Czechoslovakia’s lawmakers authorize the privatization of all large state-owned enterprises. . . . In a nationally televised speech to a gathering of intellectuals, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev accuses Soviet radicals of pushing the USSR toward a civil war.

The number of oil wells, storage tanks, pipes, refineries, and export terminals aflame in Kuwait reaches almost 600. . . . In Egypt, one youth is reported killed in clashes with police at antiwar protests. . . . Several hundred white, right-wing extremists clash with South African police outside a prison in Pretoria. . . . Reports show that Ethiopian rebel fighters are occupying Djen, hampering government troops seeking to push to Bahir Dar, which the rebels reportedly seized in intense fighting.

In the ongoing rebel attack in El Salvador, one civilian dies in the wealthy Escalón district of San Salvador.

Khaleda Zia, leader of the Bangladesh National Party and widow of the general who ruled Bangladesh from 1976 to 1981, wins the elections for the nation’s next prime minister. Despite the relative peacefulness of the elections, about 625 people are arrested across the country. One man is killed in a shoot-out between supporters of Zia and Sheik Hasina. . . . King Bhumibol endorses the coup in Thailand, saying it was necessary because Chatichai “failed to maintain peace and order in the country.”

Thousands of allied troops pour into Kuwaiti City unopposed. . . . Iraq finally agrees to comply with the UN resolutions in a letter from Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz. U.S. president Bush states the allied forces will cease offensive operations at midnight, 100 hours after the ground offensive began. . . . The Saudi Arabian ambassador to the U.S. estimates the total number of Iraqi dead and wounded during the six weeks of war is 85,000–100,000.

Reports show that Greece sent troops to the Albanian border out of a fear that Albania’s political unrest will increase the flood of refugees into Greece. . . . More than 100,000 workers demonstrate in Leipzig, Erfurt, and other German cities against deteriorating economic conditions in the region. . . . Reports confirm a military prosecutor in Belgrade has charged Martin Spegelj, Croatia’s defense minister, with plotting an armed rebellion against the nation.

Baghdad is rocked by allied bombs less than an hour before the announcement of a cease-fire. . . . Prior to the cease-fire, the main force of the American VII Corps smashes a remnant of the Iraq Republican Guard in what is believed to be the largest armored battle since the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. . . . The South African government agrees to help maintain law and order in Ciskei. The move is designed to begin the process of reincorporating Ciskei into South Africa.

Iraq agrees to send military commanders to arrange the military aspects of a cease-fire. . . . Reports suggest that fire from a U.S. A-10 attack plane killed nine British soldiers. . . . Military analysts in the U.S. estimate Iraq’s military death toll at 25,000–50,000. Reports show that the allies flew 106,000 air sorties in the 43 days of fighting and lost 36 aircraft in combat. . . . The EC pledges $800,000 to help reconstruct Baghdad’s water supply system.

Reports indicate Bulgaria’s Socialist Party has agreed to hand over to the state $52 million in property and assets. . . . The Serbian National Council, a group representing Croatia’s ethnic Serbs, announces its intention to form an independent republic, called Krajina, in the Knin area.

According to reports, thousands of Iraqi soldiers were slaughtered on the streets of Kuwait City when allied troops bombed a convoy in a traffic jam. . . . Kuwaiti doctors tell foreign journalists that they saw evidence to support widespread reports that Iraqi forces committed atrocities against civilians. . . . Israel lifts its state of emergency. . . . The emir of Kuwait appoints the nation’s crown prince and premier, Sheik Saad al-Abdallah Al Sabah, as its military governor.

Leaders of FMLN order their followers not to disrupt the legislative and municipal elections, even though the FMLN has disrupted virtually all Salvadoran elections during its 11year war with the government. . . . Six Haitian former political opposition figures bring a $120 million lawsuit against Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril, a former Haitian president. . . . Guillermo Manuel Ungo, 59, a longtime leader of the democratic left in El Salvador, dies of a heart attack in Mexico City.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 24–28, 1991—167

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf gives an upbeat assessment of the gulf military campaign. . . . A New York Times/CBS News poll is taken that shows 75% of respondents believe the U.S. “did the right thing in starting the ground war against Iraq.” A Washington Post/ABC News poll reveals that 90% of respondents approve of Pres. Bush’s policy in the Persian Gulf. . . . U.S. officials reveal that the date for the ground offensive was set at least a week earlier. The FDA approves the use of a genetically engineered copy of the alpha interferon hormone for treating hepatitis C (or non-A/non-B hepatitis), a viral infection that may lead to chronic and potentially fatal liver disease. . . .Separately, David Kessler is sworn in as chairman of the FDA.

Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh announces that an estimated 51,000 people who fled from conflicts in Kuwait, Lebanon and Liberia will be allowed to remain in the U.S. for at least another year.

Reports indicate that the secretary of health and human services has notified prescription drug makers that they must sign rebate agreements with state Medicaid agencies by March 1. . . . The NYC Board of Education approves an AIDS education program that makes condoms available free upon request. . . . The Detroit Board of Education approves an all-male school aimed to combat problems of black, inner-city youths. The K-8 school will be open to male students of all races.

U.S. officials credit air force captain Eric Salomonson and his wingman, Lt. John Marks, with destroying a record 23 tanks in three missions in their A-10 attack plane over a 24hour period in the Persian Gulf.

Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan meets with the Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues and announces a 39-point plan to increase research on breast and cervical cancer, heart disease, smoking, and osteoporosis.

The low rate of U.S. casualties in the gulf war is called “miraculous” by Gen. Schwarzkopf. In preliminary figures, the U.S. reports 79 combat deaths during the six-week conflict: 23 in the run-up to the ground assault, 28 during the ground offensive and 28 killed Feb. 25. . . .The House clears legislation to offer various protections to military personnel serving in the Persian Gulf, passed by the Senate Feb. 21.

Wanda Webb Holloway, 37, of Channelview, Texas, accused of hiring a man to kill the mother of a girl competing with her daughter to be a high-school cheerleader, pleads not guilty in Houston.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The fire in Philadelphia started Feb. 23 continues to blaze, destroying the upper half of an office building and leaving three firefighters dead. The fire is the worst in a high-rise building in the U.S. since a 1980 fire at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas, in which 84 people were killed.

Feb. 24

FDIC Chairman L. William Seidman reveals his agency plans to borrow $10 billion and raise bank-deposit insurance premiums to repay the loan. The new cash will shore up the FDIC’s Bank Insurance Fund. . . . GAO Investigators release a study recommending that the Energy Department relax its timetable for resuming production of tritium, a perishable, radioactive gas used to enhance the explosive power of nuclear bombs.

Feb. 25

The Senate Ethics Committee ends deliberations in the so-called Keating Five case, finding “substantial credible evidence” of misconduct by Sen. Alan Cranston (D, Calif.). The panel halts the investigation of four other senators with mild reprimands and leaves open its probe of Cranston.

A federal grand jury indicts eight people on fraud, conspiracy, and money-laundering charges involving more than $4 billion in unauthorized loans and credits from the Atlanta branch of Italy’s Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) to the regime of Iraqi president Hussein years before the Persian Gulf war. The 347-count indictment caps an 18-month investigation, . . . Bargaining between the unions and The Daily News break down after more than 13 months of on-and-off negotiations.

The Baseball Hall of Fame Veterans Committee admits, posthumously, owner Bill Veeck and second baseman Tony Lazzeri.

Feb. 26

Noureddine Morceli of Algeria posts an indoor world-best time of 3 minutes, 34.16 seconds for the 1,500-meter run in Seville, Spain.

Feb. 27

Cracked hatch hinges on space shuttles prompt NASA officials to postpone a scheduled mid-March Discovery mission. . . . California is deluged with rainstorms, which brings some relief to the droughtstricken state.

Feb. 28

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

168—March 1–5, 1991

March 1

March 2

March 3

March 4

March 5

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

According to The New York Times, Iraq owes $35 billion to Western governments and banks, $11 billion to the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries and as much as $40 billion to other Arab nations.

About 120,000 miners in the Ukraine’s Donetsk region, the USSR’s main coal-mining area, 70,000 miners in the republic of Kazakhstan, and thousands of miners in the Russian Arctic Circle region go on strike.

U.S. and British forces begin destroying Iraqi armored vehicles. . . . A busload of Iraqi soldiers fires at a checkpoint, prompting Americans to blow up the bus and take nine prisoners. . . . The U.S. embassy in Kuwait reopens. . . . An Iraqi tank fires on a portrait of Pres. Saddam Hussein in Basra, which is in chaos. . . . In Kenya, Gitobu Imanyara is arrested for sedition and violating state publishing laws for an article which indirectly accuses Pres. Daniel arap Moi of favoring members of his Kalenjin tribe when awarding jobs.

The UN Security Council approves a resolution 686 that sets out the terms to govern the end of hostilities in the Persian Gulf.

Armed ethnic Serbs in Pakrac, a town 180 miles southeast of Zagreb with a majority population of ethnic Serbs, seize the police station and declare Pakrac’s allegiance to the southwestern Krajina region, where ethnic Serbs predominate. Hundreds of paramilitary police reserves of Yugoslavia’s republic of Croatia battle the separatist ethnic Serbs and recapture Pakrac. The federal government sends in a contingent of the Yugoslav army and orders Croatia to withdraw its forces.

An Iraqi armored column attacks an element of the 24th Infantry, precipitating a battle. The U.S. reports no casualties and claims to have destroyed 60 Iraqi vehicles and captured 80 tanks and armored vehicles. . . . Reports emerge that the rebel Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Forces secured Debre Markos, the capital of Gojam province, and wounded or took captive more than 1,300 government soldiers. . . . Iraq releases CBS-TV correspondent Bob Simon and a threeman news crew.

Allied commanders in the Persian Gulf meet with Iraqi military commanders to arrange the terms of a formal cease-fire. Iraqi military commanders accept cease-fire terms. . . . . The UN announces that it will exempt food and humanitarian aid from the trade embargo against Iraq. . . . The New York Times cites U.S. intelligence officials who claim a “staggering” degree of international teamwork succeeded in preventing major acts of terrorism by Mideast groups during the gulf war.

Croatia complies with the federal government’s Mar. 2 order under protest. . . . In Moscow, 31 Soviet democratic parties declare a unified opposition to the national referendum on preserving the union. . . . The peoples of the Baltic republics of Estonia and Latvia vote for independence from the Soviet Union in nonbinding plebiscites. . . . Miners in the Siberia region began a series of scattered job actions.

An Iraqi occupation force on Failaka Island, off the Kuwaiti coast, surrenders to U.S. and Kuwaiti forces. A total of 1,405 Iraqi soldiers are taken into custody. . . . Angry Kuwaiti soldiers and resistance fighters move into Kuwait City’s main Palestinian neighborhood to conduct house-to-house searches for arms and suspected collaborators. . . . The allies report they have not found any Iraqi stockpiles of nerve gas or other chemical weapons.

Miguel Trovoada, an ex-premier and a former political exile, wins the first-ever free presidential elections in São Tomé and Príncipe. . . . Reports indicate that, because of an ongoing strike by Argentina’s railworkers, the government took control of the drivers’ union and fired up to 600 striking workers. . . . One person dies from cholera in Ecuador, suggesting the epidemic has spread from Peru.

Despite a debated campaign over the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the region, the Supreme Soviet ratifies the six-nation treaty on German reunification. . . . Iraq releases 10 allied prisoners of war to the International Committee of the Red Cross.

In response to the unofficial Mar. 3 vote, Estonian premier Edgar Savisaar asserts the three Baltic plebiscites deflates the Kremlin’s contention that the separatist governments of the republics do not represent the will of the people. Similarly, Latvian president Anatolijs Gorbunovs maintains that the referendums provide “an additional argument for Moscow to correct its policies on the Baltics.”

Kuwait’s crown prince and premier, Sheik Saad al-Abdallah Al Sabah, returns to the newly liberated emirate from exile in Saudi Arabia. The cabinet holds its first meeting inside in the country since the Iraqi invasion. . . . The United Democratic Front, one of South Africa’s largest antiapartheid coalitions, announces at a Johannesburg congress that it will disband by Aug. 20.

Pres. Patricio Aylwin releases the full text of a report that details the torture and murder of more than 2,000 Chileans during Gen. Augusto Pinochet’s 17-year rule. In addition, the report finds DINA agents carried out the 1976 car bombing in Washington, D.C., that killed former Chilean cabinet member Orlando Letelier, and his assistant, Ronni Moffitt, a U.S. citizen. . . . Retired army colonel Faustino Rico Toro, appointed to head Bolivia’s antinarcotics forces, steps down amid U.S. allegations that tie him to the cocaine trade.

Iraq turns 35 prisoners of war over to the International Committee of the Red Cross so that all of the 45 allied hostages are now free. . . . Reports conclude that initial contracts to rebuild Kuwait have been awarded overwhelmingly to companies of the U.S. and coalition allies.

The Washington Post finds that Serbia’s economy is disintegrating, rapidly.

Israel reports that 239 people were injured by Scud missiles. Two Israelis were killed as direct result of the missiles, while, 13 died from various complications during the raids. . . . Reports suggest Shiite rebels and breakaway army troops and Iraqi troops loyal to Saddam Hussein are fighting in the streets of Basra. . . . Doctors note they treated at least 80 Palestinians who were beaten, stabbed or shot execution-style. . . . At least 28 journalists are still reported missing.

A Venezuelan airliner on its way to Santa Bárbara de Zulia, an oil city in western Venezuela, strays off course and crashes, killing all 43 people on board. . . . Brazilian police find around $6 million buried in suitcases on a beach near Recife. Police believe the money is half of $12 million stolen from a Belem bank Feb. 12. . . . Health officials confirm that up to 259 people in Peru have died in the current cholera epidemic.

Asia & the Pacific

The Colombian Popular Liberation Army (ELP) ends its 23-year war against the government when it accepts political status in exchange for demobilization. . . . Seventeen government soldiers and six FMLN rebels die during a rebel attack on El Salvador’s main hydroelectric power plant.

Sri Lanka’s deputy defense minister, Ranjan Wijeratne, is killed in a bomb blast that takes the lives of at least 18 other people. Another 80 people are injured in the explosion.

The junta appoints Anand Panyarachun as provisional premier of Thailand. . . . The worst helicopter accident in Australian history claims the lives of seven people near South Stradbroke Island in Queensland.

The Congress (I) party boycotts the lower house of the Indian parliament in protest over the surveillance of the home of its leader, former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, by two policemen in Haryana state.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 1–5, 1991—169

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The White House releases a civil rights bill in an attempt to overturn part or all of a 1989 Supreme Court ruling that makes it more difficult for minority workers to win job discrimination suits. . . . The Census Bureau finds the likelihood that a child will live in poverty almost doubles upon the separation or divorce of the child’s parents.

Pres. Bush declares, “By God, we’ve kicked the Vietnam syndrome once and for all.”. . . Pres. Bush’s approval rating in the wake of the gulf victory rises to 91% in a poll taken by USA Today. . . . One of the first women to enter enemy territory during the allied offensive, Major Marie Rossi, is killed in a noncombat accident in Saudi Arabia. . . . Two unidentified members of a U.S. Army medical team are killed when their vehicle strays into a minefield in Iraq.

William C. Liedtke Jr., 66, cofounder of Pennzoil Co., the U.S.’s 14th-largest oil company, and former partner of now-Pres. Bush, dies of cancer in Houston. . . . Eastern Airlines, which is in the process of liquidating its operations, pleads guilty to seven of 60 criminal charges that it falsified maintenance records and agrees to pay $3.5 million in fines. The remaining 53 charges are thrown out.

The risk of bearing children with birth defects does not increase with a mother’s age, according to a study in the British medical journal Lancet. . . . Edwin Herbert Land, 81, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera, dies in Cambridge, Massachusetts after suffering from cancer and heart ailments.

Heartbeat, by Danielle Steel is at the top of the bestseller list.

Reports suggest that the NYC police confirmed 586 strike-related incidents since the start of The Daily News strike. One hundred fifty-three strikers and 39 Daily News workers were arrested.

George Holliday, 31, witnesses and videotapes a police incident where California Highway patrolmen beat the driver of a car after a chase. The driver is identified as Rodney Glenn King, 25. . . . Burroughs Wellcome Co. issues a nationwide recall of the decongestant Sudafed after being notified by the FDA that two people, Kathleen Daneker, 40, and Stanly McWhorter, 44, died in February after taking Sudafed capsules laced with cyanide.

A navy jet crashes in the Chicago suburb of Glenview, Illinois, killing all three crew members on board.

National TV networks start to air the two-minute tape that shows Rodney King being kicked and beaten by police officers. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand a ruling that former Rep. Mario Biaggi (D, N.Y.) received a fair trial. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand a “lemon law” protecting consumers who purchase defective cars. . . . The Supreme Court rules there is no constitutional basis for restricting the size of punitive-damage awards.

After viewing the videotape of Rodney King, Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley declares, “This is something we cannot and will not tolerate.” The ACLU of Southern California reports that more than 35% of the calls received by the local ACLU concern police abuse. . . . Federal investigators find three more Sudafed packages from the Seattle-Tacoma area laced with cyanide in their inspection of 10,000 packages. That brings the total number of poisoned packages to at least six.

All 25 passengers and crew members on board a United Airlines Boeing 737-200 jet are killed when the plane mysteriously crashes while approaching Colorado Springs Airport. . . . Lord William George Penney, 81, creator of the British atomic bomb who helped develop technologies in New Mexico during World War II, dies of unreported causes in East Hendred, England.

The U.S. Commerce Department announces that it is setting up an office to assist and advise U.S. businesses seeking to win reconstruction contracts in Kuwait.

Officials raise the number of U.S. soldiers reported killed in Persian Gulf action to 115, from the 79 reported Feb. 17. The number of wounded in action rises to 330 from the 213 reported earlier.

Clark R. Mollenhoff, 69, 1958 Pulitzer Prize winner in investigative reporting, dies of liver cancer in Lexington, Virginia. . . . Lemuel Tucker, 52, two time Emmy winning radio and television reporter and one of the first black journalists to become a network correspondent, dies of liver failure in Washington, D.C.

Arthur Murray (born Arthur Murray Teichman), 95, founder of Arthur Murray dance studios, dies of pneumonia in Honolulu.

A fire at the Crystal Springs Estate retirement home in Colorado Springs, Colorado, kills nine people and injures eight others.

March 1

March 2

March 3

March 4

The U.S. IRS and the Australian Taxation Office reach a precedentsetting agreement on “transfer pricing,” which involves transactions between different units of multinational companies.

March 5

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

170—March 6–10, 1991

March 6

March 7

March 8

World Affairs

Europe

The allies release 294 Iraqi POWs, leaving more than 60,000 in allied captivity. . . . It is reported that the last 16 U.S. medium-range cruise missiles have been removed from Great Britain as per the INF treaty. . . . The UN Commission on Human Rights votes to condemn Myanmar’s government and to monitor human rights in Cuba, a move Cuba protests. In the decision, Argentina becomes the first Latin American nation on the commission to vote against Cuba.

The British government frees 32 Iraqi men being held as prisoners of war but detains 33 other Arabs pending appeal of deportation orders. . . . Riot police in Tirana, Albania’s capital, kill at least one person during clashes with 5,000 people attempting to take refuge at foreign embassies in the city. . . . Announcements confirm that the 1991 John M. Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, established in 1972 by British financier Sir John M. Templeton, will be awarded to Immanuel Jakobovits, Britain’s chief rabbi.

Iraq begins freeing about 1,200 Kuwaitis, most of whom were taken prisoner during the allied ground offensive. The Red Cross reports that Iraq plans to release 2,000 prisoners.

Iraq releases 40 foreign journalists and two U.S. soldiers who had disappeared in the vicinity of Basra. The journalists were comprised of 11 people from the U.S.; 17 from France; three Italians; two Britons; two Norwegians; two Brazilians; and one person each from Spain, Ireland, and Uruguay.

March 9

March 10

The foreign ministers of Egypt, Syria, and the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, the UAE, and Kuwait) agree to a plan offered by US secretary of state James Baker for collective security in the region. The plan includes joint exercises of the air and ground forces of the U.S. and moderate Arab states and a heightened U.S. permanent naval presence in the Persian Gulf.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A Kurdish leader in Damascus, Syria, Jalal Talabani, states that “tens of thousands of guerrillas” are fighting 60,000 Iraqi government troops in the north. . . . Iraq names Ali Hassan Majid, the man believed responsible for the 1988 use of chemical weapons against Iraqi Kurds, as interior minister. . . . Refugees and U.S. military officials in the gulf region state that troops loyal to Iraqi president Saddam Hussein apparently are subduing a revolt in Basra. . . . Foreign correspondents are barred from Iraq.

A former Chilean air force commander in chief, Gen. Gustavo Leigh Guzmán, in a televised statement, accepts blame for all air force activities during his tenure. Leigh, a member of the original military junta that seized power in 1973, opposed Augusto Pinochet in the 1980s.

Indian prime minister Chandra Shekhar of the Janata Dal party resigns. Pres. Venkataraman calls for elections and asks Shekhar to stay on as a caretaker. . . . Nguyen Van Hieu, 68, a founding member of the Vietcong and head of the delegation for the 1973 peace talks that led to a withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam, dies of unreported causes in Ho Chi Minh City. . . . GoldCorp of Australia will begin selling what it claims is the largest gold coin ever minted and the largest legal-tender coin produced in the 20th century. The Australian Nugget has a face value of A$10,000.

Reports show that 20,000 Albanians are seeking political asylum in Italy. More than 500 Albanian ethnic Slavs cross into Yugoslavia. Albania’s government places the port facilities of Durres under military control. . . . The Slovene parliament passes legislation barring the conscription of Slovene youths into the nation’s military. . . . The Supreme Soviet approves the formation of an eight-member presidential security council.

Unrest or hostilities are reported in more than 15 different Iraqi cities. The Iraqi government acknowledges the uprisings for the first time. . . . Kuwait’s crown prince and premier, Sheik Saad al-Abdallah Al Sabah, states between 5,500 and 6,000 Kuwaitis remain in Iraqi custody, considerably fewer than earlier estimates. . . . A plane carrying 94 exiled supporters of the ANC and their families lands in Johannesburg, South Africa.

In Mexico, a second-stage air pollution alert is issued. It is only the second time the government has ever issued such a warning. . . . In response to the report aired Mar. 4, the Corps of Army Generals issue a statement of support for Pinochet, and the Chilean Supreme Court, criticized in the report, accuses Pres. Patricio Aylwin of threatening the country’s political stability. . . . In Brazil, a labor leader in Tailandia, Jose Alves de Souza, is shot and wounded.

The bodies of 17 British troops killed in the gulf war are flown home to Brize Norton Air Base, west of London.

Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani makes his most forceful calls yet for the ouster of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein.

Sebastião Ribeiro da Silva, an Amazon-area labor leader, is killed by a gunman in Tailandia. . . . Reports indicate the number of known cholera cases in Peru reached 55,000. A U.S. shipment of 35 tons of medicine to fight the cholera epidemic arrives in Peru. . . . The British Columbia Supreme Court dismisses land claims brought by two native tribes in the province, ending a landmark case that had stretched over three and a half years and cost more than C$20 million.

An illegal demonstration called to protest the Socialist Party’s control of the media and the Serbian economy draws at least 30,000 people in Belgrade. To disperse the crowd, thousands of Serbian riot police use weapons, and two people, a policeman and a youth, die. More than 80 others are injured. Youths overturn buses, set fire to police cars and barricades, pelt the police with bricks, and smash store windows. It is believed to be the worst violence in the city since World War II.

Fighting between supporters of the ANC and Inkatha erupts in Alexandra, South Africa, when the two groups clash at an ANC squatter camp, leaving seven dead.

The ruling Quebec Liberal Party adopts a nationalistic platform, the Allaire report, which calls on the federal government to relinquish broad powers to the province. One high-ranking member, senior cabinet minister Claude Ryan, walks out of the convention in protest.

Thousands of youths begin a twoday peaceful vigil in Belgrade, demanding the release of those arrested, a free press, and the resignation of the interior minister who controls the riot police. . . . Boris Yeltsin supporters stage rallies in Moscow, Leningrad, and dozens of other Russian cities, Estimates of the Moscow crowd range from 100,000 to 500,000. . . . At Brindisi, where at least 15,000 Albanians landed, refugees begin to receive aid, but about 1,700 Albanians return home.

A Palestinian man stabs four women to death in west Jerusalem. Israeli police claim the man told them he wished to send a message to U.S. secretary of state Baker. . . . The first front-line British troops begin pulling out of Kuwait to Saudi Arabia. . . . In South Africa, 18 people are killed in clashes between the ANC and Inkatha.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 6–10, 1991—171

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Democrats remove Sen. Charles S. Robb (D, Va.) from the Senate Budget Committee.

The first groups of U.S. troops begin returning home from the Persian Gulf. . . . Twenty-six U.S. soldiers are still missing in action. . . . The wreckage of an aircraft is found in the gulf, and all 14 crew members are believed dead. . . . Many press organizations call on the U.S. to “make it clear to the Iraqis that the journalists’ disappearance is now part of the cease-fire discussions with Iraq and there should be no withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq until the issue of the journalists is resolved.”

In the New England Journal of Medicine, a doctor, Timothy E. Quill, describes how in 1990 he prescribed drugs to one of his patients suffering from a severe form of leukemia to help her commit suicide. . . . The Senate unanimously confirms Rep. Edward Madigan (R, Ill.) as secretary of agriculture.

President Bush presents former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher with the Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor. . . . The government tightens regulations on the export of militarily useful materials and technology. The move is designed to curb the spread of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, and the regulations curb the export of dual-use equipment to 24 countries.

The Federal Reserve Board finds that outstanding consumer credit fell $2.44 billion in January, the sharpest drop in consumer credit since Feb. 1987.

Reports show that six children whose families belong to fundamentalist churches that shun medical science and rely on faith healing died of measles in the last month in Philadelphia. . . . Russell G. Oswald, 82, commissioner of the N.Y. State prison system during the 1971 Attica uprising, the deadliest prison revolt in U.S. history, dies of heart disease in Albany, N.Y. . . . The Census Bureau finds an increase in the proportion of minorities and puts the total 1990 resident U.S. population at 248.7 million.

Lt. Gen. Thomas W. Kelly, director of operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, retires. . . . The New York Times reports that some Americans are organizing to provide returning, soldiers with scholarships, jobs and other opportunities.

The Federal Re serve loosens monetary policy for the eighth time since July 1990, indicating that the central bank’s concerns about a recession continue to outweigh worries about inflation. . . . The government of Rhode Island takes the unprecedented step of closing down for one day in an attempt to shrink the state’s $222 million budget deficit by furloughing state workers. It is the first of 10 planned shutdowns in the state.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Sir Joseph Flawith Lockwood, 86, chairman of EMI, 1954–74, who signed such popular recording stars as the Beatles and Frank Sinatra, dies of unreported causes. . . . George L. Carey is elected as the archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the Church of England and 70 million Anglicans worldwide.

James (Cool Papa) Bell, 87, star baseball player with the old Negro Leagues who was widely regarded as the fastest man ever to play the game and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974, dies in St. Louis after suffering a heart attack.

Maurice Harold Friedman, 87, physician and medical researcher who developed the “rabbit test,” the first reliable and widely used test to determine whether a woman is pregnant, dies of cancer in Sarasota, Florida.

March 7

March 8

At the New York opening of the film New Jack City, a fight begins that ends with the death of a 19-yearold man. In Los Angeles, a crowd estimated at 1,200 goes on a rampage after a theater showing the film oversold tickets. Other incidents are reported in Las Vegas; Boston; and Sayreville, New Jersey.

In response to the Mar. 3 Rodney King incident, Los Angeles police chief Gates issues a videotaped message to 8,300 members of his department in which he refuses to resign.

March 6

March 9

All 21 American former prisoners of war arrive at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, less than a week after their release by Iraq. . . . More than 35,000 people from across North Carolina turn out for a flag-waving parade and welcomehome rally for the troops in Fayetteville.

Elie Siegmeister, 82, one of the first U.S. composers to use folk, jazz, and street songs to devise a contemporary American school of classical music, dies of a brain tumor in Manhasset, New York. . . . The UNLV basketball team is the first NCA Division I team to go undefeated during the regular season since 1979.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 10

172—March 11–15, 1991

March 11

March 12

March 13

March 14

March 15

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

British prime minister John Major delivers a speech in Bonn, Germany, that indicates a more positive approach to the EC than that pursued by his predecessor, Margaret Thatcher.

In Bratislava, 20,000 people demonstrate in support of a Slovak sovereignty declaration. . . . Italian deputy premier Claudio Martelli is reported to offer to release economic aid in return for Albanian president Ramiz Alia’s pledge to halt the flow of refugees. . . . Socialists hold a progovernment rally in Belgrade. Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic suggests Croatia, Slovenia, and Albania instigated the Mar. 9 unrest. . . . Turkish president Turgut Ozal announces senior officials met with Iraqi Kurdish leaders, marking a change in policy.

Oil ministers from 12 of the 13 members of OPEC informally agree to cut oil production by 5% for the second quarter of 1991. Iraq is not represented at the meeting in Geneva. . . . U.S. secretary of state Baker arrives in Jerusalem on his first visit to Israel since becoming secretary of state in 1989

El Salvador’s ruling Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party claims victory in the Mar. 10 municipal and legislative elections, based on preliminary results. The Democratic Convergence (CD), a coalition of three leftist parties, charges ARENA with election fraud. . . . Health officials confirm the first case of cholera in Colombia.

The International Red Cross sends more than 600 metric tons of food and medicine to Baghdad amid a continuing fear of epidemics in the capital.

The Serbian government releases Vuk Draskovic and other detainees, fires six editors in the media senior editors and agrees to have a multiparty commission investigate the Mar. 9 violence. At least 100,000 people gather to hear an address by Draskovic. . . . U.S. Air Force sergeant Ronald Stewart is killed by a bomb near his home in a suburb of Athens. Greek police suspect the November 17 terrorist group is responsible. . . . Miners in Siberia region go on full strike.

South African president F. W. de Klerk introduces legislation to end racial discrimination in land ownership but rules out restoration of territory to blacks. . . . . Reports suggest loyalist troops are holding 5,000 hostages in Kirkuk, Iraq, which is under siege by Kurdish rebels. . . . Press accounts conclude that Yasser Arafat’s stature has been seriously harmed by his support for Iraq. . . . In South Africa, the violence that started on Mar. 9 results in a total death toll of at least 36.

The commander of Bolivia’s national police, Felipe Carvajal, resigns amid U.S. allegations that he is tied to the cocaine trade.

In response to the fighting in Iraq, U.S. president Bush notes that the use of Iraqi helicopters violates the terms of the cease-fire. The UN Security Council resolution outlining cease-fire terms has banned “flights of combat aircraft” by Iraq.

Former East German communist leader Erich Honecker is flown to the Soviet Union for medical treatment. The transfer of Honecker from a Soviet military hospital in Germany comes without permission from the German government and sparks angry protests. . . . Serbian interior minister Radmilo Bogdanovic, who controls the riot police, tenders his resignation.

More than 300 delegates from 20 Iraqi opposition groups adopt an agreement to appoint field commanders to join the insurgents, set general elections after the ouster of Saddam Hussein’s government, and create a new constitution. . . . The first reports of deaths from unrest in Baghdad, emerge. Reports of widespread unrest and chaos in Iraq continue despite periodic gains by loyalists. A spokesman for Kurdish rebel groups fighting in the north of Iraq claims that two northern provinces, Sulaymaniyah and Erbil, are under rebel control.

Amid U.S. allegations that he is tied to the cocaine trade, Bolivian interior minister Guillermo Capobianco Rivera resigns.

The British commander in the Persian Gulf region, Lt. Gen. Sir Peter de la Billiere, disagrees with U.S. president Bush’s assertion that Iraqi helicopter flights are a violation of the cease-fire. “There were constraints put on the flight of any Iraq fixed-wing aircraft, but not on helicopters,” he notes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

About 5,000 nationalists rally for independence in Bratislava. Czechoslovak president Vaclav Havel calls a referendum on Slovak independence. . . . Six men are freed from prison after serving 16 years of a life sentence for the bombing of two pubs in Birmingham, England. The freeing of the Birmingham Six marks the third major case since 1989 in which people convicted of attacks claimed by the IRA were freed amid charges of misconduct by the police and prosecutors.

Reports show that rebel armies made key advances in several regions against Ethiopian government troops. Prompted by the rebel successes, the U.S. embassy in Addis Ababa continues to strongly encourage U.S. citizens to leave the country. . . . Separately, reports show the emigration of Ethiopian Jews to Israel was halted by the government. . . . U.S. and relief agency officials voice concern that Kuwaiti soldiers are deporting foreigners across the border to Iraq.

The Brazilian government pays $350.8 million in interest to the country’s foreign bank creditors. It is the first significant payment Brazil made since suspending debt payments in 1989.

Australian federal treasurer Paul Keating apologizes following reports of a record job loss of 92,200 full-time jobs in February.

U.S. and Soviet teams begin two days of arms-control discussions in Moscow.

Yugoslavia’s federal collective presidency votes against Borislav Jovic’s proposal to declare a national state of emergency, thereby authorizing a military intervention. In response, Jovic, the federal president, resigns and is succeeded by Croatia’s Stjepan Mesic. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev and his chief political rival, Russian president Boris Yeltsin, make televised appearances regarding the upcoming referendum on Soviet unity.

Military officials reveal that of the 88,500 tons of U.S. munitions dropped on Iraq and occupied Kuwait, only 7%, or 6,520 tons, had been laser-guided “smart” weapons. . . . Two physicians from Doctors Without Frontiers report that “You can say that health services are nonexistent” in Iraq. . . . U.S. tank units in occupied Iraq move to forwardmost positions along the tentative cease-fire line. Gen. Colin Powell states that the move is “nothing more than demonstrating our presence in the region.”

Hector Ramírez Cuellar, president of the education and health committee of the Mexico City Assembly of Representatives, asserts that respiratory disease has become the number-one cause of death in Mexico City, replacing gastrointestinal illnesses. . . . In Chile, Hector Sarmiento Hidalgo, the chief investigator in Concepción province, is killed.

The junta in Thailand announces the formation of an assembly in which about half of the seats are given to military officials.

An Australian industry policy statement is released that includes a government plan to provide the timber industry with guaranteed access to forests, generating strong protests from environmentalists.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 11–15, 1991—173

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Louisiana governor Charles E. (Buddy) Roemer of announces that he is switching allegiance to the Republican Party. The switch cuts the Democrats’ edge in governorships nationwide by one. . . . Pres. Bush sends to Congress an anticrime bill similar to proposals made in 1989 and 1990.

The State Department issues a statement saying that “we believe the threat from Iraqi-sponsored terrorism has lessened” worldwide as a result of the end of the Persian Gulf war.

The Federal Reserve Board orders BNL to increase its reserves deposited at the Fed by $5.2 million for 18 months in order to cover some of the shortfalls caused by the Feb. 28 indictment on the Iraqi loans scandal. . . . The Federal Trade Commission confirms it is investigating Microsoft. . . . U.S. and British negotiators agree on new bilateral aviation rules, which allows Pan American World Airways, on the brink of liquidation, to continue operating.

The final verdict in the 1989 Bensonhurst, New York, racial killing of a black youth, Yusuf K. Hawkins, is handed down when defendant Pasquale Raucci, 21, is acquitted of murder and manslaughter but convicted of eight lesser charges. . . . LeRoy Collins, 82, Democratic governor of Florida, 1955–61, who pushed for civil rights in the state although he had once supported segregation, dies of cancer in Tallahassee, Florida.

Referring to the Persian Gulf, Pentagon spokesman Pete Williams reveals, “The U.S. prisoners of war were certainly mistreated in the process of their interrogation.”

Steven Lopez, 17, the last defendant in the 1989 gang-rape attack on a female jogger in NYC’s Central Park, is sentenced to one to four years in prison as the result of a plea-bargain agreement.

A Commerce Department study, made in consultation with the State Department, lists 28 nations that are pursuing chemical and/or biological weapons capabilities. . . . Gen. Carl E. Vuono, the army chief of staff, awards Purple Hearts to five Army former POWs at Walter Reed Medical Center. . . . The remains of 13 allied soldiers, including five America, arrive at Dover Air Force Base, from Baghdad. The news media is banned from the event due to a previous Defense Department order and a court ruling.

Exxon Corp. signs a plea bargain with the federal and Alaskan governments over charges arising from the Exxon Valdez spill. In exchange for having no further claims brought by the federal or Alaskan governments, Exxon agrees to plead guilty to four misdemeanor environmental charges and to pay a $100 million fine, the largest-ever fine for polluting. . . . A House subcommittee opens a hearing into allegations that Stanford University and other universities overcharged the government for research.

The National Center for Health Statistics reports that teenage black males are more likely to die from gun injuries than from all natural causes combined. . . . The Senate confirms Lamar Alexander as education secretary. . . . Four white LAPD officers, Stacey Koon, Theodore Briseno, Laurence Powell, and Timothy Wind, are indicted by a grand jury in connection with the Mar. 3 beating of Rodney King. The Justice Department launches an investigation into police brutality.

Fourteen of the 21 U.S. ex-POWs give their first public accounts of their captivity in Iraq.

British publisher Robert Maxwell and Daily News owner, Tribune Co. of Chicago, sign a sale agreement after negotiations with strikers and company officials. . . . Rep. Charles G. Rose (D, N.C.), chairman of the House Agriculture subcommittee for department operations, research and foreign agriculture, opens hearings on the BNL loans guaranteed by the CCC.

The New England Journal of Medicine finds a combination of chemotherapy and radiation treatments reduce the number of deaths from colon cancer by one-third and the chance that tumors will recur by nearly onehalf. . . . Pregnant women who work in front of video-display terminals appear not to increase their risk of miscarriage, according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine.

NYC begins a program in which the Health Department attempts to track down and warn the sex and drug partners of people whose autopsies show they carried the AIDS virus.

Albanian foreign minister Muhamet Kapllani restores full diplomatic relations between his country and the U.S. for the first time since 1939.

The Federal Reserve Board reports that U.S. mines, factories, and utilities operated at 79.1% of capacity in February, their lowest level since late 1986. The February operating rate was down from 79.9% in January.

The FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee recommends against approval of the drug THA for sale to patients with Alzheimer’s disease. . . . Scientists report that they have identified the precise human gene that initiates the development of colon cancer.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Billionaire publisher and philanthropist Walter H. Annenberg announces that he will bequeath his art collection, worth an estimated $1 billion, to the Museum of Modern Art in NYC upon his death. The collection includes works by Monet, Renoir, van Gogh, and Picasso.

March 11

March 12

Jimmy McPartland, 83, jazz cornetist and one of the originators of the variety of Chicago-style jazz, dies of lung cancer in Port Washington, New York.

Howard Ashman, 40, lyricist, playwright, and director who wrote and directed The Little Shop of Horrors and won an Oscar and two Grammy Awards for his work on the film The Little Mermaid, dies of AIDS in New York City.

March 13

March 14

March 15

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

174—March 16–20, 1991

World Affairs

March 18

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein states in a broadcasted address that he will institute democratic reforms once the current unrest has been put down, but the leader lacks credibility.

Commanders of the multinational allied forces meet with Iraqi armed forces, and Maj. Gen. Johnston, the chief of staff of the U.S. command, formally rejects a request by the Iraqi military that Iraq be allowed to move its planes.

The Soviet people vote on preserving the union in the USSR’s first national referendum. . . . The remainder of the Yugoslav federal presidency indicates it will not support military intervention in the crisis. The opposition Serbian Renewal Movement demands the resignation of the Milosevic regime and expresses its support for the federal collective leadership in a statement. . . . . In Finland’s general elections, the Center Party overtakes the Social Democrats for the first time since 1962.

In South Africa, 18 people are killed in violence between ANC and Inkatha supporters. . . . In Tel Aviv, Ami Popper is sentenced to seven consecutive life terms in prison for killing seven Palestinians in May 1990. . . . Iraqi newspapers report there are hundreds of bodies in hospitals and in the streets of Karbala and Hilla, two towns retaken by loyalist forces after nine days of rebel occupation. . . . Iran and Saudi Arabia renew diplomatic relations.

Reports indicate that Sudanese military ruler Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir has agreed to allow the UN to restart has a relief program known as Operation Lifeline Sudan. The program, suspended by the government in 1990, will transport 800,000 tons of emergency food in northern Sudan and 300,000 tons into southern Sudan. . . . The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe opens an international conflict-resolution center in Vienna.

An estimated 100,000 people protest in several eastern German cities against deteriorating economic conditions. . . . Serbia’s parliament votes to remove Riza Sapundziju of Kosovo from the federal collective presidency. Sapundziju refuses to leave. . . . The Albanian government concludes two-day program in which it frees a total of 175 political prisoners. . . . Reports suggest Spain is experiencing a surge of immigration from Northern Africa and other Third World nations.

The South African government grants unconditional amnesty to white extremist leader Piet Rudolph, held in a Pretoria jail after being arrested in Sept. 1990 in connection with terrorist bombings and arms theft, after Rudolph held a hunger strike in Feb. 1991.

The president of Germany’s central bank, the Bundesbank, states that the uniting of the East and West German currencies in 1990 under the West German mark has been a “disaster.”. . . The high command of the Yugoslav armed forces issues an ambiguous statement on military intervention that asserts it will not allow the army to interfere in political talks while it warns that the military “will under no circumstances allow armed interethnic conflicts and civil war in Yugoslavia.”

Fierce fighting continues in northern and southern Iraq, and reports indicate that the Shi'ite Muslim-led uprising in the south is benefiting from aid provided by neighboring Iran. Reports show that Iraqi refugees are converging on the allied-held Iraqi town of Safwan in search of food and water. The U.S. military tentatively agrees to begin distributing aid to the refugees.

Borislav Jovic returns to Yugoslavia’s federal collective presidency when the parliament of the republic of Serbia refuses to approve his Mar. 15 resignation. . . . Serbian president Milosevic agrees to attend an emergency meeting of the collective presidency, despite his Mar. 16 announcement that Serbia no longer recognizes the legitimacy of the federal presidency. . . . The parliament of Czechoslovakia passes a bill that ends the state monopoly on television and radio.

Kurdish leaders in Damascus, Syria, claim that “the whole of (Iraqi) Kurdistan has been liberated after fierce fighting in Kirkuk.”. . . Separately, Iran’s ambassador to the UN, Kamal Kharrazi, says, “I categorically deny” that Iran is aiding the rebels. . . . Kuwait’s premier, Crown Prince Saad alAbdallah Al Sabah, resigns along with his entire cabinet due to popular displeasure with the government’s inability to restore basic services.

March 19

March 20

Africa & the Middle East

Yugoslavia’s federal collective presidency is reduced to five members with the resignations of Montenegro’s Nenad Bucin and Vojvodina’s Dragutin Zelenovic. Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic announces his republic will no longer recognize the legitimacy of the Yugoslav federal government. In Belgrade, 10,000 Serbian nationalists stage a pro-Milosevic rally, and the Serbian National Council, which represents ethnic Serbs in Croatia, declares an independent republic in the southwestern Krajina region of Croatia.

March 16

March 17

Europe

A U.S. fighter jet shoots down an Iraqi warplane in northern Iraq. The action is the first aerial combat since the cessation of hostilities in the Persian Gulf War on Feb. 28. The flight is regarded as an isolated incident.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Mexican president Carlos Salinas de Gortari announces the closure of Mexico City’s largest governmentowned oil refinery to reduce pollution levels. . . . Panama and the U.S. sign an agreement to jointly patrol Panamanian coastal waters to intercept drug shipments. . . . Relatives of Argentine soldiers killed in the 1982 war over the Falkland Islands visit the islands’ military cemetery for the first time.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 16–20, 1991—175

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Seven members of the band that accompanies singer Reba McEntire are killed when their private plane crashes near the Mexican border. Also killed are McEntire’s road manager and two pilots. . . . Soviet pole vaulter Sergei Bubka becomes the first person ever to pole vault 20 feet, breaking the world record he set Feb. 9.

NYC mayor David Dinkins (D) touches off a controversy when he marches in the city’s St. Patrick’s Day parade with an Irish homosexual organization.

New York Daily News’s nine striking unions begin to ratify contracts with new owner Robert Maxwell.

The Los Angeles police commission releases transcripts of computer messages between the squad cars of officers involved in the Mar. 3 beating of Rodney King. In the transcripts, several of the officers appear to make light of the incident, sparking new outrage.

The Bush administration announces a plan to recapitalize the FDIC’s Bank Insurance Fund, using funds borrowed from Federal Reserve banks.

March 16

March 17

John D. Voelker, 87, former Michigan Supreme Court justice who wrote the bestselling novel Anatomy of a Murder under the name of Robert Traver, dies of a heart attack in Michigan.

A lawsuit aimed at overturning Burroughs Wellcome’s patent on the AIDS-fighting drug AZT is filed in Washington, D.C. . . . Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley (D), a black former police officer, states he is “shocked and outraged” by transcripts released Mar. 18. A lawyer for Rodney King, Steven Lerman, states that King plans to file a lawsuit asking the city of Los Angeles for $56 million. . . . The Supreme Court rules the winning side in a civil-rights case is not entitled to reimbursement for expert-witness fees.

A federal grand jury indicts two executives of Litton Data Systems, Thomas McAusland and Christopher Pafort, for allegedly paying defense consultant Thomas Muldoon to obtain Pentagon inside information on navy and Marine Corps contracts. . . . The Senate approves a supplemental spending bill to cover some of the costs of the Persian Gulf war. The Bush administration calls the provision “unnecessary and inappropriate” since the U.S. still expects that foreign governments will pay their pledges in full.

The Supreme Court rules unanimously that unions have wide-ranging protection against lawsuits by members dissatisfied with the result of a strike or a negotiation. . . . The Senate approves a $78 billion funding package for the Resolution Trust Corp., the agency in charge of bailing out insolvent savings and loan associations.

More than 300 astronomers release a $3 billion list of the projects they most want the government to fund in the next decade.

NFL owners vote not to hold Super Bowl XXVII in Phoenix, to protest Arizona’s failure to implement a paid state holiday for slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. . . . Soviet pole vaulter Sergei Bubka breaks his record again with a vault of 20 feet, 1⁄2 inch in Donetsk, USSR

The Supreme Court rules that employers cannot bar women from jobs where they may be exposed to materials hazardous to developing fetuses. . . . Five NYC police officers are arraigned on charges that include murder in connection with the death of a car-theft suspect, Federico Pereira. . . . . Education Secretary Lamar Alexander advises colleges and universities to continue to provide publicly funded race-specific scholarships and grants until a new study is completed.

Pres. Bush announces that his government will forgive 70% of Poland’s debt to the U.S.

In regard to the Jan. 1990 spill, Exxon pleads guilty to a criminal misdemeanor charge and agrees to pay $5 million. . . . Separately, confidential studies emerge which place the intangible losses from the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill at $3 billion, nearly three times what Exxon agreed to pay. . . . A five-month strike at the New York Daily News ends. . . . The Energy Department finds that workers exposed to low levels of radiation at the Oak Ridge nuclear weapons plant have a higher death rate from cancer than previously believed. . . . Separately, the National Cancer Institute finds that living near a commercial nuclear power plant does not increase the risk of cancer.

After several major news organizations leak a report concluding Thereza Imanishi-Kari falsified and manufactured data in a 1986 controversial study on gene therapy, David Baltimore, a Nobel Prize-winning molecular biologist who worked with ImanishiKari, asks that his name as a coauthor be retracted.

New York real-estate developer Donald Trump and his former wife, Ivana, reach an agreement on a divorce settlement. . . . The fouryear-old son of rock guitarist Eric Clapton is killed when he falls from a 53rd-floor condominium window in New York City.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 18

March 19

March 20

176—March 21–25, 1991

March 21

March 22

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The UN reports that the allied air offensive in the Persian Gulf war “wrought near-apocalyptic results upon the infrastructure of what had been, until January 1991, a rather highly urbanized and mechanized society.” It concludes Iraq has been “relegated to a preindustrial age, but with all the disabilities of post-industrial dependency on an intensive use of energy and technology.”. . . Iraq releases 1,150 Kuwaiti prisoners to the International Red Cross. . . . Allied officials meet with an Iraqi delegation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to discuss accelerating the return of Iraqi prisoners of war to their homeland. About 2,400 POWs have been returned to Iraq since the cease-fire. . . . Czechoslovak Pres. Havel becomes the first head of a Warsaw Pact country to visit NATO’s headquarters in Brussels.

The British government announces that it will scrap the unpopular poll tax. . . . Official results of the Mar. 17 national referendum on preserving the Soviet Union suggest 76% of those who participated in the initiative voted in favor of unity.

The Wall Street Journal reports that allied forces killed at least 100,000 Iraqi soldiers in the six-week Persian Gulf war. . . . A U.S. fighter jet downs an Iraqi SU-22 warplane near Kirkuk in northern Iraq. . . . The UN Security Council effectively lifts its food embargo against Iraq.

The British Royal Navy reveals that a British fleet auxiliary tanker on Feb. 9 refueled the two Argentine warships sent to the Persian Gulf. The contact between Great Britain and Argentina is the first known military cooperation between the two countries since the end of the Falklands War in 1982.

March 23

March 24

March 25

Intelligence agencies now estimate that about 700 of Iraq’s 4,550 tanks in the southern theater escaped— an increase of more than 100 over previous U.S. estimates. In addition, some 1,430 of Iraq’s 2,880 armored personnel carriers are thought to have escaped, an almost threefold increase over previous estimates.

Figures from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade show that Germany regained its position as the world’s largest exporter in 1990.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Middle East Watch, a U.S.-based human-rights organization, reports that Kuwaiti soldiers and citizens detained, tortured, and killed Palestinian and Iraqi residents of Kuwait suspected of collaborating with the Iraqi occupiers.

In Chile, rebel and Popular Forces of Lautaro claim responsibility for the Mar. 15 killing of Hector Sarmiento Hidalgo. . . . Brazilian economic officials unexpectedly announce an immediate suspension of all new coffee exports. . . . The Supreme Court of Canada rules that a fetus is not a person.

President Corazon Aquino announces that former First Lady Imelda Marcos may return to the Philippines but will be tried for various crimes against the state upon her return.

South African justice minister H. J. Coetsee lifts a ban on outdoor gatherings—not including protest marches—for which permission has not been sought in advance. The ban had been imposed since 1976. . . . A series of unruly strikes and protests against Pres. Moussa Traore begin in Mali.

El Salvador’s Central Election Council officially announces that the ruling Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party won the legislative election but lost its majority in the National Assembly.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein makes several cabinet changes for the apparent purpose of consolidating power in the hands of Iraqi officials most loyal to Hussein.

Ernesto Díaz Rodríguez, one of Cuba’s longest-held political prisoners, is freed after serving 22 years of a 40—year sentence. . . . The Chilean Congress changes the country’s constitution to allow Pres. Aylwin to pardon prisoners who were taken into custody during the Pinochet regime.

P.M. Nicephore Soglo defeats Benin’s current president, Brigadier Gen. Mathieu Kerekou, in a final round of the country’s first free elections in nearly 30 years. . . . ANC members clash with South African police in the black township of Daveyton, killing 12 and injuring at least 29 people. . . . Israel orders deportations of Palestinians in response to attacks in which Arabs killed seven Israelis and wounded 11 since early March. A military court in Bucharest sentences 16 former lawmakers during the reign of Nicolae Ceausescu to prison terms ranging from two years to five-and-a-half years. The court acquits five defendants. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev orders a moratorium on all public demonstrations and rallies in Moscow from Mar. 26 to Apr. 15, which coincides with a plenary session of the Russian Congress of People’s Deputies. . . . A crowd estimated at 70,000 march in Leipzig to protest deteriorating economic conditions in eastern Germany.

Opposition leaders estimate that three days of protests against Mali’s Pres. Traore resulted in a total of 150 civilian deaths by government gunfire. Traore asserts the death toll is 34. . . . Western sources suggest loyalist troops are prevailing against Shi’ite Muslim rebels in southern Iraq.

Sir John Robert Kerr, 76, governor general of Australia, 1974–77, dies in Sydney; he had had a brain tumor.

Reports indicate Brazil has canceled $1.5 billion of the $3 billion debt owed to it by Poland.

Preliminary results from a census in India indicate that the country’s population is 844 million, an increase of 161 million since 1981.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 21–25, 1991—177

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Federal and local law-enforcement agents raid three fraternity houses at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. Twelve students are charged with selling or distributing drugs, and federal agents seize control of the three fraternity houses under a 1984 federal law. Justice Department officials believe it is the first time the government has seized control of assets at a university for a drug violation. . . . The Senate confirms former Florida governor Bob Martinez (R) as the director of national drug control policy. . . . The Minneapolis Star-Tribune becomes the first major metropolitan newspaper in the U.S. to list the announcement of a lesbian “domestic partnership” on its wedding and engagement page.

Congress passes a package authorizing $655 million in expanded benefits for veterans effective retroactively from August 1, 1990, and lasting until 180 days after Pres. Bush declared the gulf conflict ended. . . . Two P-3 Orion submarine-hunting aircrafts collide over the Pacific Ocean 60 miles southwest of San Diego, California, during a training mission in rough weather.

Pres. Bush meets with the chairmen of General Motors Corp., Chrysler Corp., and Ford Motor Co., the three largest U.S. car makers, to hear their concerns about the current economic climate.

Despite a month of rainstorms, officials caution that rainfall in California for 1991 is still below average. . . . NASA formally unveils revised blueprints for the proposed orbiting space station Freedom.

Clarence Leo Fender, 81, founder of Fender Instruments Inc. in 1944 and developer of the first commercially successful electric guitar; the Stratocaster, dies in Fullerton, California, after suffering from Parkinson’s disease.

U.S. district judge John R. Hargrove of Baltimore fines Bolar Pharmaceutical Co. $10 million for adulterating and mislabeling eight generic prescription drugs. . . . Albert McKinley Rains, 89, Democratic U.S. representative from Alabama, 1945–1964, dies in Gadsden, Alabama. . . . Pamela Smart is convicted on charges that she plotted with her teenage lover to murder her husband. She is immediately sentenced to life in prison without parole.

The U.S. Navy calls off a search for survivors of the Mar. 21 aircraft collision over the Pacific Ocean. All of the 27 crew members are presumed dead. . . . The State Department claims it received about 70,000 applications for visas at the U.S. Interests Section in Havana since Oct. 1990. The figure is double the number of applications received in all of 1990.

Paul Engle, 82, cofounder of the University of Iowa’s international writing program, dies of a heart attack in Chicago. . . . Julie Parisien wins the women’s giant slalom at Waterville Valley. It is the first World Cup win for the U.S. since 1987. . . . The National Labor Relations Board rules that NFL owners broke federal labor laws during the 1987 players’ strike and orders the owners to pay a total of about $22 million.

Pres. Bush signs legislation giving the RTC $30 billion to cover losses of failed S&Ls.

March 22

March 23

The Justice Department’s annual National Crime Survey shows that personal and household crime fell by about 3% in 1990.

The Supreme Court refuses. without comment, a case challenging the FAA’s “age 60 rule” that prohibits pilots 60 or older from flying commercial planes that seat more than 30 passengers.

March 21

March 24

State Department spokeswoman Margaret Tutwiler announces that the U.S. officially protests Israel’s deportation of Palestinians.

The RTC announces a streamlined program to sell 215 S&Ls with total assets of about $130 billion by Sept. 30. . . . Reports show that a New Jersey local and the central office of the International Longshoremen’s Association, representing three New York locals, have settled lawsuits with the Justice Department.

Dances with Wolves wins seven awards and is the first western to win the award for Best Picture since 1931. Whoopi Goldberg, winner of the Best Supporting Actress award, becomes the second black woman to win an acting Oscar. Special lifetime achievement awards are presented to Myrna Loy and Sophia Loren.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 25

178—March 26–31, 1991

March 26

March 27

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The presidents of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay sign an agreement to create the Southern Cone Common Market, a fourcountry free-trade zone, by Jan. 1, 1995. . . . Iraq announces it will attend the Mar. 30 meeting of the Arab League in Cairo. . . . The Bush administration formally indicates that the U.S. will not aid rebels in Iraq seeking to overthrow the government of Pres. Saddam Hussein.

After more than 14 months of negotiations, Britain’s secretary of state for Northern Ireland announces a plan for three-track talks. . . . The Supreme Soviet orders striking miners back to work under the threat of dismissals. . . . Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev strips the Moscow city government of jurisdiction over the police in Moscow. The Moscow City Council characterizes the move as an unconstitutional, and it renews permission for the Mar. 28 demonstration despite the federal order.

Soldiers headed by Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani Toure in Mali overthrow the government of Pres. Moussa Traore. At least 59 people are reportedly killed during the coup. . . . Kurdish rebels fighting loyalist troops in northern Iraq seize a military base and airfield near Kirkuk. Jalal Talabani, a Kurdish leader, returns after three years of exile. . . . Israeli police minister Milo orders security officers to “shoot to kill” armed Arabs who attack Israeli civilians.

Reports confirm that the U.S. has withdrawn from Europe the last of its medium-range nuclear missiles deployed on the continent. The arms are pulled out to be destroyed under the U.S.-Soviet 1987 INF treaty. . . . The UN Security Council issues a statement condemning Israel’s decision to deport four Palestinians accused of inciting violence against Jews.

Chile’s former ruler, General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, rejects a Mar. 4 government report that charges gross human-rights violations during his 17-year regime.

More than 100,000 supporters of Russian republic president Boris Yeltsin demonstrate in Moscow in defiance of a ban on protests in the city imposed by Soviet president Gorbachev. . . . The Russian parliament passes resolutions condemning president Mikhail Gorbachev’s protest ban and his decree that places the Moscow city police under the direct control of the national interior ministry. . . . Soviet firefighters spend six hours battling a blaze on the top floors of the 10-story U.S. embassy in Moscow.

The government of Pres. Elias Hrawi orders all armed factions in Lebanon to hand their weapons over to the Lebanese army. The order is intended to help bring an end to Lebanon’s 16-year-old civil war. . . . An Iraqi Shi’ite leader, Hojatolislam Mohammed Bakr alHakim, tells reporters in Iran that loyalist forces have recaptured virtually all of the major cities in southern Iraq from Shi’ite insurgents. . . . Reports suggest that as many as 150,000 people have left Kuwait since the end of the war, in part because of deteriorating air quality.

Reports disclose that officials in Guatemala have captured at least 120 people allegedly involved in illegal logging operations in the jungle 300 miles north of Guatemala City. . . . Argentine railway workers end a 44-day wildcat strike, during which the government fired more than 4,000 strikers and closed four of the country’s six main railroad lines.

The government of Italian premier Giulio Andreotti resigns due to feuding among coalition partners.

The Rwandan government signs a cease-fire in the six-month fight with the Rwandan Popular Front.

Representatives of the Arab nations in the anti-Iraq coalition in the Persian Gulf war implicitly rebuke Iraq and its allies at a meeting of the Arab League in Cairo. . . . The Gulf Cooperation Council, comprised of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and the UAE announces that its member nations will no longer provide financial aid to Jordan or the PLO, Iraq’s two chief Arab supporters during the Persian Gulf war.

The Albanian government frees 258 political prisoners to fulfill a preelection pledge.

Iraqi troops retake the oil-producing city of Kirkuk after three days of heavy fighting involving tanks, artillery, and helicopter gunships. ANC deputy president Nelson Mandela and Inkatha Freedom Party president Mangosuthu Buthelezi meet in an effort to stem recent flare-ups of violence in black townships between supporters of the two antiapartheid groups.

The Warsaw Pact formally disbands its military structure in Moscow; only its political arm, the Political Consultative Committee, is still in effect. However, the Soviet news agency Tass warns the USSR’s nominal allies in the Warsaw Pact that they will threaten Soviet security interests if they join NATO. German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, in a radio interview, states that it would be unwise for the countries of Eastern Europe to try to become part of NATO.

The ruling Albanian Workers’ (Communist) Party retains power in the country’s first multiparty national elections since World War II. . . . Ethnic Serbs and Croatian special police engage in a shoot-out at Plitvice national park in Croatia. One policeman and one ethnic Serb are killed, and at least a dozen others are wounded. The federal government sends in army units. . . . Georgians overwhelmingly support independence in a republic-wide referendum.

Said Wehbeh, the senior leader of the PLO, announces the PLO will not give up its arms, as ordered by Pres. Hrawi Mar. 28, arguing that its weapons are not meant for use in Lebanon’s civil war but are “required for the struggle” against Israel. . . . The Israeli cabinet approves new limits on the entry of Palestinians into Israel, institutionalizing restrictions in place since the end of the Persian Gulf war. . . . Kurdish insurgents and civilians begin to flee Iraq after troops loyal to Pres. Saddam Hussein take over cities occupied by Kurds in earlier fighting.

March 29

March 31

Asia & the Pacific South Koreans vote in the nation’s first local elections in 30 years and favor candidates of the ruling Democratic Liberal Party.

Gunmen open fire on mourners at a prayer vigil in Alexandra, a township near Johannesburg, South Africa, and then hack and stab survivors. The incident leaves 18 wounded and 15 dead, including nine members of the bereaved family. . . . Reports show that around 7,000 refugees have arrived at the U.S. base at Safwan near the Iraq-Kuwait border.

March 28

March 30

The Americas

The People’s Revolutionary Party of Laos closes its fifth party congress after reelecting Kaysone Phomvihane as its chairman. During the congress, some elder Politburo members resigned, including Prince Souphanouvong, the youngest son of the former king of Laos who sided with communists.

Afghan guerrillas announce they have seized the town of Khost after two weeks of heavy fighting against government forces.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 26–31, 1991—179

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Supreme Court rules the use of a coerced confession in a criminal trial does not automatically void a conviction. . . .The Supreme Court rules that a federal law barring employment discrimination does not apply to the operations of U.S. companies outside the country. . . . L.A. County supervisors approve the distribution of condoms and bleach kits to curb the spread of AIDS. . . . Voters in Kansas City, Misssouri, elect the city’s first black mayor, Rev. Emanuel Cleaver.

The Defense Department releases an account showing that nearly $23 billion in cash and in-kind contributions have been received from allies.

The Supreme Court rules unanimously that the federal government is not liable for damages incurred after federal banking regulators take over failing savings and loan associations. . . . Midway Airlines files Chapter 11, the third carrier to do so in three months. . . . The International Longshoremen’s Association settles a lawsuit with the Justice Department.

The Supreme Court rules that the white pages of a telephone directory—listing names, addresses, and phone numbers—are not protected under federal copyright law.

Coast Guard and INS officials reveal that 170 Cubans fled to southern Florida in homemade rafts in the first three months of 1991. The number more than doubles the amount of rafters who arrived in the U.S. in the first three months of 1990.

The Bush administration releases an annual report of foreign trade barriers to U.S. exports. The citations do not carry the threats of retaliation in the 1989 and 1990 reports because the so-called Super 301 provision of the 1988 Omnibus Trade Act expired. . . . Reports show the Defense Department found 3,000 more military bases that are that are contaminated with toxic wastes and slated for cleanup, bringing the total to 17,482.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

March 26

Preliminary tests in the U.S. show an experimental drug, ditiocarb sodium, to be effective in fighting diseases that prey on the weakened immune systems of AIDS patients.

Former president Ronald Reagan endorses federal legislation that would impose a seven-day waiting period on the purchase of handguns. . . . The Mississippi state legislature votes to override a veto by Gov. Ray Mabus (D) of a bill that requires a woman to receive information from her doctor about the risks of and alternatives to abortion and then to wait 24 hours before undergoing the procedure.

Lee (Harvey LeRoy) Atwater, 40, manager of Pres. Bush’s 1988 election campaign and chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1988–90, widely regarded as one of the nation’s most successful political strategists and known for the aggressiveness and ruthlessness of his campaigns, dies of a brain tumor in Washington, D.C.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Governor Pete Wilson (R) reveals that California faces a budget deficit of $12.6 billion through June 1992—in dollar terms the largest U.S. state deficit ever. . . . Researchers at UCLA find that chronic exposure to air pollution may seriously damage lung tissue and affect breathing. The UCLA study is considered the first to look at effects of air pollution in the long term.

March 27

A series of violent thunderstorms sweeps through much of the South.

A judge in NYC rules it is illegal for a company to make photocopies of book excerpts and assemble them into anthologies for sale to students.

At least 23 people are killed in a series of violent thunderstorms that started Mar. 28. The storms stretch across Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas.

Publisher’s Weekly lists Heartbeat by Danielle Steel as the top bestseller.

March 29

Northern Michigan University wins the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I hockey title, 8-7, over Boston University.

March 30

The FEC finds that donations by PACs to congressional candidates in the 1990 election cycle declined slightly in comparison to 1988, but the proportion of money going to incumbents continues to rise. It is the first reported decrease in PAC donations since they were first tracked in 1977.

The Tennessee Lady Volunteers wins the NCAA women’s basketball tournament with a 70-67 tripleovertime victory over the Virginia Cavaliers.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 28

March 31

180—April 1–5, 1991

April 1

April 2

April 3

April 4

April 5

World Affairs

Europe

Noting the UN’s previous response to Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition of Kurdish insurgent groups, issues a statement by Kurdish military commander Masoud Barzani urging the U.S., the U.K., and France to take action on behalf of the insurgents in Iraq.

Detlev Rohwedder, the chief of the German government organization supervising the former stateowned enterprises of East Germany, is slain by a gunman in Dusseldorf. . . . The Serbian National Council announces that Krajina henceforth is a part of Serbia. . . . The Romanian government ends subsidies on most foods, thereby allowing prices to soar. . . . The Supreme Soviet votes to authorize Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev to declare a state of emergency in South Ossetia.

The UN Security Council hears a proposal from France to “condemn all forms of oppression” in Iraq and to order the Iraqi government to cease its military campaigns against insurgents. The Security Council also receives a letter from Turkish president Turgut Ozal, claiming that 220,000 Iraqi refugees are being driven toward Turkey by government troops. Turkish officials estimate that 30,000 Iraqi Kurds have crossed into Turkey since Mar. 31.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Members of several opposition groups demand that democratic reforms be initiated in Kuwait. . . . Reports show Benin’s High Council of the Republic granted former president Mathieu Kerekou amnesty for crimes he allegedly committed since taking power in 1972. . . . Iran releases a British businessman, Roger Cooper, held since Dec. 1985 on charges of espionage.

Jaime Guzmán, a Chilean senator and legal adviser to former president Augusto Pinochet and his military junta, is shot and killed by an unidentified gunman in Santiago.

U.S. officials find that the Afghan rebels captured 6,000 government soldiers in the Mar. 31 victory. They also suggest that Afghan government troops had the help of Soviet advisers firing Scud missiles.

Three Irish people charged in connection with May 1990 murders for which the IRA claimed responsibility are acquitted by a Dutch court while one is sentenced to 18 years in prison. . . . Ethnic Serbs erect roadblocks in the Krajina region. . . . In Albania, election results cause protesters to attack the headquarters of the Workers’ Party. Interior-ministry troops open fire, killing three and wounding at least 30. In Tirana, riot police armed with batons charge into a crowd of 1,000 protesters.

The U.S. Defense Department contradicts Kurdish claims that rebels had retaken Kirkuk when it states that government forces have driven Kurdish rebels out of the cities of Dahok, Erbil, and Zakho in northern Iraq.

British Columbia premier William Vander Zalm, under fire for alleged conflict-of-interest violations, resigns and is succeeded by his deputy premier, Rita Johnston, the first woman premier of a Canadian province. . . . The Peruvian cholera death toll reaches 780.

The Times of London reports rebels in Afghanistan are establishing an administrative council in Khost. Afghan president Najibullah publicly concedes the loss of Khost and declares a national day of mourning for the soldiers slain there.

The UN Security Council approves a resolution to establish a permanent cease-fire in the Persian Gulf war and bring a gradual halt to international sanctions against Iraq. Abdul Amir al-Anbari, Iraq’s representative to the UN, argues that disarming Iraq will boost Israel’s power in the Middle East and leave the region more unstable than it was earlier. He also asserts that the UN has no right to intervene in the determination of Iraq’s borders.

An army social club in the Croatian town of Sibenik is fire-bombed. . . . Turkish officials announce that they will not allow any more Kurdish refugees to enter the country. Refugees who have already entered Turkey will be allowed to stay and receive food, shelter, and medical assistance. . . . Striking miners and the Soviet government reach an agreement in Moscow, but it does not yet address the strikers’ political concerns.

Lebanese cabinet ministers warn the PLO that Palestinians will not be permitted to sidestep the disarmament decree. . . . Iranian foreign minister Ali Akbar Velayati announces that Iran will shelter any Kurdish refugees fleeing Iraq and requests that the UN and the International Red Cross aid that effort.

All five permanent members of the UN Security Council—the U.S., the USSR, Great Britain, China and France—agree to contribute soldiers to a peacekeeping force in Iraq. No previous UN observer force has been staffed by representatives from all five nations.

In Albania, the opposition Democrats’ call for a nationwide general strike to protest the Apr. 2 killings receives only marginal support in Shkoder and in Tirana. . . . Thousands of angry workers in Minsk walk off their jobs and stage a protest against nationwide price increases that took effect a few days earlier. The workers demand higher wages and the resignation of Pres. Gorbachev. . . . In London, Kurdish protestors go on hunger strikes.

Nicephore Soglo is sworn in as the leader of Benin. . . . Salim Mukhtar, a leading figure in Kuwait’s Palestinian community, is shot to death in Kuwait City.

A series of earthquakes strike Peru over the course of two days. . . . Former Haitian interim president Ertha Pascal Trouillot is charged as an accomplice in the attempted Jan. 1991 coup. . . . Representatives of the Salvadoran government and leaders of the FMLN rebels begin a new round of talks in Mexico City aimed at ending an 11-yearold civil war.

The UN Security Council passes a resolution condemning the Iraqi government’s repression of the Kurds and other dissidents in Iraq. Abdul Amir al-Anbari, Iraq’s representative to the UN, denounces the resolution, referring to it as “blatant interference” in Iraq’s internal affairs when noninterference in the internal affairs of nations is a basic tenet of international diplomacy. . . . Iraq’s Supreme Revolutionary Command Council decide to abide by the terms of the UN resolution.

The Russian republic votes to give broad emergency powers to Pres. Boris Yeltsin. . . . Reports confirm that Russian nickel miners in Norilsk and bauxite workers in Sverdlovsk began strikes. . . . Two pro-Kurdish protestors are killed outside the Iraqi consulate in Istanbul when stone-throwing demonstrators are fired upon. . . . More than 30 Kurdish demonstrators ransack the Iraqi embassy in London, and 14 of them occupy the office for more than three hours before surrendering.

The Iraqi government offers amnesty to any Kurds who participated in the rebellion against President Saddam Hussein. . . . The ANC warns South African president F. W. de Klerk that it will pull out of negotiations on a new constitution unless the government meets seven demands aimed at stopping the factional violence afflicting black townships by May 9.

Earthquakes continue to rock Peru, killing 38 people and injuring about 750. The San Martín region north of Lima, the capital, is hit hardest as 98% of all homes are destroyed in the region’s capital city, Moyobamba. . . . A court orders former Haitian president Trouillot released, but confines her to her home in Port-au-Prince. . . . Gov. Rafael Hernández Colón signs into law a bill making Spanish the official language of Puerto Rico.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 1–5, 1991—181

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

North Dakota governor George Sinner (D) vetoes what would have been the strictest antiabortion legislation in the U.S. . . . Iowa legalizes gambling on Mississippi riverboat casinos. . . . A FBI team recommends 11 white agents be disciplined for the harassment of black agent Donald Rochon in the mid-1980s. . . . The Supreme Court rules that criminal defendants may object to race-based peremptory challenges of potential jurors, regardless of the race of the defendant or the juror.

The Treasury Department releases a list of 52 companies and 37 individuals alleged to be fronts or agents for Iraqi president Hussein’s regime. The Department states it will freeze the assets of the listed companies and individuals. . . . A solid-fuel booster being developed for the Air Force Titan 4 rocket explodes during its first test firing at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

The Supreme Court rules local governments have wide-ranging immunity from federal antitrust laws. . . . The minimum hourly wage rises 45 cents, to $4.25 from $3.80 per hour, and the so-called training wage, a lower minimum wage for teenagers, increases to $3.62 per hour from $3.35. . . . The New York State Legislature fails to pass a budget, forcing local governments and school districts to resort to expensive borrowing to meet expenses.

A poll of Los Angeles residents regarding the Mar. 3 beating of Rodney King shows that 43% of respondents feel police chief Daryl Gates should resign, while 41% state he should remain. . . . Bernard W. Fensterwald Jr., 69, lawyer who defended James Earl Ray and James W. McCord Jr., dies of a heart attack at in Alexandria, Virginia.

Officials in the Bush administration defend the U.S. policy of nonintervention in Iraq’s internal conflicts.

The National Marine Fisheries Services, a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, proposes that the sockeye salmon on the Snake River in Idaho be granted protection as an endangered species.

A jury in Alabama recommends that David Ronald Chandler, convicted of running a marijuana ring, should become the first person executed under a 1988 federal law that allows capital punishment for drug-related killings. . . . Federal prosecutors withdraw all criminal charges against Rep. Floyd Flake (D, N.Y.) , who was indicted on 17 counts involving financial improprieties at New York’s Allen A.M.E. Church.

A navy internal report that finds pervasive sexual harassment in the service and states that women in the navy are hampered by “inconsistent and ambiguous” job assignments is made public. . . . Reports reveal that the Pentagon is developing in secret a nuclear-powered rocket as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”).

Six people are killed and 11 injured when police storm an electronics store in Sacramento, California, where up to 30 people had been held hostage for more than eight hours. Three of the four attackers are killed, and one is injured. . . . A poll shows that six percent of teenagers say they tried to commit suicide and 15% say they had “come very close to trying.” . . . A study finds that the unemploymentinsurance system provided benefits for 37% of unemployed workers in 1990, the lowest figure for a recession year since World War II. William Kennedy Smith, 30, a nephew of Sen. Edward Kennedy (D, Mass.), is formally identified by police as the suspect in an alleged Mar. 29 rape at the Kennedy family’s vacation estate in Palm Beach, Florida. . . . The director of the FBI, William Sessions, meets with more than 200 black agents in an attempt to prevent a class-action racial discrimination lawsuit against the bureau.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle By using a carbon-dating technique, scientists conclude the Dead Sea Scrolls were written between the second century B.C. and the first century A.D. . . . Martha Graham, 96, a central figures in 20th-century dance who won the first 1976 Medal of Freedom, the U.S.’s highest civilian honor, dies of cardiac arrest in New York City.

April 2

Graham Greene, 86, major British author whose works include The Power and the Glory (1940), dies of a blood disorder in Switzerland. . . . John Edgar Wideman wins the PEN/Faulkner Award for his novel Philadelphia Firefirst. He is the first person to win it twice.

The EPA finds that the protective ozone layer is shrinking at a rate twice as great as previously assumed. . . . Secretary of Labor Lynn Martin announces fines against more than 500 coal-mining companies for tampering with coaldust monitoring devices at more than 800 underground coal mines.

Pres. Bush states that he plans to authorize the release of as much as $10 million from refugee-relief funds to benefit the Kurds. He also announces that the US will donate $869,000 to the UN Children’s Fund, and $131,000 and 1,000 tons of food to the International Red Cross to aid the refugees.

April 1

Seven people, including Sen. John Heinz (R, Pa.), are killed when two aircraft collide onto the grounds of a school near Philadelphia. Two of those killed are children at the elementary school. Five other children and adults are injured. . . . Separate studies claim to link liver cancer to a tiny “hot spot” on a single human gene. The teams discover two risk factors already linked to liver cancer seem to mutate the spot. The discovery is considered the first persuasive evidence of how toxins attack DNA and cause cancer.

April 3

April 4

Twenty-three passengers are killed when their commuter plane crashes near Brunswick, Georgia. The passengers include John Goodwin Tower, 65, Republican U.S. senator from Texas, 1961–84; and Captain Manley Lanier (Sonny) Carter Jr., 43, U.S. Navy physician and astronaut who flew on the space shuttle Discovery in Nov. 1989. . . . The space shuttle Atlantis takes off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

April 5

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

182—April 6–10, 1991

April 6

April 7

April 8

April 9

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The government of Iraq accepts the terms for a permanent ceasefire stipulated in UN Security Council Resolution 687, bringing a formal end to the Persian Gulf war As per the resolution’s schedule, the UN lifts its sanctions on food and medicine in Iraq. . . . The U.S. warns Iraq not to undertake any military action in northeastern Iraq and bans any action by Iraqi air or ground forces against Kurdish refugees. It also forbids Iraqi military air activity north of the 36th parallel.

Turkey eases its Apr. 3 restrictions to allow some Kurds across the border. . . . Louis Joxe, 89, veteran French government official who played a key role in the debate over Algerian independence and the student uprisings of 1968, dies in Paris.

Souths African president F. W. de Klerk rejected the ANC’s demands made Apr. 5, accusing the group of seeking to exploit the factional violence for political advantage.

Turkish and Iranian officials plead for international assistance since they do not have the resources to cope with the enormous influx of refugees from Iraq.

The ruling Albanian Workers’ (Communist) Party gains a two-thirds majority in the People’s Assembly as a result of parliamentary runoff elections. Premier Fatos Nano wins his race as well.

U.S. Air Force cargo planes begin dropping food and other supplies to Kurdish refugees along the IraqTurkey border. . . . Iraq’s staterun radio broadcasts a letter in which Iraqi president Saddam Hussein formally accepts the terms of the permanent cease-fire but nonetheless characterizes them as “unfair and vindictive.”

The EC pledges 150 million European currency units in aid to the Kurds. . . Brazil and its foreign commercial-bank creditors reach an agreement on the country’s payment of $8 billion in overdue debt interest.

France and Germany begin to allow Poles to visit their countries without visas. However, the first day of open travel is marred by protests from neo-Nazi groups in Germany, and two Poles are hurt in one rock-throwing incident at a crossing point. . . . The Georgian government threatens a republicwide general strike unless the Kremlin removes troops from the republic. . . . Thousands of Croats storm a courthouse, forcing an indefinite postponement of a trial of seven people accused by the military of plotting an armed revolt.

About 5,000 U.S. Army troops withdraw from Iraq into Saudi Arabia. . . . U.S. secretary of state Baker, en route to Israel, visits a refugee camp on the Iraq-Turkey border. . . . The Israeli defense ministry announces that it will release about 1,200 of the 14,000 Palestinians jailed in connection with the 40-month-old uprising. . . . In South Africa, Inkatha president Buthelezi lashes out at the ANC’s Apr. 5 ultimatum.

Panamanian president Guillermo Endara fires five of his 12 cabinet ministers, all members of the Christian Democratic Party.

The UN Security Council authorizes the deployment of a peacekeeping force to a demilitarized zone along the Iraq-Kuwait border. . . . The Soviet Union begins withdrawing its military forces from Poland. . . . Israel states for the first time that it is ready in principle to attend a Mideast peace conference. . . . Polish president Lech Walesa and French president François Mitterrand sign a friendship treaty, the first of its kind between a Warsaw Pact country and a Western nation.

The parliament of the republic of Georgia unanimously votes to declare independence from the Soviet Union. . . . In Minsk, workers stage a one-day warning strike, threaten a general strike, and escalate their demands to include the resignations of both the republic and national governments. . . . Reports show that police arrested 41 Germans who tried to block the entry of Poles into the country. . . . France agrees to forgive $500 million of Poland’s debt.

Rebels from Liberia are ousted from the southern town of Potoru in Sierra Leone. . . . The South African government formally proposes a draft bill in Parliament that repeals the Population Classification Act of 1950. The bill will end racial classification of people by skin color at birth. . . . U.S. military personnel stationed in Kuwait report that incidents of Kuwaiti soldiers and police detaining and beating Palestinians continue.

Eduardo Vallarino, Panama’s ambassador to the U.S. and a PDC member, resigns his post to protest the Apr. 8 firings. . . . Reports suggest former Nicaraguan contra rebels who demobilized when Pres. Violeta Chamorro took office have begun to rearm.

An automobile ferry and an oil tanker collide on the coast of Italy. The crash does not ignite any of the 442,000 barrels of light crude oil stored on the tanker, but causes a slick one and a half square miles in size. All the crew members from the tanker escape, but only one survivor from the ferry, a crewman, is found. The other 140 people are believed dead. The accident is reported to be the worst maritime disaster in Italy since World War II. . . . Tens of thousands of workers in Minsk demonstrate and begin a general strike.

Israeli housing minister Ariel Sharon announces that he will continue his efforts to hasten Jewish settlement in occupied territories, marking a further complication for Middle East peace plans.

Former president Ertha Pascal Trouillot states she has been released from house arrest but is not permitted to leave Haiti.

April 10

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 6–10, 1991—183

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush signs into law a bill providing expanded benefits for veterans of the Persian Gulf war. The bill also authorizes the $15 billion appropriation passed by Congress in March to pay for the war.

Amtrak ends its use of Grand Central Terminal in NYC and directs its trains to use Pennsylvania Station.

Pres. Bush assures Mexican president Carlos Salinas de Gortari that he is committed to a proposed free-trade agreement between the U.S. and Mexico.

The crew of the Atlantis releases the $617 million, 17-ton Gamma Ray Observatory into an orbit about 280 miles above Earth. It is the heaviest scientific payload ever carried aboard the shuttle.

The Laurence Olivier Awards are presented in London. Sir Ian McKellen wins for best actor, and Kathryn Hunter wins for best actress. Special achievement awards are presented to Dame Peggy Ashcroft, Cameron Mackintosh, Mark Elder, Twyla Tharp, and Jennifer Tipton.

Atlantis astronauts Jay Apt and Jerry Ross take a six-and-a-halfhour spacewalk. They construct a 47-foot rail along one side of the shuttle’s cargo bay, and then test on it three types of carts. They also practice handling large objects, tightening bolts, and moving handover-hand along a rail. Ross now has the highest spacewalking record of any shuttle astronaut—22 hours and 54 minutes.

Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography by Kitty Kelley arrives in bookstores and generates controversy. Former president Ronald Reagan calls Kelley’s claims “flagrant and absurd falsehoods.”. . . Announcements state the Pritzker Architecture Prize for lifetime achievement in architecture will go to Robert Venturi.

The Bush administration announces that it is revamping the Education Department’s office of postsecondary education to provide better oversight of federal student-loan programs. . . . CUNY students begin to take over buildings at 15 campuses to protest proposed tuition increases and cuts in the university’s budget. . . . The FEC announces former House Speaker James Wright (D, Tex.) has agreed to pay $15,000 to settle charges of improper campaign financing.

A federal district judge rules the National Republican Senatorial Committee exceeded limits and failed to report $2.3 million in contributions to candidates in 12 Senate races in 1986.

The Washington Post reports that in Aug. 1990 the CIA and the Department of Defense the outlined plans to initiate “psychological operations” to incite unrest in Iraq. Since both the CIA and the Pentagon frequently use radio broadcasts as elements of such operations, the report tallies with allegations that the U.S. was involved in a radio station that encouraged Iraqis to rebel against Pres. Hussein.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration releases a summary of 58 scientific studies that show the Exxon Valdez spill took a greater toll on wildlife, shorelines, tidal zones, and herring and salmon industries than previously suspected. Some ecological damage is now predicted to be permanent.

Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan launches a blistering attack on sponsorship of sporting events by tobacco companies. . . . The Law School Admissions Council finds that applications to law schools across the U.S. rose for the fourth year in a row in 1990. . . . A Census Bureau report indicates the income of Hispanics has risen relative to that of other Americans but is still about onethird below that of non-Hispanics.

Officials publicly disclose the warning issued to Iraq by the U.S. on Apr. 6. They argue that the warning does not reverse President Bush’s policy but keeps with UN Security Council Resolution 688, which gives the international community a mandate to take any steps necessary to conduct relief operations for the Kurds. . . . Bush signs the Desert Storm Supplemental Appropriations bill, which provides $42.6 billion to cover war costs, stipulating that the funds come from war aid pledged by U.S. allies in the conflict.

In a lawsuit regarding a 1984 diversion of pension funds when Chevron acquired Gulf Oil Corp., a federal judge rules Chevron has to pay the 19,000 employees a total of about $180 million. . . . Pres. Bush signs the so-called Dire Emergency supplemental spending bill, which doles out additional spending authority for a broad variety of programs.

April 6

John Updike becomes the third author to win a second Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Award recipients also include Neil Simon and Mona Van Duyn as well as others. . . . Forrest G. (Spec) Towns, 77, hurdler who won a gold medal at the 1936 Olympics, dies of a heart attack in Athens, Georgia.

The Atlantis flies within 130 miles of the Soviet space station Mir. The crew tries several times to make radio contact, but it is “not clear” if the cosmonauts heard them. The orbiter maneuvers to within nine miles of the Gamma Ray Observatory in an exercise designed to practice making a rendezvous in orbit. . . . Fire officials in Philadelphia state that a high-rise office fire in February that killed three firefighters was caused by a pile of oilsoaked rags left by a crew of workers.

In hockey, Wayne Gretzky scores his 93rd playoff goal to break the record held by Jari Kurri. . . . A poll finds that more than 90% of Americans identify themselves as belonging to a religious group. . . . Natalie Schafer, 90, best known for the role of Mrs. Thurston Howell on Gilligan’s Island, dies of cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 7

April 8

April 9

April 10

184—April 11–16, 1991

April 11

April 12

April 13

April 14

April 15

April 16

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Security Council officially declares an end to the Persian Gulf war after reviewing Iraq’s acceptance of Resolution 687. . . . The EC announces that it will contribute 1 million ECUs ($1.23 million) in emergency funds to aid the families of the victims in the Apr. 10 crash off the shore of Italy.

French socialist premier Michel Rocard defeats the 11th no-confidence motion against his government in its three-year tenure. . . Coal miners on Sakhalin Island join the Minsk walkout. . . . Workers in Georgia begin a general strike to force a removal of Soviet troops. . . . Workers in Minsk agree to suspend temporarily a general strike. . . . A supertanker carrying 1 million barrels of oil explodes, three miles off the coast of Genoa At least three members of the crew are killed, and two are missing.

U.S. secretary of state James Baker concludes a six-day tour of the Middle East. During his trip, he succeeded in convincing Arab and Israeli leaders to agree in principle to peace talks.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Togo, 26 bodies, some showing signs of beating, are dredged from a lagoon near the center of Lome after months of protests and strikes, some of which ended in violence. Eyadema announces a package of measures to legalize opposition parties, free political prisoners, and grant amnesty to those implicated in a failed 1986 coup attempt.

The U.S. and Panama sign a treaty giving U.S. officials access to Panamanian banking records when investigating drug trafficking and money laundering.

Reports show Australia’s unemployment rate rose to 9.2% in March, the highest since April 1984. The unemployment rate represents more than 777,100 Australians out of work, the highest number on record.

Reports indicate that clashes in Sierra Leone, which began in March, have claimed at least 150 lives. The fighting is taking place near the border with Liberia in the east and the south. Reports confirm that Sierra Leone has asked the U.S. for military aid in fighting the rebels. . . . The ANC publishes tentative principles for a post-apartheid constitution in South Africa. . . . Reports show that Toyota Motor Corp. of Japan has become the last of Japan’s major auto makers to begin trading with Israel.

The longest and costliest criminal trial in Canadian history ends with the acquittal of Toronto businessman Joseph Burnett on tax-evasion charges.

The U.S. and other nations undertake new efforts to assist Kurdish refugees massed along the IraqTurkey border, as reports indicate rapidly deteriorating conditions in the refugees’ mountain camps.

Reports state Yugoslavia’s collective presidency agreed that the republics should hold referendums on the nation’s future. . . . Italy’s new coalition government meets and declares the first national state of emergency since World War II in response to the Apr. 11 supertanker explosion.

Sierra Leone’s president, Joseph Momoh, reports that Nigeria and Guinea have deployed troops in his country to help repulse an incursion by rebels from neighboring Liberia. . . . Egyptian undercover police arrest Sheik Talal Nasser alSabah, a member of Kuwait’s royal family, on drug charges.

Officials from the UN Office of the High Commission for Refugees admits after a fact-finding tour in western Iran that they severely underestimated the number of refugees that Iran would receive from Iraq.

The parliament of Georgia creates an executive presidency for the republic and elects Zviad Gamsakhurdia to the post. . . . The ship that exploded off the coast of Italy Apr. 11 sinks after three days of spilling its cargo and erupting in sporadic blasts. Estimates of the amount of oil that escaped from the ship vary from 5,000 to 30,000 metric tons. Most of the spill is thought to have burned off, but some oil has formed a slick six to 15 miles long and two miles wide.

Representatives of international relief groups estimate that there are between 500 and 1,000 deaths each day among the refugees along the Turkey-Iraq border. Diarrhea and dehydration are widespread in all the camps, and the cold mountain climate is causing many deaths from exposure.

Officials from 39 countries gather in London for the inauguration of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The EBRD, created in 1990, has $12.2 billion in capital to help Eastern European countries turn toward market economies. . . . The foreign ministers of the EC vote unanimously to lift their 1986 ban on the import of gold coins, steel and iron from South Africa.

The main opposition group in Albania, the Democratic Party, boycotts the opening of the newly elected People’s Assembly. . . . The Turkish government announces that it will begin to transfer Kurdish refugees out of their mountain camps along the Iraq-Turkey border and into well-equipped refugee centers further inside Turkey.

Reports show that at least seven Kurds were killed by supply bundles dropped from U.S. and British airplanes. U.S. cargo helicopters start to be used since they can deliver supplies more safely than planes involved in earlier airlifts.. . . . Iraqi troops release two Western journalists who were captured during the Iraqi counteroffensive against the Kurdish rebellion.

The civilian trial of Argentine army colonel Mohamed Ali Seineldin and hundreds of his followers opens.

U.S. president Bush announces a controversial plan for U.S., British, and French military personnel to build and operate refugee camps for the Kurds in northern Iraq. . . . In a letter to the UN Security Council, Iraq asks for permission to recover $1 billion of its assets and to sell $950 million worth of its oil to buy food and basic goods. . . . The EC representative to the EBRD discloses that pledges of EC aid to Eastern Europe total $23 billion.

Miners strike near the Russian city of Kursk, south of Moscow, and thousands of factory workers in the Ukraine launch a sympathy strike. . . . The Supreme Soviet gives preliminary approval to legislation banning political strikes. . . . The Communist Party bosses of 13 Soviet cities criticize Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev’s leadership of the party. . . . A fledgling Polish stock exchange opens in Warsaw.

Jewish settlers begin to move into two new settlements in the Israelioccupied West Bank. . . . Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir meets with Soviet premier Valentin Pavlov in London. It is the first meeting ever between premiers of the two nations.

Canada’s federal minister of Indian affairs Thomas Siddon announces that the government will permit the Mohawks of the Kanesatake reserve to hold a referendum on what kind of government they want. . . . Courts in the Brazilian cities of Recife and São Paulo rule unanimously that asset seizures, enacted under Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello’s austerity plan in 1990, are unconstitutional.

Qin Benli, 73, editor who was fired by the government for supporting for the prodemocracy movement of 1989 in China, dies of cancer in Shanghai.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 11–16, 1991—185

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Senate Judiciary Committee votes to reject the nomination of U.S. district judge Kenneth L. Ryskamp, 58, of Miami to the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in Atlanta. The rejection comes amid accusations that Ryskamp is insensitive toward minorities. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine forecasts a steep rise in hospital prices.

The Census Bureau finds the total number of homeless to be 228,621. The count is immediately challenged by advocates of the homeless. . . . Education Secretary Lamar Alexander challenges the standards used by the Middle States Association in granting accreditation to colleges and universities, specifically the requirement that schools promote racial, sexual, and cultural diversity on their campuses.

Defense Secretary Cheney recommends a list of 43 domestic military bases to be closed as part of his planned six-year restructuring of the armed forces.

The personal driver and bodyguard of reputed organized crime boss John Gotti is shot to death in what NYC police describe as “organized crime hit.”

A GAO report that alleges that U.S. troops were inadequately trained and equipped for chemical warfare in the gulf is released. The report, drawn up in January, was withheld from public release during the gulf hostilities.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

In the largest government seizure of an insurance company, California regulators take over the state unit of First Executive Corp., declaring its financial condition to be “hazardous.”. . . GAO investigators testify before Congress that they found widespread abuse in the sale of nursing-home insurance.

The space shuttle Atlantis completes a six-day mission and lands at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Local 54 of the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union that represents hotel, restaurant, and casino workers in Atlantic City, New Jersey, settles a four-monthold racketeering suit brought by the Justice Department.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

April 11

James Marcus Schuyler, 67, poet who won the 1981 Pulitzer Prize for poetry, dies in NYC after suffering a stroke.

April 12

April 13

According to a Coast Guard study cited in The Washington Post, the U.S. Coast Guard Academy at New London, Connecticut, is a “bastion of male chauvinism fueled by an oldboy network reaching far beyond the academy itself.”

Ian Woosnam of Wales wins the 55th Masters golf tournament on the 72nd and final hole.

Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan announces a consolidation of several children’s programs into a single agency, the Administration for Children and Families, which is headed by Jo Anne Barnhart. . . . Texas governor Ann Richards (D) signs into law a measure that requires the state’s wealthier school districts to give money to poorer districts. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand a life sentence imposed for a crime committed by a 13-year-old boy in Washington State.

President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro makes the first official trip to the U.S. by a Nicaraguan president since 1939.

Eugene Steuerle, a senior fellow at the Urban Institute, a Washington, D.C., think tank, states in congressional testimony that a family in 1990 earning $21,500, or half the median income, paid 23% of its income in federal, state, and Social Security taxes. In contrast, a family earning half the median income paid only 2% in 1948.

News organizations touch off a controversy by reporting the name of the woman who claims that she was raped by William Kennedy Smith. . . . The Supreme Court tightens the standards for state prisoners filing a second challenge to the constitutionality of their convictions. . . . An ex-DEA agent, Darnell Garcia, is convicted on drug charges. Two other former DEA agents indicted with Garcia, John Anthony Jackson and Wayne Countryman, turned state’s evidence.

President Bush becomes the first U.S. chief executive to meet with the Dalai Lama, Tibet’s exiled spiritual leader. . . . A federal judge in NYC dismisses a lawsuit over the Defense Department’s restrictions on the press during the Persian Gulf war on the grounds that the end of the war makes the case moot.

McDonald’s Corp. launches a 42point plan aimed at reducing by 80% the daily generation of garbage from its 8,500 restaurants in the U.S.

The Sacramento Kings set an NBA record when they lose their 35th consecutive road game, to the Minnesota Timberwolves. . . . . Wanda Panfil of Poland wins the Boston Marathon for her fourth consecutive marathon victory.

Vice president Quayle, acting as head of the National Space Council, approves a plan for developing new vehicles that will offer a cheaper, safer, and more reliable way of launching satellites than the space shuttle. . . . The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center opens in NYC, headed by Dr. David D. Ho.

Sir David Lean, 83, British director whose 16 films won 28 Oscars, dies in London. . . . Homer William Bigart, 83, reporter who won Pulitzer Prizes in 1946 and 1951, dies of cancer in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. . . . Nine paintings stolen from a Paris museum in 1985 and recovered years later, go back on display.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 14

April 15

April 16

186—April 17–22, 1991

April 17

April 18

April 19

April 20

April 21

April 22

World Affairs

Europe

U.S., French and British soldiers begin to cross from Turkey into northern Iraq to secure a “safe zone” and build camps for some of the 850,000 Iraqi refugees stranded along the Iraq-Turkey border. . . . Hundreds of American and African political, educational, religious, and business leaders gather in Abidjan, the capital of Ivory Coast, to attend what is billed as the first-ever summit of Africans and African Americans.

The Albanian Democratic Party ends its boycott of parliament, and parliament elects Kastriot Islami of the Workers’ Party as its president. . . . Christian Democrat Giulio Andreotti presents his new government to the Italian parliament. . . . In the U.K., loyalist paramilitaries declare a “cease-fire” in an attempt to help the talks led by Secretary Peter Brooke.

The IMF approves of a financial package worth about $2.4 billion for Poland. . . . Iraq gives the UN a complete list of its chemical and ballistic weapons that survived the Persian Gulf war, in compliance with the permanent cease-fire resolution. . . . Iraq and the UN reach an agreement to allow the UN to set up centers for humanitarian aid for refugees in northern and southern Iraq.

Despite the Apr. 17 cease-fire announcement, a Protestant group claims responsibility for the murder of a Catholic taxi driver in Belfast, Northern Ireland. . . . Agamemnon Koutsogiorgas, 69, deputy premier of Greece under socialist premier Andreas Papandreou, dies in Athens after suffering a stroke.

U.S. officials charge Iraq with omitting 27 pounds of weapons-grade uranium believed to have been in Iraq’s two small research reactors in its report to the UN about its nuclear weapons capability.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The journalists released by Iraq on Apr. 15 tell reporters in Amman, Jordan, that a colleague with whom they traveled, Gad Gross, had been shot and killed by Iraqi troops near Kirkuk Mar. 29.

Mikhail Gorbachev makes the first ever visit by a Soviet president to Japan when he meets with Premier Toshiki Kaifu.

Reports suggest regional authorities in the Canary Islands have banned bullfighting. The Spanish islands are the first region of the nation to outlaw the popular spectacle. . . . Economic data is released by Goskomstat, the Soviet government statistics agency, that indicates a disastrous 1991 first quarter.

Amnesty International finds that Kuwaiti soldiers and vigilantes beat, tortured, and killed hundreds of residents of Kuwait suspected of collaboration with Iraqi forces.

Soviet president Gorbachev and Japanese premier Toshiki Kaifu sign 15 minor accords, including provisions for Japanese technical advice on the transition to a Soviet market economy and medical aid in researching the public health situation near the Chernobyl nuclear reactor, site of a 1986 disaster. However, the leaders fail to resolve the key territorial dispute dividing their nations.

Officials from Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, and Spain meet in Sucre, Bolivia, to discuss joint efforts for fighting Latin America’s cholera epidemic.

An Austrian newspaper reports that Nazi-oriented computer games are spreading “explosively” among high school students. . . . The French health ministry states that women who are regular smokers or over age 35 will no longer be able to the receive RU-486 after the first death in conjunction with use of the drug is reported. . . . Sean O’Faolain (born John Francis Whelan), 91, Irish writer who later served as publicity director of the IRA, dies in Dublin.

Kuwait announces a new cabinet to replace the government that resigned in March. . . . U.S. Marines take control of Zakho, a town about nine miles from the Turkish border in order to set up refugee aid stations. . . . Reports indicate that Algeria is receiving help from China to build a nuclear reactor that could eventually be used to produce fuel for nuclear weapons.

In the first visit to South Korea by a Soviet head of state, Pres. Gorbachev meets with South Korean president Roh Tae Woo and signs diplomatic and economic accords. . . . Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, 74, Stalinist leader of Mongolia, 1952–84 who was overthrown, exiled, and accused of gross misrule, dies of unreported causes in Moscow.

Poland and the Club of Paris creditor nations sign an agreement to write off 50% of the country’s $33 billion debt to foreign governments over a three-year period.

German chancellor Helmut Kohl’s Christian Democratic Union suffers a surprisingly severe defeat in state elections in Rhineland-Palatinate. The defeat is widely blamed on problems of integrating the devastated economy of eastern Germany with that of western Germany. . . . Turkish soldiers shoot and kill one refugee and wound five others when a crowd of Kurds attacks soldiers distributing food in the onset of food riots.

Construction of the first of the refugee camps begins in the town of Zakho. Armed Iraqis in police uniforms begin patrolling Zakho.. . . Iran renews its call for international aid as it attempts to care for 1 million Iraqi refugees. . . . Germany, which did not sent troops to fight in the Persian Gulf war, begins sending troops to Iran to build camps for Kurdish refugees.

Canadian prime minister Mulroney institutes the most extensive cabinet reorganization since his government took power in 1984. It affects 23 members of Mulroney’s 39-member cabinet.

Rebel spokesmen in Pakistan claim that Afghan government troops launched a Scud missile attack on the rebel-held city of Asadabad in eastern Afghanistan. According to their reports, more than 300 people were killed and another 400–500 wounded.

UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar names Rolf Ekeus, a Swedish arms-control expert, to head a UN commission to oversee the destruction of Iraq’s nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and ballistic missiles.

Romanian riot police clash with several thousand antigovernment demonstrators in University Square, in the center of Bucharest. The protest marks the first anniversary of the start of a series of student-led campaigns that was crushed in June 1990 by coal miners called in by the government. . . . Karl Ferdinand Klasen, 81, president of the Bundesbank, West Germany’s central bank, 1970–77, dies of unreported causes in Hamburg.

In Kuwait, a press conference at which opposition leaders planned to meet with foreign journalists to denounce the new cabinet, is halted by officials of Kuwait’s information ministry. . . . Relief officials continue to report unsanitary conditions and inadequate water supplies in most of the camps and estimate the death rate among Kurds along the Iraq-Turkey border is at 500–1,000 a day.

A powerful earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale shakes Costa Rica and the Caribbean coast of Panama. It is reported to be the worst earthquake to hit Costa Rica since 1910. The quake’s epicenter is 70 miles southeast of the Costa Rican capital, San José. . . . Thirtysix U.S. military instructors arrive in Bolivia to train Bolivian army troops to fight the illegal narcotics trade.

Taiwan’s National Assembly overwhelmingly repeals laws for the “suppression of the communist rebellion” and passes other constitutional changes that will reduce the size of the National Assembly and the parliament.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 17–22, 1991—187

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Journal of the National Cancer Institute finds that the higher incidence of cancer among black Americans is not due to race but to a higher rate of poverty. . . . The Supreme Court rules that passengers cannot sue airlines for purely emotional or mental injuries suffered in accidents and near collisions. . . . The New York Times generates controversy with an unflattering profile of the woman accusing William Kennedy Smith of rape.

Pres. Bush nominates Gen. Gordon Sullivan to succeed retiring general Carl E. Vuono as the army’s chief of staff.

The House votes to pass a $1.46 trillion budget for the 1992 fiscal year. . . . Railroad unions, representing 235,000 workers, walk out in a dispute over wages and work-rule issues. It is the first national rail strike since 1982. The House approves back-to-work legislation, as does the Senate. . . . According to the National Governors’ Association, the 50 states are in worse budgetary shape than in any year since fiscal 1983.

A judge rules Virginia’s law against cross burning unconstitutional. . . .A Washington, D.C., judge rules that since the city’s foster-care system cannot ensure that the children in its care are free from harm, it violates the childrens’ constitutional right to due process. The ruling is the first of its kind in the U.S. . . . The Census Bureau reports the 1990 census overlooked 4–6 million people. . . . Pres. Bush issues proposals to improve the quality of education. . . . CUNY administrators warn that the semester may be canceled due to ongoing student protests.

The families of 38 of the 47 sailors killed in the 1989 gun-turret explosion on the battleship Iowa file suit against the navy in U.S. District Court in Alexandria, Virginia.

Pres. Bush signs legislation ending the rail strike that started Apr. 17. . . . The OTS serves Neil Bush with the mildest sanction possible for his role in a S&L failure. . . . Teachers in Washington State walk out over wages. . . . The Labor Department announces that Apple settled a dispute with 15 black people who charged the company with racially discriminatory hiring practices since 1987. . . . According to the Commerce Department, the merchandise trade deficit shrank to a seasonally adjusted $5.33 billion in Feb., the lowest since 1983.

Fifteen-term Rep. Morris K. Udall (D, Ariz.) announces his resignation from Congress due to ill health. . . . A group of leading U.S. corporations, facing opposition from the White House and small businesses, pull out of talks with civil-rights groups aimed at forging a compromise on a civil-rights bill addressing the issue of job discrimination.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The Women’s Tennis Association announces its members will join the Grand Slam Cup only if the field and purse equal the men’s event, and if the women’s purses equal the men’s money at the French Open and Wimbledon.

Sir Austin Bradford Hill, 93, leading British epidemiologist and medical statistician who led one of the first research teams that established a link between smoking and cancer, dies near Windermere, England. . . . An unmanned General Dynamics Corp. Atlas-Centaur rocket carrying a television satellite for Japan Broadcasting Corp. is blown up six minutes after it lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The school district of Richmond, California, files for bankruptcy and announces that it ran out of money after meeting its Apr. 30 payroll.

April 18

Rev. George L. Carey is enthroned as the 103rd archbishop of Canterbury, head of the Church of England and spiritual leader of the 70-million member Anglican congregation around the world.

A jury in Waco, Texas, awards a record $58 million in damages to Vic Feazell, a former district attorney who claims he was libeled by a series of reports on a local television station. . . . The California State Bar association becomes the first in the U.S. to adopt an ethics rule governing sex between lawyers and their clients.

In what will be the first official U.S. presence in Vietnam since the war, the Bush administration announces the establishment of a temporary office to investigate MIAs. . . . The Washington Post reports that the State Department ordered the resumption of shipments of military equipment to Lebanon on Jan. 24.

Bucky Walters, 82, pitching star for baseball’s Cincinnati Reds who won the National League’s most valuable player award in 1939, dies of unreported causes in Abington, Pennsylvania. . . . Don Siegel, 78, filmmaker who directed films such as Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and Dirty Harry (1971), dies of cancer in Nipomo, California.

White House chief of staff John Sununu is swept up in controversy amid reports that he used military aircraft for dozens of costly trips that were seemingly personal or for partisan political purposes. . . . Richard Walker Bolling, 74, liberal Democratic U.S. representative from Missouri, 1949–82, and leader in the fight for the 1957 civil-rights bill, which was the first civil-rights legislation passed since Reconstruction, dies of a heart attack in Washington, D.C.

Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf arrives in Tampa, Florida, from the Persian Gulf to a crowd of about 2,000 people at MacDill Air Force Base.

Yakov Tolstikov of the Soviet Union wins the London Marathon in 2:09:17. Rosa Mota of Portugal wins the women’s division in 2:26:14. . . . Jack Nicklaus wins the PGA Seniors Championship in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, by six strokes.

The Office of Technology Assessment finds that health care is inadequate for many U.S. adolescents.

The White House Office of Management and Budget proposes new rules to govern the kinds of expenses that can be billed to the government by colleges and universities engaged in federally funded research. The proposal is made in the midst of a government investigation into alleged overbilling by several schools. . . . Citizens for Tax Justice argue that the proportion of income paid in state and local taxes by the poorest 20% of U.S. families is almost twice that paid by the richest 1%.

April 17

Jack (Kid) Berg (born Judah Bergman), 81, boxing champion in the 1930s who defended the world title a record nine times and is, statistically, the most successful world boxing champion ever to come from Britain, dies of unreported causes in London.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 19

April 20

April 21

April 22

188—April 23–27, 1991

April 23

April 24

April 25

April 26

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

Aid from the U.S., Nicaragua, Venezuela, Great Britain, Canada, and the UN is sent to Costa Rica after that Apr. 22 earthquake. . . . UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar receives a letter from Iraqi foreign minister Hussein that asks the UN to act on its accord with Iraq and take over responsibility for the camps in northern Iraq from allied forces.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev and the leaders of nine of the USSR’s 15 constituent republics agree to cooperate on solving the country’s economic and political problems. The Supreme Soviet passes a package of legislation related to the “anticrisis” program. . . . In Minsk, 20,000 workers hold a protest rally and resume a strike. . . . The premier of Czechoslovakia’s Slovak Republic, Vladimir Meciar, and seven members his cabinet are ousted. The executive committee appoints Jan Carnogursky as the new premier.

Jewish settlers at the Talmon site in the West Bank scuffle with members of the Israeli leftist group Peace Now who came to protest the new construction. . . . Allied forces take control of a safe zone in the valley of the Tigris river, stretching 24 miles into Iraq and 35 miles along the IraqTurkey border, with Zakho at its center. The safe zone is occupied by about 2,000 U.S. Marines and several hundred French and British troops.

Reports state the World Bank has approved at least $140 million in emergency loans to Costa Rica after the Apr. 22 earthquake.

Hungary’s parliament passes longawaited legislation on compensating landowners whose property was confiscated under communist rule after June 1949.

Kurdish leaders announce they have reached an agreement with Iraqi president Saddam Hussein that will allow the Kurds a measure of autonomy and enable them to return to their homes in Iraq. U.S. officials and Kurdish leaders express skepticism. . . . Saudi Arabia announces that it will protect and shelter all Iraqis who took refuge in U.S.-occupied territory. . . . Five people are killed in an car accident due to conditions stemming from oil fires. They are the first who die as a result of Kuwait’s oil-well fires.

Soviet foreign minister Aleksandr Bessmertnykh announces that the USSR will act as a cosponsor with the U.S. for a Middle East peace conference. . . . The head of the UN World Health Organization warns that a cholera epidemic that began in Peru may affect up to 120 million people in Latin America if it continues to spread. Officials note 177,000 cases have been reported worldwide to date in 1991. . . . Reports show the World Bank has approved a $120 million loan to modernize Poland’s phone system.

At a stormy CP meeting, Soviet president Gorbachev listens to two hours of complaints then offers to resign, stunning the party. The party rejects the resignation offer . . . . Esko Aho forms a new four-party government as Finland’s premier. . . . Poland’s Catholic bishops call for an end to constitutional church-state separation. . . . About 50,000 Meciar supporters stage a protest rally in Bratislava, Slovakia. . . . Michael Kuehnen, 35, a leader of the neo-Nazi movement in Germany, dies of unreported causes in Kassel, Germany.

Guerrillas attack an Iraqi police station in Zakho, killing two officers and wounding several others. . . . The Bush administration officially demands that Iraq withdraw its armed men from the safe zone. . . . The ANC’s Women’s League holds a four-day national conference in Kimberley, South Africa, its first large-scale convention since the ANC was outlawed in 1960.

A UN spokeswoman announces that Japan has pledged $100 million to the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to benefit the Kurds.

Government ministers from Britain and the Republic of Ireland meet in London. . . . Workers in the Byelorussian capital, Minsk, and throughout the republic end a general strike after failing to win wage increases and political demands. . . . An estimated 50 million workers in Russia stage a “warning strike” to protest price increases and living conditions.

Iraqi paramilitary forces withdraw from Zakho in the allied safe zone. Thousands of Kurdish and other Iraqi refugees begin to leave the mountains for the safe zone. Kurdish guerrillas, however, start to set up their own roadblocks in the allied safe zone since they believe that Iraqi secret police still remain in Zakho. . . . Lebanon’s most powerful Christian, Druse, and Shi’ite Muslim militias start to turn over their weapons to the Lebanese army in compliance with a March disarmament plan.

Richard Hatfield, 60, Progressive Conservative Canadian senator since 1990 and premier of the province of New Brunswick, 1970–87, dies of cancer in Ottawa.

In South Korea, riot police bludgeon a student protester, Kyong Dae, 20, to death.

A U.S. Air Force transport plane lands in Teheran with a cargo of more than 15 tons of blankets for refugees in Iran. It is the first direct shipment of aid from the U.S. to Iran since the beginning of the Kurdish refugee crisis. . . . In Luanda, Angola, the MPLA formally abandons its Marxist-Leninist ideology and declares itself a social democratic force.

In Mexico City, leaders of the Salvadoran rebel leftist group, FMLN, agree to terms during peace talks.

South Korean premier Roh Tae Woo orders the resignation of his interior minister after the Apr. 26 killing of a student protester.

April 27

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Costa Rican National Emergency Committee confirms 27 deaths in the Apr. 22 earthquake, while the Costa Rican Red Cross estimates that 51 people have died and more than 500 have been injured. Other reports estimate the number of injured at up to 800. Authorities in Panama state 44 people in the province of Bocas del Toro have died.

Reports disclose that the Afghan government denied responsibility for the Apr. 21 missile attack on Asadabad, claiming the Scuds were launched by one rebel faction against another. . . . Premier Toshiki Kaifu announces that Japan will dispatch six vessels to the Persian Gulf to help clear mines in Japan’s first foreign mission since World War II. Kaifu also announces that Japan will contribute an additional $82.5 million for emergency relief for refugees from Iraq.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

Aprl 23–27, 1991—189

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In NYC, Pasquale Raucci, the final defendant in the 1989 racial killing of a black youth, Yusuf K. Hawkins, is sentenced to three years’ probation, 200 hours of community service, and a $500 fine. . . . The Supreme Court rules that evidence discarded by a fleeing suspect is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. . . . Reports suggest the percentage of the GNP spent on health care was higher in 1990 than ever before. . . . Harriet Fleischl Pilpel, 79, lawyer and advocate of women’s-rights, dies of a heart attack in NYC

Defense Secretary Dick Cheney appoints army Lt. Gen. Howard Graves to the post of superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. . . . Air Force Secretary Donald Rice awards a contract for the production of the AFT to a team headed by Lockheed Corp. . . . Federal authorities in Florida arrest Virgilio Pablo Paz Romero, the final suspect in the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier, Chile’s ambassador to the U.S.

In a move that will make it easier for workers in community hospitals to unionize, the Supreme Court unanimously upholds the authority of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to define bargaining units for contract negotiations in an entire industry. . . . MIT announces that it will repay $731,000 that it billed to the federal government in indirect research costs between 1986 and 1990.

Paul Brickhill 74, author who wrote such bestselling war novels as The Great Escape (1951), dies of unreported causes in Sydney, Australia.

In a White House ceremony, Pres. Bush awards a posthumous Medal of Honor to a World War I soldier, army corporal Freddie Stowers, making Stowers the first black American to receive the honor for duty in either World War I or World War II.

Judge H. Russel Holland of Anchorage, Alaska, rejects a plea bargain between the Justice Department and Exxon Corp., in which Exxon had agreed to pay $100 million in fines to settle criminal charges arising from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Alaskan government and environmental groups developed objections in the face of newly released studies finding that environmental damage to the Alaskan coast is more extensive than initially believed.

Christophe Auguin of France is confirmed as the winner of the BOC Challenge single-handed yacht race around the world. . . . The winner of the sixth Grawemeyer Award for original musical composition is John Corigliano for his Symphony No. 1.

A study by the Alan Guttmacher Institute in New York finds that the overall abortion rate in the U.S. declined by 6% between 1980 and 1987. . . . A CUNY campus in Manhattan is reopened after 200 students storm a building and confront the 20–30 protesters staging a sit-in inside.

Pres. Bush requests $150.5 million in supplemental spending to pay for relief efforts on behalf of Kurdish refugees in Iraq. . . . The U.S. announces that it is sending $1 million in aid to Vietnam, the first direct financial assistance to that country since the end of the Vietnam War. . . . Defense Secretary Cheney proposes military management reforms aimed at saving $70 billion over a seven-year period.

The Senate approves its version of the fiscal 1992 budget. . . . The Office of Management and Budget implements an across-the-board spending cut called a sequester, which cuts 0.0013%, or $13 for every $1 million, from most fiscal 1991 domestic spending programs. . . . Stanford University, at the center of the controversy surrounding overcharges to the government, cuts its research funding by the government. . . . Up to 5,000 state employees in Montana walk off the job in a wage dispute.

Controversy develops around Sen. Charles S. Robb (D, Va.) after allegations surface that he had an extramarital affair and that he attended a party where cocaine was used. . . . The U.S. Sentencing Commission unanimously approves new guidelines for sentencing companies convicted of federal white-collar crimes such as fraud or antitrust violations. . . . Protests at CUNY begin to fizzle out.

Reports show the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, has appointed Midshipman Juliane Gallina as its first female brigade commander. . . . The Defense Department proposes upgrades of the navy’s older carrier-based jets through a shift of funds from the canceled Navy A-12 Stealth attack plane.

The fourth space shuttle, the Endeavour, is unveiled in Palmdale, California.

Carmine Coppola, 80, composer who won an Oscar for music in The Godfather, Part II (1974), dies of unreported causes in Northridge, California. . . . Lazaro (Laz) Sosa Barrera, 66, top thoroughbred horse trainer who was elected to thoroughbred racing’s Hall of Fame in 1979, dies of pneumonia in Downey, California.

A severe weather system spawns more than 70 tornadoes in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Iowa, killing a total of 23 people. The tornadoes destroy hundreds of homes and cause tens of millions of dollars in damages. . . . The W. M. Keck Foundation announces that it will contribute money to build a twin of the Keck telescope, the world’s most powerful observatory, atop the extinct Mauna Kea volcano.

Danielle Steel’s Heartbeat tops the bestseller list. . . . A(lfred) B(ertram) Guthrie Jr., 90, author who won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize, dies of lung failure in Coteau, Montana. . . . The National Conference of Christians and Jews elects Maryann Bishop Coffey as its cochair. She is the first woman and the first black to hold the position.

April 23

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April 26

April 27

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

190—April 28–May 2, 1991

World Affairs

April 28

April 29

April 30

The first UN relief workers arrive in Zakho to discuss the transfer of responsibilities in the safe zone. . . . About 1,000 Iraqis who took refuge in territory occupied by U.S. forces in southern Iraq are flown to a camp in Saudi Arabia. The commander of the camp states as many as 1,500 refugees will be airlifted each day thereafter. . . . The last of 1,900 Iraqi refugees of Iranian descent who were granted asylum in Iran are flown to Teheran. . . .

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In South Africa, Winnie Mandela suffers a major defeat when members of the ANC’s Women’s League rejects her bid for the organization’s presidency.

The Iraqi government admits in a report to the International Atomic Energy Agency that its weaponsgrade nuclear material survived allied bombings during the Persian Gulf War. . . . Iraq again petitions the UN to allow it to access its financial assets in order to buy food and basic goods for its civilian population. . . . U.S. president Bush pledges an additional $9 million to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Red Cross.

An earthquake hits the Soviet republic of Georgia, killing more than 100 people, injuring hundreds of others, and leaving tens of thousands homeless. It is the worst Soviet earthquake since 1988. It registers 7.2 on the Richter scale with an epicenter is near the town of Dzhava. . . . Miners in the Ukraine, where a national strike originated, begin to return to work.

U.S. officials convince Kurdish rebel leaders that the safe zone innorthern Iraq is secure. In response, the Kurdish guerrillas let refugees travel to the area. . . . Relief workers report an onset of measles epidemics and note that food and medicine are spoiling en route to the, camps. . . . Several military units strike for higher pay in Lesotho. . . . Syrian president Hafez al-Assad agrees to allow the Iranian-backed Hezbollah and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard to maintain armed presences in Lebanon.

The Salvadoran National Assembly approves a series of constitutional reforms that the government and FMLN agreed on Apr. 27 during peace talks in Mexico City.

During the first official visit by a European head of government to New Zealand since 1958, Premier Michel Rocard formally apologizes for France’s 1985 bombing of the Rainbow Warrior, the flagship of the environmental group Greenpeace, in Auckland harbor, New Zealand.

In response to Iraq’s Apr. 29 petition, U.S. and British officials argue Iraq has sufficient assets in its central bank to purchase goods. The UN Security Council committee on sanctions postpones consideration of Iraqi appeals. . . . An inventory of Iraqi nuclear material and facilities indicate Iraq’s nuclear resources are significantly greater than had been believed prior to the gulf war. . . . Estimates made by UN and U.S. relief officials indicate 25,000 Kurdish refugees return to Iraq each day.

British secretary of state for Northern Ireland Brooke holds the first round of talks. . . . After Austria noted the rise of Nazi computer games Apr. 20, reports indicate there are 140 games with titles such as “Aryan Test.” Most games are written for German language users. . . . Ramiz Alia, Albania’s president since 1982, is reelected by the People’s Assembly. The opposition abstains from voting. . . . Reports suggest 17,000 homes and 80% of schools and hospitals in northwestern Georgia were destroyed by the Apr. 29 quake.

Military leader Justin Lekhanya is ousted in a bloodless coup by rebel army officers. Col. Elias Ramaema, a member of Lesotho’s six-man ruling council, is chosen to replace Lekhanya. . . . Lebanese security officials inventory the armaments handed over by the militias. . . . Israel announces Palestinian students will be allowed to return to Hebron University, closed since 1987. . . . Islamic radicals in Iran’s parliament call U.S. aid “insulting” and demand a return of U.S. supplies.

El Salvador’s current assembly leaves office.

Thousands of people drown and millions are left homeless when a powerful cyclone strikes Bangladesh in the worst storm since 1970. P.M. Zia surveys the offshore region by air and estimates the cost of the devastation at $1 billion. . . . Taiwanese president Lee Teng-hui formally declares an end to the 43-year period of emergency rule that perpetuated a state of war with mainland China. . . . The Apr. 26 killing of a student protestor in South Korea leads to a new string of demonstrations.

Russian republic president Boris Yeltsin signs an agreement to bring all of the republic’s coal mines under his government. . . . The Soviet government sponsors a brief, subdued parade in Moscow’s Red Square in the annual May Day celebration of worker solidarity.

Angola and the rebel group UNITA initial an agreement to end their civil war and hold the first free elections. . . . A hunger strike begins in South Africa to call attention to the ANC’s assertion that political prisoners should have been released by Apr. 30. . . . The Lebanese army deploys troops to territory formerly held by militias, which brings onequarter of Lebanon under government control. . . . U.S. officials report 2,000 refugees have registered to live at the camp near Zakho.

El Salvador’s new assembly begins its three-year term.

William B. Milam, the U.S. ambassador to Bangladesh, announces that the U.S. will provide medical supplies valued at $2 million as relief after the cyclone.

A gun battle erupts between Croatian paramilitary special police and ethnic Serbs in Borovo Selo, in northeastern Croatia. The fight leaves 12 policemen and three civilians dead. Army units then take over the town. In a separate incident, a Croatian policeman is slain in the ethnic Serb town of Polaca. . . . Reports confirm that Walter Reder, 75, convicted Nazi war criminal who touched off a controversy when he returned to his native Austria in 1985 after spending nearly 40 years in an Italian jail, has died.

South African president F. W. de Klerk announces plans to scrap certain repressive provisions of the Internal Security Act of 1982, which the government used to punish antiapartheid groups and restrict subversive political activity. . . . Allied troops extend the safe zone eastward from Zakho along the Iraq-Turkey border. . . . Reports indicate Ethiopian president Mengistu Haile Mariam has promised to speed the emigration of some 18,000 Ethiopian Jews, or Falashas, to Israel.

May 1

May 2

Europe

UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar presents the UN with a report that sets guidelines for the establishment of a compensation fund for losses suffered as a result of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.

In Bangladesh, the confirmed death count from the Apr. 30 cyclone reaches 37,500. P.M. Zia fears that the toll may exceed 100,000 since many victims were crushed under buildings or swept into the Bay of Bengal. Thousands of bodies continue to wash up on shorelines.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 28–May 2, 1991—191

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The FBI reports that violent crime in the U.S. increased by 10% in 1990. . . . Floyd Bixler McKissick, 69, lawyer and civilrights activist who was director of the Congress of Racial Equality, 1966–67, and state district judge in North Carolina in 1990, dies of lung cancer in Soul City, North Carolina

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery is launched to carry out a military mission devoted to collecting astronomical data for the Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”) antimissile system.

The Supreme Court agrees to decide a key constitutional issue in cases involving the sexual abuse of children in White v. Illinois. . . . The Supreme Court rules to bar a Washington State prisoner from filing certain kinds of petitions without paying the court’s $300 filing fee. . . . An attorney for Hispanic agents at the DEA announces that the agents accepted a tentative agreement with the agency, settling a six-year employment discrimination lawsuit.

The Discovery crew opens the shuttle’s bay doors to expose the “Cirris” (Cryogenic Infrared Radiation Instrumentation for Shuttle) telescope to Earth. The data will be used to develop sensors that can distinguish between enemy missiles and natural phenomena.

Teachers in Washington State vote to end an Apr. 18 walkout. . . . Superior Court judge Ellen S. James orders the school district of Richmond, California, to keep its 47 schools open until the end of the school year in June, even though the district declared bankruptcy Apr. 19.

The Maine Yankee nuclear power plant in Wiscasset, Maine, is crippled by a fire and has to be shut down. Since the blaze occurs in a building separate from the reactor, no radiation escaped. . . . Pres. Bush declares two counties in Kansas as disaster areas due to the Apr. 26 tornadoes, making them eligible to receive federal disasterrelief funds.

Budget director Richard Darman and Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan announce a special review to analyze the federal costs of the Medicaid program.

The State Department reports it has restored Iraq to its list of nations that sponsor international terrorism. . . . According to the Office of Management and Budget, U.S. allies in the gulf conflict have so far delivered about $36.1 billion of the $54.5 billion pledged for the war. . . . Pres. Bush prohibits the sale of U.S. parts for a Chinese satellite because of concerns that China is exporting potential weapons of mass destruction to Third World countries.

The Federal Reserve Board votes to cut its basic interest rate for loans to member institutions to 5.5% from 6%. The cut, an attempt to stimulate economic growth, is the second reduction in the socalled discount rate since the beginning of 1991. . . . California state officials agree to give the Richmond school district a $19 million emergency loan to enable it to remain open until June 14.

A strong earthquake, measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale, shakes Alaska. The quake, centered about 110 miles northwest of Anchorage, causes no reported injuries or major damage. . . . The National Transportation Safety Board issues its report on the causes of a 1990 Avianca Airlines jet crash in Cove Neck, New York. The report blames the crew of the jet since it “did not adequately communicate its increasingly critical fuel situation to the controllers who handled the flight.”

The bipartisan National Commission on Children unanimously adopts a report that recommends a $1,000per-child tax credit for all families and a national health-insurance plan that would provide coverage for all children and pregnant women, among other provisions. . . . Frank Neville Ikard, 78, Democratic U.S. representative from Texas, 1951–61, and president of the American Petroleum Institute, 1963–79, dies of cardiac arrest in Washington, D.C.

A Washington, D.C., judge rules that the U.S. is not liable for damages done to Panamanian businesses after the1989 U.S. invasion. He also dismisses a class-action suit by Panamanians asking for damages during the invasion. . . . Discovery astronauts release a $94 million shuttle pallet satellite in a defense mission.. . . . In the wake of press reports, the Algerian ambassador to the U.S. claims China sold Algeria the nuclear reactor prior to its 1984 pledge.

The Teamsters union announces that rank-and-file members have approved a three-year national trucking contract.

The New England Journal of Medicine finds that administrative costs account for up to 24% of U.S. health-care spending. . . . New York’s Court of Appeal, the state’s highest court, rules that a lesbian cannot seek visitation rights to a child of her former lover. . . . At CUNY, many protesters give up a month of demonstrations after several dozen participants in the lockouts are arrested.

An immigrant-rights group in California files a class-action lawsuit claiming that the INS charges prohibitively high fees to refugees from El Salvador.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission authorizes the restart of a reactor at the Browns Ferry nuclear power plant near Athens, Alabama. The facility has been closed for repairs and safety checks since 1985, marking the longest shutdown in the history of U.S. commercial atomic power. . . . Alaska’s House of Representatives votes to reject a settlement from Exxon Corp., saying it neither adequately penalizes Exxon nor offers sufficient money to help restore Prince William Sound.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Ken Curtis (born Curtis Gates), 74, actor best known for playing the role of Festus, the scruffy deputy on the television series Gunsmoke, dies of unreported causes in Fresno, California.

April 28

April 29

April 30

May 1

Pope John Paul II, in a papal encyclical, expresses support for the economic concept of capitalism. At the same time, however, the pontiff warns that the free-market system and business enterprises “need to be oriented toward the common good.”

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 2

192—May 3–8, 1991

May 3

Europe

Officials from private relief organizations, including British-based Oxfam and U.S.-based CARE, seek to coordinate the rescue aid to Bangladesh.

Croatian president Franjo Tudjman characterizes the May 2 battle as a “beginning of an open war” against his republic. . . . Poland marks the 200th anniversary of its 1791 constitution, the first written constitution in Europe. . . . At least three Georgians die in landslides from strong aftershocks of the Apr. 29 quake. . . . The Swiss Federal Banking Commission announces regulations that will phase out most of its secret bank accounts by September 1992.

The only U.S. relief group working in Iran, a medical team, abandons its clinic in the town of Bowkan after being harassed by Iranian officials. . . . The Washington Post reports that tens of thousands of Kurdish refugees in a strip of Iraqi territory along the Iraq-Iran border controlled by Kurdish guerrillas are being neglected by allied relief efforts.

Croatian nationalists lay siege to a military barracks near the town of Gospic. In a separate incident, one man dies when Croats and ethnic Serbs exchange gunfire near a barricade at the village of Sotin. . . . Albanian president Ramiz Alia renounces his Workers’ Party posts, including that of party first secretary, in accordance with a constitutional provision that bars the national president from holding a position in any political party.

Opposition parties are legalized in Guinea-Bissau by the nation’s parliament, ending 17 years of one-party rule by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC). . . . Reports state that Sipho Alfred Madlala, a black self-professed member of the South African military intelligence, has disclosed that he was connected the previous ten years with the “intelligence unit of the military police,” a group whose existence the South African Defense Force has denied.

Reports state a Salvadoran military court sentenced three men to prison terms ranging from four years to 25 years for killing 13 people in a 1985 attack on two outdoor cafes in San Salvador.

UN and International Red Cross relief workers predict that Iraq’s water and power sources, oil refineries, and communications systems are likely to be functioning normally by the end of the year. . . . The Arab League’s Boycott of Israel Office issues a revised list of companies barred from operations in Arab countries for trading with Israel.

Yugoslavia’s collective presidency endorses the authority of the military to intervene in Croatia to prevent further bloodshed.

The Iraqi government lifted its censorship of foreign journalists. . . . U.S. forces begin to move south into Iraq toward the regional capital, Dahok.

Cuban human-rights leader Elizardo Sánchez is released from prison. In Aug. 1989 Sanchez began serving a two-year sentence for “spreading false news” for a statement he made to foreign journalists.

In Bangladesh, the newly elected government of P.M. Khaleda Zia, overwhelmed by the Apr. 30 disaster, asks the military to step in to manage domestic relief efforts.

U.S. defense secretary Dick Cheney meets with officials from the nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council to discuss the issue of an expanded U.S. military role in the Persian Gulf region. . . . Reports suggest Iraq has asked the UN secretary general for a five-year delay on the payment of war reparations.

The Yugoslav military goes on combat alert at the behest of the country’s defense secretary, Col. Gen. Veljko Kadijevic. He tells the federal collective presidency, “Yugoslavia has entered a state of civil war.” At a navy base in Split, 30,000 Croats stage a violent protest, incensed by the failure of the military to end an ethnic Serb blockade of the nearby town of Kijevo. A soldier is killed. . . . The Soviet central government transfers control of the coal mines in the Russian republic to the Russian government.

A delegation of Kurdish leaders headed by Massoud Barzani opens negotiations in Baghdad with Iraqi president Hussein on the details of an agreement to end the Kurdish revolt and grant the Kurds autonomy in northern Iraq. . . . A 1,440-member UN peacekeeping force takes control of a demilitarized zone along the Iraq-Kuwait border, in compliance with the cease-fire in the Persian Gulf war. . . . In a reversal, the South African government agrees to restore land to some of the 3.5 million blacks who were forcibly removed from their territory under apartheid.

The U.S. and Uruguay sign a mutual legal-assistance treaty designed to aid both countries in criminal investigations

Harold Salisbury, 76, English-born Australian police commissioner who was at the center of a controversy involving secret dossiers maintained by the police in the state of South Australia, dies.

UN and international relief-agency officials urge foreign governments to contribute more to Bangladesh as the death toll passes 100,000. The U.S. increases to a total of $7.14 million its funding for disaster relief in Bangladesh. Total foreign contributions for the relief effort reach $150 million. Among major aid donors are Saudi Arabia, the EC, Britain, India, Pakistan, Japan, and Canada.

Croatian president Tudjman accuses Serbia and high-ranking Serbs in the military of bringing Yugoslavia to the brink of civil war. The Yugoslav military begins calling up reserves and deploying units in the western part of the country.

U.S. troops begin to withdraw into Kuwait from positions along the Iraq-Kuwait border. Their withdrawal marks the end of the occupation of southern Iraq by U.S. forces, which began at the end of the Persian Gulf war. . . . Iraqi antiaircraft artillery near the towns of Mosul and Dahok in northern Iraq opens fire on a U.S. Navy fighterbomber, the Intruder, according to the plane’s two-member crew.

Reports confirm a Manitoba man was convicted in Canada for a crime that took place in the U.S. The man, Leslie Victor Cooke, is sentenced to 42 months in prison for sexually assaulting a nine-yearold girl during an automobile trip from Montana to Manitoba in July 1990. The rare prosecution was undertaken with the cooperation of law-enforcement officials in the U.S.

The official death toll from the cyclone that struck Bangladesh Apr. 30 reaches 125,730. The bodies of victims of the cyclone are still being counted. . . . A typhoon hits another site in Bangladesh, killing at least nine people. . . . Fighting between Sikh rebels and army troops in Punjab leaves at least 11 people dead. It is the first confrontation between the regular Indian army and Sikh rebels in the state in seven years.

The central strike committee of Russian coal miners votes to end their walkout, which lasted about nine weeks. . . . Great Britain pledges another $3.5 million to Bangladesh and states it is sending a navy supply ship and two helicopters to help with the relief effort.

Iraq denies that its forces fired on the Intruder after claims made May 7. However, U.S. Defense Department officials disclose that Iraqi artillery has fired at U.S. planes on four previous occasions since the commencement of allied operations to assist refugees in northern Iraq. No U.S. aircraft has been damaged in any of the incidents.

May 4

May 5

May 6

May 7

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

May 8

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Talks on renewing leases on U.S. military bases in the Philippines collapse over disagreements about the duration and compensation.

At least 14 people are killed in Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir, as army troops open fire on a crowd of 3,000 people mourning four victims of earlier separatist violence. Additional clashes in Srinagar and other parts of the Kashmir Valley claim the lives of 33 others.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 3–8, 1991—193

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The White House announces Pres. Bush has selected Texas A&M University in College Station as the site for his presidential library.

Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward publishes The Commanders, a book that addresses the Persian Gulf War.

The Wall Street Journal announces that three companies will be replaced as components of the Dow Jones industrial average. . . . Exxon Corp. and Alaska governor William Hickel formally withdraw from a $1 billion settlement over damages arising from the 1990 Exxon Valdez oil spill. . . . The Labor Department notes the unemployment rate in April decreased to 6.6%, the first drop since June 1990.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Jerzy Nikodem Kosinski, 57, Polish-born writer who was president of the U.S. chapter of PEN, 1973–75, and was a director of the International League for Human Rights, 1973–79, is found dead in NYC of an apparent suicide.

Pres. Bush is hospitalized with an erratic heartbeat after experiencing fatigue and shortness of breath while jogging at Camp David, Maryland Bush’s hospitalization renews questions about Vice Pres. Quayle’s qualifications for office, the strength of his political position, and his place on the 1992 presidential ticket. . . . The voters of Fort Worth, Texas, elect their first female mayor, Kay Granger.

George Thomas Delacorte, 97, founder of Dell Publishing Co, dies of natural causes in NYC. . . . Strike the Gold wins the 117th running of the Kentucky Derby in Louisville, Kentucky.

Riots erupts in the largely Hispanic neighborhood of Mount Pleasant in Washington, D.C., after a police officer shoots a Hispanic man. The rioting is described as the worst in the nation’s capital since the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968.

Former Iranian president Abolhassan Bani-Sadr renews his assertion that officials of the 1980 presidential campaign of Ronald Reagan struck a deal with Iranian clerics to forestall the release of U.S. hostages held in Iran in exchange for pledges of arms.

Carnegie Hall in NYC marks its 100th anniversary with performances by Isaac Stern, Placido Domingo, Leontyne Price, Jessye Norman, Marilyn Horne, Mstislav Rostropovich, Yo-Yo Ma, and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Washington, D.C., mayor Sharon Pratt Dixon (D) declares a state of emergency in the area and establishes a curfew. Dixon, who is black, visits the Mount Pleasant neighborhood and meets with Hispanic community leaders. In response, Dixon appoints a “multicultural task force” to examine problems in the Hispanic community. . . . Democrats gather in Cleveland for the first national convention of the Democratic Leadership Council. . . . Despite sporadic episodes of an erratic heartbeat, doctors release Pres. Bush from the hospital.

The space shuttle Discovery lands at the airstrip at Cape Canaveral. Air Force Col. John Armstrong, the deputy mission director, is “absolutely elated with the overall success” of the mission.

The Smithsonian Institution’s board of regents unanimously approves the creation of a National African American Museum. . . . Pole vaulter Sergei Bubka of the USSR breaks his world outdoor record with a vault of 19 feet, 101⁄2 inches, and Finland’s Seppo Raty throws the javelin 301 feet, 9 inches to break the record set in 1990.

A memorial to dead American astronauts is dedicated at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The monolith, called the Space Mirror, is made of black granite and has the names of 15 fallen space travelers carved into its polished surface.

In the Washington, D.C., riots of May 5, a total of 10 police officers were injured, several blocks of stores were damaged, and 113 people were arrested. . . . Pres. Bush announces the retirement of William Webster as director of central intelligence. . . . The House approves the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. . . . Gov. Robert Casey (D) of Pennsylvania announces the appointment of Harris Wofford (D), 65, to succeed the late Republican Sen. John Heinz. . . . A study reveals that middle-aged and older women are paid substantially less than men their age.

May 4

May 5

May 6

May 7

Friedelind Wagner, 73, music teacher and opera director granddaughter of composer Richard Wagner, whose outspoken criticism of the Nazi culture that idolized her grandfather won her international attention and the enmity of her family during World War II, dies of liver disease in Herdecke, Germany.

The Energy Department discloses that it has opened a criminal investigation focusing on top executives at Westinghouse Savannah River and Bechtel Savannah River. It also states it has transferred P. William Kaspar, head of the Energy Department’s office at Savannah River, pending further inquiry into allegations that he and the above-named companies made illegal money transfers in managing government funds.

May 3

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 8

194—May 9–14, 1991

World Affairs

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

The former publicity director for Sinn Fein, Danny Morrison, is convicted in Belfast for false imprisonment and is sentenced to eight years. . . . Albanian premier Fatos Nano unveils a 25-member cabinet made up entirely of members of the ruling Albanian Workers’ Party. . . . Reports suggest the Yugoslav army controls three bridges over the Danube River. The collective presidency votes unanimously to give the military sweeping powers to end the ethnic fighting in Croatia.

May 9

Croatia’s opposition parties issue a joint statement saying that Croatia is “at war,” and urging the republic’s government to use “all means” to defend Croatian sovereignty. Serbian nationalist groups reject a peace plan. . . . François Mitterrand marks the 10th anniversary of his election as French president.

May 10

May 11

Europe

Saudi foreign minister Prince Saud al-Faisal Al Saud announces that the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar and the UAE) are ready to participate in an ArabIsraeli peace conference. The gulf states propose that the GCC secretary general represent them as an observer.

May 12

May 13

May 14

Asia & the Pacific An Australian government report finds aborigines are 29 times more likely to be in prison than white Australians. . . . Demonstrations started in South Korea to protest the Apr. 26 killing of a student wind down. The demonstrations were attended by up to 400,000 people.

South African law and order minister Adriaan Vlok announces the outlawing of guns, machetes, swords, tires, and other weapons in nine black townships outside Johannesburg.

In South Africa, police shoot and wound four whites while trying to hold back a crowd of 1,000 members of a paramilitary group attempting to evict blacks from a squatter camp. It is thought to be the first time police open fire on right-wing whites. . . . Convoys of allied buses and trucks begin to transport Kurds to the allied safe zone. . . . The first Kuwaitis to return home under a government repatriation plan arrive at Kuwait International Airport. Ethnic Serbs in the disputed Krajina region of Croatia hold an unauthorized referendum on their future modeled on the votes on the future of Yugoslavia that are to be held in the republics. . . . In Poland, Cardinal Glemp withdraws a demand that a new constitution abolish the separation of church and state.

Lebanese government troops equipped with tanks take positions at the entrances to Palestinian refugee districts. . . . The leaders of Kurdish refugees in mountain camps tell U.S. relief officials that they will not advise their people to return to their homes in or near Dahok unless allied troops take control of the city. . . . Reports indicate Iraq refused a request to allow relatives and physicians to see a Shiite cleric, Ayatollah Abul-Kasem Al-Khoui, who is 95 years old and under house arrest in Najaf, Iraq.

Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev outlaws strikes in vital sectors of the economy. However, the directive also gives the industries increased autonomy in operation and allows them to retain 10% of their foreign and domestic earnings. . . . A leading newspaper group abruptly bars the use of its facilities to Zapad, a British-financed newspaper scheduled to open publishing in Croatia that day.

Iraqi soldiers fire on British Royal Marines, who return fire and wound two of the Iraqis. . . . UN officials take over the administration of a refugee camp in the safe zone, occupied by 20,000 Kurds. . . . A crowd of 3,000 Kurds march on an Iraqi police station in Zakho, and one man is badly beaten. . . . In South Africa, Winnie Mandela is convicted of charges arising from the 1988 abduction and beating of four black youths.

About 20,000 copper miners in southwest Poland strike over wages. . . . Unidentified Croatian journalists insist that the May 13 publishing ban involves the Croatian government, which they claim does not want independent newspapers in the republic. Separately, preliminary results of the illegal May 12 Serbian referendum show 90% of the participants support a unification of Krajina with Serbia and the continuation of the Yugoslav federation. . . . In Bulgaria, 39 right-wing lawmakers start a boycott over the demand to hold new national elections.

Reports state the Ethiopian government and the three principal rebel groups agreed to take part in negotiations for peace and political reform. . . . Winnie Mandela is sentenced to six years in prison. . . . Reports suggest some Kurdish refugee camps in the mountains are almost completely empty. . . . Reports emerge that a pro-Palestinian group based in Jerusalem claim that the Israeli government seized at least 7,500 acres of West Bank farmland traditionally held by Arab families.

Nepal holds its first multiparty election since 1959.

The official death toll from the cyclone in Bangladesh stands at 139,000, but some officials argue that it is closer to 60,000. . . . In the worst Japanese train accident since 1963, a tourist and local commuter train collide, killing 42 and wounding more than 400. . . . Nepalese premier Bhattarai resigns after preliminary election returns show he narrowly lost his parliamentary seat. . . . Jiang Qing, 77, the widow of Chairman Mao Zedong who led China’s repressive Cultural Revolution of 1966–76, commits suicide.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 9–14, 1991—195

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Physicians diagnose Pres. Bush with Graves’ disease. . . . William Kennedy Smith is formally charged for the alleged rape of a woman at the Kennedy family’s vacation home in March. . . . . Pres. Bush orders White House chief of staff John Sununu to clear all use of military aircraft with White House counsel C. Boyden Gray after a controversy that started Apr. 21.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle A group of 6,000 members of the Southern Baptist Convention agree to establish their own governing body, known as the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship. . . . Susan O’Malley, 29, is named president of the NBA’s Washington Bullets. O’Malley is the first woman president of an NBA club.

A 73-year-old California man is acquitted in Detroit for helping his wife, who was suffering from terminal breast and liver cancer, commit suicide.

A parade to celebrate the return of U.S. armed forces from Iraq is held in Chicago.

Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc. unveils a plan to emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. . . . Robert Clarke, the comptroller of the currency, announces that he will place most of his assets in a blind trust. He makes the move after a controversy that implied he has conflict of interests.

The Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington, announces that Joseph Brodsky has been named the new poet laureate of the U.S. . . . The nomination of a conservative literary scholar, Carol Iannone, to the advisory council of the NEH generates controversy among humanities scholars.

William Kennedy Smith surrenders to Palm Beach police and is released after posting a $10,000 bond. He tells reporters that the woman’s allegations are “an outrageous lie” and that they “represent an attack on me, on my family and on the truth.”

The Washington Post reports that dozens of CIA officials are being called to appear before a grand jury as part of a probe into possible acts of perjury committed during investigations of the Iran-contra arms scandal of 1986–87. . . . The U.S. announces that 7,550 Marines and sailors will be sent to Bangladesh to help it recover from a devastating cyclone that struck two weeks earlier.

Reports suggest the Energy Department accelerated its timetable for reopening the Rocky Flats, Colorado, nuclear weapons plant later in 1991, even though it will fail to meet certain federal health, safety and environmental guidelines.

The Pittsburgh Penguins earn their first trip to the NHL’s Stanley Cup finals.

Students at predominantly black Hampton University in Virginia stage a silent protest against Pres. Bush’s civil rights policies during a commencement address by Bush. An estimated two-thirds of the 1,023 graduating seniors sit down and remain silent as Bush takes the stage to give his address and receive an honorary Doctor of Law degree.

May 9

May 10

May 11

May 12

The families of seven victims who died after taking cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules in 1982 settle their lawsuit. . . . The Supreme Court rules suspects arrested without warrants can be held for up to 48 hours while waiting for a judge to determine if the arrest is proper. . . . The Supreme Court rules securities firms can require registered brokers to submit to arbitration to settle agediscrimination claims.

Pres. Bush, in a statement issued by the White House, pledges that the U.S. will not use chemical weapons. He also states that the U.S. will destroy its entire stockpile once a chemical-arms treaty, in negotiation under the auspices of the United Nations Geneva Committee, is in place.

A study by the Urban Institute finds that young white men seeking entrylevel jobs in Chicago and Washington, D.C., are three times more likely to receive favorable treatment as equally qualified black men, which suggests that so-called reverse discrimination is not widespread. . . . Omar Burleson, 85, U.S. representative from Texas, 1947–79, dies of unreported causes in Abilene, Texas. . . . Pres. Bush names Robert M. Gates as the next director of central intelligence, causing controversy since questions on his role in the Iran-contra affair linger.

Pres. Bush’s quest to obtain a free hand in international trade talks over the next two years wins the approval of the Senate Finance Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee.

The pairs gold medal goes to Soviets Natalya Mishkutienok and Artur Dmitriev at the world figure skating championships in Munich, Germany.

The New York Times finds some scientists and environmental groups are worried that exhaust from solidfuel rockets is eating away at the Earth’s protective ozone layer.

At the world figure skating championships in Munich, Germany, Kurt Browning of Canada wins the men’s gold medal.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 13

May 14

196—May 15–20, 1991

May 15

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

A team of 34 inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency begins to inspect Iraq’s nuclear installations and chemical-warfare facilities, in accordance with the terms of the cease-fire in the gulf war. . . . The Arab League, at a meeting in Cairo, unanimously elects Egyptian foreign minister Esmat Abdel Meguid as its new secretary general, replacing Chedli Klibi.

In Yugoslavia, Stipe Mesic, expected to succeeded Borislav Jovic in the top post, fails to win a majority in a confirmation vote, leaving the collective presidency with no formal leader and Yugoslavia with no head of state or commander in chief. . . . French premier Michel Rocard resigns, and Pres. François Mitterrand names Socialist Edith Cresson to replace him. She is France’s first female premier. . . . In Albania, a general strike begins.

In South Africa, a hunger strike that started May 1 and has been joined by around 200 continues, and the state transfers all political prisoners, including 18 hunger strikers, off of Robben Island, a penal colony in the Atlantic Ocean. . . . An informal cease-fire begins in Angola. . . . South African president F. W. de Klerk presents former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher with the Order of Good Hope, the highest award that can be bestowed upon a foreigner.

On the first visit to the Soviet Union by a Chinese CP leader since 1957, Jiang Zemin. signs an agreement with the Soviet Union that resolves some areas of contention regarding their border. . . . The Moscow headquarters of Democratic Russia are damaged by a bomb. . . . Britain’s ruling Conservative Party loses its fifth consecutive by-election for a parliamentary seat they were defending.

Farouk Kaddoumi, head of the political department of the PLO, states that PLO guerrillas in Lebanon will continue to disobey the Lebanese government’s disarmament order.

As on May 15, the representatives of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, and the representatives of the Serbian provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, refuse to confirm Mesic. Mesic and two allies—Janez Drnovsek of Slovenia and Vasil Tupurkovski of Macedonia—storm out of the meeting. Federal premier Markovic appoints a crisis team to deal with the bloody feud between Croats and ethnic Serbs during the presidency vacuum.

An Iraqi court sentences British engineer Douglas Brand to life in prison for alleged espionage. . . . Shi’ite fundamentalists set off two bombs near Beit Yahoun village in the Lebanese security zone, killing four civilians and wounding four others.

Imprisoned drug trafficker Olivero Chávez Araujo, said to be the principal agent of Colombia’s Medellín drug cartel in Mexico, is shot and wounded in his cell by Botero Yepez, a German man who is believed to belong to a rival drug gang. Chávez’s bodyguards, reportedly armed with knives and automatic weapons, respond to the assassination attempt by seizing control of the prison compound.

Although the May 16 bomb in Moscow destroyed numerous petitions Boris Yeltsin still gathers the 100,000 signatures needed to secure his nomination for the presidency.

Iraq agrees to allow a force of 400–500 lightly armed UN to provide security at refugee-relief centers within its borders. . . . In response to the May 17 killings, two Israeli air force jets launch an attack against a base of a Shi’ite militia group, killing four people and wounding 15 others. . . . The British Foreign Office condemns Iraq’s May 17 sentence and states Iraqi assets in the U.K. of Douglas Brand will remain frozen until Brand is released.

About 100 officers of the Mexican Federal Judicial Police, including an elite antiterrorist unit known as the Zorros (Foxes), take up positions outside the prison seized May 17.

Voters in Croatia overwhelmingly support the idea of the republic becoming a sovereign state in a loose confederation of Yugoslav republics.

A contingent of 10 UN guards armed with sidearms and handcuffs begin patrolling the city of Dahok. Their arrival coincides with the withdrawal of some Iraqi troops. . . . A Kuwaiti tribunal sentences five Iraqis and one Jordanian for collaborating with Iraqi forces in Kuwait. They are among the first to be tried in open court. Observers object to the way the trials are conducted.

During a prison siege in Mexico, reports start to emerge that confirm drug lord Olivero Chávez Araujo continued to manage his lucrative cocaine-smuggling operations from within Tamaulipas since his imprisonment in 1989.

Stipe Mesic unilaterally declares himself Yugoslavia’s head of state after meeting opposition May 15 and 17. Mesic’s declaration is dismissed by Anton Stari, the administrative chief of the presidency’s secretariat. . . . The Supreme Soviet enacts a law to ease restrictions on travel and emigration by Soviet citizens. . . . The Polish copper miners on strike since May 14 return to work when the government vows to abandon a plan to revise their pension system.

The U.S. State Department, U.S. president Bush, and British officials express concern over the Kuwaiti trials that began May 19 and urge Kuwait to ensure that suspected collaborators receive fair trials. . . . Polish president Lech Walesa visits Israel and, in an address to the Israeli Knesset, expresses regret over of the suffering caused by Polish anti-Semitism.

A group of Colombian drug traffickers frees two prominent journalists: Francisco Santos, who was held since Sept. 1990, and Maruja Pachón who was held since Nov. 1990. They are the last of a group of hostages held to protest extraditions. . . . On the 89th anniversary of Cuban independence from Spain in 1902, U.S. president Bush, in a speech broadcast to Cuba, asks Cuban president General Fidel Castro Ruz to hold free elections and to free all political prisoners.

May 16

May 17

The presidents of Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia agree to create a Latin American free-trade zone by January 1992 and a common market by 1995. . . . The IMF approves stand-by credit for Egypt that will allow the country to borrow up to $372 million from the fund over the next 18 months.

May 18

May 19

May 20

U.S. president Bush states the U.S. will abide by UN resolutions calling for a periodic review of sanctions against Iraq. He also announces U.S. opposition to the lifting of international trade sanctions against Iraq. “At this juncture, my view is we don’t want to lift these sanctions as long as [Iraqi President] Saddam Hussein is in power,” he states.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Shintaro Abe, 67, leading figure of Japan’s governing Liberal Democratic Party, dies of heart failure in Tokyo. . . . Eight U.S. ships with relief aid arrive in the port city of Chittagong in Bangladesh.

Tens of thousands of people pour into South Korean cities demanding Pres. Roh’s resignation. The marches commemorate the 1980 Kwangju massacre. The number of people who set themselves on fire in protest rises to eight. . . . Despite preliminary returns, Bhattarai’s Nepali Congress Party is officially declared the winner of the May 12 election. . . . Hoang Van Hoan, 86, founding member of the Vietnamese Indochina CP who was purged from his party in 1976 for pro-Chinese views, dies of a lung infection.

India holds the first round of voting in presidential elections.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 15–20, 1991—197

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Journal of the American Medical Association calls for sweeping changes in the nation’s health-care system in an editorial that describes reform a “moral imperative” and a “pragmatic necessity.”

Pres. Bush causes controversy and surprise when he states he favors extending China’s most-favored nation trading status for another year.

The White House Office of Management and Budget announces that it will place a limit on the amount of money that a college or university can add to its research grants from the federal government to pay for administrative costs. . . . The savings-and-loan cleanup agency announces a new plan to unload unsaleable real-estate assets through creative financing.

Howard Virgil Lee Douglas, 55, who spent more time on death row than any other prisoner in modern U.S. history, 171⁄2 years, has his sentence reduced to life in prison by a state circuit court judge in Barstow, Florida.

Great Britain’s Queen Elizabeth II becomes the first British monarch ever to address Congress during her third official trip to the U.S. . . . Press reports suggest House Democratic leaders have approved a preliminary staff investigation into allegations of a 1980 Reagan-Iran deal.

The FDA discloses that three people died of AIDS after receiving organ transplants from a man infected with the AIDS virus.

The State Department confirms the U.S. has granted refuge to 350 former Libyan soldiers who the U.S. secretly trained to unseat Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi. . . . A judge in Milwaukee revokes the citizenship of a man who is believed to have been a guard at a Nazi concentration camp because he lied on his visa application in 1950. . . . The INS announces that it will lower the fees it charges Salvadorans applying for temporary safe haven after a lawsuit was filed May 2.

The Commerce Department states the U.S. merchandise trade deficit shrank to a seasonally adjusted $4.05 billion in March, the smallest U.S. trade gap recorded since 1983. . . . Tarkio College in Tarkio, Missouri, founded in 1883, files for bankruptcy. The college has the highest student-loan default rate in the U.S.

Bob Hope is the marshal of a “Welcome Home Desert Storm” parade in Los Angeles. Other parades are sponsored by Universal Studios and Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida.

A GAO audit of the FHA’s financial performance finds that the agency continued to post losses in 1989, although less severely than in 1988.

The NEH issues a report that urges the U.S. to adopt a national examination to test high-school students on their knowledge of specific subjects such as history, geography, or literature. . . . The board of directors of the American Red Cross votes unanimously to overhaul the organization’s system of blood centers.

Helmut Kohl pays his first visit to the U.S. since being elected chancellor of unified Germany in December 1990. . . . Army investigations conclude that a computer failure at a Patriot antimissile battery allowed an Iraqi Scud missile to hit a U.S. military barracks in Saudi Arabia Feb. 25.

White House budget director Richard G. Darman claims that the fiscal 1991 federal budget deficit will not be as high as previously estimated despite a decrease in tax receipts due to the recession.

Wisconsin state officials and members of the Chippewa Indian tribe announce that they have reached agreement on a 17-year battle over treaty rights. . . . The Supreme Court rules that states have the right, in certain cases, to limit an accused rapist’s ability to present evidence about his prior sexual relationship with the alleged victim. . . . The Supreme Court rules to overturn the death sentence of an Idaho man, saying that he and his attorney did not receive adequate warning that the death penalty was a real consideration in the case.

Queen Elizabeth II travels to MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, and presents an honorary knighthood to Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, the commander of U.S. forces during the Persian Gulf war. Schwarzkopf, the 58th American to be given an honorary knighthood, is named a knight commander of the Order of the Bath.

The Supreme Court rules to uphold a section of Florida property-tax law that taxes out-of-state corporations for “intangible” property in Florida. . . . The Supreme Court rules unanimously that shareholders are not required under federal law to approach management before filing a lawsuit against a corporation. . . . The SEC votes to allow the New York Stock Exchange to extend its trading day to 5:15 P.M., from the current 4:00 P.M. closing on a trial basis.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

May 15

Underwater explorers announce the discovery off the Atlantic coast of Florida of five Navy warplanes of World War II vintage. The planes appear to be the vanished Flight 19 of 1945, which had spurred the myth of the so-called Bermuda Triangle. U.S. district judge Kenneth Ryskamp of Miami grants Scientific Search Project preliminary salvage rights but holds that the navy can contest the rights.

U.S. women take the medals at the world figure-skating championships in Munich, Germany, in the first sweep in the 73-year history of the event. Kristi Yamaguchi is first, Tonya Harding places second, and Nancy Kerrigan wins the bronze medal.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia overturns the FCC’s total ban on “indecent” programming on radio and television as unconstitutional.

As part of the Soviet Union’s program of selling seats on its space shots for profit, a Soviet mission called Juno carries into orbit the first British astronaut, Helen Sharman. Sharman becomes the 16th woman to lift off on a space mission.

May 17

May 18

Joseph Gregory (Greg) Rice, 75, long-distance runner who won the 1940 Sullivan Award as best amateur athlete in the U.S., dies of complications from a stroke in Hackensack, New Jersey.

The crew of the Juno has a rendezvous with the space station Mir.

May 16

The film festival in Cannes awards the Palme d’Or to Barton Fink, an American film written and directed by brothers Joel and Ethan Coen. It is the third straight year an American film takes home the top prize. . . . Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls wins his second MVP award in the NBA.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 19

May 20

198—May 21–25, 1991

World Affairs

May 23

May 24

May 25

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A former premier of East Germany and three other top officials are arrested. The four, who served on the East German National Defense Council in 1974 when it approved the “shoot to kill” order against people trying to flee to the West, are charged with responsibility in the deaths of East Germans.

Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam, Ethiopia’s president, resigns and flees the country, as rebel forces overwhelm government troops and advance on Addis Ababa. Lt. Gen. Tesfaye Gebre-Kidan, as acting president, immediately tries to arrange a cease-fire. . . . In Zakho, Iraq, 300 Kurdish men attack the car of Brigadier Gen, Nushwan Danoun. . . . The Israeli government opens a new Jewish settlement in the Golan Heights. . . . The second round of Kuwaiti trials are fairer, and further cases are rescheduled.

Indian Congress (I) Party leader and former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, 46, is killed by a bomb blast on an election campaign stop in Sriperumbudur, 25 miles southwest of Madras. Violence erupts in Madras and at various locations in New Delhi as the news about Gandhi’s assassination spreads. The national government calls a “red alert,” closing schools and government offices. . . . Japan agrees to contribute $500 million to oil-spill cleanup efforts and Kurdish refugee relief.

The IMF approves a $24.1 million structural adjustment loan for Lesotho to be used in maintaining the country’s macroeconomic program through 1994. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev formally asks to attend a June summit of the Group of Seven, the leading industrial nations.

Reports state Great Britain and Albania will renew diplomatic relations. . . . In Poland, 10,000 members of the independent trade union Solidarity march in Warsaw to protest the country’s stringent economic reforms. Separately, Polish garbage collectors end a nationwide, week-long walkout after being promised a monthly wage increase.

Iraqi and allied military commanders reach an agreement that allows allied troops and relief workers to temporarily take control of the city of Dahok. . . . Lebanese president Hrawi and Syrian president Assad sign an accord for cooperation between their countries. . . . To protest treatment of black prisoners, members of the ANC Women’s League block streets in downtown Johannesburg. Police disperse them with stun grenades and tear gas. Other ANC members join in a day-long fast.

South Korean premier Ro Jai Bong resigns in order to relieve pressure on Pres. Roh Tai Woo, who is faced with the nation’s worst civil unrest since 1987. . . . In India, a week of official public mourning begins after the May 21 assassination. The Indian election commission announces that the second two rounds of voting in the nationwide elections will be postponed. The party’s leadership asks Sonia Gandhi to succeed her husband as Congress’s chief.

Iraq and the UN sign a formal agreement allowing lightly armed UN guards to patrol refugee-relief centers within Iraq’s borders.

Two soldiers of the Yugoslav national army are taken briefly into custody by the Slovenes when they approach a training camp of the Slovene army. . . . Reports suggest that files found in a government office in East Berlin indicate that at least half a dozen East German dissident couples had been made to put their children up for adoption in the 1970s.

As a conciliatory gesture to the rebels, Ethiopia frees 180 political prisoners and tears down a 33-foot bronze statue of Lenin. . . . The bodies of BBC journalist Nick Della Casa, 31, and sound engineer Charles Maxwell, 38, are recovered in a remote mountainous area near the Iraq-Turkey border. . . . In South Africa, reports show that the state has freed eight hunger strikers, and several have been hospitalized.

Sonia Gandhi, the widow of slain former prime minister and Congress leader Rajiv Gandhi, declines a request to lead the party through national elections. . . . Manning Clark, 76, Australian historian whose six-volume series History of Australia represents the first major effort to write a comprehensive history of the country, dies of unreported causes in Canberra, Australia.

The International Peace Research Institute reports that global defense outlays totaled $950 billion in 1990, down 5% from 1989.

The Yugoslavian national army frees two abducted officers of the fledging army of the republic of Slovenia.

In Ethiopia, the separatist EPLF secure the provincial capital, Asmara, which they have laid siege to since 1990. . . . A plane carrying 45 tons of supplies to the Kurds crashes while attempting an emergency landing in western Iran. Four of the 10 crewmen are killed. . . . South African president de Klerk convenes a multiparty conference in Pretoria. Several groups boycott the meeting, such as the ANC, the Pan-Africanist Congress, and the all-white Conservative Party. Attendees include Inkatha, the white liberal Democratic Party, and the ultra-right Afrikaner Resistance Movement.

South Korean president Roh Tae Woo names Chung Won Shik, 62, to replace Ro Jai Bong, the outgoing premier. Pres. Roh also announces that charges against opposition leader Kim Dae Jung will be dropped, and that more than 250 other violators will have their sentences commuted or be paroled. . . . The body of Rajiv Gandhi is carried across New Delhi in a three-hour procession to the Jumma River, where his body is cremated in a traditional Hindu funeral. Thousands of people, including diplomats, foreign leaders, and foreign dignitaries, witness the ceremony.

The Financial Times reports that the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (Cocom) has agreed to loosen restrictions on exports to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe of militarily useful high technology. . . . Egypt’s Western government creditors agree to forgive about 50% of Egypt’s estimated $20.2 billion in governmentto-government debt.

The Ulster Freedom Fighters, a Protestant paramilitary group, claims responsibility for the April slaying of Sinn Fein politician Eddie Fullerton in Donegal, in the Republic of Ireland. The killing is believed to be the first time in several years that Ulster Protestant paramilitaries have carried out an operation in the Republic of Ireland.

Israel ends its two-day operation to transport 14,087 Ethiopian Jews to Tel Aviv. . . . Ethiopian rebels capture Asseb, the last port in government hands. . . . In Dahok, Iraq, 2,000 Kurds attack a police station and beat several officers. . . . In Algeria, the FIS calls for a national strike. . . . The last Cuban soldiers leave Angola as per a 1988 treaty. . . . Political groups favoring renewed ties between Suriname and the Netherlands win a majority in Parliament.

May 21

May 22

Europe

A new round of UN-sponsored peace talks between the Salvadoran government and the FMLN rebels opens in Caracas, Venezuela.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 21–25, 1991—199

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The Senate approves an amendment to the campaign-finance bill that will prohibit members from accepting speaking fees for personal use.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Nicholas Dante (born Conrado Morales), 49, dancer in Broadway musicals who won a Pulitzer Prize and a Tony as a coauthor of A Chorus Line, dies of complications from AIDS in New York City.

The White House sends to Congress legislation that will enact a package of education reforms outlined by Pres. Bush in April. . . . Pres. Bush renews a pledge to veto any legislation that contains campaign-spending limits or public funding.

Reports state a former Defense Intelligence Agency official, army colonel Millard A. Peck, has accused the Bush administration of covering up the issue of MIA servicemen in the Vietnam War. . . . The House votes to pass a $291 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1992.

The Supreme Court rules a suspect who gives police permission to search his car for narcotics also gives implicit permission to search closed containers. . . . The Supreme Court rules that a spouse cannot use federal bankruptcy law to circumvent a lien placed on the couple’s home as part of a divorce settlement. . . . The Senate passes legislation to restructure election campaign financing.

President Bush reappoints army general Colin Powell to a two-year term as the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. . . . The House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee approves legislation calling for an arms-sale moratorium in the Middle East. . . . The House authorizes Pres. Bush to negotiate international trade agreements with a free hand.

The federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms estimates that there are 200 million guns in circulation in the U.S., up from 104 million in 1970 and 54 million in 1950.

The Senate authorizes Pres. Bush to negotiate international trade agreements with a free hand. . . . Secretary of State Baker announces a restoration of U.S. aid to Yugoslavia.

Congress gives final approval to a fiscal 1992 budget resolution by adopting a conference report on the resolution. . . . The Justice Department signs a consent decree with eight Ivy League colleges and universities in which the schools agree not to share information on student financial aid, tuition, or faculty salaries in response to concerns over federal funding of universities.

May 21

May 22

Johnny Carson, the host of NBC’s popular late-night talk show The Tonight Show, announces that he will leave the program in one year.

NASA announces that it will review its hardware-checking procedure.

The Washington Post reports that the Bush administration has decided to shelve plans to end a policy banning admittance to the U.S. of people carrying the AIDS virus, plans that had started in January.

Harold Eugene (Gene) Clark, 46, one of the five founding members of the Byrds, a folk-rock group whose hits include “Mr. Tambourine Man,” is found dead in Sherman Oaks, California.

The Pittsburgh Penguins win their first NHL Stanley Cup when they complete a four-games-to-two victory in the finals over the Minnesota North Stars.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 23

May 24

May 25

200—May 26–30, 1991

World Affairs

The 12-vessel Ethiopian navy flees to Yemen. Observers note that the EPLF now has control over Eritrea after 30 years of fighting. The rebel EPRDF captures the state’s main air base. The U.S. sponsors peace talks between the three rebel armies—the EPLF, EPRDF, and the Oromo Liberation Front—and the government. . . . In Johannesburg, South Africa, Zulu king Goodwill Zwelithini urges an audience of 50,000 to resist political violence. . . . Army spokesmen estimate that 50,000 people have returned to the Dahok area in Iraq since allied forces arrived in the city.

The Yugoslav government announces an agreement to end an internal trade war between Serbia on one side and Slovenia and Croatia on the other. . . . Reports disclose that Georgian police raided campaign headquarters of a presidential candidate, Valerian Advadze, two weeks prior to the elections. They confiscated documents and arrested staffers and bodyguards. . . . Eric Heffer, 69, British Labour Party member of Parliament since 1964, dies of cancer.

The Lebanese parliament votes to ratify the cooperation accord. . . . Despite negotiations at peace talks in London that allow the EPRDF to enter Addis Ababa, mutinous government troops prevent acting Pres. Tesfaye from surrendering the city. . . . Iran’s president states Iran is ready to dramatically increase its economic cooperation with the West and the Persian Gulf nations. . . . The government extends another month of martial law in Kuwait and warns it will punish anyone who abuses foreigners suspected of collaborating with Iraq.

NATO defense ministers of approve a fundamental military restructuring of the alliance in the broadest reorganization in NATO’s 42 years. The change is spurred by developments related to the end of the cold war, including the reunification of Germany, a perceived decrease in the Soviet threat, and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. . . . North Korea announces that it will seek a seat at the UN, reversing its traditional stance opposing separate seats for North and South Korea.

The deadlock over the Yugoslav presidency rotation continues when four members of the eightmember collective presidency boycott emergency talks on the dispute.

Rebel soldiers take possession of the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, after the government cedes control of the city. The rebels pledge to set up a new, democratic government comprising all political factions. Sporadic fighting continues, and the International Red Cross estimates that 500 civilians were wounded in the preceding 48 hours. . . . In Kenya, Gitobu Imanyara, editor of the controversial Nairobi Law Journal, is freed from prison after the state, without explanation, drops charges against him of treason and violating publishing laws.

U.S. president Bush, in a commencement address at the U.S. Air Force Academy, unveils a long-awaited series of proposals intended to ban weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East and to control shipments of conventional arms to that region.

The Croatian government asserts its independence and announces a plan to form an army. . . . More than 10,000 people rally in Tirana, Albania, to support of the general strike that began May 15. . . . The Supreme Soviet gives preliminary approval to legislation to ease restrictions on foreign investment in the USSR. . . . Reports indicate that six of the seven Kurdish refugee camps in Turkey have been emptied and are closed.

Isaias Afwerki, representing the EPLF in London, announces that his organization will form a separate government for the province of Eritrea until a referendum can be held on independence. The EPLF’s decision triggers violent demonstrations in Addis Ababa, killing several people. . . . South Africa’s highest court overturns the 1989 death sentences of 14 blacks convicted of murder even though they did not kill anyone. They were convicted since they shared a “common purpose” of murder in the 1985 mob killing of a police officer.

In response to U.S. president Bush’s May 29 announcement, Iran complains the proposal leaves Israel with a permanent military advantage while Israel argues the reverse. . . . U.S. officials report that 19 industrial nations have agreed to a U.S. proposal to restrict the export of 50 common chemicals that can be used to produce chemical weapons. . . . Pres. Mitterrand states France will not join the proposed rapid-reaction force of NATO.

The parliament of Croatia unanimously authorizes the republic’s May 29 secession from Yugoslavia if Croatia fails to reach a confederation agreement with the other republics. In response, Slobodan Milosevic warns that Croatia can become independent only if Croatia’s Krajina region is excluded from the secession. . . . In Azerbaijan, blast on a Baku-bound train kills 12 and injures 20.

Defense Secretary Cheney, after meeting with Israeli officials in Tel Aviv, announces that the U.S. Defense Department will give Israel 10 used fighter planes and spend more than $200 million to help Israel develop an antimissile system.

May 27

May 29

May 30

Africa & the Middle East

Nationalist leader and former dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia is elected president of the southern republic of Georgia by an overwhelming majority of voters. Gamsakhurdia’s victory makes him the first directly elected leader of a Soviet republic.

May 26

May 28

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific A charter jet belonging to LaudaAir, Austria’s largest charter air service, explodes into a fireball in midair and crashes in the Thai jungle, shortly after taking off from Bangkok. All 213 passengers and 10 crew members are killed. Boeing officials state it is the first time a 767-series jet has been completely lost in an aviation accident. The disaster is reported to be the 12thworst in aviation history.

Argentine defense minister Antonio Ermán González announces that the country is canceling its secret ballistic-missile program and dismantling all missiles that have been built. . . . Quebec’s public security officer, Claude Ryan, announces that 39 Quebec police officers will face disciplinary action for their actions during the Oka standoff over Mohawk land claims in 1990. Quebec police officials believe it is the first time in the history of the provincial force that senior officers face disciplinary action.

In remembrance of the June 1989 crackdown, students at Beijing University unfurl a banner that reads “We Will Never Forget June 4.” The banner is quickly torn down by Chinese authorities. Students also throw hundreds of pamphlets from dormitory windows calling for the release of prodemocracy activists. . . . On Canadian prime minnister Mulroney’s visit to Japan, Premier Toshiki Kaifu apologies for Japan’s treatment of Canadian prisoners of war during World War II. It is the first time that Japan offers a formal apology for its treatment of Western POWs. . . . Afghan guerrilla leaders reject a truce proposed by Afghan president Najibullah.

India’s Congress (I) Party names P. V. Narasimha Rao, 69, a former foreign minister, as its provisional chief.

Drug trafficker Olivero Chávez Araujo surrenders to Mexican authorities at Tamaulipas state prison in Matamoros, ending a May 17 prison takeover during which 18 prisoners died. Mexican officials arrest the director and subdirector of Tamaulipas prison and a member of the federal prosecutor’s office for suspected complicity in Chávez’s operations.

Asia Watch reports that trials of Chinese dissidents have, in the last six months, reached their highest level since just after the 1989 crackdown.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 26–30, 1991—201

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The space Juno returns British astronaut Helen Sharman to Earth with the Mir crew, Musa Manarov and Viktor Afanasyev, who have been in space for more than five months. The other cosmonauts on the Juno, Artsebarsky and Krikalyov, remain aboard Mir.

Tom Eyen, 50, experimental offBroadway playwright who won a 1982 Tony for Dreamgirls, dies of cardiac arrest in Palm Beach, Florida. . . . Rick Mears wins the 75th running of the Indianapolis 500.

Pres. Bush states he will renew most-favored-nation trade status for China. In an apparent effort to mollify domestic critics of the renewal, the White House announces sanctions against China for recent weapons sales in the Third World.

The Supreme Court unanimously settles a boundary dispute between Illinois and Kentucky. It recognizes the boundary as it existed in 1792, the year Kentucky joined the union. The decision gives Illinois an Ohio River shoreline it did not previously possess. . . . The Supreme Court rules a prosecutor’s removal of potential jurors fluent in Spanish from a case involving a Hispanic defendant does not necessarily violate the Constitution. . . . Police in Palm Beach, Florida, find that genetic tests show an apparent match between blood samples taken from William Kennedy Smith and semen samples taken from a woman who alleges that Smith raped her. . . . Ethel L. Payne, 79, considered the U.S.’s leading black female journalist and the first black female commentator on network television, dies of a heart attack in Washington, D.C.

The Supreme Court lets stand a 1990 ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia that suspends the felony convictions of former National Security Council staff member Oliver North for activities in the Iran-contra scandal.

The University of North Carolina wins the NCAA Division I lacrosse title, 18-13, over Towson State. . . Edward Benton (Ed) Dodd, 88, creator of the “Mark Trail” comic strip, dies of unreported causes in Gainesville, Georgia

The Supreme Court rules hospital peer-review committees can face antitrust lawsuits if their activities potentially limit interstate commerce.

Conductor Zubin Mehta gives his last concert as music director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City.

Nebraska governor Ben Nelson (D) signs into law a bill requiring that at least one parent be notified in cases where a girl under age 18 seeks an abortion. . . . Henry E. Petersen, 70, chief of the criminal division of the Justice Department, 1972–74, who led the initial investigation of the 1972 burglary at Watergate, dies of emphysema in Sunderland, Maryland.

The FDIC reaches an agreement with Neil Bush, President Bush’s son, and 12 other directors of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association. The defendants agree to pay damages of $49.5 million to settle a claim by the FDIC of $200 million.

A group of six U.S. bishops conclude a meeting in Rome with Vatican officials. They state they were advised to make revisions in the second draft of a pastoral letter prepared by the U.S. National Conference of Catholic Bishops on the role of women in the church.

In Cleveland, 34 people are arrested in an FBI sting operation targeting illegal gambling. Those arrested include 23 police officers and seven former officers. . . . The Supreme Court overturns a 1979 case when it rules that police without a court warrant can search bags or containers in a car trunk. . . . The Supreme Court rules that in a criminal case that receives substantial pretrial publicity, the judge is not required to question jurors about what they heard or read about the crime.

The Supreme Court rules that public employee unions cannot charge nonmembers for activities not directly related to collective-bargaining efforts.

Joanne Lagatta, a 13-year-old girl from Clintonville, Wisconsin, wins the 64th National Spelling Bee, sponsored by Scripps-Howard Newspapers, in Washington, D.C.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 26

May 27

May 28

May 29

May 30

202—May 31–June 4, 1991

May 31

June 1

June 2

June 3

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The U.S. asserts Cuba should work with the UN International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to guarantee the safe operation of a nuclear power complex being built at Juragua, on Cuba’s southern coast.

Yugoslavia’s federal premier, Ante Markovic, states that the national government opposes the secession of Croatia and Slovenia and opposes any attempt by Serbia to annex the Krajina region.

The Angolan government and UNITA sign a peace agreement aimed at ending their 16-year-old civil war and preparing the country for democratic rule. . . . Reports indicate 8,000 refugees remain in the impromptu camps along the Iraq-Turkey border. . . . The official allied count estimates 13,000 Kurds died while taking refuge in camps along the Iraq-Turkey border. . . . In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, sporadic demonstrations continue, despite a ban on protests.

After weeks of negotiation, the U.S. and Soviet Union resolve their differences over the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty. The settlement clears the way for a 1991 superpower summit.

Three Ulster Defense Regiment soldiers die when a truck loaded with more than 2,000 pounds of explosives is rolled down a hillside into a small UDR base in Glenanne, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The outlawed IRA claims responsibility for the blast, which wounds 10 other soldiers and four civilians. . . . Pope John Paul II visits his native Poland for the first time since the 1989 fall of Poland’s communist government.

Meles Zenawi, the leader of the EPRDF, returns to Addis Ababa. He states he favors lifting state controls over agriculture and implementing free-market solutions for Ethiopia’s war-ravaged economy. He adds that permanent national elections will be held “in a year or two.” . . . Residents of Luanda, the capital of Angola, rejoice at the signing of the cease-fire. . . . Reports indicate Iran’s central bank has lifted travel restrictions imposed on 37,000 exiles who fled after the Islamic revolution owing money to the bank.

An assessment by U.S. government analysts of damage done to Iraq by allied bombing in the Persian Gulf war confirms reports that Iraq’s economy and infrastructure have been severely crippled and will take years to rebuild.

In south Belfast, a civilian, Celia Gourley, loses both her legs when a bomb attached to her car detonates. . . . An estimated 10,000 Catholics from the Ukraine cross into Poland for the pope’s appearance in the town of Przemysl, nine miles from the Soviet border.

When 2,000 Kurds demonstrate in front of the headquarters of Iraq’s ruling party in Dahok, shots are fired from inside the building, killing four and wounding several others. The Kurds then attack the building, killing two. . . . In Zakho, 500 Kurds ransack a police station. . . . Sheik Jabir al-Ahmad Al Sabah, Kuwait’s emir, announces parliamentary elections will be held in Oct. 1992. . . . Voters in Burkina Faso approve a new constitution.

The Organization of American States, which represents all Latin American and Caribbean countries except Cuba, opens its 21st annual general assembly, and members agree to take action against any regime that takes power in a coup. . . . The Organization of African Unity’s annual summit is attended by heads of state from 36 countries. The nations sign a treaty designed to create an African common market similar to the EC by the end of the century. Libya then withdraws from the summit to protest Nigeria’s political intervention in Liberia and its asylum for Libyan rebels.

Reports state the first 200 soldiers of Slovenia’s new army were sworn in at a training camp. . . . An appeals court in the Netherlands orders a new trial for three suspected IRA operatives acquitted in April. in connection with a 1990 slaying. . . . The IRA apologizes for the Jun. 2 attack on a civilian, saying it was a case of mistaken identity. . . . British security forces kill three men that the IRA claims were on an active service mission, Peter Ryan, Lawrence McNally, and Tony Dorris. . . . Albanian protesters in Tirana clash with police, who disperse them with water cannons.

Israel begins a two-day launch of air strikes against positions held by Palestinian guerrillas near Sidon in southern Lebanon. . . . In Algeria, the government forcibly clears protesters from the squares occupied by the FIS. . . . A South African judge in Pretoria orders 112 black families squatting at Goegevonden, land which they claim they were stripped of in 1978, to leave the site.

Mt. Unzen, a Japanese volcano dormant for two centuries, erupts, taking the lives of at least 38. The volcanic explosion, 30 miles east of Nagasaki, is reported to be among the largest in Japan in the last century. . . . The threat of protests prompts police to close Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, the center of the 1989 movement. . . . After a struggle, Australian treasurer and deputy prime minister Paul Keating resigns his posts after failing to defeat p.m. Hawke for the leadership of Australia’s ruling Labor Party. Hawke shuffles his cabinet to fill the vacancies left by Keating’s resignation.

The communist cabinet of Albania resigns. Premier Nano announces that a nonpartisan interim “government of national salvation” will be appointed until new elections. The opposition Albanian Democratic Party agrees to support the interim government. . . . Reports disclose that Slovenia has officially informed the Yugoslav parliament of its intention to secede from the country. . . . Soviet troops set up checkpoints throughout Vilnius, Lithuania, in an ostensible search for military-draft evaders.

In Algeria, tens of thousands demonstrate, and skirmishes break out with police across the country. At least seven people, including a police captain, are killed, and 700 injured. . . . . Fearing further violence, Iraqi police officers and government officials are reported to have fled Dahok. . . . About 1,000 members of Kuwait’s prodemocracy opposition gather at a mosque in Kuwait City to express their opposition to the late date set for elections.

Students at Beijing University mark the second anniversary of the crackdown on the Chinese prodemocracy movement by hurling bottles from dormitory windows. The breaking of bottles is a symbolic way of showing anger at China’s paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping. (The name “Xiaoping” is pronounced like the Chinese word for “little bottle.”)

June 4

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports confirm a group of Cuban intellectuals have issued a declaration calling for democratic reform.

Peace talks between the Salvadoran government and rebels of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) end without reaching a cease-fire agreement.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 31–June 4, 1991—203

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

William Kennedy Smith pleads not guilty in a West Palm Beach, Florida, courtroom to charges that he raped a woman at the Kennedy family’s vacation estate. . . . New York becomes the first state to rescind a measure that allows TV cameras in courtrooms. . . . The New York Times finds the U.S. faces an increasing shortage of doctors specializing in geriatrics. . . . The Health Care Financing Administration issues a proposed list of new Medicare payment rates.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The FHA announces new rules for obtaining mortgage insurance that the housing industry fears will threaten a recovery in that sector. . . . The Big Three U.S. auto companies file a complaint with the Commerce Department and the International Trade Commission, alleging that their Japanese competitors are unfairly dumping minivans in the U.S. market.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Reports show the prestigious Camoes Prize for Portuguese-language literature has been awarded to Mozambican poet Jose Craveirinha, the first writer from Africa to win the prize. . . . Loves Music, Loves to Dance by Mary Higgins Clark is at the top of the bestsellers list.

A patriotic “Heart of America” rally is held in Kansas City. . . . Japanese and U.S. negotiators reach a tentative agreement in Tokyo that will open more Japanese public works projects to U.S. construction firms. The accord is set just three hours before the imposition of threatened U.S. sanctions barring Japanese companies from bidding on U.S. projects was to take effect.

Davis Eli (David) Ruffin, 50, lead singer on the Temptations’ first number-one hit, “My Girl,” in 1965, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, dies of an apparent drug overdose in Philadelphia.

Lost in Yonkers by Neil Simon wins a Tony award. Named best supporting actress in a musical, Daisy Eagan at the age of 111⁄2 becomes the second youngest winner of a Tony ever . . . Seppo Raty of Finland extends his world record in the javelin with a throw of 318 feet, 1 inch.

The Children’s Defense Fund finds that most children living below the poverty line have wage-earning parents. . . . The Supreme Court rules that potential jurors in civil cases cannot be excluded on the basis of race.

For the second consecutive year, Pres. Bush temporarily removes a legal barrier to normalized trade between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

The National Archives make public 471⁄2 hours of previously unreleased Watergate tapes. . . . Massachusetts state senator John Olver (D) wins a special election to fill the U.S. House seat vacated by the death of Rep. Silvio Conte (R). He is the first Democrat to represent the district in 98 years, and his win gives the Democrats a majority in the House. . . . president Bush announces that Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh will resign in July to run for the Senate seat vacated by the death of Sen. John Heinz (R, Pa.).

The Defense Intelligence Agency, responding to a request from a U.S. environmental group under the Freedom of Information Act, estimates that 100,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed and 300,000 wounded in the Persian Gulf War. However, the agency states its estimates carry an “error factor of 50% or higher.”. . . Pres. Bush nominates Democrat Robert S. Strauss as ambassador to the Soviet Union.

Eva Le Gallienne, 92, British-born American theater actress, director and producer who was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1986, dies of heart failure in Weston, Connecticut.

Data suggests that tickets to theaters of NYC’s Broadway district fell by nearly 6% in the 1990–91 season. . . . The Southern Baptist Convention reelects Reverend Morris H. Chapman as its president. The 14.9million-member convention is the largest Protestant denomination in the U.S.

White House budget director Richard G. Darman criticizes the growing use of “creative” techniques by states to garner more federal Medicaid funds.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 31

June 1

June 2

June 3

June 4

204—June 5–10, 1991

World Affairs

Europe

June 7

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Algerian president Chadli Benjedid declares a state of emergency in response to nearly two weeks of protests by Islamic fundamentalists. The president postpones parliamentary elections and dismisses the premier and his cabinet. . . . Lebanese reports indicate 22 people were killed and 82 wounded in Israeli raids. . . . South Africa’s Parliament approves legislation that repeals the Land Acts of 1913 and 1936 and the Group Areas Act of 1966, laws central to the apartheid system of racial separation.

June 5

June 6

Africa & the Middle East

The Organization of American States delegates approve a resolution to “ratify the inter-American legal instruments on the protection and defense of human rights.”. . . Reports indicate that the UN World Food Program has suspended its food relief to Iraq in response to allegations that the Iraqi government stole 3,000 tons of flour intended for Kurdish refugees.

The presidents of Yugoslavia’s six republics agree to consider the idea of a proposal to turn the country into a loose confederation of states.

Allied military commanders officially hand over responsibility for humanitarian aid in northern Iraq to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees. The U.S. Agency for International Development reports that the UN requested $415 million from its member nations to pay for its relief efforts through August, but received only $67 million. . . . Reports suggest a group of nations including Kenya and Madagascar have decided to defy the OAU (Organization of African Unity) ban and restore trade and transportation ties with South Africa.

Algeria’s new premier, Sid Ahmed, consults with leaders of five political parties on assembling a new cabinet. . . . ANC deputy president Nelson Mandela appeals for political prisoners on a hunger strike to end their fast. . . . Israeli peace activist Abie Nathan ends a well-publicized 40-day hunger strike staged to protest an Israeli law forbidding Israelis to meet with members of the PLO.

The U.S. Agency for International Development finds that 700,000 Iraqi refugees remain in 94 camps in Iran. . . . Reports indicate that Saudi Arabia permitted the organization of Palestinian terrorist leader Abu Nidal (Sabry al-Banna) to establish offices in Saudi territory.

A new constitution for Rwanda is signed into effect by Pres. Juvenal Habyarimana. The document provides for multiparty politics and democratic policies. . . . Kuwaiti soldiers begin to forcibly expel civilian foreign nationals into Iraq. . . . Mankhi al-Shimmiri, a non-Kuwaiti Arab, becomes the first accused collaborator to receive a death sentence. . . . Hamed al-Othman, Kuwait’s chief prosecutor, states his office is investigating several cases of civil-rights abuses committed by Kuwaiti police.

June 8

June 9

June 10

More than 20,000 anticommunist Serbs demonstrate against the Milosevic government in Belgrade, the federal and Serbian capital. . . . Italian voters overwhelmingly approve a referendum to reform the voting system used in general elections in order to reduce electoral fraud and political patronage.

King Hussein and representatives of Jordan’s principal political factions sign a newly drafted national charter that legalizes political parties in the kingdom, ending a 34year ban. . . . Kenneth Matiba, a Kenyan dissident, is freed from prison by Pres. Daniel T. arap Moi. Matiba, a former cabinet minister, was jailed without charges in 1990 and had recently suffered a stroke.

Vercors (born Jean Marcel Bruller), 89, French author best known for his 1942 novel The Silence of the Sea, published clandestinely during the German occupation of France and one of the central texts of the Resistance movement, dies of unreported causes in Paris.

Iranian state-run radio and television report that Iraqi troops backed by tanks and helicopter gunships launched an offensive in the marshes, and claim that fighting broke out between Shi’ites and soldiers in the cities of Amara and An Nasiriya in southern Iraq.

U.S. military personnel stationed at Clark Air Force Base in Manila, the Philippines, begin a large-scale evacuation after Mt. Pinatubo starts spewing hot ash and rocks in a prelude to a volcanic eruption.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 5–10, 1991—205

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

After a hard-fought battle, House Democrats win passage of its civilrights bill. . . . Democrats in the Senate introduce a Bill to overhaul the nation’s health-care system and guarantee basic health insurance for all Americans.

Sylvia Feldman Porter, 77, financial reporter noted for her ability to turn economic jargon into readable prose, dies of complications from emphysema in Pound Ridge, New York.

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia lifts off from Cape Canaveral to conduct a mission on studying the biological effects of space travel. . . . Chang Min-Chueh, 82, codeveloper of the birth control pill who received the Lasker Foundation Award in 1955, dies of heart failure in Worcester, Massachusetts. . . . The Agriculture Department confirms the first attack by Africanized “killer” bees in the U.S. The attack took place in Brownsville, Texas, but did not cause serious injury.

The Episcopal bishop of Washington, D.C., Ronald Haines, ordains an openly gay woman, Elizabeth Carl, to the priesthood.

A study by the Health and Human Services Department shows that more than half of the students in grades seven through 12 drink alcohol. . . . Jesse Jackson hosts the National Rainbow Coalition convention. . . . The Supreme Court rules federal judges have broad power to fine people who abuse the court system. . . . The Education Department reveals that the majority of students scored lower than expected in a nationwide math test.

Mayor Mary C. Moran (R) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, files for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection for the city. Bridgeport, Connecticut’s largest city, is reported to be the largest U.S. city to have filed for bankruptcy.

The Census Bureau reports that the number of young adults—especially men—living with their parents increased in the 1980s. . . . U.S. district judge Robert H. Schnacke rejects a request by a San Francisco television station to allow televised coverage of an execution.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Stan Getz, 64, influential jazz tenor saxophonist who won a total of 11 Grammy Awards, dies of liver cancer in Malibu, California. . . . NBC names comedian Jay Leno as new host of The Tonight Show after Johnny Carson retires.

The Washington Post reports that 64,800 U.S. troops are still deployed in the Persian Gulf region. . . . Parades and celebrations to welcome home U.S. troops begin in Washington D.C.

At tennis’s French Open, Monica Seles of Yugoslavia wins the women’s singles title. In men’s doubles, Australian John Fitzgerald and Swede Anders Jarryd take the top prize. The mixed doubles title goes to Czechs Cyril Suk and Helena Sukova.

Claudio Arrau, 88, considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century, dies in Muerzzuschlag, Austria. . . . Jim Courier earns his first Grand Slam tennis victory with a win in the finals of the French Open. In women’s doubles, Jana Novotna and Gigi Fernandez take the top prize.

In NYC 18,000 troops, including some 6,000 veterans of earlier U.S. wars, are given a traditional ticker-tape parade up Broadway in lower Manhattan. The parade is led by a motorcade that includes Defense Secretary Cheney, Gen. Schwarzkopf, and Gen. Powell. Tens of thousands of people attend the all-day celebrations.

June 6

June 7

About 200,000 spectators watch 8,800 U.S. troops march through Washington behind Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf. Pres. Bush and 250 other dignitaries watch the parade from a viewing stand near the White House.

A copyright trial in New York City involving the estate of the late actor James Dean is the first one where television cameras are allowed in a federal courtroom. . . . A federal judge in Philadelphia rules that Pennsylvania’s special-election procedure to fill the Senate seat of the late John Heinz (R) is unconstitutional.

June 5

The Supreme Court rules unanimously that lawsuits filed by shareholders to recover illegal profits earned through insider trading may continue even if the shareholders no longer own shares in the company. . . . In prepared congressional testimony and in a letter to Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady, the GAO states that the records of the agency in charge of bailing out insolvent savings and loans are often incomplete or unreliable.

Irvine Heinly Page, 90, physician and medical researcher who was one of the first scientists to recognize that high blood pressure is a treatable ailment, dies of a heart attack in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.

Commissioners to the 203rd General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA) reject an internal report that urges the church to relax its prohibitions on homosexual sex and sex outside marriage.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 8

June 9

June 10

206—June 11–16, 1991

World Affairs

June 11

Kamal Kharrazi, Iran’s UN representative, delivers a letter to the Security Council warning that Iraq is “preparing a general mopping-up operation” against the Shi’ites. Kharrazi’s letter urges the UN to intervene. Iraqi spokesmen at the UN dismiss Iran’s warnings as “mere allegation.”. . . . Separately, the UN Security Council decides not to respond to an Iraqi request that some sanctions against the country be lifted.

June 14

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Assembly of First Nations, Canada’s largest association of native tribes, elects Ovide Mercredi, a 45-year-old Cree Indian, as its new leader.

The Mt. Pinatubo volcano, about 55 miles northwest of Manila, erupts in a huge mushroom cloud, spewing ash and rock as far as 20 miles away. Seismologists classify the event as a major eruption. Philippine president Aquino visits evacuation centers as more than 20,000 Filipinos had left the area earlier. . . . Mt. Unzen in Japan erupts again, but no injuries are reported. . . . Lt. Gen. Ershad, the former president of Bangladesh, is sentenced to 10 years in jail on charges of illegal weapons possession

The Chilean government closes 188 factories and orders 40% of all cars off the streets of Santiago as part of the fight against severe air pollution.

Reports suggest the Jun 12 eruption of the Philippines Mt. Pinatubo has claimed two lives.

In spite of U.S. travel restrictions, several groups of Native Americans go to Libya to receive the Muammar Ghadafi International Prize on Human Rights in honor of the Indians’ “struggle for freedom.”. . . Reports suggest Kuwaiti soldiers forcibly expelled at least 160 civilian foreign nationals into Iraqi territory. Major Gen. Gunther Greindl, commander of the UN peacekeeping mission, states that his forces will not interfere with the expulsions.

British prime minister Major announces that he has sent Soviet president Gorbachev an invitation to the summit of the Group of Seven nations.

The Italian foreign minister, Gianni De Michelis, visits Albania and pledges $50 million in emergency economic aid. . . . Reports show Turkey has rejected an Iraqi appeal to reopen an Iraqi oil pipeline that runs across Turkish territory. . . . In Romania, teachers began a strike, demanding increased wages and more funding for education.

The Conventional Forces in Europe forum approves a U.S.-Soviet settlement on the CFE treaty. . . . Reports state an Iraqi nuclear scientist who defected to the U.S. in June alleges that Iraq is continuing to attempt to build nuclear weapons and that Iraq has concealed weapons-grade uranium and research equipment from UN inspectors. The UN Security Council orders a series of new inspections.

Four former East German border guards are arrested on charges of fatally shooting a man seeking to flee to West Berlin in Feb. 1989. The guards face counts of conspiracy to commit manslaughter, and they are the first to be charged by united Germany.

An earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale jolts the northern region of the republic of Georgia, killing at least eight people and injuring about 200 others.

June 15

June 16

Africa & the Middle East

Boris Yeltsin is elected as executive president of the Russian republic. . . . The Albanian People’s Assembly confirms a nonpartisan caretaker cabinet led by interim premier, Ylli Bufi. It is Albania’s first noncommunist government in 47 years. . . . Italian ships rescue 600 Albanians attempting to sail to Italy in small fishing boats. One boat reports it was fired on by an Albanian patrol boat, killing two. . . . Two executives are convicted in London for conspiring to export to Iraq devices that can be used to trigger nuclear weapons.

June 12

June 13

Europe

Thousands of scientists and health officials from around the world gather in Florence, Italy, for the seventh annual International Conference on AIDS. Scientists and public-health officials at the conference strongly criticize the U.S. government’s policy of excluding immigrants and visitors infected with HIV.

The last of the U.S. units that saw combat in the Persian Gulf war begin to be relieved of their duties in the region.

Mt. Pinatubo erupts again, and volcanic ash shoots as high as 19 miles and then falls to blanket places as far away as Manila. The capital is shaken by tremors related to the volcano, and the international airport shuts down. . . . Vladimir M. Petrov, 84, Soviet spy who defected to Australia in 1954 and revealed that his job in the Soviet embassy in Canberra involved recruiting Australians to serve as spies, dies of unreported causes in Melbourne, Australia. In Kuwait, six defendants are sentenced to death for working as writers and editors for Al Nida, a newspaper published by Iraq in Kuwait during the occupation.

Terrorists open fire on two passenger trains in the state of Punjab, India, killing a total of 76 people. It is the worst outbreak of violence yet during an election campaign that has seen at least 300 violent deaths.

A planeload of UNITA representatives returns to Luanda, the capital of Angola, for the first time since civil war broke out in 1975. . . . Reports state that, in response to international criticism of its trials, Kuwait has set up a review panel with the power to recommend clemency for the sentenced collaborators.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 11–16, 1991—207

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Pres. Bush and Democratic leaders in Congress begin to blame each other for failing to act on the nation’s domestic problems. . . . Reports show the alumni board of the secret Skull and Bones society at Yale University has reversed an earlier decision and decided to uphold a measure passed by its members to admit female students to the 159-year-old club for the first time.

Pres. Bush approves up to $1.5 billion in federal loan guarantees for the Soviet Union to allow the Soviets to purchase U.S. grain. . . . The House of Representatives votes to continue covert aid to the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) in 1992. . . . The Veterans Affairs Department proposes that servicemen who participated in secret poison-gas experiments during World War II should be eligible for disability benefits.

A three-judge panel of the Illinois Appellate Court unanimously voids a $16.28 million damage award returned against Monsanto Co. in 1987 for a January 1979 spill of dioxin in Sturgeon, Missouri The judges rule that the jury in the original trial did not find any damage resulting from the spill, but rather decided to punish Monsanto for other alleged acts of pollution.

A panel of aerospace experts submit to the White House a series of suggestions for a manned expedition to Mars proposed by Pres. Bush.

A Justice Department official tells the House Judiciary subcommittee on crime and criminal justice that the Bush administration’s import ban on military-style assault rifles is becoming less effective because foreign manufacturers are modifying the design of their weapons to make them eligible for sale in the U.S

Secretary of State Baker, speaking at a Senate Appropriations Committee hearing, defends Kuwait in response to sharp criticism of postwar developments in the emirate. . . . The Senate Foreign Relations Committee votes to require the INS to remove almost all names from a list of foreigners considered ideologically unacceptable for entrance to the U.S., reiterating a 1990 change to the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act.

The Supreme Court rules federal judges cannot impose sentences stricter than the ones in federal sentencing guidelines without giving advance notice to both parties. . . . The Supreme Court rules a suspect who has a lawyer in one criminal case can, under certain circumstances, be questioned by police about a separate crime even if the attorney is not present. . . . The Census Bureau releases figures which indicate California and Arizona should gain House seats. Wisconsin and Pennsylvania should lose seats.

Eight of the 52 U.S. citizens who were held hostage in Iran from Nov. 1979 to Jan. 1981 ask Congress to formally investigate allegations that officials of the 1980 presidential campaign of Ronald Reagan arranged a deal with Iranian leaders to delay their release in exchange for pledges of arms. In response, the White House publicly releases the text of a letter that Pres. Bush wrote to Sen. Edward Kennedy May 9, in which he denies any knowledge of a deal with Iran.

Financial disclosure forms reveal that the total honoraria accepted by members of Congress in 1990 declined from 1989.

In the wake of the 1989 U.S.Canada free-trade accord, a special joint U.S.-Canadian trade panel rules that Canadian pork producers should be allowed unhindered access to U.S. markets.

The travel practices of White House chief of staff John Sununu provoke controversy again after Newsweek reports that he used a government car and a corporate jet for a personal trip to NYC. . . . A(lbert) B(enjamin) (Happy) Chandler, 92, Democratic governor of Kentucky, 1935–39 and 1955–59, and commissioner of baseball, 1945–51, who oversaw the breaking of baseball’s color barrier in 1947 when Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers, dies of a heart attack in Versailles, Kentucky.

Former president Ronald Reagan admits for the first time that he was involved with attempts to free the U.S. hostages in Iran during the 1980 presidential campaign. However, he dismisses rumors of a hostages-for-arms deal as “absolute fiction.”

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 11

The Chicago Bulls win the finals of the NBA’s playoff to earn the first championship in the club’s 25-year history.

The Supreme court votes to expand to individuals Chapter 11 protections under federal bankruptcy law, which previously applied only to businesses. . . . The Supreme Court rules that employers are not obligated to take employment disputes to arbitration after a labor contract requiring arbitration expires.

An unidentified man who discovered an original copy of the Declaration of Independence concealed between the canvas and backing of a painting he purchased for $4 at a flea market sells the document for $2.42 million at Sotheby’s. The price is reported to be the highest ever paid for a piece of printed Americana.

The space shuttle Columbia lands at Edwards Air Force Base, California, after carrying out a mission devoted to studying the biological effects of space travel.

Sir W(illiam) Arthur Lewis, 76, who shared the 1979 Nobel economics prize for his studies of economic growth in developing countries, dies in Barbados after suffering a broken hip and pneumonia.

Leroy Burrell sets a new world record in the 100-meter dash with a time of 9.90 seconds. . . . Dame Edith Margaret Emily (Peggy) Ashcroft, 83, who won the 1985 best supporting actress Oscar and a 1991 Olivier Award for lifetime achievement, dies in London.

The International Olympic Committee selects Nagano, Japan, as the site of the 1998 Winter Olympic Games.

June 12

June 13

June 14

June 15

June 16

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

208—June 17–22, 1991

June 17

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Security Council votes to force Iraq to pay the costs of eliminating its nuclear materials and its arsenals of chemical weapons and ballistic missiles. Samir K. K. alNima, Iraq’s acting representative at the UN, tells the Security Council that Iraq refuses to pay for the elimination of its weapons, but is willing to carry out the task with its own equipment under UN supervision. . . . A 130-page draft treaty is presented to foreign ministers of the EC. . . . At the AIDS conference in Italy, researchers forecast both a rapid expansion of AIDS in developing countries and a slowing of the epidemic in industrialized countries in the 1990s.

Direct negotiations among four leading Northern Ireland political parties opens in Belfast. . . . Pres. Gorbachev and the leaders of seven of the 15 Soviet constituent republics sign a new draft union treaty and send it to the federal and republic parliaments.

June 18

June 19

June 20

June 21

June 22

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

South Africa’s Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act of 1950. The law, upon which the other statutes of the apartheid system of racial separation rest, required all citizens to be registered in one of four racial categories: white, black, Indian, or “colored” (mixed-race). . . . Reports indicate that Jordan’s foreign minister, Taher Al Masri, has been named to head the new government as premier.

Asia & the Pacific Fallout from worsening eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo prompts the U.S. to evacuate 20,000 U.S. Navy and Air Force personnel and all dependents at nearby bases in the Philippines. Reports state the fallout from the eruption has caused a total of about 200 deaths and left about 100,000 people homeless. Evacuation centers in Manila, the Philippine capital, are reported to be clogged with as many as 150,000 refugees fleeing the volcano.

Palestinians involved in business and industry in the city of Hebron in the Israeli-occupied West Bank elect 11 candidates to seats in the Hebron Chamber of Commerce. The elections are the first of its kind since 1976. . . . Iraq releases Douglas Brand, a British engineer sentenced to life in prison for alleged espionage. . . . Algerian premier Sid Ahmed Ghozali names a new cabinet, which receives qualified approval from the FIS.

Mudslides in the Chilean city of Antofagasta kill 116 people, washing away whole shantytowns. . . . The Canadian government reaches agreement with opposition members of Parliament on a plan that will suspend all exports of automatic weapons to Middle Eastern countries for at least six months.

Chilean officials announce that 51 people are still missing and 750 people are injured from the June 18 mudslide. At least 20,000 people are left homeless. . . . Suspected Colombian drug baron Pablo Escobar Gaviria surrenders to authorities hours after a national assembly rewriting Colombia’s constitution votes to ban the extradition of Colombian nationals. The reputed leader of the Medellin cocaine cartel, Escobar is formally charged with three murders.

The foreign ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe hold its first high-level gathering since Nov 1990. The number of CSCE member states rises to 35 when the envoys vote to admit Albania, the only European country not in the organization. . . . Pres. Collor and Pres. Bush sign a framework agreement on relaxing trade barriers between the U.S. and the countries of the Southern Cone Common Market, which include Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay,

The last trainloads of Soviet troops and their dependents leave Hungary. . . . Reports from Romania indicate that most of the teachers who began a strike on June 13 have returned to work.

Reports confirm that, since June 8, a Kuwaiti martial-law tribunal has sentenced 21 defendants to death for collaborating with Iraqi forces during the occupation of Kuwait. The Kuwaiti tribunal sentences seven actors, poets, and songwriters to life in prison for composing or performing in pro-Iraqi propaganda. . . . King Hussein of Jordan formally announces the appointment of a new government.

At the close of the CSCE conference, the envoys reach an agreement on CSCE’s intervention during conflicts of its member nations. . . . Reports find that UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, along with the governments of France, Germany, and Jordan, urged Kuwait’s Crown Prince Saad to commute the death sentences.

The German parliament votes to move the nation’s government to Berlin from Bonn. . . . Slovenia and Croatia boycott an emergency meeting of Yugoslav leaders aimed at resolving the crisis over the federal presidency. . . . In response to the June 18 mudslide in Chile, the government of Denmark donates $10 million to help the homeless, according to reports.

The Kuwaiti tribunal sentences eight people to death for collaboration, bringing to 29 the total of death sentences passed down since trials began in May.

The U.S. and its European allies agree to station a military task force in southern Turkey near the border to deter Iraqi forces from attacking the Kurds after allied troops leave the safe zone.

The last trainloads of Soviet troops and their dependents leave Czechoslovakia.

South Africa’s Parliament approves sweeping amendments to the Internal Security Act of 1982, which the state used for years to restrict political opposition.

In Colombia, alleged Medellin cartel leaders surrender to authorities.

UN weapons experts begin new inspections of Iraqi military facilities.

James Baker becomes the first U.S. secretary of state to visit Albania. In Tirana, he is overwhelmed when a crowd estimated at 250,000 people greet him with great enthusiasm. The secretary meets with Pres. Alia and Premier Ylli Bufi and pledges $6 million in U.S. emergency aid to Albania.

The South African government, the ANC, and the Inkatha Freedom Party meet in Johannesburg to search for solutions to the violence plaguing black townships. The talks are the first involving all three sides.

After over a week of impeachment hearings, Ecuador’s Congress votes to dismiss Education Minister Alfredo Vera for allegedly misappropriating government funds.

The Australian federal cabinet bans mining at Coronation Hill in the Northern Territory. The Jawoyn tribe, the traditional owners of Coronation Hill, believe that it is a sacred site.

The Congress (I) Party of recently assassinated former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi wins a plurality of votes in Indian general elections. Pres. Ramaswamy Venkataraman names Congress (I) Party president P. V. Narasimha Rao as prime minister.

P. V. Narasimha Rao is sworn in as prime minister of India. . . . Japan partially lifts its sanctions against South Africa in response to the repeal of the Population Registration Act of 1950.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 17–22, 1991—209

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Supreme Court rules that to challenge the constitutionality of prison conditions, inmates must prove that the conditions are the result of “deliberate indifference” by prison officials. . . . The Supreme court invalidates the governing structure of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority created in 1986 since it violates the constitutionally mandated separation of powers between the branches of government.

A U.S. District Court judge in Roanoke rules that the Virginia Military Institute, a state-supported military college in Lexington, Virginia, may continue its policy of admitting only male students.

The Supreme Court without comment lets stand a lawsuit against Kidder, Peabody & Co. The $1.7 billion suit, charging Kidder in connection with insider trading may now go to trial.

The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation of Chicago awards its annual MacArthur Fellowships, honoring 31 individuals in a wide range of fields. . . . Payne Stewart wins the 91st U.S. Open golf tournament at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.

The largest private health insurer in the U.S., Blue Cross and Blue Shield Associations, states it will begin to offer coverage of preventive medical tests. . . . The Louisiana legislature adopts the most restrictive antiabortion law in the U.S., overriding a veto by Gov. Buddy Roemer (R). It is the first time in the 20th century that the Louisiana legislature has overridden a veto. . . . Voters elect Wellington Webb (D) as Denver’s first black mayor.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin is feted by U.S. officials, including Pres. Bush, during a three-day visit to the U.S.

The House passes an amendment that will shift $13 million within the IRS to pay for audits of wealthy taxpayers and businesses. . . . The Federal Reserve’s governor David W. Mullins Jr. and chairman Alan C. Greenspan, in separate congressional testimony, find that recent statistics indicate the recession may have reached its nadir, and they predict a gradual upturn.

The California high-school mathematics teacher profiled in the 1988 movie Stand and Deliver, Jaime Escalante, leaves the school he made famous, Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. He is moving to a racially-mixed school in Sacramento, California.

Dr. Fred J. Hellinger of the Department of Health and Human Services argues that treatment of AIDS patients in the U.S. in 1991 will cost $5.8 billion, or 0.86% of total U.S. health-care spending. He estimates AIDS spending will rise to $10.4 billion in 1994.

The Pentagon announces that an internal investigation found no evidence to support a March allegation made by Col. Peck that the government is covering up data on Vietnam War POWs or MIAs. . . . The House passes a $15.2 billion foreign-aid appropriations bill.

The Agriculture Department agrees to supply Bristol-Myers Squibb with Pacific yew trees from federal forest land for the trees’ taxol, proven effective in fighting cancer. . . . The Senate overwhelmingly approves a five-year, $123 billion transportation bill gives will give states new flexibility in spending federal funds. . . . The House passes a $19.7 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Treasury Department that also covers the Postal Service, the White House, and independent agencies.

The Supreme Court rules police looking for drug traffickers may board buses and, with permission, search luggage, without violating the Fourth Amendment. . . . The Supreme Court rules that the federal Voting Rights Act applies to judicial elections. . . . The Supreme Court upholds a state’s right to enforce a mandatory retirement age for judges.

The Bush administration agrees to abandon a plan to hold secret deportation trials for aliens suspected of terrorism. . . . Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, the leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party in South Africa, meets with Pres. Bush in Washington, D.C.

The Supreme Court rules that time limits set by federal law for bringing lawsuits for securities fraud take precedence over lengthier limits set by state law.

The DEA announces its agents seized 1,285 pounds of heroin from a ship docked at Oakland, California. It is the largest seizure of heroin ever made in the U.S. . . . The Supreme Court rules states and cities may ban totally nude dancing in efforts to protect morality and order. . . . The Supreme Court states the Constitution allows a jury to convict a defendant of first-degree murder without necessarily being unanimous on a theory of how the crime was committed.

The Supreme Court rules communities have the right to enact laws that are stricter than federal ones to restrict the use of pesticides.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 17

June 18

June 19

June 20

Scientists from Vanderbilt University find that a combination of two AIDS vaccines given to HIV-negative volunteer human test subjects prove effective in bolstering their immune systems. However, it is not clear whether the vaccines strengthen the immune system enough to offer protection from the AIDS virus.

Monica Seles, the top-seeded player, announces that she is withdrawing from the women’s competition at Wimbledon. She is the first seeded singles player ever to withdraw from Wimbledon after the draw was determined.

June 21

June 22

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

210—June 23–26, 1991

June 23

June 24

June 25

June 26

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

UN weapons experts are denied entry to a military base at Abu Gharib, 10 miles west of Baghdad, as they attempt to begin inspections ordered June 22. . . . The finance chiefs of the seven leading industrial democracies end a meeting in London that Japan called for as a prelude to a meeting of G-7 heads of state.

Norway’s King Harald V, 54, is blessed in a church service in Oslo and formally ascends to the throne. He becomes the third king of modern Norway, succeeding his father, King Olav, who died in January.

Anglican archbishop Trevor Huddleston, 78, the president of the British Antiapartheid Movement, returns to South Africa for the first time in 35 years.

EC finance ministers, meeting in Luxembourg, agree to establish a minimum value-added-tax rate of 15% effective January 1, 1993. The agreement is considered a major breakthrough on an issue that has remained unresolved for four years.

Mesut Yilmaz is sworn in as the new premier of Turkey. . . . Reports indicate that there have been numerous clashes between French police and crowds composed largely of immigrant youths in Les Mureaux, Toulouse, St. Etienne, Grenoble, and Narbonne.

Reports suggest that more than 6,000 refugees are refusing to return to Iraq and remain in a camp at the Turkey-Iraq border.

Rufino Tamayo, leading Mexican painter since the 1920s and a national celebrity in Mexico who has two museums named after him, dies of pneumonia in Mexico City.

Four factions warring for control of Cambodia agree to a cease-fire and a prohibition on receiving foreign arms at a meeting in the Thai town of Pattay, outside Bangkok. . . . Vietnam holds its Seventh Communist Party Congress, at which the nation’s senior leader, Communist Party secretary general Nguyen Van Linh, 76, resigns due to ill health.

UN weapons experts are again denied entry to a military base at Abu Gharib, 10 miles west of Baghdad, to inspect Iraqi arms facilities.

The neighboring northwestern republics of Slovenia and Croatia formally declare independence from Yugoslavia but hedge on actual secession. Ethnic Italians in Slovenia mount peaceful protests against the move. The Yugoslav federal Executive Council, made up of Premier Ante Markovic and senior cabinet ministers, goes into emergency session. . . . In Liverpool, England, a garbage collectors’ strike ends after an estimated 12,000 tons of garbage piles up on city streets.

In Algiers, police move into local government buildings controlled by the FIS. In response, hundreds of FIS militants attack with rocks, and the police retaliate with tear gas and ammunition, leaving at least eight rioters dead. Tanks return to the capital city. . . . The Kuwaiti government lifts the state of martial law in effect since the end of the Iraqi occupation. . . . Reports indicate that about 13,000 refugees remain in U.S.-run camps in the “safe zone” in northern Iraq.

A group of more than 100 Cree protesters form a human blockade and prevent a delegation of 15 HydroQuebec officials from leaving the airport at Whapmagoostui, Quebec, to attend public hearings in the area.

UN weapons inspectors gain entry into an Iraqi military base but note that crates seen earlier have been moved from the area. The experts inform the UN Security Council about that problem and about their exclusions on June 23 and June 25. U.S. intelligence officials show the Security Council classified reconnaissance photographs that back reports claiming that Iraq is concealing nuclear equipment from UN inspectors.

After the June 25 declaration from the Yugoslav republics, gun battles involving Croats and ethnic Serbs in the Krajina region leave at least five people dead. In Slovenia, civilians block roads to prevent army units from reaching federal customs posts. In response, the federal government effectively shuts down the airport in Ljubljana, and Yugoslav military jets buzz the city. . . . Britain’s Court of Appeal overturns the convictions of the so-called Maguire Seven, found guilty in 1976 of running a bomb factory for the outlawed IRA. It is the latest in a series of reversed convictions relating to IRA crimes in England. . . . Lloyd’s of London, the world’s oldest insurance market, announces its first economic loss since 1967. . . . Neo-Nazis demonstrate in Stuttgart, Germany, at a court appearance of Josef Schwammberger, an alleged Nazi concentration camp commandant. . . . The French government reports that unemployment in May reached its highest recorded total.

Kuwait’s premier, Crown Prince Saad al-Abdallah Al Sabah, commutes the death sentences of all 29 people who were convicted by a martial-law tribunal of collaborating with Iraqi forces during the occupation of Kuwait after widespread international criticism. . . . South African riot police prevent 300 black high-school students from occupying a vacant white school in the white Johannesburg suburb of Orange Grove.

In Quebec, Canada, after the June 25 demonstrations, Chairman Jacobs leaves Whapmagoostui and is jeered by a group of 200 Crees as he boards his plane.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 23–26, 1991—211

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The AMA gathers for its annual convention and addresses the issue of how to handle the problem of doctors infected with the AIDS virus. . . . More than a week of renewed controversy over John Sununu’s travel leads the White House to impose new rules requiring Sununu to arrange any travel for political purposes through the White House Office of Administration.

The INS announces plans to begin issuing civil fines of from $250 to $5,000 against anyone caught buying, selling, or using phony identification documents.

The Supreme Court tightens the restrictions on the rights of state prison inmates to appeal their cases in federal courts. . . . The Supreme Court states that the First Amendment does not protect the news media from suits over the breach of a promise of confidentiality made to a news source.

After renewed controversy, Sen. Albert Gore Jr. (D, Tenn.) calls for a formal investigation into allegations of a 1980 deal with Iran regarding arms and hostages. . . . U.S. representatives receive from North Korean officials the remains of 11 U.S. servicemen killed in the Korean War on the 41st anniversary of the start of the war.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle A Mazda becomes the first Japanese car to win the Le Mans (France) 24-hour race. The winning drivers are Bertrand Gachot of Belgium, Johnny Herbert of Britain, and Volker Weidler of Germany.

The EPA announces the first shoreline cleanup in the Superfund program has been completed with a project in Tacoma, Washington. The agency also announces an agreement has been signed which compels polluters to pay not only for damages but also for the restoration fish and wildlife habitats. . . . The International Brotherhood of Teamsters opens the first democratic nominating convention in the union’s history.

AMA delegates condemn federal regulations outlawing abortion counseling by doctors in federally funded clinics. . . . An Islamic cleric, Siraj Wahaj, delivers the daily prayer at the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C. Wahaj is believed to be the first Muslim to have done so. . . . The bipartisan National Commission on Children issues sweeping recommendations that include a $1,000per-child tax credit for all families and a national health insurance plan. If implemented, the plan is expected to cost the government between $52 and $56 billion a year.

Reports show that a provision in the 1989 S&L bailout law requiring foreclosed properties of a certain value to be offered as low-income housing has fallen far short of its goals. . . . The House passes a $12.7 billion fiscal 1992 spending bill for the Department of the Interior and related agencies.

The policy-making AMA House of Delegates rejects mandatory AIDS testing of health workers, but the delegates pass a resolution calling for routine, voluntary testing. . . . A Florida appeals court overturns the conviction of a Hispanic Miami police officer, William Lozano, for the deaths of two black youths and orders a new trial. The deaths of the two youths ignited two nights of rioting in Miami in 1989.

The Communications Workers of America (CWA) cancels a speech that Labor Secretary Lynn Martin was scheduled to give at the union’s national convention in San Francisco to protest the Bush administration’s opposition to legislation that bans employers from hiring permanent replacements for striking workers. . . . The House approves a $204 billion spending bill for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education— the largest of its appropriations bills. . . . The House passes a fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the District of Columbia. . . . The House passes a fiscal 1992 Agriculture Department appropriations bill.

Philip (Rusty) Rastelli, 73, reputed former boss of the Bonanno crime family, dies of liver cancer in NYC. . . . James P. Lyke is installed as the archbishop of Atlanta, which makes him the nation’s highestranking black in the Roman Catholic Church.

NASA reveals that the U.S.’s next series of weather satellites, currently under development, contains serious flaws that may affect the nation’s ability to obtain vital readings. NASA states it is considering several emergency plans. . . . Michael Heidelberger, 103, a pathologist and biochemist who was known as the father of modern immunology and won numerous awards, including the Louis Pasteur Gold Medal in 1960, dies after a stroke in NYC.

June 23

June 24

June 25

The University of Utah announces that it selected the first non-Mormon president in its 141-year history. The new president, Arthur K. Smith, is an Episcopalian who was provost of the University of South Carolina.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 26

212—June 27–July 1, 1991

June 27

June 28

Europe

Jean-Jacques Bechio of the Ivory Coast, current holder of the UN Security Council’s rotating presidency, demands assurances from Iraq that inspectors will be given access to all Iraqi nuclear material in response to the June 26 report.

Fierce battles erupt throughout Slovenia, with the republic’s defense ministry claiming that at least 100 Slovenes were killed or wounded. Yugoslav armored and mechanizedinfantry units, backed by helicopter gunships and jets, move into Slovenia and Croatia. . . . The Polish government announces a privatization program that will make each adult citizen a shareholder in industry, one of the most ambitious privatization schemes ever unveiled by a country. . . . Very Reverend Lord George Fielden MacLeod of Fuinary, 96, Presbyterian Church of Scotland minister who founded the ecumenical Iona Community, on the Scottish island of Iona in 1938 and won the 1989 John M. Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, dies in Edinburgh.

South African police net 4,593 suspects in a nationwide crime sweep dubbed “Operation Blitz.” The alleged offenses range from murder to drunk driving.

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), the Sovietled, nine-member trade alliance founded in 1949, officially disbands. . . . The leaders of the 12 EC nations meet in Luxembourg. . . . UN inspectors report that when they spotted a convoy of trucks leaving an Iraqi base, Iraqi soldiers fired warning shots at them. . . . In response to the Yugoslavia crisis, German foreign minister Genscher announces that the CSCE needs to trigger its crisis-intervention mechanism.

Representatives from Slovenia and Croatia meet with Yugoslav federal premier Markovic and three EC foreign ministers. Slovenia agrees to a three-month suspension of its independence declaration in order to halt a federal military intervention. . . . Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher announces she will not seek reelection to Parliament, where she has served since 1959. . . . U.S. military forces complete their withdrawal from Greece after 44 years. . . . French and British workers link the third and final tunnel under the English Channel.

Kurdish leaders in northern Iraq announce that they have rejected an autonomy agreement offered by Iraq, and they state they will attempt to renegotiate with Iraqi government officials.

The republic of Croatia accepts the cease-fire plan signed June 29 by Slovenia and the federal Yugoslavia Premier. . . . A gas explosion and fire in a coal mine near the Ukrainian city of Donetsk kills at least 30 miners. . . . Queen Elizabeth II pays her first visit to Northern Ireland since 1977 under intense security.

More than 5,000 Soviet Jews emigrate to Israel in a two-day massive airlift. They join more than 20,000 Soviet Jews who emigrated in June before the Soviet Union’s new immigration laws would go effect. . . . Relief workers report that at least 1,200 stateless Arabs fled to Iraq from a refugee camp in Abdali. The Arabs are believed to have been conscripted into serving in the Iraqi occupation forces and fear they will be tried as collaborators in Kuwait.

After repeated problems, a UN negotiating team begins talks with senior Iraqi officials in Baghdad about ensuring future Iraqi cooperation in the inspection of its nuclear weapon capabilities.

In accordance with the cease-fire signed June 29 and 30, Yugoslav premier Markovic issues an order for military units to return to their barracks, and Stipe Mesic is voted in as the head of state at a meeting of the federal collective presidency. However, in Croatia, clashes between Croats and ethnic Serbs resume.

As tensions in Algeria escalate, two top FIS officials are arrested and charged with “fomenting, organizing, triggering and leading an armed conspiracy against the security of the state.” . . . The two principal factions in Liberia’s civil war meet in Yamoussoukro, the capital of neighboring Ivory Coast.

The Warsaw Pact, created in 1955, formally disbands at a summit of leaders and foreign ministers in Prague, Czechoslovakia. . . . The leaders of the nations in the 13member Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom) holds its annul summit. . . . Representatives of the CSCE countries discuss the Yugoslav crisis. . . . Foreign Ministers Poos, van den Broek, and De Michelis return to Yugoslavia and announce that the EC is prepared to send observers to monitor the cease-fire.

In Slovenia, the official death toll, including federal soldiers, is at least 40. Slovenia demands that the trapped federal military units surrender their weapons and equipment before returning to their barracks, a condition which is not part of the June 28 cease-fire. The Yugoslav federal army begins calling up thousands of reservists. . . . The Supreme Soviet approves a law that will for the first time allow the sale of state-owned enterprises in the USSR.

Lebanese government troops enter the port city of Sidon. When PLO gunmen occupying strategic positions refuse to turn over their posts to the army, sporadic exchanges of gunfire begins. . . . Delegates from 24 of Ethiopia’s political and ethnic groups gather in Addis Ababa to set up a broad-based transitional government to administer the country until free elections are held. . . . In Algeria, the official count tallies at least 40 dead, 300 wounded, and more than 700 arrested.

June 29

June 30

July 1

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Canada, a review commission responsible for assessing the environmental impact of some elements of the planned Great Whale hydroelectric project in Quebec cancels all scheduled public hearings after demonstrations on June 25 and June 26.

In Vietnam, the Seventh Communist Party Congress closes. Do Muoi, 74, is named to replace Linh as party chief, and the resignations of seven additional Politburo members are announced.

Some of the worst forest fires in Quebec’s history force the evacuation of 2,000 Montagnais Indians from the Betsiamites reserve and the 1,860 residents of the town of Ragueneau.

Workers at Chile’s Chuquicamata mine, the largest copper mine in the world, go on strike.

The Bank of Japan reduces its basic interest rate for the first time since 1987.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 27–July 1, 1991—213

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A GAO report concludes that the 1990 census missed 9.7 million people. . . . The Supreme Court rules a Michigan law requiring a life sentence without parole for the possession of 650 grams of cocaine does not violate the Eighth Amendment’s protections against cruel and unusual punishment. . . . Justice Thurgood Marshall, the first black American to sit on the Supreme Court, announces his retirement after 24 years of service. In Payne v. Tennessee, the final decision in which Marshall votes, the court rules that the use of evidence about a victim and the impact of a victim’s death is permissible during the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial. In his final dissent on that case, Marshall blasts the court’s conservative majority when he writes that “Power, not reason, is the new currency of this court’s decision-making.”

Pres. Bush signs framework trade agreements with Nicaragua and Panama and a debt-reduction agreement with Chile.

America West Airlines files for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the U.S. bankruptcy code. . . . The Supreme Court rules that the U.S. Tax Court has the authority to appoint special temporary trial judges to handle much of its work, including taxshelter cases.

The Justice Department blocks the Louisiana state senate’s redistricting plan on the grounds that the plans discriminate against blacks. . . . In Miami, police shoot a black suspect, which prompts bands of black youths to pelt police and press with rocks and bottles. . . . The FDA orders a subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. to conduct tests on its polyurethanecoated breast implants, which were pulled off the market since they release a carcinogenic substance.

A federal District Court jury in NYC finds a veteran INS agent, Joseph Occhipinti, guilty of civil-rights violations and of making false statements against recent immigrants.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission approves a rule allowing nuclear power plants whose 40year operating licenses are expiring to apply for renewals of up to 20 years. . . . The U.S. second Circuit Court of Appeals partially reverses the convictions of five Princeton/ Newport L.P. officials and a former Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc. trader. The case was the only one in which securities-firm officials were convicted under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle A Pennsylvania doctor is convicted by a federal court jury in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on 12 counts of selling anabolic steroids and other controlled substances to professional wrestlers and a weightlifter. The trial of Dr. George Zahorian is reportedly the first under a 1988 federal law that outlaws distributing steroids for nonmedical purposes.

An earthquake rocks southern California, damaging hundreds of buildings, killing two people, and injuring several dozen others. The quake, measuring 5.8 on the Richter scale, has an epicenter 71⁄2 miles northeast of Sierra Madre in the San Gabriel Mountains.

Pope John Paul II elevates 23 Roman Catholic bishops to the rank of cardinal, including the first known Chinese cardinal since 1949. . . . Former Beatle Paul McCartney, 49, attends the premier of his first work of classical music, Liverpool Oratorio.

Judge Robert Collins of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana is convicted of accepting a bribe from a drug dealer. He is the first federal judge to be found guilty of taking a bribe and the fourth in U.S. history to be found guilty of a crime while in office. . . . Former rep. Mario Biaggi (D, N.Y.) is released due to poor health from a federal prison in Fort Worth, Tex., where he served 27 months of an eight-year term for his role in the Wedtech scandal.

June 27

June 28

June 29

The American Hospital Association notes that Medicaid payments in the average state cover only 78% of hospitals’ costs for providing a service. . . . At its annual convention, the American Nurses Association approves a resolution opposing mandatory AIDS testing of nurses and patients. Voluntary AIDS testing and disclosure is endorsed.

The Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, chaired by former Rep. James Courter (R, N.J.), completes its recommendations, which include the closing of 34 domestic military installations and the realignment of 48 others as well as an administrative reorganization of the Army Corps of Engineers, which would eliminate 2,600 jobs. The report sparks off heated debate.

Pres. Bush nominates conservative judge Clarence Thomas, 43, of the U.S. District of Columbia Court of Appeals, to fill the vacated seat of Thurgood Marshall. . . . Reports show that the sentence of another Wedtech defendant, former Bronx Borough president Stanley Simon, has been reduced to three years from five.

In a letter to Defense Secretary Richard Cheney, 17 top media executives and a total of 20 news organizations denounce the Defense Department’s curbs on the press during the Persian Gulf war.

Several states and localities pass budgets within minutes of midnight, but at least nine states miss the deadline.

June 30

Michael Landon (born Eugene Maurice Orowitz), 54, actor who starred in Bonanza (1959–73), Little House on the Prairie (1974–83) and Highway to Heaven (1984–89), dies of pancreatic and liver cancer in Malibu, California.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 1

214—July 2–7, 1991

World Affairs

July 2

July 3

July 4

July 5

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The June 28 cease-fire in Slovenia falls apart when rebel and Yugoslav military forces resume combat. The army reports seven federal soldiers killed. Yugoslav federal president stipe Mesic and Vasil Turpukovski put together an emergency cease-fire plan that is immediately accepted. . . . A modern digital telephone network in eastern Germany goes into operation, replacing a system dating from the 1920s.

In Lebanon, fighting intensifies, despite repeated calls by PLO leaders for a cease-fire. . . . Bahrain announces it will allow foreignowned companies to conduct their own business operations in the island nation in an attempt to bolster its Persian Gulf war-damaged economy. . . . Housing Minister Sharon dedicates a new settlement at Mevo Dotan in the West Bank and pledges to expand Israel’s settlement efforts.

The Americas

A UN team estimates that between 40,000 and 100,000 Shi’ites are hiding in the marshlands along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

In Slovenia, except for one reported skirmish, the combatants honor the July 2 cease-fire. . . . British secretary of state for Northern Ireland Peter Brooke calls off talks between Northern Ireland political parties on the region’s future governance after unsuccessful meetings. . . . Ettore Caprioli, the Italian translator of Salman Rushdie’s novel The Satanic Verses, is stabbed in his apartment in Milan, Italy. Caprioli states that his assailant claimed to be Iranian and asked for Rushdie’s address. . . . RU-486 is cleared for use in Britain.

CSCE representatives agree to send a mission to Yugoslavia to facilitate a peaceful political solution to the crisis there.

The Yugoslav collective presidency, with Slovene representative Janez Drnovsek absent, orders Slovenia to relinquish control of all 27 of the customs posts on Slovenia’s external borders by noon of July 7.

Lebanese government troops drive guerrillas away from their posts, and PLO leaders agree to end their resistance. Reports state that three Lebanese soldiers, 65 guerrillas, and several civilians were killed during the fighting. . . . . Iraq’s National Assembly enacts a law that permits the existence of opposition parties but gives Iraqi president Hussein and his cabinet the right to dissolve any party that “undermines the security of the state” or “national unity.”

Colombian president Cesar Gaviria Trujillo lifts a state of siege that has been in effect since the 1984 assassination of Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla by drug traffickers. Four additional members of Escobar’s Medellin cocaine cartel surrender to Colombian authorities.

Regulators in seven different countries take joint action to shut down Bank of Commerce and Credit International, alleging systematic fraud at the institution. BCCI, in operation for 19 years, has offices in 69 nations. . . . Iraqi president Hussein repeats an earlier promise to give UN inspectors “prompt and unimpeded access” to sites from which Iraqi troops had previously barred them. . . . The foreign ministers of the EC suspend economic aid and arms sales to Yugoslavia.

The Supreme Soviet gives final passage to a law easing restrictions on foreign investment. . . . An appeals court in the Netherlands overturns the conviction of an alleged IRA member in the 1990 killing of two Australian tourists in Roermond. . . . The Bundesrat, the upper chamber of Germany’s parliament, votes to remain in Bonn rather than join the planned move of other government bodies to Berlin.

Delegates from 24 of Ethiopia’s political and ethnic groups close their meeting, at which they wrote a charter that endorses basic human rights, national elections, and the right of Ethiopia’s numerous regional and ethnic groups to create their own countries. In addition, they created an 87-seat legislature, called the Council of Representatives. . . . Nelson Mandela is elected unopposed to the top position of ANC president, replacing the ailing Oliver Tambo.

Colombia’s new constitution takes effect. . . . Native leaders reach an agreement with Canadian constitutional affairs minister Joe Clark on a plan to allow Indians to conduct their own public hearings and constituent assemblies on reform of the Canadian constitution.

Asia & the Pacific

In the wake of Colombia’s decision to halt extradition of drug traffickers, a group in the Medellin cartel, known as the Extraditables, announces that they have disbanded their military structure and are “ending all actions against those we considered enemies because of extradition.”

Crisis talks between Yugoslavia’s collective presidency and Slovenia, held in the Slovene capital, Ljubljana, break off without a resolution. . . . Serbian president Milosevic states in a televised speech that any republic that wishes to leave Yugoslavia may do so, but only if the secession does not affect ethnic Serbs. Without mentioning Croatia by name, he warns that the army will defend the rights of ethnic Serbs throughout the country.

July 6

The Yugoslav federal government and the republic of Slovenia agree to a three-month truce and talks on a new federal structure. . . . In Croatia, Croats and ethnic Serbs engage in a battle that lasts more than eight hours. For the first time, the Croatian militia uses artillery against the Serbs’ automatic weapons. At least five are reported killed, and it is not disclosed how many Serbs die. . . . Two IRA suspects escape from Brixton jail in South London.

July 7

In Algeria, an FIS official, Mohammed Said, is arrested during a news conference in which he announces that he is temporarily assuming the party’s leadership. . . . King Hussein of Jordan cancels most of the provisions of martial law in effect since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. . . . Lebanese troops in Sidon disarm guerrillas, but the Israeli government asserts that Israel will not withdraw its troops from the “security zone” in southern Lebanon.

Forbes magazines hits the stands with its annual list of the world’s billionaires, and it puts Taikichiro Mori of Japan, whose holdings are estimated at $15 billion, at the top.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 2–7, 1991—215

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Justice Department blocks the redistricting plan of both houses of the Mississippi legislature on the grounds that it discriminates against blacks. . . . Debate over the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court continues, with particular attention drawn to his attitudes toward civil and abortion rights.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The Connecticut government shuts down as it could not pass a budget by July 1. . . . The Postal Service Board of Governors rejects the postal increases cleared in February.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Lee Remick, 55, actress who was nominated for an Oscar in 1963, dies of cancer in Los Angeles. . . . At a rock concert in St. Louis, the heavy-metal rock group Guns N’ Roses walks off the stage, sparking a riot involving 3,000 fans. Some 60 people are injured, and 16 are arrested.

IBM and Apple Computer announce that they have signed a letter of intent to form an alliance. The tentative agreement will create joint ventures to develop new software and microprocessors to reduce the current differences between the two companies’ computer systems.

The National Civil Rights Museum is dedicated in Memphis. The museum, housed in the former Lorraine Motel where civil-rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in 1968, is scheduled to open to the public in August. . . . The Census Bureau reports that during the 1980s, the number of black Americans living in the metropolitan North and Midwest declined relative to the number living in economically more active areas in the South and West.

July 2

July 3

Scientists note that the volume of ice in the Arctic Ocean declined by 2% between 1978 and 1987. The study’s authors suggest the phenomenon is a possible indication of global warming but caution that their work is not conclusive because it covers a relatively short time span.

The National Organization for Women (NOW) and a number of influential liberal groups announce their opposition to the confirmation of Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. . . . Reports indicate that the grave of Ryan White, an 18-yearold Indiana boy who had gained national attention in his fight against AIDS, has been desecrated for the fourth time.

July 4

The Firm by John Grisham tops the bestseller list. . . . Howard Nemerov, 71, 1978 Pulitzer Prizewinning poet who served as poet laureate of the U.S., 1988–90, dies of cancer in University City, Missouri. . . . Mildred Dunnock, 90, nominated for two Academy Awards in 1951 and 1956, dies in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts.

The House Energy and Commerce subcommittee on oversight and investigations issues a report that finds “serious leadership failures” in the EPA and charges the agency’s watchdog office with neglecting to investigate possible waste and fraud in $8.6 billion worth of government contracts.

At the All England Tennis Championships at Wimbledon, Steffi Graf of Germany takes the women’s singles title. In women’s doubles, Larisa Savchenko and Natalya Zvereva of the Soviet Union win, and the men’s doubles title goes to John Fitzgerald of Australia and Anders Jarryd of Sweden.

The National Education Association, the nation’s largest teachers’ union, votes overwhelmingly to oppose standardized achievement tests for U.S. students.

The U.S. national team wins the Gold Cup soccer tournament. . . Nigel Mansell of Great Britain wins the French Grand Prix. . . Britain’s John Fitzgerald and Elizabeth Smylie win the mixed doubles while Michael Stich of Germany wins the men’s finals of the All England Tennis Championships at Wimbledon.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 5

July 6

July 7

216—July 8–13, 1991

July 8

July 9

July 10

July 11

July 12

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Iraq admits to the UN that it has been conducting clandestine programs to produce enriched uranium, a key element in nuclear weapons. UN officials state that Iraq’s new report lists equipment, material, and research sites that are not included in earlier Iraqi inventories.

British prime minister Major outlines plans for the creation of a unified British Environmental Protection Agency. . . . In an address to the Austrian parliament, Premier Franz Vranitzky offers a formal apology for Austria’s role in the Holocaust.

In Madagascar, a general strike begins after nearly a month of rallies and job actions. . . . hundreds of members of the prodemocracy opposition in Kuwait rally at the home of former parliamentary speaker Ahmed al-Saadun. . . . The Times of London cites UN officials who claim that 18 Iraqi army generals and senior officers were executed in June for plotting to overthrow Iraqi president Hussein.

Representatives of the U.S., the Soviet Union, China, Great Britain, and France reach a broad agreement to seek the elimination of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East. . . . Britain releases its tally of allied combat deaths in the Persian Gulf War. It indicates that there were a total of 223 allied combat deaths, with the U.S. losing the most soldiers (147) and Kuwait the fewest (1).

Reports show that Slovenia released 91 captured federal army officers in compliance with the EC truce. . . . Bulgaria agrees to shut down two RBMK-1000 reactors at its only nuclear power plant in September, on the condition that the West help the country to develop alternative sources of power.

Algeria’s parliament approves a program of austere economic reforms. . . . Despite protests that the group is merely a “propaganda organ” for the ruling Sabah family, Kuwait’s 75-member national council meets for the first time since the invasion of the emirate by Iraq in Aug. 1990. . . . Lebanese troops begin rounding up guerrillas and searching for firearms in Sidon and the Palestinian settlements, and they threaten to arrest anyone caught with a weapon.

Officials estimate that losses from the July 5 closing of BCCI will add up to at least $5 billion.

Twelve people are reported killed and scores injured in clashes between Kurds and Turkish security forces in eastern Turkey. . . . Slovenia’s parliament approves the July 7 truce accord. . . . Boris Yeltsin is inaugurated as the president of the Russian republic.

The UN sets up a food-distribution center in Hammar in southern Iraq to aid Shi’ite Muslims hiding in nearby marshes after their uprising against Iraqi president Hussein. . . . The U.S. Defense Department announces that Pres. Bush has approved a list of about 20 Iraqi military targets that can be attacked by U.S. aircraft if Iraq does not cooperate fully with efforts to dismantle its nuclear weapons program.

Switzerland removes limits on capital exports to South Africa.

A charter jet carrying Nigerian Moslems home from a pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia crashes while attempting to make an emergency landing at King Abdel-Aziz International Airport. All 247 passengers and 14 crew members on board are killed in the accident, reported to be the 10th worst in aviation history. . . . In Kuwait, a massive explosion and fire leave at least 50 U.S. and six British troops wounded.

The Peruvian interior ministry states 10 members of the police patrol involved in the July 9 plane shooting are being held pending an investigation. . . . In Canada, reports state that a three-judge panel of the Alberta Court of Appeal has issued a precedent-setting ruling declaring that environmental cleanup must take priority over repayment of creditors in the case of a bankrupt oil company.

Since the rural southeast of China has been hit by over a month of severe flooding, Chinese officials break with precedent and appeal for international aid to help with the situation.

Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, the UN’s chief officer for refugee-relief in Iraq, calls for the international community to ease its sanctions against Iraq so that the country can buy food and medicine. . . . Allied forces begin to withdraw from the “safe zone” in northern Iraq as officials announce conditions that the allies will impose on Iraq to protect the Kurds after their withdrawal. . . . The U.S. confirms that U.S. troops will join with troops from Britain, France, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Belgium, and the Netherlands to take part in Operation Poised Hammer, the deployment military forces in Turkey to protect the Kurds.

In London, at least 30 Kurdish protesters storm the Turkish embassy and hold it for two hours before surrendering to police in response to the July 10 deaths in Turkey. Protests are also reported in the Netherlands town of Deventer and the Belgian capital, Brussels. . . . In Bulgaria, 309 parliamentary deputies vote in favor of a new constitution. Thirty-nine right-wing lawmakers, all belonging to factions of the UDF, do not vote, since they started a political boycott May 14 over a demand that new national elections be held.

In a referendum, Mauritanians vote overwhelmingly in favor of a new constitution that will widen their political freedom.

Guerrillas kill three technicians at a Japanese-funded farm in Huaral, 40 miles north of Lima, Peru. The rebels bomb buildings and machinery and spray-paint anti-Japanese statements on the walls of the compound.

Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese translator of Salman Rushdie’s novel The Satanic Verses, is found stabbed to death. Rushdie, in hiding since 1989, issues a statement expressing condolences to Igarashi’s family and urging Western governments to pressure Iran to lift Khomeini’s death edict.

Peruvian interior minister General Victor Malca announces that four members of a police counterinsurgency patrol have been fired for their involvement in shooting down a plane on July 9.

Reports indicate that flooding in China threatens to reach cities in the region, the largest of which is Shanghai. Workers feverishly dig ditches to arrest the progress of the waters.

Reports show that Chinese authorities have banned the sale of counterculture T shirts that are condemned by the Peking Daily newspaper as spiritually “unhealthy.”

As many as 17 people die when Peruvian national police, using automatic weapons, shoot down a commercial passenger airplane as it takes off from an airstrip in the Amazon jungle. . . . A commission of the Nicaraguan National Assembly recommends the repeal of two property laws passed by the former Sandinista National Liberation Front government that award ownership of large property holdings to Sandinista loyalists.

The Peruvian army speculates that the police may have mistaken the plane shot down July 9 for a drugsmuggling aircraft.

July 13

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 8–13, 1991—217

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

In response to the June 30 report from the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, eight members of Congress file a federal lawsuit to block the Philadelphia closures. They are joined in the suit by the city of Philadelphia and the state of Pennsylvania.

An independent commission releases a scathing report concerning brutality and racism in the Los Angeles Police Department in the wake of the beating Rodney King. The commission finds that the LAPD possesses “an organizational culture that emphasizes crime control over crime prevention” and that “LAPD officers are encouraged to command and confront, not to communicate.”

A former CIA official, Alan D. Fiers Jr., pleads guilty to two counts of deceiving Congress and admits he knew about an illegal operation to resupply the Nicaraguan contra rebels months before the Iran-contra scandal broke in November 1986.

A government task force reports that Medicaid costs will rise to $200 billion from $72 billion between 1990 and 1996. . . . Stanley Simon is released from prison after his sentence for racketeering in the Wedtech scandal was reduced.

Pres. Bush lifts U.S. trade and investment sanctions against South Africa in place since 1986. . . . Pres. Bush approves and sent to Congress the recommendations made by the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission June 30.

The Congressional Black Caucus, a 26-member organization of black members of the House of Representatives, votes to oppose Clarence Thomas’s nomination to the Supreme Court. . . . The Senate approves an anticrime bill that will establish a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases and broaden the number of federal crimes covered by the death penalty.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Mary Bacon, 43, one of the first women to gain success as a jockey on the thoroughbred racing circuit, whose career declined after she publicly attended a Ku Klux Klan rally in 1975, dies of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in Fort Worth, Texas, after suffering from cancer.

A coalition of 14 professional scientific societies warn that a proposed space station is a “threat to the future of American science” because it will drain funds from numerous smaller research programs. In a letter to senators, the coalition also questions the scientific merit of the station.

The American League wins Major League Baseball’s annual All-Star game over the National League. . . . The International Olympic Committee lifts a 21-year-old boycott on South Africa due to its recent advances in abolishing its system of racial discrimination. The move clears the way for South Africa’s participation in the 1992 Olympic Games.

A NYC Court of Appeals overturns the conviction of John Mulheren Jr. on charges involving securities fraud. . . . Reports show that the Forest Service halted sales of logging rights in the Sierra Nevadas, pending a study on the California spotted owl. . . . Pres. Bush announces that he is appointing Alan Greenspan to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. The Senate Banking Committee confirms Lawrence Lindsey to fill a seat on the Federal Reserve Board.

The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that low doses of aspirin are effective in preventing pregnant women from developing high blood pressure and in reducing their risk of giving birth to lowweight babies.

Gerome Ragni, 48, actor and coauthor of the book and lyrics to the musical Hair, dies of cancer in New York City.

A settlement is announced on a Justice Department lawsuit against Florida over preserving two portions of the Everglades controlled by the federal government. . . . Aluminum Co. of America (Alcoa) pleads guilty to violating state pollution regulations and agrees to pay a total of $7.5 million in criminal and civil penalties. The $3.75 million criminal fine is called the largest ever imposed in the U.S. for hazardous waste offenses.

A total solar eclipse is visible across parts of Central and South America and Hawaii.

The CDC reports that 24% of men and 27% of women are “significantly overweight.”. . . A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C., upholds the 1990 misdemeanor cocaine possession conviction of the capital’s former mayor, Marion Barry, but directs the judge in the case to resentence Barry.

July 8

July 9

July 10

July 11

Bishop Francis John Mugavero, 77, Roman Catholic priest who served bishop of Brooklyn, 1968–90, dies of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York. . . . The premiere of the film Boyz N the Hood sparks violence in Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Seattle, Jersey City, Tuscaloosa, and other cities. In riots, one man is shot to death in Riverdale, Illinois.

Reports show the National Research Council, an arm of the National Academy of Sciences, has formally endorsed NASA’s planned Earth Observing System, a network of orbiting satellites that will monitor changes in the global environment.

July 12

July 13

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

218—July 14–19, 1991

July 14

July 15

July 16

July 17

July 18

July 19

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

Iraq orders UN relief workers to abandon a food-distribution center set up July 11 in Hammar in southern Iraq.

A new Bulgarian constitution, the country’s fourth since 1879, takes effect. In protest, 23 of the 39 lawmakers boycotting Parliament since May 14 go on hunger strikes. . . . Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) guerrillas kill nine civilians in the village of Harmancik in Turkey in response to the July 10 deaths.

At the St. Kizito secondary school in Tigania, Kenya, 71 girls are raped and 19 killed when boys attack a dormitory. . . . In Bophuthatswana, ANC president Nelson Mandela visits 23 imprisoned coup plotters and convinces them to end a hunger strike. . . . Israel lifts sanctions it imposed on South Africa in 1987.

Allied forces complete their withdrawal from Iraq, so the allies have no regular troops on Iraqi soil for the first time since the offensive at the end of the Persian Gulf war. . . . Leaders of the Group of Seven (G-7) major industrial democracies hold their annual summit. . . . The presidents of Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica hold the 10th Conference of Central American Presidents. The nations invite Panama, an observer, to become an active member. . . . A UN delegation recommends that Iraq be allowed to sell some of its oil or regain access to its assets to pay for imported food and medicine.

Teams of observers from the EC nations arrive in Yugoslavia to oversee compliance with the July 7 truce. . . . Reports indicate that in Europe, the unemployment rate rose by one-tenth of a percentage point in May to 8.7%, the highest level in two years. . . . Protesters in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia, assault Aleksandr Karakachanov, the city’s mayor and a supporter of the constitution signed July 14. . . . . A fire of unknown origin breaks out in a nuclear-waste depot near Kozlodui. The plant is inspected by a team of IAEA experts who report no radiation leaks.

The Angolan government announces a general amnesty for persons jailed for crimes against state security through May 31, the date on which the country’s 16-year-old civil war formally ended. . . . Soldiers loyal to Lt. Col. Toure, the leader of Mali’s transitional government, block an attempt to overthrow him from dissident troops at Mali’s main military base in Kati. It is put down quickly and without bloodshed. The alleged leader of the uprising, Interior Minister Lamine Diabira, and eight other officers are arrested. Afterward, thousands of Bamako residents march in the streets to signal support for Toure.

The G-7 leaders back the possible use of force to prevent Iraq from building nuclear weapons, the ongoing U.S. diplomacy to bring peace to the Middle East, and an international arms registry to limit conventional weapons proliferation in the region. They issue a communiqué that calls for the international community to build on a “new spirit of cooperation” that has emerged with the end of the cold war.

Romanian president Ion Iliescu signs a law that places curbs on adoptions.

Mozambique abolishes its powerful security service. . . . Reports show a 6,000-man force made up of the Angolan army and UNITA, the government’s former adversary in civil war, has mounted an offensive against the separatist Cabinda Enclave Liberation Front (FLEC). . . . The Algerian army announces it is lifting its state of emergency. . . . In South Africa, Winnie Mandela is granted the right to appeal her May conviction.

UN inspectors in Baghdad state that Iraqi officials allowed them to tour facilities at Tarmia, near Baghdad, and Shaqrat, near Mosul in northern Iraq. . . . After the close of the G-7 session, leaders meet with Soviet president Gorbachev, and they offer the Soviet Union a package of technical assistance and moral support, rather than direct economic aid. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev and U.S. president Bush reach final agreement on a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), concluding nine years of negotiations.

Riot police clash with stone-throwing youths in Sofia, Bulgaria, after the youths disrupt a proconstitution rally sponsored by the Socialists. . . . Reports suggest that, for the first time since 1973, France’s inflation rate has fallen below that of Germany.

In Erbil, violence erupts when Iraqi secret police fire tear gas and bullets at Kurdish demonstrators.

Colombia and Cuba agree to reestablish consular relations. . . . Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico approve a free-trade pact that will eliminate trade barriers, create a free-trade zone, and encourage multinational business ventures within the group.

In Guadalajara, Mexico, 23 leaders hold the First Ibero-American Summit Conference. . . . Iraq formally pledges it has disclosed all of its nuclear equipment, but many officials express doubts. The IAEA formally condemns Iraq for concealing its efforts to develop nuclear weapons, the first nation cited for violating the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, which Iraq signed in 1972.

The Yugoslav federal collective presidency orders the national military to withdraw from Slovenia for the mediated three-month “cooling-off” period. . . . A leading Belgian politician, Andre Cools, is murdered in the city of Liege.

The head of an Israeli judicial inquiry reports that police carelessness provoked the Oct. 1990 riot at Temple Mount, and that the use of live ammunition by the police during the riot was unjustified. . . . Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi soldiers exchange gunfire in Sulaymaniyah. . . . Iran announces that France has agreed to pay $1 billion in outstanding debt and interest charges on an Iranian loan, which settles a 12-year dispute.

Argentina and Brazil sign a nuclear accord restricting all atomic research to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. . . . It is confirmed that Chile and Cuba have agreed to a restoration of diplomatic relations.

A major political scandal erupts in South Africa after the government admits it made secret payments to the Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party. The president of Inkatha, Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, denies having known about the secret payments. . . . UN officials estimate that as many as 500 people were killed or wounded in the fighting in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah in Iraq. Debate over who instigated the violence continues.

For the first time in its 30-year history, Nicaragua’s Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) holds a congress of delegates to elect officers and discuss party policy.

In response to Iraq’s July 14 order and fighting with Shi’ites, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council tell Iraq to withdraw its troops from the area and warn that the closing of the Hammar post violates UN Resolution 688, which requires that Iraq give humanitarian agencies full access to any Iraqis in need of assistance.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A strike by miners at the world’s largest copper mine ends when workers sign a two-year contract in Chile.

Australia’s Northern Territory awards the Chamberlains, the subjects of the 1988 film A Cry in the Dark, more than $A415,000 in damages for their wrongful conviction. . . . A Canadian court sets a precedent when it finds a bookstore owner guilty of selling obscene materials, namely, the album As Nasty as They Wanna Be, by U.S. rap group 2 Live Crew.

Negotiators for the U.S. and the Philippines agree on a new, 10year lease for the Subic Bay Naval Base.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 14–19, 1991—219

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher announces that the 1990 census will not be statistically adjusted to account for persons missed in the original survey. Mosbacher’s announcement is immediately condemned. . . . Members of a militant antiabortion group Operation Rescue begin to block access to three abortion clinics in Wichita, Kansas. . . . The CDC issues recommendations that health officials performing invasive procedures should find out if they have AIDS but rejects mandatory testing.

Controversy is generated when a grainy black-and-white snapshot of a trio of robust-looking Caucasian men in a wooded area is released to the press by the American Defense Institute. The photo allegedly is proof that three U.S. airmen—who have been listed as either missing or dead for more than 20 years— were alive as of May 1990.

The state of New Jersey takes over Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. at the request of the company’s directors. Mutual Benefit is the largest insurance company yet to be taken over by a state. . . . White House budget director Richard Darman dramatically raises the Bush administration’s estimate of the fiscal 1992 federal budget deficit to $348.3 billion, a $67.4 billion increase over previous estimates.

The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that 9% of health-care providers have no health insurance for themselves. . . . Francis Lazarro (Frank) Rizzo, 70, controversial Democratic mayor of Philadelphia, 1972–80, dies of a heart attack in Philadelphia while in the middle of another mayoral campaign.

The Senate Intelligence Committee agrees to postpone confirmation hearings for Robert Gates, Pres. Bush’s nominee for director of central intelligence, in the wake of an independent inquiry into the Irancontra scandal that again questions the level of Gates’s involvement in the affair. . . . Reports confirm that Army Times Publishing refused to run an ad that praises the contributions from homosexuals in the Persian Gulf war.

After weeks of tortuous legislative maneuvering, California governor Pete Wilson (R) and the state legislature manage to enact a budget, more than two weeks past the July 1 deadline.

The Senate approves a bill that will allow doctors at federally funded family-planning clinics to counsel women about abortion. . . . A GAO study finds racial and gender disparities in services under the federal Job Training Partnership Act .

Official tallies of casualties incurred by U.S. military personnel in the Persian Gulf region from Aug. 1990 to July 15, 1991, show that there were a total of 268 deaths. Of those, 148 are combat deaths. The number of wounded in combat is 458. . . . Eugene McDaniel, who released a controversial photo July 15, states he obtained the picture from “an American citizen living in Indochina . . . who would like to remain anonymous.” The Pentagon confirms that it received a copy of the photo from an unidentified “intelligence source” in Sept. 1990.

The House passes a bill that will bar employers from hiring permanent replacements for striking workers. . . . Senators vote to increase their salaries to $125,100, a $23,200 raise. The Senate also votes to bar acceptance of speaking fees by its members. . . . Gov. John R. McKernan Jr. (R, Maine) signs into law a $3.2 billion, twoyear budget after weeks of negotiation.

The FEC raises the maximum amount that presidential candidates are permitted to spend within each state. . . . The Senate passes a bill that mandates criminal sanctions for health workers who know they are infected with HIV but perform invasive procedures on patients without informing them. The Senate also passes a bill that requires states to test medical workers who perform invasive procedures for AIDS, or risk losing federal funding. Girls who garnered national attention, Ruthie and Verena Cady, 7, Siamese twins who shared a heart and were not expected to live for more than a year after their birth, die in South Kingston, Rhode Island.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A tanker rail car in Dunsmuir, California, spills up to 19,500 gallons of pesticide into the Sacramento River. The accident compels Dunsmuir residents to begin evacuating, and about 200 are hospitalized for fume inhalation and skin irritation.

In the Hall of Fame Championships, Bryan Shelton becomes the first black American man to win a North American tour singles tennis event since 1978. . . . Golfer Meg Mallon wins the 46th U.S. Women’s Open in the Ladies’ PGA Championship.

Roger Randall Dougan Revelle, 82, director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, 1951–64, and one of the first scientists to warn, in the 1950s, of the greenhouse effect, dies of complications from cardiac arrest in San Diego, California.

Bert Convy, 57, television actor and game-show host of Tattletales (for which he won an Emmy), Win, Lose or Draw and Super Password, dies of a brain tumor in Los Angeles, California.

Robert Motherwell, 76, American painter who was one of the leaders of the abstract expressionist movement, dies in Provincetown, Massachusetts, of a stroke.

The July 14 pesticide spill in the Sacramento River, after drifting 45 miles downstream, killing wildlife, enters Lake Shasta. . . . The Journal of the American Medical Association concludes that African Americans are four to five times more likely than whites to develop glaucoma. The incidence of the disease is unrelated to social or economic status or to access to health care.

Bishop Harold Robert Perry, 74, first black clergyman to deliver the opening prayer in Congress, dies of complications from Alzheimer’s disease in New Orleans. . . . A Senate committee rejects the nomination of Carol Iannone to the advisory council of the NEH.

The Senate passes a 1992 fiscal appropriations bill for the Treasury Department. . . . The Senate approves an $80.9 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill funding the Departments of Veterans Affairs, HUD, EPA, NASA, and other independent agencies. . . . The Illinois legislature passes a $25.6 billion budget after long deliberations.

Defense Secretary Cheney denies that the Pentagon is withholding information about unaccounted-for servicemen from Southeast Asia in response to a controversy that started July 15.

July 14

July 15

July 16

July 17

July 18

The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia grants the Long Island Lighting Co. a license to begin dismantling its nuclear power plant in Shoreham, New York, without conducting a study on the environmental impact of alternative energy sources that might be used when the plant is gone.

The General Convention of the 2.4million member Episcopal Church agrees to adopt a compromise measure on sexuality. The House of Bishops rejects a proposal to censure bishops who ordain sexually active homosexuals.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 19

220—July 20–24, 1991

World Affairs

July 22

July 23

July 24

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

The U.S. Defense Department begins an airlift to Albania from Saudi Arabia of 125 tons of U.S. military rations left over from the Persian Gulf war in response to the country’s mounting food shortages. . . . In a meeting with Turkish president Turgut Ozal in Ankara, U.S. president Bush gives his backing to a Turkish plan for negotiations involving Turkey, Greece, and both the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities.

July 20

July 21

Europe

Asia & the Pacific Qian Zhengying, China’s former minister of water resources, states that the floods that started in May have killed at least 1,700 people.

U.S. secretary of state Baker continues to negotiate terms for a Middle East conference, and reports indicate that Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon have accepted U.S. proposals.

In Slovenia, some army units begin exiting through border but do not appear to be complying with the July 18 order to withdraw.

South African foreign minister Botha admits that he authorized the payments for Inkatha rallies reported July 19. . . . Reports state Pres. Maaouiya Ould Sid Ahmed Taya has signed the constitution passed July 12 by Mauritanians. . . . Iraq’s Supreme Revolutionary Command Council issues decrees pardoning opponents of the government and extending amnesty to soldiers who deserted during revolts in Iraq after the Persian Gulf war. . . . Iraqi troops pull out of Sulaymaniyah, leaving Kurdish guerrillas and local authorities in control of the city.

The U.S. and 13 English-speaking Caribbean countries sign a tradecooperation agreement seen as a preliminary step toward U.S. president Bush’s plan for hemispheric free-trade. The agreement creates a U.S.-Caribbean Community (Caricom) Trade and Investment Council.

As many as 20 people die in fighting between Croats and ethnic Serbs in the Croatian town of Mirkovci. The news prompts Croatian president Tudjman to walk out of talks on Yugoslavia’s future. . . . A Romanian military court sentences Iulian Vlad, the former head of the Securitate, to nine years in prison for “favoring genocide.”. . . At the Kozlodui nuclear-power plant, Bulgarian scientists find a “hot spot” of radioactive contamination.

In Madagascar, opposition officials, backed by thousands of supporters, march into government ministries in a symbolic seating of their recently chosen alternative government. . . . In South Africa, the ANC calls for a full inquiry into the spending revealed July 19. . . U.S. general Norman Schwarzkopf, commander of U.S. forces during the Persian Gulf war, is awarded Kuwait’s highest honor, the medal of the Distinguished Order of Kuwait.

The IMF discloses that the Soviet Union has applied for full membership in the IMF and the World Bank, which surprises Western leaders. . . . The EC announces a plan to send 50,000 tons of grain to Albania.

Two Croatian policemen are killed in ethnic fighting in Croatia. . . . Polish premier Jan Krzysztof Bielecki visits the Ursus tractor plant and fires several department heads in the national industry ministry, calling Ursus an “example of economic incompetence, not to mention sabotage.”. . . In Bulgaria, the boycott and hunger strike ends when the deputies return to Parliament.

Madagascar’s president Ratsiraka declares a state of emergency, and security forces arrest opposition leaders. A police officer is killed by crowds. . . . Reports suggest that the Mozambique National Resistance (Renamo) killed as many as 1,000 civilians while capturing a town in the northern province of Nampula. Renamo denies the incident occurred. . . . Three U.S. soldiers are killed in an explosion at Doha, Kuwait, while clearing ammunition left over from a massive explosion and fire July 11.

In Peru, rebels ambush the car of a poultry farmer of Japanese descent and fatally shoot him. His wife, driving the car, is wounded.

Investigations of the BCCI, seized by international regulators, continues.

After a marathon of negotiations, Pres. Gorbachev announces that he and the heads of 10 of the 15 Soviet republics have agreed on disputed power-sharing provisions in the proposed union treaty. . . . Scotland’s senior law officer announces that he will not press criminal charges in the 1988 explosion at the Piper Alpha oil rig in the North Sea, which killed 167 men.

Reports show that Nigeria has been struck with an epidemic of cholera since May. . . . Inkatha repays the South African government the money spent on the rallies after allegations made July 19.

During a rebel-caused blackout in Lima, guerrillas bomb an electronics store owned by a JapanesePeruvian family.

Nicaragua’s former president, Daniel Ortega Saavedra, is elected to the newly created post of secretary general of the Sandinistas and is reelected to the Sandanistas’ ruling 10-member National Directorate.

A Greek-owned tanker spills 69,000 barrels of light crude oil into the Indian Ocean after it catches fire about 24 miles off the coast of Western Australia. The spill is the largest in Australian history.

In Australia, the oil slick from the July 21 accident is now more than 36 miles long and six miles wide, threatening islands that home nesting seabirds and Australian sea lions.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 20–24, 1991—221

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Washington Post reports that an alleged prostitute has been charged with reckless endangerment of a human life in Maryland after it was discovered that she was infected with the AIDS virus.

In Berkeley, California, an innovative trial program that provides vouchers to homeless people begins. . . . A former DEA agent, Darnell Garcia, is given the maximum sentence and fined $1.6 million for selling drugs and laundering money. . . . Police in Milwaukee arrest Jeffrey Dahmer, 31, after being flagged down by a handcuffed man. The police discover four human heads, seven human skulls, boxes of body parts, a barrel of acid, and photographs of mutilated bodies. The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upholds a 1988 ruling that the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department deliberately discriminated against female deputies who sought promotions to the rank of sergeant. . . . In Kansas, an abortion clinic, besieged by antichoice activists, files a lawsuit. U.S. district judge Patrick F. Kelly issues a temporary restraining order barring protesters from blocking entrances to the clinics.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A study finds that women who take folic acid throughout their pregnancy significantly reduce the risk of having babies with a common type of defect involving the neural tube, a defect that may lead to spina bifida or to anencephaly.

A contestant from the Miss Black America beauty pageant charges that former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson raped her in Indianapolis. . . . Earl Robinson, 81, singer and composer of “The House I Live In” and “Black and White,” dies in Seattle after a car accident.

Allan Charles Wilson, 56, biochemist at the University of California at Berkeley who developed a controversial theory that all human beings descend from a single ancestress, the “African Eve,” and winner of the 1986 MacArthur Foundation fellowship, dies of leukemia in Seattle, Washington.

Argentina wins the America Cup, representative of national supremacy in South American soccer. . . . The Baseball Hall of Fame inducts Rod Carew, Gaylord Perry, Ferguson Jenkins, Tony Lazzeri, and Bill Veeck. . . . In golf, Australian Ian Baker-Finch wins the 120th British Open.

A Japanese fish-processing ship collides with a larger Chinese vessel near the entrance of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 22 miles northwest of the tip of Washington State. The Japanese ship sinks to 500 feet, leaving one crew member missing.

The air force discloses that it will have to spend $250 million to repair metal-fatigue cracks in its F-16 fighters. . . . The Senate approves a bill that grants China favored trading status for one more year and links further extensions in the status to progress on reforms.

Police in Milwaukee file an affidavit that states Jeffrey Dahmer confessed to killing at least 11 people. Police note all of the victims appeared to be male, and that most of them were black. Dahmer is white.

Pres. Bush names 25 members to the Commission on Environmental Quality, a panel that will advise him on how to slow damage to the environment without inordinately hindering business. The panel includes representatives from the Environmental Defense Fund, the National Geographic Society, Dow Chemical, Ford, and General Electric.

The National Academy of Sciences formally endorses the government’s program to develop fully implantable artificial hearts and ventricular assist devices (VADs).

The House passes a $14.2 billion transportation appropriations bill for fiscal 1992. . . . A panel of foresters commissioned by Congress report that timber production in the Pacific Northwest will have to be cut by more than 50% in order to preserve both the regional timber industry and the threatened wildlife that live in the region’s forests.

Vice President Dan Quayle, acting in his capacity as chairman of the National Space Council, announces that no more space shuttles will be built, and attention will be directed toward unmanned rockets for carrying payload, with a role prepared for commercial industry.

July 20

July 21

July 22

July 23

July 24

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

222—July 25–30, 1991

July 25

July 26

July 27

July 28

July 29

July 30

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The deadline for Iraq to disclose the extent of its nuclear program passes, and U.S. threats to launch air strikes against Iraq if it missed the deadline run into opposition from the Soviet Union and key Middle East allies.

At least nine Croatian guardsmen are slain in their barracks in the eastern Croatian town of Erdut when federal tanks shell the town. . . . Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (born Lazar M. Kogan), 97, top adviser to the late Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin and the last surviving Soviet official who joined the Communist (then Bolshevik) Party prior to the Russian revolution of 1917, dies in Moscow.

P. W. Botha reveals that South Africa gave more than $35 million to seven political parties that oppose the left-wing South West Africa People’s Organization, an insurgency group, during pre-independence election campaigns in neighboring Namibia in 1989.

The UN begins a mission in El Salvador to verify human-rights accords between the government and the rebels.

Serb guerrillas use Croat civilians as human shields when they seize the town of Struga, about 60 miles south of Zagreb. . . . Reports indicate that Germany’s inflation rate reached a nine-year high in July. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev vows to use his powers to overturn the decree issued by Boris Yeltsin on July 20. The Central Committee issues a statement accusing Yeltsin of violating national laws.

Officers of Iran’s Islamic security police clash with demonstrators in the city of Isfahan and arrest 300 people who protest attempts by local authorities to take into custody women charged with wearing improper dress. . . . Mauritania legalizes political opposition and institutes press freedoms. . . . Israel states plots of land held by the government in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip will be given free of charge to Jewish settlers.

Several rounds of consultations among the Afghan rebel leaders, representatives of Iran and Pakistan (the rebels’ principal backers), and the Soviet Union begin.

Up to 30 people, including a German news photographer and 14 Croatian policemen, die in rebel attacks in central Croatia.

In the debate over how to respond to Iraq’s failure to disclose its nuclear weapon capabilities by the July 25 deadline, Turkish premier Mesut Yilmaz prohibits the U.S. from launching punitive air strikes against Iraq from Turkish bases. The Iraqi government gives UN inspectors in Baghdad its fourth list of its nuclear materials.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Authorities in Australia report that the July 21 spill caused little damage since the oil spilled was light crude and thus evaporated quickly, and since winds and water currents guided the slick away from the islands and fishing beds. . . . The Japanese government begins shutting down its aid projects in Peru because of the onset of violence against Japanese people that began July 12.

Kuwait begins exporting oil for the first time since Iraq’s invasion in Aug. 1990. Oil minister Raqba estimates the Iraqi invasion caused $75 billion of damage to Kuwait’s oil industry and confirms that U.S. and Canadian firefighting teams capped 249 of the 600 Kuwaiti wells that were set on fire.

The IMF announces the approval of a $1.04 billion standby credit for Argentina. . . . To bring peace to Croatia, Yugoslav premier Ante Markovic confers with the EC’s foreign ministers. . . . The international BCCI scandal widens as a U.S. district attorney unveils criminal indictments of the institution, four of its units, and two of the bank’s top officers: Agha Hasan Abedi and Swaleh Naqvi. The New York grand jury charges are the first of a criminal nature against BCCI since 1988 money-laundering charges.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis sign a 10-year treaty guaranteeing the civil and economic rights of ethnic Russians living in Lithuania and in Kaliningrad.

In Madagascar, Pres. Ratsiraka frees three opposition leaders, leaving three still in jail. . . . In an effort to restore trust in his government after recent revelations about secret payments, South African president de Klerk demotes Minister of Law and Order Vlok and Defense Minister Malan.

U.S. president Bush and Soviet president Gorbachev hold the first post–cold war superpower summit in Moscow. . . . UN weapons inspectors confirm that Iraq attempted to conceal its nuclear program by destroying essential equipment and that they found more than four times as many chemical weapons as Iraq previously admitted possessing. . . . Reports state the UN Economic and Social Council voted to allow Israel to become a member of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE).

Yugoslav air force jets kill two Croatian policemen and wound at least a dozen others. . . . The Romanian Senate gives final passage to legislation to give shares in one-third of state-owned businesses to every adult Romanian. . . . Announcements state that Brigadier Gen. Christian Marie Fernand de la Croix De Castries, 88, whose defeat at the 1954 battle of Dien Bien Phu heralded the end of France’s military and colonial rule in Southeast Asia, is dead. Details are not disclosed.

South African president de Klerk announces that secret aid to Inkatha has stopped and vows to scale back covert operations. . . . Africa Watch reports that Kenya continues to use torture, manipulate the judiciary, harass prodemocracy supporters, and employ violence against squatters and ethnic groups. . . . Amnesty International accuses Israeli security forces of routinely torturing and abusing Palestinian detainees in the occupied territories.

Roger Lafontant, the former head of the Tontons Macoute paramilitary forces and the leader of the Jan. 6 abortive coup in Haiti, is convicted of trying to overthrow the government and sentenced to life imprisonment. Twenty-one codefendants are also convicted. Many Haitians, who view the trial as a symbol of the death of Duvalierism, cheer the verdict, and Pres. Jean-Bertrand Aristide immediately declares a national holiday.

A river fed by torrential rains overflows into a remote village in the west of India, killing as many as 500 people and destroying 2,000 homes. . . . Australia’s federal and state governments agree to begin removing barriers that restricted interstate trade in Australia for more than 90 years.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 25–30, 1991—223

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Police in Milwaukee believe Jeffrey Dahmer killed at least 17 people. . . . The Department of Health and Human Services spells out restrictions on when doctors may refer Medicare and Medicaid patients to diagnostic clinics and other health-care businesses in which doctors have a financial stake. . . . The EEOC issues a set of rules for employers to carry out in accordance with the 1990 Disabilities Act. . . . The House votes to allow the use of aborted fetuses in federally funded research as part of a $4.4 billion National Institutes of Health reauthorization bill. Three Milwaukee police officers are suspended with pay because they allowed Jeffrey Dahmer to reclaim a naked, bleeding boy in May after being convinced the incident was a domestic dispute between homosexual lovers. . . . Prosecutors state that a grand jury declined to indict Dr. Timothy Quill on charges of aiding a suicide in response to his March article in which he describes his efforts to aid an unidentified, terminally ill female patient kill herself.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Treasury Department announces that it has begun production of new, counterfeit-resistant currency.

A team of British astronomers claim to have discovered a planet revolving around a distant star. . . . Two studies in the New England Journal of Medicine find that women are less likely than men to receive highly sophisticated treatments or operations for heart disease, even when they are equally ill. . . . Scientists identify the exact gene whose mutation causes Marfan syndrome, a potentially fatal disorder of the connective tissue.

Isaac Bashevis Singer, 87, who won the 1978 Nobel Prize in literature and the National Book Award in 1970 and 1973, dies in Miami after suffering several strokes. . . . The auction houses of Christie’s and Sotheby’s each announce a decline of at least 50% in art sales during the 1990–91 season, compared with the 1989–90 season. It is the first year both houses post a decline since the mid-1980s.

The INS announces that, effective Aug. 15, no Romanian children will be allowed into the U.S. for adoption unless they are orphans or have been abandoned.

Oil from the ship that sank July 22 off Washington State begins washing ashore. The spill kills hundreds of coastal birds in the nation’s longest wilderness beach outside Alaska.

Reports state that Ernest and Regina Twigg settled their lawsuit against the hospital that switched their baby with the child of Robert and Barbara Mays in 1978. The incident was the subject of a television miniseries, Switched at Birth, broadcast in April.

July 26

Pierre Brunet, 89, figure skater who won 10 consecutive French national championships, two Olympic gold medals in pairs, and four world pairs championships, dies in Boyne City, Michigan, after suffering from Parkinson’s disease. . . . The Pro Football Hall of Fame inducts Earl Campbell, Jan Stenerud, Stan Jones, and John Hannah. The New York Times reports that the four-year-old girl who is the first human to receive genetically altered genes has successfully completed the initial phase of her therapy.

Despite renewed pressure from women’s groups, the Court of Appeal upholds the murder conviction and life sentence of Sara Thornton, a battered wife who killed her husband. . . . In Kansas, a second abortion clinic joins the suit filed July 23. After police arrested hundreds of protesters in violation of a restraining order, U.S. district judge Patrick Kelly orders U.S. marshals in to Wichita to assist police.

The State Department announces that it will stop taking new applications from Cubans wanting to visit the U.S. on six-month tourist visas, citing a 28,000-application backlog. . . . The Defense Department announces plans to sell $365 million worth of sophisticated bombs and missiles to Saudi Arabia, causing controversy.

The IRS reaches an agreement with Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc. that will allow the company to settle with creditors and emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as a greatly shrunken entity.

Reports confirm that six Los Angeles police officers and four probationary officers were suspended without pay for standing by while fellow officers beat black motorist Rodney King in March. . . . Federal marshals seize 800 “Misti Gold” inflatable breast implants from a Minneapolis company after the FDA accuses the manufacturer of selling an unapproved product. . . . A newly formed group, the Women for Judge Thomas, announces its support.

The Defense Department announces the impending shutdown of 72 military installations in Europe. . . . In the wake of over two weeks of controversy, the Pentagon states it is increasing the number of staff members to investigate reports of living MIAs. . . . Cuban exile Virgilio Pablo Paz Romero pleads guilty in U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., to involvement in the 1976 murder of a former Chilean ambassador to the U.S., Orlando Letelier.

Reports find the EPA ordered Westinghouse Electric Corp. to pay an estimated $14.9 million to clean up chemical contamination in the towns of Elmira and Horseheads, New York. The area is slated for cleanup under the EPA’s superfund program of detoxifying industrial sites. . . . The Senate passes a $53.1 billion fiscal 1992 agriculture appropriations bill.

Nigel Mansell of Great Britain wins the German Grand Prix in Hockenheim. . . . Miguel Indurain, a Spaniard riding for the Banesto team, wins the 78th Tour de France bicycle race.

In golf, Jack Nicklaus wins the U.S. Senior Open at Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham, Michigan.

The amount of oil leaking from a ship that sank July 22 is estimated to be 100,000 gallons.

July 25

William Ball, 60, founder of the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco and winner of a 1979 Tony, is found dead of undetermined causes in Los Angeles.

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 27

July 28

July 29

July 30

224—July 31–August 5, 1991

July 31

Aug. 1

Aug. 2

Europe

Presidents Bush and Gorbachev sign the strategic-arms agreement in the Kremlin. The two leaders also issue a joint statement calling for an October peace conference on the Middle East and sign an agreement expanding bilateral cooperation on space projects. . . . Officials from Japan and the EC announce that they have reached agreement on restricting the number of Japanese automobiles imported to EC countries through 1999.

Unknown assailants murder six Lithuanian border guards and critically wound two others in a raid on a customs post. Soviet security officials deny the involvement of their personnel in the slayings. . . . An explosion on a train en route to the Azerbaijan capital, Baku, kills 15 passengers and wounds at least 16 others. . . . Under rebel pressure, Croatian forces retreat from Kostajnica. Croatia offers ethnic Serbs measured autonomy and a guarantee of civil rights in return for a truce.

Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir announces that Israel will take part in U.S.-and-Soviet-sponsored peace talks with its Arab neighbors, provided its conditions on the composition of the Palestinian delegation to the conference are met.

As many as 80 Croatian policemen are killed in fighting between Croats and Serbs and between Croats and federal forces, in and around Dalj, a town on the Danube River. It is the largest one-day death toll in the ethnic war. Croatian president Tudjman fires his defense minister and concedes that Croatia’s forces are outgunned. . . . Switzerland celebrates the 700th anniversary of the birth of the Swiss Confederation. . . . U.S. president Bush visits the Ukraine, where he is given a warm welcome.

Palestinian leaders state that they will not allow Israel to interfere in the selection of Palestinian representatives to a peace conference, taking a position that directly contradict Israel’s terms.

The Croatian parliament compels Pres. Tudjman to accept opposition figures in his government. . . . The Kurdish Workers Party claims responsibility for the kidnapping of 10 German tourists camping near the Turkish town of Bitlis.

Reports shows that at least 13,000 people have contracted cholera in Nigeria since July 24. That figure brings the total since the outbreak began in May to 22,901 infected and 2,161 dead.

Reports indicate that a rocket attack by Afghan rebels set off an explosion at an arms depot in Kabul, killing hundreds of people. . . . U.S. investigators visit a Vietnamese former camp in search of evidence of MIAs. It is believed to be the first time that the Hanoi government has allowed U.S. officials inside such a facility.

The Yugoslav federal collective presidency persuades Serbia, Croatia, and the federal military to accept in principle a truce in Croatia that would be monitored by lightly armed Yugoslav national police. But within a few hours of the plan’s announcement, Serbs and Croats resume clashes in eastern Croatia.

Zimbabwe suffers its worst road accident when an overcrowded bus carrying schoolchildren flips near the village of Troutbeck, 180 miles southeast of Harare. At least 87 people are killed—80 students and seven adults. . . . Aly Sabry, 71, Egyptian prime minister, 1964–65, and vice president, 1965–67, who was accused of plotting a 1971 coup against Sadat, dies in Cairo with a blood clot in his lung.

In the Indian Ocean, a cruise ship going from London to Durban, the 7,554-ton Oceanos, loses power when its engine room floods. The liner, chartered by TFC Tours of Johannesburg, carries some 375 passengers and 200 crew members. . . . Sri Lankan troops break a 25-day siege of a crucial military base by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Reports suggest that the battle to retake the base, called Elephant Pass, killed hundreds of fighters on both sides.

Aug. 3

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Unions at Chile’s El Teniente copper mine, the world’s largest underground copper-mining operation, go on strike.

Afghan rebel leaders claim that they cut the supply route from Kabul to Jalalabad, effectively placing Jalalabad under siege.

Kurdish Workers Party guerrillas kill nine soldiers at a border post at Semdinli, Turkey. . . . Serbia abruptly boycotts high-level mediation talks sponsored by the EC. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev issues a decree on imports aimed at increasing the availability of food and consumer goods.

Aug. 4

Aug. 5

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Iraq begins to return $700 million worth of gold bullion that it looted from Kuwait’s central bank in compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 686. . . . UN officials announce that Iraq admitted that it carried out biological-weapons research from 1986 to August 1990.

Turkish commandos backed by fighter planes and helicopters launch a week of raids against what Turkey claims are bases of the separatist Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) near the Iraq-Turkey border. . . . The Polish government shuts down the state-owed Ursus tractor plant near Warsaw and places its 12,000 workers on indefinite furlough.

All of the estimated 575 passengers and crew members on board the cruise ship Oceanos are evacuated during a 12-hour rescue operation before the ship capsizes and sinks completely in the Indian Ocean.

Reports show that, excluding the epidemic in Nigeria, cholera has infected 60,000 people in 11 African countries and killed more than 4,500. . . . Several Israeli families take up residence in a new settlement at Eshkolot in the West Bank.

Edward English, a member of the Roman Catholic Christian Brothers lay order who served as a supervisor at the Mount Cashel orphanage between 1973 and 1975, is sentenced to 12 years in prison following his conviction on 13 charges of sexually and physically abusing boys at the orphanage. The sentence is the stiffest handed down to date in the Mount Cashel scandal.

Philippine police capture the leader of the armed wing of the nation’s communist party, the New People’s Army, Romulo Kintanar. . . . Soichiro Honda, 84, founder of Japan’s Honda Motor Co., dies of liver failure in Tokyo.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 31–August 5, 1991—225

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The NAACP and the AFL-CIO announce they oppose the nomination of Judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. . . . Yale researchers find that a program allowing drug addicts to exchange used hypodermic needles for new ones reduced HIV infections by 33%. . . . Joseph McGrail is given a two-year suspended sentenced for killing his abusive wife as she lay in an alcoholic stupor. The verdict sparks outrage among women’s groups, especially after the July 29 ruling on Sara Thorton.

Congress approves legislation that will create a new set of rules for U.S. covert action. . . . State Department officials announce that Peru has improved its performance on human rights enough to allow the U.S. government to release $94 million in aid.

After an eight-month joint investigation by the EPA and the Justice Department, the Bush administration files lawsuits seeking fines and cleanups from 36 companies, including Amoco Corp. and Corning Inc. . . . The Senate passes a $22.1 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice and State and for the judiciary. . . . The House passes a $21.8 billion fiscal 1992 energy and water appropriations bill and a 1992 legislative branch appropriations bill.

Seven people are killed when a bus carrying some 60 Girl Scouts skids off a winding road and rolls down a mountainside in Palm Springs, CA. The dead include three Girl Scouts, three chaperones, and the bus driver. . . . Seven people are killed and scores injured when part of an Amtrak passenger train traveling from Miami to NYC derails in South Carolina and sideswipes a freight train parked on an adjacent track.

The Pentagon reveals that inspectors found hairline cracks in the hull of the first Seawolf-class attack submarine, built by the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corp. under a $726 million contract.

After months of internal dispute, the Bush administration announces a new definition of wetlands that will open to development millions of acres currently protected by federal regulations. . . . Reports show that the Purchasing Managers’ Index in July posted its sixth straight gain to 51.8%, a sign that the manufacturing economy is expanding. . . . U.S. bankruptcy judge Alan H. Shiff denies a petition by the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut, for bankruptcy protection.

The New England Journal of Medicine publishes preliminary trials that indicate the drug sumatriptan cancels pain from migraine and cluster headaches. . . . The House Committee on Science, Space and Technology’s subcommittee on investigations and oversight begins a planned year-long investigation of NASA’s management practices.

The Senate votes in favor of a resolution supporting the use of “all necessary means,” including military force, to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. . . . The Senate approves a $291 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1992.

The Senate approves the $21.8 billion fiscal 1992 energy and water bill passed by the House July 31. . . . The Senate clears the fiscal 1992 legislative branch appropriations bill passed by the House July 31. . . . Congress gives final clearance to a $4.6 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the District of Columbia. . . . Reports state that private contractors at the Energy Department’s Hanford nuclear weapons plant acquired and used electronic surveillance devices in violation of federal regulations.

The space shuttle Atlantis takes off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. It deploys a communications satellite from the shuttle’s cargo bay and is slated to study the human body’s ability to adapt to space travel.

Houston police begin an undercover operation targeting violence against homosexuals in response to the July beating and stabbing death of a 27-year-old banker, Paul Broussard. . . . The Senate Ethics Committee announces that it found no evidence that Sen. D’Amato (R, N.Y.) violated any Senate rule or federal law, but rules that he has “conducted his office in an improper and inappropriate manner.”. . . Congress clears a bill to extend unemployment benefits to people who have been out of work for more than half a year.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

July 31

Aug. 1

The Kitchen God’s Wife by Amy Tan tops the bestseller’s list. . . . Reports confirm that Stephen C. Blumberg, convicted in January of stealing up to $20 million worth of rare books and artifacts, has been sentenced to serve nearly six years in prison and to pay a $200,000 fine.

Reports confirm that the only member of the National Commission on AIDS actually afflicted with the disease, Belinda Mason, wrote a letter to Pres. Bush urging him to oppose mandatory testing of health workers and to reverse a ban on immigration by those infected with the AIDS virus.

Sen. Jesse Helms (R, N.C.), creates an uproar on the Senate Ethics Committee when he makes public the secret report of the committee’s special counsel on influencepeddling allegations against Sen. Alan Cranston (D, Calif.), the subject of a 14-month inquiry. . . . (Roy) Dean Burch, 63, Republican party official who served as chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1964–65, and of the FCC, 1969–74, dies in Potomac, Maryland, of bladder cancer.

Aug. 2

Aug. 3

Defense Secretary Cheney explains that the military’s ban on homosexuals does not apply to civilian Pentagon employees.

Pennsylvania governor Robert P. Casey (D) signs a $13.9 billion budget, 34 days after the start of the state’s fiscal year July 1. The new budget includes the state’s largest tax increase ever and ends a stalemate that left more than 100,000 state employees without paychecks for a month. . . . The GAO finds that the Trans-Alaskan pipeline, the artery for 25% of the U.S.’s domestic oil supply, is poorly regulated.

Aug. 4

Congressional Democratic leaders order a formal investigation of allegations that officials of the presidential campaign of Ronald Reagan arranged a deal to delay the release of U.S. hostages held in Iran in order to prevent a victory by Pres. Jimmy Carter in the 1980 election.

Paul Brown, 82, football coach of the Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals who was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967, dies of pneumonia in Cincinnati.

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 5

226—August 6–8, 1991

Aug. 6

Aug. 7

Aug. 8

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The EC’s foreign ministers, meeting in The Hague, in the Netherlands, urge the U.S., Soviet Union, and the UN to play more active roles in resolving the Yugoslav crisis.

Serb guerrillas in Croatia accept a truce that merely calls for all armed forces in Croatia (including the federal military) to remain in place and cease hostilities.

Kuwaiti and UN officials report that Iraqi troops infiltrated Kuwait in order to salvage military equipment abandoned after the Persian Gulf war.

The Aug. 6 cease-fire collapses when ethnic Serbs lob mortar shells into a village 30 miles south of Zagreb. . . . After hearing a false rumor that the Albanian port city of Durres is no longer under military control, thousands of people seize ships for the journey to Italy. At least two people drown. . . . Although the Iraqi Kurds and Turkish Kurds are not formally allied, an Iraqi Kurd spokesman accuses Turkish aircraft of indiscriminately bombing refugee and civilian settlements.

In Morocco, Polisario guerrillas claim that Moroccan planes attacked their positions at Tifariti, 10 miles from the Mauritanian border. Morocco does not confirm the raids but states that the military was conducting “sweeps and cleanup operations” in the region. . . . Delegates representing 225 political groups from across Zaire gather in Kinshasa for a conference on the nation’s political future.

After UN negotiations, Islamic Jihad, a radical Shi’ite Muslim faction in Lebanon, releases John McCarthy, a British journalist kidnapped in April 1986. In response, the previously unknown Organization for the Defense of Prisoners’ Rights abduct Jerome Leyraud, a French administrator in Beirut for the relief organization Doctors of the World. The group threatens to kill Leyraud if any other hostages are released. Iranian and Lebanese Shiite leaders condemn the kidnapping. . . . The CSCE discusses the Yugoslav crisis at an emergency session in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Yugoslavia agrees that other EC members may be sent in to observe the conflict.

Shahpur Bakhtiar, who served briefly as Iran’s premier in 1979, is found stabbed to death along with his chief aide in a suburb of Paris. An exile since 1979, Bakhtiar was an outspoken opponent of Iran’s radical Islamic regime. Abolhassan Bani-Sadr, the former president of Iran and himself an exile in Paris, suggests that Bakhtiar’s murder was ordered by the government of Iranian president Rafsatani when he alleges that both his and Bakhtiar’s names appeared on a list of “opponents whom the regime had decided to eliminate.”. . . Reports state that floods and tornadoes killed at least 27 people in Sochi and other Black Sea coastal towns of Russia. . . . An estimated 18,000 Albanian refugees flee to Italy. Albania places all its Adriatic ports under military rule, and Italy declares a state of emergency on its southeastern coastline. Malta accepts two Albanian ships carrying a total of 600 people. . . . Militant workers occupy a state-owned truck factory in the town of Starachowice, south of the Polish capital Warsaw, that was closed by the government.

Israel announces that it is ready to exchange about 400 Lebanese and Palestinian prisoners for seven Israeli soldiers believed to have been captured in Lebanon between 1982 and 1986. . . . Turkish military spokesmen report that 132 air missions against the Kurds were flown by Turkish fighters, and that attacks were made against 24 rebel bases. About 2,000 Turkish sources claim that one soldier has been killed and two wounded.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The provincial government of Ontario signs a formal agreement with Indian leaders which declares that native groups have an inherent right to self-government. Ontario thus becomes the first government in Canada to recognize a native right to self-government. . . . Daniel Roland Michener, 91, governor general of Canada, 1967–74, dies in Toronto.

The ruling party of the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu votes to remove Prime Minister Walter Lini as its president. Lini refuses to stand down.

Outside Canada’s ruling Progressive Conservative Party meeting, one demonstration turns violent and police are called in. At another protest, a group of antipoverty activists set up a tent city called “Mulroneyville,” complete with a cemetery marking job losses in Canada. . . . Salvador Jorge Blanco, president of the Dominican Republic, 1982–86, is convicted of corruption and sentenced to 20 years in prison after a two-year trial. Former armed forces chief Manuel Cuervo Gomez is also convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Both men are ordered to return up to $12 million that they are said to have stolen.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 6–8, 1991—227

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The National Commission on AIDS argues that the Bush administration is not confronting the problem of transmission of the AIDS virus via intravenous drug use. . . . Reports reveal that a 42-year-old South Dakota woman, Arlette Schweitzer, will give birth to her twin grandchildren as a surrogate for her daughter. . . . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit overrules a decision that Pennsylvania’s special-election format is unconstitutional, clearing the way for Atty. Gen. Thornburgh to run for Senate to fill the seat vacated by the death of Sen. John Heinz (R).

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

FDIC Chairman L. William Seidman announces that he is resigning, effective Oct. 16. . . . The Federal Reserve loosens monetary policy for the first time since April.

Harry Reasoner, 68, veteran U.S. television newscaster whose resume included coanchoring ABC Evening News and reporting on 60 Minutes, dies of cardiopulmonary arrest in Norwalk, Connecticut.

Labor Secretary Lynn Martin discloses a department study showing the “glass ceiling” that blocks women and minorities from advancing in their careers exists at much lower levels than initially believed. . . . The AMA states that Americans should attempt to live with asbestos safely, contrary to popular belief. The association suggests its risk can be contained through procedures that avoid expensive removal. . . . A U.S. District Court judge in New Orleans strikes down Louisiana’s recently adopted antiabortion law, one of the strictest laws in the U.S., as unconstitutional. The Population Reference Bureau finds that the income gap between rich and poor black households in the U.S. has widened since the 1960s. . . . Ten members of Chicago’s El Rukn street gang, one of the most notorious gangs in the U.S., are convicted on a variety of charges that include murder, attempted murder, and drug trafficking in Chicago. Three other El Rukns are acquitted. The trial is the first of three involving a total of 65 reputed El Rukn members indicted in 1989. . . . Eight reputed members of the Patriarca crime family of New England are convicted in U.S. District Court in Hartford, Connecticut, on federal racketeering charges.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The U.S. quartet of Mike Marsh, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell, and Carl Lewis post a new record of 37.67 seconds in the 400-meter relay.

The city government of Washington, D.C., announces a plan to build a memorial to the black servicemen who fought for the Union side in the Civil War.

Owners of the coal-fired Navajo power plant in Page, Arizona—five utility companies and the Interior Department—announce a plan to slash the facility’s sulfur dioxide emissions, which obscure scenic views at the nearby Grand Canyon National Park. The plan is the fruit of months of secret talks with environmental groups.

Colonel James Benson Irwin, 61, U.S. astronaut who walked on the moon in 1971 on the Apollo 15 mission and later founded an evangelical Christian group, dies of a heart attack in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. He is the first of the 12 men who had walked on the moon to die.

Sam Goody (born Samuel Gutowitz), 87, founder of the record-store chain that bears his name, dies of heart failure in New York City.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 6

Aug. 7

Aug. 8

228—August 9–14, 1991

Aug. 9

Aug. 10

Aug. 11

Aug. 12

Aug. 13

World Affairs

Europe

Syrian and Lebanese forces in Beirut launch an extensive search for Jerome Leyraud, the Frenchman abducted Aug. 8, and threaten to assault suspected guerrilla hideouts if he is not released.

Reports show Serbia tightened its grip on the provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina. . . . French investigators state that former prime minister Shahpour Bakhtiar, 75, and his secretary, Katibeh Fallouch, were slain on the evening of Aug. 6 by three Iranian visitors who stabbed them with knives from Bakhtiar’s own kitchen. In response to allegations about the murder made Aug. 8, the Iranian embassy in Paris denies any government involvement in the slayings. . . . In Bari, three days of clashes erupt between Italian riot police and angry Albanian refugees. . . . The Kurdish Workers Party releases the 10 German tourists kidnapped Aug. 2.

China announces it has decided in principle to sign the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Right-wing whites battle police outside a hall where South African president F. W. de Klerk is addressing supporters in the town of Ventersdorp, a stronghold of conservative Afrikaners, 80 miles west of Johannesburg. The clash leaves three people dead and 58 injured. It is reportedly the first time that police kill white extremists.

The National Assembly elects Vo Van Kiet, the third-ranking member of the country’s Politburo, to be the new Vietnamese premier.

In Madagascar, troops fire on a crowd of some 400,000 opposition supporters marching on the presidential palace outside the capital, killing several people.

After years of negotiations, a Lebanese Shi’ite group releases Edward A. Tracy, a U.S. native hostage since Oct. 1986. . . . John McCarthy, released Aug. 8, presents UN secretary general Perez de Cuellar with a letter from Islamic Jihad which implies the group will free all its hostages “within 24 hours” if the UN engineers a global release of Palestinian and Lebanese “freedom-fighters.”. . . . Perez de Cuellar opens talks with representatives from Israel and Iran to discuss on a general exchange of hostages. . . . Jerome Leyraud, kidnapped Aug. 8, is released in Beirut.

Relief workers back Kurdish allegations that Turkey is attacking civilian sites when they report that at least 12 Kurdish civilians were killed in Turkish attacks on Khera Zouk, a village in the region. UN representatives advise aid workers to leave the areas that are under attack by Turkish forces.

The UN begins flying reconnaissance missions over Iraq using a U2 high-altitude “spy plane” to search for weapons-research and production sites that spy satellite surveillance cannot pinpoint.

Representatives of the republics of Serbia, Montenegro, and BosniaHerzegovina approve a plan that calls for a new, overwhelmingly Serb, Yugoslav federation. . . . Italy repatriates about 12,000 of the Albanian refugees and begins a $70 million emergency airlift of food to Albania. . . . Turkish Defense Ministry spokesmen report that its military operations begun Aug. 5 against the Kurds have concluded.

Reports disclose that the EC has offered Albania $2.4 million in emergency food aid and medical supplies.

Armenian guerrillas seize 12 interior-ministry troops, seeking to exchange the captured troops for 16 Armenians arrested over the previous three months. . . . Italian president Francesco Cossiga visits Albania to discuss the refugee crisis. He is believed to be the first Western head of state to set foot on Albanian soil since World War II.

Opposition groups boycott a meeting of delegates representing 225 political groups from across Zaire, citing government interference.

A federal judge in Argentina orders Pres. Carlos Saul Menem to testify in a growing money-laundering scandal.

The leaders of Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan sign an economic-cooperation agreement in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. . . . The Armenian interior ministry, rejecting a hostage exchange from rebels, begins searching for the hostages in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Taslim Olawale Elias, 76, Nigerian lawyer who served as the country’s first attorney general following its independence from Britain in 1960 and as president of the International Court of Justice at The Hague, 1982–85, dies of unreported causes in Lagos.

For the first time since Belize gained independence in 1981, Guatemala announces that it recognizes “the right of the people of Belize to self-determination” and desires “to live in peace and harmony with its neighbors.”. . . . Grenadian prime minister Nicholas Braithwaite announces that he is commuting the death sentences of 23 people, 14 of whom were convicted for the 1983 attempted coup thwarted by a U.S. invasion.

Aug. 14

Asia & the Pacific

In Madagascar, reports estimate 51 people were slain in the capital by government soldiers since Aug. 10. Other deaths are reported in the northern city of Mahaj. In response to the shootings, the opposition announces that it is intensifying its campaign into “open war” against the president.

In Canada, the separatist Parti Quebecois wins the first by-election in its 20-year history.

Reports confirm that Afghan rebels fired rockets into Kabul and struck a passenger bus, killing as many as 30 people. . . . Walter Lini, who refused to step down as prime minister of the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu Aug. 7, orders Radio Vanuatu not to broadcast statements from dissidents within his party.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 9–14, 1991—229

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

After weeks of internal conflict, the NAACP states that branch members may support the nomination of Clarence Thomas as individuals but not as representatives of the NAACP. . . . In Wichita, Kansas, blockades of abortion clinics and subsequent arrests resume. . . . Atty. Gen. Thornburgh submits his resignation to Pres. Bush in order to run for the Pennsylvania Senate seat.

The commander in the Persian Gulf war, army general Schwarzkopf, receives the Distinguished Service Medal from Defense Secretary Cheney. . . . The Defense Department contends that 20 Americans died in the gulf war from friendly fire. . . . Major Gen. Ralph W. Zwicker, 88, army general who played a central role in the Senate’s censure of anticommunist crusader Sen. Joseph McCarthy (R, Wis.) in 1954, dies of a heart attack in Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Five months after claiming to have pinpointed the gene whose mutation initiated the development of colon cancer, scientists now believe that the culprit is actually a gene directly next door on the same chromosome.

Final Exit, a book on how to commit suicide while suffering from terminal illness, takes the top spot on the New York Times best-seller list in the hard-cover advice, how-to, and miscellaneous book category.

Nine people, including six monks and a nun, are killed in the Buddhist temple of Wat Promkunaram outside Phoenix, Arizona.

Aug. 10

Pres. Bush thanks Iran for its role in bringing about the releases of John McCarthy and Edward Tracy, but urges the Iranian government to press for the release of all the hostages remaining in Lebanon.

A homeless man, Martin Henn, who was jailed for more than a year without being formally charged is finally arraigned in Baltimore. . . . Reports suggest the Boy Scouts of America have agreed to develop a program serving homosexuals, girls, and atheists in the face of ongoing lawsuits. The new program, “Learning for Life,” will be separate from the basic Scout program, but will be administered by local Scout councils and based in public schools. Reports confirm that the FDA has approved a nonfrozen version of the fat substitute Simplesse. . . . James Roosevelt, 83, Democratic U.S. representative from California, 1955–66, who was the eldest son and last surviving child of former Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the U.S. ambassador to UNESCO, dies of complications from a stroke and Parkinson’s disease in Newport Beach, California.

Aug. 9

The space shuttle Atlantis lands safely at Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The flight is the eighth to end on the Kennedy airstrip instead of the customary dry lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It is the first scheduled landing in Florida since 1986.

John Delphus (J. D.) McDuffie, 52, is killed in a crash at the Budweiser at the Glen NASCAR event after his car loses a tire, veers off the course at high speed, flips over, and lands on its roof. . . . John Daly, a rookie on the PGA tour, wins the PGA Championship at Crooked Stick Golf Club in Carmel, Indiana.

A U.S. Bankruptcy Court judge in NYC approves a bid by which Delta Air Lines Inc. acquires many of the assets of Pan American World Airways. The deal allows Pan Am to continue operations as a smaller carrier. . . . BankAmerica Corp. and Security Pacific Corp., announce that they will merge to create the nation’s second-largest bank. The deal, if approved by regulators, will be the largest bank merger ever.

Contradicting earlier statements, the Defense Department discloses that nearly 24% of U.S. combat deaths in the Persian Gulf war were the result of friendly fire.

Governor Richard Arkwright Snelling, 64, Republican governor of Vermont, 1977–85, who ran again in 1990 and took office in January, dies of cardiac arrest in Shelburne, Vermont.

Aug. 11

Aug. 12

Pres. Bush names William Taylor, the chief regulator at the Federal Reserve Board, as L. William Seidman’s successor to head the FDIC. . . . Clark Clifford and Robert Altman resign as chairman and president of First American Bankshares Inc., Washington, D.C.’s largest bank. The resignations come in the face of the bank’s ties to BCCI, which has been seized by international regulators.

Jack Ryan, 65, inventor who helped design the Sparrow and Hawk missiles when he worked for Raytheon Co. and who designed the best-selling Barbie doll when he worked for Mattel Inc., dies in Los Angeles after suffering a stroke.

Pres. Bush signs the fiscal 1992 legislative branch appropriations bill.

Douglas Kiker, 61, correspondent for NBC News since 1966 who won a Peabody Award for broadcast journalism in 1970, dies of a heart attack in Chatham, Massachusetts.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 13

Aug. 14

230—August 15–20, 1991

Aug. 15

Europe

The UN Security Council votes to allow Iraq to sell up to $1.6 billion worth of oil over a six-month period to raise money for food and medicine. The resolution contains a number of restrictions, which Abdul Amir al-Anbari, Iraq’s ambassador to the UN, stridently opposes. The UN Security Council approves guidelines stipulating a maximum of 30% of Iraq’s future oil revenue will be diverted into a fund to pay compensation for war damages. . . . UN secretary Perez de Cuellar concludes talks about hostage exchanges with Israel and Iran.

Armenian guerrillas seize 29 more interior-ministry troops. The Soviet interior ministry demands the release of 41 police troops held hostage by Armenian militants in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in the republic of Azerbaijan.

A meeting of delegates from 225 political groups in Zaire is suspended in the face of the Aug. 13 boycott. . . . The South African government, the ANC, and the Inkatha Freedom Party agree on a draft peace accord intended to end the violence raging in black townships. . . . Reports suggest that South Africa is providing military advisors to Zaire. It is said to be the first time that South Africa has been asked to send military aid to a black-ruled nation.

A barge carrying almost 200 oil workers capsizes and sinks in the South China Sea off the coast of Hong Kong. Rescuers save the lives of 174 workers, but at least 12 people drown. The accident occurs some 60 miles off the coast of the British colony during a typhoon.

Aleksandr Yakovlev, a reformist and former close aide to Soviet president Gorbachev, resigns from the Communist Party with a warning that party hard-liners are readying for a coup. . . . Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope to visit Hungary.

The South African government announces a general amnesty for political exiles who fled the country after antiapartheid organizations were banned in 1960. The agreement comes after 16 months of negotiations.

An Indian Airlines jetliner plows into a hill and catches fire about 30 miles from the Imphal airport. All 69 people aboard are believed dead.

The ANC releases 32 alleged collaborators with the South African government that it captured in its ranks since 1975.

A 33-year-old masked gunman stabs a girl to death and shoots and kills six other people before killing himself in a shopping mall in Strathfield, outside Sydney. The killing spree is the worst in Australia since 1987.

Aug. 16

Aug. 17

Aug. 18

Aug. 19

Aug. 20

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Soviet president Gorbachev, accompanied by his wife Raisa, other family members, and several aides, are detained in his country residence in the Crimean peninsula on the Black Sea. The detainment marks the onset of a coup attempt, and it involves KGB units under military direction.

Italy repatriates the last of an estimated 18,000 Albanian refugees. Only 154 of the original 18,000 Albanian refugees remain. . . . In Germany, fighting breaks out between 200 leftists and rightists during demonstrations on the fourth anniversary of the death of Nazi deputy leader Rudolf Hess.

In South Africa, of the 32 people released by the ANC on Aug. 17, 20 of them claim to have been tortured in confinement.

A group of top Soviet hard-liners, backed by the security forces, detain Pres. Gorbachev in an attempted coup d’etat. The move draws condemnation by most Western countries. British prime minister Major takes the lead by suspending an $80 million technical assistance program with the USSR, while Canada freezes $131 million in Soviet food credits. Iraq and Libya support the coup.

In the Soviet Union, coup leaders, claiming that Gorbachev prohibits large gatherings, set curfews and ban opposition political activity and the independent press. Military units take up key positions. Russian president Yeltsin galvanizes opposition to the would-be new leaders and urges all Russians to begin a general strike. In Latvia, troops shoot and kill a driver.

Albania and Israel agree to establish full diplomatic ties after a round of talks in Jerusalem.

The foreign ministers of the EC, at an emergency meeting at The Hague, strongly condemn the Soviet coup and call for Pres. Gorbachev’s reinstatement. The EC suspends all but humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union, freezing $625 million in credits for food purchases and $520 million in technical assistance. . . . Russian republic president Yeltsin telephones U.S. president Bush and British prime minister Major and receives assurances that their governments will not recognize the committee as the legitimate Soviet leadership.

In Moscow, Russian president Yeltsin addresses 150,000 people and repeats his charge that Gennady Yanayev and his allies seized power illegally. Other republic leaders express support for Yeltsin’s stand and Gorbachev’s return. In Leningrad, 200,000 people defy the state of emergency and hold an anticoup rally, as does a crowd of 400,000 in Kishinev. Valentin Pavlov resigns as premier and as a member of the Emergency Committee, citing illness. The republic of Estonia declares immediate independence.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In India, police surround the hideout of a Sri Lankan Tamil known as Sivarasan, the main suspect in the assassination of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi. He and six others engage in a shoot-out with police. . . . The Australian state of New South Wales bans the sale of military assault weapons.

After a three-month manhunt, the chief suspect in the assassination of former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, Sivarasan, is found dead, along with six fellow Tamils. They all committed suicide.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 15–20, 1991—231

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Reports show that the operation started by Houston police Aug. 2 has led to the arrests of at least a dozen assailants who attacked several undercover officers whom the perpetrators believed were homosexuals. The operation is believed to be the first of its kind in the U.S. . . . A District Court judge in Detroit rules that the city’s board of education must admit girls to three public schools intended for black, inner-city males scheduled to open in the fall.

Pres. Bush sign a bill that creates a new set of rules governing U.S. covert activity. The rules are designed to prevent a repetition of a scandal like the Iran-contra affair. . . . The army announces that about 71,000 troops will be withdrawn from Germany by 1995. Those troops make up one-half of the army’s combat forces in Europe. . . . Marietta Peabody Tree, 74, the first woman to serve as a U.S. ambassador to the UN, dies of cancer in New York City.

The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the fiscal 1992 federal budget deficit will reach a record $362 billion, $70 billion higher than previous CBO estimates and $13.7 billion higher than the Bush administration’s most recent forecast.

A surgical operation on the neck, a carotid endarterectomy (CE), is found to reduce the incidence of strokes in high-risk patients by almost one-fifth, which makes the technique more successful than the traditional therapy of anticoagulant drugs. . . . Scientists report that they succeeded in duplicating the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in rats.

Singer-songwriter Paul Simon gives a free concert in NYC’s Central Park. The concert draws a crowd of 750,000 people.

Charles R. Garry (born Garabed Robutlay Garabedian), 82, U.S. lawyer who became well known for representing radical groups, including the Black Panthers, in the 1960s, dies in Berkeley, California, after suffering a stroke.

The Commerce Department reports that the U.S. merchandise trade deficit shrank to a seasonally adjusted $4.02 billion in June, its lowest level since 1983.

The nation’s governors gather in Seattle, Washington, for the annual summer meeting of the National Governors’ Association. . . . Pres. Bush signs a bill to provide expanded benefits to the long-term unemployed, but he refuses to declare a fiscal emergency, an action required to release up to $5.8 billion to pay for the additional benefits.

Pres. Bush signs a $21.8 billion fiscal 1992 energy and water appropriations bill and a $4.6 billion federal spending bill for the District of Columbia that would have allowed local revenues to be used to fund abortions for poor women.

Pres. Bush refuses to meet with the leaders of a militant antiabortion group that has been demonstrating for more than a month at abortion clinics in Wichita, Kansas.

After much investigation and scandal, the Treasury Department briefly takes the disciplinary step of barring Salomon Brothers Inc., a division of Salomon Inc., from placing bids in auctions of U.S. government securities. However, the firm’s punishment, for illegal activities on the bond market, is lightened somewhat a few hours later following three high-level resignations and a plea by Salomon’s new chairman.

In Brooklyn, a car driven by a Hasidic Jewish driver strikes and kills Gavin Cato, a seven-year-old black boy from Guyana. The incident touches off four days of rioting during which a visiting Hasidic rabbinical student from Australia, Yankel Rosenbaum, 29, is stabbed to death by a black youth.

The Washington Post reports that the military has ousted 13,307 men and women for homosexuality since June 1982.

Walter Leroy Moody Jr., convicted of the mail-bomb killings of a federal judge in Alabama and a lawyer in Georgia, is sentenced to the maximum possible sentence of seven life terms plus 400 years in prison with no possibility of parole and is ordered to pay more than $11,000 in restitution. . . . Harley Orrin Staggers Sr., 84, Democratic U.S. representative from West Virginia, 1949–80, known for his efforts on behalf of the nation’s railroads, dies of heart and respiratory failure in Cumberland, Maryland.

Pres. Bush swears in Robert Strauss, the newly confirmed U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, and sends him to Moscow to “get the lay of the land” in the wake of the attempted coup.

Aug. 15

Aug. 16

Aug. 17

Hurricane Bob, the first major hurricane of the 1991 season, tears up the Eastern Seaboard, causing 16 deaths and more than $1 billion in property damage.

Vaughn Shoemaker, 89, cartoonist who created the character John Q. Public and won the Pulitzer in 1938 and 1947, dies of cancer in Carol Stream, Illinois. . . . The Pan American Games closes, and Cuba has won 140 gold medals, marking the first time since 1951 that U.S. athletes have not taken home the most golds. The U.S. wins the most medals overall in the competition with a total of 325.

Aug. 18

Aug. 19

Aug. 20

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

232—August 21–25, 1991

Aug. 21

Aug. 22

World Affairs

Europe

An attempted coup by a group of top Soviet hard-liners backed by the security forces falls apart in the face of international condemnation and defiance of hundreds of thousands of prodemocratic Soviets led by Russian republic president Boris Yeltsin. . . . Foreign ministers from NATO pledge to boost NATO’s contributions to reform efforts in Eastern Europe.

In Moscow, armored vehicles clash with hundreds of civilians armed with Molotov cocktails. Three people are killed and several are injured. Lithuanians and Soviet troops exchange gunfire, resulting in one death. Latvia declares immediate independence. As the coup collapses, Pres. Gorbachev emerges in full control. . . . Ali Vakili Rad, one of three men believed to have stabbed former Iranian prime minister Shahpour Bakhtiar Aug. 6, is arrested by Swiss police near Geneva.

The EC unblocks more than $1.1 billion in aid to the Soviet Union that it froze at the outset of the coup.

Upon his return to Moscow, Soviet president Gorbachev lauds Yeltsin and the Soviet people for fighting the takeover. One of the conspirators, Interior Minister Boris K. Pugo, shoots himself to death, and most of his fellow plotters are taken in custody. Thousands of Russians rally in Red Square to celebrate the failure of the coup and demand the dissolution of the Communist Party. . . . Croatian president Tudjman orders the federal forces to leave the republic and Serb rebels to honor the cease-fire and lay down arms by Aug. 31. Soviet president Gorbachev shuffles his cabinet. . . . The republic of Armenia declares transitional independence. . . . A Yugoslav federal commission reports there have been at least 200 documented violations and more than 70 deaths during the Aug. 6 cease-fire. . . . Hungary lodges a diplomatic protest over incursions into its airspace by Yugoslav air force MiG jets attacking villages in Croatia.

Aug. 23

Israeli defense minister Moshe Arens authorizes the reopening of Najah University, a Palestinian university at Hebron in the Israelioccupied West Bank. . . . Fortune magazine declares that Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, with assets that total $31 billion, is at the top of its list of 10 of the world’s billionaires.

Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Argentina officially recognize Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Official results from Mexico’s midterm elections show that the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) won an overwhelming victory. . . . Unions at Chile’s El Teniente copper mine settle a three-week strike.

The Bush administration announces that the U.S. is forgiving Bolivia’s $341 million official debt from U.S. assistance programs.

The allegations made Aug 18 by people released by the ANC prompts the organization to open its “various communities” abroad for Red Cross inspection.

A series of aerial bombs and artillery fire kills dozens of people in the northeastern town of Vukovar, where Croatian forces are besieged by Serb rebels. Fighting is also reported in several communities in the Slavonia region. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev resigns as head of the Communist Party and disbands the party’s Central Committee. . . . As many as 100,000 people honor three men who were killed Apr. 21 in Moscow during the coup attempt. . . . Ukraine announces its transitional independence.

Aug. 24

Aug. 25

Africa & the Middle East

U.S. and Jamaican officials sign an agreement canceling $217 million of Jamaica’s debt to the U.S

Members of the Canadian Union of Postal Workers begin a series of strikes in major cities across Canada, including Montreal, Toronto, and Ottawa.

Yugoslav armored units, planes, and gunboats shell and bomb Croat positions in the central and northeastern Slavonian regions of Croatia in support of the ethnic Serb guerrillas. . . . The parliament of Byelorussia passes a surprise declaration of independence. Byelorussian president Nikolai Dementei, a Communist, resigns under pressure. . . . The Ukrainian CP votes to sever relations with the national Communist Party. Ukrainian lawmakers vote to seize the property of the Communist Party.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 21–25, 1991—233

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

A group of 121 Cuban inmates, many facing deportation to Cuba, seize control of their cellblock at the Talladega Federal Correctional Institution in Alabama and take 11 hostages, including three INS workers. . . . In Wichita, Kansas, three leaders of the Operation Rescue protests are jailed and fined $10,000 each, plus $500 a day for the next 10 days or until they agree to comply with the temporary restraining order.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Paul Miller, 84, who built Gannett Co. into the largest newspaper group in the U.S, dies of unreported causes in West Palm Beach, Florida. . . . The IAAF, the governing body of world track and field, announces world championships will be held every two years instead of every four.

According to a National Cancer Institute study, lung cancer has overtaken heart disease as the leading mortality risk for cigarette smokers in the U.S.

After weeks of negotiations and vetoed legislation, Connecticut governor Lowell Weicker signs the budget that institutes an income tax. Adoption of the bill ends a tortuous stalemate that left the state without a budget 53 days past the July 1 beginning of its fiscal year.

The FBI announces that it has disciplined two field agents and six supervisors for their involvement in the harassment of a black agent, Donald Rochon. . . . Harlan Hobart Grooms, 90, U.S. federal judge who, in 1955 and 1963, ordered the University of Alabama to admit black students, dies in Birmingham, Alabama.

The Justice Department hands down indictments against six former officials of BCCI, the scandalplagued international bank, charging that they are involved in drug-money laundering.

In the midst of weeks of antiabortion blockades, prochoice supporters hold a rally in downtown Wichita. Police estimate attendance at 5,000. . . . The Washington Post reports the Department of Health and Human Services projects that by the year 2000, U.S. health costs will climb to 16.4% of the gross national product, from 12.3% in 1990.

Colleen Dewhurst, 67, theater, film, and television actress who won a Tony and three Emmys and served as president of the U.S. Actors’ Equity Association, 1985–91, dies of cancer in South Salem, New York.

Florence B. Seibert, 93, U.S. physician who developed the first reliable and widely used test for tuberculosis, adopted by the World Health Organization in 1952, dies in St. Petersburg, Florida.

Disgraced television evangelist Jim Bakker wins a reduction in his 45-year prison sentence for fraud to 18 years.

According to a highly publicized study in Lancet, a British journal, moderate drinking reduces the chance of heart disease.

Opponents of abortion cap a summer-long blockade of two Wichita, Kansas, abortion clinics by staging a rally that draws an estimated crowd of 25,000.

Aug. 21

Aug. 22

Aug. 23

Aug. 24

At the Emmy Awards, L.A. Law wins as Best Drama Series, while Cheers takes the top prize as best comedy series. . . . Runner Carl Lewis breaks the two-month-old world record in the 100 meters with a clocking of 9.86 seconds at the world championships in the fastest 100-meter race in history.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 25

234—August 26–31, 1991

Aug. 26

Aug. 27

Aug. 28

Aug. 29

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

Iceland, which was the first Western nation to recognize Lithuania in February, now officially recognizes Estonia and Latvia. Canada announces its diplomatic recognition of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

Uzbekistan president Islam Karimov, a Communist, directs the republic’s parliament to draft a declaration of independence. Uzbekistan proclaims its control of all national military, KGB, and police facilities on its soil. . . . Russian president Yeltsin triggers a dispute between Russia and two republics, the Ukraine and Kazakhstan, over the issue of borders. . . . Ali Vakili Rad, one of three men believed to have stabbed exiled Iranian prime minister Shahpour Bakhtiar Aug. 6, is formally charged with murder in Paris.

The EC recognizes Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia and calls for the EC nations to establish diplomatic relations with the Baltic states. It also proposes a study on the issue of increased aid to the Soviet Union. . . . A Danish diplomat, Otto Borch, visits the Latvian capital, Riga, and becomes the first foreign envoy to be accredited in the Baltics in over 50 years. . . . Australia recognizes Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

Croatian president Tudjman holds an unprecedented meeting with Yugoslavia’s two top military leaders that results in a new a ceasefire. . . . The parliament of Moldavia passes a declaration of independence and is immediately recognized by its neighbor, Romania. . . . As a total of eight of the 15 republics have declared independence, Soviet president Gorbachev threatens to resign if the republics do not halt their stampede for independence.

In Togo, a national conference on democracy elects Joseph Kokou Koffigoh, a lawyer and a humanrights leader, as premier of an interim government.

Reports confirm the World Bank has created a $30 million technical assistance fund to help develop key industries and implement “market-oriented policies” in the Soviet Union.

A cease-fire negotiated Aug. 27 falls through almost immediately, as fighting breaks out again throughout Croatia. . . . The Russian prosecutor’s office formally charges 13 former officials with high treason for their real or purported involvements in the failed coup.

Pres. Hrawi signs a decree of general amnesty for all Lebanese who committed war crimes during the country’s 15-year civil war. . . . . Kuwaiti officials state that Kuwaiti forces destroyed several Iraqi boats and captured about 50 Iraqis who were attempting to recover Iraqi arms from the uninhabited island of Bubiyan. . . . Pres. Gnassingbe Eyadema accepts Premier Koffigoh’s Aug. 27 appointment, thereby ending an autocratic rule in Togo begun in 1967, one of Africa’s longest.

After several rounds of consultations among Afghan rebels and representatives of Iran and Pakistan (the rebels’ principal backers) and the Soviet Union, Afghan rebel leaders state they back UN proposals for a cease-fire and are ready to begin talks to end Afghanistan’s 12-year-old civil war.

The Supreme Soviet votes to suspend all activities of the Communist Party. The move, coupled with a series of curbs imposed earlier, effectively ends the reign of the Communists, in control since 1917. . . . Serbian guerrillas launch attacks on Croatian forces in Dalmatia. Reports indicate Serbian guerrillas seized the Benicanci oil field in Croatia. EC observers find the Yugoslav army is on the offensive against Croatian forces, contrary to its contention that is operating in self-defense.

Gen. Michel Aoun, the renegade Christian military leader who led a two-year mutiny against the Syrianbacked government of Lebanon, leaves for exile in France after being spirited out of Lebanon by French authorities.

Reports show thousands of women whose sons are conscripts in the Yugoslav federal army demanded their sons’ release from service. . . . Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the city of Tiraspol, in the breakaway republic of Moldavia, threaten to cut off power and gasoline to the rest of the republic after their leader is arrested on suspicion of backing the Apr. 19 coup. . . . The parliament of Azerbaijan passes an independence declaration.

Aug. 30

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Four factions warring for control of Cambodia tentatively agree to reduce the size of their armies and pledge to place the remainder of their armies in temporary quarters under UN supervision and to surrender their arms. . . . The U.S. and the Philippines sign a 10-year treaty extending U.S. use of the Subic Bay Naval Station in exchange for $363 million in aid in the first year of the agreement and $203 million in the following nine years.

In Mexico, the victorious gubernatorial candidate for the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in the state of Guanajuato, Ramón Aguirre, causes surprise when he states he will not take up the governorship. He claims to step down to preserve stability in Guanajuato in the wake of allegations that the elections were fraudulent.

In Mexico, the Guanajuato state legislature nominates Carlos Medina, a member of the conservative National Action Party (PAN) to serve as interim governor after the Aug. 29 announcement. They suggest new elections will be held. As many as 100 PRI militants occupy the Guanajuato legislature for three days to protest the new election.

Yugoslav fighter planes force two civilian jets to land at the airport in Zagreb and claim to find 19 tons of ammunition and weapons aboard. . . . Kirghizia and Uzbekistan pass independence declarations. . . . In Oxford and in Cardiff, Great Britain, youths clash with police for four days during a crackdown on a current fad in which youths race in stolen cars. . . . After months of economic problems, Poland’s parliament fires Grzegorz Wojtowicz as chairman of the central bank.

Aug. 31

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 26–31, 1991—235

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The first of a series of studies finds that inadequacies in the nation’s hospital emergency rooms causes long waits for treatment and prompts some patients to leave before receiving care.

Of recent events in the Soviet Union, Pres. Bush proclaims, “It clearly is the death knell for the communist movement around the world.”. . . Under pressure from many European leaders calling for increased aid to the Soviet Union, Pres. Bush announces that he will approve early release of $315 million in loan guarantees for Soviet purchases of grain from U.S. farmers.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Aug. 26

The College Board releases the 1991 results of the SATs. The verbal scores have reached an all-time low, while the slight decline in math scores is the first since 1980. . . . An American Bar Association panel announces it has given Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas a rating of “qualified” to sit on the high court in a split decision. No justice has been confirmed at least since 1969 who did not receive a unanimous ABA rating of “qualified” or better.

Reports show that scientists in Europe and the U.S. have genetically modified sheep, goats, and cows to produce milk containing valuable medicines.

A codefendant in the drug-trafficking case against Manuel Noriega, Ricardo Bilonick, reaches pleabargain arrangements in which he pleads guilty to one count of racketeering conspiracy in exchange for a maximum 10-year prison sentence.

The National Association of Counties reports that 40% of the 443 U.S. counties with populations of more than 100,000 have budget deficits. . . . Reports indicate that more than 300 environmental groups are forming a nationwide Green Party.

Aug. 27

Five people are killed and more than 200 injured when a subway train derails and crashes into a steel support column just north of the Union Square station in Manhattan. Service on parts of the Lexington Ave. line is shut down for five days. The accident is the worst subway disaster in New York City since a 1928 derailment in which 16 people had been killed.

Aug. 28

Pole vaulter Sergei Bubka and 110meter hurdler Greg Foster become the first competitors to win titles at three world championships.

As many as 200 FBI agents and prison guards storm the Talladega Federal Correctional Institution in Alabama, where 121 Cuban inmates took 11 hostages Aug. 21. FBI agents regain control of the prison and free the hostages. . . . All of Operation Rescue’s leaders leave Wichita, in response to an order by District Judge Kelly, who released imprisoned members on the condition that they depart or face further charges. After the FBI raid Aug. 30 in Alabama, 31 Cubans are deported to Havana.

The Commerce Department announces that the government’s index of leading economic indicators rose 1.2% in July, the largest monthly increase in three years.

Publisher’s Weekly lists The Sum of All Fears, by Tom Clancy, as the top bestseller. . . . Long jumper Mike Powell leaps 8.95 meters to break the world record set by Bob Beamon in the 1968 Olympic Games.

Major Gen. Leigh Wade, 93, U.S. pilot who took part in the first roundthe-world flight in 1924, dies in Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Aug. 29

Aug. 30

Aug. 31

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

236—September 1–5, 1991

World Affairs

Sept. 1

Sept. 2

The U.S. announces that it recognizes Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Sporadic clashes at the Zagreb airport between the army and Croatian police are reported. . . . Reports suggest that Moldavia’s Turkicspeaking Gagauz minority has declared independence from the republic. . . . Hundreds of Russian and Ukrainian women stop train traffic in Tiraspol to protest against Moldavian independence. . . . The new chief rabbi of Britain, Jonathan Sacks, is installed as the spiritual head of the nation’s estimated 330,000 Jews.

The Lebanese and Syrian cabinets agree on a security pact.

The Yugoslav federal presidency approves an EC peace plan. By that afternoon, however, Serbian bombardments of Vukovar and Osijek resume, and a new Serbian offensive is reported near Petrinja in south-central Croatia. . . . Reports show that France has become the second EC country to make sexual harassment in the work place a criminal offense, joining Spain. . . . After a blackout, riots erupt in the Handsworth district of Birmingham, U.K., and 23 people are arrested. . . . Georgian security forces injure 20 people while breaking up an antiGamsakhurdia demonstration.

ANC president Mandela meets with three right-wing white hunger-striking prisoners arrested in 1990 on bombing charges. This visit is an effort to convince them to end their fast so they can stand trial. One of the three, Henry Martin, has gone 56 days without food, thereby conducting what is reported to be the longest hunger strike in South African history.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Alfonso García Robles, 80, veteran Mexican diplomat who shared the 1982 Nobel Peace Prize (with Alva Myrdal of Sweden) for his efforts to promote a ban on nuclear weapons in Latin America and coauthor of the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, dies of kidney failure in Mexico City.

British prime minister Major pays the first visit to China by a Western leader since the 1989 crackdown on the prodemocracy movement.

The Australian state of New South Wales bans semiautomatic weapons. . . . Reports suggest that shipments of food and fuel to Afghanistan from the Soviet Union, its principal economic supporter, have virtually ceased in the wake of the failed Soviet coup. . . . Reports show that New Zealand banned the import of semiautomatic weapons and pump-action shotguns.

Sept. 3

Serbian forces effectively block the main highway linking Slavonia with Zagreb, the Croatian capital. The renewed violence since Aug. 28 has claimed at least 100 lives, and Serbian guerrillas are in control of more than 20% of Croatia. Two Moslems are killed in clashes with ethnic Serbs near the town of Bratunac in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Sept. 4

Sept. 5

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile sign a declaration renouncing chemical weapons.

Kuwait and the U.S. initial a 10-year security pact that will allow U.S. armed forces to stockpile equipment and conduct military exercises in Kuwait. . . . South African president de Klerk outlines his government’s proposals for a new constitution that will provide suffrage to the country’s black majority for the first time in modern history.

The Congress of People’s Deputies, the overall Soviet parliament, approves an immediate and sweeping transfer of power to the republics from the central regime. The vote is a victory for Pres. Gorbachev, who proposed the plan.. . . . Serbian and federal army forces step up their attacks on Croatian forces in the cities of Osijek and Vukovar. Reports indicate that Croatia and the neutral republics of BosniaHerzegovina and Macedonia have joined Slovenia in refusing to send new conscripts to the federal army.

Two former Peruvian central bank officials are charged with accepting bribes from the BCCI, an international financial institution, in the middle of a scandal.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 1–5, 1991—237

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

An estimated 1,000 activists march outside Pres. Bush’s vacation home in Kennebunkport, Maine, to protest his policies on AIDS.

The world championships close with athletes from the Soviet Union winning the most medals, 28, including nine golds. The U.S. comes in second with 26, and wins the most golds. The team from united Germany, competing in its first outdoor world championship, ranks third with 17 medals.

Six leaders of the El Rukn street gang are convicted in Chicago on a variety of charges, including murder conspiracy and narcotics conspiracy.

Laura Riding Jackson (born Laura Reichenthal), 90, American poet and literary critic, dies of cardiac arrest in Sebastian, Florida.

In Texas, Wanda Webb Holloway is convicted of attempting to hire a man to kill the mother of one of her daughter’s rivals for the junior high school cheerleading squad. . . . The motorman who was operating the train that derailed Aug. 28, Robert Ray, 38, is indicted on five counts of second-degree murder. Ray’s blood alcohol was .21%, twice the legal limit 13 hours after the accident, and he previously admitted that he was falling asleep at the controls.

The Canadian government notifies the U.S. government that it plans to lift a 15% tax on softwood lumber exports to the U.S., in place since 1986. The announcement draws protests from U.S. lumber industry and trade officials.

Eight alumni members of the secret Skull and Bones society at Yale, including conservative writer William Buckley, obtain a temporary restraining order barring the society from inducting new members in order to keep women from joining. . . . Wanda Webb Holloway is sentenced to serve 15 years in prison and pay a $10,000 fine for attempting to hire a man to kill the mother of one of her daughter’s rivals for the junior high school cheerleading squad.

A U.S. grand jury indicts two military contractors on charges of selling to Iran U.S.-made navigational equipment for use in fighter jets. . . . Secretary of State Baker, in the first public statement of U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union since the failed coup, states the U.S. will support only political changes that come “through orderly democratic processes.”

Former Panamanian military strongman Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega goes on trial in U.S. District Court in Miami on charges that he helped Colombian drug traffickers transport drugs and launder money. By the time the trial opens, seven of his 15 codefendants have reached plea bargains.

The National Association of Purchasing Management reports that the Purchasing Managers’ Index in August climbed to 54.8%, from 51.8% in July, a sign that the manufacturing economy is expanding.

In a fire at a chicken-processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina, 25 people are killed and 55 others injured.

Frank Capra, 94, movie director of several films, such as It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), and the first director to receive three Academy Awards, dies in La Quinta, California. . . . The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America assembly votes to adopt a moderate policy statement on abortion.

Major League Baseball unequivocally recognizes Roger Maris’s 61 home runs in 1961 as the all-time, single-season record. . . . Charlie Barnet, 77, jazz saxophonist, dies in San Diego, California. . . . Dottie West, 58, the first country female vocalist to receive a Grammy, dies in Nashville, Tennessee.

The Department of Energy announces plans to spend up to $38 billion over five years to clean up contaminants and radioactive waste at nuclear-weapons production plants in 13 states.

The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a test has been developed to tell whether contractions during pregnancy are the beginning of preterm labor or merely false alarms.

Sept. 1

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Sept. 5

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

238—September 6–11, 1991

Sept. 6

Sept. 7

Sept. 8

Sept. 9

Sept. 10

Sept. 11

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The State Council, in one of its first acts, declares Soviet support for the membership of the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia) in the UN and in the CSCE. Japan recognizes the Baltics after the State Council decision.

In its first official action, the State Council, the new Soviet provisional executive body, issues separate proclamations of independence for each of the Baltic states— Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania— which were annexed by the USSR in 1940. . . . The Russian city of Leningrad adopts its former name, St. Petersburg, after approval by the Russian legislature.

The presidents of Croatia and Serbia, the Yugoslav federal president and the foreign ministers of the 12 EC nations attend the opening round of talks in The Hague, the Netherlands. . . . China extends recognition to Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

Lithuania promises to open all archives in the republic related to the mass murder of Jews in Lithuania during World War II. . . . Hundreds of Serbs demonstrate outside the German embassy in Belgrade to protest against Germany’s support for Croatia.

Iraq provokes renewed censure from the U.S. and its allies when it announces it will not allow UN arms experts to fly their helicopters in Iraqi airspace.

Citizens of Macedonia, in a referendum, vote by a significant majority to declare independence from Yugoslavia. . . . Fierce fighting is reported in the towns of Kostajnica, Okucani, and Pakrac in central Croatia. . . . Azerbaijan holds its first direct presidential election, and Ayaz Mutalibov easily wins since the opposition declined to participate in the election, calling it a “sham.”

In South Africa, three or four gunmen ambush a crowd of 300 Inkatha supporters in the Johannesburg township of Thokoza. Police do not know who is responsible for the attack, which leaves 18 people dead. The incident sparks Inkatha rampages in nearby townships, and by nightfall the death toll rises to at least 42.

The Baltic states begin discussions on trade and aid with the EC. . . . Estonia becomes the first Baltic state to apply for membership in the International Monetary Fund.

About 350 youths go on a rampage in North Shields in northeast England. Eight people are arrested. . . . Reports indicate that one man was seriously injured when a bomb exploded in a cafe in Belgrade. . . . The parliament of the republic of Tadzhikistan declares independence. . . . Seven Greek newspaper editors are sentenced to jail terms for publishing proclamations issued by a terrorist group. Publication of such decrees are banned under a 1990 antiterrorism law.

The South African government declares the Johannesburg townships of Thokoza, Katlehong, Vosloorus, and Tembisa “unrest areas,” and heightens security. However, more killings are reported, and, in the township of Soweto, 17 commuters are injured when they jump off a moving train in panic over a rumor that an Inkatha gang is aboard. Separately, three members of the Order of the Boer Nation, a white supremacist movement, end an eight-week hunger strike.

Foreign ministers from the CSCE open a human-rights meeting in Moscow. . . . UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar meets with Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.

Serbian police use tear-gas water cannons to disperse 15,000 ethnic Albanian demonstrators in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo. . . . Jan Josef Lipski, 65, anticommunist dissident and human-rights advocate who was elected to Poland’s Senate in 1989, dies of heart disease in Cracow, Poland.

After a month of UN-mediated negotiations, Israel releases 51 Lebanese and Palestinian guerrillas from prison and returns the remains of nine others, in return for information to confirm the deaths of two Israeli soldiers missing since 1986. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev announces that his country will begin negotiations with Cuba over a withdrawal of Soviet military forces. . . . Reports show that Latvia and Estonia applied for membership in the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Croatia shuts down a pipeline that carries crude-oil imports through Croatia to Serbia from unloading points on the Adriatic Sea.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A special assembly of regional and community leaders in Suriname elect Ronald Venetiaan, a candidate from the New Front for Democracy coalition, as president after May national elections failed to yield a single party who won the two-thirds parliamentary majority necessary to appoint a president. . . . Statistics Canada reports that Canada’s unemployment rate rose to 10.6% in August, the highest since April 1985.

Canadian government workers begin their first-ever nationwide strike.

Luo Hai Sing, a Hong Kong businessman, is released from prison after he was sentenced in March to five years in jail for allegedly helping two dissidents flee China after the 1989 crackdown on the prodemocracy movement. . . . In the Philippines, the Senate foreign relations committee—which includes every senator—votes against an accord to extend the U.S. lease on the Subic Bay Naval Station.

After a summer of securities scandals, Japan’s finance ministry approves draft revisions to securities laws. . . . About 2,500 people demonstrate in Melbourne against unemployment. . . . In response to the Sept. 9 vote, Philippine president Corazon Aquino launches a protreaty march in Manila that attracts between 100,000 and 200,000 people.

In separate attacks on a bus and nearby railway platform, 10 people die in Thokoza, South Africa.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 6–11, 1991—239

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Boston Globe reports that the Massachusetts-based Lotus Development Corp. became the first major corporation in the U.S. to offer the same health and other benefits to homosexual partners of its employees as it does to spouses. . . . U.S. district judge Robert F. Collins, convicted in June of accepting a bribe from a drug dealer, is sentenced in New Orleans to serve six years and 10 months in prison.

Unisys Corp. pleads guilty to criminal misconduct related to the Pentagon procurement scandal. In a plea-bargain arrangement with the Justice Department, the company agrees to pay a record $190 million in fines, penalties, and forfeitures. . . . Clair E. George, a former director of operations at the CIA, is indicted on 10 felony counts of lying about the Iran-contra arms scandal to congressional inquiries and a grand jury.

Belinda Mason, 33, the only member of Pres. Bush’s National Commission on AIDS infected with the disease, dies of AIDS-related pneumonia in Nashville, Tennessee. . . . Two of the three Milwaukee police officers who returned a naked, bleeding teenage boy to Jeffrey Dahmer, are dismissed. The third is put on probation. . . . According to a study by the Feminist Majority Foundation and the American Medical Women’s Association, the pay and status of women in the medical profession is disproportionately low.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 6

Edwin Mattison McMillan, 83, nuclear physicist and cowinner of the 1951 Nobel Prize for chemistry for the discovery of the elements neptunium and plutonium, dies of complications from a stroke and diabetes at his home in El Cerrito, Calif. . . . John H. Lawrence, 87, pioneer in the field of nuclear medicine and one of the first scientists to warn of the danger of radiation and to use it in diagnosing and treating cancer and other diseases, dies in Berkeley, Calif., of complications from a stroke.

Monica Seles of Yugoslavia wins the U.S. Open title.

A fire destroys the roof of the Manhattan terminal of NYC’s Staten Island ferry, injuring 14 people.

Brad Davis, 41, actor in Chariots of Fire (1981), dies of AIDS in Los Angeles. . . . Alex North, 81 composer who won the 1986 Academy Award for lifetime achievement, dies of cancer in Los Angeles. . . . Stefan Edberg wins his first U.S. Open title. Natalya Zvereva and Pam Shriver win the women’s doubles title.

The EPA announces two timber companies—Louisiana-Pacific Corp. and Simpson Paper Co.— have agreed to pay $5.8 million in fines for dumping untreated waste from paper mills into the Pacific Ocean near Eureka, California. The companies have also agreed to spend $50 million to reduce toxic emissions from their mills.

Former world heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson is indicted on charges related to the alleged rape of a woman in Indianapolis. . . . The African-American Catholic Congregation, a splinter group of the Roman Catholic Church, ordains a woman, Rev. Rose Vernell, as a priest.

Reports show that regulations restricting the practices of HIVinfected doctors will encourage them to hide their condition or avoid testing. . . . The Department of Health and Human Services issues controversial new regulations that curtail methods used by states to increase their federal Medicaid matching funds. . . . The Senate Judiciary Committee opens hearings on the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. Rep. William Gray (D, Pa.) formally resigns his congressional seat.

Sept. 7

Sept. 8

Sept. 9

Sept. 10

Pres. Bush meets with envoys of the three Baltic states at the White House. He announces a modest program of U.S. assistance to the region, including the unfreezing of $60 million in Baltic assets seized for safeguarding by the U.S. in 1940, U.S. support for Baltic UN membership, and the sending of Peace Corps contingents to the region.

The Treasury announces new rules for its auctions of government securities in an effort to bar further abuses in bond trading like those acknowledged by Salomon Brothers Inc. in a recent scandal. . . . The EPA for the first time sets specific federal regulations for municipal garbage landfills. . . . The FAA orders the replacement of control valves and alterations of the connected electrical systems in the engines in almost half of 757 aircraft in operation.

Sept. 11

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

240—September 12–16, 1991

Sept. 12

Sept. 13

Sept. 14

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

As part of the hostage exchanges started Sept. 11, the body of a missing Israeli soldier, Sergeant Samir Assad, is returned to Israel. Assad, taken prisoner by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine in 1983, reportedly had been killed in an Israeli air raid in June 1984. In return for the recovery of Assad’s body, Israel agrees to repatriate Ali Abdalla Muhammed Hallal, a West Bank Palestinian activist who was deported by Israel in January 1986.

Reports state the Yugoslav federal army forces in Croatia fighting are ignoring orders from federal president Mesic to withdraw to their barracks. Serb rebels in Croatia, backed by the federal military, seize a key highway bridge near the port city of Zadar. . . . Two Croatian members of the federal cabinet, Finance Minister Branko Zekan and Development Minister Bozo Marendic, resign in response to urging by the Croatian government.

A Swedish soldier in the United Nations Lebanese peacekeeping force (UNIFIL) is killed and five other UNIFIL soldiers are wounded during a shoot-out between Palestinian guerrillas and the Israelibacked South Lebanon Army militia in Naqoura, Lebanon. The shoot-out is the first major incident involving UNIFIL troops since December 1988. . . . After more than a year of negotiations, the U.S. and the Soviet Union agree to discontinue their military aid to government and rebel forces in Afghanistan.

The central Croatian town of Kostajnica, near the border with Bosnia-Herzegovina, falls to Serb insurgents after five days of fierce fighting. The Croatian government admits that federal and pro-Serbian forces hold one-third of Croatia. . . . U.S. secretary of state Baker pays an unprecedented visit to the Moscow headquarters of the KGB and meets with the new KGB chief, Vadim V. Bakatin.

Reports confirm that UN weapons inspectors estimate that Iraq would have been capable of building two or three atomic weapons a year by the mid-1990s, if its nuclear production facilities had not been destroyed during the Persian Gulf war.

Croatia cuts off electricity, water, and food to the federal army bases in Croatia. Croatia also captures Major Gen. Milan Aksentijevic, the deputy commander of federal forces in the Zagreb area. . . . Reports state that a man in France was sentenced by a court in Douai to eight years in prison for torturing and raping his wife. It is one of the first cases of its kind since France’s courts in 1990 overturned laws that held that rape cannot occur in marriage.

The South African government, the ANC, and the Inkatha Freedom Party sign a comprehensive plan aimed at ending factional violence in the impoverished black townships that, since Sept. 8, has left at least 125 people dead. . . . Six U.S. Navy servicemen are killed when their helicopter crashes and sinks in the Persian Gulf 40 miles north of Bahrain.

An estimated 50,000 Ukrainians demonstrate for complete independence in Kiev, the republic’s capital. . . . British author Salman Rushdie, who was sentenced to death by Iranian religious leaders for allegedly blaspheming Islam in his 1989 novel The Satanic Verses, emerges from hiding to accept an award in London for his latest novel, Haroun and the Sea of Stories. . . . In retaliation for the Sept. 14 actions by Croatia, federal air force and navy units strafe and shell the port city of Ploce.

Reports indicate that the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) defrauded Nigeria of up to $200 million between 1985 and 1987.

In Suriname, Ronald Venetiaan takes office as president.

Political parties that favor expanded democracy for Hong Kong win 16 of the 18 seats contested in the colony’s first direct elections in 150 years of British rule.

Serb insurgents seize five oilpumping stations near Zagreb, forcing the Croatian government to concede it can no longer guarantee oil supplies in the republic federal. Air force jets destroy a television transmitter on the outskirts of Zagreb. . . . Swedish premier Ingvar Carlsson resigns after his Social Democratic Labor Party suffers its worst electoral defeat in 60 years. . . . At least 10,000 protesters rally against Georgian president Gamsakhurdia in Tbilisi. Two opposition leaders are arrested on Gamsakhurdia’s orders.

In the midst of tensions over loan guarantees to provide for its influx of Soviet Jewish emigres to Israel, protesters pelt U.S. secretary of state Baker’s motorcade with tomatoes as it enters Jerusalem for talks. . . . The Lebanese parliament ratifies a security pact with Syria, in spite of widespread objections from many Lebanese leaders.

Reports show that Mexican health officials have confirmed nine deaths and 696 cases of cholera.

The Philippine Senate rejects a treaty to extend the U.S. lease on the Subic Bay Naval Station. . . . In Afghanistan, rebel leaders reject an offer from Pres. Najibullah to initiate a cease-fire and negotiations.

Sept. 15

Sept. 16

Lucas Mangope, the president of the nominally independent tribal homeland of Bophuthatswana, releases 19 prisoners involved in an abortive coup against him in 1988.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Canada, Toronto Transit Commission workers go on strike.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 12–16, 1991—241

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Senate votes to nullify Bush administration regulations that bar doctors in clinics from receiving federal funds for informing patients about, or providing referrals for, abortions. . . . Public Citizen reports that House members received almost 4,000 free trips, not including political or charitable trips, in 1989–90.

U.S. officials admit that scores of Iraqi soldiers entrenched along the Iraq-Saudi Arabian border were buried alive by U.S. forces Feb. 24. The operation provokes a public outcry, although U.S. military officials state the action does not violate the Geneva Convention. . . . A U.S. District Court judge sentences Virgilio Paz Romero to 12 years in prison for his part in the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier.

Massachusetts governor William F. Weld (R) places the city of Chelsea in receivership.

The space shuttle Discovery takes off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, to deploy a satellite to study the Earth’s ozone layer. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine finds that women who take the female hormone estrogen after menopause can cut their risk of heart disease by about 40%. . . . A study shows that hospital treatment for employees with alcohol problems is more curative than outpatient programs.

Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart is found guilty of defaming a fellow television evangelist, Marvin Gorman, and is ordered to pay a total of $10 million to Gorman and his ministries.

The government returns the last of three University of Virginia fraternity houses seized by federal officials in a drug raid in March. . . . Five suspects are arrested in connection with the killings of nine Buddhists at a temple near Phoenix, Arizona, in August.

The Federal Reserve Board votes to cut its basic interest rate for loans to member institutions to 5% from 5.5%, which brings the socalled discount rate down to its lowest level since 1973.

Robert Augustine Irving, 78, musical director of the New York City Ballet, 1958–89, dies of a heart attack in Winchester, England.

A man wielding a hammer damages the toe of the statue of David by Michelangelo in Italy. The damage to the 487-year-old statue is said to be repairable as it was disfigured in a similar attack in 1972.

The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence opens hearings on the confirmation of Robert Gates as director of central intelligence.

All charges against Oliver North, previously convicted in the Iran-contra scandal, are dropped. . . . Pres. Bush meets with Angolan president dos Santos at the White House. It is the first meeting ever between leaders of the two countries. . . . U.S. officials state that the Sept. 14 helicopter crash in the Middle East raises the total number of noncombat deaths among U.S. military personnel since the end of the Persian Gulf war to 71.

Harvard University scientists suggest that dyslexia may not be a language disorder but a defect in the brain that involves vision. . . . The Discovery releases the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), marking the beginning of NASA’s “Mission to Planet Earth,” a program for studying changes in the global environment. Discovery also changes course to avoid flying too close to part of a discarded rocket. It is the first time any spacecraft has been forced to maneuver out of the way of orbiting debris.

Forrest (Smoky) Burgess, 64, baseball player who, until 1979, held the career record for most pinch hits, dies of unreported causes in Asheville, North Carolina. . . . Golfer Nancy Scranton wins the du Maurier Classic, to earn the LPGA’s major tournament title and her first tour victory.

Pres. Bush announces the creation of Presidential Faculty Fellows, a group of special grants for promising young scientists. . . . Reports suggest that a scientist at the University of Southern California has found a cause of chronic fatigue syndrome in a retrovirus inhabiting the spinal fluid. The agent is a spumavirus, also known as a foamy virus.

Mark Wellman, 31, a paraplegic park ranger, reaches the top of 2,200-foot Half Dome mountain in Yosemite National Park, after 12 days of rock climbing.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 12

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Sept. 14

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Sept. 16

242—September 17–22, 1991

Sept. 17

Sept. 18

Sept. 19

World Affairs

Europe

The 46th UN General Assembly opens, and the delegates formally vote to admit seven countries: North Korea, South Korea, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and the three newly independent Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Saudi Arabia’s UN representative, Samir Shihabi, wins a surprise first-ballot election to the one-year post of General Assembly president. No Saudi has ever before served in a major UN post.

The latest peace accord is signed by Pres. Tudjman of Croatia, Pres. Milosevic of Serbia, and the Yugoslav defense minister, Col. Gen. Kadijevic. It is scheduled to go into effect Sept. 18. . . . Ethnic Serbian snipers fire shots near the presidential palace in Zagreb. The Yugoslav navy begins a blockade of seven Croatian port cities on the Adriatic southern coast.

U.S. president Bush authorizes U.S. Air Force warplanes to escort UN weapons inspectors in Iraqi territory.

Macedonia’s parliament votes for independence from Yugoslavia. . . . The Sept. 17 peace treaty is largely ignored as Yugoslav navy gunboats shell a Croatian coastal city, Croatian forces capture an army base and fighting rages in the suburbs of Zagreb. . . . In Greece, two explosions damage government offices. Two groups claim responsibility for the blasts as protests continue against the antiterrorism law and plans to sell off state-owned industries.

The UN Security Council gives final approval to a resolution permitting Iraq to sell $1.6 billion worth of oil to raise money for food and medicine. . . . Argentine president Carlos Saúl Menem announces Argentina’s plans to withdraw from the Nonaligned Movement, a group founded in 1961 that links countries that do not adhere to either the Eastern or Western cold war political and military blocs.

Sept. 20

Sept. 21

Sept. 22

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

After more meetings, the U.S. and Israel remain deadlocked over $10 billion worth of housing-loan guarantees sought by Israel.

Public Service Alliance of Canada workers end their strike.

Kuwaiti defense minister Ali alSalim al-Sabah and U.S. defense secretary Cheney sign a 10-year security pact that allows the U.S. armed forces to stockpile equipment and conduct military exercises in Kuwait.

The Yugoslav federal military launches a massive armored offensive into the republic of Croatia, destroying the EC-mediated Sept. 17 truce. Croatia puts forth an offer to halt the fighting. . . . Seven newspaper editors jailed for publishing terrorist decrees are released from prison after press unions agree to pay fines that the journalists themselves refuse to pay.

The Finance Committee of the Israeli parliament approves $6.5 million in supplementary funding for settlement activities in the occupied territories, as Israel continues to defy U.S. opposition to its settlement policies.

Acting President Kadreddin Aslonov, outlaws the Communist Party in Tadzhikistan and orders a confiscation of all party property.

Reports suggest that nine members of Iran’s only legal domestic opposition party were convicted and sentenced to prison as “enemies of the Islamic revolution” for signing a letter critical of the Iranian government.

The Yugoslav federal defense minister accepts the Sept. 20 Croatian offer to halt the fighting. Federal gunboats ease their blockade, but fighting continues in the Slavonia region and in northeastern Croatia. . . . In Georgia, opposition forces seize the government broadcasting center with the aid of hundreds of members of the Georgian National Guard who deserted the Gamsakhurdia regime. . . . In a referendum, Armenians vote for independence.

Iran, which opposes any U.S. military role in the Persian Gulf region, lodges a formal protest against the Sept. 19 pact with the Kuwaiti embassy in Iran.

Reports indicate some of the Soviet food and fuel shipments to Afghanistan that lapsed in August have resumed. . . . Separately, reports indicate that clashes between Afghan rebel and government forces have escalated near Kabul. . . . . The government of Premier Kaifu formally proposes to Japan’s Diet a bill that will allow up to 2,000 military personnel to be dispatched abroad to participate in UN peace-keeping missions.

In Canada, striking workers from the Toronto Transit Commission return to their jobs, ending an eight-day walkout that crippled public transit in the city.

Reports suggest that Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney’s popularity rating has fallen to 9%, the lowest figure ever posted by a prime minister.

The Anglican Diocese of the state of Western Australia becomes the first Australian diocese to approve the ordination of women as priests.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 17–22, 1991—243

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Air Force Secretary Donald B. Rice announces a sweeping reorganization that will, among other things, eliminate the Strategic Air Command.

The Senate approves a $14.4 billion fiscal 1992 transportation appropriations bill. . . . The U.S. Federal Reserve Board announces that it is levying a civil fine of $37 million on Ghaith Pharaon, a Saudi businessman whom it accuses of acting as a U.S. front man for the BCCI, the bank in the midst of international scandal.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 17

The CDC issues draft guidelines proposing that hospitals routinely test their patients for AIDS. The guidelines are not be mandatory, and they call for testing only with the informed consent of a patient.

A GAO audit reveals that members of the House bounced thousands of checks written against accounts in the House Bank. . . . The U.S. places a ban on imports of fish caught with drift nets that inadvertently kill thousands of whales, dolphins, birds, and other marine life.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery lands safely at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Census Bureau data shows college-educated white men earn almost one-third more than black men with similar educational backgrounds. . . . The CDC reports 27.3% of high-school students surveyed “seriously thought” about committing suicide within the past year. The agency also finds the percentage of elderly Americans who killed themselves rose sharply between 1980 and 1986. . . . Julio Gonzalez, convicted of setting a fatal 1989 fire in the Bronx, is sentenced to the maximum term of 25 years to life.

The Senate passes a $12.7 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Department of the Interior and related agencies.

The New England Journal of Medicine argues that a simple treadmill examination can help predict whether a heart-disease patient will develop serious ailments. . . . Results from the June flight of the spacecraft Columbia show that the human body starts adapting to weightlessness almost immediately upon entering orbit.

The Census Bureau reports that the proportions of blacks between the ages of 35 and 44 years who completed four years of high school and college increased substantially between 1980 and 1990. . . . The Democratic National Committee meets in Los Angeles, California.

The International Olympic Committee, meeting in Berlin, admits the Baltic states of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania into the Olympic movement.

Sept. 19

The Mobil International Amateur Athletic Federation Grand Prix finals conclude the international track season. Soviet pole vaulter Sergei Bubka wins the men’s overall title, and high jumper Heike Henkel of Germany takes the women’s overall title.

In Sandy, Utah, a gunman shoots and kills a nurse and holds eight people hostage for 18 hours in a hospital. The man, Richard Worthington, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the father of eight children, planned to kill an obstetrician, Glade Curtis, who performed a tubal ligation on Worthington’s wife, Karen, in 1989.

A study finds that many chronic fatigue syndrome victims suffer from abnormalities of the immune system.

Five inmates are killed and eight injured in an uprising by 68 inmates of the maximum-security unit of the Montana State Prison in Deer Lodge, Montana. The four-hour siege ends when law enforcement officials drop tear-gas canisters in the building.

Sept. 18

The U.S. 1992 Olympic basketball team contains NBA players for the first time.

In a controversial move, the Huntington Library, an independent research library, begins to allow public access to its set of photographs of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israeli government issues a protest.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 20

Sept. 21

Sept. 22

244—September 23–26, 1991

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

Sept. 25

Sept. 26

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The UN General Assembly’s period of general debate opens with speeches by world leaders and foreign ministers. U.S. president Bush, addressing the opening, sparks controversy when he calls upon the assembly to repeal its 1975 resolution that equates Zionism with racism. . . . A 44-member UN team is detained for 12 hours after finding incriminating documents in a Baghdad building. Iraqi troops set the team free only after the inspectors relinquish thousands of documents they took for examination.

Tadzhikistan’s primarily communist legislature declares a state of emergency and fires the acting president, prompting 10,000 people to protest. . . . Moving from its declaration of transitional independence, Armenia’s parliament votes for immediate independence. . . . Russian president Yeltsin mediates a peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan. However, renewed ethnic fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh claims six Armenian lives. . . . To boost revenues, Greece offers to sell 35 small islands to private buyers.

In Kinshasa, Zaire, 3,000 paratroopers gather to protest low wages. The demonstration soon turns violent, and hundreds of civilians join the soldiers in ransacking businesses and homes.

After continued negotiations led by the UN and Iran, a Shi’ite Muslim faction in Lebanon frees Jack Mann, a British retired airline pilot kidnapped in May 1989. . . . Iraqi troops detain the team of UN weapons inspectors as they did Sept. 23. The team, prepared for such action, uses a satellite phone to contact the UN, U.S. officials, and the press. They claim they found conclusive evidence of Iraqi plans to manufacture nuclear weapons and are being detained since they will not relinquish that evidence. In response, Iraqi officials allege the team seized personnel records to target Iraqi scientists for assassination by Israeli agents, and Deputy Premier Aziz accuses UN team leader David Kay of being a spy for the CIA.

Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the president of Soviet Georgia, declares a state of emergency in the southern republic. . . . In Romania, miners, once allies of the ruling National Salvation Front, begin a strike in the western Jiu Valley over wages.

As the looting in Zaire continues, Belgium—the country’s former colonial ruler—and France dispatch troops to protect foreign residents and evacuate those who wish to leave. The death toll reaches at least 30.

The government and representatives of El Salvador’s five main rebel groups sign a broad agreement on the country’s political and economic future, the result of UNmediated peace talks convened Sept. 17 by Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar. . . . In a letter delivered to the UN Security Council, Iraq offers to set the arms inspectors free if they will cooperate with Iraqi officials to prepare an inventory of the documents they intend to remove.

Four people are killed in a shoot-out between loyalist and rebel national guardsmen in Georgia’s capital, Tblisi. . . . More than 7,000 miners armed with ax handles, Molotov cocktails, and rocks travel to Bucharest and go on a rampage, which is joined by other antigovernment protestors. Riot police and soldiers, wielding stun grenades, tear gas and truncheons, fight two days of pitched battles. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev issues a decree creating a nine-member committee of presidential advisers called the Political Consultative Council. . . . Reports state that, in Hoyerswerda near the Polish border, persistent attacks and protests at apartment complexes housing foreign workers (largely Vietnamese and Mozambicans) have led to the evacuation of 230 foreigners to an army base. . . . Klaus Barbie, 77, German intelligence chief for the Nazi Gestapo known as the “Butcher of Lyon,” who escaped to South America with the aid of the U.S. Army’s counterintelligence unit that used him as a paid informer in postwar Europe, before being tracked down in Bolivia and convicted in France in 1987 of crimes against humanity, dies of cancer in a prison hospital in Lyon.

The UN Security Council agrees to the Iraqi conditions proposed Sept. 25, but warns Iraq that its agreement does not set a precedent for Iraqi interference in future weapons inspections. The council condemns Iraq for the detentions of the weapons team and reiterates its insistence on full Iraqi cooperation with future arms inspections.

Romanian premier Petre Roman and his entire cabinet resign amid rioting by thousands of angry coal miners in Bucharest. The resignation of the government, however, does not end the rioting, as the miners demand that Pres. Iliescu also step down.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Pao Yue-Kong (Sir Y. K. Pao), 72, Hong Kong shipping magnate reported to be among the world’s richest men, dies of respiratory failure in Hong Kong.

At a meeting of the Palestine National Council, the legislative body of the PLO, West Bank Palestinian leaders Hanan Ashrawi and Faisal al-Husseini address the delegates, openly defying an Israeli law that prohibits Palestinians from the occupied territories from making contact with the PLO. Israeli defense ministry officials states that the leaders will be arrested and prosecuted if they return to Israel.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 23–26, 1991—245

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The GAO reports that NASA’s system of testing spacecraft before launches is badly organized.

A Senate committee finds that prices for prescription drugs in the 1980s increased almost three times faster than inflation. . . . Reports emerge of a survey of scientists doing research for the tobacco industry, in which 91% of the respondents admitted smoking causes most lung cancer deaths, and 98% agreed smoking is addictive. . . . Ed Pastor (D) becomes the first Hispanic elected to Congress by Arizona. . . . Congress clears two versions of a bill to extend jobless benefits to people who were out of work for more than half a year. . . . The White House states that Pres. Bush rejected a new version of Senate civil-rights legislation.

Sept. 23

The FAA announces new rules that require the nation’s airlines to cut down on the noise put out by their fleets. The regulations are less stringent than an initial proposal issued in February.

Theodor Seuss Geisel, 87, children’s book author and illustrator known as Dr. Seuss, whose 48 whimsical books became classics and who won a special 1984 Pulitzer Prize and three Academy Awards, dies in his sleep in La Jolla, California.

Warner Books publishes Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind, written by Alexandra Ripley. Despite mostly negative reviews, the book immediately shoots to the top of The New York Times bestseller list.

According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, women are 17.5 times more likely to contract the AIDS virus through heterosexual sex than men. . . . The National Commission on AIDS releases a report that states progress has been made against AIDS “in virtually every arena” but criticizes Pres. Bush and other officials for a lack of leadership on the issue.

Iranian foreign minister Ali Akbar Velayati, speaking to reporters, denies that Iran conspired with officials of Ronald Reagan’s 1980 presidential election campaign to delay the release of U.S. hostages and harm the reelection bid of then-Pres. Jimmy Carter. Amid continued investigation of the claims, Velayati’s denial is the first substantive statement ever made by an Iranian official regarding the affair. . . . Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera, allegedly a top assassin for Colombia’s Medellin cocaine cartel, is arrested in Queens, New York.

The Census Bureau reports that states’ total revenue in fiscal 1990 was $625 billion, a 7% increase from fiscal 1989. The bureau also finds that fiscal 1990 expenditures totaled $572 billion, leaving a revenue surplus of $53.6 billion, the smallest since 1985. . . . The Federal Reserve Board announces that it is levying a civil fine of $20 million on Kemal Shoaib, an Arab businessman whom it accuses of acting as a U.S. front man for the BCCI.

The Census Bureau reports that the proportion of Americans not covered by health insurance increased in 1990 to 14.0%, from 13.6% in the previous year. . . . An accused multiple murderer and a convicted killer, Charles Chitat Ng and Joseph Kindlerin, are extradited to the U.S. The two had fled to Canada because of a 1976 agreement that allows Canada to refuse to extradite fugitives who could be subject to the death penalty.

The Senate passes $270 billion defense appropriations bill for fiscal 1992. . . . Reports indicate that Pres. Bush, hailing Jordan’s role in U.S.-led efforts to initiate Middle East peace talks, has unfrozen $21 million in military assistance to Jordan.

The Census Bureau data reveals that in inflation-adjusted terms, the median household income for all Americans fell to $29,943 in 1990, a 1.7% drop from the year before. The decrease is the first since 1982. The agency also finds that the number of Americans living below the poverty line increased sharply in 1990. . . . The House and Senate both clear a stopgap spending measure to fund the government’s operations past the October 1 start of the 1992 fiscal new year.

Reports suggest that a 4,000-yearold male corpse has been discovered in an Alpine glacier near the AustrianItalian border. Archaeologists state the man lived in the Bronze Age and appears to have been naturally mummified by wind, cold, and sun and then encased in ice. . . . Four men and four women seal themselves in “Biosphere II,” a giant glass-andsteel greenhouse in Oracle, Arizona. They plan to live there without leaving for two years, in an attempt to mimic Earth’s environment in a self-sustaining ecosystem.

Sept. 24

Sept. 25

Sept. 26

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

246—September 27–October 2, 1991

Sept. 27

Sept. 28

Europe

U.S. president Bush, in a nationally televised address, announces a planned unilateral reduction of about 2,400 U.S. nuclear weapons. He asks the Soviet Union to respond in kind. The move surprises Soviet officials, who had expected to be consulted before a public request.

In the republic of Georgia, loyalist forces seize a rebel guard base. . . . Romanian president Iliescu meets with Miron Cosma, the miners’ leader.

Iraqi troops end their detention of a team of 44 UN weapons experts in Baghdad, ending a stand-off that started Sept. 24. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev hails U.S. president Bush’s Sept. 27 initiative as a “major step” but states the development requires further study by the Kremlin.

Larry Murchan, a Roman Catholic, is shot dead in an attack claimed by the Loyalist Defense and Retaliation Group. According to reports, Murchan is the 2,000th civilian killed during the last 21 years of sectarian strife in Northern Ireland. . . . In Romania, rioting miners leave Bucharest. Reports show that at least three people were killed, and more than 100 others injured during the riots begun on Sept. 25.

The Palestine National Council, the legislative body of the PLO, votes to endorse Palestinian participation in a U.S.- and Soviet-sponsored Middle East peace conference.

A jury in El Salvador finds two army officers, Col. Guillermo Alfredo Benavides Moreno and Lt. Yusshy René Mendoza Vallecillos, guilty of murder and terrorism in the 1989 slayings of six Jesuit priests and two other people in San Salvador. The officers’ conviction marks the first time in modern memory that Salvadoran military officers are convicted of killing a civilian. A crowd of 200 protesters outside the courtroom is reinforced by signs of military support.

Reports confirm that, between Sept. 27 and 29, youths in 20 German towns attacked residences of foreigners. In response, 1,000 people in Hoyerswerda protest racism. . . . In Georgia, an explosion injures six people. . . . An estimated 175,000 people march in Paris, calling for aid to farmers. The government announces an additional 1.3 billion francs in aid. . . . An Irish student, Kevin McGovern, is killed in Cookstown, County Tyrone, by officers who are investigating reports of a car bomb.

In Zaire, after nearly a week of pillaging in major cities, a government radio broadcast states that at least 117 people were killed in Kinshasa. Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko agrees to form a “government of national crisis” with opposition parties and shuffles his cabinet. . . . Jonas Savimbi, the head of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), returns to Luanda, the capital, for the first time since civil war broke out in 1975.

In Haiti, a coup begins at an army training camp at Freres and spreads to Port-au-Prince. The ruling junta is led by Brigadier General Raoul Cédras. Sylvio Claude, an evangelical preacher and two-time presidential candidate, is reported killed in fighting.

Sept. 29

British skinheads are arrested after police break up a melee involving right-wing youths in Cottbus, Brandenburg. . . . The Royal Ulster Constabulary apologizes for the Sept. 29 death of Kevin McGovern. The Northern Ireland police force states that its officers mistook McGovern for a terrorist.

Sept. 30

Oct. 1

Oct. 2

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

In response to the coup in Haiti, the U.S., France, and China, Haiti’s significant foreign-aid donors, cut off funds to the impoverished Caribbean country. . . . The U.S. State Department discloses that U.S. arms experts will be sent to Moscow to help clarify some aspects of Pres. Bush’s Sept. 27 initiative to Soviet officials.

Britain announces it will prosecute the four detectives who investigated the 1974 bombings at two Birmingham pubs on charges of perjury and conspiracy to pervert justice. The six men convicted in the bombings were freed in March. . . . All private cars are banned from driving in the center of Athens for an 11-hour period because of record pollution levels. . . . Ingegerd Troedsson is elected the first female speaker of the Riksdag in Swedish history.

The EC freezes $148 million in aid to Haiti. . . . The Organization of American States, meeting in an emergency session, agrees to a resolution calling for the suspension of all economic, commercial, diplomatic, and military assistance to the coup leaders in Haiti. Hundreds of Haitian emigres gather outside the OAS building beating drums and chanting for Jean-Bertrand Aristide to be returned to power.

Gunmen ambush a Soviet military train near Tblisi, injuring at least four people. . . . The Croatian port city of Dubrovnik is attacked by federal forces. . . . All private cars are banned again from driving in the center of Athens, Greece, for an 11hour period because of record pollution levels.

An Africa Watch report condemns three decades of abuse of civilians by the military in Ethiopia, asserting that civil wars have claimed the lives of 150,000 noncombatants since 1961 and “largely manmade” famine has killed another 600,000. The report also blames the UN for its inaction. . . . . In Togo, 60 renegade soldiers loyal to ousted president Etienne Gnassingbe Eyadema occupy state broadcasting stations in Lome and announce the dissolution of the interim government. At the news, angry residents attack soldiers in the streets.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Canada, PSAC employees return to the picket lines. . . . A top Mexican federal police commander, Mario Alberto González Treviño, is charged with planning the 1990 murder of attorney Norma Corona Sapien, a human-rights leader.

In Papua New Guinea, the Leadership Tribunal, a court-like body appointed to investigate charges against elected officials, finds Deputy P.M. Ted Diro guilty on 81 corruption charges stemming from his dealings with the Papua New Guinea forest industry. The tribunal recommends that Diro be dismissed from his cabinet post and parliamentary seat, but Papua New Guinea’s governor general, Sir Vincent Serei Eri rejects the tribunal’s findings.

Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti’s first freely elected president, is overthrown in a coup d’état started Sept. 29 and led by Haiti’s powerful military. Reports confirm that Roger Lafontant, who led an earlier coup attempt, has been assassinated.

Afghan president Najibullah calls for provincial and local elections that will be open to all political parties, including Afghan rebel factions. . . . The government of Papua New Guinea asks Britain’s Queen Elizabeth II to remove from office Papua New Guinea’s governor general, Sir Vincent Serei Eri after his refusal to oust Deputy P.M. Ted Diro.

Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide leaves the country for Venezuela as the coup leaders establish a three-man junta to head the country led by Brigadier General Raoul Cédras. Reports from Haiti state that troops loyal to the military are patrolling the streets and spraying crowds with gunfire. At least 100 people have been killed in street fighting since the coup began.

Australia’s best trade figures since 1988 are announced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. . . . Papua New Guinea’s governor general, Sir Vincent Serei Eri, and Deputy Prime Minister Ted Diro resign. Dennis Young, the speaker of parliament, is appointed acting governor general.

The Canadian government approves a “back-to work” bill imposing stiff fines on striking civil servants. . . . The Associated Press reports that Brigadier General Cédras, who led the coup in Haiti, has vowed that the military will give decision-making power to the elected National Assembly.

After protests over an earlier 10-year contract, Pres. Corazon Aquino announces an agreement under which U.S. forces will withdraw from the Subic Bay Naval Station over three years with no further payments to the Philippine government . . . . Vietnam reverses its position when it tentatively approves a plan to forcibly repatriate tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees currently living in camps throughout Asia.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 27–October 2, 1991—247

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

After divisive hearings, the Senate Judiciary Committee votes, 7-7, on the nomination of Judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. A short time later, the committee votes, 13-1, in favor of sending Thomas’s nomination to the full Senate without a recommendation. . . . U.S. district judge Thomas Penfield Jackson reimposes the six-month sentence on former Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry Jr. for his conviction on a misdemeanor cocaine possession charge. A U.S. District Court judge in Washington, D.C., throws out a government rule that in some cases could have blocked federally funded research from being made public in a case filed by Stanford University. . . . J(ames) P(lemon) Coleman, 77, Democratic governor of Mississippi, 1956–60, who retired in 1981 as the chief justice in the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, dies of complications from a stroke suffered in 1990.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The FDA approves a drug to treat a viral infection that frequently causes blindness in AIDS patients. . . . The Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation’s 1991 Medical Research awards go to Yuet Wai Kan, Edward B. Lewis, and Christiane NuessleinVolhard. Public service awards are given to former House Speaker Thomas (Tip) O’Neill (D, Mass.) and to Robin Chandler Duke, head of the Population Crisis Committee.

The Sum of All Fears by Tom Clancy is at the top of Publisher’s Weekly’s bestseller list. . . . Lady Oona O’Neill Chaplin, 65, widow of film comedian Charlie Chaplin and daughter of American playwright Eugene O’Neill, dies of pancreatic cancer in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.

In concert with Pres. Bush’s plan announced Sept. 27, the Pentagon orders an immediate stand-down of the 40 B-52 and B-1B strategic bombers on round-the-clock ground alert at a dozen Strategic Air Command bases in the U.S. It is the first time since 1957 that the U.S. has no long-range bombers in a state of nuclear-attack readiness.

Miles Dewey Davis 3rd, 65, innovative and influential jazz trumpeter and composer who was instrumental in establishing cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, jazz-rock, and jazz-funk styles in the 1950s and 1960s, dies of pneumonia and a stroke in Santa Monica, California.

California governor Pete Wilson (R) vetoes a bill that would have prohibited job discrimination based on sexual orientation, prompting protests by gay-rights activists. . . . The Justice Department finds that 40% of prisoners awaiting execution as of Dec. 31, 1990, are black, while African Americans make up 12.1% of the general population. . . . Haitian immigrants in Miami riot in response to the coup attempt in Haiti. At least 75 arrests are reported as protesters loot stores and set fire to cars.

Golfer Pat Bradley qualifies for the LPGA Hall of Fame when she wins her 30th tour victory at the MBS Classic in Buena Park, California. . . . Under captain Dave Stockton, the U.S. wins golf’s Ryder Cup.

Gay-rights activists stage violent demonstrations in San Francisco and Los Angeles in response to Gov. Wilson’s Sept. 29 veto. . . . In separate studies, the Education Department and the National Education Goals Panel report that U.S. students are failing to make substantive progress toward educational goals in Pres. Bush’s “America 2000” education plan.

The Senate confirms Gen. Colin Powell to a second term as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. . . . Reports state that Pres. Bush and Congress have reached a compromise agreement to allow the release of an antinarcotics aid package for Peru.

The Treasury Department announces the federal budget deficit for fiscal 1991 is $268.7 billion, the highest federal deficit ever. . . . Pres. Bush signs the stopgap bill passed by Congress Sept. 26. . . . A new plea bargain over the Exxon Valdez oil spill orders Exxon to pay a $25 million fine and $100 million in restitution. . . . About 2,000 gallons of radioactive coolant water escapes into a larger water system at the Seabrook, New Hampshire, nuclear power plant.

Congress passes a compromise version of a civil-rights bill. . . . Haitian immigrants in New York begin protesting when news of the coup in Haiti spreads.

Reports state a GATT panel ruled the ban on imports of tuna from Mexico, which uses tuna nets, violates international trade rules. . . . The confirmation hearings of Robert Gates shift from questions about his involvement in the Iran-contra affair to allegations that Gates, as a top CIA official under Pres. Reagan, “politicized” intelligence reports to play up the threat posed by the Soviet Union and to support the strong anticommunist policies of the Reagan administration.

Operators of the Yankee Rowe nuclear power plant, the oldest operating commercial nuclear power plant in the country, shut it down in response to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission recommendation that it close for safety reasons. . . . A fiscal 1992 District of Columbia appropriations bill cleared by Congress is signed by Pres. Bush since it no longer contains provisions that would have permitted locally raised funds to pay for abortions for poor women.

Women’s rights activist Peg Yorkin donates $10 million to the Feminist Majority Foundation. Her donation is believed to be the largest gift ever made to a feminist organization. . . . The Senate passes a bill related to family leave. . . . Lloyd Kirkham Garrison, 92, prominent lawyer who defended poet Langston Hughes, playwright Arthur Miller, and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, dies of heart failure in NYC.

Audio recordings that implicate Oliver L. North and Robert C. McFarlane in the Iran-contra hearings are broadcast on the ABC News program Nightline.

The Senate approves a long-standing proposal from Pres. Bush to make the EPA a cabinet-level department. . . . The EPA announces that it will establish a bureau to monitor the expenditures of private contractors hired by the agency under the Superfund program to clean up industrial-waste sites.

Two Southern Pacific railroad workers are killed when a freight train is hit by a rock slide and plunges down a 500-foot mountain slope outside Boulder, Colorado. The accident touches off a fire that burns much of the train’s cargo of lumber.

The pop music group New Kids on the Block tops Forbes magazine’s list of the world’s highest-paid entertainers.

Sept. 27

Sept. 28

Sept. 29

Sept. 30

Oct. 1

A Soviet Soyuz rocket carries the first Austrian into space. The rocket is launched from the Baikonur Cosmopad in Kazakhstan.

Ecumenical Patriarch Dimitrios I of Constantinople (born Dimitrios Papadopoulos), 77, spiritual leader of 250 million Eastern Orthodox Christians around the world, dies of cardiac arrest in Istanbul.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 2

248—October 3–7, 1991

Oct. 3

Oct. 4

Oct. 5

Oct. 6

Oct. 7

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

Israeli defense ministry officials announce that Israel has agreed to impose limits on its exports of missiles and missile technology. Israel will join 16 other nations in compliance with the Missile Technology Control Regime, an arms-limitation convention adopted in 1987.

German television reports at least 20 incidents of violence against foreigners on the anniversary of its reunification. . . . Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt takes office as Sweden’s premier. . . . The four pro-Serbia members of the federal collective presidency, led by federal vice president Branko Kostic, announce that they have assumed the powers of the federal parliament, including statutory control of Yugoslavia’s finances. The Yugoslav military renews its naval blockade of the Croatian coast.

Representatives of 24 nations sign an agreement that sets a 50-year moratorium on all mining activities and oil exploration on the continent of Antarctica. . . . The OAS sends a high-ranking delegation to Port-auPrince to press for the reinstallation of Pres. Jean-Bertrand Aristide and to tell the military junta that the OAS does not recognize it and may consider sending a multinational force to Haiti.

The four pro-Serbia Yugoslav candidates hold a presidency meeting in Belgrade, while the four anti-Serbia members hold a presidential meeting on the Croatian island of Brioni. . . . After heated debate, the Czechoslovak parliament passes a bill to allow civil-service personnel and the employees of state-owned companies to be screened for former communist activity.

Soviet president Gorbachev offers a package of unilateral weapons cuts and arms proposals that surpasses the broad arms-control initiative presented by U.S. president Bush on Sept. 27. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev and IMF managing director Michel Camdessus sign an accord giving the Soviet Union associate membership in the IMF.

Prince Aleksandar Karadjordjevic, the son of exiled king Petar II of Yugoslavia, visits Belgrade and is hailed by huge crowds. . . . Martin Ennals, 64, British secretary general of the international human-rights group Amnesty International, 1968–80, who in 1977 accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on the organization’s behalf, dies of cancer in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Three days of fighting break out between Iraqi soldiers and Kurdish guerrillas in and around the Kurdcontrolled city of Sulaymaniya in northern Iraq. . . . Israeli police battle with demonstrators in the Mea Sharim and Beit Israel neighborhoods of Jerusalem, as ultraOrthodox Jews protest the construction of a new thoroughfare.

Many Western nations, including Britain, France, and Germany laud Soviet president Gorbachev’s plans for arms reductions. NATO also praises the Oct. 5 announcement.

In the republic of Georgia, clashes between pro-and anti-Gamsakhurdia factions leave two dead and 74 injured. Georgia’s parliament begins an emergency debate. . . . Portuguese premier Anibal Cavaco Silva wins reelection. . . . The Kurdish Workers Party attacks the border town of Cukurca, Turkey, leaving 11 Turkish soldiers dead.

Abie Nathan, an Israeli Jewish peace activist who advocates direct negotiations between Israel and the PLO, is sentenced by a court in Ramla, Israel, to 18 months in prison for meeting with PLO chairman Yasser Arafat in Tunis in July.

UN weapons experts report that allied bombing during the Persian Gulf war left a vital Iraqi nuclear installation virtually undamaged and entirely missed a second key site.

Croatia and neighboring Slovenia formally declare immediate secession from Yugoslavia. Yugoslav air force jets attack the Croatian presidential palace and adjoining parliament building in Zagreb with rockets. The International Red Cross estimates that more than 30,000 Yugoslavs have fled to refugee camps in Hungary.

Iraqi troops attack Sulaymaniya, shelling the city while engaging in hand-to-hand fighting with Kurdish forces on its outskirts. Reports suggest Kurdish guerrillas in Sulaymaniya killed about 60 unarmed Iraqi prisoners. Relief workers estimate that as many as 50,000 Kurdish civilians have fled. . . . Kuwait estimates it will cost $7.16 billion to rebuild its petroleum industry and restore its oil output to pre-Persian Gulf war levels. Reports suggest only 70% of the 600–700 wells set on fire in February have been capped.

Violence erupts in South Africa between Xhosas from the tribal homeland of Transkei and Basotho miners from the country of Lesotho.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

After the Oct. 2 “back-to-work” bill passes, 110,000 members of the Public Service Alliance of Canada return to their jobs.

The Supreme Court of India upholds a settlement in which U.S.-based Union Carbide Corp. agreed to pay $470 million as compensation to victims of a 1984 chemical gas leak in Bhopal that killed 3,500 people. . . . Japanese Finance Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto states he will resign to apologize for several scandals that came to light during his time in office.

An Ontario Court jury rules that the Church of Scientology should pay a total of C$1.6 million to Casey Hill, an Ontario government attorney who claims he was libeled by a criminal complaint initiated against him by the church. The award is the highest libel award in Canadian history.

Japanese premier Toshiki Kaifu unexpectedly announces that he will decline to seek reelection after senior LDP members withdraw their support.

Ramnath Goenka, 87, owner of the Indian Express newspaper group, which publishes the largest Englishlanguage newspaper in India, and one of the country’s few business leaders who regularly confronted the government, dies of unreported causes in Bombay.

In an unprecedented news conference in Havana, leading dissidents call for an end to single-party rule in Cuba. . . . Data show that, since the first day of the coup, the overall death toll in Haiti has climbed as high as 200. Rebel troops killed at least 40 civilians during the first two days of the coup, reportedly in retaliation for the murder of at least two soldiers by crowds loyal to Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 3–7, 1991—249

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Willie Herenton is elected the first black mayor of Memphis, Tennessee, in a nonpartisan election. . . . The Department of Health and Human Services finds that a total of 249 out of 600 federally funded community health clinics that receive federal funds to provide basic health care to the poor are not doing so.

Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan announces a seven-year, $135 million antismoking program, which he states is the largest such program ever undertaken by the U.S. government.. . . . The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence ends three volatile weeks of hearings on the confirmation of Robert M. Gates to be the next director of central intelligence.

The U.S. government announces that it is opening an investigation into Canadian timber pricing policies, in retaliation for Canada’s decision to end a 15% export tax on lumber.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Congress approves the final versions of a $19.9 billion appropriations bill for government operations, the final version of a $22 billion appropriations bill for the Departments of Commerce and Justice and for the judiciary and an $81 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for independent agencies. . . . The NRC shuts down the Sequoyah Fuels nuclear plant after an investigation finds a uranium leak. . . . The land in New Mexico slated to become the first permanent nuclear waste repository is transferred to the Department of Energy. New Mexico atty. gen. Tom Udall states he will sue to block the land transfer.

The New England Journal of Medicine states a baby consumes less breast milk if its mother drinks alcohol.

Data show that the number of cassette tapes sold throughout the world declined in 1990 for the first time since they were introduced in 1965. . . . William Alfred Shea, 84, for whom Shea Stadium is named, dies of complications from a stroke in NYC. . . . The Swedish Academy of Letters awards the Nobel Prize in literature to South African novelist Nadine Gordimer.

Reports indicate that Coors Brewing Co. has agreed to pay $700,000 to settle EPA charges that its brewery in Golden, Colorado, contaminated groundwater and soils with cleaning solvents. . . . Salomon Brothers Inc. agree to pay a penalty imposed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. (Freddie Mac) for falsifying bids in the sale of government-sponsored bonds.

Reports state that scientists located a second gene whose mutation plays a role in causing Alzheimer’s disease. . . . A medical study finds that breast feeding is on the decline in the U.S. In 1989, 52% of mothers nursed their babies, down from about 60% in 1984.

The Harold Washington Library Center, the world’s largest public, circulating library, is dedicated in Chicago. The library is named for late Chicago mayor Harold Washington, the city’s first black mayor, who died in 1987.

Homer Jensen, 77, expert on aerial surveying who invented the magnetometer and directed the first major survey of the North Sea, dies of cancer in Wyncote, Pennsylvania.

Anita Hill, a tenured law professor at the University of Oklahoma, publicly accuses Supreme Court nominee Judge Clarence Thomas of sexually harassment. The charge sparks an emotional and contentious national debate over the issue of sexual harassment, especially since New York Newsday and NPR report that the Senate Judiciary Committee staff first heard of Hill’s charges the week of Sept. 10.

Terry A. Anderson, a U.S. journalist held hostage in Lebanon since March 1985, appears in a videotaped interview broadcast by CNN. Anderson states in the interview that his captors told him the West could soon “expect some very good news.” . . . U.S. support for Haitian president Aristide begins eroding as allegations of humanrights abuses and disregard for the constitution under his rule emerge.

In the wake of allegations that the Senate committee failed to investigate Anita Hill’s charges, a statement by Howard Metzenbaum of Ohio confirms that his aides contacted Hill either Sept. 3 or 4 seeking information on Thomas and checking out rumors of sexual harassment at EEOC. Judiciary Committee chairman Sen. Joseph Biden (D, Del.) defends the panel’s actions, claiming it was “guided by Professor Hill’s repeated requests for confidentiality.” . . . The Supreme Court opens its 1991–92 term with only eight justices.

ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc. settles a lawsuit filed by the SEC alleging that the company had misled investors by not telling them about problems with clinical trials of its anti-AIDS drug ribavirin.

Oct. 3

Oct. 4

Oct. 5

NASA measures the ozone level above Antarctica at 110 Dobson units, down from a normal level of about 500 Dobson units. The reading is the lowest ever on record.

Ridden by Cash Asmussen, Suave Dancer wins the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, Europe’s richest horse race. . . . Actress Elizabeth Taylor, 59, marries for the eighth time at Neverland Valley, the California estate of singer Michael Jackson.

The Karolinska Institute for Medicine awards the Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize to two German physiologists, Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, for their work in uncovering basic cell functions.

Leo Ernest Durocher, 85, colorful and combative Major League Baseball manager and player who retired in 1973 with a 2,008–1,709 managerial record, dies of natural causes in Palm Springs, California.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 6

Oct. 7

250—October 8–13, 1991

Oct. 8

Oct. 9

Oct. 10

Oct. 11

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Iraq files a formal protest with the UN after four Israeli fighter planes allegedly flew surveillance missions over western Iraq. . . . The World Health Organization announces that 80% of the world’s infants have received vaccinations for deadly childhood diseases, a dramatic rise from the 10% estimated in 1981. . . . The 34 members of the OAS and France begin a trade embargo of Haiti.

In Yugoslavia, a new truce which contains a pledge by Croatia to free the besieged federal garrisons in return for at least a partial withdrawal of federal troops from the republic, takes effect. . . . The Polish foreign ministry announces that the USSR has agreed to remove the estimated 45,000 Soviet troops in Poland by the end of 1992. . . . The Slovene parliament authorizes the republic to print its own currency.

Iraq soldiers and Kurdish rebels agree to a cease-fire and an exchange of prisoners. Kurdish leaders state the fighting that started Oct. 5 has left 180 dead and more than 1,000 wounded. They also condemn and deny responsibility for the Oct. 7 slayings of prisoners. . . . In Togo, soldiers try to kidnap Premier Koffigoh, sparking clashes between troops and civilians in Lome. Four prodemocracy protesters are killed.

Haiti’s parliament declares the presidency vacant and elects a supreme court justice, Joseph Nerette, as interim president, as mandated in the constitution.

In response to the Oct. 8 complaint by Iraq, Israel does not officially admit that its flights over Iraq occurred, but defends Israel’s right to gather its own intelligence.

In Yugoslavia, the Oct. 8 cease-fire, the fourth negotiated in three weeks, holds, although there are reports of clashes south of Zagreb, and the federal army fires missiles into Vukovar. The ancient walled Croatian port city of Dubrovnik, under attack since Oct. 2, goes off alert. . . . Transport Secretary Michael Rifkind reports that a highspeed rail link between London and the tunnel under the British Channel will not be operational until the early years of the 21st century.

Reports state that Zaire’s president Mobutu has decided to grant an 18-fold pay raise to soldiers and civil servants.

Fausto Zapata, governor of Mexico’s central state of San Luis Potosí, announces that he is resigning his post only two weeks after being sworn in. His predecessor, a member of the same PRI party, resigned in August amid charges of election fraud. . . . In Canada, a series of protests by farmers culminates in a rally by 7,000 people at the Manitoba legislature.

The U.S. cuts all aid to Haiti, including $90 million funneled through the Agency for International Development. Mexico and Venezuela, the countries that supply virtually all of Haiti’s oil, announce suspension of all shipments. . . . Reports indicate that a group of eight international banks agreed to lend Algeria $1.5 billion to ease its debt repayments. . . . Kuwait announces it will borrow $5 billion on international markets to finance its postPersian Gulf war reconstruction.

The Azerbaijan parliament authorizes the formation of an independent army of up to 35,000 men, with the 10,000 Azerbaijanis serving in the Soviet military in Azerbaijan as its core. . . . German political leaders agree to establish large refugee camps to protect foreigners seeking asylum in response to a continued wave of violence by neo-Nazi skinhead youths that has killed at least four people.

Reports state that Togo’s interim government has appealed for foreign military assistance to ensure transition to “real and total” democracy in the wake of the coup attempts.

The UN Security Council passes a resolution barring Iraq from pursuing any atomic programs, including civilian nuclear-energy projects, after revelations about the extent of Iraq’s clandestine efforts to develop nuclear weapons. . . . The UN General Assembly unanimously adopts a resolution calling for the restoration of Haitian president Aristide.

At the Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Soviet Ukraine, 300 firefighters work for more than three hours to subdue a blaze. There are no reported injuries, and Soviet authorities claim that no radiation was released. . . . Turkish forces attack villages in northern Iraq that Turkey claims are bases for guerrillas of the separatist Kurdish Workers Party (PKK). It is the first Turkish attack to take place within the “safe zone” formerly controlled by allied troops.

A Palestinian drives a van through a crowd of soldiers on a street in Tel Aviv, Israel, killing two and injuring 11.

The Financial Times reports that Cuban authorities have arrested nine dissidents as part of a crackdown on opposition groups.

About 3,000 Turkish ground troops cross the border with Iraq to scour the valley for rebel bases.

Reports indicate that portions of Ethiopia are being struck by destructive locusts, birds, and worms, which ruin large tracts of farmland and threaten to worsen already severe food shortages.

In Haiti, the Senate ratifies JeanJacques Honorat, a human-rights activist, as premier.

The Union of Democratic Forces, the main opposition coalition, wins Bulgaria’s second national elections since the fall of communism. . . . Iraqi Kurdish leader Massoud Barzani condemns the recent Turkish raids as a “savage massacre.”

Reports state that the government of Saudi Arabia has lifted sanctions levied against about 50 women who violated the kingdom’s ban on female drivers during a “protest drive” in November 1990.

Daniel Oduber Quiros, 70, controversial president of Costa Rica, 1974–78, dies in San José, Costa Rica after suffering a heart attack.

Oct. 12

Oct. 13

The Group of Seven leading industrial nations agree to help the Soviet Union formulate a plan for economic reform. However, the vow includes no guarantee of direct economic aid to the USSR.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Australian cabinet approves the introduction of pay television in Australia, lifting a 1986 moratorium.

Afghan president Najibullah announces that government forces have broken a two-week siege by guerrilla forces on Gardez, the capital of the eastern province of Paktia.

Reports state that clashes in Afghanistan continue to erupt around Gardez.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 8–13, 1991—251

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Under pressure from women’s groups and Clarence Thomas himself, the Senate postpones until Oct. 15 the vote on Thomas’s confirmation to the Supreme Court. Thomas “totally and unequivocally” denies Hill’s charges . . . Ann Wickett Humphry, 49, cofounder of the Hemlock Society, which advocates the right of terminally ill individuals to commit suicide, is found dead in Monroe, Oregon, of undisclosed causes.

Elliott Abrams, an assistant secretary of state in the Reagan administration, pleads guilty to two misdemeanor counts of withholding information from Congress in connection with the illegal diversion of funds from arms sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan contra rebels in the mid-1980s.

A federal judge approves a settlement between Exxon Corp., the Alaskan government, and the Justice Department over criminal charges arising from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The settlement calls upon Exxon to pay a total of $1.025 billion in fines and restitution payments through the year 2001. . . . The House approves the final version of a $52.5 billion fiscal 1992 agriculture appropriations bill.

The Institute of Medicine finds that decades of efforts to combat malaria appear to have failed. The study reveals that 300 million people are infected with malaria and up to two million are dying from it annually. . . . Doctors at the National Institutes of Health try for the first time to immunize a patient against his cancer.

Reports suggest that attendance at major league baseball games rose to a record 56,880,512 during the season, an increase of 3.3% from 1990.

The Judiciary Committee announces that hearings on Anita Hill’s charges against Clarence Thomas will begin Oct. 11. . . . Congress clears a bill that calls for a study on methods used to count the population. The bill mandates completion of the study in time for the next census in the year 2000. . . . The FDA gives conditional approval for the sale of a drug, under the brand name Videx, for the treatment of AIDS patients who fail to respond to the drug AZT.

Reports show that states’ tax revenue in fiscal 1990 totaled $300.5 billion, a 5.7% increase from $284.4 billion in fiscal 1989. . . . The House clears the final version of a $14.3 billion fiscal 1992 transportation appropriations bill. Included in the measure is an amendment requiring random drug and alcohol testing of an estimated 6.3 million workers in transportation industries.

Doctors at the University of Nevada in Reno report that the first fetus-tofetus tissue transplant is showing initial signs of success. . . . The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that scientists converted the muscle tissue of rats into specifically shaped bones. . . . The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that researchers developed a surgical technique that cures atrial fibrillation, a disorder that causes irregular heartbeats.

Doris Lilly, 60, gossip columnist and author of books including How to Marry a Millionaire (1951), who is to have been the inspiration for the character “Holly Golightly” in Truman Capote’s book Breakfast at Tiffany’s, dies of cancer in New York City.

The White House announces that Pres. Bush has authorized the admission of 142,000 refugees to the U.S. in fiscal year 1992.

Reports indicate that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has proposed a $25,000 fine against Duquesne Light Co. for an “apparent” violation at its Beaver Valley Power Station Unit 1 nuclear power plant in Shippingport, Pennsylvania.

Scientists find that concentrations of lead in the Greenland ice cap has declined by about 7.5% since 1970. Researchers suggest the decline is due to ongoing efforts by the U.S. and some European nations to phase out the use of lead as a lubricant in automobile fuels.

The Census Bureau finds that in 1989 one-half of the 5 million women owed legally ordered childsupport did not receive full payments from their children’s fathers. . . . The CDC states that almost one in five U.S. high-school students sometimes carry a gun, knife, or other weapon to school. . . . The ADA announces it cannot determine which procedures are high-risk, so it cannot bar AIDS-infected employees from performing those duties.

Oct. 8

Oct. 9

Oct. 10

In a case that draws vast public attention, Anita Hill calmly testifies under oath that Clarence Thomas made sexually harassing statements and acted inappropriately from 1981 to 1983. . . . A Korean grocer, Soon Ja Du, is convicted of voluntary manslaughter for shooting a black teenage girl, Latasha Harlins, in an incident that touched off racial tensions in L.A. . . . Pres. Bush vetoes a $6.4 billion measure to extend jobless benefits for the long-term unemployed.

Redd Foxx (born John Elroy Sanford), 68, black comedian best known for Sanford and Son, 1972–77, dies after suffering a heart attack on the set of his latest television series in Los Angeles. . . . Anita Hill’s testimony draws at least as many TV viewers as baseball’s American Championship Series.

In his sworn testimony, Clarence Thomas voices outrage and calls charges against him “lies,” “sleaze,” “dirt,” and “gossip.” Senators on the committee assail Anita Hill by questioning her mental stability and suggesting she indulges in fantasies. . . . Arlette Schweitzer of South Dakota becomes the first woman in the U.S. known to give birth to her own grandchildren.

Regis Toomey, 93, character actor who appeared in more than 200 films, dies in Los Angeles. . . . Aline Laveen MacMahon, 92, actress who was nominated for an Academy Award for Dragon Seed (1944), dies of pneumonia in New York City.

The Senate Judiciary Committee hears testimony from four panels of witnesses in the investigation of Anita Hill’s allegations against Clarence Thomas. Hill voluntarily takes and passes a polygraph, or lie-detector test, to deflate any allegations that she lied during her testimony. A poll by The New York Times and CBS News shows that 45% of respondents favor Thomas’s confirmation, while 20% oppose it. When asked whom they believe more about the charges of sexual harassment, 58% back Thomas and 24% back Hill.

The Minnesota Twins win the American League baseball pennant.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 11

Oct. 12

Oct. 13

252—October 14–19, 1991

Oct. 14

Oct. 15

Oct. 16

Oct. 17

Oct. 18

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Peace Prize to Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi “for her nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights.” Placed under house arrest in 1989, she and two other opposition leaders created the National League for Democracy (NLD), a coalition opposed to the military government.

Sergei Alekseyev, the chairman of the Constitutional Revision Committee of the Soviet parliament announces that all restrictions on internal travel will end on January 1, 1992. . . . The Times of London reports that representatives of the American Ku Klux Klan are said to be organizing members in Germany.

In Nigeria, violence erupts when permission is granted to hold a Christian revival meeting in the predominantly Islamic northern city of Kano. . . . Kambarage Kaunda, the son of Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, is sentenced to death by hanging for murdering a woman after a High Court trial in Sept. 1989. . . . Zaire’s state radio announces that a cabinet has been formed after much tension.

The UN Security Council committee on Iraqi sanctions adopts procedures for monitoring Iraqi oil sales that were approved in September. . . . The IMF and the World Bank hold an annual joint meeting in Bangkok.

The parliament of the republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina adopts a declaration of sovereignty after 73 ethnic Serb deputies walk out in protest and after Momcilo Krajisnik, the ethnic Serb president of the parliament, adjourns the session. Separately, presidents Milosevic and Tudjman hold separate meetings in Moscow with Soviet president Gorbachev and Russian republic president Yeltsin, and the two sign a truce pact. . . . France’s National Assembly clears legislation designed to crack down on illegal immigration. . . . In Bulgaria, the UDF nominates the coalition’s leader, Filip Dimitrov, to become the next premier.

Reports suggest that smoke from oil wells set on fire by Iraqi troops during the Persian Gulf war continues to cause health and environmental problems across Kuwait and is disrupting weather patterns up to 1,500 miles away. Slicks of crude oil caused by huge spills off the Kuwaiti coast during the Persian Gulf war in January have covered about 400 miles of beaches and swamps along Saudi Arabia’s gulf coast with a layer of oil as much as one foot thick. The spills are called the biggest ever recorded.

The UN General Assembly elects Cape Verde, Hungary, Japan, Morocco, and Venezuela to nonpermanent seats on the UN Security Council, effective Jan. 1, 1992. . . . The British Commonwealth opens its biennial national leaders’ conference in Zimbabwe. In attendance are the heads of 50 countries with ties to the former British Empire, representing roughly one-third of the world’s population.

The Oct. 15 truce pact signed by presidents Milosevic and Tudjman falls apart when the four-member pro-Serbian faction of the Yugoslav federal collective presidency reject the agreement, arguing that only the presidency group, not republic leaders, is empowered to authorize a cease-fire. . . . Germany agrees to pay nearly $300 million over three years in compensation to Poles forced into slave labor by the German Nazis in World War II.

The riots begun on Oct. 14 in Nigeria die down. The Nigerian government reports that eight people were killed, but one local newspaper places the toll as high as 300. . . . Sheik Ahmed Yassin, 56, a quadriplegic who founded Hamas, is sentenced to life in prison by an Israeli military court in Gaza. Yassin was convicted of ordering the killings of numerous Palestinians suspected of collaborating with Israel.

The defense ministers of NATO approve a 50% reduction in the tactical-nuclear bombs stockpiled in Europe for use on U.S. and British aircraft. . . . British prime minister Major announces that his government will cancel debts owed to it by the poorest developing countries. Canadian prime minister Mulroney immediately announces his intention to follow Britain’s lead.

In France, 16 people are killed and 62 others injured when an overnight passenger train traveling from Nice to Paris collides head-on with a freight train at Melun. . . . According to The Financial Times, 700 criminal offenses have been reported against foreigners in Germany during the period between August and mid-October.

The Washington Post states that the South African government abandoned its nuclear weapons program.

In the culmination of seven months of diplomatic efforts, the U.S. and the Soviet Union formally invite Israeli and Arab leaders to a peace conference in Madrid, Spain. . . . The U.S., Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and China agree to share information on their sales of conventional weapons to the Middle East and agree to guidelines on the sale of conventional arms anywhere in the world.

Soviet president Gorbachev and the presidents of eight of the 12 Soviet constituent republics sign an economic union treaty, drafted by liberal economist Grigory Yavlinsky, aimed at creating a Soviet economic community. The republics of the Ukraine, Georgia, Moldavia, and Azerbaijan do not agree. . . . In France, protesters angry about farming policies rampage through a banquet hall at Moissac.

Israel and the Soviet Union agree to renew full diplomatic relations for the first time since the 1967 ArabIsraeli war. . . . Kenya loses financial support from Denmark. Traditionally one of Kenya’s biggest donors, Denmark argues that most of $40 million spent in the program has “disappeared because of corruption.”

Ethnic Albanians in the Yugoslav province of Kosovo, which was annexed by Serbia in 1990 and has a majority population of ethnic Albanians, proclaim that Kosovo is an independent republic. The socalled Kosovo Republic Assembly, meeting in secret, elects Dr. Bujar Bukosi as the republic’s premier.

Oct. 19

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Cuban Communist Party endorses an economic plan to help Cuba recover from the worst economic crisis since the 1959 revolution led by Fidel Castro. . . . Haiti’s Chamber of Deputies, under the supervision of armed soldiers, ratifies Jean-Jacques Honorat as premier.

The Mexican government announces a series of human-rights initiatives designed to reduce the incentive for police torture. . . . In Haiti, a post-coup 12-member cabinet is unveiled.

In India, a bomb is detonated at the site of a Hindu theatrical festival in Rudarpur, in the state of Uttar Pradesh. A second explosion 15 minutes later takes place at the emergency ward of the hospital where victims of the initial blast were taken. The attacks kill more than 40 people and injure 100 others.

The Peruvian Senate votes to strip former president Alan García Pérez of his immunity from prosecution, clearing the way for Garcia’s trial on embezzlement charges.

An earthquake strikes the Himalayan foothills of northern India, killing at least 360 people and injuring 2,000 others. Indian seismologists measure the quake at 6.1 on the Richter scale, while the U.S. Geological Survey puts the magnitude at 7.1. The epicenter of the quake is located in the Almora district, and it triggers landslides in 400 villages in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 14–19, 1991—253

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A third panel, comprised of women who worked with Clarence Thomas at the EEOC, testify in the hearings about charges of sexual harassment against Thomas by Anita Hill. The committee closes and clears Thomas, to mixed public reaction.

The State Department opens a lottery for permanent-resident visas as mandated by the Immigration Act of 1990.

TRW Inc. announces that it will for the first time provide individuals with free copies of its reports on their credit history after complaints that credit reports are frequently inaccurate.

After one of the most bitter and divisive confirmation battles in the 202year history of the Supreme Court, the Senate confirms Judge Clarence Thomas as the court’s 106th associate justice in the closest vote for a Supreme Court Justice in the 20th century. . . . A monument honoring law-enforcement officers who died in the line of duty is dedicated in Washington, D.C. . . . In its annual report on college costs, the College Board reports that the average cost of a year of college rose between 7% and 14% for the 1991–92 school year. The highest increase is in fouryear public colleges.

A gunman, George Jo Hennard, 35, opens fire in a crowded cafeteria in Killeen, Texas, killing 22 people instantly and wounding at least 20 others before turning the gun on himself. One of those wounded dies later in the hospital. The attack is the worst mass shooting ever in the U.S. in terms of fatalities. . . . The Senate begins a reappraisal of the Supreme Court confirmation process after public criticism swells in the wake of Clarence Thomas’s confirmation.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Oct. 14

The Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics to Ronald H. Coase, a professor emeritus at the University of Chicago Law School.

The Senate gives final congressional clearance to an $8.56 billion military construction appropriation for fiscal 1992.

The California Medical Association and the California Nurses Association refuse to draw up a list of procedures that members infected with AIDS should not perform. . . . The House strikes down a provision that would have banned the sale or ownership of 13 types of semiautomatic weapons while reconciling an anticrime measure. . . . A Superior Court judge in Atlanta rules that a girl whose doctors do not expect her to recover from her near-comatose state cannot be removed from life support without her parents’ permission. After three weeks of hearings that concentrated on Gates’s involvement in foreign affairs, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence votes to recommend the confirmation of Robert M. Gates to be director of central intelligence. . . . Former Rep. Robert Garcia (D, N.Y.) is convicted in a retrial, together with his wife, Jane Lee Garcia, in connection with a bribery and extortion scandal involving Wedtech Corp.

Science, Technology, & Nature

A federal judge in Alexandria, Virginia, sentences Melvyn R. Paisley, a former Navy assistant secretary, to four years in prison and fines him $50,000 for his role in the Pentagon procurement scandal.

Oct. 15

The Senate clears the final version of a $14.3 billion fiscal 1992 transportation appropriations bill. . . . The Senate approves the final version of a $52.5 billion fiscal 1992 agriculture appropriations bill.

Reports state that researchers have identified two types of white blood cells that play a role in causing multiple sclerosis. . . . The Journal of the American Medical Association argues that moderate exercise by itself is not reliable treatment for high blood pressure. . . . The Royal Swedish Academy awards the Chemistry Nobel Prize to Richard R. Ernst in Zurich, Switzerland. The Physics Nobel Prize goes to PierreGilles de Gennes in Paris.

Health and Human Services Secretary Sullivan announces that the nation’s 40 million Social Security recipients will receive a 3.7% costof-living adjustment for 1992. . . . Reports indicate that the California Board of Forestry has adopted emergency measures to restrict logging in the state’s ancient redwood forests as a compromise between the timber industry and environmentalists.

Two studies in the New England Journal of Medicine assert that a common infection from a bacteria linked to ulcers appears to cause up to 60% of all stomach cancer. . . . A water main break near Grand Central Terminal in NYC shuts down subway service on one line and causes extensive damage to the station, which was recently been renovated at a cost of $22 million.

Tennessee Ernie Ford (born Ernest Jennings Ford), 72, country-andwestern singer who won a 1964 Grammy, dies of a liver ailment in Reston, Virginia. . . . The Atlanta Braves win baseball’s National League Championship Series, its first pennant since 1966.

A Senate panel opens hearings on the BCCI scandal that broke when the bank was seized by international regulators.

Reports suggest that U.S. biologists genetically altered tomatoes so that they no longer produce ethylene, an invisible, odorless gas that causes them to ripen.

The Arkansas Gazette daily newspaper, which claimed to be the oldest paper west of the Mississippi River, ceases publication. Founded in 1819, the paper won two Pulitzer Prizes in the its coverage of the Little Rock school desegregation crisis.

Oct. 16

Oct. 17

Oct. 18

Oct. 19

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

254—October 20–25, 1991

Oct. 20

Oct. 21

Oct. 22

Oct. 23

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Commonwealth closes its conference. Delegates from over 50 countries issue a declaration of principles on democracy and human rights. . . . The New York Times reports that graft in the Kenyan government is prompting Western governments and businesses to withdraw. . . . The World Health Organization suspends nearly all its activities in Haiti and evacuates employees and their families in response to the Sept. 30 coup.

Swiss general elections return to power the four-party coalition that has governed the country since 1959. . . . The center-right True Path Party places first in elections in Turkey, replacing the Motherland Party, which has ruled Turkey since 1983.

A bomb explodes near Jibsheet and kills three Israeli soldiers. . . . A dispute over the composition of a new cabinet leads Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko to fire his recently selected premier, Etienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba.

The UN announces that Jesse Turner, a U.S. university professor taken hostage in Beirut in Jan. 1987, has been released by his captors, the Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine, after five days of UN-mediated negotiations. Israel frees 12 men and two women from the Al Khiyam prison in the Israeli security zone in southern Lebanon. Ali Fawaz, a leader of the Shi’ite group Hezbollah is also released from prison.

In France, farmers continue to protest and form a blockade of foreign trucks in Brittany and seize British and German meat imports in Toulouse. . . . The interim Supreme Soviet opens in Moscow. Five of the 12 republics boycott the initial session.

Almost a week of violence erupts in major cities in Zaire, motivated partly by anger over Premier Tshisekedi’s Oct. 20 ouster and partly by dissatisfaction with Zaire’s worsening economy. In Lubumbashi, disgruntled soldiers ransack homes and offices. . . . Reports state that riot police clashed with a mob in Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, killing as many as nine protesters. . . . Israeli warplanes launch bombing raids against Hezbollah bases near the towns of Baalbek and Jibsheet in retaliation for the Oct. 20 bomb attack.

The UN’s Environment Program panel finds significant depletion of the ozone layer in temperate latitudes during spring and summer months and calls for a speedier phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons. . . . The European Community and the European Free Trade Association reach an agreement in principle to establish a Western European free-trade area spanning 19 nations and 380 million people after 14 months of difficult negotiations.

A French court issues a warrant for the arrest of an Iranian government official implicated in the August murder of former Iranian premier Shahpur Bakhtiar. The Iranian government continues to deny any role in the slaying. . . . In France, nurses in deadlocked pay talks with the government march in Paris to protest harsh treatment by police at a previous demonstration. . . . The parliament of the Ukraine votes to create independent armed forces.

Saudi Arabia announces that it has begun an effort to clean up about 400 miles of shoreline fouled by oil spills during the Persian Gulf war.

Along with representatives from 18 UN nations, the four factions warring for control of Cambodia since 1978 sign a comprehensive peace treaty. In its largest and most ambitious mission ever, the UN will oversee the groups as they try to share power. . . . The U.S. announces that all the invited parties have agreed to attend the Middle East peace conference. . . . Cuban president Fidel Castro is an observer a meeting of the presidents of Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia.

In Great Britain, a panel of five Law Lords rule that rape can occur in marriage, formally reversing 225 years of legal precedent. . . . The Yugoslav army demands that the city of Dubrovnik surrender.

In Zaire, Pres. Mobutu names Bernardin Mungul-Diaka, the head of a small opposition party, to replace Tshisekedi as premier. ProMobutu citizens battle opposition supporters, and whole neighborhoods are torched. Several people are reported killed. Some accounts note that two opposition groups are taking arms against each other for the first time.

Kurdish Worker Party guerrillas launch an attack on the towns of Silopi, Cukurca, and Mus in southeastern Turkey that leave 24 Turkish soldiers and one civilian dead.

In Zaire, civilians burn down one of Pres. Mobutu’s villas in Kinshasa, and they also attack Bernardin Mungul-Diaka’s home. Protesters then gather outside the embassies of France, Belgium, and the U.S. . . . Sheikh Muhammad AbuShakra, 81, Lebanese spiritual leader of the 1.1-million-member Druze religion, dies of unreported causes in Badaran, Lebanon.

About 4,000 Turkish soldiers backed by fighter jets and helicopters make a foray into northern Iraq, in an attack on what Turkey claims are strongholds of the separatist Kurdish Workers Party (PKK).

About 90 antiapartheid movements, claiming to represent more than 15 million South Africans, establish a “patriotic united front” to press for black majority rule. . . . As unrest in Zaire continues, Belgium and France nearly complete their evacuation of European nationals, and Western governments appeal for their remaining citizens to leave Zaire at once.

Oct. 24

Oct. 25

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports conclude that, in Afghanistan skirmishes and exchanges of artillery fire have been stepped up near the towns of Jalalabad and Mehtar Lam. . . . Reports indicate that Afghan guerrillas released a U.S. veterinarian, Dr. William Lewis, who was kidnapped with an unidentified colleague July 7. . . . Vietnam and Great Britain reach agreement on the forced repatriation of 222 refugees.

Fearing civil strife as a result of the embargo in Haiti, U.S. ambassador Adams advises the 10,000 Americans living in Haiti to leave.

Japan lifts of most of its sanctions against South Africa.

Princess Kiko, 25, the wife of Japan’s Prince Akishino, 25, gives birth to a baby girl, the first grandchild for Emperor Akihito.

On a visit to Brazil, German chancellor Helmut Kohl pledges $200 million to help preserve the rain forest and improve health care for the poor.

Premier Yon Hyong Muk of North Korea and Premier Chung Won Shik of South Korea agree to try to draft a comprehensive agreement governing nonaggression, reconciliation, trade, and other issues in the fourth round of talks since Sept. 1990.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 20–25, 1991—255

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The lottery for permanent residence visas that opened on Oct. 14 ends. The department reports it has received at least 12 million applications for 40,000 available visas.

The Federal Reserve Board releases statistics on mortgage lending which shows that blacks are twice as likely to be turned down for a mortgage as whites in the same income group. . . . A federal appeals court panel in Philadelphia upholds most of Pennsylvania’s 1989 abortion law.

Michael Andretti clinches the CART season title for Indianapolis-type cars in Monterey, California. . . . Ayrton Senna of Brazil wins the Formula One season driving title.

Local officials estimate the total damage from the Oct. 20 fire in Oakland and Berkeley, California, at $5 billion. Pres. Bush declares it a federal disaster area. . . . Reports suggest that a common bacterial infection of the vagina, Gardnerella vaginitis or bacterial vaginosis, increases the chances of bearing a child with low birth weight by as much as 50%, roughly the same risk associated with smoking.

William Taylor is confirmed by the Senate to succeed FDIC chairman L. William Seidman.

Clarence Thomas is sworn in as a Justice of the Supreme Court. . . . Jack Kevorkian is investigated by Oakland County, Michigan, authorities after he helps two more women kill themselves. Kevorkian had counseled both women, who suffered from debilitating illness, for two years.

Two audits by the GAO and one by the State Department’s inspector general show that U.S. antinarcotics efforts in Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia have made little progress since Pres. Bush unveiled his fiveyear “Andean initiative” in 1989.

Congress continues to debate tax legislation measures. . . . The FDIC revises upward its estimate of the deficit that its Bank Insurance Fund is likely to face at the end of 1992.

The Senate approves legislation that explicitly enables the EPA and state regulators to mandate the cleanup of hazardous wastes on federal property and to fine federal agencies for violations. . . . The House approves the final version of a $12.3 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies. . . . Congress passes another stopgap bill as budget negotiations continue.

Pres. Bush signs the $8.56 billion military construction appropriation for fiscal 1992 passed by the Senate Oct. 16.

At least 24 people are killed and 148 injured as a wildfire sweeps through affluent residential sections of northern Oakland and Berkeley, California, destroying more than 1,800 houses and 900 apartment units. California governor Pete Wilson (R) tours the region by helicopter and declares it a state disaster area.

The National Eye Institute finds that foscarnet, a drug approved by the FDA in September for an eye infection common in AIDS patients, also prolongs their lives.

A Senate Foreign Relations panel begins to hear testimony on the role of the CIA in the BCCI scandal. The testimony includes allegations that the CIA used the bank to make payments to Afghan rebels and in connection with the Iran-contra arms scandal.

Three teenagers are arrested in connection with the slayings of nine people at a Buddhist temple near Phoenix, Arizona in August.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The attorney for the Southern District of West Virginia, Michael Carey, files criminal charges against 33 coal-mining companies and a consulting company for allegedly conspiring to submit false coal-mine dust samples to the Labor Department’s Mine Safety and Health Administration. . . . A federal court in New Orleans strikes down major provisions of an EPA ban on asbestos products, arguing that, although the EPA has demonstrated asbestos poses a health hazard, it has not presented sufficient evidence of risk to justify a total ban.

The House approves a wide-ranging anticrime measure to be reconciled with a similar measure passed by the Senate in July. House members delete a provision that would have allowed death-row inmates to appeal their sentences in federal court on the grounds that courts in their state impose the death penalty disproportionately against members of their race.

Pres. Bush attacks the Senate for how it handled Clarence Thomas’s confirmation hearings. He states that he issued an executive order to restrict access to FBI reports on presidential appointees in order to avoid leaks. The Senate votes to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate leaks. . . . Pres. Bush signs a bill that funds a study to improve the accuracy of the census. . . . Alumni members of the elite Skull and Bones society vote to admit women.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Oct. 20

Oct. 21

Prodigy, a computer network with 1.1 million members, draws criticism for carrying anti-Semitic messages on its bulletin-board discussions. . . . The Booker Prize is won by Ben Okri for his novel The Famished Road.

Oct. 22

Oct. 23

Two UCLA scientists admit that they cannot duplicate their results for an influential 1989 study in which they claim the AIDS virus may remain dormant in humans for up to three years before being detected with standard blood tests. . . . Contrary to previous reports, exercise alone cannot prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine.

The Treasury Department announces that it is changing the rules for its auctions of government securities to loosen the grip of the 39 primary dealers who have been favored. Among the dealers is Salomon Inc.’s Salomon Brothers Inc. unit, which recently admitted to improperly manipulating past auctions.

Eugene Wesley (Gene) Roddenberry, 70, creator of Star Trek, a television show that spawned films and spin-offs and amassed a large following of “Trekkies,” dies of cardiopulmonary arrest in Santa Monica, California.

Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind, by Alexandra Ripley is at the top of Publisher’s Weekly’s bestseller list.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 24

Oct. 25

256—October 26–31, 1991

World Affairs

Europe

Six guerrillas, five policemen, and a soldier are killed in violent incidents on the eve of elections in Colombia.

The parliament of the republic of Turkmenistan votes for a declaration of independence. . . . Reports show that the unemployment rate in France rose to 9.6% in September, and the number of people out of work climbed to a record 2.77 million. . . . Poland holds its first fully free parliamentary elections. Incomplete returns indicate that no single party will emerge with anything approaching a ruling majority. . . . Sir Andrzej Panufnik, 77, Polish-born composer who defected to England in 1954 and was knighted in 1991, dies of unreported causes in London.

In an interview, Zaire’s president Mobutu vows to stay in office despite domestic and international opposition to his rule.

In Colombia, elections are held under heavy guard, with 80,000 soldiers and police posted around the country. Colombia’s ruling Liberal Party wins an absolute majority in the Senate and the House of Representatives and captures 18 of 27 provincial governorships in legislative and local elections. Several parties, including the party of the former rebel group April 19 Movement (M-19), also win seats in the legislature for the first time.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin nominates himself to fill the vacant post of Russian premier. . . . In Ankara, Turkey, separate carbomb blasts kill a U.S. soldier and severely wound an Egyptian diplomat. A group called Turkish Islamic Holy War claims responsibility for the bombings and states they protest the Madrid summit on the Middle East.

Two Israeli Jewish settlers are killed and five others wounded when gunmen open fire on a bus near the village of Kfar Tappuah in the occupied West Bank. Palestinian spokeswoman Hanan Ashrawi repeatedly condemns the outbreaks and denies any PLO role in the attacks. . . . Reports state that Raila Odinga, a prominent Kenyan dissident, fled to Uganda but was refused political asylum.

With 98% of the votes tallied in Poland, it appears that 29 parties have won seats in parliament, but no party received as much as 13% of the vote. Polish president Walesa offers to appoint himself to the job for a two-year period. . . . After two days of talks in Moscow, 12 Soviet republics agree to share responsibility for repaying the foreign debt of the USSR. . . . Kurdish sources state that 12 people were killed in the latest round of Turkish raids. . . . Mario Scelba, 90, Italy’s interior minister, 1947–53, and its premier, 1954–55, dies of thrombosis in Rome.

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Party of God claim responsibility for the Oct. 28 attack in the West Bank. . . . One Palestinian is killed and 35 wounded in clashes with Israeli troops during a general strike called by the Hamas to protest the Madrid talks. Guerrillas from Hezbollah attack Israeli troops in southern Lebanon, killing three soldiers and wounding six. . . . More than 50,000 Zaireans demonstrate joyfully in Kinshasa in the mistaken belief that Pres. Mobutu has agreed to reappoint Premier Tshisekedi who was dismissed Oct. 20.

In Brazil, Pres. Collor designates 71 areas as legal Indian territories. The territories cover 27,500 acres in 13 states. Separately, two prison guards in Rio de Janeiro are arrested and charged with igniting a prison fire that killed 24 people.

Representatives of Israel, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestinians of the Israeli-occupied territories attend the opening session of a Middle East peace conference sponsored by the Soviet Union and the U.S. in Madrid, Spain. It marks the first time that all the major parties in the Middle East conflict gather together at one table for comprehensive talks. . . . A French judge issues warrants for the arrest of four Libyan intelligence agents in connection with the 1989 UTA bomb attack.

About 3,500 workers in Spain’s sherry vineyards end a 59-day strike. . . . Desmond Ellis, the first paramilitary suspect extradited from Ireland to stand trial in Britain, is acquitted of taking part in a 1981 IRA bomb plot.

Israel retaliates for the Oct. 29 attack by shelling Hezbollah strongholds. . . . A series of reports begin that state Iraqi armed forces are harassing Kurdish guerrillas and civilians in northeastern Iraq, cutting off supplies to the region and driving thousands of Kurds from their homes. . . . At a rally in Beirut, Hezbollah leader Sheik Abbas al-Musawi calls for Shi’ite Muslims to launch a holy war against Israel to derail the peace talks.

A Canadian Forces C-130 Hercules transport plane crashes about 12 miles from a radar base at Alert, the northernmost settlement in the world, only 400 miles from the North Pole. . . . Cuba and Colombia resume diplomatic relations after a 10-year freeze.

Amid hostile statements in the Madrid conference, the Palestinian delegation suggests that Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied territories will accept an interim period of limited self-rule prior to the establishment of a Palestinian state. It is the first time a Palestinian leader has ever explicitly backed such a compromise. . . . Ministers from nearly 30 European countries agree to crack down on the smuggling of illegal immigrants at a meeting in Berlin.

Under international pressure, the Yugoslav navy allows a flotilla of private boats carrying relief supplies to enter Dubrovnik. Federal president Stipe Mesic is allowed to visit the city as well.

The Sacred Union, a coalition of opposition parties, steps up its confrontation with Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko by appointing a “parallel” government. French troops depart Zaire. . . . Kenneth Kaunda, president of Zambia since 1964, is trounced in the first pluralistic presidential balloting since becoming a one-party state in 1972. Frederick Chiluba wins the election. . . . Clashes between Shiite Muslim militants and Israeli forces continue in southern Lebanon.

Oct. 27

Reports confirm that France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal have joined the Arab Maghreb Union (Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Mauritania) in calling for the EC to lift its sanctions against Libya imposed in 1986.

Oct. 29

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

The Americas

In Tel Aviv, 3,000 people attend a rally in support of territorial compromise that would exchange land for peace between Israel and its neighbors.

Oct. 26

Oct. 28

Africa & the Middle East

Asia & the Pacific

A youth is killed by Indonesian soldiers.

Vietnam formally approves a plan to forcibly repatriate tens of thousands of refugees living in camps in Hong Kong.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 26–31, 1991—257

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle An accident at an exhibit of giant umbrellas in California and Japan created by the artist Christo kills a California woman, Lori Mae Matthew, 33, who is crushed to death by one of the 485-pound umbrellas. Several other people are injured in the accident.

Reports suggest that substantial funds allegedly deposited in the BCCI by drug cartels were withdrawn in the weeks preceding the U.S. government’s 1988 arrest of BCCI executives on money-laundering charges.

The Minnesota Twins win the 88th World Series over the Atlanta Braves in the 10th inning of the seventh and deciding game. . . . The Israeli Antiquities Authority, which controls the Dead Sea Scrolls, agrees to open access to the scrolls to scholars but continues to impose strict publication restrictions.

Alberto Gonzalez, 27, of Oregon is ordered not to have sex for five years and sentenced to six months of house arrest after he pleads no contest to charges that he spread the AIDS virus to his girlfriend by having unsafe sex with her when he knew he was infected.

Pres. Bush signs many of the appropriations measures passed by Congress, including an $81 billion fiscal 1992 bill for HUD, NASA, the EPA, and independent agencies; a $19.9 billion bill funding the Treasury Department, the Postal Service, and government operations; a $14.3 billion fiscal 1992 transportation bill; a $22 billion bill funding the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State and the federal judiciary; a $52.5 billion fiscal 1992 agriculture bill; and a stopgap bill.

Reports show that the National Institutes of Health applied for patents on hundreds of human genes, the naturally occurring molecules that control transmission of hereditary characteristics, setting off a wave of complaints. James D. Watson, codiscoverer of DNA, states that the action “offends our sense of justice.”

The North American Bungee Association reports the first known death from bungee jumping in the U.S. when it discloses that Hal Mark Irish fell to his death after he became detached from his cord during a demonstration in Perris, California.

The mayor of Miami Beach, Florida, Alex Daoud, is indicted on federal charges of racketeering, extortion, corruption, money laundering, and filing false tax returns.

The governors of nine states agree to adopt California’s strict limits on automobile pollution emissions.. . . . The National Governors’ Association reports that 32 states resorted to some form of spending reductions to meet budgetary pressures in fiscal 1991. . . . After long negotiations, Congress passes a reconciliation of a $205 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Departments of Health and Human Services, Labor, and Education.

The U.S. probe Galileo has a rendezvous with the asteroid Gaspra in the solar system’s asteroid belt between the orbits of planets Mars and Jupiter. . . . After compiling thousands of photo images of Venus, NASA releases the first global maps of the planet’s surface. . . . Rep. Howard Wolpe (D, Mich.) condemns Bush’s Sept. 16 Presidential Faculty Fellows Award since “30 or 40 fewer academicians will get awards.” Wolpe suggests providing smaller awards to more scientists and therefore attracting more people to the field.

The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) rejects Rev. Michael Kinnamon, dean of the Lexington Theological Seminary, as head of the denomination because he refuses to condemn all homosexual activity and because he argues that congregations should be free to choose sexually active homosexuals as ministers.

The Senate passes legislation that will make it easier for workers to file suit in job-discrimination cases.

U.S. intelligence assessments find that China is providing Iran with the equipment and technology to develop nuclear weapons. Some senators accuse the Bush administration of withholding information on Iran-China trade ties from Congress during the debate over extending China’s most-favored nation (MFN) trade status.

The EPA reports that new 1992model automobiles sold in the U.S. average 27.5 miles per gallon, down from 27.8 in 1991 models. . . . The Agriculture Department reports that a record 23.57 million Americans received food stamps in August, an increase of 3 million over August 1990.

A violent storm batters parts of the northeastern seaboard.

Reports proclaim that Xie Jun of China has won the women’s world chess championship.

Doctors in the U.S. note an increase in the incidence of Barret’s syndrome, a disorder of the esophagus lining that mainly affects white, affluent, middle-aged men. . . . Pres. Bush and Democrats in Congress begin to assail each other for the poor state of the economy and other problems. . . . The Palm Beach, Florida, rape trial of William Kennedy Smith opens.

Reports conclude that exposure to low-level radiation did not harm naval shipyard workers who overhauled nuclear submarines. . . . In response to the Oct. 30 intelligence reports, Iranian and Chinese officials admit that Iran received nuclear technology from China but strongly deny the existence of an Iranian atomic-weapons program.

Labor Secretary Lynn Martin announces a record $10 million fine levied against Angus Chemical Co. to settle a government investigation of a May 1 fire that killed eight workers at the plant and injured 120 others.

A storm kills at least four people and causes hundreds of millions of dollars in damages as well as extensive beach erosion. The governors of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Maine state they plan to request federal disaster relief. . . . NASA announces that Forrest McCartney, head of the Kennedy Space Center, will be replaced by Robert Crippen. . . . Researchers find that taking onetenth of an aspirin tablet daily may prevent heart attacks and strokes.

Joseph Papp (born Yosl Papirofsky), 70, theater producer and founder of the New York Shakespeare Festival who refused to answer questions from the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1958 and rejected a grant from the NEA to protest an antiobscenity clause in 1990, dies of prostate cancer in New York City.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 26

Oct. 27

Oct. 28

Oct. 29

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

258—November 1–6, 1991

World Affairs

Europe The Russian Congress of People’s Deputies, the overall parliament of Soviet Russia, grants Pres. Boris Yeltsin sweeping powers to launch and direct radical economic reforms in Russia.

Nov. 1

Asia & the Pacific

Thirteen members of the Canadian military are rescued after spending more than 40 hours stranded in the Arctic after their plane crashed on Oct. 30. Five additional crew members, including the pilot, Captain John Couch, survived the crash but froze to death before the rescue.

The blockade and shelling of the Yugoslavian town of Dubrovnik resumes. . . . Officials of the Czechoslovak federal, Czech, and Slovak governments meet for the 11th time in 1991 to consider greater autonomy for the Slovak Republic but fail to reach an accord. . . . Reports indicate that Soviet scientists found a sharp rise in thyroid cancer among children living in areas of Byelorussia contaminated by the 1986 Chernobyl accident.

At a protest of a new value-added tax in South Africa, 15 people are killed in a clash between pro- and antistrike workers at a mine outside Welkom, 160 miles south of Johannesburg. In addition, police arrest 108 people in various cities for holding marches without permission.

Police in Nicaragua seize more than 1,500 pounds of cocaine at a house in Managua, the capital, the largest seizure in Nicaraguan history.

The Middle East peace conference in Madrid, Spain, closes without the emergence of major concessions or peace proposals from either Israel or the Arab nations. However, Arabs and Israelis publicly commit themselves to continuing their dialogue, a development that is hailed by diplomats and observers as a crucial step toward a comprehensive Middle East peace settlement.

Exiled former Afghan king Zahir Shah, a leading supporter of ongoing Afghan peace efforts, is stabbed and slightly wounded at his villa in Rome.

In the largest strike in the history of South Africa, between 3 and 4 million black South Africans stay home from work for two days to protest a new value-added tax. . . . Belgian troops leave Zaire. . . . Israel inaugurates a settlement for Soviet Jewish immigrants at Qela in the Golan Heights.

In Barbados, a two-day general strike begins.

Former first lady Imelda Marcos returns to the Philippines, ending more than five years of exile in the U.S.

The Soviet Union formally agrees to allow foreign overflights of its territory to monitor Soviet compliance with arms-control accords, clearing the way for a long-delayed, international “open-skies” treaty.

Croatian artillery shells kill four people in the Serbian town of Sid. Serbia rejects an EC peace proposal that was tentatively accepted by Yugoslavia’s five other republics but agrees to the 12th official EC-mediated cease-fire. . . . The body of British media mogul Robert Maxwell, who launched a paper to be distributed throughout Europe and bought the New York Daily News, is found dead in the Atlantic Ocean. . . . Riot police break a blockade by Renault S.A. workers at the Cleon plant.

Officials estimate that strikers in South Africa forfeited over $70 million in wages and cost $800 million in lost production during the job action that started Nov. 4. . . . Israeli military authorities ban pro-peace demonstrations by Palestinians in the West Bank as they often provoke clashes between rival Arab groups.

A U.S. soldier stationed in Panama, Mikael Child, is shot dead when Panamanian police open fire on a car carrying four U.S. servicemen traveling the wrong way on a oneway street.

Kiichi Miyazawa is appointed premier of Japan, succeeding Toshiki Kaifu. He immediately forms a new cabinet that includes several persons who were involved in financial and sex scandals. . . . China and Vietnam normalize relations. . . . A storm hits the Philippines islands where recent illegal logging of trees that anchored topsoil results in rampant mudslides. . . . Former first lady of the Philippines Imelda Marcos is arrested on tax fraud charges.

The 12th official EC-mediated ceasefire for Yugoslavia and its republics signed Nov, 5 falls apart. . . . . The republics of Moldavia and the Ukraine sign the economic-union pact that 12 other Soviet republics signed Oct 29. . . . Amid public speculation on the possibility of foul play, Spanish authorities find that British media mogul Robert Maxwell, who died Nov. 5, had suffered heart failure and then fell overboard into the sea.

A total of six Israeli soldiers are reported killed in the fighting since Oct. 31. . . . The last of more than 700 Kuwaiti oil wells set on fire by Iraqi forces during the Persian Gulf war is capped. . . . Amnesty International accuses the government of Djibouti of torturing up to 300 prisoners within the past year.

A Panamanian police officer, Juan Arauz, is arrested for the Nov. 5 shooting. . . . About 150 protesters from far-right groups demonstrate outside the U.S. embassy in Portau-Prince denouncing an embargo on Haiti.

Nov. 3

Nov. 5

In Zaire, Pres. Mobutu swears in a new cabinet led by Premier Bernardin Mungul-Diaka, the fifth premier in 1991. At the same time, the Sacred Union, which declared itself a “parallel government” on Oct. 31, holds its first cabinet meeting and calls on military leaders to break with Mobutu and back their administration. . . . Lebanese troops move to the area near the town of Nabatiye, yet Israel and the Israelibacked South Lebanon Army militia continue to shell villages and suspected guerrilla bases.

The Americas

Frederick Chiluba, 48, leader of the Zambian Congress of Trade Unions, is inaugurated as president in Lusaka, Zambia’s capital.

Nov. 2

Nov. 4

Africa & the Middle East

Nov. 6

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 1–6, 1991—259

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

A graduate student, distraught over his failure to win an academic award, shoots and kills five people and critically injures another at the University of Iowa in Iowa City. The student, Gang Lu, then shoots himself to death. . . . Judge Clarence Thomas is formally seated as the 106th associate justice of the Supreme Court.

Martin Gaffney, 42, chief warrant officer with the Marines who won a five-year legal battle against the government to receive compensation for medical malpractice that led to the death of his wife and son from AIDS after a blood transfusion at a U.S. Navy hospital, dies of AIDS-related cancer in Boston.

The Senate approves the final version of a $12.3 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies.

Researchers at MIT find that jetliners that are full or close to full capacity are more likely to be involved in accidents with numerous fatalities than aircraft that are not fully loaded.

A series of studies conducted by environmental groups and federal agencies conclude that between 30% and 70% of the estimated 100 million acres of land currently classified as wetlands will be disqualified from protection under the new criteria announced by Vice President Quayle in August.

Reports confirm that California scientists have isolated “stem cells” whose divisions give rise to all the red and white blood cells in the body. The existence of stem cells in the bone marrow has been hypothesized for more than 35 years before being isolated.

Members of the United Auto Workers union go on strike at two Caterpillar Inc. factories in Illinois in an effort to gain concessions from the company in contract negotiations.

Nov. 1

Australia wins the finals of the Rugby World Cup. . . . Irwin Allen, 75, Hollywood producer who won an Academy Award for best documentary in 1952 and was nominated for another Oscar in 1974 for The Towering Inferno, dies of a heart attack in Santa Monica, California.

Golfer Craig Stadler wins the Tour Championship. . . . Liz McColgan of Scotland wins the women’s race and Salvador García of Mexico wins the men’s race in the NYC Marathon. . . . The film and television rights to Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind, by Alexandra Ripley, are auctioned for around $9 million, the highest ever paid for the rights to film a book.

Surgeon Gen. Antonia Novello accuses beer, wine, and liquor companies of “unabashedly” targeting their advertisements at teenagers. . . . The Supreme Court’s new session opens.

Health and Human Services Secretary Sullivan announces an agreement with representatives of the health insurance industry to develop a nationwide insurance billing system. . . . The Senate votes to confirm Robert Gates as director of central intelligence, despite the strongest recorded opposition any U.S. intelligence director has ever received. . . . In an upset, appointed senator Harris Wofford (D, Pa.) defeats former Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh (R) in the nation’s only 1991 Senate race.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush and former presidents Reagan, Carter, Ford, and Nixon attend the dedication of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.

The U.S. Navy announces that Rear Admiral John Snyder, implicated in the sexual-harassment Tailhook scandal, has been relieved of duty. . . . Defense Secretary Cheney testifies on the issue of MIAs in Southeast Asia and asserts that forged documents are hampering investigations. . . . Defense Secretary Cheney admits the armed services were slow to inform the relatives of men slain by friendly fire in the Persian Gulf War of the circumstances of the deaths.

The FDA and the Agriculture Department unveil a sweeping new set of regulations concerning food labeling that are described as the largest product relabeling proposal in history. . . . Pres Bush denounces David Duke, a former neo-Nazi and Grand Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan, who is the Republican candidate in a runoff election for governor in Louisiana. . . . The House clears compromise legislation to reauthorize the Civil Rights Commission for three years.

Jeffrey S. Worthy, former vice president of Columbia Savings and Loan Association, is convicted of engaging in a scheme to sell the thrift $166 million in fraudulent “leveraged lease packages” from 1983 to 1987.

John Frohnmayer, chairman of the NEA, announces the recipients of 735 grants. Among the recipients are Holly Hughes and Tim Miller, who were denied grants in 1990 because of the sexually explicit nature of their work.

The EPA sets a 90-day deadline for states to implement programs to control the discharge of toxic chemicals into lakes and rivers. . . . The Senate Banking Committee rejects the nomination of Robert Clarke for a second term as comptroller of the currency. . . . The Federal Reserve Board votes to cut its basic interest rate to 4.5% from 5%, the lowest since Jan. 1973.

Gene Tierney, 70, film actress nominated for Leave Her to Heaven (1945), dies of emphysema in Houston, Texas.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 2

Nov. 3

Nov. 4

Nov. 5

Nov. 6

260—November 7–12, 1991

Nov. 7

Nov. 8

Nov. 9

World Affairs

Europe

NATO leaders set a new, post–cold war course for the alliance at a summit in Rome, Italy.

The communist-led General Confederation of Labor (CGT) calls for striking auto workers at Renault S.A. in France to return to work, ending a 22-day strike. . . . More than 10,000 people mount an illegal pro-communist parade in Moscow to mark the 74th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. . . . Gaston Monnerville, 94, leader of the French Senate, 1948–68, dies of undisclosed causes.

NATO leaders sign joint declarations on the crises in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in which they denounce what they view as aggression by the Yugoslav republic of Serbia and call on the Soviet republics to respect international arms-control treaties. . . . The foreign ministers of the EC impose an economic embargo on Yugoslavia.

Turkey recognizes Azerbaijan as independent nation. . . . U.S. president Bush meets with EC officials at The Hague, the Netherlands, and states that the U.S. will “apply sanctions on Yugoslavia comparable to those of the European Community.”

Nov. 10

Nov. 11

At a meeting in Brussels of the 24 leading industrial nations under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, data show that Western governments and financial institutions pledged a total of $45 billion in economic assistance to Eastern Europe since 1989. . . . The World Health Organization reports that 75% of the people in the world infected with the AIDS virus acquired it through heterosexual contact.

Nov. 12

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Israeli army and the pro-Israel South Lebanon Army militia continue to launch helicopter air strikes and artillery barrages against suspected Palestinian guerrilla positions in southern Lebanon.

Mexican army troops shoot and kill seven judicial police agents in a drug raid. The killings spark speculation about army involvement in drug trafficking since the drug smugglers escape. Army officials state the troops mistakenly opened fire since the agents disembarked a Colombian aircraft loaded with cocaine. . . . The Canadian House of Commons overwhelmingly approves new gun-control legislation.

Relief agencies disclose that floods resulting from the Nov. 5 tropical storm Thelma have killed at least 3,400 people in the south-central Philippines. The death toll is the highest from flooding in the Philippines since 1984.

Polish president Lech Walesa asks Bronislaw Geremek to serve as Poland’s premier-designate since elections failed to yield a majority for any single party. . . . The Bulgarian parliament confirms Filip Dimitrov, 36, as the country’s youngest-ever premier.

A bomb destroys the main building of the American University of Beirut on the 125th anniversary of the university’s founding. One person is killed and eight others wounded in the blast. The bombers also shoot and kill a Syrian sentry.

Business and labor leaders in Barbados ask P.M. Lloyd Erskine Sandiford to step down in the wake of the Nov, 4 general strike. Sandiford, who is also the finance minister, refuses to step down.

In Hong Kong, thousands of refugees at the Whitehead Detention Center—where 25,000 refugees live in prison-like conditions—stage a peaceful protest of planned forced repatriation.

More than 100,000 Germans in some 30 towns and cities protest the recent attacks on foreigners in Germany by right-wing youths. The demonstrations are staged over the weekend anniversary of both Kristallnacht, a 1938 night of antiSemitic violence in Nazi Germany, and the 1989 breaching of the Berlin Wall. . . . The pro-Serbia faction of the Yugoslav federal collective presidency calls for UN peacekeepers in Yugoslavia.

PLO spokesmen state that Syria will allow the mainstream Fatah faction of the PLO to reopen its offices in Damascus, shut down in May 1983.

The Roman Catholic Church in El Salvador releases a report accusing members of the U.S.-trained Atlacatl Battalion of the Salvadoran army of killing hundreds of peasants in and around the village of El Mozote in December 1981.

Hong Kong authorities deport 59 Vietnamese refugees, reinitiating a controversial program of forced repatriation advocated by the British government. The 59 refugees are the first to be returned to Vietnam against their will under an agreement between Britain and Vietnam to bring the eventual repatriation of a large portion of the 63,000 boat people currently encamped in Hong Kong.

French president Mitterrand states that he is planning to propose wide-ranging reforms to the French constitution. . . . Maj. Gen. Sir Rohan Delacombe, 85, military officer who commanded British occupation forces in Berlin from 1959 to 1962 and served from 1963 to 1974 as the last British governor of the Australian state of Victoria, dies of unreported causes.

Israeli security officials report a sharp drop in violence in the Israelioccupied West Bank and Gaza Strip for the week following the Madrid peace conference. Israeli authorities allow thousands of Palestinians to take to the streets in the West Bank city of Jericho and welcome the return of the Palestinian delegation to the Madrid talks. . . . South African president de Klerk begins the first visit to Israel by a South African head of state since 1976.

An OAS delegation, led by former Colombian foreign minister Augusto Ramírez Ocampo, arrives in Haiti.

As violence continues in Yugoslavia, the EC orders peace monitors in Dubrovnik to leave the city.

A South African mining conglomeration shuts down a gold mine in the town of Welkom after a week of ethnic fighting among black workers left at least 67 dead. . . . Israel and South Africa sign a broad agreement for economic and scientific cooperation. . . . Reports suggest the BCCI stole $2 billion from the personal account of Sheik Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahayan, the ruler of Abu Dhabi. . . . About 35,000 workers at Impala Platinum in Bophuthatswana begin a strike.

The Canadian government formally revokes the citizenship of a Dutch émigré, Jacob Luitjens, who is believed to have collaborated with Nazi officials during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. . . . In Nicaragua, a first case of cholera is diagnosed.

Charles Twining, the first U.S. diplomatic representative to Cambodia in 16 years, and David Burns, the first diplomat from the U.K. since 1975, arrive in Cambodia.

Reports confirm that five neo-Nazis in Germany were sentenced in Zittau to up to 15 months in prison for an attack against foreigners.

After five days of Israeli helicopter air strikes and artillery barrages against suspected Palestinian guerrilla positions in southern Lebanon, the U.S. ambassador to Lebanon, Ryan Crocker, and Lebanese Foreign Minister Fares Boueiz meet to discuss the possibility of arranging a cease-fire.

Reports indicate that a joint session of Chile’s congress approved measures aimed at holding the first municipal elections since 1971.

Indonesian troops open fire on 1,000 marchers on their way to a funeral for a youth killed by Indonesian soldiers Oct. 28 in the province of East Timor. The attack, confirmed by Western journalists, kills about 50 people.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 7–12, 1991—261

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The CDC reports that the percentage of Americans who smoke declined to 28% in 1988, from 29% the year before. . . . The House passes the legislation that makes it easier for workers to sue in job-discrimination cases that the Senate approved Oct. 30. . . . Ralph M. Harvey, 90, Republican U.S. representative from Indiana, 1948–59 and 1961–66, dies in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

The Wall Street Journal finds that the only U.S. serviceman punished in a gulf war friendly-fire incident was army Lt. Col. Ralph Hayles, who has been stripped of his command and dismissed.

In response to the UAW Nov. 3 strike, Caterpillar closes its remaining operations in East Peoria and a factory in Aurora, Illinois.

Reports show that Japanese scientists cloned a rat gene that directs the production of a key brain protein. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine suggests that children successfully treated for leukemia are at high risk for developing a second tumor, especially in the brain. . . . Scientists at California Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory state that radar images hint there is ice on the north pole of planet Mercury.

Los Angeles Laker guard Earvin (Magic) Johnson, among the greatest and most popular players in the history of the NBA, announces that he has tested positive for the HIV virus that causes AIDS.

Susan Phillips, former chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, is confirmed to the Federal Reserve’s board of governors.

NASA suspends business with a division of Rockwell International Corp., which was indicted for false billing.

John Kirkpatrick, 86, U.S. pianist and curator of the Charles Ives Archive at Yale, dies of unreported causes in Ithaca, New York. . . . Charlotte Moorman, 57, cellist and avant-garde performer, dies of cancer in New York City. . . . Pres. Bush meets Pope John Paul II at the Vatican.

European scientists for the first time produce a significant amount of energy from controlled nuclear fusion at the Joint European Torus (JET) laboratory.

Yves Montand (born Ivo Livi), 70, popular French film actor who made more than 50 films, including the 1986 films Jean de Florette and Manon of the Spring, dies after suffering a heart attack while on location for a new film in Senlis, France.

The New York Times reports that crops in California’s Imperial Valley are being wiped out by an infestation of the sweet potato whitefly.

In tennis, Martina Navratilova ties Chris Evert’s career record when she wins her 157th tournament, the California Virginia Slims in Oakland.

Five female employees of Stroh Brewery Co. file a sexual-harassment suit charging that the company’s “sexist and degrading” television advertising campaign contributes to sexist and abusive treatment they receive in the work place. It is believed to be the first to attempt to link the images of women used in a company’s advertising with its treatment of its female employees. . . . A 22-city survey finds that about one-third of the homeless people in those cities are severely mentally ill. The FDA approves a product that administers a small but steady dose of nicotine through an adhesive skin patch, intended for people who are trying to quit smoking.

The USS Will Rogers, the last submarine at the base at Holy Loch, Scotland, leaves port to return to the U.S.

Federal law-enforcement officials announce that Salvatore Gravano, 46, whom they describe as the top associate of John Gotti, the Gambino family crime boss, has defected to the government and been placed in the Witness Protection Program.

The CDC reports that as many as 20% of homeless people are infected with the HIV virus. . . . The Senate Judiciary Committee opens hearings on the confirmation of William P. Barr as attorney general. . . . Robert M. Gates takes the oath of office and becomes the country’s 15th director of central intelligence.

Reports find that U.S. scientists have taken the first photographs of the human brain as it performs simple tasks. The experiment yields unexpected results about the workings of memory in recalling words. . . . Scientists report that short men are at greater risk for heart attacks than tall men.

The Defense Department announces that 71 U.S. military installations in Europe will close or be reduced by 1995. All but 13 of the facilities are in Germany.

California and the Environmental Defense Fund file suit against 10 makers of china dishware, including Wedgwood, Royal Doulton, and Lenox, charging that their glazes contain high levels of lead that can leach into food and beverages. . . . Pres. Bush suggests that banks voluntarily lower the interest rates they charge on credit cards. . . . The House passes a third stopgap bill. . . . Up to 300 senior doctors at Woodhull Medical and Health Center in NYC go on strike, in the first walkout by staff doctors anywhere in the U.S.

Nov. 7

Nov. 8

Nov. 9

Nov. 10

Nov. 11

Researchers argue that Digitalis, one of the oldest heart-attack medicines, increases the risk of sudden death from heart-rhythm disorders. The risk can be mitigated, however, by taking beta-blockers. . . . Burroughs Wellcome Co. announces that it has developed an experimental drug, called 566, to fight a type of pneumonia that is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients. The company states the FDA has authorized wider use of the drug.

Nov. 12

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

262—November 13–18, 1991

Nov. 13

Nov. 14

Nov. 15

World Affairs

Europe

EC foreign ministers complete their meeting without reaching agreement on increased political integration among the EC’s 12 members or on economic and monetary union (EMU). . . . Great Britain, France, and Belgium urge the UN Security Council to send a peacekeeping force to Yugoslavia, and reports confirm Japan suspended aid to Yugoslavia. . . . The OECD revises downward its forecast for U.S. economic growth in 1992.

Five Protestants are shot in Belfast, Northern Ireland, by the outlawed IRA. Two more Protestants die in another IRA shooting, and another loses his legs in a car-bomb explosion. . . . Bronislaw Geremek, Poland’s premier-designate, announces that he has given up his effort form a coalition government. . . . Two battered Croatian communities—Dubrovnik and Vukovar—are on the brink of falling to the Serbian forces.

Both the U.S. Justice Department and Scottish authorities indict two Libyan intelligence officers, Lamen Khalifa Fhimah and Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, who are believed to have engineered the Dec. 1988 bombing of Pan American World Airways Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in which 270 people died. The indictments follow joint inquiries by U.S., French, and British investigators.

The Yugoslav navy allows about 2,000 people to be evacuated by ferry boat from Dubrovnik, as intermittent shelling continues. All sides in the Yugoslav conflict agree to allow the presence of peace-keeping forces. . . . Seven Soviet republics reach a preliminary agreement on a loosely confederated “Union of Sovereign States.”. . . In retaliation for the Nov. 13 attacks, the illegal Ulster Volunteer Force shoots and kills two Roman Catholics and a Protestant in County Armagh.

The UN Environment Program reports that worldwide production and use of halons and chlorofluorocarbons, chemicals believed to cause erosion of the ozone layer, have declined 40% over the previous five years. . . . Libya offers to defend itself against the Pan Am allegations before “just and neutral judicial authorities or the U.N. International Court of Justice.” The U.S. State Department calls the indictments a matter for U.S. courts.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports confirm that Belize, Honduras, and Venezuela have agreed to offer temporary shelter for Haitian refugees picked up at sea by the U.S. Coast Guard while fleeing Haiti in small boats. . . . The Haitian National Assembly, as part of an accord with the OAS, agrees to discussions with the ousted government of Pres. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, but refuses to commit to Aristide’s return to power.

Indonesia apologizes for the Nov. 12 killings, and army commander general Try Sutrisno promises an investigation of the incident.

Reports indicate that Iraq and Kurdish guerrilla leaders have agreed to call for an end to the blockade.

The Nicaraguan government begins a cholera prevention program. . . . Leaders of the FMLN announce an indefinite cease-fire, suspending offensive military action in the 12year-old civil war in El Salvador.

Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia’s former head of state, stages a triumphant return to Phnom Penh after nearly 13 years in exile.

Russian president Yeltsin begins to assert control over Russia’s natural resources and monetary policies. . . . The Supreme Court in the Republic of Ireland blocks the extradition of two men convicted in Britain on terrorist-related charges. . . . The IRA attempts a bomb attack on the British mainland, but the bombers are killed when their device apparently explodes prematurely. In the wake of violence in Northern Ireland, Britain calls up 1,400 reserve for full-time active duty.

In Kenya, police stage a round-up of at least six activists connected with the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD).

Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello finalizes plans for a 36,000-squaremile reserve for Brazil’s stone-age Yanomami tribe in a mineral-rich Amazon jungle area on Brazil’s border with Venezuela.

U.S. secretary of state Baker goes to China, and his visit marks the first high-level official contact between China and the U.S. since the 1989 crackdown in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square.

A few hours after the latest truce takes effect in Yugoslavia, the army and Serbian guerrillas launch an offensive against the long-besieged city of Vukovar. . . . In France, the right-wing National Front unveils a 50-point plan to curb immigration and “protect the French.” The proposal is by far the most detailed on the issue offered by the anti-immigration party of Jean-Marie Le Pen, and it draws controversy.

Riot police launch tear gas and use batons to break up a prodemocracy rally in Nairobi, Kenya. About 25 journalists ignore the warning to avoid the site and are arrested. Several FORD leaders are arrested. The Kenyan government argues the action led to only minor injuries, but local newspapers report that one man died in a stampede and seven have received gunshot wounds.

In a lengthy news conference, Prince Sihanouk asserts that Khmer Rouge leaders should be tried for the killings of an estimated 1 million Cambodians during their rule.

In response to the Nov. 14 indictments of Libyans, the 21-nation Arab League calls for Western nations to exercise restraint in dealing with Libya and states it does not believe Libya is responsible for the Lockerbie explosion. . . . The U.S. and its coalition of international allies caused needless civilian deaths during the Persian Gulf war, according to a report by the U.S.based human-rights organization Middle East Watch.

The city of Vukovar, almost completely leveled by the 86-day siege and bombardment and with a large Serb population, is under Yugoslav army control.

Fighting breaks out in Somalia’s already devastated capital between fighters loyal to interim president Mahdi and to Gen. Mohammed Farah Haideed.

Son Sen, a former defense minister who is reported to have overseen the torture and killing at a prison where 20,000 people died under the regime that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, returns to Phnom Penh.

Following negotiations between Islamic Jihad and officials from the UN, Iran, and Syria, the Lebanese Shi’ite Muslim faction Islamic Jihad frees Church of England envoy Terry Waite and U.S. university professor Thomas M. Sutherland. Waite, held since January 1987, is the last British hostage held in Lebanon. Sutherland was seized in June 1985. UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar tells reporters that the Arab parties in the hostage talks have offered to release all the remaining Western hostages by the end of the year.

Gustav Husak, 78, president of Czechoslovakia, 1975–89, and general secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, 1969–87, dies of heart failure and cancer in Bratislava.

Nov. 16

Nov. 17

Nov. 18

Africa & the Middle East

Reports suggest that the number of murders in Puerto Rico to date in 1991 rose 40% over the total for 1990.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 13–18, 1991—263

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The House passes a bill guaranteeing workers unpaid leave of up to 90 days a year for family emergencies, similar to the one passed by the Senate Oct. 2.

Hanson Weightman Baldwin, 88, top U.S. military writer for more than 50 years who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1943 for his reporting from the Pacific theater during World War II, dies of heart failure in Roxbury, Connecticut.

Midway Airlines ceases operations, the second major carrier to shut down in 1991. . . . Delegates at the AFL-CIO convention reelect Lane Kirkland as president. . . . The Senate votes to impose a mandatory limit on credit-card interest rates, prompted by Pres. Bush’s Nov. 12 remarks. . . . Pres. Bush signs a $12.3 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies. . . . The Senate passes a third stopgap bill.

A Canadian researcher finds that men’s standardized medical test results vary according to their cycle of the “male” testosterone hormone. . . . Data suggests that the extremely low blood pressure of preschool children is apparently caused by their large consumption of calcium in milk.

Reports confirm that Fox Broadcasting Co. will allow television ads for condoms.

A former postal clerk, Thomas McIlvane, shoots and kills three workers and injures six others at a Michigan post office before turning the gun on himself. . . . The House passes a compromise bill to provide benefits for the long-term unemployed. . . . An FDA panel votes to allow silicone-filled breast implants to remain on the market, pending further study. . . . The Census Bureau confirms there are still significant differences in men’s and women’s pay. . . . The CDC proposes defining AIDS on a system based on cell counts.

Argentine president Menem addresses Congress and signs an investment-protection treaty with the U.S. under the 1981 Bilateral Investment Program. . . . Pres. Bush issues an executive order allowing Palestinian refugees from Kuwait to live and work in the U.S. for up to four years.

The Dow Jones plunges, and many analysts identify the credit-card measure passed Nov. 13 as a prime cause. . . . Woodhull Medical and Health doctors return to work. . . . The National Marine Fisheries Service designates the Snake River sockeye salmon an endangered species.

NASA releases photographs that provide the first close-up images of the Gaspra asteroid, which show that it is 12 miles long and eight miles wide. . . . Heart-attack victims who cannot be revived by paramedics have little chance of surviving, according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine. . . . A study finds that increasing calcium consumption may prevent the development of high blood pressure during pregnancy.

The National Conference of Catholic Bishops issues statements that call on governments and businesses to provide more support for traditional and nontraditional families and that urge Americans to conserve resources and reduce consumption.

One of the workers injured in the Nov. 14 attack in Michigan dies, as does the gunman. The incident, the latest of several such shootings, causes Postmaster General Frank to call for a review of the personnel records of all 750,000 Postal Service employees. . . . The Senate approves William Barr as attorney general. . . . Pres. Bush signs a compromise bill providing up to 20 weeks of benefits for the long-term unemployed, ending a four-month partisan battle.

Elliott Abrams is sentenced in the Iran-contra scandal to two years’ probation, a $50 fine, and 100 hours of community service. . . . A federal appeals court panel reverses the Iran-contra convictions of former national security adviser John Poindexter, convicted in April 1990 on five felony counts. He was the highest-ranking official in the administration of Pres. Reagan to be convicted in the Irancontra affair and the only one to receive a prison sentence.

Reports show that a number of U.S. oil companies are complying with a law requiring double hulls on their new oil tankers and barges. . . . The Justice Department unveils a criminal indictment of the BCCI and three businessmen associated with it. . . . Pres. Bush signs a stopgap bill to fund the operations of the government until it finishes work on appropriations bills.

Robert (Rob) McCall, 33, seventime Canadian ice-dance champion who won a bronze medal in the 1988 Olympics, dies of AIDSrelated brain cancer in Toronto. . . . Former Los Angeles Laker star guard Earvin (Magic) Johnson accepts Pres. Bush’s request to join the National Commission on AIDS.

Former governor Edwin Edwards (D) defeats State Rep. David Duke (R) in “the most publicized governor’s race of modern times,” due to the candidacy of Duke, a former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . Carl Winter, 85, official with the American Communist Party who, in 1949, was one of the first people to be convicted under the Smith Act that made it illegal to belong to any group that conspires to overthrow the U.S. government, dies in NYC after suffering a heart attack.

Nov. 14

Nov. 15

Nov. 16

The Justice Department files suit against the newly created village of Airmont, New York, charging that its zoning proposals discriminate against Orthodox Jews. The suit is said to be one of the first filed by the department on behalf of a religious group. . . . The Minnesota Court of Appeals overturns an April lower court decision and awards guardianship of a brain-damaged, quadriplegic lesbian to her longtime lover. The Supreme Court rejects, without comment, an appeal by an Oklahoma death-row inmate, Olan Robison, to present evidence that a relative of one of his victims does not want him to be executed.

Nov. 13

In auto racing, Dale Earnhardt wins his fifth NASCAR Winston Cup season title. . . . Offensive lineman Mike Utley of the NFL’s Detroit Lions suffers a paralyzing neck injury in a game against the Los Angeles Rams.

The House adopts a $291 billion defense authorization bill for fiscal 1992. . . . The U.S. begins to return to Haiti refugees intercepted while trying to sail to the U.S., in accordance with a 1981 agreement with Haiti that was temporarily suspended after the Sept. 30 coup. The announcement stirs controversy. . . . The Supreme Court votes to uphold the indictments of the chief of Chile’s former secret police and his deputy for the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier, Chile’s ambassador to the U.S.

Studies show that Lovastatin, a drug known to lower cholesterol levels, also shrinks fatty deposits in coronary arteries. It is the first time a medicine has been found to have such a capability.

Nov. 17

Nov. 18

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

264—November 19–24, 1991

World Affairs

Nov. 23

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani outlines plans for sweeping economic reforms that will shift Iran toward a free-market economy. . . . Kenyan president Daniel T. arap Moi dismisses Nicholas Biwott from his cabinet after a month of court testimony linked Biwott to the unsolved 1990 assassination of Foreign Minister Robert Ouko.

Canadian finance minister Donald Mazankowski announces that the country posted its first trade deficit in 15 years. . . . France’s ambassador to Haiti, Jean Rafael Dufour, who was called “undesirable” and ordered to leave the country, departs.

A helicopter crashes in the disputed area of Nagorno-Karabakh, killing all on board, including Azerbaijan’s interior minister, peace negotiators from Russia, and Kazakhstan, two Soviet generals and several reporters. The cause of the accident is debated. . . . In Turkey, the new coalition government formally takes office.

Congo begins expelling thousands of Zaireans as illegal aliens.

Reports state that the governments of Suriname and the Netherlands have agreed to resume a cooperation agreement under which Suriname is to receive $706 million in Dutch aid.

Cambodia’s Vietnamese-backed regime names Prince Sihanouk president of Cambodia.

The UN Security Council nominates Egyptian deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros Ghali to become the sixth secretary general of the U.N. He will be the first African and the first Arab to hold the post. . . . The Group of Seven leading industrial countries reach an agreement with the Soviet government and eight Soviet republics to defer repayments on foreign debts accumulated by the Soviet Union.

In Romania, Parliament approves the new constitution, which defines Romania as a multiparty presidential republic.

Reports show that the German ambassador to Kenya has left the country.

The New York Times reports that some 30 people were killed in clashes between the army and the rebels since the Nov. 14 truce in El Salvador. Rebel leaders at peace talks announce plans to delay the ongoing talks in protest, prompting the government to suspend the use of aerial bombardments and heavy artillery against guerrillas. . . . Nineteen Haitians seeking asylum occupy the Canadian embassy in Portau-Prince.

Son Sen, leader of the Khmer People’s National Liberation Front, the fourth party in the Cambodian conflict, returns to the capital. . . . Defense Secretary Cheney announces that the U.S. will halt planned withdrawals of troops from South Korea because of the threat that North Korea may be developing atomic weapons.

U.S. State Department officials announced that they invited Israel and the Arab negotiating parties in the Middle East peace process to begin bilateral talks in Washington, D.C. The suggested time and place of the conference sparks debate. . . . Reports suggest that representatives of labor unions from 12 countries in the Western Hemisphere have signed a declaration opposing Pres. Bush’s Enterprise for the Americas Initiative and a pending North American free-trade agreement.

In Yugoslavia, reports indicate that Croatian forces are beginning to lift their sieges of some federal bases. However, federal forces begin to shell Osijek and Vinkovci, two predominantly Croat cities near Vukovar. Dobroslav Paraga, the leader of the Croatian ultranationalist Party of the Right, is arrested by Croatian police.

Reports confirm that Jordan’s King Hussein named Sharif Zeid bin Shaker to head a new government as premier.

Ousted Haitian president JeanBertrand Aristide talks with a group of Haitian legislators in Cartagena, Colombia, in the first meeting between the two sides since the Sept. 30 coup.

Reports find that the U.K. agreed to unfreeze £70 million ($125 million) worth of Iraqi assets to be used to purchase food and medical supplies, which makes the U.K. the first Western nation to unblock Iraqi assets since Iraq’s August 1990 invasion of Kuwait.

In the 14th mediated truce since June, Croatian, Serbian, and Yugoslav army leaders at a meeting in Geneva sign a cease-fire accord in which they agree in principle to allow a multinational peace-keeping force into Yugoslavia to help end the country’s five-month-old civil war.

Iraqi forces resume closing incoming roads to areas around the Kurdheld region. . . . Sheik Talal Nasser al-Sabah, a nephew of Kuwait’s emir, Sheik Jabir al-Ahmad Al Sabah, is sentenced to life in prison and fined $150,000 by an Egyptian court for smuggling and selling heroin. The sentence exacerbates tensions between Egypt and Kuwait.

Nov. 20

Nov. 22

Africa & the Middle East

The last Croatian defenders flee Vukovar. Reports indicate that French and Italian hospital ships are being allowed into Dubrovnik to evacuate wounded civilians. Serbians and Croatians accuse one another of committing atrocities against civilians in the last days of the battle, but neither side’s allegations can be independently verified. . . . Eduard Shevardnadze, who resigned as Soviet foreign minister in December 1990, is reappointed to the post.

Nov. 19

Nov. 21

Europe

One prisoner is killed and eight others injured when a bomb explodes in the Crumlin Road Prison, a highsecurity jail in Belfast housing terrorists suspects. . . . In Belgium, the Flemish Liberal Party (PVV) is the only established political party to increase its parliamentary representation. . . . Voters in the republic of Tadzhikistan elect Rakhman Nabiyev president in the first popular election for the post.

Nov. 24

Talks between ousted Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide and a group of Haitian legislators in Cartagena, Colombia, collapse.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 19–24, 1991—265

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A respected Virginia infertility specialist, Cecil Jacobson, is charged on 53 federal felony counts that allege he used his own sperm for at least seven artificial inseminations. . . . Harlon B. Carter, 78, CEO and executive vice president of the NRA, 1977–85, dies of lung cancer in Green Valley, Arizona. . . . The CDC finds that tuberculosis (TB) is on the rise in NYC, and strains of the bacteria resistant to conventional drugs are spreading.

U.S. district judge Donald L. Graham of Miami issues a temporary restraining order to suspend the Nov. 18 plan to return refugees to Haiti. Separately, up to 135 Haitians may have drowned off Cuba when their sailboat is wrecked in high seas.

Pres. Bush vetoes a $205 billion fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Departments of Health and Human Services, Labor, and Education because it allows federally funded clinics to advise to their patients on abortion.

The Michigan Board of Medicine indefinitely suspends the license of Jack Kevorkian, a retired pathologist who recently helped two ill women commit suicide. . . . The Senate confirms William Barr as attorney general.

The House passes a $270 billion defense appropriation for fiscal 1992. . . . Pres. Bush’s administration announces a $1.5 billion package of food aid for the Soviet Union.

EPA director William K. Reilly warns that about 74 million U.S. citizens still live in urban areas where air quality fails to meet federal standards. . . . After months of investigation and debate, Sen. Alan Cranston (D, Calif.) is reprimanded by the Ethics Committee for interceding with regulators on behalf of former S&L operator Charles H. Keating Jr. in exchange for campaign contributions. Cranston apologizes for his actions but denies that he violated Senate norms of conduct.

Pres. Bush signs the Civil Rights Act of 1991. The legislation, a compromise between Bush and congressional leaders, contains clauses and language that spark controversy. . . . Washington State officials announce that the state’s voters on Nov. 5 narrowly approved a ballot initiative guaranteeing a woman’s right to an abortion even in the event that that right is rescinded by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Reports indicate that two attorneys, Israeli Avigdor Feldman and Palestinian Raji Sourani, who defended victims of human-rights abuses in Israel, have been given the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award.

The House approves a bank-reform bill that eliminates all major reforms desired by the administration.

Two Arizona Superior Court judges dismiss charges against four men arrested as suspects in the killing of nine people at a Buddhist temple near Phoenix. . . . Speculation that White House chief of staff John H. Sununu will be replaced is renewed when he blames Pres. Bush for his Nov. 12 comments about credit-card rates that led to economic unrest.

The Senate votes to clear a $291 billion defense authorization bill for fiscal 1992 passed by the House Nov. 18. As part the authorization, Congress approves a limited antiballistic missile system, the first since 1972.

Congress approves an appropriations bill for the Department of Health and Human Services without the abortion provision that led to the Nov. 19 veto. . . . The California Air Resources Board approves strict gasoline standards, affecting nine other states that decided earlier to adhere to California’s automobile-emission standards. . . . Bush administration officials retreat from a proposed definition of wetlands after much research reveals the guidelines make nearly half of the currently preserved areas ineligible for protection.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The Biblical Archeology Society of New York announces that it will publish a “facsimile edition” of the previously unpublished sections of the Dead Sea scrolls. . . . Shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. of the Baltimore Orioles is named MVP in baseball’s American League.

The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that injections of a synthetic hormone, melanotropin, may bring about a tan complexion without exposure to the sun’s dangerous ultraviolet rays. . . . The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that the antiviral AIDS drug AZT is no more effective for white men than it is for black and Hispanic men or for women of all three races, contradicting earlier studies.

The National Book Foundation presents its fiction award to Norman Rush for Mating. Philip Levine wins the poetry award for What Work Is, and novelist Eudora Welty is awarded the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. . . . Terry Pendleton of the Atlanta Braves is voted MVP in baseball’s National League.

A French rower, Gerard d’Aboville, 46, becomes the first person to complete a solo voyage across the northern Pacific Ocean, a 5,500 mile trip from Japan to the northern U.S that took 133 days to complete.

Researchers at the Los Angeles and Irvine campuses of the University of California publish a paper suggesting that massive amounts of hydrocarbons “injected” into the atmosphere above Antarctica may help prevent ozone deterioration.

The Senate approves a $270 billion defense appropriation for fiscal 1992.

Massachusetts becomes the first state to implement a plan allowing people to play the state’s lottery by telephone.

Klaus Kinski (born Nikolaus Gunthar Nakazynski), 65, the father of actress Nastassja Kinski and the Polish-born German actor who appeared in such films as Dr. Zhivago (1965), is found dead in Marin County, California.

The space shuttle Atlantis lifts off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida on a military mission to deploy a missiledetection satellite and to allow astronauts to practice sighting strategic installations on the ground.

Reports indicate that a gas cloud has been detected near the edge of the observable universe. The phenomenon is estimated to be 12 billion light-years away, 10 times more distant than any other known gas cloud.

The University of North Carolina women’s soccer team wins its sixth consecutive NCAA title. . . . In tennis, Monica Seles of Yugoslavia wins the season-ending Virginia Slims Championship. . . . Freddie Mercury (born Frederick Bulsara), 45, flamboyant lead singer and lyricist of the British glamour-rock group Queen, dies of AIDS-related pneumonia in London.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 19

Nov. 20

Nov. 21

Nov. 22

Nov. 23

Nov. 24

266—November 25–30, 1991

Nov. 25

Nov. 26

Nov. 27

Nov. 28

Nov. 29

Nov. 30

World Affairs

Europe

Twelve Western donor nations, the so-called Club of Paris, warn Kenya to introduce democratic, economic, and human-rights reforms or face major aid cuts in six months. . . . The U.S. Senate ratifies a Conventional Forces in Europe treaty, which mandates deep cuts in nonnuclear weapons, affecting the nations in NATO and the former Warsaw Pact.

Yugoslav television reports that as many as 5,000 people, including civilians, died during the siege on Vukovar. Amnesty International accuses both Serbians and Croatians of committing atrocities against civilians during the war. The Yugoslav federal government indicates it agrees to UN intervention. . . . In a setback to Soviet president Gorbachev, representatives of seven republics balk at signing a new treaty on political union.

Poland becomes the 26th member of the Council of Europe and the third Eastern European country to join the French-based organization. . . . Japan agrees to comply with a UN moratorium on the practice of drift-net fishing, and the U.S. Senate prohibits drift-net fishing in the South Pacific Ocean. . . . The U.S. Senate ratifies a treaty that expands the international Montreal Protocol, which seeks reductions in the use of chemicals believed to cause global warming.

The Azerbaijan parliament revokes the autonomous status of NagornoKarabakh and votes to sever the remaining economic links between the republic and Armenia.

The UN Security Council passes a resolution pledging to send a peacekeeping force of up to 10,000 members to Croatia, conditional upon Serbian and Croatian forces adhering to a UN-mediated ceasefire accord. . . . The U.S. and Great Britain, and France in a separate statement, demand that Libya extradite the six suspects in the 1988 bombing of Pan American World Airways Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.

Africa & the Middle East

Asia & the Pacific

Haiti receives its first shipments of fuel since the Oct. 8 embargo. The shipment is an effort to put pressure on Jean-Bertrand Aristide to negotiate with the current government.

In Togo, Premier Joseph Kokou Koffigoh’s transitional government bans the Togolese People’s Assembly party, Gnassingbé Eyadéma’s former ruling party. . . . Kenya’s president Moi orders the arrest of two chief suspects in the 1990 murder of Foreign Minister Robert Ouko. The suspects are Nicholas Biwott, a former energy and industry minister, and Hezekia Oyugi, a former chief of internal security.

Canadian external affairs minister Barbara McDougall states the Canadian government has prohibited the Haitian military from using force to remove 19 Haitians occupying the Canadian embassy in Port-au-Prince since Nov. 21.

Clark Air Force base is returned to the Philippine government.

Angered by the Nov. 26 ban, Eyadéma loyalists briefly occupy Togo’s national radio station and demand that the ban be lifted. Unrest breaks out in other areas in the capital.

A Cuban court sentences poet María Elena Cruz Varela and three other dissidents to prison terms of up to two years. . . . Reports state that a Puerto Rico Senate committee investigating the 1978 slayings of two independence activists by the police has uncovered the existence of a group of U.S. government officials and Puerto Rican police officers who allegedly killed and terrorized advocates of Puerto Rican independence.

Khieu Samphan, one of the most prominent public officials of Cambodia’s communist Khmer Rouge faction, is beaten and nearly lynched by an angry mob that attacks his house, just hours after his return to Cambodia. Security forces manage to control the crowd, and Khieu Samphan flees to Thailand.

One student is killed when high school and university students fight with authorities. As this is part of a string of riots and protests, Venezuelan president Carlos Andrés Pérez, in a radio broadcast, attempts to squelch growing speculation about a possible military takeover in the face of dissatisfaction with the 1989 austerity plan that has led to the deaths of some 30 people in economic riots.

In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge vows it will not allow the Nov. 27 violence to sway its commitment to the peace accords.

In an interview on Italian television, Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gadhafi refuses to hand over the six suspects requested Nov. 27, noting that his country has no extradition treaty with the U.S., France, or Britain.

Croatian president Tudjman agrees to cooperate with the UN peacekeeping measure passed Nov. 27.

In Togo, rebel tanks surround Premier Koffigoh’s oceanside palace and effectively keep Koffigoh a prisoner in the building. Rebels seal the country’s borders, close down the Lome international airport, retake the radio station, and demand that an “effective man” be named to form a new government. . . . Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, begins taking a census for the first time since 1973.

The World Health Organization forecasts a tenfold increase in the number of documented AIDS cases to between 12 million and 18 million by the year 2000. . . . The UN General Assembly unanimously rebukes Myanmar’s government for its persistent refusal to surrender power to the parliament that was democratically elected in 1990.

Croatian forces allow the Yugoslav army to evacuate two of its besieged barracks near Zagreb. . . . Britain’s Court of Appeal holds Home Office Secretary Kenneth Baker in contempt of court for his actions in regard to a Zairian man seeking asylum. The home secretary is the first government minister ever to be found in contempt of court. . . . Jan Papanek, 95, prominent Czechoslovak diplomat and former representative to the UN, dies in Scarsdale, New York.

In response to the Nov. 28 unrest in Togo, dictator Eyadéma asks the soldiers to return to barracks. France, from which Togo gained independence in 1960, sends 300 troops with the stated purpose to protect 3,000 French nationals in Togo and to ensure the country’s transition to democracy. . . . Kurdish leader Massoud Barzani resumes talks with the Iraqi government on a treaty guaranteeing Kurdish autonomy.

UN special negotiator Giandomenico Picco meets with representatives from Syria, Iran, Israel, and the hostage-holding factions.

The Americas

Apparently obeying Eyadéma’s wish, the rebels withdraw from the premier’s palace, the radio station and other key installations in Togo.

China releases Wang Youcai, a former student leader of the prodemocracy movement, from prison and drops charges against Han Dongfang, a union leader who involved laborers in the 1989 protests.

Reports show that 3,500 poor and homeless children marched through Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to protest violence against children. According to Roman Catholic Church and human rights groups, more than 5,000 children have been murdered in Brazil since 1988.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 25–30, 1991—267

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The House clears a telecommunications bill that bans the use of machines that automatically call people’s homes to deliver recorded messages and that restricts the use of autodialers to call businesses. The bill also bans unsolicited facsimile transmissions and directs the FCC to investigate ways to restrict unsolicited calls from telemarketers.

Federal officials announce that a total of 50 people were indicted for alleged involvement in an operation that may have laundered up to $500 million in drug profits from the cocaine cartels of Medellin and Cali in Colombia. . . . The Senate votes to spend up to $500 million in Defense Department funds to help the Soviets dismantle their nuclear and chemical arsenals.

The EPA reports that a record $14.1 million in fines were levied by the federal government against violators of environmental laws in fiscal 1991, not including settlements regarding the Exxon Valdez 1989 spill. . . . The Children’s Defense Fund finds that the U.S. lost 1 million entry-level jobs in the current recession and that workers under age 25 were hardest hit by the economic downturn.

The NYC public school system implements a plan to provide free condoms in public schools. . . . William Barr becomes the 77th U.S. attorney general.

The U.S. agrees to pay Iran $278 million in compensation for U.S.Iranian arms agreements cancelled after the 1979 Islamic revolution. . . . Former CIA operative Duane R. (Dewey) Clarridge is indicted in connection with the Iran-contra diversion of funds from arms sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan contra rebels. . . . Pres. Bush signs a $270 billion defense appropriation for fiscal 1992 cleared by the Senate Nov. 23. . . . The House of Representatives backs a bill to fund arms dismantling passed by the Senate Nov. 25.

Congress clears a conference report that creates a new benefits-extension system, giving jobless workers 13 or 20 weeks of additional benefits. . . . Pres. Bush signs the fiscal 1992 appropriations bill for the Department of Health and Human Services passed by Congress Nov. 22. . . . A three-judge panel in New Orleans rules that employers who provide their own insurance may slash benefits to employees who contract illnesses, such as AIDS, that are costly to treat.

In response to the end of the cold war, the directors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists move back the minute hand of their “Doomsday Clock” in which midnight symbolizes a nuclear holocaust. The directors move the time back to 11:43 P.M. from 11:50 P.M., the farthest from midnight it has been since the clock’s creation.

The 102nd Congress closes. . . . The Senate passes the telecommunications bill approved by the House Nov. 25. . . . A crime bill dies in the Senate in the face of a Republican filibuster. . . . Congress clears legislation enacting a compromise reached between the Bush administration and the nation’s governors on Medicaid funding rules.

A federal judge in Washington, D.C., awards back pay to 67 female civilian employees of the navy in a sex-bias case that dates back to 1973. . . . A Senate Armed Services Committee staff report indicating that senior Air Force officers and officials were secretly interceding in the promotions process for more than 30 years is made public.

Before closing, Congress passes several appropriations measures, including a $6.9 billion fiscal 1992 “dire emergency” supplemental bill; a $25 billion funding package for the RTC; a six-year, $151 billion transportation bill; and a bill authorizing $25 billion to cover insured deposits held in failed banks. In a separate measure, Congress also approves $70 billion in borrowing power for the FDIC. . . . Congress approves a bill extending a package of tax breaks for six months.

Willem Van Buren, 62, the world’s longest-surviving heart-transplant recipient to date after his operation in 1970, dies of pneumonia in Stanford, California.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Reports show that the Israeli Antiquities Authority has agreed to drop long-standing restrictions on access to the Dead Sea Scrolls by scholars in the wake of the recent attempts to open the scrolls to the public, such as the one enacted Nov. 19.

Nov. 26

Nov. 27

Scientists speculate that the AIDS virus may have entered the human population through little-known experiments in which human subjects were injected with fresh monkey blood. The experiments began in 1922 and continued into the 1950s. . . . A study finds that a common herpes medicine, acyclovir, is the first effective treatment for chicken pox.

Reports indicate that the U.S. government has received nearly 19 million applications for its lottery for 40,000 U.S. residence visas, known as green cards.

An Equal Employment Opportunity Commission study of decisions in discrimination cases brought against federal agencies in 1989 shows that in 58% of the cases, agencies reject the EEOC’s findings of discrimination and take little, if any, disciplinary action against the employees found to have discriminated.

A severe dust storm blows up on Interstate Highway 5 near Coalinga, California, causing a chain-reaction collision that leaves 17 people dead and more than 150 injured. A total of 93 cars and 11 tractor-trailer trucks are involved in the crashes, which occur over four miles.

Nov. 25

Nov. 28

Ralph Rexford Bellamy, 87, an actor and founder of the Screen Actors’ Guild who was awarded an honorary Academy Award in 1987, dies of a lung ailment in Los Angeles. . . . Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind, by Alexandra Ripley, tops the bestseller list.

The U.S. wins the inaugural World Cup soccer competition for women.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 29

Nov. 30

268—December 1–5, 1991

World Affairs

British authorities warn the public to be “extremely vigilant” after a series of fire-bombs in London shops. . . . Voters in the republic of Kazakhstan make Nursultan Nazarbayev the republic’s first directly elected president. Nazarbayev, previously chairman of the Kazakhstan parliament, is the lone candidate on the ballot. . . . Voters in the Soviet republic of the Ukraine overwhelmingly vote for independence from the USSR in a republicwide referendum.

Dec. 1

Dec. 2

Dec. 3

Dec. 4

Europe

The EC, which imposed trade sanctions against Yugoslavia in November, lifts sanctions against all of the republics except for Serbia and Montenegro, Serbia’s ally. . . . Poland and Canada become the first countries to recognize Ukrainian independence. . . . U.S. hostage Joseph James Cicippio, comptroller at the American University of Beirut kidnapped September 12, 1986, is released.

A U.S. hostage, Alan Steen, journalism professor at Beirut University College abducted January 24, 1987, is released by the Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine.

The Yugoslav navy lifts its blockade of Croatian ports other than Dubrovnik. . . . Soviet president Gorbachev makes a televised plea for preservation of the union and warns that a breakup may even lead to wars among the republics. . . . Lutz Stavenhagen, German chancellor Kohl’s top intelligence advisor, resigns amid criticism of the government’s role in sending covert shipments of Soviet-made arms to Israel.

Reports suggest that the two Libyans charged with the 1988 bombing of Pan American World Airways Flight 103 have been arrested. . . . A round of Middle East peace talks opens in Washington, D.C. Israel, objecting to the choice of venue, boycotts the opening session. . . . Terry A. Anderson, the longest-held Western hostage in Lebanon, is freed after 2,454 days in captivity. He is the last of 17 Americans held captive in Lebanon between Mar. 1984 and Dec. 1991. The only remaining Western hostages in Lebanon are two German relief workers.

Albanian premier Bufi announces that Albania has only enough food reserves to last one week, sparking food riots. The Democratic Party announces that it will withdraw its seven ministers from Albania’s cabinet, effectively dissolving the caretaker coalition government formed in June. . . . British prime minister John Major and his Irish counterpart, Charles Haughey, agree to meet every six months in an attempt to pressure Northern Ireland’s political leaders to restart talks on the province’s future government.

In Poland, Lech Walesa reluctantly names Jan Olszewski as premier. . . . Yugoslavia’s federal president, Stipe Mesic, resigns from his post. Reports state that Serbian nationalists are organizing civilian governments regions of Baranja and Krajina in eastern Croatia. . . . The Ukraine parliament endorses the Dec. 1 independence referendum.

Dec. 5

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

The Israeli-backed South Lebanon Army releases 25 Arab prisoners from the Al Khiyam prison in the Israeli security zone in southern Lebanon. . . . In Togo, the rebels resume their siege of the palace and begin patrolling the streets.

According to early returns, Paraguay’s ruling National Republican Party wins 58% of the vote in elections for an assembly to rewrite Paraguay’s constitution.

Reports indicate that at least 30,000 Zaireans have been ejected since Nov. 20. . . . Syrian president Hafez al-Assad is reelected in a national referendum to his fourth seven-year term as head of state. . . . In Togo, Premier Joseph Kokou Koffigoh offers to include Eyadema supporters in the interim government, but the rebels insist that Koffigoh dissolve his government and return Eyadema to power. . . . Kenyan president Moi proposes scrapping a 1982 constitutional clause outlawing opposition parties.

Reports show that police in Uruguay have indicted eight people allegedly involved in buying and selling human kidneys.

Togolese troops blast into the palace with tanks and rockets and seize Premier Koffigoh. The attack causes 17 confirmed deaths. . . . A conference of Kenya’s ruling party approves Pres. Moi’s proposal to allow multiparty politics. . . . Data show that only 8,090 Soviet Jews immigrated to Israel in November, the lowest monthly total since the Persian Gulf war.

The South African Communist Party opens its first legal conference within South Africa in 41 years, in Johannesburg. . . . The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees reports that about 200,000 Kurds have fled to the mountains since late October, after Iraqi troops shelled some towns and villages and threatened others in the area surrounding the cities of Erbil and Sulaymaniya.

Asia & the Pacific

The four factions in Cambodia reach a compromise under which the Khmer Rouge will return to Phnom Penh “as soon as possible,” under additional protection.

In Canada, a new gun-control law is approved by the Senate and given royal assent.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 1–5, 1991—269

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A new federal law takes effect, requiring that health-care institutions that accept Medicare or Medicaid funds inform their patients of their right to plan for their death.

After completing its military mission, the spacecraft Atlantis lands at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

George Joseph Stigler, 80, economist who won the 1982 Nobel Prize, dies of heart failure in Chicago.

Scientists at the National Institutes of Health report finding unusually low levels of hormones in the brains and endocrine glands of subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Patrick O’Callaghan, 86, Irish athlete who won the first Olympic gold medal for Ireland in 1928 in the hammer throw and, by winning another in 1932, became the only Irish athlete to date to have two Olympic golds, dies of unreported causes. . . . France wins its first Davis Cup tennis title in 59 years.

The Occupational Health and Safety Administration issues rules designed to protect health-care and other workers from infection with the HIV or hepatitis viruses. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand, without comment, a ruling by the U.S. District of Columbia Court of Appeals that said Korean Air Lines is not liable for punitive damages related to the 1983 Soviet downing of KAL flight 007. . . . Opening arguments in the Palm Beach, Florida, rape trial of William Kennedy Smith begin.

The army discloses that Spec. Albert Sombolay was sentenced to 34 years in prison for selling classified information to Jordanian intelligence on the allied buildup during the Persian Gulf war. . . . Federal officials announce that they confiscated nearly 12 tons of cocaine at a warehouse in Miami in what is called the second-largest seizure of illegal drugs in U.S. history. A total of 11 people in the U.S. and Venezuela were arrested in the case.

The Census Bureau reports that 23.3% of the 3.9 million women who had a child in the year ending June 30, 1990, did so out of wedlock. . . . Tyrone Robinson, convicted of killing Huey P. Newton, the cofounder of the Black Panther Party, is sentenced to 32 years in prison. . . . White House chief of staff John H. Sununu offers his resignation, and Pres. Bush accepts it.

Secretary of Defense Cheney announces the lifting of a 30-yearold ban on the sale of U.S. armaments to Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. . . . Debate over how to handle Haitian refugees continues, and reports indicate that the Coast Guard has picked up more than 6,300 Haitians fleeing to the U.S

Lawyers for the supermarket tabloid newspaper The Sun admit in court that the paper makes up most of its stories. . . . Baseball’s Bobby Bonilla signs a five-year contract that gives him a total average annual salary of $5.8 million, so he becomes the highest-paid player in team sports.

Reports state that U.S. Sugar Corp. has agreed to pay a $3.7 million fine for illegally disposing of toxic wastes. The fine is the largest hazardous-waste dumping penalty in U.S. history. . . . The Supreme Court rules that federal courts cannot block the Federal Reserve Board from forcing bank holding companies to pump capital into their failing subsidiaries.

The FDA clears the way for wider use of the controversial drug THA for Alzheimer’s disease patients. . . . Bertram Thomas Combs, 80, Democratic governor of Kentucky, 1959–63, who signed a 1963 executive order prohibiting racial discrimination in jobs or businesses licensed by the state, is found dead after his car was swept away by floodwaters in Kentucky. . . . Education Secretary Lamar Alexander proposes new federal regulations concerning scholarships for minorities at colleges and universities that receive federal funding. The proposals garner mixed responses.

The Supreme Court rules that union members may sue their unions in federal court for breach of contract for violating collective bargaining agreements or the unions’ own constitution or bylaws. . . . Pres. Bush signs legislation giving longterm unemployed workers in all states a minimum of 13 weeks of extended benefits. . . . Pan American World Airways ceases operations after it runs out of cash. . . . Charles H. Keating Jr., the former chairman of the failed Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, is convicted in Los Angeles on 17 counts of securities fraud.

Pres. Bush names Transportation Secretary Samuel Skinner as the new White House chief of staff. . . . A study finds a handgun-control law that took effect in Washington, D.C., in 1976 resulted in a decrease of gun-related homicides and suicides. . . . Richard Speck, 49, notorious killer who stabbed and strangled eight student nurses to death in 1966, dies of an apparent heart attack in Joliet, Illinois.

Pres. Bush announces that he is accelerating $9.7 billion in government spending in an effort to stimulate the recession-bound economy. . . . The New York Daily News files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the U.S. after the Nov. death of British publisher Robert Maxwell.

Dec. 1

Dec. 2

Dec. 3

Dec. 4

A study argues that a high-fiber diet may cut the risk of breast cancer by as much as 50%. . . . . The New England Journal of Medicine asserts that regular doses of aspirin may reduce the risk of death from colon cancer, the second-deadliest form of the disease after lung cancer.

Dec. 5

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

270—December 6–11, 1991

World Affairs

Dec. 10

Dec. 11

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Mexican authorities detain two army generals and three other officers after an investigation by the National Human Rights Commission blamed the army for the Nov. 7 killings of seven judicial police agents.

In Albania, Pres. Alia authorizes the army to use force against food rioters, and police take control of bread distribution throughout the country. Socialist Premier Bufi formally resigns.

Dec. 7

Dec. 9

Africa & the Middle East

Yugoslav forces step up their shelling of the besieged Croatian cities of Dubrovnik and Osijek, prompting the U.S. to impose trade sanctions against all six Yugoslav republics. . . . Sir (John) Richard Nicholas Stone, 78, British economist who won the 1984 Nobel Prize, dies of unreported causes in Cambridge, England.

Dec. 6

Dec. 8

Europe

The environmental organization Worldwatch Institute Total reports that worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide gas dropped slightly in 1990, to 5.803 billion tons from 5.813 billion tons in 1989.

In a stunning turn, the leaders of Russia, the Ukraine, and Byelorussia sign an agreement to form a “Commonwealth of Independent States” to replace the old USSR. . . . Judith (Baroness Hart of South Lanark) Hart, 67, prominent leftwing Labour member of the British parliament who was made a dame in 1979 and was given a life peerage in 1988, dies in London after suffering from cancer.

Reports indicate that poor children in Argentina have been kidnapped to remove and sell their vital organs.

The leaders of the 12 European Community nations hold a summit in Maastricht, the Netherlands.

A military court in Bucharest sentences eight former officials of the regime of Romanian president Ceausescu to prison terms of 15 to 25 years. . . . The IRA admits responsibility for a rash of fire-bombing in London. . . . Thousands of demonstrators gather in Tirana, Albania, to protest continued communist influence in the government and to call for Alia’s resignation. . . . Pres. Gorbachev denounces the Dec. 8 agreement that effectively destroys his hope of achieving a political union on his own terms.

Steel workers in Chile end a 39-day strike at Huachipato, Chile’s only iron and steel mill. . . . The province of Ontario and the federal government of Canada sign an agreement to provide 608.6 square kilometers of land and C$60.5 million to six impoverished Indian bands in northwest Ontario. Officials state it is the first time in Canadian history that a province has agreed to provide government-owned land as part of an Indian claim settlement without requiring compensation from the federal government.

Arab and Israeli negotiators hold direct bilateral peace talks in Washington, D.C. . . . UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar formally blames Iraq for starting the 1980–88 Iran-Iraq war.

Albanian president Alia names Vilson Ahmeti to replace Ylli Bufi as premier and instructs him to form a new cabinet. Food riots continue, and at least 35 people are killed in FusheArrez when a mob raiding a food warehouse inadvertently sets fire to the building. . . . Returns show that 77% of voters in Romania support the new constitution. . . . The parliaments of Byelorussia and the Ukraine ratify the Dec. 8 commonwealth agreement.

EC leaders agree to expand the EC’s powers over matters previously under the jurisdiction of national governments and to set the introduction of a single currency for the EC by 1999. Britain chooses not to join the plan to expand EC powers. . . . The Organization of the Islamic Conference agrees to drop its long-standing call for a jihad (holy war) to reclaim territories occupied by Israel.

The Czechoslovak parliament passes a law providing prison terms of up to five years for anyone convicted of promoting either communism or fascism, prompting Jiri Svoboda, the chairman of the regional Communist Party, to begin a hunger strike. . . . Serbian premier Dragutin Zelenovic resigns, effectively dissolving the republican cabinet of Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic.

Kenyan police, citing lack of evidence, release two suspects, Nicholas Biwott and Hezekia Oyugi, in the 1990 murder of Foreign Minister Robert Ouko. Jonah Anguka, a former commissioner for the southcentral district of Nakura, is formally charged with Ouko’s murder.

The New Democratic Party government of British Columbia announces that it recognizes an inherent right of aboriginal groups to self-government, reversing more than a century of government policy.

Legislators in the upper house of Japan’s Diet block passage of a bill that would have allowed up to 2,000 military personnel to be dispatched abroad to participate in United Nations peacekeeping missions. . . . In Myanmar, students stage demonstrations to demand the freedom of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who was recently named the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and has been under house arrest since 1989.

In response to a 1990 U.S. ban on tuna imports from Mexico, Pres. Salinas introduces a bill to set jail terms for fishermen who kill high numbers of dolphins or sea turtles while fishing for tuna. . . . The last three independent radio stations operating in Haiti since the Sept, 30 coup suspend their news broadcasts.

The ruling military junta of Myanmar closes all of the country’s universities in response to the Dec. 10 protests. Burmese troops with bayonets erect barbed wire barricades to contain student protests at Yangon University and arrest some students.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 6–11, 1991—271

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

Reports indicate that the governments of New York State and New York City are devising special steps to curb the spread of TB.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Federal officials announce that they have arrested more than 97 people as part of a crackdown against one of the largest Cali cartel cocainesmuggling ring in NYC. The arrests, which began in the summer, seized 35 suspects. . . . Pres. Bush signs the $291 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1992 passed on Nov. 22. . . . Victor D. Cohen, a former air force deputy assistant secretary, is sentenced in Alexandria, Virginia, for his role in the Pentagon procurement scandal to 33 months in prison and a $10,000 fine.

The District of Columbia Court of Appeals strikes down EPA regulations that state any waste that is mixed with or derived from hazardous materials is itself hazardous. . . . The Federal Reserve Board loosens monetary policy by reducing the federal funds rate. The new reduction, the 14th since the recession began in July 1990, brings the rate down a quarter of a percentage point to 4.5% from 4.75%. . . . The Labor Department estimates the number of payroll jobs in the U.S. decreased by 241,000 in November, the sharpest drop in payrolls since February and March.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Sprinter and long-jumper Carl Lewis is named the winner of the 1991 Jesse Owens Award as the top U.S. track-and-field athlete of the year.

Fifty years after a surprise Japanese air raid on the Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii, Pres. Bush urges U.S. veterans of the attack to forget their rancor toward Japan. . . . The New York Times reports that the administration of Pres. Reagan authorized Israel to sell U.S.-made military equipment worth up to $2 billion per year to Iran in the early 1980s. Kimberly Bergalis, 23, who was the first person known to have been infected with AIDS by a health-care worker, dies of AIDS in Fort Pierce, Florida.

The Congressional Management Foundation, a nonpartisan and nonprofit group, finds that female Senate aides are paid 78% as much as their male counterparts.

Science, Technology, & Nature

In skiing, A. J. Kitt wins the opening downhill race of the World Cup season, in Val d’Isere, France, the first American to win a world-class men’s downhill race since Bill Johnson in the 1984 Olympics.

Reports suggest that the military is undertaking major changes in training and adding new equipment to prevent future incidents of socalled friendly fire, which killed a total of 35 U.S. soldiers and wounded 72 others in the Persian Gulf war.

Buck Clayton, 80, jazz trumpeter who was one of the stars of Count Basie’s orchestra, dies of unreported causes in New York City.

In Washington, D.C., district judge Oliver Gasch asserts that the military’s ban on homosexuals is justifiable to prevent the spread of AIDS in his dismissal of a bias suit by a gay man, Joseph C. Steffan. Gasch is the first judge to use AIDS as a rationale in support of the policy, even though Steffan has not been diagnosed with the AIDS virus and active-duty personnel who test positive for AIDS are allowed to remain in the armed forces.

The Times Herald, founded in 1879 and Dallas’s oldest newspaper, ceases publication after being sold to the Dallas Morning News. . . . Berenice Abbott, 93, U.S. photographer noted for her black-andwhite photographs, dies of congestive heart failure in Monson, Maine.

A study finds the average family’s annual expenditures on health care in 1991 amounts to $4,296, or 11.7% of its income. . . . Four gang members are convicted of seconddegree murder and robbery under a New York law that states anyone who takes part in a robbery in which a victim is killed can be found criminally liable for murder. . . . The Supreme Court declares unconstitutional a New York law that limits criminals to profit from selling stories of their crimes for books or movies.

Dec. 6

Dec. 7

Dec. 8

Dec. 9

Dec. 10

William Kennedy Smith, 31, is found not guilty of charges that he raped a woman at his family’s Palm Beach, Florida, vacation estate in March. . . . Studies show that American children are as likely to recognize a Camel cigarette advertising character, Old Joe Cool, as they are Mickey Mouse, prompting calls for the Federal Trade Commission to ban the Joe Cool ads.

The Supreme Court rules that in bankruptcy cases, lenders who receive loan payments within 30 days before a business declares bankruptcy may keep those payments if they were made “in the ordinary course of business.”. . . . . . . The Democratic National Committee files a suit to overturn Treasury Department rules governing the distribution of public campaign money.

British author Salman Rushdie makes his first trip outside Britain since Iranian religious leaders issued a death edict against him in 1989. Rushdie appears, with no prior announcement, at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism in New York City.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 11

272—December 12–17, 1991

Dec. 12

Dec. 13

Europe

The former Soviet republic of the Ukraine announces that it recognizes the independence of Slovenia and Croatia.

Ukraine president Kravchuk issues a decree declaring himself commander in chief of all Soviet armed forces on Ukrainian territory. . . . The Russian parliament ratifies the commonwealth pact. . . . A Romanian military appeals court overturns the March convictions of 16 Ceausescu-era former officials. . . . The Bulgarian National Assembly approves the confiscation of property acquired by the CP and allied organizations since 1944. . . . A truck bomb is detonated by the IRA outside a police station in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, injuring 66 people.

A group of militant Jewish settlers seize six homes in Silwan, an Arab neighborhood in East Jerusalem, evicting the Arab owners and tenants.

The European Court of Justice, in an opinion, asserts that the recent agreement between the 12-nation European Community and the seven-member European Free Trade Association to set up a European Economic Area (EEA) violates the EC’s founding treaty.

Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan formally agree to join the Slavic republics in the Dec. 8 commonwealth agreement. . . . London experiences its worst pollution on record due to an unusual weather pattern that traps traffic fumes.

In response to the fighting that broke out in Somalia’s capital Nov. 17 and resulted in high casualties and the prevention of relief supplies from entering the city, the U.S. doubles its relief aid to Somalia to $19 million. . . . The Dec. 12 action by Jewish settlers is assailed by numerous Israeli opposition politicians, including Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek.

Another string of bombs explode in a North London shopping mall. . . . A police study finds that about 95% of prostitutes working in Paris’s Bois de Boulogne are infected with the AIDS virus.

Nigerians vote for governors and assembly members for the country’s 30 states as part of the military government’s scheme to return the nation to civilian rule by the end of 1992. . . . The Egyptian-owned ferry Salem Express, affected by heavy winds and high waves, rams a coral reef and sinks in the Red Sea near the port of Safaga, Egypt.

Dec. 14

Dec. 15

Dec. 16

Dec. 17

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Despite weeks of protests by proSandinista mobs, Nicaragua’s National Assembly votes to uphold Pres. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro’s September veto of a law passed by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in its final weeks of rule in 1990.

Premiers Yon Hyong Muk of North Korea and Chung Won Shik of South Korea sign a comprehensive agreement governing nonaggression, reconciliation, trade, and other issues between the two countries in the broadest pact between the neighbors since the 1953 signing of an armistice ending the Korean War.

The UN Security Council votes to send a small observer team to Croatia to prepare for possible deployment of a larger force.

U.S. secretary of state Baker visits the USSR and discusses weapons pacts with the leaders of the commonwealth created Dec. 8. . . . A bomb explodes in a bookstore in the National Gallery in London. Police note that more than 75 bombs were planted by the IRA in December.

The UN General Assembly votes by an overwhelming margin to repeal its November 1975 resolution equating Zionism with racism. . . . UN secretary general Perez de Cuellar, who made an end to the Salvadoran conflict a goal of his tenure, begins personally mediating a new round of peace talks. . . . Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary sign 10-year association agreements with the EC in Brussels.

Rail traffic into London is disrupted after the outlawed Provisional IRA explodes an early-morning bomb at Clapham Junction railway station. . . . Stella Rimington is appointed the first woman to head MI5, Britain’s counterintelligence service, succeeding Sir Patrick Walker, scheduled to retire in February 1992.

Syria announces that Pres. Hafez el-Assad has pardoned 2,800 political prisoners. . . . Data from the Dec. 14 ferry crash in the Red Sea suggest that 462 of the ferry’s 569 passengers and 71 crew are dead.

Trinidad and Tobago’s People’s National Movement Party wins a landslide victory in national elections, and Patrick Manning is elected as prime minister. . . . Canada announces it reached agreement with Inuit leaders on a land-claim settlement that will lead to the creation of a new Canadian territory from the current Northwest Territories, to be called Nunavut. The Inuit will be given ownership of a 135,000-square-mile area within Nunavut, making them the largest landowners in North America.

The EC announces that it will recognize the independence of the Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia in January 1992 on the condition that they show respect for human rights, the rights of ethnic minorities, democratic governments, and existing territorial boundaries. Chancellor Kohl states Germany will recognize Slovenia and Croatia in January regardless of whether the republics meet the EC’s standards.

Soviet president Gorbachev holds a two-hour private discussion with Russian republic president Boris Yeltsin in the Kremlin. After the talks, Yeltsin announces that Gorbachev has accepted that the demise of the USSR is imminent.

Iran announces that it has tapped into an enormous gas field beneath the Persian Gulf.

Joseph Roberts Smallwood, 90, premier of the Canadian province of Newfoundland, 1949–72, dies near St. John’s, Newfoundland.

The United Liberation Front of Assam, an insurgent pro-independence group in India’s northeastern Assam state, announces a unilateral cease-fire.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 12–17, 1991—273

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools approve a resolution stating that schools will not be obligated to promote racial and sexual diversity among their students, faculty, and trustees as a requirement for accreditation. The resolution is designed to end a conflict with Education Secretary Lamar Alexander.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush signs some of the appropriation measures passed by Congress, including a bill to provide “mop-up” funds for the Persian Gulf war, $500 million in aid to the former Soviet Union and emergency aid to American farmers and communities struck by natural disasters, and a bill for $25 billion in funding for the Resolution Trust Corp.. Pres. Bush also codifies a compromise bill funding practices for the Medicaid health-care program for the poor.

Reports confirm that scientists have developed two genetic tests to detect the presence of the fragile-X gene, the most common inherited form of mental retardation. . . . Studies show that researchers have mimicked the brain deterioration of Alzheimer’s disease in mice.

Kenneth Frederick (Ken) Keltner, 75, third baseman for Major League Baseball’s Cleveland Indians who was named to the American League All-Star team seven times, is found dead of an apparent heart attack in New Berlin, Wisconsin.

Energy Secretary James Watkins orders the restart of the K reactor at the Savannah River nuclear-weapons plant, causing protests from environmentalists. . . . Ronald Carey is officially declared the next president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, replacing outgoing president William J. McCarthy.

Reports show that scientists have synthesized the polio virus in the laboratory, marking the first time that a virus has been created outside living cells.

Terry Norris retains his World Boxing Council super welterweight title. . . . The UN General Assembly unanimously calls on all countries to restore sports, cultural, and academic links with South Africa.

Pres. Bush tells Mexican president Carlos Salinas de Gortari that he wants a free-trade agreement between the two countries as soon as possible at a meeting at Camp David.

Junior wide receiver and kickreturner Desmond Howard of Michigan is named the winner of the 1991 Heisman Trophy as the nation’s top college football player. . . . A total of 137 Roman Catholic bishops end a meeting in Rome by issuing a statement that laments the materialism of Western Europe and warns about its dangers in Eastern Europe.

The six major Democratic presidential candidates—former California governor Edmund (Jerry) Brown Jr., Nebraska senator Bob Kerrey, Arkansas governor Bill Clinton, Iowa senator Tom Harkin, former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas, and Virginia governor L. Douglas Wilder—appear in a prime-time television debate.

In the trial of Panamanian strongman Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega, documents are unearthed that back Noriega’s claims that he cooperated with U.S. operations aimed at reducing the flow of Colombian drug-cartel profits into Panama. The information concerns a covert DEA operation that identified pilots and planes flying drug money into Panama between 1983 and 1987, the same period in which the U.S. government charges that Noriega was accepting payoffs from Colombian drug dealers.

In golf, Mike Hill wins the season-ending Champions PGA event in Dorado Beach, Puerto Rico.

Controversy over Louisiana state rep. David Duke’s (R) bid to be a candidate in the 1992 presidential Republican primary continues when the Georgia Republican Party vetoes his inclusion on the state’s ballot. . . . Pres. Bush announces he appointed Don Newquist, a Democrat, as chairman of the International Trade Commission. . . . The U.S. Conference of Mayors states emergency food requests jumped 26% in major cities in 1991, and emergency shelter requests went up 13%.

The Supreme Court rules the government may withhold the names of Haitian nationals who were denied political asylum and forcibly returned to Haiti. . . . The Supreme Court upholds a 1983 INS regulation that prohibits aliens arrested and awaiting deportation proceedings from holding jobs if they do not have authorization to work. . . . The Supreme Court rules National Guard members and military reservists who enter full-time military training programs are entitled to unlimited leave from their civilian jobs.

Arizona governor Fife Symington (R) is named in a $140 million civil lawsuit filed by the RTC concerning his role in the failure of a Phoenix, Arizona, thrift, Southwest Savings and Loan Association. Eleven other directors of the institution are also named. . . . Maxwell Communication Corp. files for protection from its creditors under U.S. bankruptcy law.

A survey finds that Pres. Bush’s approval rating has fallen to 47%, the lowest of his presidency. . . . John Anton Blatnik, 80, liberal Democratic U.S. representative from Michigan, 1947–74, dies of heart failure in Forest Heights, Maryland. . . . The government announces that it has expanded a list of diseases which, when combined with a positive test result for HIV, will automatically qualify a nonretired person for Social Security benefits.

The information released Dec. 15 in the trial of Manuel Noriega prompts an extended recess. . . . Judge Rafeedie sets $10 million bail for Humberto Alvarez Machain, who was abducted from Mexico to the U.S. to stand trial in connection with the 1985 slaying of a DEA agent. . . . The U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals rules that the U.S. may return to Haiti thousands of Haitian refugees picked up at sea while fleeing their homeland.

The Bush administration states the economy is still in a recession, a change from a strategy of trying to minimize the economy’s troubles. . . . Steven D. Wymer, an investment adviser entrusted with $1.2 billion in assets belonging to various pension funds, municipalities, and banks, is arrested on fraud charges.

Dec. 12

Dec. 13

Dec. 14

Dec. 15

Dec. 16

Fifty-five people are hospitalized after an Amtrak passenger train derails in Palatka, Florida. Part of the eight-car train crashes through two houses, demolishing one. . . . In a study of homosexual men and their brothers published in the December Archives of General Psychiatry, scientists uncover evidence that genetic factors play a part in sexual orientation.

The heirs of the late rock singer Janis Joplin lose a suit to block a fictional play based on her life. . . . A federal judge issues an injunction against sales of I Need a Haircut, an album by Biz Markie in the first case about “sampling”—in which rap artists excerpt other musicians’ work into their songs.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 17

274—December 18–23, 1991

Dec. 18

Dec. 19

Dec. 20

Europe

As arguments over procedural issues dominate the summit between Arab and Israeli negotiators in Washington, D.C., talks adjourn without any substantive agreements. . . . Serbia assails the Dec. 17 EC decision and warns that it will recognize Serb-inhabited regions of Croatia and BosniaHerzegovina as new, separate republics, which amounts to de facto annexation of those regions by Serbia.

Reports indicate that Soviet president Gorbachev called for a final session of the Soviet parliament to approve a transition of the USSR into the commonwealth. . . . Poland’s parliament gives Premier Jan Olszewski a vote of confidence to continue his efforts to form a cabinet.

In a slum district of Djibouti, the capital of the East African nation of Djibouti, troops begin checking citizens’ identity papers and placing a number of Afars in trucks. Gunfire breaks out, and Western diplomats claim that at least 40 people have been killed and 50 wounded. The government puts the death toll at eight, including three soldiers. . . . Nigeria’s military regime unexpectedly lifts a ban that prohibits anyone who held a senior government position within the past five years from running for office.

South Korean president Roh Tae Woo announces that all U.S. nuclear weapons have been withdrawn from his nation.

Iceland, which is not an EC member, recognizes the breakaway Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia. Hours later, Germany becomes the first EC nation to recognize the independence of the republics. In addition, Germany states it will give economic assistance to Croatia. The republic of Macedonia petitions the EC for recognition. Two ethnic Serb enclaves in Croatia declare an independent “Serbian Republic of Krajina” and ask for EC recognition.

A gunman fires a on bullet-proof limousine carrying Turkey’s ambassador to Hungary. . . . Germany’s central bank raises its key “discount” interest rate to the highest rate since the introduction of the West German mark. . . . U.S. secretary of state Baker ends his visit after receiving assurances from key republic leaders that the Soviet nuclear arsenal will remain under some form of central control once the commonwealth becomes a reality.

Belgium begins airlifting food and medical supplies to Mogadishu, Somalia.

Former treasurer Paul Keating becomes Australia’s 25th prime minister when he ousts P.M. Bob Hawke as leader of the ruling Australian Labor Party by winning a vote of the party’s parliamentary branch.

The republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina petitions the EC for recognition.

Yugoslav federal Premier Ante Markovic, a Croat and the last remaining non-Serb to hold a major post in the federal administration, resigns.

Delegations from 19 political groups attend the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (Codesa) in Johannesburg for talks aimed at ending white-minority rule in South Africa. Codesa is boycotted by white and black extremist groups, including the Conservative Party, the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) and the Azanian People’s Organization. . . . About 3,000 Israeli and Palestinian protesters demonstrate in front of the houses seized by Jewish settlers on Dec. 12.

Dec. 23

The Americas

All of the Soviet republics except Georgia, which is embroiled in a civil war, sign agreements to create the Commonwealth of Independent States at a meeting in Alma-Ata, the capital of the republic of Kazakhstan. The former Soviet Baltic republics (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) are not party to the agreements.

Dec. 21

Dec. 22

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Asia & the Pacific

Violent street protests and a week of demonstrations prevent the return of Khieu Samphan, titular head of the Khmer Rouge, to Cambodia. Reports indicate that at least three people were killed and more than 25 injured in the clashes. . . . The governing Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) wins a major victory in the first full election in Taiwan in more than four decades.

Arab and Israeli negotiators agree to resume talks in Washington in early January 1992. . . . The European Community signs an accord to provide $520 million in technical assistance to the USSR. . . . The body of U.S. Marine Corps Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, kidnapped while heading a detachment of UN peacekeeping troops in February 1988, is found by Lebanese police on a Beirut street. Earlier, his captors claimed to have hanged him in July 1989.

Reports show that five people were killed in sectarian violence in Northern Ireland over the weekend. . . . Twenty-seven people are killed and two critically injured when a vintage Douglas DC-3 airliner chartered by a film crew crashes into a fogshrouded hillside in Germany. . . . In the republic of Georgia, opposition forces attempt to overthrow Pres. Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who is living in a bunker in the parliament building surrounded by his loyalists. Rebel forces begin shelling the building.

In Algeria, the FIS draws more than 100,000 supporters in Algiers, the capital. The crowd chants the party’s slogan, “We recognize no constitution but the laws of God and Islam.”

EC ministers reject a draft agreement aimed at resolving the deadlock in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Uruguay Round of multilateral trade talks. . . . The EC recognizes Russia as the de facto successor to the USSR. . . . The U.S., Great Britain, and France all express support for a Russian seat on the UN Security Council. . . . Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic formally appeals to the UN Security Council for a deployment of peacekeepers in his republic.

Pres. Gorbachev meets with Pres. Yeltsin to discuss a transfer of power. . . . Firebombs explode on several trains in London. . . . Reports state Greece is sending troops to its border to prevent an expected flood of Albanian illegal immigrants and is also stepping up food shipments to Albania. . . . The Serbian parliament approves a new government, with Radoman Bozovic as premier. . . . Six people are wounded when a car bomb explodes in Budapest, Hungary. . . . Poland’s lower house of parliament confirms a new cabinet after weeks of debate.

Reports suggest that Imad Mughniyeh, a Lebanese Shiite whom Western intelligence officials believe to be the chief of Islamic Jihad, has fled with his family to Iran.

The government of Cambodia imposes a nighttime curfew in the capital, Phnom Penh, to prevent further unrest after a series of violent street protests.

P.M. Mulroney appoints Julius Isaac, 63, chief justice of the Federal Court of Canada, making Isaac the highest-ranking black judge in Canada.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 18–23, 1991—275

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The care given to sick newborns varies with their insurance status, according to a study by researchers at the School of Medicine at UCSF. . . . A study by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities and the Center for the Study of the States finds that states slashed programs that help the poor more sharply in 1991 than in any other year since the recession of the early 1980s.

Pres. Bush signs the six-year, $151 billion transportation bill passed by Congress Nov. 27. . . . General Motors Corp. announce that it will reduce its payrolls by 74,000 employees, or 18%, and close 21 of its 125 North American factories during the next four years. The United Auto Workers union issues sharp criticism of the restructuring plan.

A series of heavy rainstorms causes rivers to flood throughout eastern Texas. . . . Contradicting a 1987 report, a new study finds that the antibiotic amoxicillin is only slightly effective in curing middle-ear infections. . . . Taxol, a drug made from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, is found to slow the progression of breast cancer, according to a study in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

The New Orleans City Council votes to outlaw discrimination by the private clubs which are segregated by race and sex and which sponsor the city’s annual Mardi Gras parade. . . . The National Institute on Drug Abuse finds that overall drug use in the U.S. declined in 1990, while the use of cocaine and heroin rose. . . . Zein Isa, a Palestinian immigrant convicted of killing his teenage daughter since she was too Americanized, is sentenced to death with his wife Maria.

An underground oil pipeline near Greenville, South Carolina, ruptures, spilling 420,000 gallons of fuel into Little Durbin Creek and the Enoree River. . . . Federal and state investigators announce that the BCCI has agreed to forfeit all its U.S. assets, valued at about $550 million, to settle criminal charges, the largest criminal forfeiture in U.S. history. The settlement covers the bank itself and not its officials . . . Pres. Bush signs a bill that authorizes $70 billion for the FDIC.

Reports show that scientists from the California Institute of Technology and Oxford University in England have devised a silicon microchip that behaves much like a human brain cell or neuron.

A California superior court approves a settlement ordering James B. Stringfellow Jr., former owner of a toxic waste dump near Glen Avon, California, and four corporations that used the dump to pay out $34 million in damages to Glen Avon residents. . . . The Federal Reserve Board cuts its basic interest rate for loans to member institutions to 3.5% from 4.5%. It is the lowest level since 1964 and the first fullpercentage-point reduction in the discount rate since 1981.

Rains continue to fall in Texas, and Austin is hit by 4.21 inches (11 cm). . . . A study shows that a researcher has treated diabetes in mice by implanting pancreas cells beneath their skin.

A California District Court of Appeal strikes down a Los Angeles law that makes parents responsible for their children’s criminal activities. The court rules that the law is unconstitutionally vague. . . . Pres. Bush signs into a law a bill that bans the use of automatic telephone calling machines.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Judge Clyde Atkins issues another injunction to block the government from returning Haitians fleeing Haiti. The injunction holds that the Haitians have a right to speak to lawyers before being returned.

In a trial that attracted much attention and demonstrations from both sides, El Sayyid A. Nosair, an Egyptian immigrant charged with killing radical Jewish leader Rabbi Meir Kahane in NYC in 1990, is acquitted of the most serious charges and is convicted on four lesser charges.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Dec. 18

Dec. 19

Robert Bardo, 21, an obsessed fan convicted of killing actress Rebecca Schaeffer in Los Angeles in 1989, is sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. . . . Stephen Norman Birnbaum, 54, travel writer and commentator who was the creator and editor of the Birnbaum Travel Guide series, dies of leukemia in New York City.

Television magnate Ted Turner marries actress Jane Fonda in a private ceremony at near Tallahassee, Florida.

John E. Santora, chief judge of the state’s Fourth Judicial Circuit, gives an interview to a Jacksonville newspaper in which he makes statements widely viewed as racist, sexist and anti-Semitic.

Reports confirm that the towns of Clinton and Whitmire, South Carolina, which draw their drinking water from the streams polluted by an oil leak Dec. 19, switched briefly to alternative water sources.

James Chipman Fletcher, 72, head of NASA, 1971–77 and 1986–89, dies of lung cancer in Washington, D.C.

Time magazine reports that that there were at least 12 cross burnings and one Ku Klux Klan rally since the city of Dubuque’s council endorsed a plan that calls for the recruitment of 100 minority families by 1995 and the establishment of antibias education programs. The plan was endorsed in May because of a wave of cross burnings in the town in 1989.

The environmental group Defenders of Wildlife file suit against the federal government for failing to protect the Louisiana black bear under the Endangered Species Act. . . . The oil pipeline that started leaking Dec. 19 is reported to be repaired.

Reports show that Austin, Texas posted more than 13.59 inches of rain for December, more than twice the previous record set in 1944. . . . A fire at Philadelphia’s 30th Street Station rages for more than four hours, causing an estimated $2 million in damages.

Dec. 20

Dec. 21

Dec. 22

An icon of St. Irene that gained worldwide attention in late 1990 when worshipers claimed that they saw it “weeping” on the eve of the Persian Gulf war is stolen from the Greek Orthodox church of St. Irene of Chrysovalantou in Queens.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 23

276—December 24–29, 1991

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Soviet Union, formed in 1922, officially disbands and is replaced by a Commonwealth of Independent States made up of 11 of the 12 former Soviet republics. . . . U.S. president Bush announces that the U.S. will recognize the independence of all 12 of the former Soviet republics but will establish diplomatic relations with only six: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, and Kirghizia.

Soviet president Gorbachev, who did more than any other figure to end the cold war, to curb the arms race and to put the Soviet Union on the road to democracy, announces his immediate resignation. . . . In Turkey, demonstrators fire-bomb an Istanbul department store, killing 11 and injuring 17. . . . Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) guerrillas reportedly kill 10 soldiers at an outpost near the Turkey-Iraq border.

Iran protests Switzerland’s arrest of Zeyal Sarhadi, an Iranian, on charges of aiding the men believed to have murdered former Iranian premier Shahpur Bakhtiar in Paris in August. Iran argues that Sarhadi is an employee of the Iranian embassy in Bern and therefore holds diplomatic immunity. Swiss authorities maintain that Sarhadi never registered in Switzerland as a diplomat.

In the wake of the Dec. 25 formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Britain indicates it will establish relations with Russia, Germany states it will recognize Russia immediately and Ukraine in the near future, Israel discloses it will establish relations with all the states, Iran reveals it will recognize Georgia and all of the states except Moldavia, and Australia states it will recognize all the ex-Soviet republics except Georgia.

Reports indicate that Ulster’s sectarian strife killed 94 people in 1991 in the U.K., the highest total since 1982. . . . Data show that unemployment in France rose to a record 2.82 million in November. . . . Federal and Serbian forces launch an assault on the industrial city of Karlovac, 30 miles southwest of Zagreb, the Croatian capital. Shelling also continues at the besieged city of Osijek in eastern Croatia.

The fundamentalist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) of Algeria takes a majority of seats in the first free parliamentary elections. Runoff elections are planned for remaining seats. The ballot is called one of the freest ever in an Arab country. . . . In Kenya, Health Minister Mwai Kibaki, a cabinet minister for more than 20 years, resigns over Pres. Moi’s decision to close down a judicial inquiry into Ouko’s death and over the slow pace of reforms in KANU.

Gunmen kill at least 49 Hindus traveling on a train in Punjab province in India. The attackers do not identify themselves, but they target any passengers who appear to be Hindu. At least 20 people are wounded. . . . A commission of inquiry presents to Indonesian president Suharto a report that concludes that 50 people were killed and “more than 91” injured when troops fired on unarmed marchers. Amnesty International questions the validity of those figures.

In response to the Dec. 25 formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States from former Soviet republics, China recognizes all 12 former Soviet republics, and Japan announces that it will establish diplomatic relations with Russia. . . . The remains of William F. Buckley, former U.S. CIA Beirut bureau chief, are found in Beirut by Lebanese police. Buckley’s captors claimed in Oct. 1985 to have executed him, but U.S. hostages claim that Buckley died of serious illness after torture. With the return of his body, all 17 of the Americans held captive in Lebanon between Mar. 1984 and Dec. 1991 are accounted for.

Rebels seize the headquarters of Georgia’s secret police and free eight arrested opposition leaders. . . . A firebomb on the Dublin-Belfast railway line ends the Provisional IRA’s Christmas truce. . . . About 40 people are injured when a Scandinavian Airlines passenger jet crash-lands in a snow-covered field shortly after taking off from Arlanda International Airport outside Stockholm.

Reports suggest 2,300 prisoners, 400 of them Kurds, were released by the Iraqi government as talks on Kurdish autonomy continue.

The U.S. Navy announces that it will vacate the Subic Bay Naval Station by the end of 1992, following a notice of eviction from the Philippine government. The move is the result of the collapse of talks on a gradual three-year pull out. . . . Australia’s new prime minister Paul Keating shuffles the cabinet and installs the country’s third treasurer since he left the post in June.

World Affairs

Dec. 24

Dec. 25

Dec. 26

Dec. 27

Asia & the Pacific

Reports confirm that the IMF has decided to withhold a loan of $63 million to Kenya because of dissatisfaction with the pace of economic reforms. . . . UN mediator Giandomenico Picco abandons hopes of securing the release of the two German hostages in the Middle East by Christmas and leaves Beirut.

In Georgia, opposing forces agree to a truce. . . . As peacekeeping troops of the former Soviet Union withdraw, clashes erupt between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Dec. 28

Dec. 29

The Americas

Talks begun Dec. 16 by UN secretary general Perez de Cuellar to reach a peace agreement in El Salvador are given a boost when Salvadoran president Alfredo Cristiani arrives at the UN and takes over as head of his government’s delegation.

Despite the Dec. 28 truce, fighting continues in Georgia. . . . Reports indicate that the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh resulted in the deaths of at least 25 people in the last two days. . . . France signs a final agreement with Iran to pay $1 billion in outstanding debt and interest charges on a 1974 Iranian loan.

Reports indicate that 20,000 people were killed or wounded in Mogadishu during six weeks of fighting with modern weapons left over from Soviet and U.S. military aid to Somalia. . . . Switzerland closes its embassy in Iran after Iranian authorities began restricting the movements of Swiss diplomats. The action is the result of a conflict begun on Dec. 25 over the arrest of Zeyal Sarhadi in Switzerland.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 24–29, 1991—277

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Walter Hudson, 46, believed to be the world’s heaviest man, dies of apparent heart failure in Hempstead, New York, weighing a reported 1,125 pounds.

Marty James, 38, AIDS activist from California who became nationally controversial after he publicly admitted to assisting the suicides of AIDS patients, kills himself by taking sleeping pills in Los Angeles, California, after suffering from AIDS.

Gen. Richard G. Stilwell, 74, head of the United Nations Command in South Korea, 1973–76, who served as a chief of staff during the Vietnam War and as a deputy undersecretary of defense, 1981–85, dies of cardiac arrest in Falls Church, Virginia.

A leak of 150 gallons of radioactive cooling water is discovered during final tests before the full restart of the 37-year-old K reactor at the Savannah River. . . . A major sewage discharge pipe feeding into Boston Harbor is shut off in an attempt to clean the harbor, which is thought to be one of the dirtiest in the U.S. . . . Retailers nationwide report that the Christmas shopping season yielded the third consecutive year of disappointing sales.

Roman Catholic nun Mother Teresa, winner of the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize, is hospitalized for pneumonia, in La Jolla, California.

A GAO report accuses the Bush administration of failing to adequately monitor millions of dollars worth of U.S. weapons and military equipment sent to foreign countries, according to a New York Times story.

Pres. Bush states he will nominate Barbara H. Franklin, 51, to replace Robert A. Mosbacher as secretary of commerce. . . . The FEC approves the first distribution of federal matching funds for the 1992 presidential campaign. Almost $6.4 million in matching funds is approved.

Dec. 25

A study suggests that X-rays increase the risk of breast cancer in women who carry a gene that makes them susceptible to the disease. . . . Reports confirm that at least 15 people were killed as a series of heavy rainstorms started Dec. 18 in Texas. The flooding caused millions of dollars in damages to buildings, livestock, and farmland. Pres. Bush declares part of the state eligible for federal disaster-relief aid.

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission adopts a policy that prevents the Civil Rights Act of 1991 from applying to thousands of civil-rights complaints filed before the law was enacted on Nov. 21.

The gun used by Jack Ruby to kill accused presidential assassin Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963 is auctioned in for $200,000, plus a 10% commission to the auction house.

Publisher’s Weekly lists Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind, by Alexandra Ripley, as the top hardback bestseller.

Nine people are crushed to death and 29 injured at a charity basketball game featuring rap performers in Harlem. . . . An icon stolen Dec. 23 is returned anonymously to the its church, but the frame, valued at more than $800,000, is still missing. Human Rights Watch criticizes the Bush administration in its comprehensive annual report for not making human rights an important enough factor in foreign policy decisions. The administration, the report claims, advances the human-rights cause “only when it is cost-free.”

Dec. 24

A British study finds that the herpes drug acyclovir when taken with the antiviral drug AZT reduces AIDS deaths.

Dec. 26

Dec. 27

Dec. 28

Dec. 29

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

278—December 30–31, 1991

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

World Affairs

Europe

International pressure for El Salvador’s factions to reach an agreement mounts as the U.S., Spain, Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia offer to work with the UN to see that any peace agreements will be carried out.

The attack by federal and Serbian forces launched Dec. 26 on Karlovac, Croatia, leaves 11 dead and hundreds wounded. . . . Reports indicate that the last peacekeeping troops of the former Soviet Union left the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan. . . . The 11 leaders of the CIS formally agree to place the long-range nuclear arsenal of the former USSR under the effective control of Russian president Yeltsin. In case of war, the pact requires consultation with the republics before the use of strategic weapons.

Israel formally joins the Missile Technology Control Regime, an armslimitation convention first adopted by the Group of Seven leading industrialized nations in 1987. . . . Figures reveal that stock markets in the world’s financial centers generally were mixed between January 1 and December 31. Asian markets (with the exception of Japan) performed strongly, while there was little vertical movement in European exchanges.

Reports suggest that at least 50 people have been killed since Dec. 22 in Tbilisi, the capital of the southern republic of Georgia, as well-armed opposition forces attempt to overthrow Pres Zviad K. Gamsakhurdia. . . . French investigators formally request the extradition from Switzerland of Zeyal Sarhadi, an Iranian, on charges of aiding the men believed to have murdered former Iranian premier Shahpur Bakhtiar in Paris in August.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

At least 15 people are killed and 114 wounded when a car bomb explodes in West Beirut. The bombing is the worst in Lebanon since that country’s civil war began to wane in late 1990. . . . The parliament of Jordan votes to endorse an economic austerity program advanced by Premier Sharif Zeid bin Shaker.

Asia & the Pacific Khieu Samphan, whose return was prevented Dec. 21, arrives under heavy military security in Cambodia’s capital, Phnom Penh.

Militant Haitians who in November occupied the Canadian embassy in Haiti in an effort to receive political asylum in Canada surrender peacefully to Haitian authorities.

Representatives of North Korea and South Korea agree not to “test, produce, receive, possess, deploy or use nuclear weapons.”

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 30–31, 1991—279

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A U.S. District Court judge orders the Alabama state university, which is divided into predominantly white and predominantly black colleges and universities, to remove all traces of racial discrimination and to change some of its hiring, admissions, and financing practices. . . . Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) agrees to restore funding for a state Medicaid program that helps disabled people live at home. Clinton makes the decision after a group of disabled protesters occupy his office for 15 hours.

The bodies of U.S. hostages William R. Higgins and William F. Buckley, returned to the U.S. Dec. 24 and Dec. 27, respectively, are honored at a memorial service at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. . . . Three U.S. human-rights groups accuse the Bush administration of ignoring rights abuses in Haiti to justify its position that Haitians are fleeing for economic reasons.

The Dow Jones surges 62.39 points to close at a record 3163.91. . . . The North Carolina labor department imposes a fine of $808,150 against the owners of a chicken-processing plant where 25 people died in a fire in September. The fine, against Imperial Food Products, is for safety violations.

Time magazine hits the stands and names Ted Turner, owner and creator of CNN, as its “Man of the Year.” The magazine describes Turner as a “visionary” whose CNN coverage brought the world together to witness such events as the Persian Gulf war, the coup in the Soviet Union, and the Clarence Thomas–Anita Hill Senate hearings.

The FDA approves the use of a drug, histrelin acetate, a synthetic hormone, for treating precocious puberty, a condition that causes sexual development to begin in children as young as eight or nine years old.

Data indicate that, since the Sept. 30 coup that ousted Pres. Aristide, 8,200 Haitians have been picked up by the U.S.

Officials in Los Angeles report that there were fewer days with unacceptable levels of ozone (smog) in the area in 1991 than in any year since records began in 1976. . . . The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises 4.92 points to a fourth straight record close of 3168.83, or 535.17 points higher than where it began the year, for a 1991 gain of 20.3%. It also marks the Dow’s best December since the index began in 1914. . . . The dollar closes the year at 124.80 Japanese yen and 1.52 German marks, compared with 135.40 yen and 1.49 marks at the year’s beginning.

Terminator 2: Judgment Day is the year’s top-grossing films with an estimated box-office receipts of $204.3 million.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

1992 A Somali gunman speaks to a child during the famine of 1992.

282—January–September 1992

Jan.

Feb.

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April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

World Affairs

Europe

Leaders of the 15 governments on the UN Security Council gather for the first-ever council summit.

Pres. Zhelyu Zhelev wins a new five-year term in office in Bulgaria's first direct presidential election.

The UN Security Council unanimously approves a resolution that could send nearly 14,400 peacekeepers to Croatia during the Yugoslav civil war.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

More than 100,000 people gather in Nairobi to attend Kenya's first legal antigovernment rally in 22 years.

Despite international condemnation, Eduardo Diaz Betancourt, leader of three Cuban exiles arrested on terrorism charges in December 1991, is executed by firing squad.

South Korea lifts economic sanctions imposed on South Africa in 1978, and Japan extends diplomatic recognition to South Africa at the ambassadorial level for the first time since World War II.

Great Britain's Queen Elizabeth II marks the 40th anniversary of her accession to the throne.

For the first time in more than a decade, an Israeli civilian is killed by a rocket from Lebanon when a five-year-old Israeli girl dies in a rocket strike.

In Venezuela, heavy fighting breaks out in an attempted coup by the Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement.

Pakistan reveals that it is now capable of building an atomic bomb but will adhere to nuclear nonproliferation agreements.

In its first meeting ever, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council— which includes the states of NATO, the former Warsaw Pact, and 14 ex-Soviet republics—agrees to support CSCE intervention to end the fighting in the Transcaucasus conflict.

Former Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze is chosen as Georgia's head of state.

Southern Africa experiences perhaps its worst drought in the 20th century, and the dry spell creeps northward on the eastern side of the continent.

A powerful car bomb explodes in front of the Israeli embassy in downtown Buenos Aires, Argentina, destroying the embassy building, killing at least 28 people, and leaving 220 others wounded.

Despite the arrival of a UN peacekeeping force, the leftist Khmer Rouge begins a series of attacks in Kompong Thom province, and the Phnom Penh government announces a new offensive against Khmer Rouge guerrillas.

Despite protests, limited international sanctions in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 748 take effect against Libya for its alleged harboring of terrorists thought responsible for the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 and the 1989 bombing of UTA Flight 772.

Sali Berisha becomes Albania's first non-Marxist president since World War II.

Mutinous soldiers overthrow Joseph Momoh, Sierra Leone's president, who flees to neighboring Guinea.

Peruvian president Alberto K. Fujimori dissolves the National Congress, suspends parts of the constitution and institutes press censorship. He also orders the arrest of several political rivals.

Officials of Afghanistan's collapsed communist government relinquish power to a commission of mujaheddin rebels headed by moderate Islamic leader Sibghatullah Mojadidi. The transfer formally ends 14 years of rule by Soviet-backed regimes in Afghanistan.

The UN votes to impose sweeping international sanctions on Yugoslavia as a means of ending the bloodshed in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The European Community imposes a trade embargo on Yugoslavia in an effort to halt the fighting in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

While visiting with Czechoslovakian president Havel, British prime minister Major signs a declaration formally annulling the 1938 Munich Pact that gave Germany control of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

Moslem militants attack Manshiet Nasser, a Christian village 130 miles (200 km) south of Cairo, killing at least 14 people in Egypt's worst outbreak of religious violence since 1981.

Ecuador's president, Rodrigo Borja, grants 148 Indian communities legal title to more than three million acres (1.2 million hectares) of land in the Amazon River basin.

China conducts its largest-ever nuclear test in an underground blast in the remote Lop Nur area with an explosion that has an estimated strength of one megaton, 70 times the force of the atomic bomb that the U.S. dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.

Talks at the Earth Summit are attended by 117 heads of state and government, reportedly the most ever assembled at an international conference.

Irish voters overwhelmingly approve the EC's Treaty on European Union, also known as the Maastricht Treaty. Voters in Denmark narrowly reject it, however. Since the treaty requires unanimous acceptance to be ratified, the loss is a serious blow.

In the worst single act of bloodshed in the region in years, a band of marauders armed with rifles, axes, and knives sweep through the South African township of Boipatong, killing more than 40 blacks.

Marc L. Bazin is sworn in as Haiti's new premier, replacing acting premier Jean-Jacques Honorat.

Fighting between Saudi-backed Sunni Moslems and the pro-Iranian Shi’ite guerrilla group Hezb-i-Wahadat sweeps through Kabul.

A CSCE summit is the largest gathering of leaders ever held in Europe, and the leaders declare the CSCE as the primary authority in Europe with regard to security threats. Additionally, 29 states, all members of NATO or states of the former Soviet Union, sign the revised version of the 1990 Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty.

Czech premier Vaclav Klaus and Slovak premier Vladimir Meciar agree on a basic plan for a peaceful division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states.

The Kenyan government allows nearly 500 Somalis to go ashore and enter refugee camps.

In Colombia, drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from prison, prompting a nationwide manhunt.

South Korea and North Korea agree in principle to reestablish land, sea, and air links for the first time since they were severed during the Korean War.

After 24 years of negotiations, members of the UN Conference on Disarmament (Geneva Committee) reach agreement on a final draft text of an international treaty to outlaw the production of chemical weapons and destroy existing stocks.

Croatian president Franjo Tudjman is reelected in Croatia’s first direct presidential election.

UN teams arrive in Somalia to assess an ongoing crisis and provide relief.

A Canadian judge in Winnipeg rules unconstitutional the section of a Manitoba law that calls for the daily recitation of Christian prayers in public schools. Thus, Manitoba is the last province to ban compulsory prayer in public schools in Canada.

South Korea and China establish diplomatic relations. In response, Taiwan breaks diplomatic relations with South Korea.

Law-enforcement officials from the U.S., Colombia, and Italy announce that they have arrested more than 165 people in six nations on charges related to a money-laundering scheme involving the Italian Mafia and the leading Colombian cocaine cartel. It is called the first instance of international cooperation on a case of this nature.

Reports suggest that as many as 3,000 men, women, and children have been slain in Serb-run detention camps near the Bosnian town of Brcko and that up to 4,000 Muslim civilians were forced at gunpoint to leave the Travnik area, in northwestern Bosnia, in a wave of ethnic cleansing by the Serbs.

Angolans vote for a president in the country’s first-ever free elections.

Mexico and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations, ending over 130 years of church-state discord. Mexico is the only major Latin American country that lacked ties with the Vatican.

Floods in Pakistan kill more than 2,000 people, damaged some 2 million acres of crops, and devastated 1,800 villages. An additional 500 people were killed in northern sections of India.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January–September 1992—283

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Wyoming imposes capital punishment on a prison inmate for the first time since 1965.

Atty. Gen. William Barr announces that the Bush administration will grant a one-year extension of "safe haven" in the U.S. to residents of Lebanon and Liberia who fled to the U.S. to escape civil war in their countries.

The Labor Department reports the government's index of consumer prices rose 3.1% in 1991, the lowest rate since 1986.

Biologists free two young California condors bred in captivity. They are the first released into the wild since the last known free condor was captured in April 1987.

American singer Paul Simon performs in Johannesburg, making him the first major international star to play in South Africa since the UN lifted a cultural boycott in 1991.

A state district judge in Dallas, Tex., overturns a Dallas police department policy barring homosexuals from serving as police officers as a violation of the right to privacy guaranteed by the Texas constitution.

Two nuclear-powered submarines, one belonging to the U.S. Navy and one from the former Soviet Union, collide in international waters in the Barents Sea.

Shirley Peterson is sworn into office and becomes the first woman to head the Internal Revenue Service.

The National Science Foundation finds U.S. spending on research fell in 1990 for the first time since the 1970s, even as foreign competitors increased their research and development finds.

In separate incidents, boxing champion Mike Tyson and former world heavyweight boxing champion Trevor Berbick are convicted of rape.

The case of John Kingery, an elderly man with Alzheimer's who was abandoned at a dog-racing track, highlights the issue of rising medical costs and adult children who cannot or will not care for their parents.

About 60 gulf-war veterans of the 123rd Army Reserve Command suffer from an undiagnosed ailment they believe they contracted while in the Middle East.

The House decides, 426-0, to release the names of all 355 members who have or had overdrafts in their House Bank accounts.

Pioneer 10 marks its 20th year in space. Launched in 1972, the unmanned nuclear-powered U.S. craft is still transmitting data at a distance of 5 billion miles from Earth, the farthest any man-made object has ever traveled.

The Toronto Star publishes 13 articles written by novelist Ernest Hemingway when he was a reporter that were discovered in the newspaper's archives.

A Simi Valley jury acquits four white LAPD officers on all but one charge stemming from the March 1991 beating of black motorist Rodney King. The verdict prompts the worst riots in Los Angeles since the Watts riots in 1965.

A jury in Miami, Florida, convicts former Panamanian military strongman Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega. It is the first time that a foreign head of state is convicted by a U.S. jury.

The Commerce Department reports that the average rise in per capita income, 2.1%, lagged behind the inflation rate of 4.1% for the first time since 1982.

In a major finding, astronomer George Smoot announces the discovery of faint temperature variations in the most distant matter yet detected. These irregularities, he claims, offer long-sought evidence to support the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe.

Video star Madonna signs a contract with Time Warner that makes her the highest-paid female entertainer ever.

Dr. Cecil Jacobson, a Virginia fertility doctor who used his own sperm to inseminate several patients and convinced several women that they were pregnant when they were not, is sentenced to five years in prison.

Separate reports by the navy inspector general and the Naval Investigative Service showing that a total of 14 female naval officers and 12 female civilians were sexually abused at the September 1991 Tailhook Association aviators' convention in Las Vegas are made public.

General Motors Corp. issues 55 million shares of common stock, raising $2.15 billion. The offering, the first of common stock by GM since 1955, sets an all-time U.S. record.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour makes its maiden voyage when it lifts off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Anne-Imelda Radice, acting head of the NEA, goes against the recommendation of review panels and its advisory council when she rejects two applications for grants to support exhibits that involve sexual material. The decision prompts some recipients to decline NEA grants.

In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, the Supreme Court upholds, 5-4. most of the provisions of a Pennsylvania law that imposes strict limits on a woman's ability to obtain an abortion. However, the majority also reaffirms that a woman's basic right to choose an abortion is "a rule of law and a component of liberty we cannot renounce."

In U.S. v. Alvarez Machain, the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that the U.S. is entitled to kidnap criminal suspects from foreign countries for prosecution in the U.S., regardless of protests from the foreign nations or the terms of existing extradition treaties.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at a new all-time record high, moving above 3,400 for the first time.

For the first time ever, a medical team implants the liver of a baboon into a terminally ill man.

Mona Van Duyn is named the nation's first female poet laureate.

In the first ruling of its kind, Judge Thomas Kirk gives independent status to initiate any legal action to a minor who wants to sever all ties from his mother so that his foster parents will be able to adopt him.

Pres. Bush, in an executive order, directs federal departments and agencies—including the Pentagon, National Security Council, and the White House—to declassify and make public up to 1.3 million documents on MIAs.

The Alaska State Court of Appeals overturns the misdemeanor conviction of Joseph Hazelwood, the skipper of the tanker Exxon Valdez when it grounded in March 1989, causing the largest oil spill in U.S. history.

A record six nationalities are represented in space at one time.

Cartoonist Bobby London claims King Features fired him for writing an abortion-rights story line in his Popeye comic strip.

Fugitive Randy Weaver, a white supremacist linked to the Aryan nation, surrenders to authorities after a standoff, in which four people were killed.

Pres. Bush orders an emergency airlift of food to Somalia, and U.S. military planes begin what is described as the U.S.’s biggestever relief effort in Africa.

California’s Legislature fails to pass a compromise $57.6 billion budget, even though the state has been forced to cover its obligations with IOUs for the first time since 1936.

Mount Spurr in Alaska showers a quarter-inch (.60 cm) of ash on Anchorage, 80 miles (130 km) to the east.

Pres. Bush signs into law a bill that authorizes increased government funding for public television.

Jocelyn Burdick (D) becomes North Dakota’s first female senator when she is appointed as an interim replacement for her husband, Sen. Quentin Burdick (D). Her swearing in boosts the number of women in the Senate to three, which is the most that have ever served simultaneously.

Three admirals—Rear Admiral Duvall (Mac) Williams Jr., Rear Admiral George Davis VI, and Rear Admiral John Gordon—are punished in the wake of a report on the Tailhook scandal, in which 26 women—half of them military officers—claim they were sexually abused by male aviators at the 1991 convention in Las Vegas.

The Census Bureau reports that in inflation-adjusted terms, median household income fell to $30,126 in 1991 from $31,203 in 1990. The number of Americans living below the poverty level in 1991 reached its highest level since 1964.

The U.S. launches the Mars Observer, an unmanned spacecraft designed to orbit Mars and collect information about it. The nearly $1 billion mission is the U.S.’s first trip to Mars since two Viking probes touched down on the planet in the mid-1970s.

An estimated 44 million people watch the TV show Murphy Brown, which was attacked by Vice Pres. Dan Quayle in May. The show’s fall premier is a bigger draw than either the Democratic or Republican national conventions.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan.

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May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

284—October–December 1992

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

World Affairs

Europe

Amid widespread reports and allegations of atrocities in Bosnia, the UN Security Council unanimously votes to create a war-crimes commission for Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Fighting between secessionist Abkhaz guerrillas and Georgian forces intensifies.

The UN Security Council approves an arms embargo against Liberia. The 16-nation ECOWAS imposes a trade embargo on the 95% of Liberia’s territory controlled by the rebel National Patriotic Front, led by Charles Taylor.

The leaders of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico sign the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), thereby sending the pact to their respective legislatures for approval.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Pres. Joaquim Chissano of the Mozambique government and Afonso Dhlakama, the leader of the rebel Mozambique National Resistance, widely known as Renamo, sign a peace accord to end Mozambique’s 16-year-old civil war.

Over 100 inmates die when Brazilian paramilitary police attempt to quell a prison riot at Casa de Detencao in Sao Paulo, the largest jail in South America. It is the worst prison violence in Brazil’s history.

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the world’s richest individual, celebrates 25 years as absolute monarch of Brunei by parading through the streets of Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital, in a 70-footlong chariot of gilded teak.

Antiforeigner violence continues to plague Germany.

Voters elect military leader Jerry Rawlings to head a new civilian government in Ghana’s first presidential elections since 1979.

Guatemala’s congress recognizes the political independence of Belize, a former British colony. The decision ends a 130-year-old territorial dispute between the two nations.

Chinese premier Li Peng becomes the first Chinese leader to visit Vietnam in 21 years.

Slobodan Milosevic defeats Milan Panic in the Serbian presidential election, and the ruling Socialists and their allies, the Radicals, capture an overwhelming majority of the seats.

The first casualties are sustained during the UN and U.S. armed peacekeeping and relief efforts Somalia.

The 12-year Salvadoran civil war officially ends. A National Day of Reconciliation marks the close of a brutal conflict that took 75,000 lives.

A nationwide firestorm of sectarian violence erupts at the Ayodhya mosque, built in 1528 and long a subject of dispute. The death toll in India related to the Ayodhya mosque exceeds 700, the worst bloodshed since the nation gained independence in 1947.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October–December 1992—285

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The AIDS quilt, made up of more than 20,000 panels, is on display in its entirety for the first time since 1989 in Washington, D.C. The quilt has 1,920 panels, each of which represents a person who has died from AIDS.

Despite international protests, Pres. Bush signs the Cuban Democracy Act, legislation that bars foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba.

The National Governors’ Association reports that at the end of the 1992 fiscal year (June 30), the average state had a budget surplus 0.3% the size of its total budget, the lowest level in at least 15 years.

Scientists release the first two maps of human chromosomes, as part of the Human Genome Project.

At an auction the original manuscript for Alex Haley’s book The Autobiography of Malcolm X is purchased for $100,000. Alex Haley’s Roots fetches $50,000.

Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) is elected the 42nd president of the U.S., ending 12 consecutive years of Republican control of the White House.

Petty Officer First Class Keith Meinhold, who openly admit that he is a homosexual and was therefore discharged from the Navy, is reinstated in the service, pending a final outcome on his case.

An Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) study reveals that living standards in the U.S. remain the highest in the world, although standards in Germany, France, and Japan are approaching those of the U.S. level.

The New England Journal of Medicine reports that doctors for the first time repaired brain damage by implanting cerebral tissue from aborted fetuses.

The Roman Catholic Church issues a new universal catechism for the first time in more than four centuries.

The Census Bureau projects that the U.S. population will grow by another 50% over the next 58 years, reaching 383 million in 2050.

Former CIA Director of Operations Claire George is convicted in a retrial on two felony counts of lying about his knowledge of the Irancontra affair.

The National Marine Fisheries Service declares that the California gray whale, once threatened with extinction, has “fully recovered” and will be removed from the endangered species list. The gray whale, on the list since 1970, is the second U.S.-protected species to make such a recovery.

Scientists find evidence of a powerful earthquake 1,000 years ago that reshaped Puget Sound’s coastline and created a tidal wave that obliterated forests.

The Emancipation Proclamation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln January 1, 1863, goes on display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. It has not been shown in public since 1979.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct.

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286—January 1–6, 1992

World Affairs

Jan. 1

Jan. 2

Jan. 3

Jan. 4

Jan. 5

Jan. 6

Europe

In the final hours of UN secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar’s 10-year term, the government of El Salvador and FMLN representatives sign a peace agreement mediated by the UN to end fighting in the country’s 12-year-old civil war. . . . Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt begins his five-year term as secretary general of the UN, replacing Javier Perez de Cuellar of Peru.

Africa & the Middle East In South Africa, three policeman are killed in two incidents in black townships. Separately, a public high school for whites scheduled to begin admitting black students is bombed. . . . A Jewish settler is ambushed and killed in the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip. Doron Shorshan is the fourth Israeli settler slain since October 1991. . . . Official results in the first round of elections for Algeria’s parliament show that the FIS is 28 seats short of a simple majority.

In violation of a trade embargo imposed by the OAS, a Bahamianregistered oil tanker unloads a month’s supply of diesel fuel in Haiti.

After months of fighting, commanders of the principal Georgian rebel forces form a military governing council and declare a national state of emergency. Tengiz Sigua, Georgia’s premier under Gamsakhurdia before resigning in August 1991, is named to head an interim civilian government. . . . A law allowing Germans to see Stasi files compiled on them goes into effect. . . . The Russian Federation eliminates state subsidies of most goods and services. Three other ex-Soviet states— Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova— also begin lifting price controls.

Rebels loyal to Pres. Hissene Habre capture two towns in Chad. . . . Two police officers are shot dead in Soweto. The Azanian People’s Liberation Army claims responsibility. Bombs severely damage post offices in the towns of Verwoerdburg and Krugersdorp. . . . The Israeli defense ministry orders the deportation of 12 Palestinian activists alleged to be “involved in terrorist activities.” The expulsion order is one of the largest since 1987. . . . . Hundreds of thousands of Algerians opposed to the Islamic fundamentalist movement march in Algiers.

The U.S. State Department charges Iraq with deliberately obstructing humanitarian aid efforts in the wake of the Persian Gulf war by refusing to export oil under the UN’s 1991 monitoring program. . . . To protest the Jan. 2 Israeli deportations, Palestinian delegates to the Middle East peace conference in Washington, D.C., postpone their departure for a scheduled round of talks.

Daily pro-Gamsakhurdia rallies begin in Georgia. Gunmen affiliated with the military council fire on loyalist demonstrators in Tbilisi. In response, protesters seize and beat to death at least one gunman. . . . The opposing sides in the Yugoslav civil war begin the 15th mediated cease-fire. . . . Reports indicate Turkey has agreed to allow allied troops to stay in Turkish territory to provide protection and aid to Iraqi Kurds displaced after their unsuccessful uprising in March 1991.

The Algerian government states that there have been 341 complaints about election fraud, covering 145 of Parliament’s seats. . . . In reaction to the Jan. 2 seizure of two towns in Chad, France dispatches paratroops to its former colony and puts fighter jets on alert.

The Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian delegations to the Middle East peace conference in Washington, D.C., postpone their departure for a scheduled new round of talks, following the Palestinian response to the Jan. 2 deportations from Israel.

Ukraine president Leonid Kravchuk declares that all former Soviet military personnel in Ukraine must swear allegiance to Ukraine, causing controversy. . . . Milan Babic, president of the self-styled “Serbian Republic of Krajina,” formed in December 1991 by ethnic Serbs in Croatia, announces that Krajina will neither accept peacekeepers on its soil nor will it disarm its guerrillas unless Croatian forces disarm.

UN undersecretary general for African affairs James Jonah ends a peace mission to Somalia which failed to reach a cease-fire. . . . The 21-nation Arab League, to which Somalia belongs, agrees to appoint a ministerial committee to reconcile the country’s factions. . . . In response to the Jan. 3 U.S. charges, the Iraqi foreign ministry states its refusal to accept the 1991 monitoring program approved by the UN Security Council “will never change.”

The presidents of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania demand an immediate withdrawal of the ex-Soviet forces. . . . Two massive IRA bombs explode in the commercial center of Belfast. . . . In an arson attack against a hostel for refugees in Waldkirch in southwestern Germany, 20 people are injured, one critically. . . . In Georgia, rebel forces besieging Zviad Gamsakhurdia in the Tbilisi parliament building step up their shelling of the stronghold.

An employee of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is killed in an attack on UN offices in Bosaso, Somalia. . . . Reports indicate that four British tourists, Mercedes Mackendrick, James Pilbeam, Andrew Chandler, and Paul Couchman, were slain in Angola. . . . Hussein Selim Suleiman, chief of intelligence for the PLO’s mainstream Fatah faction, is killed by an unknown gunman in Lebanon. . . . Switzerland reopens its embassy in Iran.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously in favor of a resolution that condemns Israel’s Jan. 2 decision to deport 12 Palestinians from the occupied territories. The resolution is the most strongly worded rebuke of Israeli policy ever issued by the council. . . . The IMF announces that it will lend El Salvador $60 million to help rebuild its economy after 12 years of civil war.

Zviad Gamsakhurdia, president of the former Soviet republic of Georgia, flees Tbilisi, which has been under siege by opposition militia for over two weeks. . . . Five armed robbers make off with an estimated 2.5 million Irish punts from a banking center in the Republic of Ireland. The robbery is described as the biggest in Irish history. . . . The Russian people mark Christmas as a state holiday for the first time in more 70 years as it is Christmas Eve on the Russian Orthodox Church’s Julian calendar.

The South African Department of Education and Training reports that only 39.2% of black high-school seniors passed the 1991 round of final examinations, called matriculation examinations. That percentage is up slightly from an all-time low of 36.4% in 1990 and compares with a pass rate of 97% for white students.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The government of Argentina introduces a new currency, the peso, that is equivalent to 10,000 australs, the existing currency.

The Mexican news agency Notimex reports that Cuban human-rights advocate Bienvenida Cucalo Santana and three men have been arrested. . . . Data show that Toronto has overtaken Montreal in 1991 as the city with the highest number of murders in Canada.

U.S. president Bush announces the lifting of a 16-year-old U.S. trade embargo against Cambodia, whose warring factions recently signed an agreement aimed at ending that nation’s civil war. . . . Afghan guerrillas release a U.S. aid worker, Joel DeHart, who had been kidnapped along with another American in July 1991.

The Haitian parliament extends the 90-day term of interim president Joseph Nerette. . . . A Quebec Superior Court judge grants the petition of a 25-year-old woman seeking to compel doctors to disconnect the respirator that has kept her alive for the past two and a half years.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 1–6, 1992—287

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Washington Post reports that some ER doctors are using a computer program called APACHE III (for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation). The program calculates a patient’s chance of surviving by assessing a patient’s vital signs in relation to a database of other case histories. In some cases, the results factor into decisions on whether to discontinue potentially life-saving treatment.

Pres. Bush embarks on a 10-day tour of Australia and Asia. . . . Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Murray Hopper, 85, U.S. Navy officer and computer-programming pioneer who in 1991 became the first woman awarded the National Medal of Technology individually, dies of a heart attack in Arlington, Virginia.

A CDC survey suggests that 54% of the 11,631 high school students questioned have had sexual intercourse. . . . Data indicate presidential aspirant governor Clinton (Ark.) raised the most money in 1991 among the Democratic candidates. . . . C. Nicholas Conchas, 47, is the first person charged under a California law that holds adults liable for injuries inflicted by a child who used a gun negligently stored. His grandson, Jesus Valencia, 4, accidentally killed himself with Conchas’s revolver

James E. Hair, 76, one of a group of 13 blacks who broke the U.S. Navy’s color barrier in 1944 to become commissioned officers; during World War II, dies of apparent heart disease in New York City.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Reports indicate that researchers genetically altered the lung cells of rats to make them gain a crucial feature that the cells of human cystic fibrosis patients lack.

Mike Frankovich, 82, film producer who received the 1984 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, dies of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California.

A federal grand jury returns an indictment charging money manager Steven D. Wymer with “orchestrating a massive fraud scheme” that cost several cities and municipalities more than $100 million in losses. . . . The National Treasury Employees Union files a lawsuit challenging the EEOC’s December 1991 policy that the 1991 Civil Rights Act does not apply to job-discrimination lawsuits filed before the law was enacted in November.

The New England Journal of Medicine finds that angioplasty—a surgical procedure in which a tiny balloon opens a clogged heart artery—is more effective than standard medications at curing angina. . . . Research reports indicate that using heavy anesthesia on infants during surgery gives them a greater chance of surviving than the common practice of allowing them only light anesthesia.

For the second year in a row, the final major college football polls are divided on the nation’s top team. The Miami Hurricanes leads the AP’s poll, and the Washington Huskies tops UPI’s ranking.

The EPA reports that it found 25 homes contaminated with radioactive radium in Philadelphia. Decaying radium gives off radon gas, linked to lung cancer. . . . The Energy Department delays reopening of a reactor at the Savannah River nuclear plant after the December radioactive tritium gas leak. . . . The National Safe Workplace Institute ranks California first and Arkansas last in worker-safety ratings, based on hazard-prevention, enforcement, and workers’ compensation programs.

Studies show that chemotherapy and hormone treatments typically given to women after surgery for breast cancer are more effective in prolonging life than previously believed.

The Elizabeth Daily Journal, founded in New Jersey in 1779, closes down. . . . Dame Judith Anderson (born Frances Margaret Anderson), 93, actress nominated for a 1941 Academy Award, dies in Santa Barbara, California. . . . A radical black South African group protests the arrival of Whoopi Goldberg to film a movie in South Africa.

The first four teenage gang members convicted in the robbery and murder of a Utah tourist at a NYC subway station, Pascal Carpenter, Johnny Hincapie, Emiliano Fernandez, and Ricardo Nova, are each given the maximum sentence of 25 years to life. . . . Reports state that a group of 14 death-row inmates in California have filed a lawsuit to have their sperm preserved for possible artificial insemination.

NASA gives its annual award for subcontractor excellence, the George M. Low Trophy, to Thiokol Corp. Space Operations in Brigham City, Utah, the company that manufactured the solid-fuel rockets that launch the space shuttle.

Jan. 2

Jan. 3

Jan. 4

The National Society of Film Critics selects the British comedy Life Is Sweet, directed by Mike Leigh, as the best film of 1991. Canadian filmmaker David Cronenberg is named best director, River Phoenix is voted best actor, and Alison Steadman is chosen as best actress.

Rep. Jamie L. Whitten (D, Miss.) becomes the longest-serving member of the House in U.S. history. . . . Data show that contributions to women’s political groups has risen significantly since Clarence Thomas was inducted in the Supreme Court. . . . Texas governor Ann Richards (D) grants a temporary reprieve to a death-row inmate, Johnny Frank Garrett, in response to a plea for clemency from Pope John Paul II . . . . The FDA calls for a moratorium on the sale and implantation of silicone-gel breast implants.

Jan. 1

Reports state that the GAO has found that the environmental damage caused by cattle and sheep grazing on federally owned desert land in the Southwest outweighs the economic benefits of using the land. . . . Reports allege that in November 1991, a month before the tritium leak in South Carolina, the Energy Department issued a study criticizing the Savannah River nuclear plant’s inattention to previous leaks. . . . The Bank of New England files for bankruptcy protection, in the third-largest bank failure in U.S. history.

Jan. 5

Jan. 6

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

288—January 7–11, 1992

Jan. 7

Jan. 8

Jan. 9

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

A Yugoslav air force jet shoots down an unarmed EC helicopter over the republic of Croatia, killing five EC observers. The Yugoslav federal defense ministry accepts responsibility and suspends the head of the air force, pending a probe. . . . In response to the UN’s Jan. 6 resolution, Arab delegates to the ongoing Middle East peace talks end their boycott of the meetings.

Shoppers in nearly a dozen cities in the Russian Federation protest the lifting of price controls enacted by Pres. Yeltsin. . . . In Georgia, gunmen affiliated with the military council fire on loyalist demonstrators in Tbilisi. The action, coupled with the Jan 3 shooting, results in a death toll of two civilians, while as many as 30 others are wounded.

In response to the Jan. 7 shooting, the EC suspends its observer mission in Yugoslavia. The UN Security Council votes to send a multinational team to Yugoslavia. . . . The EC Commission votes not to withdraw British beef from a package of food aid to the Soviet Union for fear of creating a new scare about mad-cow disease. Russian officials accept the $263 million package. . . . Reports show Mohammed Rashid, a Palestinian linked to the May 15 terrorist group, was sentenced to 18 years in prison in Greece for bombing a Pan American World Airways jet over Hawaii in 1982.

In the Armenian town of Idzhevan, Zviad Gamsakhurdia tells reporters that he is still the president of Georgia and does not intend to resign. . . . Yugoslavia’s federal defense minister, Col. Gen. Veljko Kadijevic, resigns, citing ill health. The military chief of staff, Gen. Blagoje Adzic, a Serb hard-liner, assumes the post of acting defense minister.

The Palestinians delay their departure for the U.S. to protest the arrest by Israel of an adjunct to the negotiating team, Mohammed Khourani, who was accused of organizing terrorist actions. . . . Separate studies find that 70,000 Iraqi civilians have died since the end of the gulf war due to damage incurred by allied bombing. . . . The EC reconvenes peace talks attended by the presidents of the six Yugoslav republics.

A Roman Catholic businessman is killed near Moira, County Down, Northern Ireland. The outlawed Ulster Freedom Fighters, a Protestant group, claim responsibility. . . . Ethnic Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina proclaim an autonomous republic. Separately, Serbian president Milosevic breaks with Milan Babic, leader of the self-styled “Serbian Republic of Krajina,” over Babic’s opposition to UN peacekeepers in Croatia. Babic tells reporters he commands 30,000 guerrillas in Croatia prepared to fight Croats without Serbia’s support.

The International Red Cross reports that Kuwait has deported to Iraq more than 300 Iraqi, Jordanian and other Arab residents of Kuwait since the end of 1991.

The outlawed Provisional IRA sets off a small bomb on Whitehall Place in London’s government district. No one is hurt in the blast, which explodes less than 300 yards (270 m) from P.M. Major’s residence at 10 Downing Street.

The Israeli air force attacks the village of Al Naameh, nine miles (15 km) south of Beirut, killing 12 people and wounding 14 others. Israeli authorities state the village is a base of the radical Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command.

The Falkland Islands celebrates Margaret Thatcher Day. The new holiday marks the 1983 visit of then-Prime Minister Thatcher to the South Atlantic islands after British forces retook the islands from Argentina in the 1982 Falklands war.

Russia and Ukraine reach tentative settlement that calls for an unspecified portion of the Black Sea fleet to be given to Ukraine. . . . A circuit court in Hanover, Germany, ends the trial of Heinrich Niemeyer, 70, accused of shooting Jewish prisoners at Auschwitz. The action ends 13 years of proceedings and is taken after doctors find Niemeyer incompetent to stand trial. . . . Ulster police officials display a cache of arms discovered in a West Belfast house.

Algerian president Chadli Benjedid resigns, two weeks after a first round of parliamentary elections yielded an unexpected victory for the fundamentalist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), whose stated goal is to turn Algeria into an Islamic state. Tanks and armored vehicles take up positions in Algiers, the capital. Riot police are deployed in the fundamentalist strongholds of Bab e-Oued and Kouba.

Eduardo Diaz Betancourt, leader of three Cuban exiles arrested on terrorism charges in Cuba in December 1991, is found guilty of terrorism and sabotage by a Cuban court. Two others are also found guilty. All three are sentenced to death.

Jan. 10

Jan. 11

The Iraqi health ministry reports nearly 86,000 postwar civilian deaths in Iraq. Health Minister Umeed Madhat Mubarak blames UN economic sanctions against Iraq for the death toll.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Data show that inflation in Argentina was 84% in 1991, the lowest since 1986. . . . P.M. Mulroney announces the appointment of his chief of staff, Norman Spector, as Canadian ambassador to Israel, making him Canada’s first Jewish ambassador to Israel.

Three Canadian members of Parliament are expelled from China hours before their planned commemoration of the 1989 Beijing prodemocracy demonstrations and visit to a prison where dissidents were held. . . . Former first lady Imelda Marcos declares her candidacy for president of the Philippines.

Deposed Haitian president JeanBertrand Aristide accepts the nomination of Rene Theodore, leader of the Unified Haitian Communist Party, as premier.

Reports indicate that South Korea has lifted economic sanctions it imposed on South Africa in 1978.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 7–11, 1992—289

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

An analysis that examined the results of several major national surveys dating back to 1958 shows that racist and anti-Semitic attitudes are on the decline in America. . . . U.S. Postmaster Gen. Anthony Frank announces that he is resigning, effective Feb. 28, to become chairman of Acrogen Inc., a biotechnology firm in San Francisco that he helped found in 1987.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Gerard F. Scannell, 57, head of the Labor Department’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration, announces his resignation, effective January 17, and his plans to serve as vice president in charge of safety at his former employer, Johnson & Johnson.

Two hand grenades are thrown at the offices of the South African companies handling the tour of American singer Paul Simon. . . . Reports show that pitchers Tom Seaver and Rollie Fingers have been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

The video of “By the Time I Get to Arizona,” by the rap-music group Public Enemy, sparks controversy since it depicts a group of black terrorists assassinating Arizona government officials in revenge for the state’s failure to adopt a holiday honoring slain civil-rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.

A federal study concludes that a significant number of babies who died were given incorrect racial identifications, leading to errors in reported infant mortality rates for different racial groups. . . . The Children’s Defense Fund reports that the number of children covered by employer-provided health insurance declined by 13.6% between 1977 and 1987. . . . In a surprise announcement, Virginia governor L. Douglas Wilder withdraws from the race for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination.

During Pres. Bush’s trip to Japan, he collapses at a state dinner in Tokyo. Bush faints for about three minutes due to a stomach virus. The incident receives widespread television coverage. . . . The Defense Department revises the total number of U.S. combat deaths in the Persian Gulf War to 146 from 148.

The Endangered Species Committee opens hearings on the status of the spotted owl in Portland, Oregon.

The FBI announces it is reassigning 300 agents who formerly worked in counterespionage to investigate violent and gang-related crime. . . . Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher and Rep. Thomas Sawyer (D, Ohio) reach an agreement on the release of revised local census data that Mosbacher previously refused to turn over.

In addition to trade agreements, Japan and the U.S. issue a joint declaration pledging cooperation in collectively defending Asia in the post–cold war era as Pres. Bush ends his trip of Asia and Australia.

The California Air Resources Board adopts regulations to mandate the elimination of hydrocarbons in numerous household products. . . Reports confirm that two paper companies, Potlatch Corp. and Simpson Paper Co., have agreed to pay a total of $12 million in fines related to chemical dumping. . . . The Fish and Wildlife Service advises the government to restrict logging on 6.9 million acres of forest land in the Pacific Northwest identified as a prime habitat for the endangered spotted owl.

Pres. Bush makes 10 appointments to the board of the Legal Services Corp. while Congress is in recess and thereby avoids the issue of confirmation. . . . A study shows that women who interrupt their careers for family reasons are unlikely to ever earn salaries as high as women who never leave the workforce. . . . The U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals issues a ruling that makes it easier to introduce DNA “fingerprint” evidence in criminal trials.

James Loeb, 83, U.S. ambassador to Peru, 1961–62, and to Guinea, 1963–65, dies of pneumonia in Lebanon, New Hampshire, after suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. . . . Pres. Bush’s trip to Japan is met with criticism, and in a survey of 696 adults, 56% of the respondents answer “no” to the question: “Will the trip produce more jobs for the U.S.?”

The Washington Post reports that consumer advocate Ralph Nader is waging a write-in campaign in New Hampshire, site of the nation’s first presidential primary.

About 63% of Americans surveyed believe that Bush ordered the gulf war stopped too soon by declaring a cease-fire before Saddam Hussein was ousted or killed, according to an NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll.

Reports suggest that astronomers discovered two, possibly three, planets circling a star 1,300 lightyears away from Earth in the Milky Way galaxy. If verified, the finding represents the first planets detected outside the solar system. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine reports that some male impotence cases result from the penis’s failure to produce enough of the chemical nitric oxide.

Postmaster Gen. Anthony Frank announces that the Post Office will issue stamps honoring Elvis Presley in 1993. . . . Bill Naughton, 81, British playwright who created the play Alfie (1964), dies of unreported causes on the Isle of Man.

A study finds that people with safe cholesterol levels but high levels of blood fats are nearly four times more likely to have a heart attack than people with normal levels of blood fats.

Jan. 7

Jan. 8

Jan. 9

Jan. 10

In South Africa, a predominantly white crowd of 40,000 turn out at Johannesburg’s Ellis Park Stadium to hear a concert by American singer Paul Simon. Simon’s tour makes him the first major international star to play in the country since the UN lifted a cultural boycott in 1991.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 11

290—January 12–16, 1992

Jan. 12

Jan. 13

Jan. 14

Jan. 15

Jan. 16

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

At the close of a meeting in Havana, Cuba, the fifth in a series of conferences held since 1989, a retired Soviet general discloses that the Soviet Union had placed a number of short-range nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962. . . . An annual report released by the UN International Narcotics Control Board finds that drug trafficking is on the increase around the world, and drug consumption is becoming a problem in more countries.

The ethnic Albanian minority in Macedonia votes in a referendum to form their own independent state. . . . An estimated 10,000 Muscovites, some waving the red flag of the former USSR, demonstrate against rising prices and demand the resignation of the Russian government. . . . Police uncover another IRA bomb factory in Belfast. . . . Bulgaria holds the first direct presidential election in its history, but no candidate receives the minimum 50% of the vote required for a victory. A runoff election is scheduled.

The Kuwaiti government ends its policy of prepublication censorship of the emirate’s newspapers, in effect since July 1986. . . . In Algeria, after Pres. Chadli Benjedid’s resignation, a new army-dominated ruling council cancels a runoff ballot, which had been expected to give the FIS a parliamentary majority. The State Security Panel voids the results of December’s election and announces that no new voting will take place “until necessary conditions are achieved for the normal functioning” of state institutions.

A helicopter is downed near Madre Mia in Peru’s Upper Huallaga Valley. Three U.S. civilians and one Peruvian antinarcotics officer are killed in the crash.

Arab and Israeli negotiators meet in Washington, D.C., for a second round of direct bilateral peace talks. Israel and the joint Palestinian-Jordanian delegation resolve a long-standing dispute when the joint delegation agrees to let two Jordanian negotiators sit on an 11-member subgroup. . . . Trade negotiators for the 108 nations participating in the GATT talks begin a new phase of negotiations in Geneva.

Iraq’s ambassador to the Netherlands, Safa Salih Falaki, resigns his post and seeks asylum for himself and his family in the European nation. . . . The Vatican recognizes Croatia and Slovenia.

Two prominent opposition figures are arrested for “spreading a malicious rumor” that Pres. Moi is planning a coup to halt Kenya’s upcoming multiparty elections. . . . Complaining that they were denied almost certain victory in a second round of parliamentary elections, FIS leaders call on Algerians to defy “the illegitimate junta” that took control after Pres. Benjedid’s departure.

A Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board agrees to grant refugee status to an Argentine native who states he has been persecuted in his home country because he is a homosexual. It is reportedly the first time such a decision has been reached in North America.

Egon Klepsch of Germany is elected the new president of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France.

A multinational contingent of UN observers arrive in Zagreb, the Croatian capital, and in Belgrade, the federal and Serbian capital. . . . Former Soviet president Gorbachev makes his first public appearance in Moscow since his resignation on December 25, 1991.

In Congo, Premier Andre Milongo dismisses several military commanders to break a monopoly of members of Pres. Denis SassouNguesso’s tribe. . . . South African judge Richard Goldstone agrees to investigate allegations that the government trained “hit squads” for the Inkatha Freedom Party. . . . Seven Israeli settlers are wounded when Palestinian gunmen fire on their cars near Ein Siniya in the West Bank. . . . In Algeria, a third body is named to head the government, the Council of State, with Mohammed Boudiaf as president.

The U.S. government formally asks Cuba to reconsider the death sentences handed down Jan. 11.

The EC, along with Australia, Canada, Hungary, Norway, and Poland, formally recognizes the independence of Croatia and Slovenia. . . . The Wall Street Journal reports at least 1,300 people have been killed or wounded in Kuwait since the end of the Persian Gulf war by Iraqi land mines and unexploded allied bombs.

Pres. Boris Yeltsin visits St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), where taxi drivers and ambulance workers are striking to protest high prices.

In response to the Jan. 14 attack, settlers erect makeshift settlements at five different sites in the West Bank. . . . In Congo, soldiers loyal to Denis Sassou-Nguesso surround defense headquarters and demand the old army chiefs be reinstated. A second group of officers linked to Jean-Marie Michel Mokoko, the army commander, issues similar requests.

The Canadian government agrees to issue a formal apology to the members of 17 Inuit families who were relocated in the 1950s from Quebec to the High Arctic region, where they were left without sufficient food and shelter.

U.S. Air Force captain James McGregor, the pilot of a U-2 spy plane, crashes in the Sea of Japan. The cause of the crash is not ascertained.

The European Parliament approves the distribution of 1.58 billion European currency units ($2 billion) in aid to countries in North Africa and the Middle East. The grants and loans will cover a period through 1996. . . . The Yugoslav federal presidency—a four-member proSerbia faction—accuses the EC of violating the UN Charter and other international accords in response to the Jan. 15 recognition of Croatia and Slovenia.

Pres. Zviad Gamsakhurdia unexpectedly returns to Georgia. An estimated 8,000 armed men rally to the former leader’s side. Pro-Gamsakhurdia demonstrations begin. . . . Seven of the 11 commonwealth states back a joint commonwealth military force with a common oath of allegiance at a meeting of commonwealth leaders in Moscow. . . . In Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, a protest by university students over high prices and empty bread shops turns violent when police open fire on the demonstrators as they march on the presidential palace.

The government of El Salvador and representatives of the leftist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) rebels sign a formal peace treaty, ending the country’s 12-year-old civil war. The treaty, signed in Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City, comes after 21 months of peace talks.

Thirty-five of a group of 56 Chinese men and women who landed in Australia on a refugee craft are discovered on a cattle station, miles from their landing site. . . . A South Korean navy ship recovers the body of U.S. Air Force captain James McGregor, the pilot of a U-2 spy plane that crashed Jan. 15.

Japan extends diplomatic recognition to South Africa at the ambassadorial level for the first time since World War II, although consular relations were reestablished in 1952.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 12–16, 1992—291

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

A CIA spokesman confirms that the CIA’s Openness Task Force recommended that the agency improve its public image by declassifying large numbers of secret documents dating back to World War I. . . . T(homas) Eric Embry, 70, lawyer who represented The New York Times in a libel suit that led to the landmark Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan and who served as a justice on the Alabama Supreme Court, dies of cancer in Birmingham, Alabama.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle In golf, Steve Elkington wins the Tournament of Champions, the opening event of the 1992 PGA tour. . . . Walt Morey, 84, children’s book author who wrote the popular book Gentle Ben (1965), dies in Wilsonville, Oregon, after suffering a heart attack. . . . The Washington Redskins and the Buffalo Bills advance to football’s Super Bowl.

A 12-year-old Hispanic boy is attacked by a group of whites who beat him and smear him with white paint. . . . Accused serial killer Jeffrey L. Dahmer pleads guilty but insane in Milwaukee County Circuit Court to charges that he murdered 15 young men and boys, most of them at his apartment in Milwaukee.

Jan. 12

Jan. 13

CIA deputy director Richard Kerr announces his resignation, effective March 2. . . . The Supreme Court increases the federal government’s potential liability for damages for harm or injury that results from the negligence of federal employees. The decision is the first written by Justice Clarence Thomas. . . . The Supreme Court rules that a section of an Illinois election law that makes it difficult for new parties to get on the ballot is unconstitutional.

Biologists at the Los Padres National Forest, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Los Angeles, free two young California condors bred in captivity. The condors, a male and a female, are the first to be released into the wild since the last known free condor was captured in April 1987.

The Supreme Court issues a ruling that makes it easier for state and local governments to challenge federal court consent decrees that govern the operations of prisons, hospitals and other public institutions. . . . Pres. Bush makes his first reelection-campaign visit to New Hampshire.

The Supreme Court rules, 5-3, that the U.S. may legally deport former Provisional Irish Republican Army member Joseph Doherty to the U.K.

A state court jury in Virginia orders a local gun store to pay $100,000 to the family of a Virginia Beach schoolteacher, Karen H. Farley, who was shot to death by a student in 1988. Gun-control advocates believe it is the first time that a U.S. jury holds a gun store liable for injuries inflicted by a gun purchased at the shop. . . . The FCC votes unanimously to approve a proposal for a substantial spectrum of radio frequencies to be reallocated for use by a new generation of telecommunications devices.

Pres. Bush releases a triumphant statement commemorating the first anniversary of the beginning of the Persian Gulf war. However, a survey shows that fewer than 60% of Americans believe that the gulf war was worth fighting, down from 84% during the war, according to polls reported in The Times of London. . . . W. John Kenney, 87, U.S. Navy official who administered the Marshall Plan of U.S. aid designed to help Europe recover from World War II, 1950–52, dies of pneumonia in Washington, D.C.

The biggest-ever study of chronic fatigue syndrome finds that sufferers often experience an inflammation of the brain. . . . Admitting an error in his calculations, British astronomer Andrew Lyne retracts his highly publicized 1991 claim of a planet orbiting distant pulsar PSR1829-10.

The Labor Department reports the government’s index of consumer prices rose 3.1% in 1991, the lowest rate since 1986.

Jan. 14

The Yardbirds, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Johnny Cash, Sam and Dave, Booker T. and the MGs, the Isley Brothers, and Bobby “Blue” Bland are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Reports show that scientists have linked a mutated gene to a rare and dangerous form of high blood pressure that strikes early in life, glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. . . . A study shows the experimental AIDS drug DDC (dideoxycytidine) is inferior to the popular antiviral medicine AZT. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine suggests that dyslexia is not a permanent disability, as physicians and educators commonly believe, but a condition that may appear or disappear as a child grows older.

Jan. 15

Jan. 16

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

292—January 17–22, 1992

Jan. 17

Europe

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein admits for the first time that Iraq lost the Persian Gulf war. But while he acknowledges Iraq’s military defeat at the hands of the allied coalition, Hussein insists that his nation won a moral victory against the forces of “Satan and treachery.”. . . Italian president Francesco Cossiga visits Croatia and Slovenia and makes Italy the second country, after Germany, to establish formal diplomatic relations with the former Yugoslav republics.

Reports show that at least six people were killed and scores injured in price rioting that started Jan. 16 in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. . . . The outlawed Provisional IRA detonates a bomb that kills seven civilians riding home from work at a British army base in Northern Ireland. Six others are injured, one critically. . . . Former Greek premier Andreas Papandreou is acquitted of corruption charges in Athens. Two former ministers are convicted.

In Algeria, the FIS claims that at least 500 of its members, including some leaders, were arrested in the preceding week. . . . A national conference on planning democracy for Zaire reopens in Kinshasa, the capital.

In response to the Jan. 17 killings, Britain deploys an additional 600 troops in Northern Ireland. . . . About 5,000 officers of the former Soviet military gather in the Kremlin’s Palace of Congresses to demand that the forces remain under a unified command within the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Sudan discloses that Iran has agreed to supply it with 100,000 tons of oil per month for one year free of charge. . . . More than 100,000 people gather in Nairobi to attend Kenya’s first legal antigovernment rally in 22 years.

The Washington Post reports that Iran paid radical Shi’ite Muslim groups in Lebanon between $1 million and $2 million for the release of each of the nine Western hostages freed by the groups in the latter half of 1991.

A villa in Wannsee where Nazi leaders plotted the systematic elimination of European Jews is dedicated as a museum and memorial. The villa is the first memorial in Germany honoring Jewish victims of the Holocaust. . . . Incumbent Bulgarian president Zhelyu Zhelev wins a new five-year term in office by defeating challenger Velko Valkanov in a presidential runoff. It is the country’s first direct presidential election.

In Congo, the army occupies the airport and seizes state radio and television stations. . . . Seven leaders of the American Jewish Congress become the first representatives of a pro-Israeli Jewish group to visit Saudi Arabia. . . . Police headquarters in Algiers are bombed, and a military guard post is attacked, leaving one soldier dead. . . . The Tehiya and Moledet parties withdraw from Israeli P.M. Shamir’s coalition government. . . . Zaire’s P.M. Nguza suspends the conference that opened Jan. 17.

William Draper, administrator of the UN Development Program (UNDP), warns that AIDS will kill 20 million people worldwide by the year 2000.

Three federal soldiers are killed in an ambush near the Croatian coastal city of Zadar, but the fragile UNmediated cease-fire in Yugoslavia holds. . . . An Airbus A-320 jet on a French domestic flight from Lyon to Strasbourg crashes into a fog- and snow-covered ridge in the Vosges Mountains, killing 87 of the 96 passengers and crew members on board.

In Congo, the army demands that Premier Andre Milongo step down. Troops fire on a crowd of Milongo’s supporters marching in Bacongo, a suburb of Brazzaville. At least three civilians are killed. . . . In Algiers, Algeria, the police station is bombed again. . . . The 19 delegations that participated in the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (Codesa) in December 1991 reconvene.

Eduardo Diaz Betancourt, leader of three Cuban exiles arrested on terrorism charges in Cuba in December 1991, is executed by firing squad. Cuba’s decision to execute Diaz Betancourt draws strong international criticism.

Reports indicate that Australian search teams using helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft found all but two of the Chinese refugees who landed in a desert region where daytime temperatures reach 113°F (45°C). . . . A senior member of the Japanese Diet is reported to have blamed the economic difficulties of the U.S. on what he termed illiteracy and laziness among American workers. The remarks provoke considerable ire in the U.S. and embarrassment in Tokyo.

The 15-member UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution urging Libya to cooperate with U.S., French, and British investigations into the 1988 bombing of Pan American World Airways Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and the 1989 bombing of French UTA Flight 772 over Niger. The three countries in late 1991 indicted six Libyan intelligence agents in connection with the attacks.

A man critically injured by the Jan. 17 bomb attack by the outlawed Provisional IRA dies, bringing the death toll to eight. . . . A former East German border guard is convicted of shooting to death a man seeking to flee to West Germany in 1989, nine months before the Berlin Wall was opened. The guard is sentenced to jail, and another defendant receives a suspended sentence.

Reports indicate that the UAE, among the few remaining centers for the ivory trade, has imposed a ban on ivory trading.

Reports show that Cuba has signed five-year trade and economic cooperation agreements with the former Soviet republics of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to replace the subsidized imports it had received from the former Soviet Union. Separately, the Cuban government indicates that it is stepping up its campaign against illegal dissident groups.

A senior member of the Japanese Diet, Yoshio Sakurauchi, apologizes for remarks reported Jan. 20, claiming that he did not intend to “disparage or slight American workers.”

The 12-nation EC cuts off all but emergency aid to Zaire in protest against P.M. Nguza’s Jan. 19 decision to suspend a democracyplanning conference.

British prime minister John Major announces that his country will reimburse Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania for more than £90 million worth of gold that was deposited by the Baltics in London and sold by the U.K. in 1967.

Rebel Zairean soldiers seize the 20-story state radio building in Kinshasa. They broadcast appeals for the resignation of Pres. Mobutu and P.M. Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond and for the resumption of the democracy conference. . . . Algerian police arrest Abdelkader Hachani, the acting head of the fundamentalist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). The government also bans all nonreligious activities at Algeria’s estimated 10,000 mosques, many of which serve as centers for FIS activity.

In Canada, two prominent members of the militant Mohawk Warrior Society, Ronald (Lasagna) Cross and Gordon (Noriega) Lazore, are convicted on a total of 29 charges in connection with a 77day land-claim dispute in the town of Oka, Quebec, in 1990. A third defendant, Roger Lazore, is acquitted on all 10 charges he faced.

Jan. 18

Jan. 19

Jan. 20

Jan. 21

Jan. 22

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific During his first visit to South Korea as premier of Japan, Kiichi Miyazawa apologizes for the Japanese army’s forced use of Korean women as prostitutes during Japan’s occupation of Korea, which ended in 1945.

The headquarters of Rene Theodore, Haiti’s Communist Party leader, are attacked. No one is injured.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 17–22, 1992—293

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Florida Supreme Court orders John Santora to step down as chief judge of the state’s Fourth Judicial Circuit after he made racist, sexist, and anti-Semitic remarks in a Dec 22 interview. . . . The presidential campaign of Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) comes under fire as the media reports allegations that he had an extramarital affair. . . . Pres. Bush signs a proclamation officially declaring January 20 as a holiday commemorating Martin Luther King Jr. The Washington Post reports that the army is refusing to make public the names of the 21 soldiers killed by friendly fire in the 1991 Persian Gulf war. The Post prints what it states are the names of all 35 friendly fire fatalities.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A natural-gas explosion in Chicago touches off a series of fires and kills at least three people. The blast and fires damage or destroy 18 buildings on the city’s North Side.

Charlie Ventura (born Charles Venturo), 75, leading jazz tenor saxophonist during the big-band era of the 1940s voted as the top tenor saxophonist in the U.S. in 1945 and 1946 by Down Beat magazine, dies of cancer in Pleasantville, New York.

A spokesman for Peoples Gas, Light and Coke Co. states that a faulty regulator, which controls the amount of gas pumped into individual buildings, is suspected as the cause of the Jan. 17 blast in Chicago.

The Golden Globes for film are awarded, and Bugsy wins for Best Drama while Beauty and the Beast is named Best Musical or Comedy. Oliver Stone wins the Best Director award, Jodie Foster is named the Best Actress, and Nick Nolte takes the Best Actor award.

The American Council on Education releases a report showing that the proportion of minority students who attended college increased during the 1980s, although it remains below that of whites. . . . Five Democratic presidential candidates debate in Manchester, New Hampshire. Several lesser-known candidates, including Larry Agran, Lenora Fulani and Tom Laughlin, protest their exclusion from the debate.

The national holiday honoring slain civil-rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is marked by speeches and rallies all across the U.S. In Denver, however, the holiday sparks a riot between civilrights supporters and Ku Klux Klan members. In Phoenix, 5,000 people march in support of a state holiday honoring King. Arizona is the only U.S. state that does not have a holiday honoring King. . . . According to a Harvard University study, more litigation in the U.S. arose from AIDS than from any other disease.

Pietro Di Donato, 80, Italian-American bricklayer whose first novel, Christ in Concrete (1938), became a best-seller and won praise as a metaphor for the immigrant experience in the U.S., dies of bone cancer in Stony Brook, New York.

In response to the execution of Eduardo Díaz Betancourt in Cuba, Cuban exiles in Miami, Florida, stage a street protest near a monument to the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion.

The Justice Department rejects Georgia redistricting plans that were passed by the state’s legislature in September 1991as racially discriminatory. . . . The New York Times reports that the school district of La Crosse, Wis., will become the first in the U.S. to assign pupils to schools based on their family income. . . . The L.A. board of education votes to allow the distribution of condoms in public schools to reduce the transmission of AIDS. Wyoming imposes capital punishment on a prison inmate for the first time since 1965. . . . Pres. Bush nominates deputy White House chief of staff Andrew Card as transportation secretary. . . . Antiabortion demonstrators hold their annual March for Life in Washington, D.C., to mark the 19th anniversary of the Supreme Court’s landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion. As in past years, Pres. Bush addresses the marchers via telephone.

NASA aircraft based in Bangor, Maine, measure high-altitude levels of chlorine monoxide (one of the most harmful of the CFCs) at 1.5 parts per billion, the highest level ever recorded in either hemisphere, contradicting previous beliefs that high atmospheric concentrations of ozone-harming chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and bromines exist only near the South Pole.

A 1991 survey by the National Association of Manufacturers and Towers Perrin, a human-resources consultant, shows that the average manufacturer rejects five out of every six applicants for a job because of poor basic skills.

Gen. Carl E. Mundy Jr., the commandant of the Marine Corps, orders Marine commanders to be open with the families of friendlyfire casualties, even if such candor may “embarrass the Marine Corps or reflect negatively” on the commanders. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that a Guatemalan man who fled his country after refusing the join a guerrilla army has no valid claim to political asylum in the U.S.

The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office predicts a $352 billion deficit for the current fiscal year. . . . The Los Angeles County Transportation Commission votes unanimously to reverse a monthold decision to award a rail-car contract to Japanese-owned Sumitomo Corp.

Jan. 17

Jan. 18

Jan. 19

Jan. 20

The Whitbread Book of the Year Prize, Great Britain’s most lucrative literary award, is awarded to John Richardson’s biography Life of Picasso. The book is the first volume in Richardson’s planned fourvolume biography.

The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that a diet low in folic acid makes a woman more susceptible to the human papilloma virus, which causes genital warts and may trigger the onset of cervical cancer. . . . The U.S. space shuttle Discovery lifts off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, to carry out a scientific mission, in which the effects of weightlessness are measured on crystals and on a wide variety of biological subjects.

Jan. 21

Jan. 22

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

294—January 23–28, 1992

Jan. 23

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Security Council approves a resolution calling for Secretary Gen. Boutros-Ghali to mediate an end to Somalia’s civil war and for a ban on arms shipments to Somalia. . . . A conference of 47 nations and five financial institutions, including the World Bank and the IMF, called to coordinate international assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States, closes with various kinds of aid promised by the U.S., Oman, Argentina, Thailand, and South Korea.

The human-rights organization Helsinki Watch releases a report accusing Serb guerrillas of murdering at least 200 Croat civilians and captured Croat soldiers in 14 separate incidents. The report claims that at least 5,000 Croats are missing. . . . Government soldiers battle Gamsakhurdia loyalists in Poti, Georgia, resulting in 15 reported deaths. . . . In Estonia, Edgar Savisaar and his entire cabinet resign in a feud with Parliament over shortages of food and fuel.

In a historic international environmental lawsuit, damages are awarded to the French government and a coalition of private French concerns when an U.S. court upholds a ruling assessing Amoco Corp. $204 million stemming from the wreck of the supertanker Amoco Cadiz off the coast of France in 1978.

Jan. 24

Jan. 25

Jan. 26

Jan. 27

Jan. 28

Economic ministers of the Group of Seven (G-7) nations meet in Garden City, New York.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Iranian foreign minister Ali Akbar Velayati announces that his country has reached economic and political agreements with the former Soviet republics of Ukraine and Turkmenistan. . . . In Zaire, troops loyal to Pres. Mobutu retake the radio station, killing two people. Most of the mutineers are captured, and military authorities state that 29 soldiers took part in the rebellion.

El Salvador’s Legislative Assembly passes an amnesty law protecting civil-war participants from prosecution for human-rights violations committed during the war. . . . Peru’s Sendero Luminoso rebel group claims responsibility for shooting down an U.S. helicopter on loan to Peruvian antidrug forces Jan. 12.

A tour of India by the leader of the Hindu fundamentalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), or Indian People’s Party, and a caravan of followers is attacked by Sikh separatist gunmen in Punjab province. The gunmen kill five members of the tour. . . . Fifty-five of 56 Chinese refugees who fled their country by boat and landed in northern Australia have been found by authorities in the harsh desert outback near the King Edward River cattle station.

During Parliament’s opening session in South Africa, at least 20,000 demonstrators march through Cape Town in what the ANC calls a “people’s parliament.”. . . In Algeria about 500 FIS supporters defy the government’s ban on assembly by gathering outside a mosque in the Algiers neighborhood of Bab elOued. Security police and army troops sweep into the neighborhood to disperse the crowd. A similar confrontation also takes place at a mosque in the Algiers suburb of Kouba.

Salvadoran judge Ricardo Zamora sentences Colonel Guillermo Alfredo Benavides Moreno and Lieutenant Yusshy Rene Mendoza Vallecillos, two Salvadoran army officers, to the maximum sentence of 30 years in jail for the 1989 slayings of six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter at Jose Simeon Canas University of Central America in San Salvador. . . . Reports show that Cuba has signed a barter pact with Lithuania.

In Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir, the police headquarters are leveled by an explosion. . . . During a visit to China, Israeli foreign minister Levy and Chinese foreign minister Qian Qichen sign an agreement establishing formal ties between their nations.

The parliament of the Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina votes to hold a republic-wide referendum on independence.

In Haiti, uniformed and plainclothes police officers suspected of opposing Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s return attack René Théodore’s headquarters, killing a bodyguard, Yves St.Pierre, and beating several others.

The New York Times finds that unpaid membership dues are causing a financial crisis at the United Nations. The five biggest debtors to the regular budget are the U.S., Russia, South Africa (which is not allowed to participate in the General Assembly), Brazil, and Ukraine.

A tour of India by the leader of the Hindu fundamentalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), or Indian People’s Party, and a caravan of followers ends in the province of Jammu and Kashmir. While tens of thousands of militant Hindus had planned to attend the ceremony, recent attacks reduce the number to about 70 followers.

Marrack Goulding, the United Nations undersecretary for peacekeeping operations, holds a series of meetings with Croatian, Serbian, and Yugoslav federal and military leaders in an attempt to enlist blanket support for the UN deployment.

A Polish official confirms that Russia has agreed to supply Poland with 7.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas in 1992.

Benny Alexander, the leader of the radical Pan-Africanist Congress, is arrested after a mass meeting in Ennerdale. . . . A no-confidence motion against the coalition government of Israeli prime minister Shamir is defeated.

The World Health Organization adopts a revised strategy for combating AIDS. . . . The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) closes a summit by signing an accord to create a regional common economic market within 15 years. . . . Delegates from Israel, 10 Arab nations, the EC, and other countries meet Moscow to initiate talks on Middle East issues. It is the first time so many Arab states participate directly in negotiations with Israel.

Germany’s supreme constitutional court overturns a century-old law barring women from manual work on night shifts. . . . Data suggest 22 journalists have been killed in the Yugoslav civil war since June 1991. . . . Georgia’s government troops capture the towns of Poti and Zugdidi, the last strongholds of support for deposed president Zviad Gamsakhurdia. At least six people are killed in fighting in Poti. . . . Armenian guerrillas shoot down an Azerbaijani civilian helicopter, killing about 40 people.

South African police arrest 11 members of the white neo-Nazi Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB). All are released after paying bail no higher than $36. . . . FIS foreign affairs spokesman Rabah Kebir is arrested in Algeria.

The Haitian army arrests a police corporal and accuses him of the Jan. 25 murder and beatings at the headquarters of Theodore, Haiti’s Communist Party leader. The U.S. recalls Ambassador Adams to protest the Jan. 25 attack.

A group of about 60 aboriginal men, women, and children take over the old Parliament House in Canberra, claiming it as an embassy for Australia’s “indigenous sovereign” people. . . . Pakistan announces that it will back the UN initiative to end the fighting in Afghanistan. The move by Pakistan effectively cuts off the rebels’ only remaining source of military support.

The occupation of the old Parliament House in Canberra ends peacefully when police enter the building and arrest four protesters. The aborigines present Robert Tickner, federal minister for aboriginal affairs, with a declaration of aboriginal sovereignty.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 23–28, 1992—295

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The campaign of Democratic candidate Bill Clinton continues to be thwarted by rumors of his infidelity when allegations that he had a 12year affair with Gennifer Flowers, a former nightclub singer, surface. . . . At the close of a meeting of the U.S. Conference of Mayors, the chairman states he wanted it to endorse one of the presidential candidates but that none of them sufficiently impressed the group. Many mayors are reportedly most impressed with long-shot candidate Larry Agran.

Health experts meeting at the CDC warn that drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB) are spreading rapidly in the U.S.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Imperial Food Products Inc., the owner of a chicken-processing plant where 25 people died in a fire in September 1991, tells the North Carolina Labor Department that it cannot afford to pay, or challenge, the $808,150 fine it was assessed after the fire. . . . The League of Conservation Voters, a political alliance of environmental groups, releases a report rating the environmental stands of the 1992 presidential candidates. The report hails the record of candidate Edmund (Jerry) Brown Jr. Atty. Gen. William Barr announces that the Bush administration will grant a one-year extension of “safe haven” in the U.S. to residents of Lebanon and Liberia who fled to the U.S. to escape civil war in their countries. However, Barr also states that the administration will not grant such an extension to a number of Kuwaitis who fled to the U.S. after their country was invaded by Iraq in 1990.

Pres. Bush announces Shirley Peterson will be appointed commissioner of internal revenue. . . . The FDIC injects $1.2 billion into Crossland Savings FSB as a first step to nurse the insolvent institution back to health. . . . U.S. judge Joyce Green accepts a settlement of criminal charges against the BCCI that obliges the institution to forfeit all of its U.S. assets of $550 million. . . . Reports indicate an increasing number of companies are offering incentives for their employees to purchase American cars.

Spike Lee announces that he is the first Hollywood director granted permission to film in the Saudi Arabian city of Mecca, Islam’s holiest city, where he will film parts of his movie Malcolm X. . . . Freddie Bartholomew (born Frederick Llewellyn), 67, child star of the 1930s, dies of emphysema in Sarasota, Florida.

Reports suggest that scientists have vaccinated monkeys against SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), an infectious agent related to the human AIDS virus HIV.

Reports indicate that the Forest Service has temporarily barred logging on many tracts of federally owned timberland in New Mexico and Arizona to protect the habitat of the Mexican spotted owl until the FWS can determine whether to designate the Mexican owl as a threatened or endangered species.

The director of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., J. Carter Brown, announces that he will end his 22-year tenure by retiring at the end of the year.

Reports state that Global Telecom will establish a pay-per-call service in which U.S. callers can hear a daily recorded message from Pope John II. . . . L.A. Raiders owner Al Davis and players John Riggins, John Mackey and Lem Barney are chosen for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

The first phase of the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, a step which concerns accommodations for the disabled in public buildings and businesses, takes effect. . . . In response to allegations of presidential candidate Bill Clinton’s extramarital affairs, Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, appear on the CBS television show 60 Minutes. “I don’t think being any more specific about what’s happened in the privacy of our life together is relevant to anybody besides us,” states Hillary Clinton.

Jose Ferrer (born José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón), actor who received the Academy Award for best actor in 1951 and two Tony Awards in 1952, dies of unreported causes; various sources list his age as either 80 or 83. . . . The Washington Redskins win Super Bowl XXVI, 37-24, over the Buffalo Bills in Minneapolis.

Aileen Carol Wuornos, a prostitute who confessed to killing seven male motorists, is convicted of first-degree murder for the 1989 killing of Richard Mallory. . . . The Supreme Court rules that county commissions in two Alabama counties do not need federal court approval under the 1965 Voting Rights Act to reorganize or diminish the authorities of individual commissioners. It is the first time the high court adopts a narrow interpretation of the 1965 law. In his State of the Union speech, Pres. Bush outlines his approach to combating the current economic recession and his plans for reforming the health-care system. House Speaker Foley delivers the official Democratic response to Bush’s speech, and Democratic presidential challengers attack the address as well. . . . The Senate approves, 92-6, the Neighborhood Schools Improvements Act, a bill that will provide $850 million a year to states for the improvement of public schools.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that labor-union organizers who are not employed by the company targeted for organization do not have the right to go onto that company’s property to encourage workers to join their union. . . . R. H. Macy & Co., one of the nation’s largest retailers, files for bankruptcy protection from creditors in U.S. bankruptcy court in New York City.

In his State of the Union speech, Pres. Bush hails a U.S. victory in the cold war and the end of communism and announces limited military cutbacks. He also suggests the decrease of nuclear weapons arsenals.

The American Library Association announces the Newbery Medal was awarded to Phyllis Reynolds Naylor for Shiloh and the Caldecott Medal went to David Wiesner for Tuesday. . . . Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind by Alexandra Ripley, tops the bestseller list.

The Conference Board reports that its consumer confidence index for January fell to 50.4 from a revised 52.5 reading in December 1991. It is the lowest level for consumer confidence since a 50.1 reading in May 1980.

Jan. 23

Jan. 24

Jan. 25

Jan. 26

Jan. 27

Jan. 28

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

296—January 29–February 3, 1992

Jan. 29

Jan. 30

Jan. 31

Europe

The IMF approves a $2.1 billion loan to Brazil, the most heavily indebted country in the Third World. . . . Marrack Goulding, the UN undersecretary for peacekeeping operations, tells reporters that he cannot recommend a deployment of UN peacekeepers in Croatia. . . . Delegates from Israel, 10 Arab nations, the EC, and several other countries agree to convene five smaller “seminars” in April or May to discuss Middle East regional issues.

Russian Federation president Yeltsin, in a televised address, proposes that his country and the U.S. cut its strategic warheads to between 2,000 and 2,500 over a five-year period. He calls for an eventual end to all nuclear arms. . . . German warships on training exercises in the Mediterranean Sea intercept a freighter near the island of Sicily, after the German government learns that the ship is carrying an unlicensed shipment of Sovietmade tanks bound for Syria.

Algerian police fire on a crowd in Bachara, an Algiers suburb, when residents try to prevent them from arresting two Muslim clergy. At least two people are killed.

North Korea signs an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna to open its nuclear facilities for inspection. The pact, the Nuclear Safeguard Agreement, is subject to ratification by North Korean president Kim Il Sung.

The parliament of Estonia approves a new government headed by Premier Tiit Vahi. . . . Irish prime minister Charles Haughey announces his resignation in the wake of allegations linking him to a decade-old scandal involving government wiretapping. . . . In France, two top-ranking civil servants in the foreign ministry resign in the wake of a controversy over the admission into France of George Habash, a radical Palestinian leader, for medical treatment.

In South Africa, whites from the Randburg suburb of Bloubosrand, outside Johannesburg, begin manning barricades to block the entrance of some 750 black squatters authorized by the government to move there.

Leaders of the 15 governments on the UN Security Council gather for the first-ever council summit. They pledge to strengthen the UN and to heighten its role in maintaining peace in the post–cold war era. . . . A U.S. Customs Service ban on imports of yellowfin tuna goes into effect, and it is estimated to apply to over 20 countries from North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the South Pacific.

Turkey begins suffering from heavy snowstorms.

Feb. 3

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific The Australian Bureau of Statistics reports that the annual inflation rate in 1991 was 1.5%, the country’s lowest since 1964. . . . India announces that it will establish full diplomatic relations with Israel.

The Peruvian Supreme Court ends a corruption case against former president Alan García Pérez when it rejects a final appeal to reopen the case.

The Commonwealth of Independent States agrees to begin a withdrawal of the estimated 100,000 ex-Soviet troops still stationed in the Baltic region. . . . The founder of the First Commercial Bank of Lublin, David Bogatin, is arrested in Warsaw. Bogatin is reported to have fled to Poland in 1987 after pleading guilty to federal and New York State tax-evasion charges. The U.S. seeks extradition. . . . Several villages in the Kurdish region of southeastern Turkey are buried by avalanches.

About 500 members of the white neo-Nazi Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB) stage a military parade in Ventersdorp. Wearing khaki-colored uniforms with swastika-like armbands, they chant, “This land is for the Boers. Shoot the kaffirs. Shoot.”

At the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, attended by 2,000 government and business leaders from around the globe, South African president F. W. de Klerk and African National Congress president Nelson Mandela make an unprecedented joint plea for foreign investment in their country.

Milan Babic, the president of the self-proclaimed “Serbian Republic of Krajina” rejects a federal agreement to support the UN peace plan.

Reports indicate that Tunisia and the UAE have recalled their ambassadors to Sudan and have accused Sudan of backing Islamic radicals within their borders. . . . The Inkatha Freedom Party and the African National Congress hold their first joint peace rally, in the township of Mpumalanga, outside Durban, South Africa.

Fifty-three members of the Nonaligned Movement hold a meeting in Cyprus to discuss the organization’s relevance in the post–cold war era. Roughly 20 foreign ministers and 150 delegates attend the conference, the first since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. . . . International Atomic Energy Agency director general Hans Blix states that Libya is willing to open all of its nuclear facilities to inspection.

Brian Nelson, a British army secret agent who infiltrated a Protestant paramilitary group is sentenced to 10 years in jail for terrorist offenses committed by the group, the Ulster Defense Association. . . . A U.S. embassy opens in Yerevan, Armenia’s capital. . . . Representatives of the German steel industry and union officials reach a contract agreement that avoids what would gave been Germany’s first major strike since unification.

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

In El Salvador, the formal cease-fire takes effect.

Pres. Carlos Saul Menem orders the release of previously secret government and police files on Nazi war criminals who fled to Argentina at the end of World War II. . . . The first 381 refugees repatriated to Haiti arrive in Port-auPrince, Haiti’s capital. . . . Lucien Bouchard, the leader of Parliament’s Bloc Quebecois, states that the group will disband if Quebecois vote in an upcoming referendum to reject the concept of sovereignty and to remain part of Canada.

A fire sparked by violence in a camp for Vietnamese refugees in Hong Kong kills 21 people and injured at least 128. . . . Premier Kiichi Miyazawa joins the chorus of Japanese voices criticizing the work ethic of U.S. workers when he discloses that he feels “that the ethic of working by the sweat of one’s brow has seemed to be lacking” among Americans in recent years.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 29–February 3, 1992—297

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Laurenzo’s Farmers Market in North Miami Beach, Florida, becomes the first U.S. store to sell irradiated food. . . . Reynaldo Andrade Gonzales hijacks a Greyhound bus in Phoenix and leads police on a 320-mile chase. . . . El Sayyid A. Nosair, an Egyptian immigrant acquitted of murdering radical Jewish leader Rabbi Meir Kahane but convicted on lesser charges, is sentenced to the maximum possible 71⁄2 to 22 years in prison.

Pres. Bush offers initiatives aimed at dramatically reducing nuclear arsenals in budget documents.

Pres. Bush sends to Congress a $1.52 trillion proposed budget for fiscal year 1993 that spells out the details of Bush’s economic recovery plan, outlined in his Jan. 28 State of the Union address. The budget foresees a deficit of almost $400 billion for the current fiscal year.

Reynaldo Andrade Gonzales, 33, who hijacked a bus on Jan 29, is shot to death by police when he stops the bus at his home in Colton, California. Eight passengers are uninjured. . . . The Texas Supreme Court strikes down, for the third time since 1989, the state’s method of funding public schools.

The Pentagon adds 83 installations to the list of U.S. bases in Europe to be fully or partially shut down. . . In another effort to discourage boat trips, the U.S. announces that the U.S. embassy in Port-au-Prince will accept Haitians’ applications for asylum in the U.S.

Clayton Yeutter is appointed by Pres. Bush to a new cabinet-level position, counselor to the president in charge of domestic policy. . . . The Senate confirms Shirley Peterson as commissioner of internal revenue. . . . The five major Democratic nominees debate on a program televised by PBS. . . . Aileen Carol Wuornos, a prostitute convicted Jan. 27 of first-degree murder, is sentenced to die in Florida’s electric chair.

Alan D. Fiers Jr., a former CIA official who pled guilty in July 1991 to withholding information about the Iran-contra affair from Congress, is sentenced to a year’s probation and 100 hours of community service. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 6-3, without comment, to lift a December 1991 injunction that barred repatriations. . . . Pres. Bush talks with Chinese premier Li in the highest-level meeting between the nations since 1989.

District Judge Penn prohibits the Energy Department from opening the U.S.’s first permanent repository for nuclear waste beneath the desert near Carlsbad, New Mexico. . . . TWA files for bankruptcy protection from creditors. . . . The Commerce Department reports that total sales of new homes in 1991 fell to 504,000 units, a 5.6% drop from 1990. It is the third consecutive year of declining newhome sales and the worst year for the new-home market since 1982.

The Republican National Committee votes to install Richard Bond to replace Clayton Yeutter as its chairman. . . . Judge Irving Robert Kaufman, 81, U.S. federal judge who sentenced Julius and Ethel Rosenberg to death in 1951, the only death sentence carried out in the U.S. for espionage by civilians, and who headed the Commission on Organized Crime under Pres. Reagan, dies of pancreatic cancer in New York City.

In response to the Supreme Court’s Jan. 31 ruling, the U.S. begins forcibly returning to Haiti thousands of Haitians picked up at sea while trying to flee their homeland, Reports indicate that since a coup that ousted Pres. Aristide on September 30, 1991, more than 14,000 Haitians have been picked up at sea by the U.S. . . . Pres. Bush and Russian president Yeltsin hold talks at Camp David, Maryland. The atmosphere is casual, and Bush presents Yeltsin with a birthday cake to honor his 61st birthday.

Ronald R. Carey, head of a powerful Long Island, New York, local chapter, is sworn in as the new president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.

Reports state that the NASA–European Space Agency Ulysses probe met Jupiter en route to the Sun. . . . Alcoholics who give up drinking can live as long as moderate drinkers and teetotalers, according to a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association. . . . A study finds that children fed breast milk score higher on IQ tests than children who receive formula only.

Renowned African-American dancer Katherine Dunham, 82, begins fasting to protest the U.S. policy of repatriating Haitian refugees. . . . Black Tie Affair is named the winner of the Eclipse Awards’ 1991 Horse of the Year honors.

A pipe carrying partially treated sewage from the San Diego metropolitan area to be dumped in the Pacific Ocean ruptures, contaminating coastal waters and leading local authorities to close four miles (six kilometers) of beaches.

Edwin C. (Jack) Whitehead, 72, developer of scientific and clinical equipment who created the Whitehead Institute, one of the world’s foremost biomedical research centers, dies of a heart attack in Greenwich, Connecticut.

Bert Parks, 77, radio and television game-show host, who served as master of ceremonies for the Miss America beauty pageant for 25 years, dies of lung disease in La Jolla, California.

Shirley Peterson is sworn into office and becomes the first woman to head the Internal Revenue Service. . . . Judge Penn’s Jan. 31 ruling that prohibits a permanent repository for nuclear waste in New Mexico is made public. . . . The Commerce Department reports total spending for all residential and commercial construction in 1991 fell 9.3%, to $404.9 billion from $446.4 billion in 1990. It is the first year construction spending has declined since the recession year of 1982, and the drop is the steepest in a calendar year since World War II. . . . Pres. Bush comes under criticism from some Democratic governors over his economic plan at a White House meeting.

NASA reveals that record levels of chemicals believed to damage the Earth’s protective ozone layer have been measured above northern New England and eastern Canada as it releases the findings of its Jan. 20 study.

The International Olympic Committee rules that HIV-positive athletes are eligible to compete in Olympic competition.

A state district judge in Dallas overturns a Dallas police department policy barring homosexuals from serving as police officers as a violation of the right to privacy guaranteed by the Texas constitution. . . . Former Broward County, Florida, sheriff’s deputy Jeffrey Willets and his wife Kathy are sentenced following their conviction for running a prostitution ring out of their home in Tamarac, Florida. Jeffrey Willets is sentenced to one year in jail, 15 months’ house arrest and five years’ probation. Kathy Willets is sentenced to three years’ probation and is ordered to perform 400 hours of community service.

District Judge Shirley Wohl Kram enjoins the Department of Veterans Affairs from continuing a cutoff of income benefits to 13,500 veterans considered mentally incompetent and who have no dependents and $25,000 or more in assets.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Willie Dixon, 76, Chicago-style blues singer and bass player who penned such hits as “Hoochie Koochie Man,” dies of heart failure in Burbank, California. . . . Reports state the former music director of the group New Kids on the Block claimed the group’s members do only 20% of the singing on their albums.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery lands safely at Edwards Air Force Base, California after carrying out a scientific mission, in which the effects of weightlessness were measured on crystals and on a wide variety of biological subjects.

Jan. 29

Jan. 30

Mel Hein, 82, star center and linebacker for the New York Giants in the 1930s and 1940s who was inducted in 1963 as a charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, dies of stomach cancer in San Clemente, California. . . . The Senate votes, 73-18, in favor of reregulating the cable television industry.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Feb. 3

298—February 4–9, 1992

World Affairs

Feb. 6

Feb. 7

Feb. 8

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

An off-duty officer of the Royal Ulster Constabulary opens fire on the Belfast office of Sinn Fein, killing three people and wounding two others. The attack coincides with a visit to Belfast by Irish president Robinson and a rally to protest terrorism. . . . In the wake of controversy over admitting a leader of a radical Palestinian organization into France for medical treatment, Pres. Mitterrand refuses to order a government shake-up . . . Snowfall that started Jan. 31 in Turkey reportedly has killed at least 170 people.

Reports confirm that Sudan has devalued its currency for the third time since Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmed el-Bashir seized power in 1989.

The UN Security Council announces that it will continue to impose economic sanctions against Iraq and charges Iraq with failing to cooperate with ongoing UN efforts to monitor and dismantle its weapons of mass destruction.

Two gunmen fire indiscriminately in a legal betting shop in south Belfast. Five men, most of them elderly Roman Catholics, are killed, and at least 12 others are injured. This attack brings the death toll in the first 36 days of 1992 to 26, all of them civilians.

Reports confirm that Eitan Livni (born Yerucham Bzozowitch), 72, one of the leading members of the Irgun, the militant Jewish group that fought for the creation of an independent Israel in British-mandated Palestine in the 1940s and who was elected to the Israeli Knesset in the 1970s, has died in Israel.

Reports indicate the World Bank has approved a $300 million loan to Peru. . . . Data shows Panama has repaid the World Bank $220.3 million in overdue interest, principal and penalties, making the country eligible for new loans. . . . Reports confirm the World Bank and other international aid organizations have assembled a $672 million package to help Ethiopia rebuild its economy and infrastructure after decades of civil war.

Great Britain’s Queen Elizabeth II, 65, marks the 40th anniversary of her accession to the throne with a celebration in London’s Hyde Park. . . . During a tour of the Baltics to formally reopen U.S. embassies in the three countries, U.S. vice president Quayle offers $18 million in economic aid. . . . Denmark announces that it will ban the use and production of ozone-harming chemicals by the end of 1995.

A representative of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees states that refugees fleeing civil war in neighboring Somalia are arriving in Kenya by the thousands and puts the total number of Somali refugees in Kenya at 90,000, up from 15,000 in November 1991.

UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali announces a restructuring of the top offices in the Secretariat to reduce bureaucracy and give Boutros-Ghali more time to spend on peacemaking.

Russian president Yeltsin and French president Mitterrand sign the first independent friendship agreement reached between the independent Russian Federation and a Western country since the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991.

Riots break out in Algeria.

Foreign Minister Shaharyar Khan of Pakistan reveals that his nation is now capable of building an atomic bomb, but he states that Pakistan has so far refrained from constructing such a weapon in the interest of adhering to nuclear nonproliferation agreements.

Riots in Algiers, the capital, and other towns in Algeria die down. At least 40 people have been killed in the fighting that started Feb. 7.

Three of the seven guerrilla factions embroiled in Afghanistan’s 13year-old civil war announce that they will accept a United Nationsproposed initiative to form an interim government and bring an end to hostilities.

Feb. 4

Feb. 5

Europe

Reports start to surface of a World Bank internal memorandum suggesting that “dirty industries” that pose high environmental risks be transferred to underdeveloped nations. The memo provokes angry protests.

In Venezuela, heavy fighting breaks out in an attempted coup by the Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement. Loyalist troops defeat the rebels. Reports state that 133 officers and 953 enlisted men were arrested for taking part in the coup attempt. The AP reports 17 soldiers dead and 51 wounded. In Caracas, morgue officials state an additional 42 civilians died. . . . Gulf Canada plans to pull out of a project to develop the Hibernia oil fields off the Newfoundland coast.

Official data show that six people in Argentina died of cholera, the first reported in Argentina since the 1991 cholera epidemic started in Peru, killing 4,000 people.

Reports conclude that a crackdown on Muslims by the military junta ruling Myanmar has resulted in an influx of about 50,000 Muslim refugees into neighboring Bangladesh. Many women report having been raped by Burmese soldiers.

Police close down the main headquarters of the FIS in Algiers, and the military ruling council in Algeria imposes a yearlong state of emergency. . . . A chartered plane carrying French tourists to a resort in Senegal crash-lands near the Senegalese village of Kafountine, killing 30 people.

Feb. 9

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 4–9, 1992—299

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A civil-liability trial concerning official responsibility for the 1971 prison uprising in Attica, New York, in which 42 people died and more than 90 were injured, ends with a mixed verdict. The jury rules the constitutional rights of Attica inmates were violated after state police retook the prison, but exonerates three key officials: Vincent Mancusi, John Monahan, and the late Russell G. Oswald. The only individual held liable is Karl Pfeil, who had been a deputy warden at Attica.

Reports state that the Bush administration has decided to replace the U.S. ambassador to the UN, Thomas R. Pickering. Pickering is reassigned as ambassador to India and is replaced by Edward Perkins. . . . The Bush administration announces plans to modify its trade embargo against Haiti in an effort to increase pressure on the de facto government and restore some jobs for impoverished Haitians.

Congress passes a $2.7 billion measure authorizing an additional 13 weeks of unemployment benefits for workers who exhausted both their standard 26 weeks of state unemployment benefits and the 13–20 weeks of extended federal benefits approved in December 1991.

A group of 64 researchers upbraid the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society for paying too little attention to environmental sources of the disease.

Pres. Bush is described as “amazed” when he sees bar-code scanners while visiting the National Grocers Association in Orlando. His response to the technology that has been in supermarkets for a decade is the subject of editorial cartoons and satirical commentary portraying Bush as out of touch with everyday life.

Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a retired pathologist, is arrested on two murder charges for the Oct. 1991 deaths of two women who used his “suicide machine.”. . . A study conducted by the Educational Testing Service shows that U.S. schoolchildren score lower than children in most other countries in an international survey of mathematics and science achievement.

The House votes, 217-192, to create a special taskforce to investigate allegations that officials in Ronald Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign arranged to delay the release of U.S. hostages held in Iran in order to prevent the reelection of then-president Jimmy Carter.

The Council of Economic Advisers releases its annual Economic Report of the President. The document predicts a recovery beginning weakly in the first quarter of 1992 but accelerating as the year goes on.

A fire breaks out at the Indianapolis Athletic Club, killing two firefighters and a hotel guest.

The CDC finds that the U.S. recorded its lowest-ever infant mortality rate in 1989. . . . A San Francisco cab driver, Holden Charles Hollom, is ordered to pay $24,595 to a mugger he caught and pinned with his car in May 1989. The judgment against Hollom prompts a public outcry. . . . U.S. district judge Sarokin rules some 1,500 previously secret documents from the Council for Tobacco Research may be used in a lawsuit on behalf of Peter Rossi, a smoker who died of lung cancer in 1982.

A Kentucky Air National Guard plane crashes into a motel in Evansville, Indiana while on a training flight. At least 16 people are killed, including the plane’s five crew members.

California governor Pete Wilson (R) declares a state of emergency in San Diego due to the Feb. 2 pipeline rupture. The announcement qualifies the city for state disaster-relief funds. . . . The Senate votes, 96-0, to approve a measure calling for a faster phaseout of the worldwide production of CFCs and bromines in response to NASA’s Feb. 3 report.

Reports suggest that scientists have discovered a genetic flaw that grows bigger through successive generations, contradicting the basic tenets of genetics that holds that genes are handed down unchanged. . . . A study shows that Retin-A cream, touted for its power to smooth facial wrinkles, can also lighten liver spots. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine states that a synthetic form of vitamin D reduces the risk of bone fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that virtually all the major provisions of California’s campaign-finance reform law, approved by state voters in 1988, are unconstitutional because they favor incumbents.

Reports suggest that Pres. Bush submitted a finding in late 1991 notifying Congress that his administration was undertaking covert actions to overthrow Iraqi president Saddam Hussein.

Pres. Bush signs a $2.7 billion measure authorizing an additional 13 weeks of unemployment benefits passed by Congress Feb. 4. . . . A U.S. appeals court in Washington, D.C., strikes down a 1986 decision by the comptroller of the currency that allows national banks to sell insurance in small towns. . . . Reports indicate a civil court in Mississippi has ordered GeorgiaPacific Corp. to pay $3.2 million in damages to two residents near their plant because of the corporation’s dioxin emissions

Scientists reveal that chimpanzees apparently treat illnesses by consuming leaves that contain natural drugs.

Former White House press secretary James Brady and his wife Sarah are heckled by gun-control opponents at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas.

Former president Ronald Reagan, speaking via videotape to a dinner meeting sponsored by a conservative group in New Hampshire, endorses Pres. Bush’s reelection effort.

Feb. 5

Feb. 6

Karen De Layne Jacobs Greenberger, convicted in 1991 of hiring three men to kidnap and murder Hollywood film producer Roy Radin over a dispute regarding profits from the film The Cotton Club, is sentenced in Los Angeles to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

The 16th Olympic Winter Games in Albertville, France, opens with athletes from 63 countries, the most ever represented at a winter Olympiad.

In response to reports started Feb. 7 about covert operations in Iraq, White House chief of staff Samuel Skinner states that rumors of stepped-up U.S. efforts to oust Pres. Hussein refer solely to “economic pressure.”

A series of torrential rainstorms begin in Southern California.

Feb. 4

Basketball’s Earvin (Magic) Johnson comes out of retirement to lead the Western Conference team to a 153-113 victory over the Eastern Conference at the NBA’s All-Star Game.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 7

Feb. 8

Feb. 9

300—February 10–14, 1992

Feb. 10

World Affairs

Europe

Officials confirm that, during a meeting of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (Cocom), Hungary was freed from Western restrictions on the transfer of militarily useful high technology. Hungary is the first post-communist nation in Eastern Europe to be completely free of the curbs. . . . An airlift of aid from 14 countries and destined for the Commonwealth of Independent States begins.

Erich Mielke, the man who led East Germany’s state security agency from the mid-1950s through 1989, goes on trial for two killings committed in 1931.

Feb. 13

Feb. 14

In Algeria, militant Muslims kill eight policemen. Six of the officers are ambushed in their car. . . . In South Africa, in response to barricades erected by whites Jan. 30, the Transvaal government backs down from a plan to allow black squatters to resettle in Bloubosrand when it declares that the impoverished squatters cannot move there unless they can afford conventional houses.

Data show that Britain’s current recession is the longest since World War II. . . . Police discover a bomb in a telephone booth near the entrance to Downing Street after an anonymous tip. The discovery comes hours before British prime minister Major meets with Northern Ireland political leaders at his Downing Street residence. . . . U.S. secretary of state Baker visits former Soviet republics. . . . Former finance minister Albert Reynolds is formally confirmed as Irish prime minister Reynolds dismisses eight of the 14 members of cabinet and changes the portfolios of three others.

Feb. 11

Feb. 12

Africa & the Middle East

A UN-affiliated International Atomic Energy Agency team reports Iran’s nuclear program is intended solely for peaceful purposes. . . . The World Health Organization discloses that more than 1 million more people have become infected with HIV since April 1991, and it states that 90% of the new cases originated in heterosexual sex. . . . Libya agrees to cooperate with a French probe into the 1988 bombing of UTA Flight 772 over Niger.

The crews of six SU-24 bombers fly their planes from their base in western Ukraine to Smolensk in Russia in a de facto defection from the Ukraine, which claimed control over all former Soviet military equipment and troops on its territory. . . . The U.K. announces it will ban the use and production of ozone-harming chemicals by the end of 1995.

Former U.S. attorney general Richard Thornburgh accepts an offer to become UN undersecretary general for administration and management.

Italy’s highest court orders a new trial for 13 right-wing activists in the 1980 bombing of the Bologna train station that killed 85 people.

International talks on global warming are held at UN headquarters in New York City.

Leaders of the republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States fail to reach an agreement on a unified military since three republics, Ukraine, Moldova, and Azerbaijan, have refused to back the maintenance of a common defense force. . . . The Washington Post reports that as many as 80 African, Asian, and Arab students were assaulted by skinheads, or neo-Nazi youths, in Budapest, the Hungarian capital, over the past year.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports confirm that Cuba has signed a barter agreement with Latvia.

Two Peruvian police guards are killed and two others wounded when a car bomb explodes outside the U.S. ambassador’s residence in Lima, Peru’s capital.

The Jukuns, a loosely organized farming community, attacks the town of Bantaji, marking their first raid of the Hausa-Fulani, the largest of Nigeria’s 250 ethnic groups.

Two U.S. journalists, NPR reporter Alan Tomlinson and Chicago Tribune reporter Nat Sheppard, and their interpreters are detained in Haiti overnight by rural forces known as section chiefs.

Representatives of the two warring factions in Mogadishu, the Somali capital, pledge to fire only in selfdefense. . . . Arab raiders infiltrate an Israeli army camp at Ein Ibrahim, near the occupied West Bank, stabbing three soldiers to death before escaping. . . . Under the threat of military retaliation, the FIS calls off a planned march in Algiers. Gunfire and an explosion are reported in the Casbah, and reports suggest that five people have died in the blast.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 10–14, 1992—301

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

A dissertation by Kay Krohne, a graduate student who served in the navy for 21 years before retiring in 1989 with the rank of commander, finds that sexual harassment is pervasive in the U.S. Navy. The study receives a lot of publicity.

The last of six defendants charged in the rape of a female student at an off-campus house at St. John’s University, Michael Calandrillo, 22, pleads guilty to sexual misconduct and unlawful imprisonment in return for a lighter punishment. . . . Johnny Garrett, who was granted temporary reprieve from execution after Gov. Ann Richards (D, Tex.) received a plea for clemency from Pope John Paul II, is put to death. . . . Gary Spath, a white police officer, is acquitted of manslaughter in the 1990 shooting death of a black youth, Phillip Pannell, that had touched off rioting in Teaneck, N.J.

Although it is not immediately reported, two nuclear-powered submarines, one belonging to the U.S. Navy and one from the former Soviet Union, collide in international waters in the Barents Sea, north of the Russian city of Murmansk. There are no injuries or serious damages.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Alex Haley, 70, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Roots (1976), which was made into one of the most popular TV miniseries in history, dies of a heart attack in Seattle. . . . Boxing champion Mike Tyson is convicted of raping Desiree Washington, 18, in Indianapolis in 1991.

House Democrats begin to battle the Bush administration and House Republicans over drafting new tax legislation. . . . Pres. Bush issues an executive order directing U.S. producers of chemicals that damage the ozone layer to end all production of those chemicals by the end of 1995, five years earlier than planned. Bush’s order is authorized under a provision of the Clean Air Act of 1990.

The National Institutes of Health’s Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee clears the way for the first commercial trial of gene therapy. Previous gene therapy experiments were conducted by the government.

President Bush formally announces his candidacy for reelection in a speech in Washington, D.C. . . . A report by the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation states that girls face widespread bias in classrooms across the U.S. . . . The subject of how Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) avoided serving in the military during the Vietnam War continues to plague his campaign.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average surges 25.26 points to a new record high of 3276.83. . . . The Treasury sells $11.03 billion of new 10-year notes at an average yield of 7.29%—the lowest yield on a 10-year bond since 1987.

Due to continued torrential rains that began Feb. 9, California govenor Pete Wilson (R) declares a state of emergency in Los Angeles and Ventura counties, making them eligible for disaster relief from the state. . . . Richard H. Truly, the administrator of NASA announces his resignation, effective April 1.

Timothy Phelps of New York’s Newsday refuses to identify the sources of his information about allegations of sexual harassment made by Anita Hill during the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. . . . Reports indicate Patrick Lee Frank, 41, was indicted on federal felony charges for setting a total of 20 fires at churches in Florida and Tennessee. . . . Judge Sheward overturns clemency grants that former Ohio governor Celeste (D) extended to seven death-row inmates four days before he left office in January 1991.

The SEC votes in favor of steps to increase shareholders’ power to influence executive compensation. . . . Ford Motor Co. posts a deficit of $2.26 billion in 1991, its greatest yearly loss ever. . . . The EPA announces that it will allow continued use of a family of chemical pesticides that it had previously proposed to ban. The reversal follows a new study that shows the chemicals pose less of a carcinogenic risk than earlier research indicated.

The New England Journal of Medicine finds that early treatment with the antiviral drug AZT does not help patients with the AIDS virus live longer, although it does delay the onset of AIDS symptoms.

Reports confirm that a two-year investigation by agents of the Fish and Wildlife Service in Alaska broke up a ring of hunters and buyers illegally trading in walrus tusks and polar-bear pelts. . . . Lawyers for former Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc. bond chief Michael Milken reach a tentative agreement with government regulators and private individuals for Milken to pay $900 million to settle lawsuits against him.

Feb. 10

Feb. 11

Feb. 12

Feb. 13

The National Book Critics Circle presents awards to writers including Jane Smiley and Susan Faludi. . . . Toni Nieminen of Finland, 16, is the youngest gold medalist in Winter Games history, and U.S. skater Bonnie Blair wins her third gold, the most ever for a U.S. female athlete at the Winter Games.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 14

302—February 15–19, 1992

Feb. 15

Feb. 16

World Affairs

Europe

OPEC oil ministers agree to cut total OPEC oil production by slightly more than 1 million barrels a day by reintroducing country production quotas.

Gerhard Riege, a member of the German parliament, hangs himself after it was reported that he was a Stasi informer in the 1950s.

Five predominantly Muslim former Soviet republics, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, become members of the Economic Cooperation Organization during a two-day summit of the group in Teheran. The republics join charter members Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan in what Iran publicly hails as the nucleus of an Islamic common market in the region.

A group of Serbia-backed politicians who formed a second Krajinan parliament in the town of Glina name Milan Martic president of Krajina in place of Milan Babic. . . . British security forces shoot and kill four suspected Provisional IRA operatives and capture two other wounded men in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. . . . George Mann MacBeth, 60, editor of the BBC program Poet’s Voice, 1958–76, dies of motor neuron disease in Tuam, County Galway, Ireland.

Sheik Abbas al-Musawi, the leader of the Lebanese Shi’ite organization Hezbollah is slain when Israeli helicopters attack his motorcade in southern Lebanon. Six others are also killed. Despite the attack, Lebanon and Syria announce they will still attend Mideast peace talks. . . . Separately, Israel and its allied Lebanese militias launch air strikes in retaliation for the Feb. 14 attack. . . . Zairean troops fire on demonstration of prodemocracy Christians, killing at least 13 people.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Janio da Silva Quadros, 75, president of Brazil in 1961 whose abrupt resignation after seven months in office plunged Brazil into political chaos, dies of lung and kidney failure in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

U.S. secretary of state Baker meets in Moscow with leaders of the Russian Federation to discuss the disarmament of the superpowers’ nuclear arsenals. . . . Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk called the pilots’ Feb. 12 action a “hijacking” and demands that Russia return the planes and crews. . . . Polish finance minister Karol Lutkowski resigns, after less than two months in the position, to protest the country’s anti-inflation policy.

Feb. 17

Feb. 18

Africa & the Middle East

Judge Ahmed Zawi, the head of a Libyan investigation into the 1989 bombing of Pan American World Airways Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, rejects U.S. and British demands for the extradition of two suspects, Lamen Khalifa Fhimah and Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi.

Feb. 19

Government figures show that Germany posted a deficit on its current account in 1991 for the first time since 1981. . . . British officials estimate that there are between 375 and 450 active IRA operatives in Northern Ireland and another 250 in the Irish Republic. The number of Protestant paramilitaries is estimated at 70–85.

The Hezbollah leadership council elects Sheik Hussan Nasrallah to succeed Sheik Abbas al-Musawi as its secretary general. . . . A special congress of Tanzania’s governing Revolutionary Party approves a proposal to end one-party rule.

The Hungarian parliament passes a law voiding all convictions for political crimes, including conspiracy, rebellion, and illegal emigration, prosecuted by the Communists between 1963 and 1989.

Yitzhak Rabin edges long-time rival Shimon Peres in a primary election for the leadership of Israel’s centerleft Labor Party. . . . South Africa’s ruling National Party suffers a severe defeat by the pro-apartheid Conservative Party in an all-white by-election for the parliamentary seat of Potchefstroom. The results are viewed as a measurement of white discontent with president de Klerk’s political reforms. . . . Hezbollah guerrillas and Israeli fighters continue to exchange fire in the Israeli-controlled “security zone” in southern Lebanon.

Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain arrives in Sydney, Australia, to begin a visit to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the founding of Sydney and to meet P.M. Paul Keating, who took office in December 1991.

A Cuban firing squad executes Luis Miguel Almeida Perez and Rene Salmeron Mendoza, who were convicted of killing three policemen during an early January attempt to steal a boat and escape from Cuba.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 15–19, 1992—303

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

During an acrimonious NAACP annual board meeting, Benjamin Hooks announces that he is resigning as executive director, a post he has held since 1977. . . . Reports state the five leading Democratic candidates have pledged not to use $100,000 in “soft-money” contributions, provided that the Republican nominee makes the same pledge. . . . Serial killer Jeffrey L. Dahmer, who pled guilty to charges that he murdered 15 young men, is found sane by a jury in Milwaukee and therefore responsible for his crimes.

The Portland Oregonian newspaper announces that it will no longer use Indian-related names to refer to sports teams. . . . William Howard Schuman, 81, founding president of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, 1962–69, and president of the Juilliard School of Music, 1945–62, dies in New York City.

The five major Democratic candidates debate at St. Anselm’s College in Bedford, New Hampshire. The debate is aired on CNN.

Martina Navratilova wins a record 158th professional tennis title and breaks the record for both men and women with the victory. . . . Angela Carter, 51, British writer whose short story was turned into the 1984 film The Company of Wolves, dies of cancer in London.

Jeffrey Dahmer is sentenced to serve 15 consecutive life terms in prison. . . . Houston mayor Robert Lanier, elected in December 1991, removes Police Chief Elizabeth Watson, the only female police chief in a major U.S. city. . . . Georgia governor Zell Miller (D) names Leah Sears-Collins as Georgia’s first female state Supreme Court justice. Sears-Collins is also Georgia’s second black justice and the youngest member of the state Supreme Court since the Civil War.

Reports show that the torrential rains that lashed much of Southern California as of Feb. 9 caused the worst flooding in the state in decades. At least eight people are reported killed and five missing. . . . A U.S. National Academy of Sciences paper argues that the neem, a species of tropical tree, contains so many medicinal compounds that it “may eventually benefit every person on the planet.”

In the nation’s first 1992 presidential primary, New Hampshire voters deal a blow to Pres. Bush when he receives a narrow 16-point margin of victory over Republican challenger Patrick Buchanan. On the Democratic side, former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas is the winner, but Arkansas governor Bill Clinton keeps his own candidacy alive by finishing a strong second.

The chief of naval operations, Admiral Frank Kelso, issues a directive that makes even first-time violators of sexual harassment regulations subject to dismissal in the wake of a highly publicized dissertation released Feb. 10. . . . Gen. James Hilliard Polk, 80, commander of U.S. army forces in Europe during the cold war, dies of cancer in El Paso, Texas. . . . U.S. officials publicly reveal the Feb. 11 collision in international waters in the Barents Sea.

A panel of the U.S. District of Colombia Court of Appeals rules, 2-1, that an FCC policy giving preference to women in awarding broadcast licenses is unconstitutional. . . . The Supreme Court accepts a plea from a Texas deathrow inmate whose lawyers developed evidence they claim prove his innocence.

U.S. officials deport Joseph Doherty, a member of the Provisional IRA, to Northern Ireland, ending his nine-year battle for political asylum in the U.S.

Raisa Smetanina, 39, of the Unified Team earns a record 10th Winter Games medal when she joins in the winning 20-kilometer cross-country relay team. She is also the oldest winter gold medalist.

Alberto Tomba of Italy successfully defends his 1988 Olympic gold medal in the men’s giant slalom and becomes the fist Alpine skier to win gold medals in successive Olympics.

The Senate votes, 94-4, in favor of a complex energy bill intended to encourage conservation and the use of alternative-fuel vehicles. . . . In the semiannual monetary policy report, Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan is cautiously optimistic that the economy would emerge from its current state of stagnation in the second quarter of 1992 but warns that the current outlook for recovery is uncertain.

The Journal of the National Cancer Institute finds that a combination of the acne medicine Accutane and alpha-interferon injections show promise in fighting cancer where other treatments fail. . . . Members of the House Science, Space and Technology subcommittee on space condemn what they call the forced resignation of NASA’s administrator Richard H. Truly.

Pioneering sex therapists William Masters, 76, and Virginia Johnson, 67, announce that they are filing for divorce after 21 years of marriage.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 15

Feb. 16

Feb. 17

Feb. 18

Feb. 19

304—February 20–25, 1992

World Affairs

Feb. 20

Feb. 21

Europe

Judge Ahmed Zawi, the head of a Libyan inquiry into the Pan Am 103 bombing, announces his resignation, complaining that the U.S. and Britain have ignored his requests for detailed evidence against the two suspects. . . . . UN special investigator Max van der Stoel states his office compiled a list of 17,000 people believed to have been slain by Iraqi soldiers, and he calls for the permanent installation of UN human-rights monitors in Iraq. The UN Security Council unanimously approves a resolution that could send nearly 14,400 peacekeepers to Croatia to enforce the truce in the Yugoslav civil war and to protect the ethnic Serb minority in Croatia.

The Israeli army conducts a 24hour raid into Lebanon, seizing and partially demolishing two villages in an effort to halt rocket attacks on northern Israel by guerrillas from the Lebanese Shi’ite group Hezbollah. . . . President de Klerk stuns South Africa by announcing a whites-only referendum on the popularity of his political reforms aimed at transferring power to the black majority.

The original Krajina parliament, meeting in the enclave’s capital of Knin, confirms Milan Babic’s claim to the presidency and dismisses Milan Martic, who was appointed by a second parliament Feb. 16.

Asia & the Pacific

Roberto D’Aubuisson Arrieta, 48, Salvadoran political leader who founded the ruling Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party and who was accused of leading the right-wing death squads that killed thousands of people during El Salvador’s civil war in the 1980s, dies of a heart attack in San Salvador.

Former Australian prime minister Bob Hawke announces his resignation as the federal member of Parliament for Wills, a northern industrial suburb of Melbourne. . . . When Queen Elizabeth II opens a session of Parliament in Australia, two Labor Party members of the state parliament boycott her visit and hold their own ceremony in an office above the parliamentary chamber.

Israeli forces pull out of Lebanon. Seven guerrillas, two Israeli soldiers, and two Lebanese civilians are killed, and eight UN troops are wounded by crossfire. A five-yearold Israeli girl is killed by a rocket strike, marking the first time in more than a decade that an Israeli civilian is killed by a rocket from Lebanon. The rocket assaults taper off after two Lebanese Shi’ite leaders call for an end to the attacks. . . . Reports suggest that the Sudanese military government has forced more than 400,000 squatters into the desert.

Avraham Harman, 77, Israeli ambassador to the U.S., 1959–68, dies of pneumonia in Jerusalem.

Feb. 23

Feb. 25

The Americas

Maltese prime minister Eddie Fenech Adami wins reelection when his Nationalist Party takes 51.8% of the vote in general elections. . . . Markos Vafiades, 86, a founding member of the Greek Communist Party who led the communist army in the Greek civil war of 1946–49 and was elected to Parliament in 1989, dies after a stroke in Athens.

Feb. 22

Feb. 24

Africa & the Middle East

Exiled Haitian president JeanBertrand Aristide signs an agreement with leaders of Haiti’s parliament that sets out general terms for his return to Haiti as president. The agreement requires parliamentary ratification in Haiti.

Arab and Israeli negotiators begin their third round of direct bilateral peace talks at a summit in Washington, D.C.

Australian aborigines protesting outside Parliament House tell reporters that Britain’s queen has no role in Australian politics.

Nearly 70 queens and wives of heads of state attend a conference in Geneva, Switzerland, on the plight of rural women in the Third World.

Former Japanese premier Zenko Suzuki denies that he took a bribe while in office when he testifies before the Diet.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 20–25, 1992—305

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Samuel Pittman Singletary pleads guilty to one federal felony count of tax evasion in Washington, D.C. His plea represents the first conviction in an ongoing investigation into charges of influence-peddling and mismanagement at HUD under Pres. Reagan. . . . A special threejudge federal court in Massachusetts rules that the 1990 census count is flawed.

The Defense Department and Congress begin to struggle to redefine the role of the military and to determine U.S. vital interests in the wake of the 1991 disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Eugene Robert Black, 93, investment banker who served as president of the World Bank, 1949–62, dies in Southampton, New York. . . . The Commerce Department reports that the merchandise trade deficit shrank in 1991 to $66.20 billion, the smallest gap since 1983. However, the trade gap rose sharply at the end of 1991, to a seasonally adjusted $5.93 billion in December from $4.17 billion in November.

The National Science Foundation finds U.S. spending on research fell in 1990 for the first time since the 1970s, even as foreign competitors increased their research and development finds. . . . Reports suggest that scientists have discovered a new way in which radiation caused genetic damage. . . . A study shows that people who overuse a common type of inhaled asthma medicine increase their risk of dying from a severe asthma attack.

Dick York, 63, actor who played Darrin Stephens in the TV series “Bewitched,” 1964–69, dies in Grand Rapids, Michigan. . . . Republican Patrick Buchanan describes the NEA as “the upholstered playpen of the arts and crafts auxiliary of the Eastern liberal establishment.”

California health authorities confirm that 65 people who were passengers on an Aerolineas Argentinas flight Feb. 14 from Buenos Aires to Los Angeles with a stopover in Peru contracted cholera or its symptoms. U.S. health officials state they do not expect the number of passengers affected by the disease to increase, because its five-day incubation period has passed. . . . The Senate votes, 931, to approve a bill extending federal student-aid programs for higher education through fiscal 1997.

The Bush administration announces the lifting of sanctions that block the shipment of certain hightechnology items to China.

The chairman of the NEA, John E. Frohnmayer, is forced to resign. . . . Former world heavyweight boxing champion Trevor Berbick is convicted of rape by a jury in Miami.

A Swiss speed skier, Nicolas Bochatay, is killed when he runs into a snow-grooming machine hidden by a mound. . . . Speed skier Michael Prufer of France sets a world record by reaching a speed of 142.165 mph.

In Maine caucuses, former California governor Edmund G. (Jerry) Brown Jr. wins a surprise secondplace finish behind former senator Paul Tsongas (D, Mass.). . . . The five leading presidential candidates and Larry Agran, a former mayor of Irvine, California, debate in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The debate is televised nationally on C-Span.

The New York Times reports that the Rio de Janeiro office of Brazil’s federal police is setting up a hotline with the Miami office of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. The hotline is intended to help officials in both countries break up arms-trafficking rings that smuggle high-powered weapons into Brazil from the U.S.

Nina Totenberg of NPR refuses to reveal her source of information concerning allegations of sexual harassment made by Anita Hill in 1991 during Clarence Thomas’s confirmation hearings. . . . The Supreme Court accepts an appeal from Walter Nixon Jr., an impeached and convicted former U.S. District Court judge who argues that a shortcut used by the Senate in his impeachment proceedings violated his constitutional rights.

The Supreme Court, in an 8-1 ruling, denies an appeal by Haitian refugees to end the U.S. government’s policy of forced repatriation of refugees whose claims for political asylum has been denied. . . . Secretary of State Baker tells a congressional panel that the Bush administration will grant $10 billion in loan guarantees to Israel over the next five years only if Israel halts all its settlement activity in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.

A federal district judge in Miami approves a settlement between Florida state and federal regulators to preserve Florida’s Everglades National Park and Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge. . . . General Motors Corp., the world’s largest industrial company, announces a loss of $4.45 billion for 1991. The loss, the greatest ever by a U.S. company, compares with a deficit of $1.99 billion in 1990.

Rising Sun by Michael Crichton tops the bestseller list.

The Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that the use of excessive force by prison guards against an inmate may be considered a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment even if it does not result in serious injury to the inmate. . . . Nebraska senator Bob Kerrey easily wins the Democratic South Dakota primary. Pres. Bush, whose GOP challenger, Patrick Buchanan, is not on the ballot in the state, wins a shallow victory as almost onethird of the Republican electorate vote “uncommitted.”

The Senate votes to renew China’s status as a most-favored trading partner of the U.S., but only on the condition that China implement reforms in the areas of human rights, arms proliferation, and trade. . . . The U.S. and Mexico release an “Integrated Border Plan” outlining measures to address pollution problems along their shared borders.

The House approves legislation aimed at preventing fraud by companies offering services via “900” telephone numbers. . . . The RTC admits it lost track of billions of dollars in loans, real estate, and other assets seized from insolvent thrifts during a three-month period in 1990. . . . The Conference Board reports that its consumer confidence index for February fell to 46.3 from a revised 50.2 reading in January. It is the lowest level for consumer confidence since a 43.2 reading in December 1974.

Reports confirm former Boston Herald sportswriter Lisa Olson reached an out-of-court settlement on her sexual harassment suit against New England Patriots officials and three players. . . . At the 34th annual Grammy Awards, singer Natalie Cole wins six Grammys for her work on Unforgettable, including record of the year.

The 16th Olympic Winter Games in Albertville, France, conclude. A record 2,174 athletes competed in the games. Germany, whose athletes earned a games-high 26 medals, competed as a single team for the first time since 1964. U.S. athletes won a total of 11 medals at the games, nine of which, including all five U.S. golds, were won by women athletes.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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Feb. 21

Feb. 22

Feb. 23

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

306—February 26–March 1, 1992

Feb. 26

Feb. 27

Feb. 28

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

A group of eight international banks approves a $1.5 billion loan for Algeria. . . . The 35-nation board of the IAEA approves measures that increase the body’s powers in limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. . . . Iraq refuses to allow a UN arms team to begin dismantling its Scud missile production plants and other Scud-related equipment and facilities.

Armenian forces overrun the town of Khojaly and kill an undetermined number of unarmed Azerbaijani civilians. Some of the dead are burned, beheaded, scalped, or mutilated. . . . The Irish Supreme Court clears a 14-year-old girl, who said she became pregnant after being raped, to leave the country to obtain an abortion. The court’s decision overturns a previous ban on the girl’s travel that had generated two weeks of controversy in Ireland and abroad.

French judge and senior terrorisminvestigator Jean-Louis Bruguiere issues international warrants for the arrest of four Palestinians in connection with a 1988 terrorist attack that killed three people and wounded more than 80 on the City of Poros, a Greek cruise ship,. . . . At international talks on global warming, the U.S. reverses a policy when it states it will pledge $75 million to assist developing nations in curbing emissions of greenhouse gases.

German chancellor Helmut Kohl and Czechoslovak president Vaclav Havel in Prague sign a new friendship treaty between their nations.

The UN Security Council condemns Iraq for refusing to allow UN arms experts to destroy its weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles as mandated by the 1991 cease-fire agreement that ended the Persian Gulf war. . . . International talks on global warming close with delegates from industrialized and developing nations unable to agree on steps to control emissions of the pollutants.

A bomb explodes at the London Bridge railroad station, injuring about 30 people, four seriously. . . . Police close Albania’s largest port, at the city of Durres, and order ships out of the harbor to prevent a recurrence of the 1991 exodus to Italy of 18,000 Albanians. . . . The last unit of ex-Soviet troops in Nagorno-Karabakh is ordered to pull out by the high command of the Commonwealth of Independent States, after three soldiers were killed in artillery attacks by Armenians.

Troops in Niamey, the capital of Niger, mutiny over lack of pay. Soldiers seize the state radio station and broadcast demands for back pay and democratic change.

The Provisional Irish Republican Army claims responsibility for the Feb. 28 bomb in London. . . . Ethnic Serb opposition to a referendum on independence spurs violent clashes and some bombings in several Bosnian cities. . . . A bomb explodes in London’s court district without causing injury.

The Washington Post reports an ethnic war between the Tivs and the Jukuns killed an estimated 5,000 people since October 1991 in the Nigerian state of Taraba. . . . Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, the leader of the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy, Kenya’s leading opposition party, is stoned by Moi supporters at a rally. . . . Middle East Watch and Physicians for Human Rights state that as many as 4,000 Kurdish villages have been forcibly evacuated and destroyed by Iraqi armed forces.

In Albania, a week of looting by mobs of food warehouses ends, leaving at least four dead and more than a dozen injured. . . . Assailants linked to the Lebanese Shi’ite group Hezbollah throw hand grenades at the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey, wounding one. . . . A bomb explodes at the White Hart Lane train station in London. The IRA claims responsibility for that attack and for the Feb. 29 bombing. . . . Bosnia-Herzegovina’s citizens support independence in a referendum. . . . Montenegro citizens vote in a referendum to keep Montenegro in a Yugoslav federation with Serbia.

The moderate Islamic party Hamas claims that Algerian security forces have arrested dozens of its members. . . . King Fahd of Saudi Arabia issues a series of decrees aimed at decentralizing political power and protecting certain individual rights. The decrees are believed to be the first attempt to codify Saudi law in a written constitution. . . .In Niger, soldiers again take control of the radio station before they are repelled by other soldiers. About 10,000 protesters gather in Niamey and demand the mutineers to not interfere with the interim government’s plan to establish a democracy.

Feb. 29

March 1

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In response to an agreement reached between Jean-Bertrand Aristide and the Haitian parliament, the U.S. announces that it is returning Ambassador Alvin P. Adams Jr. to Haiti immediately.

An appeals court in the Brazilian state of Acre rules that there was not sufficient evidence to convict Darly Alves da Silva, the man found guilty of planning the 1988 murder of Brazilian environmentalist and rural labor leader Francisco (Chico) Mendes Filho.

A new law allowing Japanese law-enforcement agencies to more vigorously prosecute the yakuza, the nation’s organized crime groups, takes effect.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 26–March 1, 1992—307

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

A Justice Department lawsuit against the North Carolina Republican Party over an intimidating mass mailing in the 1990 reelection campaign of Sen. Jesse Helms (R, N.C.) is settled when GOP officials agree not to repeat such action. . . . The Supreme Court rules unanimously that Title IX of a 1972 education law entitles students at schools receiving federal funds who are victims of sexual harassment to sue for monetary damages. S(amuel) I(chiye) Hayakawa, 85, college president who won fame for breaking up a 1968 student demonstration and went on to serve one controversial term in the U.S. Senate in 1976, dies of a stroke in Greenbrae, California.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Directors of Yankee Atomic Electric Co. vote to permanently shut down the Yankee Rowe nuclear power plant, the oldest one in the nation. . . . The Dow closes at a record 3283.32. . . . The Supreme Court rules the federal government has the right to require a polluter in an upstream state to conform to the pollution standards of a state downstream. . . . The high court rules the Constitution does not guarantee government employees a right to a safe workplace. The House of Representatives passes, 217-165, a bill to halt the forced repatriation of Haitian refugees and allow them to stay at the Guantanamo Bay base for six months. . . . The House Budget Committee adopts a fiscal 1993 spending level for defense that is only 2.7% less than the figure proposed by Pres. Bush in his Jan. 29 budget.

William Aramony, the president of the United Way of America charitable organization since 1970, is forced to resign in the midst of a furor about questionable expenses and management practices. . . . The annual Mardi Gras carnival is held in New Orleans almost two weeks after the black-majority city council weakened a December 1991 ordinance that bars racial, sexual, or other discrimination on the part of the private clubs (known as krewes) that sponsors the parade. In Denver, Colorado, the five major Democratic presidential candidates hold a bitter debate.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Feb. 26

The Senate confirms Barbara Franklin to replace Robert A. Mosbacher as secretary of commerce. It also approves the nomination of Alan Greenspan to serve a second four-year term as head of the Federal Reserve Board. . . . In a partisan vote of 221-209, the House passes a Democratic bill that will lower income taxes for the middle class and raise them on the wealthy.

Golfer Eldrick (Tiger) Woods, 16, becomes the youngest player ever to compete in a PGA tournament at the Los Angeles Open. . . . The Recording Industry Association of America announces that it is ending the use of “long box” compactdisk packaging after environmentalist complaints.

A federal grand jury indicts David Paul, the former chairman of CenTrust Savings Bank of Miami, on charges of fraud and conspiracy.

The Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., opens a temporary exhibition devoted to the television and film series Star Trek.

A memo directs immigration officials to keep Haitian refugees infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base while they apply for asylum.

Feb. 27

Feb. 28

Feb. 29

Debates between Democratic presidential candidates are held in Atlanta, Georgia, and College Park, Maryland.

The Toronto Star publishes 13 articles written by novelist Ernest Hemingway when he was a reporter that were discovered in the newspaper’s archives. . . . John Treacy of Ireland wins the Los Angeles Marathon in 2:12:29. Madina Biktagirova of Belarus is the top woman, running 2:26:23, which breaks the course record by more than three minutes.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 1

308—March 2–7, 1992

March 2

March 3

March 4

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The UN admits Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to its membership. Since Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus are UN charter members, Georgia is the only republic of the former Soviet Union without a UN seat. The UN also admits San Marino, a landlocked republic located in northern Italy, raising its total membership to 175.

Fighting breaks out between Moldovan security forces and Slavic separatists in the Dniester region of eastern Moldova. . . . Armed ethnic Serbs disrupt traffic in and around Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital, by erecting makeshift road blocks on streets throughout the city. Five people are killed in shootings in the city.

Libya initiates legal proceedings against the U.S. and Britain in the World Court. It accuses the two countries of refusing to vouchsafe evidence against the two Pan Am bombing suspects so that they can be tried in Libya. . . . The UN Commission on Human Rights votes, 23-8, to condemn Cuba for human rights violations.

More than 270 miners are killed when an explosion of natural methane gas causes the collapse of a portion of the Incirharmani coal mine, located in the northern Turkish town of Kozlu, on the Black Sea. . . . Hungary’s Constitutional Court, the country’s highest Court, overturns a law passed by Parliament in November 1991 that would have permitted the criminal prosecution of major former officials of the communist era.

Heavily armed police sweep through a park in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, to disperse an encampment of women hungers strikers calling for the release of political prisoners. The police knock four women unconscious. . . . The leaders of the two warring factions in Mogadishu, Somalia, interim president Ali Mahdi Mohammed and General Mohammed Farah Aidid, pledge to observe a UN-brokered cease-fire.

Arab and Israeli negotiators conclude their third round of direct bilateral peace talks in Washington, D.C., without having reached a compromise on a plan for interim Palestinian self-rule in the Israelioccupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Joseph A. Buttinger, 85, leader of Austria’s anti-Nazi socialist underground in the 1930s who, in 1940, helped found what became the International Rescue Committee, devoted to aiding refugees of political, religious, and racial persecution, dies in New York City after suffering from Alzheimer’s disease.

An Algerian court bans the FIS, a Muslim fundamentalist group. The decision by three judges is open to appeal. . . . Israeli police report they have arrested four Israeli Arabs in connection with the murder of three soldiers at an army bivouac in February. The police believe the suspects are connected with the Lebanese Shi’ite faction Islamic Jihad.

Reports confirm that a total of 122 bodies have been recovered from the Mar. 3 accident in a mine in the northern Turkish town of Kozlu. An estimated 150 bodies remain in the mine, but workers are unable to reach them because of fires that hinder recovery efforts. . . . The Irish Supreme Court releases the full text of its controversial Feb. 26 decision that cleared a 14-year-old girl to travel to Britain for an abortion.

Despite the Mar. 3 accord, Mogadishu’s port is shelled as a UN vessel carrying emergency food is about to dock.

A month after loyal troops thwarted an attempted coup d’etat by midranking military officers, Venezuelan president Carlos Andrés Pérez announces a series of political and economic reforms designed to restore public confidence in his government and ease unpopular economic belt-tightening programs.

Fighting begins in the Armenianheld town of Askeran, in NagornoKarabakh. . . . Ayaz N. Mutalibov is forced to resign as the president of Azerbaijan. Yakub Mamedov, the speaker of the Azerbaijan parliament, assumes the role of acting president, pending new elections. . . . Cyrus Vance, the UN mediator for Yugoslavia, meets with Muslim, ethnic Croat, and ethnic Serb leaders in Sarajevo. The leaders agree to seek a peaceful settlement of their differences.

Data show that southern Africa is experiencing perhaps its worst drought in the 20th century, and the dry spell appears to be creeping northward to encompass the entire eastern side of the continent. . . . Pres. Robert Mugabe declares Zimbabwe’s drought a national disaster and appeals to foreign donors for food, money, and medicine.

Haiti’s interim president, Joseph Nerette, tells the National Assembly that the agreements signed by exiled Haitian president JeanBertrand Aristide in late February are the result of unacceptable foreign intervention in Haiti’s internal affairs and that they violate Haiti’s constitution.

March 5

March 6

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A new government of Belgium, with Flemish Christian Democrat JeanLuc Dehaene as premier, is sworn in 15 weeks after inconclusive general elections in November 1991. . . . Ehud Sadan, the chief security officer at the Israeli embassy in Turkey, is slain in a car-bomb blast in Ankara, the Turkish capital. Three Turkish bystanders are wounded in the blast. Two groups—Turkish Islamic Holy War and the Islamic Revenge Organization—claim responsibility for the attack in separate telephone calls.

March 7

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 2–7, 1992—309

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Supreme Court, without comment, rejects an appeal by California death-row inmate Robert Alton Harris, who was convicted of killing two teenage boys in 1978.

Pres. Bush vetoes a Senate measure that places conditions in the areas of human rights, arms proliferation, and trade on a renewal of most-favored-nation (MFN) trading status for China.

The Atlanta Journal cites Pres. Bush as saying that his 1990 budget deal, which contained a tax increase, was a mistake. His words are reiterated by the media and politicians. . . . The National Association of Purchasing Management states the Purchasing Managers’ Index in February rose to 52.4% from 47.4% in January. . . . Data shows a record 944,000 U.S. individuals and businesses filed for bankruptcy in 1991, a 21% increase from 1990.

Pioneer 10 marks its 20th year in space. Launched in 1972, the unmanned nuclear-powered U.S. craft is still transmitting data at a distance of 5 billion miles from Earth, the farthest any man-made object has ever traveled.

Long jumper Mike Powell wins the Sullivan Award as 1991’s top amateur athlete in the U.S. . . . Sandy Dennis, 54, actress who won two Tonys and an Oscar in the 1960s, dies from cancer in Westport, Connecticut.

Seven states hold Democratic presidential primaries, and three states hold Republican primaries. Former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas and Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) win states crucial to their campaigns, while former California governor Edmund (Jerry) Brown (D) pulls off a surprise victory in Colorado. Pres. Bush wins all three Republican primaries, but voters hand Patrick Buchanan around onethird of the vote in each state.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average hits a new all-time record high, closing at 3290.25.

The National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, reports that the winter of 1991–92 was the warmest winter on record in the U.S. since it had an average temperature in the 48 contiguous states of 36.87ºF (2.7ºC).

Renowned African-American dancer Katherine Dunham, 82, continues her fast started Feb. 1 to protest the U.S. policy of repatriating Haitian refugees, despite pleas from exiled Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide and others around the world.

The Competitiveness Policy Council, created by Congress under the Trade Act of 1988, releases its first report, which urges the government to reform its policies on taxes, trade, education, technology, and health care. . . . Cecil Jacobson is convicted by a federal jury on 52 felony counts of fraud and perjury. The charges stem from accusations that Jacobson failed to tell some patients he artificially inseminated them with his own sperm and that he falsely told other patients they were pregnant through his treatments when they were not.

Pres. Bush’s $1.52 trillion budget, submitted in January, is rejected on a vote of 370-42 in the House.

The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that, for people with naturally high blood pressure, losing weight is the best way to lower it.

Pare Lorentz, 86, filmmaker known for his socially conscious documentaries during the era of Pres. Roosevelt, dies of cancer in Armonk, New York. . . . Nestor Almendros, 61, cinematographer who made more than 40 films, including Days of Heaven (1978), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) and Sophie’s Choice (1982), dies of lymphoma in New York City.

The board of the United Way of America charitable organization, names Kenneth W. Dam, a vice president at IBM, as its interim president. . . . Former governor Edmund (Jerry) Brown (Calif.), Governor Bill Clinton (Ark.), Senator Tom Harkin (Iowa), and former senator Paul Tsongas (Mass.) meet in a debate televised by ABC News. . . . A poor showing in the Mar. 3 Junior Tuesday primaries leads Sen. Bob Kerrey (Neb.) to drop out of the race.

The New York Times cites CBO figures that show the top 1% of U.S. families accounted for 60% of the gain in after-tax income for the population as a whole between 1977 and 1989. . . . The House votes, 215-201, to pass a $1.5 trillion Democratic budget plan for the 1993 fiscal year. . . . The American Stock Exchange receives SEC approval to establish a new market, the Emerging Company Marketplace (ECM), with lower-than-usual financial standards.

The federal Bureau of Reclamation partially rescinds cuts in its water deliveries to California farmers announced in February, citing recent heavy rains. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine finds that sigmoidoscopy, a procedure for viewing the inside of the colon, can cut the death rate from colon cancer by up to 70%.

A widely publicized computer virus called Michelangelo is triggered. It spurs widespread concern among computer users throughout the world, but it causes little damage.

The Virginia state legislature approves legislation that requires unmarried women under age 18 to notify at least one parent before they can obtain an abortion. . . . Texas state District Court judge Michael T. McSpadden agrees to accept a guilty plea from Allen Butler, an accused child molester, and he approves a request that Butler face castration rather than a prison sentence. The agreement causes a furor.

A federal jury in Alexandria, Virginia, convicts James E Gaines, a former navy deputy assistant secretary, of bribe-taking, theft, and conversion of government property in the Pentagon procurement scandal. The jury acquits him of a conspiracy charge. Gaines is the second highest-ranking former navy official convicted in Operation Ill Wind.

In a preliminary ruling, the U.S. Commerce Department finds that Canada’s provinces unfairly subsidize the price of lumber cut in publicly owned forests. In response, the department states it will impose a duty of 14.48% on Canadian softwood lumber exports to the U.S.

Arkansas governor Bill Clinton captures 63% of the vote in a Damocratic primary in South Carolina, while Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas wins a Democratic caucus in Arizona, taking 34% of the delegates. In Wyoming, Clinton wins a caucus with 28% of the vote, while on the Republican side, Pres. Bush wins 67% of the vote, to 26% for Buchanan.

A draft of a classified Defense Department internal policy paper that calls for the U.S. to use military force if necessary to maintain its position as the only remaining superpower is made public.

The New York Times reports that presidential candidate Governor Bill Clinton (D, Ark.) and his wife, Hillary, were involved in complex dealings that may have involved possible conflicts of interest with the owner of a failed savings and loan institution.

March 2

March 3

March 4

March 5

March 6

March 7

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

310—March 8–13, 1992

World Affairs

March 10

In the first open sign of dissent with Pres. H. Kamuzu Banda’s rule, Malawi’s seven Roman Catholic bishops and monsignors issue a pastoral letter praising the country’s substantial development since independence but citing several “areas of concern.”

A North Korean freighter believed by the U.S. to be carrying Scud ballistic missiles bound for Syria reaches the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas, having eluded attempts by U.S. naval forces in the Persian Gulf to intercept it. . . . Great Britain, Turkey, and the 46-nation Islamic Conference begin separate peace missions in the Transcaucasus conflict. . . . In Brussels, Lord Carrington of Great Britain reconvenes the EC peace talks on Yugoslavia.

Three policemen die in a bomb explosion in the interior ministry building in Georgia after gun battles between rebels and guardsmen. . . . Armenian guerrillas seize 10 CIS army officers during a raid on a commonwealth antiaircraft base near the town of Artik. . . . Thousands of Serbs march peacefully through the streets of Belgrade, calling for the ouster of Serbian president Milosevic and the ruling Socialist (formerly Communist) Party.

In South Africa, students at the University of Orange Free State lob a tear-gas canister at Pres. de Klerk. . . . Menachem Wolfovitch Begin, 78, prime minister of Israel, 1977–83, who shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize, signed a historic peace treaty with Egypt, and launched an invasion of Lebanon that divided Israelis, dies of heart failure in Jerusalem. . . . Lebanese police officials state more than 144,000 people were killed and nearly 200,000 wounded in the Lebanese civil war during 1975 to 1990. . . . Reports confirm 100,000 women and children marched for peace in Mogadishu, Somalia.

At the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, delegates reject a proposal to relax an international ban on the ivory trade. . . . In its first meeting ever, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council—which includes the states of NATO, the former Warsaw Pact, and 14 ex-Soviet republics—agrees to support CSCE intervention to end the fighting in the Transcaucasus conflict.

The ruling Military Council of the ex-Soviet republic of Georgia picks former Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze to chair a newly created State Council. Shevardnadze succeeds ousted president Zviad Gamsakhurdia as Georgia’s head of state. . . . Azerbaijani rocket attacks on Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh, kill at least five people.

Thousands of Serbs march peacefully through the streets of Belgrade, the Yugoslav federal and Serbian capital, calling for the ouster of Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic and the ruling Socialist (formerly Communist) Party. . . . Armenian guerrillas release the 10 CIS army officers they had been holding hostage since Mar, 9.

March 11

March 12

Africa & the Middle East

Since fighting began Mar. 6, dozens of people are reported killed in the Armenian-held town of Askeran, in Nagorno-Karabakh. . . . The last unit of ex-Soviet troops in NagornoKarabakh is reported to have completed its withdrawal from the enclave. The governments of both Armenia and Azerbaijan demanded the removal. . . . About 350 peacekeepers, including a unit of airborne troops from the Commonwealth of Independent States, arrive in Croatia.

March 8

March 9

Europe

Syrian president Hafez al-Assad accuses the U.S. of playing a “piracy role” in its unsuccessful effort Mar. 9 to intercept a North Korean freighter. . . . The UN Security Council charges Iraq with failing to comply “fully and unconditionally” with the terms of the ceasefire that ended the Persian Gulf war. The council rejects arguments from Iraqi envoy Tariq Aziz that Iraq cooperated with the resolutions, but it agrees to hold talks with Aziz’s delegation. Aziz tells the Security Council that Iraq will rejoin talks on UN-designed measures to allow Iraq to sell oil to raise funds for food and medicine.

Asia & the Pacific Japanese premier Kiichi Miyazawa suffers a blow when a candidate he vigorously supported loses a closely watched by-election to fill a seat in the upper house of Japan’s Diet.

Reports suggest that the Iraqi army is stepping up shelling and massing troops along the frontiers of the northeastern part of Iraq controlled by Kurdish rebels.

Reports state that the 1992 John M. Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, one of the world’s most lucrative international awards, will be presented to South Korean evangelist Kyung-Chik Han, the founder of the Young Nak (Everlasting Joy) Presbyterian Church, based in Seoul.

Armenian forces capture three villages and two collective farms in Azerbaijan. Civilians are evacuated from the Azerbaijani town of Agdam, on the Nagorno-Karabakh border. The town, held by Azerbaijani militia, is under steady shelling from Armenians inside the enclave. . . . Salvatore Lima, a former mayor of Palermo and member of the Italian Parliament, is shot and killed near Palermo, Sicily. In another suspected organized-crime killing, Luciano Carugo, an industrialist, is found dead near Milan.

Rebels in Zugdidi, Georgia, capture 17 guardsmen and government officials. . . . An earthquake, measuring 6.2 on the Richter scale, strikes the Turkish city of Erzincan, destroying numerous buildings and touching off avalanches and landslides that cut off roads, railways, and power lines.

March 13

The Americas

In South Africa, Musa Myeni, head of Inkatha’s Transvaal branch, signs a nonaggression pact with Eugene Terre’Blanche, leader of the neo-Nazi AWB, and Ferdi Hartzenberg of the far-right Conservative Party. Separately, students at the University of Pretoria strike Pres. de Klerk on the head with a placard, and two NP offices in the Transvaal are bombed. Reports estimate that more than 220 blacks were slain in township violence since the call for the referendum.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 8–13, 1992—311

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Californian Edmund (Jerry) Brown (D) wins a Democratic caucus in Nevada.

Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays & Handler, a New York City-based law firm, agrees to pay $41 million to settle civil charges related to its representation of the failed Lincoln Savings and Loan Association. . . . In a news conference, Gov. Bill Clinton (Ark.) denies that there had been any improprieties in the Mar. 7 allegations of conflict of interest in a failed savings and loan institution.

Reports suggest that Oxford University researchers have pinpointed a gene responsible for asthma.

George Sylvester (Red) Callender, 76, noted jazz bass and tuba player who performed with such jazz greats as Duke Ellington and Charlie Parker and who taught Charles Mingus to play the bass, dies of thyroid cancer in Saugus, California.

Iowa senator Tom Harkin drops out of the presidential primary. . . . The Supreme Court rules to set aside the death sentence of a Mississippi man because of an unconstitutionally vague instruction given to the jury at his sentencing hearing. . . . The Supreme Court overturns the death sentence of a convicted murderer on the grounds that the introduction in the sentencing phase of his trial of evidence of his affiliation with a white supremacist group violated his First Amendment right to freedom of association.

An agreement requiring former Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc. bond chief Michael R. Milken to pay a total of $900 million to settle lawsuits against him is approved by the FDIC and the RTC.

James David Brooks, 85, one of the last of the original generation of abstract expressionist artists, dies in Brookhaven, New York, after suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. . . . The chairman of the board of the Christian Science Church, Harvey Wood, resigns in the midst of ongoing controversy over a decision to expand into television and radio.

Arkansas governor Bill Clinton sweeps six southern Democratic primaries, and former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas wins two New England primaries, including his home state of Massachusetts. Pres. Bush continues to lock out his challenger, Patrick Buchanan, in the Republican contest. However, Buchanan siphons off around one-fourth of the vote in eight GOP primaries.

Pres. Bush formally asks Congress to rescind $2 billion it appropriated for defense for fiscal 1992. . . . A classified Defense Department internal policy paper, made public Mar. 7, inspires debate. . . . Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera, described by U.S. as a hit-man for Colombia’s Medellin cocaine cartel, is sentenced in NYC to the maximum six years in prison for lying to federal agents about his identity.

Six people are killed in a series of severe storms that rage through southern and midwestern states. In Chicago, a snowstorm contributes to a power failure in the radar system at O’Hare International Airport, causing flight delays across the U.S.

Manuel de Dios Unanue, a former editor in chief of El Diario–La Prensa, NYC’s leading Spanishlanguage newspaper, is shot to death in Queens. . . . A Texas appeals court rules that the state’s 1879 antisodomy law is unconstitutional.

The House votes, 357-61, to override Pres. Bush’s Mar. 2 veto of a bill regarding China’s trading status.

Ice floes block the course of Vermont’s Winooski River, causing severe flooding in Montpelier, the state capital. The downtown area is flooded, with water reaching a depth of 6 feet in places. Gov. Howard Dean (D) declares a state of emergency and calls in the National Guard. . . . Pres. Bush nominates Daniel S. Goldin as the new administrator of NASA.

Acting on a new study, the FDA recommends that patients implanted with Bjork Shiley Concavo-Convex heart valves consider undergoing surgery to have them replaced because of the risk that the devices will fail. . . . The FCC votes to allow individual broadcasting companies to own more radio stations nationwide. . . . Melvin J. Reynolds, a congressional candidate in Illinois, is injured when at least two shots are fired into his campaign car from an adjacent vehicle.

Leaders of 12 major unions announce that they will not formally endorse any of the presidential candidates. . . . In a controversy over bounced checks written by members of the House, House leaders reverse themselves and vote, 391-36, to disclose the detailed information that was gathered on the 24 worst offenders. House Sergeant at Arms Jack Russ, the official responsible for the administration of the House Bank, resigns in the face of criticism over sloppy management.

An administrative judge for the NYC’s human rights commission rejects a request from Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization to march in the annual St. Patrick’s day parade sponsored by the private Roman Catholic organization, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, arguing that forcing the Hibernians to allow the gay group to participate will violate the Hibernians’ First Amendment right to freedom of expression.

Pres. Bush announces that automobile makers will not be required to install equipment on new vehicles to trap gasoline vapors released during refueling, effectively blocking a regulation pending under the Clean Air Act of 1990. . . . The Senate passes legislation that will fund tax cuts for middle-class families with increased taxes on the rich. . . . The House decides, 426-0, to release the names of all 355 members who have or had overdrafts in their House Bank accounts.

March 9

March 10

Martin Buser, a native of Switzerland, wins the 1,159-mile Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race from Anchorage to Nome, Alaska, with a record time of 10 days, 19 hours and 17 minutes.

A federal court jury in Santa Ana, California, convicts an obsessed fan, Harry Veltman, of sending obscene and threatening letters to Olympic ice-skating champion Katarina Witt.

A task force investigating the cause of a series of deadly chain-reaction car collisions that killed 17 people in November 1991 blames drivers’ high speed for the crashes.

March 8

Reports confirm that actor and longtime bachelor Warren Beatty has married actress Annette Bening. . . . Tammy Faye Bakker is granted an uncontested divorce from her husband, imprisoned former television evangelist Rev. Jim Bakker, in Tallahassee, Florida.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 11

March 12

March 13

312—March 14–19, 1992

March 14

World Affairs

Europe

The CSCE agrees to dispatch a peace mission, led by Czechoslovak foreign minister Jiri Dienstbier, who holds the CSCE’s rotating presidency, to the Transcaucasus region.

Azerbaijani rockets attack the capital’s parliament building in Nagorno-Karabakh. . . . Eleven workers of Shell Oil Co.’s Cormorant Alpha drilling operation die in a helicopter crash in the North Sea. Six men survive the crash.

March 19

Asia & the Pacific

Jamaican prime minister Michael N. Manley resigns, effective Mar. 28, citing poor health.

The UN peacekeeping force led by Yasushi Akashi of Japan to administer the transition to democracy in Cambodia arrives in the nation’s capital, Phnom Penh. The 22,000person operation is the largest, most complicated, and most expensive UN peacekeeping mission ever to be undertaken. Akashi’s arrival comes as the leftist Khmer Rouge, the largest of Cambodia’s three rebel factions that signed a 1991 peace accord with the government, begins a series of attacks in Kompong Thom province.

In the face of allegations that Israel violated U.S. export law by reselling U.S. defense technology to other countries without permission, Benjamin Netanyahu, a senior aide to Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir, characterizes the charges as a “deliberate campaign of slander . . . intended to undermine Israel’s position in the American public and in the American Congress.”

Armenian forces shell the southern Azerbaijan city of Fizuli, killing 10 people and raising widespread doubts as to whether the Iranianbrokered cease-fire will ever take effect.

In the town of Zomba, Malawi, 500 students stage a rare demonstration to show support for the Mar. 8 letter written by seven Roman Catholic bishops. The rally prompts the government to shut down their university.

Reports state that the UN Security Council gave Iraq a deadline of March 26 to submit a plan for the destruction of equipment and facilities related to the production of its weapons of mass destruction.

Data indicate that at least 30 people died in the fighting that began Mar. 2 in the Dniester region of Moldova. The government and the separatists agree to a cease-fire, shortly after fresh clashes kill six people. . . . In Zugdidi, Georgia, government representatives and supporters of ousted president Gamsakhurdia reach a truce agreement. . . . Reports conclude an escalating war between Armenia and Azerbaijan has cost hundreds of lives.

South African whites overwhelmingly endorse Pres. F. W. de Klerk’s reform policies in a referendum on whether to negotiate an end to white minority rule through talks with the black majority. . . . A Palestinian stabs two Israelis to death and wounds 19 others in Tel Aviv. The assailant is shot to death. . . . Students in Blantyre hold a march in solidarity with the Mar. 16 rally held in Zomba. Police arrest 12 on charges of unlawful assembly.

A powerful car bomb explodes in front of the Israeli embassy in downtown Buenos Aires, Argentina, destroying the embassy building, killing at least 28 people, and leaving 220 others wounded. . . . Two former guerrilla fighters accused of murdering U.S. Lt. Col. David Pickett and Pfc. Earnest Dawson after shooting down their helicopter in a combat area in January 1991 surrender to a Salvadoran judge.

Finland formally applies to join the European Community.

Bosnia’s leaders in Belgrade, the Yugoslav and Serbian capital, agree to partition the republic along ethnic lines, with local communities having broad autonomy.

The Israeli Knesset votes to approve legislation that will allow the nation’s prime minister to be elected by direct popular vote.

Islamic Jihad, a Lebanese Shi’ite group, claims responsibility for the Mar. 17 bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina, stating the attack was carried out by an Argentine “martyr struggler.” The group’s statement asserts that the bombing was in retaliation for the slaying by Israeli commandos of Sheik Abbas alMusawi in February.

Rolf Ekeus, the director of the UN commission supervising the destruction of Iraqi arms, receives a letter in which Iraq announces it will cooperate with the UN Security Council Mar. 17 demands. The letter also discloses Iraq concealed 89 Scuds and other ballistic missiles after the gulf war and claims that Iraq has destroyed the missiles. . . . Denmark drops its trade embargo against South Africa, becoming the last EC country to do so.

Crimean Tatars urge the Ukrainian government to restore the preWorld War II autonomous Tatar state in the Crimea and to help resettle Crimean Tatars currently living outside the region. . . . In England, Buckingham Palace announces that “lawyers for the Duchess of York” (the former Sarah Ferguson) are seeking a “formal separation” from her husband, Andrew, the Duke of York, after over five years of marriage.

Zimbabwe’s parliament unanimously passes a land-reform bill empowering the government to expropriate acreage from commercial farms and redistribute it to black peasants. Most of the targeted land is owned by whites. . . . The Nigerian government releases the results of its November 1991 census, which puts the population at 88.5 million, confirming that Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country.

Pres. Menem joins a rally of 70,000 Argentines as they march in Buenos Aires to protest the Mar. 17 bombing by the Israeli embassy.

March 16

March 18

The Americas

Jordi Pujol, a conservative nationalist, wins reelection as head of Catalonia’s autonomous regional government. . . . An earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale and centered near the town of Tunceli, about 40 miles (65 km) south of Erzincan, rocks Turkey. Estimates of the death toll, when it is coupled with the Mar. 13 quake, range from 600 to 4,000. . . . Armenian and Azerbaijani officials sign a draft truce agreement in the Iranian capital, Teheran.

March 15

March 17

Africa & the Middle East

Wang Renzhong, 75, Chinese Communist Party official who headed the investigation of CP general secretary Zhao Ziyang, and a close associate of Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, dies of a heart attack.

A coalition formed of Gen. Abdul Rashid Doestam’s government militia and Ahmed Shah Massoud’s group captures Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan’s second-largest city. Pres. Najibullah agrees to comply with a UN-mediated peace plan and cede power to an interim government made up of rebel leaders.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 14–19, 1992—313

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Steven Brian Pennell, sentenced to death for torturing and killing four women, is executed by means of a lethal injection in Smyrna, Delaware. He is the first person to be put to death in Delaware since 1946 and the 166th person to be put to death in the U.S. since the Supreme Court allowed states to resume use of the death penalty in 1976.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

After the House vote Mar. 12, the AP obtains the names of 21 of the 24 worst offenders who bounced checks from the House Bank. All of the 21 offenders are Democrats, and former Rep. Tommy Robinson (D, Ark.), with 996 checks in 16 months tops the list followed by Rep. Bob Mrazek (D, N.Y.), with 972 checks in 23 months.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Jean Poiret, 65, one of France’s most prolific actors who wrote and starred in the original stage version of La Cage aux Folles, dies of a heart attack in Paris.

Studies show that a chemical in broccoli, sulforaphane, seems to provide a powerful defense against cancer. Scientists speculate that the compound is the main reason why people with diets rich in broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, and kale have markedly reduced cancer rates.

Michael Riccardi, 28, convicted of stabbing NYC black activist Rev. Al Sharpton in 1991, is sentenced to five to 15 years in prison. . . . Michael T. McSpadden, the judge who on Mar. 6 approved a plan in which an accused child molester would have been castrated rather than sentenced to prison, removes himself from the case after learning that no doctor is willing to perform the operation because of the case’s publicity.

March 15

The New York State Assembly votes to conduct its own environmental review of the Great Whale hydroelectric project, to be built in the James Bay region of northern Quebec. . . . Chrysler Corp. announces that Robert Eaton is the successor to Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca. . . . The office of the U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia announces that it has begun a preliminary inquiry into whether any laws had been broken in the House Banking scandal.

The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery, a nonprofit organization investigating the 1937 disappearance of aviator Amelia Earhart, announces that it has found a piece of metal they believe came from a repair to the belly of Earhart’s Lockheed Electra plane as well as portions of a woman’s size-nine shoe of the period on the Pacific Island of Nikumaroro (formerly Gardner Island).

California Superior Court judge Harvey Schneider rules that Paramount Pictures should pay humor columnist Art Buchwald $150,000 for his idea that formed the basis of the hit Eddie Murphy film Coming to America.

Three members of the Bush cabinet, Defense Secretary Richard Cheney, Labor Secretary Lynn Martin, and Agriculture Secretary Edward Madigan admit that they bounced checks while in Congress.

A Soyuz capsule lifts off from Earth for Mir, carrying two cosmonauts and Klaus-Dietrich Flade, a German test pilot whose government reportedly paid $24 million for his ride.

Jack Arnold, 75, director of Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), dies of unreported causes in Woodland Hills, California. . . . Gracie Lantz, 88, who created the idea for the cartoon character Woody Woodpecker and provided the bird’s voice for 200 cartoons, dies of cancer in Burbank, California.

A study shows that older white Medicare patients are 3.5 times as likely to receive a heart bypass operation as their black counterparts. . . . Robert Bonner, head of the DEA, rules against the use of marijuana for medical purposes. . . . NYC hotel owner Leona Helmsley is resentenced to four years in prison for federal tax fraud and fined $6.3 million. . . . Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot, criticizing the presidential candidates of both parties, states he will run for president.

Twenty-two stocks trade on the new Emerging Company Marketplace (ECM), the new market established by the American Stock Exchange Mar. 5.

The National Transportation Safety Board, in a reversal of a previous finding, absolves United Airlines of responsibility for a February 1989 accident in which a cargo door on the jet opened in midair, causing nine passengers to fall to their deaths.

African-American dance pioneer Katherine Dunham, 82, ends a 47day fast to protest the treatment of Haitian refugees by the U.S. government after meeting with exiled Haitian president Aristide. . . . Owners of NFL teams vote to end the use of instant video replay to review calls made by football officials on the playing field.

Former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas drops his presidential bid, a withdrawal that makes it almost certain that Bill Clinton will win the nomination. . . . Dow Corning announces it will permanently withdraw from the breast-implant business. . . . Michael Aloysius Feighan, 87, Democratic U.S. representative from Ohio, 1943–71, and the chief architect of the 1965 immigration reform bill, dies of a brain tumor in Washington, D.C.

Robert V. Rota, the House postmaster, resigns after a newspaper reports wrongdoing at the House Post Office connected to a scandal at the House Bank. . . . Congressional investigators charge CH2M Hill Inc., a company employed by the EPA to oversee more than 200 Superfund toxic-waste cleanup sites, with systematically billing the government for “unallowable and questionable costs.”

Studies show that scientists have identified a protein in sperm that plays a key role in conception. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine reports that radiation treatment given to women for cancer in one breast has virtually no chance of later causing cancer in the other breast.

In the race for the Democratic presidential nomination, Arkansas governor Bill Clinton wins solid victories in the Illinois and Michigan primaries. On the Republican side, columnist and TV talk-show host Patrick Buchanan receives poor showings.

Pres. Bush refuses to endorse a congressional compromise measure that would authorize $10 billion in loan guarantees over the next five years to help Israel absorb its influx of Soviet Jewish émigrés, underscoring his position that Israel will be unable to obtain the aid without a shift in its settlement policies in the occupied territories.

March 14

March 16

March 17

March 18

March 19

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

314—March 20–24, 1992

March 20

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the population of the world was 5.423 billion in 1991, more than twice as high as the total in 1950. The reports projects that the world’s population will grow a further 52% by 2020. The most populous nation is China, where 1.2 billion people live; and the most densely populated nation is Bangladesh, with more than 2,255 persons per square mile.

Fighting in Turkey between government forces and Kurdish separatists escalates in the town of Cizre during celebrations for the Kurdish new year. . . . Ten of the 11 presidents of the Commonwealth of Independent States hold a meeting in the Ukraine capital of Kiev, but they fail to resolve any crucial military, economic, or political issues.

After a series of well-organized attacks in which bands of Kalenjin warriors armed with spears, machetes, and arrows swept into largely defenseless Luo and Kikuyu settlements, the government accuses the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), Kenya’s largest opposition party, of instigating the violence, and Pres. Moi bans all political gatherings.

Fighting between Muslims and ethnic Serbs erupt in Gorazde, a town near Sarajevo. . . . In Turkey, clashes between government forces and separatists break out in Nusaybin on the Syrian border and Yuksekova on the Iranian and Iraqi borders. . . . The Albanian Democratic Party, the largest opposition group, beats the Socialist Party in national elections. . . . France’s ruling Socialist Party is routed in elections for regional assemblies, receiving less than 19% of the vote nationwide.

March 22

March 24

Asia & the Pacific

Giorgi Karkarashvili, the commander of national-guard forces in Mingrelia who was captured Mar. 13 by rebels in Zugdidi, is reported to have been set free, along with some of the other hostages. . . . The Washington Post reports that violent crime is now commonplace in Albania. . . . Turkish troops and police officers in Cizre battle separatists during a march to a cemetery where Kurdish guerrillas were buried. The town falls under the control of rebel forces.

March 21

March 23

The Americas

The European Community announces that it will extend diplomatic recognition to Georgia after the receipt of a letter from Eduard Shevardnadze accepting the conditions for recognition that include the scheduling of free elections, respect for human rights, respect for Georgia’s existing borders, and a commitment to nuclear nonproliferation. Portugal, an EC member, separately recognizes Georgia as well.

Fighting breaks out between militiamen from Croatia and federal troops in Neum, a town on Bosnia’s Adriatic coast. Six soldiers and two Croats are killed. . . . Turkish troops regain the upper hand in Cizre. . . . Pro-Kurdish rallies are held in London, Paris, Brussels, and Athens. . . . Friedrich August von Hayek, 92, Austrian-born British economist who shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in economics, dies of a heart ailment in Freiberg, Germany.

A team of UN chemical-weapons experts reports, they have dismantled 463 Iraqi nerve-gas warheads and rockets.

A reactor at Russia’s Sosnovy Bor nuclear plant, located 60 miles (100 km) west of St. Petersburg, suffers a core accident and vents radioactive gases into the atmosphere before automatically shutting down. The IAEA classifies the mishap as a “three” on its seven-point scale. . . . Nine people die in fighting in Croatia, prompting Gen. Nambiar to call for a cease-fire. . . . Gunmen in Istanbul kill two people in an ambush of a bus carrying employees of Turkey’s secret-police organization. The radical Dev Sol group claims responsibility.

In Thailand, parliamentary elections are held for the first time since the 1991 bloodless coup that toppled the previous elected government. The Samakkhi Tham party wins the largest block of seats in the lower house of the parliament, while all 270 members of the upper house of parliament are hand-picked by the military.

The ruling Democratic Liberal Party wins 149 of the 299 National Assembly seats—more than any other party but one seat short of a majority—in a general election for South Korea’s National Assembly.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 20–24, 1992—315

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Supreme Court agrees to review a Feb. 20 decision by a special three-judge federal court that the 1990 census count was flawed. . . . The Health and Human Services Department formally publishes guidelines concerning advice given by federally funded family-planning clinics about abortion. The rules allow doctors, but not other clinical professionals, to discuss the option of abortion with patients. . . . A Washington Post/ABC News poll finds that three-fourths of respondents disapprove of the job Congress is doing.

The District of Columbia Court of Appeals upholds the guilty plea and life sentence for convicted spy Jonathan Jay Pollard, a former U.S. Navy intelligence analyst who pled guilty in 1986 to giving U.S. military secrets to Israel. . . . Admiral George Whelan Anderson Jr., 85, chief of U.S. Naval operations, 1961–63, as ambassador to Portugal, 1963–66, and a member and chairman of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 1973–77, dies of congestive heart failure in McLean, Virginia.

Congress passes a $77.5 billion middle-class tax-cut bill, meeting a deadline set by Pres. Bush in his Jan. 28 State of the Union address. However, Bush vetoes the bill, charges that the Democrats have a “natural impulse to raise taxes,” and blasts the Democratic congressional leadership over current scandals in the House Bank and the House Post Office. Democrats lash back immediately, and House Speaker Thomas Foley (D, Wash.) calls Bush’s remarks “the most partisan speech I have heard from a president.”

In a case that generates controversy, Theresa Ann Campo Pearson is born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, without a complete brain or skull due to a rare medical condition known as anencephaly. Her parents, Laura Campo and Justin Pearson, who knew about the infant’s condition before her birth and decided to have the baby so her organs could help other babies who need transplants, ask Florida courts to declare her brain-dead.

Pres. Bush and German chancellor Helmut Kohl meet at the presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Jim Courier loses his top spot in the men’s international tennis rankings with a loss in the semifinals of the Lipton International Players Championships. . . . Georges Delerue, 67, French composer who won an Academy Award in 1980 for best original soundtrack for the film A Little Romance, dies of unreported causes in Los Angeles, California.

John Ireland, 78, actor who appeared in more than 200 movies, dies of leukemia in Santa Barbara, California. . . . Distance runner Lynn Jennings wins the women’s cross-country world championship for the third straight year. John Ngugi of Kenya wins his fifth world men’s title since 1986.

A USAir jet bound for Cleveland, Ohio, crashes on takeoff from New York’s La Guardia Airport, killing 27 of the 51 passengers and crew members on board.

Edmund (Jerry) Brown defeats Bill Clinton in the Democratic primary in Connecticut. . . . A federal survey concludes Native American teens are more likely than other U.S. teens to attempt suicide. . . . Police officer Anthony Paparella is acquitted of fatally choking a suspect, Federico Pereira, to death, prompting protests from Hispanic activists. . . . An elderly man with Alzheimer’s abandoned at a dogracing track is identified as John Kingery, 82. The case generates publicity as an example of adult children who abandon parents they cannot or will not care for.

The Supreme Court rules unanimously that the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, a nonprofit agency created by the securities industry to protect customers, does not have the right to sue stock manipulators under the federal RICO act. . . . Pres. Bush, in a report to Congress, again rejects specific emissions caps and states afterward at a press conference that he will not sign any environmental pact that would “throw a lot of Americans out of work.”

The U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lifts off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, to initiate a comprehensive space-based study of the Earth’s atmosphere.

March 21

March 22

The Supreme Court lets stand an award of $400,000 to Bette Midler in a lawsuit against an advertising agency that hired another singer to impersonate her voice in an ad for Ford Moter Co.

The Supreme Court refuses to review the government’s 1990 takeover of Franklin Savings Association of Kansas. . . . The Federal Reserve Board approves the proposed merger of BankAmerica Corp. and Security Pacific Corp., clearing the last main obstacle to the deal’s completion. The transaction, the biggest bank merger in U.S. history, will create the nation’s second-largest bank.

March 20

A settlement is approved by a Cook County, Illinois, judge that calls for Arista Records Inc. and its parent company, Bertelsmann AG of Germany, to offer refunds to people who bought recordings or concert tickets for the group Milli Vanilli, a duo that did not actually sing any of their songs.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 23

March 24

316—March 25–30, 1992

March 25

March 26

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

At a CSCE meeting, 25 nations sign a treaty to allow reconnaissance flights over their territory by foreign planes. . . . An initiative to resolve the extradition of two suspects in the Pan Am 103 bombing collapses when Libya reverses an earlier decision and does not hand them over to Arab foreign ministers. . . . The IAEA orders Iraq to destroy the core of a nuclear research complex about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Baghdad that escaped damage during the gulf war.

Turkish war planes attack Kurdish guerrilla bases in northern Iraq. Two policemen are killed in separate attacks in Ankara and Adana. Reports show that the fighting in Turkey between government forces and Kurdish separatists that began Mar. 20 left at least 75 people dead, and the strife is described as the worst in years. . . . Clashes escalate in and around Bosanski Brod, a Bosnian town on the northern Croatian border.

Hearings on Libyan charges that U.S. and British efforts to pressure Libya to release the Pan Am 103 bombing suspects violates international law opens at the World Court in The Hague, the Netherlands. . . . Judge Jean-Louis Bruguiere, France’s senior terrorism investigator, calls for the extradition from Libya of Samir Mohammed Ahmed Khaidir, a suspect in the 1988 attack on the City of Poros ferry off the Greek coast that killed nine people.

The German government announces that it will stop all arms deliveries to Turkey after news reports showed Turkish troops using German-built armored personnel carriers during clashes with Kurds.

Statistics Canada announces that Canada experienced an increase in violent crime throughout the 1980s, but crime rates in Canada are still substantially lower than in other industrialized countries. . . . Barbara Frum, 54, host of a nightly Canadian news program, 1982–92, who interviewed dozens of world leaders, dies of complications from leukemia in Toronto, Canada.

The Bosnian government urges the UN to deploy peacekeeping forces in the republic. . . . An Armenian passenger jet evacuating wounding civilians from Nagorno-Karabakh is hit by a heat-seeking missile launched from Azerbaijan. The plane manages to make an emergency landing in Yerevan, the Armenian capital. . . . German chancellor Helmut Kohl hosts Austrian president Kurt Waldheim at a private luncheon in Munich, drawing controversy since an Austrian commission found in 1988 that Waldheim knew of war crimes being committed in World War II by his unit but did not himself commit them.

Figures released by the Brazilian government show that the rate of deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon Basin rain forest slowed in 1991 for the third consecutive year.

In response to escalating ethnic violence, Moldovan president Snegur declares a state of emergency. . . . Reports indicate that Macedonia and Greece have opened informal talks over Greece’s opposition to Macedonian independence.

In Jamaica, the People’s National Party elects Percival J. (P. J.) Patterson as its new leader as P.M. Michael Manley’s resignation takes effect.

March 27

March 28

March 29

March 30

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Narong Wongwan, a wealthy businessman who was denied entrance to the U.S. because of suspected links to drug trafficking, is named premier of Thailand since his Samakkhi Tham (Justice Unity) party won parliamentary seats Mar. 22.

French police arrest three men believed to be leading figures in Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), a separatist group that killed more than 700 people during its 30-year campaign of violence. . . . Reports indicate that clashes that started Mar. 25 have left more than 30 people dead in Bosanski Brod, a Bosnian town. . . . Eighth Earl (Edward John Spencer) Spencer, 68, a remote descendent of King Henry VII and the father of Diana, Princess of Wales, dies of a heart attack in London.

Israeli foreign minister David Levy announces his intention to resign from the cabinet.

Polish president Lech Walesa meets with German president Richard von Weizsaecker in Bonn. Walesa’s trip is the first by a Polish president to Germany since 1918. . . . Manolis Andronikos, 72, Greek archaeologist who received the Olympia Prize from the Onassis Foundation in 1982 and the Grand Cross of the Order of Phoenix, Greece’s highest distinction, dies in Salonika, Greece.

Israeli peace activist Abie Nathan is released from jail after serving less than six months of an 18-month prison sentence for meeting with PLO chairman Yasser Arafat.

In India, Chief Judicial Magistrate Gulab Sharma, issues an arrest warrant for Warren Anderson, Union Carbide’s former chairman and chief executive, in connection with a 1984 chemical gas leak that resulted in 4,000 deaths. . . . The News of Adelaide, Australia’s last afternoon newspaper and the start of media baron Rupert Murdoch’s international media empire, publishes its final issue after 69 years of operation.

In Cambodia, the Phnom Penh government announces a new offensive against Khmer Rouge guerrillas.

The Miami Herald reports that 45% of the children born in Mexico City’s national hospital have enough lead in their blood to cause permanent physical and mental problems, including a lower-thanaverage IQ. In the last week of March, the city reached its worst level ever, leading to the declaration of a state of emergency. . . . Brazil’s 12-member cabinet resigns in the wake of charges of government corruption and influence peddling. Pres. Mello asks six of the 12 to remain in their posts.

Over 500 refugees cross the Thai border into their native Cambodia as the UN-sponsored program to repatriate the exiles takes effect.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 25–30, 1992—317

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Supreme Court rules successive prosecutions of an individual for committing a crime and for conspiracy to commit the same crime are not violations of double jeopardy laws. . . . A Senate committee rejects Peter Fleming’s request to compel testimony from two reporters who first disclosed Anita Hill’s 1991 allegations. . . . The Supreme Court rules the 1980 Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act does not allow individuals to bring civil-rights lawsuits against states.

The Supreme Court rules unanimously that Congress has the right to temporarily bar lawsuits challenging logging in the Pacific Northwest.

Sergei Krikalyov, a Russian cosmonaut aboard the space station Mir since May 1991, returns to earth. Krikalyov is dubbed the “Time Traveler” by the press since, during his 10 months in orbit, the Soviet Union disintegrated. Krikalyov’s republic, Russia, is now an independent country, and his hometown, Leningrad, has been renamed St. Petersburg.

Nancy Walker (born Anna Myrtle Swoyer), 69, actress who was nominated for several Emmy awards and was best known as Ida Morgenstern, the mother of the title character on the TV show Rhoda, dies of cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Former presidential candidate Sen. Tom Harkin (D, Iowa) endorses the candidacy of Gov. Bill Clinton. . . . Sen. David Boren (D, Okla.) and Rep. Louis Stokes (D, Ohio) introduce companion bills to make public secret documents on the 1963 assassination of Pres. Kennedy. . . . Florida Circuit Court judge Estella Moriarty rules that state law prohibits a declaration of brain death for Theresa Ann Campo Pearson, born Mar. 21, because the baby was born with a functioning brain stem.

Rockwell International Corp. pleads guilty to 10 criminal counts of violating environmental law and agrees to pay $18.5 million in fines stemming from violations at the Rocky Flats nuclear-weapons plant in Colorado.

According to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine, the drug tamoxifen appears to lower blood cholesterol and prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women taking it for breast cancer. The findings are surprising because doctors feared that tamoxifen actually increases the risk of heart disease and bone fractures.

At the world figure-skating championships, Olympic gold pairs medalists Natalya Mishkutienok and Artur Dmitriev from the Commonwealth of Independent States take the top prize. . . . Former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson is sentenced to six years in prison for rape.

Citing increased local production, improved conservation, and declining demand from business, New York governor Mario Cuomo announces that the state is pulling out of a 20-year $13 billion contract to purchase electric power from the Hydro-Quebec power company.

Reports suggest that scientists stimulated the brain cells of mice to multiply in the laboratory, overturning an axiom which held that mammalian brains, whose growth stops after birth, can never produce replacement cells. . . . James Edwin Webb, 85, administrator under whom NASA put the first U.S. astronaut in space and planned the first manned moon landing, dies of heart failure in Washington, D.C.

Viktor Petrenko of the CIS wins the men’s competition at the world figure skating championships in Oakland, California. . . . Leueen MacGrath, 77, actress who cowrote the musical Silk Stockings (1955) with her third husband, George S. Kaufman, dies of complications following a stroke in London.

Amid growing public dismay over revelations that several flawed devices, including heart valves and silicone gel breast implants, were placed on the market after only cursory governmental review, the FDA proposes new rules that require the manufacturers of medical devices to closely monitor their use.

The U.S. Treasury Department freezes the U.S. assets of 46 businesses and financial institutions newly identified as being controlled by Libya. The department also prohibits U.S. companies from carrying out transactions with the Libyan-owned concerns, under sanction laws imposed by the U.S. in 1986.

U.S. capitol police seize the unloaded pistol used by Jack Ruby to kill John F. Kennedy’s alleged assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, when Robert Luongo, 37, a representative of a consortium that paid $220,000 for the weapon at an auction in 1991, carries it to Capitol Hill and offers to show it to House Speaker Thomas Foley.

Reports state that about 60 gulfwar veterans of the 123rd Army Reserve Command, based in Indianapolis, Indiana, are suffering from an undiagnosed ailment they believe they contracted while in the Middle East. Symptoms of the illness include chronic fatigue, hair loss, muscle aches, tooth and gum aches, and thickened saliva.

At the world figure-skating championships in Oakland, California, ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko of the CIS win the gold medal.

Presidential candidate Bill Clinton admits that he smoked marijuana in the late 1960s. His declaration “I didnt inhale it, and never tried it again” receives much publicity. . . . Police state a judge must decide if the gun used by Jack Ruby to kill Lee Harvey Oswald that was seized Mar. 28 will be destroyed in accordance with policy for all guns seized in D.C. . . . The FDA fires its director in charge of evaluating medical devices, Robert Sheridan.

At the world figure-skating championships, Kristi Yamaguchi becomes the first U.S. woman to win back-toback world titles since Peggy Fleming. . . . Paul Henreid, 84, actor who played Victor Lazlo in Casablanca (1942), dies in Santa Monica, California. . . . In tennis, the U.S. advances to the semifinals of the 1992 Davis Cup.

H. Ross Perot, a Texas billionaire mulling an independent presidential bid, named retires Vice Admiral James Stockdale as his provisional running mate. . . . Theresa Ann Campo Pearson, a baby born Mar. 21 and the focus of a national debate on the legal definition of death and the ethics of organ transplants, dies. Aside from her brain, all of Campo Pearson’s vital organs were healthy at birth, but they deteriorated too much to be viable for transplant at the time of her death.

The Census Bureau reports that the federal government spent almost $750 billion in grants, benefits, and subsidies to states, localities, and individuals in fiscal 1991. . . . Ernst & Young, the nation’s second-largest accounting firm, and Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue, the third-largest U.S. law firm, agree to pay a total of $87 million to settle civil charges related to their representation of Lincoln S&L. In the settlements, neither institution admits to wrongdoing.

William B. Lenoir, the director of NASA’s shuttle and space-station activities, announces his resignation, effective May 4 . . . . A message recorded by the crew of the Atlantis while in space is broadcast at the 64th Academy Awards ceremony in Los Angeles. The message congratulates science-fiction film producer George Lucas when he is given the Thalberg award for lifetime filmmaking achievement.

The Pelican Brief by John Grisham tops the bestseller list. . . . At the 64th annual Oscar awards, The Silence of the Lambs sweeps the top categories, including best film of the year. Special lifetime achievement awards are presented to Satyajit Ray, an Indian director, and George Lucas, of Star Wars fame.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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March 26

March 27

March 28

March 29

March 30

318—March 31–April 5, 1992

March 31

April 1

April 2

April 3

April 4

April 5

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Security Council votes to impose limited sanctions against Libya if it fails to extradite suspects in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Airways Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and the 1989 bombing of UTA Flight 772 over Niger. . . . The IMF endorses Russia’s economic reforms, paving the way for Russia to become a full member of the IMF and to receive up to $4 billion in loans from the institution over one year.

Russian president Yeltsin and 18 leaders of Russia’s 20 main political subdivisions sign a federal treaty that gives regional governments broad autonomy. The Chechen-Ingush and Tatar autonomous republics decline to sign the accord. . . . At least five people are killed in ChechenIngushetia in clashes. The Russian enclave’s parliament declares a state of emergency.

Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi blasts the Mar. 31 UN action, Resolution 748, which sets a deadline of April 15 for Libya to surrender the suspects and threatens reprisals against its supporters. . . . U.S. president Bush and German chancellor Kohl separately announce a $24 billion aid package for the Russian Federation by the Group of Seven leading industrial nations.

A Serb newspaper finds inflation in Serbia is approaching an annual rate of 100,000%. . . . Lord Robert Michael Oldfield Havers, 69, who prosecuted several prominent Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing cases, including the Birmingham Six, the Guildford Four, and the Maguire Seven, (all of those convictions were later overturned) and who also prosecuted the serial killer Peter Sutcliffe, known as the Yorkshire Ripper, for the murder of 13 women, dies of unreported causes in London.

A crowd of Palestinians throw rocks and firebombs at an Israeli patrol in pursuit of a carload of suspected guerrillas. The troops return fire, and four Arabs are killed and as many as 80 others wounded in the ensuing melee. . . . The Israeli human-rights group B’Tselem estimates that 20,000 Palestinians have been beaten or tortured by the army and secret police since the beginning of the Arab intifada in 1987. . . . Factional violence takes 10 lives in the Johannesburg township of Alexandra, South Africa.

Libyan demonstrators in Tripoli attack embassies of UN Security Council members that voted for the sanctions resolution Mar 31. Venezuela, which holds the council presidency, is hit hardest as 300 students scale the embassy walls, rip up gardens, smash furniture, and lob gasoline bombs, setting parts of the building ablaze. At the UN, Libyan ambassador Ali Houderi presents his apologies to Venezuelan ambassador Diego Arria, although critics question his sincerity.

Socialist Edith Cresson, France’s first woman premier, resigns after less than 11 months in office, during which her approval rating in publicopinion polls had hit record lows and her Socialist Party had won less than 19% of the vote nationwide, its worst showing in 23 years. Pres. Mitterrand names Finance Minister Pierre Beregovoy as her successor.

Crowds protesting the Apr. 1 killings clash with soldiers and police throughout the Gaza Strip. One woman is killed when an Israeli jeep strikes her, and hospitals in the area report 29 others wounded. Battles between police and protesters in the occupied West Bank leave one Arab dead. . . . In Kenya, FORD calls a general strike to compel the government to free political prisoners, but 40% of the work force shows up at their jobs in Nairobi.

The UN Security Council issues a statement condemning Israel for allowing “the continued deterioration of the situation in the [Israelioccupied] Gaza Strip.”. . . The 27 signatories of the Nuclear Suppliers Group sign an agreement in Warsaw, Poland, pledging tighter controls on the international transfer of so-called dual-use nuclear technology.

Ethnic Serb guerrillas seized Bijeljina, a predominantly Muslim town in eastern Bosnia, and 27 people are reported slain. . . . Premier Anibal Cavaco Silva announces that Portugal will put its currency, the escudo, into the European Community’s exchange rate mechanism (ERM). . . . Albania’s president Alia, the country’s head of state since 1982, resigns as president rather than face dismissal by a parliament elected in March.

Three Palestinians are found dead near a mosque in the town of Gaza. The Islamic Hamas group takes responsibility. . . . A gang fire-bombs and shoots up an Inkatha squatter camp in the Johannesburg township of Katlehong, killing at least 20 people. . . . Spornet, South Africa’s rail corporation, announces that it has mobilized 15,500 train cars to handle the huge inflow of food for southern Africa and assigned 7,000 cars to haul supplies to Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi.

A five-week session of the UN Conference on Environment and Development closes. The session was dominated by issues of funding for ecologically sustainable development and the effect of environmental regulation on the Third World. The delegates agree in principle to adopt policies that will “equitably meet developmental and environmental needs” of Third World nations.

Sali Berisha becomes Albania’s first non-Marxist president since World War II. Berisha nominates Aleksandr Meksi to succeed Socialist Vilson Ahmeti as Albania’s premier. . . . A contingent of 1,200 U.N. peacekeeping troops arrives in Croatia. . . . Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic, a Muslim, orders a full mobilization of the republic’s militia and police reserves.

Iranian guerrillas raid two Kurdish villages in Iran.

Iranian dissidents storm Iranian embassies and other diplomatic missions in the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, France, Canada, Britain, Germany, and Denmark to protest the Iranian raid of Apr. 4. In addition, five Iranians armed with knives seize the office of Iran’s mission to the UN in NYC, vandalize the office, and briefly hold three people hostage. Two buildings of the Iranian embassy in Stockholm, Sweden, are set on fire, and demonstrators firebomb the London offices of Iran Air.

Yugoslav air force jets attack the predominantly Croat town of Kupres, in west-central BosniaHerzegovina. . . . Snipers believed to be ethnic Serbs open fire on a peace march in Sarajevo, killing at least one demonstrator. . . . Italy’s four-party governing coalition loses its majority support in general elections. Voters’ preferences are so widely split that 16 parties win seats in Parliament under Italy’s rigid proportional representation electoral system.

Iranian warplanes bomb and strafe an Iranian rebel base at Ashraf, Iraq. The attack kills one person and wounds five others. Officials state the attack is in retaliation for the Apr. 4 raid. The air raid violates the cease-fire that ended an eight-year war between the two countries in 1988. . . . Jonas Savimbi, the UNITA leader in Angola, denies any role in the killings of two former UNITA officials, Wilson dos Santos and Tito Chingunji. He blames the deaths on Miguel N’Zau Puna and Tony da Costa Fernandes, who accuse Savimbi of ordering the killings.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Indian foreign minister Madhavsinh Solanki resigns because of renewed allegations related to the six-year-old Bofors scandal involving Swiss banks. . . . The Australian government announces an initial allocation of A$150 million (US$114 million) to follow up on recommendations by the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody.

The UN team that arrived in Cambodia Mar. 15 helps to negotiate a cease-fire between combatants.

Peruvian president Alberto K. Fujimori, in what he calls an attack on rebels and drug traffickers, announces decrees dissolving the National Congress, suspending parts of the constitution, and instituting press censorship. He also orders the arrest of several political rivals. The crackdown comes as Peru’s Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) Maoist rebel group has stepped up its attacks on foreigners. U.S. president Bush and several Latin American presidents condemn Fujimori’s actions.

Thailand’s five pro-military parties select Gen. Suchinda Kraprayoon, who was involved in the military’s 1991 coup, to the premiership. He replaces Narong Wongwan, a businessman reported to have withdrawn his name from consideration.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 31–April 5, 1992—319

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Presidential candidates Clinton and Brown hold two debates in New York. Brown wins the Vermont caucus. . . . The Supreme Court unanimously upholds the constitutionality of the method Congress has used since 1941 to reallocate congressional seats among the states. . . . The Supreme Court rules school districts operating under court-supervised desegregation orders may be gradually released from court supervision.

The world’s last active battleship, the USS Missouri, is formally decommissioned by the navy in a ceremony at the Long Beach Naval Station. . . . A foreign-aid spending bill is cleared by the House to replace an October 1991 stopgap measure. The new funds remain at current levels, in most cases, through the end of the fiscal year on September 30, 1992.

In the wake of the House Banking scandal, Democratic leaders unveil a package of reform legislation to replace the current patronage system by which the House is run with a professional administrator. House Speaker Foley appoints Michael J. Shinay as acting House postmaster.

The British government issues a report finding no evidence of a link between electromagnetic fields generated by power lines and appliances, and cancer. . . . The Senate confirms Daniel S. Goldin as the new administrator of NASA.

The Supreme Court unanimously upholds a local California ordinance that applies rent-control standards to owners of mobile-home parks. . . . A National Institutes of Health panel concludes that, while vast numbers of Americans go on diets, few manage to keep weight off permanently. . . . Former president Jimmy Carter endorses the presidential candidacy of Arkansas governor Bill Clinton.

The foreign-aid spending bill cleared by the House on March 31 passes in the Senate and is signed by Pres. Bush.

A federal law requiring all commercial truck and bus drivers to be relicensed under national standards takes effect. . . . After five months of a UAW strike, Caterpillar threatens to permanently replace strikers who do not return to their jobs by Apr. 6. . . . A GAO audit of the House Post Office finds that controls over the handling of cash at the post office are inadequate. The House Ethics Committee releases its list of what it states are the worst abusers of check-cashing privileges at the House Bank.

Daniel S. Goldin is sworn in as the new administrator of NASA.

After receiving numerous calls, NPR discloses Rich Little imitated former President Nixon in an announcement that declared a bid for the 1992 presidency as an April Fool’s Day gag. . . . The NHL Players Association strikes, four days before the scheduled end of the hockey season. It is the first strike in the 75-year history of the league.

The Senate votes, 72-23, to lift a ban on using tissue from aborted fetuses in federally funded research. . . . A jury in Brooklyn convicts John Gotti, the reputed leader of the Gambino crime family, on all charges that include racketeering, murder, murder conspiracy, extortion, illegal gambling, obstruction of justice, and tax fraud. . . . A government audit shows 11 personal trips taken by Secretary of State Baker over a 26-month period cost taxpayers $371,599.

The State Department announces that its investigators found “no evidence” that Israel transferred Patriot antimissile systems or related technology to China. But the apparent resolution of the issue is accompanied by renewed charges from the State Department inspector general that Israel is engaged in a “systematic and growing pattern” of unauthorized sales of U.S. arms to Third World nations.

Representatives from the environmental regulatory agencies of eight states (New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont) agree to impose restrictions that will cut emissions of nitrogen oxides at electricitygenerating stations by more than 50% over several years. The action is part of a growing trend in which states take the initiative in environmental regulation in the absence of direction from the federal government.

The New England Journal of Medicine finds that the risk of transmitting genital herpes is lower than commonly believed. . . . The U.S. spacecraft Atlantis lands at the Kennedy Space Center after carrying out a comprehensive spacebased study of the earth’s atmosphere.

Milton R. Rackmil, 89, entertainment executive who founded Decca Records, revived Universal Pictures Co., and remained head of both companies until 1972, dies of a stroke in New York City.

House and Senate leaders curb several congressional perks in the wake of recent scandals. A poll sponsored by the Times-Mirror Center for the People and the Press finds that 10% of respondents see Democrats as “more responsible” for the overdraft scandal, while 3% blame Republicans. However, 76% blame “both parties equally.”

Studies suggest that scientists had devised a method of testing a patient’s feces for potentially cancerous colon cells.

Scott Pellerin, a left wing from the University of Maine, wins the Hobey Baker Memorial Award as the nation’s top collegiate hockey player.

A report commissioned by United Way of America is released, and it states the organization’s former president, William Aramony, used the group’s money to finance a “lavish lifestyle” and had approved questionable payments and transfers to two close aides. . . . After the Apr. 2 allegations, a State Department spokesperson announces that Secretary of State Baker has decided to take commercial flights for personal trips.

The March for Women’s Lives, sponsored by the National Organization for Women and dozens of other groups, is one of the largest political gatherings ever held in Washington, D.C. Estimates place the number of marchers from 500,000 to 1 million. The rally shows support of abortion rights and impresses upon lawmakers the importance of women’s votes in the 1992 presidential campaign. . . . Bill Clinton and George Bush win their respective parties’ primaries in Puerto Rico.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

March 31

According to the Congressional Quarterly, data shows that former Rep. Tommy F. Robinson (R, Ark.) bounced 996 checks as the worst offender in the House Banking scandal. Former representative Jim Bates (D, Calif.) is the last, with 89 bounced checks. The lawmaker with the largest overdraft is former Rep. Douglas H. Bosco (D, Calif.), who at one point had an overdraft of $75,723.

Samuel Reshevsky (born Samuel Rzeszewski), 80, Polish-born chess grandmaster who was the dominant figure in chess in the U.S. for four decades, dies of a heart attack in Suffern, New York.

Samuel Moore (Sam) Walton, 74, founder of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. retail empire who was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by in March 1992, dies in Little Rock, Arkansas, after suffering from bone cancer and leukemia.

Molly Picon, 93, one of the great stars of the Yiddish-language theater, dies in her sleep in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 1

April 2

April 3

April 4

April 5

320—April 6–10, 1992

April 6

April 7

April 8

April 9

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

EC envoys lift the last of the EC sanctions on South Africa, an oil embargo imposed in 1985. . . . The EC agrees to lift its economic sanctions on the Yugoslav republic of Serbia, so long as Serbia cooperates with the organization’s peace efforts.

Bosnia’s premier, Jure Pelivan, an ethnic Croat, steps down for unexplained reasons. . . . After continued street fighting, sniper attacks, and the shelling by mortars in Sarajevo, the republic’s government establishes a dusk-to-dawn curfew in the capital. . . . Ukrainian president Kravchuk signs a decree confiscating the entire Crimean fleet for a newly formed Ukrainian navy.

Chakufwa Chihana, secretary general of the Southern African Trade Union Coordination Council, is arrested at Lilongwe airport in Malawi as he attempts to read a speech about the prospects of democracy in Malawi.

Peruvian premier Alfonso de los Heros resigns, reportedly in protest of the Apr. 5 action, and Housing Minister Oscar Solar de la Puente Raygada is sworn in.

The EC and the U.S. separately recognize as independent the Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. In addition, the U.S. recognizes Croatia and Slovenia, the former Yugoslav republics it declined to recognize in January. . . . A seven-member emergency committee of the Arab League meets in Cairo to seek a solution to the dispute over the Pan Am suspects. . . . Argentina and its foreign-bank creditors announce an agreement to forgive roughly $8 billion of Argentina’s $23 billion bank debt.

The government of Irish prime minister Reynolds announces that it will hold a nationwide referendum on abortion in the wake of a controversial Irish Supreme Court ruling in March allowing a 14-year-old girl to travel to Britain for an abortion. . . . Ethnic Serbs declare an independent republic within Bosnia. Two ethnic Serbs in Bosnia’s collective leadership, Biljana Plavsic and Nikolai Koljevic, resign. . . . Yugoslav air force jets launch air strikes on the towns of Siroki Brijeg and Citluk.

A chanting mob in Tripoli blocks the motorcade of UN Undersecretary general for political affairs Vladimir Petrovsky, who is in Libya to explain the requirements of Security Council Resolution 748. Demonstrators gather outside his hotel and are repulsed by riot police.

In Peru, Pres. Fujimori continues his crackdown on adversaries, ordering the roundup of more politicians and labor leaders. He also signs several decrees giving a legal footing to his self-declared government of national reconstruction. Media censorship, however, is eased when Fujimori orders military and police forces to withdraw from television, radio, and newspaper offices. Reports indicate that, in response to Peru’s crackdown, Argentina has withdrawn its ambassador.

In a letter to UN Secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Libya renews its willingness to surrender the two Pan Am 103 suspects, Lamen Khalifa Fhimah and Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, to a neutral third country, again ruling out handing them over to Britain or the U.S.

Russia establishes diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan. . . . A German prosecutor announces that genetic tests have proved conclusively that bones recovered from a grave in Brazil in 1985 belong to Josef Mengele, believed to have sent 400,000 people to their deaths at Auschwitz . . . . French premier Pierre Beregovoy announces France is suspending its nuclear weapons testing program for the rest of 1992.

A sandstorm forces the private plane of Yasser Arafat, the chairman of the PLO, to crash-land in the desert in southeastern Libya. While Arafat is rescued, the plane’s three crewmen are killed, and five of the 10 passengers seriously injured.

A bomb explodes outside police headquarters on the outskirts of Lima, Peru, killing at least one officer. The explosion comes just minutes after Pres. Fujimori gave a speech outlining his plans to defeat terrorism before leaving office.

The leaders of Sudan, Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and the separatist Ethiopian province of Eritrea discuss emergency relief for the impoverished Horn of Africa region. In a joint declaration, the leaders agree to respect “the basic right” of their citizens to humanitarian assistance and to assure the safe passage of relief organizations to needy people. . . . Field Marshal Sir Richard Vincent of Britain is appointed NATO’s chief of defense staff, succeeding Norwegian general Vigleik Eide in 1993.

The Conservative Party of British prime minister John Major wins a surprise majority in the House of Commons in the fourth straight victory for the Conservatives, a feat unmatched in Britain since the early 19th century. . . . Ethnic Serb guerrillas and elements of the Serb-dominated Yugoslav military opposed to Bosnia’s secession continue to fight Muslim Slavs and ethnic Croats, effectively extending the Yugoslav civil war to Bosnia. . . . Russia establishes diplomatic relations with Tajikistan.

Police shut down the Lagos offices of National Concord, one of Nigeria’s biggest publishing houses, calling it a threat to national security, after the company published a series of articles that criticize the government’s economic policies and its handling of the transition to civilian rule. . . . Pres. F. W. de Klerk becomes the first white South African leader to visit Nigeria.

At a clandestine meeting, members of Peru’s suspended Congress vote to impeach Pres. Alberto Fujimori and to replace him with Second Vice Pres. Carlos García García. García is sworn in as president, but the move is wholly symbolic, since Fujimori has dissolved Congress.

Three people die in a huge bomb blast in the City of London financial district. . . . Prior to closing, the Russian congress votes to ratify a federal treaty that was signed in Moscow on Mar. 31 by Pres. Yeltsin and 18 leaders of Russia’s 20 main political subdivisions

Supporters of the moderate economic and foreign policies of Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani gain several new seats in the Majlis (parliament) in the opening round of Iran’s legislative elections. . . . Israel and Kazakhstan agree to establish diplomatic relations.

Carlos García García, who was secretly sworn in as Peruvian president Apr. 9, takes refuge in the Argentine embassy in Lima.

April 10

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Despite estimates that 10,000 refugees would return to Cambodia weekly, data shows that only a total of 2,574 have come back. The repatriation program is suspended for two weeks for reassessment.

Japan’s Nikkei stock exchange closes at 16,598.15 points, its lowest level in over five and a half years.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 6–10, 1992—321

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Reports confirm the Bush administration has ordered the removal of all information about teenage sex and birth control from a guide for federal employees. . . . Donald Eugene Harding becomes the first person executed in Arizona since 1963. . . . The Supreme Court overturns the federal pornography conviction of a Nebraska man on the grounds of entrapment. . . . Presidential candidates Bill Clinton and Edmund (Jerry) Brown debate on Donahue and Today. Judge Richey in Washington, D.C., rules that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to the major political parties since they accept federal money for their nominating conventions. . . . Arkansas governor Bill Clinton wins primaries in New York, Wisconsin, and Kansas, while Pres. Bush trounces Patrick Buchanan. . . . As part of an investigation of the generic-drug industry and the FDA, Superpharm Corp. is fined $1 million after pleading guilty to shipping more than $2 million worth of unapproved drugs 1987.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

After Caterpillar’s Apr. 1 ultimatum, only 800 UAW members—out of a total of 12,600—cross the picket line to return to work.

Herman F. Marks, 96, a pioneer in the field of polymer chemistry for more than 75 years and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, dies after a brief illness in Texas.

Isaac Asimov, 72, one of the world’s most popular and respected writers of science fiction whose 468th book was recently published, dies of heart and kidney failure in New York City.

Maj. Gen. Jay Garner concedes that the Patriot antimissile system was less successful in the Persian Gulf war than previously asserted when he reports that Patriot had had a 70% success rate in Saudi Arabia and a 40% success rate in Israel.

Pulitzer Prize winners are announced, and they include Jane Smiley for her novel A Thousand Acres and James Tate for Selected Poems. A Special Award is conferred on Art Spiegelman for the comic books MAUS I: My Father Bleeds History and MAUS II: And Here My Troubles Began.

Congress eliminates congressional charters, an official recognition by Congress of organizations . . . . As part of a three-year of the genericdrug industry and the FDA, Chelsea Laboratories is fined $500,000 after admitting it falsified test results on meclofenamate, an anti-inflammatory arthritis medicine. Chelsea agrees to pull 54 of its products from the market and to withdraw applications for 14 new ones. . . .

Daniel Bovet, 85, a biochemist who discovered the first antihistamine and won the 1957 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine, dies of cancer in Rome, Italy.

A CDC survey finds 19% of highschool students and 29% of highschool seniors have had four or more sex partners, increasing their risk for HIV infection. . . . The GAO reports the use of military aircraft by members of Congress and the executive branch cost taxpayers at least $150 million in 1991. . . . Brian Rosenfeld, 34, a nurse who allegedly killed 23 patients, pleads guilty to killing three elderly patients with drug overdoses and is sentenced to three consecutive life prison terms. . . . Gale McGee, 77, U.S. senator (D, Wyo.), 1959–77, dies of pneumonia in Bethesda.

After a seven-month trial, a jury in U.S. District Court in Miami, Florida, convicts former Panamanian military strongman Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega on eight counts of racketeering, drug trafficking, and money laundering. He is acquitted on two charges of importing and distributing cocaine. The verdict marks the first time that a foreign head of state has been convicted by a U.S. jury.

The House approves an increase in the amount of wages a Social Security recipient may earn without incurring a reduction in benefits. . . . Amid the House Bank scandal, the House approves, 269-81, a resolution handing control of nonlegislative House matters to a professional manager jointly appointed by leaders of both parties. . . . The House clears a campaign-finance reform bill that will sharply limit spending by congressional candidates and introduce public financing of campaigns.

District Judge J. Thomas Greene dismisses most of the legal challenges to Utah’s restrictive abortion law and states he will rule on one remaining question after the Supreme Court issues its ruling on a similar law in Pennsylvania.

The State Department revokes the visas of 20 Haitians who supported the 1991 coup against Pres. Aristede. . . . The final version of the Defense Department’s report on the Persian Gulf war hails the armed services, especially the Air Force, but it skirts many controversies when it does not estimate the number of Iraqi military deaths, makes only a passing reference to Iraqi civilian deaths, and does not address the Iraqi postwar civilian deaths stemming from war damage to the country’ infrastructure.

The Pacific Fishery Management Council votes to limit the 1992 salmon harvest in U.S. waters to its lowest level ever. . . . Charles Keating Jr., the convicted former owner of the Lincoln S&L, is sentenced to the maximum of 10 years in a state penitentiary and fined the maximum financial penalty of $250,000. . . . The Senate approves, 54-35, its version of the fiscal 1993 budget resolution.

Christian Laettner is named the winner of the John R. Wooden Award as the top player in college basketball. . . . Tennis player Arthur Ashe, the first black man to win one of the sport’s grand-slam events, announces that he has the AIDS virus.

April 6

April 7

April 8

April 9

Nobel laureate James Watson quits as head of the National Institutes of Health’s Human Genome Project, a post he has held since 1988. His decision comes after NIH director Bernadine Healy ordered a review of Watson’s private investments, concerned about possible conflict of interest. . . . Peter Mitchell, 71, biochemist who discovered how cells create energy and use it to send nerve signals and move muscles and who won the 1978 Nobel prize for chemistry, dies in Bodmin, England.

The National Hockey League and its players’ union agree to a contract that ends a strike. . . . Sam Kinison, 38, controversial comedian, dies in an automobile accident near Needles, California.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 10

322—April 11–16, 1992

April 11

April 12

April 13

April 14

April 15

April 16

World Affairs

Europe

The European Court gives its blessing to the new European Economic Area pact after EC and EFTA negotiators amended it to allow disputes to be settled by a joint political committee rather than a judicial body.

Russian president Yeltsin issues a decree nationalizing and taking personal command of the commonwealth military forces stationed in Moldova. . . . Armenia claims more than 100 civilians were killed in an Azerbaijani attack on the village of Maraga, in Nagorno-Karabakh. . . . A bomb explodes in north London, but no one is injured. . . . The IRA claims responsibility for the Apr. 10 blast in London, described as the most powerful in Britain since World War II.

An Arab League committee, which includes the foreign ministers of Egypt, Syria, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, and Mauritania, meet in Rabat, Morocco, to seek a lastminute solution to the dispute over the extradition of Pan Am suspects.

The Euro Disney theme park opens to the public in Marne-la-Vallee, France, about 20 miles (35 km) outside of Paris.

The OAS passes a resolution criticizing Peruvian president Fujimori’s actions started Apr. 5. The OAS also warns that Fujimori must restore democracy in Peru by May 23 or else face economic sanctions.

An earthquake measuring 5.8 on the Richter scale hits northern Europe, injuring some 40 people. The epicenter is located near the town of Roermond, the Netherlands, near the German and Belgian borders. Seismologists state it is the strongest quake to hit the region in over 200 years, but only one death is reported in Germany, where officials reveal a woman died of a heart attack. . . . A Paris appeals court drops charges against Paul Touvier for crimes against humanity for his role as a militia chief in Lyons under German occupation during World War II. . . . Britain’s Buckingham Palace announces that Princess Anne has petitioned for divorce from her husband, Captain Mark Phillips.

In response to Libya’s argument that the U.S. and Britain violated the Montreal Convention by their efforts in the UN to force the extradition of the Pan Am 103 suspects, the World Court decides the UN Charter overrides the Montreal Convention. . . . The World Food Program and UNICEF state they have suspended aid to southern Sudan due to increased fighting, despite Sudan’s Apr. 9 pledge. . . . A Tunisian, Fouad Ali Saleh, is sentenced to life in prison for leading a 1985–86 bombing campaign in Paris that killed 13 people.

Africa & the Middle East In South Africa, the ruling National Party holds its first rally in a nonwhite area. Addressing a crowd in the Cape Town township of Mitchell’s Plain, Pres. de Klerk is cheered by thousands of “colored” (mixed-race) residents, but heckling and gravel throwing by supporters of the ANC and the New Unity Movement force him to cut short his speech.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Peruvian senate president Felipe Osterling and Chamber of Deputies president Roberto Ramírez del Villar are released from house arrest.

A powerful alliance of rebels from northern Afghanistan under the command of Ahmed Shah Massoud and defecting military units begin a sweep southward toward the capital after UN-mediated peace measures bog down.

An estimated 50,000 public-sector workers march in Montreal and Quebec City to protest a government demand that salaries be held down.

The Irani government announces that it pardoned and released more than 100 political prisoners, including eight leaders of the Freedom Movement, Iran’s only legal domestic opposition group. . . . ANC president Nelson Mandela confirms that he and his wife Winnie are separating after more than 33 years of marriage.

In Peru, a car bomb explodes in the Lima suburb of Callao, killing four people and wounding 20. It is the 10th terrorist bombing since Pres. Fujimori seized power Apr. 5. . . . Nicaragua’s Cerro Negro volcano erupts, covering the nearby city of León, located 50 miles (80 km) west of Managua, with 2 million tons of volcanic ash. About 20,000 people lose houses and livestock in the eruption.

The Australian government offers a four-year package of A$100 million in economic and social assistance to Vietnam. Australia suspended direct aid to Vietnam in 1979 after it invaded Cambodia.

Venezuela becomes the first country to sever diplomatic relations with Peru over the suspension of democracy.

In Afghanistan, the coalition between Abdul-Rashid Doestam and Ahmed Shah Massoud takes the city of Charikar and the nearby Bagram air base about 30 miles (50 km) north of Kabul, effectively isolating the capital. . . . North Korea celebrates the 80th birthday of Pres. Kim Il Sung, the longest-reigning head of state in the world.

Libya observes a “day of mourning” on the anniversary of the 1986 U.S. bombing raids on Tripoli and Benghazi in 1986 that killed 37 people.

Limited international sanctions take effect against Libya in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 748 passed in March. . . . The IAEA reports that most of the essential equipment at Al Atheer in Iraq has been destroyed by the Iraqi army under IAEA supervision.

The Russian Congress of People’s Deputies approves a declaration of conditional support for the radical economic reforms of Pres. Yeltsin.

Reports confirm that U.S. general John Galvin will step down as NATO’s supreme commander in Europe. . . . A UN commission with responsibility for demarcating the border between Iraq and Kuwait awards Kuwait part of Iraq’s only operating seaport and a large share of a disputed oil field that straddled both countries, settling Iraq’s longrunning border dispute with Kuwait that was one of the factors leading to its 1990 invasion.

An Italian court in Milan finds financier Carlo De Benedetti and all 32 codefendants guilty of charges connected to the 1982 collapse of Banco Ambrosiano. . . . The leader of the 1990 riot at Strangeways prison in Manchester, Paul Taylor, is sentenced to 10 years in jail for his part in the 25-day siege.

Winnie Mandela resigns as head of the ANC’s social welfare department, amid allegations that she was involved in the murder a youth. . . . Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu announces that rebels from the Bougainville Revolutionary Army, an outlawed separatist group, executed a Bougainvillean peace negotiator, Anthony Anugu, and seven others on Bougainville island.

In Afghanistan, Pres. Najibullah abruptly resigns and goes into hiding at a UN compound in Kabul. . . . In what is reported to be the first successful court verdict against sexual harassment in Japan, an unidentified woman is awarded $12,500 as compensation for verbal harassment by her former bosses, identified as the Kyu Kikaku publishing company and its employee Hidenori Hirotsu.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 11–16, 1992—323

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The House Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families concludes that federal efforts to combat AIDS among teenagers are “underfunded, uncoordinated and largely unsuccessful” and calls the administration’s response to the problem a “national disgrace.” Eight of the committee’s Republicans object to the majority’s findings and file a dissenting report that argues AIDS among teenagers is primarily “a behavioral problem,” not a health problem.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Eve Merriam (born Eve Moskowitz), 75, award-winning poet, playwright, and author who won an Obie Award for her 1976 off-Broadway musical, The Club, dies of cancer in New York City.

Fred Couples wins the 56th Masters golf tournament in Augusta, Georgia, for the first major championship of his 12-year career.

Vitarine Pharmaceuticals are fined $2 million after revealing that it put $11 million worth of the hypertension medication triamterene hydrochlorothiazide on the market after research director Steven Colton forged and falsified tests. Colton has been sentenced to 27 months in prison. . . . (Herbert) Ray Roberts, 79, U.S. representative (D, Tex.), 1962–80, dies in Denton, Tex. . . . Antinuclear activist Rick Springer rushes onto a stage where former president Reagan is giving an address, grabs a 30-pound crystal statue presented to Reagan, and smashes it at the former president’s feet. Springer then tries to speak into the microphone but is captured by Secret Service agents.

Polish premier Jan Olszewski meets with U.S. President Bush at the White House.

Insurgent GOP candidate Patrick Buchanan states that he expects to be allowed to deliver a prime-time speech at the Republican National Convention and threatens to stage a rival convention and to generate “a big uproar” should he be denied a chance to speak.

U.S. district judge Harold H. Greene of Washington, D.C. orders the Pentagon to stop using a questionnaire asking detailed questions regarding past arrests, financial status, psychological problems, drug use, and organizational affiliations.

Dr. Abu Hayat, a NYC doctor who performed an illegal late-term abortion in 1991, is indicted on charges of assaulting an infant and its mother, Rosa Rodriguez. . . . Reports indicate several groups left the United Way, the largest of which is Wisconsin’s United Way of Greater Milwaukee, in response to the Apr. 3 report on misuse of funds. . . . The FDA ends a moratorium on the insertion of silicone-gel breast implants in effect since January.

In the strike at Caterpillar that started in November 1991, the company begins testing applicants to permanently fill positions that still vacant after the Apr. 6 deadline passed. . . . Top officials of the AFL-CIO vote unanimously to endorse Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) for president.

Around 250 million gallons (950 million liters) of water from the Chicago River floods through a rupture in a series of tunnels below the city and into the basements and subbasements of buildings in the city’s central “Loop” business district. The flood causes many businesses closures, including The Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the world’s largest futures markets. Some 200,000 people are evacuated from the area.

Ford Motors and California air-pollution officials introduce two modified versions of the Ford Escort and Mercury Tracer designed to meet the emissions standards set to go into effect in 1997. . . . The Dow sets a record of 3306.13, breaking the 3,300 point barrier. . . . The UAW union agrees to end its five-month walkout against Caterpillar Inc. and return to work without a contract, and Caterpillar agrees to stop hiring replacement workers.

In response to the Apr. 13 flooding, Chicago mayor Richard Daley (D) announces that he has fired acting Transportation Commissioner John LaPlante for failing to act on warnings that the tunnel system needed repairs.

The Washington Times reports the default rate of loans at the White House Credit Union is 3%, nearly twice that of an average credit union. . . . Pres. Bush and Barbara Bush make public their 1991 tax returns, which show that they paid $211,034 in federal taxes on a gross income of $1,324,456. The Bushes paid only $4,190 in state taxes since their official residence is not their home in Maine but a hotel in Texas, which has no state income tax.

After the Apr. 13 flooding in Chicago, Pres. Bush signs a disaster declaration, making the city, businesses, and individuals affected by the flooding eligible for federal disaster relief.

April 11

April 12

April 13

April 14

Tadao Ando, a Japanese architect, wins the Carlsberg Architectural Prize. Ando, 50, is the first recipient of the prize, which carries a $235,000 award, the largest in the field.

In a report evaluating the state economies by the Corporation for Enterprise Development, the highest marks go to states in the industrial Midwest, while states in the South are rated the worst. . . . The House Ethics Committee releases the names of 252 current and 51 former members of Congress who wrote overdraft checks at the House bank during the 39 months ending Oct. 3, 1991. The report includes 187 Democrats, 115 Republicans and one independent.

April 15

April 16

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

324—April 17–22, 1992

April 17

World Affairs

Europe

The CSCE, at a meeting in Helsinki, Finland, warns Serbia that the fighting in Bosnia represents a “clear, gross and uncorrected violation” of the terms of Yugoslavia’s membership in the organization. . . . Based on indicators such as educational attainment, life expectancy, and national income, the annual UN Human Development Report lists Canada as the best country to live in, replacing Japan.

At the site for the 1992 Universal Exposition world’s fair in Seville, Spain, a fire destroys the South Pacific Island Pavilion.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific After Pres. Najibullah’s resignation, “coalition governments” of rebel and military leaders take power in Gardez, Kandahar, and several other Afghan cities as army leaders seek to avoid battle and distance themselves from the disintegrating national government. The Wall Street Journal reports Najibullah, a member of the elite Pushtun tribe, undermined his military support by attempting to remove members of non-Pushtun ethnic minorities from the army’s commanding elite.

April 18

At the Saudi embassy in Sana, Yemen, a gunman sneaks into the building and captures the Saudi ambassador to Yemen, Ali Kassidi, and an aide. He demands a $1 million ransom. . . . South African president de Klerk, ANC president Mandela and Inkatha Freedom Party pres. Buthelezi address an Easter Sunday gathering of South Africa’s largest black religious group and makes new appeals for peace among rival black factions.

April 19

April 20

April 21

April 22

Spanish king Juan Carlos officially opens the 1992 Universal Exposition world’s fair in Seville. The event is described as the largest world’s fair ever held, and 110 nations participate in the fair. . . . In the presence of UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali, four factions in the Cambodian war sign two UN charters that form part of the International Bill of Rights. One covenant guarantees political and civil rights, and the second guarantees economic, social, and cultural rights.

Romania’s Supreme Court overturns the 1991 acquittals of 21 people who served on the Communist Party Politburo in the regime of toppled president Nicolae Ceausescu. . . . The Russian Congress of People’s Deputies vote to ratify the 1991 accord that created the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Israeli police arrest Binyamin Zeev Kahane, the son of the slain radical Jewish leader Rabbi Meir Kahane, on charges relating to the Mar 13 attack on a mosque in Kiraa. . . . Israeli officials announce that they will allow the last major university shut down after the infatada, Bir Zeit University in the occupied West Bank, to reopen. . . . Saudi ambassador Ali Kassidi is freed after being held hostage for 18 hours. Police identify the gunman as Ahmed Mathar Gameel Al-Qatari.

The U.S. State Department announces that Arab and Israeli delegations have agreed to hold their next round of peace talks in Rome.

A mortar and artillery offensive by well-armed Serbian paramilitary Sarajevo begins. . . . The foreign ministers of Romania and Germany sign a treaty of friendship and cooperation. . . . Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich Romanov, 74, who, in 1991, made his first and last visit to Russia, dies during an interview with the press in Miami, Florida. He was claimed to be the successor to the Russian imperial throne as a cousin of the last czar, Nicholas II.

In an unprecedented move that gives the antiapartheid movement its first voice in South Africa’s Parliament, which excludes black’s, five white South African lawmakers belonging to the liberal Democratic Party switch allegiance to the African National Congress. The five members are David Dalling, Pierre Cronje, Jan van Eck, Jannie Momberg, and Robert Haswell.

U.S. president Bush meets in Washington, D.C., with European Commission President Jacques Delors and EC leaders in an unsuccessful effort to break an ongoing stalemate in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Uruguay Round of multilateral trade talks. . . . The IMF issues a revised forecast for the world economy projecting growth of only 1.4% in 1992.

Georgi Gotovchits, the Ukrainian official in charge of the Chernobyl clean-up, claims that the 1986 nuclear-power accident caused between 6,000 and 8,000 deaths.

Abdul Rahim Hatif is named interim president of Afghanistan.

An Organization of American States delegation arrives in Lima on a factfinding trip. Peruvian first vice president Máximo San Román is sworn in as president by the dissolved congress in a symbolic act of defiance against Alberto Fujimori.

Interim Afghan president Abdul Rahim Hatif announces that he is willing to cede control of the wartorn nation to a coalition of Muslim rebels as competing guerrilla forces advance to within five miles (eight km) of Kabul, the capital.

At least 190 people are killed and more than 1,400 are injured in Guadalajara, Mexico, when a series of violent explosions in the sewer system destroy a 20-block area of the city’s eastern La Reforma district. . . . In Colombia, 13,000 employees of Telecom strike to protest a bill sent to congress by Pres. Cesar Gaviria Trujillo to privatize the company.

In Afghanistan, Hizb-i-Islami sentries at a checkpoint near Kabul shoot and kill an Icelandic medical worker serving in the region for the International Red Cross, Jan Carlson.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 17–22, 1992—325

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Police in San Diego, California, confirm that they have broken up a nationwide computer-fraud network of 1,000 loosely affiliated computer hackers. The hackers broke into electronic files and made millions of dollars worth of creditcard purchases. Authorities arrested two people in Ohio and seized computers and related equipment in NYC, Philadelphia, and Seattle. . . . Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot states he has resigned from two unidentified private clubs that exclude minority members.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Arthur C. Stern, 83, director of air pollution research for the Public Health Service, 1955–68, who drafted NYC’s first air-pollution regulations in 1949, dies of a heart attack in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. . . . Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan asserts the economy grew at a 2% annual rate in the first quarter of 1992.

Virginia governor L. Douglas Wilder (D) vetoes an abortion bill that would have required parental notification for unmarried women under 18 years old who want to obtain an abortion.

April 17

Transportation officials discover that the Apr. 13 flood in Chicago has filled the drainage system for the Kennedy Expressway. Four lanes of the 10-lane highway are closed due to flooding. Reports confirm that the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation is raising money to aid the estimated 50,000 Cambodians who became amputees as a result of land mines or grenades.

April 18

In golf, Lee Trevino wins the PGA Seniors Championship in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, by one stroke over Mike Hill.

A TV station in Indianapolis, Indiana, is swamped with phone calls after broadcasting a political campaign advertisement that shows graphic pictures of aborted fetuses. The ads promote Michael Bailey, a candidate for the Republican nomination for a congressional seat. . . . The national antiabortion group Operation Rescue opens a two-week-long protest against abortion clinics in Buffalo, New York. Hundreds of supporters on each side of the abortion debate mass in and around Buffalo.

U.S. officials confirm that Saudi Arabia in 1986 sent U.S.-made Mark 84 bombs to Iraq as part of a larger shipment of military equipment and that the Reagan administration notified Congress of the shipments as required by U.S. law in August 1986.

According to the Federal Reserve’s triennial Survey of Consumer Finances, the distribution of wealth in the U.S. tilted toward the rich in the 1980s since the richest 1% of American households accounted for 37% of all U.S. assets in 1989, an increase from 31% in 1983.

A parole board unanimously votes to deny parole to Charles Manson, the cult leader who masterminded the 1969 killings of Sharon Tate and eight others. . . . The FBI announces an agreement to modify or review bureau procedures in order to head off a potential class-action racial discrimination lawsuit by 300 black agents. . . . Robert Alton Harris, convicted of the 1978 murders of two teenage boys in San Diego, is executed in the gas chamber. Harris, 39, is the first person executed in California in 25 years.

The Supreme Court rules unanimously that states cannot tax the pension income of military retirees while at the same time exempting former state employees’ pensions from taxes.

The National Association of State Budget Officers’ fiscal survey of the states finds 35 states were forced to make cuts totaling $5.7 billion from their budgets for fiscal 1992. . . . Malcolm Wilkey, a special prosecutor investigating the House Bank, subpoenas all financial records of every House member’s account between 1988 and 1991. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that U.S. government agencies cannot be required to pay fines for violations of federal environmental protection laws.

A jury in Farmville, North Carolina, convicts Robert F. Kelly Jr. on 99 counts of sexually abusing 12 children during 1988 and 1989, ending the longest and costliest criminal trial in North Carolina history. . . . In Amherst, New York, 194 antiabortion extremists are arrested when they try to close a clinic. . . . Louisiana representative David Duke (R), who finished second in a Louisiana gubernatorial race despite his past as a Ku Klux Klan leader, ends his bid for the Republican presidential nomination.

In response to an Apr. 15 court ruling, Assistant Defense Secretary Duane P. Andrews halts security background checks of civilian jobseekers who filled out an intrusive Pentagon questionnaire. . . . Reports suggest that the Peruvian ambassador to the U.S., Roberto Maclean, has resigned.

The Commerce Department reports that the average rise in per capita income, 2.1%, lags behind the inflation rate of 4.1% for the first time since 1982. In the ranking of the 50 states by 1991 per capita income, Connecticut is at the top, while Mississippi is at the bottom.

Ibrahim Hussein of Kenya wins the Boston Marathon with a time of 2:08:14. . . . Benny Hill, 67, English comedian whose shows were broadcast in more than 80 countries, is found dead in London. . . . Madonna signs a contract with Time Warner that makes her the highest-paid female entertainer ever.

April 19

April 20

April 21

Reggie Johnson takes the vacant World Boxing Association middleweight title when he scores a 12-round majority decision over Steve Collins of Ireland in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 22

326—April 23–28, 1992

World Affairs

April 23

April 24

The UN Security Council votes to send 50 military observers to monitor the cease-fire in Mogadishu, Somalia. . . . UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali rejects a joint request from three foreign ministers to extend to Bosnia the organization’s peacekeeping mandate in Croatia.

April 27

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Data suggest that scores of people have been killed in shelling and gun battles in Sarajevo since Apr. 21. In Bosnia, a cease-fire is brokered by the EC. . . . An advance party of 33 British soldiers arrives in Belgrade as part of the deployment of UN peacekeepers for Croatia. . . . A court in London grants Britain’s Princess Anne a divorce from Captain Mark Phillips, her husband of 18 years.

Guadalajara mayor Enrique Dau Flores states he will step down over his role in allowing the Apr. 22 blast in the sewer system to occur.

The chairman of the ruling military junta of Myanmar, Gen. Saw Maung, is replaced by General Than Shwe because of ill health. . . . Rebels from rival factions surge into Kabul. The Red Cross halts a program for evacuating wounded civilians and rebels to Kabul due to security concerns after the Apr. 22 shooting. . . . U.S.based McDonald’s opens its first outlet in China near Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, and it serves 40,000 people on its debut, setting an international record.

As many as 70,000 members of the Solidarity trade union march in Warsaw, Poland’s capital. The union vows to call a general strike unless the government helps ailing state-owned industries and lawmakers end partisan bickering in parliament. . . . Italian premier Giulio Andreotti steps down from his post to clear the way for the formation of a new government in the wake of Apr. 5 elections.

Peru’s counterterrorism police declare that they raided and shut down El Diario, the clandestine newspaper of the rebel organization Sendero Luminoso. The raids resulted in 23 arrests. . . . A U.S. military transport aircraft is fired on by a Peruvian air force plane. Two crew members are wounded and one is missing and presumed dead when he falls out of the plane after a door was blown open by machine-gun fire.

Nine people are killed and 50 are injured in a series of motorcycle accidents among fans at the 24hour Le Mans motorcycle race in France. The accidents are blamed on high-speed driving by the motorcyclist fans and pervasive consumption of alcohol. . . . Italian president Francesco Cossiga announces his resignation. . . . British Conservative Party chairman Christopher Patten is named governor of the British territory of Hong Kong, replacing Lord David Wilson.

April 25

April 26

Europe

A broad-based alliance of guerrilla groups and mutinous army units under the command of Ahmed Shah Massoud take control of most of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan. Sporadic fighting continues. Afghan guerrilla leaders in Peshawar, Pakistan, announce an agreement to form a 50-member interim commission to govern Afghanistan and prepare for democratic elections, but spokesmen for the Hezb-i-Islami led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar announce their opposition and call for the establishment of a strict Islamic government.

The finance ministers of the Group of Seven leading industrial nations, meeting in Washington, formally approve most components of the $24 billion aid package for Russia offered Apr. 1. They also urge in a communiqué that Japan stimulate its economy.

Polish president Lech Walesa calls for the parliament to grant him strong executive powers similar to those of the French president under the French political system. . . . Socialist Party candidate Rudolf Streicher tops the first round of voting in Austria’s presidential election. . . . Romania’s exiled monarch, King Michael, is excitedly greeted by more than 100,000 Romanians in Bucharest.

A state-chartered transport plane crashes in rough weather near Saveh, Iran, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Teheran, killing all 39 people on board.

Most of the former Soviet republics are offered membership in the IMF and the World Bank. . . . Arab and Israeli negotiators meet in Washington, D.C., for direct peace talks. . . . The Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia proclaim a new “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” and a revised charter tacitly acknowledges the independence of Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Macedonia, the first three of which have received broad international recognition. China, however, is the only major nation to recognize the new Yugoslavia.

Betty Boothroyd becomes the first woman to be elected speaker of the House of Commons in Britain. . . . Germany’s main union for publicsector workers launches its first national strike since 1974. . . . UN officials report that fighting in Bosnia created 380,000 refugees in one month’s time, and they suggest that no conflict in Europe since World War II has created so many refugees in so short a period. . . . An outbreak of fighting in Ilidza, a suburb of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, stands out as the most serious breach of the Apr. 23 cease-fire.

Reports indicate that Syria has agreed to lift restrictions on travel by its 4,500 Jewish citizens.

In Peru, police cause an uproar when they arrest secretary general Félix Cóndor of the shantytown Raucana, as well as another man, on charges of terrorism. . . . Colombian police arrest Iván Urdinola, 33, believed to be one of South America’s leading drug traffickers linked to the Cali cartel. Separately, state petroleum workers go on strike for 24 hours in support of the telephone workers. The phone workers agree to return to their jobs. . . . P.M. John Compton wins a third consecutive term in office in the East Caribbean nation of St. Lucia.

Myanmar’s junta announces that it will end a crackdown on Muslim refugees.

Voters in Ghana approve a referendum on a new constitution to lead the West African country to a multiparty democracy. . . . Prince Hassan al-Rida al-Senussi, 63 or 64, heir to the throne of Libya who was jailed and persecuted after Muammar Gadhafi came to power and moved to Britain in 1988, dies of a heart attack in London, England.

At a demonstration to protest the Apr. 27 arrest of Félix Cóndor, Peruvian army troops fire on protestors in the Raucana shantytown of Lima. One person is killed, and 12 are wounded.

Officials of Afghanistan’s collapsed Communist government relinquish power to a commission of mujaheddin rebels headed by moderate Islamic leader Sibghatullah Mojadidi. The transfer formally ends 14 years of rule by Soviet-backed regimes in Afghanistan. . . . In Myanmar, the ruling SLORC announces that it will suspend military operations against the ethnic Karen rebels.

April 28

The ruling military junta of Myanmar, known as the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), reports that it has freed 19 political prisoners, including Ma Theingi, a personal assistant to Aung San Suu Kyi, the detained Nobel peace laureate and dissident. . . . A joint operation of U.S.-Thai military maneuvers in northern Thailand that involves an estimated 9,500 U.S. servicemen begins.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 23–28, 1992—327

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Kansas governor Joan Finney (D) signs into law a bill requiring women to wait at least eight hours after receiving medical counseling before having an abortion. . . . Three gang members, Yull Gary Morales, Anthony Anderson, and Ricardo Lopez, are convicted of felony murder and robbery of Brian Watkins, a tourist from Utah. . . . After the Apr. 22 finding, Judge Marsh McLelland sentences Robert Kelly to 12 consecutive life prison terms, one for each of his victims.

According to a report by the House Armed Services Committee, the Defense Department vastly overcounted the number of Iraqi troops in Kuwait and southern Iraq at the start of the allied ground offensive of the 1991 Persian Gulf war. . . . A study sent to Pres. Bush by U.S. representative John Dingell (D, Mich.) finds that Energy Department officials ignored a 1989 report warning that Iraq was undertaking a massive effort to acquire materials to build a nuclear bomb.

A report indicates that, of the money paid out by insurance companies to cover toxic-waste cleanup claims under federal Superfund legislation, only about one-tenth is spent on actual cleanup operations. The report states that about four-fifths of the money goes to cover legal costs. . . . The United Steelworkers endorses the candidacy of Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) as president.

In a major finding, astronomer George Smoot of the University of California at Berkeley announces the discovery of faint temperature variations in the most distant matter yet detected. These irregularities, he claims, offer long-sought evidence to support the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe.

Satyajit Ray, 70, India’s bestknown film director who was awarded an Oscar for lifetime achievement and received the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, dies in Calcutta.

Bristol-Myers Squibb pleads guilty to charges of illegally polluting waters. . . . Reports indicate only 84 of the EPA’s 1,245 most-polluted sites have been cleaned up. . . . The EPA rules banks will no longer be held liable for environmental cleanup on properties taken over through foreclosures. . . . GM announces plans to offer common shares for the first time since 1955. . . . The UAW and the United Mine Workers of America endorse Bill Clinton for president.

In response to astronomer George Smoot’s Apr. 23 finding, Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University calls it “the discovery of the century, if not of all time.”

April 24

Pilot Tom Morganfeld escapes with only minor injuries when the only flying prototype of the F-22 Advanced Tactical Fighter crashes and burns at Edwards Air Force Base. . . . The State Department discontinues a policy of issuing special documents for travel in Israel and South Africa set because the presence of those country’s stamps on a passport often causes travelers to face difficulty when arriving in other nations. The change comes after charges the two-passport policy stigmatizes Israel and South Africa.

April 25

Richard E. Gerstein, 68, prosecutor in Dade County, Florida, who discovered the first links between the 1972 Watergate burglary and Pres. Richard Nixon’s White House, dies of a heart attack in Miami.

Bill Clinton (D, Ark.) wins the Democratic primary in Pennsylvania, and Pres. Bush easily wins the GOP primary. A Washington Post/ABC News poll finds that 36% of respondents support the president, 31% Clinton, and 30%, Perot. . . . Agriculture Secretary Edward R. Madigan releases an Agriculture Department pamphlet presenting the Food Guide Pyramid, which depicts food groups in terms of recommended daily amounts.

April 23

April 26

The Senate clears, 75-22, a bill authorizing the Treasury to mint four new commemorative coins and a silver medal for veterans of the Persian Gulf War.

The State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators vote unanimously to recommend the northeastern emissions plan for adoption at the state level nationwide.

Gerard K. O’Neill, 65, physicist won the 1977 Phi Beta Kappa Science Book Award and was appoint to the National Commission on Space in 1985, dies of complications from leukemia in Redwood, California.

The Church of Scientology files a $416 million libel suit against Time magazine, calling its cover story about the church an “attempt to destroy the Scientology religion.”. . . The Pelican Brief by John Grisham is at the top of Publishers Weekly’s bestseller list.

State Farm Insurance Co. agrees to pay a total of $157 million to 814 past and current female employees to settle sex-discrimination charges. The sum is the largest ever paid in damages in a case brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. . . . The Commerce Department states the U.S. gross domestic product advanced at a 2% annual rate in the first quarter of 1992, the fastest growth rate since the inauguration of Pres. Bush in 1989.

The National Transportation Safety Board states the failure of a severely worn part in the propeller unit of the plane carrying former Sen. John Tower (R, Tex.) caused the 1991 plane crash that killed Tower and 22 others.

Francis Bacon, 82, Irish-born artist who was hailed as one of the most influential painters of the postWorld War II period, dies of a heart attack in Madrid, Spain. . . . The trustees of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., name Earl (Rusty) Powell as the gallery’s new director.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 27

April 28

328—April 29–May 3, 1992

April 29

April 30

May 1

May 2

May 3

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

A Pakistani delegation led by P.M. Nawaz Sharif visits Kabul in Afghanistan to offer Pakistan’s formal recognition to the new government. Iran formally recognizes the coalition government, and Turkey and Saudi Arabia offer support to the new regime. Britain and France, too, welcome the transfer of power to the rebels.

The CIS nuclear states agree to act as coequals in START, thus requiring the U.S. to negotiate separate protocols with each republic. . . . The strike in Germany started Apr. 27 escalates, and 215,000 publicsector workers are said to be taking part in the job action. . . . Talks aimed at forming a new system of government for Northern Ireland to replace direct rule from Britain restart. . . . The Ukraine parliament offers the Crimea political autonomy in an attempt to dampen an independence effort on the peninsula.

Mutinous soldiers overthrow Joseph Momoh, Sierra Leone’s president, who flees to neighboring Guinea. They seize Momoh’s palace and two radio stations. . . . Former Somali president Mohamed Siad Barre, after three unsuccessful attempts to retake Mogadishu, flees to Kenya from Somalia, along with more than 1,200 people. . . . Police arrest Koos Botha, a white right-wing member of South Africa’s Parliament, in connection with the June 1991 bombing of a high school.

U.S. lieutenant general John M. Shalikashvili is named as NATO’s supreme commander, a post which traditionally goes to an American.

British prime minister Major moves up Britain’s target date for reduction of carbon-dioxide emissions to the EC’s target year of 2000. . . . Two Czechoslovak newspapers publish a confidential list of more than 300 journalists who allegedly were informants for the secret police during the communist era, adding tension to an ongoing controversy in Czechoslovakia over the files of the secret police, the StB.

The Red Cross restarts importing emergency food into Mogadishu, Somalia. . . . In Sierra Leone, soldiers announce the formation of a National Provisional Defense Council to govern the country. . . . In South Africa, one policeman is sentenced to death and four others to 15 years in prison for the murder of 11 blacks in Dec. 1988 in Trust Feed, a poor settlement in rural Natal. It is the first case where a court links police forces to political violence.

Guillermo Cosio Vidaurri, governor of the Mexican state of Jalisco, steps down in the wake of the Apr. 22 sewer-line explosions in Guadalajara. Nine officials are indicted on criminal charges stemming from the disaster.

Riots in the U.S. city of Los Angeles draw international condemnation. French pres. Mitterrand blames the violence on U.S. pres. Bush’s conservative economic policies. South Korean pres. Roh Tae Woo asks the U.S. to give greater protection to Korean Americans, whose businesses in Los Angeles are the target of much of the looting. The Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun argues that the violence “showed how the rights of black people are weak in the presence of the white majority.”

Serbian volunteer militias and ethnic Serb guerrillas begin a new offensive in Bosnia and subject Sarajevo to round-the-clock shelling. . . . About 25,000 people— Russian right-wing nationalists in an alliance with Communists— march in Moscow on the “Day of Spring and Labor” (formerly May Day) to denounce targets ranging from Pres. Yeltsin to U.S. and Israeli “imperialism.”

Figures indicate that tribal clashes in Kenya’s rural western provinces have claimed as many as 2,000 lives and left about 50,000 people homeless. . . . In South Africa, Winnie Mandela is reelected as chairwoman of the ANC Women’s League executive committee for the Witwatersrand region (greater Johannesburg).

Jalisco legislators name Carlos Rivera Aceves as interim governor after Guillermo Cosio Vidaurri’s Apr. 30 resignation.

Foreign ministers from 19 European nations sign the European Economic Area (EEA) treaty in Oporto, Portugal. The treaty creates a free-trade area between the 12-nation EC and the seven-nation EFTA. . . . The violence in Los Angeles continues to embarrass the U.S. when The Citizen, a South African newspaper that represents white interests, declares, “Our advice to the United States is: Sort out your own racial problems and leave us to sort out ours. As L.A. has shown, you are not a great example to us.”

The Yugoslav army seizes Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic, a Muslim Slav. An EC peace monitor from Belgium, unidentified by name, is killed amid fighting in the city of Mostar in one of several incidents involving EC monitors, and UN peacekeeping officers caught in crossfire.

China joins other countries when it states that the riots in Los Angeles reflect human-rights violations and “serious racial discrimination” in the U.S.

The Yugoslav army releases Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic unharmed as UN vehicles escort a convoy of army troops out of the city. Muslim militiamen ambush the rear of the convoy when it reaches the outskirts of Sarajevo, killing an undisclosed number of soldiers and stealing weapons and ammunition.

Asia & the Pacific In Afghanistan, forces from the coalition led by Ahmed Shah Massoud overrun the last Hezb-i-Islami stronghold within city limits.

The Colombian army reveals that nine guerrillas and five soldiers were killed in a counterinsurgency operation against the stronghold of the Colombian Armed Revolutionary Forces (FARC) in the jungle area of Meta, south of the capital, Bogota. Rebel leaders dispute the military’s account, maintaining that the operation left 20 soldiers and four guerrillas dead.

Ahmed Shah Massoud, the leader of the alliance of rebels and mutinous army units that captured Kabul, Afghanistan, enters the city. . . . In India, Chief Judicial Magistrate Gulab Sharma, who issued a warrant Mar. 27, rules that the court will seize all Indian assets of Union Carbide Corp. because company officials failed to appear before him.

The body of Karim Shadan, the former chief justice of Afghanistan, is found mutilated and riddled with bullets in Kabul.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 29–May 3, 1992—329

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A Simi Valley jury acquits four white LAPD officers, Stacey Koon, Theodore Briseno, Timothy Wind, and Laurence Powell, on all but one charge stemming from the March 1991 beating of black motorist Rodney King. After the verdict is announced, looting and violence break out, and more than 100 arson fires engulf the area. A dozen people are reported killed. L.A. mayor Bradley (D) declares a local state of emergency, and Gov. Wilson (R) orders the National Guard to report for duty. The riots are the worst since the 1965 Watts riots in L.A.

The U.S. announces a partial lifting of its 17-year-old embargo on trade with Vietnam in recognition of Vietnamese cooperation on the issue of U.S. servicemen listed as missing in action during the Vietnam War.

The House votes to furnish the financial records that were subpoenaed Apr. 21. . . . Energy Secretary James Watkins announces that the U.S. will no longer produce enriched uranium for use in nuclear weapons. . . . Reports state that the measures proposed Apr. 2 on emission standards have been approved by the governors of eight states.

Mae Clarke (born Mary Klotz), 84, actress known for a scene in which Jimmy Cagney shoved a grapefruit in her face in the gangster film Public Enemy (1931), dies of cancer in Woodland Hills, California.

Riots in response to the Apr. 29 acquittal continue. Mayor Tom Bradley (D) institutes a curfew, and 700 public schools close. Protests are staged across the U.S., and, in Miami, San Francisco, and Atlanta, they turn violent, and hundreds are arrested. In Las Vegas, two people are killed. . . . The House votes to reauthorize Title X of the Public Health Service Act. The bill includes a clause that will overturn a ban on discussing abortion in federally funded clinics.

Terrorist acts during the Persian Gulf war that were linked to Iraq and its allies contributed to a 22% increase in incidents of international terrorism in 1991, the State Department reports.

Pres. Bush signs an executive order intended to assist state and local governments in selling publicly owned properties such as roads, bridges, airports, and sewage treatment plants. . . . The Senate clears a campaign-finance reform bill that will sharply limit spending by House and Senate candidates and introduce public financing of campaigns.

NBC runs the last episode of The Cosby Show, the most popular television comedy in history that is credited with reviving the sitcom format. . . . Because of riots, the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team postpones a game with the Philadelphia Phillies.

As violence continues in L.A., 30,000 uniformed personnel, including the National Guard, Army soldiers, and Marines come in to restore order. In Seattle, a protest turns violent. In the wake of the Apr. 30 killings, Nevada governor Bob Miller (D) orders 400 National Guard troops into the city. . . . Convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is sentenced to a 16th life sentence to run consecutively with his 15 consecutive life terms in Wisconsin after pleading guilty to the murder of Steven Hicks, 18, in 1978.

Separate reports by the navy inspector general and the Naval Investigative Service are made public, showing that a total of 14 female naval officers and 12 female civilians were sexually abused at the September 1991 Tailhook Association aviators’ convention in Las Vegas.

Due to the unrest in Los Angeles, a Dodgers three-game series is postponed, and NBA playoff games move to Las Vegas and Anaheim, California. Violent protests in San Francisco lead the Giants baseball team to postpone a game. . . . The America team of Bill Koch earns the right to defend the U.S.’s hold on the America’s Cup yachting trophy.

As looting in Los Angeles continues, Mayor Bradley criticizes Police Chief Daryl F. Gates, who did not ask for help from federal troops early on in the riots. . . . More than 100 abortion opponents are arrested after they rushed the back of a clinic in Amherst,Massachusetts. . . . Wilb ur Daigh Mills, 82, U.S. Democratic representative, 1938–76, who served 20 years as chair of the House Ways and Means Committee, dies of unreported causes in Kensett, Arizona.

A baseball purportedly hit for Babe Ruth’s 60th home run in 1927 is sold for $200,000 in a sale at Goober’s auction house in San Francisco. However, the Baseball Hall of Fame claims that it has in its possession the record-setting ball. . . . Lil E. Tee wins the 118th running of the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs in Louisville.

The riots in Los Angeles seem to settle down as 1,100 Marines and 600 army soldiers join 6,500 National Guard troops patrolling the city. Mayor Bradley announces the appointment of Peter Ueberroth to head a commission to oversee restoration efforts in the riotshattered areas. . . . George Lloyd Murphy, 89, film actor and chairman of the California Republican Party, 1953–64, who served one term as a U.S. senator (R, Calif.) 1964–70, dies of leukemia in Palm Beach, Florida.

A special Tony Award is presented to The Fantasticks, the world’s longest-running musical, which has begun its 33rd consecutive season off-Broadway.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 29

April 30

May 1

May 2

May 3

330—May 4–8, 1992

World Affairs

May 4

May 5

May 6

At the UN, Iraq asks for an emergency Security Council meeting to condemn human-rights violations in the riots in the U.S. city of Los Angeles. . . . In accordance with a previous agreement, North Korea submits a list of its atomic facilities to the IAEA.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Muslim militants attack Manshiet Nasser, a Christian village 130 miles (200 km) south of Cairo, killing at least 14 people in Egypt’s worst outbreak of religious violence since 1981. . . . In Lagos, Nigeria, a riot over fare hikes leaves 10 people dead. . . . More than 500,000 black commuters boycott trains to force the South African government to stop random killings on the railways. . . . The U.S. flies out at least 100 American nationals in Sierra Leone. . . . An Algerian military court condemns 13 suspected FIS members to hang for slaying three army soldiers in November.

In Toronto, a demonstration of 500 people in front of the U.S. consulate to protest the treatment of blacks by the criminal justice system turns violent. Vandalism and looting breaks out, and 32 people are arrested. . . . Cuban officials report that the U.S. economic embargo has cost Cuba more than $20 billion and has blocked efforts to renegotiate the country’s $7 billion foreign debt.

A prominent opposition politician, Chamlong Srimuang, vows to fast until General Suchinda Kraprayoon, the new premier of Thailand, agrees to resign. . . . In Afghanistan, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s forces fire scores of rockets and artillery shells at Kabul. Reports indicate that the interim government has banned the sale of alcohol, which is interpreted as a move toward the imposition of Islamic law.

Georgia becomes the International Monetary Fund’s 158th member, with an IMF quota of $102 million. The IMF offers membership to Azerbaijan, the last of the 15 republics of the former Soviet Union to be offered admittance.

The Yugoslav collective presidency announces it is relinquishing control over the Yugoslav armed forces that remain in Bosnia. The army and the Bosnian government sign a truce pact. . . . A temporary stand for spectators collapses at Furiani soccer stadium in Bastia, Corsica, wounding and killing an undetermined number of people. . . . The Crimean parliament declares the “creation of a sovereign state, the republic of Crimea,” subject to voter approval.

Lebanon’s major labor unions declare a general strike to protest soaring consumer prices, and schools, banks, and offices close. Rioting erupts in the cities of Sidon and Tyre, where protesters burn down the home of Finance Minister Ali al-Khalil. . . . Iran’s Supreme Council for Investment removes its limits on foreign ownership of businesses in Iran.

In Toronto, some 150 youths battle riot police, break windows, and turn over garbage cans and mailboxes.

Interim president Sibghatullah Mojadidi names a 36-member temporary cabinet to assume administrative power in Afghanistan. His announcement comes as fighting continues. Ahmed Shah Massoud is named defense minister in the new cabinet. . . . Reports conclude that some guerrillas in Afghanistan are enforcing laws requiring women to wear traditional Islamic apparel.

The Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal at The Hague, the Netherlands, rules that the U.S. owes compensation to Iran for nonmilitary assets impounded by U.S. authorities after Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy in Teheran in 1979.

About 400,000 German workers continue to strike after shutting down Frankfurt’s airport for 24 hours. . . . In Tajikistan, armed rebels seize most of the capital, forcing Pres. Nabiyev to take refuge in the parliament building. . . . British prime minister Major confirms for the first time that MI6, a Secret Intelligence Service set up in 1909, exists. . . . Polish finance minister Andrzej Olechowski becomes the second person to leave that post in 1992.

In Beirut, demonstrators ransack banks and block major roads Crowds attempt to storm the Beirut villas of Omar Karami and Pres. Elias Hrawi before being dispersed by police. Lebanese premier Karami and the 30-member cabinet resign. . . . In Malawi, workers protest to demand higher pay. When thousands of prodemocracy protestors join the workers, looting breaks out, and government troops fire on crowds.

At the Canto Grande prison in Peru, of which rebels have almost complete control, police attempt to transfer 120 female Shining Path inmates to another prison. Groups of heavily armed male and female prisoners fight back with guns, explosives, and acid.

The interim council dissolves the Afghan People’s Democratic (Communist) Party, different factions of which have ruled Afghanistan since 1978. It also creates a special court to try former communist officials who “violated Islamic or national law.” The shelling of Kabul that started May 4 ceases as deputies of Hekmatyar enter into negations about his role in the new government.

Leaders of Bosnia’s ethnic Serb and ethnic Croat communities announce an agreement to stop fighting each other and to partition the republic along ethnic lines A map of the proposed partition infuriates the Muslim Slav leadership. . . . In Tajikistan, government moderates negotiate a power-sharing agreement with the opposition, but Pres. Nabiyev rejects, spurring new protests. . . . A strike by Germany’s public-sector workers ends when unions and government employers agree to a pact with an average pay increase of about 5.4%.

In Malawi, clashes spread to Lilongwe, the capital. Protesters demanding H. Kamuzu Banda’s resignation ransack the headquarters of the ruling Malawi Congress Party, the country’s only legal political group. Hundreds of people are arrested.

Armenian forces overrun the town of Shusha, the last Azerbaijani stronghold in the NagornoKarabakh region. . . . Britain’s new home secretary, Kenneth Clarke, announces that operations in mainland Britain against the outlawed Provisional IRA will be headed by MI5, Britain’s domestic counterintelligence agency. . . . Yugoslavia’s acting defense minister and chief of staff, Gen. Blagoje Adzic, and 37 other generals and admirals are dismissed without explanation.

In Malawi, data indicates that at least 38 people have died in clashes with security forces that started May 4. . . . Allegations surface in the South African press that link the white-minority government’s security forces with the 1985 murders of four antiapartheid leaders. . . . Supporters of the moderate economic and foreign policies of Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani state they have won a majority in Iran’s Majlis (parliament) following runoff legislative elections.

May 7

May 8

Europe

Kyrgyzstan, with an IMF quota of $59 million, is made the International Monetary Fund’s 159th member.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 4–8, 1992—331

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

In Los Angeles, a dusk-to-dawn curfew, established Apr. 30, is lifted. The Los Angeles Police Commission begins gathering facts about the police response. . . . In Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes, the Supreme Court overturns a 1963 precedent when it finds, 5-4, that federal courts are not obligated to grant a federal court hearing on a state prison inmate’s challenge to his conviction, even if vital facts were not presented by the inmate’s lawyer in the state appeal process.

Arkansas governor Bill Clinton easily wins primaries in North Carolina, Indiana, and Washington, D.C. On the GOP side, Pres. Bush also comfortably wins those contests. . . . North Carolina primary voters ensure that their state will be represented in Congress by a black for the first time since 1902 as candidates elected and slated for runoffs are African Americans. . . . Marvin T. Runyon Jr., is named postmaster general.

Rep. Joseph McDade (R, Pa.) is indicted on federal charges of bribery, racketeering, and conspiracy for allegedly accepting more than $100,000 worth of bribes and illegal gifts from military contractors.

Rep. William L. Clay (D, Mo.), chairman of the House Post Office and Civil Service Committee, confirms that a chapter on contraceptives and adolescent sexuality, deleted in April from a child-care book sent to federal employees, will be distributed to the employees separately.

The Freedom Forum awards former Lebanon hostage Terry Anderson the first Free Spirit Award. The prize of $245,500 equals $100 for each of his 2,455 days in captivity. . . . Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk, speaking in Washington, D.C., vows that his republic will cut its nuclear arsenal as required by the U.S.-Soviet 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

According to reports, 10,000 stores in Los Angeles were at least partially burned in riots. The Wall Street Journal estimates that the repair of structural damage alone from the L.A. riots will cost $550 million. A federal aid package is announced that includes $100 million to riot victims, $200 million to rebuild damaged areas, and $400 million in loans from the Small Business Administration. The L.A. Community Redevelopment Agency approves $20 million in emergency relief for small businesses and homeowners.

Thomas Otten Paine, 70, administrator of NASA during the first manned missions to the moon who was appointed chairman of the National Commission on Space in 1985, dies of cancer in Brentwood, California.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

May 4

May 5

Federal budget director Richard G. Darman testifies that a constitutional amendment mandating a balanced federal budget is the only realistic way of balancing the budget.

A federal jury in Detroit convicts former Detroit police chief William L. Hart of embezzling $2.6 million in police funds over a seven-year period. . . . Pres. Bush tours Los Angeles in the wake of riots started Apr. 29.

Newspaper delivery drivers in NYC reject labor pacts, and Impertore’s Imperial Delivery Service hires replacement drivers. . . . A 1789 constitutional amendment that bars Congress from enacting midterm pay raises is approved by New Jersey and Michigan. The endorsement means that threefourths of all the states, the proportion needed to approve an amendment, have agreed to it. The amendment, which includes no deadline for ratification, faded into obscurity until Wyoming ratified it in 1978.

Dr. Cecil B. Jacobson, a Virginia fertility doctor convicted of fraud and perjury charges stemming from his use of his own sperm to inseminate several patients and from convincing several women that they were pregnant when they were not, is sentenced to five years in prison, ordered to pay $116,805 in fines and restitution, and set to serve three years’ probation after his release from prison.

After Impertore’s Imperial Delivery Service hired replacement drivers May 7, ensuing violence leads to the arrest of 20 people in the New York area. . . . The Labor Department figures that the U.S. unemployment rate declined to 7.2% in April, from 7.3% in March. It is the first time in nine months that the unemployment rate has fallen.

Marlene Dietrich (born Marie Magdelene Dietrich), 90, German film actress and a symbol of glamour for decades whose most famous film is The Blue Angel (1930), dies of unreported causes in Paris, France.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour makes its maiden voyage when it lifts off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in Atlanta reverses a 1990 ruling that found the album As Nasty as They Wanna Be by the rap group 2 Live Crew obscene. It is the first time a U.S. Court of Appeals has considered the application of obscenity law to a musical composition.

In a letter to the NEA, Stephen Sondheim, a Tony Award–winning Broadway composer and lyricist, turns down the 1992 National Medal of Arts Award, for which he was recommended by President Bush. Sondheim, 62, writes that the NEA is becoming “a symbol of censorship and repression.”

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 6

May 7

May 8

332—May 9–13, 1992

May 9

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Representatives of 143 countries, meeting at UN headquarters in NYC, approve a draft treaty calling on the world’s industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of “greenhouse gases” believed to cause global warming.

The death toll from the May 5 collapse of a temporary stand at Furiani soccer stadium in Bastia, Corsica, reaches 12. More than 500 people were hospitalized.

In South Africa, the boycott of trains in the Johannesburg-Pretoria area is called off when the state agrees to spend $18 million on improved security.

In Tajikistan, police fire on protestor, killing at least eight. Data suggest that more than 100 people have been reported dead since March. . . . According to reports, archaeologists have found the remains of Russia’s last royal family. The Russian government plans to authenticate the find using DNA testing. . . . Sir Norman Fowler is appointed chairman of the British Conservative Party.

In Nigeria’s largest city, Lagos, the Campaign for Democracy publicizes a petition calling for the government to step down. . . . Reports state Mozambique is levying tolls on emergency supplies from humanitarian groups. . . . The Kuwaiti government approves a plan to buy about $20 billion worth of bad loans so the banks can undertake loans for projects to reconstruct of Kuwait in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf war.

May 10

May 11

May 12

May 13

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Peru, police end a standoff of Canto Grande prison that started May 6. During the siege, at least 28 rebels died and more than 50 others were injured. Two policemen are also reported killed. In an apparent response, three Lima police stations are bombed, killing at least five police officers and wounding a dozen civilians. . . . Near the town of Plymouth, 75 miles (120 km) from the Nova Scotia capital, Halifax, 26 coal miners are killed when a blast rips through a Westray mine.

A total of about 150,000 protesters demand the resignation of General Suchinda Kraprayoon, the new premier of Thailand who led the 1991 military coup. Thailand’s nine major political parties agree in principal to constitutional amendments that will curtail military power and require the premier to be an elected member of parliament.

The European Community countries recall their respective ambassadors from Yugoslavia.

Tajikistan president Nabiyev agrees to the creation of a coalition government that will put opposition figures in eight cabinet posts. . . . Eamonn Casey, Roman Catholic bishop of Galway, Ireland, admits he fathered a child by a U.S. woman and used church funds to help pay for his son’s care. . . . Judith Ward, sentenced in 1974 for a bombing linked to the outlawed Provisional IRA, is freed when her confession to a bombing of a British army bus that killed 12 people is found to be unreliable. . . . The mayor of Milan, Italy, Piero Borghini, resigns amid a growing kickback scandal

The Philippines holds elections on which more than 17,000 offices are at stake as voting for the presidency, the national legislature, and thousands of local posts take place on the same ballot. At least 13 people are reported killed in electionday violence. . . . Thai protesters suspend their activities but promise to resume them if the government reneges on a commitment to amend the constitution.

CSCE representatives, meeting in Helsinki, Finland, vote to bar Yugoslavia’s representative from taking part in CSCE discussions on the Yugoslav civil war. The EC withdraws all of its monitors from Sarajevo, citing danger to their lives, and the U.S. recalls Warren Zimmermann, its ambassador to Yugoslavia. . . . The UN Security Council votes to send a fact-finding team to the Caucasus region.

In Tajikistan, the accord approved by Pres. Nabiyev displeases hardline elements of the opposition, who stage a protest in the capital demanding Nabiyev’s ouster. . . . Reports show that around 30 business and political figures were arrested in connection with the financial scandal that compelled Milan’s mayor to resign May 11.

The Australian government announces plans to drastically reduce the number of immigrants to be allowed to settle in the country each year.

The UN Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 752, which demands an end to Yugoslav interference in Bosnia, and insists that Yugoslav troops demobilizing in Bosnia place their weapons place under international control. . . . The World Bank and Western donor nations, meeting in Paris, freeze most aid to Malawi to protest its repressive government.

The French National Assembly passes several constitutional changes designed to pave the way for ratification of the EC’s political and monetary unity treaty agreed to in 1991 in Maastricht, the Netherlands. . . . Torrential rains cause mudslides in Uzbekistan. . . . A fiveday truce initiated by the Yugoslav republic of Serbia takes effect in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina. Reports indicate that hundreds of people, noncombatants as well as combatants, have been killed in fighting since the beginning of the month.

In Lagos, Nigeria, police clash with anti-government protesters and fire on demonstrators at Lagos State University, wounding at least five students. Demonstrations over fuel shortages and soaring inflation turn into riots during which gangs of youths temporarily occupy large sections of the city, looting shops and laying out burning barricades. . . . Lebanese president Elias Hrawi names Sunni Muslim member of parliament Rashid alSolh to replace Omar Karami as premier.

Ecuador’s president, Rodrigo Borja, grants 148 Indian communities legal title to more than three million acres (1.2 million hectares) of land in the Amazon River basin.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 9–13, 1992—333

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

As he previously promised, Pres. Bush vetoes a campaign-finance reform bill that Congress cleared in April.

May 9

The last of the federal troops sent to Los Angeles to restore order during the riots are withdrawn, leaving 10,000 National Guard troops to help police keep control of the city.

Sylvia Syms, 74, pop-jazz singer and actress who recorded 15 albums, including a 1982 album Syms by Sinatra, produced by Frank Sinatra, dies of a heart attack after collapsing on stage at the Algonquin Hotel in New York.

H. Ross Perot files a petition to have his name placed on the Texas presidential ballot as an independent. . . . The Washington Post publishes a survey that shows that between 64% and 86% of whites and from 92% to 100% of blacks assert the verdict in the case of Rodney King was incorrect. . . . U.S. district judge Shirley Wohl Kram strikes down a CDC rule requiring federally funded education pamphlets on AIDS to avoid material deemed “offensive” to “a majority of adults.” . . . Vermont governor Howard Dean (D) signs a health-care bill into law.

The State Department imposes two-year trade bans on a Russian company and an Indian government agency, Glavkosmos, and the Indian Space Research Organization, respectively, for proceeding with a venture that the department insists may help India develop ballistic missiles.

The Census Bureau reports that the percentage of workers with low-paying jobs increased by almost half during the 1980s.

As expected, Pres. Bush and Arkansas governor Bill Clinton each easily win their respective party’s presidential primaries in West Virginia and Nebraska. . . . In Los Angeles, police working with a FBI task force arrest four black men for their alleged roles in an attack on white truck driver Reginald Denny. Since the assault, which occurred during the Apr. 29 riots, was videotaped and broadcast, the attack becomes symbolic of recent rampant violence.

Reports conclude that the Bush administration in the years prior to the Persian Gulf war pressed for the continuation of U.S. programs to aid Iraq in spite of mounting evidence that Iraq was diverting funds from those programs to buy arms.

The FDIC announce it will seek to increase the annual premiums paid by banks to its insurance fund by an average of 22%, or $1.19 billion, after it states it expects to post a bigger yearly loss in 1992. . . . Officials state the TVA has arranged to buy $3 million a year worth of “pollution rights” from Wisconsin Power & Light in the first deal implemented under an emissionstrading system authorized by the Clean Air Act of 1990.

Arthur B. Voorhees Jr., 70, medical pioneer who developed and first successfully implanted artificial arteries in a human patient, dies of cancer in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Anne-Imelda Radice, acting head of the NEA, goes against the recommendation of review panels and its advisory council when she rejects two applications for grants to support exhibits that involve sexual material. . . . Robert Reed, 59, actor from The Brady Bunch (1969–74), dies in Pasadena, California.

Federal investigators tell a House Energy and Commerce subcommittee that developers participating in a loan program intended to encourage the construction of lowincome rental housing in rural areas have defrauded the government out of millions of dollars. They also state that the Agriculture Department is conducting 64 criminal investigations related to the FmHA program in 31 states.

Astronauts aboard the U.S. space shuttle Endeavour carry out the chief goal of the mission: to rescue the Intelsat-6 satellite. Three astronauts snag the Intelsat with their gloved hands in a space walk that lasts eight hours and 29 minutes. The space walk breaks U.S. records both for duration and the number of astronauts, outside the craft and is believed to also break marks set by the Soviet space program.

In response to Anne-Imelda Radice’s May 12 action, Beacon Press rejects a possible $39,000 NEA grant, saying that accepting the funds may threaten its right to free expression. In another protest, Murry N. DePillars, dean of the School of the Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University, resigns as an NEA review panelist.

Reports reveal former New Jersey governor Thomas Kean (R), who advocates being tough on crime, secretly pardoned 120 convicts, including 15 convicted of murder, during his eight years in office. . . . The CIA makes public a file it compiled on Lee Harvey Oswald prior to John F. Kennedy’s assassination. . . . A homosexual Federal Emergency Management Agency employee, Jerald Johnson, 32, discloses that agency officials pressured him to provide a list of other homosexual colleagues.

The International Amateur Athletic Federation refuses to lift a ban on runner Butch Reynolds that expires two days after the 1992 Olympics. . . . Lusia Harris-Stewart and Nera White become the first women inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. They enter the hall with Sergei Belov, Connie Hawkins, Bob Lanier, Jack Ramsay, Al McGuire, Lou Carnesecca, and Phil Woolpert.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 10

May 11

May 12

May 13

334—May 14–18, 1992

World Affairs

May 14

May 15

Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan sign a mutual-security treaty.

May 18

Africa & the Middle East

In Baku, the Azerbaijan parliament, without a quorum, votes to remove acting president Yakub Mamedov and replace him with former president Ayaz N. Mutalibov.

Violence in Nigeria spreads to the northern suburbs, Nigeria’s commercial hub. Reports indicate that at least seven people have died in the unrest that started May 13.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Olympia & York Developments Ltd. initiate bankruptcy proceedings in Canada and the U.S. The move comes after weeks of unsuccessful negotiations and business maneuvering. Analysts state that O&Y is the largest company ever to file for bankruptcy in Canada.

Outraged by the May 14 action in Baku, thousands of armed civilians and rebel Azerbaijani solders take over the presidential palace and the state television station, and shoot their way into the parliament building. President Mutalibov goes into hiding. . . . Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan is rocked by a mild earthquake. Reports indicate that torrential rains that started May 13 and caused mudslides in Uzbekistan have killed at least 200 people.

The 200-member staff of the UN peacekeeping force for Croatia begins dismantling its headquarters in Sarajevo before leaving the city.

Reports indicate that Zimbabwe is levying tolls on emergency supplies flown in by humanitarian organizations.

Nie Rongzhen (Nieh Jung-chen), 92, last surviving marshal of the 10 who led China’s communist revolution and who was a member of the Communist Party for 69 years, dies in Beijing of unreported causes.

At the OAS’s annual summit in Nassau, the Bahamas, the leaders approve new measures aimed at restoring Haiti’s elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to power.

Voters in Switzerland approve joining the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in a referendum, making a sharp break from Switzerland’s centuries-old tradition of isolationism.

In northern Nigeria, fighting breaks out in the town of Zango between two ethnic groups, the Christian Kataf and the Muslim Hausa. Several churches are burned, and thousands of Christians are forced to seek refuge at a military academy and police stations.

More than 100,000 protesters gather in Bangkok, Thailand, to press for Premier Suchinda Kraprayoon’s resignation. As the demonstrators move toward the premier’s office, Thai security forces try to stop them with barricades and water cannons. Angry protesters turn on police, throwing rocks and gasoline bombs. As the violence escalates, government troops in armored vehicles attack the crowds.

Officials of the United Nations-affiliated International Atomic Energy Agency have identified nine foreign companies whose products were used by Iraq in a clandestine effort to produce nuclear weapons in the years prior to the Persian Gulf war, bringing the total to 22.

Bosnia’s national factions agree to a 21-day truce to allow federal troops to leave. . . . A coroner’s jury in England rules that nine British soldiers were killed “unlawfully” when their vehicles were hit by missiles from U.S. planes during the 1991 Persian Gulf war. The ruling represents a verdict of manslaughter in the deaths . . . Josef Schwammberger, 80, a former Nazi who oversaw Jewish labor camps in World War II, is sentenced to life in prison. He is expected to be the last major war criminal tried in Germany . . . Armenian forces attack Nakhichevan, an autonomous Azerbaijani enclave inside Armenia that borders both Turkey and Iran, escalating their war.

In Nigeria, religious clashes spread to Kaduna, the state capital, and Zaria, a university town. . . . Sudan’s financially strapped military government issues a new currency called the dinar, to replace the Sudanese pound. Each dinar is valued at 10 Sudanese pounds.

May 16

May 17

Europe

One of Toronto’s four private abortion clinics is destroyed in an explosion The incident is believed to be the first bombing of a Canadian abortion clinic. . . . Salvador Nava Martínez, 78, veteran leader of the opposition against Mexico’s long-ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) who he was elected mayor of San Luis Potosí twice, dies of a heart attack after suffering from cancer in San Luis Potosí.

Thailand’s military government declares a state of emergency as antigovernment protesters and security forces battle in Bangkok, the capital. Opposition leader Chamlong Srimuang is arrested, along with thousands of other demonstrators.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 14–18, 1992—335

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The FBI seizes a 50-foot Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton, discovered in 1990, from a South Dakota fossil dealer, claiming the skeleton was illegally taken from a Native American reservation. . . . Yull Gary Morales, Ricardo Lopez, and Anthony Anderson, the three men convicted of slaying Brian Watkins, are sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. . . . Data indicates Californians have bought 20,578 guns since May 1. Police estimate 2,000 weapons were stolen in the looting.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Endangered Species Committee votes to allow logging on about 1,700 acres (700 hectares) of federally owned forest land in Oregon identified as a prime habitat for the endangered northern spotted owl. The decision comes amid a longrunning dispute between environmentalists and the beleaguered timber industry over the use of oldgrowth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

Astronauts aboard the U.S. space shuttle Endeavour ignite the Intelsat’s booster, driving the satellite into a higher altitude before being jettisoned.

Lyle Alzado, 43, defensive lineman on the Oakland Raiders’ 1984 Super Bowl-winning team, dies of complications from brain cancer in Portland, Oregon. . . . The 14th annual Pritzker Architecture Prize for lifetime achievement is presented to Alvaro Siza, a relatively unknown Portuguese architect.

Faye Yager, who headed an underground network for abused mothers and their children who felt they were not protected by the courts, is acquitted of all charges against her. . . . The LAFD discloses 623 structures were set on fire during the riots. . . . Superior Court Judge Weisberg rules that Laurence Powell, acquitted on all but one count against him in the attack on Rodney King, will be tried again on a count of using excessive force under color of police authority.

The U.S. Commerce Department issues a formal ruling that Canada unfairly subsidized its lumber industry and calls for a penalty tariff of 6.5% on Canadian softwood lumber.

G(eorge) Keith Funston, 81, president of the New York Stock Exchange, 1951–67, dies of a heart attack in Greenwich, Connecticut.

Kathryn C. Thornton, 39, a physicist, becomes the second American woman to walk in space. . . . Robert Morris Page, 88, leader in the development of radar technology who was research director of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 1957–66, dies of heart failure in Edina, Minnesota.

In response to Anne-Imelda Radice’s May 12 action, an NEA review panel in the visual arts category suspends its deliberations until “established procedures of the endowment are restored.” . . . Former boxing champion Trevor Berbick is sentenced to four years in prison for raping a woman who was his family’s baby-sitter.

Figures show that the Los Angeles County Coroner’s Office recorded 58 deaths due to the riots in Los Angeles that started Apr. 29. Of those deaths, 50 are considered homicide victims.

Sir Robert Grainger Ker Thompson, 76, expert on combating rural guerrilla warfare techniques who wrote Defeating Communist Insurgency (1966) and No Exit from Vietnam (1968), which was highly critical of U.S. policy during the conflict, dies of unreported causes.

Reports suggest that Albert V. Casey, the head of the RTC, lowered his estimate of the total cost of the savings and loan bailout to no more than $130 billion, 19% less than the Bush administration’s top estimate of $160 billion in June 1991.

The U.S. spacecraft Endeavour lands at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

The America3 racing team led by oilman Bill Koch wins the best-ofseven-race America’s Cup yachting finals against Il Moro di Venezia of Italy.

The Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that a state does not have the right to force a mentally ill criminal defendant to accept antipsychotic medications during trial unless the state has an “overriding justification.”. . . . The Supreme Court rules with a split decision, 5 to 4, that a Louisiana law that in some circumstances allowed indefinite detention of criminal defendants in mental hospitals is unconstitutional.

A strike by Local 211 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters begins against Pittsburgh Press Co.

Golfer Betsy King wins the LPGA Championship in Bethesda, Maryland. . . . Pope John Paul II confers beatification on Msgr. Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer and Giuseppina Bakhita. . . . Lawrence Welk, 89, whose show was one of the longestrunning programs in TV history, dies of complications from pneumonia in Santa Monica, California. . . . Greg LeMond wins the Tour Du Pont, an 11-stage bicycle race through D.C. and four states.

The archivist of the U.S., Don W. Wilson, certifies the 27th Amendment to the constitution, a ban on midterm congressional pay raises first proposed by James Madison in 1789, which had reached the number of states it needed for ratification on May 7. . . . The Supreme Court refuses an effort by Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez (D, Tex.) to block an extensive review of House Bank records by special counsel Malcolm Wilkey, appointed to investigate the House banking scandal.

At the film festival in Cannes, France, the top prize, the Palme d’Or (Golden Palm), goes to The Best Intentions, a Swedish film. A special award honoring the festival’s 45th anniversary is given to the British movie Howards End, directed by James Ivory.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 14

May 15

May 16

May 17

May 18

336—May 19–23, 1992

May 19

World Affairs

Europe

Reports state that the UN High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that at least 1.2 million people in Bosnia-Herzegovina have been displaced. The figure is the highest refugee count anywhere in Europe since World War II, and it represents one-quarter of Bosnia’s population. . . . Latvia, with an IMF quota of, $85 million, becomes the IMF’s 160th member. . . . The Islamic Conference asks its members to withdraw their ambassadors from Yugoslavia. . . . U.S. military aircraft based in southern Turkey begin shipping out of Iraq thousands of records related to an alleged campaign by the Iraqi government of mass executions and deportations of members of Iraq’s Kurdish minority in the late 1980s.

Britain’s director of public prosecutions, Barbara Mills, reiterates that it does not have the power to prosecute foreign nationals for alleged murder or manslaughter committed abroad in response to the May 18 ruling. . . . The Azerbaijan parliament votes to turn over to an opposition-dominated National Council all legislative and executive power for an interim period. . . . Armenia captures the Azerbaijan town of Lachin. Turkey and Iran issue statements decrying Armenia’s May 18 “aggression,” and Turkish officials refuse to rule out the possibility of military action against Armenia. . . . More than 5,000 non-Serb civilian refugees are captured in Ilidza, a suburb of Sarajevo.

May 22

May 23

The Americas

In Nigeria, the federal government dispatches troops into the sites of unrest. Unconfirmed reports put the death toll as high as 300 from religious riots. . . . Kurds in northeastern Iraq hold their first free elections to elect an autonomous legislature and a single leader. . . . Guerrillas from the Shi’ite Muslim organization Hezbollah overrun a post held by the Israeli-allied South Lebanese Army near the village of Almaan. . . . In Lebanon, four members of a recently named cabinet boycott its first meeting.

Asia & the Pacific Peaceful solidarity demonstrations spread to other cities in Thailand, including Pattalung and Phuket. Thai troops and heavily armed police fan out through Bangkok. The casualty toll is uncertain since the government confirms only five deaths, but doctors in Bangkok hospitals put the figure as high as 100. The number of wounded range beyond 400. . . . With only about 32% of all ballots counted, results of May 11 elections in the Philippines show former defense secretary Fidel V. Ramos leads a field of seven candidates with 24% of the vote. . . . In Afghanistan, Private Sergei Fateev, 24, held in captivity since 1987, is turned over to Russian diplomats in Kabul as a preliminary gesture of goodwill.

The New York Times reports that approximately 2,225 people have been killed and 7,660 wounded in the Bosnian war since March. About 2,555 people in Bosnia are missing. . . . The regional parliament of the Crimea formally rescinds its May 5 declaration of independence from Ukraine.

Thai king Bhumibol summons Suchinda and opposition leader Chamlong Srimuang to his palace and urges compromise in the wake of recent riots.

The Marshall Islands, with a quota of $2.1 million, formally becomes the IMF’s 161st member. . . . Agriculture ministers from the 12 European Community nations reach what is called the most radical reform of its system of agricultural subsidies in 30 years.

Under international pressure, the Bosnian Serb army releases more than 5,000 non-Serb civilian captured May 19. . . . Britain’s House of Commons approves legislation to implement the 1991 Treaty on European Union agreed by EC at Maastricht, the Netherlands. . . .The Russian Supreme Soviet votes to nullify the 1954 transfer of the Crimea region to Ukraine from Russia. . . .Yugoslav federal troops halt a UN-supervised pullout from Croatia, claiming that they came under unprovoked attacks from Croatian forces.

China conducts its largest-ever nuclear test in an underground blast in the remote Lop Nur area with an explosion that has an estimated strength of one megaton, 70 times the force of the atomic bomb that the U.S. had dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.

The UN General Assembly formally admits to the UN the Yugoslav exrepublics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, raising the organization’s membership to 178. . . .Representatives of 98 countries meeting in Nairobi, Kenya, approve a draft treaty intended to preserve the world’s plant, animal, and microbial species. . . . France and Germany announce an agreement to create a joint 35,000-member military force outside the auspices of NATO.

Serb gunmen seize 12 UN relief trucks attempting to reach Sarajevo. . . .Polish president Lech Walesa and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign a bilateral treaty of friendship and cooperation in Moscow. It is Walesa’s first official visit to the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Results from the May 19 elections for Kurds in northeastern Iraq show that the two main Kurdish political parties ended up in a virtual draw between them. They agree to share power. Kurdish officials state that a runoff vote for the leadership position will take place within two months.

The U.S. and four nuclear-armed members of the Commonwealth of Independent States—Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan—sign protocols to START that vow compliance with the treaty.

Giovanni Falcone, a leading antiMafia prosecutor in Sicily whose work led to the jailing of more than 1,000 members of organized crime, is killed by a bomb blast. . . . Data indicates that Italy, the geographically closest EC country to Yugoslavia, has granted asylum to 1,233 Bosnians.

Reports conclude that Sudan’s military government is ending a threemonth powerful offensive against the rebel Sudanese People’s Liberation Army, which has been waging civil war in the south since 1983. The onslaught seized more than 10 rebel strongholds, including Bor, Kongor, Yirol, and Kapoeta. Unconfirmed figures suggest more than 25,000 rebels have surrendered since the offensive began.

May 20

May 21

Africa & the Middle East

Miriam Defensor Santiago, who faces a poor showing in unofficial Philippine election returns and maintains that the results are being manipulated by fraud, stages a fast during which she will consume only liquids “indefinitely, to the death if necessary.” . . . The Thai government reports that the clashes between demonstrators and government troops caused 43 deaths and more than 600 injuries. The U.S. embassy in Bangkok puts the death toll at 100, at the least.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 19–23, 1992—337

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Pres. Bush and Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) easily win primaries in Oregon and Washington State.

Kazakhstan president Nursultan Nazarbayev reaches an agreement with U.S. president Bush on a bilateral protocol to the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty during a visit to Washington, D.C. . . . The U.S. Defense Department suspends joint U.S.-Thai military maneuvers in northern Thailand that began April 26. . . . The U.S. Commerce Department finds that two Japanese auto makers are unfairly dumping minivans in the U.S. market.

The Senate passes, 61-38, a bill that will compel states to offer voter registration by mail or when they apply for a driver’s license. . . . The ACLU’s abortionrights division announces it is forming a new organization, the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy. . . . In a case that sparked national debate over the death penalty, Roger Keith Coleman, 33, convicted of rape and murder, is executed in Jarratt, Va. . . . HUD seizes control of daily operations of the Philadelphia Housing Authority. The Senate, 90-9, passes a bill to rescind $8.3 billion appropriated for fiscal 1992. Most of the rescissions come from defense programs. . . . Reports indicate that the Coast Guard has picked up 10,404 Haitians since the beginning of May, the highest monthly total since the overthrow of elected president Aristide.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The rock band Aerosmith donates $10,000 to the List Visual Arts Center to replace the NEA grant vetoed May 12. . . . Vice President Dan Quayle causes a furor when he criticizes the example of Murphy Brown, the title character in a TV show who chose to have a child outside of marriage. The creator and executive producer of the program, Diane English, states, “If the vice president thinks it’s disgraceful for an unmarried woman to bear a child, and if he believes that a woman cannot raise a child without a father, then he’d better make sure abortion remains safe and legal.”

General Motors Corp. issues 55 million shares of common stock, raising $2.15 billion. The offering, the first of common stock by GM since 1955, sets an all-time U.S. record. . . . At the end of a 10month investigation, the SEC fines Salomon Inc. $290 million to settle charges of illegal activities in U.S. government securities. . . . Congress passes resolutions recognizing the validity of the amendment regarding midterm raises certified May 18.

At the NEA, in response to AnneImelda Radice’s May 12 action, a panel in the solo theater performance art category announces that it will not begin reviewing applications, in a decision similar to the one made by another NEA review panel May 15.

The House, 209-207, approves a fiscal 1993 budget resolution. The Senate backs the bill by a vote of 52-41.

A bus carrying members of the California Angels baseball club from New York City to Baltimore crashes into trees, injuring 12 people.

The host of NBC’s The Tonight Show for almost 30 years, Johnny Carson, retires, ending an era in late-night TV. . . . Dan Enright, 74, TV game-show pioneer whose career was nearly destroyed in 1959 when he confessed he rigged Tic Tac Dough games, dies of cancer in Santa Monica, California.

John Gates, 78, former editor of the Communist Daily Worker newspaper who served as commissar of the Abraham Lincoln Brigades during the Spanish Civil War before he was sentenced to five years in prison for trying to overthrow the U.S. government, dies of a heart attack and stroke in Miami Beach, Florida.

May 19

May 20

May 21

May 22

May 23

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

338—May 24–29, 1992

May 24

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The foreign ministers of 62 nations and representatives of 12 international organizations meet in Lisbon, Portugal, to discuss aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, much of the conference is taken up in discussions of the Yugoslav civil war.

Yugoslav forces begin withdrawing from Sarajevo, obeying a directive. . . . Thomas Klestil is elected president of Austria by the largest margin in a contested presidential race since Austria regained its independence in 1955. . . . The ethnic Albanian majority of Kosovo Province, in the Yugoslav republic of Serbia, holds unsanctioned elections and chooses Ibrahim Rugova as president.

An Israeli girl, 15, is stabbed to death by a Palestinian from the Gaza Strip in a suburb of Tel Aviv. The assailant is shot by an Israeli soldier and captured. A mob attacks Arab workers in the suburb, injuring 11 people. Separately, one Israeli soldier and three members of Hamas are killed when gun fighting breaks out in Gaza. . . . Winnie Mandela is stripped of the chairwomanship of the ANC’s Women’s League executive.

Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 73, is elected Italy’s president by members of Parliament and regional representatives after almost two weeks of efforts to choose a successor to President Francesco Cossiga. . . . Viktor V. Grishin, 77, head of the Communist Party in Moscow, 1967–85, who was believed to have been Mikhail Gorbachev’s main rival for the post of Communist Party general secretary in 1985, dies after a heart attack in Moscow.

Reports suggest that South African police are investigating Winnie Mandela’s alleged role in the disappearance of a youth, Lolo Sono, in 1989. They are also looking into charges that she ordered the murder of two members of her nowdefunct bodyguard team.

May 25

May 26

May 27

May 28

May 29

With a quota of $43 million, Estonia becomes the IMF’s 162nd member. . . . Leading NATO defense ministers confer in Brussels over the European Corps, announced by France and Germany May 22.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Thai premier Suchinda Kraprayoon resigns to demonstrate his “political responsibility” for the previous week’s violence.

Cuba is rocked by its worst earthquake in 60 years, measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale. More than 50 injuries are reported.

Data show that 14,000 civilians have fled their villages in southern Lebanon to escape violence.

Afghanistan’s newly installed government reaches a peace accord with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a fundamentalist Muslim guerrilla leader. While peace negotiations are underway, at least 18 people are killed in clashes between Doestam’s militia and Hekmatyar’s forces south of Kabul. . . . In the Philippines Miriam Santiago, who started a hunger strike May 22, calls off the fast. . . . A crowd of 2,000 Thais surround the parliament building in Bangkok to protest the amnesty for Gen. Suchinda and others responsible for the crackdown on demonstrators. India faces an economic crisis when several major banks report they are short by almost 25 billion rupees ($891 million) after extending questionable credit to brokers.

The European Community imposes a trade embargo on Yugoslavia in an effort to halt the fighting in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The EC trade embargo, announced after a meeting in Brussels, is directed at the two republics that make up the new Yugoslav federation, Serbia and Montenegro.

At least 16 civilians are slain and more than 100 others injured in a mortar barrage on Sarajevo.

A Palestinian stabs and kills a rabbi, Shimon Biran, at Kfar Darom, a Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. After the killing, Jewish settlers burn Arab crops, beat up several Arabs, and besiege an Arab school near the settlement. Police arrest more than 100 rioters.

An earthquake of lesser intensity than the May 25 quake hits Cuba. . . . Georges Izmery, one of Haiti’s best-known importers, is shot and killed in Port-au-Prince. The murder is believed to be a warning to Izmery’s brother Antoine, the chief financial backer of Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s December 1990 presidential campaign. . . . Statistics Canada reports that robbery in Canada has increased 39% since 1974.

Armenia, with a quota of $62 million, becomes the 163rd member of the International Monetary Fund.

A letter in which the Serbian Orthodox Church breaks with Serbian regime is made public. . . . Oscar Luigi Scalfaro is sworn in as Italy’s ninth president since World War II.

Judge Richard Goldstone, the head of a commission investigating violence in black townships, issues a report faulting the ANC and the Inkatha Freedom Party for the strife, which has left 1,400 South Africans dead since the beginning of 1992.

Another earthquake, less severe than the May 25 quake, strikes Cuba.

Representatives of the world’s five leading arms-supplying nations, the U.S., Russia, China, Great Britain, and France, confer in Washington, D.C., and agree to work together to halt the global spread of technology and equipment that may be used to produce nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons. . . . Switzerland formally joins the IMF with a quota of $2.36 million, bringing the total membership to 164.

While visiting with Czechoslovakian president Havel, British prime minister Major signs a declaration formally annulling the 1938 Munich Pact that gave Germany control of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. . . . The Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, and the historic Croatian port city of Dubrovnik come under fierce shelling by Serbs.

About 12,000 Sudanese boys, most of them 10–16 years old, cross into neighboring Kenya to flee the Sudanese civil war. The trek is the most recent leg of a four-year, 1,000-mile odyssey that has led them across three countries.

Australian entrepreneur Alan Bond is sentenced to two and a half years in jail on fraud charges in connection with the 1987 joint government-private rescue of the Rothwells Ltd. merchant bank. . . . Fiji holds its first general election since two military coups in 1987.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 24–29, 1992—339

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush signs an executive order directing the U.S. Coast Guard to halt all boats carrying Haitian refugees to the U.S. and to forcibly return them to Haiti. The order also prevents refugees from landing at the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to file for political asylum in the U.S.

Al Unser Jr. wins the 76th running of the Indianapolis 500 by a .043second margin of victory, the smallest in auto racing history.

Thomas Clines, a retired CIA officer who arranged shipments of arms to the Nicaraguan rebels, begins a 16month term at a federal minimumsecurity prison in Schuykill County, Pennsylvania. Clines is the first Irancontra convict to go to prison. . . . Philip Charles Habib, 72, U.S. peace negotiator and career diplomat who represented U.S. interests at several crucial periods in history and paved the way for the Camp David Accords, landmark Middle East peace agreements, dies of a heart attack while vacationing in PulignyMontrachet, France.

Reports confirm that Artist Trust of Washington State and three Seattle artists rejected $17,000 worth of NEA grants, to protest Anne-Imelda Radice’s May 12 action. . . . The archbishop of Canterbury, Most Reverend George L. Carey, head of the Anglican Church, meets with Pope John Paul II.

Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) and Pres. Bush win contests in Kentucky, Arkansas, and Idaho. . . . Reports show that a total of 10 incumbent House members have been defeated in primaries . . . The FDA declares genetically engineered food does not require special approval. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 5-3, that states may enforce a ban on electioneering within 100 feet of a polling place on election day. . . . The Los Angeles County coroner’s office revises the death toll from the AprilMay riots to 60 from 58.

The Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that workers who win back-pay awards in job-discrimination cases have to pay federal income taxes on the amount awarded. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 8-1, to uphold a 25year-old precedent barring states from requiring mail-order companies to collect taxes on sales in states where the companies have no “physical presence” such as a sales force or a retail outlet.

Danny Biasone, 83, basketball innovator who invented the 24-second shot clock that requires teams to shoot the ball within that amount of time after gaining possession, dies of a blood infection in Syracuse, New York.

Yahweh ben Yahweh, the leader of a black religious sect, is convicted of conspiracy, but the jury deadlocks on racketeering charges. The counts stem from the murder of 14 people, the attempted killing of two others, and a fire-bombing in Delray Beach, Florida. Six of his disciples are convicted of conspiracy, while seven are cleared. . . . Anthony Accardo, 86, an alleged gunman at the 1929 “St. Valentine’s Day Massacre,” dies of heart failure in Chicago.

May 24

May 25

May 26

May 27

Los Angeles district attorney Ira Reiner charges Damian Williams, Keith Watson, and Antoine Miller, men who allegedly beat truck driver Reginald Denny during the rioting in Los Angeles, for alleged attacks on 12 other people. The D.A. states victims in seven different vehicles were allegedly attacked just before the beating of Denny.

In a case involving the INS, U.S. district judge Joyce Hens Green rules that resident aliens have the same First Amendment rights as U.S. citizens.

The Census Bureau releases its “long form” survey data, which lists total population in 1990 at 248,709,873. Women made up 51.3% of the total population, while men comprised 48.8%. The median total household income was $30,056 during the 1990s. The number of people living below the poverty line increased by 4.3 million to more than 31 million between 1979 and 1989. Of households headed by females, 57.4% were below the poverty line. The proportion of owner-occupied homes fell for the first time since the 1930s, to 64.2% from 64.4%.

Portions of National Security Directive 26, a document signed by Pres. Bush in October 1989 setting the administration’s policy of seeking to win favor with Iraq, are made public at a hearing of the House Banking Committee concerning the BNL (Banca Nazionale del Lavoro) affair.

Newspaper delivery drivers in the NYC area ratify contracts with New York Times Co. and two other newspaper-delivery companies, resolving a conflict that started May 7. . . . The FEC approves the distribution of $5.52 million in public matching funds to presidential candidates. The largest amount, $1.67 million, goes to Jerry Brown while Pat Buchanan receives the lowest amount, $263,303.

The House approves, 260-148, a conference committee bill to overturn the ban on fetal-tissue research.

May 28

Hillary Rodham Clinton, a lawyer and the wife of presidential candidate Bill Clinton, delivers the commencement speech at her alma mater, Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 29

340—May 30–June 4, 1992

May 30

World Affairs

Europe

The UN votes to impose sweeping international sanctions on Yugoslavia as a means of ending the bloodshed in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Resolution 757 demands an end to the fighting in BosniaHerzegovina and a halt to all interference in Bosnia. It also calls on Croatia to withdraw its forces from Bosnia, insists the Serb policy of expelling non-Serbs ends, and demands all “irregular forces” in Bosnia be disarmed.

Karl Carstens, 77, president of West Germany, 1979–84, who was one of the architects of the 1957 Treaty of Rome, which helped form the foundations of the European Community, dies of unreported causes in Meckenheim, Germany.

June 2

June 3

June 4

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

An Israeli security guard and a Palestinian guerrilla are killed in an attempted raid by armed Palestinians on Eilat, an Israeli beach resort. Israeli army officials state the gunmen belonged to the Islamic Jihad (Holy War) organization.

Yugoslavia holds parliamentary elections, and 50,000 protesters call for the ouster of Serbian president Milosevic. The factions in Bosnia agree to a cease-fire of the shelling started May 29, but Dubrovnik is still under attack. Reports state the bodies of 29 Muslim civilians were found in Nova Kasaba, east of Sarajevo. . . . At a controversial ceremony in London, the queen mother dedicates a statue of the commander of British World War II air bomber forces, which killed tens of thousands of German civilians in air raids. Ten protesters are arrested.

May 31

June 1

Africa & the Middle East

The EC announces that it will suspend fishing near Canada’s 200mile (320 km) jurisdictional zone in order to preserve dwindling stocks of fish. . . . The International Monetary Fund formally votes to admit the Russian Federation as its 165th member country, with an IMF quota of 2.87 billion.

Britain expels the Yugoslav ambassador, Svetozar Rikanovic. . . . The Yugoslav ambassador to Canada, Goram Kapetanovic, resigns his post in protest of the bloodshed in Bosnia.

Alan Garcia, Peru’s former president, in hiding since current president Alberto Fujimori suspended constitutional government Apr. 5, is granted political asylum in Colombia.

Representatives of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (Cocom) agree to the creation of an affiliate forum that will include Russia and the other former Soviet republics.

Voters in Denmark narrowly reject the European Community’s Treaty on European Union drawn up at Maastricht, the Netherlands. Since the treaty requires unanimous acceptance to be ratified, the loss is a series blow. . . . Serb gunmen hijack a UN-escorted food convoy in the Sarajevo suburb of Dobrinja.

In Haiti, at the funeral of Georges Izmery, who was killed May 27 and was the brother of a leading supporter of deposed president JeanBertrand Aristide, police in Port-auPrince break up a procession, and at least a dozen people are beaten with nightsticks and rifle butts. Separately, reports indicate that the military-backed government of Haiti nominated Marc Bazin as the country’s new premier.

Results from Fiji’s first general election since two 1987 military coups prompt Fiji’s president, Sir Penaia Ganilau, to name coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka as prime minister. Rabuka was a former army officer who led both coups in 1987.

Officials disclose that two weeks of heavy flooding in Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil has killed 28 people and forced the evacuation of 220,000 others.

Australia’s High Court in Sydney upholds land claims by aborigines on the Murray Islands that predate European settlement in 1788. . . . Fighting between Saudi-backed Sunni Muslims and the pro-Iranian Shi’ite guerrilla group Hezb-i-Wahadat begins to sweep through Kabul when the Afghanistan government calls in ethnic Uzbek militiamen under Gen. Abdul Rashid Doestam to restore order.

The UN Conference on Environment and Development, more widely known as the Earth Summit, opens in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Delegates from 178 countries attend.

EC foreign ministers hold an emergency meeting on the June 2 Danish vote. They decide to leave open the chance for Denmark to decide to ratify the Maastricht Treaty at a later date. . . . A UN study that casts doubt on whether the Yugoslav or Serbian governments have any control over the Serb forces fighting in Bosnia-Herzegovina is made public. The findings weaken the strongest argument for the imposition of sanctions.

In Poland, the Olszewski government distributes a list of 60 alleged former communist collaborators currently serving in parliament, the president’s office and the government. The move raises a storm of controversy. Pres. Walesa assails the distribution as “political blackmail” and calls for the government’s dismissal.

One of India’s most prominent securities brokers, Harshad Mehta, is arrested by the nation’s Central Bureau of Investigation in connection with a stock scandal uncovered in May that is believed to involve hundreds of million of dollars. . . . Reports from Afghanistan indicate that pro- and antigovernment militias and guerrillas continue to clash sporadically in Kabul.

The Kurdish autonomous parliament in Iraq convenes for the first time in Erbil, Iraq.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 30–June 4, 1992—341

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

May 30

Dancing at Lughnasa wins three Tony awards, including best play. A revival of Guys and Dolls wins four awards, and Crazy for You is named best musical. A special Tony goes to The Fantasticks, the world’s longest-running musical. . . . The FIFA bans Yugoslavia from soccer events under its jurisdiction.

The Supreme Court upholds new boundaries for four congressional districts in Arkansas. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 8-1, states that do not have the right to bar garbage and hazardous wastes being brought in from other states for disposal. . . . Tennessee’s Supreme Court overturns a 1989 ruling when it finds that a divorced man may prevent his ex-wife from using embryos that were fertilized with his sperm since the embryos cannot be deemed “persons” under state’s law. Bill Clinton and Pres. Bush win their parties’ respective primaries in California, Montana, New Jersey, Alabama, New Mexico, and Ohio. . . . Alabama sends four black candidates into runoffs, so the state will be represented by an African American for the first time since Reconstruction. . . . The Human Rights Campaign Fund, the nation’s largest homosexual political organization, endorses Bill Clinton. . . . Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer win separate California Democratic primaries, the first time women win two Senate nominations in one state.

Christopher P. Drogoul, the former manager of the Atlanta BNL, pleads guilty in federal court to conspiring to transfer more than $4 billion in unauthorized loans to Iraq between 1985 and 1989. . . . Pres. Bush announces that he will extend MFN status for China for another year. . . . Navy Secretary H. Lawrence Garrett directs the navy and the Marine Corps to begin disciplinary proceedings against at least 70 unidentified officers who were at the Tailhook convention in September 1991, at which women were sexually harassed and abused.

The Supreme Court rules that states cannot regulate fare advertising by airlines. . . . Philip M. Stern, 66, author known for his criticism of congressional campaign financing, dies of brain cancer in Washington, D.C. . . . Pres. Bush announces the U.S. will increase its aid to other nations’ forestry programs by $150 million, to $270 million for fiscal 1992–93. . . . The Dow closes at a new all-time record high, moving above 3,400 for the first time.

Jon Robin Baitz, a playwright awarded a $15,000 NEA grant, declares he will donate $7,500 each to two galleries that were denied NEA grants by Anne-Imelda Radice on May 12. . . . Jewels, by Danielle Steel, tops the bestseller list. . . . In hockey, the Pittsburgh Penguins win their second consecutive Stanley Cup.

The Commerce Department reports the government’s index of leading economic indicators rose 0.4% in April in its fourth straight rise.

Philip Dunne, 84, screenwriter and director who protested the practices of the House Un-American Activities Committee and was a founding member of the Screen Writers Guild, dies of cancer in Malibu, California.

Jerry R. Curry, the head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, resigns. . . . Texas billionaire Ross Perot announces that he is hiring a Democratic political consultant, Hamilton Jordan, and a Republican consultant, Edward Rollins, to lead his budding presidential campaign.

Pres. Bush holds a prime-time news conference in the East Room of the White House. It is the second such news conference of his presidency. Bush makes no new policy announcements, and his appearance is widely viewed as a bid to invigorate his reelection campaign.

Rev. John Fife is elected leader of the 2.9 million-member Presbyterian Church (USA). . . . Figures show that 1991–92 Broadway ticket sales reached a record $292 million. . . . Bill Clinton plays the sax on Fox’s late-night talk show Arsenio Hall. . . . William Gaines, 70, who founded Mad magazine, dies in New York City.

Pres. Bush signs a bill cleared by Congress May 21 to rescind $8.3 billion appropriated for fiscal 1992, most of which comes from defense programs. . . . Reports indicate that three army officers received written reprimands stemming from the death of a soldier in a “friendly fire” incident during the 1991 Persian Gulf war . . . A Senate committee announces Ross Perot will be questioned on the possibility that U.S. POWs from the Vietnam conflict are still captive.

The SEC files a civil lawsuit in U.S. court in New York City alleging insider trading by seven prominent New York City society figures, including Edward R. Downe Jr. Separately, Downe pleads guilty to two related criminal charges of tax fraud and securities violations brought by the U.S. Attorney’s office in New York City.

The Senate, 85-12, approves a conference bill to overturn the ban on fetal tissue research.

Carl E. Stotz, 82, founder of Little League baseball, dies of a heart attack in Williamsport. . . . The U.S. Postal Service announces that a design showing the young Elvis Presley won a nationwide mail ballot and will be used on the stamp honoring the legendary rock-and-roll singer, who died in 1977.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 31

June 1

June 2

June 3

June 4

342—June 5–11, 1992

June 5

Europe

A revised version of the 1990 Conventional Forces in Europe that includes the provisions of an arms accord among the republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States is signed by 29 nations in Oslo, Norway.

In Poland, P.M. Jan Olszewski and his cabinet are ousted in a no-confidence vote by the Sejm following the June 4 distribution. Poland’s Sejm votes to confirm Waldemar Pawlak as premier. . . . In the U.K., Margaret Thatcher is named a baroness and life peer along with 21 other new life peers, who may serve in the House of Lords. . . . In a short-lived ceasefire, encircled elements of the Yugoslav federal army leave Bosnia for Serbia and Montenegro,

According to Statistics Canada, Canada’s unemployment rose in May to its highest level in seven and a half years.

Federal finance minister Vaclav Klaus and Slovak nationalist Vladimir Meciar emerge as Czechoslovakia’s two most important political figures as a result of national and regional elections.

A Panamanian Boeing 737 jet disappears during a thunderstorm over the Darien Pass.

June 6

June 7

June 8

Japan’s Ministry of Trade and Industry releases a report citing what it calls unfair trading practices by the U.S. and the European Community. The move represents a change from a usually conciliatory Japanese strategy in international trade negotiations.

June 9

June 10

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Czechoslovakia’s federal president Vaclav Havel names federal finance minister Vaclav Klaus as premierdesignate in light of the June 6 election returns. . . . Portions of the book, Diana: Her True Story, written by British journalist Andrew Morton, are published in The Sunday Times, causing controversy.

The moderate Fatah faction of the PLO and the fundamentalist Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) announce they have agreed to put aside their long-standing feud in Israeli-occupied territories.

Atef Bseiso, the director of security affairs for the PLO, is shot and killed outside a hotel where he was staying in Paris. . . . President of the Bundestag Rita Suessmuth discloses that the German Bundestag, the lower parliamentary house, will not move to the new capital, Berlin, from its current home in Bonn until 1998.

Faraq Foda, one of Egypt’s most prominent opponents of Islamic extremism, is shot by two gunmen in Cairo. Foda’s 15-year-old son and an associate are wounded.

Fighting erupts when Georgian irregulars shell the South Ossetian capital, Tskhinvali, and battle with Ossetian forces.

Faraq Foda, shot June 8, dies . . . The Israeli Supreme Court finds there is some evidence that John Demjanjuk, a Ukrainian-born U.S. citizen sentenced to death in 1988, may not be “Ivan the Terrible,” a notorious guard at the Treblinka death camp. The justices disagree over whether his conviction should be entirely overturned or whether he should be found guilty on separate war-crime charges.

The International Court of Arbitration settles a 25-year-old dispute between Canada and France over fishing rights around Newfoundland when it awards France a 24mile limit around the islands plus a 10.5-mile-wide corridor running 200 miles south to international waters, an area smaller than what France desired. Both governments, however, approve of the finding.

Asia & the Pacific

Reports suggest that during the fighting in Afghanistan that started Jun. 3, 100 people were killed in street fighting, and the Shi’ites and Sunnis have accused one another of torturing civilian hostages.

Gunmen fire upon an entrance to Albrook Air Force Base on the edge of Panama City. No injuries are reported. . . . Reports reveal that the Panamanian Boeing 737 jet that vanished June 6 crashed near the Colombian border. All of the 47 people aboard are believed dead.

Indonesia’s ruling Golkar party wins a solid majority in parliamentary elections.

A U.S. soldier is killed and another is wounded when gunmen open fire on their military vehicle near Chilibre, north of Panama City. . . . The government of Bolivia announces that 66 state-owned companies will be privatized.

At least four people die in Vladikavkaz, the capital of North Ossetia, when Russian troops fire on civilians allegedly attempting to steal the troops’ weapons to give to North Ossetian separatists.

June 11

The Americas

Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej reappoints Anand Panyarachun as interim premier of Thailand. The Thai parliament approves revisions to the constitution requiring that any premier be a popularly elected politician. The laws do not apply to Anand Panyarachun. . . . The leftist Khmer Rouge, the largest of three rebel factions that signed a peace accord with the Cambodian government in 1991, is reported to be balking at the second phase of the accord, which calls for placing the armies of the rebel factions in camps under the supervision of UN peacekeeping forces.

In U.S. president Bush’s first visit to Panama since the U.S. invasion in December 1989, he meets with Pres. Guillermo Endara before proceeding to a rally of about 15,000 supporters. Before Bush addresses the crowd, however, a group of 150 anti-American protesters begin to throw rocks and bottles at riot police who had cordoned off the area. Police fire tear gas at nearby protesters, forcing those attending the rally to flee.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 5–11, 1992—343

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The FDA recalls the antibiotic Omniflox, approved in January, when it receives 50 reports of harmful side effects, including three deaths. . . . Max Lerner, 89, Russian-born U.S. journalist and educator who earned a nationwide reputation in the 1950s and early 1960s and was a syndicated columnist for the New York Post, dies of a stroke in New York City.

The House votes, 198-168, to pass a $270 billion defense authorization bill for fiscal 1993 that calls for nearly $11 billion less than what was requested by Pres. Bush in January.

Labor Department figures show that the U.S. unemployment rate jumped to 7.5% in May, up from 7.2% in April, making May’s jobless rate the highest since August 1984.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 5

The FEC finds that donations to House and Senate candidates by political action committees (PACs) in the 15 months through March totaled a record $73.4 million, with most of the money going to incumbents.

Martin Goodman, 84, founder of Marvel Comics, dies of natural causes in West Palm Beach. . . . At tennis’s French Open, Yugoslav Monica Seles takes the singles title. The Swiss team of Jakob Hlasek and Marc Rosset wins men’s doubles while the mixed doubles title goes to Sanchez-Vicario and Todd Woodbridge of Australia. The Sacramento Surge wins the World Bowl, the championship game of football’s World League. . . . Jim Courier repeats as singles tennis champion at the French Open. Gigi Fernandez and Natalya Zvereva of Belarus win the women’s doubles.

The Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that equipment manufacturers that also sell parts and services for their products may be sued under antitrust laws for attempting to monopolize the markets. . . . William G. McGowan, 64 entrepreneur who spearheaded the drive to break up the AT&T monopoly and cofounder and chairman of MCI Communications Corp., dies of a heart attack in Washington, D.C. Thomas T. Demery, an assistant HUD secretary during the administration of Pres. Reagan, is indicted on conspiracy and conflict-of-interest charges related to his dealings with a Michigan businessman during his tenure at HUD. . . . Pres. Bush easily wins the last Republican primary in North Dakota. Democratic presidential primaries concluded June 2.

Data show that direct foreign investment in the U.S. fell 66% in 1991, to $22.6 billion, the lowest level since 1984.

The American Heart Association urges that secondhand cigarette smoke be treated as an environmental toxin and banned from the home, offices and all public places. . . . The Health and Human Services Department reports it found 102 hospitals with death rates for elderly patients that are significantly higher than what is statistically expected. . . . William S. Mailliard, 75, U.S. representative from California, 1953–74, and ambassador to the Organization of American States, where he served until 1977, dies in Reston, Virginia, after suffering a heart attack.

The army reports that Major Rhonda L. Cornum was sexually assaulted while a prisoner of war in Iraq.

Reports state the House subcommittee that oversees the FDA accuses the agency of “not adequately investigated the danger of dioxin” in tampons. . . . Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot makes a two-hour appearance on the NBC television program Today.

June 6

June 7

June 8

Reports state that South Africa started a space program to enter the competitive field of satellite launching. A launching site on the Cape Peninsula is slated to be complete by 1995.

William Pinkney, 56, completes a 22-month solo voyage around the world. Pinkney is the first black man to sail around the world solo via the southernmost capes. . . . Tony Award winner Ben Vereen is struck by a car in Malibu, California, and is in critical condition.

June 9

June 10

The House defeats a proposed constitutional amendment that would require the federal government to work under a balanced budget, falling nine votes short of the twothirds majority needed. . . . According to a New York Times/CBS News poll, only 19% of respondents believe that Pres. Bush has made progress in protecting the environment, while 70% think that he “mainly just talked about it.”

June 11

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

344—June 12–15, 1992

World Affairs

June 12

June 13

June 14

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Closing rounds of talks at the Earth Summit are attended by 117 heads of state and government, reportedly the most ever assembled at an international conference.

At the Earth Summit, members of the EC and other industrialized nations agree to act “as soon as possible” to increase their total aid to the Third World by about 55%, to 0.7% of their gross national product. The U.S. refuses to agree to the aid target. The 12 nations of the EC reaffirm their pledge to stabilize their emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000.

Azerbaijani forces launch a surprise counteroffensive in NagornoKarabakh that leaves hundreds of Armenian troops dead. . . . A car bomb goes off in Tbilisi as Georgia’s deputy head of state, Dzhaba Ioseliani, passes in a motorcade. The explosion kills four people. Two Russian soldiers are killed in a skirmish with Georgian national guardsmen near Gori. The Russian legislature declares a state of emergency in North Ossetia and dispatches riot troops.

Earth Summit concludes after negotiating several landmark pacts intended to reconcile global economic development with environmental protection. However, many environmentalists argue that, in order to reach consensus, negotiators removed or excluded specific targets from final agreements on pollution controls, resource protection and financial aid. Critics assail the refusal of the U.S. to commit to specific emission controls, and they accuse the U.S. of weakening key measures.

In Bosnia, warring factions negotiate a cease-fire.

An Australian airliner carrying more than 300 passengers is forced to change course over the Pacific Ocean after a U.S. warship accidentally broadcasts a warning to the plane during a military exercise. A navy spokesman explains that the warship mistakenly used the wrong broadcast frequency.

Nigerian lawyers strike to protest the government’s refusal to heed the orders of the high court and produce four political prisoners arrested during the Lagos riots in May. In response, authorities present the four, plus a student leader, before a magistrate’s court in Gwagwadala, a village in central Nigeria. According to press accounts, some of the defendants appear physically abused.

June 15

Upon hearing the U.S. Supreme Court finding in the case of U.S. v. Alvarez Machain, which concerned the 1990 abduction of a Mexican doctor, Humberto Alvarez Machain, the Mexican foreign secretariat assails the ruling as “invalid and unacceptable,” and it orders the suspension of activities by DEA agents on Mexican soil. Canada, Argentina, and other Latin American countries express objections to the ruling as well. . . . About 12,500 pulp and paper workers begin a strike in the Canadian province of British Columbia, shutting down 19 mills. British Columbia’s forestproducts industry discloses that it suffered record combined losses of C$869 million (US$756 million) in 1991.

The Japanese Diet gives final approval to a bill that will allow up to 2,000 military personnel to be dispatched abroad to participate in United Nations peacekeeping missions.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 12–15, 1992—345

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Presidential candidate Bill Clinton appears on NBC in a half-hour of prime time dubbed a “national town meeting.”

The U.S. Senate Select Committee on POW-MIA Affairs receives a letter from Russian president Yeltsin that discloses the USSR interned and released 716 U.S. servicemen during World War II and interrogated 56 Americans captured during the Korean War. It also reveals that the USSR held 12 U.S. airmen from spy planes shot down by the Soviets “in the 1950s.”

In Federal Trade Commission v. Ticor Title Insurance Co., the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that companies in industries regulated by state agencies are not automatically shielded from antitrust liability. . . . The Supreme Court votes, 7-2, to dismiss a lawsuit that sought to block a federal environmental regulation. In doing so, the court makes it more difficult for citizens to sue the government to challenge policies on environmental grounds.

In Morgan v. Illinois, the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that the defense in capital cases have the right to dismiss prospective jurors if the candidates state they will automatically vote to impose the death penalty if the defendant is found guilty. . . . Pres. Bush appears on the CNN program International Hour.

In a controversial decision, the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that the U.S. is entitled to kidnap criminal suspects from foreign countries for prosecution in the U.S., regardless of protests from the foreign nations or the terms of existing extradition treaties. The case is U.S. v. Alvarez Machain. . . . Russian president Yeltsin indicates that MIA U.S. serviceman were held captive in the Soviet Union, raising the possibility that Vietnam MIAs may be alive in the former Soviet Union. The remarks, together with the June 12 letter, attract worldwide notice and shake the Bush administration, which has been assuring the American public that it is doing everything possible to locate any living POW/MIAs.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 12

The RTC files a civil suit against officers and associates of Western Savings and Loan Association of Phoenix. The $1.5 billion racketeering and fraud action is the largest yet filed in a savings-and-loan case.

Sergei Bubka of the Ukraine breaks his own pole-vault record, clearing 20 feet, 1⁄2 inch (6.11 m) in Dijon, France. The record is the 30th he has set, surpassing the mark of 29 world records by distance runner Paavo Nurmi of Finland, the “Flying Finn” of the 1920s.

Robert William Haack, 75, president of the New York Stock Exchange, 1967–72, who worked with Congress to develop the Securities Investor Protection Corp, dies of kidney failure in Potomac, Maryland.

The Chicago Bulls successfully defend their NBA title. When celebrations in Chicago turn violent, 95 police officers and five other people are wounded as hundreds of people loot stores. More than 1,000 people are arrested. . . . Reports confirm that Mona Van Duyn has been named the U.S.’s sixth and first female poet laureate.

The Supreme Court unanimously rules that debtors in bankruptcy cases are not required to surrender their interests in pension and benefit plans to their creditors. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that states cannot tax revenues earned by out-of-state companies from the sale of stock in separate firms. . . . A Japanese company reportedly tied to Japanese organized crime files a lawsuit in federal court in New York City against Prescott Bush, Pres. Bush’s brother. The suit alleges that Prescott Bush reneged on a commitment to cover as much as $2.5 million of any losses that the company, West Tsusho Co., might suffer in a $5 million investment.

At a spelling bee in Trenton, New Jersey, Vice Pres. Dan Quayle tells a young contestant that “potato” is spelled “potatoe,” prompting embarrassment and a slew of jokes. . . . The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation of Chicago awards its annual MacArthur Fellowships, honoring individuals in a wide range of fields. Thirty-three grants are awarded, and, for the first time, female recipients outnumber male recipients, 17 to 16. . . . Brett Whiteley, 53, the only painter to win Australia’s three most prestigious art awards, dies near Wollongong, Australia. . . . Eddie Lopat (born Edmund Walter Lopatynski), 73, pitching star for baseball’s New York Yankees who helped the team win five straight World Series titles from 1949 to 1953, dies of pancreatic cancer in Darien, Connecticut. . . . Jim Nance, 49, football running back for New England Patriots who set AFL rushing record of 1,458 yards in 1966, dies in Quincy, Massachusetts.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 13

June 14

June 15

346—June 16–21, 1992

World Affairs

June 16

June 17

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Former defense secretary Fidel V. Ramos is declared the winner of Philippine presidential elections that were held over a month earlier. Ramos led a field of seven candidates with 5.34 million votes, or 24% of the total. . . . Reports state that renewed fighting between the Khmer Rouge and troops of the coalition government have broken out in the central province of Kompong Thom.

The European Commission, the executive body of the European Community, announces that the EC will release a financial assistance package to Lebanon worth 166 million European currency units ($216 million). . . . U.S. president Bush and Russian president Boris N. Yeltsin hold the first official Russian-American summit. The leaders reach a surprise pact that goes significantly beyond the 1991 START when they agree that the U.S. will maintain 3,500 warheads and Russia will have 3,000 by the year 2003.

The ANC starts a new campaign on Soweto Day, the anniversary of the student uprising that began in South Africa’s largest black township in 1976, when police fired upon black schoolchildren protesting mandatory study in Afrikaans language.

In response to Mexico’s June 15 suspension of DEA activities in its country, the U.S. State Department issues a statement asserting the U.S.’s “utmost respect for Mexican sovereignty,” and American and Mexican officials begin talks on renegotiating the extradition treaty. . . . Marc L. Bazin is confirmed as Haiti’s new premier by the legislature.

German relief workers Heinrich Struebig and Thomas Kemptner, the last Westerners known to be held hostage in Lebanon, are freed by Lebanese Shi’ite guerrillas after more than three years in captivity. The release is widely attributed to the desire of Syria and Iran to improve their ties with the U.S. and Europe.

In the worst single act of bloodshed in years, a band of marauders armed with rifles, axes and knives sweep through the South African township of Boipatong, killing more than 40 blacks. The dead are mostly women, children, and elderly people, many of whom are mutilated. Dozens are wounded in the raid. Survivors report the attack was carried out by about 200 Zulu men.

Mexican officials revoke their ban on DEA activity and state that U.S. officials have reassured them that there will be no further kidnappings on Mexican territory.

June 18

June 19

June 20

June 21

Irish voters overwhelmingly approve the EC’s Treaty on European Union, also known as the Maastricht Treaty.

The Bank of Canada drops its interest rate on short-term loans to financial institutions to 5.91% from 6.08%, bringing the rate to its lowest point since 1973.

Georgian State Council chairman Eduard A. Shevardnadze maintains that planes bearing Russian markings have attacked Georgian troop positions in South Ossetia. . . . Northern Ireland Protestant unionists and government representatives from the Republic of Ireland meet for first time since 1973.

Marc L. Bazin is sworn in as Haiti’s new premier, replacing acting premier Jean-Jacques Honorat.

Czechoslovak federal premier-designate Vaclav Klaus and Slovak nationalist leader Vladimir Meciar agree to form a national caretaker government and to prepare to transform the Czech lands and Slovakia into two separate countries. The move stuns Czechoslovaks and foreign officials alike. . . . The Russian ruble ceases to be legal tender in Estonia when the Baltic state introduces its own currency, the kroon. Estonia is the first former Soviet republic to replace the ruble with a new, convertible currency.

In what is reportedly the first time that a South African president ventures to the scene of black bloodshed, Pres. F. W. de Klerk attempts to visit the township of Boipatong, site of the June 17 massacre. However, his motorcade is chased away by angry demonstrators. A confrontation ensues, and police fire into the crowd, slaying at least three people.

Reports state that the Croatian army has recaptured the Serb-held town of Drnis, in southwestern Croatia, and it shelled the ethnic Serb stronghold of Knin in the same region. The Bosnian government claims that 40,000 people, most of them civilians massacred by the Serbs, have been killed in the republic since Bosnia’s independence referendum Feb. 29.

In response to violence on June 17 and June 20, ANC president Mandela announced that his organization is suspending bilateral negotiations with the South African government.

Li Xiannian (Li Hsien-nien), 82, prominent hard-line Chinese leader who was the finance minister, 1954–78, and held the largely ceremonial office of president, 1983–88, dies of an unspecified illness in Beijing.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 16–21, 1992—347

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The House passes, 268-153, a bill that requires states to permit citizens to register to vote when applying for driver’s licenses, other licenses, and government benefits.

A federal grand jury indicts former defense secretary Caspar Weinberger on five felony counts of lying and obstructing a congressional inquiry in connection with the Iran-contra arms scandal. . . . Retired army general John W. Vessey, who was the U.S. special envoy to Vietnam on POW/MIA issues, maintains Yeltsin’s claim that captured American servicemen were handed over to the Soviets is “absolutely new information” and states that the Vietnamese foreign ministry denies these claims. . . . In the midst of a sexual harassment scandal, the Tailhook Association cancels its scheduled 1992 convention.

Pres. Bush vetoes a bill that would allow three Sioux Indian tribes in South Dakota to sue for a bigger portion of federal funding for their land.

In the midst of an investigation of sexual harassment in the Tailhook scandal, the Naval Investigative Service releases a “supplemental report” that includes a statement by a Marine officer that Navy Secretary H. Lawrence Garrett, who called for the inquiry, visited a hospitality suite during the convention where some of the offensive activities are reported to have taken place.

The Dow plummets 41.73 points.

In Georgia v. McCollum, the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that defendants in criminal cases cannot exclude prospective jurors solely on the basis of race. . . . Prompted by the Los Angeles riots in late April and early May, Congress approves a $1.075 billion package of emergency aid to cities.

In controversy over the reports issued June 16, the Defense Department’s inspector general takes over the Tailhook scandal investigation at Navy Secretary Garrett’s request.

The Supreme Court strikes down, 7-2, a provision of Iowa’s corporate tax law that taxes dividends collected by companies from their foreign subsidiaries while exempting dividends received from their U.S. divisions. The finding affects similar provisions in nine other states. . . . The high court rules, 5-4, that states cannot impose job-safety rules for the handling of hazardous wastes that are more stringent than federal standards unless the additional rules are first approved by the federal Labor Department.

Peter Allen, 48, songwriter who won three Grammies and the 1982 Oscar for writing the theme music to the film Arthur and who married and divorced Liza Minnelli, dies in San Diego, California, of AIDSrelated illness.

The Supreme Court overturns a Georgia county ordinance that requires the payment in advance of a fee for permission to hold a public rally or demonstration. . . . Curtis Sliwa, founder of the Guardian Angels anticrime patrol, is shot in the abdomen and legs in an ambush in a taxi cab in NYC. . . . A New Jersey couple, Arthur and Irene Seale, are arrested in Hackettstown, New Jersey, on charges of kidnapping Exxon Corp. executive Sidney Reso in April.

An experimental SDI (“Star Wars”) ground-launched component, known as LEAP (Light Exoatmospheric Projectile) and believed to be the most advanced “kill vehicle” yet developed, fails to intercept a mock nuclear warhead in space.

The Supreme Court overturns a key provision of the 1985 Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act when it asserts that the law, by forcing states to devise waste-disposal regulations, violates states’ sovereignty as protected by the 10th Amendment. The court’s decision lets stand other provisions of the law.

Vice President Quayle criticizes Time Warner for selling a rap music album, Body Count by Ice-T, which includes the song “Cop Killer.” . . . Rupert Murdoch fires FOX president Stephen Chao, who used a male stripper in an anticensorship presentation attended by Lynne Cheney, chairwoman of the NEH.

Presidential candidate Bill Clinton appears in a 90-minute program on the cable television station MTV, surprising some people since most of the channel’s audience, aged 25 or younger, do not vote in large numbers.

June 16

June 17

Butch Reynolds, world-record holder in the 400 meters suspended from the sport, wins his battle in U.S. courts to compete in the U.S. Olympic track and field trials.

Golfer Tom Kite, the all-time leading money winner on the PGA tour, wins his first major championship with a victory at the 92nd U.S. Open, at Pebble Beach, California.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 18

June 19

June 20

June 21

348—June 22–26, 1992

June 22

World Affairs

Europe

Reports confirm that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has suspended Yugoslavia as a member. . . . Representatives of 32 nations meet in Tokyo for a conference on the Cambodian peace process and pledge $880 million in reconstruction aid for Cambodia.

Fighting erupts in Bendery, Moldova, and it continues even after Presidents Snegur and Yeltsin and President Iliescu of Romania arrange a cease-fire. . . . Serb gunners intensify attacks on the Croatian cities of Dubrovnik and Sibenik. In fierce bombardments, 14 people are killed in Sarajevo. . . . Two former members of the RAF terrorist group, Sigrid Sternebeck Friedrich and Ralf Baptist Friedrich, are convicted in Stuttgart, Germany, in connection with the attempted 1979 assassination of Alexander Haig when he was the supreme commander of NATO.

June 23

June 24

June 25

June 26

Africa & the Middle East

At a meeting at the Russian Black Sea resort town of Dagomys, Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk reach an accord on sharing the Black Sea fleet.

The ANC breaks off constitutional talks at the 19-party Convention for a Democratic South Africa (Codesa) until the government takes steps to curb township violence, which has claimed over 1,500 lives since the beginning of 1992. . . . Israel’s opposition Labor Party wins in national parliamentary elections. While no party wins a majority in the Knesset, it is the worst showing for the Likud bloc of P.M. Shamir since 1969.

Georgian security forces crush an attempted coup by armed rebels loyal to ousted president Zviad K. Gamsakhurdia. A government spokesman places the casualties at three dead and 26 wounded. . . . Georgian leader Shevardnadze, Russian president Yeltsin, and leaders of the two Ossetian regions agree to a cease-fire. It is the first of its kind involving states of the former Soviet Union. . . . Vladimir Meciar becomes the premier of the Slovak Republic.

Officials at the Kuwaiti embassy in London present a donation of $1.85 million to keep the 164-yearold London Zoo open.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an organization of 24 leading industrial nations, revises its forecast of economic growth for 1992 from 2.2% to 1.8%.

Leaders of the 12 European Community nations hold their regular semiannual summit. . . . UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali gives the Bosnian Serb forces 48 hours to halt the fighting around Sarajevo and to place their heavy weapons under UN control.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Nick Greiner, the premier of the Australian state of New South Wales, resigns in the midst of a scandal about his corrupt action when making a job appointment.

The Supreme Court of Canada unanimously rules that the controversial 7% federal goods-andservices tax (GST), which took effect at the start of 1991, is legal and requires no alteration.

Serbs resume shelling Sarajevo. . . . The Turkish parliament votes to allow U.S. and allied military forces to remain in Turkey for another six months as part of a “rapid reaction force” to protect Kurds in northern Iraq from Iraqi military attacks. . . . Germany’s Bundestag, the lower parliamentary house, approves legislation that allows women to obtain abortions through the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

In South Africa, the national police commissioner, General Johan van der Merwe, lays blame for the June 17 massacre in Boipatony on 200 to 300 Zulus from the KwaMadala workers’ hostel.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 22–26, 1992—349

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Supreme Court overturns a St. Paul, Minnesota, ordinance that makes it a criminal offense to engage in speech or behavior that is inflammatory because of its racist, sexist, or otherwise bigoted content. The ruling, in R.A.V. v. St. Paul, is the high court’s first on crimes motivated by bias against specific groups or “hate crimes.”. . . The high court, 7-2, upholds a California law that places the burden of proof on defendants in criminal cases who claim they are mentally unfit to stand trial. . . . In the wake of riots in L.A., Pres. Bush signs the urban aid bill passed by Congress June 18.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Four major airlines, American, United Airlines, USAir Group, and Delta Air Lines, agree to settle charges of price fixing by paying a total of $44 million in cash in addition to $368.5 million in special coupons.

A New York City federal appeals court rules in favor of a more restrictive interpretation of what constitutes copyright infringement for computer software makers. The verdict is a blow to larger software companies.

M(ary) F(rances) K(ennedy) Fisher, 83, noted food writer who authored 15 books, including Serve It Forth (1937), dies in Glen Ellen, California, after suffering from Parkinson’s disease.

John Gotti, convicted of murder and racketeering, is sentenced to life in prison without parole. Outside the courthouse, 900 of his supporters protest his conviction. Seven protesters are arrested and eight police officers are injured. . . . Pres. Bush vetoes a measure that would lift a ban on using aborted fetuses in federally funded research. . . . The Wisconsin Supreme Court declares the state’s hate-crimes law to be unconstitutional.

The House passes an $8.5 billion appropriations bill for military construction in fiscal 1993.

Middle East Broadcasting Centre Ltd., a little-known Arab-owned media company, agrees to pay $3.95 million in cash to acquire UPI Inc. . . . Financial documents from the presidential campaigns of Pres. Bush, Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) and undeclared independent candidate Ross Perot reveal that the Clinton campaign is in poor financial shape compared with those of his rivals.

Eric Andolsek, 25, offensive lineman for football’s Detroit Lions, dies when a truck strikes him in the front yard of his home in Thibodaux, Louisiana.

The House fails by 14 votes to gain the two-thirds majority necessary to override Pres. Bush’s June 23 veto. . . . In a complicated series of rulings, the Supreme Court clears the way for some types of law suits to be brought against cigarette companies by consumers seeking damages for health problems. . . . In Lee v. Weisman, the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that nonsectarian prayers delivered at a public highschool graduation violate First Amendment principles separating church and state.

The U.S. International Trade Commission finds that U.S. auto companies are not being significantly harmed by sales of two Japanesemade minivan models, contradicting an earlier ruling by the Commerce Department. . . . The Senate Select Committee on POW-MIA Affairs opens hearings on the issue of whether any American POWs of the Vietnam War remain captives.

A $1.8 billion fiscal 1993 spending bill for the legislative branch is passed by the House, 279-143. The bill’s spending is almost 2% lower than in the fiscal 1992 bill. . . . The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers strike against CSX Transportation Inc., a freight rail company. The action effectively halts all freight rail traffic, and Bush administration officials estimate that a nationwide rail strike will cost $1 billion a day.

Commissioner Fay Vincent permanently bans New York Yankees pitcher Steve Howe from baseball. The commissioner suspended Howe indefinitely June 8 after the reliever pled guilty in a federal court of a charge of attempting to possess cocaine.

The Democratic National Committee issues the final draft of its 1992 presidential platform.

The House approves, 297-124, a $13.8 billion fiscal 1993 foreign operations appropriations bill. The bill provides $1.3 billion less than requested by the Bush administration and is the smallest foreign aid bill passed since 1977. . . . The U.S. Coast Guard returns the last of more than 27,000 Haitians intercepted at sea and denied asylum in the U.S. The U.S. Navy base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, still holds 1,570 refugees whose asylum requests are under review.

Congress passes legislation ending a strike started June 24 by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.

Los Angeles police chief Daryl F. Gates leaves office. He is replaced by Willie L. Williams, the first black to head the department and the first chief from outside the force in over 40 years. . . . In U.S. v. Fordice, the Supreme Court rules, 8-1, that the state of Mississippi has not satisfied its constitutional obligation to eliminate segregation within its public university system. . . . An Amnesty International study finds that law-enforcement officers in Los Angeles routinely use excessive force, especially against blacks and Hispanics.

Navy Secretary H. Lawrence Garrett resigns amid a controversy over how the navy handled of accusations of sexual abuse at the 1991 Tailhook aviators’ convention. Garrett, 53, who held the post since 1989, is the only person ever to have risen from the navy’s enlisted ranks to head the service.

The Supreme Court unanimously rules that companies may sue to prevent competitors from imitating the appearance of their products and services if they can prove that that appearance is “inherently distinctive.” . . . Pres. Bush signs legislation passed June 25 to end a strike by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to test the properties of various materials in the absence of gravity.

Sir James Frazer Stirling, 66, British architect who received the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize and was knighted just 12 days earlier, dies in London after suffering a heart attack.

Butch Reynolds, world record holder in the 400-meter race who June 20 won the right to compete in the U.S. Olympic track and field trials, finishes fifth in the 400-meter finals in New Orleans and fails to make the Olympic team.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 22

June 23

June 24

June 25

June 26

350—June 27–July 2, 1992

June 27

June 28

June 29

June 30

World Affairs

Europe

EC foreign ministers agree Macedonia should receive EC recognition, but only if it changes its name. The provision is demanded by Greece since its northernmost province is named Macedonia. . . . EC foreign ministers authorize the use of force— if necessary—by member states under UN auspices to get relief to Sarajevo. U.S. president Bush consults with British prime minister Major, Russian president Yeltsin, Canadian prime minister Mulroney, and other leaders on possible multinational military intervention in Sarajevo.

In Palermo, Italy, 40,000 protesters march to condemn the Mafia and call for stronger measures against organized crime. The protest is described as the largest demonstration against the Mafia in memory.

Macedonian president Kiro Gligorov assails the EC’s June 27 decision accusing the group of bowing to the wishes of a “privileged” member. Foreign Minister Denko Maleski resigns.

In Belgrade, 100,000 people march to demand the ouster of Serbian pres. Milosevic and an end to the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. . . . French president Mitterrand visits Sarajevo on the 78th anniversary of the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand. . . . Estonia holds a referendum its first post-Soviet constitution. . . . The June 24 ceasefire fails as Georgian guerrillas shell South Ossetia. . . . Giuliano Amato is sworn in as Italy’s new premier.

Norway and Iceland announce they will allow their fishing industries to resume commercial whale hunting, defying a 1985 worldwide whaling moratorium. The announcements coincide with the opening of the annual conference of the International Whaling Commission. . . . The UN Security Council votes unanimously in Resolution 761 to send “additional elements” of peacekeepers to Sarajevo to secure uninterrupted delivery of humanitarian aid.

A tiny contingent of UN peacekeepers take charge of the airport outside of Sarajevo that has been held by Bosnian Serb forces for nearly three months, preventing badly needed food and medicine from reaching the city. . . . General Pierre Billotte, 86, French general and World War II military hero who headed the French military delegation at the UN, 1946–50, and helped create NATO, dies near Paris.

The World Bank reports net income of $1.65 billion for the year ending June 30. The amount represents a 37% increase over the previous year. . . . The UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution reiterating its demand that Croatia remove all of its forces from Bosnia.

In France, truckers set up roadblocks to protest new driver licensing regulations. . . . Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher is sworn in to the House of Lords as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven.

July 1

July 2

NATO discloses that the U.S. completed a removal of its groundbased tactical (battlefield) nuclear weapons from Europe.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Afghan president Sibghatullah Mojadidi, a moderate Islamic scholar, relinquishes power to guerrilla leader Burhanuddin Rabbani. . . . Mongolia holds elections for a new unicameral parliament. . . . Qian Sanqiang, 79, French-educated Chinese scientist who oversaw the research to develop China’s nuclear bomb and was awarded the Henry de Parville Award for Physics by the French Academy in 1946, dies in Beijing. Mohammed Boudiaf, the president of Algeria’s ruling military council, is assassinated in machine-gun fire while giving a speech in the city of Annaba. The attack wounds 41 people. . . . A predominantly black crowd of more than 25,000 people gather at a funeral for three dozen victims of the June 17 massacre in Boipatong that claimed 46 lives. . . . The political prisoners arrested during the Lagos riots in May, whose incarceration prompted a June 15 strike in Nigeria, are released on bail.

The Moldovan parliament confirms Andrei Sangheli as the country’s premier, succeeding Valeriu Muravsky, who resigned June 9.

Algeria’s slain head of state, Mohammed Boudiaf, is buried. . . . Police in Cape Town, South Africa, fire tear gas and buckshot at a crowd of 4,000 people demanding Pres. de Klerk’s resignation.

The results of Estonia’s June 28 referendum on the country’s first post-Soviet constitution show that it was approved by 91% of those who voted. . . . Luxembourg’s parliament votes to ratify the Maastricht Treaty.

After intense deliberation, Algeria’s High State Council names Ali Kafi as its new president. . . . Reports suggest that a brigade of Iraqi Republican Guards commanded by Gen. Sabri Mahmoud that planned an assault on Saddam Hussein’s headquarters in Baghdad were defeated June 29 by security forces loyal to Hussein. . . . Israeli president Chaim Herzog formally calls upon Yitzhak Rabin to form a government after Labor won a plurality in the Knesset

A judge in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, orders the release of Yasin Abu Bakir and 113 Muslim followers who attempted to overthrow the government in the summer of 1990 and were charged with murder and treason. The judge finds that the amnesty agreement negotiated while the rebels held hostages is valid.

Fidel V. Ramos is inaugurated as president of the Philippines, succeeding Corazon Aquino.

Canadian fisheries minister John Crosbie imposes a two-year ban on catching northern cod in the fishing grounds off the coast of Newfoundland.

In Mongolia, election returns show that the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party (MPRP), which renounced communism in 1990, has won 70 out of 76 seats.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 27–July 2, 1992—351

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The Democratic National Committee adopts the final draft of its 1992 presidential platform. . . . The body of kidnapped Exxon executive Sidney Reso, with a bullet wound in one arm, is found in the Bass River State Forest in Burlington County, New Jersey, after Irene Seale, one of the suspects, leads authorities to the site.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Reports indicate discount store chains, including Wal-Mart and K mart, will not sell basketball star Magic Johnson’s book What You Can Do About AIDS because it contains instructions on how to use a condom. . . . Pres. Bush’s daughter, Dorothy Bush LeBlond, marries her second husband, Bobby Koch.

For the first time ever, a medical team implants the liver of a baboon into a terminally ill man. . . . Two earthquakes rock California, killing at least one person and injuring more than 350. The first quake strikes Yucca Valley and measures 7.4 on the Richter scale, qualifying it as California’s strongest earthquake in 40 years. The second quake, measuring 6.5 on the Richter scale, occurs about 20 miles (30 km) west of the initial tremor. The Supreme Court, 5-4, upholds most of the provisions of a Pennsylvania law that imposes strict limits on a woman’s ability to obtain an abortion. However, the majority also reaffirms that a woman’s basic right to choose an abortion is “a rule of law and a component of liberty we cannot renounce.” The case, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, and verdict draw much debate and controversy.

June 27

June 28

The Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that property owners may demand compensation from the government when land-use regulations deprive their land of its economic value.

June 29

The “gentleman bandit,” Lon Perry, is sentenced to 35 years in prison after pleading guilty in Houston, Texas, to robbing more than 100 business travelers in Texas and Louisiana. . . . As part of a plea bargain, Irene Seale pleads guilty in Trenton, New Jersey, to charges of extortion and the kidnapping of Exxon executive Sidney Reso in April. . . . Spurred by the Supreme Court’s June 29 ruling on abortion rights, the House Judiciary Committee approves a bill that will ban most restrictions on abortion by states.

Pres. Bush tells reporters that a joint U.S.-Russian commission has not yet found any evidence that U.S. POWs or MIAs remain alive in Russia . . . A woman reservist, Spec. 4 Jacqueline Ortiz, tells the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee she was sexually attacked by a fellow soldier. After listening to the testimony of Ortiz and three other female veterans, the committee’s chairman, Sen. Alan Cranston (D, Calif.), estimates 60,000 of the 1.2 million women veterans have been raped or sexually assaulted while in the military.

The House approves, 312-99, a fiscal 1993 spending bill for the Agriculture Department and related agencies. The $58.9 billion provided by the bill is $1.4 billion less than Pres. Bush had sought in his fiscal 1993 budget request. . . . The FEC distributes more than $3.2 million in federal matching funds to the presidential candidates.

As a deliberate protest, Leona Benten, a pregnant woman, tries to enter the U.S. with French-made RU-486 abortion pills. . . . A gunman, George Lott, opens fire in a Fort Worth, Texas, courtroom, killing two attorneys and wounding three other people. . . . Data shows turnout in the 1992 presidential primaries was at a record low. . . . The Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee passes its version of a bill to ban most restrictions on abortion by states in response to the Supreme Court’s June 29 decision.

Acting navy secretary Howard vows to end the “hard-drinking, skirtchasing, anything-goes philosophy” that led to the Tailhook scandal. . . . Admiral Kelso relieves of their commands two senior officers who allowed the performance of a skit that contained references to oral sex and Rep. Pat Schroeder (D, Colo.). . . . Retired Admiral William Crowe contradicts previous claims when he asserts the U.S. cruiser Vincennes was in Iranian territorial waters when it shot down an Iranian commercial plane in 1988.

In connection with the BCCI scandal, Sheik Khalid bin Mahfouz is indicted on New York State charges of fraud. . . . At the beginning of its new fiscal year, California is bankrupt with a deficit estimated at $10.7 billion. . . . The House approves, 273-166, a $22.7 billion fiscal 1993 appropriations bill for the Treasury Department, the U.S. Postal Service, and other government agencies.

Franco Cristaldi, 64, Italian film producer of Amarcord (1973) and Cinema Paradiso (1988), dies of a heart attack following open-heart surgery. . . . The Vatican annuls the marriage of Princess Caroline of Monaco and Phillipe Junot.

Pres. Bush vetoes a bill that would have required states to permit citizens to register to vote when applying for driver’s licenses, other licenses and government benefits. . . . John BuettnerJanusch, 67, charged with turning a New York University lab into an illicit drug factory and with sending poisoned candies to the judge in the case, dies in a prison hospital in Springfield, Missouri.

The Senate approves, 76-20, a package of aid for Russia and 11 other former Soviet republics. . . . The House votes, 328-94, to pass a $253 billion defense appropriations bill for fiscal 1993.

The Federal Reserve cuts its socalled discount interest rate to 3%, its lowest level in 29 years. . . . The Labor Department finds a 7.8% civilian jobless rate for June. . . . Congress passes $5.5 billion measure that revises federal unemployment laws to automatically extend benefits to the long-term jobless in times of recession. The legislation also extends emergency benefits to the currently long-term unemployed through March 1993.

A Brief History of Time by physicist Steven Hawking breaks the record for the longest-running British best-seller since it has been a bestseller for 184 weeks.

At least 50,000 people in northwestern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota are forced to evacuate their homes and businesses for several hours after a freight train derails in Duluth, Minnesota, releasing a cloud of benzene vapor from a car carrying the flammable, toxic liquid. At least 25 people are hospitalized.

June 30

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 1

July 2

352—July 3–9, 1992

World Affairs

Europe Ethnic Croat nationalists led by Mate Boban, the head of Bosnia’s Croatian Democratic Union, proclaim an independent state in Bosnia in two areas bordering on Croatia. . . . The full-scale delivery of food and medicine to thousands of citizens in Sarajevo begins. . . . Czechoslovak president Vaclav Havel fails to win reelection in the country’s Federal Assembly when he does not obtain a majority of votes in each of the body’s three houses.

July 3

July 6

July 7

July 8

Israel’s Jewish Agency announces that it evacuated 1,000 Jews from Moldova’s Dniester region over the previous two weeks. . . . Iraq’s official news agency denies the July 2 allegations of a coup attempt, although other reports still insist the event happened.

The Americas

A 16-member team of UN arms experts attempt to search the offices of the Iraqi agriculture ministry for records relating to Iraq’s effort to build ballistic missiles. Guards bar the team from entering, arguing that inspection of the high-level ministerial building violates Iraqi sovereignty. . . . The IMF and Russia agree to a $24 billion aid package.

Reports state that the drought in Zimbabwe has grown so severe that wildlife authorities are killing elephants and impala to feed both people and other game.

In response to Iraq’s July 5 ban, the UN Security Council demands that the inspectors be admitted to the building and warns Iraq that its actions are a “material and unacceptable” breech of the cease-fire agreement. . . . The G-7 leaders meet in Munich, Germany.

Reports suggest that, in the Dniester region, a total of 22 people have been killed in continued fighting. . . . French police begin to clear roadblocks set up June 30 by truckers protesting against new driver-licensing regulations. The truckers negotiate with the government. . . . Disgruntled farmers march on Poland’s capital, Warsaw, and use trucks to block the country’s main east-west highway.

G-7 leaders threaten the use of force to support relief efforts in Bosnia, where Serbian irregular troops have besieged the capital, Sarajevo.

Reports indicate that hundreds of people have died since May 19 in the Dniester region of Moldova over the issue of Slav separatism. The Moldovan parliament votes to allow foreign peacekeeping troops in the Dniester region, and it reaches a new cease-fire accord with the Slav rebels. . . . In Macedonia, the government resigns over its failure to convince other countries to unconditionally recognize Macedonian independence.

The CSCE suspends Yugoslavia’s membership for three months, accusing Yugoslavia of aggression in Bosnia and Croatia.

Thomas Klestil is sworn in as president of Austria, succeeding Kurt Waldheim. . . . Polish president Lech Walesa nominates Hanna Suchocka to succeed Waldemar Pawlak as the country’s premier.

Algeria’s premier Sid Ahmed Ghozali steps down, and his position is filled by Belaid Abdesalam.

Alexander Kavsadze, a deputy premier, is kidnapped near the village of Kanti, in western Georgia. . . . The French government announces that it will send a squadron of Gazelle attack helicopters to Sarajevo to bolster the UN peacekeeping force.

Two Austrian UN guards are wounded when a hand grenade explodes in the garden of their residence in Erbil.

July 9

Asia & the Pacific

A Montreal jury acquits the final group of defendants to be tried for the 1990 armed standoff between Mohawk Indians and police and army units in Oka, Quebec.

The left-of-center Social Democratic Party wins a majority of seats in both houses of Nigeria’s new National Assembly in general elections.

July 4

July 5

Africa & the Middle East

Hezb-i-Islami’s artillery begins to shell Kabul, shutting off electric power and water.

Sixto Duran Ballen wins a runoff election for Ecuador’s presidency.

Danielle Mitterrand, the wife of French president Mitterrand, narrowly escapes an assassination attempt when a car-bomb explodes near her motorcade outside the city of Sulaymaniya, Iraq. The blast kills four bystanders and wounds 19 other people. . . . In South Africa, the independent Goldstone Commission on township violence clears Pres. de Klerk and his senior staff of any involvement in the Boipatong massacre and other recent murders.

Reports from Afghanistan indicate that the shelling that started in Kabul July 4 has left at least 100 people dead. . . . China and Great Britain end an unsuccessful round of talks on Hong Kong’s planned new airport.

Canadian constitutional affairs minister Joe Clark, nine provincial premiers, and four native leaders reach a tentative agreement on sweeping constitutional reform.

Chris Patten, former British Conservative Party chairman, is sworn in as Hong Kong’s 28th governor, succeeding Lord David Wilson. . . . In Thailand, Premier Anand dissolves the Internal Peace-Keeping Force, a military unit that fired on unarmed prodemocracy demonstrators in May. Henceforth, the maintenance of domestic order will be handled by the interior ministry rather than the military.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 3–9, 1992—353

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The army formally charges an Army Reserve sergeant, David Martinez, with forcible sodomy, indecent assault, and falsifying official statements based upon testimony heard by the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee June 30.

Pres. Bush signs a $5.5 billion measure that revises federal unemployment laws to automatically extend benefits to the long-term jobless in times of recession. The legislation, passed by Congress July 2, also extends emergency benefits to the currently long-term unemployed through March 1993.

NASA launches the first of a planned series of inexpensive scientific satellites dubbed the Small Explorer Project. The Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) probe blasts off from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California atop a Scout rocket.

Marc Tanenbaum, 66, rabbi who was the only Jew to attend the 1965 Second Vatican Council, a body that produced a landmark document rejecting anti-Semitism, dies of heart failure in NYC. . . . Sen. Edward Kennedy (D, Mass.), 60, marries attorney Victoria Reggie, 38, in McLean, Virginia.

Francis Perrin, 90, nuclear physicist who was the father of the French atomic bomb and who won the 1926 Nobel Prize for Physics for his study of Brownian motion, dies of unreported causes.

At the All England Tennis Championship at Wimbledon, Steffi Graf of Germany defends her title by defeating the world’s top-rated woman player, Monica Seles of Yugoslavia.

Danny Ray Horning, a convicted bank robber who kidnapped four tourists in the Grand Canyon National Park after he escaped from prison, is captured near Sedona, Arizona, after a nearly two-month-long manhunt.

Georgia Brown (born Lillian Klot), 58, who originated the role of Nancy in the musical Oliver!, dies of septicemia in London. . . . Andre Agassi wins his first grand-slam tennis title at the All England Tennis Championship at Wimbledon. The women’s doubles championship goes to Gigi Fernandez and Natalya Zvereva of Russia.

In the predominantly Dominican Washington Heights section of NYC, protesters demand an investigation into the death of Jose Garcia, an immigrant from the Dominican Republic who was shot by police officer Michael O’Keefe. Riots break out involving as many as 1,000 demonstrators. . . . Henry Rowan announces that he is giving $100 million to Glassboro State College in New Jersey, the largest individual gift ever to a public college or university.

The Pelican Brief by John Grisham is the top of Publishers Weekly’s bestsellers list. . . . John McEnroe and Michael Stich of Germany win the men’s doubles title at the All England Tennis Championship at Wimbledon.

Sporadic violence continues in the predominantly Dominican Washington Heights section of NYC. Data show that 125 people were arrested and 53 police officers were injured. . . . A jury in White Plains, New York, acquits Olivia Riner, a Swiss au pair, of charges against her in the arson death of a baby in her care, three-month-old Kristie Fischer.

Defense Secretary Richard Cheney appoints Sean O’Keefe acting secretary of the navy, succeeding J. Daniel Howard, who had taken temporary charge of the service.

Prem S. Sarin, a former deputy director of the National Cancer Institute, is convicted in a Baltimore federal court of embezzling $25,000 earmarked for AIDS research and of falsifying financial disclosure statements. . . . Congress clears legislation aimed at broadening the access of middle-class college students to federal grants and loans for education. . . . Former Massachusetts senator Paul E. Tsongas (D) endorses Arkansas governor Bill Clinton, the presumed Democratic presidential nominee. Arkansas governor Bill Clinton names Tennessee senator Al Gore as his Democratic vice-presidential running mate. . . . In the first ruling of its kind, Circuit Judge Thomas Kirk, citing the Florida state constitution, gives independent status to initiate any legal action to a minor, Gregory K., 11, who wants to sever all ties from his mother so that his foster parents will be able to adopt him.

July 4

July 5

July 6

July 7

The U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals overturns national workplace air-quality standards set in 1989 by the OSHA. . . . The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals strikes down a 1988 EPA regulation that allows the use of pesticides that pose “negligible” cancer risks when concentrated in processed foods. . . . The Federal Reserve Board levies a $170 million civil fine against Sheik Khalid, who was brought up on New York State charges of fraud in connection with the BCCI scandal. The navy announces that it disciplined and removed from the Tailhook investigation Laney S. Spigener, a Naval Investigative Service agent. He is suspended without pay for three days.

July 3

The House approves, 306-74, a fiscal 1993 appropriations bill for the Department of Transportation and related agencies.

July 8

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia lands at Cape Canaveral, Florida, after testing materials in the absence of gravity. The 14-day journey sets a new endurance record for the shuttle program.

The committee that organized the 1992 Winter Olympics reports that the games posted a $56.8 million loss on a budget of $836 million . . . (Arnold) Eric Sevareid, 79, radio and TV reporter who won the George Foster Peabody Award as well as three Emmys, dies in Washington, D.C., of stomach cancer.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 9

354—July 10–15, 1992

July 10

World Affairs

Europe

CSCE leaders conclude a summit believed to be the largest gathering of leaders ever held in Europe. The leaders declare the CSCE as the primary authority in Europe with regard to security threats. Additionally, 29 states, all members of NATO or states of the former Soviet Union, sign the revised version of the 1990 Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty. . . . NATO and the WEU separately agree to send warships to the Adriatic Sea to tighten the trade embargo imposed on Yugoslavia by the UN in May.

Newspapers in Britain begin publishing excerpts from the recently discovered diaries of Josef Goebbels, the minister of propaganda under Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler.

July 12

The UN Security Council unanimously authorizes sending 500 more peacekeepers to Sarajevo to help keep the airport open.

July 14

July 15

One of Malawi’s most prominent political prisoners, Aleke Banda, is freed after spending 12 years in jail without trial.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Colombia, Pres. Gaviria declares a state of emergency designed to keep drug lord Pablo Escobar and 16 alleged members of the Medellin cartel in prison.

Reports indicate that the unemployment rate in Australia reached a record high of 11.1% in June.

A paramilitary organization calling itself the Forest Brothers intercepts a Russian army truck convoy near Tallinn, Estonia, and seizes some officers at gunpoint. The Russians are released unharmed after a few hours. . . . Reports state that Germany’s Bundesrat passed legislation that will allow women to obtain abortions through the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

July 11

July 13

Africa & the Middle East

Deng Yingchao (Teng Ying-chao), 88, high-ranking Chinese Communist Party official, who, with Premier Chou Enlai, adopted Li Peng, current premier of China, dies of an unspecified illness in Beijing.

UN aid workers with relief supplies escorted by military peace-keepers enter the Sarajevo suburb of Dobrinja, which has been cut off by Serb forces for 71 days.

In Israel, Yitzhak Rabin unveils his 17-member cabinet at a conference of the Labor Party’s central committee. His coalition is the first Labor-dominated government to take power in Israel since Likud first won elections in 1977.

On the 100th day of the Serb siege of Sarajevo, Serb forces in BosniaHerzegovina launch fresh military offensives. Serb commandos blow up electric-transmission lines, blacking out most of Sarajevo and knocking out the city’s electricpowered water pumps, and step up attacks on the besieged town of Gorazde, the last remaining stronghold of Muslim Bosnian forces in the eastern part of the country.

The Israeli Knesset votes, 67-53, to confirm Yitzhak Rabin as Israel’s prime minister and approve his coalition government.

About 1,000 Russian paratroopers and 200 Georgian soldiers are deployed along Georgia’s border with South Ossetia to halt fighting between Georgian guerrillas and Ossetian national guardsmen. . . . Prosecutors in Sofia, Bulgaria, arrest former premier Georgi Stanchev Filipov for embezzlement and misuse of state property. . . . The Yugoslav parliament confirms Milan Panic, a Serbian-born naturalized citizen of the U.S., as Yugoslavia’s premier. . . . The Lithuanian Supreme Council ousts Gediminas Vagnorius as premier in a vote of no-confidence.

In Nablus, a town in the occupied West Bank, a group of armed Palestinian activists enters An Najah University during student council elections. Israeli troops search for the activists, but when students resist, the soldiers cordon off the campus, effectively placing about 2,000 students under siege. . . . South African president de Klerk, in Johannesburg, announces plans to disband two army battalions notorious for their alleged brutality in black townships.

To ease China’s fears about Hong Kong’s finances, the colony’s government discloses that Hong Kong’s foreign reserves are US$29 billion at the end of 1991, the 12th largest in the world. It is the first time that the figures have been made fully public. . . . In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge escalates its military attacks, seizing six villages and shelling Kompong Thom. UN helicopters flying in the region increasingly find themselves under attack from small-arms fire.

A military court sentences two high-ranking FIS leaders, Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj, to 12 years in prison. Madani had been convicted of plotting to overthrow the government, and Belhadj of kidnapping and torture. The punishments are considered unexpectedly lenient, as both could have been given the death penalty under Algerian law.

Hammer DeRoburt, 69, former president of Nauru, an island republic in the South Pacific, dies of unreported causes in Melbourne, Australia.

Reports indicate that eight countries (U.S., Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, and Turkey) have committed a total of 11 frigates and destroyers and some reconnaissance aircraft to the patrols in response to the NATO and WEU July 10 decision.

Mexico’s ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) suffers only its second gubernatorial defeat in 63 years, losing in Chihuahua state to Francisco Barrio Terrazas, from the conservative National Action Party (PAN).

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 10–15, 1992—355

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll finds that 45% of voters believe that the next justice appointed to the Supreme Court should not vote to overturn the court’s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision supporting a woman’s right to abortion. Twenty-one percent believe a new justice should vote to overturn Roe, and 28% think it should not be an important consideration.

A judge in Miami sentences former Panamanian leader Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega to 40 years in prison on drug and racketeering charges. . . . A federal jury determines that now-defunct Pan Am is liable for damages stemming from the bombing of Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988.

The Alaska state Court of Appeals overturns the misdemeanor conviction of Joseph Hazelwood, the skipper of the tanker Exxon Valdez when it grounded in March 1989, causing the largest oil spill in U.S. history. . . . . A federal jury orders Charles Keating Jr., of the failed Lincoln S&L, and three codefendants to pay a total of $4.5 billion in a fraud case.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The Major Soccer League announces that it is discontinuing operations since the 14-year-old indoor league has been reduced to five teams. . . . Florida commissioner Bob Crawford imposes a 90day ban on bungee-jumping after a nationwide series of accidents.

Herbert Cornelius Kenny, 78, bassbaritone in the original Ink Spots quartet, one of the first black singing groups to gain a widespread audience, dies in Columbia, Maryland, of cancer.

Golfer Larry Laoretti wins the U.S. Senior Open at the Saucon Valley Country Club in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

The Democratic party convention opens in New York City.

Pres. Bush, in a written statement, formally announces a halt to the U.S. production of plutonium and enriched uranium for use in nuclear weapons.

Pres. Bush’s reelection campaign files a complaint with the FEC, challenging the Presidential Victory Committee, an independent group headed by Floyd Brown, who produced the controversial “Willie Horton” television ad in the 1988 presidential campaign. The Bush complaint to the FEC charges that Brown is tricking contributors by calling his group presidential. . . . Antiabortion protesters try to present Bill Clinton with what they state is an aborted fetus.

The EPA proposes rules that would require the 84 U.S. metropolitan regions with the worst air pollution to toughen their procedures for testing the pollution emissions of automobiles.

Alex Wojciechowicz, 76, lineman elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955 and to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1968, dies in South River, New Jersey. . . . Hillary Clinton discusses her recipe for chocolate chip cookies that is competing against one from Barbara Bush.

The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia throws out an EPA regulation that allows used batteries from cars and trucks to be burned in incinerators. . . . Ernst & Young, another of the Big Six accounting firms, agrees in Phoenix, Arizona, to pay $1.6 million to settle state charges of negligence related to its audits of Lincoln Savings and Loan.

A former Roman Catholic priest, James R. Porter, is sued by seven men alleging that he sexually abused them 20 years earlier in Bemidji, Minnesota. A lawyer in Albuquerque, New Mexico, files a suit alleging Porter abused two boys in Jemez Springs, New Mexico. . . . The American League wins Major League Baseball’s annual AllStar game, 13-6, over the National League.

International Brotherhood of Teamsters President Ronald R. Carey announces that his union is endorsing the presidential candidacy of Arkansas governor Bill Clinton.

Reports confirm a commission established by Cardinal Joseph Bernardin of Chicago in October 1991 issued a report on dealing with sexual abuse within that archdiocese. . . . Doctors in Rome remove a benign tumor from Pope John Paul II’s colon.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 10

July 11

July 12

July 13

July 14

July 15

356—July 16–21, 1992

July 16

July 17

Europe

The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to send an emissary to South Africa to investigate violence in black townships.

The convictions of four City of London financial executives in connection with a troubled stock flotation for Blue Arrow PLC in 1987 are overturned by the Court of Appeal.

A UN guard, Ravuma Dakia, is shot and killed while sleeping in his quarters in the town of Dahok in Kurd-controlled northern Iraq. He is the first guard to be killed in Iraq since the UN began its relief mission there in April 1991. . . . The Mozambique government and Renamo rebel leader Afonso Dhlakama agree to allow relief workers to enter rebel-held territory.

UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali names former U.S. secretary of state Cyrus R. Vance as the UN’s special envoy to South Africa. . . . Reports reveal that Iraq withdrew its representatives from a UN commission seeking to demarcate its border with Kuwait and refused to accept the commission’s rulings.

The parliament of the Slovak Republic adopts a “declaration of sovereignty,” a significant step toward the breakup of the Czechoslovak federation. The move prompts Pres. Vaclav Havel to announce his resignation. . . . The lower house of the Belgian parliament approves the Maastricht treaty. . . . Polish coal miners begin to stage walkouts at some 15 sites in the Silesia and Lublin coal fields.

Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani announces he has accepted the resignation of Muhammad Khatami, the minister for Islamic culture, who was attacked by religious hard-liners for liberalizing Iran’s strict Islamic social codes. . . . A standoff started July 14 ends when six Palestinian militants surrender to Israeli authorities at An Najah University.

Reports confirm that 10,000 workers staged a strike at the Mielec military-aircraft plant in southeast Poland. . . . John Smith is elected leader of Britain’s Labour Party, succeeding Neil Kinnock. . . . Victor Louis (born Vitaly Yevgenyevich Lui), 64, Russian journalist and conveyer of information between the Kremlin and the West, dies of a heart attack in London.

UN relief flights to Sudan are suspended because the SPLA begins shelling the airport.

July 18

July 19

July 20

July 21

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Eighth International Conference on AIDS opens in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The event features over 4,875 reports on the deadly disease and is attended by more than 9,000 researchers and public health officials from around the world.

Paolo Borsellino, the chief prosecutor in the Sicilian capital, Palermo, is killed when a car bomb explodes. The bomb also kills five of his body guards, including Emanuela Loi, the first woman police officer killed on active duty in Italy. Eighteen other people are injured. . . . Heinz Galinski, 79, who survived three Nazi German concentration camps during World War II, campaigned against neoNazism, and became chairman of the Central Council of German Jewry in 1988, dies in Berlin.

Michael Merson, the director of the World Health Organization’s AIDS program, projects the number of AIDS patients to reach 40 million by the year 2000.

Latvia makes the nonconvertible Latvian ruble the only legal tender in the country. . . . Shelling of Sarajevo resumes, and two French peacekeepers at Sarajevo airport are wounded by mortar fire, which halts UN relief flights for the day . . . . In Poland, a total of 40,000 copper miners in the Lublin area go on strike. . . . A Georgian TU-154 cargo plane crashes in a suburb of Tbilisi, killing at least 40 people. . . . Vaclav Havel officially resigns as the president of Czechoslovakia.

Two UN guards are slightly hurt by a car-bomb blast in Sulaymaniya, Iraq.

In the face of the group’s continuing noncompliance, the UN Security Council votes to bar international aid to the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.

The Lithuanian Supreme Council chooses Aleksandras Abisala to succeed Gediminas Vagnorius as premier. . . . A frigate of the Black Sea fleet hoists the Ukrainian flag, breaks away from a training exercise off the western Crimean coast, and “defects” to the southern Ukrainian port city of Odessa. The Ukrainian government claims that the frigate’s crew acted of its own volition. . . . Russia and Moldova agree to a joint effort to keep opposing forces apart in the Dniester area.

Cyrus R. Vance, the UN’s special envoy to South Africa, lands in Johannesburg and becomes the first high-ranking UN representative to set foot in South Africa since 1961.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Hezb-i-Wahadat forces outside Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, exchange artillery fire with government troops inside the city limits, killing 60 people.

After meeting with new Haitian premier Marc Bazin in Port-au-Prince, executives from 18 U.S. companies agree to resume operating assembly plants in Haiti that were shut down after the U.S. joined a trade embargo in 1991 to protest the overthrow of Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. . . . Two government officials and 400 soldiers go to a custom-built luxury prison in Envigado, Colombia, to temporarily transfer inmates from the Medellín cartel to a military prison.

Reports state that pro- and antigovernment militias and guerrillas continue to clash sporadically in Kabul since June. About 2,000 Afghans have been killed in fighting in the capital since the collapse of the Communist regime. . . . Bao Tong, a former aide to deposed Communist Party general secretary Zhao Ziyang, is sentenced by a Chinese court in Beijing to seven years on charges connected to the 1989 student-led prodemocracy movement.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 16–21, 1992—357

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas accepts the Democratic nomination for president, and his running mate, Al Gore, is formally nominated. Opinion polls taken after the conclusion of the Democratic convention show that Clinton has the largest postconvention popularity boost for a candidate since World War II. . . . In a surprise move, independent candidate H. Ross Perot announces he will not run for the presidency, although he qualified for at least 24 state ballots. . . . Operation Rescue leader Randall Terry and three other antiabortion extremists surrender on charges stemming from their July 14 action.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The heads of the U.S. and Russian space agencies announce plans for joint manned flights, which will include sending a Russian aboard a U.S. space shuttle in 1993, having an American live in the Russian space station Mir for five months and linking the shuttle and the Mir in 1994.

Buck Buchanan, 51, defensive lineman inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990, dies of lung cancer in Kansas City, Missouri. . . . The FCC votes to grant telephone companies the right to transmit television programming over telephone lines.

In response to Leona Benten’s attempt to enter the U.S. July 1 with RU-486 pills, the Supreme Court denies, 7-2, Benten’s request to recover the pills seized by U.S. Customs agents.

Bobby London claims King Features fired him for writing an abortion-rights story line in his Popeye comic strip. . . . Reports disclose that a statement from the Vatican urges Roman Catholic bishops to oppose some laws seeking to ban discrimination against homosexuals.

Rudolph C. Ising, 80, Academy Award–winning cartoonist who produced Bosko the Talk-Ink Kid (1929), the first talkie cartoon and was the cocreator of the Looney Toons animated series, dies of cancer in Newport Beach, California. . . . Pop singers Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown marry in Mendham, New Jersey.

Allen Newell, 65, computer scientist who was the first president of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and headed the Cognitive Science Society and who won the National Medal of Science in June, dies of cancer in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

A volunteer in Ross Perot’s unannounced presidential campaign, Michele Alexander, files a classaction suit in federal court in Miami, accusing the billionaire of breaking a promise to run. She states that she and other volunteers spent their own money on the campaign.

A prototype of the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft crashes in the Potomac River as it prepares to land at the Marine Corps Air Station at Quantico, Virginia. The mishap kills two pilots and five Marine passengers. . . . The U.S. District Court in Baltimore, Maryland, convicts eight Nigerian men of conspiring to smuggle millions of dollars worth of heroin into the U.S.

National Medical Enterprises Inc. files suit in federal court against three insurers—Massachusetts Mutual, United of Omaha Life and Travelers—alleging that they fail to pay claims.

A state district judge in Pontiac, Michigan, David. F. Breck, dismisses two murder charges against Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a retired pathologist known as the “suicide doctor” because suicide assistance is not a crime in Michigan.

The House, votes, 339-62, to impose high tariffs on Chinese imports in an effort to force China to improve its human rights record. . . . Lt. Com. Donald Oswald, the skipper of the navy salvage ship Safeguard, is relieved of his command, pending the outcome of an investigation of allegations of sexual harassment on the vessel.

British Airways PLC and USAir Group Inc. agree to form the world’s largest airline alliance.

July 16

July 17

July 18

July 19

John Bratby, 64, English painter and author who was one of the founders of the Kitchen-Sink School and served as editor in chief of Art Quarterly magazine, dies of a heart attack in Hastings, England.

July 20

July 21

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

358—July 22–27, 1992

July 22

July 23

Europe

A continued battle for UN officials to gain admittance to an Iraqi building peaks when a demonstrator attempts to stab a UN inspector. The team then withdraws.

Local authorities in Odessa announce that the frigate that “defected” July 21 is under their protection and that no charges will be brought against the crew. The announcement leads Admiral Kasatonov to accuse Ukraine of piracy. . . . Pierre Uri, 80, French economist who was one of the chief architects of the European Community and to whom Pres. Mitterand presented the Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit in 1991, dies in Paris of cancer. . . . Workers at the FSM auto plant in Tychy, Poland begin a strike for higher wages.

Reports suggest that the Iraqi government is driving Shi’ite Muslims out of their homes in southern Iraq and attacking some Shi’ite villages with military aircraft.

A clash erupts at the UN when Secretary General Boutros BoutrosGhali accuses the Security Council of spending resources on “the rich man’s war” in Yugoslavia while ignoring crises in impoverished Somalia and other poor African countries.

Czech premier Vaclav Klaus and Slovak premier Vladimir Meciar agree on a basic plan for a peaceful division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states by the end of September. . . . In Abkhazia, an autonomous region of northwestern Georgia located on the Black Sea, the parliament (in which ethnic Abkhaz by law hold a majority of the seats) declares sovereignty, a step toward independence from Georgia.

Israeli housing minister Binyamin Ben-Eliezer and Finance Minister Avraham Shochat cancel plans for the construction of 6,500 housing units in Jewish settlements in the occupied territories. . . . Suleiman Franjieh, 82, former president of Lebanon, 1970–76, and one of the country’s last surviving feudal clan leaders, dies in Beirut of acute pneumonia.

Reports confirm that workers have gone on strike at the Zofiowka coal mine in southern Poland, one of the nation’s largest pits. . . . An estimated 8,000 demonstrators in Palermo, Italy, mourn Paolo Borsellino, the chief prosecutor killed July 19. Eight of 20 anti-Mafia magistrates in Palermo confirm their resignations in protest over the lack of protection given them. Italy’s Senate approves an antiMafia package proposed June 8.

July 24

The ruling Georgian State Council states that Abkhazia’s July 23 declaration of sovereignty is null and void. . . . Reports reveal that Estonia and Latvia have adopted citizenship laws that effectively curb the rights of ethnic Russians and other non-Balts to vote or own land. . . . In response to Paolo Borsellino’s July 19 assassination, Italy authorizes the deployment of 7,000 army troops in Sicily to aid in the fight against the Mafia.

July 25

July 26

July 27

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The three-week impasse over UN inspections in Iraq breaks when Iraqi ambassador to the UN Abdul Amir al-Anbari agrees to allow a new team appointed by Rolf Ekeus, the head of the UN’s disarmament effort in Iraq, to resume the interrupted inspections in Baghdad.

The 15-member UN Security Council unanimously passes a resolution authorizing 500 armed peace-keepers to safeguard humanitarian workers in Mogadishu, Somalia.

The Americas In Colombia, when the team that arrived at the Envigad prison July 21 attempts to remove the convicts, drug lord Pablo Escobar and his colleagues seize guns and take the officials and the prison warden hostage. Soldiers storm the compound and rescue the three men, but Escobar escapes. At least six people die in the altercation.

Maj. Gen. Hernando Monsalve retires under orders from Colombian president Cesar Gaviria in the wake of Pablo Escobar’s July 22 escape. . . . Atty. Gen. Ignacio Morales Lechuga states the Mexican government will no longer accept aid from the U.S. to fund its antidrug efforts due to what he calls excessive U.S. interference. . . . Canada announces the award of a C$4.4 billion (US$3.7 billion) multinational contract, the third-largest military contract in Canadian history.

Zulu king Goodwill Zwelethini, 44, marries his fifth wife at a ceremony in Nongoma. His newest bride, Nompumelelo Mchiza, 19, is a Xhosa speaker from the nominally independent black homeland of Transkei. Because the Xhosas and Zulus are age-old rivals, the marriage causes controversy and speculation.

Reports indicate more than 40 prominent Baghdad merchants accused of profiteering were publicly humiliated and executed by the Iraqi government. . . . South Africa’s leading independent pathologist, Jonathan Gluckman, claims nearly 200 people were killed during interrogations in prison, despite his appeals to Pres. de Klerk and other officials. His estimate far exceeds that of the country’s official figures, which put the number at 73 since the mid-1970s. Troops of the Baltic state of Estonia exchange shots with Russian soldiers in the Estonian capital, Tallinn. A Russian officer and a civilian are wounded. Each side accuses the other of firing the first shot. . . . Despite the July 25 deployment, Giovanni Lizzio, Sicily, the head of extortion investigations in Catania, Sicily, is shot dead by gunmen on motorcycles. Lizzio, 47, is reportedly the first senior police officer killed in Catania.

Asia & the Pacific

The Kenyan government ends a standoff and allows nearly 500 Somalis to go ashore and enter refugee camps. . . . Unidentified gunmen fire at a barracks for UN guards in the town of Sulaymaniya in Kurd-controlled northern Iraq. No one is injured.

The ruling Liberal Democratic Party and its allies regain control of the upper house of Japan’s parliament, the Diet.

In the wake of Pablo Escobar’s July 22 escape, national prison director Lieutenant Colonel Hernando Navas resigns in Colombia.

The Bank of Japan lowers its discount interest rate to 3.25% from 3.75%, the fifth reduction since July 1991.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 22–27, 1992—359

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Contrary to previous reports, a study finds that contraceptive sponges containing the spermicide nonoxynol 9 do not protect against getting infected with the AIDS virus. . . . Fred Hellinger of the U.S. Public Health Service, states the cost of treating AIDS patients in the U.S. is now $102,000, up from $85,333 in 1991 and $57,000 in 1988. . . . Citizen Action reports PACs sponsored by the medical and insurance industries donated $10 million to congressional candidates through March 1992, up 22% from the same period in the 1990 election season.

GE pleads guilty in U.S. District Court to felony fraud charges related to its sales of military aircraft engines to Israel in the 1980s. The company agrees to pay $69 million in criminal and civil fines, and the settlement prohibits GE from taking legal action against Chester Walsh, the “whistleblower.” . . . Pres. Bush, in an executive order, directs federal departments and agencies— including the Pentagon, National Security Council and the White House—to declassify and make public up to 1.3 million documents on American MIAs.

A Brooklyn jury awards $9.2 million to the family of Robert Pagnucco, a lawyer killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988. . . . Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan asserts “the economic expansion will soon gain momentum, which lower inflation should help to maintain.”. . . . A six-member congressional task force on the House Post Office agrees that the institution was poorly managed. The House votes, 414-0, to turn over all of the task force’s records to federal prosecutors.

Reports find that Rockwell International Corp. has agreed to pay NASA $1.4 million as part of a settlement with the government over charges that the company overbilled the space agency for production and repair work on the space shuttle.

David Wojnarowicz, 37, artist and writer known for his work dealing with AIDS to whom the NEA withdrew, and later restored, funding, dies of AIDS in NYC. . . . Wayne McLaren, 51, actor who modeled as the “Marlboro Man” in cigarette advertisements and later became an antismoking crusader, dies of lung cancer in Newport Beach, California.

Rep. Clarence Miller (R, Ohio) files a suit to overturn results of a primary, in which he was defeated by Rep. Bob McEwen by 286 votes in a recount. . . . Pres. Bush signs legislation to broaden the access of middle-class college students to federal grants and loans for education. . . . Data from the 1990 census indicate the disparity between the median income of white households and black households narrowed very slightly in the 1980s.

The Coast Guard returns its last boatload of refugees from the U.S. base in Cuba. The only Haitians allowed to remain at the camp are about 300 refugees who tested positive for HIV. . . . The Defense Department begins releasing declassified documents on Vietnam War MIAs in accordance with Pres. Bush’s July 22 executive order.

The Natural Resources Defense Council reports more than 2,000 U.S. ocean beaches were closed during 1991 because raw sewage or other pollutants posed potential health hazards. . . . The House passes, 329-94, a $12.7 billion fiscal 1993 bill funding the Interior Department and related agencies. . . . The White House OMB lowers its estimate of the fiscal 1992 budget deficit to $333.5 billion, down from its projection of $400 billion.

A poll is made public by Time magazine and CNN that found that 49% of respondents want Vice Pres. Quayle replaced as Pres. Bush’s running mate. However, Quayle assures his aides that he will remain on the presidential ticket. . . . Reports confirm that an Agriculture Department probe found that federal inspectors sometimes mislabel beef in grocery stores.

Canada and the U.S. impose tariffs on each other’s beer in the culmination of a lengthy dispute over imported goods between the countries. . . . At an address to 600 members of the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia, Pres. Bush and members of the audience engage in a heated exchange on the subject of MIAs.

The U.S. Claims Court in Washington, D.C., rules that the federal government broke an agreement with the nation’s fourth-largest savings and loan, Glendale Federal Bank, and is required to provide restitution.

The New York Times cites National Institutes of Health memorandums showing that the White House greatly exaggerated the amount of useful fetal tissue that can be obtained from miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies in their claim that fetal material will satisfy research demands without requiring the use of aborted fetuses.

The presidential campaign turns for the first time to the subject of foreign policy, an area presumed to be Pres. Bush’s strongest suit.

The House, 340-73, passes a bill to reregulate the cable-television industry.

NASA discloses that the results of a June 1991 space-shuttle flight show that the medical effects of weightlessness are more dramatic and long-lasting than expected, particularly in the area of muscle mass. . . . A U.S. Delta rocket blasts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, carrying the Japanese Geotail satellite designed to study the magnetosphere, the teardropshaped radiation belt that surrounds Earth. . . . Reports confirm paleontologists have found evidence that at least some dinosaurs were warm-blooded.

The 25th Summer Olympic Games open in Barcelona, Spain. It is the first Summer Olympics not affected by political boycotts since 1972 . . . Alfred Drake (born Alfred Capurro), 78, actor who won a Drama Critics Award in 1954 and a special Tony in 1990, dies in NYC after suffering from cancer and a heart ailment.

In accordance with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, a new provision that bans businesses that employ 15 or more people from discriminating in hiring, advancement, pay, or training because of a “physical or mental impairment” goes into effect. The change will affect 14 million working-age Americans having physical or mental impairments.

The Senate passes by voice vote a bill ordering the release of government documents on the assassination of Pres. John Kennedy. . . . Anthony Salerno (Fat Tony), 80, powerful boss of the New Yorkbased Genovese crime family who was sentenced in the 1980s to a total 170 years in prison, dies at a federal medical center for prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, of complications from a stroke.

Reports suggest that former world champion chess player Bobby Fischer will emerge from self-imposed seclusion that started in 1972 to play his old rival, Boris Spassky, in an exhibition match in September.

Mary Wells, 49, singer best known for the song “My Guy” (1964), dies in Los Angeles of throat cancer. . . . Miguel Indurain of Spain completes his second straight triumph in the Tour de France cycling race.

The Pentagon announces that it has started ordering the deployment of batteries of Patriot antimissile systems in Kuwait and Bahrain.

Fu Mingxia, 13, of China becomes the second-youngest winner of an Olympic gold medal when she captures the women’s platform diving competition. . . . Gerald’s Game by Stephen King tops the bestseller list. . . . Patty Sheehan wins the U.S. Women’s Open golf tournament.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 22

July 23

July 24

July 25

July 26

July 27

360—July 28–August 2, 1992

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

July 28

July 29

July 30

The new UN weapons team inspects the agriculture ministry offices in Baghdad, but it does not find any documents or materials related to weapons production. . . . Figures suggest that the European Community is the holder of the world’s largest amount of wheat reserves. . . . Representatives of 50 nations gather in Geneva for a UN conference on the Balkan refugee crisis.

Erich Honecker, the leader of communist East Germany from 1971 to 1989, is flown to Berlin to stand trial on charges of manslaughter and misappropriating state funds. Honecker, 79, who fled Germany in March 1991, had been living in the Chilean embassy in Moscow since December 1991.

The World Bank reports net income of $1.65 billion for the year ending June 30.

Slavic Muslims mount an offensive aimed at breaking the siege of Sarajevo by ethnic Serb forces. Serbs counterattack with massive artillery barrages that hit Sarajevo’s airport and a UN relief center in the city.

July 31

Aug. 1

Aug. 2

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

After Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar’s July 22 escape from prison, Deputy Justice Minister Eduardo Mendoza is dismissed.

South Korea and North Korea agree in principle to reestablish land, sea, and air links for the first time since they were severed during the Korean War.

U.S. Air Force and Navy planes equipped with surveillance equipment join the search for Colombian drug baron Escobar by flying spy missions. The U.S. action provokes an uproar. . . . Amnesty International denounces a controversial bill introduced in Canada, C-86, which would enhance the federal government’s power to summarily detain, expel, or deny entry to refugee claimants.

Tokyo’s Nikkei stock average closes at 15,095.99, the lowest figure since April 1986.

The Greek parliament approves the EC’s Treaty on European Union. . . . Lord G(eoffrey) Leonard Cheshire, 74, England’s most-decorated World War II pilot and founder of an international network of homes for the sick who was appointed the Order of Merit in 1981 and made a life peer of the House of Lords in 1991, dies in London of motoneuron disease.

A Chinese airliner explodes in flames while taking off from an airport in Nanjing. Initial reports state that 100 passengers and crew were killed and 26 were injured in the crash. . . . All of the 113 passengers and crew aboard a Thai Airways jetliner are believed dead when their plane crashes in the Himalayan mountains northwest of Katmandu, Nepal, during a heavy rainstorm.

A Ukrainian peacekeeper dies of wounds received in an artillery attack on Sarajevo’s airport. A busload of 50 orphans departs for the Croatian city of Split to board an airlift to Germany for asylum. However, a two-year-old girl and a oneyear-old boy are killed when Serb gunmen open fire on the bus.

Thailand’s interim premier, Anand Panyarachun, dismisses four top military commanders after a defense ministry investigation of the May military crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrators. . . . Revised data suggest that 106 people died in the July 31 plane crash in China.

Croatian president Franjo Tudjman is reelected in Croatia’s first direct presidential election. His ruling party wins a majority in parliament. . . . Serb militiamen halt the bus full of orphans who, Aug. 1, were attempting to get to the town of Split for an airlift to Germany. They remove nine youngsters of Serbian heritage, and allow the bus to proceed. . . . Refugees claim Serbs have established “concentration camps” in which non-Serbs are starved, beaten, or executed.

Hezb-i-Islami forces begin an intensified bombardment of Kabul that appears to be indiscriminate as rockets strike public buildings as well as military installations.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 28–August 2, 1992—361

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The House passes, 197-124, a $7.5 billion fiscal 1993 supplemental appropriations bill that will help cover costs associated with the 1991 Persian Gulf war.

The House passes, 345-54, a $244.1 billion bill to fund the Departments of Education, Labor, and Health and Human Services for fiscal 1993. . . . The Senate approves an amendment sponsored by Sen. Bob Graham (D, Fla.) that will freeze administrative spending—including salaries—in the Commerce, Justice, and State departments at 1992 levels. . . . The Senate’s passes, 88-9, a fiscal 1993 spending bill for the Agriculture Department and related agencies. . . . The Dow registers its largest one-day gain since January 14, 51.87 points, to close at 3334.07.

The National Academy of Sciences states it has asked Russian mathematician Igor. R. Shafarevich to resign as a foreign associate because of his alleged anti-Semitism. It is the first time a member has been asked to leave the prestigious 129-year-old organization.

British cyclist Chris Boardman takes nearly three seconds off the Olympic record in the 4,000-meter pursuit, posting a time of 4:24.496 in a preliminary heat. . . . Time Warner Inc. agrees to remove rapper Ice-T’s controversial “Cop Killer” song from future pressings of his Body Count album at Ice-T’s request.

Reports state that J. David Grow, suffering from meningioma, an inoperable cancer of the brain, has won approval to take the Frenchmade abortion pill RU-486, which is banned in the U.S., after he testified before Congress that it is his only available treatment. . . . A Field Poll of California voters finds Clinton leading Bush by a margin of 62% to 28%, reportedly the largest margin ever in a presidential race in the history of the poll.

The U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals rules that U.S. law requires that the Haitian refugees be allowed to apply for asylum, effectively overturning the repatriation order. . . . According to The Los Angeles Times, the Defense Department inspector general’s office obtained rolls of film showing a teenaged girl being sexually abused at the 1991 Tailhook Association convention.

The SEC implements rules that allow small enterprises to determine if their stock offerings will be attractive to investors before making a formal offer. . . . The House passes, 314-92, an $86.8 billion fiscal 1993 appropriations bill for HUD, Veterans Affairs, and independent agencies. . . . The federal government and New York State separately indict Clark Clifford and Robert Altman in the BCCI scandal.

Pres. Bush begins to increase his criticism of his Democratic opponent, Gov. Bill Clinton (Arkansas), although without ever mentioning Clinton by name. The Clinton forces make a practice of responding promptly to each attack.

The appellate court in New York suspends the July 29 ruling about Haitian refugees made by the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals. . . . Four members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff testify on discrimination against women in the military before the House Armed Services Committee.

Eight U.S. insurance companies file suit in a federal court in Washington, D.C., against National Medical Enterprises Inc., one of the country’s largest psychiatric-hospital operating companies. In a statement, National Medical accuses the eight insurance companies of filing their suit as a response to its July 20 accusations. . . . The House passes, 242-153, a $22.3 billion appropriations bill for fiscal 1993 for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State and the federal judiciary.

Biologists reveal they have discovered a type of water-borne “phantom” algae that leaks a toxin that kills thousands of fish before returning to a dormant state. . . . A study finds that drinking cow milk may trigger juvenile diabetes in infants who are genetically prone to the disease. . . . A study shows that ritodrone, a medicine used to prevent premature births, is not only ineffective but is also potentially dangerous.

Israel wins its first Olympic medal in the nation’s history when Yael Arad takes silver in the women’s 135-pound judo competition. U.S. swimmer Janet Evans wins the women’s 800-meter freestyle, matching the U.S. women’s record of four career golds held by diver Patricia McCormick. . . . Joseph Shuster, 78, cocreator of Superman, dies of congestive heart failure in Los Angeles, California.

G(eorge) Harrold Carswell, 72, federal appeals court judge whose nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court was rejected in 1970, dies of cancer in Tallahassee, Florida.

Russia publishes a list of 39 American civilians it states were sent to Soviet labor camps during or after World War II. . . . The Supreme Court announces that it will stay the lower court’s July 29 decision about Haitian refugees, pending a final ruling on whether the 1980 immigration law applies in international waters.

The RTC files a $400 million suit against Arthur Andersen & Co. It is the largest suit filed against an accounting firm by the RTC and the largest of any kind ever filed against an accounting firm.

Speedy evacuation allows 292 passengers and crew to escape from TWA Flight 843, which catches fire after an aborted takeoff. About 65 people, including rescue workers, receive minor injuries. . . . The space shuttle Atlantis blasts off, carrying Claude Nicollier of Switzerland and Franco Malerba of Italy, both of whom are the first in space from their respective countries. Thus, a record six nationalities are represented in space at one time.

In Olympic swimming competition, backstroker Jeff Rouse sets a world record of 53.86 seconds in the 100-meter backstroke during the first leg of the 400-meter medley relay. . . . Reports confirm that Time Warner Inc. has launched an Australian version of Sports Illustrated and of People, titled Who Weekly.

Reports state that a pair of researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles have discovered a structural difference in the anterior commissure when comparing the brains of homosexual men and those of heterosexual men and women.

The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, inducts Los Angeles Raiders owner Al Davis, running back John Riggins, tight end John Mackey, and cornerback Lem Barney. . . . Eldrick (Tiger) Woods, 16, wins the U.S. Junior Amateur title for the second year to become the first male double winner of the event.

The crew on the U.S. space shuttle Atlantis deploys a $213 million European Retrievable Carrier, or Eureca. However, the Eureca is improperly oriented.

The Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, inducts pitchers Tom Seaver, Rollie Fingers, and Hal Newhouser, along with the late umpire Bill McGowan.

The Supreme Court rules that the U.S. Coast Guard may continue to intercept Haitian refugees at sea and forcibly return them to Haiti. However, the high court states it will hear further arguments before deciding whether the repatriation policy, set by an executive order from Pres. Bush in May, violates U.S. refugee law.

July 28

July 29

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 30

July 31

Aug. 1

Aug. 2

362—August 3–8, 1992

World Affairs

Aug. 3

Aug. 4

Aug. 5

After 24 years of negotiations, members of the UN Conference on Disarmament (Geneva Committee) reach agreement on a final draft text of an international treaty to outlaw the production of chemical weapons and destroy existing stocks.

Aug. 8

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Russian president Yeltsin and Ukrainian president Kravchuk agree their countries will divide the former Soviet Black Sea fleet after a threeyear period of joint control. . . . German officials lead a ceremony marking the beginning of the destruction of 11,000 weapons under the 1990 CFE agreement. . . . A Bulgarian spokesman confirms that up to 140,000 ethnic Turks have left Bulgaria for Turkey in search jobs. . . . In an airlift of orphans started Aug. 1 that caught worldwide attention, 39 orphaned Bosnian children fly to refuge in Germany.

A Czechoslovak UN guard is shot and wounded by an unknown assailant in Baghdad, Iraq. . . . Unidentified gunmen wound two white journalists in the township of Evaton, South Africa. . . . An estimated 4 million blacks stay home from work to pressure the South African government into accepting black majority rule. . . . About 2,000 U.S. Marines and other troops land in Kuwait to begin two weeks of joint U.S.-Kuwaiti military exercises.

Reports indicate that Russia has deployed peacekeepers in the Dniester region. . . . Germany’s highest court issues an injunction blocking recently passed legislation that eases restrictions on abortion. . . . The UN Security Council demands that relief agencies be allowed to inspect all detention centers in the former territories of Yugoslavia in light of refugee accounts Aug. 2. . . . The UN suspends relief flights to Sarajevo due to heavy fighting.

Gunmen try unsuccessfully to assassinate local ANC leader Harry Gwala, sparking fierce fighting in South Africa’s Natal province.

Colombian drug-enforcement authorities announce that U.S. reconnaissance planes have been withdrawn from the thus-far unsuccessful nationwide manhunt for drug baron Pablo Escobar. . . . In Canada, Quebec premier Robert Bourassa joins a discussion of the July 7 preliminary constitutional agreement. It is the first time since the 1990 failure of the Meech Lake accord that Quebec participates in constitutional talks.

ANC president Mandela leads 50,000 marchers to the steps of F. W. de Klerk’s office in Pretoria, South Africa’s capital. Large rallies are also held in Cape Town and Durban. Police report 630 demonstrators have been arrested, mostly for occupying government buildings. Data indicate that township violence has claimed the lives of at least 40 black South Africans since Aug. 2. . . . Amnesty International describes Somalia as a human-rights catastrophe, and it calls on the rest of the world to lend assistance.

Canada’s six major commercial banks reduce the prime lending rate one-quarter of a percentage point to 6.5%, the lowest prime level since early 1973.

In response to the UN’s Aug. 4 demand, a British news team visits camps in the former Yugoslavia with restrictions on what parts of the camps they may visit, what they may film and to whom they may talk. At Trnopolje, they film hundreds of detainees who appear severely malnourished. . . . Data show that unemployment in Sweden reached 6.5% in July, the country’s highest in 50 years. . . . Anti-Mafia legislation is approved by Italy’s parliament.

A UN technical team led by Mohammed Sahnoun arrives in Mogadishu to assess the crisis in Somalia. . . . The Israeli government announces that it will temporarily suspend the allocation to settlers of state-owned land in the occupied territories. About 5,000 right-wing Israelis, including former Housing Minister Ariel Sharon, rally in Jerusalem to protest the government’s new settlement policies.

A federal appellate court in Canada finds the Canadian Human Rights Act discriminatory because of it does not protect homosexuals against bias.

In response to mounting international condemnation and suspicion that detainees are being tortured and executed, Yugoslav premier Milan Panic vows to close all Serb-run detention camps in Bosnia-Herzegovina. . . . Francisco (Paco) Fernandez Ordoñez, 62, Spanish foreign minister, 1985–92, who sponsored a controversial 1981 law legalizing divorce in Spain for the first time since the 1930s, dies in Madrid of colon and liver cancer.

Mozambique president Joaquim Chissano and Renamo head Afonso Dhlakama agree to a truce in their 16-year-old conflict, which claimed an estimated 600,000 lives and forced four million citizens to flee to neighboring countries. . . . Fighting breaks out in Malange City in Angola when government supporters try to prevent UNITA workers from setting up an office. Unofficial estimates place the death toll at nine. The violence raises fears over whether the May 1991 peace accord that ended Angola’s 16-year civil war will hold.

The International Red Cross reports that the Bosnian Serb leader, Radovan Karadzic, has invited the organization to inspect a dozen camps in Bosnia. . . . Planes carrying UN relief supplies that were suspended Aug. 4 resume landings at Sarajevo’s airport.

Ayatollah Abul-Kasem Al-Khoui, Iraq’s foremost Shi’ite cleric who was under house arrest since early 1991, dies near Najaf in south central Iraq.

The IMF releases $1 billion in stand-by credit for Russia, the first IMF aid given to the country since it joined the organization in June.

Aug. 6

Aug. 7

Europe

Asia & the Pacific Wang Hongwen (Wang Hung-wen), member of the “Gang of Four,” a group that promoted revolution and class struggle under Mao Zedong during the 1966–76 Cultural Revolution, and former deputy chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, dies in China of a liver ailment.

Reports confirm that Taiwan and Vietnam agreed to reestablish direct air links that were broken 18 years earlier at the end of the Vietnam War. . . . Sir Robert Muldoon, 70, prime minister of New Zealand, 1975–84, dies in Auckland of unspecified causes.

China and the U.S. sign an agreement prohibiting Chinese exports to the U.S. of goods made under conditions of forced prison labor. A U.S. Customs Service officer will be stationed in Beijing to inspect and investigate enterprises suspected of using prison labor. Separately, up to 1 million people converge on the city of Shenzhen, beginning to apply to join a lottery to purchase new shares on the stock market, which are to be floated on the stock exchange.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 3–8, 1992—363

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Bush administration rejects Oregon’s controversial plan to ration health care, claiming the proposal is “tainted by discrimination” against disabled people.

The Senate approves by voice vote a $22 billion fiscal 1993 appropriation bill for energy, water, and nuclear-defense programs. . . . The Senate passes a $23.6 billion appropriations bill for fiscal 1993 for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State and the federal judiciary by voice vote. . . . The Senate votes, 68-26, in favor of legislation to impose an immediate moratorium and eventual ban on U.S. nuclear testing.

Reports suggest that author Tom Clancy will receive the largest book advance ever. Estimates place the figure at $13 million to $14 million for his work in progress, Without Remorse.

The results of a Gallup poll show that only 29% of respondents approve of Pres. Bush’s performance in office, a serious decline since no previous president with a rating of under 30% in the Gallup poll has been reelected.

A U.S. district judge in NYC names William Webster, a former federal judge and head of the CIA and FBI, to be the independent member of a three-person panel to investigate and guard against corruption within the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.

The House clears the three-year reauthorization bill, which will fund the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, by voice vote.

Lourdes G. Baird, the U.S. Attorney in Los Angeles, announces that a federal grand jury has indicted four white police officers on federal charges of violating the civil rights of Rodney G. King, a black motorist whom they beat in March 1991. The case received much attention, particularly since an April acquittal on the incident sparked riots in Los Angeles and other cities.

The Senate passes an $8.2 billion appropriations bill for military construction in fiscal 1993.

The Senate passes, 74-22, a $13.5 billion fiscal 1993 appropriations bill for the Department of Transportation and related agencies. . . . The FCC reverses a March decision when it approves compromise rules to increase the number of radio stations one individual or company may own. . . . Citing the financier’s willingness to cooperate with federal prosecutors and his conduct in prison, U.S. District Court judge Kimba Wood cuts Michael Milken’s original 10-year sentence to 33 months and 26 days.

The crew of the spacecraft Atlantis experiences difficulty with the tethered craft.

Jeffrey Porcaro, 38, rock drummer for the Grammy Award–winning group Toto, dies in Los Angeles. It is believed he died of cardiac arrest caused by an allergic reaction to pesticides he was spraying in his garden.

Congress clears a resolution creating the 28-member Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress that will recommend improvements for the body. . . . Judge Eileen O’Neill of the Texas State District Court grants a court order sought by a prochoice advocacy group, which specifies that antiabortion protesters must stay at least 100 feet from Texas abortion clinics during the Republican convention.

The House of Representatives votes, 255-164, to approve a package of aid for Russia and 11 other former Soviet republics.

The Senate passes by voice vote a $12.6 billion fiscal 1993 appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies.

The crew of the spacecraft Atlantis boots the European Retrievable Carrier to a new orbit.

Actor Harold Russell, 78, sells his Oscar statuette for best supporting actor in the 1946 film The Best Years of Our Lives for $60,500 to an anonymous bidder. He states he needs the money to pay for a cataract operation for his wife, Betty. It is the first time an Oscar winner has ever sold the award.

The House approves a resolution, 362-0, stating that Congress will not agree to a trade pact that jeopardizes U.S. laws on health, safety, labor, or the environment.

New Postmaster General Marvin Runyon outlines his plans for a broad overhaul of the Postal Service, prompted by losses to competing package-delivery services and a $2 billion projected Postal Service deficit for 1993.

The Queen Elizabeth 2, Britain’s best-known cruise ship, runs aground off the southern coast of Massachusetts.

Derartu Tulu of Ethiopia becomes the second African woman to ever earn an Olympic gold medal when she wins the 10,000 meters.

The U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lands at Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, ending a troubled mission in which a European scientific probe initially missed its proper orbit and a tethered satellite failed to unreel to its full length. . . . More than 2,500 passengers and crew aboard the Queen Elizabeth 2 that ran aground Aug. 7 are evacuated to Newport, Rhode Island. No one was injured.

Hockey player John Kordic, 27, who played for the Quebec Nordiques, dies of lung and heart failure in Quebec City, Canada. Since authorities found bottles of anabolic steroids in Kordic’s room, NHL officials state they will consider banning the use of steroids.

Alison L. Gertz, 26, who believed that she contracted the AIDS virus from a single sexual experience at age 16 and publicized her story in a March 1992 television movie, Something to Live For: The Alison Gertz Story, to show that anyone is at risk from the deadly disease, dies in Westhampton Beach, New York, of AIDS.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 3

Aug. 4

Aug. 5

Aug. 6

Aug. 7

Aug. 8

364—August 9–14, 1992

World Affairs

Aug. 11

Aug. 12

Aug. 13

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Armenian president Ter-Petrossian invokes a collective-security pact in a plea to the Commonwealth of Independent States to assist Armenia against what he calls the Azerbaijani “aggression.” . . . Lord Patrick Arthur Devlin, 86, who, at the age of 42, became the youngest judge to be appointed in Britain in the 20th century and campaigned for the release of the Guildford Four, found to have been wrongly convicted for two 1974 IRA bombings, dies in Pewsey, England.

Jewish settlers at Kiryat Arba in the West Bank attempt to erect a house for which a construction contract was canceled. They clash with police before agreeing to disperse. . . . The Israeli government announces that it will seek to overturn a 1986 law that prohibits residents of Israel from having any contact with members of the PLO.

Officials announce that the entire allotment of 5 million applications on the stock exchange in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen have been sold, prompting the crowd gathered there to grow unruly.

U.S. spokesmen announce that, after weeks of discussion, all of the negotiating parties in the ArabIsraeli peace talks have agreed to hold a new round of meetings in Washington, D.C., beginning Aug. 24.

Northern Ireland secretary Sir Patrick Mayhew reveals the British government has designated Northern Ireland’s largest Protestant paramilitary group, the Ulster Defense Association, an illegal organization. In response, the UDA vows to continue “to defend the community.” . . . The Azerbaijan government ridicules Pres. TerPetrossian’s Aug. 9 accusation of aggression and states it has no fear of any CIS member taking Armenia’s side in the conflict.

Shimon Agranat, 86, Americanborn Israeli and president of Israel’s Supreme Court, 1965–77, who in the early 1950s set a farreaching legal precedent when he ruled that even though Israel had no constitution, a communist newspaper has freedom of speech under the principles of democracy outlined in the country’s until-then symbolic declaration of independence, dies in Jerusalem after an unspecified illness.

Riot police charge into a crowd of 50,000 people outside the exchange in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. The police use tear gas to disperse the crowd, but violence is reported to continue.

The executive of the 12-member European Community calls for UN military intervention in Somalia.

Georgia’s interior minister, Roman Gventsadze, and 11 other Georgian officials are kidnapped at gunpoint. One of the hostages is set free. . . . A jury in London’s Central Criminal Court convicts Simon Berkowitz of handling stolen property in connection with a document relating to an extramarital affair of Liberal Democratic leader Paddy Ashdown. The theft of the document, from the offices of Ashdown’s attorney, prompted the politician to disclose the affair in a scandal February.

Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and U.S. president Bush announce they have reached an agreement under which the U.S. will grant $10 billion in loan guarantees to Israel.

In the wake of riots Aug. 9–10, officials suspend trading at the stock exchange in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. Exchange authorities decide to offer a second application distribution. China’s State Council meets to discuss the riots.

Trade representatives from the U.S., Canada, and Mexico conclude 14 months of negotiations with the announcement in Washington, D.C., of a draft comprehensive North American Free Trade Agreement. The proposal will eliminate tariffs and other restrictions on trade and investment among the three countries over 15 years to create a huge free-trade bloc.

Georgia’s interior minister, Roman Gventsadze, and two of the other hostages kidnapped Aug. 11 are released.

General Mohammed Farah Aidid, the leader of one faction fighting in Mogadishu, Somalia, signs an agreement allowing the peacekeepers to enter. Since Ali Mahdi Mohammed, the other leader, had long welcomed the presence of foreign soldiers, the way is clear for peacekeeping forces.

Two staffers at the Russian embassy in Kabul are killed and a third wounded by shelling, prompting other diplomats to flee Afghanistan’s capital.

The UN Security Council votes to authorize the use of military force to ensure the delivery of humanitarian aid to Bosnia-Herzegovina. It also passes unanimously a resolution that condemns the Serbian policy of “ethnic cleansing” through forced evacuations as a violation of international law and states that war crimes will not go unpunished.

A sniper kills David Kaplan, a veteran television producer for ABC News of the U.S., on the road between Sarajevo and the city’s airport. He is believed to be the 30th journalist slain in the Yugoslav civil war.

Aug. 9

Aug. 10

Europe

About 3,000 Georgian soldiers, under the authority of State Council member and Defense Minister Tengiz Kitovani, move into Abkhazia, ostensibly to secure key rail lines, roads, and bridges, as well as Sukhumi’s airport, so that the kidnappers cannot leave Abkhazia with their hostages abducted Aug. 11. At least three vacationing Russians are killed in the cross fire between Georgian and Abkhazian forces.

Aug. 14

A Canadian judge in Winnipeg rules unconstitutional the section of a Manitoba law that calls for the daily recitation of Christian prayers in public schools. Manitoba is the last province to ban compulsory prayer in public schools in Canada.

In Lebanon, the Phalangist Party, the powerful Christian faction headed by George Saadeh, announces that its candidates will withdraw from the elections.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 9–14, 1992—365

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

California’s legislature fails to pass a compromise $57.6 billion budget, even though the state has been forced to cover its obligations with IOUs for the first time since 1936.

Computer-software maker Intel Corp. announces that it has developed a faster version of its industry-wide, bestselling 486 microprocessor, which will operate internally at 66 megahertz, effectively doubling the current 33- megahertz limit.

The XXV Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain, concludes. Athletes from 12 former republics of the Soviet Union, the “Unified Team,” won the most medals of any nation, 112. Athletes from the U.S. won 108 medals, followed by Germany with 82.

Attorney General William Barr rejects a request from House Democrats to appoint an independent counsel to determine whether the Bush administration broke the law while pursuing policies to aid Iraq prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf war.

Data show that $2.18 billion in IOUs have been issued in California.

William Watson, 92, physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb as the division director of the metallurgical laboratory at the University of Chicago, dies in Hamden, Connecticut, of unknown causes.

Richard Blackburn Black, 90, naval officer who was a civilian member of Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd’s second Antarctic expedition from 1933 to 1935, had a coast on the continent named after him, and received the Navy’s Special Silver Medal for his service in Antarctica, dies of cancer in Bethesda, Maryland.

Congress clears the final version of a bill that provides $60.5 billion for agricultural programs, $200 million more than Bush had sought in his budget request. . . . The Senate passes legislation that has been approved by a House-Senate conference committee, requiring employers to grant workers unpaid family and medical leave.

Reports state that Florida has lifted a ban on bungee jumping and instead has instituted a host of regulations on the activity. . . . Data show that the Barcelona Olympic Games drew an average Nielsen Co. rating of 17.5 for its nighttime telecasts.

The House, 230-160, approves preliminary legislation that will ease restrictions placed on travel agents by giant computer-reservation systems. The bill’s passage is a blow to the two largest U.S. airlines, United Airlines and American Airlines. . . . The House votes, 279124, to approve a Democraticsponsored bill that will provide grants of $800 million in fiscal 1993 for improvements in public schools.

Convicted murderer Ron Wikberg, who was the copublisher of The Angolite, an award-winning prison journal, is released after 23 years in a state penitentiary in Angola, Louisiana. . . . John Cage, 79, avant-garde composer who was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978, dies of a stroke in New York City.

The American Bar Association pays tribute to six women, including Anita Hill, the law professor who testified that Clarence Thomas sexually harassed her. . . . Thomas J(ames) McIntyre, 77, senator from New Hampshire, 1963–79, who was the first Democrat elected to the Senate in New Hampshire in 30 years and the first Democratic senator in his state to ever be reelected, dies in West Palm Beach, Florida, of Alzheimer’s disease, pneumonia, and heart failure.

The ABA approves a resolution opposing laws that restrict a woman’s rights to an abortion so it may press for prochoice legislation in states and the U.S. Congress. The delegates also vote to let the National Lesbian and Gay Law Association become part of the ABA. . . . When Pres. Bush is asked what he would do if one of his granddaughters, when she was older, said she wanted an abortion, he replies, “Of course, I’d stand by my child. I’d love her and help her, lift her up, wipe the tears away, and we’d get back in the game.” Sen. Mark Hatfield (R, Oreg.) is rebuked by the Senate Ethics Committee for failing to report thousands of dollars worth of gifts he received. . . . A survey shows that 55% of Republican delegates oppose a constitutional ban on abortion as proposed by the party’s platform, while only 28% support it. . . . Republican National Chairman Richard Bond makes Hillary Clinton a direct target in the presidential campaign. The Republican Party platform committee ratifies a strongly conservative statement of principles for adoption at the party’s national convention. . . . Pres. Bush names Secretary of State James Baker to replace Samuel Skinner as White House chief of staff and oversee Bush’s presidential reelection campaign.

Pres. Bush authorizes the U.S. military to transport the peacekeeping troops approved by the U.N. July 27 to Mogadishu, Somalia. . . . In an address to the Los Angeles World Affairs Council, Bill Clinton gives what is billed as his first major foreign-policy speech of the presidential campaign.

Figures show the Treasury Department has auctioned $36 billion worth of government securities at its quarterly refinancing operation, which started Aug. 11. . . . The RTC’s general counsel, Gerald Jacobs, resigns amid allegations that his department discouraged aggressive pursuit of prominent people connected with the S&L crisis. . . . The EPA issues regulations to protect agricultural workers from exposure to toxic pesticides. It is the first revision of national pesticide-safety standards in 18 years.

John Joseph Sirica, 88, U.S. District Court judge who became nationally famous as “the Watergate judge” during the scandal that rocked Pres. Nixon’s term, dies in Washington, D.C., of cardiac arrest.

President Bush orders an emergency airlift of food to Somalia.

President Bush signs the $60.5 billion fiscal 1993 spending bill passed by Congress on Aug. 11.

Reports suggest that scientists have located the exact gene in tuberculosis bacteria whose mutation allows some strains of the disease to become resistant to isoniazid, one of the standard treatments for the lung infection.

Aug. 9

Aug. 10

Clifford Allison, the youngest son of former NASCAR champion Bobby Allison, is killed in a crash during practice at the Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan.

Reports suggest Israeli archaeologists in Jerusalem have discovered the remains of a man they believe is the high priest who presided at the trial of Jesus Christ. They cite the age of the remains and the casket inscription as evidence, which they admit is not conclusive.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 11

Aug. 12

Aug. 13

Aug. 14

366—August 15–20, 1992

World Affairs

Asia & the Pacific

At least 44 people are killed in fresh attacks by Azerbaijani ground and air forces on Armenian targets in Nagorno-Karabakh. . . . In response to the deaths of vacationers Aug. 14, the Russian government sends an airborne regiment to Abkhazia to evacuate Russian citizens.

In Somalia, fighting over a shipment of relief supplies claims at least 30 lives.

The UN evacuates most of its nonAfghan relief workers from Kabul. Pakistani officials announce that they are taking steps to cut off the transfer of food and other supplies across the Pakistan-Afghanistan border in an attempt to weaken Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.

A total of 3,500 Russian civilians are evacuated from Abkhazia. More than 50 people are slain in the battle for Sukhumi.

Three UN guards are wounded in separate shooting and bombing attacks in northern Iraq. . . . Andre de Villiers, who worked for the Hammer Unit, a state counterinsurgency operation during the 1980s, is slain outside his farmhouse in the eastern Cape Province. . . . The U.S. Air Force begins helping to dismantle the armies of the Angolan government and its former guerrilla rival, the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).

Reports suggest that, in response to the escalation of Hezb-i-Islami attacks on Kabul, Afghan president Burhanuddin Rabbani has dismissed Premier Abdul Sabur Farid, the faction’s senior representative in the coalition government.

Britain and France agree to back a U.S. plan that calls for allied military aircraft to shoot down Iraqi fighter planes and helicopters in predominantly Shi’ite southern Iraq to protect Shi’ite Muslims from attacks by the Iraqi government.

Georgian troops capture the Abkhazian parliament building and install a military council to run the region. The fifth of the hostages kidnapped Aug. 11 is freed.

Iran agrees to pay more than $260 million in settlements to two U.S. oil companies, Sun Co. and Atlantic Richfield Co., whose Iranian assets were seized following the 1979 Islamic revolution. . . . Peter Davies, the head of Interaction, a coalition of 135 relief agencies in Somalia, estimates that at least 350,000 Somali children, or one-quarter of all those under five years of age, have died due to famine and strife.

The Wall Street Journal reports that Singapore has decided to partly privatize the country’s state-owned mass transit, telecommunications and ports systems as well as the natural gas and electric utilities.

In response to the crisis in Somalia, France donates 200 tons of food and Germany contributes $14 million. Reports suggest that Italy, Canada, Britain, and Israel have either mounted airlifts or promised additional aid to Somalia.

German homosexual couples seek to register for marriage at some 50 town halls around the nation as an act of protest. . . . Georgian deputy premier Alexander Kavsadze, kidnapped by Gamsakhurdia loyalists July 9, regains his freedom.

Fortune magazine hits the stands and puts Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei at the top of its list of billionaires. He is estimated to have $37 billion.

The Iraqi government blasts the Aug. 19 proposal of a no-fly zone as an “imperialist conspiracy” and states it will use “all means available” to resist it.

Sergeant Viktor Solokhin, a Ukrainian peace officer, is shot outside of his Sarajevo barracks.

UN flights to Sudan that were suspended July 18 resume, but, due to danger, they only stop long enough to unload. Some of the aircraft encounter gunfire. . . . An Iraqi court sentences a British man, Paul Ride, to seven years in prison for illegally crossing the border from Kuwait to Iraq in July. The British Foreign Office protests Ride’s imprisonment.

Aug. 17

Aug. 20

The Americas

The first UN relief flight to Somalia’s interior lands in Baidoa. . . . A controversy erupts at a Johannesburg rugby match when thousands of flag-waving white South Africans sing the anthem of the Afrikaner government during a moment of silence for victims of township violence.

Aug. 16

Aug. 19

Africa & the Middle East

The ethnic Armenian government of Nagorno-Karabakh resigns under pressure.

Aug. 15

Aug. 18

Europe

P.M. Lynden O. Pindling, of the Bahamas, the Western Hemisphere’s longest-serving democratically elected leader, ends his term when his Progressive Liberal Party suffers an upset defeat in parliamentary elections. Hubert A. Ingraham leads the winning centerright Free National Movement party. . . . Canada’s national, provincial, and native leaders reach unanimous agreement on a provisional plan for equal Senate representation for the country’s 10 provinces.

The Japanese stock market closes at 15,267.76, a gain of 958.35 points in two days.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 15–20, 1992—367

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Linda J. Laubenstein, 45, physician who in 1981 discovered some of the first AIDS cases, co-organized the first full-scale medical conference on the deadly disease in 1983, and inspired the character of Dr. Emma Brookner in The Normal Heart (1985), Larry Kramer’s play about AIDS, dies in Chatham, Massachusetts. She had suffered from severe asthma and was rendered a paraplegic by a childhood case of polio. A group of conservative foreignpolicy specialists, including former arms-control advisor Paul H. Nitze and James Woolsey, a former undersecretary of the navy, endorse presidential candidate BIll Clinton.

The Republican National Convention opens in Houston, and it features a speech by former president Ronald Reagan. Delegates approve the Republican Party platform, although a CBS News poll shows that only 7% of delegates support the platform’s strict abortion language. . . . Homosexual-rights activists demonstrating outside the Republican convention clash with police. When police barricades are thrown into a bonfire, about 100 policemen move in to clear the demonstrators, arresting six.

The GAO discloses that the Defense Department has decided to phase out its contribution to Sematech Inc., the government-industry consortium formed in 1987 to boost U.S. computer chip-making competitiveness.

A fire ignites in Calaveras County, California, about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Sacramento, when the heat of a car’s exhaust lights parched grass.

Phar-Mor Inc., one of the nation’s fastest-growing discount drugstore chains, files for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The filing comes less than two weeks after the company accused two of its top executives of embezzlement and internal fraud.

Randall A. Terry, the founder of Operation Rescue, a militant antiabortion group, leads protesters to a Houston clinic operated by Planned Parenthood, despite a restraining order issued Aug. 6.

Pres. Bush accepts the Republican presidential nomination on the final night of the Republican National Convention. Vice President Dan Quayle has accepted the vice presidential nomination. . . . Presidential candidate Bill Clinton receives the endorsement of the 135,000member National Association of Police Officers.

Nick Price of Zimbabwe wins the PGA at the Bellerive Country Club in St. Louis, Missouri, for his first victory in a major golf tournament. Sherri Steinhauer wins the du Maurier Classic, the fourth and final major event on the LPGA tour.

Filmmaker Woody Allen releases a statement acknowledging his romance with Soon-Yi Previn, the adopted daughter of his estranged wife, Mia Farrow, and her second husband, pianist-conductor Andre Previn.

Mount Spurr in Alaska showers a quarter-inch (.60 cm) of ash on Anchorage, 80 miles (130 km) to the east. The volcano became active in June for the first time in 39 years.

Protesters from the homosexual group Queer Nation disrupt a speech by fundamentalist Christian minister Rev. Jerry Falwell to some members of the Virginia delegation at the Republican convention. . . . Joseph Slovenec violates an Aug. 6 restraining order when he protests at an abortion clinic in Texas during the Republican National Convention. . . . Reports indicate that the National Institutes of Health has suspended a conference on the relationship between criminal behavior and heredity because the research might make racial implications.

Aug. 15

John Sturges, 81, director of The Magnificent Seven (1960) and The Great Escape (1963), dies in San Luis Obispo, California, of emphysema. . . . Larry Bird, 35, announces his retirement from professional basketball.

Glenn Pomeroy, the North Dakota securities commissioner, argues that the practice of buying the lifeinsurance policies of AIDS patients at reduced value, giving some cash to the patients while they are still alive and collecting the remainder of the policy after they die is illegal. He asserts the business is “ghoulish” and illegal because the people who sell insurance policies are in effect selling securities without a license.

Peter Sergeyevich Deriabin, 71, high-ranking Soviet defector who later worked for the U.S. CIA and authored three books on Soviet intelligence, dies in northern Virginia after suffering a stroke.

William Taylor, 53, chairman of the FDIC since October 1991 who served as a top official on the Federal Reserve Board, 1976–87, dies in Fairfax, Virginia, of complications from intestinal surgery.

Aug. 16

Aug. 17

Aug. 18

Aug. 19

A wildfire ignites, 200 miles to the north of Round Mountain in northern California.

Solo rock performer Sting weds Trudie Styler, his partner of 10 years, in London.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 20

368—August 21–26, 1992

World Affairs

Aug. 21

Asia & the Pacific

U.S. relief planes land in northern Kenya, where a combination of drought and Somali refugees have strained supplies. . . . Maronite Catholics and other Christians start a general strike to protest the coming elections in Lebanon.

Hubert A. Ingraham is sworn in as prime minister of the Bahamas.

An Australian court clears Nick Greiner, former Liberal Party premier of the state of New South Wales, of corruption charges nearly two months after he had been forced to resign due to the scandal.

Several British newspapers print excerpts of an alleged phone conversation between Diana, princess of Wales, and an unknown man in which the two arrange an apparently illicit date.

Lebanon holds the opening round of its first parliamentary elections in 20 years. But hundreds of thousands of Lebanese Christians boycott the voting, charging that the elections are being manipulated by Syria. Scattered incidents of violence occur in several villages in eastern Lebanon.

Hurricane Andrew strikes the Bahamas with winds of up to 120 miles (190 km) per hour. Four people are reported killed.

According to UN officials in Kabul, an estimated 1,800 people have been killed in the latest round of shelling, and another 120,000 of the city’s 1.5 million residents are believed to have fled. The Afghan government urges the UN to turn over former communist president Najibullah to stand trial for war crimes. The UN announces a $10 million aid program to provide food and medical supplies for displaced Afghan civilians.

Arab and Israeli negotiators meet in Washington, D.C., to resume a sixth round of direct bilateral peace talks.

Because of xenophobic riots in the northeastern German port city of Rostock, 200 refugees, most of them from Vietnam and Romania, are moved from a hostel to a military base nearby. The hostel is firebombed later.

Hezbollah (Party of God), an Iranian-backed Shi’ite Muslim organization, claims victories in several parliamentary districts in eastern Lebanon and the Bekaa Valley. Hussein al-Husseini, the pro-Syrian speaker of parliament, accuses Hezbollah of rigging elections in his district near the town of Baalbek and resigns when Interior Minister Sami Khatib refuses to throw out the voting results.

A Brazilian congressional commission finds that Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello has used his position as chief executive to receive “improper economic benefits,” and therefore grounds exist to initiate impeachment proceedings against him. The Social Democratic Party, the Democratic Workers Party, and the centrist party which includes several ministers in Collor’s government, withdraw their support of Collor.

South Korea and China establish diplomatic relations in a formal ceremony in Beijing. In response, Taiwan breaks diplomatic relations with South Korea. . . . Francis James, 74, Australian journalist who was imprisoned for three years in China on espionage charges, 1969–73, dies in Sydney, Australia.

Reports confirm that Jordan, Yemen, Sudan, and Algeria oppose the plan to attack Iraqi aircraft in southern Iraq to protect Shi’ite Muslims.

About 1,500 ethnic Abkhaz militiamen and their allies from the exSoviet northern Caucasus area fight a fierce battle with Georgian troops near the town of Gagry, in western Georgia.

The U.S., Britain, and France order the Iraqi government to halt all aircraft flights over southern Iraq. Abdul Amir al-Anbari, Iraq’s ambassador to the UN, states that Iraq probably will not contest the no-fly order and “would like to avoid any confrontation.” But he condemns the allied plan as a violation of international law. . . . The UN Security Council votes to accept a UN commission’s demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait border, and passes a resolution declaring the “inviolability” of that demarcation.

In the face of more forceful police action, the riots in Germany are reported to decline. Accounts indicate that as many as 1,000 rightwing extremists joined the violence. About 150 people, half of them police officers, were injured, and more than 200 arrests were made. . . . Georgian forces claim they killed 50 rebels in the battle started Aug. 25. The rebels claim to have slain dozens of Georgians. . . . Czech premier Vaclav Klaus and Slovak premier Vladimir Meciar agree that the Czechoslovak federation will dissolve as of January 1, 1993.

Iraq offers to allow a delegation of UN officials to visit Shi’ite regions in the south to “ascertain the falsehood” of reports of Iraqi attacks there. Reports indicate that Egypt and Syria oppose any moves that would lead to the break-up of Iraq.

Gangs of right-wing youths urging the expulsion of foreigners from Germany riot for five nights in the northeastern German port city of Rostock. They begin when demonstrators at a hostel for foreign refugees turn violent. Authorities state the rioting is being incited by organized neo-Nazi groups from throughout Germany.

Aug. 23

Aug. 25

Aug. 26

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Aug. 22

Aug. 24

Europe

Hundreds of thousands of Brazilians join pro-impeachment demonstrations in 25 cities. The largest demonstrations occur in Sao Paulo, where 200,000 people turn out, and in Brasilia, the capital, where the ranks swell to 100,000.

Lebanese foreign minister Fares Boueiz and Phalangist leader George Saadeh resign from the cabinet in protest of election returns. . . . A powerful bomb blows up at a crowded airport terminal in Algiers, killing at least nine people and injuring more than 100. A few minutes later, a second bomb explodes downtown at the Air France office, but there are no injuries. A third bomb is defused near the Swissair office.

Nguyen Thi Dinh, 72, Vietnamese communist leader and one of the country’s few high-ranking women officials who, in 1987, was named one of the six vice presidents of Vietnam’s state council, dies in Ho Chi Minh City.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 21–26, 1992—369

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

In Ruby Ridge, Idaho, federal marshals move in on the cabin of Randy Weaver, a white supremacist linked to the Aryan nation, who became a fugitive in Feb. 1991 and had holed up in the cabin with his family for a year and a half. Shots are exchanged, killing Deputy U.S. Marshal William F. Degan and Weaver’s teenage son, Samuel. More than 100 federal, state, and local law officers and National Guardsmen surround the cabin. . . . The FCC rules that political advertisements featuring dead fetuses are not “indecent,” and therefore cannot be restricted from being broadcast between 6:00 A.M. and 10:00 P.M.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Firefighters bring under control a blaze in Calaveras County, California that started Aug. 16. The fire scorched more than 18,000 acres (7,300 hectares) and caused an estimated $5.7 million in property damage.

In the standoff that started Aug. 21, when fugitive Randy Weaver refuses to surrender to authorities, his wife Vicki is shot and killed in an exchange of gunfire.

Aug. 21

David Warady completes a 3,000mile (4,800 km), 64-day, Californiato-New York race in 521 hours, 35 minutes, 57 seconds (21 days, 18 hours). The Runner’s World Trans America Footrace is the country’s first coast-to-coast race since 1929.

A poll finds that Democratic presidential nominee Gov. Bill Clinton (Arkansas) leads Pres. Bush by a 51% to 36% margin.

Aug. 23

The EPA issues rules requiring offshore oil and gas platforms to obey the same air-pollution restrictions as those imposed on oil and gas facilities on shore under the Clean Air Act. . . . The dollar reaches a record post-World War II low against Germany’s currency, closing at 1.402 marks. The Dow falls to 3228.17, the lowest level since Apr. 9.

The AP reports the contents of a fund-raising letter written in July by Christian broadcaster and 1988 Republican presidential candidate Pat Robertson, in which he argues that a proposed amendment to the Iowa constitution guaranteeing equality for women will advance “a feminist agenda . . . that encourages women to leave their husbands, kill their children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism and become lesbians.” The letter attracts nationwide media attention. The College Board releases the 1992 SAT results and finds that the average scores have improved for the first time since 1985. . . . Antiabortion activists Randall A. Terry and Joseph Slovenec are sentenced to jail terms of up to six months since they violated a judge’s restraining order during protests Aug. 18 and Aug. 19 at an abortion clinic in Texas. . . . United Way of America names Elaine L. Chao, the director of the Peace Corps, as its new president.

Aug. 22

The trial of former CIA director of operations Clair E. George ends in a mistrial when the jurors claim they are unable to agree on any of the nine counts against him. George was indicted on charges of lying to Congress about the CIA’s knowledge of the Iran-contra affair.

Hurricane Andrew ravages Florida, hitting 10–15 miles (16–24 km) south of downtown Miami with sustained winds of 135 mph and gusts of up to 165 mph. The hurricane sets off an 8 foot (2.4 m) tidal surge. More than 1 million people in South Florida evacuate their homes, and 3,300 National Guard soldiers arrive to prevent looting and to enforce a curfew. Pres. Bush declares much of South Florida a federal disaster area. Thirteen people are reported dead.

Gerald’s Game by Stephen King sits at the top of Publishers Weekly’s bestseller list.

Hurricane Andrew crosses the Gulf of Mexico and strikes the southwestern Louisiana coast with 140 mph winds. One person is killed. About 1.2 million Gulf Coast residents evacuated the projected danger zone, a move credited with keeping the death toll low. Because of the Louisiana region’s lower population density, the state’s damage costs are expected to be much lower than those in Florida.

More than 25,000 couples representing 120 countries are married in a mass wedding ceremony in Seoul, South Korea. The event is sponsored by the Unification Church. . . . Frederick O’Neal, 86, awardingwinning actor who was the first black president of the Actors’ Equity Association, 1964–73, dies of an unspecified illness in New York City.

The eye of Hurricane Andrew reaches land about 90 miles southwest of New Orleans. The storm’s sustained winds drop below hurricane levels, and Andrew is downgraded to a tropical rainstorm before it reaches the Mississippi border.

Pres. Bush signs into law a bill that authorizes increased government funding for public television passed by the House Aug.4 and the Senate June 3. . . . The chief curator of the St. Louis Art Museum, Michael Shapiro, is named director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 24

Aug. 25

Aug. 26

370—August 27–September 1, 1992

World Affairs

Aug. 27

Aug. 28

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific An appeals court in Sydney overturns a lower court’s previous conviction of Australian businessman Alan Bond on fraud charges involving the 1987 bailout of Rothwells Ltd., a Perth investment bank.

The UN Security Council votes to send 3,000 peacekeeping troops to guard relief shipments in Somalia. . . . Finance ministers of the 12 EC nations state that they will not realign the exchange rate mechanism (ERM) of the European Monetary System.

Felix Guattari, 62, influential French psychoanalyst and philosopher who coauthored a series of books with philosopher Gilles Deleuze, including L’Anti-Oedipe (1972) and What Is Philosophy? (1991), dies at the La Borde clinic in France of a heart attack.

U.S. military planes begin delivering emergency food to Somalia in what is described as the U.S.’s biggest-ever relief effort in Africa. . . . Two UN truce monitors in Mogadishu, the Somali capital, are wounded in gunfire.

The Afghan government and Hezbi-Islami impose a temporary ceasefire, intended to allow diplomats to escape Kabul by air. But rockets strike the Kabul airport, stranding Russian ambassador Yevgeni Ostrovenko and more than 60 other Russian diplomats in the city.

The AP reports that Iraqi security forces have started to round up and detain Shi’ites living in northern Iraq.

Reports indicate that hundreds of foreign diplomats and their families have fled Kabul since Aug. 16, amid escalated artillery and rocket attacks on the city by Muslim rebels.

The Bosnian Serb Army lifts a siege of the city of Gorazde, the last Muslim stronghold in eastern Bosnia. Gorazde, about 40 miles (60 km) southeast of Sarajevo, has been under constant shelling from Serb artillery since April.

Aug. 30

Sept. 1

Africa & the Middle East

The “no-fly” order, which prohibits Iraqi military and civilian flights south of the 32nd parallel, goes into effect. . . . The adversaries in the Yugoslav civil war agree to comply with a framework accord negotiated in London at a multilateral conference jointly sponsored by the EC and the UN The accord does not secure a cease-fire in Bosnia.

Aug. 29

Aug. 31

Europe

In a special election, the United Democratic Party, the largest of the prodemocracy parties in Hong Kong, loses its seat on the British colony’s 60-member Legislative Council.

At the Middle East peace conference, Syria presents Israel with a position paper in which it offers to sign a “peace settlement” that will set a timetable for an Israeli withdrawal from the Golan. The paper reportedly marks the first time Syria has ever made a formal peace offer to Israel. . . . A team of UN weapons experts begin new inspections of facilities believed to be connected with Iraq’s clandestine efforts to develop weapons of mass destruction.

In Tajikistan, armed anti-Nabiyev protesters, many of them from the Kurgan-Tyube region, storm the presidential palace in Dushanbe. The protesters take more than 30 government officials hostage and demand Pres. Nabiyev’s resignation. Nabiyev goes into hiding, but senior Tajik diplomats state that the president refuses to resign.

A Kuwaiti policeman is killed and a UN peacekeeping officer from Sweden is wounded when gunfire breaks out between Kuwaiti officers and Iraqis in the demilitarized zone along the Iraq-Kuwait border.

French fighter planes join the allied aircraft enforcing the “No-Fly” rule that took effect Aug. 27.

Russia announces that it will send two warships to the Persian Gulf to help enforce economic sanctions against Iraq

Reports reveal that nine clan leaders in the Hiraan region around Belet Uen have met to discuss how to bring peace to Somalia. It is the first time in more than a century that the nine ugas (kings) have gathered together at once.

An earthquake in the Pacific Ocean, measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale with an epicenter 75 miles (120 km) southwest of Managua, Nicaragua, causes tidal waves, or tsunamis, to reach a height of 50 feet (15 m), and strike a 150-mile stretch of the coast of Nicaragua. . . . The presidents of the Brazilian Bar Association and the Brazilian Press Association submit a formal impeachment motion against Pres. Collor to the Chamber of Deputies

Shen Tong, the founder of the Democracy for China Fund, a Boston, Massachusetts–based organization dedicated to nonviolent democratic reform, is arrested by Chinese authorities in Beijing hours before a press conference in which he planned to announce the establishment of a Beijing branch of the fund. Two French television journalists filming a documentary on Shen’s return to China are expelled.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 27–September 1, 1992—371

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The CDC states it will create a nationwide system to track the levels of lead in children’s blood. . . . Rep. Nicholas Mavroules, (D, Mass.) is indicted by a federal grand jury on 17 counts of racketeering, extortion, illegally accepting a gratuity, filing false tax returns, and making false statements.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

UAW Local 1714 goes on strike in protest of GM’s plan to close the shop before the end of 1992. . . . Daniel Keith Ludwig, 95, shipowner who pioneered cheaper ship-production methods and had an estimated fortune $1.2 billion in 1991, dies of heart failure in New York City. . . . Pres. Bush and Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton attack each other’s economic plans.

Officials state the wildfire started that Aug. 20 and raged through 64,000 acres was caused by arson. The fire destroyed an estimated $86 million worth of timber and more than 300 homes. . . . Officials in Dade County, Florida, put the figure for damage from Hurricane Andrew at $15 billion to $20 billion. A total of 14 deaths directly related to the storm were reported. Pres. Bush declares parts of Louisiana a major disaster area.

United Technologies Corp. pleads guilty in a federal court in Alexandria, Virginia, to charges of fraud and conspiracy in defense contracting. It is the largest military contractor yet snared in Operation Ill Wind, the investigation of the Pentagon procurement scandal. The company agrees to pay $6 million in penalties. . . . Reports confirm that the White House has named Peter DeVos as its special envoy to Somalia.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Aug. 27

Seven thousand troops begin arriving in Florida to deliver food, water, and medical supplies to disaster victims.

Aug. 28

Mary Norton (born Mary Pearson), 88, British author of children’s books whose 1952 book The Borrowers won England’s Library Association Carnegie Medal and her 1957 book Bedknobs and Broomsticks was made into the 1971 Walt Disney film, dies in Hartland, England, of a stroke. In the Ruby Ridge, Idaho, standoff between federal authorities and white supremacist fugitive Randy Weaver that started Aug. 21, Kevin Harris, who lives with the family, surrenders.

Northern Exposure wins the Emmy for best drama while Murphy Brown picks up the one for best comedy. The ceremony is marked by jibes aimed at Vice Pres. Quayle, who had criticized the fictional character Murphy Brown and blasted the “cultural elite” of Hollywood for ignoring family values.

Randy Weaver, a fugitive linked with the white-supremacist group Aryan Nations, surrenders to authorities after an 11-day standoff in which four people were killed. . . . Charles L(ongstreet) Weltner, 64, chief justice of the Georgia Supreme Court and former member of the House who withdrew one month before the 1966 election for his third term since he could not support the Democratic ticket that backed segregation, dies in Atlanta of esophageal cancer.

Aug. 29

Aug. 30

Aug. 31

American Insurance Services Group Inc. estimates that victims of Hurricane Andrew in Florida will collect an estimated $7.3 billion in insurance claims, which qualifies the storm as the most costly insured catastrophe in U.S. history.

Morris Carnovsky, 94, stage and screen actor who was elected to the Theater Hall of Fame in 1979, dies in Easton, Connecticut, of natural causes. . . . Former world champion chess player Bobby Fischer emerges from seclusion to attend a press conference in Sveti Stevan, Yugoslavia.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 1

372—September 2–7, 1992

World Affairs

Sept. 4

Africa & the Middle East

Parliamentary leaders and cabinet officials pass a no-confidence resolution against Tajikistan president Nabiyev. . . . Piotr Jaroszewicz, 82, former premier of Poland who was forced to retire in February 1980, is found dead with his wife at their home in Warsaw. Officials state that Jaroszewicz had been tortured and then strangled, and his wife was shot with a hunting rifle. . . . The Yugoslav federal parliament abandons a push to remove Premier Milan Panic through a vote of no confidence. . . . Ukrainian airtraffic controllers go on strike.

Sept. 2

Sept. 3

Europe

The EC decides to spend $27 million on 550 Belgian paratroopers as part of the 3,000-strong UN force to Somalia. . . . The UN Conference on Disarmament (Geneva Committee) approves by consensus a draft international treaty to ban chemical weapons. The treaty will be sent to the General Assembly. . . . Ukraine formally joins the International Monetary Fund.

Government officials announce they have expelled Tajikistan president Nabiyev from office. . . . An Italian plane flying UN relief to Sarajevo crashes without warning about 20 miles (30 km) west of Sarajevo, killing all four crew members. The UN suspends all aid flights to Sarajevo. Several Serbs claim Muslim militias attacked busloads of Serb civilians, killing as many as 50. . . . Russian president Yeltsin brokers a cease-fire in the conflict between Georgia and Abkhazia.

Reports indicate that Iraq has sentenced Michael Wainwright, a British citizen arrested in northern Iraq while on an around-the-world bicycle trip, to 10 years in prison for entering the country illegally. The imprisonment of Wainwright spurs strong protests from the British Foreign Office

The director of a UN weaponsinspection team in Iraq reveals that the Persian Gulf war and ensuing disarmament efforts by the UN have left Iraq without the means to build nuclear weapons.

Uzbekistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan state they will send troops to Tajikistan to prevent the smuggling of arms and drugs from Afghanistan. . . . Former Bulgarian Communist leader Todor Zhivkov is convicted of embezzling state funds and sentences to seven years in prison. . . . In response to the Sept. 3 crash of its UN relief plane, Italy states it will not fly any more aid missions to Sarajevo until “what happened and who was responsible” is determined.

Morocco announces that voters have overwhelmingly approved a constitution devised by King Hassan II. . . . The U.S. unveils plans to expand its airlift of food to Somalia by making flights to Baydhabo and Baidoa, towns said to be among the hardest hit by famine.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A U.S. State Department delegation begins several days of consultations with top Nicaraguan government officials in Managua. The delegation comes in the wake of a negative U.S. Senate staff report.

China’s foreign ministry expels Ross Terrill, an American with ties to leaders of the country’s prodemocracy movement, including Shen Tong, for “actions which are incompatible with his status as a tourist.”

Officials in Nicaragua state that the Sept. 1 earthquake and tidal waves resulted in a death toll of 116, with more than 150 Nicaraguans missing and over 16,000 made homeless. The U.S. State Department grants $5 million in emergency aid to Nicaragua.

Nicaraguan president Violeta Barrios de Chamorro dismisses 12 high-level police officers. The dismissals are widely seen as a move to free $104 million in aid frozen by the U.S. Congress since reports suggest continuing Sandinista influence in Chamorro’s government. . . . Cuban president Fidel Castro announces that work on a Soviet-designed nuclear-power plant has been halted indefinitely.

Sept. 5

Italian police arrest Giuseppe Madonia, considered one of the most powerful leaders in Sicilian organized crime, who fled charges of being linked to the mafia in 1984.

Sept. 6

Tajikistan president Rakhman Nabiyev resigns after he is seized by opposition militiamen and demonstrators while attempting to flee Dushanbe, the republic’s capital.

Sept. 7

Soldiers in the nominally independent homeland of Ciskei fire on ANC marchers demanding the ouster of the territory’s military ruler. Up to 28 people are slain and 200 injured. Debate over what caused the violence ensues. . . . Reports confirm Jordan arrested several prominent Muslim fundamentalists, including two members of Parliament, suspected of attempting to smuggle firearms and explosives into the Israeli-occupied territories.

South Korean intelligence agency officials disclose that they broke up a major spy ring that was attempting to “communize the Korean Peninsula.” Authorities arrested four dissidents and more than 40 other suspects.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 2–7, 1992—373

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Pres. Bush announces a plan to sell 150 advanced F-16 fighter jets to Taiwan, despite a virtual ban on U.S. arms sales to Taiwan since 1982. His announcement sparks controversy.

A U.S. District Court judge in Philadelphia rules that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology violated antitrust laws by colluding with Ivy League schools to fix the amount of financial aid offered to accepted students.

Barbara McClintock, 90, highly influential geneticist who won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine in 1983, making her the first woman to win an unshared Nobel Prize in that category, and who also received the National Medal of Science in 1970 and the first MacArthur Laureate Award in 1981, dies in Long Island, New York, of natural causes.

Joseph L(ouis) Rauh Jr., 81, who helped found and was chairman, 1955–57, of Americans for Democratic Action, a group that supported liberal causes, and who sat on the executive board of the NAACP dies in Washington, D.C., of a heart attack.

Amid a storm of controversy, the University of Maryland cancels a conference on genetic explanations for crime since the National Institutes of Health withdrew $78,000 of funding for the event.

A federal appeals court reverses a June 1991 decision that found TWA liable for damages in connection with a 1986 bomb explosion. . . . Presidential candidate Bill Clinton accepts the endorsement of the AFL-CIO. . . . The Census Bureau reports that in inflationadjusted terms, median household income fell to $30,126 in 1991 from $31,203 in 1990. The number of Americans living below the poverty level in 1991 reached its highest level since 1964. The Pentagon awards to a unit of Lockheed Corp. a $688 million contract to develop a groundbased antimissile system for the Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”). . . . The Citadel, an allmale military college in Charleston, South Carolina, ends a program that allowed male military veterans to take courses at the school. The decision comes after three female navy veterans filed a sex-bias suit against the Citadel in June when the college denied them entry into the program.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 2

Warner Brothers Records announces it has signed a contract with pop musician Prince that makes him the highest paid performer in pop music. The deal is reportedly worth $100 million.

The Sierra Club endorses Bill Clinton. . . . Pres. Bush signs a bill gradually expanding the number of government loans to small businesses to $8 billion by 1994. . . . The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upholds an order to ban logging in areas in the Pacific Northwest to protect the endangered northern spotted owl. . . . Cornell-Dubilier Electronics and Federal Pacific Electric agree to pay $21 million for contaminating the harbor of New Bedford, Massachusetts with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Sept. 3

Sept. 4

The United Auto Workers union reaches an agreement with General Motors, returning 2,300 striking workers to their jobs at the plant in Lordstown, Ohio. The accord ends a nine-day strike that prompted GM to suspend production in nine U.S. assembly plants and to temporarily lay off 42,900 employees.

Dorothy Disney MacKaye (Dorothy Cameron Disney), 88, who pioneered the modern marriage advice column, dies in Guilford, Connecticut, of a heart attack. . . . William (Billy) Herman, 83, second baseman inducted into the baseball Hall of Fame in 1975, dies in Palm Beach, Florida, of cancer. . . . Fritz Leiber, 81, author of over 40 books whose awards include a lifeachievement award, presented at the Second World Fantasy Convention, dies of undisclosed causes.

The gay magazine QW reveals that John Schlafly, the son of conservative Republican activist Phyllis Schlafly, is a homosexual.

A man who received a liver from a baboon June 28 in the first surgery of its kind, dies after he suffers a massive stroke and falls into a coma.

Noureddine Morceli of Algeria breaks the seven-year-old world record in the 1,500-meter run a time of 3 minutes, 28.86 seconds in Rieti, Italy.

Disabled demonstrators, calling themselves “Jerry’s Orphans” and claiming that Jerry Lewis treats disabled people as objects of pity, protest in 16 cities during Lewis’s annual Telethon for Muscular Dystrophy. Evan J. Kemp Jr., chairman of the EOE and a muscular dystrophy sufferer, also criticizes Lewis. However, the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) backs Lewis, whose broadcast raises a record $45.8 million.

A plane carrying sky-diving club members crashes minutes after taking off in Hinckley, Illinois, killing all 12 people aboard.

Major League Baseball Commissioner Fay Vincent steps down, less than a week after all 28 team owners, by a vote of 18-9, passed a resolution requesting his resignation.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 5

Sept. 6

Sept. 7

374—September 8–13, 1992

Sept. 8

World Affairs

Europe

Japan announces plans to dispatch more than 1,800 troops to Cambodia over the next year to join UN peacekeeping operations. The troops will be the first Japanese soldiers deployed overseas since World War II.

Two French UN peacekeeping soldiers are shot to death and five are wounded outside of Sarajevo. The incident brings the death toll of UN personnel to eight, while at least 40 have been injured. . . . English skipper Jack Lammiman and his crew of six aboard a ship tracing Christopher Columbus’s voyage to America are rescued by a Norwegian fisherman. The boat, last seen Aug. 7, had drifted 1,500 miles (2,400 km) after its electric generator failed, rendering its communications devices powerless.

Sept. 9

Sept. 10

Sept. 11

Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani announces that China has agreed to provide Iran with a nuclear power plant. The 300-megawatt facility will be Iran’s first atomic power station. . . . Data indicates that there were no reported cases of polio in the Western Hemisphere since 1991. It is the first time that the virus has gone undetected in the region for an entire year.

Yugoslav foreign minister Vladislav Jovanovic resigns and issues a statement that reads, “I find it impossible to continue to remain in a government that is increasingly and openly pursuing a policy opposed to the interests of Serbia and the Serbian nation.”

The World Court resolves a century-long border dispute that triggered a bloody five-day conflict in 1969 known as the Soccer War between Honduras and El Salvador, when it awards almost twothirds of 170 square miles (440 sq km) of disputed territory to Honduras.

At the Clairvaux high-security prison near Troyes, France, a guard and a prisoner are killed in a shootout, and seven armed inmates escape.

After the Sept. 11 incident in Troyes, French prison officers go on strike to demand greater security and higher staffing levels in the country’s overcrowded jails. . . . The Washington Post reports that there has been an explosive growth of new privately owned radio stations in Moscow geared toward American Top-40 musical hits, popular culture, and capitalist-style advertising.

Sept. 12

Sept. 13

At a meeting of EC foreign ministers, Klaus Kinkel argues Germany is taking on a disproportionate share of Europe’s refugee burden since it has taken in more than 220,000 asylum seekers from Bosnia, more than any nation except Croatia. None of the EC foreign ministers offer to relax their immigration policies, however.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

In Angola, UNITA and MPLA informally agree to form a coalition government.

Torrential rains start floods in the Jammu and Kashmir region, in northern Pakistan and northwest India.

Syrian president Hafez al-Assad for the first time publicly asserts that Syria is willing to negotiate a peace treaty with Israel. . . . In South Africa, ANC activists stage a protest in the self-governing homeland of Qwaqwa to demand the resignation of the territory’s ruler, T. K. Mopedi.

Nicaraguan president Chamorro signs a bill guaranteeing that the more than 5,000 claimants to property confiscated under the Sandinistas will, if their claims prove valid, either have their property returned or be financially compensated for their loss. Chamorro also announces the creation of a National Review Commission to examine disputed property claims filed before December 31, 1990.

Iran declares its sovereignty over three Persian Gulf islands that it has governed jointly with the United Arab Emirates since 1971. . . . In South Africa, Winnie Mandela resigns her last leadership posts in the antiapartheid movement—her seat on the ANC’s National Executive Committee and her seat in its Women’s League.

In Brazil, Pres. Collor’s chief of staff and top political adviser, Jorge Bornhausen, resigns.

Israeli delegates departing for the peace talks are confronted at BenGurion International Airport in Tel Aviv by 3,000 right-wing demonstrators protesting the government’s land-for-peace plans.

Peruvian police capture Abimael Guzmán Reynoso, the elusive leader of Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), a Maoist guerrilla group that had waged a violent, 12-year insurrection against the government. They also capture at least three other members of Sendero Luminoso’s governing body.

According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development figures, unemployment in Britain is growing faster than in any other European country.

Asia & the Pacific

In response to Guzmán Reynoso’s arrest Sept. 12, Lima, a city wracked by Sendero Luminoso car bombings over the past year, celebrates as many residents drape their houses with Peruvian flags, and the Peruvian national anthem is sung in the streets.

In northern Pakistan, floodwaters carried by the Jhelum River engulf the city of Jhelum, at the foot of the Mangla Dam.

Thailand holds parliamentary elections, but even before the polls have closed, over 2,500 instances of vote fraud are reported to PollWatch, an independent monitoring agency.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 8–13, 1992—375

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

In Maryland two men carjack Pamela Basu’s automobile, but her arm becomes entangled in a seat belt so she is dragged for two miles and dies of internal injuries. One of the suspects throws Basu’s 22month-old daughter, strapped into a car seat, from the vehicle. Rodney Eugene Solomon, 26, and Bernard Eric Miller, 16, are arrested on murder charges. . . . Sen. Quentin Northrop Burdick, 84, Democratic senator from North Dakota for 32 years, dies in Fargo, North Dakota, of heart failure.

Four women, Suzanne Hallett, Judy Mas, Lisa C. Reagan, and Marie Colleen Weston, file suit against the Tailhook association and the Las Vegas (Nevada) Hilton hotel, alleging that they were sexually abused at the 1990 and/or 1991 Tailhook conventions. . . . Presidential candidate Bill Clinton continues to be questioned about his draft record during the election race.

Two-year note yields tumble to their lowest level ever, 3.78%, and five-year and 10-year notes are down to 5.19% and 6.29%, their lowest respective yields since 1971 and 1972.

A Finnish study finds a link between heart attacks and high concentrations of iron in the blood.

The Senate votes, 62-36, to confirm Edward Carnes as a judge on the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals after heated debate about Carnes’s sensitivity to racial issues. . . . A poll finds voters are about evenly divided on the question of whether or not it is preferable for Congress and the presidency to be under the control of different parties. The poll stands out since earlier surveys consistently found voters prefer split government.

A senior aide to Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni and four other people are indicted in Orlando, Florida, on charges of illegally trying to export arms to Uganda. Two are also charged with trying to ship spare helicopter parts to Libya. The indictments are the result of a complicated 10-month sting operation by the U.S. Customs Service.

John McNamara pleads guilty to defrauding General Motors in a $6 billion loan scheme. . . . The Senate passes, 92-3, an $87.7 billion fiscal 1993 appropriations bill for the Departments of Housing and Urban Development, and Veterans Affairs and independent agencies. . . . The FDIC reports the country’s 11,685 commercial banks earned a record $7.9 billion in the second quarter.

A medical review board finds that the unidentified man who died Sept. 6 after receiving a baboon liver in an experimental transplant operation had been infected with the AIDS virus.

Major League Baseball’s executive council chooses Bud Selig as chairman. He will have much of the commissioner’s authority—but not the title—while the owners search for Vincent’s replacement.

The CDC discloses that more cases of cholera were recorded in the U.S. in 1992 than in any year since records were first kept in 1961. . . . Reports state that NYC police officer Michael O’Keefe was cleared of wrongdoing in a shooting July 3, setting off riots that started July 6. . . . Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reveals that Anglican archbishop Desmond M. Tutu of South Africa has resigned from the school’s board of overseers because of the “volatile” situation in his country.

A poll finds that a majority of women in the army believe that women should be allowed to volunteer for combat. . . . Reports state that a navy submarine-warfare instructor, Captain Laurence Gebhardt, was forced to resign from the service in 1991 for purportedly asking a female civilian clerk at the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, to pose nude for “training photographs.”

Pres. Bush delivers a major economic address to a group of Detroit business executives. He also issues a statement of his policies in “Agenda for American Renewal.” . . . The Senate approves, 82-12, a $22.7 billion fiscal 1993 spending bill for the Treasury Department, the U.S. Postal Service, and other government agencies. . . . The House passes, 241-161, legislation that requires large employers to grant unpaid family and medical leave to their workers.

Scientists report that ozone released as a pollutant into the Earth’s lower atmosphere appears to play a role in shielding the Northern Hemisphere from UV radiation.

Harold Louis (Doc) Humes, 66, cofounder of the Paris Review literary journal and author of the novels The Underground City (1958) and Men Die (1960), dies of cancer in New York City. . . . A U.S. District Court jury in Minneapolis rules that the NFL’s “Plan B” free agency system violates antitrust laws by unfairly restricting the movement of football players from team to team.

Hurricane Iniki strikes Hawaii, killing three people and causing an estimated $1 billion in damage. Called the worst hurricane in Hawaii in the 20th century, it hits the island of Kauai hardest, where winds reach sustained speeds of 130 mph (210 km). . . . Dr. George Washington Crile Jr. (Barney), 84, who caused controversy when he championed the simple mastectomy and the lumpectomy to treat breast cancer, dies in Cleveland of lung cancer.

Jim Grabb and Richey Reneberg take the men’s doubles title at tennis’s U.S. Open.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour takes off on a mission to test the behavior of living organisms in the absence of gravity and to search for ways of combating space sickness. . . . Pres. Bush declares most of Hawaii a federal disaster area. Some 1,300 Army National Guards are dispatched to Kauai. . . . Niels Skakkebaek of the University of Copenhagen finds that the average sperm count in healthy men from all parts of the world has dropped by nearly 50% over the previous 50 years.

Anthony Perkins, 60, actor best known as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock’s trail-blazing horror film Psycho (1960), dies in Hollywood, California, of AIDS. . . . At the U.S. Open, Monica Seles of Yugoslavia defends her tournament title with a victory over Arantxa Sanchez Vicario of Spain.

Pres. Bush announces that his administration has approved the sale of 72 sophisticated F-15 fighter jets to Saudi Arabia. U.S. officials state the sale will generate $9 billion in revenue and save 40,000 jobs in the U.S.

Reports suggest that the government is ordering that all children on Medicaid be screened for lead poisoning. . . . Presidential candidate Bill Clinton launches a national voter registration drive with Rev. Jesse Jackson in Washington, D.C.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 8

Lou Jacobs (born Jacob Ludwig), 89, whose clown face is on a U.S. Postal stamp, dies in Sarasota, Florida, of heart failure. . . . At the U.S. Open, Natalya Zvereva and Gigi Fernandez win the women’s doubles, and. Stefan Edberg wins his second title.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 9

Sept. 10

Sept. 11

Sept. 12

Sept. 13

376—September 14–19, 1992

Sept. 14

Sept. 15

Sept. 16

Sept. 17

Europe

In the first cuts by the Bundesbank in nearly five years, Germany’s benchmark discount rate is lowered to 8.25% from 8.75%, and the Lombard rate is lowered to 9.5% from 9.75%. The cuts prompt the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, and Sweden to follow the Bundesbank’s lead, and stock markets around the world experience fluctuations in response. . . . Officials state that Russia has agreed to open its biological-research facilities to U.S. and British inspections to ensure that Russia is not violating a 1972 treaty banning germ-warfare weapons.

Henri Emmanuelli, president of France’s National Assembly, is charged with influence peddling. . . . Five youths identified as right-wing “skinheads” receive prison sentences ranging from two years to four years after their convictions in the death of an African immigrant, Amadeu Antonio Kiowa, an Angolan who had lived in eastern Germany since 1987 and who was severely beaten and died in November 1990 in the town of Eberswalde.

A new international organization favoring an end to worldwide restrictions on whaling, the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (Nammco), meets for the first time in Oslo, Norway. The group’s founding members are Norway, Iceland, and the semiautonomous Danish territories of Greenland and the Faeroe Islands. Japan sends an observer to Nammco’s inaugural session.

Workers at the FSM auto plant in Tychy, Poland, end a seven-week strike.

The IMF issues a revised forecast for the world economy projecting growth of only 1.1% for 1992, down from 1.4%. . . . The British government suspends Britain’s currency, the pound, from its participation in the European Monetary System (EMS).

UN officials announce that a preliminary investigation shows that an Italian relief plane that crashed Sept. 3 in Bosnia was brought down by at least one shoulderfired, heat-seeking missile. . . . French president Mitterrand’s doctors announce that he has cancer of the prostate gland. . . . British prime minister Major recalls Parliament from recess to discuss the EMS crisis and the British economy.

OPEC members agree to hold production steady at 24.2 million barrels per day during the fourth quarter of 1992. Ecuador abruptly announces its withdrawal from OPEC, citing the organization’s annual $2 million membership fee and strict production limits. . . . At an emergency meeting of he EC monetary committee, the organization that oversees the EMS, Italy withdraws its currency from the EMS.

The Italian Senate ratifies the Maastrict Treaty.

A senior UN official announces both sides in the Sudanese civil war have agreed to let relief flights land in famine-threatened regions. . . . Four U.S. Navy warships providing “seaborne command and control communications” for the deployment of 500 UN peacekeeping troops in Mogadishu, arrive off the Somali coast. The vessels carry crews of 1,700 sailors plus an expeditionary force of 2,100 Marines.

In London, thieves abscond with some 250 pieces of jewelry valued at $7 million in what is described as one of the largest jewel heists ever.

The Israeli army announces that it has arrested Ahmad Suleiman Katmash, the commander of underground forces in the occupied territories for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. . . . The U.S. temporarily suspends relief flights to the Somali town of Belet Uen after a U.S. military airplane delivering emergency supplies is hit by a bullet.

Sept. 18

Sept. 19

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The UN Security Council recommends the ouster of Yugoslavia from the UN for its alleged role in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina on a vote of 12-0, with China, India, and Zimbabwe abstaining. . . . G-7 finance ministers meet in Washington, D.C., to discuss the currency crisis that shook Europe in the past week and debate the 13-year-old European Monetary System.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The first armed UN peacekeeping troops arrive in Somalia to ensure that relief agencies can distribute food to the starving populace.

In Peru, in response to the Sept. 12 arrests of some of its members, Sendero Luminoso detonates a land mine that injures eight commuters on a highway north of Lima. In another incident in Lima, a policeman is shot and killed by rebels The army reports that Sendero Luminoso rebels ambushed an army patrol 300 miles (500 km) east of Lima, killing an officer and three soldiers. . . . Paul (Joseph James) Martin Sr., 89, Canadian Liberal Party politician and public servant for more than 50 years, dies in Windsor, Ontario, of a heart attack.

Reports confirm that the Sept. 13 election in Thailand was tarnished by the fraud and violence that has characterized earlier Thai elections. Seven people were killed on the eve of the balloting, five members of the Palang Dharma party were gunned down in eastern Thailand, and two youths were shot to death in Bangkok as they distributed posters alleging political corruption. . . . Two state-owned Australian airlines, Qantas Airways Ltd. and Australian Airlines, merge.

The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party, the two most powerful Kurdish factions in Iraq, agree to merge guerrilla units under their command into a single 30,000member force under the command of the semiautonomous Kurdish government.

Reports indicate that two Sendero Luminoso bombs killed two people and wounded two others in the Andean city of Cuzco, Peru, 300 miles southeast of Lima. Antiterrorist police claim they have captured Luis Dávila Torres, Sendero Luminoso’s political commander for northern Lima.

Russian and Cuban officials announce they have reached an agreement on the staged withdrawal from Cuba of a mechanized-infantry brigade stationed there by the former Soviet Union. The brigade’s 1,500 troops and their dependents are to be out of Cuba by mid-1993.

As flooding in Pakistan continues, reports suggest that army troops are engaged in engineering schemes which include blasting a hole in the river bank in order to salvage Jhelum by spreading the waters, consequently swamping hundreds of villages.

An explosion kills nine Canadian miners at the Giant mine near Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories. . . . In Colombia, gunmen shoot dead Miriam Rocío Vélez, a judge secretly investigating a murder charge against Pablo Escobar.

Figures show that floods in Pakistan that started Sept. 8 have killed more than 2,000 people, damaged some 2 million acres of crops and devastated 1,800 villages throughout Pakistan. An additional 500 people were killed in northern sections of India. Pakistani officials say that villages in Punjab have been flooded. . . . Mohammed Hidayatullah, 86, Indian chief justice who was vice president of India and who, for short periods in 1969 and 1982, served as the country’s acting president, dies in Bombay of a heart attack.

In England, Dr. Nigel Cox is convicted by a jury in Winchester Crown Court of attempted murder for administering a fatal injection to an elderly patient who asked him to help her die.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 14–19, 1992—377

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Emmett Roe, the owner of a chicken-processing plant where 25 people died in a 1991 fire in Hamlet, North Carolina, is sentenced to almost 20 years in prison after pleading guilty to charges of involuntary manslaughter. . . . The Public Health Service recommends that all women of childbearing age consume more folic acids to reduce the risk of serious birth defects. . . . Rep. Theodore (Ted) Weiss, 64, New York Democrat who championed liberal causes in the House since he was first elected in 1976, dies in New York City of cancer the day before he was to run in primary elections.

The Senate approves by voice vote a bill that will condition renewal of China’s most-favored-nation (MFN) trading status on China’s accountability for and release of prodemocracy demonstrators, progress in improving human rights, the lowering of trade barriers and adherence to curbs on nuclear and missile exports.

The Dow responds positively to the German rate-cut announcement, soaring 2.13%, or 70.52 points, in heavy trading. The Dow’s gain is its largest in 1992 and the 13th-largest single-day increase ever.

Marion Barry Jr., who in April finished serving a six-month sentence for cocaine possession, wins a Democratic primary for a seat on the D.C. City Council. Theodore (Ted) Weiss, who died Sept. 14, wins the Democratic nomination to the House in his district. . . . Rep. Walter Jones, 79, Democrat from North Carolina, 1966–92, dies in Norfolk, Virginia, of pneumonia. . . . The FBI announces carjacking will be handled by a unit specializing in violent crimes, prompted by the Sept. 8 carjacking.

Defense Department spokesman Bob Hall concedes that a U.S. fighter may have been shot down by an Iraqi MiG-25 during the gulf war. Previously, the Pentagon claimed that U.S. planes downed 28 Iraqi fighters in air-to-air combat without a single U.S. loss.

The FDIC board votes, 5-0, to increase insurance premiums it levies on banks and thrifts. The new premium-rate structure boosts overall bank premiums by 10% to an average of 25.4 cents per $100 of domestic deposits.

Jocelyn Burdick (D) becomes North Dakota’s first female senator when she is appointed as an interim replacement for her husband, Sen. Quentin Burdick (D), who died Sept. 8. Her swearing in boosts the number of women in the Senate to three, which is the most that have ever served simultaneously. . . . Millicent Fenwick, 82, former New Jersey Republican congresswoman known as a champion of women’s rights and ethics in government, dies in Bernardsville, N.J., of heart failure.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 14

Sept. 15

Reports suggest that astronomers David Jewitt and Jane Luu, using the University of Hawaii’s telescope on Mauna Kea peak, detected a small planetlike body beyond Pluto, designated 1992 QB-1. . . . Mount Spurr in Alaska, an 11,000-foot (3,300-m) volcano, erupts. It is the third eruption of the volcano since it became active in June for the first time in 39 years.

A federal district judge in Washington, D.C., Stanley Sporkin, overturns the impeachment by the Senate of former U.S. District Judge Alcee L. Hastings of Florida, arguing that the impeachment proceedings were unconstitutional.

The political action committee of the Veterans of Foreign Wars announces that it will not make an endorsement in the 1992 presidential race.

Joanna O’Rourke, a former manager of the House Post Office, pleads guilty to charges of embezzling government property and misusing public funds, and prosecutors drop a conspiracy charge. . . . Reports show the Senate selected Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D, N.Y.) as chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, replacing Sen. Quentin Burdick (D, N.Dak.), who died Sept. 8.

Heavy ash from Mount Spurr, Alaska, falls in Willow, 75 miles north of the volcano.

The name of Texas billionaire Ross Perot is placed on the Arizona presidential ballot, so he is listed as a candidate in all 50 states. Perot hints that he may reenter the presidential race. . . . John Schlafly, the son of conservative Republican activist Phyllis Schlafly who was “outed,” or identified as a homosexual, in the Sept. 6 issue of QW, claims he endorses his mother’s positions, which oppose same-sex marriages and civil-rights protection to homosexuals. He argues these positions are not antigay.

The Senate passes, by voice vote, legislation known as the Cuban Democracy Act, which bars foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba. The measure is designed to bring about the downfall of Cuban president Fidel Castro Ruz.

The Senate passes, 82-13, a $240.9 billion bill to fund the Departments of Education, Labor, and Health and Human Services for fiscal 1993. . . . Carl J. Megel, 92, lobbyist of the American Federation of Teachers who was AFT president from 1952 to 1964, dies in Rockville, Maryland.

Congress approves a record $11.1 billion disaster-relief aid package for victims of Hurricane Andrew in Florida and Louisiana and for Hurricane Iniki in Hawaii as part of a 1992 supplemental appropriations bill. The funding also assists victims of Typhoon Omar, which struck the American territory of Guam with winds of 120 to 150 miles per hour (190 to 240 kph) Aug. 28, injuring 59 people and laying waste to houses all over the Pacific island.

The Senate passes by voice vote a $274.5 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1993.

Reports indicate that economist Arthur Laffer, whose theoretical work formed the basis of much of “Reaganomics,” the supply-side economic policies pursued by Pres. Reagan, is supporting Democratic candidate Bill Clinton.

Sept. 16

The House passes, 280-128, a compromise bill to reregulate the cable-television industry. . . . In football, the owners of the 28 NFL franchises announce that the activities of the NFL-affiliated World League will be suspended for the 1993 season.

Sept. 17

Sept. 18

Sir Geraint Llewellyn Evans, 70, Welsh operatic baritone best known for his portrayal of the title role in Verdi’s opera Falstaff who was knighted in 1969, dies in Aberystwyth, Wales, of a heart attack.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 19

378—September 20–24, 1992

Sept. 20

Sept. 21

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The World Bank’s annual report is released, and it shows that World Bank lending for environmental projects fell to $1.2 billion in 1992 from $1.6 billion in 1991. The report pledges the bank to assess the environmental impact of its existing and new development projects in poor countries.

French voters narrowly approve the European Community’s Treaty on European Union. . . . Estonia holds its first post-Soviet parliamentary and presidential elections. Only those persons, or their descendants, who were citizens of Estonia before 1940 are allowed to vote.

The United Nations General Assembly opens its 47th session with 178 member states at its headquarters in New York City.

In England, Justice Harry Ognall sentences Dr. Nigel Cox, convicted Sept. 19 for administering a fatal injection to an elderly patient who asked him to help her die, to a year in jail, but he suspends the sentence for 12 months.

Hundreds of demonstrators protest the Israeli government’s land-forpeace plans outside the chambers of the Knesset in Jerusalem. . . . UNITA fighters take policemen hostage and occupy an airport in the city of Cuito, Angola, alleging that the MPLA would try to assassinate guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi at a rally.

The UN General Assembly expels Yugoslavia from the UN for its alleged role in the war in BosniaHerzegovina. . . . Danish premier Schluter announces that his country will hold a second referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in mid1993, after the narrow defeat for the pact in a June Danish referendum helped awaken opposition to the pact throughout Europe. . . . The two so-called Bretton Woods institutions, the IMF and the World Bank, hold their joint annual meeting in Washington, D.C.

The Swedish navy fires depth charges at a suspected underwater intruder in Swedish waters 60 miles (100 km) south of Stockholm.

In Angola, government soldiers fire on two UNITA supporters in Huambo minutes before José Eduardo dos Santos arrives for a rally while campaigning in the nation’s first-ever free elections.

At the meeting of the UN, Croatian president Franjo Tudjman argues that full civil rights have been extended to the Serb minority residing in his country under UN protection. Therefore, he claims, UN peacekeeping forces should be withdrawn in 1993, when their mandate expires. . . . France and Germany issue a rare joint statement stressing their commitment to supporting the value of the French franc within the European Monetary System.

The Russian defense ministry denies Swedish accusations that the intruder fired upon on Sept. 22 was a Russian submarine.

Delegates from more than 30 Iraqi groups opposed to the regime of Pres. Saddam Hussein meet in Salahuddin in nominally Kurdishcontrolled northeastern Iraq.

A police spokesman confirms that a bomb was responsible for a Sept. 18 explosion that killed nine Canadian miners in a strike-torn gold mine in the Northwest Territories . . . In an apparent assassination attempt, a man and a woman seriously wound Antonio Ríos, a union leader and prominent member of the ruling Democratic Action Party in Venezuela. Police arrest two suspects, Norma Josefina Azuaje and Cesar Eduardo Peña. . . . A Honduran gunman, Orlando Ordoñez Betancourt, abducts the Mexican ambassador to Costa Rica, the Costa Rican public security minister, a Roman Catholic bishop and the chief of the Honduran investigative police during peace talks in the Costa Rican capital, San José.

Chuan Leekpai, a prodemocracy activist, is named premier of Thailand. Chuan heads a fragile fiveparty coalition that emerged following Sept. 13 parliamentary elections. . . . Vietnam’s National Assembly elects conservative General Le Duc Anh as state president.

The sixth round of bilateral peace talks between Arab and Israeli negotiators concludes but fails to result in a hoped-for agreement between Israel and Syria over control of the disputed Golan Heights region.

Markus Wolf, who headed East Germany’s foreign spy operations for 33 years before retiring in 1986, is charged in Germany with treason, espionage and bribery. . . . German and Romanian officials formally sign an agreement that will send thousands of Romanians whose asylum requests were rejected by Germany back to Romania. . . . David Mellor, dogged by reports of an extramarital affair and personal gifts from a member of a prominent Palestinian family, announces his resignation from British prime minister Major’s cabinet. . . . Thousands of people march in Budapest and other cities against a rise of neo-Nazism in Hungary.

Chakufa Chihana, a Malawian trade unionist, is named the 1992 recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award. Earlier, Chihana was indicted on three counts of sedition for giving an interview to the foreign press in July after he completed three months in prison without charges.

Endara resumes diplomatic relations with Mexico. . . . In Costa Rica, Orlando Ordoñez Betancourt, the man who kidnapped four people on Sept. 23, releases three of them in order to avail himself of a safe-passage agreement to Mexico. . . . The U.S. returns 48 ancient sacred textiles that the Coroma Indians of Bolivia allege were stolen and illegally imported by U.S. art dealers. The return of the textiles ends four years of threatened lawsuits and negotiations, and it follows guidelines established in the UNESCO convention on cultural properties, which the U.S. signed in 1983.

Vietnam’s National Assembly reelects reformist Vo Van Kiet as premier.

Pro-China candidates win all 16 seats in elections for the Legislative Assembly in Macao, the Portuguese colony on the southern coast of China that will revert to Chinese sovereignty in 1999.

Mexico and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations, ending over 130 years of church-state discord. Mexico was the only major Latin American country to lack ties with the Vatican.

The Communist Party of the Philippines is legalized when Pres. Ramos signs a law repealing a 1957 antisubversion act. The government also releases 48 political prisoners.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 20–24, 1992—379

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

William L(ee) Springer, 83, Chicago Republican congressman in the House, 1951–73, dies in Champaign, Illinois, after suffering from Alzheimer’s disease.

Questions about Vice Pres. Dan Quayle’s military service record reemerge for the first time since 1988.

The campaign for presidential candidate Bill Clinton unveils its first negative television advertisement, in which Pres. Bush is accused of being out of touch with the nation’s economic problems.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour lands safely at the Cape Canaveral airstrip after conducting tests on the behavior of living organisms in the absence of gravity and after searching for ways of combating space sickness.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 20

The TV show Murphy Brown takes aim at Vice Pres. Quayle, who attacked the program in May. An estimated 44 million people watch, making it a bigger draw than either the Democratic or Republican national conventions.

In testimony before the Senate Select Committee on POW-MIA Affairs, Henry Kissinger staunchly denies allegations that captured U.S. servicemen were knowingly left behind in Southeast Asia in 1973. . . . The House passes by voice vote a bill that conditions renewal of China’s most-favorednation (MFN) trading status on China’s accountability for and release of prodemocracy demonstrators, progress in improving human rights, the lowering of trade barriers and adherence to curbs on nuclear and missile exports.

The Treasury Department begins a year-long trial of a new auction technique that would affect monthly sales of the single-price method— the so-called Dutch auction—to try to lower the cost of the government’s borrowing and to break the stranglehold on Treasury securities auctions. . . . The IRS publishes new rules so that about three-fourths of businesses will have to deposit withheld funds with the IRS only once a month. . . . Pres. Bush vetoes legislation that would require large employers to grant unpaid family and medical leave to their workers.

The Commission on Presidential Debates cancels a debate because the Bush campaign will not agree to the proposed format. . . . Democratic leaders in Manhattan select Jerrold Nadler to replace Rep. Ted Weiss (D, N.Y.), who had died Sept. 14 but nevertheless won the Democratic primary. . . . Amy Fisher, 18, pleads guilty to shooting Mary Jo Buttafuoco, the wife of her alleged lover, Joseph Buttafuoco, 36, in a case that draws national publicity.

The Senate votes, 86-10, to pass a $251 billion defense appropriations bill for fiscal 1993. . . . James Alward Van Fleet, 100, army fourstar general who was considered one of the U.S.’s most respected military leaders and whose numerous decorations include the Distinguished Service Cross with three oak leaf clusters, dies in Polk City, Florida.

The campaign of Pres. Bush unveils its first negative television ad, in which Bill Clinton is portrayed as a governor who repeatedly raises taxes and plans to do so if elected. . . . Congress passes legislation that makes facilities owned by the federal government subject to the same hazardouswaste laws as private industries. The bill enables the EPA and state regulators to impose fines on federal agencies for waste-disposal violations.

A study finds that the average body temperature of a healthy adult is not 98.6ºF, but 98.2ºF. . . . Pres. Bush signs a bill to provide $11.1 billion passed by Congress Sept. 18 . . . NASA figures show that the ozone hole extends above 8.9 million square miles (23 million sq km) of surface territory, an area roughly equal to North America. It is about 15% larger than the biggest ozone hole measured in 1991. . . . Paul Garber, 93, first curator of the NASA Museum, dies in Arlington, Virginia.

Reports confirm that the NRA National Rifle Association decided not to endorse a presidential candidate in 1992. . . . Paul Tully, 48, political director of the Democratic National Committee who had worked in every presidential election since 1968, is found dead in Little Rock, Arkansas, of a heart attack.

The House passes by voice vote an $8.39 billion appropriation for military construction for fiscal 1993. . . . Navy acting secretary Sean O’Keefe announces the punishments of three admirals—Rear Admiral Duvall (Mac) Williams Jr., Rear Admiral George Davis VI and Rear Admiral John Gordon—in the wake of a report on the Tailhook scandal. In the document, 26 women—half of them military officers—claim they were sexually abused by male aviators at the 1991 convention of the Tailhook Association. O’Keefe discloses that Williams and Gordon have been asked to retire, and Davis will be relieved of his post and assigned to other duties. . . . The House, 276-135, passes the Cuban Democracy Act which bars foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba. . . . A federal court jury in Honolulu, Hawaii, finds the estate of the late Philippine Pres. Ferdinand Marcos liable for government atrocities against political opponents during his rule. The class-action civil lawsuit, brought on behalf on some 10,000 Filipino dissidents, is the first in the U.S. to claim human-rights violations in a foreign country.

Congress clears a $22 billion appropriations bill for energy, water, and nuclear-defense programs. . . . Congress passes a conference report for a $688 million fiscal 1993 spending bill for the District of Columbia. . . . The Senate votes, 68-31, to override Pres. Bush’s Sept. 22 veto. It is the first time that the upper chamber overrides the president out of eight attempts during Bush’s term.

Reports show that scientists have found that beta-amyloid, a protein, appears throughout the bodies of both healthy and sick people, so they now theorize that unusually high concentrations of the protein, or an abnormal reaction to it, trigger Alzheimer’s disease. . . . Scientists at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration suggest that, in addition to the build-up of CFCs, sulfur dioxides released by the 1991 volcanic eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines and Mt. Hudson in Chile have caused ozone depletion noted Sept. 23. . . . Reports indicate that scientists in England have detected genetic defects in testtube embryos that are just days old.

The Senate passes, 74-25, a bill to reregulate the cable-television industry . . . Two U.S. balloonists, Richard Abruzzo and Troy Bradley, complete the longest balloon flight in history. . . . A federal appeals court lifts an injunction against distribution of the 1991 Emmy Awardwinning British documentary, Damned in the U.S.A. sought by Rev. Donald E. Wildmon

Manon Rheaume becomes the first woman to play in an NHL game, when she tends goal for the Tampa Bay Lightning. No woman has played in the three other major sports leagues—the NFL, NBA and MLB. . . . Glendon Swarthout, 74, author of Bless the Beasts and Children (1970), dies in Scotsdale, Arizona.

Sept. 21

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

380—September 25–30, 1992

World Affairs

Sept. 25

Sept. 26

Sept. 27

Sept. 28

Law-enforcement officials from the U.S., Colombia, and Italy announce that they have arrested more than 165 people in six nations on charges related to a money-laundering scheme involving the Italian Mafia and the leading Colombian cocaine cartel. It is called the first instance of international cooperation on a case of this nature. U.S. DEA administrator Robert C. Bonner states that 112 of the arrests were made in the U.S., 29 were in Italy, and the remainder were in Canada, England, Spain, and Costa Rica.

Sept. 29

Sept. 30

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

French prison officers end the strike that started Sept. 12. . . . The military chief of the Commonwealth of Independent States reveals Russia’s strategic missiles are still aimed at the U.S. . . . Reports suggest that as many as 3,000 men, women, and children have been slain in Serb-run detention camps near the Bosnian town of Brcko. . . . A fire ignites at a memorial to Jews who died in the Sachsenhausen death camp during World War II. The camp is about 18 miles (30 km) north of Berlin.

As a gesture of reconciliation, the South African government begins freeing prisoners.

Peace negotiators Cyrus R. Vance of the UN and Lord Owen of the EC state they have information that up to 4,000 Muslim civilians were forced at gunpoint to leave the Travnik area, in northwestern Bosnia, in a wave of ethnic cleansing by the Serbs . . . . In Italy, Vincenzo Scarantino, 27, an alleged member of the Kalsa Mafia clan, is arrested in connection with the murder in July of leading anti-Mafia magistrate Paolo Borsellino.

South African president F. W. de Klerk and African National Congress president Nelson Mandela meet for the first time since May.

The Washington Post reports that Serb senior police official Stojan Zupljanin has confirmed the murders in August of at least 200 Muslim male detainees released from a Serb-run camp at Trnopolje in northwestern Bosnia. . . . Swiss voters give their approval for the construction of two huge rail tunnels under the Swiss Alps.

About 3,000 prisoners arrested for their links to the Palestinian intifada launch a fast to protest the conditions of their imprisonment . . . The Armed Forces of Angola (FAA), a joint 50,000-member army of UNITA and government troops called for in the May 1991 peace treaty, forms. . . . A Nigerian military-transport plane crashes shortly after taking off from Lagos, killing all 163 people on board. It is Nigeria’s worst air disaster since 1973.

German prosecutors state that the fire started Sept. 25 at the Jewish Barracks at Sachsenhausen was almost certainly an arson attack.

Iran and the United Arab Emirates break off talks on three disputed islands in the Persian Gulf.

In one of the biggest clashes of ongoing battles with PKK rebels inside Turkey, more than 200 people are killed when rebels attack an army post near the Iraqi border.

Angolans vote for a president in the country’s first-ever free elections. Preliminary tallies put the current president, Eduardo dos Santos, ahead of his nearest rival, former guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi.

Brazil’s lower house of congress votes decisively to impeach Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello on corruption charges.

Reports state that the National Bank of Pakistan has agreed to pay $200,000 and to upgrade its record-keeping practices as settlement terms for its violation of U.S. currency-control laws designed to stem money laundering.

Ukraine’s premier, Vitold P. Fokin, resigns under pressure. . . . Romanian president Ion Iliescu leads five other candidates in presidential elections but will face a runoff. . . . Yugoslav president Dobrica Cosic agrees to a withdrawal of Yugoslav federal troops from the Prevlaka Peninsula, the last area of Croatia still occupied by Yugoslavia.

The UN suspends relief efforts in southern Sudan after Miyut Maung, a Burmese staffer for the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and Helge Hummelvoll, a Norwegian reporter, are killed in rebel-occupied territory.

Guerrillas ambush and kill 13 soldiers in the highland area of Huanuco in central Peru.

In the Philippines, U.S. personnel withdraw from the U.S. naval base at Subic Bay, located 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Manila, the capital.

Reports confirm that Carlos Aldana Escalante was removed from his posts in the Cuban Communist Party.

The military government of Myanmar revokes most of the remaining martial-law decrees imposed in 1989 to suppress a prodemocracy movement. Aung San Suu Kyi, the Nobel Peace Prize-winning leader of Myanmar’s democratic opposition, remains under house arrest, although her National League for Democracy won 80% of the legislative seats in 1990.

A Pakistani airliner crashes about 10 miles (16 km) south of Katmandu Airport in Nepal, killing all 167 passengers and crew. . . . The value of Japan’s currency rises to a post-World War II record high of 119.65 against the dollar at the close of trading in Tokyo. . . . Hu Qiaomu, 81, hard-line Chinese Marxist theorist who gained influence through 57 years with the Communist Party, dies in Beijing of unspecified causes.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 25–30, 1992—381

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Bush vetoes a bill reauthorizing for five years the federal familyplanning program, Title X of the Public Health Service Act of 1970. . . . A juvenile court judge in Orlando, Florida, rules in favor of Gregory Kingsley, 12, who wants to terminate the parental rights of his natural mother, Rachel Kingsley, so he can be adopted by his foster parents, George Russ and Lizabeth Russ. It is the first time that parental rights are rescinded as a result of legal action on the part of a minor.

The U.S. and Russia formally lift all restrictions on travel by journalists and business people visiting one country from the other, finally ending a cold war policy. . . . The Senate clears an $8.39 billion appropriation for military construction for fiscal 1993.

In their second job action in a month, members of the United Auto Workers union stage a local strike against GM. . . . Congress approves an $86.9 billion fiscal 1993 appropriations bill for the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Department of Veterans Affairs, NASA, the EPA, and other independent agencies.

Reports confirm that scientists have extracted fragments of DNA from an extinct termite embedded in amber for up to 30 million years. . . . The U.S. launches the Mars Observer, an unmanned spacecraft designed to orbit Mars and collect information about it. The nearly $1 billion mission is the U.S.’s first trip to Mars since two Viking probes touched down on the planet in the mid-1970s.

Magic Johnson resigns from the National Commission on AIDS, to which he was appointed by Pres. Bush in 1991. In a letter, Johnson writes that he and other panel members have “been increasingly frustrated by the lack of support, and even opposition, of your administration to our recommendations.”

Retired physician Jack Kevorkian, known as the “suicide doctor,” assists a fifth person to commit suicide in Michigan, which has no law against helping people to kill themselves.

Veterans Affairs Secretary Edward J. Derwinski resigns to become an adviser on ethnic issues to the campaign to reelect Pres. Bush.

Sept. 25

Sept. 26

Sept. 27

The Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights announces that the University of California at Berkeley’s law school violated federal civil rights laws by giving preferential treatment to minority applicants. The school vows to change its admissions process starting with the 1993 class.

Pres. Bush vetoes a bill that would have conditioned renewal of China’s most-favored-nation (MFN) trading status on China’s accountability for and release of pro-democracy demonstrators, progress in improving human rights, the lowering of trade barriers, and adherence to curbs on nuclear and missile exports.

The Fish and Wildlife Service declares the marbled murrelet, a small seabird, as a threatened species. The total population of murrelets, which nest in coastal forests in the Pacific Northwest, has dwindled to about 9,000 in recent years.

Benjamin Spock, the well-known pediatrician, reverses his position on the nutritional value of cow’s milk and warns that it may harm some infants.

A GAO report that maintains there is no evidence to show Patriot missiles successfully intercepted Iraqi Scud missiles in more than 9% of their engagements during the Persian Gulf war is made public. . . . The navy discloses the July crash of a prototype of the Osprey troop transport was caused by an engine fire set off by an unexplained leak of fuel and transmission fluid.

Members of the United Auto Workers union end the strike started Sept. 25 when they ratify an agreement with GM. . . . The Senate approves, 70-29, a wide-ranging tax bill that includes incentives for businesses to operate in poor areas.

Reports indicate that U.S. schoolchildren finished second among nine-year-olds and ninth among 14-year-olds in a 31-nation study comparing basic reading skills. . . . In Austin, Texas, a grand jury does not indict Joel Rene Valdez on charges of raping a woman who asked him to wear a condom after he threatened her at knifepoint. The refusal sparks protests. . . . The House by voice vote approves the Senate version of a bill providing for the release of thousands of pages of government documents on the 1963 assassination of Pres. Kennedy.

The House votes, 345-74, to override the president’s Sept. 28 veto of a bill that conditions renewal of China’s most-favored-nation (MFN) trading status.

The Senate clears a bill banning the importation of 11 endangered species of exotic birds in demand on the U.S. pet market. . . . Congress clears a $12.15 billion appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies. . . . Congress passes a stopgap spending bill . . . The House sustains Pres. Bush’s Sept. 22 veto that the Senate overrode Sept. 24. . . . Pres. Bush vetoes the fiscal 1993 spending bill for the District of Columbia because it fails to include language prohibiting the use of funds to provide abortions for poor women. Congress alters the bill to include the prohibition, which is then passed.

William Douglas-Home, 80, prolific English playwright known for his light comedies who was jailed for a year after refusing orders to take part in the bombardment of Le Havre, France, dies in Hampshire, England, of a heart attack.

W(illiam) Henry Sebrell Jr., 91, pioneer nutrition and vitamin researcher who was director of the National Institutes of Health, 1950–55, and who won the Goldberger Medal of the American Medical Association, dies in Pompano Beach, Florida, of cancer.

Earvin (Magic) Johnson, who retired in 1991 after being diagnosed with the virus that caused AIDS, announces that he will return to play for the Los Angeles Lakers for the 1992–93 season.

Sept. 28

Sept. 29

Sept. 30

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

382—October 1–5, 1992

World Affairs

Oct. 1

Oct. 2

The UN Security Council passes a resolution that will allow UN members to seize Iraqi oil assets currently frozen abroad. The impounded assets, with an estimated value of $500 million to $1 billion, will pay for UN disarmament and relief efforts in Iraq and for compensation for victims of Iraq’s 1990 invasion of Kuwait.

Africa & the Middle East

Iraqi finance minister Ahmed Hussein Khudayer charges that the UN’s Oct. 2 seizure resolution is illegal, but he states Iraq will seek to resume negotiations with the UN on an oil-export plan.

Oct. 5

The Americas

The Bosnian government states that 14,364 people have died in fighting since April. The camp at Trnopolje releases 1,561 detainees, in compliance with peace accords. It is the first such release in Bosnia. . . . Slovakia adopts a constitution that characterizes the republic as a sovereign state. The Czechoslovak Federal Assembly rejects a proposed constitutional amendment on the dissolution of the federation negotiated by Czech premier Klaus and Slovak premier Meciar.

Reports emerges that in Sudan, Francis Ngure, a Kenyan driver for UNICEF, and Wilma Gomez, a Philippine aid worker, have been found dead. . . . Zaire’s premier, Etienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba, fires central bank Governor Nyemba Shabani after discovering that $5 million is missing from the national reserves.

Guerrillas kill an Italian lay missionary near Huaraz, 200 miles (320 km) north of Lima.

During an annual joint naval exercise, two missiles from a U.S. aircraft carrier accidentally strike a Turkish destroyer in the Aegean Sea, killing five Turks and wounding 15 others. . . . Secessionist Abkhaz guerrillas and their allies stage a surprise offensive against Georgian forces. . . . In Italy, public-sector workers strike, and 20 people are injured in Rome at a rally of 200,000 unionists. . . . Reports indicate Serb militias are raping and deliberately impregnating captured Muslim women and teenaged girls.

In Egypt, militants fire automatic weapons at a cruise ship carrying about 150 German tourists along the Nile river. Three of the ship’s Egyptian crew members are wounded in the attack. . . . In Angola, former guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi charges that a recent election was rigged, and he hints that he may plunge the country back into civil war.

An estimated 200 inmates die when Brazilian paramilitary police attempt to quell a prison riot at Casa de Detencao in Sao Paulo, the largest jail in South America. It is the worst prison violence in Brazil’s history. . . . In Peru, Superior Court judge Carlos Huaman, who convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment two Sendero Luminoso militants, is killed in Huaraz. . . . In Brazil, Vice Pres. Itamar Franco becomes acting president after a Sept. 29 vote against Pres. Collor, who is preparing for a Senate trial.

Georgian warplanes attack rebel positions in Gagra in the first use of air power by Georgia in the Abkhazia conflict. . . . UN relief flights to Sarajevo resume . . . . An unofficial celebration of the 50th anniversary of Germany’s development of the V-2 rocket during World War II is attended by a few hundred people after the government canceled a ceremony amid controversy. . . . Victoria Lidiard, 102, one of the last surviving British suffragettes, dies in Brighton, England.

Oct. 3

Oct. 4

Europe

Asia & the Pacific

After the prison riot on Oct. 2 in Brazil, official sources state that only eight prisoners died. However, 25 minutes before the municipal balloting ends, prison officials put the number of dead at 111.

An Israeli El Al cargo plane crashes into an apartment complex in a suburb of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, setting off a fire that ravages the crowded complex. All four people aboard the plane die instantly, and scores are killed on the ground.

Pres. Joaquim Chissano of the Mozambique government and Afonso Dhlakama, the leader of the rebel Mozambique National Resistance, widely known as Renamo, sign a peace accord to end Mozambique’s 16-year-old civil war. . . . The new Kurdish parliament votes to expel the PKK’s militants from Iraq. . . . In response to the Oct. 1 bank firing in Zaire, Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko orders troops to surround the finance ministry in Kinshasa, the capital.

A Georgian military helicopter is shot down over Abkhazia, killing two crewmen. Georgia contends that Russian forces are the culprits, further escalating tension between Russian and Georgia. . . . Estonia’s Supreme Council chooses nationalist Lennart Meri as its chairman, the equivalent of state president. . . . Reports confirm that Turkish security forces have been continuing to battle with PKK rebels inside Turkey since Apr. 26.

Political opponents of Kuwait’s ruling Sabah family win a majority of seats in the emirate’s National Assembly, as Kuwait holds its first parliamentary elections since 1985.

Cheddi Jagan defeats incumbent Pres. Desmond Hoyte to win the presidency in Guyana’s general election. Some 2,000 Hoyte supporters allege voting irregularities and demand their right to vote. After the crowd throws stones, a police riot unit opens fire, killing two people. Sporadic looting prompts Pres. Hoyte to call for the army to restore order. . . . The Canadian government charges four mine managers and the company that operated the Westray coal mine for violations in a May 9 explosion that killed 26 miners in Nova Scotia. . . . Nicaragua restores diplomatic relations with Israel.

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the world’s richest individual, celebrates 25 years as absolute monarch of Brunei by parading through the streets of Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital, in a 70-footlong chariot of gilded teak.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 1–5, 1992—383

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Texas billionaire Ross Perot reverses his July 16 decision and declares that he is reentering the presidential race. . . . The Senate votes, 73-26, to override Pres. Bush’s Sept. 25 veto of a bill reauthorizing for five years the federal family-planning program, Title X of the Public Health Service Act of 1970. . . . Alcee Hastings, whose impeachment conviction was overturned in September, wins a Florida Democratic primary for a House seat.

The Senate votes, 93-6, to ratify the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). . . . The Senate approves by voice vote a bill known as the Freedom Support Act, which authorizes $460 million in aid to Russia and most of the other exSoviet states. . . . The Senate upholds Pres. Bush’s Sept. 28 veto of a bill that would have conditioned renewal of China’s most-favored-nation (MFN) trading status that the House overrode on Sept. 30.

Congress approves several appropriations for fiscal 1993, including a $22.56 billion bill for the Treasury and the Postal Service, a $13.2 billion bill for the Department of Transportation, and a $23 billion bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State and the federal judiciary. . . . A Senate report charges that banking officials and regulators worldwide failed to take action against the BCCI, despite their knowledge of the bank’s illegal transactions and bribery.

Scientists release the first two maps of human chromosomes, as part of the Human Genome Project. . . . A study shows that pregnant women who use cocaine risk confusing the biological clock of their fetus. . . . Data indicates that prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide, an anesthetic also known as laughing gas, decreases a woman’s ability to get pregnant by 59% in a given month.

At an auction of the property of author Alex Haley, who died of a heart attack in February, the original manuscript for Haley’s book Autobiography of Malcolm X (1964) is purchased for $100,000 by a lawyer representing singer Anita Baker.

A Senate report that is made public accuses the director of the federal prison system, J. Michael Quinlan, of ordering a prisoner into solitary confinement four days before the 1988 presidential election in order to prevent him from telling reporters his uncorroborated claim that he sold Vice Pres. Dan Quayle marijuana. . . . The House upholds Pres. Bush’s Sept. 25 veto of a bill reauthorizing for five years the federal family-planning program, Title X of the Public Health Service Act of 1970, which the Senate overrode Oct. 1.

The House passes a bill that will allow Latin American and Caribbean countries to take part in “debt-for-nature” swaps with the U.S. Commodity Credit Corp. (CCC).

Pres. Bush signs a $22 billion appropriations bill for energy, water, and nuclear-defense programs. . . . Congress approves a conference report on the fiscal 1993 intelligence authorization bill. . . . The House approves by voice vote a measure designed to improve oversight and supervision of futures trading.

Scientists claim they have found a link between a gene and the most common form of high blood pressure, known as “essential” hypertension.

The House passes the so-called deadbeat parents bill, which makes it a federal crime for noncustodial parents living in another state to avoid paying child support. . . . The campaigns of Pres. Bush and Democratic presidential nominee Gov. Bill Clinton (Ark.) announce that they have reached an agreement on presidential debates.

Congress clears the bill that overturns a ban on abortions in overseas military medical facilities. . . . The House votes, 232-164, to clear the Freedom Support Act, passed by the Senate Oct. 1. . . . The House approves a $274 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1993.

The House passes, 335-75, a conference bill that will expand and reauthorize, through fiscal 2000, federal Indian health-care programs. . . . Congress clears a $245.7 billion appropriations bill for the Departments of Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services.

Ernest Volwiler, 99, medicinal chemist who pioneered work in anesthetics in the 1930s and who won the 1958 Priestley Medal, the American Chemical Society’s highest honor, dies in Lake Forest, Illinois.

Pres. Bush vetoes the cable-television reregulation bill. . . . Alex Haley’s Roots fetches $50,000 from George Jewett at auction. . . . Irish rock ringer Sinead O’Connor, the musical guest on Saturday Night Live, creates controversy when she tears up a photograph of Pope John Paul II.

The House passes a bill that will halt U.S. imports of fish and fishing equipment from countries that allow their commercial fishing vessels to use “drift nets.”

The House approves a measure designed to attract more people into the farming industry by easing loan restrictions from the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA). . . . The House passes, 253-143, a $2.3 billion appropriations bill for the legislative branch. . . . The House passes a bill that will regulate more tightly payments from farm-credit banks that are earmarked for retiring the debt incurred from the 1987 federal bailout.

Zoltan L. Bay, 92, Hungarian-born physicist who pioneered radar astronomy and whose efforts led to new measurements of the speed of light and a new international standard for a combined measurement of time and length, dies in Chevy Chase, Maryland, of emphysema.

Denis Hulme, 56, New Zealander who won the 1967 Formula One World Championship of auto racing, dies in Bathurst, Australia, of a heart attack during an automobile endurance race.

The House, 332-44, reauthorizes for five years the Export-Import Bank, a federal agency that encourages buyers in foreign countries to purchase U.S.-made goods. . . . Congress clears a foreign-aid appropriation for fiscal 1993. . . . The Senate passes a $274 billion defense authorization for fiscal 1993. . . . Congress passes a $253.8 billion defense appropriation for fiscal 1993. . . . A federal appeals court in Richmond, Virginia, rules that the Virginia Military Institute, a 153-year-old statesupported college, does not have to admit women. The three-judge panel argues that coeducation will ruin the unique character of the school and rules that, under the Constitution’s equal-protection clause, the state must set up an equivalent program for women.

The House passes a measure reauthorizing the Overseas Private Investment Corp. (OPIC). . . . The House passes the bill banning the importation of 11 endangered species. . . . The Senate passes a bill that will amend the 1980 “Superfund” law to allow the government to sell uncontaminated portions of closed military bases that contain hazardous waste sites. . . . The House passes, 363-60, a compromise energy bill that is the first major revision of energy legislation since the oil crisis in the 1970s. . . . The Senate, 68-30, passes a $2.3 billion appropriations bill for the legislative branch. . . . The House passes, 377-37, a bill to reauthorize federal housing programs over the fiscal years 1993 and 1994. . . . Pres. Bush signs a $12.15 billion appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies. . . . Pres. Bush signs a $688 million appropriations bill for the operations of the District of Columbia. . . . USAir machinists strike after two years of negotiations for a new contract.

The Senate passes a bill that will exact civil penalties from makers of infant formula who drive up costs for the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). . . . House members approve legislation on carjacking. . . . The Supreme Court opens its 1992–93 term with a docket of 87 cases.

Oct. 1

Oct. 2

Congress votes to override Pres. Bush’s Oct. 3 veto of the controversial cable-television reregulation bill. The override marks the first time, after 35 unsuccessful attempts, that Congress has overturned a Bush veto since the president took office. . . . Eddie Kendricks, 52, tenor for the Temptations whose first number-one hit was “My Girl” (1965), dies in Birmingham, Alabama, of lung cancer. . . . Waiting to Exhale by Terry McMillan tops the bestseller list.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 3

Oct. 4

Oct. 5

384—October 6–10, 1992

Oct. 6

Oct. 7

Oct. 8

Oct. 9

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

Amid widespread reports and allegations of atrocities in Bosnia, the UN Security Council unanimously votes to create a war-crimes commission for Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Georgian soldiers abandon their last strongholds north of the Abkhazian capital. The rebels halt about three miles (five kilometers) north of Sukhumi, where Georgian forces establish a defensive line. . . . Serb forces capture the Bosnian town of Bosanski Brod.

With roughly 86% of the ballots counted in Angola, unofficial election results give 51.2% of the vote to dos Santos and 39% to Savimbi, so runoffs appear likely. Tensions heighten when UNITA withdraws its soldiers from the FAA, formed Sept. 27. . . . In Nigeria, the military government suspends political activity amid charges that the September primaries were fraudulent. . . . In response to the Oct. 4 decision by the Kurdish parliament to expel PKK militants, Iraqi Kurdish fighters launch their drive.

For the third time in just over a year, a state governor from Mexico’s ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) steps down in Michoacan in the face of continued allegations of electoral fraud. State legislators of the PRI name Ausencio Chavez as interim governor. . . . Revised reports place the death toll from the prison riots in Brazil Oct. 2 at about 200.

Trade representatives from the U.S., Canada, and Mexico initial the proposed North American Free Trade Agreement at a ceremony in San Antonio, Texas, thereby granting preliminary approval to the trade pact.

Romania and Moldova agree to establish a joint committee to coordinate relations between their respective national parliaments.

Demonstrations in support of the prisoners arrested for their links to the Palestinian intifada lead to clashes with Israeli police and soldiers.

A Peruvian military court convicts Abimael Guzman Reynoso of high treason and hands down the maximum sentence of life imprisonment for leading Sendero Luminoso guerrillas in their 12-year-old war. Ten other alleged Sendero Luminoso leaders are sentenced to life prison terms by three military courts. Sendero Luminoso militants mark the sentences by setting off several bombs in Lima that kill two police officers and three airmen.

The Thai House of Representatives unanimously votes to revoke the amnesty to attackers in the May crackdown in which scores of people were killed or wounded. . . . South Korean president Roh Tae Woo appoints a new premier, Hyung Soong Jong.

The UN Security Council decides to send a fact-finding team to Georgia and calls for all sides to honor the September 3 truce.

Estonia’s new president, Lennart Meri, picks Mart Laar of the Pro Patria Party to succeed Tiit Vahi as premier. . . . Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm), 78, former West German chancellor, 1969–74, who won the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize for seeking better East-West relations, dies in Unkel, Germany, after suffering from intestinal cancer. . . . Forty-nine badly burned bodies have been recovered from a plane crash into an apartment complex in the Netherlands on Oct. 4.

Clinton Hall, a U.S. munitions expert, is seized at gunpoint by Iraqi troops.

The United Nations Security Council votes to ban all flights by military aircraft over Bosnia-Herzegovina, which, in effect, creates a Bosnian “no-fly zone.”. . . The Canadian government issues a statement characterizing the U.S. law called the Cuban Democracy Act, which bars foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba, as a violation of principles of national sovereignty and orders U.S.-owned companies to ignore it.

Ministers from Germany’s 16 states meet in Bonn but fail to reach agreement on a plan to curb antiforeigner violence. . . . Analyses suggest that Polish economic data for the first six months of 1992 shows signs of an economic recovery.

Cheddi Jagan is sworn in as president of Guyana. . . . Reports indicate that Amnesty International has complained that the Guzman trial in Peru did not meet minimum dueprocess standards. . . . Reports confirm that Guatemalan refugees and the government reached an agreement that allows the refugees to return to Guatemala after a 10year exile in Mexico.

China averts a possible trade war with the U.S. by agreeing to lower trade barriers that restricted U.S. exports to China, a pact which concludes year-long trade negotiations.

Serb planes attack Gradacac, killing at least 19 people and wounding more than 30 others. A UN peacekeeper from Ukraine die and three others are badly wounded when their armored personnel carrier strikes a land mine near Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital.

Oct. 10

Iraq releases Clinton Hall, a U.S. munitions expert seized Oct. 8 in the demilitarized zone along the Kuwait-Iraq border.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

About 50 guerrillas kill 44 people in the village of Huayao in La Mar Province, about 240 miles (400 km) southeast of Lima. Suspected guerrillas fire three rocket-propelled grenades at the U.S. ambassador’s residence near central Lima. The rockets fall short of their apparent target, and the attackers engage security forces in a gun battle before fleeing.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 6–10, 1992—385

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The House passes a bill that will exact civil penalties if costs are driven up for WIC, which the Senate cleared Oct. 5. . . . The House passes a compromise bill that will regulate and prevent fraud in the fast-growing “900”-number payper-call telephone industry. . . . The House passes a bill that will prohibit the manufacture or importation of radio scanners that enable the user to eavesdrop on users of cellular phones. . . . The House approves a bill that will provide federal malpractice insurance to doctors and other health-care workers employed at federally funded community health centers. . . . Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot appears in a 30-minute advertisement in which he explains his opinions on the U.S. economy. . . . The House passes a bill that will allow the FDA to charge pharmaceutical companies for the new drugs it reviews for safety.

The House approves by voice vote a measure that will exempt drug sales to the Department of Veterans Affairs from a rule requiring drug makers to charge their lowest prices to Medicaid. . . . Pres. Bush signs the $253.8 billion defense appropriation for fiscal 1993.

The House passes a bill amending the 1980 “Superfund” that the Senate passed Oct. 5. . . . The House passes a bill to authorize the commencement of testing at the New Mexico Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), an Energy Department storage site for defense-related nuclear waste. . . . Pres. Bush signs a number of appropriations recently passed by Congress, including an $86.9 billion fiscal 1993 bill for the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Department of Veterans Affairs, NASA, and the EPA; a $22.56 billion fiscal 1993 bill for the Treasury Department, the Postal Service, and day-to-day government operations; a $13.2 billion bill for the Department of Transportation and related agencies; a $2.3 billion bill for the legislative branch; a $245.7 billion bill for the Departments of Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services; and a $23 billion bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State and the federal judiciary.

China sends into orbit a Swedish satellite called Freja. The probe is carried aloft by a Chinese Long March 2-C rocket launched from Jiuquan in the Gobi Desert and contains instruments from Sweden, Canada, Germany, and France.

Denholm Elliott, 70, British character actor who won several awards for his roles in Trading Places (1983) and A Private Function (1984), dies in Ibiza, Spain, of AIDS-related tuberculosis.

The Senate gives final congressional approval to a bill that will ban most states from instituting legalized gambling. . . . The Senate passes the bill about radio scanners that the House cleared Oct. 6. . . . The Senate passes the bill regarding the”900”-number payper-call telephone industry passed by the House Oct. 6. . . . The Senate passes the deadbeat parents bill that was passed by the House Oct. 3. . . . The Senate approves a bill regarding FDA charges that was passed by the House Oct. 6.

The Senate passes by voice vote a bill that will allow Latin American and Caribbean countries to take part in “debt-for-nature” swaps with the U.S. Commodity Credit Corp. (CCC).

The Senate ratifies by voice vote a treaty that seeks to limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases” believed to cause global warming. The pact was signed by Pres. Bush at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. . . . The Senate approves by voice vote a bill that will expand and reauthorize, through fiscal 2000, federal Indian health-care programs. . . . The Senate passes the bill regarding farm-credit banks passed by the House Oct. 4.

A study shows that the partially hydrogenated oils in margarine and vegetable shortening may cause heart disease.

Allan Bloom, 62, professor who gained notoriety for his 1987 book The Closing of the American Mind, dies in Chicago of peptic ulcer bleeding complicated by liver failure. . . . The Senate passes a bill that will compensate individuals and companies in the music industry that suffer from home taping on digital audio equipment.

The Senate passes a bill that will provide federal malpractice insurance to doctors and other healthcare workers at federally funded community health centers. . . . Legislation that makes carjacking a federal offense is cleared by the Senate.

CIA officials tell a congressional panel that they deliberately withheld key information from government prosecutors investigating a $5 billion BNL bank fraud case involving illegal loans to Iraq, touching off a politically charged dispute. . . . The Senate passes a measure that exempts drug sales to the Department of Veterans Affairs from a Medicaid rule. . . . The Senate reauthorizes the Export-Import Bank for five years.

The Senate passes several measures cleared by the House in October, including a bill to reauthorize the OPIC, a bill regarding FmHA, a bill regarding the supervision of futures trading, a bill to authorize the WIPP, a bill to reauthorize federal housing programs, and energy legislation. . . . Congress passes a $2.4 billion omnibus water bill that will encourage the diversion of federal water resources in California away from agriculture. . . . Congress approves a tax and urban-aid bill.

A Scottish study finds that the French-made abortion pill RU-486 (mifepristone) may also be used as a “morning-after” contraceptive by women who have had unprotected intercourse.

The Swedish Academy of Letters awards the Literature Prize to West Indian poet and playwright Derek Walcott. He is the first Caribbean writer to receive the honor.

Presidential candidate Ross Perot gives a paid 30-minute speech on TV. . . . Vittorio Amuso, the reputed head of the Lucchese crime family, is sentenced to life in prison without parole after his June conviction on 54 charges. . . . The AIDS quilt, made up of more than 20,000 panels, is on display in its entirety for the first time since 1989 in Washington, D.C. The quilt has 1,920 panels, each of which represents a person who died from AIDS, in 1987. . . . A jury in Concord, N.H., convicts a former drama teacher at Phillips Exeter Academy, Larry Lane Bateman, of possession and distribution of child pornography. The Census Bureau is sued by the cities of San Francisco and Baltimore, 15 homeless advocacy groups, seven homeless people, and four other individuals. The plaintiffs claim that the bureau deliberately undercounted the homeless when it conducted an overnight count as part of the 1990 Census.

Scientists state that a column of mineral deposits drilled out of land in Nevada indicate that the ice ages did not occur at regular intervals, challenging long-accepted explanations.

Oct. 6

Oct. 7

Oct. 8

Oct. 9

In the wake of Oct. 8 statements by some of its officials, the CIA forcefully denies that any information about the BNL case was deliberately withheld to mislead U.S. prosecutors.

Oct. 10

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

386—October 11–16, 1992

World Affairs

Oct. 13

Oct. 14

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific The military government of Myanmar announces that it is returning the sawmills nationalized some 20 years earlier to private ownership.

Reports show an Israeli settler was stabbed to death, three Palestinians were killed, and hundreds more were wounded in the West Bank and Gaza Strip since Oct. 7 due to protests over the treatment of prisoners. The prisoners, who started a fast Sept. 27, suspend their action after Israeli police minister Moshe Shahal agrees to investigate their charges. . . . Paul Biya holds onto office in Cameroon’s first multiparty presidential elections.

Suspected Sendero Luminoso guerrillas kill eight people in highland areas of Peru. . . . In Canada, the province of Quebec publicly releases the long-awaited text of the Charlottetown accord, which includes a provision recognizing Quebec as a “distinct society.”

Trade representatives from the U.S. and the European Community end talks regarding the Uruguay Round of international trade negotiations under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The talks fail to break an enduring deadlock over agricultural subsidies.

In Georgia, secessionist Abkhaz guerrillas and their allies hold the entire region north of Sukhumi, the capital.

A strong earthquake wreaks havoc in and around the Egyptian capital, Cairo. The quake measures 5.9 on the Richter scale and has an epicenter 20 miles (30 km) southwest of Cairo. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia orders $50 million in aid to be sent immediately to Egypt for disaster assistance. . . . Sheik Jabir alAhmad Al Sabah, Kuwait’s emir, reappoints Prince Saad as premier.

Ulysses Guimaraes, 76, veteran Brazilian congressman often called the “grandfather” of Brazil’s democracy, drowns when a helicopter carrying him falls into the South Atlantic 100 miles (160 km) south of Rio de Janeiro. His wife Ida de Almeida Guimaraes, former cabinet minister Severo Gomes, and Gomes’s spouse Henriqueta Gomes, are also killed in the crash.

The UN Security Council unanimously passes a resolution setting a deadline of November 15 for the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia to comply with the second stage of the peace process, under which they are to disarm.

Ukraine’s parliament confirms Leonid Kuchma as premier. Outside of parliament, hundreds of police clash with student protesters. . . . Italy’s three leading trade union federations hold general strike to protest welfare cuts. An estimated 6–10 million workers join the action.

Officials place the known death toll from the Oct. 12 earthquake in Egypt at 450 and the number of injuries at 4,000. Reports suggest that Kuwait has sent $20 million in aid and relief supplies, and Israel has offered help.

Russian president Yeltsin releases formerly top-secret data relating to the September 1983 shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 by a Soviet warplane. All 269 people aboard the plane were killed, and the incident reignites U.S.Soviet cold war tensions. The data tends to contradict Moscow’s previous claim that the South Korean jet entered Soviet airspace as part of a Western intelligence plot.

A judge in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, convicts Andrei Chikatilo of the sex murders of 21 boys, 14 girls, and 17 women. Some press accounts describe Chikatilo as the worst serial killer in history. . . . The Russian government releases a batch of secret documents showing that former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin personally ordered the massacre of more than 20,000 Polish prisoners in March 1940. The prisoners included more than 4,000 Polish military officers whose remains were found in the Katyn Forest of Byelorussia (now Belarus).

In Israel, a hunger striker, Hussein Obeidat, dies in prison of a heart attack, reigniting protests.

Peru’s Supreme Council of Military Justice upholds a military appeals court’s decision to ratify the treason conviction and life sentence of Abimael Guzmán Reynoso, the imprisoned founder and leader of the guerrilla movement Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path).

The Polish Sejm approves legislation to end the government’s monopoly on radio and TV broadcasting. . . . Lithuania shuts down its only nuclear-power plant because of a leak of radioactive steam. The government insists that the leak will not harm residents or the environment. . . . In Russia, Andrei Chikatilo, described as the worst serial killer in history, is sentenced to death. . . . Robert Gates, director of the U.S. CIA, makes an unprecedented visit to Russia.

An initial group of 25 UN truce observers arrive in Maputo, the capital of Mozambique.

Luis Carlos Aguilar Gallego surrenders; he is the seventh of nine leaders of the Medellín drug cartel who escaped from prison with Pablo Escobar Gaviria, to do so. . . . Officials announce that Honduras and El Salvador have agreed to build a railroad across the Central American isthmus that will compete with the Panama Canal.

Oct. 15

Oct. 16

Africa & the Middle East

State Council chairman Eduard Shevardnadze is chosen speaker of parliament, the equivalent of president, in Georgia’s first postSoviet parliamentary elections.

Oct. 11

Oct. 12

Europe

The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Peace Prize to Rigoberta Menchu, a Guatemalan Quiche Indian who spent more than a decade decrying the abuses against indigenous people and victims of government oppression. The committee’s announcement states that the award to an indigenous Central American is intended in part to coincide with the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s first trip to the New World.

Nigerian president Ibrahim Babangida voids the results of presidential primaries held in September and dissolves the leadership of the country’s two political parties.

In Japan, Shin Kanemaru resigns his seat in the lower house of the Diet after weeks of public outcry protesting the lenient treatment he received once he confessed to accepting illegal contributions to his party, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party.

India’s Supreme Court clears the way for compensation payments for the 1984 Union Carbide leak when it approves the transfer of $470 million, the settlement paid by U.S.-based Union Carbide Corp., to an Indian welfare commissioner for disbursement to victims of the disaster, in which 4,000 people were killed and 20,000 injured.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 11–16, 1992—387

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

President Bush, Democratic presidential nominee Governor Bill Clinton (Ark.) and independent presidential candidate Ross Perot meet for the first of a series of three planned presidential debates. None of the candidates commit any gaffes or strike any major blows in the rigidly structured 90-minute debate.

USAir machinists end the strike that began Oct. 5.

Susan Fowler, 26, who is dying of autoimmune hepatitis, becomes the first human to receive a pig’s liver during an operation in Los Angeles.

More than 100 people demonstrate in front of the Travis County Courthouse in Austin, Texas, to protest the grand jury’s Sept. 30 decision not to indict accused rapist Joel Rene Valdez, who was asked to wear a condom while attacking a woman at knifepoint.

A study finds that workers in U.S. service industries are considerably more productive than their counterparts in Europe and Japan.

Susan Fowler, 26, who received a pig’s liver Oct. 11, dies of acute liver failure. . . . The Karolinska Institute for Medicine awards the Physiology or Medicine Prize to two U.S. biochemists, Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs. . . . Daniel Horn, 76, antismoking advocate and assistant director of statistical research at the American Cancer Society, dies in Flemington, New Jersey, of a heart attack. . . . NASA begins a systematic search for signs of intelligent extraterrestrial life in an investigation, the High Resolution Microwave Survey.

The three major vice-presidential candidates—Republican vice president Dan Quayle, Democratic senator Al Gore (Tenn.), and independent candidate retired Admiral James B. Stockdale—debate one another. . . . A seven-year-old boy is shot dead by a sniper’s bullet while walking to school with his mother from the Cabrini-Green public housing project in Chicago, Illinois. The case draws national attention.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science to Gary S. Becker, a conservative University of Chicago professor and Business Week magazine columnist.

Donald Coleman is convicted of tossing a molotov cocktail that burned down a 7-Eleven convenience store in South-Central Los Angeles April 30 during riots sparked by the Rodney King case. He is the first suspect convicted of actions taken during the riots.

Two Americans who were hostages in Lebanon sue Iran for $600 million in damages. The plaintiffs, Joseph Cicippio and David Jacobsen, charge that Iran kidnapped U.S. citizens in order to gain the release of Iranian assets frozen by the U.S. after the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, thus engaging in “commercial terrorism for profit.”

A State Supreme Court finds Robert E. Ray guilty of second-degree manslaughter in an August 1991 subway crash in Manhattan, in which five passengers were killed. . . . Donald Coleman, convicted in Los Angeles Oct. 14, is sentenced to 19 years and eight months in prison. . . . Data shows Pres. Bush has vetoed 36 pieces of legislation. . . . The National Academy of Sciences finds that infectious diseases are reemerging as a major killer.

A satellite photo taken in January 1988 which shows the giant letters “USA” gouged in a rice paddy along with what appears to be a giant letter “K,” a distress code used by downed U.S. airmen during the Vietnam War, is the center of discussion at two days of hearings of the Senate Select Committee on POW-MIA Affairs.

Chicago police arrest Anthony Garrett and charge him with the murder of a seven-year-old boy, Dantrell Davis, on Oct. 13. Police state that Garrett confessed to mistakenly shooting the boy while firing a rifle from a 10th-floor window at members of a rival street gang. . . . Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot appears in a 30-minute advertisement.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Oct. 11

Pope John Paul II, speaking in the Dominican Republic on the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World, lauds the spread of Catholicism to the Americas but admits that abuses occurred.

The Booker Prize is won by English author Barry Unsworth and by Sri Lankan-born Canadian author Michael Ondaatje. . . . Hughes Rudd, 71, former TV correspondent who won a Peabody Award in 1977, dies in Toulouse, France, after suffering an aneurysm of the aorta in August.

The Royal Swedish Academy awards the Chemistry Prize to Rudolph A. Marcus of the California Institute of Technology, and it bestows the Physics Prize to Georges Charpak, a Polish-born French citizen who works at CERN. . . . A scientific survey of 1,030 pairs of female twins concludes that genetic factors are more influential than social factors in determining whether a woman becomes an alcoholic.

The SEC unanimously approves a set of reforms designed to force fuller disclosure of executive pay and increase stockholders’ influence in the operation of U.S. corporations. . . . Officials state that Social Security payments will increase in 1993 by 3% to adjust for inflation, The cost-of-living adjustment, the smallest in six years, brings the monthly Social Security payment for the average retired worker to $653.

The International Astronomical Union warns that there is a one in 10,000 chance that the comet Swift-Tuttle will collide with Earth on August 14, 2126. . . . A study finds a variation on a particular gene seems to increase a man’s chances of having heart attacks by nearly one-third. . . . A study finds that people who drink as little as 2.5 cups of coffee a day are susceptible to symptoms of caffeine withdrawal.

Attorney General William Barr names retired federal Judge Frederick Lacey as a special prosecutor to probe allegations that the Bush administration mishandled a $5 billion bank fraud case involving loans to Iraq by the Atlanta branch of Italy’s Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL).

Oct. 12

Oct. 13

Oct. 14

In baseball, the Atlanta Braves win the National League Championship Series. The Toronto Blue Jays win the American League Championship Series.

Shirley Booth (born Thelma Booth Ford), 94, highly acclaimed actress whose awards include a Tony, an Oscar, and Emmys, dies in Chatham, Massachusetts, after a brief illness. . . . At a tribute concert to Bob Dylan at Madison Square Garden, Irish rock singer Sinead O’Connor is booed off stage for her Oct. 3 actions on Saturday Night Live.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 15

Oct. 16

388—October 17–22, 1992

World Affairs

Europe

Hundreds of police are deployed in Cairo when demonstrators criticizing the government’s slow response to the Oct. 12 earthquake start to riot. The quake killed 550 people and destroyed 5,000 homes, many of which are in low-income areas. . . . Final results from Angola’s elections show that Pres. Jose Eduardo dos Santos is the victor. However, he failed to win a majority of votes and so faces a runoff against UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi.

Oct. 17

Oct. 20

Oct. 21

Oct. 22

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Peru, antiterrorist police arrest Sendero Luminoso guerrillas, including Oscar Alberto Ramírez Durand, who is thought to be the highest-ranking leader to have previously evaded captivity; Marta Huatay, who is charged with directing Sendero Luminoso activities in Lima; and Juan Carlos Portilla Flores, the son of Assistant Attorney General Victor Portilla.

After Robert Gates, director of the U.S. CIA, departs from Moscow, the U.S. embassy in the city announces that the talks discussed “the possibility of contact and joint activity between the Russian and American intelligence services” in such fields as the fight against nuclear proliferation, terrorism, drug smuggling and organized crime. . . . Serbian police take over the Yugoslav interior ministry building, apparently on the orders of Serbian president Milosevic.

Reports indicate that violence has surged in Israel after the Oct. 14 death of a hunger striker, Hussein Obeidat. Since then, two Jews have been killed in separate attacks in Israel, and at least 12 more Palestinians died when Israeli troops fired on protesters. . . . A delegation led by Abdul Wahab Darawshe, an Israeli Arab MP, meets with PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and other PLO members in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia. The meeting calls attention to an Israeli law that forbids contact with the PLO.

EC finance ministers reach a formal agreement to harmonize national rates of value-added taxes (VATs) and excise taxes. . . . The EC releases $432 million in food-aid credit to Russia, part of an aid package promised in 1991.

A grenade attack on a Moscow police station injures eight people. . . . Russian president Yeltsin signs a decree extending his country’s ban on nuclear weapons testing through July 1993. . . . Yugoslav president Cosic and Croatian president Tudjman meet in Geneva and sign an accord stating their countries’ opposition to “ethnic cleansing” and support for the humane treatment of refugees. . . . The federal government protests the Oct. 18 Serbian seizure of the Yugoslav interior ministry as illegal.

African National Congress president Nelson Mandela acknowledges that prisoners in the ANC’s military camps were tortured during the 1980s and early 1990s. Mandela promises to set up an independent panel to recommend punishments for those persons responsible, some of whom hold senior positions in the ANC security department. . . . Reports estimate that 1.5 million Kurds will risk death from cold or starvation if relief efforts are not stepped up.

The British government issues an official statement characterizing the U.S. law called the Cuban Democracy Act, which bars foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba, as a violation of principles of national sovereignty and orders U.S.-owned companies to ignore it.

Authorities restart reactor No. 3 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which shares a building with the reactor that exploded in 1986. . . . A member of the newly formed Royal Irish Regiment, Robert Irvine, is killed by IRA gunmen. He is the first killed in the three-month-old regiment, formed as a successor to the Ulster Defense Regiment. . . . Poland announces that it will equip its border guards with radiation detectors to curb the smuggling of nuclear materials from the ex-Soviet states.

Rebels led by Charles Taylor, whose army controls most of Liberia, along with members of a rival rebel movement, the Independent National Patriotic Front, who joined Taylor’s side, capture Prince Yormie Johnson’s base at Caldwell Camp near the capital. Johnson escapes and surrenders to ECOMOG authorities. . . . Orton Chirwa, a leading dissident and Malawi’s first attorney general after independence, dies in prison.

Arab and Israeli negotiators gather in Washington, D.C., to begin their seventh round of bilateral peace talks, but the discussions are hampered by uncertainty over the outcome of pending U.S. presidential elections.

Parliamentary guards engage in a shoot-out with Moscow police.

Rebels led by Charles Taylor mount an assault on Monrovia, Liberia’s capital. The ECOMOG responds with heavy-artillery barrages against Taylor’s positions. . . . A British vacationer, Sharon Hill, is killed and two others are wounded when Egyptian Muslim extremists open fire on their tour bus near Asyut, about 240 miles (380 km) south of Cairo. She is the first Westerner to be killed in a campaign targeting Egypt’s tourists.

Reports state that the only known survivor of an alleged massacre in El Salvador in 1981, Rufina Amaya, has testified that government troops went on a rampage in the area of El Mozote, separating the men, women, and children, and killing 794 of them in turn.

According to The Wall Street Journal, an estimated 54,000 Cambodians have disarmed, or about 25% of the 200,000 men under arms in Cambodia. The UN hoped to disarm 70% by October 5.

Reports confirm the IMF approved $82 million in standby credit for Lithuania. . . . Iraq and the UN sign an agreement to permit UN relief workers and lightly armed guards to continue to aid and protect Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq displaced after the Persian Gulf war.

In Britain, Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont officially presents a report detailing the role of banking officials and regulators prior to the closure of the corrupt BCCI. Separately a public-opinion poll shows that P.M. Major has the lowest approval rating, 16%, for a British prime minister in the history of such polling.

In the midst of fighting from the Kurds, Turkey begins its multipronged incursion into Iraq. . . . In Zaire, soldiers end the siege started Oct. 4 when they permit the new central bank governor to enter the building. . . . The U.S. embassy in Monrovia evacuates 90 Americans, including all its nonessential diplomatic employees. . . . Lebanese president Elias Hrawi names Sunni Muslim businessman Rafik al-Hariri to serve as Lebanon’s premier.

Escaped Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar forfeits a chance for government leniency by not surrendering within three months of his jailbreak.

Reports indicate that the Indian government has begun offering compensation to victims of the poison-gas disaster in Bhopal in 1984, in which 4,000 people were killed and 20,000 injured.

Oct. 18

Oct. 19

Africa & the Middle East

The Communist government of North Korea approves legislation aimed at promoting foreign investment in the country. . . . An inquiry into the so-called WA Inc. scandal, which was alleged to have cost Australian taxpayers more than A$1 billion (US$720 million), criticizes three of Western Australian’s former premiers for their alleged roles in corrupt business dealings.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 17–22, 1992—389

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot continues his campaign of airing 30-minute prime-time commercials on the major television networks.

Oct. 17

Frederic Andrew Gibbs, 89, neurologist and top researcher on epilepsy who, in 1944, founded the U.S.’s first clinic for epilepsy and who shared a 1951 Lasker Award with William G. Lennox, dies in Northbrook, Illinois, following a stroke.

In a case that reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990 and was sent back to Louisiana courts for reconsideration, the state’s Supreme Court rules, 5-2, that a schizophrenic prisoner, Michael Owen Perry, cannot be forced to take antipsychotic drugs that may make him sane enough to be put to death. . . . Presidential candidates hold a televised debate.

Bobby Rahal wins the CART (Championship Auto Racing Teams) PPG Indy Car World Series season title.

U.S. State Department spokesman Richard Boucher announces that about 3,500 refugees who fled Iraq during and after the gulf war have been settled in the U.S. and that a similar number will be admitted over the next year.

The EPA finds that smog levels in the most polluted U.S. cities dropped about 8% over the 10year period ending in 1991. However, 69 million U.S. citizens still live in areas where the air fails to meet U.S. smog standards. . . Pres. Bush signs a Superfund amendment. . . . Rep. Henry Gonzalez (D, Tex.) reveals that senior Justice Department officials attempted in 1990 to prevent him from launching his independent inquiry into the BNL affair.

An earthquake registering 4.7 on the Richter scale is recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey.

It is disclosed that Vietnam has handed over to a U.S. representative about 4,800 photographs of American servicemen who were killed in action or who were held as POWs by the Vietnamese.

The EPA finds that drinking water in “high-risk” buildings in 130 U.S. metropolitan areas—about 20% of all U.S. cities—contains levels of lead that exceed federal safety limits.

In response to the Oct. 19 seismologic report, the first earthquake alert ever is issued as part of a U.S. Geological Survey earthquake-prediction experiment. The experiment, the Parkfield project established in 1985, is considered the world’s most comprehensive project of its kind. The California Office of Emergency Services warns Parkfield, California, residents within a 30-mile (50-km) radius that there is a 37% chance of quake by October 23. Parkfield is located on the San Andreas fault about 170 miles southeast of San Francisco.

Three U.S. medical foundations and two educational associations file a lawsuit against the federal government for its ban on the use of fetal tissue in medical research. . . . Jim (James C.) Garrison, 70, New Orleans, Louisiana district attorney who prosecuted Clay Shaw as a conspirator in the 1963 assassination of Pres. Kennedy, dies in New Orleans after suffering from heart disease.

On arrival in the U.S., 15 of 24 Malaysian tourists are held in Boston, Massachusetts, as witnesses in an immigrant-smuggling case against their tour guide, Chee Kheong Choong.

Pres. Bush signs the Export-Import Bank reauthorization bill.

A panel of scientists rejects a controversial hypothesis that AIDS originated from contaminated polio vaccines, a theory that has drawn much attention since it was advanced in the March 19 issue of Rolling Stone magazine. . . . The American Insurance Services Group Inc. raises its estimate of insured damage from Hurricane Andrew in late August to $10.7 billion, from $7.8 billion.

Pop singer Madonna’s controversial book Sex, which contains explicit photographs of the singer enacting sexual fantasies, is released. More than 1 million copies are shipped, establishing a publishing record for a first printing.

Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot airs a 30-minute spot in which he sketches out his life story.

In a TV interview, Pres. Bush vows that the U.S. will not extend diplomatic recognition to Vietnam until the question of U.S. MIA soldiers in Vietnam is settled and Vietnam takes steps toward democracy.

A federal judge reduces the damages owed by Charles Keating Jr. and two codefendants in the Lincoln Savings and Loan fraud case to $1.9 billion.

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia takes off Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, to deploy an Italian satellite and to test a Canadian sensor for the winged craft’s robot arm.

Cleavon Little, 53, actor who won a 1970 Tony and 1989 Emmy, dies in Sherman Oaks, California, of colon cancer. . . . Walter Lanier (Red) Barber, 84, baseball broadcaster for 33 seasons and one of the first broadcasters inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, dies in Tallahassee, Florida, of complications from surgery for an intestinal blockage.

Oct. 18

Oct. 19

Oct. 20

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 21

Oct. 22

390—October 23–27, 1992

Oct. 23

Oct. 24

World Affairs

Europe

The six-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ends a two-day meeting with plans to implement Asia’s first integrated market, known as the ASEAN FreeTrade Area, or AFTA. . . . Hungary files a complaint with the World Court, claiming that, by diverting the flow of the Danube, Czechoslovakia has unilaterally altered the Czechoslovak-Hungarian border.

Senior military officers of the three Bosnian factions hold their first face-to-face discussions in Sarajevo. . . A Paris court convicts three French health officials on charges that they knowingly allowed blood products tainted with the AIDS virus to be used for transfusions. An estimated 1,200 French hemophiliacs have been infected with HIV since the early 1980s, and more than 250 have died from AIDS.

In spite of Hungary’s Oct. 23 filing with the World Court, Czechoslovakia begins using boulders and concrete blocks to divert water from the Danube’s main course into an artificial channel entirely within Czechoslovak territory.

In Tajikistan, loyalists to Pres. Nabiyev launch a countercoup. Acting president Akbar Shah Iskandarov appeals to Russia for military support. . . . Bosnian Croat militiamen seize the Muslim town of Prozor, killing as many as 300 people. Hundreds of Muslim residents are forced out of Prozor, about 70 miles (110 km) miles west of Sarajevo. . . . Reports indicate Serb militias gave 1,000 ethnic Croats safe passage to Croat-held territory after the people voluntarily agreed to relinquish their villages in Serbheld Bosnia.

Oct. 27

The Americas

Pope John Paul II meets with Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres at the Vatican. As the Vatican and Israel have not established formal diplomatic relations, the meeting is widely viewed as a landmark event.

Asia & the Pacific Japanese Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko tour China in the first official visit ever by a Japanese head of state to China. The visit marks the 20th anniversary of the normalization of relations between the two countries.

The Chinese government deports Shen Tong, 24, a student activist detained in September after his return to China from voluntary exile. Shen had fled to the U.S. following the crackdown on China’s prodemocracy movement in 1989.

Data shows that 14 bombs have exploded in London since the beginning of October. At least one person has died in the attacks. . . . In the first round of elections, the Democratic Labor Party, made up of reformed ex-communists, wins Lithuania’s first post-Soviet parliamentary elections. Voters also approve a Lithuanian constitution that allows for the direct election of the country’s president.

Exchanges of artillery fire between Israeli military forces and Shi’ite Muslim guerrillas escalate. . . . A Muslim fundamentalist stabs three Russian tourists in Port Said, Egypt. One is critically wounded.

The embassies of the U.S., Britain, and Australia issue travel advisories warning their nationals to avoid areas in Egypt known to be militant strongholds after a series of violence against tourists in the country.

An elaborate pageant for Queen Elizabeth II in celebration of the 40th anniversary of her accession to the British throne is held in the Earls Court Arena in London. . . . Nearly 1,000 steel workers arrive in Madrid after a 250-mile (400-km) march from northern Spain. The workers protest plans to cut 9,700 jobs over six years at Spain’s two major steel plants. . . . Shop owners and other self-employed workers protest in Rome over plans to institute a minimum tax scheme designed to crack down on widespread tax evasion among those groups.

The Iraqi Kurdish fighters report that they have captured one of the PKK’s main bases near where the borders of Iraq, Turkey, and Iran intersect.

Canadian voters resoundingly defeat the Charlottetown accord, a constitutional reform package to reconcile the conflicting interests of the country’s provinces, territories, and aboriginal peoples.

The UN General Assembly elects five countries to the 15-member Security Council to begin their twoyear terms January 1, 1993. The countries to join are Spain, New Zealand, Brazil, Djibouti, and Pakistan, and they will replace Austria, Belgium, Ecuador, Zimbabwe, and India. . . . Czechoslovakia and Hungary agree to steps that may lead to binding arbitration in the dispute over the Gabcikovo hydroelectric project and the Danube river.

Parliamentary guards station themselves at the Moscow offices of Izvestia, a newspaper parliament hoped to turn into their official organ. . . . Russian president Yeltsin issues a decree banning the National Salvation Front because it is unconstitutional and presents a “terrible danger” to Russia.

Gunboats shell Nahr al Bared, a Palestinian camp in Lebanon. Hezbollah guerrillas launch rocket attacks against Israel, which masses tanks and troops on the Israel-Lebanon border. . . . Reggie Hadebe, a senior ANC official, is shot to death after a meeting with the Inkatha Freedom Party in Natal, South Africa. The slaying comes amid the worst wave of violence in Natal since 1984, with more than 50 people murdered in the previous week alone.

Canada’s Department of National Defense announces that homosexuals will no longer be denied career advancement in the armed forces.

Oct. 25

Oct. 26

Africa & the Middle East

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 23–27, 1992—391

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Lawrence Adler is sentenced to six months in jail for lying under oath about cheating on the SAT in the first such criminal prosecution.. . . . John Sterling Gardner, 34, becomes the 27th person executed in 1991, bringing the count of those executed to its highest level since 1962. . . . Tapes of presidential candidate Bill Clinton talking with Gennifer Flowers, who claims to have had an affair with him, are released. . . . Presidential candidate Ross Perot airs a 30-minute ad.

Pres. Bush signs the Cuban Democracy Act at a ceremony in Miami. . . . Pres. Bush signs the defense authorization bill. . . . Pres. Bush states Vietnam has agreed to turn over to the U.S. all of the documents, photographs and personal effects in its possession related to U.S. personnel in the Vietnam War. . . . The retrial of Clair George, former CIA chief of covert operations, on his involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal begins.

Pres. Bush signs the endangeredbird importation ban. . . . Edward Fulton Denison, 76, economist who served for 18 years on and off as an official in the U.S. Commerce Department, dies in Washington, D.C., after suffering from heart ailments.

Despite predictions made Oct. 20, the only quakes to occur near Parkfield, California, during the warning period are small tremors measuring up to 1.2 on the Richter scale. . . . The crew of the Columbia deploys a $4 million Italian satellite. Less than an hour later, a $125 million Italian solid-fuel booster carries the satellite to an orbit 3,632 miles (5,845 km) above the Earth’s surface.

Pres. Bush signs legislation passed by the 102nd Congress, including bills about federal malpractice insurance, cancer registries, and WIC fraud. . . . A study finds that the U.S. government’s delay in requiring warning labels on aspirin led to the needless deaths of 1,470 children from Reye’s syndrome. In 1982, the government proposed legislation to force aspirin makers to print warnings about Reye’s syndrome, but the guideline was not made law until 1986.

Pres. Bush signs a bill authorizing $460 million in aid to Russia and other former Soviet republics.

President Bush signs an energy bill intended to decrease U.S. dependence on foreign oil. It includes measures to increase competition in the power industry, loosen requirements for nuclear power licenses, and increase the use of alternative-fuel automobiles.

Oct. 23

The Toronto Blue Jays win Major League Baseball’s 89th World Series. Their triumph over the Atlanta Braves in six games marks the first series victory for a team from outside the U.S.

President Bush signs legislation that makes carjacking a federal offense. He also signs a bill regarding penalties for dead-beat parents, people who do not pay child support.

Richard Pousette-Dart, 76, painter of the first generation of Abstract Expressionists, dies in New York City of complications from colon cancer. . . . Roger Miller, 56, musician who won 11 Grammys in 1965 and 1966, dies of cancer in Los Angeles.

In a letter published in the Chronicle of Higher Education, more than 230 higher-education officials, including 80 college presidents, endorse presidential candidate Bill Clinton. . . . Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot pays $940,000 to air a one-hour commercial in which he offers advice on running a successful business. . . . Metrolink, a commuter-rail network serving Los Angeles and its suburbs, carries passengers for the first time. . . . Pres. Bush signs legislation authorizing the release of documents related to the John F. Kennedy assassination. President Bush signs a bill regarding federal mammography standards. . . . A Travis County grand jury in Austin, Texas, reverses a Sept. 30 decision and indicts Joel Rene Valdez on charges of raping a woman who asked him to wear a condom after he threatened her at knifepoint. The incident sparked protests on Oct. 12. . . . Figures suggest that H. Ross Perot has spent $37 million since reentering the race Oct. 1, making his campaign the most massive political advertising effort ever.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A federal bankruptcy judge in New York City grants permission to realestate magnate Mortimer Zuckerman to purchase The New York Daily News. . . . Robert C. Stempel resigns as GM’s chief executive officer and chairman. . . The EPA issues final rules that by the year 2010 will reduce the maximum emissions of sulfur dioxide allowed to utility companies by 50%. . . . Attorney General William Barr appoints J. William Roberts as a new senior federal prosecutor to head the ongoing BNL case in Atlanta.

Scott Newhall, 78, executive editor of the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper, 1952–71, dies in Valencia, CA of pancreatitis. . . . Dottie Green, 71, catcher for the Rockford Peaches, a top team in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League depicted in the movie A League of Their Own (1992), dies, in Natick, Massachusetts, of cancer.

Pres. Bush signs a bill that forgives debt from countries if they implement policies to protect the environment.

The FCC states that it has levied $105,000 in fines against a radio station that airs Howard Stern’s syndicated morning radio program. The FCC reveals that Stern repeatedly violated a government ban on indecent material. It is the largest fine ever imposed by the FCC under its indecency rule.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 24

Oct. 25

Oct. 26

Oct. 27

392—October 28–November 2, 1992

World Affairs

Oct. 30

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Amnesty International reports that the military government of Myanmar holds over 1,500 political prisoners and has forced tens of thousands of people to serve in the military. The rights group identifies 20 “torture centers” in Myanmar, and states arbitrary executions are widespread.

Russian president Yeltsin signs a decree ordering the dissolution of the parliamentary security force. . . . Reports indicate that UN sanctions have crippled Yugoslavia’s economy and caused the layoffs of hundreds of thousands of workers. . . . Bulgarian Premier Filip Dimitrov and his entire cabinet resign after failing to win a vote of confidence in Parliament. . . . The last Russian combat troops in Poland leave for home. It the first time since World War II that Poland has no foreign combat forces on its soil.

The likelihood of an Israeli infantry raid into Lebanon diminishes after Hezbollah rocket attacks taper off. . . . A committee of members of the Israeli Knesset decides not to prosecute four legislators who met with PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and other PLO members on Oct. 18.

An elite Colombian police unit shoots to death Brance (Tyson) Muñoz Mosquera, the military commander of the Medellín drug cartel and the right-hand hit man of Pablo Escobar.

The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France, finds Ireland guilty of a breach of human rights for preventing Irish women from having access to information about abortion clinics in Britain.

The Italian Chamber of Deputies ratifies the Maastricht Treaty. . . . Officials confirm the original version of the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact between the USSR and Nazi Germany was uncovered. . . . Russian president Yeltsin suspends the pullout of Russian troops from the Baltic states because of “profound concern over the numerous infringements of rights” of the ethnic Russians in the Baltics.

Negotiators from Israel and Jordan confirm they have agreed on an agenda for discussion of the terms of a peace treaty between their countries. The agreement marks the first time that Jordan has included the words “peace treaty” in a definition of the objectives of its negotiations with Israel. . . . Mohammed Sahnoun, the UN’s relief coordinator in Somalia, resigns.

Manuel Antonio de Varona, 83, former prime minister of Cuba, 1948–50, and opponent of President Fidel Castro Ruz’s government, dies of cancer in Miami, Florida.

Turkey hosts a summit of presidents from Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to strengthen its ties with the former Soviet states.

IRA operatives force a taxi driver to take a small bomb near the residence of British prime minister John Major. The bomb detonates, but no one is injured. . . . In the first publicized case, a 14-year-old girl from Surrey, England, obtains “divorce” from her parents under the terms of the Children Act 1989, which allows children to initiate court proceedings.

Heavy fighting breaks out in Luanda, Angola’s capital, between the government and UNITA when UNITA troops try to capture Luanda’s international airport. . . . In South Africa, the 60-member President’s Council approves Pres. F. W. de Klerk’s controversial plan to grant amnesty for political crimes committed under apartheid. The move permits de Klerk to sign the measure into law even though Parliament defeated it.

Oct. 28

Oct. 29

Europe

The Roman Catholic archbishop of Monrovia confirms that five U.S. nuns were shot to death in Liberia. . . . In Angola, fighting continues as the MPLA retaliates by unleashing riot police and armed civilians (dubbed “ninjas”) in the streets. The government supporters destroy UNITA’s office at the Hotel Turismo.

Oct. 31

Nov. 1

Nov. 2

Russia dispatches 3,000 army special forces and elite police troops to North Ossetia and ChechenIngushetia after weeks of clashes in the area. . . . Presidents Izetbegovic of Bosnia and Tudjman of Croatia reaffirm cooperation in overcoming the Serbs.

In Angola, the conflict that started Oct. 30 has claimed at least 1,000 lives before the two sides establish a truce. There are reports of summary executions of UNITA personnel and kidnappings. Two unarmed UN observers were gunned down, reportedly by UNITA militants.

Russian president Yeltsin issues a decree declaring one-month states of emergency in North Ossetia and neighboring ChechenIngushetia. . . . The British Foreign Office announces that it is ending travel restrictions on Russian diplomats, journalists, and businesspeople living in Britain. The action reciprocates one made by Russia in October 1992.

Calm returns to Luanda, Angola, as the MPLA appears to have regained its hold on the city, although pockets of resistance remain. The MPLA releases 15 U.S. envoys held during the last bout of fighting. . . . Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin’s coalition government survives two no-confidence votes in the Israeli Knesset. . . . Reports state that Iran and Kazakhstan have reached agreements on oil production, transport, and finance.

Reports suggest that in prior months, Khmer Rouge guerrillas have nearly doubled the size of the territory they control, expanding into new areas in Cambodia rich in fertile land, timber, and other resources.

A criminal court judge rules that eight bodyguards of General Humberto Ortega Saavedra, the Nicaraguan army commander, will stand trial for murder and that Ortega himself will be tried for a possible cover-up in the death of 16-year-old Jean Paul Genie on October 28, 1990.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 28–November 2, 1992—393

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

President Bush signs several bills passed by Congress during its 102nd session, including legislation regarding cellular phones, eavesdropping, “900” telephone number regulation, and a sportsbased gambling ban.

Pres. Bush signs a bill that expands veterans’ home loans.

The National Governors’ Association reports that at the end of the 1992 fiscal year (June 30), the average state had a budget surplus 0.3% the size of its total budget, the lowest level in at least 15 years. . . . Pres. Bush signs several pieces of legislation, including bills about futures industry supervision, farm credits, and OPIC reauthorization. . . . Figures reveal that the federal budget deficit for fiscal 1992, which ended Sept. 30, was $290.2 billion, the highest federal deficit ever.

The FDA warns that the antihistamine Hismanal (astemizole) may cause irregular heartbeats when used in combination with the antibiotic erythromycin or the antifungal drugs ketoconazole or itraconazole.

Pres. Bush signs a bill that provides compensation after digital recording. . . . Pres. Bush is joined at rallies by actors Bruce Willis and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

The FDA approves the injectable female contraceptive Depo Provera. . . . A State Supreme Court jury in NYC acquits Lemrick Nelson, 17, of murder and manslaughter in the killing of Yankel Rosenbaum, a Hasidic Jewish scholar who was stabbed to death during riots in Brooklyn. A demonstration by more than 1,000 Hasidic protesters is marked by skirmishes between blacks and Jews.

Pres. Bush signs a bill regarding benefits for the survivors of veterans.

A group of 20 lawmakers and about 100 congressional candidates file a lawsuit seeking to overturn a law providing for annual cost-of-living adjustments for members of Congress, citing the 27th Amendment, which was ratified in May. . . . The Justice Department reports that it issued a record 161 criminal indictments for environmental crimes in the fiscal year that ended September 30.

The National Institutes of Health begins a nationwide initiative against hypertension, or high blood pressure. . . . Gov. William Donald Schaefer (D, Md.) endorses Republican presidential nominee George Bush, upsetting Democrats. . . . Data show that voter registration has increased by only 1% since 1988.

Legislation overturning a ban on abortions in overseas military medical facilities dies by a “pocket veto.” . . . Federal prosecutor Lawrence Walsh releases an excerpt from notes taken in 1986 by then-defense secretary Caspar Weinberger indicating that thenvice president Bush was aware of and supported the Reagan administration’s arms-for-hostages strategy. Bush contends he was not aware it was an actual arms-forhostages swap until Dec. 1986.

Pres. Bush signs a bill authorizing a study on the disposal of nuclear waste in New Mexico. . . . Pres. Bush signs a $2.4 billion water bill that encourages the diversion of federal water resources in California away from agriculture and toward urban uses and environmental conservation. . . . Federal banking regulators seize control of First City Bancorp. of Texas Inc.

Sen. Dave Durenberger (R, Minn.), who was served with a civil complaint alleging that he raped Joyce Rauscher 1963 while representing her in a divorce case, asserts, “With every fiber in my being I deny what this woman has charged me with.” . . . A survey of daily newspapers finds 152 endorsing Clinton, 125 endorsing Bush, and five endorsing Perot. It is the first time since 1964 that a greater number of papers have endorsed the Democratic candidate.

Dow Corning reveals that it sold silicone breast implants made in the 1980s even though their quality-control records were “faked.” . . . John Kingery, an Alzheimer’s patient who was abandoned by his daughter, Sue Gifford, at a dog-racing track in March, dies in a Kentucky nursing home in which other family members had placed him.

Oct. 29

Reports suggest that University of Chicago biologists, on a field trip to New Guinea, discovered a poisonous bird, a hooded pitohui, which has skin and feathers laced with a potent neurotoxin. While some reptiles and fish contain poisons, the phenomenon has never before been seen in a bird.

Reports state the first official statement on spousal abuse by Roman Catholic bishops proclaims the Bible does not ask women to submit to abusive husbands or to stay in abusive relationships. . . . Many religious leaders condemn a pamphlet by a conservative coalition that warns “Christians beware, to vote for Bill Clinton is to sin against God.”

Pope John Paul II concedes, in a speech before a Vatican science panel, that the Roman Catholic Church was wrong to condemn the scientist Galileo Galilei 359 years earlier for claiming that the Earth revolves around the Sun. In 1979, the pope set up a commission to study the case.

James J. Rowley, 84, head of the U.S. Secret Service, 1961–73, dies of heart failure in Leisure World, Maryland.

Pres. Bush signs legislation that bans the import of fish from countries that use drift-net fishing.

Oct. 28

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

Mandatory use of a special “clean gas” for automobiles begins in 39 urban areas with unhealthy levels of carbon-monoxide pollution in accordance with the Clean Air Act of 1990.

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia lands at Kennedy airstrip. . . . Karl W. Deutsch, 80, internationally known Czechoslovakian-born political scientist who served as the president of the American Political Science Association, 1969–70, dies in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of cancer.

Golfer Paul Azinger wins the PGA’s season-ending Championship. . . . Willie Mtolo, a black South African, wins the men’s marathon in NYC in 2:09:29. The victory is the most prominent triumph for a South African athlete in international competition since sports sanctions against the nation were lifted in 1991.

In its quarterly earnings review, The Wall Street Journal reports that the net income of 621 major corporations rose 30% in the third quarter, 18% more than the figures from the paper’s second-quarter survey. . . . An Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) study reveals that living standards in the U.S. remain the highest in the world, although standards in Germany, France, and Japan are approaching the U.S. level.

An FDA advisory panel concludes that the drug Mentane (velnacrine) should not be approved for treating Alzheimer’s disease.

The Tale of the Body Thief by Anne Rice tops the bestseller list. . . . Hal (Harold Eugene) Roach, 100, founder of Hal Roach Studios who won an honorary Academy Award in 1984, dies of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 1

Nov. 2

394—November 3–8, 1992

World Affairs

Nov. 5

Nov. 6

Nov. 7

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Former Premier Georgi Atanasov, one of Bulgaria’s last communist premiers, is convicted of misusing $8,400 from a state orphans’ fund and sentenced to 10 years in prison. . . . Yugoslav premier Milan Panic narrowly survives an attempt by Serbian nationalists in Parliament to oust him from office when the upper house of Parliament defeats a no-confidence motion. . . . In their first high-level accord since the fall of the Soviet Union, Cuban and Russian officials sign pacts to renew trade between the two nations through 1993.

Nov. 3

Nov. 4

Europe

The Cambodian government asks the UN to abandon its peace process so that government forces can rearm in order to combat the Khmer Rouge. . . . Elections in Guam are postponed because of disruptions caused by Typhoon Elsie.

Results from the U.S. presidential elections draw mixed responses from various leaders around the world, including politicians from the EC, Japan, South Africa, and Iraq.

The Russian Supreme Soviet votes to ratify the 1991 U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). . . . British prime minister Major narrowly wins a vote calling for Britain to “play a leading role in the development of the European Community,” after much debate. . . . The upper parliamentary house in Belgium ratifies the Maastricht Treaty. . . . Romanian president Ion Iliescu appoints Nicolae Vacaroiu as premier.

Voters elect military leader Jerry Rawlings to head a new civilian government in Ghana’s first presidential elections since 1979. . . . The U.S., Portugal, South Africa, Britain, and France evacuate nationals from Angola. . . . Reports suggest Iran has arrested Milton Meier on charges of corruption and espionage. Meier is the first American to be arrested by Iran on spying charges since 1986.

A military tribunal sentences six soldiers to up to eight years in prison for helping drug lord Pablo Escobar escape from prison in Colombia.

At a meeting of the UN International Atomic Energy Agency, senior Russian nuclear officials tell Western experts that Russia’s notorious Chernobyl-type reactors will continue to operate indefinitely. . . . EC agriculture commissioner Ray MacSharry resigns his post as chief EC negotiator, charging European Commission president Jacques Delors with interfering with his negotiating authority.

Reports indicate that Ukraine is delaying its long-promised ratification of the first START. . . . Ireland’s coalition government collapses when P.M. Albert Reynolds loses a vote of confidence in the Dail. . . . British prime minister Major announces that ratification of the Maastricht Treaty will not be finalized in Britain until May 1993 at the earliest.

Five members of an Israeli military special-operations unit are killed and six others wounded during a training exercise at Tzelim camp. The incident, which comes after several other military accidents, provokes public anger. . . . The U.S. State Department withdraws its envoy from Burkina Faso, charging that the country is supplying arms to Charles Taylor’s forces in Liberia. In addition, the Bush administration asks Burkina Faso to cancel its plans for sending a new envoy to the U.S.

Canada’s Inuit people vote to accept a federal land-claim package that will grant them virtual control over a vast new territory in the eastern Arctic. . . . In Peru, Sendero Luminoso gunmen kill the government’s third-highest-ranking antiterrorism officer, Colonel Manuel Tumba.

Iran files a lawsuit against the U.S. at the World Court in The Hague, the Netherlands, to seek reparations for attacks on three Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf by U.S. naval forces during the IranIraq war in 1987 and 1988.

Reports confirm that Germany has agreed to pay new reparations to European Jewish survivors of the Nazis in World War II. Payments may total as much as $630 million by the end of the century.

Despite worldwide opposition, a Japanese effort to ship highly toxic plutonium through international waters for use in a nuclear-energy program begins when the freighter Akatsuki Maru, slated to carry 1.7tons (1,500-kg) of plutonium, sets sail. Greenpeace has chartered two ships to track the Japanese freighter from its departure point at Cherbourg, France. French commandos seize one of the Greenpeace vessels in Cherbourg’s harbor and detain about 30 Greenpeace volunteers.

Moscow police estimate that 20,000 people have gathered outside Red Square to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution and protest Pres. Yeltsin’s reformist government. . . . Alexander Dubcek, 70, leader who spearheaded the movement to bring cultural and economic reforms to Czechoslovakia and who was mentioned as a possible candidate for the presidency of an independent Slovakia, dies in Prague from injuries suffered in a Sept. 1 automobile accident. An estimated 350,000 people, including Pres. Richard von Weizsaecker and Chancellor Helmut Kohl, join a demonstration in Berlin to protest a recent increase in right-wing violence against foreigners in Germany. However, a group of 50 anarchists pelt Pres. Richard von Weizsaecker with eggs when he tries to address the gathering.

Nov. 8

Asia & the Pacific

In Panama, Attorney General Rogelio Cruz Ríos and at least 11 other people are injured when a bomb explodes in the garage of the attorney general’s offices.

Israeli forces go back on alert after a new round of Hezbollah rocket attacks begin.

The Japanese government announces that it is resuming broad economic relations with Vietnam and is immediately extending it a 375 million loan, thereby ending Japan’s 14-year embargo of Vietnam.

Pres. Cesar Gaviria Trujillo declares a 90-day state of emergency to combat an avalanche of insurgent and drug-related terror in Colombia.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 3–8, 1992—395

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Arkansas governor Bill Clinton (D) is elected the 42nd president of the U.S., ending 12 consecutive years of Republican control of the White House. Democrats retain control of both houses of Congress and win a majority of governorships. Illinois Democrat Carol Moseley Braun becomes the first black woman ever and only the second African American since the Reconstruction era to win a Senate seat. . . . The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals invalidates the Bush administration’s ban on discussing abortion at federally funded family-planning clinics.

A presidential commission recommends that women be allowed to serve on some combat vessels but continue to be barred from piloting combat aircraft and participating in ground combat. . . . Nine of the 24 Malaysian tourists held since Oct. 21 in Boston, Massachusetts, as witnesses in an immigrant-smuggling case regarding their tour guide, Chee Kheong Choong, are freed.

Election returns on state measures, several of which have received national attention, are reported. Term limits for members of Congress pass in 14 states. Constitutional amendments to enshrine crime “victims’ bills of rights” pass in five states. Iowa rejects a measure backing equal rights for women. Measures that restrict civil-rights guarantees for homosexuals pass in Colorado but are defeated in Oregon. In Maryland, voters pass a prochoice measure, and an antiabortion proposal in Arizona is defeated

Pres. Bush signs a bill regarding veterans’ health care that was passed by Congress in its 102nd session.

Data show that Oregon voters rejected curbs on the state’s nuclear power industry, and a plan to require recyclable packing was defeated in Massachusetts. . . . Pres. Bush vetoes a tax and urban-aid bill passed by Congress Oct. 8. . . . The federal EEOC files its first lawsuit under the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. The suit alleges AIC Security Investigations dismissed Charles Wessel when it learned he had brain cancer.

Arthur Morris Miller, who was convicted in a cross-burning case that led the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn St. Paul, Minnesota’s hate-crimes ordinance in June, pleads guilty to a federal misdemeanor charge of conspiring with others to interfere with a black family’s right of access to housing by burning crosses near the family’s home in 1990.

The last 15 of 24 Malaysian tourists held since Oct. 21 in Boston, Massachusetts, as witnesses in an immigrant-smuggling case are allowed to go home when the U.S. drops the case against their tour guide, Chee Kheong Choong. The decision to drop the charges against Choong follows widespread criticism of the government’s actions.

The EPA issues regulations that require more stringent tests for automobile pollution emissions in 181 U.S. metropolitan areas. . . . Three insurance companies disclose in a Greensboro, North Carolina, court that they will pay a $16.1 million settlement of claims stemming from a September 1991 chicken-processing plant fire that killed 25 people.

George Pape, a juror who voted to acquit organized crime boss John Gotti in March 1987, is convicted of agreeing to take a $60,000 bribe to vote for acquittal. . . . Acting Justice Fitzgerald sentences Robert Ray, convicted of manslaughter Oct. 15 in the subway crash that killed five people in August 1991, to 5–15 years in prison. . . . Presidentelect Bill Clinton names Vernon Jordan and Warren Christopher to head his transition team.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Hanya Holm (born Johanna Eckert), 99, influential German-born choreographer of modern dance and Broadway musicals, dies of pneumonia in New York City.

Nov. 3

Nov. 4

The New England Journal of Medicine publishes a study which argues that overweight teenagers face a greater danger of health problems later in their lives than slender teenagers. . . . Jan H. Oort, 92, Dutch astronomer credited with major discoveries on the movement of the Milky Way galaxy and the origin of comets, dies in Leiden, the Netherlands, of complications from a broken hip.

Bobby Fischer, former U.S. world chess champion, beats Boris Spassky in their nine-week contest, the first in public for Fischer since 1972. . . . A federal appeals court in Chicago rejects a 1991 decision by the FCC that maintains limits on TV networks’ involvement in the lucrative rerun business.

More than 150 local environmental and sanitation agencies in southern California agree to pay $45.7 million to settle federal and state charges related to a series of chemical spills that have taken place since the 1950s. The agencies are charged with allowing industries to spill toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the pesticide DDT, into local waterways.

Nov. 5

Nov. 6

New York State’s top jurist, Judge Sol Wachtler, is arrested by the FBI on charges that he blackmailed Joy Silverman, a woman who broke off an affair with him in 1991.

Jack Kelly, 65, costar of the TV series Maverick, (1957–62), dies in Huntington Beach, California, after suffering a stroke. . . . An outline for a speech given by slain civilrights leader Martin Luther King Jr. is auctioned for $35,000, despite a lawsuit filed by the King estate claiming the notes were stolen.

Timothy Ryan announces that he will resign as director of the Office of Thrift Supervision, the division of the Treasury Department overseeing the cleanup of the savings and loan industry.

Golfer Betsy King wins the LPGA’s season-ending event, the Mazda Japan Classic in Hanno.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 7

Nov. 8

396—November 9–14, 1992

Nov. 9

World Affairs

Europe

Reports indicate that the first of several Russian-made attack submarines purchased by Iran have arrived in Iranian waters, despite opposition from the U.S. and from Arab nations in the Persian Gulf region that fear Iran will use the vessels to disrupt oil shipping.

Radovan Karadzic, the leader of the ethnic Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina, maintains that the only viable means of bringing peace to the country is to formally partition Bosnia along ethnic lines. Karadzic also announces a confederation of his “Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina” with the “Serbian Republic of Krajina” in Croatia. The Croatian army, operating in the area of the Bosnian border town of Orasje, succeeds in cutting the supply corridor between Serbia and the northern Bosnian town of Bosanski Brod. . . . Russian president Boris Yeltsin makes his first official visit to Great Britain. Under popular pressure to fight the explosion in crime, Pres. Yeltsin signs a decree granting ordinary Russians a limited right to bear arms for the first time after 75 years of communist rule. . . . Sir John (Newenham) Summerson, 87, who was knighted in 1958 and awarded the Gold Medal in Architecture from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1976, dies in London of pneumonia complicated by Parkinson’s disease and emphysema.

Nov. 10

In a high-profile trial, Laith Shubailat and Yaqoub Qarrash are convicted of plotting to overthrow Jordan’s King Hussein and are sentenced to serve 20 years in prison at hard labor.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports cite Colombian government authorities who state that since the Oct. 28 police killing of Brance Muñoz, the Medellín drug cartel is paying hired assassins the equivalent of $2,100 for each policeman they shoot dead in Medellín. In the first 10 days after Muñoz’s death, at least 20 Medellín policemen have been killed. . . . In Chile, Supreme Court judge Adolfo Banados files homicide charges against retired general Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda and Colonel Pedro Espinoza, who, Banados claims, directed the murder of Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C., in 1976.

In Thailand, a special constitutional panel upholds an amnesty for generals involved in the May massacre of scores of prodemocracy demonstrators, invalidating the Thai House of Representatives’ Oct. 7 unanimous vote.

Reports confirm that two huge oilfields were discovered in Colombia’s Casanare state, centered roughly 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Bogotá. The oil fields contain an estimated 2 billion barrels of oil, making them the largest find in the Americas since the discovery of the Prudhoe Bay oil field in Alaska in 1969.

Hundreds of thousands of workers in the Australian state of Victoria obey labor union calls for a 24-hour statewide strike to protest the recently elected state government’s labor-relations policies.

Russia pulls troops out of its southern Caucasus region, after quieting fighting between two ethnic groups, the Ossetians and the Ingush. . . . Amnesty International charges that Turkey has failed to fulfill pledges to improve its human rights record. Along with continuing torture, political killings involving security forces occur “virtually daily,” according to the group.

Nov. 11

The trial of former East German communist leader Erich Honecker opens in Berlin. . . . Giulio Carlo Argan, 83, senator in the Italian Parliament, 1983–92, dies of a heart attack. . . . German defense minister Volker Ruehe states that persons discovered to be radical rightists will be expelled from the German military.

Nov. 12

Nov. 13

Africa & the Middle East

Hong Kong’s Legislative Council approves a measure supporting Gov. Chris Patten’s plan for democratic reform of the British colony’s legislature. The council’s approval is denounced by China.

King Hussein of Jordan issues a general amnesty that frees 140 political and criminal prisoners, including Laith Shubailat and Yaqoub Qarrash, who were convicted Nov. 10. . . . A South African white security guard, Sean Nicholas, is convicted of culpable homicide in the 1991 slaying of Headman Tshabalala, the lead singer of the music group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, featured on U.S. singer Paul Simon’s 1987 Graceland album.

The World Meteorological Organization, an agency of the United Nations, reports that ozone levels over Northern Europe, Russia, and Canada throughout the winter and spring of 1991–92 were 12–20% below the seasonal norm, the lowest levels ever measured in northern latitudes.

Brazil’s attorney general, Aristides Junqueira, formally indicts Pres. Collor and eight others on criminal charges of racketeering, forging documents, influence peddling, and numerous other corruptionrelated activities.

In Hong Kong, the Hang Seng Index soars to a record 6,447.

The Peruvian government claims it has foiled an attempt by a group of army officers to kill Pres. Alberto Fujimori. Fujimori discloses government troops arrested 20 suspected conspirators without firing a shot. . . . The Nova Scotia Supreme Court quashes a provincial inquiry into the Westray coal-mine explosion that killed 26 miners in May. . . . David Irving, 56, a British author who disputed generally accepted accounts of the Holocaust, is ordered deported from Canada. Police halt a truck in north London that contains a ton of explosives. Authorities believe the bomb was intended for the scheduled Lord Mayor’s Show. . . . Reports state the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly has approved legislation to divide a total of $25 billion in federal assets between the republics. . . . In response to recent violence against foreigners, 100,000 protesters march in Bonn to urge that Germany maintain liberal asylum policies.

Nov. 14

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 9–14, 1992—397

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle William Hillcourt, 92, main author of the Official Boy Scout Handbook, dies in Stockholm, Sweden. . . . Charles Fraser-Smith, 88, British inventor on whom author Ian Fleming’s character “Q” in the James Bond franchise was modeled, dies in Bratton Fleming, England, of undisclosed causes.

Democrats reelect Majority Leader George Mitchell (D, Maine), and GOP senators reelect Minority Leader Robert Dole (R, Kans.). . . . After a series of reports about improper file searches, Elizabeth Tamposi, the assistant secretary of state for consular affairs, is fired. . . . The Census Bureau reports there were 31.2 million Americans aged 65 years or over in 1989 and that, in 1990, 47% of the elderly population would be in poverty without Social Security. The poverty rate among those aged 65 or older is 12%.

The Senate Select Committee on POW-MIA Affairs opens hearings on the 8,000 American servicemen unaccounted for in the Korean War.

Bill Clinton delivers his first public address as president-elect at a Veterans Day speech in the Arkansas State House. . . . Sen. Daniel Inouye (D, Hawaii) denies accusations by nine anonymous women that he sexually harassed them.

To commemorate Veterans Day, Pres. Bush makes a surprise midnight appearance at the Vietnam Memorial near the White House.

Harry B. Cunningham, 85, discount mass-merchandising tycoon who developed and oversaw the growth of the Kmart discount department store chain, dies in North Palm Beach, Florida.

The Oregon Court of Appeals rules that a ballot measure opposing homosexual rights passed in 1988 is unconstitutional. . . . A jury in Dallas, Texas, awards the family of a convicted murderer $2.15 million after deciding that the convict, William Freeman, killed under the influence of the sleeping pill Halcion. It is the first civil trial in the U.S. involving Halcion.

Petty Officer First Class Keith Meinhold, who openly admits that he is a homosexual and was discharged from the navy for that reason, is reinstated in the service, pending a final outcome on his case after two orders by U.S. District Judge Terry J. Hatter Jr. of Los Angeles on Nov. 6 and Nov. 10.

The New York Mercantile Exchange agrees to remain based in New York City for at least 15 more years.

Singer Axl Rose of the heavy-metal group Guns N’ Roses is found guilty of property damage and assault for his role in a riot at Riverport Amphitheater in July 1991. He is ordered to serve two years’ probation and pay $50,000, to publicservice organizations. . . . Shannon Merryman, a deaf and mute student, wins the right to compete in the annual Voice of Democracy contest.

The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that nearly half of all the coronary angiograms performed in the U.S. are unnecessary.

The governing body of the Church of England narrowly votes to allow women to become priests. The action is described as one of the most important since the church broke with the Roman Catholic Church in 1534.

The National Council of Churches, the U.S.’s largest church organization, quashes a bid to establish ties with the United Fellowship of Metropolitan Churches, a denomination composed mostly of homosexual congregants.

The former leader of the Navajo Indian tribe, Peter MacDonald Sr., is convicted by a federal jury in Prescott, Arizona, on charges of conspiracy and burglary. Prosecutors charge MacDonald with leading a conspiracy that resulted in a July 1989 riot in which two of his followers were killed. . . . After an eightmonth investigation, 14 former employees of a women’s prison in Hardwick, Georgia, are indicted on charges of sexual abuse of inmates. The allegations were made by more than 100 female inmates.

A statement signed by 1,500 Roman Catholics protesting a Vatican document that urged the bishops to oppose some laws seeking to ban discrimination against homosexuals is printed as a paid ad in an issue of the National Catholic Reporter.

South Africa loses to England, 3316, in the first rugby match between the two countries in 23 years.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 9

Nov. 10

Nov. 11

Nov. 12

Nov. 13

Nov. 14

398—November 15–20, 1992

World Affairs

Nov. 17

Nov. 20

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Panamanian voters overwhelmingly turn down a package of 58 constitutional reforms, including a proposal that would have prohibited Panama from having a standing army. . . . Dr. Peter Jepson-Young, 35, physician who educated millions of Canadian TV viewers about AIDS when he frankly discussed his own battle against AIDS in an effort to change people’s views about the disease and about homosexuality, dies in Vancouver, Canada, of AIDS-related complications.

The UN Security Council authorizes a naval blockade against Yugoslavia as a means of tightening the sanctions imposed on the country by the council in May.

The federal prosecutor’s office in Germany charges four alleged IRA members in a 1989 bomb attack on a British army barracks in Osnabrueck. . . . Security guards find a huge bomb at the Canary Wharf office complex in East London. The IRA admits to planting that bomb as well as the one found Nov. 14.

The white-minority government is rocked by revelations that the South African Defense Force plotted a “dirty tricks” campaign against the ANC between May and December 1991, a period after President F. W. de Klerk promised that the military was no longer engaged in political missions against antiapartheid groups and while the government was holding negotiations with the ANC on a new constitution.

Romania becomes the fourth Eastern European country to link with the European Community as an associate member, alongside Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.

Polish president Lech Walesa approves the so-called small constitution, a document that serves as an interim constitution until Parliament drafts a new one. . . . More than 75 organized-crime suspects are arrested in Italy in the widest crackdown on the Mafia since 1984. . . . Reports indicate 150,000 state health workers went on strike in 71 Romanian cities and towns. . . . The Czech and Slovak regional parliaments pass a joint resolution authorizing a 1993 separation of Czechoslovakia

A hand grenade is thrown into a crowded market in the Arab quarter of Jerusalem, killing an Arab merchant and injuring 12 others.

India’s Supreme Court upholds a controversial federal order that reserves 27% of federal and state government jobs for members of intermediate castes and for deprived Christian and Muslim groups. . . . The commander of the Sri Lankan navy and three of his aides die when a motorcyclist sets off a bomb next to Clancy Fernando’s car in Colombo, the capital. The Canadian government agrees to compensate the victims of mindcontrol experiments carried out mainly in the 1950s. The experiments were underwritten in part by the U.S. CIA.

Reports indicate that the world’s first commercial-scale plant for recycling household electric batteries has begun operations near Thun, Switzerland. . . . The Czechoslovak Federal Assembly defeats a constitutional amendment permitting the dissolution of the federation without a nationwide referendum.

Nov. 18

Nov. 19

Africa & the Middle East

More than 1,500 German police officers block a march of neo-Nazis in Halbe, 25 miles (40 km) south of Berlin, thwarting the plans of rightwing groups to gather in a predominantly military cemetery on Germany’s day of national mourning for the dead of World War I and World War II. . . . The former communists of the Democratic Labor Party win a solid parliamentary majority in the second round of Lithuania’s national elections.

Nov. 15

Nov. 16

Europe

Pakistan bans opposition leader Benazir Bhutto from entering Islamabad, the federal capital, for 30 days, in an attempt to prevent her “long march” aimed at ousting conservative prime minister Nawaz Sharif. Army, police, and paramilitary forces impose a preemptive crackdown on tens of thousands of pro-Bhutto demonstrators assembling for the 11-mile (18-km) march. Bhutto and leaders of her Pakistan People’s Party are among the thousands arrested. Bhutto is deported to Karachi, 750 miles (1,200 km) southwest of Islamabad.

The UN Security Council approves an arms embargo against Liberia and instructs Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali to send a special envoy to the West African country to report on its ongoing civil war. Separately, reports confirm that the 16-nation ECOWAS has voted to impose a trade embargo on the 95% of Liberia’s territory controlled by the rebel National Patriotic Front, led by Charles Taylor.

Imamali Rakhmanov is elected interim president of Parliament in the former Soviet Central Asian republic of Tajikistan as unrest in the region continues.

Amidst growing public outrage at the scandal disclosed on Nov. 16, South African president de Klerk shuffles the top ranks of the military intelligence services and promises an internal investigation into the alleged dirty tricks against the ANC.

In Peru, Sendero Luminoso declares an “armed strike” as a pivotal part of its attempt to disrupt upcoming elections. . . . A jury in Perth, Western Australia, clears businessman Alan Bond at his retrial on charges of fraud stemming from his actions during the 1987 bailout of Rothwells Ltd., a since-failed Perth investment bank.

The Western European Union defense group formally admits Greece as its 10th member. Thus, of the EC’s 12 nations, only Denmark and Ireland, which have agreed to observer status, are not full members of the WEU. . . . Trade officials from the U.S. and the EC reach agreement on a plan to reduce EC agricultural subsidies to oilseed producers. The accord eliminates a major obstacle hindering global trade talks.

A fire blazes at Windsor Castle in England and destroys the 14thcentury St. George’s Hall. The blaze causes damage estimated at 60 million pounds sterling ($100 million) at the uninsured castle. . . . A collection of watercolor paintings by the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler fail to draw any bidders at a controversial auction in Trieste, Italy. The 20 watercolors were painted by Hitler between 1910 and 1914.

Col. Desi Bouterse, the Suriname army commander who led coups in 1980 and 1990 that unseated democratically elected governments, resigns amid press reports that accused him of corruption.

Colombian president Cesar Gaviria Trujillo and Vatican representative Paolo Romeo sign a revised concordat that substantially eliminates the Vatican’s legal right to impose its moral policies on Colombia’s 32 million people.

During a visit to South Korea by Russia’s president Yeltsin, the government of South Korea agrees to resume a $3 billion aid program to Russia suspended in December 1991. . . . Indonesian troops capture Jose Alexandre Gusmao, 45, the leader of the leftist Revolutionary Front for the Independence of East Timor (Fretilin).

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 15–20, 1992—399

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle In auto racing, Alan Kulwicki wins the NASCAR Winston Cup season title.

C. Clyde Atkins, a federal district court judge, hands down an unprecedented ruling when he orders the city of Miami to set up two “safe zones” where homeless people can engage in “basic activities of daily life,” such as sleeping and eating. . . . Two Detroit, Michigan, police officers, Larry Nevers and Walter Budzyn, are charged with murder in the beating death of Malice Green, a black motorist.

A U.S. federal court convicts Aero Systems Inc. of Miami, Florida, and three of its subsidiaries of conspiring with a Japanese company to sell military aircraft components to Iran in violation of U.S. export law. A former Aero vice president, Colin Devellerez, is also convicted.

GM releases 70,000 pages of documents to consumer groups seeking compensation in regard to faulty tanks in pickup trucks. . . . The Supreme Court rules taxpayers may sue the IRS to challenge its attempts to obtain confidential records, even if the IRS has already acquired the documents. . . . The OTS issues a new set of guidelines that outline the responsibilities and fiduciary duties for S&L directors.

Census data show that the Cherokee are the most numerous American Indian tribe. Of the 1,959,234 American Indians, 308,102 identify themselves as Cherokee. . . . A federal appeals court rules that former president Nixon is entitled to compensation for presidential papers and tapes seized by the government during the Watergate scandal in the 1970s.

Six men are indicted in the U.S. on federal charges of conspiring to supply arms to the IRA, including a Stinger missile.

Albert V. Casey, the head of the RTC, estimates that his organization needs $25 billion to complete its efforts to dispose of assets from the nation’s insolvent savings and loan institutions.

Audre Lorde, 58, black feminist writer who was the poet laureate of New York State in 1991and who won an American Book Award in 1989, dies in Christiansted, St. Croix, the Virgin Islands, of liver cancer. . . . Issue no. 75 of the Superman comic book, in which fictional superhero Superman dies in a battle with Doomsday, a deranged supervillain, hits the stands.

Members of a federal grand jury that heard charges regarding the Rocky Flats, Colorado, nuclear weapons plant take the unprecedented step of asking Presidentelect Bill Clinton to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the Justice Department’s handling of the case. . . . A federal jury awards Nancy Denny $1.2 million in damages from Ford Motor for injuries when her Ford Bronco II rolled over in 1986. About 100 similar lawsuits are pending.

The National Book Foundation presents awards to Cormac McCarthy and Mary Oliver. Publisher James Laughlin receives a special award. . . . Roman Catholic bishops vote to reject a proposed pastoral letter that reaffirms traditional roles for women in the church. It is the first time that the conference fails to reach a two-thirds majority consensus.

The SEC announces that as of January 1, 1993, closed-end mutual funds will be required to disclose the names of the funds’ actual managers to shareholders and prospective investors.

In an instance that attracts media attention, President-elect Clinton stops at McDonald’s for a cup of coffee while jogging. . . . The auction houses of Christie’s and Sotheby’s report their sales from major NYC fall auctions at $104.6 and $73.4, respectively.

President-elect Bill Clinton meets with Pres. Bush. . . . State Department inspector general Sherman Funk asserts that files of Pres. Bush’s presidential rivals were improperly searched by the State Department in an attempt to uncover politically damaging information. Funk places primary responsibility for the scandal on Steven Berry, acting assistant secretary of state for legislative affairs, and Elizabeth M. Tamposi, who was dismissed Nov. 10.

Pennsylvania becomes the first state to publish a list ranking coronary surgeons by the number of patients who died after bypass surgery. . . . Dorothy Walker Bush, 91, mother of Pres. George Bush, dies after suffering a stroke Nov. 18.

Reports indicate that former Grumman Corp. chairman John O’Brien has pled guilty to bribery and influence peddling in defense contracting. O’Brien is believed to be the highest-ranking corporate figure convicted in the Pentagon procurement scandal.

An FDA advisory panel recommends that the experimental drug taxol, derived from the bark of the rare Pacific Northwest yew tree, should be approved as a treatment for ovarian cancer in women who fail to respond to conventional chemotherapy.

The Planned Parenthood Federation of America names Pamela Maraldo its new president. . . . Elaine Richardson, an aide to former Sen. Edward Brooke (R, Mass.), pleads guilty to a misdemeanor charge of aiding and abetting Brooke when he allegedly lied to a grand jury and to FBI agents probing his connection to the HUD scandal during the Reagan administration.

The Roman Catholic Church issues a new universal catechism for the first time in more than four centuries. The new catechism reiterates traditional church views but is updated to address modern-day issues.

John Foreman, 67, influential producer of films such as Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), dies in Beverly Hills, California, of a heart attack. . . . The chairwoman of the NEA, Anne Radice, states she will not grant NEA funds to three homosexual film festivals, which have already taken place and were approved by the panel that distributes NEA grant money.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 15

Nov. 16

Nov. 17

Nov. 18

Nov. 19

Nov. 20

400—November 21–26, 1992

World Affairs

The first U.S. Peace Corps volunteers ever sent to Russia arrive in Moscow,

Nov. 21

Nov. 22

Warships of the member states of NATO and the Western European Union begin the UN-authorized naval blockade of Yugoslavia. . . . The EC’s finance committee agrees to devalue the currencies of Spain and Portugal within the exchange rate mechanism (ERM) of the European Monetary System. The ERM realignment is the third in 10 weeks.

Nov. 23

Nov. 24

Nov. 25

Nov. 26

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Reports indicate that Turkish army troops dealt a decisive military blow to the separatist Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) in Iraq. The offensive, started in October, reportedly routed 5,000 PKK rebels from their bases, with more than half killed, wounded, or captured.

Asia & the Pacific The General Synod of the Anglican Church of Australia votes in favor of a bill allowing the ordination of women priests. . . . Phomvihane Kaysone, 71, president of Laos and premier, 1975–91, who headed the communist Pathet Lao forces during the Vietnam War, dies in Vientiane, Laos.

In the fighting that began Oct. 24 in Tajikistan, reports suggest that hundreds of refugees near the Afghan border were massacred. . . . In Lithuania, election returns show that the ruling Democratic Labor Party has won 73 of the 141 seats in the Seimas (parliament).

A coalition backing Pres. Alberto K. Fujimori garners a majority in a new national congress whose mandate includes rewriting the Peruvian constitution. The voting is marked by sporadic bomb explosions, but no serious injuries are reported.

In the 13th straight weekend of antiforeigner violence in Germany, two Turkish girls and a Turkish woman who had lived in Germany for 20 years die in a fire-bombing in the town of Mellon, about 30 miles (50 km) from Hamburg. A call notifying fire officials of the blaze ends with the Nazi salute, “Heil Hitler.” Data suggest that 16 people have been killed and more than 400 injured in rightwing attacks in 1992. . . . Reports confirm that Romania has established its first commodity exchange since the 1930s.

Arges Sequeira, a crusader for the return of ranches, homes, and lots confiscated by the former Sandinista government, is shot to death by assailants near El Sauce in northwestern Nicaragua.

Reports show that Australia has ended its ban on homosexuals in the military.

Representatives of the former April 19 Movement (M-19) rebel group resign from Colombian president Cesar Gaviria Trujillo’s government to protest the president’s forceful crackdown on Marxist insurgents. . . . Most Canadian chartered banks raise their prime rates to 9.75%, from 9%. The threequarter-point jump is the third such hike in less than two weeks.

A Chinese airliner crashes into a mountain 15 miles (25 km) from its destination in the southern city of Guilin. All 141 passengers and crew are killed, qualifying it as China’s worst reported air disaster. It is the fifth plane crash in China in four months.

The UN General Assembly approves a resolution calling for an end to the 29-year-old U.S. trade embargo against Cuba. The resolution is prompted by the Cuban Democracy Act, legislation recently passed in the U.S. that bars foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba. . . . The UN Security Council votes to sustain the economic sanctions against Iraq in force since 1990.

Nicu Ceausescu, the younger son of deposed Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu, is released from prison after nearly three years’ incarceration.

A UN ship trying to deliver 10,000 tons of food to Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, has to turn back after coming under shell fire.

Representatives of 93 nations agree to speed efforts to phase out the production and use of chemicals that damage the ozone layer. . . . The UN Security Council approves a plan to send military observers to Macedonia to keep the Yugoslav civil war from spreading to the former Yugoslav republic. . . . Representatives of nine Balkan countries issue a joint statement calling for the UN to send peacekeepers to Serbia’s Kosovo province.

The Spanish parliament completes ratification of the Maastricht treaty. . . . France’s National Assembly votes for a measure urging opposition to the Nov. 20 agreement between the U.S. and the EC. More than 50 French police are injured in clashes with farmers in Paris. . . . The Czechoslovak Federal Assembly adopts a constitutional amendment permitting the dissolution of the federation without a nationwide referendum, removing the last major legal barrier to independence for the Czech and Slovak republics on Jan. 1, 1993.

In Somalia, a Pakistani peacekeeper is shot when bandits hijack his car.

Reports disclose that the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States has decided to establish an embassy in Brussels, Belgium, to handle trade and other matters with EC nations. . . . Acting U.S. secretary of state Lawrence Eagleburger presents the offer of up to 30,000 American ground troops for an intervention in Somalia by the UN. . . . GATT officials resume the six-year-old Uruguay Round of talks in Geneva, Switzerland.

Italy’s tobacco workers agree to suspend their three-week strike, which has caused havoc for the nation’s estimated 13 million smokers. . . . Reports reveal that Britain’s monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, has decided to begin paying taxes on her personal income.

Angola’s new national assembly convenes for the first time, but legislators who belong to UNITA, comprising a third of the body, do not attend. Fernando Van Dunem, the premier of the previous MPLA government, is elected president of the parliament. Marcolino Moco, a former secretary general of the MPLA, is named the new premier of Angola.

A special session of the Laotian parliament elects Nouhak Phoumsavan as the new leader of Laos, following the death of Pres. Kaysone Phomvihane on Nov. 21.

The Punitive Leftist Front, a littleknown group, claims responsibility for the Nov. 23 murder of Arges Sequeira in Nicaragua. . . . In Peru, the government makes public a law that authorizes life imprisonment for teachers who use their positions to paint a favorable picture of leftist guerrillas. The Peruvian National Teachers Unions dub the measure “fascist” and state they will work for the law’s repeal.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 21–26, 1992—401

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A helicopter carrying members of a movie crew crashes into a volcanic crater in Hawaii, about 150 feet below the rim. . . . A spate of tornadoes begins sweeping through the South and Midwest.

Reports confirm that 10 women allege Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) sexually harassed them. Most of the women were employed by or worked with Packwood. Many leaders of women’s groups express outrage since Packwood was ostensibly a strong legislative supporter of their rights. . . . A study finds growing numbers of Americans living along the southern border are traveling to Mexico for cheaper medical care than they can find in the U.S. Retired physician Jack Kevorkian assists the suicide of Catherine Andreyev, 46, a cancer patient in Michigan. . . . Reports find that H. Ross Perot finished second in Maine in the Nov. 3 presidential election. . . . In what is called the largest case of its kind, federal prosecutors state that 50 people, including 38 pharmacists, pled guilty to participating in a scheme to fill phony Medicaid prescriptions and resell the drugs. The prosecutors also announce that 11 other people have been indicted for trying to defraud Medicaid by means of nonexistent medical clinics.

Sterling Holloway, 87, actor who provided the voice for many animated films, dies in Los Angeles of cardiac arrest. . . . In tennis, Boris Becker of Germany wins the ATP Tour World Championship. Monica Seles of Yugoslavia wins the season-ending Virginia Slims Championships.

A Senate subcommittee investigating allegations that Ronald Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign interfered with negotiations seeking the release of U.S. hostages in Iran reports that it found no evidence of a deal between Iran and the Reagan campaign to delay release of the hostages. However, it concludes that the conduct of Reagan’s campaign director, William Casey, verged on the improper.

An advisory committee to the FDA recommends that food, particularly flour, be fortified with folic acid to prevent neural tube defect, a devastating birth disorder that takes place when the spinal column fails to close early in pregnancy.

The Interior Department announces tentative approval of an agreement that cedes more than 500,000 acres (202,500 hectares) of federal, state, and private land in Arizona to the Hopi tribe. The agreement will settle a bitter land dispute between the Hopi and Navajo Indians that dates back to the 1880s. . . . In a case that sparked riots in May, a mistrial is declared in the Washington, D.C., trial of Daniel Gomez, a Salvadoran immigrant who was shot after he allegedly lunged with a knife at a police officer.

Nov. 21

Ernst & Young Inc. agree to pay $400 million to settle government claims concerning its audits of failed thrifts. The settlement is the largest finalized by the government in its efforts to punish professional institutions that allegedly neglected their duties while monitoring failing savings and loans.

Data show that at least 45 tornadoes have torn through 11 states in the South and Midwest since Nov. 21, killing 25 people and injuring hundreds more. In Brandon, Mississippi, 10 people were killed. . . . Michael Benson, a movie cameraman, is rescued from a volcanic crater in Hawaii after a plane crash Nov. 21. He is the last person rescued, and no one died in the crash.

Roy Claxton Acuff, 89, country singer and fiddler known as the “King of Country Music” who, in 1962, became the first living member elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame, dies of congestive heart failure in Nashville, Tennessee.

General Atomics announces it is indefinitely closing its Sequoyah Fuels Corp. uranium processing factory in Gore, Oklahoma, which was ordered shut by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in November 1991 because of safety and environmental violations. . . . The board of the FDIC formally endorses a plan to increase insurance premiums on banks and thrifts. Reports state that Superior Court judge Jeremy Fogel has issued an injunction barring state action against a San Jose high school for showing Whittle Communications’ controversial Channel One news program. The channel, available to 8.1 million students in 45 states, has come under fire because its daily broadcasts contain two minutes of commercial advertising.

The 1990 campaign of California governor Pete Wilson (R) is fined $100,000 by the state Fair Political Practices Commission, which claims campaign officials improperly reported more than $7 million in expenses and $106,000 in contributions.

Nov. 23

Nov. 24

The Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association asks Honda Motor Co., its only member not based in the U.S., to resign its membership because it wants “to focus on the common issues and interests that are unique to the domestic manufacturers.”

Data show there have been a record 107 arson fires set in the greater Seattle, Washington, since Aug. 6. No injuries have occurred, but the fires have caused some $10 million in property damage.

Nov. 22

The New England Journal of Medicine reports that doctors for the first time have repaired brain damage by implanting cerebral tissue from aborted fetuses.

Princess Stephanie of Monaco, 27, gives birth to a boy, named Louis, in Monte Carlo.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 25

Nov. 26

402—November 27–December 2, 1992

Nov. 27

World Affairs

Europe

OPEC members agree to cut their oil production slightly for the first quarter of 1993, in an effort to reverse a 10% decline in oil prices since mid-October.

The German government announces that it is officially banning the Nationalist Front, a small neoNazi group that Interior Minister Rudolf Seiters calls “an active fighting group whose goal is to destroy the democratic order.”

Nov. 28

Nov. 29

Nov. 30

Dec. 1

Reports indicate that Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan have joined the Economic Cooperation Organization of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. . . . The UN Security Council imposes a trade embargo on the areas of Cambodia controlled by the Khmer Rouge, since the guerrilla group refuses to cooperate with the terms of a 1991 peace accord.

Russia’s Constitutional Court votes to uphold a 1991 ban by Pres. Boris Yeltsin on the Soviet Communist Party.

The Organization of the Islamic Conference urges international military intervention in Bosnia and calls for an end to the UN arms embargo on Bosnia. . . . The World Health Organization finds that Mexico City has the worst air pollution of any of the world’s major cities, while Tokyo, London, and New York City have the least polluted air.

A bomb explodes in a shopping district of Belfast, Northern Ireland, injuring 27 people. . . . A rally in Strasbourg, France, draws 40,000 European farmers who protest the Nov. 20 pact between the U.S. and the EC. . . . Russian president Boris Yeltsin appeals for new powers at the opening of the winter session of the 1,041-member Congress of People’s Deputies, but the motion receives fewer than 400 votes.

Africa & the Middle East

Asia & the Pacific

Dissident elements of Venezuela’s military fail to overthrow the government of Pres. Carlos Andrés Pérez. The coup attempt is the second revolt in 10 months by the Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement 200. A riot begins at the Retén de Catia prison, and looting breaks out in Caracas. . . Reports confirm that Guatemala’s congress has voted to recognize the political independence of Belize, a former British colony whose territory it has previously claimed. The decision ends a 130-year-old territorial dispute between the two nations.

Hong Kong’s legislature passes a measure suggested by Gov. Patten to increase the body’s democratic representation, a measure that is vehemently opposed by China.

Four whites are slain at a golf clubhouse in King William’s Town, South Africa, when black gunmen burst into the dining room, toss hand grenades and spray guests with automatic-rifle fire. Besides the four dead, 19 people, mostly whites, are seriously wounded. It is the first politically motivated assault on white civilians in recent memory.

In Venezuela, looting continues, as does the prison riot. Loyalist forces shoot down a helicopter after it racks the area of the presidential palace with rifle fire.

In Israel’s strongest response to date to antiforeigner and antiSemitic violence in Germany, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin calls on Germany to use “the full severity of the law” to “crush the head of the snake while it is small.”

In Venezuela, the defense ministry announces that the death toll from ongoing unrest has reached 169, including at least 60 killed in the prison riot. The riot at the Retén de Catia prison is crushed when national guard troops, backed by military helicopters, storm the facility. In the Las Flores de la Catia section of Caracas, national guardsmen use tear gas to disperse a crowd. . . . Pres. Alberto Fujimori of Peru grants political asylum to 93 members of the Venezuelan military and security services implicated in the Nov. 27 coup attempt. The Khmer Rouge announces that it has formed its own political party, the National Unity of Cambodia Party. . . . Chinese premier Li Peng becomes the first Chinese leader to visit Vietnam in 21 years. . . . In response to Hong Kong governor Patten’s proposals for reform, China warns that it may void all commercial agreements made by the Hong Kong government when the British colony’s sovereignty reverts to China in 1997.

The Azanian Peoples Liberation Army claims responsibility for the Nov. 28 killings in King William’s Town, South Africa.

Reports disclose that Algirdas Brazauskas, the leader of Lithuania’s ruling Democratic Labor Party, has appointed Bronislovas Lubys as the country’s premier. . . . In Spain, Socialist premier Felipe González marks his 10th anniversary in office.

Dec. 2

The Americas

U.S. Trade Representative Carla Hills becomes the first cabinetlevel official from the U.S. to visit Taiwan since Pres. Jimmy Carter cut formal ties in 1979.

Tony (Antonio Cuesta Valle) Cuesta, 66, leader of Comandos L, who, after defecting to the U.S. in 1960, formed Comandos L, which organized violent raids on Cuba, dies in Miami of a heart attack.

Khmer Rouge forces capture six UN soldiers. Separately, a UN official is struck by gunfire and six UN workers are wounded in two incidents when their vehicles run over mines. . . . Charges are brought against a government official, Venkataraman Krishnamurthy, in connection with India’s largestever financial scandal, which resulted in an estimated 35 billion rupee ($1.25 billion) loss and brought down three cabinet-level officials.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 27–December 2, 1992—403

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Commerce Department reports that personal income increased by 1% in October to an annual rate of $5.13 trillion. The increase, which follows a revised 0.5% rise in September, is the largest gain since December 1991.

Nov. 27

Two police officers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Joseph Gabrish and John Balcerzak, are dismissed for “gross negligence” since they allowed serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer to reclaim a naked, bleeding Laotian boy outside his apartment in May 1991. They were convinced by Dahmer that the disturbance was a domestic argument.

Nov. 28

The Calgary Stampeders win the Canadian Football League championship in the Grey Cup game. . . . In the ATP doubles championship final, Australian tennis players Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde take the title.

In separate sentencings, a federal and a state judge in New Jersey sentence Arthur Seale to life in prison for the kidnapping and killing of Exxon Corp. executive Sidney J. Reso in April. . . . Former Sen. Paul Tsongas (D, Mass.) confirms that he has again developed cancer. . . . The Supreme Court refuses to hear an appeal of a lower court’s decision that overturns an antiabortion law in the U.S. territory of Guam.

The U.S. Navy announces that the skipper of the aircraft carrier Saratoga and seven other officers and crew members will face nonjudicial disciplinary action for an unintended missile attack that killed five men on a Turkish destroyer in the Aegean Sea in October. . . . The U.S. Commerce Department imposes tariffs on steel imports from 12 countries.

Chancellor Joseph Fernandez of NYC’s Board of Education suspends the board of District 24, the only group to refuse to use a curriculum guide, part of which urges teaching elementary school students respect for homosexuals. . . . Amy Fisher, 18, is sentenced to 5–15 years in prison for the May shooting of Mary Jo Buttafuoco, the wife of Joseph Buttafuoco, with whom Fisher claims to have had an affair. . . . The Supreme Court overturns, 8-1, the death sentence of Willie Lee Richmond.

Alva L. Harvey, 92, military aviator who survived 10 days in the Alaskan wilderness after his plane crashed during the first aroundthe-world flight attempt in 1924 and who received the Congressional Distinguished Service Medal, dies in Arlington, Virginia, of heart failure.

The National Marine Fisheries Service issues rules requiring shrimp fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean to use nets equipped with “turtle excluders” designed to protect sea turtles. An estimated 44,000 of the endangered turtles are killed each year by the nets. . . . Post Office officials disclose the agency lost $536 million in the fiscal year ending Sept 18. . . . The National Association of Purchasing Management reports the purchasing managers’ index surged to 55% in November from 50.6% in October.

The National Institutes of Health announces that it is ready to begin testing AIDS vaccines in humans at high risk of contracting the deadly disease.

In a reversal, the Health Insurance Association of America, which represents 270 commercial insurers, calls for a law that will require health insurance for all Americans. . . . After months of dispute, the Bush administration announces new labeling guidelines designed to give consumers more nutritional information about food. The new labeling is mandated by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery lifts off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a military mission to deploy a secret satellite. The mission is the 10th and last scheduled military flight.

The SEC sues two former Salomon Brothers Inc. employees, charging them with civil-law fraud and securities-laws violations. The suit is the result of a 16-month investigation into the firm’s admitted manipulation of U.S. Treasury bond auctions.

U.S. District Court judge William A. Ingram rules in San Jose, California, that Advanced Micro Devices Inc. may not copy software developed by Intel Corp, a ruling that prohibits AMD from selling its version of Intel’s new 486 microprocessor chip.

Mixed Blessings by Danielle Steele is at the top of Publishers Weekly’s bestseller list.

The NEH chairwoman, Lynne Cheney, states she will resign on Jan. 20, 1993, the day the administration of Democratic presidentelect Bill Clinton is to take office.

Nov. 29

Nov. 30

Dec. 1

Dec. 2

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Includes elections, federal-state relations, civil rights and liberties, crime, the judiciary, education, health care, poverty, urban affairs, and population.

Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

404—December 3–7, 1992

Dec. 3

Dec. 4

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

At a World Bank–chaired meeting, 15 Western donor countries agree to provide Zimbabwe with $1.4 billion in funds to help it pursue economic reforms in 1993 amid the country’s worst drought in memory.

The Greek oil tanker Aegean Sea splits in two, catches fire and sinks, creating an oil slick along Spain’s Atlantic Ocean coastline. All 29 crew members escape. . . . Serbia’s electoral commission rules the presidential candidacy of Panic invalid. . . . Two separate bomb explosions injure more than 60 people in the city of Manchester, England. . . . A brawl erupts between groups of liberal and hard-line deputies in Russia’s Congress during a debate on whether voting on a package of constitutional amendments should be conducted by secret ballot.

Nureddin al-Attassi, 63, president of Syria, 1966–70, who was overthrown by Hafez-al Assad, the nation’s current president, and who was imprisoned for 22 years after the coup, dies in Paris of cancer of the esophagus.

Representatives of 41 countries conclude a meeting to discuss the 1989 Basel Convention Pact, designed to prevent industrialized nations from dumping hazardous wastes in developing nations. France is the only major industrialized country to have ratified the document. . . . France announces that it will send aircraft and 2,000 soldiers to Somalia. Reports indicate that Italy, Pakistan, Canada, Morocco, Belgium, the U.S., and Egypt have also pledged assistance.

In the Russian Congress, deputies vote in favor of a nonbinding resolution expressing dissatisfaction with the government’s economic program. . . . In a speech at Oxford University in England, former U.S. president Ronald Reagan cites violence in Somalia and the former republics of Yugoslavia to warn that “evil still stalks the planet” in the post–cold war world and calls for the creation of a standing UN military force to serve as an “army of conscience.”

For the first time, UN peacekeepers guarding the Mogadishu airport kill a Somali who is in a heavily armed jeep speeding across the runway. . . . Reports confirm that King Fahd of Saudi Arabia has ousted seven clerics from the kingdom’s supreme religious council after they refused to denounce a petition from leading fundamentalists demanding religious reforms.

The oil slick from the Dec. 3 boat crash spreads along 60 miles (100 km) of Spain’s Atlantic Ocean coastline. . . . Reports indicate that automatic safety systems at the Pivdennoukrainsk nuclear plant 100 miles (160 km) north of Odessa have been switched off three times over the past year, similar to what preceded the Chernobyl disaster. . . . Hundreds of Ukrainian Jews join for the first sabbath service held at Kiev’s main synagogue since it was seized by the communists in 1925.

The Algerian government launches a fresh crackdown on Islamic fundamentalists, deploying 30,000 army and police troops throughout the country.

Dec. 5

An estimated 250,000–300,000 Germans march in Munich to protest right-wing violence. . . . Slovenia holds its first presidential and parliamentary elections since breaking from Yugoslavia in 1991. . . . Voters in Switzerland reject joining a 19-nation European free trade zone set to go into effect at the start of 1993. Switzerland’s rejection is expected to delay the implementation of the European Economic Area (EEA).

Dec. 6

Storms and rough seas continue to thwart cleanup and salvage efforts from the Dec. 3 shipwreck and resulting oil spill off the coast of Spain.

Dec. 7

Jorge Aliceros Valentim, a spokesman for the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), reveals his movement has agreed to join the ruling Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in a government of national unity. . . . Muayad Janabi, an Iraqi nuclear scientist, is shot to death in Amman, Jordan. . . . Machine-gun attacks against Israeli patrols in Gaza kill at least one Israeli soldier.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Cuba, Colonel Alvaro Prendes Quintana, a nationally respected hero of Cuba’s victory against the U.S.-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, breaks with Pres. Fidel Castro Ruz and joins a Cuban dissident group, the Socialist Democratic Current.

The Tokyo police department announces that it arrested five men affiliated with the country’s largest yakuza (organized crime syndicates) who took part in the stabbing of film director Juzo Itami in May after his anti-mob movie The Gangster’s Moll was released.

Fighting breaks out in Kabul as it becomes widely known that Pres. Burhauddin Rabbani will seek a second term in Afghanistan. . . . Khmer Rouge forces release the six UN soldiers captured Dec. 2.

Reports suggest that 41 of the 93 soldiers who found asylum in Peru after a failed coup attempt in Venezuela Nov. 27 have returned home.

Venezuelan voters rebuff the governing party of Pres. Pérez in regional elections 10 days after a failed coup attempt. Unofficial results show Perez’s Democratic Action (AD) party will control only seven of 22 governorships. . . . A U.S. forensic expert states there is evidence to back up charges of a wide-scale massacre by the army near the hamlet of El Mozote, El Salvador. The only known survivor of the alleged massacre, Rufina Amaya, testified on Oct. 21.

In India, thousands of frenzied Hindu militants raze the Ayodhya mosque with sledgehammers, igniting a nationwide firestorm of sectarian conflict. The site of the mosque, built in 1528, has long been the subject of dispute as Hindus consider the site to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity Ram. Muslims, who no longer use the mosque for prayer, retained the building for fear that relinquishing it would set a precedent for their dispossession from other mosques in India.

Reports suggest that at least 232 people were killed during the November coup attempt in Venezuela.

In India, six prominent Hindu politicians and religious leaders are arrested. Violent riots continue to spread through India and Pakistan. The government of Pakistan closes the nation’s offices and schools to protest “the desecration of the mosque.”. . . In Japan, the Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission breaks up a stockspeculation ring. The commission’s action is the first taken since it was formed in 1991 in response to several stock-related scandals.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 3–7, 1992—405

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In Massachusetts, 68 people who accused a former Roman Catholic priest, James Porter, of sexually abusing them as children in the 1960s, announce that they have reached an out-of-court settlement with the diocese where the priest worked. . . . Sue Gifford, the Hillsboro, Oregon, woman who abandoned her Alzheimer’s-diseaseafflicted father at a dog-racing track, is convicted of kidnapping and the theft of his pension checks. She is also convicted of unlawfully seeking public assistance by using Medicaid to pay her father’s nursing home bills and of committing perjury.

After debate, the U.S. releases $54 million in aid to Nicaragua that had been frozen since May. An additional $50 million continues to be withheld.

General Motors names nine plants employing more than 18,000 people that will close by the end of 1995. . . . The EPA sets waterquality standards regulating the levels of nearly 100 pollutants and takes steps to impose the standards on 12 states and two territories that failed to draw up rules of their own. The federal action is mandated by the Clean Water Act of 1987. . . . The SEC fines three former Salomon executives and restricts their involvement in the securities industry. This marks the first time that the SEC fines executives for supervisory neglect.

A study finds that female workers at semiconductor factories exposed to glycol ethers are 40% more likely than other women to suffer miscarriages. . . . The American Insurance Services Group estimates insured property damage caused by the Nov. 21-23 tornadoes at $425 million. . . . A study shows that, in nematodes (a variety of worm), the act of producing sperm substantially shortens the lifespan of males. On average, males that do not ejaculate live 50% longer than those that do.

Butch Reynolds, the world record holder in the 400-meter run, is awarded $27.3 million in a suit arguing that a positive drug test that prompted his suspension from international competition was flawed. However, the International Amateur Athletic Federation, charged in the suit, claims that U.S. courts have no jurisdiction over the organization.

The Census Bureau projects that the U.S. population will grow by another 50% over the next 58 years, reaching 383 million in 2050. Nearly half of those millions will be members of groups currently considered as racial or ethnic minorities. The projected total is 81 million higher than the 1989 estimate. . . . Sen. Kent Conrad (D, N.Dak.) wins a special election, bringing the balance in the Senate to 57 Democrats and 43 Republicans.

The Senate Select Committee on POW-MIA Affairs formally ends a 15-month inquiry into the fate of American servicemen missing in Southeast Asia without coming to any conclusions. . . . In a televised speech, Pres. Bush formally issues orders for the Somalia intervention.

A federal judge awards $13.4 million to Chester L. Walsh, a former employee of General Electric, for alerting the authorities to wrongdoing by GE in its sales of military aircraft engines to Israel. The sum is the largest awarded to a “whistleblower” under a controversial U.S. fraud-prevention law.

Scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey suggest that Puget Sound is the site of a major fault line that may pose a danger for Seattle, Washington. Another team of researchers at the University of Washington in Seattle finds evidence of a powerful earthquake 1,000 years ago that reshaped Puget Sound’s coastline and created a tidal wave that obliterated forests.

President-elect Bill Clinton resigns as governor of Arkansas and is succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Jim Guy Tucker.

Reports show Smith Hempstone, the U.S. ambassador to Kenya, sent a cable to the State Department warning about the risks of intervening in Somalia and pointing out that the country is of no strategic value to the U.S. The message causes controversy and dispute, especially since it uses the term “Somalia tarbaby.”

Dec. 4

Dec. 5

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners approves a new set of capital standards that, if approved by all 50 states, will establish uniform national guidelines for the health and life-insurance companies.

The chairman of the FCC, Alfred Sikes, announces that he will resign his position on Jan. 19, 1993, the day before the inauguration of President-elect Bill Clinton. . . . Richard J. Hughes, 83, New Jersey governor, 1962–70 and state Supreme Court chief justice, 1973–79, dies in Boca Raton, Florida, of congestive heart failure. . . . The Supreme Court lets stand a lower court’s ruling rejecting a challenge to a Mississippi law that imposes some restrictions on women seeking to have abortions.

The Miami Hurricanes top the final regular season AP and USA Today/ CNN college football polls. . . . In golf, the U.S. recaptures the Davis Cup by defeating Switzerland.

The Supreme Court refuses to reinstate the felony convictions of former national security adviser John Poindexter for his role in the Irancontra scandal. . . . The Supreme Court upholds without comment a lower court ruling that allows a lawsuit against the army by a former officer in the Army Reserve to be dismissed because she is a lesbian.

Dec. 3

Carl Icahn, owner of TWA, announces that he and federal pension-fund regulators have reached agreement on a financing plan that clears the way for the carrier to emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings.

An explosion at a coal mine about one mile (1.6 km) underground in Norton, Virginia, traps nine miners.

Comedian Dana Carvey performs his well-known imitation of Pres. Bush for the amused president and his staff at the White House. . . . The Supreme Court refuses without comment to review a lower court’s ruling that the lyrics on the album As Nasty as They Wanna Be by the rap group 2 Live Crew do not violate judicial standards of obscenity.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 6

Dec. 7

406—December 8–13, 1992

World Affairs

Dec. 8

Dec. 9

Dec. 10

Europe

Dec. 13

The leaders of the 12 European Community nations close a summit in Edinburgh, Scotland, and agree to a series of compromises that rejuvenate the community’s moves toward closer union.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Results of Slovenia’s election show that Pres. Milan Kucan, running as an independent, has been reelected. The Liberal Democratic Party, headed by Premier Janez Drnovsek, has won a plurality of seats in parliament. . . . Special-forces troops storm a plane at Moscow’s airport and arrest 36 Russian senior weapons specialists. According to the Kremlin, North Korea offered the specialists high salaries to help it produce nuclear weapons.

Police and armed forces in Egypt launch a crackdown on Islamic militants suspected of involvement in a wave of attacks on tourists.

A mudslide buries the gold-mining camp of Llipi, Bolivia, 90 miles (145 km) north of La Paz, the capital, leaving hundreds of people dead or missing. . . . The Atlacatl Battalion, an elite Salvadoran army battalion created by U.S. aid, is disbanded in the town of Colón, meeting a condition for the final phase of FMLN demobilization.

In India, government commandos clear 1,000 militants who remain at the site of the destroyed mosque. In the violence, 20 people are reported killed in Pakistan, and the dead number at least six in Bangladesh. . . . Japan’s three main opposition parties demand the resignation of former premier Noboru Takeshita from the Diet. Takeshita recently denied allegations that he consorted with members of the yakuza, Japanese organized-crime syndicates.

Russian president Yeltsin suffers a setback when the Congress of People’s Deputies vote against confirming Yegor Gaidar as premier. . . . British prime minister Major announces that Prince Charles and Princess Diana have “decided to separate.” The move presents the monarchy with its most serious challenge since Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 in order to marry Wallis Simpson. . . . Thomas Dienel, a leader of the right-wing German National Party, is sentenced in Rudolstadt to two years and eight months in jail for inciting racist violence.

About 1,800 U.S. Marines arrive in the Somali capital of Mogadishu as the vanguard of “Operation Restore Hope,” an American-led mission under the auspices of the UN. The UN World Food Program lands its first supply jet in six months. . . . Riots break out in five cities in Yemen, including Sanaa, the capital, as protesters demanding pay increases and a freeze on food prices clash with police.

Data show that police and rescue workers have recovered 210 bodies from the 1,200-person camp buried by the Dec. 8 mudslide in Bolivia. . . . Two members of the Medellín cocaine cartel, Mario Alberto Castaño Molina and Robin Eulogio Muñoz Mosquera, are found shot dead in Medellín, Colombia.

Figures indicate that the death toll in India since the Dec. 6 destruction of the Ayodhya mosque exceeds 700. It is the worst bloodshed since the nation gained independence in 1947. Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao reiterates his intention to rebuild the mosque and to ban organizations that incited religious hatred. . . . Amnesty International reports cases of shackling, beatings, sleep deprivation, and administering electric shocks, often to force confessions, in Chinese prisons.

Portugal ratifies the Maastricht treaty. . . . More than 1 million Greeks rally in Athens to oppose international recognition for Macedonia under that name, which is also the name of a northern Greek province. . . . The government bans the right-wing German Alternative party for inciting racial hatred. . . . The former communist forces launch another attack in Tajikistan. . . . In Ireland, negotiators are still unable to form a new government after the Nov. 25 elections.

U.S. Marines and French Foreign Legionnaires shoot and kill two Somalis when they open fire on a van moving toward a roadblock in Mogadishu. Seven Somalis are wounded either by gunfire or the subsequent crash.

Nine Ecuadoran army officers, including Carlomagno Andrade, the country’s top army general, are killed in a plane crash in the capital, Quito. . . . Prominent human-rights activist Elizardo Sanchez is severely beaten by government supporters and is detained by Cuban authorities.

The Indian government imposes a two-year ban on five powerful Hindu and Muslim fundamentalist organizations after the violence that started Dec. 6.

The two main warlords in Mogadishu sign a peace accord brokered by the U.S.’s special envoy to Somalia, Robert Oakley, which takes effect immediately.

Reports state that dismissal procedures have been completed for 600 of more than 700 airmen ordered discharged for allegedly having participated in the failed November coup attempt in Venezuela.

Japanese premier Kiichi Miyazawa restructures his cabinet, replacing all but two ministers, after a political scandal involving several of his party’s leaders. . . . Reports indicate that Pres. Kim Il Sung of North Korea has appointed a new premier, Kang Song San, replacing Yon Hyong Muk.

Russian president Yeltsin dismisses Gennadi Burbulis as his chief presidential adviser without explanation. . . . Princess Anne of Britain weds Timothy Laurence, a naval commander, in a ceremony in Crathie, Scotland, near the royal estate of Balmoral.

A pair of U.S. helicopters flying over Mogadishu destroys three armed Somali vehicles. . . . Machine-gun attacks erupt against Israeli patrols in Gaza. When combined with the Dec. 7, the death toll from those attacks is four. . . . Ali Amini, 87, former Iranian premier, 1958–62, who became coordinator of the Front for the Liberation of Iran, dies in Paris of unspecified causes.

Americas Watch finds that Cuba’s crackdown on dissidents in 1992 resulted in some of the most serious human-rights violations in the country in a decade.

A strong earthquake devastates the island of Flores, 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east of Jakarta, Indonesia. Indonesian officials state the quake measures 6.8 on the Richter scale, but the U.S. reports a 7.5 reading. The epicenter is in the sea, 20 miles (30 km) from Maumere. . . . Sir Robert Rex, 83, prime minister of the island of Niue since it became self-governing in 1974 and the South Pacific’s longest-serving premier, dies.

Voters in Liechtenstein approve membership in the free-trade European Economic Area. . . . Data show 80 people were killed in sectarian violence related to Northern Ireland in 1992. . . . Reports state the tanker that split on Dec. 3 spilled 21.5 million gallons (80 million liters) of crude oil off La Coruña, Spain, about twice the amount of oil spilled when the Exxon Valdez ran aground in 1989. However, the accident appears likely to cause less ecological damage than the Valdez spill since the oil spilled was of a light grade that evaporates quickly.

Egyptian officials state that the crackdown begun on Dec. 8 has netted 600 militants and wounded or killed 34 policemen and soldiers. . . . Sergeant Major Nissim Toledano of the Israeli border police is kidnapped by Hamas near Tel Aviv. Hamas warns Toledano will be killed unless Israeli authorities release Sheik Ahmed Yassin, Hamas’s founder. . . . A force of 230 U.S. Marines opens a derelict Soviet air base in Bale Dogle, 70 miles (110 km) west of Mogadishu, Somalia.

K(enneth) C(olin) Irving, 93, Canadian billionaire who ruled a vast industrial empire and whose fortune Forbes magazine in 1990 estimated at $5 billion, dies of undisclosed causes. . . . Uruguay’s voters overwhelmingly turn down a privatization program.

As the violence that began on Dec. 6 calms, curfews are lifted in Calcutta, Bombay, and most of the 133 other Indian cities where residents were ordered to remain at home.

Dec. 11

Dec. 12

Africa & the Middle East

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 8–13, 1992—407

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The AMA pronounces it is unethical for doctors to refer patients to medical centers in which the physicians have a financial stake. The AMA rejects the idea of placing a cap on national health-care spending. . . . Louis Turriaga is the first member of the LAPD who assisted in the arrest and beating of Rodney King to be found guilty of misconduct by a disciplinary board. . . . Lawrence Eagleburger is sworn in as secretary of state.

U.S. District Court judge William M. Hoeveler rules that former Panamanian leader General Manuel Antonio Noriega is a prisoner of war under the Geneva Conventions and should therefore not be incarcerated in a maximum-security federal prison unless his rights as a POW can be guaranteed.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration opens an investigation into the safety of pickup trucks built by General Motors after months of mounting criticism of GM.

New York City’s Board of Education reinstates the school board suspended Dec. 1. . . . The Census Bureau suggests that, based on present patterns, baby-boom women (women ages 30 to 44) will see 40% of their first marriages end in divorce. That percentage is higher than those projected for any other group, including women of older and younger age groups. The bureau estimates that 10% of all women and 25% of black women will never marry.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery lands at Edwards Air Force Base, California, after carrying out a military mission. . . . Former CIA director of operations Claire George is convicted in a retrial on two felony counts of lying about his knowledge of the Iran-contra affair.

The Federal Reserve Board reports that the nation is experiencing “a slight to moderate pickup in some or all sectors of the economy.”. . . Attorney General William Barr announces that he will not appoint an independent counsel to investigate possible wrongdoing by the Bush administration in its handling of a $5 billion bank fraud case involving loans to Iraq.

Rescue workers recover the bodies of eight miners trapped in a coal mine after a Dec. 7 explosion in Norton, Virginia. One miner survived the blast and managed to crawl to safety.

President-elect Bill Clinton appoints Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (D, Tex.) as secretary of the Treasury and names Roger Altman as his deputy. Rep. Leon Panetta (D, Calif.) is nominated as to head the Office of Management and Budget. He appoints Robert E. Rubin to head the National Economic Council, a new organization intended to coordinate the economic policy in much the same way that the National Security Council sought to coordinate foreign policy.

Allstate Insurance revises its estimated losses from Hurricane Andrew to $2.5 billion, 68% higher than the $1.7 billion the company reported Oct 6.

President-elect Clinton names Laura D’Andrea Tyson to head the Council of Economic Advisers, so Tyson will become the first woman to hold the position. He nominates Robert Reich as secretary of labor and Carol Browner as administrator of the EPA . . . . GM announces that it has cut plans to mass produce an electric car at a plant in Lansing, Michigan. GM was reportedly unwilling to spend the billions needed to develop the car by itself.

Violent storms hit the Northeast. . . . State Farm Fire & Casualty announces that its estimated losses from Hurricane Andrew will total $3.4 billion, 62% higher than the $2.1 billion in losses the company reported in October.

In a response to allegations of sexual harassment, Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) admits, “My actions were just plain wrong.” He adds, “I am not going to resign under any circumstances.”. . . . Reports show that the FDA has approved the drug Recombinate, the first genetically engineered medicine for treating hemophilia A, the most common form of the blood disease. . . . An FDA advisory panel recommends conditional approval of the first female condom. President-elect Bill Clinton appoints Donna Shalala to head the Department of Health and Human Services. . . . In his first trial, James R. Porter, a former Roman Catholic priest accused of molesting dozens of children in three states, is convicted in Minneapolis, Minnesota, of molesting Sara Davidson, a babysitter, in 1987, when she was 15.

U.S. district judge Thomas F. Hogan in Washington, D.C. throws out a one-count indictment against Casper Weinberger filed four days before Pres. Bush’s defeat in the presidential election. Hogan rules that the charge violates a five-year statute of limitations.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Helen Candaele St. Aubin, 63, outfielder in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, dies in Los Angeles of breast cancer. . . . William Shawn, 85, editor of The New Yorker for 35 years dies in New York City. . . . Russian author Mark Kharitonov wins the first Russian Booker Novel Prize.

Vincent Gardenia, 71, award-winning actor in a multitude of plays, movies, and television shows, is found dead after he apparently had a heart attack. . . . Carl Barger, 62, president of the Florida Marlins baseball franchise, dies in Louisville, Kentucky, of internal bleeding after suffering a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Dec. 8

Dec. 9

Dec. 10

Pres. Bush awards the Medal of Freedom to talk-show host Johnny Carson, stock-car driver Richard Petty, violinist Isaac Stern, journalist David Brinkley, author Elie Wiesel, diplomat Harry Shlaudeman, architect I. M. Pei, singer Ella Fitzgerald, actress Audrey Hepburn, and army general John Vessey.

President-elect Clinton names a long-time friend, Thomas F. (Mack) McLarty, to be his White House chief of staff.

President-elect Clinton picks Democratic National Committee Chairman Ron Brown as commerce secretary.

University of Miami quarterback Gino Torretta is named winner of the Heisman Trophy as the nation’s top college football player.

Ricky Ray, 15, eldest of three hemophiliac brothers who gained national attention when they were barred from their school in Arcadia, Florida, in 1986 because they were infected with the AIDS virus, dies in Orlando, Florida. . . . Ellis Gibbs Arnall, 85, Democratic governor of Georgia, 1942–46, dies in Atlanta, Georgia, of pneumonia.

Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney (Sonny), 93, cofounder of Pan American Airways, former government official, financier, and philanthropist, dies of natural causes in Saratoga Springs, New York.

Manon Rheaume, 20, becomes the first woman to play in a regularseason professional hockey game when she plays five minutes and 49 seconds of an International Hockey League game between her Atlanta Knights and the Salt Lake City Golden Eagles. . . . Golfer Ray Floyd wins the PGA season-ending Senior Tour Championship in Dorado Beach, Puerto Rico.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 11

Dec. 12

Dec. 13

408—December 14–19, 1992

World Affairs

Dec. 16

Dec. 17

Dec. 18

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Russia, the Congress of People’s Deputies confirms Deputy Premier Viktor Chernomyrdin as premier. . . . In Poland, tens of thousands of coal miners walk out to demand higher wages and to protest a plan by the government to close unprofitable mines, jeopardizing the employment of at least 180,000 miners. . . . Four of the accused plotters of the 1991 Soviet coup are freed from jail, but all of them remain under indictment for treason.

Israel seals off the occupied territories to conduct a manhunt for Sergeant Major Nissim Toledano, who was kidnapped Dec. 13. During the search, Israeli soldiers and police arrest 1,600 Palestinians suspected of affiliation with Hamas.

The FMLN demobilizes its last contingent of combatants and hands in a cache of weapons to UN officials in El Salvador, who certify that the FMLN is completely disarmed. . . . Two gunmen shoot dead Vladimir Vilar Montenegro, the top explosives expert of the National Liberation Army, Colombia’s secondlargest guerrilla group.

In Cambodia, reports suggest that Khmer Rouge guerrillas have fired artillery shells in an apparent effort to intimidate UN peacekeepers.

The environment ministers of the EC agree to end the production and use of the ozone-harming chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by January 1995, one year earlier than the date set in November. . . . The IMF revokes Yugoslavia’s membership and apportions the country’s foreign debt among what the financial institution designates as Yugoslavia’s five successor republics. The IMF takes the action on the grounds that Yugoslavia has ceased to exist as a legal entity.

France gives the owners of 1,800 artifacts recovered from the wreck of the Titanic ocean liner three months in which to claim their property. Any items not rightfully claimed by the few disaster survivors will revert to Titanic Ventures, the international group that financed a 1987 French expedition to recover artifacts from the wreck. . . . The Netherlands ratifies the Maastricht Treaty.

The body of Sergeant Major Nissim Toledano, kidnapped Dec. 13, is found with multiple stab wounds near an Israeli settlement in the West Bank.

The 12-year Salvadoran civil war officially ends with a ceremony in San Salvador, the capital. A National Day of Reconciliation marks the close of a brutal conflict that took 75,000 lives.

The known death toll from the Dec. 12 earthquake in the island of Flores, Indonesia, is placed at nearly 2,500. . . . Data indicate that the Indian government has arrested over 2,600 people in its nationwide crackdown. The Rao government dismisses the three BJP-ruled state governments in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh and places them under direct federal control.

The 15-member UN Security Council unanimously votes to send 7,500 peacekeeping soldiers, police and civilian administrators to Mozambique. . . . The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development issues a report predicting economic growth of 1.9% in the world’s richest nations in 1993, down considerably from the 3% rate forecast in the OECD’s previous report in June.

In Rome, 20,000 doctors protest measures to increase competition for medical services, make higherearning patients pay for care, and cut physicians from the rolls of the state-sponsored health service.

In response to the Dec. 15 discovery of Nissim Toledano’s body, the Israeli cabinet votes unanimously, with one abstention, to approve the expulsion of about 400 of the arrested Hamas sympathizers. . . . A convoy of nearly 700 U.S. and French troops arrives in the town of Baidoa, one of the hardest hit by famine, in Somalia.

Federal and provincial representatives sign an agreement that signals federal approval for a bridgeconstruction project that will link Prince Edward Island and the Canadian mainland.

An estimated 10,000 Japanese farmers rally in Tokyo to protest a recent indication by the government that Japan’s ban on rice imports might be eased.

The leaders of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico sign the North American Free Trade Agreement, thereby sending the pact to their respective legislatures for approval.

The Hungarian parliament passes legislation that codifies the conditions under which women could obtain legal abortions and which require women to consult a special committee before seeking abortions.

After a series of attacks by Arabs on Israeli security forces, Israel deports 400 Palestinians to Lebanese territory in an unprecedented mass expulsion of suspected militants. In response to the Israeli deportations, the Palestinian delegation to the current round of Arab-Israeli peace talks in Washington, D.C., boycotts the final day of the talks, and the PLO maintains that the Palestinians will continue to boycott peace talks until the deportees are allowed to return to Israel.

In Panama, one of Pres. Guillermo Endara’s sharpest critics, Vice Pres. Ricardo Arias Calderon, resigns. . . . Canada approves a law that will make its immigration procedures more restrictive in the biggest change in its immigration law in 16 years.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously, 15-0, to condemn Israel’s expulsion of 415 Palestinians allegedly affiliated with the fundamentalist Muslim organization Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement).

Germany completes its parliamentary ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. . . . Italy’s parliament gives preliminary approval to Premier Giuliano Amato’s plans to privatize much of Italy’s massive public sector.

Dec. 14

Dec. 15

Europe

The head of the General Federation of Peruvian Workers, Pedro Huillca, 49, is shot to death by eight people armed with submachine guns.

Six Arabs are killed in the Gaza village of Khan Yunis, the worst oneday death toll in nearly two years in the intifadah. . . . A 14-year-old white girl is killed by three blacks armed with grenades and rifles in Ficksburg, South Africa. Separately, Pres. de Klerk concedes for the first time that members of the South African Defense Force ran a renegade “third force” to foment violence in black townships and derail the transition to black majority rule. He announces that he dismissed or suspended 23 officers.

Dec. 19

Former dissident Kim Young Sam, the candidate of the ruling Democratic Liberal Party, is elected president in the first all-civilian South Korean presidential elections in more than 30 years.

The governing Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) retains control of the Yuan, Hong Kong’s legislature. . . . Russian president Yeltsin concludes the first visit to China by a Russian leader since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 14–19, 1992—409

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Reports confirm Lyle and Erik Menendez, accused of slaying their parents in August 1989, have been indicted by a grand jury. . . . At the site where a white truck driver was beaten at the outset of riots in L.A. on Apr. 29, 100 people demonstrate in support of three black men accused of the beating. When some protestors throw bottles, police officers move in, making 55 arrests. . . . Electors of the Electoral College cast ballots for president and vice president.

Reports state that Russia, for the first time ever, defaulted on $27.3 million of U.S.-guaranteed agriculture loans. . . . The U.S. announces that corporations can open offices in Vietnam. . . . U.S. District Court judge Rafeedie dismisses charges against Humberto Alvarez Machain, a Mexican doctor kidnapped to stand trial in Los Angeles in the torture and murder of a U.S. DEA agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar.

Reports disclose that the three major U.S. automobile manufacturers, Ford, GM, and Chrysler, have agreed to join forces to develop an economically viable electrically powered vehicle. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 8-1, that states cannot enact laws forcing employers to offer disabled workers the same health insurance they provide to workers without disabilities.

Total insured losses resulting from Hurricane Andrew’s destruction could reach between $15 billion and $16.5 billion, according to a report by A. M. Best, an insurance rating agency.

The Interior Department reaches an agreement with several environmental organizations that will require the government to simplify and speed up its system of identifying and protecting endangered plant and animal species. . . . International Business Machines (IBM) unveils plans to eliminate 25,000 jobs in 1993, a move that the company concedes may force it to lay off employees for the first time in over 50 years.

Data show that 12,000 homes were damaged or destroyed by winds, precipitation, or floods in New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey during the violent storms that hit the northeast December 11.

Retired physician Jack Kevorkian assists two suicides, bringing his total of aided suicides to eight. Michigan governor John Engler (R) signs a law that makes assisting a suicide a felony, to take effect in 90 days and expire in two years. . . . Former psychiatrist Magaret Bean-Bayog settles a $1 million wrongful-death lawsuit in a highly publicized case in which she was accused of seducing Paul Lozano, using unorthodox therapy that made him dependent upon her and, ultimately, leading to his suicide.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Dec. 14

A federal grand jury indicts chess champion Bobby Fischer for breaching sanctions against Yugoslavia by playing Boris Spassky in the country. Fischer is the first person ever criminally charged under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. . . . Sports Illustrated names former tennis player Arthur Ashe as its sportsman of the year.

Four police officers charged in the fatal beating of a black motorist, Malice Green, in November in Detroit, Michigan, are dismissed. . . . Data show that President-elect Clinton received 44,908,232 votes, which is 43.01% of those cast and 23.76% of all eligible voters in the November elections. Bush won 39,102,282 votes, and Perot won 19,725,433 votes. A total of 104,402,691 votes were cast, a turnout of 55.23% of the voting-age population, which is up from 1988.

Pres. Bush formally nominates Sean O’Keefe for the post of navy secretary.

U.S. district judge Stanley Sporkin rules that annual cost-of-living adjustments provided to members of Congress do not violate the newly ratified 27th Amendment to the Constitution, which bars Congress from giving itself midterm pay raises.

The U.S. Conference of Mayors protests Colorado’s measure opposing homosexual rights by canceling plans to hold its 1993 annual meeting in that state. . . . A U.S. appeals court in San Francisco rules that the section of the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977 dealing with distribution violates the constitutional right of freedom of speech, because distributors of pornography do not necessarily know if people depicted in the material are minors.

President-elect Clinton nominates Jesse Brown as head of the Veterans Affairs Department.

The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, which coordinates policies of five banking regulatory agencies, notes that banks and thrifts spend up to $17.5 billion each year to comply with various federal and state regulations.

Bell Atlantic files suit in a federal district court in Alexandria, Virginia, seeking to overturn a provision of the Cable Act of 1984, which specifies that telephone companies are prohibited from owning cable-television systems where they provide telephone service.

National Health Laboratories Inc., one of the U.S.’s largest providers of diagnostic examinations, pleads guilty to defrauding Medicaid, Medicare, and the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services. The company agrees to pay the government $111 million to settle the case.

Mark Goodson, 77, TV game-show producer, dies of cancer in New York City. . . . The FCC levies a record $600,000 fine against Infinity Broadcasting Corp., the company that employs controversial disc jockey Howard Stern, for allegedly indecent comments.

Reports confirm Joseph E. di Genova was named independent prosecutor to investigate an election-season search by the State Department. . . . Two white Nashville, Tennesse, police officers, David Geary and Jeffrey Blewett, accused of beating Reginald Miller, a black undercover officer, are dismissed. . . . Clara M. Hale, 87, founder of Hale House for abandoned and orphaned children, dies of complications from a stroke in New York City.

Dec. 15

Dec. 16

The Census Bureau finds that the percentage of U.S. residents who are foreign-born rose to 7.9% in 1990, up from 6.2% a decade earlier. . . . Rosel H. Hyde, 92, former chairman of the FCC, 1953–69, dies in Chevy Chase, Maryland, of complications from a stroke.

Dec. 17

Dec. 18

Dec. 19

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

410—December 20–25, 1992

World Affairs

Dec. 22

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Slobodan Milosevic defeats Milan Panic in the Serbian presidential election, and the ruling Socialists and their allies, the Radicals, capture an overwhelming majority of the seats. . . . Yugoslavia’s other republic, Montenegro, also holds parliamentary elections, in which the ruling Democratic Socialists, who support continued federation with Serbia, retain power. . . . More than 500,000 people march in at least 12 German cities to protest right-wing violence.

U.S. Marines go ashore from warships and gain control of Kismayu, a city on Somalia’s southern coast. In Baidoa, U.S. soldiers guard a UN convoy carrying 300 metric tons of food. It is the first major supply shipment to reach the Somalian town since mid-November.

Canada’s chartered banks cut their prime rate to 7.25%, marking the sixth time in seven business days they have lowered the cost of loans.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee of the BJP begins a hunger strike in India. In response, prime minister Rao decides to permit BJP meetings in stadiums and halls, and to allow its members to associate with Hindu fundamentalists.

Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia’s Czech and Slovak republics agree to gradually create a freetrade zone, beginning in 1993.

A Dutch jet crashes while landing at an airport in Faro, southern Portugal, killing 54 people aboard. The survivors number 268. . . . In Athens, Eleftherios Papadimitriou, a New Democracy parliamentary deputy, is shot and wounded. The November 17 terrorist group claims responsibility. . . . Election monitors from the CSCE report that there were widespread “irregularities” in the voting in Serbia Dec. 20.

Lebanese premier Rafik al-Hariri announces that Lebanon will not be “a dumping ground for Israeli problems,” and his government bars relief groups from taking food to the Palestinians through Lebanese territory. Lebanese troops order the Palestinians deported Dec. 17 to strike their tent camp and return to Israel. Israeli troops discourage the Arabs with warning rounds of mortar fire, wounding at least two.

A Colombian judge imposes a 171⁄2-year prison sentence on Ivan Urdinola, 32, who heads a faction of the Cali drug cartel.

Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao convincingly wins a no-confidence challenge in Parliament posed by the rightist proHindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) over his handling of the Dec. 6 Ayodhya mosque crisis.

European Community Commission president Jacques Delors publicly announced the portfolios for 16 members of the commission for 1993–94.

Forces loyal to ousted Tajikistan president Rakhman Nabiyev continue to fight with Islamic and other anticommunist forces led by acting president Akbar Shah Iskandarov for control of Dushanbe, the capital.

A Libyan Arab Airlines jetliner crashes about 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Tripoli, killing all 157 passengers and crew aboard.

South Korea and Vietnam establish diplomatic relations. . . . In response to a series of incidents in Cambodia in which the Khmer Rouge detained and released several dozen UN peacekeepers, the UN Security Council demands that they stop.

Polish premier Hanna Suchocka vows not give in to demands of an estimated 300, 000 coal miners in what is called the largest industrial job action in Poland since World War II. . . . A UN disaster-relief official announces that an international effort to strengthen the Mojkovac dam in Montenegro before it dumps 3.5 million tons of toxic waste into the Tara River was successful. . . . Russian president Yeltsin approves a new cabinet made up mostly of supporters of liberal economic reform. . . . Slobodan Milosevic wins the election in Serbia.

In Somalia, Lawrence Freedman, a civilian employee of the U.S. Army, is killed when his truck drives over a mine near Bardera. Three security guards for the U.S. State Department are seriously injured by the blast. They are the first U.S. casualties in Operation Restore Hope.

The Philippines’ most wanted rebel leader, Gregorio Honasan, emerges from four years in hiding to sign a cease-fire agreement with the Philippine government of Pres. Fidel Ramos that calls for an “immediate and complete cessation of hostilities” and the opening of formal peace talks. . . . Reports state that Khmer Rouge guerrillas fired artillery shells to intimidate UN peacekeepers.

The first casualties among the British peacekeepers in Bosnia occur in mortar attacks. The headquarters of Major General Philippe Morillon, the commander of UN peacekeeping troops in Sarajevo, comes under an artillery attack of undetermined origin.

White gunmen near Ficksburg open fire on two minibuses carrying black passengers in an apparent response to the Dec. 19 slaying of a white girl. The driver is killed and three people are wounded. . . . At least 600 U.S. Marines secure the southwestern town of Bardera in Somalia.

The commander of UN peacekeeping troops in Sarajevo, Major General Philippe Morillon, accuses Bosnian government forces of attempting to kill him by shelling his headquarters.

U.S. and French soldiers take over Hoddur, Somalia. . . . After intense debate, the Israeli cabinet narrowly votes to prevent aid from reaching Palestinian deportees through the security zone. . . . Helen Joseph, 87, British-born white dissident who struggled against apartheid in her adopted land of South Africa and a symbol of white opposition to apartheid, dies in Johannesburg of complications of a stroke.

Dec. 20

Dec. 21

Europe

Dec. 23

Dec. 24

Dec. 25

In India, police arrest over 3,000 Hindu nationalists in Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh state. The Hindus were threatening to march to Ayodhya, where Hindu militants have erected a makeshift temple on the site of the mosque destroyed on Dec. 6.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 20–25, 1992—411

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Steven J. Ross (born Steven Jay Rechnitz), 65, the chairman and cochief executive of Time Warner Inc., dies in Los Angeles of complications from prostate cancer. . . . Nick Faldo of England, the world’s top-ranked golfer, completes his outstanding year when he wins the World Championship tournament at Montego Bay, Jamaica.

Amid much controversy, the Ku Klux Klan erects an eight-foot-tall wooden cross in a downtown square in Cincinnati, Ohio. The cross is repeatedly attacked and toppled several times by angry protesters. . . . Victor Orena, the reputed acting boss of the Colombo crime family, is convicted of nine counts of racketeering and murder. . . . President-elect Clinton names Richard Riley (D) to be education secretary. President-elect Bill Clinton fills positions of his administration when he names retired Admiral William Crowe Jr. as head of the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, Madeleine Albright as ambassador to the UN, Warren Christopher as secretary of state, Rep. Les Aspin (D, Wis.) as defense secretary, Anthony Lake as national security adviser, and James Woolsey as director of central intelligence. Charles Schwartz, a federal district judge, orders an overhaul of the Louisiana state university system, which is still largely segregated. . . . Michigan District Court chief judge Alex Allen Jr. dismisses an involuntary manslaughter charge against Sergeant Freddie Douglas, one of four Detroit policemen allegedly involved in the fatal beating of a black motorist, Malice Green, in November. He still faces a misdemeanor charge of neglect of duty.

The Justice Department files an antitrust suit in Washington, D.C., against six U.S. airlines, charging them with using their jointly owned reservation system to illegally fix prices. . . . President-elect Clinton names Hazel O’Leary as energy secretary.

Albert King, 69, influential blues guitarist and singer, dies in Memphis, Tennessee, after suffering a heart attack. . . . Stella Adler, 91, who taught many actors, including Marlon Brando, Warren Beatty, and Robert DeNiro, dies of heart failure in Los Angeles.

The Energy Department announces that all its activities for producing, processing and storing radioactive tritium will be carried out at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina and that the nonnuclear part of its weapons-production network will be consolidated at a facility outside Kansas City, Missouri.

A federal judge reduces the prison sentence of former TV evangelist Jim Bakker to eight years from 18 years. . . . The auction houses of Sotheby’s and Christie’s announce their 1992 worldwide auction sales totals at $1.125 billion and $1.054 billion, respectively.

The EEOC files suit against the brokerage firm Kidder, Peabody & Co., charging it with age discrimination related to its firing of 17 employees since 1990. The case is reported to be the largest age-discrimination case brought against a major Wall Street brokerage firm.

Dec. 20

Dec. 21

Dec. 22

Dec. 23

The FDA recalls Goody’s Headache Powders, a nonprescription headache medicine, after a Tennessee man dies from taking a dose tainted with the poison sodium cyanide. . . . Presidentelect Bill Clinton formally selects Dr. Joycelyn Elders as surgeon general, Bruce Babbitt as interior secretary, and Zoe E. Baird as the first woman to head the Justice Department as attorney general.

Pres. Bush pardons six former Reagan administration officials involved in the Iran-contra affair. Those pardoned include Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger and CIA officer Duane Clarridge, both of whose cases have not gone to trial. The others pardoned are Robert McFarlane, Elliott Abrams, Clair George, and Alan Fiers Jr. Bush does not pardon three arms dealers, arguing that they gained financially from their actions. . . President-elect Clinton names Mickey Kantor as the U.S. trade representative.

President-elect Clinton appoints Representative Mike Espy to head the Department of Agriculture. He also announces that his Transportation Department will be headed by Federico Pena.

Pierre Culliford, 64, Belgian cartoonist who created Smurfs characters, drawing under the name Peyo, dies in Brussels of a heart attack.

Richard H. Ichord, 66, former Democratic congressman from Missouri, 1961–81, and last chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee, 1969–75, dies of heart failure in Nevada, Missouri.

To head off charges regarding the Dec. 24 pardons, the White House states that the president will make all his Iran-contra files public

The California Fair Political Practices Commission fines the 1990 gubernatorial campaign of Dianne Feinstein (D) $190,000 for violations of state campaign financing rules.

Monica Dickens, 77, British author of more than 50 books and a greatgranddaughter of author Charles Dickens, dies in Reading, England, after suffering from cancer.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 24

Dec. 25

412—December 26–31, 1992

World Affairs

Europe

Dec. 27

Dec. 29

Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay agree to form a common economic market, effective January 1, 1995.

Data show that there are 12,500 U.S. soldiers in Somalia, and another 2,300 are stationed on ships offshore. In addition, 6,044 troops from 17 other countries have arrived. . . . The U.S. and Russia announce agreement on the text of the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), which, if implemented, will reduce each country’s nuclear arsenal by about two-thirds and eliminate landbased multiple-warhead missiles.

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

More than 5,000 defense-plant workers and Socialist Party members in Kiev, Ukraine, stage protests against steep price increases. . . . The Russian military newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda reveals that a Soviet nuclear submarine suffered an accident on its maiden voyage in the Atlantic in 1961.

Dec. 26

Dec. 28

Africa & the Middle East

Data shows that world stock-market performances were fair to weak for the year ending December 31. The most severe downturn in 1992 occurred in Japan, where the Tokyo exchange continued a twoyear decline.

A U.S. fighter plane shoots down an Iraqi military aircraft that enters the “no-fly zone” patrolled by the U.S. and its allies over southern Iraq. . . . Two companies of troops arrive in Gailalassi, Somalia, from Italy, the country’s former colonial ruler.

Khmer Rouge guerrillas summarily execute 12 ethnic Vietnamese during a raid on a fishing village in Kompong Chhnang, a province in central Cambodia. Two Cambodians are also killed in the incident. . . . In India, the Rao government decides to buy the site of the Ayodhya mosque and to build both a mosque and a Hindu temple there.

U.S. troops arrive at Belet Uen, so the international force controls eight key cities in Somalia’s “famine zone.” Reports suggest that more than 100 prominent residents of Kismayu were massacred during the three nights preceding the arrival of foreign troops. The killings are said to have been ordered by Col. Omar Jess. . . . The Israeli army announces that 10 of the Palestinians expelled Dec. 17 were wrongly deported and may return to Israel.

Khieu Samphan, the nominal leader of the Khmer Rouge guerrilla faction, warns that UN personnel will be taken captive if they attempt to monitor UN sanctions in Khmer Rougecontrolled areas of Cambodia.

The London stock market reaches a new high when the Financial Times–Stock Exchange 100 stock index hits 2847.8 points. . . . Yugoslav premier Milan Panic is ousted from office by the country’s nationalist-dominated federal parliament.

Kenya holds its first multiparty elections since gaining independence from Britain in 1963.

Fernando Collor de Mello resigns as president of Brazil minutes after the upper house of Parliament, the Senate, convenes an impeachment trial to weigh corruption charges against him. . . . Reports conclude that conditions in Cuba have sunk to their lowest level since communist rule began in 1959.

The Bulgarian parliament confirms a new premier, Lyuben Berov, and his cabinet.

Reports state that the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra reinstates its long-standing ban on performances of the music of German composer Richard Wagner, a staunch anti-Semite.

In Brazil, the Senate votes, 76-3, well beyond the required two-thirds majority, to convict Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello. . . . Colombian security officials capture Jairo Posada Valencia, the suspected leader of the Medellín drug cartel’s terrorist branch.

Crowds of Bosnian Muslims jeer UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali during a brief visit to Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital.

In Kenya, incomplete results from the Dec. 29 election indicate a victory for incumbent Pres. Daniel arap T. Moi, who has ruled the country for 14 years.

The Salvadoran army resists a purge of its officers, thereby forcing Pres. Alfredo Cristiani to violate a key end-of-year deadline as stipulated under a UN peace plan. . . . Prominent human-rights activist Elizardo Sánchez, who was attacked and detained Dec. 10, is released by Cuban authorities.

In Afghanistan, religious and tribal leaders meeting in Kabul, the capital, reelect guerrilla leader Burhanuddin Rabbani to an 18month term as interim president. The vote is followed immediately by violence as Islamic rebel factions opposed to Rabbani fire rockets into the city.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 26–31, 1992—413

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Four youths are arrested for going on what police describe as a “joy killing” spree in Dayton, Ohio, that started Dec. 24 and left five people dead and four wounded.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

John George Kemeny, 66, computer pioneer who cowrote the popular computer language, BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) and served as president of Dartmouth College, 1970–81, dies of a heart attack in Lebanon, New Hampshire.

Dec. 26

Kay Boyle, 90, author of some four dozen books who won two O. Henry Memorial Awards, dies in Mill Valley, California, after suffering from cancer and a heart ailment. . . . Stephen J. Albert, 51, who wrote compositions based on works by author James Joyce, including Symphony Riverrun, for which he won a Pulitzer Prize in 1985, dies in Truro, Massachusetts, in an automobile accident. Alabama governor Guy Hunt (R) is indicted in Montgomery, the state capital, on 13 state felony charges in connection with alleged misuse of $200,000 in inaugural and transition funds. . . . An issue of Time hits the stands and names Presidentelect Bill Clinton “Man of the Year.” . . . Tennessee governor Ned Ray McWherter (D) announces that his deputy, Harlan Mathews, 65, will replace Vice Presidentelect Al Gore in the Senate.

A U.S. martial arts instructor, Joseph Garfield Brown, was charged December 28 in U.S. District Court in Alexandria, Virginia, with giving classified Central Intelligence Agency documents to the Philippine government

David and Sharon Schoo, a St. Charles, Illinois, couple who left their two young daughters home alone while they were on a nineday vacation in Acapulco, Mexico, are arrested and charged with felony child abandonment. . . . The Census Bureau announces that the U.S. population will be 256.6 million on January 1, 1993.

The pilot of a Cuban airliner veers off from a domestic commuter flight and flies his plane to Miami, Florida, where he and 47 other of the plane’s 53 passengers and crew request political asylum.

Salvatore Anthony (Sal) Maglie, 75, baseball pitcher from 1945 to 1958, dies of pneumonia in Niagara Falls, New York. . . . Dolores Claiborne by Stephen King tops the bestseller list. . . . The National Football League season ends when the San Francisco 48ers beat the Detroit Lions, 24-6.

Ten former officers of the Gibraltar Savings Association and First Texas Savings Association reach a $7.9 million settlement with the OTC and the FDIC. . . . The Conference Board reports that its index of consumer confidence surged by 12.7 points to 78.3 in December, its highest level since a reading of 81 in March 1991.

The National Marine Fisheries Service declares that the California gray whale, once threatened with extinction, has “fully recovered” and will be removed from the endangered species list. The gray whale, on the list since 1970, is the second U.S.-protected species to make such a recovery. . . . The FEC discloses that spending for election campaigns for the House totaled $313.7 million from Jan. 1 through Nov. 23. PACs contributed $117 million of the total. Pres. Bush leaves Washington, D.C., to visit Saudi Arabia, Somalia, and Russia. It is his 25th and last scheduled foreign trip as president.

Dec. 27

Dec. 28

Dec. 29

The Health and Human Services Department’s Office of Research Integrity concludes that Robert Gallo, the codiscoverer of the AIDS virus, is guilty of scientific misconduct for having “falsely reported” a key point in a 1984 paper.

The Dow Jones industrial average closes the year at 3301.11, up 132.28 points from the 1991 yearend level. The dollar closes at 124.80 Japanese yen and 1.62 German marks, compared with 124.85 yen and 1.52 marks at the year’s beginning. The U.S. dollar also stands at $1.52 per British pound, compared with a rate of $1.87 at the end of 1991.

Rev. Timothy S. Healy, 69, Jesuit priest and president of the New York Public Library since 1989, dies of a heart attack. . . . A female giant panda presented to the U.S. by China in 1972 who was, at 23, the oldest of her kind living in captivity outside of China, dies at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.

Figures show that Batman Returns was the year’s biggest film, earning $165.7 million. . . . The Emancipation Proclamation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, goes on display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. It has not been shown in public since 1979.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

1993 Bill Clinton takes the oath of office in January 1993.

416—January–September 1993

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

World Affairs

Europe

U.S. president George Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), heralded as the broadest disarmament pact in history.

The nation of Czechoslovakia splits into two separate states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, completing a peaceful divorce engineered in 1992. Vaclav Havel is voted president of the Czech Republic by Czech parliamentarians.

China declares that, for the first time since 1949, it will allow international companies to bid for oildrilling rights in the country.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Iraq announces that it will not allow UN arms experts to use their own UN-provided planes to conduct inspection tours of Iraq’s military installations and production sites. It is one move that prompts the first allied offensive against Iraq since the 1991 Persian Gulf war.

More than 2,400 Guatemalan refugees cross the border from Mexico to return to their country in a step toward ending over 30 years of civil strife.

In Taiwan, Premier Hau Pei-tsun resigns, along with his entire cabinet, following bitter battles between conservative and reformist factions.

The parliament of Belarus ratifies the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), so Ukraine is the only nuclear-armed state of the former Soviet Union not to have ratified the pact.

A cease-fire in the Rwandan civil war collapses when rebels launch an offensive aimed at blocking “ethnic cleansing” by the Hutus.

Haiti’s military junta agrees to the deployment of hundreds of international human-rights monitors

Kim Young Sam takes office, making him South Korea’s first civilian president since 1961.

The UN Security Council unanimously approves a resolution to send at least 28,000 peacekeeping soldiers as well as 2,800 civilians, the biggest peacekeeping force in UN history, to Somalia.

In Warrington, England, two explosions kill two boys—three-year-old Jonathan Ball and Tim Parry, 12— and wound more than 50 other people. Jonathan Ball is said to be the youngest person killed in Britain by an IRA attack. The killings prompt an estimated 15,000 people to attend the largest-ever protest in Dublin criticizing the IRA.

In Angola, the rebel group UNITA wins control the city of Huambo, so their power extends to more than half of Angola’s territory.

Five right-wing Nicaraguan commandos seize some two dozen embassy personnel and diplomats, including Nicaragua’s ambassador Alfonso Robelo Callejas, in San José, the Costa Rican capital.

A barrage of bombs in India leaves more than 300 people dead and 1,100 injured in the biggest wave of criminal violence in Indian history.

The U.S., Italy, Sudan, and Egypt become the first countries to formally recognize Eritrea as a separate country.

A ceremony in Warsaw, Poland, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Jewish ghetto uprising is attended by Polish president Lech Walesa, U.S. vice president Al Gore, and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, who becomes the first Israeli head of state to visit Poland.

The Republic of Yemen holds the first multiparty election on the Arabian peninsula. It is also the first Arabian election in which women can vote.

The Peruvian army deploys tanks in the streets of Lima, prompting the U.S. government and the OAS to remind Pres. Alberto Fujimori that grants of aid to Peru will be conditioned on its efforts to restore democracy and on Peru’s respect for human rights.

Pres. Fidel Ramos removes 62 topranking officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in the biggest law-enforcement shake-up in the nation’s history.

The UN Security Council declares the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, and the five remaining Muslim strongholds in the country—Bihac, Gorazde, Tuzla, Srebrenica, and Zepa—to be “safe areas.” However, fighting intensifies in these zones.

A series of work stoppages are described as the first widespread job action in eastern Germany in 60 years.

Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement) and Fatah, the mainstream wing of the PLO, claim responsibility for killing two Israeli and two Arab merchants in the Gaza Strip. It is the first time the rival groups have conducted a joint military action.

Juan Carlos Wasmosy of the ruling Colorado Party wins a three-way race for the presidency in Paraguay’s first multiparty, direct elections for a civilian head of state.

Pres. Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka is assassinated in Colombo, the capital. Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga takes the oath of office as interim president.

The World Conference on Human Rights approves a final declaration that calls on the UN to consider the establishment of a High Commissioner for Human Rights. The conference is the first large-scale international human-rights meeting since 1968.

Yugoslav president Dobrica Cosic is ejected from office, and 4,000 demonstrators storm the parliament building in Belgrade. The Yugoslav parliament elects Zoran Lilic, 39, as president of the Yugoslav Federation, which comprises the republics of Serbia and Montenegro.

Fighting in Somalia escalates, particularly after a series of wellorchestrated attacks kills 23 United Nations peacekeepers in the worst single-day death toll for UN soldiers since 1961.

Guatemalan president Jorge Serrano Elías is forced from office by the military. Guatemala’s human-rights ombudsman, Ramiro de León Carpio, takes the presidential oath of office.

Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan, marries Masako Owada. She is the first woman with a career to join the royal family.

The UN orders an immediate inquiry into charges by Africa Rights that UN forces in Somalia violated the rights of civilians.

Georgian leader Eduard Shevardnadze imposes a 60-day period of martial law in the northwestern region of Abkhazia.

The government of Egypt hangs seven Islamic militants convicted in April of participating in six separate attacks on tourists. It is the largest execution at one time in Egypt’s modern history.

Fighting in the Nicaraguan city of Estelí is the worst such violence since the country’s 10-year civil war ended in 1990.

Fighting along the Afghanistan border continues, and the Russian command reinforces border garrisons after raids on a Tajik village. The attacks kill 380 people and displace 6,000 villagers in Afghanistan.

UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali announces the appointment of Mohamed Aly Niazi to a new post created to investigate persistent allegations of fraud, mismanagement and financial abuse within the UN.

Czech president Vaclav Havel and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign a friendship treaty that ends 25 years of tension.

Amy Elizabeth Biehl, 26, a white Fulbright scholar studying women’s rights, is killed in Guguletu township near Cape Town. Biehl is reportedly the first American killed in South Africa’s political violence.

The Haitian parliament’s accepts ousted president Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s choice for premier, Robert Malval.

Tamil refugees voluntarily leave Madras, India, for the Sri Lankan port of Trincomalee in a UN operation that is the first of its kind in India since 1973.

Israel’s PM Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, the chair of the PLO, shake hands in Washington, D.C., sealing a breakthrough accord that commits Israelis and Palestinians to share a land that they both claim as their own. The agreement for interim Palestinian self-rule comes after several months of Norwegian-mediated secret negotiations.

Rebels launch an offensive on the Abkhazian capital, Sukhumi.

The South African Parliament votes to allow blacks to participate for the first time in the national government, approving creation of a multiracial council that will oversee the country’s preparations for its first universal election.

Pres. Fidel Castro Ruz inches Cuba a step closer toward a mixed economy when he approves a decree allowing restricted forms of private enterprise.

Norodom Sihanouk assumes the throne as Cambodia’s king, regaining the position he abdicated in 1955. He announces that Prince Norodom Ranariddh, his son, will hold the title of first premier and Hun Sen, the outgoing premier, will serve as second premier.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January–September 1993—417

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

William Jefferson. Clinton is formally inaugurated as president of the United States. He names his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, as head of a new commission to reform the U.S.’s health-care system. It is the most influential position ever awarded to a first lady.

Pres. Clinton announces a compromise under which the military may remove openly homosexual members from active service during the six-month waiting period but will not ask recruits or service personnel about sexual orientation.

Pres. Clinton formally creates a new executive-branch advisory body, the National Economic Council, to coordinate national economic policy in the same way that the National Security Council coordinates foreign policy.

Pres. Clinton lifts restrictions on federally funded medical research teams so they can now use fetal tissue from elective abortions to further their quest to cure illnesses.

Audrey Hepburn, 63, cultural icon, actress and goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, dies in Tolochenaz, Switzerland, of colon cancer.

Jan.

Data shows that a total of 23 women have accused Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) of making unwanted sexual advances toward them.

A bomb explodes in a garage below the World Trade Center in New York City, killing five people. It is the deadliest bombing in the U.S. since 1975. More than 1,000 people are treated for injuries.

Pres. Clinton signs the Family and Medical Leave Act, legislation that requires large companies to provide workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for family and medical emergencies. The is the first legislation to pass under the Clinton administration.

NASA for the first time releases photographs of the demolished cabin of the space shuttle Challenger, which blew up shortly after launch in 1986, killing its crew of seven.

An estimated 90 million people watch the first interview given by pop superstar Michael Jackson in 14 years.

Feb.

Janet Reno is sworn in as attorney general, becoming the first woman ever to serve in that position.

Ramon Montoya, 38, a Mexican citizen convicted of fatally shooting a Dallas, Texas, police officer, is executed. His death causes a furor in Mexico. Montoya is the first Mexican executed in Texas in 51 years.

A study finds that 44 of 78 species put on the first endangered list in 1967 have recovered, made progress, or stabilized their numbers However, the populations of 17 other species remain in decline while eight others are believe to have become extinct.

A snowstorm described as one of the 20th century’s most powerful hits the East Coast, from Florida to Maine.

About half a dozen newspapers refuse to run a series of Lynn Johnston’s “For Better or For Worse” comic strips in which a teenage boy reveals that he is homosexual.

In Waco, Texas, federal agents pump tear gas into a compound of the Branch Davidians led by David Koresh, after a 51 day standoff. The compound is set on fire, in what authorities call a mass suicide attempt. The FBI calculates that 86 cult members perished in the flames.

The U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland recommends the expulsion of six of 28 midshipmen accused of cheating on an examination. The cheating incident is reportedly the worst in the Naval Academy since 1974.

Cesar Estrada Chavez, 66, labor leader known for using nonviolent protest tactics who organized the National Farm Workers Association in 1962, which later became the United Farm Workers of America, is found dead in San Luis, Arizona.

Scientists discover fossilized microorganisms believed to be 3.485 billion years old, or 1.3 billion years older than any previous similar finds. The find challenges concepts about the rate at which life developed on earth.

Monica Seles, 19, the world’s topranked female tennis player, is stabbed in the back by an attacker who claims to be a fan of Steffi Graf, the world’s second-ranked woman.

Two people are killed and four are wounded in separate rampages in post offices in California and Michigan. The slayings bring to 29 the number of postal workers and supervisors killed by employees in 10 incidents since 1983.

Pres. Clinton recognizes the government of Angola, more than 17 years after the country gained independence from Portugal.

The Dow rises by 1.62%, or 55.64 points, to close at a record 3,500.03.

The space-shuttle program passes what NASA calls the year mark, since the combined duration of all 55 shuttle missions now surpasses a year.

Pres. Clinton officially names Miles Lerman as chair of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council, which oversees the Holocaust Museum.

May

In Wisconsin v. Mitchell, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that states can impose stiffer sentences on defendants who commit crimes motivated by racial, religious, or other biases.

In a smuggling operation, a ship carrying nearly 300 illegal Chinese immigrants runs aground off the coast of Queens, New York.

New York Times Co. agrees to buy Affiliated Publications Inc., the parent company of the Boston Globe newspaper, for $1.1 billion. The purchase price is the largest ever paid for a single U.S. newspaper.

Pres. Clinton accepts a plan for the space station Freedom submitted by NASA.

The heads of the four major TV networks announce that their stations will introduce parental advisory warnings for violent shows.

June

The Colorado Supreme Court upholds, 6-1, a lower court’s injunction against state enforcement of Amendment 2, a measure that prohibits localities from passing laws to protect homosexuals from discrimination.

Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, a radical Muslim cleric whose followers are implicated in two recent NYC bombing plots, surrenders to federal authorities.

After five years of legal battles over pollution, the Clinton administration, the Florida government, and several sugar-cane producers announce an agreement regarding a $465 million plan to restore the Everglades, the world’s largest freshwater marsh.

Floods in Midwestern states result in the damage or destruction of least 40,000 homes and businesses, and at least 50,000 people have been left permanently or temporarily homeless.

A poll shows that 84% of U.S. Catholics reject the church’s ban on artificial birth control, 58% think that not all abortions should be banned, 76% believe priests should be allowed to marry, and 63% favor the ordination of female priests.

Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg is sworn in as the 107th Supreme Court justice.

The INS grants political asylum to Marcelo Tenorio, 30, on the grounds that he would face persecution in Brazil because of his homosexual orientation. The ruling reportedly marks the first time that a homosexual person has received asylum in the U.S. on a claim that homosexuals are a persecuted in the claimant’s country of origin.

Pres. Clinton issues an executive order requiring that new revenues and savings created by the budget bill be placed in a “deficit-reduction trust fund,” where they cannot be made available for new government spending.

Pres. Clinton names Dr. Harold Varmus, the winner of the 1989 Nobel Prize for medicine, to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health.

Pope John Paul II visits Denver, Colorado, to mark the World Youth Day festival. At another event, the pontiff publicly addresses child sexual abuse by priests for the second time ever.

Pres. Clinton signs the National and Community Service Trust Act, which will provide some young people with money to pay for college in return for community service.

The Senate passes, 92-7, a $261 billion defense authorization bill, which raises controversy since it codifies the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy regarding homosexuals in the military.

Postmaster General Marvin Runyon reveals that the Postal Service lost about $100 million in 1993 as a result of postage meter fraud.

U.S. vice president Gore and Russian premier Victor Chernomyrdin sign an agreement that calls for the two countries to jointly design and build an international space station before the end of the decade. The unprecedented agreement brings to a close decades of cold war competition in space.

The NEA withdraws most of its $5,000 grant for a project meant to honor the contributions of illegal immigrant laborers to the U.S. economy. The project involves handing out $10 bills to illegal immigrants near the CaliforniaMexico border.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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Aug.

Sept.

418—October–December 1993

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

World Affairs

Europe

The UN General Assembly lifts most of its nonmandatory economic sanctions against South Africa, ending 30 years of embargoes and voluntary restrictions in trade, investment, and sports.

In Russia, riots break out in what the Western press calls the worst violence in Moscow since 1917.

The Maastricht Treaty, which creates a new 12-nation “European Union,” goes into effect.

The UN General Assembly passes a resolution demanding that the ruling council in Myanmar free Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstate democracy and civil rights.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Burundi, paratroopers storm the national palace and capture Pres. Melchior Ndadaye. Ndadaye, elected president in the nation’s first democratic poll, is killed. An estimated 30,000 Hutu civilians flee to neighboring Rwanda.

Peruvian voters narrowly approve a new constitution that will strengthen the presidency and align the country more firmly behind a free-market ideology.

Violence erupts at a mosque in Srinagar, Kashmir’s capital city.

An arms cache that contains more than 300 assault rifles and two tons of explosives destined for the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force is intercepted. The shipment is said to be the largest arms haul ever discovered in Britain.

Voters elect Jordan’s first woman parliamentarian, Toujan al-Faisal, a committed feminist whose candidacy was vociferously opposed by Muslim fundamentalists.

For the first time, two high-ranking military officers receive prison sentences for rights abuses perpetrated during the reign of Gen. Augusto Pinochet. The case involves the assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C., in 1976.

In a landmark decision, the South Australian Equal Opportunity Tribunal awards A$60,100 (US$40,000) in damages to David Paul Jobling, who was fired from a temporary teaching position because he is homosexual and HIV-positive.

The Turkish interior ministry states that 4,180 people were killed in 1993 in battles between Turkish forces and separatist Kurds. The toll is the highest since the revolt began in 1984.

The South African Parliament adopts the nation’s first constitution that provides “fundamental rights” to blacks.

Colombian police and soldiers shoot dead fugitive drug trafficker Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria in Medellín.

Officials from China and Taiwan meet in Taipei to discuss improving trade and cultural links. It is the first time in 44 years that an official Chinese delegation has been in Taiwan.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October–December 1993—419

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Clinton signs the Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993, legislation that allows employees of the federal government to take part in a wide range of partisan political activities while off duty.

Pres. Clinton announces that he is sending reinforcements to Somalia and sets a deadline of March 31, 1994, for the eventual withdrawal of all but a few hundred U.S. combat troops from that country.

The Census Bureau reports that the number of Americans living below the poverty level in 1992 has risen for the third straight year, reaching its highest total since 1962.

Researchers announce that they have discovered a new receptor molecule on the surface of blood cells that helps HIV to penetrate and infect cells. The discovery is viewed as a breakthrough that may help lead to the development of a vaccine against AIDS.

Toni Morrison wins the Nobel Prize in Literature. She is the eighth woman and the first black American to receive the honor.

Pres. Clinton signs the Brady bill, which imposes a five-day waiting period for the purchase of a handgun. .

A bronze sculpture honoring the 11,500 women who served in the Vietnam War is dedicated in Washington, D.C.

The Dow closes at 3710.77, marking the first time it closes over the 3,700 level.

The House approves a bill that will provide grants to help local governments, schools, medical centers, and other nonprofit organizations to connect themselves to the information superhighway, a planned nationwide network for transmitting data. The bill will set aside $250 million for establishing such links in fiscal 1995 and 1996.

A Court of Appeals overturns an FCC ban on the broadcast of socalled indecent material between 6:00 A.M. and midnight, arguing that the ban violates First Amendment rights.

Massachusetts governor William Weld (R) signs into law a bill intended to protect lesbian and gay students in public schools from discrimination. The bill is believed to be the first piece of statewide legislation in the country to address the civil rights of young homosexuals.

Pres. Clinton signs NAFTA into law.

The Commerce Department expects health-care spending in the U.S. to rise to $1.06 trillion in 1994, or 15% of the country’s total output of goods and services.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour completes a landmark mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope. Pres. Clinton and Vice Pres. Gore congratulate the Endeavour crew by telephone on fulfilling “one of the most spectacular space missions in all of our history.”

Israel and the Vatican formally establish diplomatic relations after 45 years of often rancorous dispute.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

420—January 1–6, 1993

Jan. 1

World Affairs

Europe

The European Community’s open internal economic market opens, and 1,300 beacons are lit across Western Europe to mark the new trade arena. . . . Denmark assumes the rotating presidency of the EC . . . . As a result of the breakup of Czechoslovakia, the country ceases to exist as a member of the IMF.

The nation of Czechoslovakia splits into two separate states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, completing a peaceful divorce engineered in 1992. . . . Some 250,000 people join a vigil in the northwestern city of Essen in response to neo-Nazi attacks on foreigners.

A new round of peace talks aimed at ending the civil war in the former Yugoslav republic of BosniaHerzegovina opens. Attending the peace conference are the leaders of the rival ethnic groups, Bosnia’s Muslim president Alija Izetbegovic, Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic, and Bosnian Croat leader Mate Boban, as well as Croatian Pres. Franjo Tudjman and Pres. Dobrica Cosic of the rump Yugoslav republic (consisting of Serbia and Montenegro).

Jan. 2

Jan. 3

U.S. president George Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), heralded as the broadest disarmament pact in history. The treaty calls for both sides to slash their long-range nuclear arsenals within a decade and will entirely eliminate landbased, multiple-warhead missiles. . . . British prime minister Major states that Britain will not rejoin the EC’s exchange rate mechanism (ERM) in 1993.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific UN Security Council–imposed trade sanctions against the Khmer Rouge go into effect in Cambodia.

Sean Devereux, an officer of the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), is shot to death in Somalia.

Government authorities arrest Humberto Javier Callejas Ruiz, the second in command of the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), the thirdlargest Marxist guerrilla group in Colombia.

Data shows Israeli forces killed 23 Palestinians in December 1992, the highest monthly total in two years. Troops in the Gaza Strip shoot and kill one Palestinian and wound nine others in a rock-throwing melee. Haim Nachmani, an officer of the Shin Bet, is stabbed and beaten to death. . . . UNICEF closes its operations in Kismayu, Somalia, after the Jan. 2 slaying. Separately, a mob prevents UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali from visiting the UN compound in Mogadishu. Representatives of Somalia’s 14 most powerful factions gather in Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian capital, for talks on rebuilding their country. . . . Daniel T. arap Moi is sworn in for a fourth term as president of Kenya.

Jan. 4

The operators a nursing home located near UN headquarters in Sarajevo announce that 10 elderly residents have frozen to death over the past 36 hours; 190 of the home’s 302 residents have died since April 1992. The case draws attention since operators asked the UN to evacuate the homes or at least provide heaters. . . . An oil tanker runs aground in a heavy storm at the southern tip of the Shetland Islands in the North Sea. The 34 crew members are evacuated.

Jan. 5

Jan. 6

Africa & the Middle East

The U.S., Britain, France, and Russia give Iraq a 48-hour deadline to remove its antiaircraft surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) in the southern no-fly zone or face military retaliation. . . . The World Bank awards a $450 million and a $300-million loan to Argentina.

Data shows that, in 1992, more than 440,000 people arrived in Germany seeking asylum. That record total is up 71% from 1991.

Reports suggest that documents detailing evidence of governmentsponsored cannibalism in China during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s have emerged. The documents exhort CP members to torture and eat “counterrevolutionaries.” The documents indicate that cannibalism took place in Guangxi province, where thousands participated in mutilating and eating the bodies of at least 137 people.

The Israeli army announces that it has arrested 22 members of Hamas’s military wing.

British foreign secretary Douglas Hurd becomes the first British cabinet minister to visit Argentina since the two countries went to war over the Falkland Islands in 1982. . . . Nova Scotia approves a plan to flood a section of the Westray coal mine, where 26 miners died in an explosion on May 9, 1992. Relatives of the dead miners charge that the ruling signals that the government is no longer seeking to determine the cause of the explosion.

In Kashmir, troops of the border security force close all access routes to Sopore and start houseto-house searches for armed Muslim separatists. The troops were apparently retaliating for a landmine explosion that recently took the lives of two soldiers outside Sopore, a town 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Srinagar, the capital. A wave of violence begins when Hindu mobs target Muslims and their property.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 1–6, 1993—421

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

A new federal definition of AIDS goes into effect, which is expected to add 100,000 people to the roll of AIDS patients in the U.S. by 1995. . . . . Jean Mayer, 72, Tufts University chancellor who organized the 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health that led to the introduction of food stamps and the expansion of the federal school lunch program for needy children, dies in Sarasota, Florida, of a heart attack.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

An order by Pres. Bush that raises the salaries of thousands of top government administrators by 3.2% goes into effect. The raise draws attention because, during the 1992 presidential election campaign, Bush advocated a 5% pay cut for all $75,000-and-over federal workers.

Jan. 1

Reports state that a U.S. federal judge has ruled that the FDA is not responsible for $210 million in losses sustained by Chilean fruit growers and exporters and U.S. importers when the FDA banned their products during a cyanide scare in March 1989.

Jan. 2

A survey suggests that the chief economic worry of the poor is being unable to pay medical bills.

NASA releases photographs of Toutatis, an asteroid that passed within 2.2 million miles of Earth in December 1992. . . . Reports show that the prediction made in the fall of 1992 that the there is a one in 10,000 chance that the Swift-Tuttle comet will collide with Earth in the year 2126 is widely considered inaccurate.

Pres. Bush threatens to fire Postmaster General Marvin Runyon and five others on the 11-member board who support a suit that challenges the independent Postal Rate Commission’s 1991 decision over stamp costs. The suit was filed without the U.S. Justice Department’s approval.

Gold prices in both New York and London slump to seven-year lows.

Astronomers announce the discovery of a distant concentration of “dark matter,” an enigmatic substance believed to make up as much as 95% of the total mass of the universe. The finding is called the “first reliable observation” to show dark matter residing in relatively small galactic formations rather than in huge clusters of galaxies. . . . Figures indicate that Intel Corp. was the world’s largest semiconductor supplier in 1992.

Westley Allan Dodd, 31, convicted of the 1989 murders of three boys, is executed by hanging in Walla Walla, Washington. It is the nation’s first execution by hanging since 1965. . . . The 103rd Congress opens with one party in power of both bodies and the White House for the first time since 1980. . . . The House gives full voting rights to U.S. territories and Washington, D.C. . . . Paul Coverdell (R, Ga.) is sworn in despite two legal disputes over his election.

A federal jury finds Lance Wilson, Leonard Briscoe Sr., and Maurice Steier guilty of giving gratuities to a federal official in connection with government contracts. The verdict ends the first trial arising from an influence peddling and mismanagement scandal at HUD during Pres. Reagan’s administration. . . . The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, E. Gerald Corrigan, 51, announces his resignation, effective Aug 20.

Congress formally counts the votes of the Electoral College, making the 1992 presidential election victory of Gov. Bill Clinton (Ark.) official, with 370 votes for the Democratic ticket. . . . In response to allegations that FEMA denied access to information to a homosexual employee and asked him to name other gay workers, a special advisory board recommends that the federal government’s securityclearance system be overhauled.

The VA announces that former U.S. service people intentionally exposed to poison gases during secret World War II tests may claim compensation for an expanded list of illnesses. The announcement coincides with the release of a report that reveals more than 4,000 soldiers and sailors—twice as many as previously estimated— have been used as subjects in “man-breaking” poison gas experiments.

Ford announces its Taurus model was the nation’s best-selling passenger car in 1992, ending the three-year grip on the top spot held by Honda’s Accord. . . . A federal jury in Los Angeles finds Charles Keating, Jr. guilty on 73 counts of fraud and racketeering charges. His son, Charles Keating III, is convicted on 64 similar counts. . . . The OMB projects a budget deficit of $327.3 billion for the 1993 fiscal year, which will end Sept. 30.

The National Society of Film critics select Unforgiven as the best film of 1992. Stephen Rea is named best actor, and Emma Thompson wins for best actress. . . . CBS and ABC air movies about Amy Fisher, imprisoned for shooting the wife of her alleged lover. It is the first time two made-for-TV movies on the same subject compete in the same time slot.

Jan. 4

Slugger Reggie Jackson is elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.

Argentine and American paleontologists state they have discovered a dinosaur species have anatomically unsophisticated that they believe it to be a close relative to the common ancestor of all dinosaurs. The creature, named Eoraptor, lived 225 million years ago, so it is not the oldest dinosaur ever found.

Jan. 3

Dizzy (John Birks Gillespie) Gillespie, 75, innovative jazz trumpeter and pioneer of be-bop, dies of pancreatic cancer in Englewood, New Jersey. . . . National Football League owners and players agree on a new seven-year labor contract. . . . Rudolf Nureyev, 54, one of the greatest dancers of the 20th century, dies of cardiac complications resulting from AIDS, in Paris.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 5

Jan. 6

422—January 7–12, 1993

World Affairs

Jan. 7

Jan. 8

Iraq announces that it will not allow UN arms experts to use their own UN-provided planes to conduct inspection tours of Iraq’s military installations and production sites.

Jan. 9

Jan. 12

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Four hundred U.S. marines raid a camp belonging to one of Somalia’s most powerful warlords, Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid. The clash is the biggest to date in “Operation Restore Hope,” a multinational effort to deliver food to famine victims in war-torn southern Somalia.

Senior Police Superintendent S. Sahay admits that Indian security forces “went amok” in the Kashmir town of Sopore Jan. 6, killing at least 52 civilians and setting scores of buildings on fire. Witnesses allege that 15 soldiers fired indiscriminately into a crowded open-air market and that troops set fire to commercial establishments, a fire which spread to five neighboring residential areas.

A team of EC investigators concludes that Bosnian Serbs have raped as many as 20,000 Muslim women and girls as part of a systematic effort to drive them from their homes in humiliation. A Serbian militiaman assassinates Deputy Premier Hajika Turajlic, a senior official of the Muslim-led Bosnian government, while he is under the protection of UN peacekeeping troops. . . . The Scottish government place a ban on all fishing within 50 miles (80 km) of the site of an oil spill caused when a tanker ran aground Jan. 5.

U.S. Marines close down a weapons market in Mogadishu, Somalia.

Japan announces a one-year extension on voluntary limits on automobile exports to the U.S.

In response to the Jan. 8 killing of Hajika Turajic, crowds of angry Bosnians demonstrate against the UN in Sarajevo.

The Angolan government states that, because of its attack with soldiers, armed civilians, and bombs, it now controls Huambo, the home of UNITA headquarters and UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi. . . . Israel allows the International Red Cross to remove two of the Palestinians deported in December to a town in an Israeli-controlled region of southern Lebanon.

All 163 passengers and crew aboard an Indian Airlines domestic flight survive after the jet crashes during a landing attempt in New Delhi, India’s capital. . . . General Asif Nawaz, 56, Pakistan’s army chief of staff since August 1991 who sought to help foster democracy in Pakistan, dies in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, of a heart attack.

Iraq moves antiaircraft missiles into the “safe zone” established for Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq, an area patrolled by U.S. and allied aircraft.

Relief expert Thomas Brennan charges that UN policies are “clearly failing to prevent genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and may actually be facilitating its implementation,” and he calls for U.S. military intervention.

Asia & the Pacific

Georgia states it accidentally shot down a Russian aircraft over the Black Sea. . . . In Tajikistan, a state of emergency and a curfew go into effect in force in Dushanbe. . . . In Sarajevo, UN High Commissioner for Refugees envoy Jose-Maria Mendiluce states that the current relief operation is inadequate to prevent mass deaths from cold and starvation.

Six Hindu leaders are released from detention, imposed since Dec. 7, 1992, on charges of inciting religious hatred.

French UN troops begin evacuating the nursing home near UN headquarters in Sarajevo after the Jan. 5 disclosure about patients freezing to death despite nursing home officials’ pleas for help from UN commanders.

Jan. 10

Jan. 11

Europe

Huge waves driven by hurricaneforce winds shatter the hull of the U.S.-owned oil tanker Braer that crashed Jan. 5. An estimated 26 million gallons (100 million liters or 620,000 barrels) of crude oil have spilled. . . . The Irish parliament, the Dail, approves the new government of P.M. Albert Reynolds. . . . Charles Tillon, 95, communist leader of the French Resistance who went on to serve as a cabinet minister, dies in Marseilles, France.

In Somalia, U.S. Marines raid Mogadishu’s largest bazaar, confiscating truckloads of arms.

Exiled president Jean-Bertrand Aristide publicly offers a general amnesty to military officers involved in the coup that ousted him as leader of Haiti.

Violence in Bombay, India, prompts its prominent citizens to strongly urge the Rao government to declare a state of emergency in the city so that the army can restore order.

The U.S. loses its first soldier in Somalia when Marine lance corporal Domingo Arroyo of Elizabeth, New Jersey, is killed in a shoot-out with Somali gunmen in Mogadishu.

Reports state that almost 400 Haitian refugees died when the Vierge Miracle, a Haitian freighter, sank in rough seas in the southern Bahamas in December 1992.

Sectarian violence in Bombay continues, as 25 more Hindu and Muslim deaths raise the fatality toll to 200 for the bloody spree. Lal Krishna Advani, the leader of the opposition Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), demands that an immediate general election be held in India.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 7–12, 1993—423

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

District Court judge Louis Oberdorfer issues a temporary injunction barring Pres. Bush from removing any of the Post Office board members who want to continue with a lawsuit and were threatened with dismissal by the president Jan. 4. . . . The EPA concludes that other people’s tobacco smoke has a “serious and substantial public health impact” on nonsmokers.

The GAO warns that fraud and mismanagement are rampant in the Medicare system. . . . The Commerce Department finds that health-care spending in 1992 rose to more than 14% of the U.S.’s total economic output, up from 13.2% in 1991. . . . Reports confirm that an audit has found top officials in the Department of the Interior violated federal travel regulations and used agency funds for political purposes.

NASA researchers propose that an asteroid caused a mysterious explosion over Tunguska, in the Russian region of Siberia, that flattened hundreds of square miles of forest in 1908. For decades, scientists have debated the cause of the blast, which had an estimated explosive force equal to 1,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs and produced shock waves recorded around the world.

Pres. Bush, defying an injunction issued Jan. 7, fills a vacancy on the Postal Board of Governors by using a recess appointment to name Thomas Ludlow Ashley to a seat.

The EPA announces that it will allow California to require more stringent standards for automobile emissions than the federal government mandates.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Jan. 7

Reports confirm that a Norwegian lawyer, Erling Kagge, is the first person to walk alone to the South Pole on a 51-day, 814-mile (1,310km) journey. . . . The U.S. Postal Service releases a stamp honoring the late rock-and-roll singer Elvis Presley.

Seven people are found shot dead in two coolers in the back of Brown’s Chicken and Pasta restaurant in Palatine, Illinois. . . . F(rederick) Clifton White, 74, Republican Party strategist best known for masterminding the movement that won Sen. Barry Goldwater (Ariz.) the Republican nomination for president in 1964, dies in Greenwich, Connecticut, of cancer.

Jan. 8

Jan. 9

Thomas B. Curtis, 81, Republican congressman from Missouri, 1951–69, who was appointed founding chairman of the FEC, dies of heart failure in Allegan, Michigan.

Edmund F. Martin, 90, former chairman of Bethlehem Steel, 1964–70, dies of arteriosclerosis in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

After a two-year manhunt, Eddie Antar, accused of defrauding shareholders of the Crazy Eddie chain $80 million, pleads not guilty in a U.S. District Court in Newark, New Jersey. . . . The National Commission on AIDS notes that racial discrimination and a lack of health care for poor members of minority groups foster the spread of the disease. . . . Texas billionaire Ross Perot announces he is turning his campaign organization into a citizens’ watchdog group.

The U.S. Transportation Department gives formal approval to the effective merger of the operations of two airlines, the Northwest Airlines unit of Wings Holdings Inc. of the U.S. and the Dutch flagship carrier, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. The decision grants antitrust immunity to the merged carrier in the U.S.

A three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rules unanimously that the CIA was justified in firing an employee because he concealed his homosexuality. The anonymous employee joined the CIA in 1973 but did not disclose that he was homosexual until 1982. The panel argues he failed to prove that he was dismissed due to a blanket CIA policy against homosexuals, “as opposed to his clandestine and deliberately concealed activity.”

The Treasury Department reports 1992 sales of U.S. savings bonds reached a record $17.66 billion. The previous record—$12.38 billion—was set in 1944. . . . The Supreme Court rules financially strained associations cannot obtain waivers of fees and other benefits under a federal “pauper” law intended to help poor people seeking legal assistance. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 8-1, that selfemployed persons may not claim any of their housing costs as business tax deductions if they do most of their work elsewhere.

An unidentified 62-year-old man becomes the second person to receive a baboon liver transplant.

Jan. 10

Jan. 11

In the first such operation in nearly two years, doctors at the University of Arizona in Tucson give a woman, Sharoyn Loughran, an artificial heart while she waits for a human heart transplant. . . . Officials state that oxygen is being pumped into the Biosphere 2 ecosystem because its eight human occupants are having difficulty working in the thinning air.

Jan. 12

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

424—January 13–18, 1993

Jan. 13

Jan. 14

Jan. 15

World Affairs

Europe

More than 100 U.S., British, and French warplanes attack Iraqi missile batteries in the first allied offensive against Iraq since the 1991 Persian Gulf war. Iraq states it will drop its restrictions on UN aircraft. . . . More than 120 nations sign a landmark treaty that will outlaw the manufacture, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons. It is the first verifiable disarmament treaty to eliminate an entire category of weapons.

Former East German leader Erich Honecker is freed from a Berlin jail after courts rule that he is too ill to stand trial. . . . British Lance Corporal Wayne Edwards, a UN peacekeeper, is killed in cross fire between nominally allied Croat and Muslim forces in the town of Gornji Vakuf. . . . Rene Pleven, 91, a leader of the Free French movement during World War II who served twice as the French premier in the 1950s, dies in Paris of heart failure.

Data shows that there were no allied casualties in the Jan 13 raid on Iraq, whose official news agency reports that 19 people, including two civilians, killed in the attack. Seven civilians and eight people were wounded.

A Polish ferry capsizes in the Baltic Sea about 20 miles (30 km) east of the German island of Rugen. Reports suggest that more than 50 people have been killed or are presumed dead, and nine people were rescued. Many of the victims died in the icy waters. . . . Danish premier Poul Schluter resigns in the midst of an asylum scandal known as “Tamilgate.”. . . The Russian government formally launches a drive to privatize thousands of stateowned enterprises in order to make the country’s free-market reforms “irreversible.”

Iraq issues a statement asserting its “nonresponsibility for the safety of the planes” and warning that there is a possibility that “confusion or error” could lead Iraqi antiaircraft gunners to shoot at them. The statement outrages U.S. and UN officials, who view it as a veiled threat to the arms teams.

Reports suggest more than 1,500 journalists and staffers have been fired from Serbian state TV and radio. An independent TV union and the opposition Serbian Renewal Movement argue the layoffs are a political purge by the Milosevic regime. . . . Italian police state they have arrested Salvatore (Toto) Riina, said to be the “boss of bosses” of Italian organized crime and Italy’s most wanted man, who has eluded authorities since 1969.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Israeli army announces that 16 deportees were expelled by mistake in December. The declaration revises a previous admission by the army that 10 of the Arabs were wrongly deported.

Reports disclose that the Laotian government has handed 14-year jail sentences to Deputy Science Minister Thongsouk Saysangky, former Deputy Agriculture Minister Rasmy Khampouy, and former justice ministry official Pheng Sakchittaphong because they allegedly called for a multiparty democracy in Laos.

Representatives of Somalia’s most powerful factions sign a nationwide cease-fire. . . . U.S. troops arrive in Kuwait to shore up the defenses along its border with Iraq.

Muslim forces allegedly fire artillery that hits the Serbian town of Bajina Basta, just across the Drina River from Bosnia. The Yugoslav federal government accuses Bosnia’s Moslems of carrying out the attack to derail the Geneva talks.

Jan. 16

Jan. 17

Africa & the Middle East

Prompted by Iraq’s refusal to guarantee the safety of the UN arms teams assigned to inspect Iraqi weapons-production sites, U.S. and allied warplanes continue to clash with Iraqi planes and attack air-defense emplacements in the two no-fly zones the allies patrol.

The biggest British seaborne battle group since the 1982 Falklands war sets sail for Bosnia. The move draws controversy in England.

As part of the allied action in Iraq, U.S. missiles attack an industrial complex near Baghdad. U.S. Navy ships in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea fire more than 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at an industrial complex at Zaafaraniy, about eight miles (13 km) southeast of downtown Baghdad. . . . The Israeli Supreme Court begins a new hearing to consider the legality of the December 1992 mass deportation of Palestinian activists by the Israeli government. The U.S. military launches an air strike against air-defense installations in southern Iraq. About 65 planes launch strikes at radar and communications centers at Najaf, Samawa, and Tallil air force base in southern Iraq. Iraq reports that 21 people died in the action.

Jan. 18

Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao shuffles his cabinet in an effort to solidify his authority in the face of widespread criticism. The sectarian warfare between Hindus and Moslems, which to date has taken more than 1,700 lives, was set off on December 6, 1992, when Hindu militants destroyed a 16th-century mosque in the northern city of Ayodhya.

The military government pressed ahead with elections for 10 of the Haitian Senate’s 27 seats despite international objections and a boycott by all Haitian parties except the ruling military-backed party. Two small bombs reportedly are detonated in the capital, but no injuries are made public. . . . Fugitive drug kingpin Pablo Escobar Gaviria declares that he will form an armed group to renew his struggle against the Colombian government.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 13–18, 1993—425

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Supreme Court unanimously upholds the Senate’s 1989 trial of former U.S. District Judge Walter L. Nixon Jr. . . . In Bray v. Alexandria Women’s Health Clinic, the Supreme Court, 6-3, rules that federal courts may not invoke a 122year-old civil-rights law to prohibit antiabortion protesters from blocking access to abortion clinics. . . . A wave of bacterial infections breaks out in the Pacific Northwest.

The Senate Select Committee on POW-MIA Affairs concludes a 15month inquiry in which it found “no compelling evidence” that any U.S. POWs are still held in Indochina. . . . After a 10- month inquiry, a bipartisan House task force reports “no credible evidence” to back up allegations that officials of Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign interfered with the release of U.S. hostages in Iran.

President-elect Clinton announces a group of appointees to high White House staff jobs, including George Stephanopoulos, Dee Dee Myers, Bruce Lindsey, and Mark Gearan. . . . . The CDC, predicts the total number of Americans who die of AIDS will reach between 330,000 and 385,000 in 1995. . . . Reports state Zoe Baird, nominated as attorney general, employed an illegal alien couple from Peru beginning in the summer of 1990, which violates the 1986 immigration law that makes it illegal to employ illegal aliens. The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upholds the Jan. 7 injunction regarding the board of the Postal Service that Pres. Bush violated Jan. 8. . . . The Justice Department accuses William Sessions, the director of the FBI, of misusing FBI aircraft, cars, personnel, and funds. . . . Jeff Bayless, a district court judge in Denver, Colorado, blocks a measure opposing homosexual rights, pending a decision on whether the law is constitutional.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral to deploy an information satellite and study the Milky Way galaxy.

Musical groups The Doors, Cream, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Sly and the Family Stone, Etta James, Ruth Brown, Van Morrison, and Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

The Commerce Department reports that retail sales for December 1992 were up 8% from the year-earlier level.

The White House releases excerpts from then-vice president Bush’s tape-recorded diary related to the Iran-contra affair of the late 1980s.

An official confirms that Bill and Hillary Clinton will declare Arkansas their legal home while in Washington, D.C. The move draws attention since President-elect Clinton will pay fewer taxes as an Arkansas resident, and since Pres. Bush came under fire for declaring Texas his residence to avoid paying taxes.

Late-night television talk-show host David Letterman officially announces that he will leave NBC to begin hosting another talk show on CBS.

Astronauts aboard the Endeavour spacecraft stage a television linkup with four elementary schools across the country. In order to illustrate principles of physics, the astronauts demonstrate how toys such as marbles, a foam basketball, and a Slinky coiled-wire toy work in weightlessness.

Controversy over Zoe Baird, nominated for U.S. attorney general, continues.

The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette resumes publication after a delivery drivers’ strike in May 1992 left Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, without a daily newspaper for about eight months.

Emilio Nunez, while interviewed by a television crew from Telemundo, a Spanish-language network, near the gravesite of his daughter who killed herself, kills Maritza Nunez, his wife, whom he blames for the death. . . . For the first time, all 50 states observe a holiday specifically in honor of slain civil-rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.

Seven passengers are killed and 69 are injured when two commuter trains, heading in opposite directions, sideswipe each other on a bridge near Gary, Indiana.

Sammy Cahn (born Samuel Cohen), 79, legendary lyricist of hundreds of popular songs and the president of the National Academy of Popular Music since 1973, dies in Los Angeles of congestive heart failure. . . . Henry (Hank) Iba, 88, Olympic basketball coach during the controversial 1972 game in which the U.S. did not win the gold because of time irregularities, dies in Stillwater, Oklahoma of heart failure.

Jan. 13

Jan. 14

Jan. 15

Gordon W. Fawcett, 81, publisher who helped pioneer the paperback book market, dies in North Palm Beach, Florida, of heart failure.

Jan. 16

The Dallas Cowboys and the Buffalo Bills advanced to the NFL’s Super Bowl XXVII.

Jan. 17

Eleanor Hibbert, popular British novelist who wrote 200 novels under the pen names Jean Plaidy, Victoria Holt, and Philippa Carr, dies on a cruise between Athens, Greece, and Port Said, Egypt of undisclosed causes; she was thought to be in her 80s.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 18

426—January 19–24, 1993

Jan. 19

Jan. 20

Jan. 21

Jan. 22

Jan. 23

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Iraqi government announces that it will no longer attack or harass U.S. and allied planes patrolling over Kurdish and Shi’ite Muslim enclaves in Iraqi territory.

In its human-rights report, the U.S. State Department asserts the Serbian campaign of “ethnic cleansing” against Croats and Bosnian Moslems and Croats has resulted in systematic rape, murder, torture, and starvation on a scale that “dwarfs anything seen in Europe since the Nazis.” The report estimates that, in 1992 in Bosnia, more than 25,000 people were killed and 1.5 million driven from their homes.

The Israeli Knesset votes to overturn a 1986 law that prohibits residents of Israel from having any contact with members of the PLO. . . . The Kenyan government asks the UN to send home half a million Somali, Ethiopian and Sudanese refugees. The request comes after bandit attacks along the border with Somalia that left at least 18 people dead, including eight police officers. . . . In Angola, UNITA claims to have retaken the city of Huambo.

In Haiti, Electoral Council president Balthazar St. Fort-Line voids the electoral contest in the West Department, Haiti’s largest electoral district, since vote tallies and ballot boxes were dumped in the streets after a fight reportedly broke out in ballot-counting headquarters.

Croatia and Slovenia join the International Monetary Fund. . . . Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima of Japan wins a vote for a second term as head of the United Nations World Health Organization, despite efforts by the U.S. and several European countries to unseat him.

The self-styled Serbian parliament of Bosnia-Herzegovina votes to approve a peace plan proposed by international mediators in Geneva aimed at ending the ongoing civil war in the former Yugoslav republic, which over the past year has developed into Europe’s bloodiest conflict since World War II. However, fighting between nominally allied Croat and Muslim forces in the town of Gornji Vakuf worsens, threatening the peace process.

UNITA seizes control of Soyo on Angola’s north coast, reportedly with the assistance of white English-speaking mercenaries. The city is a key producer of petroleum, the country’s chief source of foreign earnings.

More than 2,400 Guatemalan refugees cross the border from Mexico to return to their country in a step toward ending over 30 years of civil strife. The return stems from an accord signed in October 1992, culminating two years of talks.

A UN arms team flies to Baghdad to begin inspections on Iraqi installations. However, two U.S. fighters attack an antiaircraft radar site. Iraqi officials deny that the station provoked the attack, but they remain committed to the ceasefire. . . . French and German military leaders sign a pact that allows their planned joint military corps to be put under the direction of NATO in times of crisis.

Despite the UN embargo on Yugoslavia, a convoy of barges on the Danube River carrying diesel fuel from Ukraine and bound for Serbia refuses a Bulgarian call to halt, and the convoy’s captain threatens to blow up his cargo or dump it in the river.

The UN Security Council unanimously condemns the Croatian offensive.

The Croatian army launches a ground offensive against a Serbian-held enclave near the coast of the Adriatic Sea, shattering a yearold truce. The Croat attack is concentrated on the town of Maslenica, site of a key bridge and road link between northern Croatia and the southern port of Zadar.

In Angola, mobs of Luanda residents, angered by reports that Zaire is backing UNITA, go on a rampage against persons suspected of being from Zaire, killing at least 62 people and raping at least seven. Many of the victims are Angolans who had fled to Zaire during the civil war.

A U.S. Navy jet drops a bomb on an antiaircraft missile emplacement at an undisclosed site in southern Iraq, but the incident does not end the cease-fire.

An estimated 200,000–250,000 people demonstrate in Vienna against a rising tide of aggression toward foreigners. The rally is described as the largest in the Austrian capital since the Viennese welcomed Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler after Germany annexed Austria in 1938.

The Angolan government claims that it shot down a South African plane transporting supplies to UNITA, but South Africa denies the story.

Ugur Mumcu, a leftist journalist who opposed Islamic fundamentalism and Kurdish separatism, is blown up by a car bomb in Ankara, Turkey’s capital. . . . Imamali Rakhmanov, the chairman of the Tajik parliament and effective leader of the country, announces that 2,000 Commonwealth of Independent States troops will be sent to reinforce a Russian contingent policing Tajikistan’s border with Afghanistan.

Jan. 24

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Colombia, a car bomb damages banks and other buildings within a five-block radius in a financial district of Bogota. At least 15 people are injured in the bombing, which is the first in the capital in several years.

Efforts to persuade the Khmer Rouge to join the peace process collapse when Ali Alatas, the Indonesian foreign minister, cannot mediate an agreement with Khieu Samphan, the nominal Khmer Rouge leader.

An explosion in Bogota damages three apartment buildings and injures six people.

Japan’s finance ministry reports that Japan’s 1992 merchandise trade surplus reached a record $107.06 billion, a 38% increase over the 1991 surplus.

Guatemalan refugees arrive in Guatemala City, the capital, and are greeted by 10,000 supporters. A mass is held in their honor at the national cathedral. . . . In San Juan, 100,000 protesters rally against a bill to make both Spanish and English official languages in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.

Responding to a government offer to promptly consider their demands, Indian airline pilots call off a 45-day strike over wages and benefits.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 19–24, 1993—427

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

John Esposito, 43, is indicted on 11 charges, including multiple counts of kidnapping and sexual abuse of a 10-year-old Long Island, New York, girl, Katie Beers. . . . In Zoe Baird’s first day of testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, she apologizes and takes full responsibility for employment violations.

Planes carrying 556 U.S. Marines leave Mogadishu, Somalia, for their base at Camp Pendleton, California. The departure is a symbolic fulfillment of the Bush administration’s original goal of withdrawing all U.S. soldiers by the time Clinton takes office.

IBM announces a loss of $4.97 billion for 1992, the largest singleyear loss in U.S. corporate history. . . . Reginald F. Lewis, 50, chairman of TLC Beatrice International Holdings Corp, the largest black-owned business in the U.S, who gave Harvard Law School $3 million, the school’s largest individual donation ever, dies in New York City of a cerebral hemorrhage related to brain cancer.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour touches down at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

William Jefferson Clinton takes the oath of office to become the 42nd president of the United States, succeeding George Bush and giving the Democratic Party control of the White House after 12 years of Republican rule. His inaugural address calls for “change to preserve America’s ideals” and a restored dedication to service. . . . The Senate confirms Warren Christopher as secretary of state. . . . Emilio Nunez, who killed his former wife in a televised shooting near his daughter’s grave Jan. 18, is arrested near Fort Stockton, Tex.

The Senate confirms Les Aspin as defense secretary.

The Senate confirms Lloyd Bentsen as treasury secretary.

The Senate unanimously approves the nominations of Henry Cisneros as secretary of housing and urban development, Richard Riley as education secretary, and Bruce Babbitt as interior secretary. One other nominee, Donna E. Shalala as head of health and human services, is also approved, although Sen. Jesse Helms and Sen. Robert Smith oppose her.

The Senate unanimously confirms Jesse Brown as secretary of veterans’ affairs.

The Senate unanimously approves Carol Browner as head of the EPA, Leon Panetta as director of the OMB, Robert Reich as secretary of labor, Mike Espy as secretary of agriculture, Hazel O’Leary as energy secretary, and Federico Pena as transportation secretary. The Senate confirms Ronald Brown as secretary of commerce, but Sen. Lauch Faircloth opposes him.

David Reynard appears on the CNN talk show Larry King Live and alleges that his wife died of brain cancer caused by a cellular phone. His claims prompt similar arguments from several other people and cause public furor.

Charles Leonard (Charlie) Gehringer, 89, second baseman who was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1949, dies in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. . . . At the U.S. Figure Skating Championships, the pairs title goes to Calla Urbanski and Rocky Marval.

Pres. Clinton accepts Zoe Baird’s request to withdraw her nomination for attorney general amid criticism of Baird’s employment of two illegal aliens. . . . On the 20th anniversary of Roe v. Wade, Pres. Clinton issues executive orders to eliminate the gag rule, which bans anyone at federally funded clinics, except doctors, from discussing abortion with patients. . . . Jean Harris, convicted in the highly publicized 1980 murder of her lover, Herman Tarnower, is released from prison on parole. . . . A two-yearold Washington State boy, Michael Nole, dies after eating contaminated meat.

Pres. Clinton issues executive orders that a ban, instituted by the Reagan administration in 1988, on abortions in overseas U.S. military hospitals, overturning the so-called Mexico City policy, which bars U.S. aid to overseas family-planning programs that include abortion counseling.

Leon Panetta, director of the OMB, blocks more than 100 regulatory actions taken by the Bush administration in its final days. . . . Vice Pres. Gore announces the Clinton administration has abolished the Council on Competitiveness, a panel that attempted to weaken many environmental regulations, including the 1990 Clean Air Act. . . . The Commerce Department states that housing starts rose 5.5% in December 1992 to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.3 million. The rise ended a year in which total housing starts increased for the first time in six years.

Pres. Clinton lifts restrictions on federally funded medical research teams so they can now use fetal tissue from elective abortions to further their quest to cure illnesses.

Brett Weston, 81, photographer known for his black-and-white images of abstract patterns in natural settings, dies in Kona, Hawaii, of complications from a stroke. . . . Kobo Abe, 68, Japanese post– World War II author whose surreal novels were often compared to the work of the Franz Kafka, dies in Tokyo of heart failure.

Jan. 19

Audrey Hepburn (born Edda van Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston), 63, cultural icon and actress known for beauty and elegance who won an Oscar for Roman Holiday (1953) before serving as a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, dies in Tolochenaz, Switzerland, of colon cancer. . . . Joseph Anthony, 80, actor and director of stage and screen, dies in Hyannis, Massachusetts.

Hundreds of abortion opponents block entry to four Washington, D.C., clinics. At least 308 people are arrested.

Thomas Dorsey, 93, known as the father of gospel music, dies in Chicago, Illinois. . . . At the U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Nancy Kerrigan wins the women’s title and Scott Davis the men’s title. . . . An unsigned editorial in the Vatican newspaper claims that Pres. Clinton “embarked on the paths of death and violence” for his abortion policies.

Thurgood Marshall, 84, champion of civil rights who served as the first black justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1967–91, and whose most prominent legal victory involved the 1954 ruling on Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas in 1954, a landmark decision that struck down public-school segregation in 21 states, dies of heart failure in Bethesda, Maryland.

At the Golden Globe Awards, the film Scent of a Woman is named Best Drama, while the Best Musical or Comedy prize goes to The Player. Clint Eastwood wins as Best Director for Unforgiven.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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428—January 25–30, 1993

Jan. 25

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Security Council passes a resolution that demands that all attacks on UN-patrolled areas in Yogoslavia cease and that the Serbs return all heavy weapons removed from UN depots.

Forensic investigators conclude that a mass grave outside the Croatian city of Vukovar contains the remains of 200 Croat men. Separately, two French soldiers of the UN are killed and three others wounded by artillery fire near Zadar. Reports find that the Italian navy intercepted a ship carrying Iranian arms bound for Bosnia’s Moslems via Croatia. . . . In Denmark, Social Democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen presents his new four-party government to Queen Margrethe II.

Jan. 26

Jan. 27

Jan. 28

Reports state the World Health Organization has found that diphtheria has reached epidemic proportions in Russia.

Jan. 29

Jan. 30

Africa & the Middle East U.S. and Belgian forces rout a column of Somali guerrillas advancing on the city of Kismayu. The attack marks the first use of force by foreign troops to enforce Somalia’s cease-fire. Unofficial estimates claim that as many as 42 Somalis are wounded. . . . Hedi Nouira, 81, premier of Tunisia, 1970–80, dies of undisclosed causes. . . . Reports suggest that the bodies of at least 20 detainees in South Africa were buried on a farm in Phokeng in the late 1980s.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Data shows that Canada’s annual inflation rate was 1.5% in 1992, the lowest rate in 30 years.

Vaclav Havel is voted president of the Czech Republic by Czech parliamentarians. . . . Jan Gies, 87, who risked his life smuggling food to Anne Frank and other Jews in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam, the Netherlands, during World War II, dies in Amsterdam of kidney failure. . . . Baron Axel von dem Bussche, 73, last surviving member of a group of German army officers who attempted to assassinate Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, dies in Bonn, Germany, of natural causes.

About 10,000 farmers rally in Saskatoon, Canada, to demand immediate aid. . . . Jeanne Sauve (born Jeanne Benoit), 70, Canada’s first woman speaker of the House of Commons and later the first woman governor general, dies in Montreal of unspecified causes.

Serb militia units, backed by tanks and helicopter gunships, launch a major counteroffensive. The UN discloses that 21 of its police advisers have been detained by Serb militiamen in Benkovac since Jan. 25. Croatian forces begin shelling the Peruca Dam located at the southern end of the Krajina enclave. . . . More than 200,000 people flock to the funeral of Ugur Mumcu, slain Jan. 24, in Ankara, Turkey, and protest fundamentalism.

Marc Bazin, the army-appointed premier of Haiti, denounces a UN plan to station hundreds of humanrights observers in Haiti and sets the stage for a possible showdown with the international community over efforts to resolve Haiti’s 16month-long political crisis.

Eight people are killed and 12 others are wounded when more than a dozen armed men attack a village festival in the Khmer Rougecontrolled province of Siem Reap. Separately, reports confirm that the UN police made their first significant arrest, charging Than Theaun, a Khmer Rouge guerrilla, in the massacre of at least 12 Vietnamese and two Cambodians in December 1992.

The convoy of barges on the Danube River that refused a Bulgarian halt order on Jan. 21 eludes Romanian forces and makes it to Serbia. . . . Three people are injured in bomb blast at Harrods in London. . . . Lord (Oliver) Poole, 81, former chairman of Britain’s Conservative Party, 1955–57, dies.

Fighting breaks out in Kinshasa, the Zairean capital, when mutinous army soldiers go on a looting spree and battle troops loyal to Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko. Separately, the French ambassador to Zaire, Philippe Bernard is killed in a machine-gun attack on the French embassy. . . . The Angolan government and UNITA hold peace talks. . . . Israel’s Supreme Court unanimously rules that the December expulsions of Palestinians are legal.

Peru holds elections, and, to disrupt them, Sendero Luminoso guerrillas detonate a car bomb and kill three mayoral candidates in separate attacks. . . . In Brazil, dock workers launch a nationwide strike to protest privatizing the nation’s ports. . . . The Dominican Republic recalls its four diplomats from Haiti and installs military forces along its border with Haiti. . . . Gov. Pedro Rossello signs into law a bill that makes both Spanish and English official languages in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.

Reports state that Sathasivam (Kittu) Krishnakumar and 10 other senior cadres of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, which is fighting for a separate state in Sri Lanka, died in the Indian Ocean during an attempt to elude the Indian navy. . . . Reports suggest that a Cambodian judge has refused to hear the case against Than Theaun, arrested Jan. 27.

Britain’s new ambassador to France, Sir Christopher Mallaby, makes a 31-mile (50-km) trip from Folkestone, England, to Sangatte, France, via the Channel Tunnel under the English Channel.

General Mohammed Farah Aidid, Somalia’s most powerful warlord, announces plans to free 387 prisoners of war, thereby fulfilling a clause of a cease-fire signed in Ethiopia January 15. . . . In Zaire, Mobutu loyalists gain control of the capital, and relative quiet ensues. France sends marines to Kinshasa to protect and help evacuate the estimated 1,000 French nationals in the country.

Independent parties register sweeping victories in municipal elections across Peru. . . . Figures show that, between late December 1992 and late January 1993, excontras and the Nicaraguan army engaged in more than two dozen skirmishes in northern Nicaragua that took some 65 lives, with most of the dead being contra fighters. Almost 200 other former contras have been killed since July 1990.

The Cambodian government starts a large-scale military offensive against Khmer Rouge guerrillas in north-central and western Cambodia. . . . Reports confirm that a strike by flight attendants of Hong Kong’s Cathay Pacific Airlines is ending.

Croat emergency teams work feverishly to relieve pressure on the damaged Peruca Dam, under fire since Jan. 27. The dam’s collapse would have threatened 20,000 people in the villages of the Cetina River valley. . . . Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia, 71, widow of Petar II, the last king of Yugoslavia, dies near London of cancer. . . . Ireland devalues its currency, the punt, within the EC’s exchange rate mechanism.

Troops arrive in Zaire from Belgium, Zaire’s former colonial ruler, to safeguard their 1,500 compatriots. . . . Two Israeli soldiers are killed and a third wounded when their patrol is ambushed in the Gaza Strip by fighters from the military wing of Hamas. It is the first such incident since a wave of attacks on Israeli forces prompted the mass expulsion of alleged Hamas activists in December 1992

A 220-pound car bomb is detonated outside the chamber of commerce in Bogota, killing 20, including five children. Another 60 are wounded in the blast

In Taiwan, Premier Hau Pei-tsun resigns, along with his entire cabinet, following bitter battles between conservative and reformist factions. . . . Taikichiro Mori, 88, Japanese real-estate developer who was ranked by Forbes magazine as the richest businessman in the world in 1991 and 1992, dies of heart failure in Tokyo.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 25–30, 1993—429

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In Herrera v. Collins, the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that prisoners condemned to death by state courts who later produce evidence of their innocence are not entitled to new hearings in federal courts. . . . A man fatally shoots two CIA employees and wounds three others in Langley, Virginia. . . . Pres. Clinton names his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, as head of a new commission to reform the U.S.’s health-care system. It is the most influential position ever awarded to a first lady.

The Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress finds that $3 billion in federal money spent on military procurement could have been diverted to state and local governments to create a net gain of more than 12,000 new jobs.

Pres. Clinton formally creates a new executive-branch advisory body, the National Economic Council, to coordinate national economic policy in the same way that the National Security Council coordinates foreign policy. . . . Thirty-year U.S. Treasury bonds rise in price to yield 7.19%, the lowest yield since August 1986. . . . The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and the Commodity Exchange (Comex) agree to merge their operations.

Pres. Clinton announces that Thomas R. Pickering will serve as the next ambassador to Russia. . . . Supreme Court justice Scalia grants a stay of execution to Ramon Montoya, a Mexican citizen convicted of killing a Texas police officer, when Montoya argues he was deprived of the right to an attorney while being interrogated by police. The Mexican government, which does not institute the death penalty, has pressed for the reversal of Montoya’s sentence.

The Conference Board reports that its index of consumer confidence fell by 1.1 points to 77.0 in January, the first decline after two consecutive sharp monthly increases. . . . Robert Reischauer, director of the Congressional Budget Office, warns that the cost of federal health-care programs will more than double within six years unless the Clinton administration and Congress agree on sharp reductions in funding.

About 10,000 people attend a public memorial ceremony for Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall, who died Jan. 24, at the Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C.

White House officials announce that Pres. Clinton will delay issuing an executive order permanently ending the ban on homosexuals in the military. . . . Madeleine K. Albright is confirmed as ambassador to the United Nations. . . . The U.S. Commerce Department imposes tariffs on steel imports from 19 countries, bringing sharp criticism from several of the affected nations.

The FDIC states it has sold all 20 branches of the failed First City Bancorp. of Texas Inc., seized in October 1992.

The director of the National Science Foundation, Walter E. Massey, 54, announces that he is leaving the agency to become senior vice president for academic affairs at the University of California at Berkeley.

Edward P. Morgan, 82, radio and TV journalist who won the Peabody Award in 1957, dies in McLean, Virginia, of complications of lung cancer. . . . Chad Rowan, U.S.born sumo wrestler, is the first foreigner promoted to the rank of yokozuna, the sport’s highest level.

Celina Shribbs, a two-year-old Washington State girl, dies after consuming tainted meat. She is the second child to die from an outbreak in Washington linked to meat from Jack in the Box fast-food restaurants.

U.S. District Judge Terry J. Hatter Jr. rules that the military ban on homosexuals is unconstitutional, and he orders the armed forces to cease discharging gays and refusing to enlist them “in the absence of sexual conduct which interferes with the military mission.”

Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, endorses the Clinton administration’s deficitreduction proposals. . . . The Commerce Department reveals that the U.S. gross domestic product grew at an inflation-adjusted rate of 3.8% in the fourth quarter of 1992, the highest since the 1988 fourth quarter. . . . Chrysler Corp. announces that it earned $273 million, or $2.21 a share, in 1992, its most profitable year since 1988.

Nuclear physicist John H. Gibbons is confirmed by the Senate as the head of the Office of Science and Technology Policy.

James R. Porter, a former Roman Catholic priest convicted of molesting a girl when she was 15, is sentenced to six months in jail.

A county jury in Belleville, Illinois, finds that neither R. J. Reynolds nor the tobacco industry as a whole is responsible for the lung cancer of Charles Kueper, 51, whose suit against the tobacco company is the first of its kind since a June 1992 U.S. Supreme Court ruling cleared the way for this type of litigation. . . . The Republican National Committee elects Haley Barbour to serve as its chairman.

Pres. Clinton announces a compromise under which the military may remove openly homosexual members from active service during the six-month waiting period but will not ask recruits or service personnel about sexual orientation. . . . Overturning a lower-court ruling, the U.S. Court of Appeals finds the Defense Department may ask civilian employees about arrests, financial status, mental health, and drug use before granting them security clearance.

A federal grand jury in Cleveland, Ohio, indicts former top executives of the Phar-Mor Inc. discount-drug chain for allegedly defrauding the company out of $499 million from 1989 to 1992.

Three U.S. Marines, after apparently mistakenly entering a gay bar in Wilmington, North Carolina, drag a homosexual outside and beat him while shouting “Clinton must pay!” The victim is treated at a hospital and released, and the three marines are charged with assault.

The first segment of Los Angeles’s new subway system, a 4.4-mile (seven-kilometer) stretch of underground rail service that links five downtown stations, opens.

The John Newbery Medal is awarded to Cynthia Rylant for Missing May, and the Randolph Caldecott Medal goes to Emily Arnold McCully for Mirette on the High Wire. . . . The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller tops bestseller lists.

Jan. 25

Jan. 26

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Jan. 29

Reports confirm that Andre the Giant (Andre Rene Roussimoff), 46, French-born professional wrestler who appeared in the film The Princess Bride (1987) was found dead in Paris of an apparent heart attack.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 30

430—January 31–February 5, 1993

World Affairs

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Croatian president Franjo Tudjman tours territory recently recaptured from the Serbs and vows to “liberate every inch of Croatia” from the Serb “imposers as soon as possible” with or without the help of the UN His rhetoric is cheered by crowds of Croats in the Adriatic port city of Split.

Israeli authorities announce they have detained two Arab Americans who, have they charge, distributed $200,000 to Hamas activists in the occupied territories. The two are identified as Mohammed Joma Hilmu Jarad of Chicago and Mohammed Abdel Hamid Salah of Bridgeview, Illinois.

Colombian soldiers carrying submachine guns are positioned throughout Bogota, and checkpoints are established on the city’s major arteries. In Medellin, three bombs explode, and a group calling itself “Persecuted by Pablo Escobar” claims responsibility. . . . Nine anti-Aristide Haitian senators are sworn in during a ceremony in Port-au-Prince that pro-Aristide forces describe as unconstitutional.

Data shows that an “Austria First” petition championed for two months by the right-wing Freedom Party was signed by 415,000 Austrians, less than half the number the party had hoped for.

The Israeli government announces that it will accept the return of 100 of the more than 400 Palestinians deported to Lebanon and will allow the remainder to return home within a year. . . . In Zaire, the dispute over bank notes between Premier Etienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba and Pres. Mobuto that instigated the Jan. 29 violence escalates when officials announce that anyone who refuses to accept the new notes will be guilty of treason.

Jamaica suspends the Suppression of Crimes Act of 1975, which has been condemned by humanrights organizations because of the broad powers it grants to the police. . . . The Canadian House of Commons approves a constitutional amendment entrenching language equality for the English and French communities in the maritime province of New Brunswick.

Vaclav Havel is inaugurated as president of the Czech Republic.

In Zaire, a Tshisekedi spokesman states that the death toll from recent violence numbers at least 1,000. However, Western diplomats estimate that it stands at 300.

In Zaire, soldiers have killed some merchants for refusing to accept the currency in an ongoing conflict begun Jan. 28.

Feb. 3

Turkish interior minister Ismet Sezgin reveals that police have arrested 19 members of a Muslim fundamentalist terrorist group called Islamic Action that has links to Iran and is blamed for a series of political killings in Turkey, including the Jan. 24 slaying of Ugur Mumcu in Ankara. . . . The parliament of Belarus ratifies the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), so Ukraine is the only nucleararmed state of the former Soviet Union not to have ratified the pact.

Feb. 4

The Americas

The government states that 51 Khmer Rouge fighters and five Cambodian soldiers have died in the battles that started Jan. 29. . . . In eastern Afghanistan, four UN employees are killed by an unidentified guerrilla group. . . . China reveals that it is freeing Wang Xizhe, 44, reportedly in solitary confinement since April 1981 for his role in the democracy movements of the late 1970s. The Chinese government also states that it released Gao Shan, a former government official imprisoned following the 1989 crackdown. The Mayon volcano in Legazpi, Philippines, located 200 miles (320 km) south of Manila, erupts without warning, emitting a plume of ash nearly three miles (five kilometers) high. The volcano has been dormant since 1984. . . . The Cambodian government asserts it has reclaimed territory taken by the Khmer Rouge since a United Nations-brokered peace plan in October 1991.

Data shows that a record combined 76,139 Canadian businesses and individuals declared bankruptcy in 1992.

The UN withdraws its non-Afghan staff from eastern Afghanistan following the Feb. 1 killing of four UN employees by an unidentified guerrilla group.

A 13-year-old Somali boy is shot to death by a U.S. marine after the youngster ran out into a busy Mogadishu street toward a marine truck. According to U.S. officials, the marine fired in the belief that the boy was about to lob a grenade into the vehicle. . . . Zairean premier Etienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba calls for foreign military assistance in toppling Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko after a week of unrest started Jan. 28.

In Zaire, Pres. Sese Seko Mobutu dismisses Premier Etienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba and rejects foreign pleas that he surrender power. It is unclear whether Mobutu has the legal authority to oust the premier, and Tshisekedi refuses to give up his position. . . . A stone-throwing mob of Somalis attack U.S. Marines in Mogadishu after a rumor spreads that the Americans killed several Somalis in a gunfight. Two marines are injured.

Feb. 5

Asia & the Pacific

The death toll from the Feb. 2 eruption of the Mayon volcano in Legazpi, Philippines, is estimated at 67.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 31–February 5, 1993—431

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The National Governors’ Association issues a statement that calls on the federal government to set nationwide standards for health insurance and to limit the amount of taxes that employers and employees can deduct on insurance payments.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of the ultraOrthodox Lubavitcher sect of Hasidic Jews, appears at a ceremony on the 43rd anniversary of his becoming leader. It is broadcast worldwide. . . . Football’s Dallas Cowboys rout the Buffalo Bills, 5217, in Super Bowl XXVII.

Pres. Clinton orders the federal government to make it easier for states to use Medicaid funds in innovative ways. . . . New York State’s former top judge, Sol Wachtler, is indicted by a federal grand jury in Newark, New Jersey, on five counts of blackmail and harassment of a woman with whom he had had an affair, Republican fund-raiser Joy Silverman.

Pres. Clinton revokes an executive order by former president Bush that prohibited federal agencies and contractors hired by the government from requiring that workers on federally funded construction projects be union members. He also revokes an order that required unionized contractors on federal projects to post notices informing nonunion workers of their rights. . . . Figures show that the purchasing managers’ index rose to 58% in January, its highest level since July 1988.

In horse racing, A. P. Indy wins the Eclipse Award as the top threeyear-old colt.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin orders the Defense Department to immediately cut $10.8 billion from the fiscal 1994 budget proposed by the Bush administration.

The United Mine Workers strikes two units of St. Louis, Missouribased Peabody, the largest U.S. coal producer. . . . The Commerce Department reports the composite index of leading economic indicators rose 1.9% in December 1992, the largest monthly gain since April 1983. . . . The National Governors’ Association urges the Clinton administration to eliminate the federal budget deficit within eight years.

A federal study concludes that drinking moderate amounts of coffee (three or fewer cups a day) and other caffeinated drinks has no harmful effects on the unborn child. . . . A panel of scientists tells a House Energy and Commerce subcommittee on telecommunications and finance that there is no evidence that portable cellular telephones cause brain cancer.

Alexander (Sasha) Schneider, 84, concert violinist, conductor, and music teacher who inspired thousands of musicians, dies in New York City of heart failure. . . . According to A. C. Nielsen Co. ratings, more people watched Super Bowl XXVII than any other program in U.S. history.

The U.S. Navy announces that it will charge a sailor, Terry M. Halvey, with murder in the killing of Allen R. Schindler, a homosexual shipmate who admitted his sexual orientation and was in the process of being discharged when he was battered to death in 1992 in a public toilet near the U.S. naval base at Sasebo, Japan. . . . R. James Woolsey Jr. is confirmed by the Senate as the director of central intelligence and head of the CIA.

Amtrak and the nation’s freight railroads reach an agreement that will permit Amtrak to operate fast European-made trains on U.S. freight tracks, thereby opening the way for high-speed rail travel outside the Northeast. . . . Pres. Clinton nominates Roberta Achtenberg, who is a lesbian, as assistant secretary for fair housing and equal opportunity at HUD.

NASA for the first time releases photographs of the demolished cabin of the space shuttle Challenger, which blew up shortly after launch in 1986, killing its crew of seven. The pictures are handed over to an artist, Ben Sarao, who first petitioned for copies in 1990.

Major League Baseball’s executive council suspends Cincinnati Reds owner Marge Schott for one year and fines her $25,000 after concluding that she made racist and anti-Semitic remarks.

Reports state that allegations of sexual harassment against Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) has prompted accusations that he was reelected in 1992 by fraud since he publicly lied to Oregon voters by denying that charges of sexual harassment on his part were under investigation. . . . After a rash of bacterial infections connected to tainted hamburgers from Jack in the Box, the company files a lawsuit against its beef supplier, Vons Cos.

The Senate passes a resolution authorizing U.S. military participation in the Somali mission, almost two months after then-President Bush sent in the troops in December 1992. . . . George L. Monahan Jr., 59, head of the Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”) program, 1989–90, dies in San Jose, California, of a heart attack.

A Georgia state-court jury orders GM to pay a total of $105.2 million in damages to Thomas and Elaine Moseley, the parents of a teenager killed in a 1989 car accident. . . . The Dow breaks the 1992 record high when it closes at 3,416.74. The NASDAQ index closes at a record 708.85. . . . The Labor Department reports the productivity of U.S. workers in nonfarm industries jumped by 2.7% in 1992, the largest calendar-year rise since 1972. . . . The Senate passes, 71-27, the Family and Medical Leave Act.

Russian scientists unfurl a giant mirror in orbit and flash a beam of sunlight across Europe during the night. The reflected ray speeds across the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, and Russia for eight minutes. It is 2.5 miles (four km) wide and has the intensity of several full moons. Because it moves at about five miles per second across the ground, observers see it as an instantaneous flash.

Reports suggest that Little, Brown & Co. and Warner Books, agreed to pay about a record $2 million for a first novel to Allan Folsom for The Day After Tomorrow. . . . Lynette Woodard, captain of the 1984 U.S. Olympic gold basketball team, wins the Flo Hyman Award.

U.S. District Judge Kimba Wood withdraws her name from consideration as attorney general after the Clinton administration learns that she employed an illegal alien as a babysitter. Unlike Zoe Baird, Wood did not break any laws in hiring her domestic help, but she removes herself in the wake of the public outrage after Baird’s hearings.

Figures suggest that 270 Haitians with HIV are being detained at a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. Although they have been cleared for political asylum, the AIDS ban is holding them up.

The Dow Jones industrial average closes at a record high of 3,442.14, capping a week in which the average surged by 4%, or 132.11 points. . . . Pres. Clinton signs legislation that requires large companies to provide workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for family and medical emergencies. The Family and Medical Leave Act is the first legislation to pass under the Clinton administration, and it represents a symbolic end to gridlock in the Congress, since Pres. Bush twice vetoed similar legislation.

The Federal Trade Commission February 5 votes not to pursue a court order to force Microsoft Corp. to cease manufacturing software that was incompatible with its rivals’ disk-operating systems; however, the FTC indicates that it will continue its investigation of Microsoft despite the vote. . . . The second recipient of a baboon liver, an unidentified 62-year-old male patient, dies without having regained consciousness since the transplant was performed at the University of Pittsburgh 26 days earlier.

William P. Du Bois, 76, author who won the Newbery Award in 1948, dies in Nice, France. . . . A. P. Indy is named North American Horse of the Year. . . . Joseph Leo Mankiewicz, 83, film director and screenwriter who won four Oscars for A Letter to Three Wives (1949) and All About Eve (1950), dies in Mount Kisco, New York, of heart failure.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Feb. 3

Feb. 4

Feb. 5

432—February 6–11, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

Saad al-Din al-Alami, 82, senior Muslim cleric, or mufti, of Jerusalem and the occupied West Bank since the early 1950s, dies of heart failure.

Feb. 6

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports disclose that Sendero Luminoso has continued its offensive in the days following the election in Peru, killing 60 people in attacks along Peru’s Andean mountains. . . . The Salvadoran army dissolves the Arce Battalion, completing the demobilization of the five counterinsurgency battalions that fought the FMLN in the civil war. . . . Two people are killed in a mountainous region of Guerrero state in southwestern Mexico.

In Liechtenstein, Premier Hans Brunhart resigns after elections.

Feb. 7

Feb. 8

Feb. 9

Africa & the Middle East

Hans Blix, director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency demands “special inspection” rights to two North Korean sites suspected of unreported plutonium-manufacturing capabilities.

The Czech Republic and Slovakia begin using separate currencies, both called the koruna (crown). . . . In Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad), the Russian government officially begins its campaign to privatize thousands of state-owned enterprises. . . . Italian authorities arrest Rosetta Cutolo, the alleged head of an organized-crime group known as the Camorra, who has been on the run for 13 years.

A cease-fire in the Rwandan civil war collapses when rebels launch an offensive aimed at blocking “ethnic cleansing” by the Hutus. The guerrillas attack government positions in the towns of Ruhengeri and Byumba in the north. . . . In Tehran, all 132 passengers and crew aboard an Iran Air passenger jet are killed minutes after takeoff when the plane collides with a military aircraft.

The Netherlands’ lower parliamentary house approves a set of medical guidelines to be used in cases of euthanasia, or mercy killing. Under the rules, euthanasia remains illegal, but doctors who follow guidelines will be immune from criminal punishment.

The widow of an Iranian dissident, Ali Akbar Ghorbani, who was allegedly been kidnapped, tortured, and slain by Islamic Action in January, holds a news conference in which she accuses Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani of responsibility for her husband’s murder. . . . In response to the clashes that started Feb. 8, France states it will increase its number of troops in Rwanda to about 300 and evacuates 69 foreigners.

In Mexico, at least 24 members of the Pena Rojas clan are shot to death in a massacre by 50 gunmen. The dead are among 40 family members returning from a funeral for two relatives slain Feb 6. . . . Haiti’s military junta agrees to the deployment of hundreds of international human-rights monitors following four days of negotiations with UN and U.S. officials. . . . The Canadian federal government states it will help approximately 500 Innu people of the island community of Davis Inlet, off northern Labrador, to relocate at their request.

Albert Zafy, an opposition leader, wins the presidency of Madagascar, defeating incumbent president Didier Ratsiraka, who has held office since 1975.

Feb. 10

British prime minister John Major announces an agreement with Queen Elizabeth II under which the monarch will pay income taxes, beginning with the fiscal year starting in April.

Feb. 11

In Taiwan, a leadership committee approves Pres. Lee Teng-hui’s nomination of Lien Chan as premier. Lien is the first person born in Taiwan to be selected as premier since the Kuomintang fled to Taiwan from mainland China in 1949. . . . In Cambodia, gunmen attack the provincial capital of Siem Reap, killing two civilians. The local UNTAC headquarters are also targeted in the incident.

Medical students at the University of Haiti in Port-au-Prince and students at a high school 30 miles (50 km) west of the capital demonstrate for the return to power of Pres. Aristide. Police arrest and briefly detain at least 10 students and one journalist.

French president Mitterrand becomes the first French leader since 1966 to visit Cambodia, a former French colony.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 6–11, 1993—433

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Arthur Ashe, 49, black tennis champion, who won the 1968 U.S. Open, becoming the first black to take a grand slam title, and a humanrights activist who, in 1988, began inner-city tennis programs for youths in cities across the nation, dies in New York City of pneumonia, a complication of AIDS.

The Washington Post reports that 13 more women have accused Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) of making unwanted sexual advances toward them, bringing to 23 the total number of women who have made such allegations since November 1992.

David and Sharon Schoo, who left their two young daughters home alone for nine days in December 1992, are charged with a total of 64 criminal counts, including neglect of children, endangering the life of a child, aggravated battery, abandonment, and cruelty to children. . . . Mir Aimal Kansi is charged with the Jan. 25 fatal shooting of two employees of the CIA. . . . Pres. Clinton announces a broad White House staff reduction and orders his cabinet to eliminate thousands of government jobs and make substantive cuts in administrative spending and perquisites over the next four years.

The American Football Conference wins the Pro Bowl, the National Football League’s annual all-star game, 23-20, in Honolulu.

Reports confirm that about 200 of the Haitian refugees in Guantanamo Bay are holding to a hunger strike after more than a week. . . . Lawrence E. Walsh, the independent prosecutor in the Irancontra arms scandal, makes public 49 pages of excerpts from the diaries of former defense secretary Caspar W. Weinberger. Walsh assails Pres. George Bush for pardoning Weinberger before he could be tried.

Pres. Clinton announces that he will replace the White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) with the Office of Environmental Policy, which will have a more prominent policy-making role. . . Eliot Janeway, 80, economist, writer and commentator whose books include The Economics of Chaos (1989), dies in New York City after suffering from diabetes and heart problems.

A German-born former NASA scientist accused of Nazi war crimes, Arthur L. H. Rudolph, 86, is denied an opportunity to regain the American citizenship he surrendered in 1984. . . . Elwood R(ichard) (Pete) Quesada, 88, World War II fighter pilot and the first administrator of the FAA, 1958–61, dies in Juniper, Florida, of heart failure.

Chrysler completes a commonstock sale that raises just over $2 billion, the second-largest public stock offering ever by a U.S. industrial company. . . . Judge Donald Shelton of Michigan’s 22nd Circuit Court blocks GM from closing an assembly plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan, ruling that the company is bound to keep the plant open because of tax abatements worth $13.5 million that the carmaker received in 1984 and 1988 from the township of Ypsilanti.

NBC makes a public apology for rigging crash tests of GM’s pickup trucks for a segment on the news show Dateline NBC. . . . Vitaly Shcherbo of Belarus, who won six gymnastics gold medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics, is presented with the Jesse Owens International Trophy Award for athletic excellence and promotion of international goodwill.

AT&T files suit against three of its competitors, MCI, Sprint, and WilTel, charging them with failing to list their rates publicly and thus engaging in unfair competition. . . . Ford Motor Co. announces that it lost $7.4 billion, the largest loss in Ford’s history.

An estimated 90 million people watch the first interview given by pop superstar Michael Jackson in 14 years on the Oprah Winfrey Show, in which he argues his light skin—which has grown fairer since the mid-1980s—is the result of a skin disorder.

NYC’s Board of Education votes to oust Schools Chancellor Joseph Fernandez when his contract expires in June. Fernandez, who backed the distribution of condoms in schools and a curriculum guide, part of which urges teaching students respect for homosexuals, is charged with focusing too much on social issues. . . . Pres. Clinton answers questions from audience members and telephone callers during a “town meeting” broadcast nationally by C-SPAN and CNN. Pres. Clinton nominates Janet Reno to head the Justice Department as attorney general. . . . Data shows that, of the more than 300 people who fell ill because of E. coli bacteria related to tainted hamburger meat from the Jack in the Box restaurant chain, 125 had to be hospitalized.

A gun-wielding Ethiopian student hijacks a German airliner and forces it from Austria to New York City. The student, identified as Nebiu Zewolde Demeke, 20, surrenders without a struggle after landing in New York. None of the 104 passengers and crew aboard the plane are injured.

Richard C. Breeden, the chairman of the SEC, announces that he will leave the agency by April 15. . . . General Motors Corp., the world’s largest industrial company, announces a loss of $23.5 billion for 1992, the largest single-year loss in U.S. corporate history.

Feb. 6

Feb. 7

Feb. 8

The FDA approves Medtronic Inc.’s machine, called a PCD, for controlling rapid heart beat, or tachycardia. . . . Robert William Holley, 71, the first scientist to determine the structure of a strand of RNA who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for medicine and physiology dies of lung cancer in Los Gatos, California.

Football defensive lineman Dennis Byrd of the New York Jets, who was partially paralyzed in a November 1992 game, walks with the use of crutches during a press conference. . . . Scott Meredith, 69, who introduced the idea of auctioning book publication rights to the highest bidder, dies in Manhasset, New York, of cancer.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 9

Feb. 10

Feb. 11

434—February 12–17, 1993

Feb. 12

World Affairs

Europe

Reports reveal that Russia is to build nuclear-power reactors in Iran and China.

The Muslim-led Bosnian government announces it will not accept UN food and medical aid until the UN succeeds in getting relief to Muslims in eastern Bosnia. . . . Amid fears that the Bosnian strife may spread, Greece and Bulgaria agree on steps to keep unrest from affecting Macedonia. . . . In Russia, outraged investors block roads in St. Petersburg to protest being defrauded of their vouchers in the privatization campaign. More than 350,000 people turned their vouchers over to several companies, which then disappeared.

Feb. 14

Feb. 15

Feb. 17

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The South African government and the African National Congress reach an agreement on a transitional “government of national unity” in which both parties will be partners for five years.

In a case that is viewed as a litmus test of the Guatemalan legal system’s prosecution of security personnel for human-rights violations, a judge in Guatemala City sentences former Sergeant Noel Beteta to 25 years in prison for the stabbing murder of anthropologist Myrna Mack Chang.

The Nepali rupee becomes a fully convertible currency.

Glafcos Clerides is elected president by Greek Cypriots in a runoff against George Vassiliou. . . . To prevent Bosnian strife from spreading, Greece and Romania sign an economic and political cooperation pact that includes a pledge not to use force in regional conflicts. . . . Bulgaria and Albania sign their first postcommunist friendship pact. . . . In response to the actions regarding UN aid Feb 12 and Feb. 13, Bosnia’s Serbs block a UN relief convoy, bound for the Cerska enclave.

On the fourth anniversary of the death edict on British writer Salman Rushdie, the Iranian news agency reports a speech by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the nation’s spiritual leader, in which he reiterates the fatwa.

Haiti’s military junta allows 40 human-rights observers to enter Haiti under the first stage of a United Nations-brokered plan.

Algirdas Brazauskas is declared the winner of Lithuania’s presidential election. . . . Michal Kovac is elected president of Slovakia.

Somali warlords fail to meet a deadline for submitting lists of their weapons supplies and troops strengths, as mandated by a December 1992 cease-fire.

In response to the Muslim-led Bosnian government decision on Feb. 12, which, in effect, puts its own people on a hunger strike to embarrass the UN into action, the UN suspends all relief flights into Sarajevo.

Feb. 13

Feb. 16

Africa & the Middle East

OPEC ministers agree in Vienna, Austria, to scale back their petroleum production quotas in an effort to raise the price of oil.

In a campaign to keep the Bosnian strife from spreading, Turkish president Turgut Ozal tours the Balkans. . . . EC observers state that Croatian military police beat and forcefully evicted men and women, mostly Serbs and Macedonians, who refused to vacate apartments formerly owned by the Yugoslav federal army in Zagreb and other cities. The tenants were ordered to leave to make room for Croatian soldiers and their families.

China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC) states that it will take bids in March from foreign oil companies for exploration rights to a 28,000-square-mile (72,000 sq. km) piece of land in the Tarim Basin in remote northwestern China. It is the first time that foreign companies will be allowed drilling rights in China since the end of the civil war in 1949. . . . The Cuban government presents terms for international bidding on rights to explore and develop potential oil-producing sites in Cuba.

Reports reveal that Turkey and Romania have signed a cooperation accord.

United Nations secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali pays his first visit to Japan since becoming head of the UN in 1992.

An overcrowded ferry sinks 50 miles (80 km) west of Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti. Reports estimate that the ferry held between 800 and 1,500 passengers, most of them poor peasants headed to the market in the capital.

China releases from jail Wang Dan, 23, one of the student leaders of the 1989 prodemocracy movement. The state-controlled Xinhua News Agency also declares that all students imprisoned for their roles in the “antigovernmental disturbances in 1989” have been freed, a claim disputed in the West. Two other dissidents, Guo Haifeng, 27, formerly a graduate student at Beijing university, and Zhu Hongsheng, 76, a Roman Catholic priest, are also released.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 12–17, 1993—435

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Pres. Clinton names James Lee Witt to head the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

The U.S. for the first time makes its technology broadly available to a Latin American nation when the U.S. agrees to allow Argentina to purchase some of the U.S.’s most sophisticated computer equipment, nuclear technology, and nautical-guidance systems. In return, Argentina agrees to sweeping controls over its exports of strategic technology.

A federal jury in Denver, Colorado, acquits Michael R. Wise, the former chairman and chief executive officer of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association, on three counts of bank fraud.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Veteran driver Joe Booher dies after a collision in the Florida 200 Dash at the Daytona International Speedway.

The National Security Archive, a group suing for access to presidential records, disclose that U.S. archivist Don Wilson signed, at 11:30 P.M. on Jan. 19, the last night of Bush’s presidency, an agreement giving Bush authority over all “presidential information.” Wilson states he is resigning as director of the National Archives to become the executive director of the George Bush Center for Presidential Studies at Texas A&M University.

Feb. 13

Reports state that seven of the 200 Haitian refugees on hunger strikes at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, lost consciousness and were administered emergency treatment.

Dale Jarrett wins the premier event of the NASCAR Winston Cup circuit. . . . Hungarian Judit Polgar, 16, wins her exhibition match over former world champion Boris Spassky of France with a draw in the ninth game of their 10-game chess competition.

Jack Kevorkian helps Hugh Gale, 70, suffering from emphysema and congestive heart disease, to end his life by setting up an airmask linked to a canister of lethal carbon monoxide. He is the 13th person whose suicide Kevorkian has aided. Richard S. Salant, 78, pioneer of modern broadcast journalism who served as president of CBS News, 1961–64, and 1966–79, dies of a heart attack in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

Feb. 12

Feb. 14

Feb. 15

Haitian refugees on the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, enter the 16th day of their hunger strike in protest of the refusal to admit them into the U.S. because they carry the AIDS virus. Civil rights activist Reverend Jesse Jackson visits the strikers at the base.

Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover, by British journalist Anthony Summers, is published and alleges that the late FBI director was blackmailed by organized crime because he was a homosexual and a transvestite.

The White House discloses that Pres. Clinton’s goal of guaranteeing health care to all Americans will cost an additional $30–$90 billion a year to fulfill by 1997. . . . The Dow Jones falls 82.94 points, the largest one-day decline since November 15, 1991, to close at 3309.49. The Nasdaq composite index of overthe-counter stocks drops 25.15 points to 665.39, its largest oneday drop since 1987.

Pres. Clinton presents his economic program in a nationally televised address to a joint session of Congress. It calls for increases in corporate and top personal income-tax rates, expanded taxes on Social Security benefits, and an energy tax on all nonrenewable fuels. It is viewed as the most dramatic program of fiscal reform proposed since 1981. Rep. Robert Michel (R, Ill.) delivers the Republican rebuttal. . . . The AFL-CIO executive council urges Congress and the Clinton administration to renegotiate NAFTA to guarantee protections for workers and the environment.

In a tentative finding, studies suggest that a vasectomy may increase a man’s chances of developing prostate cancer.

Reports state that the 1993 John M. Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion will be presented to Charles Colson, a born-again Christian who served seven months in prison for conspiracy in the Watergate coverup. He is the founder of the Prison Fellowship, an organization that brings Christian ministries into prisons in the U.S. and more than 50 other countries.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 16

Feb. 17

436—February 18–23, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Feb. 18

Feb. 19

The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to extend for five weeks the peacekeeping mandate of the 16,000-member UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Croatia.

Feb. 20

Feb. 21

Feb. 22

Feb. 23

Sukhumi, the regional capital in Abkhazia, is bombed by a single aircraft. . . . Sir Dick Goldsmith White, 86, director general of two British intelligence agencies, dies in Sussex, England, after suffering from intestinal cancer. . . . An armed Azerbaijani man who hijacked a plane to take his wife and child to the U.S. surrenders in Stockholm, Sweden. . . . A team of French and Spanish policemen arrest a key figure in the Basque separatist group ETA.

South African president F. W. de Klerk names three nonwhites, Jacobus A. Rabie, Abe Williams, and Bhadra Ranchod, to his cabinet in an apparent bid to expand the popularity of his ruling National Party.

Imamali Rakhmanov, the chairman of the Tajik parliament and effective leader of the country, states that troops backing the government of former communists have seized rebel centers at Garm and Ramit and other strongholds northeast of the republic’s capital, Dushanbe. . . . Serb forces permit the UN convoy they detained Feb. 14 to reach the town of Zepa. . . . Italian premier Giuliano Amato shuffles his cabinet amid growing political-corruption scandals.

Abdou Diouf, the president of Senegal since 1981, wins a third term in office in elections.

Two 10-year-old British boys are arraigned in Liverpool and charged with the abduction and murder of a two-year-old boy, James Bulger. A crowd of protesters hurl projectiles at police vehicles transporting the suspects in Bootle. . . . In response to the Feb. 21 release of the convoy, the Bosnian government allows relief flights to Sarajevo to resume. . . . Jean Adrien François Lecanuet, 72, French centrist politician, dies in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

In Somalia, 150 Somali warriors loyal to Gen. Mohammed Siad Hersi Morgan enter Kismayu. At least two dozen Somalis are killed in street fighting. The clash postpones the planned withdrawal of U.S. soldiers from the city. Separately, Valerie Plaice, a worker for a relief agency, is killed when gunmen attack her aid convoy in the town of Wanlaweyn. . . . Warren Christopher becomes the first U.S. secretary of state to visit Beirut since 1983.

Reports confirm that Russia has claimed responsibility for the Feb. 20 bombing of Sukhumi by a single aircraft.

In Somalia, the foreign coalition instructs Gen. Morgan to remove his remaining troops from Kismayu by Feb. 26. Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid, in a radio broadcast, accuses coalition forces of siding with Morgan and allowing his attack on Kismayu to continue. . . . Israeli troops shoot and kill an Arab man in the Gaza Strip, bringing to 50 the number of Palestinians killed since the December 1992 deportations.

The confirmed death toll from the Feb. 17 ferry accident off the coast of Haiti reaches 275. About 300 survivors, some of whom clung to floating animal carcasses or buoyant bags, are accounted for.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 18–23, 1993—437

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Rick Springer, an antinuclear activist who in April 1992 disrupted an address by former president Reagan, is sentenced to 120 days in prison for interfering with the Secret Service. . . . Former representative Albert Bustamante (D, Tex.) and his wife, Rebecca Bustamante, are indicted on racketeering and bribery charges involving his alleged receipt of more than $340,000 in bribes and illegal gratuities during his four terms in the House starting in 1985.

Secretary of State Warren Christopher embarks on a tour of the Middle East and Europe to issue invitations to resume the stalled Arab-Israeli peace talks. . . . The Senate votes, 76-23, to retain an existing ban on immigration by people who have AIDS or are infected with HIV. . . . A Haitian man hijacks a plane in Haiti and forces it to fly to Miami, Florida. The man immediately surrenders to police in Miami, and none of the passengers or crew are injured.

The AFL-CIO executive lifts sanctions against the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. . . . Yields on U.S. 30-year Treasury bonds close at 7.02%, their lowest level since they were introduced in 1977.

A study finds that a combination of three drugs has stopped the AIDS virus from replicating in a test tube. Two of the drugs were approved antiviral medications: AZT (azidothymidine, or zidovudine) and DDI (dideoxyinosine). For the third, researchers used either of two experimental compounds, pyridinone and nevirapine.

For the first time, the USA Track & Field, the national governing body for the sport, announces that it will award cash prizes to any U.S. medalist at the upcoming events.

Gerhard Gesell, 82, federal judge who presided over high-profile cases in the Watergate scandals, the release of the Pentagon Papers ,and the Iran-contra affair, dies in Washington, D.C., of liver cancer.

Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan predicts that the U.S. economy will grow between 3% and 3.25% in 1993 and expresses approval of Pres. Clinton’s deficit-reduction plan. . . . The RTC’s inspector general, John Adair, criticizes a contract between the RTC and Price Waterhouse & Co., which led to millions of dollars of photocopying fees during the RTC’s ongoing clean-up operation at the HomeFed Savings Association in San Diego, California.

Feb. 19

Riley Detwiler, 17 months old, dies from bacterial infections linked to tainted hamburger meat from the Jack in the Box restaurant chain. . . . Robert Rafsky, spokesman for the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (Act Up), dies in New York City of AIDS. . . . Pres. Clinton fields questions about his economic proposals and other issues from a group of about 40 young children during a two-hour televised program produced by ABC News.

Ferruccio Lamborghini, 76, Italian industrialist whose eponymous sleek and stylish cars are famed around the world, dies in Perugia, Italy, after suffering a heart attack earlier in the month.

Martina Navratilova, 36, snaps Monica Seles’s 34-match winning streak in the Paris Women’s Open, becoming the oldest tennis player to defeat a number-one-ranked opponent. . . . Harvey Kurtzman, 68, cartoonist who created the highly influential humor magazine Mad, dies in Mount Vernon, New York, of complications of liver cancer.

The U.S. State Department announces the appointment of Thomas W. Simons Jr. as coordinator of U.S. aid to the former Soviet republics.

The Supreme Court upholds unanimously, in U.S. v. Dunnigan, federal sentencing guidelines allowing courts to increase the length of a convicted person’s sentence if the defendant commits perjury during his or her trial. . . . Pres. Clinton announces his nominees for 21 subcabinet positions in his administration.

Feb. 18

The dollar closes at 116.40 yen a record low. . . . Nicholas Rizzo, the chief fund-raiser for the unsuccessful 1992 presidential campaign of former Sen. Paul Tsongas (D, Mass.), is arrested on charges of defrauding Tsongas’s campaign of more than $1 million. Law-enforcement officials state Rizzo’s alleged violations represent the largest case of campaign-finance fraud in U.S. history.

James Carville and Mary Matalin, who developed a romance while working for opposing candidates in the 1992 presidential election, are reportedly paid $900,000 for their proposed joint memoirs. . . . The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller tops the bestseller list.

V(estor) J(oseph) Skutt, 90, chairman of the Mutual of Omaha Inc. insurance company, 1949–86, dies in Omaha, Nebraska, of natural causes. . . . Charles Callison, 79, leading conservationist and executive vice president of the National Audubon Society, 1966–77, dies in Columbia, Missouri, of complications following open-heart surgery.

Five cross-country skiers missing in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado for four nights turn up alive and in good condition. . . . Officials state that Pulitzer Prize–winning columnist Russell Baker, 67, will host PBS’s Masterpiece Theater series, succeeding Alistair Cooke.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 20

Feb. 21

Feb. 22

Feb. 23

438—February 24–March 1, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

Feb. 26

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Zairean tanks and soldiers loyal to Pres. Mobutu surround the legislature in Kinshasa, demanding that they accept the banknotes issued as legal tender in January. . . . In response to Gen. Aidid’s Feb 23 claims, thousands of protestors pelt rocks at U.S. and UN troops, attack the Egyptian and French embassies, and block traffic in the worst violence in Mogadishu since the arrival of U.S. troops. . . . Reports suggest that fighting in Rwanda has forced up to 1 million civilians to flee.

The U.S. agrees to participate in a financial-support plan for Peru after Peruvian ministers assure the U.S. that Peru will improve its humanrights record. . . . Cuban voters turn out in large numbers in the first direct, secret ballot for the assemblies since 1959. . . . Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney resigns his leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party and, with it, the office of prime minister, to take effect on the election of a successor.

Asia & the Pacific

The IAEA votes to give North Korea until March 25 to agree to allow inspection of two buildings in Yongbyon, the center of North Korea’s nuclear-development program.

Greenpeace discloses that Soviet nuclear-powered submarines collided with foreign subs at least eight times over the decades. In separate accidents, Soviet subs are said to have suffered at least four partial nuclear reactor meltdowns while at sea. According to the report, in two of the instances, a total of 19 crewmen died of radiation poisoning, and a sub explosion at a shipyard in 1985 allegedly killed 10 people.

In Somalia, protestors fire on UN offices, the U.S. diplomatic mission, compounds of relief agencies, and hotels where foreigners stay. The rioting ends suddenly when Gen. Aidid broadcasts an appeal for calm over loudspeakers Initial reports suggest that fighting has left at least four Americans and two Nigerians wounded. The number of Somali casualties is unclear.

Canada’s Supreme Court rules that homosexual couples do not constitute families under the Human Rights Act in a case that has been in litigation for seven years.

Some 80,000 police and paramilitary troops fire tear gas and beat back crowds with bamboo batons and rifle butts to prevent Hindu nationalists from holding a rally in New Delhi, the Indian capital, to demand the resignation of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his government. Security officials arrest an estimated 110 BJP members of parliament. . . . Kim Young Sam, a former dissident, takes office as South Korea’s president. Kim, who won a three-way election in December 1992, is South Korea’s first civilian president since 1961.

North Korea rejects the IAEA’s Feb. 25 demand.

A bomb causes a fiery blast at a natural-gas storage facility in Warrington, Cheshire, England.

A crowded Cairo cafe frequented by tourists is bombed, killing four people—a Turk, a Swede, and two Egyptians—while 16 others are injured. . . . Zairean tanks and soldiers loyal to Pres. Mobutu end the siege started Feb. 24 when the lawmakers agree to cooperate with Mobutu. . . . In the face of the ultimatum issued in Somalia on Feb 23, 71 Morgan soldiers surrender to international forces.

The Cuban government confirms that an unopposed slate of Communist Party loyalists has been elected.

German chancellor Helmut Kohl visits Japan for the first time since 1986.

In London, 18 people are injured by the explosion of a bomb in a trash can in the Camden High Street shopping district.

The Islamic Group claims responsibility for the Feb. 26 bombing of a Cairo café.

Thousands of people gather in Managua, Nicaragua, for a rally supporting the National Opposition Union (UNO). It is the group’s first major rally since declaring itself in formal opposition to the Chamorro government earlier in the month.

Feb. 27

U.S. Air Force planes begin parachuting relief supplies to Muslim towns under siege by Serbian forces in eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina. . . . The IRA claims responsibility for the Feb. 26 blast, in Warrington, England, and it is the first claimed by the group against an industrial target on the mainland.

Feb. 28

A Palestinian teenager from Gaza stabs two Israelis to death and wounds nine others on a Tel Aviv street. . . . Amnesty International finds that the Algerian government’s use of torture and other humanrights violations has risen dramatically since a state of emergency was declared in 1992. . . . Algerian authorities announce they have arrested an Islamic leader, Ikhlef Cherati, who is allegedly behind terrorist attacks that led to the deaths of 250 soldiers and police.

March 1

Indonesia introduces a currency note valued at 50,000 rupiahs ($24.30). . . . Twenty-three Sri Lankan soldiers are charged with massacring 35 Tamil civilians in August 1992 in the eastern Batticaloa district. The soldiers allegedly shot or hacked the civilians to death in retaliation for an explosion that took 10 soldiers’ lives.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 24–March 1, 1993—439

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Supreme Court, 6-3, limits the authority of federal law-enforcement agents to confiscate assets and property obtained with money gained through illegal drug transactions.

British prime minister John Major, the European leader invited to the Clinton White House, visits Washington, D.C.

Michigan’s Governor John Engler (R) signs a bill that immediately bans all assisted suicides in a measure that will remain in effect for up to 21 months while the state legislature considers further action. . . . The New Jersey Assembly votes to override Gov. Florio’s veto of a measure that would weaken the state’s ban on semiautomatic assault-type weapons. . . . After six weeks of lobbying and debate, the Virginia General Assembly passes a measure to ration handgun purchases to one gun a person per month.

The White House officially announces that Pres. Clinton has ordered airdrops of relief supplies to Muslim towns under siege by Serbian forces in eastern BosniaHerzegovina.

Bernadine Healy, the director of the National Institutes of Health, announces her resignation, effective June 30. . . . Reports state that the Clinton administration has asked David A. Kessler to retain his post as the commissioner of the FDA.

A massive bomb explodes in a garage below the World Trade Center in New York City, killing five people. It is the deadliest bombing in the U.S. since 1975. More than 1,000 people are treated for injuries in the trade center blast, and evacuations are organized. New York City’s Empire State Building is evacuated after a bomb warning, but no explosives are discovered.

Beaumont Newhall, 84, pioneering historian of photography, dies in Santa Fe, New Mexico, of complications from a stroke.

In response to the Feb. 26 bomb in New York City, security is tightened in airports. Mayor David N. Dinkins (D) announces a $100,000 reward for information leading to the capture and conviction of those responsible for the attack. Port Authority officials state they will match the reward offer.

Lillian Diana Gish, 99, actress for more than 85 years who appeared in more than 100 movies and who won an honorary Academy Award in 1970, dies in New York City of heart failure.

In response to the Feb. 26 bombing of the World Trade Center, Pres. Clinton states he has pledged “the full measure of federal law-enforcement resources” for the investigation of the blast. Port Authority officials reveal that a security report in 1985 recommended that the public parking garage where the bomb went off be closed for security reasons. However, the suggestion was rejected for the welfare of the businesses located in the complex.

Franco Brusati, 66, award-winning Italian film director, dies in Rome of leukemia. . . . Tom Kite becomes the first PGA Golfer player to earn over $8 million. . . . The National Book Critics Circle awards go to Cormac McCarthy, Hayden Carruth, Norman Maclean, Garry Wills, and Carol Brightman.

In Waco, Texas, federal authorities launch an abortive raid on the compound of a cult of the Branch Davidians, led by David Koresh, who claims to be the messiah. Cult members, seemingly prepared for the onslaught, open fire immediately as some 100 officers begin their assault, killing four federal agents and wounding more than a dozen others.

Pres. Clinton criticizes the NRA for its opposition to gun-control efforts in Virginia and New Jersey. . . . Luis Kutner, 84, human-rights lawyer who campaigned for a worldwide habeus corpus code and who is credited with inventing the concept of the “living will,” dies in Chicago of heart failure.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A European weather satellite on loan to the U.S. begins taking routine readings from its new orbit over the Pacific coast. . . . A study finds that men who go bald on the crown of their heads have a higher risk of heart attack among men between 21 and 55 years of age. . . . California governor Pete Wilson (R) officially declares that a six-year drought in California is over in the wake of two months of greater-than-normal precipitation.

Bobby Moore, 51, British soccer player, dies in London after suffering from cancer of the liver and colon. . . . At the Grammy Awards, rock performer Eric Clapton is the big winner, picking up six awards, including the ones for best record, song, and album of the year.

The SEC announces it has reached settlements with the U.S. branches of three Japanese securities firms charged with violating various U.S. securities laws. . . . The Senate votes, 94-2, in favor of a nonbinding funding resolution that cuts Senate committee spending for 1993 by 7.6% from 1992 levels, to $55.7 million from $60.4 million. The resolution also calls for a pay freeze for senators and Senate staff.

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

The five major commodity exchanges located in the World Trade Center complex open for trading after the Feb 26 bomb with abbreviated hours. . . . The UMW strike that began Feb. 2 against St. Louis, Missouri-based Peabody, expands to include about half a dozen mines.

Feb. 26

Feb. 27

Feb. 28

March 1

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

440—March 2–7, 1993

March 2

Europe

The 10 CIS members plus Azerbaijan and Georgia form a pact modeled on OPEC to revive the Russian Federation’s declining petroleum industry.

Reports indicate that Serbian paramilitary forces have seized most or all of Cerska and its surrounding villages. . . . Russian general Mikhail Koleznikov, states that radiation levels from some Ukrainian sites exceeds “permissible levels by thousands of times.” Ukraine rejects the Russian accusations.

After the March 1 stabbing of two Israelis, the Israeli army seals the Gaza Strip. An Israeli man is stabbed and shot by a Palestinian crowd when he makes a wrong turn into a Palestinian neighborhood in Gaza. . . . In South Africa, violence in Natal continues as six schoolchildren are killed in an ambush.

Radoje Kontic is confirmed as premier of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. U.S. have military and UN officials state that Serbs have intensified their ethnic cleansing campaign against the estimated 200,000 Moslems remaining in eastern Bosnia. . . . A minor explosion occurs outside the U.S. embassy in Belgrade. It is said to be the first attack on a Western embassy in the federal capital since the Yugoslav breakup began in 1991. . . . . British authorities disclose they have arrested five suspected IRA operatives in England in the last two days.

In Somalia, a member of the U.S. Army’s special forces is killed when his vehicle hits a land mine, which brings the number of U.S. servicemen killed in Somalia to six. One U.S. civilian has also died. A Somali man is killed by Canadian soldiers when he is seen trying to break into a U.S. military compound near a Canadian base of operations at Belet Uen.

March 3

UN officials start a campaign in which they arrange safe-passage corridors out of the Muslim enclaves of Cerska, Zepa, Srebrenica, and Konjevic.

March 4

March 5

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The World Meteorological Organization reports that levels of ozone have fallen 20% below normal over Canada and Northern Europe.

March 6

March 7

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports indicate that the censorship commission of Panama’s interior ministry has banned the documentary The Panama Deception, a film on the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama.

Antonio Barros de Castro resigns as president of Brazil’s National Development Bank (BNDES), becoming the third senior member of Pres. Itamar Franco’s economic team to depart in less than a week.

UN officials disclose that the Serbs have stepped up their ethniccleansing terror campaign against isolated Muslim and Croat communities in northwest Bosnia. . . . A jet carrying 97 people crashes during a snowstorm in Skopje, the capital of the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia. According to initial reports, 20 people have survived the crash. . . . Lord (Nicholas) Ridley, 64, who served as a minister in all three terms of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative governments, dies in Liddesdale, England, of cancer.

In the South African province of Natal, 10 people are gunned down, as the violence continues.

U.S. Air Force transports parachute 27 tons of relief supplies into Srebrenica and Konjevic in what is described as the operation’s most accurate drop yet.

Muslim extremists attack a Coptic Christian church in Aswan, Egypt, killing a soldier. . . . Israeli helicopters attack a PFLP-GC base in the Ain Hilwe Palestinian refugee camp south of Beirut, wounding four people.

South Korean president Kim Young Sam grants amnesty to more than 41,000 South Koreans, both criminals and dissidents. The amnesty, to celebrate the country’s first civilian-led government in more than 30 years, is the largest ever in South Korea.

The Russian navy fires several senior officers following month-old revelations that four recruits died and hundreds of others nearly succumbed to starvation, disease, and maltreatment at a remote Far Eastern island training base for the Pacific Fleet. . . . Swiss voters approve a referendum to allow gambling casinos in their country. They reject a limit on animal testing that includes vivisection.

The Angolan government concedes that the rebel Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) has won control of the country’s second-most-populous city, Huambo, after a fierce 56-day battle. The rebels are now reported to control more than half of Angola’s territory. . . . Israeli authorities arrest Anwar Hamdan, 33, from the Chicago area. He is the fourth Arab American whom they suspect has links to Hamas.

Leaders of eight rival Afghan military factions announce a peace agreement in Islamabad, Pakistan. The treaty is intended to end months of fighting to control the capital, Kabul, and other regions of Afghanistan. Some 5,000 people have died in interfactional fighting since the overthrow of a formerly Sovietbacked communist government in April 1992.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 2–7, 1993—441

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Supreme Court rules unanimously in Voinovich v. Quilter that states have broad authority to design voting districts dominated by ethnic minorities. . . . The House approves, 411-3, a measure that will empower the FTC to coordinate investigations with state prosecutors and will set guidelines for multistate prosecution of telemarketers who escape penalties by moving across state lines.

Due to the Feb. 26 bomb at the World Trade Center, New York Port Authority officials reveal that the twin towers may remain closed for a month.

The House passes a bill, 408-6, providing protection for investors in limited partnerships that are restructured. . . . The United Mine Workers union agrees to a temporary extension of an expired contract to end a strike that started Feb 2. . . . Michael Milken is released from a federal prison after serving two years of a 10-year sentence for securities fraud. He is required to perform 1,800 hours of community service to fulfill his 1990 sentence.

The House passes, 410-5, a bill allocating 200 megahertz of government-held radio spectrum for private-sector use in wireless computer and communications technologies. . . . The FDA approves Leustatin (cladribine), an intravenous drug for treating hairy-cell leukemia, an uncommon form of bone-marrow cancer. . . . The FDA approves the first home test for cholesterol.

Author Salman Rushdie, in hiding since 1989 because of a death edict, divorces his wife, Marianne Wiggins. . . . The FCC states several TV shows do not qualify as “educational and informational” programming and therefore cannot be aired to satisfy requirements of a 1990 law.

Reports indicate the U.S. military is investigating whether two marines used excessive force in shooting Somalis. One of the soldiers, Sergeant Harry Conde, 33, fired buckshot into the stomach of a Somali boy, seriously wounding him, after the child tried to steal Conde’s sunglasses. The other marine, Sergeant Walter Andrew Johnson, 25, a gunner, shot to death a 13-year-old Somali boy in the belief that the youngster was running at his truck with a grenade. . . . In response to reports about ethnic-cleansing campaigns by Serbs, Pres. Clinton decides to continue the aid airdrops.

In Reves v. Ernst & Young, the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that accountants, lawyers, and other outside professionals who advise businesses found to be corrupt may not be held liable under federal racketeering laws for financial losses or damages suffered by shareholders or customers of those businesses. . . .The Senate, 66-33, passes a $5.7 billion emergency measure authorizing up to six months of additional unemployment benefits for the long-term jobless.

Albert Bruce Sabin, 86, pioneering medical researcher who developed the oral vaccine for poliomyelitis, which became the vaccine of choice in most of the world and who won the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1971, dies in Washington, D.C., of congestive heart failure.

Carlos García Montoya, 89, Spanish guitarist and composer who helped popularize flamenco, dies in Wainscott, New York, of heart failure.

Mohammed A. Salameh, 26, is arrested in connection with the Feb. 26 bombing of New York’s World Trade Center. Ibrahim A. Elgabrowny is arrested for scuffling with authorities as they search his apartment as part of the bombing investigation. FBI officials believe there are other conspirators in the bombing,

The House passes, 247-156, a measure authorizing up to six months of additional unemployment benefits for the long-term jobless. Pres. Clinton signs the bill, the first piece of his economic package, into law. . . . The yield on a 10-year Treasury bond closes at 5.83%, its lowest rate since 1971. . . . The FEC finds that candidates in 1992 House and Senate races spent a total of $678 million on campaigns, 52% more than in 1990 elections.

Studies confirm that scientists have identified the gene whose mutation have leads to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an incurable neural disorder also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease.

Arthur Hodes, 88, blues and jazz pianist who began his own record label, Jazz Record, dies in Harvey, Illinois; he had undergone vascular surgery three days earlier. . . . Reports state that former figureskating champion Dorothy Hamill has agreed to buy the bankrupt Ice Capades skating company.

Federal agents conduct raids in 15 states in an investigation of people who use computers to traffic in child pornography.

The White House announces that Pres. Clinton has chosen Bruce Vladek to head the Health Care Finance Administration, which runs Medicaid and Medicare. . . . Charles Kueper, 51, the man who, on Jan. 29, lost a liability suit against R. J. Reynolds and the Tobacco Institute, the first of its kind since a June 1992 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, dies in Cahokia, Illinois, of lung cancer.

Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson is banned for life from track and field after testing positive for drug use.

Reports regarding the standoff started Feb. 28 in Waco, Texas, by that David Koresh and the Branch Davidians state that Koresh has freed 21 children and two elderly women from the compound. Released members tell authorities that 7–15 cult members lie dead in the compound.

March 2

March 3

March 4

March 5

March 6

Vivian King, the mother of Shilie Turner, 17, one of the nation’s most promising female track stars who was found dead in February, is arrested on murder charges.

March 7

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

442—March 8–13, 1993

March 8

Europe

The UN Security Council unanimously endorses elections in Cambodia, despite the Khmer Rouge’s refusal to participate.

The British House of Commons votes to amend legislation to ratify the EC’s Treaty on European Union, the so-called Maastricht Treaty. . . . Data indicates that, since 1973, IRA attacks on the English mainland have killed 115 people and injured 1,626. . . . Turkish officials reveal that a joint operation between Turkish and Syrian intelligence forces resulted in the killings of five alleged members of the Dev Sol terrorist group and the arrest of 29 others.

Israeli settlers returning from the funeral of a murdered settler shoot and kill a Palestinian man in the Gaza Strip. Two Palestinian farm laborers stab to death their Jewish employer, a settler on the Gaza Strip.

Five right-wing Nicaraguan commandos, who seek a purge of leftists and call themselves the Nicaraguan Patriotic Brigade, seize some two dozen embassy personnel and diplomats, including Nicaragua’s Ambassador Alfonso Robelo Callejas, in San Jose, the Costa Rican capital. . . . The British Columbia Court of Appeals rules that a terminally ill woman has no legal right to a doctor-assisted suicide.

C(yril) Northcote Parkinson, 83, British writer who formulated Parkinson’s Law, which states that work expands to fill the time available for its completion, dies in Canterbury, England, of unspecified causes.

In response to the March 6 Muslim extremist attack, Egyptian authorities launch a raid on a mosque in the southern city of Aswan. Separately, the Egyptian authorities place on trial 49 alleged Islamic militants accused of trying to overthrow the government and of attacking foreign tourists. . . . Jonathan T. Howe takes over as the UN’s special envoy to Somalia.

The Nicaraguan commandos who seized embassy personnel Mar. 8 demand the removal from office of army chief Gen. Humberto Ortega Saavedra, Sandinista state-security head Lenin Cerna, and presidential aide Antonio Lacayo. They also demand a $6 million ransom, $5 million of which will go to social programs. . . . The Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board adopts guidelines that consider whether a petitioner is from a home country in which “state authorities inflict, condone or tolerate violence, including sexual or domestic violence.”

March 9

March 10

March 11

March 12

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Palestinian leaders reject a U.S.Russian invitation to resume ArabIsraeli peace talks in Washington, D.C., because of an impasse created in December 1992 when Israel deported more than 400 Palestinians from the occupied territories. . . . The UN Commission on Human Rights condemns several governments for human rights abuses, among them Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Zaire, Myanmar, and Cuba The commission directs its most serious resolution at the Iraqi government of Pres. Saddam Hussein.

Egyptian authorities launch raids on eight sites in Cairo, the capital.

The UN Commission on Human Rights adopts a resolution expressing “deep concern” about the human-rights situation in Indonesian-occupied East Timor. The resolution asks Indonesia to grant UN officials access to the territory so that allegations of torture, executions, detention, and religious discrimination can be investigated.

North Korea announces that it will withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, which it signed in 1985. It is the first time a nation has formally sought a break with the pact, originated in 1968, to limit the spread of nuclear-weapons technology and nuclear-arms sales.

The Americas

The Congress of People’s Deputies, the Russian parliament, formally repudiates the December 1992 political truce agreed between the executive and legislative branches of the Russian government. By doing so, the deputies limit Pres. Yeltsin’s powers. . . . Lord (Henry Reginall) Underhill, 78, high-ranking member of England’s Labour Party who became a life peer in 1979, dies in Epping, England, of unspecified causes.

In Cambodia, at least 33 Vietnamese fishermen, women, and children are shot to death or drowned when a band of 30–40 raiders attack five houseboats in the floating village of Phum Chong Keas in northern Siem Reap province. It is the worst atrocity since the 1991 peace agreement.

The Nicaraguan Patriotic Brigade, which seized embassy personnel, on Mar. 8, release a hostage, Teresa Torres, the pregnant niece of President Chamorro.

In Indonesia, Pres. Suharto is sworn in for an uncontested sixth consecutive five-year term. General Try Sutrisno, Suharto’s choice as vice president, is elected to the post.

Japan agrees to provide Brazil with loans valued at $840 million for antipollution projects.

In Bombay, India, 11 bombs rip through the city. The first explodes at the Bombay Stock Exchange, killing 50 people. Other explosions damage Air-India’s headquarters, banks, government offices, three hotels, an airline office, a shopping complex, and movie theaters. Federal paramilitary troops are deployed in Bombay. . . . Wang Zhen, 85, hard-line Chinese vice president since 1988, dies in Guangzhou, China.

Official returns confirm that Abdou Diouf, the president of Senegal since 1981, has won a third term in office in elections. The release of the final election result has been delayed for three weeks because of opposition claims that Diouf’s ruling Socialist Party rigged the vote.

March 13

Asia & the Pacific

Australian prime minister Paul Keating’s Labor Party is returned to power in general elections. . . . Federal prosecutors in Tokyo formally indict former political power broker Shin Kanemaru for evading taxes in 1987 totaling 118 million yen ($1 million at current exchange rates).

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 8–13, 1993—443

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The standoff in Waco, Texas, that began Feb. 28 escalates when, as a result of increasing concern that Koresh has explosives, Defense Secretary Les Aspin approves deployment of M-1 Abrams tanks, the army’s heaviest military vehicles, to support the 400 officers surrounding the site.

A jury convicts Khaled Mohammed el-Jassem, 45, for attempting to blow up two Israeli banks and an Israeli airline terminal in New York City in March 1973.

The Supreme Court rules unanimously that public agencies may require contractors to employ only union labor for public construction projects. . . . Charles W. Knapp, former head of the nation’s largest S&L, is indicted on eight counts. . . . The yield of 30-year U.S. Treasury bonds falls to 6.72%, the lowest closing yield since the Treasury began auctioning 30-year notes in 1977. . . . The Dow rises 64.84, to close at a record 3469.42.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Don Barksdale, 69, one of the first black players in the NBA, dies in Oakland, California, of cancer. . . . Billy Eckstine (born William Clarence Eckstein), 78, baritone singer and bandleader, dies in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. . . . Speed skater Bonnie Blair wins the Sullivan Award as the top U.S. amateur athlete of 1992.

Georgia governor Zell Miller (D) states that he is abandoning his campaign to remove the Confederate battle emblem from Georgia’s flag. The flag was adopted in 1956 as a means of protesting courtordered desegregation.

Amid an upsurge of violence against abortion facilities, including arson and bombing, Dr. David Gunn is fatally shot in the back during a demonstration outside an abortion clinic where he worked in Pensacola, Florida.

Florida governor Lawton Chiles (D) signs into law what is apparently the first state measure to make breast-feeding in public legal. . . . The archbishop of Sante Fe, New Mexico, Robert F. Sanchez, acknowledges that he had sexual relations with three women. . . . Bob Crosby, 79, swing-era band leader and brother of the late singer Bing Crosby, dies of cancer in Torrey Pines, California.

A Kuwaiti-born chemical engineer, Nidal A. Ayyad, 25, is arrested and charged with aiding and abetting the Feb. 26 bombing at New York’s World Trade Center, which killed at least five people and injured more than 1,000. The cleanup of the estimated 2,500 tons of debris from the explosion in the trade center’s twin towers begins.

The Senate unanimously confirms Janet Reno to head the Justice Department as attorney general. . . . Michael F. Griffin, 37, who claims responsibility for the Mar. 11 slaying of a doctor, is charged with one count of murder. He is described as a fundamentalist Christian who recently joined the Rescue America antiabortion group.

Janet Reno is sworn in, becoming the first woman ever to serve as attorney general. . . . Public-interest groups seeking public access to White House computer records dating from the presidencies of George Bush and Ronald Reagan disclose that information is missing, adding to a widening controversy. . . . Former president Carter launches a campaign to immunize thousands of preschool children in Atlanta, Georgia, within six weeks.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Dow closes at a record high of 3478.34. . . . A study finds that 44 of 78 species put on the first endangered list in 1967, including the American alligator, bald eagle, and California condor, have recovered, made progress, or at least stabilized their numbers. However, the populations of 17 other species remain in decline, while eight others are believe to have become extinct.

NASA head Daniel Goldin discloses ideas for redesigning the planned space station Freedom to make it simpler, smaller, cheaper, and easier to build. The changes mark a historic alteration of NASA’s role since it no longer supports projects that take a decade to complete.

Fulton County, Georgia, commissioners approve the construction of a $207 million Olympic stadium for the 1996 Atlanta Summer Games.

The Office of Thrift Supervision announces that profits at savings and loans nationwide in fourthquarter 1992 reached $1.13 billion, a 48% increase from the yearearlier figure.

The U.S. National Academy of Sciences claims that Syria has the world’s worst record of abuses against scientists. The group said 287 scientists had been imprisoned, usually without charge or trial, and 20 other scientists were believed to have disappeared following their detention by the Syrian security authorities. Many of the scientists were imprisoned after calling for human-rights reforms.

Claire Huchet Bishop, 94, author of popular children’s books who is credited with helping win the deletion of anti-Semitic passages from the Catholic catechism, dies in Paris of a hemorrhage of the aorta. . . . As mandated under the 1992 Cable Act, the FCC sets new rules governing cable companies’ service standards

Pres. Clinton boards the aircraft carrier Theodore Roosevelt off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia in his first visit to active-duty personnel as commander in chief of the armed forces. . . . Defense Secretary Les Aspin recommends that 31 major military bases in the U.S. close and 134 other domestic installations scale back or consolidate.

Michael Kanin, 83, award-winning director and screenwriter, dies in Los Angeles of congestive heart failure. . . . Reports suggest an unidentified American who purchased Ruby Throats with Apple Blossoms by painter Martin Johnson Heade at a flea market has sold it for $96,000 at a sale held by Christie’s auction house.

At the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo, Bay, Cuba, 30 Haitians are jailed after an outburst of violence in which several members of the U.S. military are injured by rocks and sticks and 12 houses in the refugee camp are set on fire.

A snowstorm, described as one of the 20th century’s most powerful, hits the East Coast, from Florida to Maine. The blizzard cuts off power to about 3 million homes, forces thousands to evacuate flooded coastal areas, and shuts down many airports and roads. The blizzard brings with it hurricane-force winds of up to 109 miles per hour (175 kph) and causes dozens of tornadoes in the southern states.

March 8

March 9

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March 11

March 12

March 13

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

444—March 14–19, 1993

World Affairs

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The so-called Truth Commission, the United Nations-sponsored body that investigated widespread human-rights violations during El Salvador’s civil war, issues its findings and calls for the dismissal from public office of those implicated in serious abuses. According to the commission, about 85% of the alleged rights abuses were attributed to the U.S.-backed Salvadoran army and security forces or the death squads organized within their intelligence units. . . . Ricardo M. Arias Espinosa, 80, president of Panama, 1955–56, dies in Panama of cancer.

In India, the Bombay Stock Exchange reopens for a one-hour trading session on older premises undamaged by the March 12 bombing of the building.

Voters in Andorra, a tiny country between France and Spain in the Pyrenees Mountains, vote to end a feudal system of government, in place for 715 years, and adopt a parliamentary system. . . . Serb forces overrun Konjevic Polje, part of the Muslim enclave of Cerska, between Srebrenica and Tuzla.

March 14

In Abkhazia, aircraft bearing Russian air force markings bomb Sukhumi. . . . Norway lifts most of its trade and investment sanctions against South Africa

March 15

March 16

March 17

March 18

Europe

The IMF restores Peru’s eligibility to receive IMF loans and immediately approves a $1.4 billion threeyear loan package.

In Abkhazia, aircraft bearing Russian air force markings bomb Sukhumi again. . . . According to The Financial Times, evidence in a huge scandal in Italy indicates that “virtually all” transactions for public-sector contracts since the mid1980s were subject to bribes and commissions.

Peace talks in Somalia are disrupted when 300 warriors led by Gen. Mohammed Siad Hersi Morgan enter Kismayu and evict 50 armed followers of Col. Omar Jess. At the conference, Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid, Somalia’s most powerful warlord and an ally of Jess, accuses the U.S. of allowing it to happen. Separately, a Somali man identified as Shidane Abukar Arone is beaten to death while in the custody of Canadian troops at Belet Uen. . . . A bomb damages several tour buses in Cairo. . . . Djilali Liabes, a former Algerian education minister, is shot to death in Algiers. . . . An Iranian opposition figure, Mohammed Hussein Nagdi, 42, is killed in Rome.

The Georgian foreign ministry states that 107 people, including many ethnic Russians, died in the Mar. 15 and Mar. 16 raids on Sukhumi, which also destroyed more than 100 houses. . . . In Turkey, the Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) announces a unilateral cease-fire in the group’s nine-year-old guerrilla war for an independent state.

In Somalia, a Red Cross guard is shot and killed in a fight over a relief shipment. . . . At least 10 people die when Egyptian police, supported by armored vehicles, raid two suspected militant sites in Asyut.

A powerful explosion destroys two apartment buildings, killing at least 80 people in Calcutta, India’s largest city. . . . Muhammad Khan Junejo, 60, prime minister of Pakistan, 1985–88, dies in Baltimore, Maryland, after suffering from leukemia.

The Georgian parliament, in an appeal to the UN, argues that Russia is waging an “undeclared war” in Abkhazia. Georgian president Shevardnadze orders the general mobilization of Georgian forces following further reports of outside air support for the separatists. . . . Reports confirm that Aleksei Adzhubei, 68, Soviet journalist who was the son-in-law of the former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, has died.

Canada’s Federal Court orders that preparations for the construction of a bridge between Prince Edward Island and the mainland must stop until detailed environmental studies can be made.

March 19

A bomb explodes at the Sealdah train station in Calcutta, killing at least two people and injuring another 15. The barrage of bombs in India since Mar. 12 has left more than 300 people dead and 1,100 injured in the biggest wave of criminal violence in Indian history. . . . Australia’s first Nazi war-crimes trial, which charges Ivan Timofeyevich Polyukhovich, 76, with murdering a Jewish woman and complicity in the murders of up to 850 others in the Nazi-occupied Ukrainian village of Serniki in 1942, opens.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 14–19, 1993—445

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

March 14

The New Jersey Senate votes, 26-0, to sustain Gov. Jim Florio’s (D) veto of a measure that would have weakened the state’s ban on semiautomatic assault-type weapons.

Florida, hit hard by snow and some 20 tornadoes, is declared a federal disaster area.

A Newark, New Jersey, jury finds three young men, Christopher Archer, Kevin Scherzer, and Kyle Scherzer, guilty of sexually assaulting a mildly retarded woman who has an IQ of 64 and the mental capacity of an eight-year-old. A fourth defendant, Bryant Grober, is found guilty of a third-degree count of conspiracy. The case has held national attention since 1989, when 13 youths allegedly lured the then17-year-old woman into a Glen Ridge basement. The four men on trial are charged with sexually violating her with a baseball bat and a broomstick.

More than 200 gay and lesbian protesters are arrested in sit-ins protesting their exclusion from New York City’s annual St. Patrick’s Day parade, sponsored by the Ancient Order of Hibernians, which rejects homosexuality.

A federal appeals court in Cincinnati grants permission for a hazardous waste incinerator in East Liverpool, Ohio, to begin limited commercial operation while awaiting the results of an EPA study.

March 15

Data show that, since the March 13 snowstorm started, at least 213 storm-related fatalities, including a few deaths in Cuba and Canada, have been reported.

The Commerce Department reports that the net inflow of direct foreign investment in the U.S. in 1992 was negative, the first negative annual figure in decades. . . . Trade negotiators from the U.S., Canada, and Mexico meet in Washington, D.C., to discuss supplemental amendments to the proposed NAFTA.

March 16

Helen Hayes (born Helen Hayes Brown), 92, known as the First Lady of the American Theater, dies in Nyack, New York, of heart failure. . . . Jeff King wins the 1,161mile Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, beating the record time set in 1992.

Syvasky Poyner, 36, convicted of killing five women in 1984 during an 11-day crime spree, is executed in the electric chair in Jarratt, Virginia. . . . In a case that sparks debate and outrage, nine California teenagers are arrested and accused of raping or molesting girls as young as 10 in a long-running competition to amass points for sexual conquests. The boys, mostly high-school athletes, are members of a group called the Spur Posse.

The House votes, 243-183, to pass a resolution providing for about $496 billion in net deficit reduction over five years through spending cuts and tax increases.

The Clinton administration approves Oregon’s controversial plan to ration health care, which intends to open medical coverage to some 120,000 individuals ineligible for Medicaid. . . . Supreme Court associate justice Byron White announces he will retire, effective at the court’s 1993 summer recess. White, 75, nominated by Pres. John F. Kennedy in 1962, is the longest-serving current justice and is the only one appointed by a Democratic president.

The House approves, 235-190, a $16.2 billion short-term economic stimulus package. . . . Kenneth Boulding, 83, internationally known economist, philosopher, and poet who was the president of the American Economic Association in 1968 and was nominated at different times for Nobel Prizes in both peace and economics, dies in Boulder, Colorado, of cancer. . . . The EPA finds that nearly 20% of all U.S. schools and more than 70,000 classrooms have unacceptably high levels of radon gas.

An FDA advisory committee recommends that the drug Cognex (tacrine) be approved as the first legally available treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.

March 17

March 18

Robert F. Sanchez, the archbishop of Sante Fe, New Mexico, who on Mar. 9 admitted to having sexual relations with three women, announces that he has submitted his resignation to Pope John Paul II.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 19

446—March 20–24, 1993

World Affairs

Europe Russian pres. Yeltsin claims special emergency powers, causing an uproar in the Congress of People’s Deputies. . . . In Warrington, England, two explosions kill a three-year-old boy, Jonathan Ball, and wound more than 50 other people. . . . A U.S. nuclear submarine and a Russian nuclear submarine collide underwater in the Barents Sea. Neither vessel is seriously damaged, and no injuries are reported.

March 20

Africa & the Middle East The Rwandan government and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front sign two proposals aimed at merging their armies. It is seen as a step toward ending the Rwandan civil war, in which the RPF is fighting to stop what it perceives as the persecution of the Tutsi minority by the majority Hutu tribe.

An alliance of France’s traditional conservative parties dominates the first round of elections for the National Assembly, essentially assuring that current Socialist premier Pierre Beregovoy will be replaced. . . . The IRA, which is fighting to end British rule in Northern Ireland, admits that it planted the bombs that exploded in Warrington, England, on Mar. 20. . . . In Turkey, on the Kurdish new year, Newroz, one death is reported, compared with the 100 deaths last year.

March 21

March 22

March 23

March 24

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports suggest that Argentina has agreed to provide Jewish groups full access to archives on the suspected activities of Nazi war criminals who fled to Argentina after World War II. . . . Rightist legislators in El Salvador’s National Assembly narrowly push through a sweeping amnesty for those who committed atrocities during the country’s 12year civil war.

Grenades are fired at Philippine vice president Joseph Estrada as he walks amid a group of some 100 people on the outskirts of Santo Tomas, 35 miles (60 km) south of Manila, the capital. One policeman is injured, but Estrada is unscathed. . . . Reports state that an Australian man, Gregory Brown, who set a fire that killed six young foreign tourists in 1989, has been sentenced to a minimum of eight and a maximum of 16 years.

The five right-wing Nicaraguan commandos who have held embassy personnel hostage since Mar. 8 release the remaining 11 hostages from the Nicaraguan embassy in Costa Rica, accepting a $250,000 ransom and safe passage out of the country. The $250,000 ransom was paid to the kidnappers by the family of Nicaragua’s Ambassador Alfonso Robelo Callejas. . . . Pope John Paul II confers sainthood on a Chilean nun, making her Chile’s first saint. The Carmelite nun, Teresa de Jesus de Los Andes, died in 1920 at the age of 19.

In regard to the March 20 collision between two nuclear submarines, the Russian navy and a spokesman for U.S. president Clinton express regrets.

About 80,000 people march in the city of Algiers, Algeria, to protest the terrorism sweeping the country. . . . Kenyan president Daniel T. arap Moi announces that his government is reversing some of the economic austerity measures implemented on the advice of the IMF and the World Bank.

The Constitutional Court rules that Pres. Yeltsin’s Mar. 20 actions claiming special emergency powers violated nine provisions of the constitution and a number of provisions of the treaty of the Russian Federation. The court does not call for Yeltsin’s impeachment.

A West Bank Jewish settler shoots and kills a bound Palestinian captive who stabbed a settler in another incident.

In Dublin, thousands of people sign condolence books for Jonathan Ball, killed Mar. 20, who, at the age of three, is said to be the youngest person killed in Britain by an IRA attack. . . . A UN operation to airlift wounded Moslems from Srebrenica is suspended after Serb gunners shell the landing zone. Two civilians are killed and two UN troops wounded. French helicopters take off with 21 previously injured Moslems and the two wounded soldiers.

Pres. de Klerk reveals South Africa built six primitive atomic bombs during a secret 15-year program, and that the weapons were destroyed in 1990. . . . The Israeli Parliament elects Ezer Weizman to the largely ceremonial position of president. He replaces Chaim Herzog. . . . A tanker truck filled with liquid ammonia explodes at a peanut-processing factory in Dakar, the capital of Senegal. At least 60 people are killed and 250 injured.

Police discover a large cache of arms in Bombay, India, including 600 detonators, 195 grenades, rifles, and ammunition. . . . Australian prime minister Keating scores his highest-ever approval ratings in a nationwide public opinion survey.

Brazil’s supreme court reinstates a 19-year prison sentence against Darly Alves da Silva for ordering the 1988 murder of Francisco (Chico) Mendes Filho, a prominent environmentalist and labor leader. Alves is currently at large, following his escape from prison in February.

At least five Vietnamese civilians are killed when suspected Khmer Rouge guerrillas open fire on their fishing boat in Cambodia’s central Kompong Chhnang province.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 20–24, 1993—447

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Polykarp Kusch, 82, physicist who shared the 1955 Nobel Prize with William E. Lamb for their work establishing the basis for quantum electrodynamics, dies in Dallas, Texas after suffering from a series of strokes.

March 20

Golfer Patty Sheehan wins her 30th career LPGA tournament to qualify for induction into the Hall of Fame. . . . Eric Guerin, 68, former jockey and Kentucky Derby winner voted into the Racing Hall of Fame in 1972, dies in Plantation, Florida, after a long illness.

Kristopher Belman, 18, the only adult arrested Mar. 18 for raping or molesting girls in order to win points for sexual “conquests,” is released along with some of the other teenagers. . . . FDA commissioner David Kessler states that due to a rise in illnesses caused by bacterial contamination of food, the FDA will impose tough safety requirements on seafood companies.

District Judge Marvin Shoob approves the settlement of an antitrust lawsuit filed against the nation’s major airlines in 1990. The settlement, first announced in June 1992, is worth a total of $458 million in cash and discount coupons that can be used to purchase tickets on any of the seven carriers involved.

One of the three main rocket engines on the space shuttle Columbia misfires three seconds before launch. The takeoff is aborted, and none of the seven astronauts aboard are harmed.

Cleveland Indians pitcher Steve Olin is killed in a fishing-boat accident near Clermont, Florida. Tim Crews, another Indians’ hurler, is injured. It is the first death among active baseball players since 1979.

Attorney General Janet Reno announces that she has ordered the immediate resignation of all federal attorneys held over from the administration of Pres. Bush, prompting attacks from Republicans. . . . Virginia governor Douglas L. Wilder (D) signs a bill that rations handgun purchases to one gun a person per month. . . . A study finds that the rate at which Americans ages 15–19 are killed by guns has jumped to the highest ever recorded in the U.S. . . . Reports suggest that 14 of the cultists released from the siege in Waco, Texas, that began started Feb. 28 are being held as material witnesses in the case.

President Clinton holds his first official press conference since assuming office. He says for the first time that he will consider proposals to segregate military personnel by sexual orientation. . . . The Supreme Court rules, 8-1, that a U.S. worker cannot sue the Saudi Arabian government in a U.S. court for alleged torture and other abuses received at the hands of Saudi authorities. . . . The Supreme Court upholds an INS policy of confining children suspected of entering country illegally to detention centers, unless they have a parent, close relative, or legal guardian living in the U.S.

Tim Crews, Cleveland Indians’ pitcher injured in the Mar. 22 fishingboat accident, dies. . . . In basketball, the Knicks and the Suns brawl and end up with fines totaling about $160,000, the second highest in NBA history. . . . Robert Crichton, 68, author who wrote The Great Impostor (1959) and The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1966), dies in New Rochelle, New York, of heart failure.

The Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that Cincinnati violated First Amendment rights by banning vending machines that distribute free commercial magazines. . . . Public schools in Kalkaska, Michigan, close 10 weeks early due to a projected $1.5 million deficit. . . . FDA head David Kessler states that his agency is ending its 16-year-old restrictions on including women in drug trials.

Mahmud Abouhalima, 33, an Egyptian-born cabdriver and a major suspect in the February bombing at New York’s World Trade Center, is returned to the U.S. after having been captured and detained in Cairo, Egypt. Hours later, Bilal Alkaisi, 27, turns himself in to the FBI. The arrests bring the total number of suspects arrested in connection with the bombing to five.

A Los Angeles jury orders actress Kim Basinger to pay at least $8.92 million in damages for failing to appear in a film. . . . John Richard Hersey, 78, novelist and journalist who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1945, dies in Key West, Florida, of cancer.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 21

March 22

March 23

March 24

448—March 25–29, 1993

World Affairs

Loyalist paramilitaries from the outlawed Ulster Freedom Fighters shoot and kill four Roman Catholic workmen in the Northern Ireland town of Castlerock. The killings bring the number of Catholics slain by Protestant paramilitaries in Ulster in 1993 to 23. . . . Tim Parry, 12, dies as a result of the Mar. 20 bombing in Warrington, England. . . . Bosnian Muslim president Alija Izetbegovic and Bosnian Croat leader Mate Boban endorse a map to define Bosnia’s internal boundaries, but Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic refuses to do so.

March 25

March 26

The UN Security Council unanimously approves a resolution to send at least 28,000 peacekeeping soldiers as well as 2,800 civilians, the biggest peacekeeping force in U.N. history, to Somalia. The mission, called UNOSOM II (United Nations Operation in Somalia), will take over operations from the U.S.-led coalition May 1. The force will secure the flow of relief supplies.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

In Bombay, India, police recover nearly 1.4 tons of explosives, or about five times the amount used in the Mar. 12 bombings.

Somali warlords, clan leaders, and prominent citizens sign a pact to create a transitional government. . . . A bomb explosion in Cairo, Egypt, kills one policeman and injures seven other people. . . . The Israeli and Lebanese armies trade tank and artillery fire for the first time since 1991. . . . Lesotho ends 23 years of military rule when a civilian, Ntsu Mokhehle, is elected prime minister. . . . Kamal Hassan Ali, 71, former Egyptian prime minister, 1984–85, dies of unspecified causes. . . . The Algerian High State Council breaks off relations with Iran and recalls its ambassador from Sudan.

In Jamaica, Dennis Brooks, one of the nation’s 60 election supervisors, is killed in election-related violence.

Russian president Yeltsin narrowly survives an impeachment vote by the Congress of People’s Deputies. About 50,000 Yeltsin supporters rally outside the Kremlin, and 10,000 communists demonstrate in Red Square in support of hard-line congressional deputies. . . . In Dublin, an estimated 15,000 people attend what is described as the largest ever in Dublin criticizing the IRA. . . . Hours before a cease-fire takes effect, 20 UN trucks carrying food and medicine reach the besieged Muslim town of Srebrenica, the headquarters of Gen. Philippe Morillon, commander of UN forces in Bosnia.

March 28

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade figures show that the overall value of world trade grew in 1992 by 5.5%, to $3.7 trillion. That compares with growth of 1.5% in 1991. The volume of world trade also increased in 1992 by 4.5%. That marks the end of a three-year decline in annual volume growth. Trade in commercial services jumped by 8% to $960 billion. . . . During a regular review of its Iraqi policy, the UN Security Council votes to maintain its sanctions against Iraq for at least 60 days.

Asia & the Pacific

In Togo, gunmen raided the military compound where Pres. Gnassingbe Eyadema lives. The head of state is unharmed, but military chief of staff General Mawulikplimi Ameji and his aide, Colonel Koffi Tepe, are killed. . . . Hudson Ntsanwisi, 72, leader of Gazankulu, a tiny black South African homeland from the time it was declared a self-governing territory in 1973, dies in Johannesburg, South Africa, after suffering from leukemia.

The IRA states that one of the slain men in the attack in Castlerock, Northern Ireland, on Mar. 25 was an IRA member.

French aircraft begin participating in U.S.-led air drops of relief supplies to communities in eastern Bosnia. . . . Seven-time Italian premier Giulio Andreotti discloses that he is under investigation in Sicily for possible associations with organized crime. . . . A renewed Armenian offensive begins in Azerbaijan.

March 27

March 29

Europe

In China, Jiang Zemin is elected to a five-year term as China’s president. He succeeds Yang Shangkun.

In China, the National People’s Congress reelects Premier Li Peng. . . . An over-crowded passenger train plunges off the rails on the outskirts of Pusan, South Korea. At least 75 people die and about 120 are injured in what is called the worst train crash in South Korean history. . . . More than 2,000 ethnic Vietnamese flee by boat down the Tonle Sap River toward Vietnam after a series of brutal attacks in Cambodia left about 80 Vietnamese dead. . . . Asia Watch reports China still has at least eight dissidents from the 1978–79 Democracy Wall movement in prison.

UN trucks take 2,346 refugees, most of them women and children, from Srebrenica to go to the town of Tuzla, which is controlled by the Bosnian government. . . . French president Mitterrand names Edouard Balladur premier of France following a general election landslide victory for the nation’s traditional conservative parties. . . . In Russia, the Congress passes an omnibus resolution that formally terminates Pres. Yeltsin’s powers to rule by decree and his claims of primacy over the legislature. . . . In London, several thousand miners and their supporters demonstrate against the British government’s plan to close mines.

Catherine Callbeck, 53, becomes the first woman elected as a Canadian provincial premier when the Liberal Party she heads wins a landslide election victory in Prince Edward Island.

Former political power broker Shin Kanemaru is released from jail after paying 300 million yen ($2.5 million) in bail, a record amount for a politician in Japan. . . . Congress delegates approve a new constitution for China, the fifth since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 25–29, 1993—449

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Ramon Montoya, 38, a Mexican citizen convicted of fatally shooting a Dallas, Texas, police officer, is executed, causing a furor in Mexico. Montoya is the first Mexican executed in Texas in 51 years. . . . Reports state that Lt. Gen. Robert Johnston has dropped all charges against Sergeant Walter Andrew Johnson, who shot to death a Somali boy running toward his truck. . . . Five U.S. Navy aviators are lost in the Ionian Sea while attempting to land on an aircraft carrier.

The Senate passes, 54-45, a measure providing for $502 billion in deficit reduction over five years. . . . Data shows that the U.S. used only $25 million from the $1 billion settlement from Exxon Corp. to preserve wildlife habitats in Alaska. . . . Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt announces that his department has conferred threatened status on the rare California gnatcatcher under the Endangered Species Act.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

March 25

The Justice Department files a lawsuit against Denny’s charging the fast-food restaurant chain with a “pattern and practice” of racial discrimination against black customers. . . . Gary Williams, accused of trying to rob Reginald Denny during the Los Angeles riots in April 1992, is sentenced to three years in prison under a plea agreement.

U.S. District Judge Sterling Johnson orders medical treatment “to prevent any loss of life” for HIV-positive Haitians detained at Camp Bulkeley, at the U.S. base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Roy Riegels, 84, UC football player famed for running 69 yards in the wrong direction, dies in Woodland, California of complications from Parkinson’s disease. . . . Louis Falco, 50, choreographer best known for his choreography of the film Fame (1980), dies of AIDS in New York City.

Edward Savitz, accused of molesting four teenage boys, dies of AIDS at a hospice in Philadelphia, Pennsylvenia. His case received much publicity since police in 1992 accused him of being involved with hundreds of boys over two decades. . . . L. Arthur Larson, 82, a top aide to Pres. Eisenhower, dies in Durham, North Carolina, of heart failure.

The Clinton administration makes public its plans to spend $263.4 billion on defense in the 1994 fiscal year, which began October 1.

Reports state that about half a dozen newspapers refused to run Lynn Johnston’s “For Better or For Worse” comic strip in which a teenage boy reveals that he is homosexual. . . . John Walson, 78, pioneer of cable TV, dies in Allentown, Pennsylvenia, of liver cancer.

March 26

March 27

March 28

Pres. Clinton’s Task Force on National Health Care Reform holds its first public session. . . . The FBI allows David Koresh’s lawyer, Dick DeGuerin, to meet with him and other cultists involved in a standoff in Waco, Texas, that started Feb. 28.

Reports state that the controversial C-17 military jet transport aircraft, built by McDonnell Douglas Corp., has failed its early operational tests. . . . The Senate Armed Services Committee begins a highly publicized and controversial series of public hearings on the issue of homosexuals in the military. . . . The second of the World Trade Center’s twin towers reopens for business after the February bombing. Both towers are now open.

The Client by John Grisham tops the bestseller list. . . . Actresses Audrey Hepburn (posthumously) and Elizabeth Taylor each receive a Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the Oscars. A lifetime achievement award is presented to Federico Fellini. Unforgiven, nominated for nine awards, picks up four Oscars, including best film and best director. The Panama Deception, which was banned in Panama Mar. 4, is named best feature documentary.

The EPA holds its first auction of credits that allow the emission of one ton of sulfur dioxide. The credits are designed to convince power plants to reduce their level of sulfur dioxide emissions by applying market principles. . . . A federal bankruptcy court judge allows Rupert Murdoch to repurchase the bankrupt New York Post newspaper. . . . Gordon M. Metcalf, 85, chairman and chief executive of Sears, Roebuck, 1967–73, dies in Palm Desert, California. . . . A pipeline ruptures and releases more than 350,000 gallons (1.3 million liters) of diesel fuel, most of which flows into a tributary of the Potomac River.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 29

450—March 30–April 4, 1993

March 30

March 31

April 1

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The UN Security Council approves unanimously a three-month extension of the mandate of the international force in the former Yugoslavia.

A Bosnian military court in Sarajevo condemns to death for war crimes Borislav Herak, 22, and Sretko Damjanovic, 32, two Serbs who served with the Serb nationalist army in Bosnia. Herak confessed to 16 rapes and 35 killings. He was found guilty of genocide against Moslems and of killing Muslim civilians and captured soldiers. Damjanovic was found guilty of genocide and of killing Muslim civilians.

The UN Security Council votes, 14-0, with China abstaining, to authorize the use of force against aircraft violating a “no-fly zone” over Bosnia. The enforcement resolution is to take effect April 7.

The International Atomic Energy Agency votes to refer to the UN Security Council North Korea’s refusal to allow inspection of suspected nuclear-weapons production sites.

Asia & the Pacific

Two Israeli policemen are killed in a Hamas attack. Data shows that, during March, 15 Israeli Jews and more than 25 Palestinians have been killed. The month was one of the most violent periods since the outbreak of the Palestinian uprising, or intifadah, in December 1987. Israeli prime minister Rabin announces that Israel will indefinitely seal the West Bank and Gaza Strip. . . . An explosion at one of the great pyramids at Giza injures two workers.

An all-white jury in the town of Ponto Pora in western Brazil acquits Libero Monteiro de Lima of ordering the 1983 slaying of Indian-rights activist Marcal de Souza.

Leonard Leabeater, Robert Steele, and Raymond Bassett, three men who confessed to a series of interstate murders starting Mar. 28, begin a standoff with 60 heavily armed police and negotiators at a deserted farmhouse at Hanging Rock near Cangai, New South Wales. Basset surrenders.

The UN trucks that left Srebrenica Mar. 29 arrives in Tuzla. In the crush aboard the trucks, at least nine people, including seven children, died. The UN states it is suspending evacuations from Srebrenica until UN personnel can organize safe departures. . . . Reports indicate that Angel Duce has been sentenced to more than 100 years in jail for the 1989 murder of Josu Muguruza, a radical Basque member of Parliament.

The Islamic Group claims responsibility for a March 30 explosion at one of the great pyramids at Giza.

Percival J. Patterson is elected to his first full term as prime minister of Jamaica, leading his party to a landslide victory over former prime minister Edward Seaga. . . . José María Lemus, 81, president of El Salvador, 1956–60, dies in San José, Costa Rica.

In South Korea, Pusan city prosecutors arrest eight people, including managers from two construction companies overseeing the project, in connection with the Mar. 28 crash of a passenger train. . . . A siege in New South Wales, Australia, comes to an end when police find Leonard Leabeater, the leader of a trio of gunmen, fatally wounded. Robert Steele surrendered earlier that day.

Don Juan de Borbon y Battenberg, 79, father of Spanish king Juan Carlos, who gave up his claim to the throne to his son and refused Franco’s offer of the throne in 1947, dies in Pamplona, Spain, of respiratory and cardiac collapse. . . . Lord (Solly) Zuckerman, 88, top British scientist and counselor to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who was knighted in 1956 and elevated to life peerage in 1971, dies in London of a heart attack.

Gunmen assassinate Col. Ihsan Mohammed Salem, better known as Yunis Awad, the top Beirut official for Al Fatah, the main group within the PLO. . . . Israeli gunboats and helicopters bomb two radical Palestinian guerrilla bases in the northern Lebanese city of Tripoli. Three people are wounded. . . . Ntsu Mokhehle is sworn in as prime minister of Lesotho.

A Salvadoran judge orders the release of Colonel Guillermo Alfredo Benavides Moreno and Lieutenant Yusshy René Mendoza Vallecillos, army officers serving 30-year sentences for the murder of six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter in 1989. The two officers served 15 months of their sentences. They are the first prisoners freed as a result of the Mar. 21 amnesty.

Pakistan announces that it has arrested nine Pakistan-based Libyans on charges that they belong to a guerrilla group.

In Great Britain, rail and coal workers stage a one-day strike. . . . As fighting continues with Armenian forces, Azerbaijan president Abulfaz Elchibey declares a state of emergency throughout the country.

April 2

In Indonesia, the Jakarta Stock Exchange suspends four brokerage houses that allegedly handled counterfeit share certificates of five listed companies. The incident involved 1 million fake shares and incurred an approximate total of $5 million in losses. . . . Three Bulgarian UN soldiers are killed, allegedly by the Khmer Rouge, in the southwestern province of Kompong Speu, Cambodia. . . . Indian police seize about 1.8 tons of plastic explosives hidden in a creek 35 miles (50 km) north of Bombay.

Some 39,000 Azeris pass through refugee centers in Azerbaijan after Armenian troops seize the town and province of Kelbadzhar. . . . Bosnian Serbs reject a UN-sponsored peace plan that would have left Serbs in control of 43% of Bosnia, compared with the 70% they currently hold.

April 3

April 4

The Americas

Reports reveal that the UN Compensation Commission in Geneva has announced that it has received more than 700,000 claims against Iraq for damage, losses and suffering relating to Iraq’s 1990–91 invasion and occupation of Kuwait. . . . At the close of the first summit between U.S. president Clinton and Russian president Yeltsin, the U.S. pledges $1.6 billion in immediate aid to Russia.

Haitian military authorities permit a group of more than 300 pro-Aristide demonstrators to march in Portau-Prince. The public protest marks the first time that Jean-Bertrand Aristide supporters have been allowed to demonstrate in Haiti since the coup in September 1991. . . . Reports indicate that the Department of National Defense is investigating the role played by Canadian soldiers in the deaths of two men in Somalia.

The Indonesian military captures Antonio Gomes da Costa, the acting leader of the leftist Revolutionary Front for the Independence of East Timor (Fretilin), a rebel group challenging Indonesian control of East Timor. Da Costa is also known by the guerrilla name of Mauhunu.

Armenian forces, using tanks and artillery, launch an offensive to seize the city of Fizuli in Azerbaijan.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 30–April 4, 1993—451

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Supreme Court decides, 7-2, in Arave v. Creech that an Idaho death-penalty law which allows for capital punishment in cases where the perpetrator has shown “utter disregard for human life” is not unconstitutionally vague. . . . In a publicized case, Jan and Roberta DeBoer are ordered to return their two-year-old adopted daughter to her biological parents, Cara and Daniel Schmidt

Gerald W. Weaver Jr., a former aide to former Rep. Joe Kolter (D, Pa.), pleads guilty to obstruction of justice and cocaine charges in the House Post Office scandal. . . . New York State’s former top jurist, Sol Wachtler, pleads guilty in U.S. District Court in New Jersey to a charge of threatening to kidnap the daughter of his former lover, Joy Silverman

Ramzi Ahmed Yousef is indicted in connection with the February bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City. . . . A federal grand jury in St. Louis indicts Saij Nijmeh, Luie Nijmeh, Tawfiq Musa, and Zein Isa (in prison in Missouri), who allegedly planned a series of terrorist acts for the Abu Nidal organization, considered one of the world’s most dangerous terrorist groups.

Health and Human Services Secretary Donna E. Shalala unveils a plan to make vaccines available free of charge to every American child under the age of two.

A bill to prevent violence at abortion clinics dies in the Florida state Senate. The measure receives attention because of the murder of Dr. David Gunn on Mar. 10 by an antiabortionist. . . . Joseph Meling, accused of lacing capsules of Sudafed with cyanide to kill his wife, is found guilty of murdering two people. While his wife survived, the tampering caused the deaths of two Washington residents and a nationwide recall of Sudafed. . . . Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.) is indicted on two felony counts of submitting false expense claims to the Senate.

The Clinton administration, citing Nicaragua’s progress on human rights, releases to the government of Pres. Violeta Chamorro $50 million in economic aid frozen since June 1992. . . . A German tourist, Barbara Meller Jensen, is killed near Miami International Airport by two men who rob, beat, and run over her.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Lan Bentsen, the son of Treasury Secretary Lloyd M. Bentsen, agrees to pay $28 million to the RTC to settle his past debts to University Savings Association, a failed Texas savings and loan.

Property and casualty insurance companies are expected to pay at least $1.625 billion in damage claims from the powerful winter storm that struck the East Coast March 13–14.

Richard Diebenkorn, 70, American painter of the post–World War II era, dies in Berkeley, California, of respiratory failure. . . . An Israeli district court judge awards an Israeli professor $44,000 for copyright infringement from the Biblical Archaeology Society, which published a book that includes his deciphering of one of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The House approves, 230-184, the final version of a budget resolution that sets general limits for taxation and spending, beginning in fiscal 1994.

Actor Brandon Lee, 27, dies after he is shot on a movie set in with a gun supposed to fire blanks. . . . Mitchell Parish (born Michael Parish), 92, lyricist who wrote “Star Dust” in 1929, dies in New York City of complications of a stroke.

The Senate, 55-45, passes the final version of a budget resolution that the House cleared Mar. 31. . . . The Office of Personnel Management finds that the administration of Pres. Bush issued an unusually high number of last-minute bonuses to high-level appointees during its final months. . . . . The House passes, 237-177, a bill that increases the debt ceiling to $4.37 trillion from $4.145 trillion. The limit has not been raised since the 1990 budget accord.

The FCC lifts limits on TV networks’ involvement in syndication, reversing a 1991 decision. . . . The FCC rules cable-TV companies must adhere to regulated rates for basic cable service. . . . The manufacturers of compact disks cease production of the “longbox,” used since 1980.

Steven M. Blush, the director of the Office of Nuclear Safety, announces his resignation, effective June 1. . . . Pres. Clinton convenes a conference in Portland, Oregon, to discuss the suspension of timber cutting on federal lands to protect the endangered northern spotted owl. Thousands of timber workers gather to demonstrate on behalf of expanded logging rights.

Reports state that the Justice Department admitted 36 of Haitian refugees has the U.S. in compliance with the Mar. 26 ruling that ordered medical treatment “to prevent any loss of life” for HIVpositive Haitians.

March 30

March 31

April 1

April 2

The Clinton administration orders NASA to work with Russia in designing a smaller and cheaper space station. Experts believe the move heralds an end to space rivalry between the former cold war adversaries.

A Christian journal founded in 1941, Christianity and Crisis, publishes its last edition. . . . Alexandre Mnouchkine, 85, French film producer, dies near Paris of heart failure. . . . Pinky Lee, 85, who hosted children’s TV shows in the 1950s and 1960s, dies in Mission Viejo, California, of a heart attack

Alfred M. Butts, 93, inventor of the board game Scrabble, dies in Rhinebeck, New York. . . . In basketball, Texas Tech senior forward Sheryl Swoopes is named the women’s player of the year. Calbert Cheaney, a senior forward for Indiana, wins the John Wooden Award.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 3

April 4

452—April 5–9, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

April 5

April 8

April 9

Asia & the Pacific

Reports disclose that the world’s largest open-pit silver mine, the Real de Los Angeles, is to close because of declining global silver prices. The mine, in Zacatecas state, Mexico employs more than 500 people.

Pakistani paramilitary forces prevent protesters from marching across Pakistan’s disputed border into Indian-ruled Kashmir. The security forces arrest the leader of the march. More than 500 protesters attend but are stopped in the town of Sehri, Pakistan, about two miles from the border. . . . Philippine president Fidel Ramos signs a bill granting himself emergency powers to deal with an electricity shortage that has disrupted the nation.

The human-rights group Americas Watch charges that a legal apparatus for repression had been created by Peruvian president Fujimori in the wake of his suspension of the constitution in 1992.

In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge reaffirms that it will not respect the results of an upcoming election, which it is boycotting. . . . During trading on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Nikkei stock average tops 20,000 for the first time in over a year.

Reports find that in the last year, an estimated 150,000 Bosnians have been killed or reported missing. . . . A tank of radioactive waste at a chemical plant in the Siberian city of Tomsk-7 explodes, causing minor contamination in the vicinity of the plant. No increase in radiation is detected in any northern or western European country. . . . U.S.-based Chevron and Kazakhstan sign documents to exploit vast oil fields on the northeastern shore of the Caspian Sea. . . . In France a Zairean immigrant, Nakome M’Bowole, 17, is slain inside a Paris police station in the immigrant district of Goutte d’Or.

April 6

April 7

The Americas

Hungary and Slovakia agree to refer their dispute over a Danube River hydroelectric power project to the World Court, formally called the International Court of Justice, in The Hague, the Netherlands.

In response to recent shootings of several unarmed young people by police, including Nakome M’Bowole, slain April 6, sporadic unrest breaks out in Paris and the northern city of Tourcoing, France.

Macedonia becomes the 181st member of the UN under the provisional name of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It is recognized by Great Britain. . . . The International Court of Justice states that Serbia and Montenegro, the republics remaining in the Yugoslav federation, should take measures to prevent genocide in Bosnia. . . . The UN Security Council votes to renew sanctions against Libya enacted in 1991 to pressure the country into surrendering suspects in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 and the 1989 bombing of UTA Flight 772.

A UN convoy carrying Gen. Philippe Morillon, the commander of UN forces in Bosnia, is surrounded by 300 Serbian civilian demonstrators. Morillon has to be airlifted from the scene in a flight that violates the UN no-fly zone over Bosnia. Separately, soldiers at a Serb checkpoint outside Sarajevo discover ammunition hidden on UN trucks among sacks of flour intended for Muslim civilians. . . . In Paris, France, a policeman, Pascal Compain, is charged with “voluntary homicide” in the killing of Nakome M’Bowole, slain April 6.

Reports indicate that more than a thousand Egyptian schoolgirls have been fainting. Egyptian health officials cannot find a medical reason for the mass fainting spells or why only girls have been affected. A similar spell of mass fainting occurred in the Israeli-occupied territories in 1983.

An UN electoral observer, Atsuhito Nakata, 25, and his Cambodian interpreter are gunned down while driving to a provincial capital to urge more protection for electoral volunteers. The killings prompt resignations from other volunteers.

U.S. planes and Iraqi antiaircraft batteries exchange fire over the UN-imposed “no-fly zone” in northern Iraq, the first such incident in two months.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 5–9, 1993—453

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Robert E. Lee, 81, former FCC member, 1953–81, dies in Arlington, Virginia, of liver cancer.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The Florida Marlins and the Colorado Rockies begin their first seasons in Major League Baseball. . . . The University of North Carolina Tar Heels win the NCAA basketball championship, 77-71, over the Michigan Wolverines.

The Senate by voice vote passes legislation raises the ceiling for federal borrowing to $4.37 trillion from $4.145 trillion. The House passed an identical bill on April 1.

St. Louis, Missouri, elects its first black mayor, Freeman Bosley Jr., a Democrat. . . . A New York Times/CBS News poll finds the majority of Americans are willing to accept major changes in the health-care system—including new taxes, government price controls, and longer waits for emergency treatment—if the measures can restrain health costs and ensure coverage for everyone. . . . Milan M. Vuitch, 78, doctor and advocate of abortion rights who defied prohibitions on abortion before the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling, dies in Washington, D.C., after suffering a stroke.

The Defense Department states it is recalling its team searching for U.S. servicemen presumed MIA in Cambodia during the Vietnam War era since searchers have come under fire from the Khmer Rouge. . . . A U.S. court-martial finds Marine Sergeant Harry Conde guilty of aggravated assault for shooting a 13-year-old Somali boy. He is punished by a fine of one month’s pay and a drop in rank of one grade. . . . In response to the April 2 killing of Barbara Meller Jensen, the sixth foreign tourist slain in Florida since December 1992, Germany issues a travel advisory to Miami-bound tourists.

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery’s flight is aborted 11 seconds before liftoff because of a malfunction in a computer that monitors a propellant valve.

Hugh Rodham, 82, the father of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. Rodham dies three weeks after suffering a stroke.

Bilal Alkaisi, a suspect who surrendered to the FBI March 24, is indicted by a federal grand jury in New York City for his role in the Feb. 26 bombing of the World Trade Center. A report by the Port Authority estimates that the cost of business disruption and reconstruction incurred by the blast is $591 million.

Mayor John C. Norquist (D) of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, warns residents the public water supply has been contaminated by an intestinal parasite, cryptosporidium. . . . In a controversial decision, the Financial Accounting Standards Board votes to seek changes in the way corporations compensate employees by proposing that companies deduct from their earnings the value of stock options granted.

A standoff in Waco, Texas, between law-enforcement officials and armed members of a religious cult led by David Koresh enters its 40th day. Data indicate Koresh and more than 90 followers, including 17 children, are still in the compound. . . . Marian Anderson, 96, whose triumphant performance at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday 1939 before an integrated audience of 75,000 is a landmark in civil-rights history, dies in Portland, Oregon, of congestive heart failure. . . . A study finds U.S. students’ mathtest scores improved overall in 1992, compared with 1990.

Police in Florida charge Leroy Rogers and Anthony Williams with the robbery and murder of a German tourist, Barbara Meller Jensen, in Miami.

Pres. Clinton sends to Congress a $1.52 trillion proposed budget for the fiscal year 1994, which will begin October 1.

Rep. Harold E. Ford (D, Tenn.) is acquitted on 18 counts of bank fraud and conspiracy. The acquittal of Ford, the only black elected to Congress from Tennessee, ends a decade-long battle marked by bitter racial tensions. . . . Steven Schneider, cult leader David Koresh’s second in command, states six cult members were killed in the Feb. 28 raid that also left four law-enforcement agents dead near Waco, Texas. . . . The board of the NAACP elects Benjamin Chavis Jr. to head the organization, succeeding Benjamin Hooks.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

April 5

April 6

Officials confirm that Pres. Clinton has nominated Sheldon Hackney, president of the University of Pennsylvania, to be the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

The Discovery blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. . . . Dr. John M. Morris, 78, gynecologist who developed the “morning after” birth-control pill and was known for his work on the Morris syndrome, dies in Woodbridge, Connecticut, of prostate cancer.

Joseph D. Soloveitchik, 90, influential rabbi and philosopher, dies in Brookline, Massachusetts, of heart failure.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration asks General Motors, the nation’s largest automobile company, to recall about 4.7 million pickup trucks made between 1973 and 1987. The trucks’ design has been blamed for several deadly fires following sideimpact collisions. GM claims the safety record of the trucks equals that of comparable vehicles.

April 7

April 8

April 9

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

454—April 10–15, 1993

World Affairs

Asia & the Pacific

Azerbaijan states that Armenian forces have captured 18 villages and mountain positions in the area of the town of Fizuli.

In South Africa, three whites die after they are dragged from their car and set on fire. In Soweto, police allegedly shoot and kill a man during a memorial service for Chris Hani, assassinated Apr. 10. . . . The Israeli cabinet agrees to continue indefinitely the March 30 closure order that blocks residents of the West Bank and Gaza Strip from entering Israel. The order prevents 65,000 Christians in the occupied territories from traveling to Jerusalem for Easter services.

A riot erupts at a maximum security facility in Pavoncito, 12 miles (18 km) south of Guatemala City, the Guatemalan capital. At least five people die.

Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao receives assurances from Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of Pakistan that Pakistani governmental agencies will join the search for the main suspects in a recent wave of bombings in Bombay, India, that left more than 300 people dead and 1,100 injured. Sharif’s promise of help tempers speculation that members of the Memon family of Bombay, the prime suspects in the March 12 bombings, have been granted safe haven in Pakistan.

Albania formally recognizes the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as a sovereign state. As Albania is only the second country to do so, Macedonia calls on the rest of the international community to recognize its statehood. . . . NATO aircraft start enforcing the United Nations-approved “no-fly zone” over Bosnia’s airspace.

After numerous violations, a twoweek-old ceasefire collapses as Serb gunners renew attacks on Sarajevo and Srebrenica, which is in eastern Bosnia.

Iranian president Hashemi Rafsanjani states that the fighting in Azerbaijan has moved so close to the Iranian border that it may become a security issue for Iran.

Some 1,200 prison inmates at a maximum security facility in Pavoncito, 12 miles (18 km) south of Guatemala City, release about 60 hostages taken Apr. 11 during a riot. Representatives of the prisoners and the government sign an agreement for better conditions at the prison. . . . Five soldiers die in fierce fighting near the Playa Grande military base in northern Guatemala. . . . Isaac F. Rojas, 86, Argentine admiral who helped topple Argentine dictator Juan Peron in 1955, dies in Buenos Aires of a heart ailment.

Police in Bombay, India, arrest four more suspects, bringing to 71 the total held in connection with the March bombings.

The Financial Times publishes details of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s overheads and lending figures, which reveal that the EBRD has spent twice as much on itself as it has on loans and investments in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.

The French government confirms that Gen. Philippe Morillon, the commander of UN forces in Bosnia, will be recalled.

Hezbollah guerrillas detonate a bomb that kills three Israeli soldiers near the village of Qattara outside Israel’s self-declared “security zone” in southern Lebanon. Israeli aircraft and artillery retaliate by attacking six Shi’ite Muslim villages near the security zone. Lebanese security officials report that eight civilians and an individual connected wih the UN were wounded in the Israeli attack.

The British Columbia government approves additional logging in an ancient temperate rainforest on the west coast of Vancouver Island, drawing controversy.

The Khmer Rouge closes its offices in Phnom Penh and withdraws from the Cambodian capital, lending further instability to a nation groping toward elections scheduled for late May. . . . Japan officially unveils a massive one-time public-spending package designed to stimulate the country’s stagnant economy. In response, the Nikkei stock average rises by 858.15 points, or 4.3%, to close at 20,740.29. This marks the first time the average has closed over 20,000 since March 1992.

Former U.S. president Bush makes his first visit to Kuwait, and Kuwaiti emir Sheik Jabir ‘al-Ahmed Al Sabah presents him with the nation’s highest civilian medal, the Mubarak the Great award, saying that it is “in gratitude for your enormous efforts in liberating Kuwait and your services toward world peace and understanding.”. . . The ANC marks Chris Hani’s Apr. 10 assassination. Four unarmed protesters by police outside a Soweto precinct house are shot and killed.

April 14

April 15

The Americas

Chris Hani, the secretary general of the South African Communist Party and a prominent African National Congress leader, is assassinated. After ANC president Nelson Mandela, Hani, 50, is considered the most popular black figure in South Africa, and his death provokes a surge of violence among his followers in the black townships, resulting in at least a dozen deaths. Police apprehend Janusz Walus in the slaying.

April 11

April 13

Africa & the Middle East

Rakhman N. Nabiyev, 62, communist president of Tajikistan who was forced from office in 1992, dies in Khudzhand, Tajikistan, of a heart attack.

April 10

April 12

Europe

An international consortium contracts for rights to develop Vietnam’s Dai Hung (Big Bear) oil field, the largest undeveloped oil field in Asia. . . . The Commission of the EC releases its annual report on U.S. trade barriers, which they argue corrects “the impression . . . that the U.S. has an open market.” . . . The G-7 nations unveil a $28.4 billion aid package for Russia at the end of a meeting in Tokyo.

The UN office in Baku, the Azerbaijan capital, estimates that about 62,000 people were displaced by the Apr. 3 attack on Kelbadzhar. . . . Reports suggest that Armenia may rehabilitate a disused nuclear power plant to supply electricity to homes and industry. . . . The political corruption scandal in Italy continues as Premier Andreotti denies that he had meetings with leading Mafia officials.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 10–15, 1993—455

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Figures show that, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, between 183,000 and 281,000 people have become sick from the parasite in the water supply since Mar. 1. Authorities confirmed that the water was contaminated on Apr. 7.

At the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility near Lucasville, about 70 miles (110 km) south of Columbus, eight guards are overpowered and taken hostage. Ten guards and several dozen inmates are injured in the fight. About 450 of the prisoners barricade themselves with the captured guards in their cellblock, which is subsequently surrounded by other prison officers, police, and members of the National Guard.

April 10

The crew of the U.S. space shuttle Discovery deploys a small $6 million Spartan satellite to study the sun’s corona, or outer layer of gas.

April 11

At the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility near Lucasville, the inmates release the bodies of six men who had been beaten to death. . . . As the siege that started Feb. 28 in Waco, Texas, continues, authorities begin laying barbed-wire coils around the Branch Davidian compound.

Federal officials disclose that Barry Feinstein, one of New York City’s most influential labor leaders, has agreed to a permanent banishment from the International Brotherhood of Teamsters as part of a settlement to resolve noncriminal charges that Feinstein, 58, improperly used as much as $500,000 in union funds for personal expenses. . . . Marvin Mitchelson, divorce lawyer for celebrities who pioneered the concept of “palimony,” is sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined $2.1 million for tax evasion.

An FDA advisory panel recommends that an electric wire, or lead, be approved as a way of controlling tachycardia, or rapid heartbeat. . . . Tele-Communications Inc., the nation’s largest cable-television company, unveils a $2 billion development plan that calls for the installation of high-capacity fiberoptic lines in all of its cable technology systems. The program is the largest ever announced in the U.S.

Sherry Davis works her first game as the public-address announcer at San Francisco’s Candlestick Park and becomes the first full-time female public-address announcer in major league history.

Bennie Thompson (D), a county supervisor, wins a special runoff election succeed Mike Espy (D) as the representative of Mississippi’s second House District. Espy had resigned his seat after becoming President Clinton’s secretary of agriculture. Thompson becomes only the second black, after Espy, to be elected to Congress from Mississippi since 1884.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board votes to force financial institutions and insurers to report, in their financial statements, the current market value of certain investment bonds they hold. The requirement will take effect in 1994. . . . The Resolution Trust Corp. announces that it will revamp its sales strategy to provide more opportunities for smaller investors to acquire its assets.

The Discovery crew retrieves the satellite they deployed Apr. 11.

Wallace Earle Stegner, 84, author who won the 1972 Pulitzer Prize, dies in Santa Fe, New Mexico, of injuries suffered in a car accident Mar. 28. . . . Pulitzer Prize winners are announced, and they include David McCullough, Christopher Rouse, Louise Gluck, Tony Kushner, Garry Wills, and Robert Olen Butler.

Reports suggest that Attorney General Janet Reno has instructed the Justice Department to investigate the high number of alleged suicides in Mississippi prisons. Data shows that 47 people have been found hanged in Mississippi while in police custody since 1987.

Mayor John C. Norquist (D) of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, lifts his April 7 advisory about the contaminated public water supply. Figures indicate that thousands of people fell sick from the organism and up to six died.

NASA technicians discover that one of the solid-fuel booster rockets on the spacecraft Discovery that parachuted and were recovered in the Atlantic Ocean successfully flew into space, despite a pair of eight-inch (20-cm) pliers lodged in an opening near the base.

Reports state that Pope John Paul II has ordered 14 Carmelite nuns to their convent on the grounds of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The move heads off planned protests. . . . Don Calhoun, 23, an office equipment salesman, wins $1 million when he sinks a threequarter basketball court shot at Chicago Stadium.

At the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, in a state of siege since Apr. 11, the body of a slain prison guard, Robert Vallandingham, is found. Inmates give live interviews and release a hostage. . . . A survey of male sexuality causes controversy when it suggests the average U.S. male has intercourse once a week, and the number of exclusively homosexual men makes up only 1% of the population. Both figures are commonly thought to be higher.

Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt announces an agreement with the Georgia-Pacific company on a plan that will protect the endangered red cockaded woodpecker. The species-protection agreement reportedly is the first of its kind between the government and a private landowner. . . . The FEC orders Jesse Jackson to repay $122,031 in federal matching funds granted to his unsuccessful 1988 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination.

Robert Westall, 63, author who won the Carnegie Medal, dies in Cheshire, England, of respiratory failure caused by pneumonia. . . . Leslie Charteris (born Leslie Charles Bowyer Yin), 85, mystery writer who created the character of Simon Templar, dies in Windsor, England.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 12

April 13

April 14

April 15

456—April 16–20, 1993

April 16

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Japanese premier Kiichi Miyazawa meets with U.S. president Clinton in Washington, D.C. The contentious issue of the widening U.S.-Japan trade imbalance dominates the first-ever meeting between the two men, who lead the world’s two largest economies.

Russia’s Supreme Court suspends indefinitely the Moscow trial of the 12 alleged ringleaders of the failed August 1991 coup against thenSoviet president Gorbachev because one of the defendants fell ill. . . . In central Bosnia, a nominal alliance between Moslems and Croats against their common Serb enemy breaks down as fighting erupts. . . . Members of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) hold their second one-day strike against British Rail in two weeks.

A car bomb explodes near a roadside restaurant in the West Bank. One Palestinian dies and several Palestinians and Israelis are wounded by the explosion. Hamas claims responsibility. The Palestinians deported in December 1992 organize a “death march” from their encampment toward the Israeli border. They call on the Palestinian delegation in Damascus to reject resuming the Arab-Israeli peace talks. Israeli troops fire shells at the deportees, who abandon the march after one man is injured.

A helicopter crashes in central Afghanistan, some 100 miles (160 km) north of Kabul, killing 15 people including two U.S. journalists, Sharon Herbaugh, and Natasha Singh. . . . Reports find that 700 UN electoral volunteers in Cambodia have demanded that UNTAC provide them with adequate security or they will abandon their efforts in the country. . . . The Asian Development Bank predicts average economic growth rates in 1993 and 1994 of 7% in the Asia-Pacific region, excluding Japan.

In Chechen-Ingushetia, Parliament begins impeachment proceedings against Gen. Dzhokhar Dudayev in response to his April 17 act. . . . The Serbs and Srebrenica’s Muslim defenders sign a cease-fire pact under which the town and environs becomes a UN “safe area” for the civilians there, many of whom are refugees.

At least 100 separatist rebels perish at Youtou, in southern Senegal, in a battle between the Senegalese army and the MFDC, which has been fighting for autonomy of the Casamance region since 1982. Two government soldiers are killed. . . .Gunmen in two cars kill 19 blacks and wound 23 in the black township of Sebokeng, South Africa, southwest of Johannesburg. . . . An Israeli lawyer who represented the EC is stabbed to death in the EC office in Gaza. A militant group linked to the PFLP claims responsibility.

Pres. Ghulam Ishaq Khan of Pakistan ousts Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and dissolves the National Assembly, capping a months-long power struggle between the two men. Balakh Sher Mazari, 70, a member of Parliament and a prominent landowner from the province of Punjab, is named caretaker prime minister. It is the third time in five years that a government has been dissolved in Pakistan.

After reports of impropriety that started April 13, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development agrees to tighten its budget process.

A ceremony in Warsaw, Poland, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Jewish ghetto uprising which lasted for three weeks as Nazis burned down the ghetto house by house, is attended by Polish president Lech Walesa, U.S. vice president Al Gore, and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, who becomes the first Israeli head of state to visit Poland. Several thousand others mark the anniversary, including a number of survivors of the Nazi death camps.

In South Africa, slain black leader Chris Hani is buried after a funeral attended by more than 80,000 mourners. The Financial Times notes that there have been 28 politically motivated killings since Hani’s death—a figure well below the weekly average.

The IMF announces that it has developed a new program, the “Systemic Transformation Facility,” that will provide Russia and the other former Soviet republics with a total of between $4 billion and $6 billion in loans over the next 18 months.

The German government announces that it will send about 1,600 troops to join the United Nations peacekeeping force in Somalia.

Egyptian minister of information Mohammed Safwat el-Sharif escapes an assassination attempt in which two gunmen injure his bodyguard and driver with machine-gun fire.

April 18

April 20

Asia & the Pacific

After several days of street protests, Gen. Dzhokhar Dudayev, president of the autonomous enclave of Chechen-Ingushetia in Russia, dissolves government and Parliament and imposes direct presidential rule. . . . Turgut Ozal, 66, president of Turkey who was elected as premier in 1983 and 1987 before he engineered his election to the largely ceremonial post of president, the powers of which he expanded, dies of heart failure in Ankara.

April 17

April 19

The Americas

Curragh Inc. and two of its senior managers are charged with manslaughter and criminal negligence causing death in connection with an explosion at the Westray mine in Nova Scotia, Canada, that killed 26 miners in May 1992.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 16–20, 1993—457

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Circuit Court judge Alan Bonebrake sentences Sue Gifford to five years of probation for abandoning her now-deceased father, afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease, at an Idaho dog-racing track. . . . Pres. Clinton meets with leaders of gay and lesbian rights advocacy groups. It is the first official meeting between a sitting president and leaders of the homosexual community.

A federal judge in New York City sentences Khaled Mohammed elJassem, 45, to a maximum of 30 years in prison for attempting to blow up two Israeli banks and an Israeli airline terminal in New York in March 1973. Khaled Mohammed el-Jassem has been described as a “high-ranking administrative official” in the Palestine Liberation Organization.

U.S. District Judge William A. Ingram overturns a 1992 jury verdict that barred Advanced Micro Devices Inc. from selling clones of the 486 model microchip pioneered by the semiconductor industry leader, Intel Corp.

The Clinton administration unveils a new computer chip that allows users to send data in indecipherable code yet permit law-enforcement agencies to eavesdrop. Called the Clipper Chip, it is a major improvement over the Data Encryption Standard, which is based on technology from the 1960s.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

April 16

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery touches down on the Kennedy airstrip after carrying out a mission devoted to analyzing Earth’s atmosphere.

In the federal trial of Los Angeles police officers involved in the videotaped attack on Rodney King, Officer Laurence Powell, who delivered the majority of baton blows inflicted on King, and Sergeant Stacey C. Koon, the ranking officer at the scene who did not issue any blows, are convicted of civil-rights violations. Officer Theodore Briseno and former officer Timothy E. Wind are acquitted of depriving King of his civil rights.

April 17

Dame Elisabeth Frink, 62, sculptor who was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982, dies in Dorset, England, of cancer. . . . Tom Wargo, 50, becomes the first club professional since 1979 to win the PGA’s Senior Championship in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.

At the compound of the Branch Davidians led by David Koresh, federal agents in armored vehicles begin pumping tear gas into the structure after a 51-day standoff. Hours after the tear gas attacks, the compound is set on fire and burns to the ground in what the FBI describes as a mass suicide. Nine cultists escape. . . . South Dakota governor George S. Mickelson, 52, (R), who was first elected in 1986, dies in a plane crash. Seven others also die in the crash.

An issue of Fortune shows that the aggregate profits of the nation’s 500 largest industrial corporations totaled $10.5 million in 1992. . . . Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue agree to pay $51 million to the RTC to settle charges it indirectly aided ongoing fraud at the failed Lincoln Savings and Loan Association.

Reports confirm that Roussel-Uclaf S.A. of France, the maker of the abortion pill RU-486, has agreed to license the controversial drug to an American nonprofit research organization as a step toward eventual marketing in the U.S.

The Giant Panda Conservation Action Plan, a program to bolster the population of the endangered giant panda, is unveiled. . . . The Chicago Board of Trade withdraws its offer to take over the operations of Comex. . . . The Supreme Court rules unanimously that older employees cannot sue their employer on grounds of age discrimination solely because they were fired before their pension would have vested. However, the court finds grounds for a suit if an employer has acted “recklessly” in terminating older workers.

Fifteen major European and American pharmaceutical companies announce that they agreed to collaborate on human trials for drugs to combat AIDS.

Reverend Joseph A. Sellinger, 72, president of Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland since 1964, dies of pancreatic cancer.

Reports state that E. Annie Proulx has won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for her first novel, Postcards. Proulx is the first woman to win the award in its 13-year history. . . . Cantinflas (born Mario Moreno), 81, comic actor who was often compared to film comedian Charlie Chaplin and was revered in Mexico for his philanthropy, dies in Mexico.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 18

April 19

April 20

458—April 21–27, 1993

April 21

April 22

Europe

The World Bank states it will resume aid to Kenya. . . . U.S. president Bill Clinton announces that he will sign an international biodiversity pact drawn up at the 1992 United Nations-sponsored Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The funeral procession for Pres. Turgut Ozal passes through Ankara, Turkey.

Israeli military forces and the Israelibacked south Lebanese militia exchange fire with Iranian-backed Hezbollah (Party of God) guerrillas in southern Lebanon. Israeli police commander Rafi Peled announces that he suspended several Israeli border patrol guards who filmed beating a Palestinian youth. Israeli troops shoot and kill two Palestinian teenagers and wound some 60 other people in the Gaza Strip, according to Palestinian sources.

Bolivia’s Supreme Court sentences Gen. Luis Garcia Meza, Bolivia’s military dictator in 1980–81, to 30 years in prison for murder, corruption, and abuse of constitutional power during his 14-month rule. Garcia Meza, who disappeared in 1989, is sentenced in absentia. . . . Brazilians vote decisively in a binding plebiscite to maintain the nation as a presidential republic.

Reports confirm that the Arab Monetary Fund, in conjunction with other Arab financial institutions, has estimated that the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War cost the region $676 billion in 1990–91.

Italian premier Giuliano Amato resigns in the middle of a sweeping corruption scandal and the wake of a referendum mandating government reform.

An Egyptian military court sentences seven Islamic militants to death for a series of attacks on foreign tourists. The court also sets prison sentences for 25 other militants and acquits 17 defendants. Both the convicted and acquitted defendants are members of the Islamic Group, a radical religious organization dedicated to the overthrow of the Egyptian government. . . . Andries Treurnicht, 72, pro-apartheid founder of South Africa’s Conservative Party, dies in Cape Town from complications following heart-bypass surgery.

The Peruvian army deploys tanks in the streets of Lima in a defiant gesture of support for Gen. Nicolas de Bari Hermoza, who was called to testify in regard to purported army involvement in the alleged killings of nine students and a professor in July 1992. The act prompts the U.S. government and the OAS to remind Pres. Alberto Fujimori that grants of aid to Peru will be conditioned on its efforts to restore democracy and on Peru’s respect for human rights.

Guido Carli, 79, former Italian treasury minister, 1989–92 and central bank governor, 1960–75, dies in Spoleto, Italy, of a heart attack.

Voters in Eritrea, a province on the Red Sea coast of Ethiopia, overwhelmingly approve a referendum on declaring independence from Ethiopia. The results legitimize a de facto sovereignty in effect since Eritrean guerrillas vanquished the Ethiopian army in 1991 after nearly 30 years of civil war.

In Sri Lanka, Lalith Athulathmudali, the leader of the opposition Democratic United National Front, is assassinated on the outskirts of Colombo moments after he begins addressing a campaign rally.

The outlawed Provisional Irish Republican Army detonates a massive truck bomb in Bishopsgate, in the City of London financial district. One man is killed, 45 other people are injured, and dozens of buildings are damaged.

Oliver Reginald Tambo, 75, former president of South Africa’s antiapartheid African National Congress, 1967–89, who was elected as national chairman of the ANC in 1991, dies in Johannesburg after suffering a stroke.

President Fidel Ramos removes 62 top-ranking officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in the biggest law-enforcement shake-up in the nation’s history. The move is part of the government’s response to the corruption and rights abuses that has marked the PNP in recent years.

April 23

April 24

In a nationwide referendum, Russian president Boris Yeltsin gets a vote of confidence. . . . Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope to visit Albania. He is accompanied by Mother Teresa, the 1979 Nobel Peace laureate.

April 25

April 26

April 27

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Mexico, the rightist opposition National Action Party (PAN) spearheads a march in Merida, the Yucatan state capital, which brings out an estimated 40,000 demonstrators. The activists are protesting the delay of gubernatorial elections.

The International Monetary Fund projects that the world economy will grow by 2.2% in 1993, down from the 3.6% growth figure predicted in October 1992. The world economy is projected to grow by 3.4% in 1994.

Despite the devastation and the displacement of as many as 20,000 workers from the Apr. 25 bomb, London’s leading financial markets open for business. . . . Italian president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro selects Carlo Azeglio Ciampi as the nation’s new premier, succeeding Giuliano Amato.

Reports disclose that Charles Nqakula has been named to replace the slain Chris Hani as secretary general of the South African Communist Party.

Five gunmen seize the Supreme Court building in San Jose, the capital of Costa Rica, and they abduct 19 of the court’s justices and five of its administrative staff. Calling themselves the “Commandos of Death,” the hostage takers are led by two brothers, Guillermo and Gilberto Fallas Elizondo.

An Indian Airlines Boeing 737 jetliner carrying 118 passengers and crew crashes shortly after takeoff from Aurangabad, western India. More than 70 people are killed.

The U.S., Italy, Sudan, and Egypt become the first countries to formally recognize Eritrea as a separate country. . . . Tajikistan becomes the 177th member of the International Monetary Fund. It is admitted with an initial quota of 40 million Special Drawing Rights (US$57.7 million).

Tougher UN sanctions go into effect against the rump Yugoslav Federation (Serbia and its ally Montenegro). The sanctions are implemented after Serbs in BosniaHerzegovina, ignoring a UN deadline, refuses a second time to endorse a peace plan. Serb militiamen attack the Muslim enclave around the town of Bihac in northwestern Bosnia, capturing three villages in the area.

The Republic of Yemen holds its first parliamentary election since its 1990 unification. The balloting is the first multiparty election on the Arabian peninsula. It is also the first Arabian election in which women can vote. . . . Kuwaiti defense minister Ali al-Salim Al Sabah discloses that Kuwaiti authorities have arrested a group of Iraqis who intended to assassinate George Bush during his visit to the emirate.

The gunmen who are holding most of Costa Rica’s Supreme Court justices hostage release one judge, who is suffering from heart trouble, and lower their ransom demand to $8 million.

An Afghan military transport plane carrying more than 70 people crashes near the town of Tashkurghan in northern Afghanistan. At least 71 people are killed in the crash. . . . Michael Lavarch becomes the first Australian minister not to pledge allegiance to the queen of England when he is sworn in as attorney general. Lavarch pledges instead to serve “the Commonwealth of Australia.”

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 21–27, 1993—459

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

A siege that started Apr. 11 at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility near Lucasville ends when inmates reach an agreement with prison officials. The five remaining hostages are released. At least nine inmates and a guard were killed during the incident. . . . The FBI calculates that 86 cult members, including David Koresh, perished in the flames at the compound in Waco, Texas, Aug. 19. Data shows that 17 children died, and 36 bodies are found.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Christie’s International PLC of London announces that it has purchased Spink & Son Ltd., founded in 1666 and one of the world’s largest art dealers. . . . Bassist for the Rolling Stones Bill Wyman, 56, marries fashion designer and model Suzanne Accosta, 33.

The Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., created to honor the more than 6 million Jews and millions of others systematically exterminated by Nazi Germany, is dedicated in a ceremony attended by an estimated 9,000 people. . . . A circuit-court jury convicts Alabama governor Guy Hunt (R) of diverting money for his personal use from a nonprofit fund set up to bankroll his 1987 gubernatorial inauguration. He is the fourth governor in U.S. history and the first since 1977 to be convicted of a felony while in office.

The U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, recommends the expulsion of six of 28 midshipmen accused of cheating on an examination. The cheating incident is reportedly the worst in the Naval Academy since 1974.

The dollar closes in New York at 109.95 yen, putting the yen at a record high. . . . Merrill Lynch & Co., the country’s largest brokerage firm, announces that it will spend between $10 million and $15 million, plus interest, to settle SEC charges that it had mispriced some of its investment trusts between 1972 and 1987. . . . In the HUD scandal, lawyer Maurice Steier is sentenced to two years’ probation and ordered to carry out 300 hours of community service.

A Maryland jury finds Bernard Eric Miller, 17, guilty of murder and robbery in the 1992 carjacking death of a woman, Pam Basu, whose infant daughter Miller allegedly threw from the car. . . . Judge R. Benjamin Cohen sentences Christopher Archer, 21, and twins Kevin and Kyle Scherzer, 22, to up to 15 years in youth detention for sexually assaulting a mildly retarded woman in 1989.

A Defense Department report, prepared by acting Pentagon Inspector General Derek J. Vander Schaaf, into the September 1991 convention of the “Tailhook” aviators’ group in Las Vegas finds that 90 people were sexually assaulted at the convention and indicates that at least 117 officers may face disciplinary action over the affair.

A Rhode Island Superior Court jury convicts Joseph Mollicone Jr. on 26 counts related to his alleged embezzlement, which precipitated the worst banking crisis in the state’s history in 1991. . . . Cesar Estrada Chavez, 66, labor leader who organized the National Farm Workers Association in 1962, which later became the United Farm Workers of America, and who was known for using nonviolent protest tactics, is found dead in San Luis, Arizona.

April 21

April 22

April 23

Sergeant Jose M. Zuniga, the Sixth Army’s Soldier of the Year in 1992. publicly reveals his homosexuality at a reception in Washington, D.C.

April 24

Hundreds of thousands of homosexuals, bisexuals, and their supporters march in Washington, D.C., demanding equal rights and freedom from discrimination. Estimates of the crowd vary from 300,000 to 1 million.

Seventeen insurance companies file a lawsuit in a federal court, seeking damages for losses incurred from a $155 million investment in Phar-Mor Inc., the fraudridden discount-drug chain currently in bankruptcy protection.

In the inflammatory case of the Spur Posse, a group of California teenaged boys who set up a point system based on sexual “conquests,” one person pleads no contest to a charge of lewd conduct with a minor and is sentenced to at least nine months in a juvenile detention center.

In Edenfield v. Fane, the Supreme Court rules, 8-1, that states cannot bar certified public accountants from soliciting prospective business clients.

The Vermont legislature approves a sweeping ban on smoking.

Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association denounce the findings of an Exxon Corp. study of into the longterm environmental damage created when the Exxon Valdez spilled 11 million gallons of heavy crude oil along Alaska’s Prince William Sound in 1989. They particularly disagree with Exxon’s overall finding that Prince William Sound is “almost fully recovered” from the spill.

April 25

The space shuttle Columbia blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, to carry out a mission devoted to performing scientific experiments for the German Space Agency.

Reports confirm that the 15th annual Pritzker Architecture Prize for lifetime achievement was awarded to Fumihiko Maki, a Japanese architect. . . . Reports state that a little-known comedy writer, Conan O’Brien, 30, will replace David Letterman as host of NBC’s Late Night talk show.

April 26

April 27

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

460—April 28–May 3, 1993

World Affairs

UN investigators disclose that they have gathered information on more than 1,000 alleged war crimes in Bosnia and Croatia. The alleged crimes include the killing of 250 sick and wounded Croats taken from hospitals in a Serb-occupied enclave in Croatia in 1991.

April 28

Some 50 environmental ministers from Europe, North America, and Japan approve the Environmental Action Program, a scheme designed by the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to combat environmental damage in Central and Eastern Europe.

May 3

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Mexican police shoot to death Emilio Quintero Payan, 42, the socalled Guadalajara cocaine cartel’s leader. . . . In Guatemala, the army reports that rebels launched rocket attacks on two military bases. . . . The five gunmen who began a siege Apr. 26 in Costa Rica are arrested after freeing their captives.

Representatives from China and Taiwan sign agreements specifying areas of cooperation and calling for the assumption of regular dialogue between government officials. It is the highest level of contact between the two countries since the end of China’s civil war in 1949.

A mass funeral is held in Sebokeng, southwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, for victims of the Apr. 18 massacre, in which 19 people died.

A Lebanese military court rules that the organizers of a 1983 suicide bombing attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut committed a political crime. The five-member court also describes the 1986 assassination of French colonel Christian Gouttiere as a political act. According to the terms of a 1991 general amnesty associated with the 1975–90 Lebanese civil war, political crimes cannot be punished. . . . The Israeli government allows 15 Palestinians to cross by bridge from Jordan.

Witnesses reports that 700 civilians in northwestern Guatemala have fled to Mexico to escape the army’s gunfire and aerial bombardment of their jungle communities. The reports suggest that, since April 2, about 3,000 soldiers, aided by helicopters and planes, have harassed communities in the Ixcan jungle.

In Russia’s worst political violence since August 1991, a march attended by several ex-Soviet leaders accused of conspiring in the 1991 coup is halted by police at Gagarin Square. The demonstrators attack the police, and 570 people, including 355 policemen, are injured. . . . Sporadic fighting continues across Bosnia. . . . Pierre Beregovoy, 67, former French finance minister, 1984–86, 1988–92, and French premier, 1992–93, shoots and kills himself in Nevers, France, amid accusations of economic mismanagement.

Results from the Republic of Yemen April 27 elections prompt the three main parties to suggest they govern by coalition in order to avoid conflict over the transfer of power. The electoral outcome virtually assures the continued administration of Pres. Ali Abdullah Saleh, who has led North Yemen since 1978.

The Peruvian army recaptures Lucero Cumpa, a leader of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, who escaped from the maximum-security Canto Grande prison in Lima, the capital, during a mass prison break in July 1990.

Kuwait announces a plan to dig a security trench along its 120-mile (200-km), poorly demarcated, international boundary with Iraq set out by the UN in 1992.

At least 10 people are killed and 20 are wounded by mortar or artillery attacks on Sarajevo. Fighting in the eastern Bosnian Muslim enclave of Gorazde takes the lives of at least six people. . . . In Moscow, 300 communists and nationalists gather peacefully outside the Russian White House.

Jordan’s King Hussein celebrates his 40th anniversary in power. . . . Oliver Tambo, a former president of the ANC, is buried, and his funeral is attended by numerous black liberation leaders and by U.S. civilrights activist Rev. Jesse Jackson, U.S. health and human services secretary Donna Shalala, and American poet Maya Angelou.

Ethiopia formally recognizes Eritrea as a sovereign nation. . . . Reports suggest Iraq has repeated its territorial claim to Kuwait as the 19th province of Iraq. . . . The World Health Organization votes to ban the rump Yugoslav Federation from the agency’s work. The vote does not affect WHO’s humanitarian work in the former Yugoslav republics. . . . Officials disclose a plan to send between 50,000 and 70,000 NATO troops to Bosnia.

A series of work stoppages in eastern Germany by the powerful IG Metall union begins. . . . Clashes occur between Muslim and Croat forces in central Bosnia.

The Israeli government allows 14 Palestinians deported between 1967 and 1987 to return to the Israeli-occupied territories from Jordan. . . . In Saudi Arabia, six conservative Islamic figures form the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights, a group which may challenge the absolute power of the Saudi royal family.

May 1

May 2

Africa & the Middle East

Queen Elizabeth II announces that for the first time her residence at Buckingham Palace in London will be opened to tourists. The planned opening is set for August 7.

April 29

April 30

Europe

Pres. Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka is assassinated by a suicide bomber in Colombo, the capital, during a state-sponsored May Day parade. In the attack, 24 other people are killed. Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, 71, takes the oath of office as interim president and imposes a nationwide curfew.

In Cambodia, more than 200 Khmer Rouge guerrillas carry out a raid on the provincial capital of Siem Reap. The attackers hold the airport until they are driven off by soldiers of the Cambodian government.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 28–May 3, 1993—461

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Five Branch Davidians are indicted by a grand jury on charges of conspiracy to murder federal officials. . . . Attorney General Janet Reno and ATF director Stephen Higgins testify about the siege in Waco, Texas, that ended with a fire Apr. 19. . . . Pres. Clinton names Lee Brown to serve as the director of his Office of National Drug Control Policy.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin removes the Defense Department’s restrictions on women’s participation in aerial combat.

The first Take Your Daughter to Work Day, a program to enhance the self-esteem of girls by offering them a firsthand appreciation of the range of career opportunities open to women, is held. An estimated 200,000 to 1 million girls participate. . . . Pres. Clinton names Arthur Levitt Jr., 62, to replace Richard Breeden as chairman of the SEC. . . . Scientists for Exxon attack the Apr. 27 findings of the NOAA.

Intel Corp. files suit in a U.S. District Court in San Jose, California, against semiconductor rival Advanced Micro Devices Inc., charging AMD with infringing “numerous” Intel copyrights

Valentina S. Grizodubova, 83, the Soviet Union’s version of American aviator Amelia Earhart, dies in Russia from complications of a stomach ulcer. . . . James (Jim) Valvano, 47, former North Carolina State basketball coach, dies in Durham, North Carolina, of cancer.

Gov. Jim Folsom Jr. (D) of Alabama bans flying the Confederate battle flag from the dome of the state’s Capitol building. . . . Pres. Clinton asks Lani Guinier to head the civilrights division of the Justice Department. . . . Authorities revise the death toll from the Apr. 19 fire in Waco, Texas to about 72.

Staff Sergeant Jeff E. Gregory is arrested for alleged involvement in an espionage ring in Germany. . . . Discharge proceedings against Sergeant Jose M. Zuniga, the Sixth Army’s Soldier of the Year in 1992, who publicly revealed his sexual orientation on April 24, begin.

In what is reportedly the first courtroom test of the theory that electromagnetic fields around high-voltage wires can cause cancer, a jury in San Diego, California, rules against Ted and Michele Zuidema, who claim the power lines over their house gave their daughter, Mallory, 5, a rare form of kidney cancer. . . . About 120 current and former gang members from some two dozen U.S. cities gather at what is called the National Urban Peace & Justice Summit. Those in attendance call for an end to gang violence and police brutality and urge job-creation programs for “at-risk youth.”

Defense Secretary Les Aspin fires Major General Michael J. Butchko Jr., a senior air force general, for mismanaging the C-17 jet transport development program. Butchko states he will retire from the Air force a year early, on June 1.

Floyd Burdette (Ben) Schwartzwalder, 83, coach of the Syracuse University Orangemen football team, 1949–73, dies in St. Petersburg, Florida, of a heart attack.

Reports show that scientists have discovered fossilized microorganisms believed to be 3.485 billion years old, or 1.3 billion years older than any previous similar finds. The find challenges concepts about the rate at which life developed on earth.

Warren P. Knowles, 84, Republican governor of Wisconsin, 1965–71, who attracted national attention in 1969 when he called National Guard troops to subdue student protests at the University of Wisconsin’s Madison campus, dies in Black River Falls, Wisconsin, of a heart attack.

Sea Hero wins the 119th Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.

Reports from government financial experts estimate that Pres. Clinton’s health-care reform plans will require between $100 billion and $150 billion per year in new public and private spending.

In U.S. v. Padilla, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that a conspirator in a drug-related felony cannot challenge the legality of evidence seized in an unconstitutional manner from a criminal partner. . . . A team of therapists who worked with 19 of the 21 children who left the cult of Branch Davidians during the siege in Waco, Texas between February and April notes that cult leader David Koresh had “wives” as young as 11.

Monica Seles, 19, the world’s topranked female tennis player, is stabbed in the back while courtside between games. Security officials subdue the attacker, who claims to be a fan of Steffi Graf, the world’s second-ranked woman. . . . David Waymer, 34, defensive back in the National Football League since 1980, dies in Mooresville, North Carolina, after suffering seizures and collapsing.

Julio Gallo, 83, vintner who helped build the massive E. & J. Gallo Winery, which sold an estimated 150 million gallons of wine a year and claimed about 26% of the U.S. wine market, dies near Tracy, California, in an automobile accident.

Levi Strauss & Co., an internationally known U.S. clothing manufacturer, announces that it will terminate most of its agreements with Chinese contractors because of what the company terms China’s “pervasive violation of human rights.” . . . Chris Patten becomes the first sitting Hong Kong governor to meet with a U.S. President.

April 28

April 29

April 30

May 1

May 2

The FCC releases its regulations governing cable-television rates. . . . The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller is at the top of the bestseller list.

The United Farm Workers of America announces that Arturo Rodriguez will succeed Cesar Chavez as president of the union. . . . Data shows that the purchasing managers’ index fell to 49.7% in April. A measure below 50% for the index indicates a contracting manufacturing sector. . . . In its quarterly earnings review, The Wall Street Journal finds that the net income of 578 major corporations totaled $21.99 billion in the first quarter.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 3

462—May 4–9, 1993

May 4

World Affairs

Europe

In Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, the UN takes control of the multinational relief effort from the U.S., who began the mission in December 1992. U.S. Marine Lt. Gen. Robert Johnson officially passes authority to Lt. Gen. Cevik Bir of Turkey. Bir will command a new force expected to involve 28,000 troops.

Serb forces in eastern Bosnia begin shelling the Muslim enclave of Zepa.

May 5

May 6

Reports confirm the World Bank has approved $750 million of new loans to Poland after it passed privatization legislation. . . . The UN Security Council declares the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, and the five remaining Muslim strongholds in the country—Bihac, Gorazde, Tuzla, Srebrenica, and Zepa—to be "safe areas."

May 7

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific In Cambodia, Chinese and Polish units of the UN peacekeeping contingent are the targets of a rocket and mortar attack. No UN injuries are immediately reported in the assault, which occurs about 85 miles (135 km) north of Phnom Penh in Kompong Thom province. In a separate incident, a Japanese peacekeeper, Haruyuki Takata, 33, dies when a six-vehicle UN convoy is ambushed in Bantey Meanchey province in the northwest.

In Poland, 300,000 public-school teachers strike for higher wages and more government spending on education.

The government of Iraq closes its border with Jordan, its only legal point of transfer, in order to put through a recall of Iraqi 25-dinar banknotes.

The self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb parliament rejects for a third time the UN-backed peace plan for Bosnia-Herzegovina, despite appeals by Serb president Milosevic, Yugoslav Federation president Cosic, and Greek premier Mitsotakis. Reports state that at least 130 people have been killed in Zepa since May 3. . . . Reports find that Kyrgyzstan has adopted its first post-Soviet constitution. . . . Reports state retired U.S. Army colonel Aleksander Einseln has agreed to become the commander in chief of Estonia’s armed forces.

An estimated 3,000–5,000 white farmers assemble in the Transvaal town of Potchefstroom to voice their opposition to the transition to black-majority rule in South Africa.

Peruvian general Rodolfo Robles Espinoza, the army’s third-ranking officer, seeks asylum at the U.S. embassy in Lima. He immediately declares that a university professor and students missing since 1992 were killed by an army intelligence unit.

Ranasinghe Premadasa, Sri Lanka’s assassinated president, is cremated in Colombo, the capital.

Serbs in the northern town of Banja Luka blow up two 16th-century mosques. The destruction of the Ferhad Pasha and Arnaudija mosques, dating from 1583 and 1587, respectively, is condemned by Yugoslav president Dobrica Cosic as a barbaric act. . . . Italy’s new premier, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, wins a vote of confidence in Italy’s parliament.

Saudi Arabian authorities publicly behead three people, bringing the total number of executions in 1993 to at least 40. . . . A group of retired South African generals launch a new right-wing umbrella movement called the Afrikaner Volksfront (People’s Front). The generals hope to coalesce the right wing, currently divided into at least 20 groups, into a unified opposition to black majority rule.

The Argentine air force flies Gen. Robles, who May 6 admitted that the army was responsible for killings of civilians in Peru, Robles’s wife, and five other family members from Lima to Buenos Aires, where they are granted asylum.

Sri Lanka’s parliament confirms Dingiri Banda Wijetunga as president in a special election. Wijetunga has been serving as president since the May 1 assassination.

Reports confirm that Nigeria’s military government has set up the death penalty as punishment for speaking or publishing words that may cause a disruption in “the general fabric” of the country.

Negotiators for the government of Guatemala and leftist rebels break off talks aimed at ending the country’s 32-year-old civil war.

As violence in Cambodia continues, UN officials note that two royalist factions and the army of the Phnom Penh government, the Khmer People’s National Liberation Front, asked UNTAC to return the weapons they surrendered so that they can better defend themselves against expected Khmer Rouge attacks.

The ruling Socialist Party of Senegalese president Abdou Diouf retains its parliamentary majority in elections.

Juan Carlos Wasmosy of the ruling Colorado Party wins a three-way race for the presidency in Paraguay’s first multiparty, direct elections for a civilian head of state. Wasmosy’s victory enables the Colorado Party to retain the hold it has had on the presidency since 1947. The election sparks some controversy because Paraguayan soldiers had prevented Paraguayan citizens who reside in Argentina and Brazil from returning home to vote.

Reports indicate that police have identified the alleged suicide assassin of Pres. Premadasa as Kulkaweerasingham Veerakumar, a Tamil from Jaffna province, a stronghold of the Tamil Tiger rebels in northern Sri Lanka.

May 8

Croat irregulars launch an offensive to wrest a portion of the southwestern city of Mostar from the defending Muslim-led Bosnian army.

May 9

Africa & the Middle East

More than 100 gunmen ambush a train in Cambodia’s western province of Battambang, killing at least 13 passengers and injuring about 70 others. In separate incident, a UN encampment in central Kompong Speu province comes under rocket attack, and a Filipino policeman dies of heart failure during the assault.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 4–9, 1993—463

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Rob Portman (R, Ohio) easily defeats his Democratic opponent to succeed retired representative Bill Gradison (R). . . . Wisconsin representative Peter Barca (D) narrowly beats out Mark Neumann (R) to fill the House seat vacated by Defense Secretary Les Aspin. . . . Darryl Stewart, 38, convicted of killing a neighbor during a 1980 burglary and attempted rape in Houston, becomes the 200th person to be put to death in the U.S. since the Supreme Court reinstated capital punishment in 1976. He is the 57th person to be executed in Texas since 1976.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Dun & Bradstreet reports that business failures in the first quarter of 1993 totaled 23,180, a 10.2% decline from the year-earlier quarter. The report also notes that the number of business failures in 1992 reached a record high of 96,836, a 9.9% increase over the 1991 total of 88,140.

The House passes, 259-164, legislation that will require states to liberalize their voter-registration procedures in an effort to boost voter turnout. . . . The Senate backs by voice vote an amendment to the lobby-disclosure bill that will require lobbyists to give itemized disclosures of virtually all their gifts to lawmakers, including meals, entertainment, and travel.

The U.S. State Department announces that Kenneth Beaty, a U.S. oil worker, was sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment by an Iraqi court for illegally entering the country near the poorly demarcated border between Iraq and Kuwait.

Two people are killed and four are wounded in separate rampages in post offices in California and Michigan. The slayings bring to 29 the number of postal workers and supervisors killed by employees in 10 incidents since 1983. In the California incident, the gunman is Mark R. Hilbun, and in the Michigan event, the killer is Larry Jasion. . . . The Senate, 95-2, passes a bill that requires lobbyists to give detailed public reports on their efforts to influence legislation, regulation, and other government activities.

Mohammad Ahmad Ajaj is charged in connection with the Feb. 26 bombing of the World Trade Center. . . . In separate cases, international panels rule that antidumping tariffs on U.S. imports imposed by the Canadian government should be lifted and that the U.S. Commerce Department must reconsider its 1992 decision to impose tariffs on Canadian softwood lumber. . . . Judge Robert Gawthrop upholds the 1992 indictment of Rep. Joseph McDade (R, Pa.) on felony charges related to his alleged receipt of bribes from defense contractors.

Alabama circuit court Judge Randall Thomas sentences former Alabama governor Guy Hunt (R) to pay $211,000 in fines and restitution and perform 1,000 hours of community service for diverting money from his inaugural fund for his personal use.

Pamela Harriman, a prominent socialite and Democratic Party fund-raiser, is confirmed by the Senate as ambassador to France.

The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency unveils plans to identify and eradicate illegal discrimination in granting mortgages by banks the agency regulates. . . . The RTC announces that it will accept bids for 23 of the 85 thrifts it currently administers. The sales will be the first by the agency since April 1992. . . . The Federal Reserve Board reports that it has found “generally modest improvement in economic conditions across the nation.”

May 4

The space-shuttle program passes what NASA calls the year mark, since the combined duration of all 55 shuttle missions now surpasses a year.

Irving Howe, 72, who wrote World of Our Fathers, a bestselling history of immigration by Eastern European Jews to the U.S., which won a National Book Award in 1977, dies in New York City of cardiovascular disease.

The space shuttle Columbia lands at Edwards Air Force Base, California, after carrying out a mission devoted to performing scientific experiments for the German Space Agency.

Ann Todd, 84, British actress best known for her role in The Seventh Veil (1945), dies in London after suffering a stroke. . . . Documents suggest that film producer Walt Disney worked as a secret informer for the FBI from 1940 until his death in 1966.

Bus workers belonging to the Amalgamated Transit Union narrowly ratify a pact the union reached with Greyhound Lines Inc. in April, ending a three-year-old strike. . . . The Labor Department reports that the national unemployment rate remained steady in April, at 7%. It is the third consecutive month that the rate did not change.

May 5

May 6

May 7

Alwin Nikolais, 82, pioneering modern dance choreographer and composer whose numerous awards include a 1987 National Medal of Arts, dies in New York City of cancer.

The Justice Department reports that the U.S. prison population rose to a record 883,593 at the end of 1992, up from 824,133 in 1991. The federal prison population grew by 12.1%, to 80,259 inmates. State prison populations grew by 6.8%, to 803,334. Convicted drug criminals represented nearly 33% of the people sent to jail in 1990, up from 11.5% in 1977.

Dame Freya Stark, 100, travel writer who wrote more than two dozen books, dies in Asolo, Italy. . . . Penelope Gilliatt (born Penelope Conner), 61, writer and film critic for The New Yorker magazine, 1986–71, dies in London.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 8

May 9

464—May 10–15, 1993

World Affairs

The Hungarian parliament ratifies a treaty confirming the existing border between Hungary and Ukraine. . . . Russian president Boris Yeltsin dismisses two top government officers— Georgi Khizha, a deputy premier responsible for industrial policy, and Yuri Skokov, the head of the state security council—who opposed his program of political and economic reforms.

A Lebanese appeals court overturns the April ruling of a military tribunal that judged that the 1983 suicide bombing of the U.S. embassy in Beirut should be included in a 1991 general amnesty.

The EC warns Croatia and the Bosnian Croats to stop attacking Moslems in Bosnia or risk international reprisals “similar to the measures being imposed on the Serbs.” Separately, the European Commission approves the conclusions of a report that expressed the EC’s support for NAFTA.

Debate over the Russian constitution continues, and parliamentary speaker Ruslan I. Khasbulatov tells deputies that Boris Yeltsin will be guilty of a crime if he proceeds with his constitutional plans. Parliament launches a competing constitutional process with a charter that constrains presidential power.

Reports indicate that the former ruling parties of North Yemen and South Yemen have agreed to merge following unified Yemen’s first parliamentary elections. The General People’s Congress of the North and the Yemen Socialist Party of the South will govern Yemen as a single party controlling at least 164 of the 301 seats in Parliament.

The Arab and Israeli delegations to the Middle East peace talks complete a ninth round of negotiations in Washington, D.C., with few tangible results from the discussions.

Reports disclose that a Serb paramilitary force, the Tigers, has begun to drive Albanian families from their homes in Kosovo’s Gjakova region. . . . Eric Schmitt, 42, enters a school in the Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, takes 21 children hostage, and demands 100 million francs ($18.5 million) in ransom. . . . The currencies of Spain and Portugal are devalued within the exchange-rate mechanism of the European Monetary System.

The government of Saudi Arabia outlaws the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights, a group formed May 3 by six conservative Islamic figures. . . . Wolfgang Lotz, 73, former Israeli soldier who spied in Egypt in the 1960s, dies in Munich, Germany, of a heart ailment.

A five-day conference of the 34 nations of the International Whaling Commission ends after discussing a plan to form a whale sanctuary. . . . The UN begins to withdraw its 236 security guards from Kurdish areas in northern Iraq, arguing that Western governments have not provided funds to continue the operation, started in April 1991. . . . Nine of the 10 former Soviet republics making up the Commonwealth of Independent States agree to establish an economic union between them. Turkmenistan does not sign the accord.

In the fashionable Parioloi section of Rome, 23 people are injured when a car bomb explodes. . . . A series of work stoppages in eastern Germany started May 3 by the powerful IG Metall spreads to 80 companies and involves 40,000 workers. The strikes are described as the first widespread job action in eastern Germany in 60 years. Union and employer negotiators reach a preliminary agreement.

May 11

May 13

May 14

Africa & the Middle East

Combat over the eastern Muslim enclave of Zepa ends when UN troops enter the town, which now only shelters 50 of the estimated 10,000 people there when the Serb assault began May 4. . . . The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia begins circulating its own currency, the denar. . . . The new Kyrgyz currency, the som, goes into circulation.

May 10

May 12

Europe

At a French nursery school in the Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, police shoot and kill Eric Schmitt, 42, who took 21 children hostage on May 13. Their teacher, Laurence Dreyfus, who refused to leave the children, and Evelyne Lambert, a doctor with the Paris fire department who was allowed to enter the school, receive France’s highest honor, the Legion d’Honneur, by Premier Edouard Balladur.

May 15

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Royal Canadian Mounted Police in northern Manitoba arrest James Philip Bridson, 18, whom they charge with two murders resembling those portrayed in the U.S. TV miniseries Murder in the Heartland, which depicted the true story of Charles Starkweather.

More than 200 workers die and hundreds more are injured in a fire that sweeps through a toy-factory complex in Bangkok, Thailand. It is the deadliest known factory fire in history. . . . Reports suggest that forces associated with the royalist Funcinpec (United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia) attacked Khmer Rouge forces in northwest Cambodia.

Argentina’s Senate votes unanimously to repeal the so-called disobedience law, a 19th-century statute that governing authorities employed to stifle press and public criticism of government officials.

Thailand’s interior ministry places the May 10 fire’s death toll at 213, and mostly young women were killed. . . . Forces of the radical Hezb-i-Islami faction, allied with the Iranian-backed Shi’ite group Hezb-i-Wahdat, fire rockets into Kabul, Afghanistan’s capital, and government planes bomb guerrilla positions.

Reports confirm that an Afghani tribal group led by Mohammed Nabi Noorzai has released from captivity three antinarcotics officials from Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands, who were kidnapped in April. . . . The UN begins evacuating family members of its essential personnel in Cambodia.

In Saudi Arabia, the government arrests the former spokesman for the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights, which was outlawed May 13. . . . In Senegal, Babacar Seye, the vice president of the constitutional council, which oversaw the May 9 ballot, is shot to death in his car in Dakar, the capital.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 10–15, 1993—465

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The FDA approves the first female condom, named Reality, and it requires the company to print a statement on the package warning that the female condom is not as effective as a male condom in preventing pregnancy or protecting against sexually transmitted diseases.

The United Mine Workers union begins a job action in Illinois and Indiana which involves 2,000 employees of Ziegler Coal Holding Co., Amax Inc., and Arch Mineral Corp., a subsidiary of Ashland Oil Inc. and the Hunt family of Texas. The strike targets the Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA), a grouping of the 12 largest coal producers in the U.S.

A federal jury in New York City decides that the City University of New York violated Leonard Jeffries Jr.’s right to free speech when it removed him as chairman of City College’s black studies department in 1992. . . . The Senate, 62-36, passes legislation that requires states to liberalize their voter-registration procedures in an effort to boost voter turnout.

The EPA finds unsafe levels of lead in 819 municipal water systems. Among larger cities, the highest lead levels occur in Charleston, South Carolina, with a reading of 165 parts per billion. The highest level discovered in the survey is 484 parts per billion at the Camp Lejeune Marine Corps base in Hadnot Point, North Carolina.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

May 10

May 11

U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor announces that he has organized a coalition of state and local officials to support NAFTA. The coalition includes the governors of several states.

Data shows that the New York spring auctions held by Christie’s and Sotheby’s raised $75.3 million and $102.3 million, respectively. . . . Two slivers of wood said to come from the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified are sold for 100,000 francs ($18,000) at an auction in Paris. The unidentified woman who bought the relic states she will give it to a religious sanctuary in France.

A Travis County jury in Austin, Texas, convicts Joel Rene Valdez of aggravated sexual assault for raping a woman who asked he use a condom after he demanded sex at knifepoint. . . . Five Amish children are killed and three are seriously injured when they are struck by an out-of-control automobile about three miles (five km) outside their hometown of Fredericksburg, Ohio.

Prosecutors state they have arrested a soldier and two former soldiers for using military aircraft to smuggle more than 200 pounds (90 kg) of cocaine into the U.S. from Panama. . . . Defense Secretary Les Aspin announces that the Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”) antimissile research program is being abandoned. Research into ground-based defenses against missiles will continue under the name Ballistic Missile Defense Organization.

The Senate approves, 61-35, a financing bill that will provide $34.3 billion to the RTC and the FDIC to complete the ongoing bailout of the nation’s savings and loans institutions.

Eric Bache, 18, is arraigned on five felony counts of vehicular homicide for the May 13 accident that killed five children near Fredericksburg, Ohio. . . . Demarcus Maurice Smith and Laura Jeanne Taylor, both 17, are indicted in a December 1992 robbery and shooting spree in Dayton, Ohio, that had left six people dead. . . . A Texas judge accepts a jury’s recommendation that Joel Rene Valdez, convicted May 13, be sentenced to 40 years in prison.

Rep. Collin Peterson (D, Minn.), a leading NAFTA opponent, announces that he the General Accounting Office, the investigative arm of Congress, to determine whether U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor violated federal laws by forming a group of NAFTA advocates on May 12.

The Federal Reserve announces that total U.S. industrial capacity over the past five years averaged growth of 1.7% a year, down sharply from the Fed’s earlier estimates of 2.4% annual growth. . . . William Randolph Hearst Jr., 85, who was the editor in chief of the Hearst newspaper empire founded by his father and who, as a reporter, shared a 1956 Pulitzer Prize, dies in New York City after suffering cardiac arrest.

May 12

May 13

An acoustic guitar formerly owned by the late rock musician Elvis Presley sells for £99,000 ($152,000) at an auction in London. Michael Malone, a Seattle businessman, purchased the guitar at a record price for any single piece of Presley memorabilia or for an acoustic guitar.

Prairie Bayou wins the 118th running of the Preakness Stakes at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 14

May 15

466—May 16–21, 1993

World Affairs

May 16

May 17

Africa & the Middle East

Bosnian Serbs overwhelmingly confirm the May 6 rejection by the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb parliament of the peace plan drafted by negotiators Cyrus R. Vance and Lord David Owen in a plebiscite. Following the vote, Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic declares that the Vance-Owen plan is dead. . . . Turkey’s parliament elects Premier Suleyman Demirel as president. Demirel, the leader of the True Path Party (DYP), will succeed Turgut Ozal, who died in April.

Palestinian gunmen kill two Israeli and two Arab merchants trading vegetables outside a Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement) and Fatah, the mainstream wing of the PLO, claim responsibility for the killing. It is the first time the rival groups have conducted a joint military action.

Sir Mark Pizey (born Charles Thomas Mark Pizey), 93, retired British Royal Naval admiral who was knighted in 1953, dies in Somerset, England, of unspecified causes. . . . Heinrich Albertz, 78, who resigned as mayor of West Berlin after police fatally shot a student during a protest and who agreed to serve as a hostage in a 1975 prisoner swap with the Baader-Meinhof terrorist group, dies in Bremen, Germany, of unspecified causes.

Reports indicate that South African police have arrested John Beck, the alleged organizer of a plot to assassinate Joe Slovo, the white chairman of the South African Communist Party. . . .The Kuwaiti government charges 10 Iraqis with planning an assassination attempt on former U.S. president George Bush during his visit in April. Six other people, four of them Kuwaiti residents, are indicted on lesser crimes relating to the plot, and a 17th suspect is still at large.

The Americas

U.S. president Bill Clinton recognizes the government of Angola, more than 17 years after the country gained independence from Portugal. Clinton’s move puts a formal end to the U.S. policy of favoring the rebel Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) over the Angolan government, ruled by the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

The UN reports that a senior official of Funcinpec was assassinated in Battambang province and two officials of the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party were killed in Kandal province. Funcinpec and the LDP are the major opposition parties contesting the election. . . . A supreme court jury in the state of South Australia acquits Ivan Timofeyevich Polyukhovich, 76, in the country’s first Nazi war-crimes trial.

Data suggests that more than a quarter of a million Serbs fled from elsewhere in Croatia to the safe areas and to Serbia. . . . Reports confirm that Russia has held its first government bond auction. . . . Three former police detectives involved in the investigation of a deadly 1974 pub bombing in Guildford, England—Thomas Style, John Donaldson and Vernon Atwell—are acquitted of fabricating evidence in the case.

May 20

A truck bomb in central Belfast, Northern Ireland, injures 20 people and badly damages the headquarters of the Ulster Unionist Party.

May 21

Data shows that inflation in the year through April was just 1.3%, the lowest level in Great Britain in 29 years.

Asia & the Pacific

The International Committee of the Red Cross estimates at least 700 people have been killed that in fighting between rival Afghan factions that started May 12.

Danish citizens vote to ratify the Maastricht Treaty, reversing a 1992 defeat that threw the EC into turmoil. At least 10 leftist protesters are injured when police fire on them after a demonstration turns violent. About 25 police officers are also injured in the violence, described as the most severe ever in Denmark during peacetime. . . . Norway announces that it will allow the killing of 296 minke whales in 1993, of which 136 will be used for scientific research.

May 18

May 19

Europe

Four Canadian soldiers are charged with murder, torture, and negligent performance of duties in connection with the March 16 killing of Shidane Abukar Arone while in military custody at a Canadian base of operations at Belet Uen in Somalia.

The major military factions fighting in Afghanistan reach a cease-fire agreement.

Seven people are killed when a car bomb explodes in a crowded square in Cairo, Egypt. . . . Eritrea’s recently formed National Assembly elects Issaias Afwerki president.

Pres. Carlos Andres Perez is suspended from office when the Venezuelan Senate unanimously authorizes the Supreme Court to try him on charges of misappropriating government funds. Residents of Caracas, the capital, signal their approval of the Senate decision with a cacophony of whistles, car horns, firecrackers, and the banging of pots.

An Indonesian court sentences Jose Alexandre Gusmão to life imprisonment for violence carried out while he was leader of the separatist Revolutionary Front for the Independence of East Timor (Fretilin). Human-rights organizations allege that the trial was unfair and biased.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 16–21, 1993—467

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

In what is described as one of the largest recent gatherings of the Amish community, hundreds of Amish people from as far away as Oklahoma and Colorado attend the funeral of the five children killed in Ohio on May 13.

The National Archives makes public tapes of the conversations of Pres. Nixon, dating before and after the June 17, 1972, Watergate break-in. . . . A Texas state district judge rules Christopher William Brosky, 17, convicted in the 1991 shooting of Donald Thomas, 32, can be tried again, this time on conspiracy charges. The case received national attention after Judge Everett Young sentenced Brosky to 180 days in jail and 10 years’ probation, despite the jury’s call for a 10-year sentence.

Lord Kenyon (born Lloyd TyrellKenyon), 75, chairman of the National Portrait Gallery in London, 1966–88, dies in Shropshire, England. . . . Marv Johnson, 54, soul music pioneer whose hits include “You Got What It Takes” and “I Love the Way You Love,” dies in Columbia, South Carolina, of undisclosed causes after collapsing backstage at a concert on May 14.

After a two-year investigation of the foreign-debt trading market, a New York State grand jury indicts Daniel Young and George Liberatore, former vice presidents of Manufacturers Hanover Trust Corp., charging them with breaking state banking laws and profiting illegally from the 1991 sale of Colombian government debt originally held by the bank.

A superior court jury in Los Angeles awards more than $1 million to Sabino Gutierrez, who claims he was sexually harassed by his female former boss, Maria Martinez. . . . Commissioners in Dade County, Florida, vote unanimously to repeal the county’s controversial “English-only” ordinance, which requires all government business to be conducted in English. Hispanics, who constitute more than half the county’s population, argue that the 1980 ordinance divides the community. Clinton administration officials dismiss the seven staff members of the White House travel office, citing financial mismanagement and possible corruption. The White House names Catherine Cornelius, 25, a distant cousin of the president, to assume temporary control. . . . Bremerton (Washington) High School students vote down a proposed amendment, which gained national attention, that would have barred openly homosexual students from serving in the school government.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Vice Admiral J. Paul Reason, who has reviewed 120 cases of alleged misconduct in connection with the scandal over the 1991 Tailhook Association naval aviators’ convention, begins to discipline unnamed officers.

The Mississippi State Supreme Court rules that former U.S. District Judge Walter Nixon Jr. may practice law in the state. Nixon, convicted of perjury in 1986, was removed from the bench and was disbarred in 1989. . . . Pres. Clinton signs legislation that will liberalize states’ voter-registration procedures. . . . The Senate Rules Committee votes unanimously to dismiss petitions to remove from office Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) on grounds that he had acted fraudulently to win reelection in 1992.

The strike started by the United Mine Workers on May 10 expands to an Arch Mineral Corp. mine that employs 275 workers in Illinois.

The Seventh U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, Illinois, rules, 2-1, that the Boy Scouts of America can bar atheists. The suit was filed in 1990 by the parents of Mark Welsh, 10, who refused to take the oath which uses the phrase “duty to God.”

The UMW expands its May 10 action to two West Virginia units of Ashland Coal Co. and several mines of Arch Mineral Corp. in the same state. . . . The EPA announces an 18-month moratorium on the licensing of new hazardous-waste incinerators while it tightens its regulation of 171 already existing boilers and industrial furnaces.

Federal judge Royce Lamberth rejects a claim by Infinity Broadcasting that the FCC’s procedures for fining radio and TV shows for indecency amounts to unconstitutional censorship. . . . The Librarian of Congress, James Billington, announces that Rita Dove, 40, is poet laureate of the U.S. Dove is the first black laureate.

The Commerce Department announces that the seasonally adjusted U.S. merchandise trade deficit in March stood at $10.2 billion, the highest level in nearly four years. The March deficit is 29% higher than the revised February figure of $7.91 billion. . . . The U.S. unit of Nikko Securities Co. agrees to pay the SEC $1 million to settle allegations that it concealed foreignexchange losses of $18 million. . . . The Dow rises by 1.62%, or 55.64 points, to close at a record 3500.03.

Reports reveal White House Chief of Staff Thomas McLarty and Webster Hubbell, Pres. Clinton’s nominee for associate attorney general, have resigned from a country club accused of discriminating against blacks. . . . Winston Burdett, 79, former correspondent for CBS News, dies in Rome.

The SEC reaches a settlement with Frederick H. Joseph and Edwin Kantor, two former executives of Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc. The two are barred from supervisory positions in securities firms for three years. . . . John Rollwagen, the former chairman and chief executive of the supercomputer manufacturer Cray Research Inc., withdraws as the nominee to the post of deputy secretary of commerce amid a widening controversy over insider trading at Cray.

The final episode of the longrunning show Cheers airs and draws an estimated 93 million viewers, the second-largest audience ever for an episodic program.

Controversy over the May 19 dismissals of travel staff erupts when it is revealed that associates of Pres. Clinton sought changes at the office before the accounting review took place. The incident is seen as an example of the political favoritism Clinton decried during his campaign. . . . U.S. district judge James A. Redden rules that a 1991 law banning the use of autodialers is unconstitutional since it infringes on free speech.

Pres. Clinton officially names Miles Lerman as chair of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council, which oversees the Holocaust Museum. . . . Officials in Shelby County, Tennessee, file a lawsuit seeking to force the state to reinvestigate the death of singer Elvis Presley in 1977.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 16

May 17

May 18

May 19

May 20

May 21

468—May 22–27, 1993

May 22

World Affairs

Europe

The U.S., Russia, the U.K., France, and Spain agree on a joint policy on Bosnia-Herzegovina, which encourages a negotiated settlement to the civil war “building on the VanceOwen process,” the peace plan named for its chief authors, Cyrus R. Vance and Lord Owen. They also agree to warn Croatia that it may face sanctions if it assists “ethnic cleansing” by Croat forces in Bosnia. The Croatian government and Serbs in Croatia are urged to settle their differences.

Vladimir F. Promyslov, 85, mayor of Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, for 23 years who was removed from office by Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev in 1986, dies of unspecified causes.

May 25

May 26

The Americas

More bombs detonate in Belfast, Northern Ireland, bringing the total number of explosions to three since the attack of May 20. . . . Up to 10,000 people march in Palermo, the Sicilian capital, to commemorate the first anniversary of the assassination of leading anti-Mafia prosecutor Giovanni Falcone. . . . Eastern German steel workers in the IG Metall union, who started a series of job actions May 3, reach an agreement with their employers.

May 23

May 24

Africa & the Middle East

The U.S. acquittal of Rodney Peairs in the fatal shooting of Yoshihiro Hattori is met by anger and disbelief in Japan, where 74 people, 67 of them with ties to organized crime, died of gunshot wounds in Japan in 1991.

The Ethiopian province of Eritrea formally declares itself an independent country with a ceremony in Asmara, the capital.

PKK guerrillas kill more than 30 Turkish soldiers in an attack near the city of Bingol in eastern Turkey. The attack ends a cease-fire in place since the PKK proposed it in March.

Four Israeli soldiers are accidentally killed when two Israeli paratrooper squads fire on each other in Israel’s self-declared security zone in southern Lebanon. . . . South African police begin to arrest dozens of black radicals.

Judge Dinora Lazo orders the release of Severiano Fuentes and Ferman Hernandez, who executed two U.S. military advisers, Lt. Col. David Pickett and Private Earnest Dawson, after their helicopter crashed in 1991. The order comes after a general amnesty in El Salvador issued in March. . . . Cardinal Juan Jesus Posadas Ocampo, 66, the archbishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, is shot to death during a gun battle between alleged members of the Tijuana drug cartel and the rival Sinaloa cartel. Six others are also killed, precipitating a national outcry in Mexico.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to establish an 11judge war-crimes tribunal to bring to justice anyone guilty of atrocities in fighting in the former Yugoslav republics. It will be empowered to impose prison terms, but not death sentences.

In response to the May 24 attack, near Bingol, Turkey, acting Turkish premier Erdal Inonu suspends an amnesty decree for members of the PKK (which is banned in Turkey) who were not involved in military actions.

An estimated 12 Iranian military planes attack two bases of the People’s Mujahedeen (Mujahedeeni-Khalq), a guerrilla movement of Iranian exiles opposed to the Teheran government. It is the first such raid in more than a year. . . . Combined with those arrested May 24, South African police hold 75 black radicals in custody, eliciting the ire of black leaders.

Guatemalan president Jorge Serrano Elias institutes executive rule by decree, dissolving government institutions and imprisoning opponents, in order to “purge the state of all its forms of corruption.”. . . Representatives of the Canadian government, the Northwest Territories, and the Inuit sign a native land-claims agreement, clearing the way for the creation of Nunavut, a new 77.2-million-squaremile (200-million-sq-km) territory within the Canadian confederation.

In response to the May 25 action of Guatemalan president Serrano, almost all Latin American countries, Spain, and the U.S. have condemned his government by decree. . . . Albanian president Sali Berisha urges the U.S. and NATO to send troops to the Serbian province of Kosovo to prevent “ethnic cleansing.” . . . In reaction to the May 25 UN decision, Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic states he will refuse to cooperate with the international war-crimes tribunal.

Armenia and Azerbaijan sign a peace treaty. . . . In Germany, thousands of left-wing protesters block streets, seeking to disrupt a Bundestag vote on political asylum. The lower house, however, approves constitutional changes that will dilute the nation’s guarantee of foreigners’ rights to seek asylum in Germany.

The Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, an Iranian Kurdish rebel group based in northern Iraq, reports that it has been under heavy shelling by Iranian guns for two days.

The Constitutional Court, ostensibly dissolved by Guatemalan president Serrano’s decree, declares that the president’s actions are unconstitutional and therefore invalid. Pres. Serrano begins to tightly censor newspapers and ban television news broadcasts.

Fighting intensifies in BosniaHerzegovina in several areas identified by the UN as safe areas. . . . Five people are killed and at least two dozen people are injured when a car bomb explodes near the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. . . . Lord Gormley (born Joe Gormley), 75, president of Britain’s National Union of Mineworkers, 1971–82, dies in Wigan, England.

Saudi Arabian authorities bar 100,000 Iranian pilgrims in the Islamic holy city of Mecca from conducting a “deliverance from pagans” protest against the U.S. and Israel during the hajj, the annual Muslim pilgrimage. . . . In South Africa, 43 of the 75 suspected radicals arrested since May 24 are released due to a lack of evidence linking them to any crimes.

In Guatemala, 1,000 demonstrators defy a ban on public assembly. The police disperse the crowd with tear gas. Protestors attend a mass at the National Cathedral to listen to Rigoberta Menchu, the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Guatemalan Indian leader. Both Germany and the U.S. announce they will suspend aid. . . . The Canadian House of Commons votes for legislation implementing NAFTA.

May 27

Asia & the Pacific

Thousands of Tibetans demonstrate in Lhasa, Tibet’s capital, sparking the first and most violent of five days of demonstrations against the Chinese government since March 1989. A demonstration against high prices draws around 4,000 people, and protesters reportedly begin throwing stones at Chinese soldiers and attacking Chinese-owned stores. The soldiers respond by firing plastic bullets and tear gas into the crowd, killing one person and injuring several others.

Pakistan’s Supreme Court orders the reinstatement of Nawaz Sharif as prime minister, declaring that the ouster of his government and the congress in April was unconstitutional. The court decision marks the first judicial restoration of a civilian government in the nation’s history. . . . Dissident Xu Wenli, 49, is released from prison in China after 12 years in solitary confinement. . . . In response to a series of comments by judges that minimize the sexual rights of women, the Australian Senate votes to investigate gender bias in the judiciary.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 22–27, 1993—469

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Vice Admiral J. Paul Reason, who has reviewed 120 cases of alleged misconduct in connection with the scandal over the 1991 Tailhook Association naval aviators’ convention, finishes disciplining 10 officers for indecent exposure. The actions taken include letters of admonition to seven lieutenants, two juniorgrade lieutenants, and one lieutenant commander and the docking of $1,000 from the pay of each of them. None of the officers is identified.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Mieczyslaw Horszowski, 100, pianist whose career lasted more than nine decades as he debuted as a child prodigy in 1901, dies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A jury in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, acquits Rodney Peairs of manslaughter in the fatal shooting of Yoshihiro Hattori, 16, a Japanese student who mistakenly rang his doorbell. The case draws international attention on gun-related violence in the U.S. from which, according to the FBI, 24,000 people are killed each year. . . . Former president George Bush receives $80,000 in his first paid speaking appearance in the U.S. since leaving office. In U.S. v. Landano, the Supreme Court unanimously rejects a FBI request to allow confidentiality for all its sources used during criminal investigations. . . . The Senate confirms, 58-31, Roberta Achtenberg as assistant secretary for fair housing and equal opportunity at the HUD, which makes her the first openly homosexual nominee to be confirmed by the Senate to a high federal office.

May 22

May 23

Referring to the “unique context of defense contracting,” U.S. District Judge Jean C. Hamilton rules that the Warn Law does not support a suit filed by 1,200 former employees of General Dynamics Corp., which gave less than 60 days’ notice to 3,000 workers dismissed in 1991. . . . At an awards dinner speech at the Soesterberg Air Base in the Netherlands, air force major general Harold N. Campbell, 53, calls Pres. Clinton a “dope-smoking,” “skirt-chasing,” “draft-dodging” commander in chief.

Clinton administration officials rehire five of the seven staff members of the White House travel office who were dismissed May 19. The move comes after allegations of political favoritism.

The Supreme Court rules, 8-1, that employers cannot fulfill their commitments to their employees’ pension plans by the sale or transfer of property to the plans. . . . Reports state that Louisiana-Pacific Corp. has agreed to pay an $11.1 million fine for environmental violations and install $70 million in antipollution devices. . . . The Center for Resource Economics accuses the EPA of reacting to environmental hazards on the basis of public fears rather than scientific evidence and thus devoting unnecessary funds to low-risk pollutants.

Microsoft Corp., the world’s largest computer-software company, unveils new operating software, Windows NT, at an industry trade show in Atlanta.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, D.C., overturns a 1992 ruling that determined that the federal government had broken a 1981 agreement with Glendale Federal Bank, the nation’s sixth-largest savings and loan, and would be required to provide restitution.

The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board cites poor on-board communication as the primary reason the British cruise ship Queen Elizabeth 2 ran aground off the southern coast of Massachusetts in August 1992.

At the Cannes Film Festival, the Palme d’Or goes to two films: The Piano, directed by Australian Jane Campion; and Farewell My Concubine, directed by Chen Kaige. It is the first time the Palme d’Or is awarded to either a woman or a Chinese filmmaker. . . . John Ludlow (Jack) Gould, 79, critic for The New York Times, 1944–72, dies in Concord, California, of complications of a gall bladder infection.

May 24

May 25

A federal grand jury in Miami indicts a Chilean arms dealer, Carlos Cardoen Cornejo, and a Los Angelesbased military contractor, Teledyne Inc., for illegally exporting more than 100 tons of weapons-grade zirconium that was eventually used in cluster bombs supplied to the Iraqi government of Pres. Saddam Hussein.

An audit finds that, during the last decade, a Labor Department office effectively barred final decisions on a number of cases involving government whistle-blowers and job discrimination.

Joseph Pulitzer Jr., 80, chairman of Pulitzer Publishing and of the Pulitzer Prizes, which were established by his grandfather, dies in St. Louis, Missoun, of colon cancer. . . . Andrzej Wasowski, 69, Polish pianist who, in 1939, toured the Soviet Union for two years as a prisoner of war, dies in Washington, D.C., of lung cancer.

Airman Apprentice Terry M. Helvey, 21, is sentenced to life in prison for the murder of his navy shipmate Allen R. Schindler, who was beaten to death October 27, 1992, after disclosing that he was a homosexual.

In a nationwide action, 10,000 prounion demonstrators protest the National Labor Relations Board, which they claim has been hostile to the interests of labor during the past 12 years. Some 300 demonstrators are arrested in 26 cities. . . . The House passes, 219-213, legislation to enact the tax increases and spending plans at the core of Pres. Clinton’s economic agenda. . . . The Dow closes at a record 3554.83.

Actress Kim Basinger files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, one day before she is scheduled to post a bond of between $11 million and $14.8 million to signal her readiness to pay about $8 million in damages for failing to appear in the film Boxing Helena.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 26

May 27

470—May 28–June 1, 1993

May 28

Europe

The IMF releases a report listing the size of the economies of the world’s countries by using a new method, which places the U.S., Japan, and China in the top three positions. Under the old method, Germany would have ranked third and China tenth. . . . The UN General Assembly admits the African state of Eritrea and the European principality of Monaco, boosting its membership to 183.

In a UN-designated safe area, Gorazde, Serb gunners launch an assault. . . . Beverly Allitt, a British nurse, is sentenced to 13 life terms in prison for the murders of four children in her care and attacks on nine others. It is the greatest number of murders committed by a British woman in the 20th century. . . . In Florence, Italy, 100,000 people protest in response to the May 27 car bombing. Rallies are also held in Milan, Bologna, Naples, and Rome. . . . Germany’s upper house of parliament approves constitutional changes that dilute the nation’s guarantee of foreigners’ rights to seek asylum.

Pro-independence demonstrations occur sporadically in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.

After the May 28 approval of a law regarding asylum, five members of a Turkish family that has lived in Germany for more than 23 years die in Solingen after their home is firebombed. Several other people are injured. . . . Serb forces besieging Gorazde break through the defenders’ lines in the north and east. . . . Violating an agreement over the Black Sea fleet, one ship raises the Ukrainian flag, and in response, 200 other vessels hoist the Russian naval ensign.

Ramesh More, a member of the radical Shiv Sena group, is killed by unidentified assailants in Bombay, India.

German police arrest a suspect described as a right-wing extremist in connection with the May 29 bombing of a Turkish family, the deadliest of nearly 3,000 attacks on foreigners in 17 months. Turks and other protesters demonstrate in Solingen and other locations. . . . Fighting continues around Brcko in northern Bosnia. Bosnian government forces overrun a Serb position on Mt. Trebevic. Heavy fighting in Sarajevo erupts, and at least 20 people are killed, while at least 150 are wounded.

In Pakistan, the assemblies in the Punjab and Northwest Frontier provinces are dissolved, and new elections ordered in a further instance of the jockeying for power among Ishaq Khan, Nawaz Sharif, and Benazir Bhutto.

May 29

May 30

May 31

June 1

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The OECD predicts that its 24 nations’ economies will grow by just 1.2%, compared with a December 1992 estimate of 1.9%. . . . Reports confirm scientists have found that atmospheric pollution over the Arctic has decreased during the past decade. The officials argue that the drop in pollution is linked to major decreases in emissions from industrial plants in Europe and the former Soviet Union. . . . EC ministers approve the community’s working-time directive, which limits working weeks to a maximum of 48 hours and sets other guarantees of workers’ rights

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In a secret vote, Pres. Dobrica Cosic is ousted by the combined voting power of the Serbian Radical Party, led by Vojislav Seselj, and the Socialist Party, led by Slobodan Milosevic. . . . The Russian currency, the ruble, falls to a record low rate of 1,024 rubles to one U.S. dollar in trading on the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange.

A group of 192 Libyans arrive in Israel to conduct a pilgrimage to Islamic sites. It is the first time an Arab state officially at war with Israel has allowed its citizens to travel there.

Mexican police discover an elaborate cocaine-smuggling tunnel that was under construction at the Mexican-U.S. border. The tunnel is more than 1,400 feet (420 m) in length, making it the longest underground drug corridor discovered at the border to date.

Tamil Tiger guerrillas raid the base of a rival Tamil militia, the People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam, and at least 31 people die in the attack.

Yugoslav president Dobrica Cosic is ejected from office after the May 31 vote, and 4,000 demonstrators storm the parliament building in Belgrade. One policeman dies, and more than 30 people are injured. Two Serb mortar shells burst among spectators at a soccer game near Sarajevo airport, killing at least 15 civilians and wounding another 80. Serb forces continue shelling the town of Maglaj in an assault that has killed more than 20 people and wounded at least 65. . . . More than 800 miners in Poland’s troubled coal industry lose their jobs.

The coordinator of the Libyan group that arrived in Israel on May 31, Daw Tajuri, holds a news conference in which he unexpectedly calls for the overthrow of the Israeli “Zionist occupiers” and the establishment of a democratic Palestinian state.

Guatemalan president Jorge Serrano Elias is forced from office by the military following an appeal to the ministries of defense and government from the Constitutional Court to implement its ruling that Serrano’s May 25 “self-coup” is unconstitutional.

Three Tibetans are arrested after 10 men unfurl Tibetan flags and shout pro-independence slogans in Lhasa’s main square. . . . Premkumar Sharma, a Maharashtra state assemblyman and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is shot to death in Bombay, India. He is the second Hindu leader killed in Bombay within a week due to the May 29 slaying of Ramesh More.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 28–June 1, 1993—471

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

An Orlando, Florida, jury acquits William Lozano, a Hispanic former Miami police officer, in a retrial on two counts of manslaughter in the January 1989 deaths of Clement Anthony Lloyd and Allan Blanchard, which touched off three days of rioting in Overtown, a predominantly black neighborhood in Miami. . . . Two separate surveys find that Pres. Clinton’s public approval rating after four months in office is lower than that of any president since modern polling practices were instituted in the 1930s.

Pres. Clinton signs an executive order extending most-favorednation (MFN) trading status to China for one year. Clinton conditions the renewal on improvements in human rights in China during the coming year.

The National Labor Relations Board declares illegal the worker-management teams established by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. to deal with safety and fitness issues at one of the company’s plants. . . . Reports confirm that a Hawaiian state forestry worker mistakenly cut down the islands’ last known Xylosma crenatum tree, which is on the U.S. list of endangered species. . . . The Commerce Department reports that U.S. gross domestic product grew at a rate of 0.9% in the first quarter, the smallest quarterly gain since the 1991 fourth quarter.

Leading AIDS researchers Jonas Salk and Gene Shearer recommend that doctors attempt to create an AIDS vaccine that will achieve cell-mediated immunity.

Actor and former body builder Arnold Schwarzenegger, a politically active Republican, announces his resignation as chairman of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness.

Pres. Clinton names David R. Gergen, a former strategist and spokesman for Pres. Ronald Reagan, to serve as White House communications director.

Sidney R. Bernstein, 86, former editor and publisher of Advertising Age magazine, dies in Chicago, Illinois, of a heart attack. . . . William David (Billy) Conn, 75, former lightheavyweight boxing champion who was elected to the Boxing Hall of Fame in 1965, dies in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of pneumonia.

Figures indicate that at least 50 people were arrested on charges of disorderly conduct, inciting to riot, or looting, and five people were reported injured In the scattered incidents of violence that took place after the May 28 verdict in Miami, acquitting a former police officer of manslaughter.

Sun Ra (born Herman (Sonny) Blount), 79, jazz band leader who released more than 200 albums, dies in Birmingham, Alabama. . . . Marjorie H. Buell, 88, cartoonist who created the Little Lulu cartoon character, dies in Elyria, Ohio, of lymphoma. . . . In auto racing, Emerson Fittipaldi of Brazil wins the Indy 500.

Pres. Clinton pays tribute to the 58,000 U.S. servicemen and women killed during the Vietnam War. Clinton, whose efforts to avoid the draft to fight in Vietnam were blasted by critics during his campaign, makes the speech to a crowd of about 8,000 people and becomes the first president to commemorate Memorial Day at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial monument. In Smith v. U.S., the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that a federal law designed to more severely punish felons who use guns in the course of another crime may be applied in a case in which a gun is not used as a weapon. . . . Wisconsin State representative Peter Barca (D) is certified as the winner of a May 4 special election after a recount . . . . In Sullivan v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that a judge’s failure to properly instruct a jury that a defendant must be proven guilty beyond a “reasonable doubt” should invalidate a criminal conviction.

Fortune magazine reports that combined profits at the 500 top U.S. service companies total $73.2 billion, a 9% gain from the 1991 figures.

Arthur F. Gay Sr., 56, longest-living heart transplant recipient who received a heart on January 11, 1973, dies in Washington, D.C., of cancer of the esophagus.

The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller remains on the top of the bestseller list.

In Mertens v. Hewitt Associates, the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that employees cannot seek monetary damages from providers of professional services who have advised their employers regarding their pension plans. . . . In Musick, Peeler and Garrett v. Employers Insurance of Wausau, the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that defendants in federal securities-fraud cases may seek to make other parties who were not named in the fraud suit contribute to any damages. . . . Data shows that the purchasing managers’ index rose to 51.1% in May.

May 28

May 29

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May 31

June 1

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

472—June 2–7, 1993

World Affairs

After the June 1 violence in Belgrade, 120 people are arrested, including more than 30 opposition figures, such as Vuk Draskovic, leader of the opposition party to the government of Serbian president Milosevic. Data shows that in Gorazde, the attack launched by Serb gunners on May 28 left dozens of people dead and scores wounded. . . . In Italy, police state they have arrested Giuseppe Pulvirenti, who was said to head a criminal group in the Catania region.

June 2

June 3

June 4

The leading economic ministers from the 24 nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development close their annual ministerial meeting and issue a communiqué, which asserts its priority is “to achieve a substantial, comprehensive and balanced outcome of the Uruguay Round [of GATT] by the end of the year.”

Reports suggest that at least 20 other opposition politicians and journalists arrested in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, during the June 1 violence were beaten.

The UN Security Council passes a resolution which authorizes UN troops—including an expected deployment of up to 25,000 new soldiers—to use force in responding to attacks on the six designated safe areas in Bosnia in which Moslems can take refuge from their enemies.

Surat Huseynov, with a private militia of 3,000–5,000 in total, seizes Gyandzha, the secondlargest city in Azerbaijan, killing 60 people. The rebels demand Pres. Abulfaz Elchibey’s resignation.

June 7

Africa & the Middle East Melchior Ndadaye, who represents the majority Hutu tribe, unexpectedly defeats his Tutsi opponent, Pres. Jean Pierre Buyoya, in Burundi’s first democratic presidential election since independence. . . . South Africa’s highest court upholds the 1991 conviction of Winnie Mandela, but it voids the five-year prison sentence, hands out a two-year suspended sentence, and orders her to pay a fine.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Guatemala, Vice Pres. Gustavo Espina Salguero declares his constitutional right to assume the presidency after the June 1 ouster of Pres. Serrano, who flies to El Salvador.

Guatemala’s Congress refuses to back Gustavo Espina Salguero’s June 2 claim to the presidency.

As tabulations for Cambodia’s first multiparty election since 1972 near completion, Funcinpec and CCP emerge as the strongest political forces. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, a former Cambodian monarch serving as titular head of state, falls short of creating a coalition of the two parties and unilaterally declares he is “officially assuming the functions” of head of state, premier, and commander of the armed forces in order to steady Cambodia’s passage through the formulation of a new constitution and the establishment of a permanent government.” Reports indicate that 1,000 miners at Peabody mines in Australia have launched a sympathy strike for the U.S.’s United Mine Workers, which started a series of job actions May 10.

Latvia holds its first parliamentary election since the country’s 1991 independence from the former Soviet Union. . . . A conference in Moscow to deliberate a new constitution for Russia opens, and almost immediately disputes break out between Pres. Boris N. Yeltsin and his political opponents.

In a series of well-orchestrated attacks that take place after UN troops inspect munitions depots controlled by Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid, the most powerful warlord in Mogadishu, Somalia, 23 United Nations peacekeepers, all Pakistanis, are slain. It is the worst single-day death toll for UN soldiers since 1961. The number of Pakistani wounded is 59. For the Somalis, the day’s death toll is reported to be between 16 and 35, with an uncertain number wounded. In retaliation, U.S. helicopters bomb three arms dumps belonging to Aidid and destroy a number of Somali artillery pieces and armored vehicles.

Sen. Ramon Jose Velasquez Mujica is overwhelmingly elected by Venezuela’s bicameral Congress to serve as interim president, succeeding Pres. Carlos Andres Perez, who was suspended from office in May in the face of charges of misappropriating government funds. . . . In Guatemala, Ramiro de Leon Carpio wins a near unanimous vote in the second, uncontested round of congressional balloting following the withdrawal of Arturo Herbruger, the president of the Supreme Electoral Council.

Therese Cartwright is killed by a 12foot great white shark off the northern coast of the state of Tasmania.

After the June 5 attack in Somalia, the UN Security Council issues a resolution condemning the attacks and demanding “the arrest and detention for prosecution, trial and punishment” of those responsible.

Spanish premier Felipe Gonzalez wins a fourth consecutive term in office. . . . Swiss voters back the nation’s military establishment in two referendum votes. . . . Italians voting in local elections largely reject the parties discredited by a massive nationwide corruption scandal that has been going on for months.

In response to the June 5 attack in Mogadishu, Somalia, the UN begins evacuating more than 200 civilian aid workers and warns private relief groups to keep clear of Gen. Aidid’s compounds.

Guatemala’s human-rights ombudsman, Ramiro de Leon Carpio, takes the presidential oath of office, ending a crisis over the presidential succession that followed the June 1 ouster of Pres. Serrano. . . . Michael Wilson, Canada’s international trade minister, lifts restrictions on Canadian farmers’ barley trade with the U.S.

Mongolian voters reelect Pres. Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat in the country’s first direct presidential poll.

The Ninth International Conference on AIDS opens in Berlin, Germany, and is attended by more than 14,000 people.

Azerbaijan premier Panakh Huseynov—who is not related to the rebel commander—offers his resignation at the behest of Surat Huseynov, who led the offensive against Gyandzha on June 4. . . . The battle for Travnik ends with what the UN states are hundreds of combatant and noncombatant deaths. In response the June 4 UN resolution, the Bosnian government announces that it has accepted an international plan for safe areas. . . . The Latvian parliament chooses Guntis Ulmanis, 53, as president and Anatolijs Gorbunovs as parliamentary speaker.

Five of the prisoners taken during the June 5 attack in Somalia are freed.

Guatemala’s ousted Pres. Serrano receives asylum in Panama.

Figures show that Australia’s 1992 population totaled 17.6 million, up 184,700 from the year-earlier number. The rate of population growth in 1992 was 1.06%, down from the 1991 rate of 1.25%, which makes it the slowest in 14 years.

June 5

June 6

Europe

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 2–7, 1993—473

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Former Missouri State attorney general William L. Webster (R) pleads guilty to charges that he misused public resources for political purposes during his unsuccessful 1992 gubernatorial campaign. Under the plea agreement, Webster faces a prison sentence of up to 18 months and a fine of up to $500,000.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Norton Winfred Simon, 86, industrialist and art collector, for whom the Norton Simon Museum is named, dies in Los Angeles of respiratory failure. . . . John Robert (Johnny) Mize, 80, major league baseball player, dies in Demorest, Georgia.

Pres. Clinton withdraws his nomination of Lani Guinier, a black law professor, to head the civil-rights division of the Justice Department after she was the target of a concerted campaign by conservative activists to draw the attention to her controversial ideas on race and votingrights issues in her scholarly writings. The withdrawal sparks controversy on all sides of the issue.

June 2

June 3

U.S. president Clinton issues an executive order imposing sanctions on individuals and institutions with close ties to the military-led government in Haiti. The executive order targets 83 individuals and 35 institutions.

The California Court of Appeals in San Francisco reverses a 1992 ruling by an arbitrator that allowed Advanced Micro Devices Inc. permanent, worldwide rights to sell clone copies of Intel Corp.’s 386 model microchip.

Texas State treasurer Kay Bailey Hutchison (R) crushes interim senator Bob Krueger (D) by a two-to-one margin in a special election to fill the Senate seat vacated by Lloyd M. Bentsen, the secretary of the Treasury.

Figures show that ticket sales in NYC’s Broadway theater district for the 1992–93 season reached a record $327.7 million. The Broadway box-office gross for the season was up $34.7 million from the 1991–92 season, which had set the previous record.

Pope John Paul II approves an African cardinal, Bernardin Gantin, to head the College of Cardinals, the group that elects the pope. He is the first African to head the College of Cardinals. . . . Conway Twitty, 59, country music superstar, dies in Springfield, Missouri, of an abdominal aneurysm. . . . In tennis, Steffi Graf wins her third French Open title by defeating Mary Joe Fernandez.

Pres. Clinton and Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D, Mass.) join dozens of other political and cultural leaders at a memorial service at Arlington National Cemetery commemorating the 25th anniversary of the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.

In a smuggling operation, a ship carrying nearly 300 illegal Chinese immigrants runs aground off the coast of Queens, New York. At least six of the passengers die, and several are injured. Officials, apprehend 276 passengers.

In Minnesota v. Dickerson, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that police officers may seize narcotics or other illegal substances that they clearly identify on a suspect’s person during a search for weapons conducted without a warrant. . . . In Lamb’s Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that the school district of Center Moriches, New York, should permit religious groups access to school facilities equal to those granted to community organizations.

After the June 6 crash near Queens, New York, the ship’s captain and 10 crew members are charged in U.S. District Court in Brooklyn, New York, with conspiring to smuggle illegal immigrants into the country. As conditions on the ship are reported to be squalid, at least five are thought to have contracted tuberculosis during the voyage. The INS states it will oppose the asylum requests of the 276 Chinese people.

James Bridges, 57, Oscar-nominated screenwriter, dies in Los Angeles of kidney failure. . . . The Tonys are presented, and Tony Kushner’s Angels in America wins four awards, including best play. . . . Sergi Bruguera of Spain upsets defending tennis champion Jim Courier to win the French Open.

In U.S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, the Supreme Court unanimously reinstates the validity of a provision of a 1916 banking law that allows bank branches located in small towns to sell insurance. . . . Amax Inc., the nation’s thirdlargest coal producer, announces its intention to withdraw from the BCOA, prompting 400 of the company’s striking UMW members to return to work.

NASA submits three scaled-down plans for the space station Freedom, but none of them meet the reduced spending targets.

A judge awards custody of filmmaker Woody Allen’s three children to actress Mia Farrow. . . . Pop music star Prince changes his name to a symbol that combines the male and female signs. . . . New Jersey Nets guard Drazen Petrovic, who led the Croatian basketball team to a silver medal in the 1992 Olympics, is killed in a car accident.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 4

June 5

June 6

June 7

474—June 8–13, 1993

World Affairs

June 8

June 11

June 12

June 13

Africa & the Middle East

René Bousquet, who was likely to face a trial in France for war crimes, is shot dead in Paris by Christian Didier, 49, who is arrested . . . . The Bosnian army seizes Croatian villages around Travnik as thousands of Croats flee toward the town of Vitez, the headquarters of the British UN troops. . . .Four former Bulgarian officials go on trial in connection with the deaths of 14 people in communist-run prison labor camps in the years up to 1962.

Kuwait states it and other Arab states have dropped their “indirect boycott” of Israel, which applied to international companies that conducted business with Israel. . . . Chancellor Franz Vranitzky becomes the first Austrian leader of government to visit Israel. . . . Two Somalis are reported killed in clashes with Pakistanis. . . . A bomb in Cairo, Egypt, kills one person and wounds 15 others, including five British tourists

Balkan negotiators Lord Owen and Thorvald Stoltenberg meet with Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic in the Serbian and Yugoslav capital, Belgrade. . . . Investigating magistrates in Rome link seven-time Italian premier Giulio Andreotti to the 1979 murder of journalist Carmine (Mino) Pecorelli.

June 9

June 10

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada emerges as the winner of the Bolivian presidential election. . . . Guatemalan authorities apprehend Joaquín Guzmán Loera, the reputed head of the Sinaloa cartel and the apparent target of a May 24 attack that killed Cardinal Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo.

Crown Prince Naruhito, 33, marries Masako Owada, 29, in a Shinto religious ceremony at Japan’s Imperial Palace in Tokyo. She is the first woman with a career to join the royal family. Japan declares it a national holiday. . . . A great white shark devours John Ford, 31, near Byron Bay, 370 miles (600 km) north of Sydney, the capital of the Australian state of New South Wales. He is the second person killed by a shark in less than a week. An average of two people per year are killed by sharks in Australia.

The UN’s Children’s Fund estimates there are 2 million children orphaned by AIDS. . . . U.S. Trade Rep. Kantor announces the U.S. will exempt German companies from the U.S. policy that bars EC firms from bidding on government telecommunications contracts. In return, Germany will not follow the EC directive, which calls for EC nations to give preference to EC firms on such contracts. After a series of bilateral talks with the U.S., the highest-level official contact between the two countries since the end of the Korean War, North Korea states it will suspend its plans to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. . . . The European Commission officially demands an explanation from the German government for its June 10 decision not to follow an EC directive.

The annual Queen’s Birthday Honors list, with more liberal criteria, is published and includes W. F. Harvey, a London bus driver, and R. E. J. Hayward, a milkman. The actress Thora Hird and writer Muriel Spark receive the Order of the British Empire, taking the title of dame. . . . M(uriel) C(lara) Bradbrook, 84, British authority on William Shakespeare and the first woman to become a professor of English at Cambridge University, dies in Cambridge, England.

U.S. attack helicopters destroy four depots of General Mohammed Farah Aidid, the strongest warlord in the Somali capital, Mogadishu. After the air strikes, several hundred Pakistani, Kuwaiti, Egyptian, Turkish, and Tunisian ground troops seize artillery pieces, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, rifles, and large amounts of ammunition and capture some 200 of Aidid’s men. Allied forces resume their attacks against Gen. Aidid in Mogadishu, Somalia.

Azerbaijan’s parliamentary chairman, Isa Gambarov, resigns.

Iranian president Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani is elected to a second four-year term of office in a four-candidate election. . . . The Israeli army announces that it will no longer ban homosexuals from sensitive security positions.

In Cambodia, the BLDP and Funcinpec form a parliamentary alliance, thereby giving their 68-seat bloc a majority in the assembly.

At least three Somali civilians are killed when Pakistani peacekeepers shoot into a stone-throwing mob. . . . Nigeria holds its first presidential election since 1983.

Binay Ranjan Sen, 94 Indian director general of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 1956–67, who, in 1960, launched the Freedom from Hunger Campaign, which led to the World Food Conference in 1963, dies in Calcutta, India.

Pakistani peacekeeping troops fire machine guns into a crowd of Somali demonstrators, killing about 20 people, including women and children, and wounding at least 50 others. It is the deadliest use of force against civilians in the history of UN peacekeeping missions.

A convention of the Progressive Conservative Party in Ottawa elects Defense Minister Kim Campbell to be party leader. In that position, she will succeed Brian Mulroney as Canada’s prime minister and become the country’s first female prime minister.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 8–13, 1993—475

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Sam Farr (D, Calif.) wins a special election to succeed Leon E. Panetta in the House of Representatives. . . . Richard Riordan (R) defeats city councilman Michael Woo (D) in an election to replace retiring Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley, a Democrat. . . . In Seattle, Washington, U.S. district judge Barbara Rothstein sentences Joseph Meling to life in prison without parole for lacing capsules of Sudafed with cyanide.

A Quebec court acquits four U.S. marines, Sergeant Leonard Permell and Lance Cpls. Terry Cobb, Mark Cunningham, and Clarence Morris, of sexually assaulting a 12year-old Quebec girl in 1991. . . Judge Sterling Johnson Jr. orders Janet Reno to immediately release Haitian refugees detained because they have HIV. He characterizes the detention site as an “HIV prison camp.”

New Mexico state health officials start trapping rodents in and adjacent to the Navajo reservation in an attempt to identify a specific hantavirus strain, which has taken the lives of 14 people since March. . . . In a highly unusual move, black caucus members turn down a request from Pres. Clinton to discuss the Guinier affaire. . . .Heidi Fleiss, 27, is arrested for allegedly running an elite prostitution service and selling drugs.

The Clinton administration states it will comply with the June 8 order to release 158 Haitian political refugees held at the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 8

Seven of the country’s largest cable-television companies settle an antitrust suit filed against them by attorneys general of 40 states, initiated in 1988. . . . The FDIC announces that the nation’s 11,328 commercial banks earned profits totaling $10.9 billion in the first quarter of 1993. That is $2.7 billion more than their 1992 fourthquarter profits.

Alexis (Margaret Alexis Fitzsimmons Smith) Smith, 72, award-winning star of stage and screen known for her beauty, dies in Los Angeles of cancer. . . . In hockey, the Montreal Canadians win their 24th NHL Stanley Cup over the Los Angeles Kings. . . . The U.S. national team upsets England, 2-0, in a soccer game for the first time since 1950.

Judge Thomas P. Griesa cuts Leona Helmsley’s prison sentence to 30 months from four years. . . . The FDA announces new rules requiring restaurants to document nutrition claims on menus. . . . Milward Simpson, 95, former Republican Wyoming governor, 1954–58, and senator, 1962–67, dies in Cody, Wyoning, after suffering from Parkinson’s disease. He is survived by his son Sen. Alan Simpson (R, Wyo.).

The House votes, 224-187, in favor of a $1.8 billion appropriations bill for the legislative branch which will reduce spending in fiscal 1994 by about 1% compared with 1993 levels. . . . The New York Times Co. agrees to buy Affiliated Publications Inc., the parent company of The Boston Globe newspaper, for $1.1 billion. The purchase price is the largest ever paid for a single U.S. newspaper.

Richard Webb, 77, TV actor best known for his eponymous role in Captain Midnight, shoots himself to death after suffering from a debilitating respiratory ailment. . . . Arleen Auger, 53, operatic soprano, dies in Leusden, the Netherlands, of brain cancer.

In Wisconsin v. Mitchell, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that states can impose stiffer sentences on defendants who commit crimes motivated by racial, religious, or other biases. . . . U.S. district judge Robert Ward sentences Randall Terry, founder of the antiabortion group Operation Rescue, to five months in prison for aiding and abetting Harley D. Belew when he presented an aborted fetus to thenArkansas governor Clinton in July 1992. . . . Rep. Mike Kopetski (D, Oreg.) is convicted on misdemeanor charges of driving while intoxicated.

One of eight endangered California condors released in 1992 into the Sespe Condor Sanctuary is killed either by a power line or an automobile. With the death of this bird and the killing of another one in May, 76 California condors remain in existence. California Condor Recovery Program plans to recapture six other birds released in 1992.

In Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, the Supreme Court votes unanimously to declare unconstitutional a ban imposed in Hialeah, Florida, on ritual animal sacrifice since it violates the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of religion for members of the Santeria faith. . . . Ray Sharkey, 40, actor who won a 1980 Golden Globe, dies in New York City.

The raids in Somalia mark the first time that U.S. Pres. Clinton orders troops into combat.

June 9

June 10

June 11

June 12

Leonard Franklin McCollum, 91, who built up industry giant Conoco, dies in Houston, Texas, after a brief illness.

Doctors announce a new method of monitoring diabetes that may forestall or prevent serious effects of the disorder. The new regimen involves checking blood sugar with a special meter and injecting insulin four to seven times daily to keep blood sugar at a normal level. . . . Donald Kent (Deke) Slayton, 69, one of seven original U.S. astronauts, known collectively as the Mercury Seven, who, with two other American astronauts manned a historic flight in which the Apollo docked with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, dies in League City, Texas, of brain cancer.

Golfer Patty Sheehan wins the Mazda LPGA Championship in Bethesda, Maryland, by one stroke over Lauri Merten.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 13

476—June 14–18, 1993

World Affairs

June 14

June 15

June 16

The Basel, Switzerland-based Bank for International Settlements finds that the EC was the leading recipient of foreign investment in 1992. The overall level of foreign investment worldwide in 1992 totaled $158.5 billion, down 13% from the year-earlier level. The report also indicates that the gap between people living in the world’s richest and poorest nations expanded between 1960 and 1990.

Defense ministers of six of the 10 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States agree to disband the supreme command of the CIS joint armed forces. . . . Reports indicate Yugoslavia and Iraq have formulated a military alliance intended to allow each country to evade sanctions applied by the United Nations. The current alliance is particularly remarkable because of public outrage in the Arab world over Serbian brutality toward Bosnian Moslems.

Africa & the Middle East In the first daytime attack in Mogadishu, Somalia, a U.S. helicopter fires two missiles at a Soviet-built rocket launcher. One missile finds its target, but the other hits a tea shop. Although it does not detonate, its impact wounds up to 12 people. . . . Saudi Arabia announces that its two main state-owned oil companies will merge to form the largest oil producer in the world. . . . Malawian voters overwhelmingly approve a referendum favoring multiparty politics.

A peace plan between Armenia and Azerbaijan is signed by the ethnic Armenian leaders in NagornoKarabakh. Separately, Heydar A. Aliyev is elected Azerbaijan’s parliamentary chairman. . . . Canadian peacekeeping troops begin their final withdrawal from the divided Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The pullout marks the conclusion of a 29-year Canadian presence on the island since Canadian troops were sent there as the first United Nations force in 1964.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to impose a worldwide oil, arms, and financial embargo on Haiti.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

An unidentified U.S. company donates a 180,000-acre (70,000 hectare) plot of land in Venezuela to the Nature Conservancy, an environmental preservation group. The Nature Conservancy states that the donation is the largest in conservation history and that the land will be joined with an adjacent 1.5-million acre (600,000 hectare) Venezuelan national park.

In Cambodia, the constituent assembly convenes for the first time and, in a near-unanimous show of hands, grants Prince Sihanouk whatever powers he deems necessary “as chief of state in order that he may save our nation.” Hun Sen’s Vietnameseinstalled government renounces all state powers following the vote.

Haiti’s military-backed parliament for the first time recognizes JeanBertrand Aristide’s presidency as legitimate when it requests Aristide to name a new premier to succeed Haiti’s de facto premier, Marc Bazin. The parliament, however, conditions its decree on Aristide’s acceptance of all parliamentary legislation enacted since the coup. Consequently, the offer is rejected. . . . Mexican attorney general Jorge Carpizo McGregor fires 67 federal narcotics agents for alleged ties to Mexican drug cartels. American aircraft strafe Gen. Aidid’s headquarters and chief weapons cache in Mogadishu, Somalia. . . . In Nigeria, the military government of Pres. Babangida suspends the release of the results of the June 12 elections until fraud charges are investigated. . . . The Israeli army announces Mohammed Joma Hilmu Jarad, an Arab-American, pled guilty to transporting funds from the U.S. to Hamas and was sentenced to six months in prison.

Harshad Mehta, who is the central figure in India’s billion-dollar securities scandal, publicly alleges that he made a $300,000 payment to Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao in exchange for future political favors. Rao denies the charge and states the accusation leaves him “shocked and pained.” . . . In South Korea, workers at Hyundai Motors strike over pay.

Eight UN military observers enter the Muslim enclave of Gorazde, in Bosnia, after negotiating for three weeks. A local doctor tells the peacekeepers that 2,000 people received medical treatment in the previous 20 days and that as many as 150 wounded people should be evacuated. . . . Fighting flares across Tajikistan’s border with Afghanistan when unidentified gunmen shoot and kill two Russian military officers at a border base near Pyandzh, 90 miles (145 km) south of the Tajik capital, Dushanbe. One Tajik soldier is wounded.

June 17

June 18

Europe

The UN Development Program approves an $18 million grant to Myanmar.

Azerbaijan’s president Abulfaz Elchibey flees the capital, Baku, but does not resign. Heydar A. Aliyev claims the presidency in Elchibey’s absence. . . . In central Bosnia, a Canadian serviceman becomes the 47th UN soldier to die in Bosnia and Croatia since peacekeepers arrived in 1992. . . . An advance group of eight U.S. military officers arrive in The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, leader of the radical Hezb-i-Islami military faction, is sworn in as premier of Afghanistan in a village near Kabul, the capital. Eleven other cabinet ministers are inaugurated at the same time. The ceremonies are made possible by a May 20 ceasefire agreement.

In Egypt, a bomb filled with nails explodes on a Cairo street, killing seven people.

Prince Norodom Ranariddh and Premier Hun Sen, the leaders of Cambodia’s two major political parties, agree to share leadership in an interim government. . . . Japan’s Diet passes a no-confidence resolution that topples the government of Premier Kiichi Miyazawa. . . . In Nepal, protests break out after a governmentappointed judge rules the deaths of two communists leaders in a suspicious car crash were the result of negligence.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 14–18, 1993—477

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

MacArthur Fellowships are awarded to many activists, including Pedro Jose Greer Jr., Carol Levine, and Sokoni Karanja. . . . After an almost three-month search for a new Supreme Court justice, the longest in U.S. history, Pres. Clinton nominates Ruth Bader Ginsburg to replace retiring Justice Byron R. White. . . . Sen. Arlen Specter (R, Pa.), 63, undergoes surgery to remove a brain tumor. . . . Gov. Robert Casey (D, Pa.) undergoes a rare heart-liver transplant

The U.S. Army publishes a revised edition of its Field Manual 100-5, “Operations,” last updated in 1986. The new edition stresses offensive operations in unanticipated locations, underlines that the Army is part of an integrated force structure, and devotes a new chapter to peacekeeping, civil intervention, and humanitarian assistance. . . . The first 27 of the Haitian refugees with HIV held at the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, fly to the U.S.

MacArthur Fellowships are presented to environmentalists, such as Amory Bloch Lovins, 45, founder and director of the Rocky Mountain Institute. . . . The dollar reaches a record low against the yen in New York trading, closing at 105.23 yen.

MacArthur Fellowships are awarded to several scientists and professors, including Stephen Lee, Demetrios Christodoulou, and Maria Luisa Crawford.

MacArthur Fellowships are given to several artists, including Ann Lauterbach, Ann Hamilton, Thom Gunn, and Ernest J. Gaines. . . . Vincent T. Hamlin, 93, cartoonist who created the “Alley Oop” comic strip, dies in Spring Hill, Florida.

Doctors report that Sen. Arlen Specter (R, Pa.) is recovering well and that his tumor is benign. . . . Doctors report that Pennsylvania governor Robert P. Casey (D) is successfully recovering from transplant surgery performed on June 14. Lt. Gov. Mark Singel (D) takes over gubernatorial duties pending Casey’s recovery. . . . John Bowden Connally Jr., 76, former Texas governor, 1963–69, and U.S. Treasury secretary, 1971–72, dies in Houston, Texas, of complications of pulmonary fibrosis.

Honda Motor Co. extends a voluntary recall to involve 1.8 million cars, the largest recall effort ever mounted in the U.S. It is expected to cost Honda up to $20 million.

Reports suggest that teams of experts have been unable to determine the cause of a mystery illness that has reached epidemic proportions in Cuba. The nervous-system disorder that first made itself evident in January 1992 has affected more than 43,000 Cubans. No deaths have been attributed to the disease. . . . The FDA approves a test for chlamydia that relies on a urine sample from males or a cervical swab from females. It is said to be quicker and more accurate than the cell-culture test.

James Hunt, 45, British former Formula One race-car champion, dies in London of a heart attack. . . . Major League Baseball’s ban on the smoking or chewing of tobacco by minor-league players, coaches, and umpires goes into effect.

Rep. Sam Farr (D, Calif.) is sworn in, so all seats of the 103rd Congress are filled for the first time since January. . . . Kennedy assassination researchers ask the U.S. Justice Department to try to remove any bullet fragments that might have remained in John Connally’s body after he was shot in the 1963 assassination of Pres. Kennedy. Connally died on June 15.

Pres. Ron Carey of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters places Teamsters Local 705 in Chicago under trusteeship, accusing its leaders of fraudulent use of union funds and ties to organized crime. . . . The UMW intensifies its selective strike by adding mines in Kentucky and West Virginia. The move swells the number of striking miners to 14,000 and carries the strike, which began May 10, into its sixth week.

A study finds that Americans on average have lower blood cholesterol than they have had in the past, reducing their risk of heart disease.

Pres. Clinton accepts one of the plans for the space station Freedom submitted by NASA June 7. The program calls for a scaleddown version of the space station and estimates that it will cost $10.5 billion over five years and will allow four astronauts to be in orbit by the year 2001. . . . The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences announces the death of Aleksandr S. Davydov, 80, Ukrainian chemical physicist.

The FDA and PepsiCola conclude that a series of complaints that syringes were found in Pepsi sodas was fraudulent. . . . Despite the June 16 request, John Bowden Connally Jr. is buried without having the operation to recover bullet fragments from the 1963 assassination of Pres. Kennedy.

The U.S. forcibly repatriates 87 Haitians whom it intercepted in boats at sea. . . . The House approves, 309-111, a $13 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for foreign operations.

Pres. Clinton holds his first nationally televised prime-time evening news conference to launch his new budget plans. . . . The Senate passes, 60-38, a broad campaignfinance reform bill intended to limit overall spending in congressional elections and to curb campaign contributions by special-interest groups.

In Helling v. McKinney, the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, prison inmates have a right to be protected from exposure to cigarette smoke if they can prove that smoke constitutes a health hazard. . . . In Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that local governments may comply with a federal law requiring equal educational opportunities for disabled children by paying for special services in parochial schools.

Officials announce that U.S. Air Force major general Harold N. Campbell, 53, has been fined $7,000 and will retire early, on July 1, for having disparaged Pres. Clinton at an awards dinner speech May 24. . . . Pres. Clinton nominates Doris M. Meissner to serve as commissioner of the INS. . . . Pres. Clinton nominates Edward P. Djerejian to become ambassador to Israel. . . . Pres. Clinton meets with King Hussein of Jordan for the first time at the White House.

District Judge Sam Sparks rules that former U.S. Atty. Gen. Richard Thornburgh is partly liable for about $300,000 in campaign debts dating from his unsuccessful bid for the U.S. Senate seat from Pennsylvania in 1991. . . . In Harper v. Virginia, the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that its 1989 decision that states cannot tax the pension income of retired federal workers while exempting state and local retirees should bring about compensation for people who are taxed unfairly.

June 14

June 15

June 16

June 17

June 18

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

478—June 19–24, 1993

World Affairs

Leaders of the Serbs in Croatia, acting in the name of the self-proclaimed Krajina republic, claim that a referendum shows overwhelming favor of union with the Bosnian Serbs. . . . Italians voting in local elections largely reject parties discredited by the nationwide corruption scandal. . . . A law that would require residents to petition for citizenship and pass an Estonian language exam within two years sparks protests by ethnic Russians in the northeastern city of Narva.

June 20

The leaders of the 12 nations of the European Community meet for their regular semiannual summit.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Guatemalan president Ramiro de León Carpio makes his first nationally televised address, in which he outlines his administration’s first six-month plan.

Surat Huseynov, the commander of a rebel militia, declares he is assuming power in Azerbaijan. Heydar Aliyev unexpectedly expresses support for Huseynov. . . . Two car bomb blasts in Madrid kill seven people and injure about 25 others. It is the country’s most deadly bomb attack since 1986. . . . The Estonian parliament passes a law on foreign nationals that prompts protests by ethnic Russians

Lloyd’s of London, the 305-year-old insurance market, reports a record loss of £2.91 billion ($4.33 billion) for 1990.

June 22

June 23

Africa & the Middle East

Reports state that ethnic Armenian forces have advanced on the towns of Martakert and Agdam in the Nagorno-Karabakh region.

June 19

June 21

Europe

The UN Security Council imposes oil and arms embargoes on Haiti and freezes the worldwide financial assets of supporters of the 1991 coup.

Representatives of the warring Serb, Croat, and Muslim factions in Bosnia-Herzegovina hold talks in Geneva, Switzerland, on a Serb and Croat proposal to divide the country into three ethnically based states. The Muslim president of Bosnia, Alija Izetbegovic, refuses to attend. . . . Italy’s Senate gives final passage to a tough antiracism bill that will set jail sentences for spreading “ideas based on racial or ethnic superiority or hatred.”

The British Columbia government announces that 2.5 million acres (1 million hectares) of wilderness in the extreme northwest of the province will be set aside as a provincial park. The decision stops plans to mine for copper and gold on a part of the site known as Windy Craggy.

Nigerian military leader General Ibrahim Babangida voids the results of the recent presidential election and rescinds his promise to surrender power to a civilian government on August 27. . . . In South Africa, ANC president Nelson Mandela and Inkatha Freedom Party president Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi meet for the first time in more than two years.

Canada’s Senate ratifies NAFTA, becoming the first of the three nations involved to do so.

On his first visit to South Korea, Australian prime minister Paul Keating meets with Pres. Kim Young Sam in Seoul, the capital.

Kurdish militants raid Turkish diplomatic missions, businesses, and travel and banking establishments in dozens of Western European cities. Kurdish militants take about 20 people hostage at the Turkish consulate in Munich, Germany, in a siege that lasts 15 hours. At the Turkish embassy in Bern, Switzerland, a demonstrator is killed and at least seven other people wounded by gunfire. . . . Azerbaijan’s parliament votes to relieve Pres. Elchibey of his duties.

June 24

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 19–24, 1993—479

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

James Benton Parsons, 81, who in 1975 was named the first black chief judge of a federal court, dies in Chicago, Illinois. . . . Retired publishing magnate Walter Annenberg announces that he is donating a record $365 million in cash grants to the University of Southern California, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, and the Peddie School, a private preparatory school in Hightstown, N.J. The sum is the largest one-time gift ever made to private education in U.S. history.

Sir William Golding, 81, author of Lord of the Flies (1954) who won the Booker Prize in 1980, and the Nobel Prize in 1983 and was knighted in 1988, dies near Truro, Cornwall, England. The cause of death is thought to be a heart attack.

Reports suggest that Pres. Clinton’s father, William Jefferson Blythe III, had a child from a previous marriage, Henry Leon Ritzenthaler, 55. Clinton and his immediate family apparently have not previously known about Ritzenthaler.

Lee Janzen wins the U.S. Open golf tournament. . . . Pres. Clinton announces that he has chosen Olympic track star Florence Griffith-Joyner and former Maryland congressman and basketball star Tom McMillen as cochairmen of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. . . . The Chicago Bulls win their third consecutive NBA title over the Phoenix Suns.

Leaders of the Republican Party announce the formation of the National Policy Forum, a partyaffiliated organization intended to attract new voters to the GOP and to solicit ideas on policy issues from the public. . . . Former president George Bush informs Republican Party officials that he has decided to stop accepting a $150,000 annual stipend from the party, which the GOP also pays to former Pres. Reagan.

In Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, the Supreme Court rules, 8-1, that a U.S. policy in which boats carrying Haitian refugees are intercepted on the high seas and the refugees forcibly returned to Haiti without receiving asylum hearings does not violate U.S. and international laws.

In Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp., the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that intense price cutting by a generic cigarette manufacturer did not violated antitrust legislation.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rules that Pres. Clinton’s Task Force on National Health Care Reform may hold meetings in secret. . . . Pat Nixon (born Thelma Catherine Ryan), 81, wife of former president Richard Nixon, dies in Park Ridge, New Jersey, of lung cancer.

The U.S. Commerce Department raises tariffs imposed on steel imports from 19 countries, following complaints by U.S. steel makers that foreign companies are “dumping” steel, or selling it in the U.S. at prices lower than they charge in their domestic markets. . . . The House approves, 295-126, a measure extending to December 15 the administration’s “fast-track” negotiating authority regarding the GATT talks.

The Federal Reserve Board reports that business activity in the U.S. is increasing at a “slow to moderate pace.” . . . The House approves, 263-153, a $22.7 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the Treasury Department, the U.S. Postal Service, and other government agencies.

Lorena Bobbitt, 24, cuts off her husband’s penis after he allegedly raped her. She is charged with malicious wounding. . . . The U.S. Judicial Conference formally recommends that Congress impeach U.S. District Judge Robert F. Collins of Louisiana, who was convicted in 1991 of accepting a $100,000 bribe from a convicted drug smuggler. . . . Charles J. Epstein, a geneticist at UCSF, is injured by a letter bomb. Authorities believe it was sent by the same person or persons who targeted universities and high-technology firms in the 1970s and 1980s.

The House passes, 347-67, a bill appropriating $10.3 billion for military construction in fiscal 1994.

Mayor Tom Bradley (D) of Los Angeles signs into law a bill banning smoking in restaurants. . . . In Heller v. Doe, the Supreme Court upholds, 5-4, a Kentucky law that allows the state greater freedom to involuntarily institutionalize the mentally ill. . . . In Johnson v. Texas, the Supreme Court rules, that 5-4, that a Texas law allowing juries to issue the death penalty to teenagers convicted of murder is constitutionally sound.

The FBI arrests eight men, all described as Muslim extremists, on charges of plotting a series of terrorist bombings at prominent sites in New York City. Among the five men captured is the alleged ringleader, Siddig Ibrahim Siddig Ali, 33. Law-enforcement officials state the group planned to assassinate UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, Sen. Alphonse D’Amato (R, N.Y.) and New York state assemblyman Dov Hikind.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral to retrieve a European satellite and perform scientific experiments.

June 19

June 20

June 21

Victor Maddern, 67, British character actor who appeared in more than 200 films, dies of cancer in London, England.

June 22

June 23

The House approves, 350-73, a $21.7 billion appropriations bill for energy, water, and nucleardefense programs.

The crew of the U.S. space shuttle Endeavour plucks from orbit the European Space Agency’s EURECA (European Retrievable Carrier) probe.

Archie Williams, 78, who won a gold medal in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, and who, along with other black athletes, helped discredit Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler’s claims of Aryan athletes’ superiority, dies in Fairfax, California, of a heart attack.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 24

480—June 25–30, 1993

June 25

Europe

Jacques Attali announces his resignation as president of the EBRD. . . . Japan announces that it will provide $120 billion in foreign aid to developing countries from 1993 to 1997. The projected outlays by Japan make it the world’s largest donor nation. . . . The World Conference on Human Rights approves a final declaration that calls on the UN to consider the establishment of a High Commissioner for Human Rights. The conference is the first large-scale international human-rights meeting since 1968.

The Yugoslav parliament elects Zoran Lilic, 39, as president of the Yugoslav Federation, which comprises the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Lilic succeeds Dobrica Cosic. . . . Kurds and Turks fight at the Turkish consulate in Karlsruhe, Germany, after Kurds blockade the building. . . . Lithuania introduces a new national currency, the litas. . . . Russia ceases pumping natural gas to Estonia. While it is not the official reason, experts argue that the stoppage is punishment for the Estonian law passed June 21.

Militant white separatists storm and vandalize a convention center outside Johannesburg where some of South Africa’s leading politicians are holding negotiations on a future government.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin announces that a new constitution for Russia has been drafted after three weeks of discussion.

U.S. armed forces launch a missile attack aimed at Iraq’s intelligence headquarters in Baghdad. Justifying the attack, the U.S. cites evidence that the Iraqi government sponsored a plot to assassinate former U.S. Pres. Bush. The Iraqi government announces that eight people were killed and a dozen wounded in the attack. Thousands of Iraqis protest the raid.

Armenians seize the town of Martakert, inside NagornoKarabakh. . . . A bomb explodes in the Turkish resort of Antalya. . . . In Germany, police engage in a shoot-out with terrorist suspect Wolfgang Grams. One GSG-9 man is killed, and Grams is shot dead. Accounts suggest he was executed by police.

In Somalia, two U.S. soldiers and a Pakistani peacekeeper are wounded in an ambush.

A passenger train near Genc in southeastern Turkey is attacked. . . . Estonian president Lennart Meri refuses to ratify the residency law passed June 21 and states that he will refer it to the Council of Europe and to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe for expert opinions. Separately, the Estonian government declares a plebiscite on territorial autonomy proposed by the Narva city council to be illegal.

Somali gunmen kill a Pakistani and wound two others. U.S. gunships respond by bombarding a suspected sniper’s nest, killing at least two. . . . In South Africa, police seize 21 suspected participants in the June 25 attack.

In response to a pact made by Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk that provides for an even division of the Black Sea fleet between Russia and Ukraine, naval officers state they will refuse to obey orders to divide the fleet.

A US plane patrolling a UN-imposed “no-fly zone” in southern Iraq fires on an Iraqi antiaircraft battery. . . . About 1,000 people gather at the grave of former Algerian head of state Mohammed Boudiaf in Algiers, the capital, to commemorate the first anniversary of his assassination. Many of the mourners begin a protest in which they accuse the government of covering up key facts in Boudiaf’s death.

Russia resumes pumping natural gas to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, having stopped pumping it Estonia on June 25. . . . The Azerbaijan parliament names rebel leader Surat Huseynov premier with expanded authority over the ministries of defense, interiors, and security. Huseynov topple, the democratically elected president, Abulfaz Elchibey, after a military campaign that started June 4.

U.S. helicopters blow up an arms cache in Mogadishu, Somalia, belonging to Osman Ato, Gen. Aidid’s financier.

June 26

June 27

June 28

The Iraqi government lodges a formal protest against the June 26 raid with the UN Security Council, and it denies the existence of any plot to assassinate former U.S. president George Bush. However, Kuwaiti officials contend that the Iraqis were to have detonated their car bomb during Bush’s April 15 speech at Kuwait University or, if that failed, on a crowded street.

June 29

June 30

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine agree to set up a threeyear program and establish a donor fund of $32 million to protect the Black Sea from pollution. . . . The UN Commissioner for Refugees announces that for 10 weeks, food rations given to 1.4 million people in Bosnia will be reduced by half because both supplies and money are lacking. . . . The IMF approves a loan to Russia of $1.5 billion, part of a $3 billion “fast-track” economic-reform loan.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Kim Campbell is sworn in as Canada’s 19th prime minister. She is the first woman to become prime minister in Canada.

Data shows that more than 1,000 people in China are infected with HIV. . . . In Afghanistan, forces loyal to the prime minister shell the capital, killing at least 12 people.

In Haiti, soldiers and armed civilians burst into a televised service at one of Port-au-Prince’s largest churches and beat parishioners who display pro-Aristide posters. The soldiers reportedly arrest at least 10 people.

In Manipur state, about 1,100 miles (1,750 km) east of New Delhi, Naga tribe guerrillas, one of several ethnic-based insurgencies in India’s northeast region, kill more than 25 Indian soldiers during an ambush of an army convoy. The armed strike marks a resurgence of fighting in the northeast. . . . Reports indicate that more than 100 suspected drug dealers were executed in late June in China’s southern Yunnan province, timed to coincide with the global Anti-Drug Day June 26. Belize’s opposition United Democratic Party (UDP) wins a razorthin election victory over the ruling People’s United Party (PUP), enabling Manuel Esquivel to regain the post of prime minister that he lost in 1989 to PUP veteran leader George Price.

In a sudden reversal, Khmer Rouge military commanders agree to merge their forces with the army of the transitional Cambodian government that emerged following United Nations-supervised elections in May.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 25–30, 1993—481

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Chicago Board of Education elects Argie K. Johnson as the general superintendent of the Chicago school system. . . . Pres. Clinton appoints Kristine M. Gebbie as the government’s first AIDS policy coordinator.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

In St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that workers must provide explicit evidence that they were discriminated against on the basis of their race, religion, or other status in order to qualify for protection under civil-rights legislation. . . . The Senate passes, 49-50, legislation to enact the spending plans and tax measures central to Pres. Clinton’s long-term economic program. Vice Pres. Al Gore, acting in his capacity as president of the Senate, casts a tie-breaking vote.

A government-sponsored panel recommends that the antiviral drug AZT (azidothymidine or zidovudine) no longer be automatically prescribed to patients with the AIDS virus who have a low CD-4 immune cell count but no AIDS symptoms. The advice reflects recent evidence from the medical community that AZT neither extends the life nor eases the eventual symptoms of people who take it before the onset of AIDS.

A poll finds that American perception of immigrants has grown less favorable during the past several years, as 68% of those polled agree that “most of the people who have moved to the United States in the last few years are here illegally,” compared with 49% who held that view in 1986.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 25

Roy Campanella, 71, Baseball Hall of Fame catcher who played with the Brooklyn Dodgers, 1948–57, dies in Woodland Hills, California, of a heart attack. . . . Mary Courtney Kennedy, 36, the daughter of the late Sen. Robert Kennedy, weds Irish activist Paul Hill, 38. Hill is one of the “Guildford Four,” who was wrongly convicted in 1975 for some IRA bombings.

The Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission recommends the closure of about 30 major military installations and scores of smaller facilities.

Monroe Edward Spaght, 83, former president and chairman of Shell Oil Co., dies in France of a heart attack.

In Shaw v. Reno, the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that states with irregularly shaped electoral districts drawn to create minority voting districts may be challenged constitutionally. . . . Police officers arrest Joel Rifkin, 34, and he confesses to slaying 17 women. . . . In U.S. v. Dixon, the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that a man convicted of contempt of court after attacking his wife can be tried on new charges relating to that attack. . . . Justice Byron R. White completes his final day on the Supreme Court after more than 31 years of service.

U.S. and Japanese negotiators reach a stalemate on a framework for future economic and trade talks between the two countries.

U.S. District Judge Harold Ryan halts nuclear-waste shipments to the Department of Energy’s Idaho National Engineering Laboratory pending federal government proof that the material poses no environmental decay.

Boris Christoff, 79, Bulgarian operatic bass, dies in Rome, Italy. . . . Thomas A. Dine, the executive director of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), resigns his position after comments ascribed to him are judged insult to ultra-Orthodox Jews.

Bernard Miller, convicted in April in the 1992 carjacking death of Pam Basu and throwing her 22-monthold daughter from the vehicle, is sentenced to life in prison. . . . In Oregon, residents of Junction City and Canby and the counties of Douglas, Josephine, Linn, and Klamath approve ballot measures prohibiting their local governments from passing laws to protect homosexuals from discrimination. Oregon voters in 1992 rejected statewide curbs on homosexual rights by a margin of 57% to 43%.

Argentine president Carlos Saul Menem meets with U.S. president Clinton in Washington, D.C. It is the first visit by a Latin American leader during the Clinton presidency.

The House passes, 304-119, a fiscal 1994 spending bill for the Agriculture Department, the FDA, and other related agencies. . . . The House votes, 313-110, to approve an $87.9 billion appropriations bill for the HUD, VA, and independent agencies. Former Rep. Nicholas Mavroules (D, Mass.) is sentenced to 15 months in prison and is fined $15,000 for illegally accepting gratuities and filing false tax records.

Hector Lavoe (born Hector Perez), 46, salsa singer who, in 1988, was nominated for a Grammy Award, dies in New York City of cardiac arrest.

Pres. Clinton names Einar Dyhrkopp to fill the seat on the Postal Board that was disputed in December 1992.

In Washington, D.C., U.S. district judge Charles R. Richey rules that the U.S. government must file a report outlining the possible environmental impacts of the proposed NAFTA treaty. . . . The U.S. Senate approves, 7-16, a measure extending to December 15 the administration’s “fast-track” negotiating authority regarding the GATT talks. The measure cleared the House June 22.

The House passes, 305-124, a $215.7 billion bill to fund the Departments of Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services and other agencies for fiscal 1994. . . . The House, 213-211, passes its spending bill for the District of Columbia. . . . The UMW reaches an agreement with three of the four companies in the Independent Bituminous Coal Bargaining Alliance.

The heads of the four major TV networks announce that their stations will introduce parental advisory warnings for violent shows.

The National Academy of Sciences makes public a long-awaited report on the use of pesticides. The report recommends a tenfold increase in the tolerance standards applied to potentially damaging pesticides and heightened sampling of foods for pesticide residues.

Actress Julia Roberts, 25, marries singer-songwriter Lyle Lovett, 35, in a small ceremony in Marion, Indiana.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 26

June 27

June 28

June 29

June 30

482—July 1–6, 1993

July 1

July 2

July 3

July 4

July 5

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

Russian president Boris Yeltsin declares that his country will extend its own seven-month nuclear test moratorium, which expires today. Yeltsin states that he and U.S. president Clinton have agreed to lobby for a worldwide ban on nuclear warhead testing. . . . Gen. Jean Cot of France succeeds Swedish lieutenant general LarsEric Wahlgren as commander of all UN forces in the former Yugoslavia.

The Sverdlovsk region claims republican status under the name of the Urals Republic, but it does not set its laws above federation ones. . . . Vuk Draskovic, the leader of the Serbian Renewal Movement arrested with his wife on June 1, begins a hunger strike to protest against his detention and to demand the release of his wife. . . . Serb and Croat militiamen demand tolls from aid organizations. . . . Reports indicate that, as a result of the fighting in Azerbaijan, eight foreign oil companies have suspended negotiations over drilling rights near the Caspian Sea.

Two Palestinian gunmen kill one Israeli woman and take another captive in an apparent attempt to commandeer a commuter bus in Jerusalem. The two men, as well as their captive, are killed when they exchange gunfire with Israeli troops. The militant Islamic group Hamas claims responsibility for the act, the first Palestinian attack on Israeli civilians since March, when the Israeli government sealed the borders of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Western donor countries allocate $7.4 billion for aid to India in the 1993–94 fiscal year to help it implement an economic-liberalization program. . . . U.S. president Clinton ends U.S. opposition to multilateral loans to Vietnam, thereby opening the way for Vietnam to repay its debt to the IMF and gain access to international credit markets. However, he maintains the core of the U.S. economic embargo.

In Sivas, militant Muslim fundamentalists set fire to the Madimak Hotel while it is hosting a meeting of leftists and intellectuals, killing 37. It is the worst outbreak of Islamic violence in Turkey since 1978. . . . Reports confirm that an offensive is being staged in Sukhumi, Abkhazia. Georgia’s Parliament votes to give Eduard Shevardnadze special powers to issue decrees and to hire and fire cabinet ministers, except the premier.

Three Italian soldiers are killed and about 20 wounded in an ambush by Somali militiamen in Mogadishu. . . . South African president F.W. de Klerk and ANC president Nelson Mandela announce that negotiators in Johannesburg have ratified April 27, 1994, as the date of the first election in which black South Africans will be able to vote.

Russia withdraws the remaining forces of the Soviet mechanizedinfantry brigade sent to Cuba during the 1962 missile crisis with the U.S. . . . In accordance with comments regarding a worldwide ban on nuclear warhead testing made by Russian president Yeltsin on July 1, U.S. president Clinton extends by 15 months a congressional moratorium on the testing of nuclear weapons. Reports indicate that the Chinese military has been urging a resumption of nuclear tests.

The principality of Liechtenstein’s Crown Prince Alois and Bavaria’s Duchess Sophie are married in Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein. . . . Police in the City of London begin shutting off most streets leading into the financial district in an effort to deter attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

The head of a UN special commission on Iraq, Rolf Ekeus, instructs UN weapons’ inspectors to leave Iraq since Iraqi authorities have refused to allow them to install 24-hour surveillance cameras at two missile testing sites, as per Resolution 715. . . . In response to July 1 and July 3 comments about nuclear testing, France also calls for a worldwide ban.

Georgian president Shevardnadze visits Abkhazia and narrowly escapes injury when shrapnel passes within inches of his convoy. . . . Rudolf Seiters resigns as Germany’s interior minister amid suspicion that the killing of a suspected left-wing terrorist, Wolfgang Grams, was a police execution. . . . U.S. billionaire Marvin Davis and his wife are robbed of $10 million in jewelry and $50,000 in cash in France by four masked gunmen.

Egyptian foreign minister Amre Moussa formally requests that the U.S. extradite Abdel Rahman, arrested on July 3. The sheik faces a retrial in Egypt on charges stemming from a 1989 antigovernment riot outside a mosque in Fayoum. He was acquitted of those charges in 1990.

Reports indicate that the British government, which relies on U.S. facilities to test its nuclear warheads, has stated that the U.K. can “live with” the test ban announced July 3.

Tansu Ciller wins a vote of confidence in the Turkish parliament and officially becomes the nation’s premier. . . . A sniper shoots dead a British aid worker, Christine Witcutt, 56, in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.

In the first serious unrest since the electoral cancellation in June, thousands of Nigerians in Lagos protest against the military. The Campaign for Democracy, an alliance of 25 groups, organizes a general strike in the capital.

Figures suggest that more than 160 people have been arrested in connection with blockades set up by demonstrators to seal off logging crews’ access to the forest at Clayoquot Sound on Vancouver Island, Canada.

Georgian leader Eduard Shevardnadze imposes a 60-day period of martial law in the northwestern region of Abkhazia, which is already under curfew. A United Nations representative, Swedish lieutenant colonel Per-Erik Korstrom, states that two villages, Shroma and Akhalsheni, have been destroyed.

As protests that started July 5 continue in Nigeria, at least 25 people are killed when federal troops are dispatched to suppress the demonstrations.

U.S. Coast Guard boats stop ships full of Chinese émigrés in international waters near Mexico. Mexican authorities, following the resolution of a diplomatic impasse with the U.S. over the fate of the refugees, permits the ships to enter Mexican waters under escort of the Mexican navy and to dock.

July 6

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Cuban security forces foil an attempt by U.S.-based Cuban exiles to transport asylum seekers to Florida from the Caribbean island by means of high-powered speedboats. Three exiles are killed in the incident. . . . El Salvador’s defense minister, General Rene Emilio Ponce, and 17 other top military officers officially retire, thereby fulfilling conditions established in the 1992 United Nationsbrokered pact that ended the nation’s 12-year civil war. Pres. Cristiani names Col. Humberto Corado Figueroa to replace Ponce.

In separate incidents in Pakistan, religious processions are attacked by armed assailants, leaving at least 19 people dead. Some 14 Moslems are killed in the area of Hyderabad, and five people are shot to death in Gujrat.

Deposed Haitian president JeanBertrand Aristide and the military commander who led the 1991 coup d’etat that ousted him sign a United Nations-brokered accord that provides for the reinstatement of Aristide at the head of a democratic government in Haiti by October 30, guarantees amnesty for all military leaders involved in the coup and calls for a conditional end to the embargoes imposed on Haiti by the UN and the Organization of American States. In Nepal, a general strike brings commercial activity in Nepal to a halt as antigovernment protests continue after the June 18 ruling that the deaths of Madan Bhandari and Jiv Raj Ashrit, two communist leaders, in a car crash were caused by negligence. Many protest that verdict, and figures show that 13 people have died since demonstrations began. . . . In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge reopens its offices in Phnom Penh, the capital.

U.S. president Clinton makes his first visit to Japan as president. . . . Pope John Paul II signs a decree approving a nun, Mary MacKillop, as Australia’s first saint. MacKillop, the founder of the Roman Catholic order of the Sisters of Saint Joseph, died in 1909. . . . Rev. Vincent Zhu Hongsheng, 76, Roman Catholic figure imprisoned in China for a total of 31 years for being loyal to the Vatican, dies in Shanghai of a heart ailment.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 1–6, 1993—483

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Gian Luigi Ferri, whose lawsuit against a party is represented by Pettit & Martin, enters their law offices and goes on a shooting spree in San Francisco, killing eight people and wounding six others before shooting himself to death. . . . The FBI reports the death of Aladena (Jimmy the Weasel) Fratianno, 79, former acting boss of the Los Angeles crime syndicate who, in 1977, became a government witness and aided in the convictions of more than two dozen Mafia figures. He reportedly died in his sleep in an undisclosed U.S. city.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin announces that 92 U.S. military facilities abroad will be closed or scaled back.

Figures show that the purchasing managers’ index fell to 48.3% in June, the lowest point since December 1991. A measure above 50% for the index generally indicates an expanding manufacturing sector. . . . Congress clears a $3.5 billion supplemental spending bill for fiscal 1993 that includes limited new funding for summer-job programs, loans to students and small businesses, and other economic stimulus measures backed by the administration.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour touches down on the airstrip at Cape Canaveral.

Gov. L. Douglas Wilder (D, Va.) criticizes Pres. Clinton for endorsing the reelection campaign of Sen. Charles Robb (D, Va.). Political analysts argue the endorsement of a candidate facing an intraparty election fight is unprecedented for a modern president. . . . White House Chief of Staff Thomas McLarty issues a report that acknowledges the May dismissal of White House travel staff was inappropriate and asserts the affair involved no criminal violations.

Following a 20-hour standoff, Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, a radical Muslim cleric whose followers are implicated in two recent NYC bombing plots, surrenders to federal authorities and is placed in detention. . . . Pres. Clinton approves and sends to Congress the independent Base Closure and Realignment Commission’s recommendations to close 130 U.S. military bases and cut back 45 others.

Pres. Clinton signs the $3.5 billion supplemental spending bill for fiscal 1993 cleared by Congress on July 1.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

July 1

The FCC rules cable-TV companies are required to carry home-shopping channels since they are in the public-interest category. . . . Fred (Frederick Hubbard) Gwynne, 66, award-winning actor for stage, film, and TV, dies in Taneytown, Maryland, of complications of pancreatic cancer.

Don Drysdale, 56, pitcher for the Dodgers who won the Cy Young Award in 1962 and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984, dies in Montreal, Canada, of a heart attack. . . . Joe (Curly) DeRita, 83, the last surviving member of the Three Stooges, dies in Los Angeles of pneumonia. . . . Steffi Graf wins her third consecutive singles tennis title at Wimbledon.

Ongoing downpours in the Midwest that started in April and continued through June have caused flooding in several Midwestern states. Pres. Clinton visits floodravaged Davenport, Iowa, whose citizens three times voted down flood-protection projects so as not to obstruct their view of the river. . . . A punctured blimp crash-lands on the roof of an apartment building in Manhattan. Both the pilot and copilot receive minor injuries.

A Kenyan runner, Richard Chelimo, breaks the world record for 10,000 meters when he clocks 27 minutes, 7.91 seconds in Stockholm, Sweden.

Harrison Evans Salisbury, 84, The New York Times’s Moscow correspondent, 1949–55, a period when few Western journalists were in residence in the Soviet Union, who won the 1955 Pulitzer Prize for a series of 14 articles on the Soviet Union, dies of a heart attack outside Providence, Rhode Island. In response to antigay initiatives passed by residents of two Oregon towns and four Oregon counties in June, the Oregon House passes an antidiscrimination measure.

At Wimbledon, Pete Sampras wins the men’s tennis final. . . . Anne Shirley (born Dawn Evelyeen Paris), 75, child film actress under the name Dawn O’Day who starred in the popular Anne of Green Gables (1935), dies in Los Angeles.

Olive Ann Beech, 89, president, 1950–68, and chairwoman, 1950–82, of Beech Aircraft Co., dies in Wichita, Kansas, of unspecified causes.

July 2

July 3

July 4

July 5

July 6

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

484—July 7–12, 1993

World Affairs

July 7

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

An Iraqi delegation begins talks with the UN designed to allow a limited sale of Iraqi oil, which has been banned since 1990. . . . Trade officials from the U.S., Japan, Canada, and the EC announce they have reached an agreement eliminating or significantly reducing tariffs on a wide range of goods. The accord, which some proponents call the largest tariff-reduction agreement ever, is expected to break a current stalemate in the six-year-old Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations. . . . The heads of the G-7 open their 19th annual summit.

The UN Security Council approves a plan that calls for the replacement of government troops in Abkhazia with Russian peace-keepers and 50 United Nations military observers. . . . The G-7 summit closes, and a communiqué states that the leaders’ “highest priority” is reaching a speedy conclusion to ongoing trade talks being conducted under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

The government of Egypt hangs seven Islamic militants convicted in April of participating in six separate attacks on tourists. It is the largest execution at one time in Egypt’s modern history.

Buddhadassa Bhikkhu, 87, Thai Buddhist monk with an international following, dies at his temple in southeastern Thailand.

The Russian parliament claims the Ukrainian city of Sevastopol for Russia, reopening a dispute between the two countries over the Black Sea fleet. . . . In response to a hunger strike, Pres. Slobodan Milosevic orders the release from prison of Vuk and Danica Draskovic. . . . Reports state that seven of the 10 members in the collective presidency of BosniaHerzegovina voted against a proposal by Serbs and Croats to divide Bosnia into states assigned to Serbs, Croats and Moslems. U.S. president Clinton visits South Korea for the first time as president. While there, he discusses North Korea’s nuclear capabilities and threatens to seek more restrictive economic sanctions against North Korea if it does not allow nuclearsite inspections.

July 10

July 11

Asia & the Pacific Khmer Rouge guerrillas seize the 1,000-year-old Hindu temple of Preah Vihear on the Thai-Cambodian border after a brief skirmish with Cambodian government troops.

The Far East region, also known as the Pacific Maritime Territory, declares itself a republic. The region, with more than 2 million inhabitants, has Vladivostok as its capital. . . . Doctors treating Vuk Draskovic, leader of the Serbian Renewal Movement political party who started a hunger strike July 1, warn a district court that Draskovic could die within hours.

July 8

July 9

Europe

Efforts by the United Nations to monitor two Iraqi missile test sites continues when Iraqi authorities refuse to allow a UN team to temporarily seal the sites while the U.N. conducts negotiations with Iraq regarding permanent monitoring.

Seven of the 10-member collective presidency of Bosnia-Herzegovina closes a meeting in the Croatian capital, Zagreb, in which they “agreed the constitutional make-up of Bosnia-Herzegovina should be along the lines of a federal state in which all citizens of three nationalities will have equal rights.” The last of 300 U.S. troops assigned to UN peacekeeping duty in The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia arrive in Skopje. They are the only U.S. ground forces in the former Yugoslavia. . . . A constitutional conference approves a draft of a new charter for Russia that provides for a presidential republic with a bicameral legislature and strong provincial autonomy.

July 12

An American helicopter attacks one of Gen. Aidid’s strongholds in Mogadishu, Somalia. According to Aidid’s group, the attack leaves 73 Somalis dead, but the UN puts the number at 13. After the offensive, Somali mobs kill three journalists and seriously wound two others in an ambush. Israel and Vietnam announce the establishment of full diplomatic ties between their countries.

Canada’s prime rate is lowered to 5.75%, a 26-year low.

Japan is struck by an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale. The quake’s epicenter is 50 miles (80 km) west of the island of Hokkaido, beneath the Sea of Japan. The worst-hit area is the small island of Okushiri, where more than 100 people die. . . . In response to U.S. president Clinton’s July 10 remarks in South Korea, a North Korean officials warns “If anyone dares to provoke us, we will immediately show him in practice what our bold decision is.”

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 7–12, 1993—485

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

U.S. State Department spokesman Joseph Snyder discloses that the U.S. has protested to Cuba concerning five alleged instances in which Cuban border guards opened fire on Cuban swimmers seeking asylum at the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, in late June.

About one-third of the 1,500 police officers in New Orleans, Louisiana, stage a “sickout” to protest the elimination of overtime pay and the city’s refusal to permit the police to form a union. . . . A federal jury in Los Angeles convicts Charles W. Knapp, a banker and former head of the nation’s largest savings and loan, Western Federal Savings and Loan Association, on three of four counts of making false financial statements and engaging in conspiracy.

Ben Chapman, 84, centerfielder for the New York Yankees, 1930–35, dies in Hoover, Alabama, of an apparent heart attack. . . . Publishers Weekly lists The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller as the bestseller.

U.S. District Judge Mariana Pfaelzer sentences Charles H. Keating Jr. to 12 years and seven months in prison for his role in defrauding investors in the defunct Lincoln Savings and Loan Association. Keating will serve his sentence concurrently with his 10-year state jail sentence in California. . . . The House Natural Resources Committee projects the U.S. government will need to spend tens of billions of dollars to clean up environmental damage on federally owned land.

Lowell Nesbitt, 59, realist painter best known for his huge paintings of flowers, is found dead in New York City.

A federal court jury in Boise, Idaho, acquits white separatist Randall Weaver and his friend Kevin Harris of the August 1992 murder of William F. Degan, a federal marshal, in an incident that prompted an 11-day siege in August 1992. . . . The National Center for Health Statistics reports that the difference in mortality rates between wealthy, well-educated Americans and poor, meagerly educated ones widened greatly between 1960 and 1986.

The U.S. Board of Immigration Appeals rejects Abdel Rahman’s request for political asylum. . . . Humberto Alvarez Machain, a Mexican doctor kidnapped in 1991 and taken to stand trial in the U.S. before charges against him were dismissed in December 1992, sues the U.S. DEA for more than $20 million in damages.

An attorney in a case that provoked national interest, Carole GrahnHayes, confirms that David and Sharon Schoo, who left their two young daughters home alone in December 1992 while they vacationed in Mexico, have given up their daughters, Nicole and Diana, for adoption.

Data suggests that the nation’s 100 largest law firms (in terms of number of partners) earned a record total of $14.3 billion in 1992.

By using DNA evidence, British government scientists claim to have proved “virtually beyond doubt” that bones found in eastern Russia in 1991 are those of Czar Nicholas II and members of his family. . . . Rains continue in the Midwest, and in Davenport, Iowa, the Mississippi River reaches a local crest record of 22.6 feet.

Prompted by the State Department’s caution that used weapons-grade uranium fuel from foreign-based research facilities may fall into the hands of nations that pursue policies hostile to U.S. interests, the Energy Department agrees to resume its program of serving as a repository for the volatile fuel.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Walt Disney announces it will alter the lyrics in its animated film Aladdin that run, “I come from a land/From a faraway place/Where the caravan camels roam./Where they cut off your ear/If they don’t like your face./It’s barbaric, but hey, it’s home.” Arab-American activists have denounced the lyrics as racist.

A poll shows that 84% of U.S. Catholics reject the church’s ban on artificial birth control, 58% think that not all abortions should be banned, 76% believe priests should be allowed to marry, and 63% favor the ordination of female priests. . . . Runner Yobes Ondieki of Kenya breaks the world record for 10,000 meters set July 5 when he clocks in at 26 minutes, 58.38 seconds.

U.S. president Bill Clinton and Japanese premier Kiichi Miyazawa reach an agreement setting the framework for future trade negotiations between the two countries after two rounds of discussions between lower-level officials were unsuccessful.

Sen. Robert Smith (R, N.H.) ends a fact-finding visit to Vietnam by insisting that sufficient evidence exists to continue an investigation into allegations that Vietnam has lied in asserting that it released all remaining U.S. POWs in 1973.

Johnathan Doody, 19, is convicted in the 1991 slaying of nine people at a Buddhist temple near Phoenix, Arizona. Alessandro Garcia, the other defendant, testified against Doody in a plea-bargaining arrangement. . . . Before Joseph Gallardo, convicted of the statutory rape of a 10-year-old girl, is freed from prison, police warn residents in Lynnwood, Washington—where Gallardo plans to live—of his past. The vacant house he was to occupy is burned down by an arsonist.

Science, Technology, & Nature

In Des Moines, Iowa, the Des Moines River crests at 34.3 feet, a record 11.3 feet above the city’s flood stage. A levee on the Raccoon River breaks, disabling the area’s principal water-treatment plant and leaving the town without safe drinking water and running water.

Golfer Jack Nicklaus wins the U.S. Senior Open at the Cherry Hills Country Club in Englewood, Colorado. . . . Mario Bauza, 82, bandleader who helped introduce Latin music to the U.S. in the 1940s, dies of cancer in New York City.

Davey Allison, race-car driver on the NASCAR Winston Cup circuit, crashes a helicopter at Talladega (Alabama) Superspeedway. The only other passenger, fellow driver Red Farmer, is injured in the crash, and Allison sustains severe head injuries.

As a result of flood and rain damage in the Midwest, the U.S. Agriculture Department cuts its 1993 forecast of the nation’s corn and soybean production. Nearly 5 million acres—in an expanse from Nebraska to Minnesota to Illinois— were either washed out by the flood or went unplanted due to muddy conditions.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 7

July 8

July 9

July 10

July 11

July 12

486—July 13–17, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

Asia & the Pacific Following an artillery attack from Afghan territory, 200 rebels and Afghan guerrillas fight a 24-hour battle with Russian soldiers at an unidentified border post. In the battle, 25 Russian servicemen and 100–200 Tajik civilians are killed.

Spanish premier Felipe Gonzalez’s government is officially sworn in by King Juan Carlos in Madrid. . . . In a case that drew wide attention, Joseph Elliot, 19, is acquitted of murdering Bob Osborne, who confronted Elliot with a hammer when the youth was slashing car tires. The jury evidently accepts Elliot’s contention that he acted in selfdefense.

The UN announces that it has removed from duty Gen. Bruno Loi, the commander of the 2,442-soldier Italian force taking part in the UN peacekeeping operation in Somalia. The dismissal calls attention to recent tension between the UN and Italy as the country suggests that, in combating forces loyal to Gen. Aidid, the UN is losing sight of its original goal of disarming and pacifying Somalia.

Agents from the U.S. FBI arrest Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq, a Palestinian, in Nigeria for involvement in the 1985 hijacking of an Egyptian airliner to Malta that resulted in 62 deaths. . . . Data shows that EBRD disbursements for projects in Eastern Europe for the first half of 1993 rose 15% from the second half of 1992, to reach $115.9 million. But over the same period, planned investment fell 13%, to $865.6 million.

Reports indicate that Estonian president Lennart Meri has signed the residency law after refusing to do so at least twice and sending it back to Parliament for reconsideration. . . . Three armed robbers make off with an estimated £7 million ($10.5 million) in jewels from the Graff jewelers workshop in London’s Hatton Garden gem district. The haul includes a 25.78-carat diamond worth an estimated £1.5–2 million.

Reports disclose that about 250 Jews from Yemen have secretly immigrated to Israel over the past year. They are the first Yemeni Jewish immigrants since 1961.

Officials announce that James Bennett, a former head of Soviet counterespionage for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), is to be compensated for false accusations that drove him from his job in 1972.

In response to the July 13 battle, the Russian parliament authorizes the government “to protect our compatriots by [using] means which correspond to the situation.” Officials estimate that 6,000 Afghan and rebel Tajik militants are operating in the area of conflict. The Afghan government denies that its forces are involved. . . . Figures show that Taiwan’s foreign currency reserves, the world’s largest, totaled $83 billion at the end of 1992.

At the conclusion of the annual Ibero-American conference, leaders of 21 Latin American nations, Spain, and Portugal call for an end to the 31-year-old U.S. embargo against Cuba. . . . Jacques Attali, the president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) who resigned June 25, severs his ties with the institution hours after an audit report that strongly criticizes the bank’s lax financial controls, and Attali’s spending of EBRD money is presented to the bank’s board.

An agreement under which Croatian Serbs drop objections to the bridge at Maslenica, which is the sole land route linking central Croatia with the coastal province of Dalmatia not controlled by the Serbs, is reached. The terms specify that it is administered by the UN upon the withdrawal of Croatian troops from the area and from the Zemunik airport outside the Adriatic port town of Zadar. . . . The director of Britain’s MI5 internal intelligence service, Stella Rimington, submits her first official photographs in a further easing of secrecy for MI5. The Egyptian government executes five Islamic militants convicted of attempting to assassinate the country’s information minister, Safwat elSharif, in April. . . . Eschel Mostert Rhoodie, 60, South Africa’s information secretary in the 1970s, dies in Atlanta, Georgia, of a heart attack.

The Mexican government begins to repatriate by air the Chinese émigrés aboard the smuggling ships confiscated by Mexican immigration authorities on July 6.

Two former defense ministers—Lee Jong Koo and Lee Sang Hoon—are arrested and charged with accepting bribes from military suppliers. The arrests are described as the most significant in an ongoing investigation into the procurement practices of the South Korean military. . . . The Russian command reinforces border garrisons with troops as reports emerge that five Tajik government soldiers and 40 rebels were killed in a raid on a Tajik village.

July 14

July 16

The Americas

The office of the attorney general of the United Arab Emirates indicts 13 former BCCI officials on fraud and forgery charges.

July 13

July 15

Africa & the Middle East

The city of Narva votes 97.2% in favor of autonomy from a central government that imposed Estonian language requirements as part of new, more stringent citizenship laws for non-Estonians. . . . The Czech Republic and Slovakia agree jointly to patrol their common border to reduce the number of thirdcountry illegal immigrants crossing from Slovakia to the Czech state en route to Germany and other Western European countries.

July 17

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 13–17, 1993—487

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Law professor Lani Guinier, whose nomination to head the civil-rights division at the Justice Department was withdrawn in June by Pres. Clinton, addresses the annual convention of the NAACP and receives the Torch of Courage award.

Former president George Bush is issued a subpoena to testify at the trial of Christopher P. Drogoul, accused of supplying Iraq with $5 billion in illegal loans while serving as the Atlanta branch manager of an Italian state-owned bank, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro.

President Clinton nominates Stanley Tate to serve as chief executive officer of the RTC. . . . After five years of legal battles over pollution, the Clinton administration, the Florida government, and several sugar-cane producers announce an agreement regarding a $465 million plan to restore the Everglades, the world’s largest freshwater marsh. . . . Alyeska Pipeline Service agrees to pay $98 million to as many as 60,000 Alaska residents for damages resulting from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. It is the first time private citizens have won damages relating to the Exxon Valdez spill.

Reports confirm that two people died and three others suffered serious adverse reactions in a trial of an experimental drug treatment for chronic hepatitis B, an incurable viral disease of the liver that afflicts more than 300 million people worldwide. Although the experiment stopped June 30 when first signs of side effects were reported, the two subjects who died needed emergency liver transplants. . . . Reports suggest archaeologists have found a fossil near the headwaters of the Tigris River that is the oldest known piece of cloth, a 9,000-year-old piece woven from flax fibers.

Davey Allison, 32, race-car driver on the NASCAR Winston Cup circuit who racked up 19 career victories, is declared dead in Birmingham, Alabama, of head injuries sustained in the July 12 helicopter crash . . . . . The American League wins Major League Baseball’s annual All-Star game, 9-3, over the National League.

President Clinton announces an emergency-assistance program worth nearly $2.5 billion for Midwestern states ravaged by ongoing floods. The floods, which reach from South Dakota to Missouri, are regarded as among the worst in U.S. history. . . . The White House states that Atomic physicist Neal F. Lane will be nominated to become director of the National Science Foundation.

A Texas jury sentences to death Ronald Ray Howard, 19, who claims that antipolice rap music influenced him to kill Bill Davidson, a Texas state trooper, in April 1992.

Federal authorities state they have arrested eight people on weapons charges in a crackdown on white supremacists in Southern California. The suspects are members of the Fourth Reich Skinheads, led by Christopher Fisher, 20. They are accused of plotting to attack a Los Angeles black church and to assassinate Rodney King, who was beaten in 1991 by four white Los Angeles police officers.

The House passes, 278-138, a $12.7 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies. . . . The White House Office of Management and Budget reports that it expects the federal budget deficit to reach $285 billion in fiscal 1993. That figure is substantially lower than the $322 billion that the Clinton administration projected earlier in the year.

Native American rights activist Ada Deer is confirmed by voice vote as head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. . . . Seven-year-old Jesse (Baby Jesse), Sepulveda Jr., a child who received a heart transplant at the age of 16 days in a case that caused a national stir, dies. In arranging the transplant, a case of a Kentucky baby at the top of the list for a heart transplant was inadvertently bypassed, prompting federal legislation in 1986 to create a computerized organ-donor register.

The board of governors of the Federal Reserve Board name William McDonough as president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, one of the Fed’s 12 regional banks. . . . California governor Pete Wilson (R) signs into law a set of medical guidelines that seek to reduce the workers’ compensation expenses of California-based companies. It is expected to slash an estimated $1.5 billion a year from the $11 billion that employers spend in compensating workers for job-related injuries.

U.S. officials charge an Egyptian immigrant to the U.S., Abdo Mohammed Haggag, with planning to assassinate Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak during Mubarak’s April visit to the U.S. Haggag is identified as a follower of Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, whose devotees were implicated in the bombing of New York City’s World Trade Center in February.

The House approves an amendment that will cut funding for the NEA by about 5% from 1993 levels, to $166 million. . . . David Brian (born Brian Davis), 82, film and television actor whose films include Intruder in the Dust (1949), dies in Los Angeles.

Aaron Cohen, the director of Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, announces his resignation to take a teaching post at Texas A&M University. . . . The Missouri and Mississippi rivers converge near St. Charles, Missouri—20 miles upstream from their normal junction—after the Missouri breaks through a levee.

July 13

July 14

July 15

July 16

Despite volunteers’ extensive efforts to save it, the Bayview Bridge between Quincy, Illinois, and West Quincy, Missouri—the only open route across the Mississippi River for about 200 miles (320 km)—is knocked out of commission when a levee bursts. . . . A launch of the U.S. space shuttle Discovery is aborted about a half hour before liftoff because of problems with the craft’s explosive bolts.

July 17

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

488—July 18–22, 1993

World Affairs

July 18

July 19

North Korea and the U.S. reach a compromise agreement in which North Korea pledges to reopen discussions with the IAEA regarding inspections of its facilities and the U.S. agrees to consider helping North Korea to convert its nuclear light-water reactors, the model used most frequently for commercial purposes in the U.S. . . . The government of Iraq agrees to consider allowing the UN to monitor its weapons programs on a long-term basis. The agreement comes on the fifth day of discussions in Baghdad.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Romania agrees to grant its ethnic minorities wider educational and linguistic rights. The agreement provides for the training of 300 Hungarian teachers and more elementary school classes to be taught in minority languages. It also permits polyglot street signs in communities where a minority makes up at least 30% of the population. . . . The bridge at Maslenica is reopened in accordance with the July 16 pact with Croatian Serbs.

Islamic militants try to kill an Egyptian general in Cairo, Egypt’s capital. The general escapes, but four people, including two of the assailants and one police officer, are killed in exchanges of gunfire.

A joint session of the French National Assembly and Senate approve constitutional changes that make it easier to bring current or former ministers to trial. The amendments come in the wake of a scandal involving blood supplies tainted with HIV. . . . Cardinal Gordon Gray, 82, Scotland’s first cardinal in residence in more than 400 years, dies in Edinburgh after suffering from a heart ailment. . . . Two judges of Britain’s High Court agree that the court should hear a challenge to Britain’s ratification of the Maastricht Treaty.

The military bars Nigerian courts from considering any legal challenges to the voided June 12 election.

The Americas

Pakistan’s prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, and president, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, resign, ending a five-month political tug of war. Moeen Qureshi, 63, a political independent, is named to act as caretaker prime minister, and the Senate chairman, Wasim Sajjad, becomes acting president. . . . Japan’s ruling LDP is denied a majority in general elections for the lower house of the Diet, for the first time since the party was founded in 1955. Belize’s Prime Minister Esquivel declares it will suspend legislation that the former administration successfully negotiated with Guatemala to resolve the two nations’ 130-year-old border dispute. He adds that any territorial pact with Guatemala will need the approval of Belize’s electorate in a referendum.

Almost 20,000 police officers rally at Wembley Stadium in London to protest a report recommending overhauls in the compensation system for police. . . . Police in London arrest a man identified as Colin Ireland, 39, in connection with the murders of five homosexual men in London.

July 20

July 21

July 22

Asia & the Pacific

Russian aircraft bomb rebel positions east of Dushanbe.

Russian lawmakers confirm that Russia’s July 17–18 attacks killed 380 people and displaced 6,000 villagers in Afghanistan. Tajik rebels shell Tajikistan’s border post, wounding at least two Russian soldiers. . . . Myanmar’s military junta extends the house arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi for a fifth year. . . . In South Korea, 10,000 riot police are deployed in response to a series of job actions at Hyundai Motors since June 16.

The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states that the war in the territory of former Yugoslavia has created more than 4 million refugees.

In Nicaragua, rebels known as the Revolutionary Front of Workers and Peasants launch an attack on areas of Esteli, Nicaragua’s fourthlargest city, located 60 miles (100 km) north of Managua, the capital. They reportedly rob $4 million from three banks, plunder a supermarket, and attack police stations.

In South Korea, riot police evict hundreds of striking workers from a Hyundai Motors factory near Ulsan and mobilize outside other Hyundai plants affected by work stoppages. In response to the show of force, labor leaders agree to a new contract. . . . Reports indicate that in Myanmar, the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) has negotiated a cease-fire with the junta during informal talks. . . . The death toll from the July 12 earthquake in Japan is placed at 185. Police state 57 people are still missing.

Fighting in and around Sarajevo intensifies. . . . The U.S. and Belarus sign agreements that will provide U.S. expertise and up to $59 million in U.S. funds to help Belarus safely ship about 80 long-range strategic nuclear missiles to Russia to be dismantled.

The Nicaraguan army retakes pockets of the city of Esteli, which came under rebel attack July 21. The conflict, marks the worst round of fighting since the country’s 10-year civil war ended in 1990. Two soldiers, 41 rebels, and two civilians die in the clashes. About another 100 people are injured.

Japanese premier Kiichi Miyazawa resigns, but he is expected to retain his post until a new governing coalition is formed.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 18–22, 1993—489

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Jean Negulesco, 93, Romanianborn film director whose movies include How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), dies in Marbella, Spain, of heart failure. . . . Golfer Greg Norman of Australia sets a record of 64 when he wins the 122nd British Open.

President Clinton fires William S. Sessions as director of the FBI, six months after the release of an ethics report that criticized Sessions’s conduct. Sessions is the first FBI director to be dismissed in the 70-year history of the bureau. . . . The Colorado Supreme Court upholds, 6-1, a lower court’s injunction against state enforcement of Amendment 2, a measure that prohibits localities from passing laws to protect homosexuals from discrimination. The court writes, “Fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections.”

President Clinton announces that homosexuals may serve in the armed forces provided that they are discreet about their sexual orientation and do not engage in homosexual acts. Commanders are forbidden to investigate service people for homosexual behavior on suspicion or hearsay alone. However, personnel may be discharged if such behavior is proved. The policy modifies an unqualified ban on homosexuals in the military that had stood for 50 years. The policy is described as “don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t pursue.”

The National Center for Disability Services finds that 29% of U.S. citizens with a work disability are employed. The figure is virtually unchanged from the one prevailing before the employment-rights provision of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 went into effect. . . . Robert Rota, House postmaster, 1972–92, pleads guilty to conspiracy and embezzlement charges, admitting he had helped unidentified House members illegally obtain money from the House Post Office during his tenure.

Data shows that, due to floods in the Midwest, at least 40,000 homes and businesses have been damaged or destroyed and at least 50,000 people have been left permanently or temporarily homeless. Tens of thousands of people have been evacuated from their homes.

The Senate votes, 68-31, to revise the Hatch Act, a law that bars most of the federal government’s 3 million employees from taking part in partisan political activities. . . . Vincent W. Foster Jr., the deputy White House counsel, is found dead in a park of an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. . . . Pres. Clinton nominates U.S. District Judge Louis Freeh as director of the FBI. Deputy Director Floyd Clarke will serve as interim director.

The House passes, 327-98, a $23.6 billion appropriations bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice and State and the federal judiciary. . . . A U.S. District Court jury in Newark, New Jersey, convicts Eddie Antar on all 17 counts against him in a case that alleges he defrauded Crazy Eddie stockholders of about $80 million. . . . Fed chairman Alan Greenspan predicts that the U.S. economy will grow between 2.25% and 2.75% in 1993.

Former Rep. Albert G. Bustamante (D, Tex.) is convicted of accepting $340,000 in bribes while in office between 1985 and 1992.

The Michigan legislature votes to eliminate the use of property taxes to fund public schools, beginning in the 1994–95 school year. The action, which strips Michigan schools of all $6.5 billion of their state funding and makes no provision for new financing, is backed by lawmakers as a move to force the state to draw up a more equitable plan for education funding. . . . The United Steelworkers of America union ratifies a pact with Inland Steel Industries Inc. that is widely viewed as establishing future parameters for U.S. steelindustry agreements.

The estimated cost of flood damage in the Midwest reaches more than $10 billion, more than half of which has been suffered by farmers. About 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares) of land are covered or completely flooded with water.

The state of Alaska files a lawsuit accusing the federal government of violating Alaska’s statehood agreement by preventing the state from developing park and refuge lands within its borders. . . . Eddie York, who does not belong to the striking miners’ union, finishes cleaning sludge at a striking mine in Charleston, West Virginia, and is shot to death as he leaves the mine site.

As a result of flooding in the Midwest, reports confirm that Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin, South Dakota, and Kansas have all been declared disaster areas, and 33 deaths have been recorded. Water service, cut off July 11, resumes in Des Moines, but tap water is still deemed unsafe to drink. . . . India launches the second communications satellite in its Insat-2 series, which is placed in a geostationary orbit by a European space rocket.

Roscoe Robinson Jr., 64, first black American to become a fourstar army general, whose many awards and decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, dies in Washington, D.C., of leukemia.

Elmar Klos, 83, Academy Awardwinning film director, dies in Prague. . . . Charles Hamilton claims an untitled, unsigned play in the British Museum Library is Cardenio, a drama by William Shakespeare presumed lost. His case centers on handwriting samples. Many literary scholars contend the drama is not up to the playwright’s standards.

Reports suggest that bestselling author John Grisham has sold the film rights to his novel-in-progress to Universal Pictures for $3.75 million. That sum is thought to be the highest price ever paid for film rights to an unpublished book.

July 18

July 19

July 20

July 21

Leslie Robbins of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and his fiancée, Colleen De Vries become the winners of the single largest lottery payoff in U.S. history. The $111 million will be paid out over 20 years, and the first year’s after-tax payment totals $3.6 million.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 22

490—July 23–28, 1993

World Affairs

Africa & the Middle East

The Conservative Party government of British prime minister John Major wins a vote of confidence in the House of Commons over its handling of the European Community’s Treaty on European Union. . . . Raul Gardini, 60, former chairman of Ferruzzi Finanziaria S.p.A., is found in a bedroom of his Milan apartment with a single gunshot wound to the head. He is the second industrialist in Italy to commit suicide in less than a week. The incidents bring renewed attention on Italy’s widening bribery scandals.

July 23

July 24

July 25

July 26

July 27

July 28

Europe

The Israeli attacks on Lebanon draw international criticism from the UN, Syria, Egypt, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and other Arab states. The U.S., which often allies itself with the Middle Eastern nation, also condemns the Israeli offensive.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In downtown Rio de Janeiro, eight homeless boys, aged about eight to 15, are shot to death.

The Russian central bank announces that it is withdrawing from circulation all banknotes issued before 1993 and giving ruble holders two weeks to exchange limited amounts of old paper money for new. The announcement causes disarray. . . . Francis Bouygues, 70, French industrialist who, in 1952, founded Bouygues S.A., dies in St. Malo, Brittany, of a heart attack.

A U.S. Air Force jet fires at a missile site in southern Iraq.

A Serb artillery attack on French UN soldiers at a base in Sarajevo destroys 10 vehicles. . . . Margaret, Duchess of Argyll (born Ethel Margaret Whigham), 80, Scottish socialite, dies in London, England.

In South Africa, five black gunmen storm the predominantly white St. James Church in the Cape Town suburb of Kenilworth, killing 10 and wounding at least 53. . . . After a series of attacks that have killed seven Israeli soldiers since early July, Israel shells sites throughout Lebanon described as bases of guerilla groups. Hezbollah guerrillas respond by firing Katyusha rockets at Qiryat Shemona and other towns, killing two Israeli civilians. The rocket attacks prompt the Israelis to intensify their raids on southern Lebanon in an attempt to crush Hezbollah’s support networks. . . . Three Syrian soldiers are killed in the Bekaa valley west of Beirut, Lebanan.

Abkhazian rebels accept a Russianbrokered peace plan approved by the Georgian government. . . . The UN forces chief in Bosnia, Lt. Gen. Francis Briquemont of France, discloses that he has ordered commanders to return fire if they are attacked again.

An 11th victim dies from the July 25 attack in a suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. . . . The Israeli raids and Hezbollah rocket attacks continue.

In a televised address commemorating the 40th anniversary of the military operation that launched the Cuban revolution, Pres. Fidel Castro Ruz declares that his government will introduce economic and political “concessions” as a means of preserving “the triumphs of socialism.”

A bomb explodes in Milan, Italy, in front of a modern art gallery near the La Scala opera house, killing five people and injuring seven. . . . Ukrainian defense minister Konstantin Morozov and U.S. Defense Secretary Les Aspin sign a military cooperation agreement which provides for the U.S. to finance the dismantling of nuclear missiles on Ukrainian territory.

Reports indicate that Ireland has lodged a protest with Israel since two Irish soldiers serving with UN peacekeeping forces in Lebanon were injured by Israeli shells.

In Rio de Janeiro, security officials detain three military policemen in connection with the July 23 murders of eight homeless boys. . . . Thousands of farmers demonstrate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for tax relief and subsidized loans to help offset the losses they have sustained recently from sharp drops in global prices for soybeans and other commodities.

In Rome, bombs explode in front of the 17th-century Basilica of St. John Lateran and the ancient church of San Giorgio in Velabro, parts of which date to the seventh century.

Data suggests that about 100 people, mostly Lebanese civilians, were killed in the Israeli raids. Israeli shelling is also causing a mass exodus from southern Lebanon. Thousands of Hezbollah supporters hold a rally in Beirut to condemn Israel and the U.S., its leading ally.

Russian forces begin an air and ground offensive in Tajikistan aimed at wiping out a 400-strong rebel contingent that crossed the Pyandzh River from Afghanistan with mortars and heavy machine guns.

A massive artillery and mortar barrage is laid down in Afghan territory. In response, Afghanistan demands the withdrawal of Russian forces along the border and states it will retaliate if there are any more attacks. . . . Retired general Aslam Beg, a former director of Pakistan’s nuclear program, discloses that Pakistan possesses a nuclear bomb and is prepared to use it if faced with defeat in a conventional war with India.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 23–28, 1993—491

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. District Judge Louis F. Oberdorfer declares invalid then-Pres. Bush’s January appointment of Thomas Ludlow Ashley to the Postal Board of Governors. In a bid to settle a dispute over postage rates, Bush had bypassed the Senate confirmation process.

The 11th suspect in the plot to bomb the UN, identified as Matarawy Mohammad Said Saleh, 37, is arrested in North Wildwood, New Jersey. Ashraf Mohammed, 31, is also arrested in the raid on charges of knowingly concealing a federal fugitive.

Joseph A. Strauss, a top aide at the Department of Housing and Urban Development during the administration of Pres. Reagan, is indicted on six counts of fraud, perjury, and obstruction of justice.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The FDA approves interferon beta 1B, the first drug to be marketed in the U.S. to treat multiple sclerosis, The new drug is genetically engineered and is licensed for patients who exhibit “relapsing-remitting” symptoms of MS. . . . Four boys and two counselors are killed during a flash flood in a cave at Missouri’s Cliff Cave County Park, about 15 miles (25 km) south of St. Louis.

July 23

A launch of the U.S. space shuttle Discovery is scrubbed 19 seconds before lift-off because of a problem detected in a solid-fuel booster rocket.

Abram Leon Sachar, 94, chancellor and founding president of Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, 1948–78, dies in Newton, Massachusetts, of respiratory failure.

Vincent J. Schaefer, 87, creator of the first artificially induced snow and rainfall, dies in Schenectady, New York.

The manager of the Olympique Marseilles soccer team of France, Jean-Pierre Bernes, resigns in the wake of a bribery scandal. . . . Miguel Indurain of Spain completes his third consecutive triumph in the Tour de France cycling race. . . . Lauri Merten wins the U.S. Women’s Open at the Crooked Stick Golf Club in Carmel, Indiana,

Matthew Bunker Ridgway, 98, distinguished commander of the famed 82nd Airborne Division troops during World War II who served as army chief of staff, 1953–55, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1986 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1991, dies in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, of cardiac arrest.

Arthur Levitt Jr. is confirmed by voice vote as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Economists Joseph Stiglitz and Alan Blinder are approved as members of the president’s Council of Economic Advisers, also by voice vote. . . . The Dow index closes at a record 3567.70.

Reports indicate that only Gary Mahr, 13, survived the July 23 cave flood at Missouri’s Cliff Cave County Park. . . . North Dakota is declared a disaster area, brining a total of nine states to the list.

The U.S. Congress passes a resolution that “strongly” opposes Beijing as the host of the Olympic Games. The vote is criticized by China and some officials within the Olympic movement as interference in the selection process.

The U.S. International Trade Commission rejects more than half of the tariffs imposed by the U.S. Commerce Department on steel imports to the U.S. from 19 countries.

The Senate passes, 70-29, its fiscal 1994 spending bill for the District of Columbia. The bill leaves out a provision featured in past spending bills that prohibited the district from using local revenue to fund abortions. . . . The Senate votes, 90-10, to approve a $71 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the Agriculture Department and related agencies.

The House votes, 400-27, approval of a bill providing $2.8 billion in appropriations and allowing the release of $300 million more in federal loans to areas affected by flooding in the Midwest.

NBC wins the U.S. rights to broadcast the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta with a record bid of $456 million. . . . Boston Celtics guard Reggie Lewis, 27, dies after collapsing while practicing in Waltham, Massachusetts Lewis, who fainted during an NBA game in April, had sought three medical opinions concerning a possible heart condition and received conflicting diagnoses.

The Senate votes, 77-23, to suspend $98.2 million in aid to Nicaragua pending a probe of the Chamorro administration’s alleged links to groups involved in international terrorism.

Judge Dominic F. Cresto of the Rhode Island Superior Court in Providence sentences Joseph Mollicone Jr. to 30 years in prison for allegedly embezzling $15.8 million from Heritage Loan and Investment Co. between 1986 and 1990. His actions precipitated the worst banking crisis in the state’s history, culminating in the forced closure of 45 small banking institutions in 1991.

In Kansas City, Missouri, where the flood stage is 32 feet, the Missouri River swells to a crest record of 48.9 feet.

July 24

July 25

July 26

July 27

July 28

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

492—July 29–August 2, 1993

World Affairs

Reports indicate that, in Abkhazia, both the government and the secessionists have accused each other of breaking a cease-fire almost immediately.

July 29

July 30

The UN orders an immediate inquiry into charges by Africa Rights that UN forces in Somalia have violated the rights of civilians. Among the charges is that Belgian soldiers participated in unjustified killings in Kismayu.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Israel’s Supreme Court overturns the conviction of John Demjanjuk, a Ukrainian native who extradited to Israel from the U.S. and sentenced in 1988 to death for committing war crimes as a guard at a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. The court holds that there is “reasonable doubt” that Demjanjuk is “Ivan the Terrible,” a notoriously cruel guard at the Treblinka death camp in Poland.

Yohei Kono is elected to replace Japanese premier Kiichi Miyazawa.

Israeli forces end a campaign of air raids and artillery strikes that started July 25 against villages and suspected guerrilla bases in Lebanon, putting into effect what Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin calls a ceasefire “understanding” with Lebanon, Syria, and Hezbollah.

Serb forces overrun Muslim defenders on Mount Bjelasnica and are poised to take Mount Igman. . . . Belgian premier JeanLuc Dehaene announces that Prince Albert, 59, will assume the throne vacated after King Baudouin died July 31. Prince Albert is the late king’s brother.

Aug. 1

EC finance ministers announce a radical shake-up of the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. The ministers agree to let most currencies in the exchange rate mechanism fluctuate by 15% in either direction against one another, which compares with the fluctuation restriction of just 2.25% for most currencies prior to the change.

In Croatia, Serbs in the Krajina enclave shell and sink part of an 825-foot (250-m) pontoon bridge at Maslenica, which the Croats reopened July 18. Reports suggest that fierce combat since July 22 in Zuc, a hilly area northwest of Sarajevo, has resulted in the deaths of as many as 300 people. . . . Most of the 45,000 coal miners in Romania’s Jiu Valley strike over wages. . . . Britain formally ratifies the Maastricht Treaty, becoming the 11th of the 12 EC members to do so.

Asia & the Pacific Tajik rebels firing from Afghanistan shell a border post. The Tajik government announces an amnesty for rebels and invites refugees who fled the violence to return to their homes.

In Albania, former communist premier Fatos Nano is arrested for abuse of power. . . . Britain’s High Court rejects a challenge to the EC’s Maastricht Treaty. . . . A Spanish UN soldier is killed and 17 others are wounded when a shell destroys their barracks at Jablanica, 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Sarajevo. In a case that draws attention, Irma Hadzimuratovic, 5, is severely wounded by a mortar attack that kills her mother. . . . Representatives of the Croats, Muslims, and Serbs in BosniaHerzegovina agree to principles for the division of the country into ethnic republics. Some members of Bosnia’s collective leadership oppose the agreement. King (Baudouin Albert Charles Leopold Axel Marie Gustave), Baudouin, 62, king of Belgium and Europe’s longest-reigning monarch, dies while on vacation in Motril, Spain; he is survived by his wife, Queen Fabiola.

July 31

Aug. 2

Europe

Clashes continue along the border between Afghanistan and Russia. . . . A rash of arson incidents in southern Thailand reportedly spreads to some three dozen structures, leaving at least 12 schools destroyed or severely damaged. . . . India’s 1.8 million truckers strike to protest the nation’s highway and interstate taxes.

Reports indicate that, in Israel, some 20,000 residents of the northern town of Qiryat Shemona and nearby communities—about three-quarters of the local population—have fled to escape retaliatory rocket strikes by guerrillas.

Reports state that workers at four Hyundai units remain on strike, including 18,000 employees at Hyundai Heavy Industries, the world’s largest shipyard located in Korea.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

July 29–August 2, 1993—493

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

In response to antigay initiatives passed by residents of two Oregon towns and four Oregon counties in June, the Oregon Senate passes an antidiscrimination measure. . . . Judge Chris Piazza rules that Arkansas’s measure limiting federal congressional terms is unconstitutional. The judgment marks the first court ruling against a term-limit initiative approved by popular vote. . . . A federal grand jury indicts Christopher Fisher on charges of conspiracy to make and use bombs against blacks and Jews. After much debate, the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee votes, 13-4, to approve Pres. Clinton’s nomination of Dr. Joycelyn Elders to the post of surgeon general.

The Senate Armed Services Committee approves Pres. Clinton’s nomination of Sheila E. Widnall as secretary of the air force. . . . Stuart E. Eizenstat is confirmed by voice vote as the U.S. ambassador to the European Community.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Senate passes by voice vote a bill to strengthen the Treasury Department’s authority in conducting auctions for government securities. The body also passes by voice vote a bill to remove provisions in a 1975 law that requires money managers to use independent brokers to make trades. . . . The Senate votes, 87-13, to pass a $23.6 billion appropriations bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State and the federal judiciary.

Joyce Haber, 60, powerful Hollywood gossip columnist, 1968–76, dies of kidney and liver failure in Los Angeles.

The Commerce Department finds that new-home sales soared by 11% in June, to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 678,000. That compares with a revised 12.5% decrease in new-home sales reported in May.

Fifteen cable services, including HBO, Showtime, USA, MTV, and Nickelodeon, agree to air parental advisory warnings for violent shows. . . . Reports confirm that president Clinton has selected actress Jane Alexander as chairman of the NEA.

Paul Brentwood Henry, 51, Republican representative from Michigan who was first elected to Congress in 1984, dies in Grand Rapids, Michigan, of brain cancer.

The Pro Football Hall of Fame inducts running back Walter Payton, quarterback Dan Fouts, offensive guard Larry Little, and coaches Bill Walsh and Chuck Noll.

In a highly publicized case, Jan and Roberta DeBoer are forced to return a two-year-old girl they call Jessica DeBoer to her biological parents, Daniel and Cara Schmidt. In a scene witnessed by scores of reporters, the girl cries and screams “Mommy!” as she is taken. . . . John Bobbitt, whose wife cut off his penis June 23 after he allegedly raped her, is indicted for marital sexual abuse. . . . Gov. Barbara Roberts (D, Oreg.) signs into law a measure intended to prohibit local authorities from enacting laws that bar civil-rights protections for homosexuals.

Figures show that the purchasing managers’ index rose to 49.5% in July, an increase of 1.2 percentage points from June’s revised level of 48.3%. . . . The city council of Atlanta, Georgia, votes to grant limited health and other benefits to the homosexual domestic partners of city employees. . . . Data reveals that the number of farms in the U.S. currently totals 2,068,000. That is about 1% fewer than the number in the 1992 survey. . . . Former Rep. Lawrence J. Smith (D, Fla.) is sentenced to three months in prison and two years’ probation for one count of tax evasion and one count of filing false campaignfinance reports with the FEC.

The Mississippi River crests in St. Louis, Missouri, at a record 49.4 feet. . . . The Coast Guard stops listening for Morse code distress signals on the 500-kilohertz radio frequency, which it had monitored continuously since 1924. The watch is discontinued because the Morse system has almost disappeared among mariners, who use new technologies.

The Baseball Hall of Fame inducts slugging outfielder Reggie Jackson. . . . Ewing M. Kauffman, 76, owner of the Kansas City Royals baseball team since 1969, dies in Mission Hills, Kansas, after suffering from bone cancer.

A Titan IV rocket launching a secret U.S. spy satellite system explodes over the Pacific Ocean 101 seconds after takeoff from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. . . . The FDA approves the first drug in 10 years geared to prevent partial seizures in adult epilepsy patients. The drug, felbamate, is also approved to treat Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a rare form of epilepsy in children.

The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller remains at the top of Publishers Weekly’s bestseller list.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

July 29

July 30

July 31

Aug. 1

Aug. 2

494—August 3–8, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

Social Democrat chief Moshood Abiola, who was the likely winner in voided June elections, flees Nigeria, claiming that he has received death threats.

Aug. 3

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Ecuador, a plane crashes into a mountain obscured by clouds, killing five. Among the dead are two preeminent tropical field biologists from the U.S.—Theodore Parker, 40, and Alwyn Gentry, 48—and Ecuadoran ecologist Eduardo Aspiazu. . . . The Bank of Canada rate falls to 4.32%, from 4.41%, the lowest since 1965.

Four Russian fighter aircraft and two helicopters raid Afghanistan’s northern Takhar province in support of artillery attacks. . . . The Indonesian government withholds recognition of the Indonesia Welfare Labor Union.

Italy’s parliament gives final approval to an overhaul of the nation’s electoral system. The action comes amid a massive political scandal and overwhelming public support for political reform. Pres. Oscar Luigi Scalfaro signs the bill into law.

Aug. 4

Aug. 5

Aug. 6

Africa & the Middle East

The European Commission holds an emergency meeting in Brussels, Belgium, in the wake of the currency crisis over changes in the exchange rate mechanism (ERM) of the European Monetary System announced Aug. 2. . . . The IMF suspends Sudan’s voting rights because it failed to meet its financial obligations to the organization. Sudan’s debt to the IMF reportedly amounts to $1.6 billion.

Aug. 7

Aug. 8

The Japanese government officially acknowledges that the country’s army forced an estimated 200,000 women in Asia to serve as sex partners to Japanese military personnel from 1932 until the end of World War II in 1945.

Figures show that the number of foreigners seeking asylum in Germany fell nearly 34% to 20,658 in July from June. July was the first month under Germany’s more restrictive asylum policy. . . . Moldova’s parliament fails by four votes to ratify the December 1991 agreements that created the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which Moldova is a member.

In response to the continued violence that erupted July 2 in South Africa’s black townships, Pres. de Klerk deploys 2,000 police officers and soldiers in addition to the 1,000 peacekeepers already there. . . . Reports suggest an Israeli cabinet minister, Yossi Sarid, met secretly with a senior adviser to PLO chairman Yasir Arafat, sweeping away a taboo on contacts between the historic enemies.

Warehouse explosions rock the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen, killing at least 15 people and forcing the evacuation of 150,000 others.

Reports indicate Bulgaria’s last communist premier, Andrei Lukanov, was charged with diverting the equivalent of $60 million of public money and was arrested July 9, 1992. . . . In Georgia, the government led by Premier Tengiz Sigua resigns, and Parliament appoints Georgian head of state Eduard Shevardnadze as acting premier. . . . The first Jewish high school established in Germany since the end of the Nazi era opens in Berlin with 24 students, about one-third of whom are not Jewish.

Henry Pharoun, 92, former Lebanese foreign minister who designed the Lebanese flag, is found stabbed to death in Beirut, Lebanon. His driver and bodyguard, Youssef Sorour, was also stabbed to death, and police suspect robbery as the motive.

The lower house of Japan’s parliament (the Diet) elects Morihiro Hosokawa the country’s new premier. . . . Reports confirm that Khmer Rouge raids in Cambodia killed 11 ethnic Vietnamese during the previous three weeks.

UN observers arrive in Georgia in response to the fighting in Abkhazia. They represent the first such UN venture into the former Soviet Union. . . . Buckingham Palace is opened to the public for the first time and attracts 4,300 visitors. . . . In Belgium, King Baudouin I, who died July 31, is buried. . . . Reports reveal that the last of the Russian (initially Soviet) troops stationed in Poland since the end of World War II have begun to withdraw. The last Russian combat troops left Poland in October 1992.

The new deputy police chief in the southern province of Qena, General Abdel-Hamid Mohammed Ghobara, is shot and killed along with two aides in the town of Nag Hammadi, 285 miles (450 km) south of Cairo, Egypt.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency officer Fred Woodruff, 45, is killed by a single bullet to the forehead while riding in a car with the chief of Georgia’s intelligence service near Tbilisi, the capital. The Georgian, Eldar Guguladze, is unhurt in the attack.

Four U.S. soldiers stationed in Mogadishu, the Somali capital, as part of the U.N. peacekeeping force are killed by a remote-controlled land mine. The four men are the first U.S. troops killed in Somalia since the UN began to lead the operation there in May.

The most powerful earthquake in the world since 1989 strikes the U.S. territory of Guam. The quake measures at least 8.1 on the Richter scale and has an epicenter in the Pacific Ocean, 50 miles (80 km) west-southwest of Agana, the capital. The quake causes no deaths and only minor injuries.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 3–8, 1993—495

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Senate votes, 96-3, to confirm Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg to the Supreme Court. . . . In nationally televised addresses, Pres. Clinton and Senate minority leader Robert Dole (R, Kans.), urge viewers to voice their views on Clinton’s budget plan by calling Congress. . . . The Senate adopts by voice vote an amendment that bans smoking, except in designated areas, in all federal office buildings. . . . The Senate passes, 58-41, the nationalservice bill. Dr. Jack Kevorkian assists Thomas Hyde, 30, who suffers from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s disease, in ending his life near Detroit by supplying an air mask connected by a tube to a tank of lethal carbon monoxide gas. . . . A federal judge in Los Angeles sentences Sergeant Stacey Koon and Officer Laurence M. Powell, convicted in April, to two and a half years in prison for violating the civil rights of Rodney King, a black motorist they beat in a videotaped incident in March 1991.

A federal grand jury in New York City indicts Abdul Rahman Yasin as the seventh suspect involved in the February bombing of the World Trade Center. Yasin is currently in Iraq.

Senate Republicans block a floor vote on the confirmation of Dr. Joycelyn Elders to the post of surgeon general, forcing a postponement of the vote until after Congress’s August recess.

The House approves the final version of a bill to create the national service program, which would allow young people to repay federal assistance for education through community service. The Senate passed the measure on Aug. 3. . . . The Senate unanimously and without debate confirms U.S. District Judge Louis J. Freeh as director of the FBI.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Labor Secretary Robert Reich announces Food Lion Inc., a supermarket chain, has agreed to pay $16.2 million to settle charges of child-labor and overtime-pay violations. It is the largest amount that a private employer has ever paid in a wage-and-hour claim brought by the Labor Department. . . . The Senate approves, 73-27, a $22 billion bill to fund the Treasury Department, the U.S. Postal Service, and other government agencies for fiscal 1994.

Pres. Clinton names Dr. Harold Varmus, the winner of the 1989 Nobel Prize for medicine, to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health.

Eugene Maleska, 77, crossword puzzle editor for The New York Times since 1977, dies of throat cancer in Daytona Beach, Florida. . . . The Senate votes, 76-23, to confirm Sheldon Hackney as chairman of the NEH.

Pres. Clinton issues an executive order requiring that new revenues and savings created by the budget bill be placed in a “deficit-reduction trust fund,” where they cannot be made available for new government spending. He also issues a separate order that requires the White House to make an annual report to Congress and the public on whether spending on benefits through so-called entitlement programs, such as Medicare and Social Security, have exceeded projections.

Data shows that, of the flood region’s 275 federal levees in the Midwest, 31 have overflowed, eight have ruptured as a result of erosion and three have been breached. Workers in Prairie du Rocher, Illinois, an historic French settlement on the Mississippi River, use dynamite to blast holes in a nearby secondary levee in an effort to relieve pressure on the town’s main levee. The Senate passes by voice vote a $6.2 billion relief package.

Aug. 4

The House approves, 218-216, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, which enacts the spending plans and tax measures central to Pres. Clinton’s long-term economic agenda. The program aims to reduce federal budget deficits through fiscal 1998 by a total of $496 billion. . . . The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 goes into effect.

The Senate approves the so-called Open Skies Treaty, which permits the U.S., Canada, Russia, and 24 European states to fly unarmed surveillance aircraft over each other’s territory.

The Senate clears, 51-50, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, passed by the House on Aug. 5. . . . The FEC reports the on 1988 presidential campaign of Sen. Robert Dole (R, Kans.) has agreed to pay a $100,000 civil penalty to settle charges of financial violations. It is the largest fine ever assessed against a presidential campaign. . . . The House passes by voice vote a $71 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the Agriculture Department and related agencies. . . . Congress clears a $2.3 billion fiscal 1994 spending bill for the legislative branch.

Aug. 3

Aug. 5

The House gives final approval, by voice vote, to the $6.2 billion relief package for the flooding in the Midwest and adds $10.3 million to the package.

The Indiana Court of Appeals upholds the 1992 rape conviction of former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson.

Pres. Clinton announces his nominees for three federal appeals court judgeships and 10 federal district court posts.

Aug. 6

Aug. 7

Claude Rimington, 90, British biochemist, dies in Askeroy, Norway.

Aug. 8

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

496—August 9–14, 1993

Aug. 9

World Affairs

Europe

In response to the fighting in Bosnia, NATO approves a list of military targets for possible allied air strikes and warns the Bosnian Serbs to lift the siege against Sarajevo “without delay.”

Former King Constantine II makes his second visit to Greece in 26 years and sparks protests. . . . Albert II is sworn in as the new king of Belgium.

Aug. 10

Aug. 11

Africa & the Middle East

The withdrawal of approximately 4,000 Bosnian Serb soldiers from the 6,817-foot (2,078-m) Mt. Bjelasnica and the 6,547-foot (1,996-m) Mt. Igman begins. Their place is to be taken by 150 UN military observers, so the abandoned positions will not be reoccupied by mostly Muslim Bosnian government troops.

Negotiators in Johannesburg representing at least 20 of the nation’s political parties unveil the second draft of South Africa’s first multiracial constitution in Johannesburg. . . . UN forces close two airfields in Somalia indefinitely to prevent arms and a popular narcotic, khat, from reaching a factional militia loyal to Gen. Aidid. Two airfields, one about 30 miles (50 km) west of Mogadishu and a second one nearby, are barricaded by Pakistani UN troops.

Striking coal miners in Romania’s Jiu Valley return to work, ending a strike that started Aug. 2. However, railway workers launch a job action. . . Great Britain’s Financial Times–Stock Exchange 100 stock index closes above the 3,000 mark for the first time ever. . . . The Georgian, Eldar Guguladze, who was in the car when U.S. CIA officer Fred Woodruff was killed on Aug. 8, is suspended pending an inquiry.

Data shows the wave of violence in South Africa’s black townships has claimed almost 800 lives since July 2, when negotiators set a date for multiracial elections. For the most part, the clashes involved supporters of the ANC and those loyal to the Inkatha Freedom Party. Violent slayings were concentrated in the townships of Katlehong, Tembisa, and Tokoza, located east of Johannesburg. Inkatha president Buthelezi urges 3,000 of his supporters at a rally to make peace with their ANC rivals.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Police in British Columbia arrest and charge more than 250 demonstrators blocking logging crews’ access to the forest at Clayoquot Sound, on Vancouver Island. The protest is part of a series of rallies started in early July. It is reportedly the biggest mass arrest ever made in British Columbia.

Morihiro Hosokawa formally reports his appointment as premier to Emperor Akihito and names his new cabinet, marking the end of 38 consecutive years of rule by the Liberal Democratic Party. His cabinet contains three women, the most ever in a Japanese cabinet. . . . Reports state that, in India, the strike started Aug. 1 ended when the government agreed to cancel a road toll.

Six Taiwanese legislators formally leave the ruling Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) to form a new party. This marks the first split in the Kuomintang since the party fled to Taiwan in 1949 from the Chinese mainland. . . . The director of Guam’s civil defense, Joe Terlaje, estimates that the damage caused by the Aug. 8 quake will probably exceed $250 million.

U.S. troops passing in patrols through a rally in Mogadishu are pelted with stones by hundreds of supporters of Gen. Aidid. The soldiers respond by opening fire and spraying mace into the crowd. At least three Somali men are wounded by gunshots during the brief confrontation. . . . In Nigeria, Campaign for Democracy sponsors a “stayaway” protest, urging workers to oppose the government’s voiding of the June 12 election. Millions of workers join the action, which closes nearly all businesses, government offices, and public transportation in Lagos.

Aug. 12

Aug. 13

Aug. 14

In Romania, a supreme court rules that the job action started Aug. 11 is illegal. In response, the strike widens, so about 32,000 rail workers are participating. The strike stops nearly all rail movement throughout the country, and it is reportedly Romania’s worst postcommunist labor dispute.

Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres announces that his government will continue to negotiate with Palestinian representatives in the Middle East peace talks despite the fact that key members of the Palestinian team have accepted official duties in the PLO.

The Royal Plaza Hotel, a six-story building in Korat, Thailand, collapses, killing more than 100 people. The building is located 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Bangkok, the capital. . . . Indonesian president Suharto reduces the sentence of East Timor separatist leader Jose Alexandre Gusmão from life imprisonment to 20 years. Suharto’s decision comes after an outcry from international human-rights groups.

Georgian and Abkhazian forces in Abkhazia begin to disengage. Most of those forces are concentrated in and around Sukhumi, the Abkhazian capital city. . . . Reports state that Estonia’s national court has annulled the July 17 referendum results in which the mostly ethnic Russian residents of the northeastern city of Narva voted heavily in favor of regional autonomy.

In Nigeria, the strike started Aug. 12 ends after the government orders all employees to return to work or face dismissal. . . . A civilian court in Cairo acquits 24 fundamentalists in connection with the 1990 assassination of the speaker of Egypt’s parliament, Refaat Mahgoub. The High Security Court acquits the men after ruling that some confessions in the case were extracted by torture.

Citing his alleged anti-Chinese activities while abroad, China deports Han Dongfang, 30, a prominent dissident who organized China’s first communist-era labor union in 1989 and was imprisoned for 22 months without trial.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 9–14, 1993—497

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The deaths of four U.S. soldiers in Somalia on Aug. 8 trigger debate. Clinton administration officials reveal that the U.S. will not withdraw its forces from Somalia as long as Gen. Aidid’s militant faction continues to serve as a disruptive force in the country.

Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg is sworn in as the 107th Supreme Court justice. . . . In reaction to a measure to extend job benefits for homosexual partners of city employees of Atlanta, Georgia, that passed Aug. 2, the commissioners of Cobb County, Georgia, a conservative suburban area north of the city, vote 3-1 to pass a resolution stating that “life styles advocated by the gay community are incompatible with the standards to which this community subscribes.” Pres. Clinton issues an executive order that requires stricter federal licensing of gun dealers. He also issues an executive order that bans the import of foreign-made semiautomatic assault-style handguns, expanding a ban imposed by Pres. Bush in 1989. . . . A Tuolumne County, California, jury finds Ellie Nesler guilty of voluntary manslaughter in the Apr. 2 courtroom slaying of Daniel Driver, a man accused of molesting her son.

A Towson, Maryland, jury convicts Rodney Solomon, 27, in the 1992 carjacking death of a woman, Pam Basu. The case gained nationwide attention since the carjackers dragged Basu to death behind her stolen vehicle and threw her 22month-old daughter from the automobile.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

An advisory panel to the FDA unanimously recommends the approval of DNase, the first new treatment for cystic fibrosis in 30 years. . . . Flooding in the Midwest begins to ebb, and data shows that 50 deaths were attributed to the flood. Nearly 70,000 people have been left homeless. The estimated cost of flood damage is estimated at $12 billion, of which nearly $8 billion is suffered by farmers.

Reports confirm that 40 unpublished poems written by T. S. Eliot between 1909 and 1917 will be published in about two years.

Pres. Clinton signs the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, passed by the House on Aug. 5 and the Senate on Aug. 6.

Pres. Clinton names army general John Malchase David Shalikashvili, 57, as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to succeed Gen. Colin Powell . . . . Walter Cadman, the INS’s district director in Miami, Florida, discloses that under a new policy, Haitian refugees seeking political asylum in the U.S. are increasingly being released into the general community, rather than held at a detention center while they await their federal hearings.

Due to flooding in the Midwest, the Agriculture Department cuts its estimate of the size of the nation’s 1993 corn crop to 7.42 billion bushels, a 5.4% drop from the department’s July estimate. It is more than 1 million bushels smaller than the original spring estimate, which had forecast a 1993 corn harvest totaling 8.5 billion bushels. . . . Pres. Clinton signs a $2.3 billion fiscal 1994 spending bill for the legislative branch, cleared by Congress on Aug. 6.

Reports indicate that the INS has granted political asylum to Marcelo Tenorio, 30, on the grounds that he would face persecution in Brazil because of his homosexual orientation. The ruling reportedly marks the first time that a homosexual person has received asylum in the U.S. on a claim that homosexuals are persecuted in the claimant’s country of origin. Tenorio was brutally beaten outside a gay bar in Rio de Janeiro in 1989.

Du Pont reaches a $4.25 million settlement with four growers who sued the company over damage allegedly caused to their crops by Du Pont’s Benlate DF fungicide. . . . John H. Dessauer, 88, chemical engineer who helped transform a photographic products manufacturer into the billion-dollar Xerox Corp, dies in Rochester, New York. . . . In a largely symbolic gesture, the Clinton administration removes legal barriers to the reemployment of air traffic controllers fired in 1981 after they launched a strike in defiance of government regulations.

A convicted sex offender, Joseph Gallardo, who was driven from Lynnwood, Washington, after his release from prison on July 12, returns to the town since residents of Deming, New Mexico, met him with more protests.

Aug. 10

The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts overturns on a technicality the 1990 manslaughter conviction of David and Ginger Twitchell, a Christian Scientist couple whose son, Robyn, 2, died after they relied on prayer rather than conventional medical care to treat him

A launch of the U.S. space shuttle Discovery is aborted three seconds before the craft was set to take off when a sensor measuring fuel flow registers a problem and shuts down Discovery’s engines. . . . Pres. Clinton signs a bill providing $6.2 billion in federal relief to victims of floods that ravaged the Midwest for two months. The floods, which struck states from North Dakota to Missouri, are regarded as among the worst in U.S. history.

Pope John Paul II visits Denver, Colorado, to mark the World Youth Day festival, a gathering that has attracted 160,000 young Roman Catholic delegates from 70 countries. It is Pope John Paul’s third major visit to the U.S., and he meets with Pres. Clinton for the first time. The pope speaks to a crowd of 90,000 at Denver’s Mile High Stadium.

Reports state that U.S. researchers have linked a gene that helps process cholesterol in the bloodstream to the most common form of Alzheimer’s disease.

Trade negotiators from the U.S., Canada, and Mexico announce that they have reached agreement on supplemental amendments to NAFTA that are designed to strengthen NAFTA’s environmental and labor-protection standards. The breakthrough clears a major hurdle for the pact, which now faces a ratification battle in the U.S. Congress.

Aug. 9

Aug. 12

Aug. 13

Speaking before about 18,000 people at Denver’s McNichols Sports Arena, Pope John Paul II publicly addresses child sexual abuse by priests for the second time ever. . . . Two 18-year-old men are taken into custody in North Carolina and charged with the murder of James Jordan, the father of basketball superstar Michael Jordan.

A New York State jury acquits Robert Altman of four charges of fraud in connection with his dealings with the corruption-ridden Bank of Credit and Commerce International. The trial of Altman, 46, a prominent Washington, D.C., lawyer and political power broker, started March 30.

Aug. 11

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 14

498—August 15–20, 1993

World Affairs

In Sarajevo, Bosnia, medical teams identify 39 cases of civilians who are in need of treatment no longer available in the war-besieged country, and those patients are airlifted to other nations.

Aug. 15

Aug. 16

Aug. 17

Reports confirm that, responding to the media coverage, at least 15 countries, including some in Western Europe, North America, and the Middle East, have offered more than 700 hospital beds to sick and wounded Bosnian evacuees.

Aug. 18

Aug. 19

Europe

The EBRD names Jacques de Larosiere, the governor of the Bank of France, as its president, succeeding Jacques Attali. . . . The U.S. Federal Reserve Board intervenes in world currency markets in an effort to halt the fall of the dollar against Japan’s currency, the yen.

Africa & the Middle East About 400 Palestinian men deported from Israel to southern Lebanon in 1992 agree to accept terms set by Israeli for their return, ending a sixmonth impasse. Israeli defense ministry spokesman Oded Ben-Ami states that 187 of the deportees will be repatriated in mid-September, while the remaining 208 will be allowed back into the country in December.

Asia & the Pacific

Juan Carlos Wasmosy, a millionaire construction engineer, is sworn in as the first freely elected civilian president in Paraguay’s 182 years of independence.

Talks on the future of BosniaHerzegovina resume in Geneva, Switzerland after a two-week hiatus and the withdrawal of most of the Bosnian Serb military forces from Mt. Bjelasnica and Mt. Igman. At the talks, the leaders of the warring Croatian, Muslim, and Serbian factions in Bosnia tentatively agree to the eventual demilitarization of Sarajevo in favor of an interim United Nations administration.

In the Philippines, Antonio Sanchez, mayor of Calauan for the past 28 years, and six of his aides are charged in the rape and murder of Eileen Sarmenta, 20, of the University of the Philippines. Allegedly, Sanchez’s aides in June kidnapped the student as “a gift” for Sanchez. Sarmenta was raped and murdered, and a male companion of hers was also murdered in the incident.

Romanian premier Nicolae Vacaroiu informs railway strikers to return to work or face instant dismissal.

The Thai army reports that 102 bodies have been recovered from the rubble of the hotel that collapsed on Aug. 13. More than 270 people were injured. . . . Indonesia states it will withdraw all its combat troops from East Timor by October.

A fire destroys most of the 650year-old Kapellbruecke covered wooden bridge in Lucerne, Switzerland. . . . Russia announces a program to immunize its 150 million citizens against diphtheria since more than 100 people have died from the airborne bacterial disease since January. More than 4,000 cases of the illness were identified over the same period. . . . After the Aug. 17 ultimatum, Romanian railway strikers resume work. . . . Three British miners die when a roof at the Bilsthorpe Colliery in Nottinghamshire collapses.

In Egypt, a bomb near one of Cairo’s busiest squares kills five people. The apparent target of the bombing, Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi, survives the blast with moderate injuries.

In Nicaragua, the National Assembly passes a Violeta Chamorro– sponsored amnesty for members of armed groups. The vote occurs after lawmakers of the National Opposition Union (UNO) staged a protest walk-out.

Taiwan’s president, Lee Teng-hui, is reelected chairman of the ruling National Party (Kuomintang) at the party’s 14th congress in Taipei, the capital. . . . Faced with a surge in Khmer Rouge resistance, forces of the interim government, headed by Ranariddh and Hun Sen, launch an offensive against the guerrillas. The drive, involving 6,000 troops, is mainly against three Khmer Rouge bases within the organization’s military bastion in northwest Cambodia.

In Albania, former communist president Ramiz Alia and six former members of the defunct Communist Party politburo are arrested on charges of massive appropriation and misuse of state funds. . . . Reports find that five-year-old Irma Hadzimuratovic, who received international attention when she was severely wounded in the mortar attack that killed her mother July 30, has been treated in London for her shrapnel wounds and for meningitis but is still gravely ill.

U.S. pilots patrolling the “no-fly zone” in Iraq see surface-to-air missiles launched and bomb the site. The Pentagon calls the incident “among the most serious” since the end of the Persian Gulf war. . . . Salah Jadid, 63, effective ruler of Syria, 1966–70, who was one of the world’s longest-held political prisoners, dies in Damascus, Syria, of a heart attack. . . . In Egypt, police claim two of the five killed by the Aug. 18 bomb were Muslim extremists responsible for the attack.

In Nicaragua, a band of 400 rearmed former contra rebels (known as re-contras) abducts a 38-member government delegation near the mountain village of Quilali, 150 miles (240 km) north of Managua, the capital.

Reports state that the Cambodian government has overrun a guerrilla headquarters at Kouk Krabas, north of Plum Chat, capturing about 200 rebels and an assortment of weapons. Officials also suggest that government forces have taken a guerrilla base at Spay Damnak, situated about 36 miles (60 km) north of Kompong Thom. . . . In Korea, officials from Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., the world’s largest shipyard, announce that nearly 18,000 striking workers have approved a labor pact.

In response to the Aug. 19 abduction of a government delegation, some 20 retired Sandinista soldiers, calling themselves the Sovereignty and National Dignity Command, seize 34 conservative politicians at the headquarters of the rightist National Opposition Union (UNO) coalition in Managua, Nicaragua. Among the Sandinistas’ hostages are Vice President Virgilio Godoy Reyes and Alfredo Cesar, the president of the national assembly.

In Cambodia, some 2,500 government troops seize Plum Chat, a major Khmer Rouge arms depot near Thailand. Gen. Khoun Reoun, the commander of the Cambodian government forces at Plum Chat, states that he allowed about 400 guerrillas and some 1,000 of their relatives to seek refuge in Thailand during a temporary cease-fire.

Georgian authorities reveal that that a Georgian soldier, Anzor Sharmaidze, 21, whom they were holding, confessed to shooting American Fred Woodruff on August 8. Separately, reports confirm that the Georgian parliament has accepted the appointment of Otar Patsatsia as premier, succeeding Tengiz Sigua.

Aug. 20

The Americas

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 15–20, 1993—499

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Robert Max Wasilii Kempner, 93, member of the U.S. prosecution team at the Nuremberg war crimes trials who, in 1947, discovered the Wannsee Protocol, a record of a 1942 meeting in which high-ranking Nazis approved plans for the “final solution,” the mass extermination of Jews, dies in Frankfurt, Germany, after a long illness.

Robert Lessnau, a white former police officer, is found not guilty of a charge of assault with intent to cause great bodily harm in the 1992 fatal beating of Malice Green, 34, a black motorist in Detroit, Michigan. The verdict is sealed until the trials of the other defendants in the case close. . . . Pres. Clinton gives a broad outline of his planned health-care reform proposals at a meeting of the National Governors’ Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle On the last day of his U.S. visit, Pope John Paul II speaks to a crowd estimated at between 350,000 and 400,000 during a 31⁄2 hour mass south of Denver. . . . Golfer Paul Azinger wins the PGA Championship at the Inverness Club in Toledo, Ohio.

Charles L. Brieant, a U.S. District Court judge in White Plains, New York, upholds the government’s order to deport Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman. . . . Jacob Dyneley Beam, 85, U.S. ambassador to Poland, 1957–61, to Czechoslovakia, 1966–69 and to the Soviet Union, 1969–73, dies in Rockville, Maryland, of a stroke.

Dr. Jack Kevorkian is charged by a Wayne County, Michigan, prosecutor with violating the state’s law banning assisted suicides. Kevorkian is the first person charged with violating a Michigan law enacted in February and aimed at Kevorkian, who has assisted in 17 suicides since 1990. . . . Robert C. Maynard, 56, first black editor and owner of a major daily newspaper in the U.S., dies in Oakland, Calif., of prostate cancer.

Herbert Arthur Philbrick, 78, author of I Led Three Lives, which inspired a 1950s TV series and detailed his years spying on the Communist Party for the FBI, dies in North Hampton, New Hampshire. . . . Stewart Granger (born James Lablanche Stewart), 80, actor known for his swashbuckling film roles who appeared in more than 60 films, dies in Santa Monica, California, of prostate and bone cancer.

The dollar falls to a post–World War II low of 100.40 yen during trading in New York City before rising slightly to 101.02 yen in late trading. It marks the first time the currencies’ values reached the socalled parity level—100 yen to a dollar.

The College Board finds the 1993 results for the SATs improved for the second consecutive year. . . . AT&T reports that more than 5 million people, a record, attempted to call members of Congress between Aug. 3 and Aug. 6, dates which correspond to Pres. Clinton’s urge to call Congress about the passing of the budget. . . . A Sarasota, Florida, judge, Stephen Dakan, rules that Kimberly Mays, 14, who was switched at birth with another baby, is not required to have any contact with her biological parents, Ernest and Regina Twigg.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin announces a Defense Department investigation into the alleged manipulation of Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) test data that former and current government officials allege were used to deceive both Congress and the Soviet Union in the 1980s. . . . The U.S. State Department officially notifies the Sudanese government that the country will be added to the list of nations the U.S. considers supportive of international terrorism.

The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration fines mine operators $439,172 for eight violations that the agency links directly to a 1992 explosion that killed eight miners in a mine in Norton, Virginia.

Dr. George R. Tiller is shot and wounded outside the abortion clinic he operates in Wichita, Kansas. The shooting is the second to occur outside an abortion clinic in 1993. . . . A Towson, Maryland, jury sentences Rodney Solomon, 27, to life in prison without parole in the 1992 carjacking death of Pam Basu. Solomon was convicted Aug. 13 in a case that gained nationwide attention, particularly since the carjackers threw an infant from the vehicle.

President Clinton names William M. Daley to lead a White House task force that will seek support for NAFTA in Congress and from the U.S. public.

National Medical Enterprises Inc., sued in July 1992 by 10 insurance companies, files a countersuit against 19 insurers, accusing them of not paying legitimate mentalhealth care claims. National Medical is one of the nation’s largest health-care providers. . . . Michigan governor John Engler (R) signs the tax ban passed by the legislature in July to eliminate the use of property taxes to fund public schools.

An antiabortion protester, Rachelle Shannon, is arrested in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the Aug. 19 shooting of Dr. George Tiller. . . . Dr. David Satcheri is appointed director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Satcher, who will succeed Dr. William L. Roper, will be the first black ever to head the CDC.

Fishermen in Alaska’s Prince William Sound blockade a key oiltanker route to call attention to the long-term effects of the Exxon Valdez tanker accident and to protest Exxon Corp.’s response to the spill.

David Trosch, a Roman Catholic priest in Alabama, is denounced by church leaders for an advertisement he attempted to run that advocates killing doctors who perform abortions.

Charles P. Bailey, 82, pioneering heart surgeon who introduced a new surgical procedure for repairing the mitral valve of the heart, dies in Marietta, Georgia, of prostate cancer.

Aug. 16

Aug. 17

Aug. 18

Vernon Jordan throws a party for Pres. Clinton’s 47th birthday. . . . At the World Track & Field Championships, Sally Gunnell of Great Britain sets a world record when she wins the 400-meter hurdles in 52.74 seconds.

Surgeons at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia separate conjoined twins Amy and Angela Lakeberg, sacrificing Amy to give Angela the liver and malformed heart the two shared.

Aug. 15

At the World Track & Field Championships, Colin Jackson of Great Britain breaks Roger Kingdom’s 1989 record in the 110-meter hurdles with a time of 12.91.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 19

Aug. 20

500—August 21–26, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Kasdi Merbah, 55, former premier of Algeria and the leader of a moderate opposition party, is shot dead in an ambush in Bordj el-Bahri, 12 miles (20 km) east of Algiers, the capital. Four others are also killed. . . . In Egypt, four Islamic militants are sentenced to death by a military court outside of Cairo for plotting to overthrow the government. . . . Algeria’s High State Council dismisses Premier Belaid Abdesalam and names Redha Malek to replace him.

Brazilian officials reveal that 73 Yanomami Indians were massacred in Haximu. The figure is based on an extensive interview with an Indian who claims to be a survivor of a mass killing at a Yanomami lodge in July. . . . In Nicaragua, pro-Sandinista rebels release 16 of the 34 detainees taken Aug. 20, including two ailing politicians.

The largest of the Marshall Islands’ 100 islets, Kwajalein, “skips” the day to bring all its constituent Pacific islets into chronological alignment. Kwajalein had synchronized its day of the week with that observed on the U.S. mainland when the U.S. army set up a missile-testing site there about 40 years earlier.

Russia unilaterally breaks off talks with Lithuania on the withdrawal of the approximately 2,500 remaining Russian troops in the Baltic republic, as Russia refuses to pay compensation demanded by its neighbor for damage the Russian (initially Soviet) soldiers caused over the half-century of their presence in Lithuania. . . . Dinmukhamed A. Kunayev, 81, former effective ruler of the Soviet republic of Kazakhstan, 1964–86, dies near Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan.

Six unidentified U.S. soldiers are wounded in Mogadishu, Somalia, in an explosion set off by a wire-controlled bomb that destroys their reinforced vehicle. The attack marks the third act of violence aimed at U.S. troops since four Americans were killed by a similar explosion August 8. . . . Figures show that attacks by Islamic militants killed 175 people over the previous 18 months in Egypt.

In Nicaragua, the rightist captors, commanded by Jose Angel Talavera, free 20 of the 38 hostages they captured Aug. 19 in response to the Aug. 21 releases. However, pro-Sandinista leftist gunmen take nine journalists hostage, ostensibly because the leftist commander, Donald Mendoza, was identified in reports by name.

Georgian leader Eduard A. Shevardnadze and Russian president Boris N. Yeltsin agree to commit their countries to an agreement of friendship and cooperation.

Cyril Ramaphosa, secretary general of the ANC, the largest antiapartheid group in South Africa, releases an independent report that details several cases of abuse, torture, and execution of some of its own members in ANC guerrilla camps during the organization’s exile in the 1970s and 1980s. The report directly implicates a dozen current ANC officials, five of whom are security officers at the organization’s base in Johannesburg.

Aug. 21

Aug. 22

Aug. 23

Aug. 24

UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali announces the appointment of Mohamed Aly Niazi to a new post created to investigate persistent allegations of fraud, mismanagement and financial abuse within the United Nations.

Aug. 25

Aug. 26

United Nations secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali initiates an austerity program to cut costs at the UN

Africa & the Middle East

Two Iraqi diplomats—Hamid elJabouri, who was Iraq’s ambassador to Tunisia, and Husham el-Shawi, who was its as ambassador to Canada—defect in London in a protest against the regime of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein.

Canadian prime minister Kim Campbell announces that Canada will contribute an additional $13 million in humanitarian aid to Haiti.

Reports disclose that Commonwealth of Independent States foreign ministers have adopted agreements on joint responses to drugs, pollution, terrorism, and the spread of weapons of mass destruction in the CIS. . . . Russian president Boris Yeltsin, on his first official visit to Poland, and Polish president Lech Walesa sign a trade agreement that regulates customs procedures between their countries

Amy Elizabeth Biehl, 26, a white Stanford University graduate and Fulbright scholar studying women’s rights, is beaten and stabbed to death by a group of black youths in Guguletu township near Cape Town. Biehl is reportedly the first American killed in South Africa’s political violence.

The Haitian parliament accepts ousted president Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s choice for premier, Robert Malval. . . . In Nicaragua, the re-contras modify their demands and agree to release their hostages after mediators promise to communicate rightist grievances to the government. They release their hostages and the pro-Sandinistas do as well, ending a crisis that started Aug. 19.

UN trucks carrying food and medicine reach the Muslim half of Mostar, in Bosnia-Herzegovina. According to officials, the supplies arrive only days before an estimated 55,000 Muslims on the eastern side of the Neretva River would have begun to die of starvation. . . . The Russian central bank announces that old small denomination banknotes will remain legal tender until the end of the year, softening the impact of the July 24 ruble call-in. . . . Czech president Vaclav Havel and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign a friendship treaty that ends 25 years of tension.

Gen. Ibrahim Babangida resigns as Nigeria’s president and military commander, ending his eight-year dictatorship. He cedes authority to former industrialist Ernest Shonekan, who will head a non-elected, interim administration consisting of civilian and military members. . . . Somali demonstrators set up burning roadblocks and stone cars to protest a search for illegal weapons by UN peacekeepers. Separately, a contingent of 400 U.S. Army Rangers arrives.

Lord (Lawrence) Kadoorie, 94, businessman who helped the British colony of Hong Kong achieve its post-World War II economic rise, dies.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 21–26, 1993—501

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

An abortion doctor, George Wayne Patterson, is fatally shot in the parking lot behind an adults-only movie theater. Police do not know if the murder is related to Patterson’s job or the result of an attempted robbery attempt. . . . Walter Budzyn is convicted of second-degree murder in the 1992 fatal beating of Malice Green, 34, a black motorist in Detroit, Michigan. His verdict is sealed until the close of another defendant’s trial.

Reports state that letters signed by more than 80 members of the U.S. Congress request that the U.S. suspend the resettlement of former Iraqi prisoners of war in the U.S.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Mars Observer spacecraft loses contact with command centers on Earth. The craft, launched in September 1992, is the first U.S. probe of Mars since two Viking craft reached the planet in 1976.

Tatiana Troyanos, 54, mezzosoprano opera singer, dies in New York City of cancer. . . . At the World Track & Field Championships, held in Stuttgart, Germany, Ana Biryukova of Russia sets a record in the women’s triple jump of 49 feet, 6 inches (15.1 m).

At the World Track & Field Championships, the U.S. four-by-400 meter relay team breaks the world record with a time of 2:54.29. . . . In Nicaragua, a U.S. college-age allstar baseball team withdraws from a tournament after a stone shatters the window of a team bus and slightly injures two U.S. players. . . . Eddie Chiles, 83, oil executive and former owner of the Texas Rangers baseball team, dies in Fort Worth, Texas.

Fishermen halt the blockade they started Aug. 20 when Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt pledges to press for more efficient action by Exxon and the federal and Alaska governments to help the area recover from the Exxon Valdez spill.

More than 800,000 pages of documents relating to the 1963 assassination of Pres. Kennedy are made public. . . . San Francisco mayor Frank Jordan dismisses Rev. Eugene Lumpkin from a Human Rights Commission after Lumpkin’s antihomosexual remarks provoked protests from the city’s large gay community. . . . Larry Nevers, a white former police officer, is convicted of second-degree murder in the 1992 fatal beating of Malice Green, 34.

The Defense Department confirms Pres. Clinton’s decision to order 400 U.S. Army Rangers into Somalia. . . . Attorney General Janet Reno reverses a late June decision and approves the recommendation of the U.S. attorney in New York City, Mary Jo White, to seek the indictment of Abdel Rahman.

Black candidates win a majority on the city council of Selma, Alabama, for the first time. The election follows a protracted battle over redistricting during which blacks—who make up 58% of the town’s 24,000 residents—battled efforts by white lawmakers. . . . David Mason, 36, convicted of robbing and killing four elderly Oakland, Calif., residents in 1980 and fatally strangling a prison cellmate in 1982, becomes the second person executed in California since 1976.

The U.S. determines that China has violated the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), a 1987 international pact banning the export of missile technology, by selling missile components and technology to Pakistan.

Archbishop Oscar Lipscomb of Mobile, Alabama, removes Rev. David Trosch, who tried to run an ad that advocated the killing of doctors who performed abortions, from his parish. . . . German sprinter Katrin Krabbe is banned for two more years by the International Amateur Athletic Federation.

The Clinton administration unveils a package of legislative and regulatory measures intended to establish federal policy for the preservation of wetland areas.

A federal judge in Alexandria, Virginia, overturns a provision in the Cable Act of 1984 that prohibits telephone companies from owning cable-television systems in areas where they provide telephone service.

A federal grand jury indicts a radical Muslim cleric, Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, and 14 others on conspiracy charges related to the World Trade Center bombing, a foiled plot to bomb the UN, and the 1990 slaying of a Jewish militant, Rabbi Meir Kahane. The indictment is the first to consider the trade center and UN bomb plots the work of a single organization. . . . In response to the Aug. 24 finding, the U.S. imposes trade sanctions on China and Pakistan. Washington mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly and civil-rights leader Jesse Jackson are among 20 demonstrators arrested for blocking Independence Avenue in a rally for statehood for the District of Columbia. . . . Thomas F. Fay, the chief justice of Rhode Island’s Supreme Court, pleads not guilty to three misdemeanor charges of misusing his office.

Rev. Edward Lee Roy Elson, 86, influential Presbyterian church leader who served as the chaplain for the U.S. Senate, 1969–81, dies of congestive heart failure in Washington, D.C.

Agents of the Justice Department raid more than 20 National Medical Enterprises Inc. facilities nationwide in an effort to determine whether the hospital-operating company has conspired to defraud insurers and patients.

Rockin’ (Alton Rubin Sr.) Dopsie, 61, a prominent zydeco (southern Louisiana) musician, dies in Opelousas, Louisiana, after a heart attack. . . . Reports reveal the Christian Science Church was ordered to pay $14.2 million in damages for the death of an 11year-old boy whose mother relied on church teachings which urge prayer as the only remedy for physical ailments.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Aug. 21

Aug. 22

Aug. 23

Aug. 24

Aug. 25

Aug. 26

502—August 27–September 1, 1993

Aug. 27

World Affairs

Europe

In response to Haiti’s Aug. 25 acceptance of Robert Malval as premier, the Organization of American States and the UN Security Council vote to suspend the sanctions the groups imposed on Haiti following the ouster of president JeanBertrand Aristide. . . . The World Bank states that its new information policy will reduce secrecy and make previously confidential documents available for public scrutiny.

Muslims in eastern Mostar, Bosnia, prevent the departure of the UN personnel and trucks and about 60 Spanish UN peacekeeping troops that arrived Aug. 26. The blockade is intended as a guarantee against further Croat attacks on the Muslim sector of the city.

The Bosnian parliament and the self-proclaimed Croat and Serb parliaments in Bosnia vote on the internationally sponsored draft peace agreement. The Bosnian parliament votes unanimously to reject it, while the Croat assembly and the Bosnian Serb assembly accept the plan. The civilian UN workers and their vehicles detained Aug. 27 are allowed to leave Mostar. . . . E(dward) P(almer) Thompson, 69, British social historian and peace activist, dies near Worcester, England.

Aug. 28

Aug. 31

In Nigeria, a nationwide strike begins when trade unions and professional associations heed the call of the Campaign for Democracy to “stay-away” in protest against the failure of the military government to recognize Social Democrat chief Moshood Abiola as the elected leader of Nigeria.

Max Henry (Fredy) Fisher, 71, British merchant banker and editor of The Financial Times of London dies in London.

Aug. 29

Aug. 30

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Brazilian president Itamar Franco designates an 18,919-square-mile (50,000 sq km) area of Para state as a reserve for the Menkragnoti Indians. . . . Venezuela’s acting president, Ramon Velasquez, appoints a special commission charged with protection of the Yanomami Indians.

A dam at the Gouhou reservoir in the western Chinese province of Qinghai bursts, releasing torrents of water that kill hundreds of people and destroys several villages in a remote area about 60 miles (100 km) west of the provincial capital of Xining. . . . Officials state that a wild elephant that went on a rampage after straying from its herd reportedly killed at least 44 people in northeast India.

Four military police are ambushed in Vigario Geral by gunmen who are reportedly members of the Comando Vermelho, or Red Command, Brazil’s largest cocaine and marijuana cartel. . . . Ian Martin, the human-rights director of the UN civil mission, estimates that 50 politically motivated killings have occurred in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, since July 1. . . . Reports reveal that U.S. anthropologist Bruce Albert found that 13 Yanomami, not 73 as announced on Aug. 21, were actually killed at Haximu, Brazil.

Reports confirm that India’s Supreme Court has ordered the closure of 212 factories that release pollutants which are damaging the Taj Mahal, a majestic 17th-century tomb. . . . Ong Teng Cheong, 57, wins Singapore’s first direct presidential elections. The role of president is largely ceremonial. . . . Amnesty International reports that Indonesian troops killed about 2,000 civilians as part of official counterinsurgency efforts against Muslim separatists in the northern Aceh region of the island of Sumatra.

In a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, slum, 21 people are murdered when a gang of hooded gunmen fires indiscriminately at residents. Slum dwellers and others maintain that the military police are responsible for the massacre, which is widely perceived as retaliation for the Aug. 28 killing of four military policemen.

A ship loaded with Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka departs from Madras, India, for the Sri Lankan port of Trincomalee. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states that the refugees left voluntarily. The operation marks the first time that India has allowed the UNHCR to carry out duties in India since 1973.

Reports state that the World Health Organization has called for the destruction of the last remaining stocks of the smallpox virus by the end of the year. . . . A Russian government commission releases an official report that states the former Soviet Union “bears no guilt” in the 1983 downing of a Korean Air Lines jet in which 269 people died.

Russia and Lithuania announce that the withdrawal of Russian troops will proceed. . . . Figures suggest that France’s unemployment rate rose to a post–World War II high of 11.7% in July.

Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres announces an unprecedented preliminary accord on Palestinian self-rule in the occupied territories, reached in secret talks in Norway and Tunisia between the PLO and the Israeli government. The accord calls for an initial Israeli military withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho, and sets the stage for declarations of mutual recognition between the PLO and Israel.

The UN soldiers detained Aug. 27 in Mostar, Bosnia, are released. However, Spanish, UN peacekeeping troops, sympathetic to the Muslims’ fears, voluntarily take the place of their compatriots. Separately, 450 Muslims are set free from Croat detention camps. . . . The last 2,500 Russian troops remaining in Lithuania leave the Baltic country, beating by 14 minutes a deadline for the withdrawal.

Brazilian security officials sharply reduce their estimate of the number of Yanomami Indians massacred to 16 rather than the 73 announced by the government’s Indian-protection agency Aug. 21. The officials also find that the site of the majority of the killings is in Venezuela, five miles (eight kilometers) south of the poorly demarcated border. The Brazilian police consequently halt their probe into the mass killings. . . . In Nicaragua, a band of former Sandinista soldiers take 200 civilians hostage.

More than 33 people die in preelection violence in Pakistan. Among the dead are seven men shot by a lone gunman as they prayed in a mosque in Lahore.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin suspends Vice President Aleksandr V. Rutskoi from office, citing damaging allegations of corruption.

Nicaraguan army troops attack a band of former Sandinista soldiers who have been holding 200 civilians hostage since Aug. 31 in Managua. All of the hostages are freed in the incident, and three of the abductors are killed.

Ong Teng Cheong, 57, is sworn in for a six-year term as Singapore’s first directly elected president.

Sept. 1

As Israeli and PLO representatives continue to search for agreement, several thousand demonstrators gather outside the prime minister’s office in Jerusalem to underscore their opposition to the Israeli-PLO accord. Sporadic fighting breaks out, and the police use water cannon to maintain control. Stonethrowing Palestinian youths apparently initiate attacks upon Israeli soldiers in Gaza, where Hamas sentiment against any political accommodation with Israel is strongest. . . . The U.S. Army Rangers mount their first operation, raiding several buildings in Mogadishu, Somalia.

Robert Malval is installed as Haiti’s premier during a ceremony at the Haitian embassy in Washington, D.C. . . . In Brazil, Vigario Geral residents drive police cars from the area with a hail of stones, barricade streets, and block Rio’s northern commuter rail line to protest the Aug. 29 massacre.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

August 27–September 1, 1993—503

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Reports confirm two scientists have agreed that a 19th-century photograph is probably the second known photograph of Old West gunfighter Billy the Kid, aka William H. Bonney. The picture was passed down to Ray John de Aragon of New Mexico from his great-grandmother.

An estimated 75,000 people gather in Washington, D.C., to commemorate the 1963 civil-rights demonstration at which Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

Aug. 27

Aug. 28

Brandie Burton wins the Du Maurier Classic in London, Ontario, the fourth and final major tournament for the Ladies Professional Golf Association Tour.

New York City’s Board of Education chooses Ramon Cortines to be New York City’s schools chancellor.

Richard Jordan (born Robert Anson Jordan), 56, actor who appeared in more than 100 plays, dies in Los Angeles of a brain tumor. . . . Latenight television talk-show host David Letterman’s new show debuts on CBS. . . . Without Remorse by Tom Clancy tops the bestseller list.

Kenneth DeShields, 33, convicted of the fatal shooting of a woman during a 1984 robbery, becomes the third person executed in Delaware and the 218th in the U.S. since 1976.

A federal jury in Los Angeles awards Litton Industries Inc., a Beverly Hills, California-based military contractor, $1.2 billion in damages from rival Honeywell Inc. after determining that Honeywell violated a Litton patent on an airlinenavigation system.

U.S. judge Louis J. Freeh is sworn in as director of the FBI in the agency’s Washington, D.C., headquarters.

The White House Office of Management and Budget projects a deficit of $285.3 billion for fiscal 1993, down from its January projection of $327.3 billion. . . . Data shows that the purchasing managers’ index fell to 49.3% in August. A measure below 50% for the index, which is considered a significant bellwether of economic health, generally indicates a contracting manufacturing sector.

A fifth volunteer in a U.S. clinical trial testing of fialuridine, an experimental drug to treat hepatitis B, dies. After patients died from the testing in June, the National Institute of Health (NIH) halted the procedures.

Al Trace, 92, bandleader and songwriter who scored a 1943 hit with his version of the ditty “Mairzy Doats,” dies in Sun City West, Arizona.

Aug. 29

Aug. 30

Aug. 31

Sept. 1

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

504—September 2–7, 1993

World Affairs

Sept. 4

Sept. 5

The PFLP, DFLP, Hamas, and seven smaller Palestinian groups issue a joint statement in Damascus declaring that the accord on interim Palestinian self-rule “does not represent the Palestinian people.”

UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali offers to send UN peacekeeping troops to the Gaza Strip and Jericho following Israel’s military pullback.

The Russian Parliament votes to halt the implementation of Pres. Yeltsin’s Sept. 1 decree suspending Vice Pres. Rutskoi on the ground of unconstitutionality. . . . Reports confirm that former communist premier Georgi Atanasov has begun serving a 10-year prison sentence for misusing $8,400 from a state orphans’ fund. . . . Diego Curto, the head of commercial court in Milan, is arrested on bribery charges. He is reported to be the first judge to face charges in Italy’s ongoing bribery scandals.

In a surprise phone call to president Mario Alberto Soares of Portugal, UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi states that he will allow emergency aid airlifts to provide food for 3 million Angolans without supplies.

Representatives from China, the U.S., and Saudi Arabia sign an agreement certifying that a Chinese ship is not carrying chemicals used to manufacture nerve gas or mustard gas, two lethal chemical compounds. The statement marks the end of a month-long diplomatic dispute.

Pope John Paul II begins a weeklong visit to the formerly communist Baltic states when he arrives in Lithuania. It is the first time the pope has visited any former Soviet republics.

Jordan states its support of the Israeli-PLO plan. Some 50,000 Israelis participate in a pro-accord demonstration in Tel Aviv. Ibrahim Ghosheh, a Hamas spokesman, reveals that the fundamentalist group will intensify its armed struggle against Israel as a means of preventing the implementation of limited Palestinian self-rule.

Oman, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates agree to support the Israeli-PLO plan in the context of a “just, lasting and comprehensive (regional) peace settlement.”

Sept. 6

Sept. 7

Africa & the Middle East

An assembly set up by armed Gamsakhurdia supporters in the Mingrelia region of western Georgia, which borders Abkhazia, votes to call Zviad Gamsakhurdia back to Mingrelia from his place of exile in Grozny, the capital of the selfdeclared republic of Chechnya, within Russia’s borders.

Sept. 2

Sept. 3

Europe

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, a United Nations-affiliated body, recommends that its 120 member nations impose sanctions against Taiwan and China as part of an effort to force the two countries to halt illegal trading of rhinoceros horns.

Somali gunmen kill seven UN peacekeepers from Nigeria while they were taking over military posts from 800 Italian forces set to be redeployed to the Somali countryside. One Nigerian soldier reportedly is taken hostage by the Somali gunmen, and seven other Nigerians are wounded in the attack. Reports emerge that at least five Muslim prisoners died of beatings and 30 were wounded on one occasion when drunken Croat guards fired machine guns through the walls of a hangar used to house prisoners at a camp in the village of Dretelj, near Medjugorje. . . . A riot at Wymott prison near Leyland, Lancashire, England, involving 400 inmates causes an estimated £10–20 million ($15–30 million) in damage.

In response to the Sept. 5 ambush in Somalia, UN secretary general Boutros-Ghali formally requests a delay in the redeployment of the Italian troops.

Croat leaders meet to pledge compliance with international treaties on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, a former Polish premier who is currently the chief UN human-rights investigator for Bosnia, claims that as many as 10,000 Muslims in and around Mostar were placed in what he calls brutal and degrading camps.

The ruling National Party of South Africa agrees to a plan to share limited powers with a multiparty council, the Transitional Executive Council. . . . U.S. Army Rangers arrest 17 Somali militiamen in Mogadishu after a brief firefight with 24 Aidid gunmen. Two Rangers and two Somalis are wounded. . . . Tens of thousands of Israelis rally in West Jerusalem to denounce the interim autonomy plan. In clashes, 27 protesters and seven police officers are injured and 30 demonstrators are arrested.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Reports disclose that, in response to the Aug. 29 massacre in a Rio de Janeiro slum, the Brazilian government has established a federal police unit to investigate death squads.

The UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs reports that the Chinese government placed the death toll from the Aug. 27 dam burst at 1,257. The agency finds 336 people were injured and 30,000 were displaced, and it estimates the burst caused $27 million in damage. . . . A nationwide strike to protest economic reforms announced by caretaker prime minister Moeen Qureshi halts public transport and closed shops in Karachi, Pakistan’s commercial hub.

Reports indicate that five military policemen have been arrested for allegedly taking part in the Aug. 29 massacre of 21 people in a northern Rio de Janeiro slum.

In a power struggle in Guatemala’s congress, the nation’s constitutional court temporarily reinstates Jose Lobo Dubon as the Congress president. About 100 trade union members and Mayan Indian peasants force their way into Congress and hold a three-hour demonstration demanding the resignation of all assembly members. . . . More than 100 gunmen occupy City Hall in Port-au Prince, Haiti, and warn that they will attempt to kill Evans Paul if he tries to reassume the office of mayor.

India and China agree to a series of “confidence-building measures,” including a mutual troop reduction along their long frontier in the Himalayan mountains, to pave the way for a negotiated settlement of their 31-year-old border dispute. . . . The body of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos is returned by plane to his home province of Ilocos Norte, where he will be buried four years after his death and burial in exile in the U.S.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 2–7, 1993—505

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

U.S. vice president Al Gore and Russian premier Victor Chernomyrdin sign an agreement that calls for the two countries to jointly design and build an international space station before the end of the decade. The unprecedented agreement brings to a close decades of cold war competition in space. . . . As there has been no communication from the Mars Observer spacecraft since it lost contact Aug. 21, the craft is presumed lost.

Pres. Clinton names four members to the Assassinations Review Board, which will decide what information regarding the 1963 assassination of Pres. Kennedy should be withheld from the public. Thousands of documents relating to the Kennedy assassination still remain classified.

Sept. 2

The NEA announces that it is withdrawing most of its $5,000 grant for a project meant to honor the contributions of illegal immigrant laborers to the U.S. economy in which artists Elizabeth Sisco, Louis Hock, and David Avalos would hand out $10 bills to illegal immigrants near the California-Mexico border. The NEA claims that such giveaways are an “unallowable expense.”

Herve Villechaize, 50, diminutive actor best known as Tattoo on the ABC television show Fantasy Island, dies in Los Angeles of an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound.

Claude Renoir, 78, highly regarded French film cameraman, dies in Troyes, France. . . . Noureddine Morceli of Algeria shatters the world record in the mile run with a time of 3 minutes, 44.39 seconds, taking nearly 2 seconds off the old mark set by Steve Cram of Britain in 1985. A Utah state judge in Tooele County orders Texaco to pay Gold Standard Inc. $404 million in punitive and compensatory damages related to Texaco’s 1985 sale of a gold mine owned jointly by the two companies.

The Union of European Football Associations bans Olympique Marseilles of France from defending its 1993 European Cup championship in the wake of charges that Marseilles’s representatives bribed members of a competing French team six days prior to the 1993 cup final.

The Senate, 65-34, confirms Dr. Joycelyn Elders as surgeon general. . . . A West Palm Beach, Florida, jury convicts Mark Kohut and Charles Rourk, white day laborers, of kidnapping a black tourist, Christopher Wilson, and setting him afire in January. Wilson suffered burns on 40% of his body. . . . A circuit court judge in Richmond, Virginia, upholds a juvenile court’s decision to award Kay Bottoms, 42, custody of her twoyear-old grandson, Tyler Doustou, on the grounds that Tyler’s mother, Sharon Bottoms, 23, is a lesbian.

Rap performer Snoop Doggy Dogg (Calvin Broadus), his bodyguard, and a companion are charged with first-degree murder in the shooting of Philip Woldemariam.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 3

Sept. 4

Sept. 5

Sept. 6

Sept. 7

506—September 8–13, 1993

Sept. 8

Sept. 9

World Affairs

Europe

The EC announces that it is prepared to provide about $590 million in development assistance to the West Bank and Gaza Strip in Israel during the five-year period leading up to a permanent settlement.

A student of Bangladeshi descent, Quaddus Ali, 17, is severely beaten by a group of nine whites in London’s East End. . . . Kresimir Zubak, the vice president of the Bosnian Croats’ principal militia, admits that Muslim prisoners were mistreated in Croat detention camps. Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic fails to persuade the U.S. to set and enforce a deadline for the use of force against Bosnia’s Serbs if they continue to besiege Sarajevo.

At the end of a two-day meeting in Paris of the International Committee for the Reconstruction of Cambodia, 31 donor countries and 11 international organizations pledge $119 million in additional financial aid to Cambodia. . . . Reports show that Tunisia has backed the Israeli-PLO accord, while Iraq, Libya, and Sudan opposed it.

Sept. 10

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Algeria endorses the PLO-Israeli accord.

Evans Paul, the elected mayor of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, is formally reinstated in the capital’s City Hall. Violence reportedly breaks out following the ceremony, and one unconfirmed death is reported.

In India, the ruling Congress (I) party decrees that 27% of the nation’s civil-service jobs will be reserved for members of low-caste groups and other socially disadvantaged citizens.

Ukraine premier Leonid Kuchma resigns, claiming he has been thwarted in his attempts to reform the economy. . . . Greece’s parliament is dissolved after the New Democratic Party of Premier Constantine Mitsotakis loses its majority. . . . In the first such breach in eight months, Croats begin an offensive around Gospic, in western Croatia, at the edge of the rebel Serb enclave of Krajina. Croats seize three villages, allegedly in retaliation for earlier Serbian attacks along the cease-fire line.

As many as 100 Somali gunmen and civilians are killed in Mogadishu when U.S. and Pakistani peacekeeping forces fire on Somalis reportedly throwing grenades. One soldier dies, and eight are wounded. . . . Israel permits more than 180 of the 396 accused Islamic militants deported in December 1992 to return. . . . The PLO Executive Committee approves the Israeli-PLO accords. . . . In South Africa, gunmen fire rifles into crowds of black commuters, killing at least 21 and wounding 25 others in two separate attacks.

Pres. Fidel Castro Ruz inches Cuba a step closer toward a mixed economy when he approves a decree allowing restricted forms of private enterprise. . . . The Peruvian military discloses that Shining Path guerrillas murdered 15 farmers in Monzón, 200 miles (320 km) northeast of Lima. The attack apparently was part of intensified violence to mark the anniversary of the capture of Abimael Guzmán, the group’s leader.

Reports indicate that All-Indonesia Workers’ Union, the nation’s only government-authorized labor organization, has restructured itself into units representing 13 industries.

In London, supporters of Quaddus Ali, 17, who was severely beaten Sept. 8, throw bottles and stones at police officers outside the hospital, injuring 26. . . . In response to the Sept. 9 attack, Serbs begin to shell civilian and government positions in Karlovac, about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of the Croatian capital, Zagreb. Croatian army installations near Osijek, in eastern Croatia, are also hit. The strongest of the Bosnian Serb military formations start an internal rebellion in Banja Luka over pay and poor living conditions.

In a historic moment, the PLO unequivocally reaffirms its recognition of Israel’s right to exist, and the Jewish state mutually recognizes the PLO as the sole representative of the Palestinian people, with the right to participate in the peace process on their behalf. . . . Somali gunmen attack UN positions, firing mortars and rocket grenades at UN bases. Five Somalis who worked for the U.S.’s CNN are among those killed in the fighting.

Antoine Izmery, one of JeanBertrand Aristide’s major financial backers, is shot in the head after being dragged out of a church service by about a dozen men in downtown Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

Sept. 11

Data show that in 1992 there were 7,793 racist incidents reported in Britain, up 78% from 1988.

Sept. 12

Sept. 13

The body of the late president Ferdinand Marcos is laid to rest in a mausoleum in Batac, 250 miles (380 km) north of Manila, the capital of the Philippines.

Reaching across a tortured history, Israel’s P.M. Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, the chairman of the PLO, shake hands in Washington, D.C., sealing a breakthrough accord that commits Israelis and Palestinians to share a land that they both claim as their own. Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres and Mahmoud Abbas, a negotiator for the PLO, sign a declaration of principles for interim Palestinian selfrule. The agreement comes in the context of the U.S.-Russia–sponsored Middle East peace conference in 1991 in Madrid, Spain, and after several months of Norwegian-mediated secret negotiations.

A car bomb explodes in downtown New Delhi, India, killing at least eight people and wounding more than 35. Maninder Singh Bitta, the president of the governing Congress (I) party’s youth wing and the apparent target of the attack, emerges with minor injuries.

Three Israeli soldiers are shot to death in an ambush in the Gaza Strip. The Qassam Brigades, the guerrilla wing of Hamas, takes responsibility. Elsewhere in Gaza, three Palestinians opposed to the accord are also killed. In southern Israel, a Palestinian stabs an Israeli bus driver to death and is in turn shot to death by an Israeli soldier. The signing of the accord that will bring interim self-rule to Jericho and the Gaza Strip prompts a mixed reaction among Palestinians and among Israelis.

In Haiti, Wilson Ciceron, a prosecutor investigating the slayings of several Aristide supporters, resigns after receiving numerous death threats.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 8–13, 1993—507

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Boston (Massachusetts) Teachers Union votes in favor of a new contract that will tie teachers’ pay to improvements in their students’ performance. . . . The Senate votes, 57-40, to pass the final version of Pres. Clinton’s nationalservice initiative. . . . The Education Department finds that 90 million of the U.S.’s 191 million adult citizens possess inadequate skills in math and reading English.

A German tourist, Uwe-Wilhelm Rakebrand, is fatally shot while driving on a Miami, Florida, highway. His murderers were driving during the slaying as well.

The Congressional Budget Office released a report contending that the Clinton budget package will fall short of its $496 billion deficitreduction goal. The CBO report projects that the plan will trim $433 billion from federal deficits through fiscal 1998. . . . The yield on the Treasury Department’s benchmark 30-year bond reaches a record low of 5.86%, and the yield on the Treasury’s 10-year note also breaks a record when it falls to 5.22%.

Dr. Jack Kevorkian assists Donald O’Keefe, 73, who was suffering from bone cancer, to end his life in Redford Township, Michigan. . . . Judge Anne E. Thompson of U.S. District Court in Trenton, New Jersey, sentences New York State’s former top judge, Sol Wachtler, to 15 months in prison for threatening to kidnap the daughter of his former lover, Joy Silverman.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin reveals that three 1983 Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”) missile tests were rigged as part of a plan to deceive the Soviet Union. . . . The Senate passes a nonbinding resolution requesting that Pres. Clinton outline U.S. goals and objectives in Somalia and justify the UN mission or face funding cuts. . . . The Senate defeats, 63-33, a proposal by Barbara Boxer (D, Calif.) that would leave the question of the treatment of homosexuals in the military as a wholly presidential prerogative.

President Clinton mandates the creation of the Community Enterprise Board, a cabinet-level entity that Vice Pres. Gore will head. A memorandum suggests that the board will create “empowerment zones” to encourage business investment in impoverished areas.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle The earl of Westmorland (born David Anthony Thomas Fane), 69, chairman of Sotheby’s board, 1980–82, dies in Tetbury, England. . . . Wang Junxia, 20, of China breaks the world record in the women’s 10,000-meter run by 42 seconds with a time of 29:31.78.

The FDA approves the drug Cognex for treating the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. It is the first drug shown to relieve some symptoms of the disease and the first approved to treat the disorder.

Helen O’Connell, 73, big-band singer, dies in San Diego, California, of cancer. . . . New York Giants guard Eric Moore is sentenced to three years’ probation, 100 hours of community service, and a $5,000 fine. Moore pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of anabolic steroid possession.

The Labor Department reports that the index of prices charged by producers for finished goods fell 0.6% in August from July. The August figure is the largest decline in producer prices since February 1991 and marks the fourth consecutive month that the index has fallen, according to revised data.

Pres. Clinton announces that U.S. companies may participate in World Bank-funded ventures in Vietnam.

The Justice Department announces that two of the largest independent blood-testing laboratories in the U.S., MetPath and MetWest, have agreed to pay the government $39.8 million to settle charges that they submitted false claims to Medicare for unnecessary blood tests.

Sept. 9

Sept. 10

Qu Yunxia of China sets a new record in the 1,500 meters, posting a time of 3:50.46. . . . In tennis, at the U.S. Open, Steffi Graf of Germany wins the women’s singles. . . . Erich Leinsdorf, 81, leading orchestra conductor, dies in Zurich, Switzerland, of cancer.

Pres. Clinton signs three executive orders that instruct federal agencies to devise initiatives to improve customer service, halve their regulations, and prepare reports on how to reduce their staff by 12%.

Reports suggest that Antioch College has instituted new guidelines requiring students and staff to obtain mutual and specific verbal consent before “each new level of physical and/or sexual contact or conduct” during all encounters. Under the policy, a partner’s consent might not be considered “meaningful” if he or she is intoxicated.

Sept. 8

The U.S. space shuttle Discovery blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, to carry out a mission devoted to launching two satellites and testing tools for repairing the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope.

Raymond William Stacy Burr, 76, actor best known for playing the title role in the television series Perry Mason, dies near Healdsburg, California, of kidney cancer. . . . In, tennis, Pete Sampras wins the U.S. Open men’s singles title.

Frederick Campion Steward, 89, pioneering botanist and cell biologist whose landmark findings, published in 1958, are considered the foundation of plant molecular biology, dies in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

A controversial and violent martialarts home video game, “Mortal Kombat,” is released for the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo video game systems. . . . Hyperion Press announces it will publish a book featuring the purported diary of Jack the Ripper, although some experts claim the manuscript is a hoax. The book will address the debate over the diary’s authenticity.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 11

Sept. 12

Sept. 13

508—September 14–19, 1993

Sept. 14

Sept. 15

Sept. 16

Sept. 17

Sept. 18

Sept. 19

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The UN reports that more than 1,000 people are dying each day in Angola of starvation and other war-related effects. It is currently the highest death toll in any conflict throughout the world.

The Serbs shoot down a Croatian air force plane sent to attack missile-launching sites in Krajina. Bosnian government troops massacre at least 35 Croatian civilians in and around the village of Uzdol, in central Bosnia. Nine HVO soldiers are also killed in the attack, which reportedly involves as many as 100 Muslim troops. A cease-fire is agreed.

Representatives of Israel and Jordan reach an “agenda for peace.” . . . Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani condemns the Sept. 13 accord as a sign of “the most degrading times for the Islamic holy war in Palestine.”. . . U.S. Army Rangers arrest 31 Somalis at the home of Ali Ugas, a prominent Somali clan leader in northern Mogadishu, Somalia.

Angolan foreign minister Venancio de Moura tells the UN Security Council that starving people in the city of Cuito, under siege by UNITA forces for eight months, have been eating the flesh of the dead to survive. He accuses UNITA of “horrendous massacres.” The UN Security Council votes unanimously to impose the sanctions but grants UNITA a grace period.

Bosnian government troops advance along a new front about 20 miles (30 km) northwest of the divided city of Mostar. UN peacekeeping troops begin moving between the two sides in light of the Sept. 14 cease-fire. . . . French farmers disrupt traffic in and around Paris as part of their efforts to force the government to remain firmly opposed to the EC-U.S. compromise.

A military court in Cairo, Egypt, condemns two Muslim militants to death by hanging and imposes in absentia life prison terms on four others involved in an assassination attempt on General Osman Shahin in July. . . . Somali gunmen shoot and kill two Italian soldiers jogging near Mogadishu’s port. Separate mortar attacks launched by militiamen who reportedly have ties to Aidid wound 11 peacekeepers in the UN compound and kill a Somali child.

The IMF approves a standby credit package for Pakistan worth $377 million over the following year. . . . The International Atomic Energy Agency rejects terms offered by North Korea that would have governed the IAEA’s inspection of North Korea’s nuclear-energy facilities. The inspectors reportedly were denied desired access to several facilities during a visit in August.

Rebels launch an offensive on the Abkhazian capital, Sukhumi. . . . Former East German defense minister Heinz Kessler, Fritz Streletz and Hans Albrecht are convicted in the deaths of East Germans killed seeking to flee to the West, and they are sentenced 71⁄2, 51⁄2, and 41⁄2 years in jail, respectively. They are the highest East German officials yet tried. . . . In retaliation for the Sept. 14 massacre, Croatian forces shell the Muslim-held towns of Gornji Vakuf and Jablanica.

King Fahd of Saudi Arabia issues a decree calling for the establishment of advisory assemblies in each of the country’s 13 regions, to serve under the governing emir. The decree receives notice since it introduces a limited degree of democracy into the tightly ruled Islamic monarchy.

The UN General Assembly completes the selection of 11 judges to sit on a war crimes tribunal to hear charges of atrocities in the Balkans.

The revolt started by the strongest of the Bosnian Serb military formations Sept. 10 ends with the withdrawal of tanks and armored vehicles from the streets after Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic pledges to improve the soldiers’ living conditions. Several rebel troop leaders are arrested. . . . For the first time since World War II, Daimler-Benz AG, Germany’s largest industrial company, reveals it suffered a loss for the first half of the year.

The Financial Times lists the unemployment rates from EC nations as follows: Luxembourg (2.5%), Portugal (5.2%), Germany (8.4%), Great Britain (10.4%), Belgium (10.5%), Italy (10.7%), Netherlands (10.9%), France (11.7%), Denmark (12.4%), Ireland (18.6%), and Spain (21.1%).

Russian president Boris Yeltsin appoints former acting premier Yegor Gaidar as first deputy premier in charge of economic affairs. The move is widely interpreted to signal the government’s commitment to shoring up faltering economic reforms. . . . The Sept. 14 cease-fire announced by Croat leader Tudjman and Bosnian president Izetbegovic is slated to go into effect, but it is not observed.

Reports state that the IMF has decided to delay indefinitely the disbursement of a $1.5 billion loan to support economic reform in Russia because the country has not made promised budget cuts and has not reined in credits to industry.

Polish voters hold general elections, precipitated by a May 28 vote of no-confidence in the government. . . . In London, police arrest 27 people in the East End after fighting between supporters of the Bangladesh National Party and antiracist groups.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific China announces it has freed Wei Jingsheng, 43, a prominent dissident been jailed since 1979 and whose release had been sought by international human rights organizations and foreign governments for several years.

Brazil’s Supreme Court declares unconstitutional a bank-transaction tax central to Pres. Itamar Franco’s efforts to reduce the federal deficit.

Reports indicate that Thailand’s premier, Chuan Leekpai, has expelled the Social Action Party has from his five-party ruling coalition, replacing it with the smaller Seritham (Justice Freedom) party. The move reduces the coalition’s parliamentary majority to 13 seats, from 27. . . . Data suggests that China’s summer grain harvest totaled a record level of nearly 108 million tons, an increase of 4.7 million tons from 1992.

Statistics show that there were 28.75 million people living in Canada on July 1, an increase of 1.9 million residents since 1988.

An Israeli Supreme Court justice, Theodore Orr, announces that he dismissed all appeals seeking a retrial of John Demjanjuk, a Ukrainian native who was acquitted in July of charges that he was “Ivan the Terrible,” a notoriously cruel guard at the Treblinka death camp in Poland during World War II. Demjanjuk has been in prison since 1986. . . . Reports suggest Suha Arafat has said that she told her husband, PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, that “if he does not accept the rights of women, myself will lead the protests outside the offices of the Palestinian interim government.”

Indian and Pakistani soldiers exchange gunfire on the border of India’s disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir, killing three Pakistani soldiers. . . . In Cambodia, the Funcinpec party and Hun Sen’s Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) agree to a power-sharing configuration.

Australian prime minister Paul Keating announces that he has formally told Queen Elizabeth II of his proposal to convert Australia from a constitutional monarchy to a federal republic by the year 2001.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 14–19, 1993—509

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Dr. Jack Kevorkian is charged for a second time with violating Michigan’s law banning assisted suicides for his Sept. 9 act. . . . South Dakota residents vote down a ballot initiative aimed at increasing betting limits at the state’s casinos.

The Senate passes, 92-7, a $261 billion defense-authorization bill, which raises controversy since it codifies the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy regarding homosexuals in the military. It goes further than the July proposal when it states that the question of sexual orientation can be reintroduced if deemed necessary by the defense secretary. . . . A British tourist, Gary Colley, is fatally shot at a highway rest stop in Florida. He is the ninth tourist killed in the state since October 1992.

The House approves, 214-208, a financing bill that will provide a total of $26.3 billion to the Resolution Trust Corp. and a new Savings Association Insurance Fund that will monitor thrift institutions after the RTC’s mandate ceases.

The FAA successfully tests a new satellite-navigation control system on a civilian aircraft for the first time. The system, known as the Global Positioning System (GPS), is designed to provide more precision to aircraft guidance and to substantially improve navigation, particularly in inclement weather.

Katherine Ann Power, a radical opponent of the Vietnam War wanted for a 1970 bank robbery in which a police officer was slain, surrenders to police in Boston, Massachusetts. During the robbery, one of Power’s cohorts, William Gilday Jr., fatally shot a police officer, Walter Schroeder Sr., and is currently serving a life sentence in prison for his role in the crime. Power pleads guilty to state charges of manslaughter, armed robbery, and robbery. The Office of Thriff Supervision reports that savings and loans institutions earned $1.28 billion in the second quarter of 1993, a 2.3% rise from 1992 second-quarter profits and the 10th consecutive quarter with an overall profit.

Pres. Clinton appoints Mary Frances Berry to head the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, succeeding Arthur A. Fletcher. Berry will be the first woman to head the panel.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Sept. 14

A study by the U.S. National Cancer Institute and the Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science in Beijing finds that daily intakes of beta carotene, vitamin E and selenium reduce the rate of cancer deaths.

The issue of Forbes magazine that lists the world’s highest-paid entertainers becomes available, and Oprah Winfrey, TV host and producer, is at the top with total earnings of $98 million.

The New England Journal of Medicine concludes that routine sonogram examinations performed each year on millions of pregnant women in the U.S. are costly and unnecessary. . . . A British girl, fiveyear-old Laura Davies, undergoes a multiple transplant operation and receives seven organs—a liver, stomach, pancreas, large and small intestines, and two kidneys— in an operation that is the first of its kind.

Willie Mosconi, 80, pocket billiards player who beat Minnesota Fats in a 1978 high-profile televised match, dies in Haddon Heights, New Jersey, of a heart attack.

Captain Enio Ravelo Rodriguez, a Cuban air force pilot, aborts a military-training flight to seek asylum at the U.S. Navy air base located about five miles (eight km) east of Key West, Florida.

Sept. 15

Sept. 16

Sept. 17

Sept. 18

At the Emmy Awards, Picket Fences wins for Best Drama Series, Seinfeld wins for Best Comedy Series and Saturday Night Live wins as Best Variety, Music or Comedy Series.

In an unprecedented drug-interdiction effort between the Cuban government and the U.S., Cuban authorities in Havana hand over two suspected American cocaine smugglers to officials of the U.S. DEA.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 19

510—September 20–25, 1993

Sept. 20

Sept. 21

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

Sept. 25

World Affairs

Europe

The Arab League, composed of 20 Arab countries and the PLO, declare that the Israeli-PLO interim agreement is “an important first step toward realizing the land-forpeace principle.”

Azerbaijan’s parliament votes to join the CIS. . . . Bosnian Muslim leaders and their Croatian government counterparts come to terms on the proposed postwar Muslim state’s access to the Adriatic Sea. . . . In Abkhazian, government forces come under air attack by Russianbuilt fighter-bombers. It is believed that the sorties are from Russiancontrolled bases in northern Abkhazia, or from airfields in southern Russia.

The UN General Assembly opens its 48th session with 184 members. . . . In response to the conflict in Russia, both U.S. president Clinton and British prime minister Major express their support for Pres. Yeltsin. . . . Israel becomes the 80th country to begin formal adherence to the section of the IMF’s Articles of Agreement that prohibits IMF members from restricting current financial transactions among IMF countries and calls on members to adhere to a single, nondiscriminatory exchangerate formula.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin dissolves Parliament and calls elections for December 11–12 to fill a new legislative assembly. Within hours, Parliament declares Yeltsin’s action to be a coup d’état and votes to depose him. The defense ministry states that the army will observe “strict political neutrality.” . . . The Azerbaijan parliament votes to lift the nationwide state of emergency that had been in force since Apr. 2. . . . During the fighting in Abkhazian, a civilian airliner is shot down near the Abkhazian capital.

The IMF projects that the world economy will grow by 2.2% in 1993, a figure unchanged from their April report. . . . In response to the crisis in Russia, Germany, France, and Japan express support for Pres. Yeltsin. NATO echoes those statements, and Willy Claes, speaking for the EC, states that the EC supports Yeltsin’s actions, even though they are unconstitutional. . . . The UN Security Council adopts a resolution that sets a March 1995 withdrawal date for UN peacekeeping forces in Somalia.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Abu Shaaban, a leader of the mainstream Al Fatah movement, is shot dead by a masked Palestinian gunman in the Gaza Strip. . . . U.S. troops capture Osman Hassan Ali, one of Gen. Aidid’s chief aides, and three other aides during a helicopter raid. A number of Somalis are killed. In another incident, three Pakistani peacekeepers are killed and seven are injured during an ambush in Mogadishu. . . . In Angola, UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi states he has ordered a unilateral cease-fire, but the government maintains that fighting continues.

A strike protesting recent vehicle taxes and high gasoline prices in Nicaragua turns violent when demonstrators throw stones at cars and use rocks and burning tires to barricade streets in Managua, the capital, and other major national arteries. A police official and a mother of five are shot to death during an exchange of gunfire between strikers and police in Managua.

In Cambodia, the assembly votes to adopt a new constitution that calls for a pluralistic “liberal democracy” headed by a two-tiered premiership.

In Russia, Vice President Aleksandr V. Rutskoi is sworn in as acting president. He annuls Boris Yeltsin’s Sept, 21 declaration, while Yeltsin invalidates Rutskoi’s decrees. . . . Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk names Yefim Zvyagilsky as acting premier. . . . Reports indicate that Russia has repudiated a Sept. 3 agreement with Ukraine involving nuclear warheads. . . . Another civilian airliner is shot down near the Abkhazian capital. With the deaths from the Sept. 21 crash, 108 people have been killed.

In South Africa, the white separatist Afrikaner-based Conservatives denounce the chief government negotiator, Roelf Meyer, as a “despicable traitor,” and all its members subsequently are ordered to leave the parliamentary chamber. . . . After a letter of appeal from Swedish king Carl Gustaf, Iraq releases three Swedes serving seven-year prison terms imposed after they wandered into Iraqi territory in 1992.

Press accounts cite an unidentified UN official in Haiti as saying that “The attachés are just going into the neighborhoods and opening fire to terrorize the population.” The “attachés” refer to special plainclothes agents of the police department.

The UN Security Council authorizes the deployment of a 1,300member contingent to Haiti under the terms of the Governor’s Island accord.

In Russia, Parliament votes, 636-2, to oust Pres. Yeltsin. . . . In Sukhumi, the Abkhazian capital, an airliner is fired on while it is on the tarmac boarding passengers.

In a historic moment, the South African parliament votes to allow blacks to participate for the first time in the national government, approving creation of a multiracial council that will oversee the country’s preparations for its first universal election, scheduled for April 27, 1994. . . . A solid majority in the Israeli Knesset votes to approve Israel’s Sept. 13 pact with the PLO.

Cuban refugees occupying the grounds of the Mexican embassy in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic, accept the Dominican government’s offer of temporary housing at a state-run resort.

The U.S. recognizes the new Cambodian government. . . . . After the Sept. 23 vote in South Africa, both the U.S. and Canadian governments move to end sanctions against South Africa, and Commonwealth nations indicate that they will act similarly. . . . . At a CIS summit meeting, Azerbaijan accedes to the 1991 treaty that created the grouping of former Soviet republics. A wider treaty on economic union is signed by 10 CIS members.

Results from the Sept. 19 elections in Poland show that the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) has won 171 seats in the 460-seat Sejm. The Alliance, led by Aleksander Kwasniewski, is the successor to the defunct United Workers’ Party. . . . The Finnish parliament votes against constructing a new nuclear power plant. . . . The Ukrainian parliament votes to hold parliamentary and presidential elections.

The finance ministers and centralbank heads of the Group of Seven leading industrialized nations meet in Washington, D.C.

Sir John Moores, 97, founder of the Littlewoods Organization, Britain’s largest private company, who was knighted in 1980, dies in Freshfield, England.

A transportation strike that involved 30,000 workers, was supported by Nicaraguans of all political persuasions, and halted commercial activity in Nicaragua ends when the government repeals recent vehicle taxes and freezes gasoline prices.

Three U.S. soldiers are killed when their helicopter is shot down in Mogadishu, Somalia, reportedly by Gen. Aidid’s supporters. The helicopter’s pilot and copilot survive the ensuing crash. Reports confirm that the State Department has advised all U.S. citizens to leave Somalia, even if they work for internationally supervised relief agencies. . . . A policeman is killed in Egypt, bringing to nine the number of Egyptian police officers assassinated in September.

Norodom Sihanouk assumes the throne as Cambodia’s king, regaining the position he had abdicated in 1955. He announces that Prince Norodom Ranariddh, his son, will hold the title of first premier, and Hun Sen, the outgoing premier, will serve as second premier. . . . Imelda Marcos, wife of the late Philippines president Ferdinand Marcos, is convicted of corruption and sentenced to 18–24 years’ imprisonment.

Reports indicate that Interim Prime Minister Moeen Qureshi will suspend Pakistan’s nuclear program.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 20–25, 1993—511

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

In a case that had garnered national attention, the Georgia Board of Pardons and Parole commutes the three-year sentence of Dehundra Caldwell, a black teenager convicted of stealing ice-cream bars from a school cafeteria. After pleading guilty, Caldwell was sentenced by white Superior Court judge Andrew Whalen, which prompted some to accuse Whalen of racism.

The Senate approves, 83-12, the closure of 130 U.S. military bases and the scaling back of 45 others, as recommended in July.

Despite the fact that the Oregon State legislature voided such measures, voters in six towns and one county in Oregon pass ordinances that bar their local governments from enacting laws to protect homosexuals from discrimination. . . . President Clinton signs the National and Community Service Trust Act, which will provide some young people with money to pay for college in return for community service. . . . The House votes, 33985, in favor of revisions to the Hatch Act, a 1939 law that bars most federal employees from taking part in partisan politics.

The Justice Department confirms that Acting Secretary of the Army John Shannon admitted shoplifting women’s clothing from an army post exchange at Fort Myer, Virginia. The department adds that Shannon, 59, will not be prosecuted if he completes a program for offenders.

A Michigan judge orders the University of Michigan to pay $1.2 million in damages to Carolyn Phinney, a scientist, after a jury finds that the school did not investigate properly her claim that her supervisor, Dr. Marion Perlmutter, had engaged in scientific misconduct had when Perlmutter submitted Phinney’s research findings for federal grants without naming her as the principal investigator.

Pope John Paul II meets with the chief rabbi of Israel’s Ashkenazi Jews, Yisrael Meir Lau. The meeting is the first ever between a pope and one of Israel’s chief rabbis.

Pres. Clinton unveils his longawaited health-care reform proposal in a speech to a joint session of Congress. . . . Figures suggest that four-year public colleges raised their tuition and fees by an average of 8% for the 1993–94 academic year, from $2,334, to an average of $2,527. Private fouryear colleges’ tuition and fees rose by an average of 5.5% to $11,025, from $10,449.

John Demjanjuk, a Ukrainian native acquitted in July of charges that he was “Ivan the Terrible,” a notoriously cruel guard at the Treblinka death camp in Poland during World War II, is met by 100 protesters from the Kahane Chai militant Jewish group at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport, where they chant anti-Nazi slogans and burn Demjanjuk in effigy. A smaller group peacefully pickets Demjanjuk’s home. Demjanjuk goes into hiding near Cleveland, Ohio, to avoid protesters

An Amtrak train plunges off a trestle bridge and into a bayou about 10 miles (15 km) north of Mobile, Alabama, killing 47 passengers and crew. The death toll is the highest in any Amtrak accident since the passenger line began operating in 1971. . . . The U.S. space shuttle Discovery touches down safely on the airstrip at Kennedy.

Maurice Abravanel, 90, orchestra conductor who received the National Medal of Arts from President George Bush in 1991, dies in Salt Lake City, Utah.

The FCC approves a plan that provides a blueprint for a new generation of wireless communications services that is expected to radically alter the nation’s current communications technology.

The International Olympic Committee chooses Sydney, Australia, to host the 2000 Olympic Summer Games. . . . Vicki Van Meter, 11, becomes the youngest female to pilot a plane across the U.S. Van Meter flew the plane herself, although she was accompanied by flight instructor Bob Baumgartner.

Studies conducted by BristolMyers Squibb Co. confirm that silicone breast implants with polyurethane plastic coatings erode and send small amounts of potentially cancer-causing chemicals into women’s bodies. . . . Bruno Pontecorvo, 80, Italian-born nuclear scientist who defected to the Soviet Union in 1950, dies in Dubna, Russia, of pneumonia after suffering from Parkinson’s disease.

After a long scandal, Frank Maco, a state attorney in Litchfield, Connecticut, states that, although he has “probable cause,” he will not prosecute filmmaker Woody Allen on charges that he molested his adopted daughter, Dylan O’Sullivan Farrow.

In a gesture of support for Russian president Yeltsin, the Senate passes, 88-10, a 1994 foreign aid appropriations bill that includes $2.5 billion for Russia. . . . Captain Leonides Basulto Serrano, a Cuban air force pilot, aborts his militarytraining flights to seek asylum at the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

Katherine Ann Power, who turned herself in Sept. 15 for a 1970 bank robbery, pleads guilty to a federal charge of theft of government property stemming from a burglary three days before the bank heist. As part of a plea agreement, the government recommends that Power be sentenced to a five-year prison term to run concurrently with the state sentence she is to receive for the robbery and murder.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle C(yrus) L(eo) Sulzberger, 80, Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist for The New York Times, 1944–78, dies in Paris. . . . Author Salman Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children wins the Booker of Bookers award, a special honor celebrating the prize’s 25th anniversary.

Officials of Los Angeles International Airport agree temporarily not to enforce a new airport regulation that raises landing-right fees collected from airlines. The move defuses a crisis that has been building since July, when the city of Los Angeles, which owns the airport, announced landing fees would be tripled.

The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C., rules, 3-0, that the Clinton administration will not be forced to submit NAFTA to a formal environmental review. . . . In response to the Sept. 23 vote in South Africa, the Senate unanimously approves legislation that will lift sanctions on international lending and government-togovernment aid to South Africa.

Sept. 20

Sept. 21

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

Sept. 25

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

512—September 26–30, 1993

Sept. 26

Sept. 27

Sept. 28

Sept. 29

Sept. 30

World Affairs

Europe

The United Nations Security Council bans sales of arms and fuel to the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).

Supporters of Russian president Yeltsin and acting president Aleksandr Rutskoi hold rival demonstrations in central Moscow. The leaders of about 40 regional councils call for simultaneous parliamentary and presidential elections.

Trade negotiators for the U.S. and the European Community fail to resolve a growing dispute over agricultural subsidies that threaten to prevent completion of the socalled Uruguay Round of the GATT talks.

In Ukraine, Pres. Kravchuk takes direct control of the Ukrainian government, stating he is eliminating the job of premier. . . . The first major rift in Bosnian Muslim solidarity appears when the northwestern enclave of Bihac dissociates itself from the government in Sarajevo. A 400-member assembly, meeting in the town of Velika Kladusa, votes to make Bihac an Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia. . . . Rebels capture the Abkhazian capital, Sukhumi, after an offense that started Sept. 16.

The IMF and the World Bank open their joint annual meeting in Washington, D.C., and representatives from most of the 178 member countries attend the meeting, which focuses on possible measures to boost worldwide economic growth.

The Georgian embassy in Moscow reports that the Abkhazian victors in Sukhumi captured and killed Zhiuli Shartava, the head of the local Georgian government. Georgian leader Eduard Shevardnadze states the Abkhazians entering Sukhumi have murdered scores of people. . . . Russian president Yeltsin orders that vehicles and razor wire ring the White House.

The World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development release a joint study asserting that a successful conclusion of the GATT talks will add $213 billion annually to world income by 2002. . . . The EC states that it will replace its 1975 freetrade agreement with Israel with a more comprehensive pact. . . . Foreign ministers of the Organization of African Unity approve the removal of economic sanctions against South Africa, except for a mandatory arms embargo, voluntary restrictions on oil sales, and nuclear-related trade.

Security forces loyal to Alija Izetbegovic seize police posts and local radio stations in five towns in the Bihac enclave and are resisted by local people, who form human chains to impede them. The Bosnian parliament votes to dismiss Fikret Abdic from the collective presidency. Although it is not immediately reported, Croat forces forcibly expel Muslims from the mainly Croatian western half of Mostar to the mainly Muslim eastern half. The Bosnian parliament rejects current proposals for the partition of Bosnia between its Muslim, Serbian, and Croatian populations.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development releases reduced 1994 economicgrowth estimates for the U.S., Japan, and Germany to total 3%, 2%, and 0.5% in the U.S., Japan, and Germany, respectively.

Abkhazian secessionists capture the towns of Ochamchira, on the Black Sea coast, and Gali, about 15 miles (20 km) inland. The rebels’ military successes send at least 70,000 refugees into flight, some of them into the mountainous interior, where they face possible starvation and exposure.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Eight financial-sector workers are executed for their roles in an embezzlement case considered one of the largest since the Communists took power in China in 1949. . . . In Afghanistan, guerrilla leaders agree on an interim constitution as a prelude to elections in 1994.

Security troops in the West Bank capture Ahmed Awad Ikmail, the leader of the Black Panthers military wing of the PLO’s mainstream Fatah faction. Israeli authorities describe Ikmail as their mostwanted Palestinian fugitive. . . . The leader of the Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party in Kwathema township, Sammy Motha, is shot and killed.

Reports suggest that the mysterious illness that causes vision loss and impaired coordination in almost 51,000 people in Cuba has apparently run its course.

In Pakistan, Ghulam Hyder Wyne, a former chief minister of Punjab province and a close colleague of P.M. Nawaz Sharif, is shot to death in an ambush in central Punjab.

The Supreme Court of Canada denies Sue Rodriguez, who is in the last stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), the right to a doctor-assisted suicide.

A powerful earthquake wreaks havoc in central India. The earthquake measures 6.4 on the Richter scale, and estimates of its death toll run as high as 30,000.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

September 26–30, 1993—513

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R, Tex.) is indicted on five felony counts of official misconduct, tampering with evidence, and tampering with government records. Hutchison is the 10th senator ever—but the second in the current Congress—to be indicted while in office. Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.) is the other one, having been he was charged in April with submitting false expense claims to the Senate.

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A team of eight researchers emerge from Biosphere 2, a contained ecosystem in which they were sealed for two years. The project’s backers report that they successfully created a prototype for space colonies and a laboratory for the study of ecology. However, critics note that the researchers pumped air into the Biosphere three months into the experiment, and one member of the team had taken supplies back into the Biosphere after leaving to have surgery performed.

The U.S. team of golfers retains the Ryder Cup over European golfers in match-play competition.

Gen. James Harold Doolittle, 96, aviation pioneer known for leading the first bombing raid on Japan during World War II, who won the Medal of Honor in 1952 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1989, dies in Pebble Beach, California, after recently suffering a stroke.

Sept. 26

Sept. 27

The House of Representatives votes, 406-26, to approve a nonbinding resolution requesting that Pres. Clinton explicitly outline U.S. goals and objectives in Somalia and justify the UN mission or face funding cuts.

Postmaster General Marvin Runyon reveals that the Postal Service lost about $100 million in 1993 as a result of postage meter fraud. . . . The RTC announces it has reached a $45 million settlement with Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, a New York City law firm, on charges that the firm was negligent in its work for a Miami, Floridabased thrift, Centrust Savings Bank, seized by the RTC in 1990.

Peter De Vries, 83, comic novelist who served as a staff contributor to the New Yorker magazine, 1977–87, dies in Norwalk, Connecticut, of pneumonia.

A Planned Parenthood office in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, is severely damaged by a firebomb.

The House approves a foreign-aid appropriations bill that sets conditions on the release of $98.2 million in aid to Nicaragua. . . . The House passes, 268-162, a $263 billion defense-authorization bills for fiscal 1994, with the same provisions about homosexuals in the military cleared by the Senate Sept. 14. . . . The House passes, 321-108, a $13 billion appropriations bill to fund the government’s foreign operations for fiscal 1993.

The Commerce Department notes that after-tax profits of U.S. corporations rose by 5% in the second quarter from the previous quarter, to an annual rate of $272.3 billion. . . . Congress approves a stopgap spending measure that will provide funding for federal government operations for the first few weeks of the 1994 fiscal year. . . . The Senate approves, 82-17, a $256.3 billion appropriations bill to fund the Departments of Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services and related agencies for fiscal 1994.

The full Senate unanimously confirms actress Jane Alexander as chairwoman of the NEA. . . . CBS News anchor Dan Rather criticizes the television news industry for emphasizing ratings over quality.

Clinton administration officials announce they have reduced the staff of the White House to 1,005 employees, from 1,394 staffers. . . . The New England Journal of Medicine finds that obese people face a greater risk of social, educational, and economic discrimination than thinner people. . . . A report evaluating the initial raid on the Branch Davidians near Waco, Texas, lambastes high-ranking ATF officials, prompting Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen to remove Stephen Higgins as ATF director effective immediately.

The Senate approves by voice vote a bill to appropriate $9.8 billion for military construction in fiscal 1994. . . . The House passes, 325-102, a $239.6 billion defenseappropriations bill. . . . The Senate clears, 88-11, and Pres. Clinton signs a $13 billion appropriations bill to fund foreign operations for fiscal 1993. . . . General Colin Powell retires as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Powell, the youngest and only black person to be appointed to the post, receives his second Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Pres. Clinton signs the stopgap spending measure passed by Congress on Sept. 29.

The heads of the four major television networks begin to air parental advisory warnings for violent shows.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Sept. 28

Sept. 29

Sept. 30

514—October 1–5, 1993

Oct. 1

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

A special donors conference of 43 nations pledges about $2 billion in aid to the Palestine Liberation Organization. . . . The world’s longest offshore gas pipeline, called the Zeepipe, measuring 500 miles (800 km), goes into service. It runs from the North Sea off the coast of Norway to Zeebrugge, Belgium, and carries the first shipment of natural gas as per the 1986 Troll agreement.

Separatists in Georgia’s northwestern Abkhazia region succeed in expelling from the territory government forces fighting to put down the insurrection there.

Peace activist Abie Nathan closes down his ship-based “Voice of Peace” radio station, in operation since 1973, citing dwindling finances and the dawn of a new era in Israeli-Palestinian relations.

In Georgia, Gamsakhurdia loyalists seize the port of Poti, depriving the government in Tbilisi of its last significant outlet to the Black Sea. . . . In Britain, figures suggest that the opening of Buckingham Palace to tourists has generated the equivalent of $3.3 million in profits.

Israeli troops in the Gaza Strip attack suspected hideouts of an armed wing of the fundamentalist group Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), which opposes the Israel-PLO accord. They kill two Hamas commanders and capture 16 other guerrillas in their raid. . . . Sheik Amin Tarif, 95, spiritual leader of the Arab Druse in Israel since 1928, dies in Julis, Israel.

Human-rights monitors in Haiti report that there have been more than 100 assassinations of Aristide supporters in Port-au-Prince since the signing in July of the Governor’s Island agreement. There have also been 30 documented “disappearances” in the capital during the same period.

In response to the Sept. 30 earthquake, the Indian government announces that it will for the first time accept foreign relief assistance. Since gaining its independence in 1947, India has historically refused foreign offers of disasterrelief aid.

The World Health Organization estimates there are 2.5 million AIDS cases worldwide.

In Russia, violent riots break out in reaction to the crisis that started Sept. 21. About 5,000 armed demonstrators sympathetic to parliament members engage police and breach the cordon of security forces around the White House. The mayor’s office is taken after a firefight, and another group of anti-Yeltsin rioters gather at a TV complex and fire a rocket-propelled grenade, triggering yet another gun battle. The president’s supporters stage a march, and 15,000 of them put up barricades on Tverskaya Street, where Yeltsin works through the night. Western press reports argue that the violence is the worst in Moscow since 1917.

At least 12 U.S. Army soldiers are killed in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, when a battle erupts with supporters of Somali warlord General Mohammed Farah Aidid. At least two foreigners are killed and six wounded. More than 75 U.S. soldiers reportedly are wounded during the battle.

The Justicialist (Peronist) Party of Argentine president Carlos Saul Menem scores convincing victories in midterm congressional elections.

The U.S. delivered India its first foreign shipment of relief supplies after the Sept. 30 earthquake.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to extend by six months the mandate of the 22,000 peacekeepers in Croatia, Bosnia, and Macedonia in Resolution 871, which also links the lifting of economic sanctions against Serbia to progress in resolving the SerboCroat conflict in Croatia. . . . Pres. Clinton names Gen. George Joulwan as supreme allied commander, Europe, the top military job in NATO. Joulwan, 53, succeeds Gen. John Shalikashvili.

Russian troops put down the Oct. 3 armed uprising of rebellious parliamentarians and their supporters against Pres. Boris Yeltsin and regain control of the parliament building in Moscow, the mayor’s office, and the Ostankino television complex. Skirmishes with scattered bands of armed rebels continue. Ruslan Khasbulatov and Aleksandr Rutskoi surrender and are placed under arrest. . . . Bosnian government troops bombard the town of Velika Kladusa.

A Palestinian linked to Hamas launches a suicide car-bomb attack near the Jewish West Bank settlement of Beit El, wounding 30 Israelis. . . . At the conclusion of the battle in Somalia, U.S. defense secretary Aspin reportedly orders four heavy tanks and other equipment to be deployed immediately to Somalia along with an infantry battalion of 220 troops. . . . Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak easily wins reelection in a referendum in which he ran unopposed.

China conducts an underground nuclear-weapon test in remote western China, effectively breaking an informal global moratorium on such tests. In response, several nations urge China not to proceed, and the U.S. states that it will begin preparations to possibly conduct its own test in 1994.

While fighting Turkish forces, the PKK is also accused of targeting civilians when 37 die in an attack in Siirt and Batman provinces. . . . In Bosnia, reports suggest that 2,500 government army troops have defected to the rebel side, and that scores of combatants on both sides have been killed or wounded in the last two days of fighting. . . . In western Georgia, two people are killed when Gamsakhurdia supporters attack government installations. Authorities impose curfews in Sukhumi and Tbilisi.

Oct. 2

Oct. 3

Oct. 4

Oct. 5

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Reports suggest that preelection violence in Pakistan has taken the lives of about 50 people.

Bermuda prime minister John Swan is reelected as his United Bermuda Party (UBP) wins a narrow majority in the island’s House of Assembly. The party retains its uninterrupted hold on power since the British colony became selfgoverning in 1968.

Indian authorities report that they have officially recorded fewer than 10,000 fatalities from the Sept. 30 earthquake. UN officials estimate the death toll at 12,000–13,000 and that that the quake left 120,000 homeless.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 1–5, 1993—515

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

In the July arrest regarding a conspiracy to bomb a black church and a synagogue, Christian Nadal is convicted of manufacturing, possessing, and selling guns. Nadal’s wife, Doris, is convicted on conspiracy to possess illegal weapons. . . . Former Rep. Albert Bustamante (D, Tex.) is sentenced in federal district court to serve 31⁄2 years in prison and pay $55,000 in fines for bribery and racketeering.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Labor Department finds that 40% of women who die on the job are homicide victims, compared with 15% of men. . . . Rupert Murdoch officially repurchases the New York Post newspaper. . . . Paul M. Mozer, the former head of the governmentsecurities division of Salomon Brothers, pleads guilty to two felony counts of lying. Mozer also agrees to set up a $500,000 fund to be used to settle future SEC fines.

Reports suggest that the FDA has approved an injectable protein to treat stress urinary incontinence.

A Hackensack, New Jersey, Superior Court judge sentences soul singer Wilson Pickett, 52, to a year in jail and five years’ probation after Pickett pled guilty to hitting an elderly pedestrian while driving drunk in April 1992.

Henry Ringling North, 83, former co-owner and manager of Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1936–67, dies in Begnins, Switzerland, after a long illness.

Reports suggest that three House members from Oklahoma—Ernest J. Istook Jr. (R), James M. Inhofe (R) and Bill Brewster (D)—stated they would not hire people who are openly homosexual . . . Reports confirm that an attorney who recently filed suit regarding HIVtainted blood supplies, Leonard Ring, has disclosed that at least 10,000 hemophiliacs in the 1980s used the tainted products.

Long-shot Urban Sea, ridden by Eric St. Martin, wins the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, continental Europe’s most prestigious horse race, with a time of 2:38.

The Supreme Court opens its 1993–94 term with a full complement of nine justices when Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg formally succeeds Byron White. . . . The Census Bureau reports that 37.4 million Americans, or 14.7% of the population, had no health insurance during 1992. That is an increase from 35.4 million, or 14.1%, of all Americans during 1991.

News reports from Somalia following a battle cause debate and calls on Congress for withdrawing U.S. on troops from Somalia. . . . Defense Secretary Aspin overrules a recommendation by Navy Secretary John Dalton to fire Admiral Frank Kelso as chief of naval operations for allegedly failing to respond vigorously to the Tailhook naval aviators scandal. In the scandal, 83 women reported that they had been sexually molested or assaulted.

California governor Pete Wilson (R) signs into law a bill that will move the date of the state’s 1996 presidential primary forward to the last week of March, from early June. . . . Appearing in Nassau County Court in Mineola, New York, Joseph Buttafuoco pleads guilty to one count of statutory rape involving teenager Amy Fisher. Fisher is currently serving 5–15 years in jail for shooting Buttafuoco’s wife, Mary Jo Buttafuoco.

The Senate confirms General John Shalikashvili, Pres. Clinton’s nominee for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. . . . More than 200 members of Congress meet with Defense Secretary Les Aspin and Secretary of State Christopher Warren, and most of the legislators, both Republican and Democrat, call for the administration to withdraw U.S. troops from Somalia as soon as possible.

The Census Bureau reports that the number of Americans living below the poverty level in 1992 rose for the third straight year, reaching its highest total since 1962.

The Justice Department announces that the makers of the $2 billion Hubble Space Telescope have agreed to pay $25 million to the federal government to settle liability claims related to the orbiter’s defects.

James R. Porter, a former Roman Catholic priest accused of molesting dozens of children in three states in the 1960s, pleads guilty to 41 counts of sexual molestation in Bristol County Superior Court, Massachusetts. . . . The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller tops the bestseller list.

A satellite, Landsat 6, which is planned to spend five years studying the global environment, land use, mineral deposits, timberlands, and water-flow patterns, is launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, receiving its boost into orbit from a Titan 2G rocket.

Pope John Paul II releases his 10th encyclical on fundamental moral theory. In it, he writes that the church faces a “genuine crisis” that is “no longer a matter of limited and occasional dissent, but of an overall and systematic calling into question of traditional moral doctrine.”

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 1

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Oct. 3

Oct. 4

Oct. 5

516—October 6–10, 1993

World Affairs

Poland and Russia state they have recalled their respective military attachés, Brigadier Roman Hormoza and Colonel Vladimir Lomakin. It is the first time since the breakup of the Warsaw Pact that a Russian military attaché has been forced to leave Poland. . . . Election results show that parliamentary speaker Heydar Aliyev has won the presidency of Azerbaijan. . . . UN attempts to stop the conflict in Bihac end in failure when Abdic refuses to meet the commander of peacekeeping forces in Bosnia, General Francis Briquemont, and Bosnia’s military commander, General Rasim Delic.

Oct. 6

Oct. 9

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The number of U.S. troops killed in the Oct. 3 attack in Somalia rises to at least 13 when an unidentified Ranger dies of wounds suffered in the battle. An attack on a U.S. Army compound at Mogadishu’s airport kills another Ranger and wounds 12 others to bring the total U.S. death toll in Somalia in four days to 14, all from the same Ranger regiment. . . . Rebels continue to shell Menongue, in southern Angola.

The British Columbia Supreme Court convicts 44 environmental activists in connection with protests against commercial logging around Clayoquot Sound, on Vancouver Island. . . . In Colombia, Pablo Escobar’s presumed senior lieutenant, Alfonso Leon Puerta Muñoz, is slain by a joint armypolice force in a gun battle in Medellin. Alfonso Puerta’s brother, Jaime, is also killed.

Benazir Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) wins the most seats in the National Assembly, leaving Bhutto poised to be restored to the prime minister post from which she was ousted in 1990.

Russia observes a day of mourning for those killed in the Oct. 3 riots. Estimates put the number of people who died at 142. Pres. Yeltsin suspends the Constitutional Court until a new constitution is adopted. . . . The UN force in Croatia accuses the Croatian army of having killed Serb civilians during the fighting in Krajina as part of “a comprehensive scorched earth policy.” The report notes that UN troops who entered Serb villages given up by the Croats under a cease-fire found 18 burnt and bullet-riddled bodies. The Croats hand over to the UN 52 other civilian corpses, but 28 civilians and Serb soldiers are still unaccounted for. The Muslims expelled on Sept. 29 state that they saw 45 dead bodies as they were deported.

Oct. 7

Oct. 8

Europe

Three bombs explode in Bogota, Colombia. The most powerful of the blasts, triggered by remote control, destroys a police bus, killing two policemen and injuring 38 others.

Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze closes a summit with Russian president Boris Yeltsin, Armenian president Levon TerPetrossian and Azerbaijani president Heydar Aliyev by announcing that had said that Georgia will join the CIS. . . . The UN General Assembly lifts most of its nonmandatory economic sanctions against South Africa, ending 30 years of embargoes and voluntary restrictions in trade, investment, and sports. The assembly also presses its 184 members to initiate business in South Africa to stimulate the nation’s battered economy.

In Italy, Salvatore (Toto) Riina, the “boss of bosses,” arrested in January, is sentenced to life in prison by a court in Palermo following his conviction for ordering the murders of two members of a rival clan in 1989. . . . Russian police state that 187 people, including 76 noncombatants, were killed in the October 3–4 violence in Moscow and 437 were injured. Pres. Yeltsin extends the state of emergency in Moscow.

Pres. F. W. de Klerk orders the South African Defense Force to target a suspected hideout of a terrorist group, the Azanian People’s Organization, located in Umtata in the black homeland of Transkei. In the raid, five black youths are killed.

Amnesty International states that Myanmar continues to violate the rights of its citizens.

Somali warlord Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid offers a cease-fire with U.S. and UN forces in Somalia.

In an ongoing investigation, the chairwoman of the German Hemophilia Society, Ute Braun, contends that 1,500–2,000 patients infected with HIV-tainted blood supplies, and nearly 400 have died.

Reports indicate that four Arab gunmen killed at least two Israeli hikers in the Wadi Qelt area near Jericho. Separately, Israeli gunboats abort an apparent attempt by PFLP guerrillas to enter northern Israel by sea from Lebanon. At least one guerrilla is killed.

U.S. agriculture secretary Mike Espy becomes the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit China since the Clinton administration took office in January.

In Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia calls for the overthrow of Eduard Shevardnadze’s government. . . . Heydar A. Aliyev is sworn in as president of Azerbaijan. . . . The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) wins a landslide victory in Greek general elections, and the country’s new premier will be Andreas Papandreou.

In response to Gen. Aidid’s call for a cease-fire on Oct. 9, thousands of Somalis parade through the streets of Mogadishu in support of the end of fighting.

Hundreds of passengers and crew die when an overloaded ferryboat sinks off Chollabukdo province in western South Korea after capsizing in a storm. Most of the passengers aboard the ship, the West Sea Ferry, are tourists. . . . Factional fighting erupts between the Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims in Kabul, the Afghan capital, and in Jalalabad and Sarobi, which are east of Kabul. The battles mark the heaviest fighting in Afghanistan in several months.

Oct. 10

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 6–10, 1993—517

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Clinton signs the Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993, legislation that allows employees of the federal government to take part in a wide range of partisan political activities while off duty. . . . A Massachusetts state judge sentences Katherine Ann Power, who surrendered in September after 23 years as a fugitive, to 8–12 years in prison for her role in a 1970 bank robbery. . . . Reports find that children with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities are abused or neglected at 1.7 times the rate of other children. . . . In Washington, D.C., 68 women are arrested for blocking access to the Capitol Hill office of Sen. Edward Kennedy (D, Mass.). The blockade was organized by the antiabortion group Operation Rescue.

In a letter, 65 House Republicans led by Minority Leader Robert H. Michel (R, Ill.) demand that the president submit a plan detailing plans for the U.S. withdrawal from Somalia. . . . Law-enforcement authorities in Monticello, Florida, state that they have charged four boys with first-degree murder in the September slaying of Gary Colley, a British tourist at a highway rest stop near Monticello.

Jack Russ, the former House sergeant at arms and manager of the now-defunct House Bank, pleads guilty in U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., to three felony counts of embezzlement and fraud. Russ is the first person to face criminal charges stemming from the overdraft scandal that led to the bank’s closure in 1991.

Researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts, state that they have identified a mathematical error in a breast cancer study published in a July issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. The study estimated that only 2.5% of breast cancer occurs in women with a family history of the disease. When recalculated, the percentage rises to 6%, closer to risk estimates in similar studies. . . . A study finds that men whose diets include substantial amounts of animal fat from red meat face an 80% greater risk of developing advanced, lifethreatening prostate cancer than men who eat low amounts of such foods.

NBA superstar Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls announces he is retiring after nine seasons.

U.S. health officials reveal that the teenage pregnancy rate in the U.S. rose for the fifth year in a row in 1991. . . . A study finds that the likelihood of being killed in a household that keeps guns is 2.7 times higher than in homes without guns.

The Oct. 3 battle in Somalia prompts Pres. Clinton to announce in a nationally televised speech that he is sending reinforcements to the East African country. He also sets a deadline of March 31, 1994, for the eventual withdrawal of all but a few hundred U.S. combat troops from Somalia. . . . The Senate confirms President Clinton’s nominee for top military commander of NATO, Gen. George A. Joulwan. . . . The leader of the U.S. Navy’s Blue Angels demonstration flying team, Commander Robert Stumpf, is cleared of any wrongdoing in the Tailhook scandal.

The Senate votes to confirm Shirley Sears Chater as commissioner of the Social Security Administration.

A report evaluating the Apr. 19 raid on the Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas, exonerates Attorney General Janet Reno and the FBI. The report contrasts the one released Sept. 30. . . . A federal appeals court upholds the 1992 murder and racketeering conviction of John Gotti, the reputed boss of the powerful Gambino organized-crime family. . . . California gov. Pete Wilson (R) vetoes a bill to establish a pilot needle-exchange program designed to stop the spread of AIDS among drug users.

The Tailhook Association convenes for the first time since the 1991 scandal. The meeting attracts about 700 members, in contrast to the 4,000 who attended the 1991 convention in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Shirley Sears Chater is sworn in as commissioner of the Social Security Administration.

Toni Morrison wins the Nobel Prize in Literature. She is the eighth woman and the first black American to receive the honor. . . . Agnes George De Mille, 88, renowned dance choreographer who received the Kennedy Center Career Achievement Award in 1980 and the National Medal of the Arts in 1986, dies of a stroke. . . . Pres. Clinton confers National Medals of Arts and Charles Frankel Prizes for humanities on 18 American cultural figures. It is the first time the two awards are presented together. . . . Cyril Cusack, 82, critically acclaimed Irish actor, dies in London, England, after suffering from a motor neuron disease.

The Landsat 6, a $228 million Earthobservation satellite launched Oct. 5, is declared missing after a series of erroneous reports that it is in the wrong orbit, or `is in the correct orbit but failing to communicate.

A 1920 photograph, “Georgia O’Keeffe: A Portrait—Hands and Thimble,” by Alfred Stieglitz sells for a world record total of $398,500 at an auction by Christie’s to an anonymous buyer. . . . Jane Alexander is sworn in as chairwoman of the NEA. . . . Darcy Burk charges that the MTV cartoon show Beavis and Butt-head inspired her five-year-old son to start a fire that killed his 2year-old sister, Jessica Matthews.

A panel of judges from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia dismisses a lawsuit brought by a federal prison inmate, Brett C. Kimberlin, who alleges he was placed in solitary confinement in 1988 after he tried to tell reporters his claim that he sold marijuana to former vice president Dan Quayle in the 1970s.

Oct. 6

Oct. 7

Oct. 8

Oct. 9

Edward Kennedy Jr., son of Sen. Edward Kennedy (D, Mass.), weds psychiatrist Katherine Anne Gershman in a church on Block Island, Rhode Island.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 10

518—October 11–15, 1993

World Affairs

The Norwegian publisher of the controversial novel The Satanic Verses is shot three times and seriously wounded in Oslo, the capital of Norway. The author of the book, Salman Rushdie, is in hiding because of a death sentence issued by authorities in Iran in 1989, and the shooting of publisher William Nygaard brings to at least three the number of attacks on people who aided in publishing the book.

Oct. 11

Oct. 14

Oct. 15

Africa & the Middle East The PLO Central Council ratifies the Sept. 13 framework accord on Palestinian self-rule. Delegates representing the PFLP and the DFLP boycott the meeting. Reports indicate that 10 Palestinian rejectionist groups and Hamas have coordinated a new leadership structure for the intifadah–uprising in the occupied territories. . . . The first privatesector commercial bank opens in Tanzania, ending nearly 30 years of a state monopoly. . . . The Algerian government executes 13 Muslim fundamentalists.

Germany’s Constitutional Court rejects challenges to Germany’s ratification of the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union. Within hours of the ruling, German president Richard von Weizsaecker signs the ratification law. . . . Air France ground crews launch a strike, and French mail and other transport unions stage a one-day walkout protesting planned job cuts in their sectors.

Oct. 12

Oct. 13

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Haiti, an angry crowd of about 100 anti-Aristide armed demonstrators and small Haitian ships position themselves to prevent U.S. and Canadian noncombat troops from landing in Port-auPrince, the capital. The 194 U.S. troops and 25 Canadian air force construction engineers on board the U.S. ship are part of a 1,300member UN contingent authorized by the Security Council Sept. 23. Anti-Aristide protesters barricade some of the capital’s streets.

Russian president Boris N. Yeltsin makes his first official visit to Japan since becoming president in 1991.

British Columbia attorney general Colin Gabelmann states that Sikhs serving on the province’s municipal police forces will be allowed to wear the turban, sword, steel bracelet, and other tokens of their religion while on duty.

Russian president Yeltsin formally apologizes to Japanese premier Hosokawa and the Japanese people for the detention in Siberia of 600,000 Japanese prisoners of war in the years following the end of World War II. . . . The official death toll from an earthquake that struck India in September is placed at 9,748. . . . Estimates suggest that 200 people died in the fighting that started Oct. 10 in Kabul, Jalalabad, and Sarobil, Afghanistan.

In response to the Oct. 11 barricade in Haiti, the UN Security Council unanimously votes to reinstitute the embargo against Haiti, suspended in August. The council stipulates a grace period through midnight Oct. 18. . . . Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin acknowledges that Israel had sold arms to China, a state of affairs that both countries have long denied. . . . Reports confirm that the World Bank has granted Poland a loan of $450 million.

The Kazakh parliament ratifies a Sept. 7 pact to go on using the ruble under the monetary discipline of the Russian central bank, making Kazakhstan the first of the five signatories to do so. . . . Piero Cannata is arrested in Prato, Italy, for defacing a 15th-century fresco by Fra Filippo Lippi. Cannata was found to be mentally ill after he damaged the toe of the statue of David by Michelangelo in Florence, Italy, in 1991.

Soldiers from the South Lebanon Army soldiers kill three guerrillas of the PFLP in Israeli-occupied southern Lebanon.

Guatemalan president Ramiro de Leon Carpio’s anticorruption drive stalls when the Supreme Electoral Tribunal denies him authority to hold a referendum on whether he should have the right to dismiss the National Congress and Supreme Court.

Trade negotiators for the U.S. and the European Community fail to resolve trade-policy disputes that threaten the completion of the Uruguay Round of global trade talks currently being conducted in Geneva, Switzerland, under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Albanian defense minister Safet Zhulali signs a military cooperation agreement providing for educational programs and exchanges of personnel with the U.S. It is the first such agreement the U.S. has entered into with a former Communist country. . . . Polish president Lech Walesa names Polish Peasant Party (PSL) leader Waldemar Pawlak, 34, as premier.

Janusz Walus, 38, and Clive DerbyLewis, 57, are convicted by a judge in Johannesburg of assassinating Chris Hani, secretary general of the South African Communist Party. Gaye Derby-Lewis is acquitted of conspiracy charges. . . . In Angola, UNITA agrees to guarantee the security of emergency aid deliveries. . . . In Somalia, Gen. Aidid frees a Nigerian soldier, Umar Shantali, and a U.S. pilot, Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant.

In Haiti, gunmen assassinate Guy Malary, the justice minister in Robert Malval’s transitional government. Two of Malary’s aides are also slain in the incident. About 50 Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers, who arrived as part of the proposed 1,300-strong UN contingent of foreign police officers and soldiers on Oct. 7, leave Haiti.

The Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize jointly to South African president F. W. de Klerk and African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela. The committee cites Nelson Mandela, 75, and de Klerk, 57, for displaying “personal integrity and great political courage” in working together to bring about change in South Africa.

Reports indicate that Kurdish separatists have kidnapped and released some 26 foreigners since ending a unilaterally declared cease-fire in May.

In South Africa, Janusz Walus, 38, and Clive Derby-Lewis, 57, convicted Oct. 14 in the assassination of Chris Hani, are sentenced to death.

All but a few of the 250 humanrights monitors of a joint UN–Organization of American States mission in Haiti are redeployed to the neighboring Dominican Republic.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 11–15, 1993—519

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Suzane Doucette, a nine-year FBI veteran, announces that she is resigning from the bureau because of how it handled her accusations of sexual harassment against a fellow agent. Doucette testified about her plight before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee on May 26.

Michigan judge George Crockett sentences two former white police officers, Larry Nevers and Walter Budzyn, to 12–25 years in prison and 8–18 years in prison, respectively, for the beating and murder of Malice Green, a black motorist. . . . Postmaster General Marvin Runyon unveils to postal workers a new logo, which features an eagle’s head and the words United States Postal Service.

The House votes to allow Pres. Clinton to suspend U.S. restrictions on the PLO. . . . The House approves by voice vote most-favored-nation trade status for Romania.

Judge David Reynolds rules that Wal-Mart has violated a state law banning predatory pricing and orders the retail chain to pay a total of $298,407 in damages. . . . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Economic Science to Robert Fogel and Douglass North.

FBI director Louis Freeh names Burdena Pasenelli to be the bureau’s chief financial officer and Manuel Gonzalez to head the personnel division. Pasenelli and Gonzalez become the first woman and the first Hispanic, respectively, to hold upper-echelon FBI posts. . . . Data shows that public-school teachers nationwide were paid an average salary of $35,104 in the 1992–93 school year. That figure, an increase of 3.2% over the previous year, is the highest-ever average salary for public-school teachers.

The House, by voice vote, approves the conference committee version of a $10.1 billion military-construction appropriations bill.

Nicholas Rizzo pleads guilty to defrauding the 1992 presidential campaign of former Sen. Paul Tsongas (D, Mass.) of more than $1 million. Prosecutors maintain that Rizzo’s violations constitute the largest case of campaign-finance fraud in U.S. history. Judge Joseph Tauro sentences Rizzo to a prison term of four years and four months and a fine of $1.5 million.

The House passes, 307-118, a package of educational reforms endorsed by Pres. Clinton. . . . Circuit Court judge Eugene Lerner sentences Ronald Price, a former teacher, to 26 years in prison for having sex with three of his female students. . . . Reports reveal that the Boy Scouts of America dismissed about 1,800 scoutmasters suspected of molesting scouts between 1971 and 1991, although others still lead groups.

The Senate votes to allow Pres. Clinton to suspend U.S. restrictions on the PLO. The House passed the bill on Oct. 12.

A white supremacist, Mark Kowaalski, 24, pleads guilty to the July 20 bombing of an office of the NAACP in Tacoma, Washington, as part of what authorities called another plot to spark a “race war.”

Navy Secretary John H. Dalton censures retired vice admiral Richard Dunleavy, Rear Admiral Wilson Flagg, and Rear Admiral Riley Mixson for their roles in failing to prevent sexual assaults and misbehavior by junior officers at the 1991 Tailhook naval aviators convention. Thirty other admirals who also attended the gathering are cautioned. Among the 30 admirals who are cautioned is Admiral Frank B. Kelso, whom Defense Secretary Aspin retained Oct. 4. . . . The Senate confirms Doris M. Meissner as commissioner of the INS.

The NASDAQ index reaches a record high, closing at 787.42. . . . Congress passes a $71 billion fiscal 1994 spending bill for the Agriculture Department and related agencies. . . . The Social Security Administration announces that payments to the 45 million people who receive Social Security will increase in 1994 by 2.6% to adjust for inflation. The costof-living adjustment will raise the monthly payment to the average Social Security recipient to $674 from $657.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Karolinska Institute for Medicine in Stockholm awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to American Phillip Sharp and Briton Richard Roberts for their independent discoveries of “split genes” in 1977.

Hans W. Heinsheimer, 93, author and musical publisher, dies in New York City. . . . Jess Thomas, 66, operatic tenor, dies in San Francisco, California, of a heart attack. . . . Andy Stewart, 59, Scottish singer and entertainer, dies of heart disease in Arbroath, Scotland.

Leon Ames (born Leon Waycoff), 91, last surviving founder of the Screen Actors Guild, dies in Laguna Beach, California, from complications resulting from a stroke. . . . Anne Thompson MacDonald, 96, founder of Recording for the Blind, dies in her sleep in Huntington, New York.

Researchers at the George Washington University Medical Center report they have cloned human embryos. . . . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Kary Mullis and Michael Smith for individual accomplishments in genetic research. The Nobel Prize in Physics goes to astronomers Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse for their 1974 discovery of the first binary pulsar. . . . Harriet L. Hardy, 87, the first female full professor at Harvard Medical School, dies in Boston, Massachusetts, of lymphoma.

A Hamburg, Germany, court convicts Guenter Parche for stabbing tennis player Monica Seles during a match in April. Parche, 39, an obsessive fan of Seles’s rival, Steffi Graf, receives a two-year suspended sentence. . . . Baseball’s Philadelphia Phillies defeat the Atlanta Braves, 6-3, to capture the National League Championship Series.

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia’s launch is delayed by a last-minute technical malfunction.

The House votes, 304-119, to reauthorize funding for the NEA, the NEH, and the Institute for Museum Services through fiscal 1995. . . . While upset over the lenient sentence against her attacker handed down on Oct. 13, Monica Seles announces that she will attempt to return to tournament play by January 1994.

Scientists report that gene therapy has proven effective in correcting the underlying molecular defect believed to cause cystic fibrosis. . . . Justice Department and FDA officials state that Murray Hill, New Jersey-based C. R. Bard Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to 393 counts of fraud and human experimentation for knowingly selling untested heart catheters and illegally conducting product trials on unsuspecting heart patients. The company will pay $61 million, the largest fine in the history of FDA enforcement cases.

The musicians who play in the opera house orchestra at Washington, D.C.’s Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts end a seven-week strike after reaching an agreement with the center to guarantee a minimum number of performances each year.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 11

Oct. 12

Oct. 13

Oct. 14

Oct. 15

520—October 16–21, 1993

Oct. 16

Oct. 17

Oct. 18

Oct. 19

Oct. 20

Oct. 21

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to impose a naval blockade on Haiti. Leaders of 13 Latin American and Caribbean nations, meeting in Santiago, Chile, for a summit of the Rio Group, express support for the reimposed UN embargo.

Shelling by Serbs in Sarajevo becomes heavier.

In Sudan, Omar Hassan al-Bashir is officially appointed president, taking over from the Revolutionary Command Council, which is dissolved. . . . In Angola, the rebels allow the first food aid to be flown into the besieged central Angolan city of Cuito, which relief workers have called “hell city” since as many as 20,000 people are reported to have died in Cuito from war-related causes.

About 20 U.S. Marines arrived in Port-au-Prince to shore up security at the U.S. embassy. U.S. officials state that the detachment may be employed to evacuate the estimated 1,000 U.S. citizens who remain in Haiti.

Amid protests by Muslim separatists fighting for the secession of Jammu and Kashmir from India, 65 armed separatists occupy the mosque in Srinagar, Kashmir’s capital city.

Japan vigorously protests when Russia dumps 900 tons of toxic waste into the Sea of Japan.

Shelling by Serbs that intensified Oct. 16 has left 10 people dead. . . . In Georgia, rebels seize Samtredi, a critical rail and road junction town.

Food aid to Angola is suspended temporarily when UNITA reportedly demands to inspect incoming aid shipments for weapons at Cuito’s airport, currently under government control. . . . In Somalia, Aidid supporters demonstrate in Mogadishu against a visit by UN secretary general Boutros-Ghali.

Thousands of foreigners based in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, crowd the international airport to obtain passage out of the conflict area.

U.S. government scientists report that ozone levels over Antarctica are at an all-time low. Although the ozone hole is not as wide as it was a year ago, scientists state that the ozone is completely destroyed from the altitude of 8.4 miles to 11.8 miles (13.5 km to 19 km).

Saying that the Georgian army had “virtually disintegrated,” Pres. Shevardnadze broadcasts an appeal for Russian armed support in the fight against Zviad Gamsakhurdia’s supporters. . . . Russian president Yeltsin lifts the state of emergency imposed Oct. 3. . . . German coal miners protest in Hamm and other towns against a plan by Economics Minister Guenter Rexrodt to cut output capacity in the industry by more than 40% by the year 2005.

A UN oil and arms embargo against Haiti resumes after the Haitian army and police signal their determination to block a UN-brokered accord to return exiled president Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power in Haiti. U.S. and Canadian warships deployed off the coast of Haiti immediately stand ready to enforce the embargo, and a British Royal Navy frigate joins the blockade.

The warring Muslim and Croatian factions in Bosnia-Herzegovina begin exchanging prisoners by swapping 728 Muslim detainees for 309 Croats held in government-run camps. . . . Reports confirm that Latvia has declared its national currency, the lat, to be the country’s only legal tender. . . . In Georgia, more than half of the 219 members vote to join the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Reports state Iraqi troops are randomly shelling and torching villages that help sustain Muslim Shi’ite rebels. . . . Israel signals its intention to release Palestinian prisoners when it frees Salim Hussein Zerai, the longest-held Palestinian, after 23 years in jail. . . . U.S. president Clinton announces the 400 U.S. Army Rangers in Somalia will withdraw immediately, signaling determination to work toward a political settlement of the Somali conflict.

Reports state that France has indicated it will be sending frigates to join the blockade effort on Haiti that resumed Oct. 19.

In response to Eduard Shevardnadze’s Oct. 18 plea, Russian troops—some of them already stationed in Georgia—begin deploying to protect the railway that links Georgia’s capital, Tbilisi, with the Black Sea port of Poti, currently in rebel hands.

In Angola, UNITA agrees to allow three UN Food Program officials and 100 stranded foreigners to leave Cuito. UNITA also states that airlifts, suspended Oct. 17, may resume.

NATO defense ministers agree to offer former Warsaw Pact states and neutral European countries “partnerships for peace” as a first step toward qualifying for full membership in the alliance. . . . The UN Security Council votes unanimously to appoint Venezuela’s attorney general, Ramón Escovar Salóm, as the prosecutor to bring suspects before a war-crimes tribunal regarding the war in the former Yugoslavia. . . . In Limassol, Cyprus, 47l leaders of the Commonwealth of Independent States nations meet for their biennial conference.

Fikret Abdic, the Muslim leader of the self-declared Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, signs a peace accord with Mate Boban, the head of the Bosnian Croat entity of Herzeg-Bosna.

In Burundi, paratroopers storm the national palace and capture Pres. Melchior Ndadaye and three cabinet ministers. The military seals Burundi’s borders, and coup leaders impose a curfew, cut telephone service, seize control of the radio, and close the airport. . . . Thousands of protesting employees of Israel Aircraft Industries temporarily shut down Ben Gurion Airport. . . . Assad Saftawi, 58, a leader of the PLO’s Fatah faction in the Gaza Strip, is assassinated by masked gunmen. The previously unknown Arab Palestine Organization, claims responsibility.

A commander of the Canadian Airborne Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Carol Mathieu, is charged with negligent performance of his duties. Members of the regiment face criminal charges in connection with the March 16 death of a Somali man in Canadian forces’ detention.

Australian prime minister Paul Keating states he will promote to cabinet level the Office of the Status of Women, a unit that advises him on women’s policy.

The confirmed death toll in the Oct. 10 ferryboat accident off South Korea reaches 285. Police report that 74 people were rescued. The incident is South Korea’s worst ferry disaster since 1970. . . . Benazir Bhutto of the Pakistan People’s Party is elected prime minister, defeating former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of the Muslim League in a parliamentary vote, 121-72.

A court in Panama convicts Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega, the deposed Panamanian leader currently serving a prison term in the U.S., of ordering the 1985 tortureslaying of an outspoken political opponent, Hugo Spadafora. Noriega and two former soldiers, Julio Cesar Miranda and Francisco Eliecer Gonzalez Bonilla, receive 20-year prison sentences.

P.M. Benazir Bhutto announces that Pakistan will continue efforts to pursue a nuclear program.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 16–21, 1993—521

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Michael Shingledecker, 18, and Dean Bartlett, 17, are struck by a pickup truck while imitating a scene from The Program, which depicts intoxicated college football players lying in the middle of a busy road in order to prove their bravery. Shingledecker is killed, and Bartlett is critically injured. Another youth, Michael Macias, 17, is critically injured in a similar incident in Bayville, New York. Houston Oiler offensive tackle David Williams is docked a week’s pay for missing the team’s 28-14 NFL victory over the New England Patriots. Williams was not present so that he could attend the birth of his first child.

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, to carry out a mission devoted to testing the effect of weightlessness on the human body.

An Los Angeles jury convicts Damian Williams and Henry Watson, two black men videotaped beating Reginald Denny during the 1992 Los Angeles riots, on six charges. . . . District court judge Edward Lodge sentences white separatist Randall Weaver, who instigated a siege and shoot-out in August 1992, to 18 months in prison and fines him $10,000 for failing to appear at a federal weapons trial. Weaver has already been acquitted on charges related to the shoot-out.

The Senate clears, 80-15, a $256.3 billion appropriations bill to fund the Departments of Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services and related agencies for fiscal 1994. . . . Seventeen leading investment banks and securities firms announce that they will observe a voluntary moratorium on political campaign contributions that appear to be intended to win municipal bond-underwriting contracts from local governments.

Christopher David Fisher, the alleged leader of a white supremacist group accused of planning violent attacks on blacks and Jews in an effort to incite a “race war,” pleads guilty to charges of arson and conspiracy to manufacture and use destructive devices.

The House votes, 341-89, to approve the final version of an $87.8 billion appropriations bill funding the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and various independent agencies for fiscal 1994. . . . The House passes, 303-100, a $23.4 billion appropriations bill to fund the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the federal judiciary, and related agencies for fiscal 1994.

Touchstone Pictures states it will remove a scene from The Program involved in the Oct. 16 incidents that left two teenagers dead and one critically injured. . . . In a report on sexuality, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America states the church sees masturbation and homosexuality as healthy and that the distribution of condoms is a “moral imperative.”

A Los Angeles County Superior Court jury acquits Damian Williams and Henry Watson, two black men videotaped beating Reginald Denny during the 1992 Los Angeles riots, of attempted murder. . . . Jeffrey Pellett, in a plea bargain, is sentenced to 61⁄2 years in prison for aiding in an armed carjacking, in which Christopher Wilson, a black, was set on fire.

The Clinton administration issues an executive order requiring that 20% of all paper products used by federal agencies be made of recycled material by the beginning of 1994, doubling the current amount. . . . Voters in Greenfield, Mass., reject a commercial zoning proposal that would have permitted Wal-Mart to build a store. It is the first time that Wal-Mart is denied approval to erect a store.

Reports indicate that Don Cornelius is stepping down after 22 years as the host of the syndicated dance show Soul Train. . . . Atty. Gen. Janet Reno calls on the television industry to decrease the level of TV violence.

A regional gang peace summit opens in Chicago. Organizers estimate that 1,200–3,200 people— including current and former gang members and community activists— participate in the summit.

Pres. Clinton signs a $10.1 billion military-construction appropriations bill. The legislation adds $300 million to the Senate version of the bill passed Sept. 30. . . . The Senate passes by voice vote a $239.1 billion defense-appropriations bill, which is $500 million less than the House version passed Sept. 30. . . . The Senate passes a measure to confer most-favored-nation trade status on Romania.

The Senate clears an $87.8 billion appropriations bill passed by the House Oct. 19. . . . Congress clears a $13.9 billion appropriations bill for the Department of Transportation in fiscal 1994. . . . The Senate passes, 90-10, a $23.4 billion appropriations bill passed by the House Oct. 19 . . . Congress passes another stopgap measure. . . . Pres. Clinton signs two appropriation measures for fiscal 1994; a $71 billion bill for the Agriculture Department; and a $256.3 billion bill for the Departments of Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services.

Reports indicate that the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums has agreed to aid Keiko, a killer whale suffering from a skin disease and weight loss, problems marine mammal experts blame on inadequate facilities at the whale’s home at the El Nuevo Reino Aventura amusement park in Mexico City.

Arbitron announces it will discontinue its TV ratings service at the end of 1993, which leaves A. C. Nielsen with a virtual monopoly. . . . In response to Oct. 8 allegations, MTV states it does not consider Beavis and Butt-head responsible for an incident in which a twoyear-old girl was killed, but it now airs the show in a later time slot.

Gary Kasparov of Russia clinches victory in his match against Nigel Short of Great Britain under the auspices of the breakaway Professional Chess Association.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 16

Oct. 17

Oct. 18

Oct. 19

Oct. 20

Oct. 21

522—October 22–27, 1993

Oct. 22

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Georgian president Eduard A. Shevardnadze signs a decree taking his country into the Commonwealth of Independent States.

A proposed Oct. 19 exchange of all prisoners of war in Bosnia collapses when transport for some Croatian detainees is blocked by Muslim women in Mostar. Before the exchange is suspended, 1,018 Muslim and Croatian prisoners have been released. Fikret Abdic signs a peace agreement with Radovan Karadzic. . . . Georgian government troops retake Samtredi, a critical rail and road junction town.

An estimated 30,000 Hutu civilians begin to flee from Burundi to neighboring Rwanda as coup leaders declare a state of emergency and establish a “Committee of National Salvation.”. . . UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali visits Mogadishu, the Somali capital, despite warnings. . . . South Africa adopts stricter immigration rules to deter an influx of refugees into the country from Eastern Europe and Asia.

Members of the main Bosnian Croat militia, the Croatian Defense Council (HVO), attack the Muslim village of Stupni Do, near Vares in central Bosnia. Reports suggest that at least 80 civilians, including children, were slashed, shot, or bludgeoned to death and their bodies burned. Nearly all of the buildings in Stupni Do are razed. . . . A suicide bomb explodes in Belfast, killing nine Protestant civilians and the IRA man who carried the weapon. A total of 57 people are injured, and the attack sets back a month-old peace initiative.

Shi’ite refugees who fled to Iran allege Iraqi troops used chemical weapons in late September against Shi’ites near the village of Kariet Eloui, about 15 miles (25 km) northeast of the port city of Basra.

More IRA bombs explode in England, targeting railway stations. . . . Lord (Joseph) Grimond, 80, British Liberal Party leader, 1956–67, dies in the Orkney Islands, after a stroke.

Reports confirm that Burundian president Melchior Ndadaye was killed in a military coup, just three months after being elected in the nation’s first democratic poll. Reports indicate violence between Tutsis and Hutus has erupted in the countryside. . . . Three French citizens are abducted in Algiers, the Algerian capital, by suspected Islamic extremists. . . . Two Israeli soldiers are murdered, apparently by militants of Hamas.

In additional attacks, IRA bombs in England cause extensive delays along British Rail lines in southern England. . . . A Danish UN convoy transport driver is killed by a sniper in central Bosnia. . . . Georgian government troops retake Poti.

Violence continues in Burundi. . . . At least 17 Somalis are killed and 50 wounded when rival factions of Mohammed Ali Mahdi and Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid open fire on each other in Mogadishu. The violence marks the end of a sevenmonth-long cease-fire in the Somali civil war. . . . Four Nigerian gunmen hijack a Nigeria Airways flight to Niger. After landing, the hijackers free 125 of 159 people, including Chinese vice president Rong Yiren.

Canada’s opposition Liberal Party regains power after nine years with an overwhelming victory over the ruling Progressive Conservatives in a general election that reduces the former government’s representation in the House of Commons to two seats from 154. Outgoing prime minister Kim Campbell loses her seat in the riding (district) of Vancouver Centre. . . . In El Salvador, FMLN leader and political candidate Francisco Velis is shot to death.

The Asian Development Bank agrees to loan Vietnam $76.5 million. It is the institution’s first loan to the country in 15 years.

In Northern Ireland, four Ulster Roman Catholics are murdered, bringing the number of slayings in sectarian violence in 1993 to 62. . . . Prompted by the Oct. 25 death in Bosnia, the UN suspends relief convoys. . . . Erich Mielke, former chief of the East German secret police, is convicted of murdering two police officers in 1931 and is sentenced to six years in prison. He is the only former East German leader in prison. . . . Waldemar Pawlak is sworn in as Poland’s premier.

A gunman shouting “God is great” opens fire on foreign tourists dining in a luxury hotel in Cairo, killing three and injuring several other people. . . . Since Oct. 19, Israel has released 617 Palestinians from jail. . . . Adnan Yassin, a senior aide of Hakam Balawi, is arrested by Tunisian police for allegedly spying for Israel’s intelligence service. . . . The French foreign ministry suggests that the estimated 25,000 French citizens living in Algeria should leave the country.

Gunmen strategically position themselves around the Haitian parliament in an act of intimidation that prevents either house from securing a quorum.

The World Bank approves loans to Vietnam totaling $228 million. It has not granted loans to Vietnam for more than 15 years. . . . The Caribbean Community (Caricom) announces that it has decided to switch its stance and support NAFTA.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin signs a decree permitting the unrestricted sale, rental, and leasing of land in Russia for the first time since the Bolsheviks abolished those rights after the 1917 Russian revolution. . . . The Georgian government issues warrants for the arrest of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and his leading deputies.

Eugene Terre’Blanche, leader of the right-wing Afrikaner Resistance Movement, who was convicted of public violence against Pres. F. W. de Klerk during a rally in Ventersdorp in 1991, is fined 10,000 rand ($3,000) and given an 18-month prison term that will be suspended for five years.

Oct. 23

Oct. 24

Oct. 25

Oct. 26

Oct. 27

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Tensions that started Oct. 16 with the occupation of the mosque in Srinagar, Kashmir’s capital city, erupt, and at least 29 protesters are killed in clashes with soldiers. . . . Australian prime minister Paul Keating reports that Queen Elizabeth II “understands and can accommodate” his proposal to convert Australia from a constitutional monarchy to a federal republic by the year 2001.

More than 50,000 people attend a free open-air concert at the Sydney Opera House that concludes a week-long celebration of the landmark’s 20th anniversary.

In Indonesia, the ruling Golkar party elects its first civilian chairman, Harmoko.

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Includes developments that affect more than one world region, international organizations, and important meetings of major world leaders.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 22–27, 1993—523

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rules that the composition of the FEC violates the Constitution’s doctrine of the separation of powers. . . . Florida State circuit court judge Donald C. Evans sentences Charles Rourk and Mark Kohut to life in prison for kidnapping Christopher Wilson and setting him afire outside of Tampa, Florida. In addition, the men receive sentences on other counts relating to the crime.

A report finds that U.S. industrial companies currently hold an overall edge in productivity over manufacturers in Japan and Germany. . . . In the September slaying of a British tourist, Gary Colley, a grand jury indicts four youths: Aundra Akins, 14; John Crumitie, 16; Cedrick Green, 13; and Deron Spear, 16.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Cosmonaut Aleksandr Serebrov breaks a world record for spacewalks, becoming the first man to venture outside an orbiting spacecraft nine times. . . . A study links a gene mutation that prevents the production of an enzyme, monoamine oxidase, with aggressive, impulsive, and violent behavior in some men.

William Kennedy Smith, who was acquitted in a highly publicized Florida rape case in 1991, is arrested and charged with assaulting Henry Cochran, a bouncer outside an Arlington, Virginia, bar.

Oct. 22

Rep. Joseph P. Kennedy II (D, Mass.), son of the late Robert Kennedy, weds his political aide Anne Kelly in a civil ceremony. . . . The Toronto Blue Jays score a four-games-to-two triumph in baseball’s 90th World Series. It is the team’s second straight World Series win.

In the ATP’s first tennis tournament in Beijing, China, the Salem Open, Michael Chang wins the finals.

Pres. Clinton turns down a request from Washington, D.C., mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly (D) that Clinton issue an executive order allowing her to call up National Guard troops to aid in fighting crime in the capital.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin swears in Gen. John Shalikashvili as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Researchers at the Pasteur Institute in France announce they have discovered a new receptor molecule on the surface of blood cells that helps HIV to penetrate and infect cells. The discovery is viewed as a breakthrough in AIDS research that may help lead to the development of a vaccine against AIDS.

An editorial in the Vatican’s newspaper L’Osservatore Romano criticizes the embryo cloning research reported Oct. 13 and urges the U.S. to set strict guidelines. . . . Vincent Price, 82, actor who achieved cult status and appeared in such horror classics as The Fly (1958), The House of Usher (1960), and The Theater of Blood (1973), dies in Los Angeles, California, of lung cancer.

An alleged member of the Fourth Reich Skinheads, Carl Daniel Boese, pleads guilty to manufacturing illegal weapons and plotting to bomb a black church and a synagogue. . . . Deborah Gore Dean, a high-ranking aide at the Department of HUD during the administration of Pres. Reagan, is convicted in U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., on 12 counts. Dean is the 11th person convicted in the HUD investigation.

The House and Senate clear a $22.5 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the Treasury Department, the Postal Service, the Executive Office of the President, and other government agencies. . . . The House votes, 332-81, to approve a $22 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for energy, water, and nuclear-defense programs.

A fire ignites in California.

Television ratings released October 26 by A. C. Nielsen show that the World Series averaged a 17.3 rating, the second-lowest since ratings for the series began in 1959.

The House passes a resolution providing a formal apology to native Hawaiians for the U.S. role in the 19th-century overthrow of an independent Hawaiian monarchy. . . . Pres. Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton deliver the administration’s legislative proposal for health-care reform to congressional leaders at a ceremony at the Capitol.

Congress clears a $13.9 billion appropriations bill for the Department of Transportation in fiscal 1994 and the fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the District of Columbia. . . . Pres. Clinton signs a $23.4 billion appropriations bill to fund the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State and the federal judiciary in fiscal 1994. . . . The Senate, 80-11, votes, 332-81, to approve a $22 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for energy, water, and nuclear-defense programs.

The fire that began Oct. 26 in California blazes in several spots in a 200-mile (320-km) stretch from Ventura County to the Mexican border.

The Booker Prize, Great Britain’s most prestigious literary award, is won by Irish author Roddy Doyle, 35, for his novel Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 23

Oct. 24

Oct. 25

Oct. 26

Oct. 27

524—October 28–November 1, 1993

World Affairs

Oct. 28

Oct. 29

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

Nov. 1

The head of the IAEA tells the UN General Assembly that North Korea continues to resist the agency’s efforts to conduct inspections of its nuclear-development sites. In response, the General Assembly passes a resolution calling on North Korea to cooperate. . . . The Maastricht Treaty, which creates a new, 12-nation “European Union” (EU), goes into effect.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The U.S. Defense Department announces that it will reduce its drug interdiction efforts in the Caribbean and Central America and concurrently upgrade its program to help Latin American countries apply direct pressure to drug cartels.

In Australia, a district court jury in Brisbane, the capital of the state of Queensland, convicts a former Labor Party member of Parliament, Keith Wright, of raping and sexually assaulting a teenage girl over a three-year period in the 1980s. Wright is sentenced to eight years in prison.

The first trial resulting from a massive political corruption scandal in Italy, which involved investigations of several thousand business people and politicians, opens in Milan in the case of Sergio Cusani. A fourhour general strike in Italy shuts down much of the public-service, banking, and industrial sectors. . . . An estimated 60,000–100,000 German construction workers protest in Bonn against plans by the government involving pay structures.

The UN confirms a coup that began in Burundi Oct. 21 against the country’s first democratically elected government has collapsed. Pres. Melchior Ndadaye was killed, but Premier Sylvie Kinigi has reasserted her control. The violence prompted as many as 800,000 Burundians to flee to neighboring African nations. . . . Data shows that over 200 deaths have occurred in Egypt as a result of the surge of extremist violence.

Britain’s House of Commons approves the ordination of women priests in the Church of England.

Thousands of Jewish settlers in the occupied West Bank begin a rampage when Haim Mizrachi, a resident of Beit El, a settlement 10 miles (15 km) north of Jerusalem, is abducted. The settlers stone Arabs’ cars, erect roadblocks with burning tires, and set fire to a number of Palestinian homes. . . . Reports confirm that the Saudi government has quietly negotiated a reconciliation accord with the Reform Movement, an exiled Shi’ite Muslim opposition group.

In the largely Roman Catholic town of Greysteel, County Londonderry, in Northern Ireland, two masked men open fire with automatic weapons, killing six Catholics and one Protestant. Eleven people are injured. . . . The last of the striking Air France workers vote to go back to work.

The Palestinian Islamic movement Hamas claims responsibility for the killing of Haim Mizrachi, abducted Oct. 29. His body is found stabbed to death. The continuing rampage marks the worst violence in the West Bank since Sept. 13. . . . Three employees of the French consulate-general in Algiers who were abducted Oct. 24 are freed by security forces. Reports indicate more than 1,100 French citizens have left Algeria.

Reports confirm that ships taking part in the blockade of Haiti intercepted two boats transporting a total of 45 refugees. The report states that 15 people were returned to Haiti, where they were arrested by unidentified armed men. Other reports suggest that the murders of civilians is becoming increasingly common under cover of night.

The first officially acknowledged clash between Russian soldiers and Zviad Gamsakhurdia’s men takes place along railway lines in two locations in Georgia.

In Algeria, an extremist faction, the Islamic Armed Group, claims responsibility for the Oct. 24 kidnapping of the French consular officials released Oct. 30, as well as for the deaths of the three oil workers and two French citizens.

Peruvian voters narrowly approve a new constitution that will strengthen the presidency and align the country more firmly behind a free-market ideology. . . . Reports disclose that the remains of 70 women and 107 children allegedly massacred by Guatemala’s security forces in 1982 were exhumed from a common grave near Rio Negro. The Guatemalan judicial system ordered an unearthing of the remains to determine whether the victims were guerrillas.

Turkmenistan, which is not a party to the ruble zone accord signed in September, drops the ruble and begins circulating its national currency, the manta. . . . Georgian government troops continue to rout rebels as they retake Senaki.

Algerian security forces, in an effort to clamp down on fundamentalist violence, kill 17 Islamic militants in the Djebel Bouzegza region, 40 miles (60 km) east of Algiers. The interior ministry reports that security forces killed four suspects during operations that led to the Oct. 30 release of the French citizens.

Argentina and Britain sign a fishing agreement that increases Argentina’s rights near the Falklands Islands, the disputed territory over which the two nations went to war in 1982.

Reports show that many as 30 people have been charged in a construction scandal in Japan.

The Australian government announces it will grant permanent residency to about 19,000 Chinese nationals living in Australia at the time of the 1989 military crackdown in Beijing. . . . Billionaire businessman and former South Korean political opposition leader Chung Ju Yung is convicted and sentenced to three years in prison for illegal campaign funding and embezzlement related to his failed 1992 presidential bid.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

October 28–November 1, 1993—525

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The CDC indicates that measles has been virtually eradicated in the U.S. It also reports that AIDS has become the leading killer of American men ages 25–44 and the fourth-leading killer of women in the same age group.

Pres. Clinton signs legislation passed by the House Oct. 12 and the Senate Oct. 14 that allows the president to suspend U.S. restrictions on the PLO.

Pres. Clinton signs three fiscal 1994 appropriation measures—a $87.8 billion bill for the VA and the HUD; a $22.5 billion bill for the Treasury Dept., the Postal Service, and the Executive Office of the President; and a $22 billion bill for energy, water, and nuclear-defense programs. . . . Congress passes a third stopgap bill. . . . Figures show that the federal budget deficit of $254.9 billion for fiscal 1993 is smaller than the deficits incurred in 1991 and 1992. It is the first yearto-year decrease in the deficit since 1989.

Pres. Clinton declares five California counties—Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Ventura— disaster areas as fires continue to rage.

Doris Duke, 80, philanthropist who became known as the “Richest Girl in the World” at age 12 when her father, the tobacco and real-estate tycoon James Buchanan Duke, died and bequeathed most of his $300 million estate to her, dies in Beverly Hills, California, of cardiac arrest resulting from pulmonary edema.

The Supreme Court lifts a district court order that prevented the military from discharging homosexual soldiers.

Pres. Clinton signs a fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the District of Columbia.

Edwin A. Walker, 83, U.S. Army general who led federal troops called in to help control rioting during the historic integration of the Little Rock, Arkansas, school system, dies in Dallas, Texas, of lung disease.

U.S. District Court judge Stephen V. Wilson sentences Robert S. Brown, 23, a Los Angeles gang member whom the FBI links to 175 bank robberies in California and Las Vegas, Nevada, over the past four years, to 30 years in federal prison. His accomplice, Donzell Thompson, 24, is sentenced to 25 years in federal prison. Prosecutors state that Brown has carried out a record number of bank robberies.

A bronze sculpture honoring the 11,500 women who served in the Vietnam War is installed in Washington, D.C.

Data shows the purchasing managers’ index rose to 53.8% in October, an increase of 4.1 percentage points from September’s revised level of 49.7%. It is the first time since May that the index topped 50%. . . . The Wall Street Journal reports that the net income of 597 major corporations totaled $40.22 billion in the third quarter. That is a 24% gain over those companies’ 1992 third-quarter profits.

In case that draws much attention, a group of U.S. luge athletes is attacked in the German town of Oberhof by right-wing skinhead youths who taunt the Americans, including black luger Robert Pipkins, with Nazi and racist slogans. One American, Duncan Kennedy, is beaten.

On the U.S. space shuttle Columbia, veterinarian Martin J. Fettman, 36, performs the first animal dissection in space so that scientists on earth can examine tissue as it appears in a weightless environment. . . . The fires that have blazed in six southern California counties since Oct. 26 are mostly extinguished or under control.

Dallas Malloy wins a unanimous three-round decision over Heather Poyner in a U.S. amateur boxing match in Lynnwood, Washington. The bout is the first ever between women in a sanctioned U.S. amateur match.

The California Office of Emergency Services estimates damage to date by the fires that started Oct. 26 to be $500 million.

River Phoenix, 23, critically acclaimed actor from the age of 16, dies in Los Angeles after suffering a seizure. . . . Federico Fellini, 73, Italian filmmaker who was awarded the 1993 Oscar for lifetime achievement, dies in Rome of cardiorespiratory failure. . . . Rap performer Tupac Shakur is charged for allegedly shooting two off-duty police officers.

The spacecraft Discovery lands at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in a flight that was five hours longer than the previous record shuttle journey in 1992. . . . Severo Ochoa, 88, Spanish biochemist who shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1959 for his groundbreaking research on RNA (ribonucleic acid), dies in Madrid, Spain, of pneumonia.

Rapper Flavor Flav is charged on criminal counts after allegedly shooting at a neighbor. . . . The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller tops the bestseller list. . . . Russian Anatoly Karpov defeats Jan Timman of the Netherlands in the International Chess Federation championship,

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct. 28

Oct. 29

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

Nov. 1

526—November 2–7, 1993

World Affairs

Nov. 2

Nov. 3

UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali informs the Security Council that human-rights monitors in El Salvador have discovered a “persistence of serious humanrights violations . . . [and] that politically motivated violations have become more open.” . . . For the second consecutive year, the UN General Assembly issues a symbolic condemnation of the 30-yearold U.S. economic embargo of Cuba.

Nov. 4

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Figures suggest has that the Turkish-Kurdish conflict has killed more than 2,000 people to date, the worst annual toll in the nine-year history of the Turkey-PKK fighting. . . . The DAX index of shares in Frankfurt hits its highest level, closing at 2095.58. . . . Russia’s Security Council approves a new military doctrine that renounces a 1982 pledge that the country will not be the first to use nuclear weapons.

Eleven extremists are killed in five smaller raids in Algeria.

Russian defense minister Pavel Grachev tells reporters that the policy adopted Nov. 2 forbids the use of nuclear arms against nonnuclear signatories to the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty unless they are in league with a nuclear power. He states, “As for those states that have nuclear weapons, the doctrine says nothing.”

Egypt hangs three Muslim militants in a Cairo prison, bringing to 18 the number of militants executed by Egyptian authorities in 1993.

Kurdish separatists attack Turkish diplomatic offices and businesses in dozens of Western European cities and towns. A total of 26 people are reported arrested in Germany in connection with the attacks. . . . In Georgia, reports state that government forces have recaptured Khobi from Gamsakhurdia supporters. . . . Vares, lying on the road between the capital Sarajevo, and Tuzla, the main Muslim enclave in north-central Bosnia, is occupied by the mostly Muslim Bosnian army after an offensive that began Oct. 23.

Voters elect Jordan’s first woman parliamentarian, Toujan al-Faisal, 44, a committed feminist whose candidacy was vociferously opposed by Muslim fundamentalists.

Workers at SEAT, Volkswagen’s Spanish unit, hold their third strike to protest the company’s plans to end car production at the Zona Franca SEAT plant near Barcelona. . . . In Germany, civil servants stage a one-day strike to protest government plans to privatize some public services. . . . The government’s controversial legislation to privatize British Rail Corp. receives royal assent.

Nov. 5

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Judicial Committee of Britain’s Privy Council, the highest appeals court in the British Commonwealth, commutes the death sentences of two Jamaican men to life imprisonment, ruling that their incarceration on death row since 1979 has constituted “inhuman and degrading treatment and torture.” The ruling is expected to affect the status of several hundred other prisoners in Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize and Mauritius, which honor Privy Council decisions.

U.S. Defense Secretary Les Aspin makes his first visit to Japan since taking office in January.

U.S. defense secretary Les Aspin visits South Korea for the first time since taking office in January.

Jean Chrétien is sworn in as Canada’s 20th prime minister.

Haiti’s military leaders decline to take part in a scheduled conference in Port-au-Prince with representatives of exiled president JeanBertrand Aristide and Haitian political leaders. The refusal is seen as a signal of the military’s intention to retain power in the face of an international oil and arms embargo.

Forces loyal to Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze enter Zugdidi, the last remaining rebel stronghold in the region.

Nov. 6

Initial results from general elections in New Zealand suggest a hung Parliament, with neither the ruling National Party nor the opposition Labour Party winning an absolute majority of seats in the 99-member body.

Rabbi Haim Druckman, 60, a cofounder of an ultranationalist settler movement, is wounded by Palestinian gunmen. His driver is shot to death. In response, Jewish settlers block roads, torch Palestinian cars, and destroy shops in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Syrian-based DFLP takes responsibility. . . . The UN states it has released 16 aides of Somali warlord Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid.

Nov. 7

Murtaza Bhutto, the brother of P.M. Benazir Bhutto who won a seat in the Sindh assembly in October’s provincial elections, is arrested immediately after arriving in Pakistan from the United Arab Emirates.

Dario Londono Cardona, the vice president of Colombia’s senate, dies from gunshot wounds to the head suffered earlier in the week in Medellin during an attack by a hit team. Reports indicate that a previously unknown group—Death to Protectors of the Cali Cartel— has claimed responsibility for the shooting.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 2–7, 1993—527

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Senate votes, 94-6, to take legal action to force Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) to surrender his diaries in an investigation of allegations of sexual harassment. . . . Voters in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Lewiston, Maine, repeal laws protecting homosexuals from discrimination. . . . Washington residents vote to approve a “Three Strikes, You’re Out” crime initiative. . . . Christine Todd Whitman is the first woman elected governor of New Jersey. The Republicans bring the number of governorships they control to 20 with wins in New Jersey and Virginia.

President Clinton signs legislation that grants most-favored-nation trading status to Romania.

The FTC rules that some joint ventures formed by physicians and medical equipment companies violate antitrust laws. The ruling marks the first time the FTC uses antitrust laws to challenge such ventures, under which doctors may send their patients to have prescriptions filled at equipment firms in which the doctors are investors.

Another spate of fires ignites in California. The earlier fires were extinguished Oct. 30.

Jack McDowell of the Chicago White Sox is named baseball’s American League Cy Young Award winner as the league’s best pitcher.

The school board in Minneapolis, Minnesota, votes unanimously to hire the Public Strategies Group Inc. consulting firm to run Minneapolis’s schools. Peter Hutchinson, the firm’s president, will become the school system’s superintendent. However, because he is not a certified educator, Hutchinson will require the approval of the Minnesota Department of Education before he may assume the post.

Ecuadoran Indian tribes sue the U.S. oil company Texaco Inc. in a federal court in New York City for $1 billion in damages. The Indians accuse Texaco of two decades of “massive” oil contamination of the Indians’ Amazon rain forest home. A Texaco spokesman characterizes the allegations as “outrageous and categorically untrue.”

California governor Pete Wilson (R) tours the Malibu fire area and offers a $125,000 reward for information leading to the arrests of arsonists responsible for the blazes started Oct. 26 and Nov. 2. . . . Leon Theremin (born Lev Sergeyevich Termen), 97, inventor of electronic musical instruments, including his 1920 advance in what is technically the first synthesizer, dies in Moscow, Russia.

At a Sotheby’s auction, French impressionist Henri Matisse’s paper cutout “The Wine Press” (1951) is bought for $13.75 million by Swiss Bank Corp., a record price for a work on paper. . . . The Cy Young Award for baseball’s National League goes to Greg Maddux of the Atlanta Braves.

Physicians at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston report that by using a combination of surgery, medicine, and radiation, physicians can successfully treat some bladder cancer patients without removing their bladders. . . . As the fires that started Nov. 2 calm, California officials estimate that 300 homes and 18,000 acres were destroyed by the blazes in the Malibu area.

Cleveland Indians pitcher Cliff Young is killed in a truck accident in Willis, Texas.

A U.S. magistrate, P. Michael Mahoney, rules that public schools in Rockford, Illinois, have violated school-desegregation laws, especially with a practice of preventing minority students from enrolling in accelerated classes. . . . The U.S. Department of Education finds that schools are not adequately challenging gifted and talented students, especially those who are poor or members of minorities. . . . The Senate unanimously passes a nonbinding resolution asking the Justice Department to toughen its stance on pornography. An experimental village consisting of 18 dome-shaped houses for the homeless opens in Los Angeles. Two dozen people live in the village, the Genesis I project, founded by activist Ted Hayes. . . . Dr. Jack Kevorkian is imprisoned in Wayne County jail in Detroit, Michigan, after refusing to post bail for his role in the suicides of Thomas Hyde in August and Donald O’Keefe in September.

Under congressional pressure, the State Department, Defense Department, and CIA declassify 12,000 U.S. documents related to foreign policy.

The Labor Department reports that the national unemployment rate in October, as gauged by the department’s household survey, stands at 6.8%.

The FDA approves bovine somatotropin (bST), a growth hormone that supplements natural hormones in cows and increases the production of milk.

Reports indicate that nine of the 18 daily newspapers in Oregon, Sen. Bob Packwood’s home state, have formally urged him to quit in the midst of a scandal involving allegations that he sexually harassed several women.

Researchers at Duke University Medical Center unveil evidence suggesting that in 60% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a blood protein triggers a chemical imbalance deep within brain cells, causing them to collapse and decay.

Nov. 3

Nov. 4

Nov. 5

The Vatican announces that it projects a budget deficit totaling more than $26 million for fiscal 1994. The comparatively high deficit is ascribed to the recent institution of a new pension plan. . . . Arcangues, a French colt, wins the Breeders’ Cup Classic in Arcadia, California. William L. Webster (R), the former Missouri state attorney general, agrees to pay a $100,000 settlement stemming from campaign misdealings in his failed 1992 gubernatorial bid.

Nov. 2

On the LPGA circuit, golfer Betsy King wins the season-ending Japan Queens Cup in Yokawa. . . . Seven major paintings and sculptures by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, valued at $60 million, are stolen from the Museum of Modern Art in Stockholm, Sweden.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 6

Nov. 7

528—November 8–12, 1993

Nov. 8

Nov. 9

Nov. 10

Nov. 11

Nov. 12

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

Jacques Diouf, 55, of Senegal is elected director general of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization, the largest of the UN’s specialized agencies.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin approves and signs a draft constitution that strengthens executive power. . . . In France, students begin to stage a series of protests against school conditions, seeking more funding for education. . . . Britain’s High Court in London issues an injunction barring Mirror Group Newspapers PLC from publishing any more secretly taken photographs of Princess Diana of Wales working out at a gymnasium. The Nov. 7 publication of the photos prompted near-unanimous condemnation.

Hamas, like the DFLP, takes responsibility for the Nov. 7 shooting of a rabbi. Two Palestinians are injured when settlers spray their car with machine-gun bullets. A militant Jewish group, the Committee for Security on the Roads, takes responsibility. . . . The Somali chief security officer for CARE International is killed and at least six other Somalis are wounded when Malaysian UN peacekeepers shoot at two Somali gunmen who opened fire. . . . In Jordan, election results show a majority has been won by candidates who support King Hussein’s strategy for peace with Israel.

The UN High Commissioner for Refugees states that the total number of refugees worldwide—those who have crossed an international border—has risen steadily to 19.7 million to date from 2.5 million in 1970, and that another 24 million have been displaced within their own borders. . . . The OECD revises upward its September figures when it claims that implementing GATT provisions following the completion of a successful Uruguay Round will add as much as $270 billion to the world economy by 2002.

Croatian gunners destroy the Stari Most, the old bridge that had spanned the Neretva River at Mostar since the Ottoman era. . . . Russian president Yeltsin cancels a July 1 declaration by the Sverdlovsk region in which it assumed the name and claimed the status of the Urals Republic.

Palestinian militants kill an Israeli Arab, Suleiman al-Hawashla, who was traveling by car in the Gaza Strip.

The Argentine congress ratifies the 1967 Tlatelolco Treaty that bans nuclear weapons from South and Central America and the Caribbean.

Authorities in The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia arrest a number of ethnic Albanians, including two deputy ministers, on charges of preparing an armed rebellion. Macedonian police renew a clampdown on the towns of Gostivar and Tetovo, which are largely populated by ethnic Albanians. . . . Nine American tourists and a British driver are killed and 36 people are injured in a bus crash near Canterbury.

In Nigeria, the Lagos High Court rules that the interim government is illegal in a case brought by Chief Moshood Abiola, the likely winner of presidential elections that Gen. Ibrahim Babangida voided in June. The ruling inspires celebrations in Lagos.

The UN Security Council approves a resolution tightening commercial sanctions against Libya in an effort to force Libya’s government to extradite suspected terrorists to the West for trial.

British transport secretary John MacGregor announces that Britain’s planned high-speed train link between London and the Eurotunnel is unlikely to open before the year 2002.

In Nigeria, demonstrations are staged in protest of a government plan to raise fuel prices sevenfold.

Officials representing 37 countries vote to support a ban on the dumping of radioactive waste into the world’s oceans.

After revelations that at least two German companies have allowed blood products containing HIV to be distributed, German health minister Horst Seehofer announces tighter restrictions on Germany’s blood supply and a plan to compensate people who were infected through transfusions. . . . Jill Tweedie, 59, British feminist author who wrote for The Guardian, 1969–88, dies in Great Britain of motor neuron disease.

The government of Tunisia states that it will no longer ban Israeli tourists from entering Tunisia. . . . Reports suggest that Iraqi troops have stepped up their campaign against the villages of Shi’ite Muslim rebels in Iraq’s southern marshlands.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Colombia, reports indicate that the leftist National Liberation Army, like the Death to Protectors of the Cali Cartel, has claimed responsibility for the attack on Dario Londono Cardona on Nov. 7.

China and Russia sign a militarycooperation accord in Beijing.

In the Dominican Republic, 87 Cuban refugees claim they have been jailed after failing to reach Puerto Rico. The group includes 73 people who accepted the Dominican government’s offer of temporary housing in September . . . . Data shows that at least 1,078 people died of AIDS in Canada in 1992.

Tamils attack a base at Pooneryn on the Jaffna peninsula in northern Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan military sources state the raid may have been launched in response to an attack, reported Sept. 30, which destroyed at least 300 rebel boats and killed 350 guerrillas. . . . An unknown Australian soldier killed during World War I is buried in the Australian War Memorial’s Hall of Memory to mark the 75th anniversary of the armistice that ended World War I. A Chilean Supreme Court judge, Adolfo Banados, sentences retired general Manuel Contreras Sepulveda, who headed the military’s intelligence service, to seven years in prison and his former deputy, Brigadier Pedro Espinoza, to six years for directing the assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C., in 1976. The convictions mark the first time that high-ranking military officers have been given prison sentences for rights abuses perpetrated during the reign of Gen. Augusto Pinochet.

The Tamils state that 93 members of their forces were killed in the Nov. 11 fighting in Sri Lanka.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 8–12, 1993—529

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

George W. Bush, the eldest son of the former president, announces his candidacy for the 1994 Republican gubernatorial nomination in Texas. Bush, the managing partner of the Texas Rangers baseball team, was defeated in a 1978 House race in Texas in his only previous bid for elective office. . . . Deputy Secretary of State Clifton Wharton Jr. submits his resignation to Pres. Clinton and Secretary of State Warren Christopher. Wharton is the first high-ranking Clinton appointee to leave the administration.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Reports confirm that the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has introduced a stricter examination procedure designed to evaluate controls used by mortgage-lending banks to eliminate lending bias.

Dr. Kelly Tucker of the cardiology department of the University of Florida at Gainesville argues that a suction device that works similarly to a toilet plunge is twice as effective as standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in reviving cardiac arrest cases. . . . The House approves a bill that will provide grants to help local governments, schools, medical centers, and other nonprofit organizations to connect themselves to the socalled information superhighway, a planned nationwide network for transmitting data. The bill will set aside $250 million for establishing such links in fiscal 1995 and 1996.

U.S. district judge Manuel Real lifts provisions of an antitrust consent decree that limits TV networks’ involvement in the lucrative rerun business. The decision removes the final obstacle to the implementation of an April FCC ruling. . . . Adelaide Hall, 92, internationally renowned jazz singer and cabaret artist, dies in London, England, from complications resulting from a fall.

In Florence County School District Four v. Carter, the Supreme Court unanimously rules that publicschool systems can be held responsible for paying the tuition of disabled children who transfer to private schools even if they do not meet state requirements. . . . Secretary of State Warren Christopher dismisses two State Department officials believed to have been involved in leaking to the press information from the confidential personnel files of two appointees of former president George H. W. Bush.

The House votes, 224-203, in favor of pulling U.S. forces from Somalia by January 31, 1994. However, an hour later, the House reverses itself and backs, 226-201, a nonbinding resolution to endorse Pres. Clinton’s March 31, 1994, withdrawal date. . . . Vice Pres. Al Gore and 1992 independent presidential candidate Ross Perot argue over NAFTA during an acrimonious 90minute debate moderated by talkshow host Larry King on his CNN television program.

The House and the Senate clear a $13.4 billion fiscal 1994 appropriations bill for the Interior Department and related agencies. . . . In Harris v. Forklift Systems Inc., the Supreme Court rules unanimously that workers do not have to prove that they suffered serious psychological damage as a result of sexual harassment in the workplace to win discrimination cases against employers.

A Prince William County, Virginia, Circuit Court jury acquits John Wayne Bobbitt, whose wife cut off his penis in a highly publicized incident in June, of marital sexual assault. The charge was alleged by his wife when authorities arrested her.

Undersecretary of Defense John Deutch reveals that the causes of illnesses afflicting U.S. troops who served in the Persian Gulf war— ranging from cancers to heart problems and fatigue—remain “a complete mystery to us.”. . . The House and Senate clear a $240.5 billion defense-appropriations bill for fiscal 1994.

The Boston Teachers union ratifies a new contract implementing socalled school-based management at all 117 schools in the district.

The director of high-speed research at NASA states that the agency will begin work in 1994 on the second stage of a program to build a supersonic airliner to replace the Anglo-French Concorde.

Figures show that, in their major NYC fall auctions, Christie’s and Sotheby’s took in $86.7 million and $115.1 million, respectively. . . . The FCC announces it will extend a freeze on cable-TV rates while regulators examine new FCC regulations designed to limit rate increases.

A bronze sculpture, which portrays three women helping a wounded male soldier and the 11,500 women who served in the Vietnam War, is dedicated. The memorial, designed by Glenna Goodacre of Santa Fe, New Mexico, is positioned about 300 feet (90 m) from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall. . . . Pres. Clinton signs the fiscal 1994 defense appropriation passed by Congress on Nov. 10.

Some independent truckers stage wildcat strikes to protest an increase in diesel fuel prices, random drug testing of drivers, and NAFTA. Two drivers in Ohio are wounded and nine others are shot at by snipers. . . . Pres. Clinton signs the fiscal 1994 appropriation for the interior passed by Congress on Nov. 9.

Laura Davies, 5, who received seven organs in a groundbreaking September operation, dies of a stroke at Children’s Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She dies after her parents decide to shut off her respirator because doctors state she suffered irreversible brain damage.

Erskine Hawkins, 79, jazz trumpeter and composer, whose Erskine Hawkins Orchestra is known for “Tuxedo Junction” and “After Hours,” dies in Willingboro, New Jersey, of heart failure.

The United Auto Workers union opens a three-day strike against Caterpillar Inc. to protest a union officer’s suspension from an Illinois plant and other alleged unfair labor practices.

The Office of Research Integrity, a division of the Health and Human Services Department, drops its charges of scientific misconduct against Dr. Robert C. Gallo, a codiscoverer of HIV. In December 1992, the ORI accused Gallo of making false statements to exaggerate his role in isolating HIV in a 1984 scientific paper.

Cardinal Joseph Bernardin is accused of sexual molestation in a lawsuit filed by Steven Cook. . . . William Malcolm (Bill) Dickey, 86, baseball hall-of-famer, dies in Little Rock, Arkansas. . . . Reports indicate that actor River Phoenix died from an overdose of cocaine and heroin or morphine in October.

The CDC reports that the lung cancer death rate for women has surpassed that of breast cancer, and will probably continue to increase beyond the year 2000. . . . H(arry) R(obbins) (Bob) Haldeman, 67, top aide to Pres. Richard Nixon known for his involvement in the Watergate scandal, dies in Santa Barbara, California, of abdominal cancer.

Gerald Thomas, 72, British film director who directed the 29 comedy films in the Carry On series from 1959 to 1992, dies in Beaconsfield, England.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 8

Nov. 9

Nov. 10

Nov. 11

Nov. 12

530—November 13–18, 1993

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Farooq Leghari, who is endorsed by P.M. Bhutto, is elected to the post by lawmakers in the national assembly, the senate, and Pakistan’s four provincial legislatures. He will succeed acting president Wasim Sajjad. . . . The Sri Lankan army sends 1,000 reinforcements to the base at Pooneryn on the Jaffna peninsula in northern Sri Lanka that was attacked on Nov. 11.

Nov. 13

Nov. 14

Nov. 15

Nov. 16

Nov. 17

Nov. 18

Asia & the Pacific

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization releases a study indicating that world agricultural production will increase gradually over 20 years and will continue to outpace population growth.

German chancellor Helmut Kohl and Pres. Richard von Weizsaecker dedicate a controversial national war memorial in Berlin. The memorial includes urns bearing the ashes of an unknown soldier, a resistance fighter, and a death-camp victim. Critics of the memorial argue it fails to differentiate between German aggressors in World Wars I and II and their victims.

The World Health Organization reports that tuberculosis (TB) will cause 30 million deaths over 10 years unless aid agencies allocate more funding toward preventing the spread of the disease. The report also finds that 12 million of the 30 million deaths can be prevented by increasing spending on treatment programs to $100 million a year, from the current $15 million.

Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan introduce their own currencies, the tenge and the som coupon, respectively. The move threatens to disrupt a Sept. 7 pact with Russia to go on using the ruble under the monetary discipline of the Russian central bank. . . . Luciano Liggio (Leggio), 66, allegedly the former boss of the Sicilian Mafia, dies at the Badu e Carros prison in Sardinia after an apparent heart attack.

After 300 Sri Lankan commandos are deployed to a beach five miles from the base attacked on Nov. 11, the Sri Lankan army regains control of the base and rescues the 900 soldiers trapped there. Representatives from the Sri Lankan army state that a total of 500 soldiers are missing or were killed in the fighting and estimate that the rebels lost 700 fighters. Lt. Col. Mouin Shabaytah, the deputy commander of a 3,000strong Fatah militia in Lebanon, is assassinated in Sidon, Lebanon, by two gunmen. . . . In Nigeria, a general strike to protest fuel prices closes big banks, factories, and major shops in Lagos. In addition, fuel and public transportation are scarce. . . . Iraqi authorities release from jail a U.S. oilman, Kenneth Beaty, who served 205 days of an eight-year sentence for illegally entering the country from Kuwait.

Four Buddhist monks accused of starting the largest public demonstration since the Vietnam War are sentenced to three- and four-year prison terms.

The UN Security Council votes to end its failed attempt to arrest Somali warlord Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid. The council unanimously requests that UN secretary general Boutros-Boutros Ghali create a special commission to determine who was responsible for armed attacks that killed more than 55 UN peacekeeping soldiers since June. The UN also announces that eight of Aidid’s aides who are being detained will be released, and indicates that others soon will be freed as well.

Hezbollah fighters attack Israeli positions in Lebanon. The guerrillas capture 12 SLA soldiers, and one Hezbollah fighter is killed. Israeli planes hit guerrilla bases in belonging to Hezbollah. . . . About 300 Iraqi protesters threaten Kuwaiti workers constructing a 130-mile (200 km) long security trench parallel to the border. . . . An Algerian court sentences 37 Muslim extremists to death for crimes that include the murders of 21 people, and sentences 63 others to prison terms ranging from three years to life.

Muslim separatists end their month-long occupation of the Hazratbal, the most sacred mosque in the province of Jammu and Kashmir, when they surrender to the Indian army, which has surrounded the shrine in a siege since Oct. 16.

Reports reveal that NATO and the ex-Warsaw Pact states voluntarily destroyed 17,000 of their own artillery pieces and aircraft under the first disarmament phase of the revised version of the 1990 Conventional Forces in Europe treaty. . . . A UN war-crimes tribunal opens, its purpose being to hear trials of suspects accused of crimes against humanity in the former Yugoslavia.

An Algerian court sentences 10 Muslim militants to death for killing six police officers in 1992. . . . Nigerian defense minister General Sani Abacha forces out Interim Pres. Ernest Shonekan and declares himself Nigeria’s ruler

In final election results, the ruling New Zealand National Party emerges with a one-seat majority in the 99member Parliament.

Representatives of South Africa’s ruling National Party and leaders of 20 other black and white political parties approve a majority-rule constitution that provides “fundamental rights” to blacks, who have been disenfranchised by white groups for more than 300 years.

Thousands of Muslims stage a protest rally in Dacca, the capital of Bangladesh, calling for the arrest of writer Taslima Nasreen, who condemns followers of Islam for their religious intolerance, repression of sexual freedom, and mistreatment of women.

The UN Security Council unanimously passes a resolution that extends the UN mission in Somalia to May 31, 1994. . . . The Ukrainian parliament ratifies the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1991). However, the deputies make conditional total nuclear disarmament and Ukraine’s accession to the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty on security guarantees from Russia and the West as well as financial compensation. . . . Before the APEC summit, the members’ foreign ministers vote to admit Mexico and Papua New Guinea.

More than 10,000 French publicsector workers march in Paris, protesting the government’s privatization program. . . . French president François Mitterrand inaugurates a new wing at the Louvre in Paris on the 200th anniversary of the museum’s opening. . . . Leaders of the warring Muslim, Croatian, and Serbian factions in Bosnia-Herzegovina agree to allow safe passage to UN relief convoys, which had been suspended Oct. 26.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 13–18, 1993—531

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Reports indicate that the Servants of the Paraclete Treatment Center in Jemez Springs, New Mexico, a center offering treatment for priests who sexually molested their parishioners, has agreed to pay $8 million to victims of the former priest and convicted child molester James Porter, who underwent treatment at the center on two occasions.

The Illinois General Assembly approves a $410 million, two-year bailout measure for the debt-ridden Chicago schools system. Gov. Jim Edgar (R) signs the measure, which also includes a two-year pact with the Chicago Teachers Union.

In the New York City marathon, twotime runner-up Andres Espinosa wins the race in a time of 2:10:04. Bob Kempainen places second, the best finish for a U.S. man in the race since 1989. . . . Auto racer Dale Earnhardt clinched his sixth Winston Cup NASCAR season title.

The House passes by voice vote legislation that will prohibit smoking in most federal government and court buildings. . . . The House approves by voice vote the Schoolto-Work Opportunities Act, a bill intended to broaden opportunities for vocational training for highschool students who did not plan to attend college. . . . A Mineola, New York, judge, Jack Mackston, sentences Joseph Buttafuoco to six months in jail for the statutory rape of teenager Amy Fisher.

The House passes, 273-135, passes the final version of a $261 billion defense-authorization bill that writes into law a variant of President Clinton’s policy permitting homosexuals to serve in the military.

A study based on FEC figures finds that a total of 109 private individuals exceeded the $25,000 annual ceiling on donations to federal elections during the 1991–92 election cycle.

U.S. District Judge S. Arthur Spiegel blocks the implementation of an amendment to the Cincinnati, Ohio, city charter that would have voided a year-old law and barred any future laws protecting homosexuals from discrimination. . . . The House approves by voice vote a resolution providing a formal apology to native Hawaiians for the U.S. role in the 19th-century overthrow of an independent Hawaiian monarchy.

The Senate votes, 69-30, to pass a bill designed to protect abortion clinics and their patients and staff from attacks, blockades, and acts of intimidation by opponents of abortion.

The Labor Department reports that a survey it used to determine the unemployment rate is faulty, and that there are more jobless workers in the country than previously believed. . . . The Dow closes at 3710.77, marked the first time it closes over the 3,700 level.

The House approves, 234-200, legislation to implement NAFTA. . . . A Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit rules that the Citadel must permit Shannon Faulkner to attend classes while it hears her challenge to the college’s men-only admissions policy. . . . The Senate passes, 77-22, the final version of a $261 billion defense-authorization bill that writes into law a variant of Pres. Clinton’s policy permitting homosexuals to serve in the military.

Pres. Clinton nominates Ricki Tigert to take over the chairmanship of the FDIC. . . . Agriculture Secretary Mike Espy names Jack Ward Thomas, a biologist who headed a Forest Service research post in Oregon, as the chief of the Forest Service, replacing Dale Robertson, dismissed in October.

An insurance-industry group estimates that fires that raged in Southern California counties in October and November caused $950 million in insured damage.

The National Book Foundation presents its awards to E. Annie Proulx, Gore Vidal, and A. R. Ammons. Anthologist and editor Clifton Fadiman is awarded the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.

The House votes, 316-108, to overhaul the laws pertaining to mining operations on federally owned land . . . . The 21,000-member Association of Professional Flight Attendants (APFA) at American Airlines begins what they call an 11-day strike.

Research suggests that fossilized human remains recently found in Africa support the theory that, despite their varying size, different specimens discovered over the years are of the same species. . . . Reports state that the FDA has approved experimental medical trials of RU-486 for use in treating women with advanced breast cancer.

Rapper Tupac Shakur is charged with forcible sodomy. . . . The National Conference of Catholic Bishops approves a policy stating that men should participate in household- and child-rearing duties. The bishops revoke a policy that prevented the removal of priests accused of molesting minors on occasions more than five years previously.

A U.S. District Court judge, Frederick Motz, upholds a University of Maryland scholarship program open only to black students because the effects of the university’s past discrimination against blacks are still felt at the school. . . . The Senate votes, 76-21, to reauthorize for five years a law providing for independent counsel to investigate alleged wrongdoing by top government officials. . . . The House passes by voice vote a bill designed to protect abortion clinics from acts of intimidation by opponents of abortion.

The FDA announces that it will impose new regulations requiring scientists to more thoroughly research potential side effects of experimental drugs. The FDA states that this stems from five recent deaths linked to the toxic side effects of fialuridine (FIAU), an experimental drug for hepatitis B.

Nov. 13

Nov. 14

Nov. 15

Lucia Popp, 54, opera soprano, dies in Munich, Germany, of a brain tumor. . . . Pres. Clinton signs the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, legislation intended to make it more difficult for states to restrict religious practices that may violate state law.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 16

Nov. 17

Nov. 18

532—November 19–24, 1993

World Affairs

Nov. 19

Europe

The four-year-old Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation group holds its first large-scale summit meeting in Seattle, Washington. For the first time, Chinese president Jiang Zemin and U.S. president Clinton meet.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Police clash with demonstrators in Abeokuta, Akure, and Ilorin, in southwestern Nigeria. It is believed that the protests are a response both to Pres. Shonekan’s fuel price mandate and to the November 17 coup by Gen. Sani Abacha. Tear gas is used to disperse the demonstrators. About 300 Iraqi protesters briefly cross the frontier and threaten Kuwaiti workmen constructing part of a 130-mile-long (200 km) security trench parallel to the border.

Nov. 20

In Nigeria, a general strike ends when the main oil trade union federation agrees to accept a deal with negotiators representing the new military government to return to work in exchange for cutting fuel prices by a third. Separately, 67 of Nigeria’s elected senators protest the Nov. 17 coup, vow that they will not give up their seats, and urge Nigerian citizens to oppose Gen. Abacha’s military dictatorship.

Three former Panamanian soldiers are found guilty of involvement in the previously unsolved 1971 murder of Hector Gallego, a Roman Catholic priest of Colombian nationality.

Armenia introduces its own currency, the dram, a move which threatens the Sept. 7 agreement in which Armenia agreed with Russia to go on using the ruble under the monetary discipline of the Russian central bank.

Three of seven black men charged with the murder of a white U.S. Fulbright scholar, Amy Biehl, are released from prison in Cape Town, South Africa, after a key witness refuse to testify against the suspects.

Mexico ratifies NAFTA, becoming the last country to do so. . . . Chinese president Jiang Zemin ends the first visit by a Chinese president to Cuba since Castro seized power in 1959.

British artist Rachel Whiteread wins the prestigious Turner Prize for the British artist with the best exhibition of the year.

A UN human-rights investigator, Gaspar Biro, reports that Sudan has engaged in severe humanrights violations, including summary executions, forced disappearances, and systematic torture.

Two boys are convicted of the brutal murder in February of two-yearold James Bulger in Liverpool, England, after abducting the toddler from a shopping mall. They boys, who were both 10 years old at the time of the murder, are sentenced to be detained indefinitely. . . . An arms cache that contains more than 300 assault rifles and two tons of explosives destined for the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force is intercepted. The shipment is said to be the largest arms haul ever discovered in Britain.

Israeli undercover soldiers track down and shoot to death Imad Akel, 24, who was a commander in Gaza of the Qassam Brigades, the armed wing of Hamas. . . . An 11member military junta, the Provisional Ruling Council, is sworn in in Nigeria. . . . Jordan’s King Hussein confers with Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in their first official meeting since the 1991 war to end Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait.

Nov. 21

Nov. 22

Nov. 23

Nov. 24

In a landmark decision on sexual discrimination, the South Australian Equal Opportunity Tribunal awards A$60,100 (US$40,000) in damages to David Paul Jobling, 31, a homosexual playwright infected with HIV, who in 1992 was fired from a temporary teaching position because he was homosexual and HIV-positive.

In India, 26 people are charged with taking part in the 1991 assassination of former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi. . . . Reports state that Prime Minister Bhutto has ordered the Pakistani government to hire women to fill 5% of all civil service jobs.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 19–24, 1993—533

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Senate approves a broad anticrime bill that authorizes at least $22.3 billion in spending over five years. . . . The Senate votes to confirm Reed Hundt as the chairman of the FCC. . . . The House gives final approval to a bill that will quadruple federal funding for tribal judicial systems for Native Americans.

The House passes, 296-103, a bill repealing U.S. sanctions against South Africa.

The Senate gives final approval to a bill passed by the House on Nov. 19 that will quadruple federal funding for tribal judicial systems for Native Americans.

Pres. Clinton signs a $261 billion defense-authorization bill that codifies provisions on homosexuals in the military. . . . The Senate approves, 61-38, legislation to implement NAFTA. . . . The Senate passes by voice vote legislation repealing U.S. sanctions against South Africa. . . . The Senate clears the final version of a bill that instructs the Department of Veterans Affairs to guarantee access to medical treatment for former military personnel suffering from mysterious illnesses believed to be related to their service in the 1991 Persian Gulf war. . . . Congress approves a bill authorizing spending for intelligence operations in fiscal 1994.

The House votes, 277-153, to defeat a bill proposing to make the District of Columbia the 51st U.S. state. The vote marks the first time that a full chamber of Congress votes on statehood for the district.

U.S. Economy & Environment

The Senate approves, 79-20, a bill providing an extra 7–13 weeks of unemployment benefits to about 1 million out-of-work Americans who have already exhausted their states’ standard benefit packages. . . . The Senate Ethics Committee clears Sen. Orrin Hatch (R, Utah) of any misconduct related to his defense of the BCCI. . . . The Senate approves, 54-45, a compromise bill appropriating $18.3 billion to the RTC to complete its mandate to clean up the savings-and-loan crisis that first erupted in the late 1980s.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

By voice vote, the Senate passes a bill that will provide aid to floodstruck Midwestern homeowners who want to relocate from flood plains.

Kenneth Burke, 96, who became a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1951 and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1966, dies in Andover, New Jersey, of heart failure.

The Senate confirms Dr. Harold Varmus, a Nobel Prize-winning cancer researcher, as director of the National Institutes of Health. . . . The House gives final approval by voice vote to the version of the Senate bill passed Nov. 19 that will provide $110 million in aid to floodstruck Midwestern homeowners who want to relocate from flood plains.

Golfer Heather Farr, 28, who, in 1985, was the youngest player to qualify for the LPGA, dies in Scottsdale, Arizona, after a widely publicized battle with cancer. . . . Emile Ardolino, 50, director and producer of dance documentaries and films who won Emmys in 1979 and 1983 as well as the 1983 Oscar, dies in Los Angeles, California, of AIDS.

The House approves by voice vote a bill backed by Pres. Clinton that will set aside $382 million in federal funds to subsidize lending by financial institutions that make community-development loans in poor urban and rural areas.

Bill Bixby, 59, television actor known for his role in The Incredible Hulk, 1978–82, dies in Century City, California, of prostate cancer. . . . Germans Steffi Graf and Michael Stich win the season-ending events on the women’s and men’s tennis tours.

Winchester Ammunition announces that it will no longer sell to the general public its controversial hollow-point Black Talon bullets. . . . The plaza in Dallas, Texas, where president Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 is dedicated as a national historic landmark to mark the 30th anniversary of Kennedy’s death. . . . The First U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals rules unanimously that discrimination against obese people in the workplace violates federal disability laws. The case, Cook v. State of Rhode Island, is the first civil-rights case involving obesity considered in a federal appeals court.

The House clears the final version of a bill that instructs the Department of Veterans Affairs to guarantee access to medical treatment for former military personnel suffering from mysterious illnesses believed to be related to their service in the 1991 Persian Gulf war.

The Senate approves by voice vote a bill providing protection for investors in limited partnerships that are restructured. . . . The House, 320-105, approves a bill extending benefits passed by the Senate on Nov. 20. . . . The House approves, 272-163, legislation intended to reduce federal spending by about $37 billion through fiscal 1998. . . . The House votes, 255-175, in favor of a broad campaign-finance reform initiative. . . . The APFA strike that began Nov. 18 comes to an end.

Anthony Burgess, 76, British author best known for his novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), dies of cancer in London, England.

John R. McKernan Jr. (Maine) is elected chairman of the Republican Governors Association, replacing George V. Voinovich (Ohio).

Grumman Corp., the 10th-largest U.S. military contractor, agrees to pay $20 million to the federal government in lieu of being charged with defrauding the navy. The settlement ends a five-year investigation that was part of Operation Ill Wind, the Defense Department procurement scandal probe. . . . Pres. Clinton signs legislation repealing U.S. sanctions against South Africa.

The House passes by voice vote a bill providing protection for investors in limited partnerships that are restructured. . . . . The House votes, 235-191, in favor of a compromise bill appropriating money to the RTC to complete its mandate to clean up the savings-and-loan crisis that first erupted in the late 1980s. The Senate approved the bill on Nov. 20.

The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit overturns an FCC ban on the radio or TV broadcast of so-called indecent material between 6:00 A.M. and midnight. The court rules that the ban is too broad and violates First Amendment rights.

The final version of the Brady Bill, a measure that imposes a five-day waiting period for the purchase of a handgun, clears Congress. . . . The principal of Wingfield High School in Mississippi, Bishop Knox, is dismissed for allowing students to recite a short, nondenominational prayer over the school’s intercom on three separate occasions. . . . Florida governor Lawton Chiles (D) signs into law a bill banning the possession of firearms by people under 18, unless they are using them for hunting or target shooting.

Pres. Clinton nominates Lt. Gen. Barry McCaffrey to be commander in chief of the U.S. Southern Command. . . . Pres. Clinton meets with British writer Salman Rushdie, who is in hiding because of a death sentence issued against him in 1989 by since-deceased Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini for perceived blasphemies against Islam in his novel The Satanic Verses.

A federal jury in Miami, Florida, convicts David Paul, the former chairman of Miami-based CenTrust Savings Bank, on 66 of 69 counts of fraud and conspiracy related to his alleged siphoning of funds for personal use from cash-strapped CenTrust in the 1980s. The thrift failed in February 1990 with a loss of $1.7 billion. . . . Pres. Clinton signs legislation to extend unemployment benefits. . . . The Senate approves, by voice vote, a bill that will bar presidential appointees from receiving bonuses during presidential election years.

Former Olympic diver Bruce Kimball is released from custody after serving less than five years of a 17-year sentence for manslaughter stemming from a 1988 drunk-driving accident that killed two teenage boys. . . . Albert Collins, 61, blues guitarist who won a Grammy in 1986, dies in Las Vegas, Nevada, of lung cancer.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Nov. 19

Nov. 20

Nov. 21

Nov. 22

Nov. 23

Nov. 24

534—November 25–30, 1993

World Affairs

Nov. 25

Nov. 26

Iraq’s government announces that it has agreed to allow long-term UN monitoring of its industrial activity, formally ending its resistance to UN Security Council Resolution 715. The resolution, adopted in 1991, sought to prevent Iraq from rearming itself with weapons of mass destruction. . . . Officials state that Jan Eliasson, the first UN undersecretary general for humanitarian affairs, has submitted his resignation.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Hundreds of thousands of people demonstrate throughout Spain against the planned reforms that will end the government’s monopoly on job-placement services for the unemployed, facilitate parttime employment, create apprentice jobs, and seek to cut the costs of dismissing workers.

Palestinians in the Gaza Strip begin to wage running street battles with Israeli troops in response to the Nov. 24 killing. . . . A car bomb explodes near the motorcade of Atef Sedki, the Egyptian prime minister, in a northern suburb of Cairo, the capital. The blast kills an 11year-old girl and wounds 20 other people, but Sedki escapes. The militant group Al-Jihad claims responsibility. . . . UN reports reveal 100 Burundian refugees die of malnutrition and disease each day in Rwandan refugee camps.

Belgian workers launch their first general strike since 1936. The action, protesting a government austerity plan, brings the nation to a virtual standstill and prompts the center-left government to schedule talks with unions. . . . Germany bans the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and 35 allied groups. The PKK is believed to have organized two separate spates of terrorist attacks across Europe in recent months.

In Burundi, officials estimate that the death toll from the ongoing tribal killings is expected to approach or even rise above tolls resulting from similar ethnic fighting in 1972, when about 150,000 people died. . . . Israeli security forces kill Khaled Mustafa Zeer, 25, who had allegedly killed a Jewish settler and two Israeli soldiers earlier in the year.

The Americas

Reports indicate that an outbreak of dysentery has killed 245 people in and around Boma, Zaire. . . . Nigeria’s self-proclaimed ruler, General Sani Abacha, removes 17 army officers loyal to the former military ruler, General Ibrahim Babangida. Abacha’s cabinet, comprised of mostly civilians, including at least two members of an interim government forced out by Abacha, is sworn in.

Nov. 27

Nov. 28

Nov. 29

Nov. 30

British officials confirm that secret contacts have been made with the outlawed Provisional Irish Republican Army, with the goal of ending the violence in Northern Ireland.

Israeli soldiers shoot to death Ahmed Abu al-Reesh, 23, a Hawk member, as he stands among other Fatah Hawks in a Gaza refugee camp.

British government papers show there have been no major largescale IRA attacks since Nov. 12.

Israeli undercover troops capture Fatah Hawks commander Taisir Bardini. . . . Somali faction leader General Mohammed Farah Aidid boycotts a UN-sponsored conference on reconstruction that foreignaid donors bill as Somalia’s “last chance” to continue receiving international monetary aid and diplomatic assistance.

France bans two organizations that it charges are fronts for the PKK (Kurdish Workers Party). . . . Britain’s Queen Elizabeth II knights former U.S. president George Bush at Buckingham Palace in London. Bush is made a GCB, or Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, the highest British honorary rank available to a foreigner.

Israeli generals and leaders of AlFatah, the dominant faction of the PLO, meet in the occupied Gaza Strip in an effort to stem a rash of violence in Gaza between Israeli troops and Palestinians. Brigadier General Ehud Barak, the Israeli army’s chief of staff, issues a public apology for the Nov. 28 killing of Abu al-Reesh, whose death he characterizes as “inadvertent.” . . . The government of Mozambique and the former rebels of the Mozambique National Resistance (Renamo) movement agree to immediately open 20 assembly points for their troops to disarm.

Asia & the Pacific

Eleven Muslim militants fighting for an independent Kashmir are killed as the Indian army seals off the rebel-controlled town of Sopur in the Kashmir Valley.

Carlos Roberto Reina of the centerright Liberal Party wins the Honduran presidential election, defeating the ruling National Party’s Oswaldo Ramos. The Liberal Party also wins a firm majority in the congress.

J(ehangir) R(atanji) D(adabhoy) Tata, 89, Indian industrialist and philanthropist who was chairman of Tata Sons, which became India’s largest commercial holding company, 1938–91, dies in Geneva, Switzerland, of complications from a kidney infection.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

November 25–30, 1993—535

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle James Carville, the chief strategist for Pres. Clinton’s 1992 election campaign, and Mary Matalin, the deputy campaign manager for then-Pres. Bush, wed. Carville and Matalin’s romantic relationship has received wide attention in the news media.

House Speaker Thomas S. Foley (D, Wash.) declares the adjournment of the House for the year, marking the formal conclusion of the first session of the 103rd Congress.

Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O’Connor temporarily lifts a lowercourt order that prevented the federal government from deporting illegal aliens seeking citizenship through an expired amnesty program. The case is INS v. Los Angeles County Federation of Labor.

Nov. 25

Nov. 26

Congressional Quarterly finds that, in House and Senate floor votes where Pres. Clinton took a position on the issue in question, Congress backed Clinton 88% of the time. Clinton did not veto any bills. . . . Reports indicate a set of fires have broken out in some Chicago, Illinois, department stores.

\

Nov. 27

Canadian police arrest 61 people at the U.S. border and seize 187 copies of U.S. newspapers in an attempt to enforce a court-ordered ban on the publication of details of the trial of Karla Homolka, charged with the sex killings of two teenaged girls. U.S. publications printed trial details that were banned in Canada.

Garry Moore (born Thomas Garrison Morfit), 78, TV variety and quizshow host, dies on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, of emphysema. . . . Tennis players Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis, both of the Netherlands, win the ATP World Doubles Championship in Johannesburg, South Africa.

In Washington, D.C., attention to homeless issues resurfaces when the body of a homeless woman, Yetta Adams, is found outside HUD headquarters. . . . The former chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, Thomas Fay, is convicted in federal court on misdemeanor ethics charges for appointing one of his business associates to handle state arbitration cases. The former jurist is fined $3,000 and put on probation for a year.

The Supreme Court lets stand without comment a lower-court ruling stating that the FEC should not have rejected 1992 presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche’s request for federal matching funds. The FEC maintained that LaRouche was ineligible for the funding because he was convicted in 1988 for criminal campaign fund-raising.

President Clinton signs the Brady Bill, which imposes a five-day waiting period for the purchase of a handgun. . . . Reports state that an underground animal-rights group, the Animal Liberation Front, has claimed responsibility for setting eight incendiary small fires at three Chicago stores that sell fur products on Nov. 27–28. . . . The Supreme Court upholds without comment a New Jersey court decision intended to discourage voluntary segregation in the state’s public high schools. The case is Board of Education of Englewood Cliffs v. Board of Education of Englewood.

Judge John A. K. Bradley of the New York State Supreme Court dismisses all criminal charges against Clark Clifford in connection with his dealings with the BCCI, citing the 86-year-old Clifford’s poor health. . . . Data shows that the Conference Board’s index of consumer confidence rose 10.7 points in November, to 71.2, from its revised October level of 60.5. The November level is the highest since January.

Slow Waltz in Cedar Bend by Robert James Waller tops the bestseller list. . . . An investigative board reports it has found evidence to substantiate sexual abuse charges leveled at 11 friars at the nowdefunct St. Anthony’s Seminary in Santa Barbara, California.

An Amtrak train derails in Intercession City, Florida, after colliding with an oversized truck stuck on the tracks, injuring the driver of the truck and 60 passengers and crew. . . . FDA Commissioner David Kessler criticizes the American Medical Association for its support of silicone breast implants, which most often are dangerous and only used for cosmetic purposes.

Nov. 28

Nov. 29

Nov. 30

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

536—December 1–6, 1993

Dec. 1

Dec. 2

Dec. 3

World Affairs

Europe

The UN issues sanctions on Libya for refusing to turn over suspects linked to the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, in which 270 people died. . . . WHO officials estimate that 180 countries are marking the sixth annual World AIDS Day . . . . The CSCE asks its secretariat to draw up rules under which the CSC might approve Russian peacekeeping operations in other former member states of the Soviet Union.

The Georgian government and representatives of the rebel-held region of Abkhazia agree to exchange prisoners of war and allow refugees to return to their homelands. In addition, the UN is invited to send international peacekeepers to Abkhazia to police a fragile cease-fire there.

The head of the IAEA, Hans Blix, states that his agency can no longer give assurance that North Korea is using its nuclear facilities for peaceful purposes only. . . . NATO endorses a proposal for “partnerships for peace”—cooperative arrangements between NATO and its former Warsaw Pact adversaries that do not include full mutual security guarantees.

A UN report finds that the world’s 290 million physically or mentally disabled people worldwide face discrimination, abuse, and neglect.

Dec. 6

The U.S., Canada, Japan, and a consortium of European nations agree to invite Russia to participate in work on a redesigned international space station, expected to be the world’s largest collaborative space project.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Colombian police and soldiers shoot dead fugitive drug trafficker Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria in Medellin, the headquarters of his cocaine cartel. . . . Canadian prime minister Jean Chretien announces that his government has reached satisfactory agreements on supplemental accords to NAFTA. . . . Reports suggest that 45 Cubans defected during the Central American and Caribbean Games held in Puerto Rico in November. . . . In St. Kitts, demonstrators battle police following the establishment of a minority coalition government headed by P.M. Kennedy Simmonds.

Final election returns for India’s state legislatures show that the fundamentalist Hindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the ruling Congress (I) party have won fewer seats than expected. . . . In Pakistan, former prime minister Nawaz Sharif is shot at by snipers but escapes injury in the incident.

Palestinian militants shoot to death two Israelis on a road in Al-Bireh, about 12 miles (20 km) north of Jerusalem. Both Hamas and the DFLP claim responsibility for the murder. In response, Jewish settlers set up roadblocks and stone Arab cars in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. . . . A judge in Cairo sentences to death Abdel-Shafi Ahmed Ramadan for the 1992 shooting murder of Faraq Foda, a prominent critic of Islamic extremism. Jewish settlers respond to the Dec. 1 killings by going on a rampage in Hebron, firing at Palestinians with machine guns and smashing the windows of Arab vehicles. Palestinians in turn throw rocks and bottles at the settlers, as Israeli soldiers reportedly stand by without intervening. . . . Ethiopiansponsored discussions aimed at reaching a political settlement to the conflict in Somalia are the first that are attended by all 15 major Somali factions since March as both Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid and Mahdi Mohammed arrive for the informal negotiations.

Three Austrians are injured by letter bombs. . . . An expert on Japan in the Russian foreign ministry, Andrei Krivtsov, estimates that 575,000 Japanese prisoners of war died in Siberian labor camps after World War II, which is 10 times the official government estimate.

In Colombia, drug trafficker Pablo Escobar, hailed as a hero and a benefactor among many of the poor in the slums of Medellin, where he spent money on houses, roads, sports facilities, and on a form of unemployment insurance, is buried and mourned by an unruly crowd numbering in the thousands.

A Palestinian vegetable seller is shot dead and several other Arabs are wounded as the rampage in Hebron that started Dec. 2 begins to settle. . . . UN estimates suggest that more than 700,000 people have fled Burundi to neighboring Tanzania, Rwanda, and Zaire since October, and that 208,000 additional citizens were displaced within the country’s borders.

Reports argue that, by conservative estimate, drug lord Pablo Escobar, killed Dec. 2 in Colombia, was responsible for more than 1,000 civilian deaths and the murders of at least 500 policemen.

The mayor of Vienna, Austria, Socialist Helmut Zilk, loses three fingers when he opens a letter bomb apparently mailed by political rightists opposed to immigrants and other foreigners in Austria.

After a spate of violence from settlers, Moshe Shahal, Israel’s police minister, and General Ehud Barak, the Israeli army chief of staff, vow to clamp down on settlers who take the law into their own hands. . . . A Palestinian brandishing an assault rifle is shot to death in a suburb of Tel Aviv after he kills an Israeli reserve soldier during an attack on a bus.

Rafael Caldera Rodriguez, 77, a former president who campaigned as an independent, regains Venezuela’s highest office in elections. . . . Mexican security officials arrest Francisco Rafael Arellano Felix in connection with the botched assassination attempt on a rival drug lord in May in which Roman Catholic Cardinal Juan Jesus Posadas Ocampo was murdered.

A fourth person has been injured in Austria by a letter bomb since Dec. 3, bring the total of defused bombs to 10. . . . Markus Wolf, the former head of East Germany’s foreign spying operations, is convicted of treason and bribery and sentenced to six years in prison. Wolf, 70, admitted to the acts but claims that they cannot constitute treason because he was acting as an official of another sovereign nation at the time.

A Palestinian gunman shoots dead a Jewish father and his son near the West Bank settlement of Kiryat. Arba undercover troops shoot to death a suspected Hamas militant near the West Bank town of Ramallah.

Dec. 4

Dec. 5

Africa & the Middle East

Tens of thousands of people from the Dalit class in India, formerly the so-called untouchables, convert to Buddhism at a mass ceremony in northern India.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 1–6, 1993—537

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Two white supremacists, Jeremiah Gordon Knesal, 19, and Wayne Paul Wooten, 18, linked to the NAACP bombing and the race-war plot uncovered in July, plead guilty to federal weapons and explosives charges. . . . The ACLU, NOW, and Legal Services of New Jersey file a lawsuit in federal court challenging New Jersey’s “child exclusion” rule, which bars any increases in AFDC benefit payments to women who conceive children while already on the welfare rolls.

Major airlines agree to pay higher landing-right fees to the Los Angeles International Airport. . . . Pres. Clinton approves the first of a series of “locality pay” raises intended to elevate the salaries of white-collar federal employees to a level competitive with the pay of workers with comparable jobs in the private sector. . . . Data shows the purchasing managers’ index rose to 55.7% in November, the second consecutive month that the index has topped 50%.

Atty. Gen. Janet Reno announces that a prohibition of bias against gay and lesbian employees will be included in the policies of the Justice Department. . . . Debra DeLee is named to the newly created position of Democratic National Committee executive director. . . . Alan Winterbourne, who has been jobless since 1986, fatally shoots three workers and wounds four other people at an unemployment office in Oxnard, California. On a subsequent police chase, he shoots and kills a police officer before being fatally shot by police.

Reports indicate that employees of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters union has approved its first contract in its 90-year history.

Two studies provide the strongest evidence to date that people who fail to exercise regularly face 100 times their usual risk of a heart attack if they suddenly engage in strenuous physical activity. . . . The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral to carry out a mission devoted to repairing the Hubble Space Telescope, launched into space in 1990. . . . Two teams of researchers jointly announce they have separately isolated the genetic flaw that causes an inherited, common and potentially fatal form of colon cancer.

Officials in the National Hockey League return to work after launching the first NHL-wide strike of officials in mid- November.

The Census Bureau reports that total state government revenues rose 12% in 1992 from 1991, to $742 billion. Expenditures by states also grew 12% over that period, to $701 billion. . . . The Labor Department reports that the national unemployment rate in November, as gauged by the department’s household survey, stood at 6.4%. That is a drop of four-tenths of a percentage point from the 6.8% rate recorded in October and marks the largest monthly decline in 10 years and the lowest jobless rate since January 1991.

The National Cancer Institute states it no longer recommends that healthy women ages 40–49 undergo annual breast cancer screenings because research shows that such testing does “not result in reduced mortality.”. . . Pres. Clinton signs a measure passed by Congress that aids Midwest flood victims in relocation efforts. . . . Lewis Thomas, 80, doctor, hospital administrator, and writer who was president of the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1973–80, dies in NYC of Waldenstrom’s disease, an affliction similar to lymphoma.

A Gallup survey reports that 50% of all teenagers attend church on a weekly basis, while 40% of adults are likely to attend services regularly.

Frank A. Sturgis, 68, one of the five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee’s headquarters at the Watergate building in Washington, D.C., in 1972 whose arrest was the first event in the Watergate scandal, dies in Miami, Florida, of cancer.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour has a rendezvous with the Hubble Space Telescope in the highest orbit ever attempted by a shuttle.

Frank Zappa, 52, rock musician and composer known for his avantgarde satire, dies in Los Angeles, California, of prostate cancer. . . . Margaret Landon (born Margaret Dorothea Mortensen), 90, author best known for her novel Anna and the King of Siam (1944), dies in Alexandria, Virginia.

The FBI reports that the rate of violent crimes in the U.S. during the first six months of 1993 was 3% less than during the same period a year earlier. . . . Dozens of people exchange guns in return for tickets to concerts and sporting events in an Oakland, California, program. Police officers collect more than 65 weapons during the one-day program that is the first of its kind in the area.

Astronauts aboard the U.S. space shuttle Endeavour take the second-longest space walk in the shuttle program’s history when they spend almost eight hours outside the shuttle replacing four of the Hubble’s six gyroscopes.

The Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime achievement in the performing arts go to Johnny Carson, Stephen Sondheim, Arthur Mitchell, Sir Georg Solti, and Marion Williams. . . . In tennis, Germany wins the Davis Cup over Austria.

U.S. District Judge Warren Urbom dismisses a felony fraud indictment stemming from false expense claims against Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.) on the ground that prosecutors acted improperly in presenting evidence against the senator to a grand jury.

Wolfgang Paul, 80, German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1989 for his research on charged atomic particles, dies in Bonn, Germany, of heart failure.

Judge Robert Steadman sentences former priest James R. Porter to 18–20 years in jail for 41 counts of sexual assault. . . . Canadian Sylvie Frechette is declared a gold medalist in the individual synchronized swimming event at the 1992 Olympics. . . . Don Ameche, 85, versatile actor in who won an Oscar in 1986, dies in Scottsdale, Arizona, of prostate cancer.

Pres. Clinton signs legislation passed by Congress that quadruples Native American tribal court funding.

Nine crew members of a ship that attempted in June to smuggle 300 illegal Chinese immigrants into the U.S. are sentenced to six-month jail terms by a U.S. District Court. . . . Pres. Clinton signs a fiscal 1994 appropriation bill for the funding of U.S. Intelligence. . . . A special panel of judges announces it will allow the public disclosure, with only “limited deletions,” of a final report by independent prosecutor Lawrence Walsh on his 61⁄2-year investigation into the Iran-contra arms scandal.

PBS names Ervin Duggan, an FCC member, as its president, succeeding Bruce Christensen. . . . A postage stamp portraying a red ribbon, symbolic of the AIDS-awareness movement, is issued by the U.S. Postal Service.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 1

Dec. 2

Dec. 3

Dec. 4

Dec. 5

Dec. 6

538—December 7–12, 1993

World Affairs

Dec. 7

The U.S. and the EC settle a major dispute concerning their so-called Blair House accord, a 1992 farmpolicy agreement.

Dec. 8

Dec. 9

Dec. 10

Russia and the EC sign a declaration pledging closer political and economic cooperation.

Africa & the Middle East

Asia & the Pacific Eight leaders of the fundamentalist Hindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are arrested for their involvement in the destruction of a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh state in 1992. Among those arrested is BJP leader Lal Krishna Advani. . . . An American linguist abducted in mid-November, Charles Walton, is released by Muslim extremists in the southern Philippines.

In Germany, Michael Peters, 26, and Lars Christiansen, 20, are sentenced to life in prison and 10 years in prison, respectively, for arson, attempted murder, and murder in the 1992 bombings in the town of Moelln that killed a Turkish grandmother and two girls. Germany reports that right-wing attacks in the first 11 months of 1993 total 1,699, down almost 30% from 2,366 in the first 11 months of 1992.

Gunmen believed to be members of the Armed Islamic Movement open fire on police officers attempting to control a crowd of shoppers in the Algiers suburb of Sidi Moussa. Eight officers and two civilians are killed, and one other officer is injured.

In the eighth such incident in 1993, a Chinese businessman hijacks a domestic flight and forces the plane to Taiwan.

Danny Blanchflower, 67, British soccer player who played for London’s Tottenham Hotspur club, 1954–64, and who wrote about sports for the Sunday Express newspaper for 25 years, dies in London, England, of Alzheimer’s disease.

Reports suggest four foreigners were killed in Algeria in the last week. The U.S. advises its citizens to leave Algeria and will reduce diplomatic personnel at its embassy. . . . Iraqi president Hussein pardons and frees three Britons after meeting with former British prime minister Heath. . . . Gabon announces that Pres. Omar Bongo, who has ruled Gabon for 26-year ruler, won multiparty presidential elections.

In EI Salvador, gunmen near San Salvador kill Jose Mario Lopez, a former rebel commander who was campaigning for political office on the FMLN ticket. As this is the latest in a string of killings of FMLN members, fears of the revival of death squads rises. . . . The Ontario legislature passes a job-equity bill that requires employers to hire and promote women, so-called visible minorities, and the disabled.

The UN World Food Program estimates that more than 2 million people in Angola will require emergency food aid in the first half of 1994. . . . Violence breaks out in Congo between government supporters and opposition militants in Brazzaville, the capital. . . . The Ivory Coast’s Supreme Court officially names Henri Konan Bedie president. . . . Gunmen open fire on a vehicle near the West Bank town of Hebron, killing three Palestinians. The ultrarightist Kach movement takes responsibility.

Russia holds parliamentary elections.

A UN General Assembly committee approves after more than 40 years of international discussion the establishment of a new post of High Commissioner for Human Rights. The commissioner will be appointed by the UN secretary general and will be responsible for monitoring human-rights violations and engaging “in dialogue with governments with a view to securing full enjoyment of all human rights.”

The Americas

On the 33rd anniversary of independence from France, Ivory Coast president Felix Houphouet-Boigny, 88, dies when his life-support system is shut off following a long battle with prostate cancer. . . . Malawian president Hastings Kamuzu Banda resumes control of the government after a recent attack in which 200 army soldiers stormed Pioneer headquarters and district offices in Lilongwe. At least 22 people were killed and 100 injured.

South African president F. W. de Klerk and ANC president Nelson Mandela accept their joint Nobel Peace Prize award in Oslo, Norway. . . . Leaders of the 12 EC nations hold their semiannual summit and address unemployment in the EC, which currently stands at 17 million workers, or 11.3% of the work force.

Dec. 11

Dec. 12

Europe

Jozsef Antall, 61, Hungarian premier who led his party to victory in free elections in 1990, marking the formal end of communist rule in his country, and who was the longestserving leader of a post-communist European state, dies in Budapest, Hungary of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. . . . Two police officers of the Royal Ulster Constabulary are shot dead in their patrol car in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The IRA claims responsibility for the shootings.

Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the ruling center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy (CPD) scores a victory in Chile’s presidential election, outdistancing his nearest rival, Arturo Alessandri Besa. Incomplete results of the congressional voting indicate that the balance of power in Congress will remain virtually unchanged.

The Ethiopian-sponsored discussions regarding Somalia that began Dec. 2 break down without any agreement. . . . Data suggests that a total of 38 Palestinians and 18 Israelis have been killed in violence related to the self-rule accord since it was signed Sept. 13.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 7–12, 1993—539

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Superior Court judge John Ouderkirk sentences Damian Williams to a 10-year jail term for charges stemming from his attacks at the onset of the 1992 Los Angeles riots. . . . Robert A. Taft Jr., 76, Republican congressman and senator from Ohio, 1963–77, dies in Cincinnati from complications of a stroke. . . . A gunman opens fire on a Long Island Rail Road commuter train in New York, killing four people and wounding 19.

The U.S. State Department reveals that it has been training Indonesian army soldiers, although Congress cut off funding for the military training of Indonesian soldiers in 1992 to protest the army’s killing of civilians in East Timor. The State Department claims that the military instruction provided was paid for by the Indonesian government.

Secretary of Energy Hazel O’Leary reveals that the U.S. did not inform the public of 204 underground nuclear test blasts performed from 1963 to 1990. The previously unreported tests brings the number of tests the U.S. has acknowledged having performed since 1945 to 1,051, and accounts for about 20% of all known U.S. nuclear testing. According to O’Leary, the last 18 of the tests took place between 1980 and 1990.

A county grand jury in Austin, Texas, indicts Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R, Tex.) on five counts of ethics violations related to her 1993 Senate campaign. The indictment is identical to one that was dismissed in October on a technicality.

Pres. Clinton signs NAFTA into law. The pact, which will go into effect January 1, 1994, will lower or eliminate tariffs and remove other restrictions on trade and investment between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. . . . The air force destroys the Minuteman II missile silo in Missouri, the first of its 500 underground nuclear missile silos pledged for elimination under a 1992 U.S.-Russia disarmament pact.

The Postal Service announces that its fiscal 1993 losses totaled $371 million. That figure is lower than the $500 million loss predicted by the service in August.

The Energy Department reveals that experimenters at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, fed radioactive substances to pregnant women during the 1940s to determine the effects on the development of the fetus.

Carlotta Monti, 86, film actress whose 13-year-long tempestuous relationship with actor W. C. Fields is recounted in her autobiography, which was made into the 1976 film W. C. Fields and Me, dies in Woodland Hills, California.

A study finds that health-insurance status, not medical symptoms, have the strongest influence on treatment provided to 140,000 people with clogged coronary arteries. . . . In a poll, 68% of the respondents believe that Pres. Clinton has the “honesty and integrity to serve as president.” That is a higher integrity rating than Clinton had attained during his 1992 presidential campaign.

Christopher Drogoul, the defendant at the center of a case involving allegedly illegal loans made to Iraq, is sentenced to 37 months in jail. Drogoul is the last defendant sentenced in the case. . . . The director of the OMB, Leon Panetta, confirms that the Pentagon is short $40–$50 billion of the money needed to carry out the administration’s defense plans over the five years through 1998.

A county grand jury in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, recommends that the state legislature begin impeachment proceedings against Gov. David Walters (D). Walters, who pled guilty in October to a misdemeanor campaign-finance violation charge.

Scientists at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory set a world record for the amount of power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor with the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. The burst of fusion-produced power is measured at about 3 million watts, double the power achieved in 1991 by a similar reactor in England, the Joint European Torus.

A home video-game industry group led by Sega Enterprises announces a plan for an industry-led videogame ratings system.

A federal appeals court in rejects a 1992 ruling that ordered an overhaul of the Louisiana state university system, which is largely segregated. . . . The FBI agrees to prohibit discrimination against current and prospective employees on the basis of sexual orientation and settles a class action lawsuit by former agent Frank Buttino. . . . Massachusetts governor William Weld (R) signs into law a bill intended to protect lesbian and gay students in public schools from discrimination. The bill is believed to be the first piece of statewide legislation in the country to address the civil rights of young homosexuals.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin announces plans to trim the Army National Guard and Army Reserve by 127,300 personnel over the six years through 1999.

Aboard the Endeavour, astronauts release the repaired Hubble Space Telescope. After the Hubble is released, Pres. Clinton and Vice Pres. Gore congratulate the Endeavour crew by telephone on fulfilling “one of the most spectacular space missions in all of our history.”. . . Scientists at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in Plainsboro, New Jersey break the record they set Dec. 9 when their nuclear reactor releases 5.6 million watts of power, 56 times the energy produced by the most advanced fusion reactor of the 1970s.

Alice Bigelow Tully, 91, who anonymously gave most of the funds for a $4.5 million chamber-music hall at Lincoln Center, which was named in her honor in 1970, and who was awarded a Handel Medallion, New York’s most prestigious cultural award, dies of influenza in New York City.

Andrew Wiles, a British mathematician teaching at Princeton University in the U.S., announces that he will publish his widely heralded proof of Fermat’s last theorem, a renowned 17th-century mathematical problem, in February 1994.

Charlie Ward, the quarterback for Florida State University, is named the winner of the Heisman Trophy as the nation’s top college football player.

Reports state that former Rep. Carroll Hubbard Jr. (D, Ky.) has revealed that he worked for several months as an informer for the FBI in order to avoid prosecution for campaign-finance violations. . . . Steve Nelson, 90, former Communist Party member whose conviction for sedition in Pennsylvania led to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling revoking the right of the states to prosecute for sedition, dies in New York City of complications from aorta surgery.

The EPA ends a three-day-old advisory that some 600,000 Washington, D.C., residents and about 200,000 people in two northern Virginia suburbs have been boiling their drinking water since the EPA found the water to be contaminated.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Dec. 7

Dec. 8

Dec. 9

Dec. 10

Dec. 11

Dec. 12

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

540—December 13–18, 1993

Dec. 13

Dec. 14

Dec. 15

Dec. 16

Dec. 17

Dec. 18

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The EC gives final ratification to the treaty creating the European Economic Area, which will include the 12 EC nations and Austria, Iceland, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The free-trade pact is set to go into effect January 1, 1994.

In Kazakhstan’s capital, Alma Ata, U.S. vice president Al Gore signs an agreement with Pres. Nursultan Nazarbayev under which Kazakhstan will begin to dismantle the more than 1,300 strategic nuclear weapons it inherited at the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Kazakh parliament votes overwhelmingly to ratify the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. . . . Hungarian interior minister Peter Boross is named interim premier.

Israel’s P.M. Yitzhak Rabin cautions that an Israeli pullout from Gaza and the West Bank town of Jericho may be delayed. Palestinians stage a three-hour strike in protest. Israeli troops shoot to death two Palestinians they allege are fugitive guerrillas associated with the PFLP. A Palestinian stages a suicide attack and wounds an Israeli soldier. . . . U.S. troops stationed in Somalia and offshore begin to withdraw.

The UN endorses the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements signed by PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin on Sept. 13. . . . Trade negotiators from the U.S. and the EC compromise on a number of contentious trade issues in order to meet a Dec. 15 deadline to complete the socalled Uruguay Round of global trade talks being conducted under the auspices of the GATT.

The Iraqi government announces that Pres. Hussein has pardoned a 25-year-old French prisoner, JeanLuc Barriere, and a German, Kai Sondermann, 28, both of whom were held for illegal entry. Their release follows personal appeals to Iraqi officials from French and German politicians.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific Pres. Fidel Ramos signs into law a bill restoring the death penalty in the Philippines.

Officials in St. Kitts and Nevis lift a state of emergency imposed on St. Kitts when demonstrators battled police Dec. 2.

Peter Sutherland, GATT’s director general, formally declares the conclusion of the Uruguay Round in a ceremony in Geneva, Switzerland. Anti-GATT demonstrations are held in various countries, including South Korea and India, and in Brussels, Belgium, where the EC is based.

Incomplete results from Russia’s Dec. 11 elections show that the ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party, described as neo-fascist by its reform-minded critics and headed by Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky, has unexpectedly taken the lead. The initial tally shocks Russia’s domestic reformers and foreign governments. . . . British prime minister Major and Irish prime minister Reynolds issue a historic “framework for lasting peace” in Northern Ireland.

Twelve Croatian and Bosnian technicians are stabbed to death in a surprise attack in Algeria. . . . Israel repatriates the last 197 Palestinian Islamic militants of the 415 deported to southern Lebanon about one year earlier. . . . Reports indicate that at least 60 people have been killed in ethnic fighting in Congo that broke out Dec. 10. . . . About 997 of 1,095 French troops stationed in Somalia withdraw.

Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the U.K. announce that they are establishing full diplomatic relations with The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Those declarations are denounced by Greece, which states its northern neighbor has claims on the territory of the Greek province of Macedonia. Macedonian president Kiro Gligorov responds that his country has no claims on any of its neighbors and will be willing to sign an accord guaranteeing the current border with Greece.

Election results show that the constitution signed by Russian president Boris Yeltsin Nov. 8 to replace the current Soviet-era charter was approved by an estimated 57.4% of the electorate. . . . Records suggest that, in the violence between Ireland and Britain, the IRA has been responsible for the deaths of 35 people in Ulster to date in 1993, while Protestant paramilitaries have killed 47.

A fundamentalist organization, the Armed Islamic Group, claims responsibility for the Dec. 15 attack, which brought to 16 the number of foreigners killed in Algeria since Dec. 1, the deadline the extremists set for foreigners to leave or risk facing “sudden death.” . . . Israeli soldiers block roads leading to five Jewish settlements near Nablus in the northern West Bank, designating the area a “closed military zone.” The term has previously been applied solely to Arab towns under Israeli curfew.

In the Argentine city of Santiago del Estero, rioting erupts when the provincial government informs 4,000 city employees that it cannot pay their four months of overdue wages. Workers storm the governor’s palace, set fire to the provincial legislature, and loot shops and the homes of local politicians. . . . Brazil’s Supreme Court upholds a Senate decision that bars former president Fernando Collor de Mello, ousted on corruption charges in 1992, from holding elected office through the year 2000.

At a meeting in the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia agree to coordinate their defense policies and upgrade their military equipment to NATO standards.

In the first trial by jury in Russia since the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, Artur and Aleksandr Martynov are found guilty of manslaughter by a court in Saratov and sentenced to 18 months and 12 months in prison, respectively. . . . Sir Robert Reid, 72, British Rail chairman, 1983–90, dies.

Israeli authorities arrest five Americans and one Israeli on suspicion of planning terrorist attacks against Arabs and for illegal weapons possession.

Argentine military police restore order in the northwestern city of Santiago del Estero after the Dec. 16 riots.

Reports disclose that the UN General Assembly has unanimously adopted a nonbinding resolution calling on states to stop selling antipersonnel mines in a bid to reduce civilian deaths from the devices.

Tajikistan’s premier, Abdumalik Abdulajanov, steps down as the republic’s ambassador to Russia.

Amnesty International finds that more than 200 people involved in separatist movements in India have disappeared after being arrested since 1990. . . . Sir Penaia Ganilau, 75, president of Fiji, who took the post while he was serving as Fiji’s governor general appointed by Queen Elizabeth at the time of two military coups in 1987, dies in Washington, D.C., where he was being treated for leukemia.

In the Argentine city of Santiago del Estero, news accounts reveal that at least six people were killed, scores injured, and 170 arrested during the Dec. 16 riots.

Kakuei Tanaka, 75, former Japanese premier known as a pioneer of the so-called money politics that shaped modern Japanese politics, dies of pneumonia.

Officials from China and Taiwan meet in Taipei, Taiwan’s capital, to discuss improving trade and cultural links. It is the first time in 44 years that an official Chinese delegation has been in Taiwan.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 13–18, 1993—541

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In U.S. v. James Daniel Good Real Property, the Supreme Court, 5-4, mandates the federal government cannot seize real estate owned by suspected drug dealers without a hearing. . . . Wisconsin governor Tommy Thompson (R) signs into law a bill that calls for the state’s withdrawal from the AFDC program. It is the first state to seek to do so. . . . . Michigan circuit judge Richard Kaufman declares key sections of the Michigan law banning assisted suicide are unconstitutional.

Army Reserve sergeant David J. Martinez pleads guilty to a charge of sodomy and to one of making false statements in connection with an attack on a woman reservist in Saudi Arabia in 1991. He is given a bad-conduct discharge. . . . The government of Vietnam turns over to the U.S. eight sets of remains of MIAs, bringing to 67 the number of remains handed over in 1993.

The FEC announces that it is dropping its investigations of 137 cases of alleged campaign violations, or more than 30% of its case load. . . . In John Hancock v. Harris Bank, the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that insurance companies’ investment of some group pension funds— those in excess of the obligation of the insurance company to annuity plans—fall under federal, not state, jurisdiction.

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour touches down at Kennedy Space Center after completing a landmark mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope.

Reports indicate that a notebook containing 21 previously unknown keyboard pieces by 17th-century British composer Henry Purcell was discovered by a British antiquarian music dealer. The notebook is one of only six known existing Purcell manuscripts.

A federal judge in sentences Charles Knapp, a former head of American Savings and Loan Association, to 61⁄2 years in prison, the maximum sentence allowed. . . . The Employee Benefit Research Institute reports that the number of uninsured people in the U.S. rose to 38.9 million in 1992 from 36.3 million in 1991. . . . United Mine Workers union members ratify a new five-year contract, bringing to an end a seven-month-long strike that spread to mines in seven states.

Michigan circuit judge Richard C. Kaufman drops charges against Dr. Jack Kevorkian in Wayne County. . . . An FBI sting operation leads to the arrest of 12 Washington, D.C., police officers who are charged with bribery, conspiracy, and drug distribution. . . . A Colorado state district court judge, Jeffrey Bayless, strikes down as unconstitutional Amendment 2, a voter-approved state measure that prohibits localities from passing laws to protect homosexuals from discrimination. Bayless’s ruling makes permanent an injunction issued in January.

Houston Oiler defensive tackle Jeff Alm shoots himself to death after a car accident that killed his passenger, Alm’s long-time friend Sean Lynch. . . . Myrna Loy 88, film actress from the The Thin Man series, dies in New York City while under surgery. . . . Reports state that six missing keyboard sonatas by Franz Joseph Haydn were discovered in Munster, Germany.

After hundreds of students staged walkouts and vigils, the Jackson, Mississippi, school board votes to reinstate the principal of Wingfield High School, Bishop Knox, who was dismissed on Nov. 24 after he allowed students to recite a nondenominational prayer over the intercom. . . . A gunman goes on a shooting spree at a Chuck E Cheese restaurant in Aurora, Colorado, killing four employees and wounding one.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin tenders his resignation, to take effect January 20, 1994.

The Fed reports that U.S. factories, mines, and utilities operated at 83% of capacity in November, the highest rate since August 1989. . . . The FDIC reports the nation’s 11,081 commercial banks earned a record $11.45 billion in the third quarter of 1993. . . . Sen. John Glenn (D, Ohio) releases evidence that the federal government dropped radioactive material over Utah, New Mexico, and Tennessee from 1948 to 1952 to measure how fallout travels.

French researchers announce they have completed a roughly accurate map of the human genome, the set of some 100,000 genes within human cells that determine physical development. . . . NASA announces plans to launch, in February 1996, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid, Eros, to determine its composition, geology, and magnetic fields.

Russian author Vladimir Makanin is awarded a Russian Booker Prize. . . . The Oscar won by Vivien Leigh for the film Gone With the Wind (1939) is sold to an anonymous bidder for a record $562,500.

Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) surrenders his personal diaries to a federal district judge in Washington, D.C., Thomas Jackson, who orders that he do so. An attorney for Packwood, Jacob Stein, acknowledges that the senator altered some of his diary tapes. . . . Reports show that two people injured in the Dec. 7 attack on a crowded Long Island Rail Road commuter train have died, bringing the total deaths to six.

Pres. Clinton names retired admiral Bobby Ray Inman to replace Les Aspin as defense secretary. . . . U.S. Navy petty officer Keith Meinhold—who in 1992 was discharged from the service for his homosexuality and then reinstated—reenlists in the Navy.

Reports find that the Lucky Stores Inc. grocery chain has agreed to pay nearly $75 million to about 14,000 Northern California women in a class-action settlement of a sex discrimination case. The landmark settlement stems from an August 1992 decision by a federal district judge, Marilyn Hall Patel. . . . Richard M. Hersch, the president of a taxpreparation service, is indicted on federal charges of tax fraud and money laundering. He is charged with filing 431 fictitious or altered tax returns and laundering more than $1 million.

A study concludes that moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages (one to three drinks per day) is highly effective in preventing heart disease.

Swedish police reveal that they have recovered three of six works by artist Pablo Picasso stolen in a November robbery at the Museum of Modern Art in Stockholm. . . . Charles Moore, 68, postmodern architect, dies in Austin, Texas, after suffering a heart attack.

Retired publishing magnate Walter Annenberg pledges to give public education $500 million in the form of matching grants over five years. It is the largest single sum ever dedicated by a private individual to public education in the U.S. . . . Sen. Nancy Landon Kassebaum (R, Kans.) becomes the first Republican senator to publicly call for Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.), currently involved in a sexual harassment scandal, to resign.

An independent U.S.-Canadian binational trade panel rules that the U.S. Commerce Department must remove tariffs it initially imposed in 1992 on all imports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S.

The FDIC and First City Bancorp. tentatively settle a $3 billion lawsuit filed in September. . . . Pres. Clinton signs legislation passed by Congress to provide securities regulation and partnership investor protection and authorize fiscal 1994 funds for the savings and loans bailout. . . . Jack Russ, the first person to face criminal charges related to the 1991 House Bank overdraft scandal, is sentenced to two years in prison for fraud and embezzlement.

Reports state that researchers in France claim to have developed a material that can superconduct electricity at the warmest temperatures yet achieved, -10°F (-23°C). . . . Reports state that researchers at the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory exposed the testicles of prisoners at the Oregon State Prison to radioactivity to determine the effects of radiation on the production of sperm.

Fox Broadcasting wins the rights to televise the National Football League’s National Conference games when it outbids CBS.

Joseph H. Ball, 88, Republican senator from Minnesota, 1942–48, dies in Chevy Chase, Maryland, from a stroke.

The Clinton administration releases revised inflation forecasts that, if accurate, will lower an estimated five-year Defense Department budget shortfall to $31 billion from $50 billion.

The Clintons’ Whitewater records become a subject of wide speculation, when The Washington Post reports that U.S. Park Police officers investigating the death of White House counsel Vincent W. Foster Jr. saw paperwork related to the real-estate dealings among the late attorney’s files but were denied access to them by White House counsel Bernard Nussbaum.

Sam Wanamaker, 74, actor and director who led the effort to rebuild the Globe Theatre in England, where many of William Shakespeare’s plays were first performed, dies in London of cancer.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Dec. 13

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Dec. 15

Dec. 16

Dec. 17

Dec. 18

542—December 19–23, 1993

World Affairs

Dec. 19

Dec. 20

The UN General Assembly ratifies the Dec, 12 recommendation to establish a new post of High Commissioner for Human Rights. The General Assembly also passes a resolution demanding that the ruling council in Myanmar free Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstate democracy and civil rights. . . . The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reveals that the number of infant deaths worldwide from pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, tetanus, and whooping cough is declining. The report states that incidences of severe malnutrition are also decreasing even though the number of children under five years of age rose 20% over 10 years.

Dec. 21

Dec. 22

Dec. 23

Reports confirm that the IMF has approved a loan equivalent to some $63 million for Kenya in support of the government’s economic and financial program for October 1993–September 1994.

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

In elections, Serbia’s ruling Socialist Party, led by President Slobodan Milosevic, increases to 123 from 101 the number of seats it holds in the 250-seat parliament . . . Italy, wracked by an ongoing corruption scandal, completes passage of electoral laws reforming its system of strict proportional representation.

Algeria’s five-member militarybacked ruling council, which has ruled the country since January 1992, states that it is extending its stay in power by one month, to January 31, 1994.

In Montenegro, Vice Premier Mihajlo Ljesar, 43, is shot to death in his office in the capital, Podgorica. . . . In London’s Old Bailey courthouse, Colin Ireland is sentenced to five life terms in jail after pleading guilty to murdering five homosexual men earlier in 1993. Ireland, 39, states he committed the crimes in order to attract publicity.

The Egyptian government executes six Islamic militants, raising the number executed in 1993 to 29. . . . The largest terrorist bombing in two years in the Lebanese capital, Beirut, shatters parts of the headquarters of the rightist Falange Party, the main political force of the country’s 1 million Maronite Christians. At least two people are killed and another 130 wounded in the incident.

The Turkish interior ministry states that 4,180 people were killed in 1993 in battles between Turkish forces and separatist Kurds. The toll is the highest since the revolt began in 1984. The total death toll is put at 10,500. . . . Heavy rain storms begin to batter Europe. . . . Hungary’s parliament confirms Acting Premier Peter Boross as premier to succeed Jozsef Antall, who died in office Dec. 12.

The government of Abu Dhabi, one of the emirates in the United Arab Emirates, files a civil suit against the Bank of Credit & Commerce International and 13 of the bank’s former top officials.

Heavy rain continues to lash Europe, and in Germany a flood surge along the Rhine river inundates much of the old town of Cologne when emergency embankments fail. More than 2,000 people are evacuated in eastern Belgium, and a man apparently drowns after falling into the Meuse River. Luxembourg is also affected by rising waters.

The South African Parliament adopts the nation’s first constitution that provides “fundamental rights” to blacks. In response, proapartheid white groups and conservative black parties threaten to boycott South Africa’s first universal elections. . . . Reports state that in a disarmament program that started Nov. 30, more than 10,000 troops from the government of Mozambique and Renamo have arrived at the UN-monitored points to turn in their guns.

Reports state that Venezuela’s outgoing president, Ramon Velasquez, has pardoned Lieutenant Colonel Joel Acosta Chirinos and Lieutenant Colonel Jesus Ortiz Contreras, leaders of a 1992 military coup attempt.

At Bonn, the Rhine tops the flood mark by 33 feet, breaking a 1926 record. At least five people in Germany drown or are missing. Officials in northern France describe the floods there as the worst of the century. Two women in France die of flood-related causes. . . . A holiday cease-fire to have been observed Dec. 23– Jan 15 is broken with shelling and sniper fire in Sarajevo, which kills at least six people and wounds 55.

Reports indicate that Pres. Lansana Conte of the Party of Unity Progress was declared the winner of a first round of voting in Guinea’s first multiparty presidential election. At least three civilians and one soldier died in election-related violence.

Reports find that Mexico’s ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) gave the mayoral seat of Merida to the conservative National Action Party (PAN), in an apparent effort to calm outcries of electoral rigging.

Asia & the Pacific The leader of the Muslim Majahideen separatist movement in Kashmir, Ahsun Dar, is captured by the Indian army in a raid on his house in Srinagar.

Imelda Marcos, the former first lady of the Philippines, is acquitted of fraud charges.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 19–23, 1993—543

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Controversy erupts when two state troopers who served on Pres. Clinton’s security detail when he was the governor of Arkansas allege that Clinton had frequent extramarital affairs during his years in office. . . . Wallace F. Bennett, 95, Republican senator from Utah, 1950–74, whose son Robert was elected to the seat in 1992, dies in Salt Lake City of natural causes.

Dec. 19

A cross erected by a Ku Klux Klan group in Cincinnati, Ohio, draws protest. . . . Pres. Clinton awards 74 U.S. cities $50 million in grants to put more police on their streets. . . . Pres. Clinton signs the National Child Protection Act, legislation designed to fight child abuse. The measure will establish a national database containing the names of those indicted or convicted of child abuse, which can be used by employers of child-care workers. . . . Pres. Clinton names Patrick Griffin to replace Howard Paster as the chief lobbyist for the White House in Congress.

Pres. Clinton signs a bill guaranteeing priority treatment for U.S. veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf war who are sick with illnesses that might be linked to exposure to toxic substances during the conflict.

Reports state that the EPA has asked Du Pont to continue producing CFCs, chemicals thought to harm the ozone layer, until 1995. Du Pont had planned to end production in 1994, two years before the deadline set by the EPA. . . . The Labor Department reports that employers and employees in private industry and state and local governments spent $258.5 billion for workers’ health insurance in 1992. . . . W. Edwards Deming, 93, U.S. quality-control expert who helped revolutionize Japanese manufacturing and has a prize named after him given by the Japanese to companies with high efficiency, dies in Washington, D.C., of cancer.

Slow Waltz in Cedar Bend by Robert James Waller remains at the top of the bestseller list. . . . CBS, which has broadcast NFL games for 38 years, is shut out of football league broadcasts when NBC retains the rights for American Conference games and FOX gained the rights to the National Conference on Dec. 17. . . . Realestate mogul Donald Trump weds actress Marla Maples at Trump’s Plaza Hotel in New York City.

The Federal Highway Administration issues a rule making it illegal to use radar detectors in most interstate trucks and buses. . . . A study finds that families account for 43% of homeless people in 1993, compared with 33% the previous year. . . . Hillary Clinton takes the unusual step of directly rebutting the charges of infidelity against her husband in interviews with the AP, Reuters, and UPI.

Pres. Clinton attends a groundbreaking ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery for a memorial honoring the victims of the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Airways Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. . . . Alina Fernandez Revuelta, 37, the estranged daughter of Cuban president Fidel Castro Ruz, arrives in the U.S. on a flight from Spain after she was granted asylum at the U.S. embassy in Madrid.

A Minnesota union welfare fund agrees to pay $100,000 to the estate of a construction worker who died of AIDS in 1992. The payment is to settle charges that the fund discriminated against members with AIDS. The settlement marks the first large cash award involving an AIDS-related refusal of health insurance under the 1990 American With Disabilities Act.

Alexander MacKendrick, 81, film director who, in 1969, became dean of the California Institute of the Arts’ film school, dies in Los Angeles, California, of pneumonia.

A cross erected by the Ku Klux Klan outside the statehouse in Columbus, Ohio, is repeatedly toppled by protesters. . . . Wal-Mart Stores, the U.S.’s largest retailer, states that it will discontinue handgun sales at its stores. It will still stock rifles and shotguns. . . . Pres. Clinton announces more than $411 million in grants for programs aiding the homeless. . . . On NPR, in response to allegations first made Dec. 19 by Arkansas state troopers, Pres. Clinton argues, “The only relevant questions are questions of whether I have abused my office, and the answer is no.”

The Defense Department issues rules defining the Clinton administration policy of permitting homosexuals to serve in the military provided they do not engage in homosexual acts and maintain silence about their sexuality.

The Clinton administration announces that pay raises will be extended to senior civil servants, Foreign Service employees, administrative law judges, and other federal workers not covered by the Dec. 1 raise order. Altogether, the raises are expected to increase the federal payroll by about $1.7 billion.

A study suggests that pregnant women who consume an amount of caffeine equivalent to one and a half to three cups of coffee daily may nearly double their risk of miscarriage.

White House spokesmen announce that the Clintons have instructed their personal attorney to yield to federal investigators their financial records and legal documents related to their co-ownership of Whitewater Development Co., a defunct Arkansas real-estate firm. . . . Energy Secretary Hazel O’Leary announces the Energy Department has set up a “human experimentation hot line” offering information to people who were involved in radiation experiments.

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite is retired from service after a four-year mission devoted to studying the origins and evolution of the universe.

Lauchlin Currie, 91, economic adviser to Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, dies in Bogota, Colombia, of a heart ailments.

Don DeFore, 80, actor best known for his roles in television comedies in the 1950s and 1960s, dies in Santa Monica, California, of cardiac arrest.

Dec. 20

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Dec. 22

Dec. 23

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

544—December 24–29, 1993

Dec. 24

Europe

Russia and its 11 partners in the Commonwealth of Independent States sign multilateral agreements at a summit meeting of the organization held in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan’s capital.

Accounts state that at least 50,000 residents of Cologne, Germany, have been driven from their homes due to flooding.

Palestinian gunmen in open fire on an Israeli army jeep, killing Lt. Col. Meir Mintz, who is reportedly the most senior Israeli officer killed in Gaza since the onset of the Palestinian uprising in December 1987. With his death, the number of Israelis killed in Israeli-Palestinian violence since the Sept. 13 signing rises to 17; some 45 Palestinians were killed in related violence during the same period. . . . Grenade attacks are launched at the offices of Catholic Relief Services, wounding two Somali guards.

United Nations secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali becomes the first UN head to visit North Korea.

In the Netherlands, 12,000 people are evacuated in the southeastern province of Limburg due to flooding. . . . In Sarajevo, some 700 shells hit the city, bringing the toll there since the truce was to have begun Dec, 23 to 11 dead and 99 wounded.

In Israel, the West Bank town of Bethlehem officially celebrates Christmas for the first time in seven years.

Reports disclose that the first day of the newly elected government in India’s state of Uttar Pradesh ended in brawling between the members of opposite parties. More than 40 members of parliament and marshals were hospitalized

Dec. 25

In Spain, three people die when a landslide caused by rain and snow collapses their house in the Asturias region. Gales in the Catalan capital, Barcelona, knock down trees, power lines, and billboards, prompting a sharp increase in emergency calls. . . . Government forces fight with Bosnian Croats in central Bosnia near Kiseljak and around Busovaca, Vitez, and Novi Travnik. The eastern Bosnian Muslim enclave of Gorazde is shelled by surrounding Serb forces, as is Olovo, northeast of Sarajevo. Data suggests that 200,000 people have died in the Bosnian civil war since it began in April 1992.

Dec. 26

Dec. 27

The latest edition of the U.S. magazine Time names Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, PLO chairman Yasser Arafat, South African president F. W. de Klerk, and African National Congress president Nelson Mandela as “Men of the Year” because of their strides in peacemaking.

Dec. 28

Dec. 29

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Paul Issa, the treasurer of the promilitary Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti, is murdered.

Asia & the Pacific

Three grenades are thrown into the San Pedro Cathedral in Davao City during a mass, killing at least six worshipers and wounding about 120 others. . . . About 10,000 leading members of China’s Communist Party gather in Beijing to commemorate the birth date of Mao Zedong, China’s former paramount leader.

Reports disclose that the government of the Netherlands has declared the flooding there to be a national disaster. . . . A chase across parts of Russian in pursuit of kidnappers who abducted 12 children and a teacher from a school in Rostov-on-Don ends with the capture of four gunmen and the recovery of most of $10 million in ransom they received. . . . The IRA observed its annual cease-fire over the Christmas holiday, but attacks resume less than an hour after the expiration of the truce.

In Egypt, three men attack a bus transporting 18 Austrian tourists near Cairo’s historic Hanging Church, injuring eight of the Austrians, three seriously, and wounding eight Egyptian bystanders.

In Haiti, some 200 dwellings in Cite Soleil, a Port-au-Prince slum known as an Aristide stronghold, are destroyed by fire, killing at least four. Residents reportedly claim that the torchings are in retaliation for the Dec. 26 murder of Paul Issa.

Official results of Russia’s Dec. 11 election confirm that the ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party has won the largest single party representation in the State Duma. The party’s leader, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, is ordered out of Bulgaria during a visit for offences that are described as insults to the country and its leaders. . . . Officials estimate flood damage in German states at more than $590 million. French insurance companies report costs for fall flooding, including December, will be between $260 million and $347 million.

The Islamic Group claims responsibility for the Dec. 27 attack in Cairo, Egypt.

An advance team of some 150 U.S. Army engineers arrives in Colombia for the stated purpose of building rural roads and schools.

In the Philippines, in apparent retaliation for the Dec. 26 attack, an assailant throws a grenade into a mosque in a Muslim area of Davao City, injuring six people.

U.S. troops in Somalia number 5,300 on shore and 3,800 on ships offshore since the Dec. 13 withdrawal began. . . . Saudi Arabia’s first representative assembly, known as the Shura (Consultative) Council, holds its inaugural session in Riyadh, the capital.

Peru’s Pres. Alberto Fujimori signs a new constitution that voters approved in a national plebiscite in October.

The world’s largest statue of Buddha, the spiritual focus of Buddhism, is dedicated on an outlying Hong Kong island. It is a 112-foot-tall (34 m) bronze statue.

The Convention on Biological Diversity pact becomes international law. In the treaty drafted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, its 167 signatories have pledged to protect plants, animals, and microorganisms and their natural habitats. The treaty also mandates that industrialized nations have to share profits of biotechnology ventures with the developing countries that provided the natural resources.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 24–29, 1993—545

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Bruce C. Vladeck, who heads the U.S. Medicaid program, states the Clinton administration has decided to require that individual states pay for abortions for low-income women in cases of pregnancy resulting from rape or incest.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Norman Vincent Peale, 95, religious leader whose philosophy asserts that optimism can lead to material success, dies in Pawling, New York, after a stroke. . . . The auction houses of Sotheby’s and Christie’s announce their 1993 worldwide auction-sales totals, $1.32 billion and $1.09 billion, respectively.

A 59-year-old British woman gives birth to twins at a London hospital. The unidentified woman is believed to be the oldest woman ever to give birth.

Dave Beck, 99, labor union leader, 1952–57, dies in Seattle, Washington.

Reports confirm that Georgia has won permission from the federal government to impose a two-year freeze on benefit payments to mothers on welfare who conceive another child.

Reports reveal that Sheik Khalid bin Mahfouz, a leading Saudi banker, has agreed to pay fines totaling $225 million in exchange for the dismissal of all charges against him in the U.S. for his alleged role in defrauding BCCI customers of up to $300 million.

Dec. 25

Reports reveal that a group of 19 mentally retarded boys were given doses of radioactivity in glasses of milk from 1946 to 1956 at the Fernald State School in Waltham, Massachusetts, in an experiment run by scientists from Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study the digestive system.

Dec. 26

Officials state that the government of New York City is facing a budget deficit of more than $2.2 billion in the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1994.

The Census Bureau reports that the U.S. population on July 1 was 257,908,000. . . . A panel of federal district judges orders the state of Louisiana to remap its congressional districts, ruling that a redistricting plan that went into effect after the 1990 census was “the product of racial gerrymandering.”. . . . Judge John F. Onion Jr. strikes down four of five counts of ethics violations against Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R, Tex.) on the grounds that they were too vaguely formulated.

The Commerce Department expects health-care spending in the U.S. to rise to $1.06 trillion in 1994, or 15% of the country’s total output of goods and services. . . . The IRS finds that the federal government loses about $150 billion a year in revenue due to tax evasion and inaccurate reporting of taxable income. . . . The Conference Board states its index of consumer confidence rose in December to 80.2, from its revised November level of 71.9. The December level is the highest since September 1990.

Four New York State bombings that are aimed at relatives of Brenda Lazore kill five people, including Lazore’s mother and sister.

The Dow closes at a record high of 3794.33.

Dec. 24

Dec. 27

The Department of Energy reveals that approximately 800 people were exposed to radiation in experiments performed by the government from the 1940s through the 1960s.

William L. Shirer, 89, radio broadcaster, print journalist, and author best known for his book The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960), dies in Boston, Massachusetts, of heart ailments.

Dec. 28

Dec. 29

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

546—December 30–31, 1993

World Affairs

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

Data shows that the population growth in Poland in 1993 was the smallest since World War II. . . . Heavy rain and strong winds cause flooding in southern England and Cornwall. Six men and boys are arrested for looting after flood waters scour a supermarket in Sussex county. . . . A British soldier, Daniel Blinco, is shot dead in Crossmaglen in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, by a sniper from the outlawed Provisional Irish Republican Army. . . . Germany’s Frankfurt exchange DAX index closes at a record 2266.68 level.

PLO chairman Yasser Arafat rejects Israel’s proposed compromise for implementing Palestinian self-rule in the occupied territories, as disagreements over autonomy details prolong the delay in the phased transfer of power, originally set to begin Dec. 13 in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho. . . . In South Africa, black gunmen fire into a crowded Cape Town bar, killing at least four whites and seriously injuring five others.

Data shows that the heavy rain and severe storms that started Dec. 21 have caused the worst flooding in a century across western Europe. At least 10 people have died of weather-related accidents, and at least 60,000 people have been forced from their houses. Damage is estimated at nearly $1 billion. . . The London exchange’s Financial Times-Stock Exchange 100 stock index closes the year at 3418.4, up 20% from the year-earlier close.

In South Africa, two black militant groups claim responsibility for the Dec. 30 attack.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Honduran military announces that it will open its secret files to civilian authorities and permit the courts to question officers accused of human-rights abuses in the 1980s. An estimated 300 leftists were killed during that period, and about 200 remain missing.

The Nikkei average rises 2.9% over the year to close at 17,417.24.

The best-performing Asian stock market in 1993 is in Hong Kong, where the market’s Hang Seng index registers a 115% annual gain to close at a record high of 11,888.39.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

December 30–31, 1993—547

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The U.S. dollar closes at 111.61 yen and at 1.74 German marks. The Dow Jones industrial average closes the year at 3754.09, up 452.98 points, or 13.7%, from the 1992 year-end level of 3301.11. NASDAQ gained 14.8% during the year to close at 776.80. The American Stock Exchange closes at 477.15, up 16.3% from its 1992 close of 399.23.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The FDA approves DNase, the first new drug in 30 years to be authorized for use in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. . . . After a string of reports on radioactive experimentation on humans, the Departments of Defense and Veterans’ Affairs and NASA announce that they will undertake their own investigations to uncover atomic-energy tests performed on humans.

Irving (“Swifty”) Lazar, 86, famous talent agent who won huge contracts for many entertainers and writers, dies in Beverly Hills, California, of kidney failure. . . . Israel and the Vatican formally establish diplomatic relations after 45 years of often rancorous dispute between the Jewish and Roman Catholic states.

Thomas J. Watson, 79, former chairman of International Business Machines (IBM) Corp., who is credited with taking his company and the U.S. into the era of the computer, dies in Greenwich, Connecticut, after a stroke.

Dec. 30

Dec. 31

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

1994 A Bosnian Muslim carries water in containers past a wall damaged by shelling in East Mostar, Bosnia, on January 26, 1994, the day after the cease-fire.

550—January–September 1994

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

World Affairs

Europe

Both the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) go into effect.

Bosnian government figures show that 141,065 people have been killed and 160,000 wounded in the 21-month-old civil war.

NATO fighter aircraft shoot down four suspected Bosnian Serb ground-attack jets operating over central Bosnia in violation of the UN no-fly zone. The air engagement is the first combat action undertaken by NATO in its 45-year history.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

About 100 gunmen attack a Togolese army base in a failed assassination attempt on Pres. Gnassingbe Eyadema. At least 40 people are killed in the battle.

A previously unknown rebel group calling itself the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) attacks four towns in Mexico’s southeastern state of Chiapas in a “declaration of war” against the federal government.

The militia of renegade general Abdul Rashid Doestam, in alliance with nominal premier Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, launches an assault against government forces in Kabul, the Afghanistan capital, in an effort to oust Pres. Burhanuddin Rabbani.

Romania’s two largest unions hold a general strike, and 2 million workers—one-fifth of the nation’s workforce—stay away from work. It is reported to be the biggest labor action since 1989.

A U.S.-born Israeli settler, Baruch Goldstein, sprays Palestinians with automatic rifle fire at a mosque in Hebron, leaving 40 worshipers dead and 150 wounded. The massacre is the worst in the West Bank since 1967.

The last significant band of former contra rebels who battled Nicaragua’s leftist Sandinista National Liberation Front government in the 1980s agrees to lay down their arms.

Hong Kong’s legislature approves the first bill containing several controversial democratic-reform proposals sought by Hong Kong governor Chris Patten. In response, Chinese officials vow to disband completely all elected bodies in Hong Kong when it takes control in 1997.

The UN Human Rights Commission unanimously passes a resolution condemning anti-Semitism as a violation of human rights. It is the first time that a UN body has officially recognized anti-Semitism as a form of racism.

For the first time, the British Foreign Office publicly announces the name of the new chief of MI6, Britain’s foreign-intelligence service, when it reveals that David Rolland Spedding will take the post, succeeding Sir Colin McColl, who was the first head of that agency publicly identified.

Pres. Lucas Mangope of Bophuthatswana is deposed by the South African government, the Transitional Executive Council, and the ANC following a revolt against the government by protesters. Tjaart van der Walt assumes temporary responsibility of the homeland.

Government representatives and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union reach a breakthrough agreement that includes a humanrights accord and an agenda for ending Guatemala’s 33-year-old civil war.

In Seoul, reformist monks launch a series of battles with supporters of Suh Eui Hyun, the conservative administrative head of the Chogye group, South Korea’s main Buddhist sect.

The GATT Uruguay Round concludes when officials from 125 nations sign a pact to liberalize existing national and regional trade regulations, eliminate tariffs, and institute measures to boost global trade.

Attacks by Bosnian Serb forces intensify in the Muslim enclave of Gorazde, in eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina. The attack is estimated to take the lives of at least 600 people in the city.

Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira and Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana are killed when their plane crashes while landing in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital. The crash sparks massive wave of ethnic and political violence in Rwanda.

More than 200 Cuban exiles attend a government-sponsored conference in Havana, Cuba’s capital.

Paul Keating makes the first visit by an Australian prime minister to Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War.

Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa’s first black president after a landslide victory for the ANC in South Africa’s first all-race elections, ending decades of the apartheid system of racial separation that had received international condemnation.

The Channel Tunnel, hailed as one of the foremost engineering achievements of the 20th century, is inaugurated by British queen Elizabeth II and French president François Mitterrand.

Full-scale civil war erupts in Yemen, and the former South Yemen secedes from the Republic of Yemen.

Dominican president Joaquin Balaguer orders his military chief to enforce the UN embargo on Haiti by sealing the border.

In a case that draws extensive publicity, Michael Fay, 18, a U.S. citizen convicted of spray-painting cars and other acts of defacement in Singapore in October 1993, is flogged four times with a rattan cane by prison authorities in Singapore.

Several heads of state and government leaders commemorate the 50th anniversary of the massive amphibious assault on D-Day— June 6, 1944—that launched the Allied reconquest of Western Europe from Nazi Germany and helped bring World War II to a close.

Representatives of the two major warring factions in Bosnia-Herzegovina sign a month-long ceasefire, but sporadic fighting by both sides continues.

In Nigeria, prodemocracy campaigners loyal to Moshood Abiola, the apparent winner of 1993 elections that were nullified, launch protests when Abiola is arrested.

The Canadian government ends its freeze, instituted in 1978, on aid to Cuba, arguing that the post–cold war era demands new policies.

Data shows that an estimated 2,500 people have been killed in clashes between the rival Islamic factions since the start of the year in Afghanistan.

Citing the need for an “exceptional response” to the political impasse in Haiti, the UN Security Council authorizes a U.S.-led multinational invasion force to oust the military regime and reinstate exiled pres. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, whose democratically elected government was deposed in 1991 by a military coup.

Germany’s highest court rules that German armed forces may take part in international military missions as long as they win majority approval in the Bundestag.

PLO chairman Yasser Arafat steps on Palestinian soil for the first time in 27 years and takes the oath as head of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).

In Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, a powerful car bomb decimates a seven-story building that houses the headquarters of the Delegation of Argentine Jewish Associations, in what is called the worst-ever terrorist attack on Argentine soil.

North Korean president Kim Il Sung, 82, dies in Pyongyang, the country’s capital, of an apparent heart attack. Kim, who led North Korea for 46 years, is apparently succeeded by his son Kim Jong Il.

The presidents of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay—the four member nations of the Mercosur trade pact—sign some one dozen trade agreements that set terms for a common market that will take effect January 1, 1995.

The last Russian troops leave Latvia and Estonia, 54 years after the former Soviet Union invaded the Baltics.

Zaire continues to be beset by Rwandan refugees, and 700–800 of them are dying each day.

Anti-Castro protesters battle Cuban police and government supporters along Havana’s waterfront and in other parts of the capital.

In Sri Lanka, violence erupts during polling, killing at least 24 people.

At the UN’s third International Conference on Population and Development, all the 179 national delegations represented endorse a sweeping strategy aimed at stabilizing population growth over the next 20 years.

Fighting breaks out in the secessionist republic of Chechnya in southern Russia.

The leaders of Liberia’s three main rebel factions sign a peace accord aimed at ending the civil war and staging general elections.

Haiti’s military-led de facto government agrees to relinquish power and to restore the democratically elected government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, averting an invasion by U.S. airborne forces already en route to Haiti.

In what is thought to be Australia’s first-ever political assassination, state legislator John Newman is fatally shot in the Sydney suburb of Cabramatta.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

January–September 1994—551

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In The National Organization for Women v. Scheidler, the Supreme Court overturns two lower court rulings when it finds unanimously that abortion-rights groups can use a federal antiracketeering law to sue antiabortion demonstrators who allegedly organized violent and criminal acts against abortion clinics.

Shannon R. Faulkner, a woman who sued to be allowed to enroll in the all-male Citadel military college in Charleston, South Carolina, attends her first classes at the academy.

Atty. Gen. Janet Reno names Robert B. Fiske Jr. to head a special criminal inquiry in Whitewater Development Corp., a now-defunct realestate venture that once involved Pres. Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton.

A powerful earthquake strikes Los Angeles, California, leveling buildings and collapsing freeway overpasses. Scores are killed in the disaster.

Nancy Kerrigan, the favorite to win the women’s U.S. Figure Skating Championship, is assaulted at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Rival skater Tonya Harding admits that “some persons that were close to me may have been involved in the assault.”

Oregon becomes the first state in the U.S. to extend Medicaid coverage to nearly all residents below the poverty line.

Pres. Clinton announces the end of the U.S.’s 19-year-old trade embargo against Vietnam, citing Vietnam’s cooperation in trying to locate the remains of 2,238 U.S. soldiers still listed as MIA.

The AFL-CIO labor federation announces that it will earmark at least $10 million, the largest amount ever for a single cause, for a campaign to cultivate support for Pres. Clinton’s health-care reform plan.

A federal jury in San Francisco, California, orders Microsoft Corp. to pay $120 million in damages to Stac Electronics Inc. for patent infringement in developing a datastorage feature for recent versions of its MS-DOS model software.

Officials vote unanimously to remove the Georgia state flag—which features the Confederate States of America battle insignia—from display in Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium.

Pres. Clinton signs into law the Goals 2000: Educate America Act.

Pres. Clinton signs an executive order reviving the so-called Super 301 provision a of a 1988 U.S. trade law designed to force its trading partners to improve domestic market access to other countries’ goods and remove other trade barriers.

The Senate fails to pass an amendment to the Constitution that would require the federal government to balance its annual budgets. The measure is backed by 63 senators, falling four votes short of winning the two-thirds majority needed.

Between 20 and 30 tornadoes tear through five states in the Southeast, from Alabama to North Carolina.

In Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc., the Supreme Court rules unanimously that written, visual, and musical parodies can be excluded from copyright law under some circumstances.

In an unprecedented conference, Pres. Clinton meets with 322 representatives from the nation’s 547 federally recognized American Indian and native Alaskan tribes.

A federal judge sentences former CIA official Aldrich Hazen Ames to life in prison for spying for the former Soviet Union and Russia.

The International Brotherhood of Teamsters begins a strike against 22 major unionized trucking companies. About 75,000 workers participate.

Indictments are handed down against a MIT student in what is called the largest piracy case of its kind in the U.S.

The Vatican officially commemorates the murder of 6 million Jews during World War II for the first time with a concert in Rome attended by Pope John Paul II, Jewish leaders, and survivors of Nazi concentration camps.

Congress passes and Pres. Clinton signs into law the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, a bill designed to protect abortion clinics and patients and staff who work at the clinics from attacks, blockades, and acts of intimidation.

Pres. Clinton presents the Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military award, to the widows of Master Sergeant Gary Gordon and Sergeant First Class Randall Shughart, two U.S. soldiers killed in Somalia while trying to rescue a U.S. Ranger unit.

Florida governor Lawton Chiles (D) signs into law the Everglades Forever Act, a $685 million bill to clean up the Everglades jointly financed by the federal government and local sugar producers, who diverted water contaminated with agricultural waste products into the protected marshland for several decades.

The space probe Clementine 1 malfunctions, prompting the Defense Department’s Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (the successor to the SDI, or “Star Wars” program) to abort the second phase of the mission.

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, 64, widow of Pres. John Kennedy and Greek shipping mogul Aristotle Onassis and one of America’s most glamorous and widely admired women, dies of nonHodgkin’s lymphoma in New York City.

O. J. Simpson is charged in the slayings of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ronald Goldman after leading police on a televised 60-mile (95 km) chase.

Florida deports and commutes the sentences of 24 illegal aliens imprisoned for drug-related nonviolent crimes in an unprecedented move to free up prison space in the state.

Occidental Petroleum Corp. agrees to pay New York State $98 million in an out-of-court settlement related to the burial of toxic waste in the Love Canal, ending New York’s 14-year-old lawsuit against Occidental.

The World Wildlife Federation reveals that scientists have captured a live specimen of a rare ox previously known only through skulls and pelts.

Michael Kearney, 10 becomes the U.S.’s youngest-ever college graduate when he receives a bachelor’s degree in anthropology from the University of South Alabama in Mobile.

The Senate confirms federal judge Stephen G. Breyer to the high court, making Breyer the 108th Supreme Court justice.

U.S. District Judge C. Weston Houck rules that the state-financed Citadel military college in Charleston, South Carolina, must admit Shannon Faulkner, 19, to its all-male cadet corps.

Exxon Corp. agrees to pay $20 million in damages to Alaskan natives whose hunting and fishing grounds were polluted when the Exxon Valdez tanker spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska’s Prince William Sound in 1989.

Dozens of wildfires scorch parts of 11 western states—California, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington— and more than 14 firefighters die in attempts to contain the blazes.

A federal grand jury in Los Angeles indicts Heidi Fleiss, who allegedly ran an exclusive Hollywood prostitution service, on 14 counts of conspiracy, tax fraud, and money laundering.

Three convicted murderers are executed by lethal injection on the same day in Varner, Arkansas. It is the first time since 1962 that a state puts to death three people on one day.

Responding to prospects of a massive Cuban exodus to the U.S., Pres. Clinton announces an end to a 28-year-old U.S. policy that allowed Cuban refugees to take up residence in the U.S. if they reach its shores or are rescued in its waters.

A panel of federal judges appoints Kenneth W. Starr, a former top government lawyer during the administration of Pres. George Bush, to replace Robert B. Fiske Jr. as the independent prosecutor in the Whitewater inquiry.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology announces that a team of physicists froze celsium atoms to 700 billionths of degree warmer than absolute zero, a new record low.

Eldrick (Tiger) Woods wins the Amateur Golf Championship. At 18, Woods is the youngest player to win the Amateur title, the first black player to win the title, and the only player to have won both the Amateur and the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship titles.

Pres. Clinton signs into law a broad anticrime package that authorizes $30.2 billion in funding over six years. It also bans some types of assault weapons and expands the federal death penalty.

The Air Force reclassifies the status of the last listed U.S. prisoner from the Vietnam War—Col. Charles E. Shelton—when they declare that Shelton was killed in action.

The Labor Department agrees to pay $4.5 million to settle a racial discrimination suit filed by black employees who were fired or demoted at the department’s ETA division in the 1980s. It is one of the largest settlements ever awarded in a racial-discrimination claim against the federal government.

The crew of the U.S. space shuttle Discovery makes the first untethered space walk in 10 years.

Pres. Clinton appoints John Brademas as the chair and names 32 other people as members on the President’s Committee on the Arts.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

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July

Aug.

Sept.

552—October–December 1994

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

World Affairs

Europe

Israel and Jordan sign a peace treaty that formally ends their 46year-long history of war and mistrust.

Queen Elizabeth II of England makes the first trip ever to Russia by a British monarch.

NATO warplanes bomb the Udbina air base in the Serb-held Krajina region of Croatia in the biggest air raid carried out by NATO since it was formed in 1949.

At the Summit of the Americas, leaders from 34 Western Hemisphere nations agree to take steps to establish a comprehensive freetrade body by the year 2005.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In the most deadly single violent terrorist attack in Israel since 1978, at least 21 Israeli civilians are killed and as many as 50 wounded when an explosion rips through a crowded bus in Tel Aviv.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide returns to Haiti and is reinstalled as the nation’s president amid the tumultuous cheers of tens of thousands of his supporters.

An outbreak of cerebral malaria is killing thousands of people in the desert region of the Indian state of Rajasthan.

Voters elect Imamali Rakhmanov president in Tajikistan’s first presidential election, and they approve a constitutional referendum.

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein signs a statement declaring that Iraq “recognizes the sovereignty of the State of Kuwait, its territorial integrity and political independence” and that it accepts the border between Iraq and Kuwait.

Brazil’s military starts a campaign of dozens of sweeps aimed at restoring order within Rio de Janeiro’s shantytowns, most of which are in a state of anarchy.

Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga is sworn into office and becomes the first woman to serve as Sri Lanka’s president.

Russian forces launch a full-scale offensive on Grozny, capital of Chechnya.

Looting is reported in the capital of Burundi, Bujumbura, as ethnic fighting continues.

The rebel Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) increases its protests in the wake of recent elections in Mexico.

For only the second time since 1979, a cabinet-level U.S. official visits Taiwan when U.S. transportation secretary Federico Pena makes a trip to that country.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Islands, except Hawaii.

October–December 1994—553

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A gunman with a semiautomatic assault rifle fires 27 rounds at the north face of the White House before bystanders and Secret Service agents subdue him.

Pres. Clinton lifts a 20-year ban on official contact between the U.S. government and Sinn Fein, the political wing of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).

The Treasury Department and the White House Office of Management and Budget report a federal budget deficit of $203.4 billion for fiscal 1994. That is the smallest deficit reported since 1989.

After successfully mapping 98% of Venus’s surface, the spacecraft Magellan concludes its mission with a final experiment that requires the craft to make a suicidal descent toward Venus’s surface.

The leading black and white denominations of the U.S. Pentecostal Church establish a new multiracial national association, ending 88 years of racial separation in the church.

The Republican Party sweeps to a landmark victory and will control both houses of Congress for the first time in 40 years. Republicans also hold a majority of the nation’s governorships for the first time since 1970.

Pres. Clinton signs into law a bill to provide federal veterans’ benefits for soldiers suffering from “Persian Gulf syndrome.”

Energy Department officials reveal that weapons-grade uranium has leaked from a defunct reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee and is accumulating in a filter pipe outside of the reactor building.

Scientists for the Heavy Ion Research Center in Dramstadt, Germany, create a new element, 110 on periodic tables.

Abraham Zapruder’s home movie of the assassination of Pres. Kennedy becomes the first amateur film added to the National Film Registry.

A federal judge in Salem, Oregon, bars Oregon from putting into effect the nation’s only assistedsuicide law until a court rules on its constitutionality.

At U.S.-run holding camps in Panama, Cuban refugees riot against U.S. soldiers to protest their prolonged detention amid continuing uncertainty as to their ultimate destination or political fate.

Orange County, California, the U.S.’s fifth-most-populous county, files for bankruptcy protection. The filing, the result of a failed investment strategy that led to losses of about $2 billion, is one of the largest ever by a municipality.

Scientists at the Goddard Space Flight Center reveal images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope that show the first clear views of the universe in its infancy.

The Olympic Council states that 11 Chinese athletes who tested positive for DHT will be stripped of the medals won at the Asian Games.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Oct.

Nov.

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554—January 1–6, 1994

Jan. 1

World Affairs

Europe

The European Economic Area agreement, which includes the 12 nations of the European Community, four Scandinavian nations, and Austria, goes into effect. . . . The North American Free Trade Agreement, which outlines tariff cuts and the elimination of other trade barriers over 15 years between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, officially takes effect.

Russian authorities ban the use of Western convertible currencies for cash transactions, implementing an order announced in Oct. 1993.

Figures show that the number of international tourists worldwide in 1993 totaled about 500 million, a 3.8% increase from the year-earlier figure, and that tourism receipts were up 9% from 1992, to an estimated $324 billion.

Asia & the Pacific

A previously unknown rebel group calling itself the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) attacks four towns in Mexico’s southeastern state of Chiapas in a “declaration of war” against the federal government. The group declares in a statement that it is protesting alleged discrimination against the region’s Indians and is calling for the resignation of Pres. Carlos Salinas de Gortari and fair elections. . . . British troops begin to withdraw from Belize.

The militia of renegade general Abdul Rashid Doestam, in alliance with nominal premier Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, launches an assault against government forces in Kabul, the Afghanistan capital, in an effort to oust Pres. Burhanuddin Rabbani. . . . A herd of about 50 elephants on a 125-mile (200-km) rampage is brought under control near Calcutta, India. It is reported to be the largest elephant herd to go on a rampage, and a dozen villages are evacuated by Indian authorities.

Government sources state that at least 24 rebels and five soldiers have been killed in a fierce gun battle in Chiapas, Mexico, in response to the Jan. 1 attack by the EZLN.

Figures show that Japan’s birth rate reached a record low of 9.6 births per 1,000 people in 1993.

At the Sabaneta prison in Maracaibo, Venezuela’s second-largest city, 400 Guajiro Indian inmates firebomb a cellblock holding non-Indians in a revenge attack. Most of the victims burn to death. A riot erupts after the attack. . . . In Mexico, reports state that rebels have kidnapped a former Chiapas governor, Absalon Castellanos Dominguez, and two members of his family. The army has moved tanks into the area of Ocosingo, one of the towns attacked on Jan. 1.

A meeting between India and Pakistan ends in a stalemate over the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir. The talks mark the first time India allows the Kashmir issue to formally enter talks. . . . Afghanistan government forces broaden their counterattack to the Jan. 1 assault. Fighting is reportedly heavy in Mazar-i-Sharif, the large northern town where General Abdul Rashid Doestam’s headquarters are based.

In Venezuela, the riot at the Maracaibo jail continues. With attention diverted to that melee, 40 prisoners at the Tocoron prison in Aragaua state carry out a jailbreak. Of the 40 escapees, 11 are shot dead and another nine recaptured. One national guardsman is also killed. . . . In Mexico, the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) abandons its position and withdraws to the region’s heavily wooded mountains, ending the Jan. 1 attack.

The Chinese official news agency reports that an eight-month-long corruption probe implicates 300,000 government officials in eastern Anhui province, one of the nation’s poorest regions. The officials have allegedly misused as much as $95 million since the 1950s. . . . The Afghanistan government begins bombing raids in an attempt to destabilize its rivals.

About 100 gunmen attack a Togolese army base in a failed assassination attempt on Pres. Gnassingbe Eyadema. At least 40 people are killed in the battle, including seven soldiers and three civilians. . . . The white-led South African Defense Force, the country’s official army, along with the armed wing of the ANC and black homeland armies, begin integrating their formal military and peacekeeping command councils.

Reports confirm that the death toll from the Jan. 3 riot at the Sabaneta prison in Maracaibo stands at 122, making it the deadliest prison riot ever to occur in Venezuela.

Police in Larkana, Pakistan, open fire on a crowd of supporters of Nusrat Bhutto, the former leader of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and the mother of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto At least one demonstrator is killed, and several others are wounded. . . . Afghanistan government troops take the Kabul airport from Gen. Doestam’s militia.

Reports indicate that Lt. Gen. Aboo Samah Aboo Bakar of Malaysia has been named commander of the UN mission in Somalia, replacing Lt. Gen. Cevik Bir of Turkey.

The death toll from the fighting that started Jan. 1 in Mexico stands at 96. According to military sources, 61 rebels and 35 soldiers, police officers, and civilians have been slain.

The Cambodian government dispatches more than 1,000 soldiers in its largest offensive against Khmer Rouge rebel force since elections were held in May 1993. The attack targets the rebel-controlled Anlong Veng munitions base in northwestern Cambodia.

Three gunmen assault a compound used by the UN World Food Program in the southern city of Baidoa in Somalia. The attack leaves one Somali guard dead and seriously wounds a Somali driver.

A Tu-154 airliner crashes and explodes 12 minutes after takeoff from the Siberian city of Irkutsk en route to Moscow, killing as many as 125 people. The dead include all aboard and reportedly one on the ground. . . . Data shows that foreigners invested a record $2.2 billion in Hungary in 1993 compared with inflows of $1.7 billion in 1992.

Middle East Watch accuses the Algerian government and militant fundamentalists of entrenching the nation in a “virtual civil war in which the rights of no one are inviolate and the democratic process has been all but abandoned.”. . . Two United Nations relief organizations, the UN Development Program and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, evacuate their offices following a string of attacks on humanitarian agencies throughout Somalia.

Britain expels Sudan’s ambassador, Ali Osman Yassin, following Sudan’s refusal to reconsider its order to Britain’s ambassador to leave the country. . . . Tajikistan announces it will cease using the Soviet-era rubles and use the Russian ruble as its currency beginning Jan. 8. The switch makes Tajikistan the only former Soviet republic to share the ruble with Russia. . . . Bosnian government figures show that 141,065 people have been killed and 160,000 wounded in the 21-monthold civil war.

Jan. 4

Jan. 5

The Americas

Reports indicate that in late December 1993 Russian police arrested Aleksandr Barkashov, the last ringleader wanted in connection with an October 1993 rebellion and siege by parliamentarians opposed to Pres. Boris Yeltsin. . . . Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, 81, French financier and director of the International Monetary Fund, 1963–73, dies in Geneva, Switzerland.

Jan. 2

Jan. 3

Africa & the Middle East

Data shows that average healthcare costs among the 24 countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development increased to 7.8% of gross domestic product in 1990, from 3.9% in 1960.

Russia and Belarus sign an agreement in principle that merges the two countries’ economies. . . . The death of former Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia, 54, is reported, but accounts differ about the place and circumstances of his demise. . . . The Bank of France formally becomes independent from the government. . . . Anzor Sharmaidze, 21, confesses to killing U.S. citizen Fred Woodruff, a CIA agent shot in a car with the Georgian presidential security chief in August 1993.

Jan. 6

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 1–6, 1994—555

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Cesar Romero, 86, actor best known as the Joker on the 1960s TV Batman series, dies in Santa Monica, California, of complications related to a blood clot. . . . Microsoft Corp. chair and cofounder William Gates, who is said to be the U.S.’s wealthiest bachelor, marries Melinda French.

Dixy Lee Ray (born Margaret Ray), 79, governor of Washington State, 1977–81, dies on Fox Island, Washington, after suffering from a severe bronchial condition.

William Morris, 80, publishing executive and editor of the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 1964–71, dies in Columbus, Ohio, of congestive heart failure.

Reports confirm that archaeologists have discovered what is believed to be the world’s oldest tin mine, dating back to the Bronze Age (3000 B.C.–1100 B.C.), and the skeletal remains of children who apparently worked in the mine’s network of shafts and tunnels. The mine is located at Kestel, about 60 miles (100 km) north of Tarsus, Turkey.

The CDC and the HHS announce a new radio and TV ad campaign that seeks to prevent the spread of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases by promoting the use of condoms. The plan sparks controversy, even though the ads will urge sexual abstinence. . . . . Reports state that Utah will refuse to pay for abortions in cases other than to save a woman’s life.

Pres. Clinton makes his first visit to the Langley, Virginia, headquarters of the CIA since his election. He pays tribute to CIA agents and workers killed in the line of duty since the agency’s creation in 1947, and he tells a group of 400 CIA workers, “In many ways, you helped win the cold war.”

The U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke approves $4.5 million for three institutions to measure the success of implanting fetal tissue into brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease. The grant is the first given for research utilizing fetal tissue since Pres. Clinton ended a five-year ban on federal financing of practices that use cells from aborted fetuses.

The Indiana Court of Appeals rules that Francine Todd’s written promise to Edward Straub that she would not seek child support if he fathered her daughter is nonbinding. . . . Thomas Phillip (Tip) O’Neill Jr., 81, Democratic congressman from Massachusetts, 1952–87, who was Speaker of the House of Representatives, 1977–87, dies in Boston, Massachusetts, of cardiac arrest.

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Virginia, clears the way for Shannon Faulkner to enter the all-male Citadel military college in Charleston, South Carolina, by denying the Citadel’s request for a rehearing of the court’s order requiring the college to admit women. . . . Warren Zimmermann, 59, head of refugee programs at the U.S. State Department, announces his resignation, effective in February.

An independent investigatory committee cannot provide conclusive evidence to explain why the Mars Observer spacecraft lost contact with command centers just three days before it was to enter the planet’s orbit following its 11month, 450-million-mile trek from Earth. Circumstantial evidence suggests an explosion caused the problem. . . . Two studies find that older patients who undergo kidney dialysis have bleak chances for long-term survival.

Keith Eugene Wells, 31, convicted of fatally beating two people with a baseball bat in a Boise, Idaho, bar in 1990, becomes the first person executed in Idaho since 1957. He is the 227th person executed in the U.S. since 1976. . . . Jeffrey David Powell, wanted for assaulting a police lieutenant during a Vietnam War protest in October 1969, surrenders in Chicago. . . . Virginia Kelley, Pres. Clinton’s mother, dies in her sleep in Hot Springs, Arkansas, after suffering from breast cancer. The president cancels a foreign-policy address in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Eighty-four U.S. troops join Vietnamese and Laotian personnel in the largest search effort for the remains of U.S. MIAs in Vietnam since the war ended. . . . The U.S. Commerce Department announces that it will comply with a December 1993 ruling and eliminate tariffs imposed in 1992 on all imports to the U.S. of softwood lumber from Canada.

A survey finds that the governments of 45 states reported themselves to be in good financial condition after the first half of fiscal 1993. Only 25 states had made such claims in a similar survey released a year earlier. Another survey discloses that 62% of municipal officials polled described overall economic conditions in their cities as “good” or “very good,” and 23% stated their communities’ economic conditions worsened in 1993, down from about 50% who reported a decline in 1992.

The National Society of Film Critics select the Holocaust drama Schindler’s List, directed by Steven Spielberg, as the best film of 1993. . . . Figures suggest the Dec. 31 and Jan. 1 concerts by Barbra Streisand, her first performances in 20 years, set a $12 million U.S. record for a pop concert gross.

Jan. 1

Jan. 2

Jan. 3

Jan. 4

Jan. 5

Nancy Kerrigan, the favorite to win the women’s U.S. Figure Skating Championship, is assaulted at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan. The attack garners much publicity. In men’s figure skating, Scott Davis, 21, wins the U.S. men’s title and Brian Boitano, 30, finishes second.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 6

556—January 7–12, 1994

World Affairs

Europe

Jan. 7

Jan. 8

U.S. president Clinton arrives in Brussels, Belgium, on the first stop of his first European tour as president.

Jan. 9

Jan. 10

Jan. 11

At a summit meeting in Brussels, Belgium, NATO issues formal invitations to the Eastern European countries, including nuclear powers Russia and Ukraine, to join a “partnership for peace.” . . . UN secretary general Boutros BoutrosGhali recommends that 16,000 UN troops be retained in Somalia after a Mar. 31 deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. forces.

A summit meeting in Brussels closes after NATO endorses a previously developed proposal to offer all former members of the Warsaw Pact limited association with NATO as a means of enhancing European security. The alliance also threatens to use air strikes against Bosnian Serbs to keep open supply lines to the besieged Bosnian capital, Sarajevo.

Both houses of Russia’s new parliament, operating under the first post-Soviet constitution, hold opening sessions.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Israel allows the early release of 101 Palestinian prisoners in a gesture of goodwill to Palestinian supporters of the peace process.

Paulo Cesar Farias, the alleged mastermind of a kickback scheme that prompted the ouster of Brazilian president Fernando Collor de Mello in 1992, is sentenced by a court in Brasilia to a four-year prison term for tax evasion. Farias also awaits trial on nine other charges. . . . A barge runs into a reef about 500 yards off the shore of San Juan, Puerto Rico, spilling nearly half of the 1.5 million gallons (5.7 million liters) of heating oil it was transporting.

Phoumi Vongvichit, 84, Laotian communist leader who served in several high-ranking government positions, including deputy prime minister and acting president, until he retired in 1991, dies of heart disease.

Reports state that Iraq’s health ministry claims that UN sanctions imposed in 1990 have resulted in the deaths of nearly 400,000 Iraqis. The dead include 140,000 children under the age of five.

Fighting related to the EZLN, which staged the Jan. 1 attack, continues in Chiapas. Several bombs and grenades explode in Mexico City, Acapulco, and other areas.

The warring factions in Kabul, Afghanistan, honor a Pakistan-brokered cease-fire, enabling some of the wounded to reach hospitals. The cease-fire also allows foreign diplomats and thousands of civilians to seek refuge outside the capital.

Abdul Shariff, 31, a South African journalist, is killed in Katlehong, a black township, when gunmen open fire on a delegation that includes two ANC leaders. . . . Col. Steve Rausch, a U.S. military spokesman, states that marine snipers who fired at a man cradling a machine gun shot and killed a pregnant woman, Halima Khalif Ibrahim, 30, in Mogadishu, Somalia . . . . Gunmen believed to be Islamic militants kill an unreported number of people in Algeria. Syria reverses its position and endorses the September 1993 Israel-PLO accord.

The Guatemalan government and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union, an umbrella organization of three leftist militias, reaches a breakthrough accord that establishes a negotiating framework for ending the nation’s 33-year-old civil war. . . . The Zapatistas claim responsibility for one of the Mexico City bombs that exploded Jan. 8, and Procup-PDLP, an urban guerrilla group, states that it set off several of the other explosions to express solidarity with the EZLN.

Renewed fighting in Afghanistan ends a cease-fire that began Jan. 8.

About 20 gunmen ambush an Algerian government convoy, killing Mohammed Bellal, the governor of Algeria’s Tissemsilt province, and 18 others. In a separate attack, gunmen believed to be Islamic militants kill other people. This attack and the Jan. 9 murders leave a total of 15 people dead, including four policemen and three members of the former ruling party of Algeria.

The Nova Scotia government discloses that it has revoked the lease on the Westray coal mine in Plymouth, Nova Scotia, site of an underground explosion that killed 26 miners in 1992.

Thailand’s cabinet approves banking reforms that mark the first step in Thailand’s effort to open up its banking system to foreign competition.

In Mexico, Pres. Carlos Salinas de Gortari declares a unilateral ceasefire in response to the violence that erupted Jan. 1. . . . Colombian military officials acknowledge that the 250 U.S. troops previously said to be on a “humanitarian mission” are in fact helping the Colombian government track guerrillas and drug traffickers.

The fighting in Afghanistan has reportedly taken the lives of more than 400 people and wounded some 4,500 others.

Reports state that Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan signed an agreement to create a single economic zone, beginning in February. . . . Reports reveal that Latvia and Lithuania have agreed to jointly build an oil terminal at the Baltic Sea port of Liepaja, Latvia, 30 miles (50 km) from the Lithuanian border . . . . Britain’s Home Office announces that it will restrict the use of restraining devices in its handling of deportees. The action follows the 1993 death of Joy Gardner, who died of suffocation after being restrained and gagged.

Jan. 12

A series of bush fires that has been ravaging cities along the 750-mile (1,200-km) eastern coastline of the Australian state of New South Wales peaks when the number of fires reaches 155. The fires are described as the country’s most widespread blazes in 200 years.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 7–12, 1994—557

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Rep. Glenn English (D, Okla.) leaves office to take a senior position with the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, a lobbying group. . . . William Polley, a Superior Court judge in Sonora, California, sentences Ellie Nesler, convicted in the April 1993 courtroom slaying of Daniel Driver, a man accused of molesting her son, to a total of 10 years in prison.

The full U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit sets aside a November 1993 ruling that struck down old Defense Department rules banning homosexuals from serving in the military. The court states that it will reconsider the case of Joseph C. Steffan, a midshipman who in 1987 disclosed that he was a homosexual and was forced to leave the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, before his graduation.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Judge Michael Hoff sentences pop singer Rick James to five years and four months in prison for two separate attacks on women. . . . Data shows a record 375,000–400,000 people subscribed to radio personality Howard Stern’s pay-per-view special, “Miss Howard Stern New Year’s Eve Pageant.”

The funeral of Virginia Kelley, Pres. Clinton’s mother, is attended by nearly 3,000 mourners, including Vice Pres. Al Gore, White House Chief of Staff Thomas McLarty, Associate Atty. Gen. Webster Hubbell, television producer Harry Thomason, and singer and actress Barbra Streisand.

A study finds that heart attack or stroke survivors who take small regular doses of aspirin can prevent recurring heart complications.

Officials from the U.S. and Abu Dhabi reach agreement on an accord that grants access to U.S. investigators to crucial files currently stored in Abu Dhabi detailing the operations of the corruptionridden BCCI. In return, all BCCIrelated criminal and civil charges filed in the U.S. against Abu Dhabi and its ruler, Sheik Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahayan, are dropped.

Tonya Harding wins the women’s U.S. Figure Skating Championship. The U.S. Figure Skating Association selects Nancy Kerrigan, injured Jan. 6, to join Harding to fill the two spots on the Olympic team. . . . Harvey Haddix, 68, baseball pitcher named to the All Star team three times, dies in Springfield, Ohio, of emphysema.

Sen. Daniel Moynihan (D, N.Y.) becomes the first Democrat to back a special probe to investigate possible wrongdoing by Pres. Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton in relation to the Whitewater scandal.

About 2,000 mourners, including 100 current and former members of Congress, attend the funeral of former House speaker Thomas (Tip) O’Neill. . . . The Alaska state Senate unanimously censures Sen. George Jacko (D) for violating ethics laws in several instances of sexual harassment. . . . Leonard Wishart resigns as professional administrator of the House after complaining that lawmakers, whom he does not identify, obstructed his efforts to shield hiring and promotion practices from political influence. White House officials announce that J. Veronica Biggins, an executive vice president of NationsBank Corp., will become the White House director of presidential personnel.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Members of the local United Auto Workers union at a General Motors plant in Shreveport, Louisiana, start a job action. . . . In Ratzlaf v. U.S., the Supreme Court overturns, 5-4, the conviction of a couple found guilty of violating banking regulations. The high court’s ruling effectively limits legislation imposed to track bank transactions of drug dealers, tax evaders, and others who deposit and withdraw money used for illegal purposes.

Jan. 7

Jan. 8

Jan. 9

A survey concludes that Americans over 50 are six times less likely to use condoms and five times less likely to get tested for HIV. . . . Scientists at Cray Research Inc. of Eagan, Minnesota, announce that they have discovered a 258,716-digit prime number, the largest to date.

Charles Stoneham (Chub) Feeney, 72, baseball executive who was president of baseball’s National League, 1970–86, dies in San Francisco, California, after suffering two heart attacks.

Thomas Lambros, a U.S. District Court judge in Cleveland, Ohio, rules that USAir Group acted negligently in a 1992 crash that killed 27 passengers and crew and injured 24 at La Guardia Airport in New York City. . . . The FDA for the first time in a decade approves the sale of a new over-the-counter pain reliever, naproxen sodium.

A financial officer for the Roman Catholic Church tells a council of archdiocesan priests that the church spent $2.8 million in fiscal 1993 on legal costs related to sexabuse lawsuits involving clergy.

Pres. Clinton asks Atty. Gen. Janet Reno to name a special prosecutor to examine his real-estate and financial dealings with James McDougal. The request comes in the face of growing public and congressional pressure. . . . Federal and New Jersey state prosecutors announce they have found no evidence to support allegations that the New Jersey Republican Party bribed black ministers and Democratic Party workers in an effort to curb black voter turnout in the state’s 1993 gubernatorial elections.

Pitcher Steve Carlton is elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. . . . Figures suggest that advertising pages in U.S. magazines in all of 1993 totaled 167,917.6 pages, a 1.2% increase over total 1992 pages, compared with a 2.4% rise in 1992 from 1991.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 10

Jan. 11

Jan. 12

558—January 13–18, 1994

World Affairs

Jan. 17

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The Burundian parliament elects Cyprien Ntaryamira as president to replace Melchior Ndadaye, Burundi’s first democratically elected president who was slain in a failed military coup in October 1993.

Mexico’s peace commissioner for Chiapas, Manuel Camacho Solis, extends political recognition to the EZLN, fulfilling another of the rebels’ demands. . . . Rough waves cause the barge that ran into a reef off the shore of San Juan, Puerto Rico, on Jan. 7 to spill another 168,000 gallens of oil. . . . The reputed kingpin of Peru’s drug-trafficking network, Demetrio Limoniel Chavez, is deported by Colombian authorities to Peru.

Officials state that the blazes in Australia, which have burned some 1.9 million acres (770,000 hectares) of land, claimed four lives, and forced the evacuation of 20,000 people, are largely under control or contained. . . . Reports state that Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara has been appointed president by Fiji’s Great Council of Chiefs.

U.S. president Clinton, Russian president Yeltsin and Ukraine president Kravchuk sign an agreement to dismantle Ukraine’s nuclear arsenal.

Five Palestinians and one Israeli die in clashes in the occupied territories, marking the bloodiest day of conflict since the signing of the September 1993 accord. . . . Rival army factions in Lesotho engage in sporadic battles in the streets of the capital, Maseru. . . . Reports indicate that Yemeni tribesmen have freed Canadian George Hawkins and Briton Peter Jackson after holding them hostage for 11 days.

In the first officially approved fuel shipment to arrive in Haiti since the UN reimposed an oil embargo in October 1993, about 400,000 gallons (1.5 million liters) of UN-authorized fuel for humanitarian use is unloaded at Port-au-Prince.

Reports state that China has released Gendum Rinchen and Lobsang Yonten, two prominent Tibetan dissidents who were arrested following antigovernment riots in Lhasa, Tibet’s capital, in May 1993.

Turkmenistan’s President Saparmurad A. Niyazov wins an overwhelming endorsement of his leadership in a nationwide referendum, which extends his mandate by five years to the year 2002 and bypasses a constitutional requirement for the reelection of a president every five years.

Reports disclose that the pro-Iranian Hezbollah (Party of God) has suspended military actions against Israeli forces in southern Lebanon, following a meeting between Hezbollah and Syrian officials in Damascus. . . . South African foreign affairs minister Roelof F. Botha flies to Lesotho in an effort to mediate disputes that started Jan. 14 between the rival army factions.

The Haitian military ignores a deadline to signal a readiness to restore democracy. . . . In an effort to staunch the flow of oil into the ocean, the Coast Guard tows the barge that crashed Jan. 7 to sea and sinks it into the Puerto Rican Trench, a deep undersea canyon about 50 miles (80 km) north of the island.

After a summit between Syrian president Hafez al-Assad and U.S. president Bill Clinton in Geneva, Assad for the first time publicly signals his country’s readiness to negotiate a wide-ranging peace treaty with Israel in conjunction with Israel’s return of the Golan Heights to Syrian sovereignty.

In response to a recent ruling by France’s Constitutional Council that overturns a 1993 law allowing for increased government aid to private schools, 250,000–300,000 people march in protest. The rally is the largest demonstration in France since education protests in the mid1980s.

Two major clans in Mogadishu, Somalia’s capital, reach a peace accord after secret talks. . . . Rev. Mehdi Dibaj, an Assemblies of God minister allegedly sentenced to death because of his conversion from Islam, is released after nine years in prison. Iran denies that a death sentence was imposed. . . . Three Muslim fundamentalists belonging to the outlawed Islamic Liberation party are sentenced to death by a Jordanian military tribunal for plotting in 1993 to assassinate Jordan’s King Hussein.

In Colombia, FARC abducts two U.S. missionaries, Stephen Welch and Timothy Van Dyke, to protest the presence of U.S. soldiers involved in constructing a military base and training Colombian troops in antiguerrilla maneuvers. Separately, the ELN blows up the stateowned Cano Limon-Covenas oil pipeline, Colombia’s longest line. A spokesperson estimates that 5,000 barrels of oil is lost in the incident.

Reports indicate that UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali has fired the highest-ranking U.S. official working at the UN, Melissa Wells, who served as the undersecretary general for administration and management for 10 months.

In Germany, Silvio Eschrich, 21, is sentenced to 32 months in prison and Tino Voelkel, 16, receives a 12month sentence for their attack on Duncan Kennedy, a U.S. luger beaten by the neo-Nazi skinheads in October 1993. . . . Yevgeni E. Ivanov, 68, ex-intelligence officer for the former Soviet Union, dies in Moscow of unreported causes.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to send 1,800 UN observers to South Africa to monitor the country’s April elections.

Jan. 15

Jan. 16

Africa & the Middle East

Italian premier Carlo Azeglio Ciampi tenders his resignation. . . . Data suggests that attacks on foreigners in Germany fell 42% in 1993. . . . Georgia and Abkhazia call for the deployment of UN peacekeeping troops to police a cease-fire. . . . Johan Jorgen Holst, 56, foreign minister of Norway who facilitated the Sept. 1993 Palestinian self-rule agreement, dies in Oslo after suffering a stroke. . . . Herve Alphand, 86, French diplomat, dies in Paris.

Jan. 13

Jan. 14

Europe

The Venezuelan government assumes control of Banco Latino, the nation’s second-largest commercial bank, to save it from liquidation. . . . Colombia’s finance minister, Rudolf Hommes, emerges unhurt from an apparent assassination attempt after a remote-controlled bomb explodes near his armor-plated car. No deaths are reported. The leftist ELN claims it targeted Hommes to protest unemployment in Colombia. Lt. Gen. Aboo Samah Aboo Bakar of Malaysia replaces Lt. Gen. Cevik Bir of Turkey as the commander of UN forces in Somalia. Separately, UN peacekeeping forces release eight Somali detainees loyal to factional leader Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid in an effort to advance prospects for political stabilization in Somalia.

Jan. 18

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 13–18, 1994—559

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The publicized case of Erik Menendez, who is accused with brother Lyle of the 1989 fatal shootings of their parents, ends in a mistrial. . . . To partly fulfill a 1980 federal desegregation order, four black families move into a formerly all-white public housing complex in Vidor, Texas. . . . District Court judge William Matthew Byrne sentences Christopher Fisher, leader of the Fourth Reich Skinheads, to eight years and one month in prison.

Defense Secretary Les Aspin announces that risk alone will not be a sufficient criterion to exclude women from certain ground combat support roles in the armed forces. The change is expected to open as many as 15,000–20,000 positions to women in the military, including the reserves.

NASA confirms that repairs performed in December 1993 on the Hubble Space Telescope were successful. . . . A Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus train derails near Lakeland, Florida, killing two circus entertainers and injuring 15 other employees. . . . A study finds that premenopausal women who breast-feed their children are at less risk of developing breast cancer than women who do not nurse.

The U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, overturns a May 1993 decision to stay the implementation of the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act.

Operation Ill Wind, a seven-yearold military procurement scandal investigation, ends when a unit of Litton Industries Inc. pleads guilty to charges of conspiracy, wire fraud, and illegal conversion of government property, and it agrees to pay $3.9 million in fines, civil claims, and prosecution costs. . . . The Justice Department announces that Target Rock Corp. has agreed to pay $17.5 million to settle a civil suit alleging it overcharged the navy on contracts for parts for nuclear-powered vessels.

Reports confirm that in 1992 researchers unearthed the fossil remains of a 50-million-year-old mammal that they believe may be an ancestor of modern whales. The fossils, which are the most complete skeleton of an ancestral whale ever found, were discovered in an ancient seabed in the Kala Chitta Hills of northern Pakistan. Researchers have named the creature Ambulocetus natans. . . . A cold snap begins in states in the Northeast and Midwest and as far south as Alabama.

Reports confirm that Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R, Tex.) will go to trial in February on charges that she used state employees and equipment for her own political purposes during her Senate campaign.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Flo-Sun Inc., a Florida sugar company, signs an agreement with the U.S. government and the state of Florida in which it pledges to participate in efforts to clean up the Everglades region, which includes Everglades National Park, Florida Bay, and other ecosystems and is the world’s biggest freshwater marsh.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Jan. 13

Eugene Lipman, 74, rabbi who was a leader of the reform Judaism movement in the U.S. and founded the Washington Interfaith Conference, dies in Bethesda, Maryland, of brain cancer.

Harry Nilsson (born Harry E. Nelson III), 52, popular singer and songwriter who won Grammy awards in 1969 and 1973, dies in Agoura Hills, California, of heart disease.

Jan. 14

Jan. 15

Jan. 16

Members of the local United Auto Workers union at a General Motors plant in Shreveport, Louisiana, ratify a three-year contract, ending a strike that started Jan. 11.

Lawrence Walsh, the independent prosecutor who conducted a 61⁄2year investigation into the Iran-contra arms scandal, releases his final report, which criticizes former presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush for their roles in events related to the scandal but finds no credible evidence of criminal activity by either man. . . . Supreme Court chief justice William Rehnquist lifts his stay on Shannon Faulkner’s admission into the all-male Citadel.

A powerful earthquake strikes Los Angeles, leveling buildings and collapsing freeway overpasses. It measures 6.6 on the Richter scale and has an epicenter in the Northridge section of Los Angeles, about 20 miles (30 km) northwest of downtown. The quake leaves 680,000 people without electricity and 200,000 without running water. California governor Pete Wilson and Los Angeles mayor Richard J. Riordan both declare a state of emergency.

Fred Snowden, 57, the first black head coach to lead a major college basketball team, dies in Washington, D.C., after suffering a heart attack. . . . Helen Stephens, 75, sprinter who won two gold medals at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, dies in St. Louis, Missouri, after suffering a stroke.

Reports reveal that the Jan. 17 quake in Los Angeles caused the collapse of three major overpasses, and officials estimate that repairs will take from one year to 18 months to complete. Reports state that 2,000 National Guard troops have been mobilized to maintain order and prevent looting.

Jan. 17

Jan. 18

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

560—January 19–24, 1994

World Affairs

Jan. 19

Jan. 20

Jan. 21

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Serbia and Croatia sign a bilateral accord that provides for the restoration of transport and communications links between the two republics. . . . . The Russian ruble’s value against the U.S. dollar plunges to a record low 1,607 rubles per dollar on Moscow’s interbank currency exchange.

Ten Palestinian groups opposed to the September 1993 Israeli-PLO accord formally organize themselves into a coalition known as the Alliance of Palestinian Forces.

In Brazil, Cesar Maia, the mayor of Rio de Janeiro, bans the sale and manufacture of guns and ammunition in the city in an effort to curb gun-related violence.

U.S. Treasury Secretary Lloyd M. Bentsen becomes the highestranking U.S. official to visit China since 1991.

The Marine Accident Investigation Branch of Britain’s Department of Transport releases a report on its investigation into the 1993 wreck of the Braer tanker and the ship’s subsequent oil spill in the Shetland Islands, 100 miles (160 km) north of Scotland. The report holds the captain of the ship, Alexandros Gelis, responsible for the accident.

Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga, 82, Kenyan political leader who, in 1963, helped Kenya gain independence from Great Britain and in 1991 founded the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy, dies in Kisumu, Kenya, after suffering a heart attack. . . . Representatives of black townships agree that organizations and black community residents will resume rent and tax payments discontinued 10 years, if the government, in exchange, will restart its services to townships and will improve electricity, water, sewage, and garbage-collection systems.

Reports reveal that, in Argentina, officials at the Senasa animalhealth service were fired by the agriculture department for failing to prevent foot-and-mouth disease from spreading to the southern Patagonia region from the north of the country. Senasa since December 1993 has ordered the killing of 9,000 infected sheep and cattle to stem Patagonia’s worst outbreak of the disease in two decades.

India’s cabinet decides to lift the ban on foreign investments in construction projects.

Major Basil al-Assad, 33, the eldest son of Syrian president Hafez alAssad who was being groomed as his father’s possible successor, dies in a traffic accident on the outskirts of Damascus.

A special investigative committee of Brazil’s Congress recommends the expulsion of 18 fellow lawmakers for alleged involvement in a multimillion-dollar kickback scheme. . . . The Mexican congress passes an amnesty law applicable to combatants on both sides of the conflict started Jan. 1 by the EZLN. Separately, 1,500 farmers protest in Ocosingo, claiming that the government has failed to protect them from rebel violence.

Japan’s finance ministry reports that Japan’s 1993 merchandise trade surplus reached a record $120.4 billion, a 13% increase over the revised 1992 surplus of $106.62 billion.

At least two soldiers are killed and four civilians are wounded in artillery and mortar attacks in Lesotho as the fighting that started Jan. 14 peaks.

Reports state that the Mexican government has opened a dialogue with about 120 nonguerrilla peasant organizations concerning possible reforms to improve the condition of Indians. . . . In Colombia, gunmen thought to be members of the leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) attack political rivals assembled at an outdoor gathering, killing 35 persons.

Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto issues an order calling for the country’s workers to strike to show Pakistan’s support for Muslim separatists fighting against Indian rule in the territory of Jammu and Kashmir. At the India-Pakistan border in the Punjab region, 20,000 Pakistani people attend a rally.

Europe

Reports indicate that Kazakhstan has been accepted as a member of the Asian Development Bank, which will treat Kazakhstan as a test case of the shift toward market mechanisms from central economic control.

Jean-Louis Barrault, 83, French film and theater actor and director, dies in Paris of an apparent heart attack.

Jan. 22

Marshal Nikolai V. Ogarkov, 76, military leader and international spokesman for Soviet foreign policy, dies of unreported causes. . . . Brian Redhead, 64, who spent 18 years hosting the BBC’s daily morning talk show, “Today,” dies in Macclesfield, England, after undergoing surgery for an abdominal abscess.

Jan. 23

About 60 Muslim fundamentalists are released from Ain M’Guel, a desert prison camp in Algeria. . . . PLO chairman Yasser Arafat visits Saudi Arabia for the first time since his support for Iraq during the 1990–91 Persian Gulf crisis prompted the Saudis to suspend their substantial financial aid to the PLO.

Jan. 24

Britain’s Prince Charles visits Australia for the first time since 1988.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 19–24, 1994—561

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In Weiss v. U.S., the Supreme Court rules unanimously that the military judicial system is constitutional.

In Thunder Basin Coal Co. v. Reich, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that a coal-mining company lacked grounds for its request to issue an order preventing union officials from being present during a federal safety inspection in 1990. . . . The Federal Reserve Board reports that “economic activity continued to expand with signs of acceleration in some sectors.”

Pres. Clinton tours parts of Los Angeles hit by the Jan. 17 earthquake, and reports confirm that Clinton has declared the affected region a federal disaster area, making it eligible for federal disasterrelief funds.

The Vatican appoints Msgr. Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo as its first ambassador to Israel. . . . Elton John, Rod Stewart, Duane Eddy, John Lennon, Bob Marley, the Animals, the Band, and the Grateful Dead are indicted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

The Center for Reproductive Law and Policy files a complaint with the NIH against the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, claiming that the hospital has, since 1989, illegally tested pregnant women for drug use without their knowledge.

Shannon R. Faulkner, a woman who sued to be allowed to enroll in the all-male Citadel military college in Charleston, South Carolina, attends her first classes at the academy.

The Commerce Department reports that housing starts in 1993 totaled 1.29 million units, a 7.1% increase from the year-earlier level. The 1993 figure is the highest calendar-year total since 1989. . . . Atty. Gen. Janet Reno names Robert B. Fiske Jr. to head a special criminal inquiry into Whitewater Development Corp., a now-defunct real-estate venture that once involved Pres. Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton.

The federal government and private businesses in Washington, D.C., shut down when Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly (D) declares a state of emergency due to power shortages caused by record cold weather. Figures suggest that there have been 130 weather-related deaths nationwide since the Jan. 14 beginning of the cold snap. . . . The official death toll from the Jan. 17 earthquake in California stands at 51. Nearly 5,500 people have reportedly suffered quake-related injuries.

German fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld apologizes to Muslims for using passages from the Koran as patterns in three dresses in his collection for the Chanel fashion house. Lagerfield states he was told the passages were part of a love poem and was unaware that the text came from the Koran. . . . Kotashaan wins the Eclipse Award as the top male turf horse.

District Court judge Barbara Rothstein sentences the head of the American Front white supremacist group, Mark Kowaalski, to 11 years and eight months in prison for involvement in the bombing of a NAACP office in Tacoma, Washington. . . . A Prince William County Circuit Court jury in Manassas, Virginia, acquits Lorena Bobbitt by reason of temporary insanity for cutting off her husband’s penis in June 1993.

Reports indicate that the U.S. has released $40 million of the $104 million in Nicaraguan aid frozen in June 1993 as an acknowledgement of Nicaragua’s strides toward reducing the influence of the leftist Sandinista National Liberation Front and resolving U.S. compensation claims for expropriated property.

Federal judge Marcel Livaudais Jr. approves a settlement in a classaction suit brought by investors in limited partnerships sold by Prudential Securities Inc. in the 1980s. The settlement calls for Prudential to pay more than $90 million to 115,000 energy-partnership investors who claim to have been defrauded.

The Smithsonian Institution formally names Spencer Crew as director of its National Museum of American History. . . . Robert Kraft announces an agreement to purchase the New England Patriots for a reported $160 million, a record for a National Football League franchise.

Republican lawmakers and other GOP leaders close the winter meeting of the Republican National Committee in Washington, D.C., during which they advocated tough new measures to combat crime and accused Pres. Clinton of being “phony” in his endorsement of stronger crime laws.

Telly Savalas (born Aristotle Savalas), 70, actor best known for the TV series Kojak, dies in Universal City, California, of prostate cancer. . . . A Gallup poll finds that 59% of U.S. citizens state that religion is an important part of their lives. . . . At the Golden Globe Awards, Schindler’s List wins as Best Drama while Mrs. Doubtfire is named Best Musical or Comedy. Oliver Smith, 75, theater set designer who helped found the Ballet Theater Workshop and the Emerging Artists Laboratory, dies in New York City from emphysema. . . . David Leon Chandler, 56, journalist who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1962, dies in Denver, Colorado, of complications from diabetes.

In Albright v. Oliver, the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, the 14th Amendment cannot be invoked in lawsuits by victims of false arrests. . . . In The National Organization for Women v. Scheidler, the Supreme Court overturns two lower-court rulings when it finds unanimously that abortion-rights groups can use a federal antiracketeering law to sue antiabortion demonstrators who allegedly organized violent and criminal acts against abortion clinics. . . . The AMA launches an ad campaign against Pres. Clinton’s proposed health-care plan.

Pres. Clinton nominates Deputy Defense Secretary William Perry as defense secretary to succeed Les Aspin. . . . After a seven-month probe, the Navy Inspector General’s office discloses that over 80 third-year students at the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, cheated on a 1992 examination.

In ABF Freight System v. National Labor Relations Board, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that an employee who was wrongfully fired can receive back pay and reinstatement even if he or she lied during a later investigation of the circumstances of the dismissal. . . . . In Northwest Airlines Inc. v. Kent County, the Supreme Court rules, 71, against claims made by commercial airlines that landing fees imposed on them by airports violate a 1973 federal law regulating such charges.

New York City’s Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts names retired opera singer Beverly Sills as its new chairwoman, to succeed retiring chairman George Weissman.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 19

Jan. 20

Jan. 21

Jan. 22

Jan. 23

Jan. 24

562—January 25–30, 1994

World Affairs

Jan. 25

Jan. 26

Jan. 27

Europe

Amnesty International criticizes the UN for its failure to observe its own human-rights standards in some of its 17 worldwide peace-keeping operations. . . . GATT figures show that world trade expanded by less than 3% in 1993, from the yearearlier level. That compares with growth of 4% in 1992. . . . International negotiations on a comprehensive treaty to ban the testing of nuclear weapons begin in Geneva, Switzerland.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

In Lesotho, the government announces that warring army factions have agreed to end their fighting and join the government for talks to end the conflict started Jan. 14.

Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto opens the first police station with an all-female staff in Pakistan.

The IMF agrees to grant the Philippines a $683 million loan package and to lend Kazakhstan about $255 million. . . . Romania becomes the first country to sign NATO’s “partnership for peace” plan, under which the new democracies of Eastern Europe will collaborate with the Western alliance on peacekeeping duties and military exercises.

Boris Fyodorov resigns as Russia’s finance minister, charging that the recent appointment of a new cabinet unsympathetic to reform has resulted in an “economic coup” in Russia. Fyodorov’s deputy, Sergei Dubinin, is named acting finance minister. . . . The parliament of Belarus dismisses its liberal chairman, Stanislav S. Shushkevich, who is also the Belarusian head of state.

The former director of state police and prisons in Chiapas, Mexico, Ignacio Flores Montiel, is arrested for his alleged role in 26 kidnappings tied to land disputes. Flores was previously dismissed from his position for failing to institute preventative measures against the Zapatistas.

The International Monetary Fund approves a loan for Mauritania equivalent to some $23 million, in support of the government’s economic and financial program for 1994.

Reports state that Azerbaijan has postponed indefinitely joint plans with Turkey to build a $1.4 billion pipeline to carry oil from Azerbaijan to the Turkish port of Ceyhan. . . . Reports find that Kyrgyzstan has joined an economic union of former Soviet republics whose founder members are Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Carlos Roberto Reina of the centerright Liberal Party takes the oath of office as the president of Honduras. . . . Ten human-rights monitors of a joint UN-OAS team return to Haiti to reinstitute a mission suspended in October 1993.

Bosnian premier Haris Silajdzic states that 25,000–30,000 Croatian regulars are fighting in Bosnia alongside the main Bosnian Croat militia. Bosnia appeals to the UN Security Council for action to be taken against Croatia. . . . The parliament of Belarus elects a former communist, Mechislav Grib, 55, as its chairman and the Belarusian head of state.

The Haitian Chamber of Commerce and 14 other business-oriented organizations institute a work stoppage to prompt a negotiated end to the UN oil embargo against Haiti. . . . The Mexican government frees 38 prisoners held on charges of participating in the Jan. 1 rebellion, in the latest of several goodwill gestures toward the EZLN.

Jan. 28

Jan. 29

Jan. 30

Romania and Bulgaria sign an agreement that establishes guidelines for joint operations by the two countries’ armed forces.

Three Israeli soldiers are wounded in a grenade attack in Gaza. . . . Naeb Imran Maaytah, the first secretary of Jordan’s embassy in Beirut, is mortally wounded by a gunman.

Pro-Russian lawyer-politician Yuri A. Meskhov is elected as the first president of Crimea, an autonomous republic within Ukraine. . . . Kyrgyz president Askar Akayev wins a resounding vote of confidence in a nationwide referendum.

Purported Fatah militants claim responsibility for the Jan. 29 attack on Israeli soldiers. . . . Iranian authorities acknowledge the death of Bishop Haik Hovsepian Mehr, who disappeared over a week ago in Teheran. . . . Algeria’s military-dominated High Security Council appoints the defense minister, General Lamine Zeroual, as president, replacing the country’s collective presidency. . . . Bahjat Talhouni, 82, former prime minister of Jordan, 1958–70, dies of unreported causes.

Asia & the Pacific

At an Australia Day celebration in front of 20,000 people in Sydney’s Tumbalong Park, a student fires two blanks from a starter’s pistol at Prince Charles of Britain. The student, David Kang, is quickly subdued.

Reports confirm that Japan has agreed to provide Kazakhstan with assistance of $145 million.

Both houses of Japan’s Diet approve a political-reform package designed to limit corruption and restructure the electoral system.

Guatemalan voters overwhelmingly back a package of constitutional reforms that Pres. Ramiro de Leon Carpio sponsored as a means of combating rampant political corruption.

The Philippine government and the Muslim separatist Moro National Liberation Front sign a cease-fire agreement after 20 years of fighting in which more than 50,000 people have been killed. . . . Reports indicate that David Kang, who attacked Prince Charles on Jan. 26, staged the incident as a stunt to call attention to the issue of Cambodian refugees being detained in Australia, which currently number 97. . . . Human Rights Watch reports that Thai border guards and police have abducted more than 20,000 Burmese women and girls and forced them to work in brothels in Thailand.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 25–30, 1994—563

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Pres. Clinton gives his first State of the Union message to a joint session of Congress and a national TV audience. The president calls on Congress to unite behind a broad range of social-policy initiatives— including reforms of health care and welfare and tough federal crime laws—intended “to renew our own American community.” Senate minority leader Robert Dole (R, Kans.) delivers the Republican Party’s response to the State of the Union message.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Census Bureau finds that the median net worth of U.S. households declined by 12% between 1988 and 1991. . . Figures suggest that sales of existing homes in 1993 totaled 3.8 million, the highest level since 1979. . . . The Conference Board reports that its index of consumer confidence stood at 83.2 points in January, a 3.4 point increase from its revised December 1993 level.

An unmanned probe, Clementine 1, is launched into space from Vandenberg Air Force Base on the first U.S. lunar exploration mission since 1972. The seven-month mission is a joint military-scientific effort. . . . Classes resume in 759 of Los Angeles’s 835 schools, which had been closed since the Jan. 17 earthquake.

Joan Brady wins the Whitbread Book of the Year Award. . . . Pope John Paul II appoints Archbishop Justin Rigali, 58, to head the Roman Catholic archdiocese of St. Louis, Missouri. . . . Pop star Michael Jackson settles a suit, brought by a 14-year-old boy who accused the singer of sexually molesting him, for an undisclosed sum.

A study finds that drinking a glass of milk each day helps to counter osteoporosis, or bone loss, in women who are long-time coffee drinkers. . . . The AP reports that the death toll from the Jan. 17 earthquake in Los Angeles is at 61. More than 9,300 were injured.

Lejaren Hiller, 69, experimental composer who, with Leonard Isaacson, created the Illiac Suite for String Quartet, the first substantial musical work composed on a computer, dies in Buffalo, New York, of Alzheimer’s disease.

FEMA estimates that nearly 45,000 residences were damaged or destroyed in the Jan. 17 quake in Los Angeles.

Skater Tonya Harding admits that “some persons that were close to me may have been involved in the assault” on rival Nancy Kerrigan. . . . Claude Akins, 67, actor known for the TV series B.J. and the Bear, dies in Altadena, Calif., of cancer. . . . The Republican Party airs Rising Tide, a weekly TV program. It is the first regularly aired program produced by a U.S. political party.

Political extremist and five-time presidential candidate Lyndon H. LaRouche Jr. is released from a federal prison in Rochester, Minnesota, after serving five years in jail. LaRouche, 71, announces he intends to run for the presidency again in 1996.

First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton receives an award from AIDS Project Los Angeles. . . . Deputy Attorney General Philip B. Heymann submits his resignation to Pres. Clinton.

The Senate votes, 62-38, to pass an amendment to the State Department’s authorization bill that presses Pres. Clinton to lift the embargo on Vietnam “expeditiously.”

In a publicized case, New Jersey governor Christine Todd Whitman (R) grants clemency to a dog sentenced to death for injuring a girl, Brie Halfond, in late 1990. . . . The highly publicized trial of Lyle Menendez, accused of the 1989 fatal shootings of his parents, ends in a mistrial. A mistrial was declared in the case of his brother Erik on Jan. 13.

The Congressional Budget Office projects a federal budget deficit of $171 billion for fiscal 1995. That estimate is revised significantly downward from previous CBO forecasts. . . . The Commerce Department reports that durable-goods orders rose 8.6% in 1993, to $1.60 trillion, the strongest calendar-year gain since 1988.

The Commerce Department reports that U.S. gross domestic product grew at an inflation-adjusted annual rate of 5.9% in the fourth quarter of 1993, the most substantial quarterly improvement since the 1987 fourth quarter. . . . William Jaird Levitt, 86, developer whose company, Levitt & Sons, is credited with inventing the modern American suburb when it built the first “Levittown,” dies in Manhasset, N.Y., of kidney disease.

The National Governors’ Association opens its winter session in Washington, D.C.

Jan. 26

Jan. 27

Jan. 28

Three major aftershocks of the Jan. 17 earthquake, one measuring 5.0 on the Richter scale, strikes Los Angeles, damaging four freeway bridges and other structures.

Pres. Clinton overrules U.S. State Department officials and decides to allow Gerry Adams, the leader of the Sinn Fein political wing of the outlawed Provisional Irish Republican Army, to receive a 48-hour visa, prompting angry criticism from British officials.

Jan. 25

Figures suggest that orders for U.S.-made machine tools totaled $3.28 billion in 1993, a 32% increase from the year-earlier total and the industry’s most lucrative calendar year since 1988.

Steffi Graf wins her fourth straight Grand Slam title. . . . Austrian Ulrike Maier, a two-time world skiing champion, is killed during a World Cup race in Germany.

The Dallas Cowboys beat the Buffalo Bills, 30-13, in Super Bowl XXVIII at the Georgia Dome. During the football game, civil-rights leaders protest the use of the Confederate States of America insignia on Georgia’s flag. Separately, Dan Quayle appears in the first TV ad to feature a former vice president. . . . In tennis, Pete Sampras wins his third Grand Slam title. . . . Pierre Boulle, 81, French author known for his novel Planet of the Apes (1961), dies in Paris.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Jan. 29

Jan. 30

564—January 31–February 4, 1994

World Affairs

The 145-year-old Liceo Theater in Barcelona, Spain, is destroyed by fire. . . . The military command of the self-proclaimed Srpska Republic—comprising those parts of Bosnia under Serbian control— orders a general mobilization of Bosnian Serbs. Separately, U.S.financed Radio Free Europe begins to broadcast to the states of the former Yugoslavia in an effort to counter ethnic hatred and what RFE calls biased local reporting.

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Feb. 3

Feb. 4

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

A police raid on an Islamic Group hideout in Cairo, the Egyptian capital, leaves seven militants dead . . . . A gunman allegedly tries to assassinate Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani in Teheran, the Iranian capital.

Turkish premier Tansu Ciller and Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto visit Sarajevo to support the Bosnian government and to hold talks with Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic.

In an apparent act of retaliation to the Egyptian government’s Feb. 1 raid in Cairo, a state security official is shot to death in Asyut in central Egypt. . . . South African president F. W. de Klerk officially announces that the country’s first universal suffrage elections will be held in April. De Klerk is greeted at the World Trade Center, outside Johannesburg, by 3,000 predominantly white supporters of his National Party.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze sign a military treaty and a number of other cooperation agreements aimed at improving the strained relations between their countries. Georgian deputy defense minister Nika Kekelidze is killed in his home by a remotely detonated bomb only a few hours before Yeltsin arrives in Tbilisi to sign the agreements. . . . Striking fishermen in France begin a series of protests against inexpensive imports of fish.

The UN Security Council unanimously votes to reduce the UN peacekeeping role in Somalia to a maximum of 22,000 troops, mostly from Third World nations, which will no longer be responsible for disarming Somali factions that are blocking the distribution of relief aid.

Asia & the Pacific

Eight Somalis die and a dozen others are wounded when 22 U.S. Marines open fire in a crowded street in Mogadishu, the Somali capital. The marines claim they fired in self-defense.

UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali appoints Jose Ayala Lasso, a diplomat from Ecuador, to serve in the newly created post of UN high commissioner for human rights.

The World Court dismisses Libya’s claims on a strip of land in northern Chad, an area that has prompted violence repeatedly during the past two decades.

The Americas

At least nine Aristide backers are allegedly shot to death by security officials in an abandoned house in Port-au-Prince, the Haitian capital.

In Libreville, Gabon, 64 illegal immigrants from several West African countries are found dead in a police detention camp cell. . . . Reports indicate that Kuwait has ratified a 1979 accord “with reservations” that promotes equal treatment for women, including equal opportunities and pay in employment, mixed educational facilities, and protection against discrimination on maternity. . . . Israeli soldiers disguised as Palestinians kill Salim Muafi, a fugitive leader of the Fatah Hawks, a group affiliated with Al-Fatah. In Libreville, Gabon, 130 illegal immigrants are arrested. . . . Reports indicate that Sudan’s government has launched a ground and air offensive against the rebel SPLA. In another incident, 19 people are killed and at least 15 are wounded when gunmen fire on worshipers leaving a mosque in Omdurman. . . . In Cairo, presumed militants of Al-Jihad shoot to death Sayyed Ahmed Yahya, a witness in a trial regarding the assassination attempt against Premier Sedki.

In Haiti, Bernard Sansaricq, an opponent of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, becomes the new Senate speaker, but he is not expected to receive international recognition because of the disputed nature of his election.

The nine sultans who rule Malaysia choose Sultan Jaafar bin Abdul Rahman as the 10th king of the country, succeeding Azlan Shah.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

January 31–February 4, 1994—565

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The National Governors’ Association issues a bipartisan “Call to Action” on health care that calls for large-scale reforms of the existing insurance system but differs significantly from specific reform proposals put forward by Pres. Clinton.

Gerry Adams, the leader of the Sinn Fein political wing of the outlawed Provisional IRA, visits New York City after receiving the controversial visa issued Jan. 30, and he appears on several major U.S. news and interview programs

The Office of Thrift Supervision imposes a temporary moratorium on all sales and purchases of mutual savings and loans associations and savings banks that it regulates.

Talk America Radio Network debuts a show hosted by former California governor Edmund (Jerry) Brown. . . . Disclosure by Michael Crichton tops the bestseller list. . . . Data shows that a record 134.8 million people watched at least part of the Super Bowl telecast on Jan. 30.

Oregon becomes the first state in the U.S. to extend Medicaid coverage to nearly all residents below the poverty line. . . . Police officers in Chicago find 19 children, who range in age from infancy to 14, living in a squalid, two-bedroom apartment. . . . Data shows that the U.S. is experiencing its worst and longest blood-supply shortage since World War II. . . . Pres. Clinton names Deval Patrick to be assistant attorney general in charge of the Justice Department’s civil-rights division.

The U.S. State Department releases its annual human-rights report, a 3,000-page survey that examines conditions during 1993 in 193 countries worldwide. The report is especially critical of conditions in China. . . . The U.S. administration approves a $250 million sale that will send 36 U.S.-made Skyhawk fighter bombers to Argentina. . . . The U.S. administration approves U.S. imports of an Israeli space-launch vehicle and Israeliproduced equipment that was previously off-limits.

The Ozone Transport Commission, a committee comprising the governors of 12 northeastern states and the mayor of the District of Columbia, votes, 9-4, to ask the EPA to impose a strict program of regulation governing automobile emissions in their regions. . . . David Mullins, the Federal Reserve Board’s vice chairman, resigns effective Feb. 14.

Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty to a charge of racketeering in connection with organizing the attack on skater Nancy Kerrigan on Jan. 6 and is to be sentenced to two years in jail. . . . American Heritage magazine contains what is purported to be the earliest known photograph of Pres. Abraham Lincoln, which is estimated to have been taken in 1843.

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund finds that a total of 228 prisoners have been executed since 1976. In 1993, 38 people were executed, up from 31 prisoners in 1992 and 14 people in 1991. There are currently more than 2,800 jail inmates facing death sentences. . . . The Business Roundtable, an organization comprising the chief executives of about 200 of the largest U.S. companies, votes to endorse a healthcare reform bill opposed by the Clinton administration.

Pres. Clinton approves $12 million in U.S. aid to Somalia in an effort to reestablish policing units there that eventually will be responsible for the nation’s security after the U.S. planned withdrawal. . . . The U.S. Justice Department states that it found no evidence of any wrongdoing by Commerce Secretary Ronald Brown, accused of accepting a $700,000 bribe from Vietnamese government officials in return for his aid in bringing the U.S. embargo on trade with Vietnam to an end.

The Commerce Department and HUD reveal that new-home sales surged 11.4% in December 1993 from the previous month, to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 862,000. The December increase brings new-home sales to their highest monthly annual rate since March 1986.

Two studies conclude that cigarette smoking increases both men’s and women’s risk of developing colon cancer. . . . A seven-year study finds that the use of permanent hair dyes does not increase women’s risk of cancer.

Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan denounces Khallid Abdul Muhammad and removes him from his position as senior aide for making “repugnant” statements about Jews and others. . . . A Massachusetts jury convicts Wayne Lo, 19, of first-degree murder and sentences him to life in prison without parole for killing a teacher and a student in December 1992. . . . The Senate passes, 75-22, an amendment to Goals 2000 that will cut off federal aid to public schools that bar voluntary prayer on the part of students.

The Senate votes, 97-0, to confirm William Perry as secretary of defense, endorsing Pres. Clinton’s choice of a successor to Les Aspin. . . . Pres. Clinton announces the end of the U.S.’s 19-year-old trade embargo against Vietnam, citing Vietnam’s cooperation in trying to locate the remains of 2,238 U.S. soldiers still listed as MIA. The leaders of the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, AmVets, Disabled American Veterans, and Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation voice their opposition to the decision.

Transportation Secretary Federico Pena unveils new federal policies that require more transportation workers to undergo drug and alcohol testing. The new testing program is scheduled to go into effect January 1, 1995. . . . Jim Baca resigns as director of the Bureau of Land Management.

A study shows that sugar and aspartame, an artificial sweetener, do not cause hyperactivity in normal children or wild behavior in children who already are hyperactive. . . . The U.S. space shuttle Discovery blasts off from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The Senate passes, 78-8, an amendment allowing public-school students to partake in brief periods of contemplative silence. . . . A Clay County jury convicts Jessie Lloyd Misskelley Jr., 18, who admitted to watching a 1993 incident in which teenagers beat and raped children and who prevented one victim from escaping, of murder. Judge David Burnett sentences Misskelley to life in prison plus 40 years, to run consecutively.

In response to Pres. Clinton’s Feb. 3 decision to lift the U.S. trade embargo against Vietnam, PepsiCo hands out 168,000 free sample bottles of its cola on the streets of Ho Chi Minh City in southern Vietnam, marking the most highly visible entries into the country’s domestic market by a U.S. firm.

For the first time since September 1992, the Federal Reserve Board raises the interest rate banks charge on overnight loans made to each other to 3.25% from 3%, prompting the Dow Jones to plunge 96.24 points, or 2.43%, its sharpest one-day fall in more than two years. The Dow closes at 3,871.42.

Top Commerce and Justice Department officials state that the Clinton administration will implement its April 1993 plan to use, and encourage the private sector to use, the Clipper Chip, a computer chip that allows users to send data in indecipherable code. . . . Japan’s National Space Development Agency successfully launches the country’s first domestically designed and built rocket.

Willie Mae Ford Smith (Mother Smith), 89, gospel singer who received a National Heritage Award in 1988, dies in St. Louis, Missouri, of heart failure. . . . John Rewald, 81, who wrote two seminal art history texts, dies in New York City of congestive heart failure.

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

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Feb. 3

Kotashaan, a six-year-old Frenchbred turf racer, is named 1993 Horse of the Year.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 4

566—February 5–10, 1994

World Affairs

In Sarajevo, 68 people die in a mortar attack on an open-air market, which kills more people than any other single incident in the Bosnian civil war. More than 200 people are wounded. . . . During a protest in Rennes, France, by striking fishermen, fire destroys a 17th-century landmark that served as the region’s parliament building. . . . Hermann Josef Abs, 92, German banker who, in 1953, led the team of delegates that negotiated the London Debt Accord, dies in Bad Soden, Germany.

Feb. 5

Feb. 6

Feb. 7

Feb. 8

Feb. 9

Europe

In response to the Feb. 5 attack in Sarajevo, UN secretary general Boutros-Ghali asks NATO to authorize him to order air strikes against Serb gun emplacements if civilians are attacked again.

Renewed fighting breaks out between Abkhazian rebels and the Georgian government. . . . Martti Ahtisaari, a long-time diplomat for the United Nations, is elected president of Finland.

Reports state that Estonia, Lithuania, and Poland have also joined Romania in NATO’s “partnership for peace,” under which the new democracies of Eastern Europe will collaborate with the Western alliance on peacekeeping duties and military exercises. . . . The UN International Court of Justice elects Mohammed Bedjaoui of Algeria to be its president and Stephen Schwebel of the U.S. to be its vice president.

Anzor Sharmaidze, 21, who confessed at his trial to killing U.S. citizen Fred R. Woodruff in Georgia, is sentenced to 15 years’ hard labor. . . . Witold Lutoslawski, 81, Polish composer known for his sometimes atonal works that often incorporate improvisation, dies in Warsaw after a brief illness.

Africa & the Middle East Reports disclose that violence in some regions of Sudan has forced humanitarian groups to stop deliveries of relief aid, affecting an estimated 2 million people.

Four Israeli soldiers are killed and five wounded in a Hezbollah ambush near Sojoud in Israel’s selfdeclared security zone in southern Lebanon. Israel’s retaliatory air strikes target Hezbollah guerrilla positions in three villages north of the ambush site. . . . Anatole Kanyenkiko is named premier of Burundi, succeeding Sylvie Kinigi. . . . Egypt’s militant Gamaa al-Islamiya group warns foreigners to leave the country “immediately” or “suffer the consequences.”

Feb. 10

In what it is reportedly the first overt challenge to the new Polish government, 30,000 Poles demonstrate in the Polish capital, Warsaw, against the proposed budget in a march organized by the Solidarity trade-union movement. . . . Georgia calls on Russia for help in fighting Abkhazian rebels who the government claims are driving ethnic Georgians from their homes in Abkhazia, leaving more than 100 civilians dead and 3,000 homeless.

Israel and the PLO sign accords resolving key security disagreements that helped cause an eightweek delay in implementing interim Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho. . . . Two members of the British Parliament, three workers from Action Aid, and a journalist for the Glasgow Herald are seized by Somali gunmen during a dispute between rival clans.

A cease-fire starts to be observed in Sarajevo. . . . In England, three men convicted in the 1993 bombing of gas-storage tanks in Warrington, Cheshire—Pairic MacFhloinn, Denis Kinsella, and John Kinsella—are sentenced to 35, 25, and 20 years in prison, respectively. . . . Dominic (Mad Dog) McGlinchey, 40, the former leader of the Irish National Liberation Army, a more radical group that split from the IRA, is shot and killed in Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland.

Reports suggest that the Sudanese government launched an air attack on the village of Pageri, 20 miles (30 km) northeast of Nimule, and destroyed what is believed to be either an SPLA arsenal or a military police post.

Asia & the Pacific As urged by Prime Minister Bhutto on Jan 23, workers stage a nationwide strike to show Pakistan’s support for Muslim separatists fighting against Indian rule in the territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

In Costa Rica, Jose Maria Figueres Olsen of the moderate-leftist National Liberation Party (PLN) becomes president by a narrow margin. . . . Luis Alberto Sanchez, 93, Peruvian politician who wrote more than 100 books and who, in 1985, served as the country’s vice president and premier, dies in Lima, Peru, of a kidney infection.

Ukraine joins NATO’s “Partnership for Peace” scheme, under which the new democracies of Eastern Europe will collaborate with the Western alliance on peacekeeping duties and military exercises.

NATO gives the Bosnian Serb forces besieging Sarajevo until 1:00 A.M. local time Feb. 21 to pull back their heavy weapons or run the risk of attack by alliance aircraft. NATO also grants BoutrosGhali’s Feb. 6 request. Romania denounces the proposed strikes, and Greece forbids NATO’s use of its air support bases in connection with the proposed strikes. . . . The U.S. recognizes The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as an independent state, overriding Greek objections to the republic’s claim to the name of Macedonia.

The Americas

The Pakistani government announces that it has banned public hangings. . . . Reports reveal that Chinese premier Li Peng has signed two decrees setting stricter regulations on religious practices.

In Mexico, 400 sugar-cane workers in the west-central state of Michoacán demonstrate for improved social conditions and express their readiness to take up arms on the side of the EZLN.

In Mexican state of Puebla 3,000 people in Tehuitzingo declare they have set up the Zapatista Movement of the South. . . . In Nicaragua, Roman Catholic Bishop Juan Abelardo Mata, a mediator between the government and the contras, announces that the rebels have accepted a peace plan that he presented to them.

The Japanese government unveils a record economic-stimulus package worth 15.25 trillion yen ($140 billion) designed to prod the stagnant economy out of its worst recession since World War II.

Reports disclose that peasant farmers in Chiapas, Mexico, acting independently of the rebels, protested social neglect and official corruption by taking over the towns of Teopisca, Huetuetan, Tuzantan, and Mapastepec.

In Sydney, 55 workers are dismissed by Australian Stevedores, prompting a strike. . . . Seven members of a foreign Christian delegation are arrested by Chinese authorities for allegedly violating new laws controlling religion announced Feb. 6.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 5–10, 1994—567

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A county jury in Jackson, Mississippi, convicts white supremacist, Byron De La Beckwith, 73, for the 1963 slaying of black civil-rights leader Medgar Evers. Presiding judge L. Breland Hilburn sentences Beckwith to a mandatory life term in prison. . . . The directors of the National Association of Manufacturers, a trade group representing some 12,000 manufacturers, votes to reject Pres. Clinton’s health-care reform bill “in its present form.”

Feb. 5

Hilda Simms (born Hilda Moses), 75, black stage and film actress, dies in Buffalo, New York, of cancer. . . . Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg), 76, comic-book artist at DC and Marvel Comics, dies in Thousand Oaks, California, after a heart attack. . . . Joseph Cotten, 88, film and stage actor, dies in Los Angeles, California, of pneumonia.

Acting in his capacity as the overseer of federal courts in Pennsylvania, Supreme Court justice David Souter declines to issue an emergency order to prevent a state law limiting women’s access to obtaining abortions from going into effect. . . . Television mogul Ted Turner gives $75 million to three educational institutions: Brown University, the Citadel, and the McCallie School.

The Vietnamese government relinquishes to U.S. officials what is believed to be the remains of 12 U.S. soldiers listed as MIA. . . . Some 75 Haitian refugees land in Florida from the Bahamas, where 1993 laws threatened their repatriation to Haiti. Four other Haitians drown. . . . Richard M. Bissell Jr., 84, CIA official who, in 1961, planned and presided over the U.S.’s unsuccessful attempt to unseat Fidel Castro, dies in Farmington, Connecticut, after suffering from a heart condition.

Pres. Clinton sends to Congress a $1.52 trillion proposed budget for the fiscal year 1995, which begins Oct. 1. The budget boosts spending for education, job training, and other social “investment” programs. Restrictions imposed by recent deficit-reduction bills require Clinton to seek spending cuts in other programs to pay for those increases.

The crew of the U.S. space shuttle Discovery cancels the launch of a science satellite after technical malfunctions. . . . Officials estimate that insured losses from the Jan. 17 earthquake in Los Angeles will amount to about $2.5 billion, which makes it the nation’s costliest insured quake. Separately, seismologists revise their initial estimate of the quake’s measurement on the Richter scale to 6.7, from the initial figure of 6.6.

A Chicago jury convicts Anthony Garrett, 35, of shooting Dantrell Davis, who was killed while he walked to school with his mother from the Cabrini-Green public housing project. Garrett confessed to mistakenly shooting Davis while firing a rifle at members of a rival street gang. . . . Reports state that eight people were charged with neglect and other counts in the case of the 19 children found living in squalid conditions on Feb. 1 in Chicago, Ill.

In dismissing cases against three Navy officers implicated in the Tailhook scandal, navy judge Captain William Vest Jr, accepts the accuracy of the testimony of witnesses and defendants who claim that Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Frank B. Kelso II observed misconduct, including public nudity and “leg-shaving,” during the incident at the Las Vegas hotel.

The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office finds that a plan to guarantee universal private healthcare coverage will increase the aggregate federal deficit in the short term, rather than reducing it as the Clinton administration asserts.

California officials estimate that the Jan. 17 earthquake caused $13– $20 billion in damage.

Texaco announces that it has settled a five-year-old royalty dispute with the state of Louisiana by agreeing to pay the state government $250 million over three years. . . . A governor on the Federal Open Market Committee, Wayne D. Angell, will leave the Federal Reserve Board since his term expires.

Howard Martin Temin, 59, cancer researcher who shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in medicine for his discovery of reverse transcriptase, dies in Madison, Wisconsin, of cancer.

Jarmila Novotna, 86, Czech-born opera soprano who, from 1940 to 1956, starred in many major operas at the Met, dies of unreported causes in New York City. . . . Bud (Charles) Wilkinson, 77, college football coach who served as the first director of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness, dies in St. Louis, Missouri, of congestive heart failure.

The American Stock Exchange announces that Richard Syron will be its new chairman as of Apr. 1. . . . Rep. Dan Rostenkowski (D, Ill.) acknowledges that he reimbursed the House for potentially improper purchases of office supplies and gifts that he and his staff made with public funds. Congressional aides state that the reimbursements total about $82,000.

A study finds that smoking increases women’s risk of developing osteoporosis, or bone deterioration, in middle or old age.

Reports suggest that Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is suffering from cancer of the lymphatic system. . . . Fashion designer Calvin Klein announces he is discontinuing his production of furs in the wake of an attack on his offices by members of People for Ethical Treatment of Animals.

Federal judge William Dwyer rules a Washington state law that imposes limits on the number of terms that can be served by the state’s representatives in Congress violates the Constitution. It is the first ruling by a federal court on term-limit laws. . . . The House votes, 356-56, to reauthorize for five years a law providing for the appointment of independent counsels to investigate alleged criminal acts by officials of the executive branch.

The U.S. Navy confirms that Lt. Paula Coughlin, the officer who first exposed the Tailhook scandal by publicizing the assault against herself, has resigned from the navy. Her publicized letter of resignation states that “the physical attack on me by the naval aviators at the 1991 Tailhook convention and the covert attacks on me that followed have stripped me of my ability to serve.”

In a daily comic strip, police officer Dick Tracy is served divorce papers from his wife of 45 years, character Tess Tracy. . . . The Newbery Medal is awarded to Lois Lowry for The Giver. The Caldecott Medal is awarded to Allen Say for Grandfather’s Journey.

Feb. 6

Feb. 7

Feb. 8

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 9

Feb. 10

568—February 11–16, 1994

World Affairs

Europe

The famed painting The Scream (1893) by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch is stolen from the National Art Museum in Oslo, Norway, by two thieves.

Tony Worthington, who is Labour MP for Clydebank and Milngavie and one of the British hostages taken in Somalia on Feb. 9, tells reporters that a local Somali doctor rescued the MPs and drove them to a safer area of Erigavo.

Crimean president Yuri Meskhov appoints an ethnic Russian, Yevgeny Saburov, as Crimean premier.

In Somalia, reports reveal the fighting that began Feb. 11 in Kismayu left 60 people dead and drove more than 5,000 to flee the city. Separately, Somali gunmen kill an Egyptian soldier and wound another when they ambush the troops’ convoy about 50 miles (80 km) north of Mogadishu.

The International Monetary Fund approves a loan for Zimbabwe equivalent to some $144 million.

In Russia, convicted serial killer Andrei Chikatilo, 58 or 59, known as the “Rostov Ripper” for more than 50 grisly murders committed over 12 years, is executed by firing squad in a prison in the southern region of Rostov-on-Don.

Suspected Islamic militants open fire on a bus transporting Romanian engineers employed in Asyut. No one is injured in the attack.

North Korea notifies the International Atomic Energy Agency that it will allow full inspections of seven nuclear-development sites, at which the agency suspects North Korea is extracting plutonium and building nuclear weapons in violation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

After a meeting in Moscow, British prime minister John Major and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign an agreement calling on the two countries not to target nuclear missiles at each other. . . . In Salonika, 50,000 Greeks march to protest the Feb. 9 U.S. decision to recognize The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as an independent state. Some of the demonstrators throw stones at the city’s U.S. consulate.

Israeli soldiers start dismantling Central Gaza Prison in the Gaza Strip.

Britain and China announce their intention to comply with an international ban on dumping atomic waste into the world’s oceans.

Greece breaks off consular relations with The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and denies it the use of the Greek port of Salonika, which landlocked Macedonia’s nearest outlet to the sea. . . . Fishermen in France, striking since Feb. 3, begin returning to work.

Feb. 12

Feb. 13

Feb. 15

Feb. 16

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Forces loyal to clan leader Col. Ahmad Omar Jess launch an attack at Bulo Xaaji, Somalia, 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Kismayu, where followers of Jess’s rival, Gen. Mohammed Siad Hersi Morgan, are camped. . . . Reports state that four Palestinians were arrested in Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, for alleged roles in the Jan. 29 assassination of Naeb Imran Maaytah, the first foreign diplomat murdered in Lebanon since 1990.

Feb. 11

Feb. 14

Africa & the Middle East

Several gasoline drums that allegedly belong to the Haitian military and were smuggled into the country from the Dominican Republic in defiance of a UN embargo explode in Port-au-Prince, destroying half a block of commercial establishments and warehouses.

Colombian officials report that Juan David Ochoa, a leader of the Medellin drug cartel, was sentenced to 61⁄2 years in prison for his drug-related activities.

Myanmar’s ruling junta allows U.S. Rep. Bill Richardson (D, N.Mex.) to visit political dissident Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been under house arrest since July 1989. The visits are the first she has received from anyone other than a doctor, government official, or family member during her incarceration.

Seven members of a foreign Christian delegation arrested Feb. 10 are released by Chinese authorities.

Reports confirm that Peruvian prime minister Alfonso Bustamante has resigned in protest over the government’s enactment of a law giving certain legal jurisdiction to a military court. . . . In Mexico, the EZLN frees Absalón Castellanos Domínguez, a former Chiapas governor abducted by the rebels, in a televised ceremony.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 11–16, 1994—569

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

A Maricopa County Superior Court judge sentences Jonathan Doody, 19, who was convicted in 1992, to life in prison for slaying nine people at a Buddhist temple near Phoenix, Arizona, after a 1991 robbery. . . . A jury in Fort Worth, Texas, finds Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R, Tex.) not guilty on five counts of misusing state funds and employees for political purposes after the case’s lead prosecutor, D.A. Ronnie Earle, refused to open his case because of problems over the admissibility of evidence crucial to his arguments.

Pres. Clinton announces that trade talks with Japan have collapsed after negotiators failed to reach agreement on U.S. demands that Japan open its markets and take other measures designed to narrow the large trade imbalance between the two countries.

Pres. Clinton signs an executive order directing federal agencies that run programing affecting the environment to refrain from discriminating against communities in which poor people and minorities are concentrated. The order creates an interagency task force, headed by EPA Administrator Carol Browner, to make sure that federal agencies follow the mandates. . . . Data shows retail sales fell 0.5% in January, to a seasonally adjusted figure of $180.96 billion. It is the first decline since March 1993.

NASA acknowledges super-strength glue, available in model toy shops, was used without authorization to repair space shuttle main-engine pumps. Officials assert that the glue did not threaten the safety of the shuttle missions. . . . The U.S. space shuttle Discovery touches down safely at Kennedy Space Center. . . . The House, 245-6, approves a supplemental appropriations bill that includes $8.6 billion in relief for California in response to the Jan. 17 earthquake. The Senate by voice vote passes the same measure.

In Florida, Neil Bonnett, 47, a NASCAR driver and commentator, is killed in a crash during practice at the Daytona International Speedway. . . . William Conrad, 73, actor who was the radio voice of sheriff Matt Dillon on Gunsmoke, 1952–61, and the latter of the two title roles in Jake and the Fatman, 1987–92, dies in North Hollywood, California, of a heart attack.

Pres. Clinton signs a supplemental appropriations bill that includes $8.6 billion in relief for the state of California, where a powerful earthquake had struck the Los Angeles area on Jan. 17.

Ray Dandridge, 80, who played third base in the Negro leagues, dies in Palm Bay, Florida, of prostate cancer. . . . Donald Clarence Judd, 65, leader in the minimalist art movement, dies in NYC of lymphoma. . . . The XVII Winter Olympic Games open in Lillehammer, Norway. The Olympic Committee agrees to allow skater Tonya Harding to compete despite the involvement of her associates in a Jan. 6 assault on rival Nancy Kerrigan. The National Book Critics Circle presents its awards to Ernest J. Gaines, Alan Lomax, Edmund White, John Dizikes and Mark Doty. . . . The Eastern Conference wins the NBA All-Star Game.

Dow Corning, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Baxter Healthcare announce that they will contribute more than $3.6 billion over 30 years to a proposed $4.75 billion settlement with thousands of women who claim to have suffered from diseases allegedly related to silicone breast implants. . . . A letter by Pres. Clinton to a homosexual political action committee asserts that he opposes ballot initiatives to limit the rights of homosexuals.

Pres. Clinton announces big increases in the U.S. aid to Kazakhstan for economic development and disarmament. The declaration comes after a meeting between Clinton and Kazakh president Nursulatan Nazarbayev in Washington, D.C., at which Nazarbayev handed Clinton papers formally documenting Kazakhstan’s adherence to the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

The Council of Economic Advisers, the White House’s top economicpolicy body, issues a report that focuses on the nation’s growing income disparity and is seen as more supportive of government intervention than previous recent surveys.

Statistics suggest that the number of new AIDS cases peaked in 1992 in San Francisco, Calif., the first U.S. city to be hit by the epidemic; new cases are expected to decline gradually over the next few years. . . . Danny Rolling, currently serving a life sentence in Florida for convictions on robbery, burglary and weapons charges, pleads guilty to slaying five college students in Gainesville, Fla., in 1990.

Claiming that he has been made a scapegoat for the Tailhook sexual harassment scandal, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Frank B. Kelso II announces that he will retire two months early, on Apr. 30.

The EPA announces proposals to reduce air pollution in parts of California that have not set clean-up plans as stipulated by the Clean Air Act.

Rodney Orr, 31, is killed in a onecar crash in practice, bringing the number of fatalities at the Daytona, Florida, racetrack to 25 since its opening in 1959. . . . Christopher Lasch, 61, leftist history professor and author, dies in Pittsford, New York, of cancer.

Feb. 11

Feb. 12

Feb. 13

Feb. 14

Feb. 15

William Paul, a prominent immunologist, is appointed to head the NIH’s Office of AIDS Research as its first full-time director. . . . An alliance of U.S. television manufacturers selects its preferred signal-transmission method for the high-definition television (HDTV) standard it is developing. The choice is described as the final major technical decision the alliance will make prior to the testing of an HDTV system in the U.S. in 1995.

Norway’s Johann Olav Koss, who set world records in three speedskating races at the Olympics, states he will donate his national gold-medal bonus money to Olympic Aid, a special fund to aid the war-torn city of Sarajevo, BosniaHerzegovina, host to the 1984 winter games.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 16

570—February 17–22, 1994

Feb. 17

World Affairs

Europe

Mario Sarcinelli resigns from his post at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to take over the chairmanship of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), a state-owned bank. . . . The Bundesbank, Germany’s central bank, cuts its discount lending rate by half a percentage point, to 5.25% from 5.75%. Central banks of Italy, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands follow the German move with rate cuts.

Reports state that Bosnian Serb forces besieging Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, are beginning to withdraw most of their heavy weapons from around the city in advance of a NATO deadline. Russian deputy foreign minister Vitaly Churkin announces that the Serbs have accepted a proposal that they withdraw in exchange for the deployment of 800 Russian peacekeeping troops in the Sarajevo area.

Africa & the Middle East The Congo’s interior minister, Martin Mberri, acknowledges that the government has hired a private Israeli arms supplier to upgrade the nation’s army.

Feb. 19

Feb. 20

The European Union puts pressure on Greece to halt its blockade imposed Feb. 16 on The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in an ongoing dispute over Macedonia’s statehood. . . . After conferring by telephone with NATO command, the UN special envoy to former Yugoslavia, Yasushi Akashi, asserts that the work done by the peacekeepers “up to this point assures us there is no need for air strikes.” NATO secretary general Manfred Woerner states that, in line with UN recommendations, the alliance will not launch strikes in the area “at this stage.”

Feb. 22

Asia & the Pacific

Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori reshuffles his cabinet and names Foreign Minister Efrain Goldenberg Schreiber as premier.

In Colombia, ELN guerrillas protest U.S. troop presence by detonating a small bomb at the American School in Cali, slightly damaging the building but causing no injuries.

Feb. 18

Feb. 21

The Americas

In Australia, reports confirm that the Art Gallery of New South Wales has become the country's first gallery to appoint an aborigine, Daphne Wallace, as curator to oversee its indigenous art collection.

In Great Britain, the IRA carries out a series of firebombings of eight stores in London’s West End, cause extensive damage but no injuries. . . . Georges Watin, 71, one of nine conspirators involved in a 1962 attempt to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle, dies near Asuncion, Paraguay.

Four gunmen storm a house in Natal, South Africa, and stab and shoot dead 11 ANC supporters as they sleep. Three others are slain as they attempt to escape, and another dies in a hospital. . . . Reports state a closed military court has sentenced three Egyptian soldiers to death and another three to hard labor for their involvement in an unsuccessful December 1993 plot to kill Pres. Hosni Mubarak.

The commander of UN forces in Bosnia, British lieutenant general Michael Rose, states that 23 of 42 Serb positions overlooking Sarajevo have been abandoned, and UN monitors have taken control of 10 of the remaining 19. . . . Swiss citizens vote to ban foreign truck traffic through the Swiss Alps mountains within 10 years, a move that is widely criticized by other European nations.

Yemen’s two feuding political leaders, Pres. Ali Abdullah Saleh and Vice Pres. Ali Salem al-Baidh, sign an agreement designed to calm the threat of a civil war. Hours later, however, fighting erupts between northern Yemeni armed forces and southern-based forces. . . . Jordanian security officials arrest 15 suspected members of the Fatah Revolutionary Council.

At least five Haitian refugees die when a fiberglass boat transporting 20–40 asylum seekers toward Florida sinks off the coast of the Bahamas.

Masked gunmen, who claim they are not aligned with any of Afghanistan’s warring factions, hijack a school bus in Peshawar and drive to Islamabad. After negotiations, the gunmen release 55 of the boys and six female teachers. Then they take refuge in the embassy with 13 schoolboys and one teacher, and they demand food and money for Afghanistan’s war-ravaged capital, Kabul.

Britain’s House of Commons votes to reduce the age for legal consensual sexual relations between men to 18 from 21. The age of 18 is backed after the house rejects a proposal to lower the age to 16, the age of consent for heterosexual relations in Britain.

Islamic Group gunmen open fire on a train in Cairo, Egypt.

In a case that is described as a litmus test for Peru’s human-rights conditions, a military court sentences Major Martin Rivas and Major Carlos Pichilingue to 20 years’ imprisonment each, and General Juan Rivero, the chief of army intelligence planning, receives a five-year prison sentence for the July 1992 killings of a university professor and nine students. The court hands down sentences of four to 15 years to six enlisted soldiers in the attack. . . . Prime Minister James Mitchell gains his third consecutive five-year term in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

In Pakistan, gunmen free eight of the boys taken hostage Feb. 20, but, after negotiations stall, Pakistani government commandos burst into the Afghan embassy in Islamabad, killing three Afghan gunmen and freeing five boys and a teacher unharmed. . . . A report “shows clearly that political repression is increasing, not decreasing, and that it extends to virtually every province in China and throughout the Tibetan plateau.”. . . Singapore reports its inflation-adjusted gross domestic product expanded 9.9% in 1993, the biggest year-on-year increase since 1988.

The General Synod, the governing body of the Church of England, votes to allow women to become priests in a measure that is the last in a series of formalities required to make the change in church doctrine.

Reports indicate that Ali Djeddi and Abdelkader Boukhakam, two senior officials of the banned Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) who were convicted in 1992 for their roles in an “insurrectional movement” against the government and sentenced to four years in prison, have been released by the Algerian government.

Jaime Orjuela Caballero, the alleged leader of the Cali cartel’s operations in New York, U.S., is arrested in Cali, Colombia. . . . The International Commission of Jurists finds that Mexican soldiers summarily executed prisoners and tortured detainees before a cease-fire ended fighting in Chiapas. The commission reveals that it has found no evidence pointing to EZLN abuses of civilians.

Phoolan Devi, 34, the former leader of a thievery ring who became a heroine of India’s lower castes and feminists after she was jailed in 1983 without trial for the murders of 22 upper-caste men, is released from prison.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 17–22, 1994—571

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Catalina Vasquez Villalpando, the treasurer of the U.S. from December 1989 until January 1993, pleads guilty in federal district court in Washington, D.C., to a felony charge of obstructing the federal inquiry into allegations of influence peddling at the Department of Housing and Urban Development in the 1980s. Villalpando is the 12th person to be convicted or plead guilty in the HUD scandal since the beginning of the inquiry in 1990.

The D.C. Court of Appeals upholds a 1992 decision that prohibits doctors from prescribing marijuana for medical purposes. . . . In the Justice Department’s first case involving the harassment of homosexuals, Atty. Gen. Janet Reno orders mediators to Ovett, Miss., where religious residents are trying to close a women’s retreat run by lesbians. . . . District Judge Clarence Newcomer overturns the November 1993 election of Pennsylvania state sen. William Stinson (D), citing “massive absentee ballot fraud.” His Republican opponent, Bruce Marks, is to take his place.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Commerce Department reports the 1993 U.S. merchandise trade deficit stood at $115.78 billion, its highest level since 1988, when the trade gap totaled $118.5 billion. . . . The Justice Department indicts David Hale, who alleged that Pres. Clinton and James McDougal pressured him in 1986 to make a $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal to benefit Whitewater, on charges of conspiring to defraud the Small Business Administration in order to fund questionable loans through his investment firm, Capital Management Services.

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission authorizes the nation’s medical societies to establish so-called peer-review programs, which will allow professional medical organizations to discipline member physicians for price gouging and to publicize their actions. . . . The FAA announces that commercial airlines can begin to use a military satellite system, the Global Positioning Satellite System, to help navigate landings in inclement weather.

Reports confirm that Florida governor Lawton Chiles (D) and several advocacy groups have criticized the state Citrus Commission’s hiring of conservative talk-show host Rush Limbaugh to do advertisements for Florida orange juice on his radio show. . . . Randy Shilts, 42, journalist known for his reporting on the AIDS epidemic, dies in Guerneville, California, of AIDS.

The U.S. State Department announces that the U.S. is to restore “senior-level contacts” with New Zealand on “political, strategic and broad security matters.”

Reports reveal that White House counsel Nussbaum confirmed in a letter that the Clintons are paying for their legal expenses in the Whitewater case out of their own pockets.

Reports indicate that 200 vultures, which are protected by federal law, have been attacking cats, ducks, dogs, and horses in Stafford County, Virginia. . . . Five emergency room workers in Riverside, California, are hospitalized when treating Gloria Ramirez, 31, who has cervical cancer. Two workers faint after noting what they call an ammonia-like smell coming from the patient’s blood.

Oscar Collazo, 80, Puerto Rican nationalist, who, on Nov. 1, 1950, attempted to enter Pres. Harry Truman’s temporary residence at the Blair House in Washington, D.C., dies in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, of a stroke.

Mary Woodard Lasker, 93, philanthropist who, with her husband, Albert Davis Lasker, established the Lasker Foundation in 1942, dies in Greenwich, Connecticut, of heart failure.

At the Winter Olympics, Dan Jansen wins the 1,000-meter speed-skating event in a world-record time of 1 minute, 12.43 seconds.

Feb. 18

Derek Jarman, 52, British filmmaker and homosexual-rights activist whose last film was Blue (1994), dies in London of AIDS.

Feb. 19

In tennis, Martina Navratilova wins the Paris Women’s Open over Julie Halard of France. . . . Auto racer Sterling Marlin wins the Daytona (Florida) 500, the NASCAR seasonopening event.

In what is called one of the most important cases of espionage ever carried out against the U.S., a counterintelligence officer of the CIA, Aldrich Hazen Ames, and his wife, Colombian-born Maria del Rosario Casas Ames, are arrested separately on charges of selling information to the Soviet Union and Russia over at least a nine-year period.

After extensive debate, the Senate votes, 66-31, to confirm Strobe Talbott as deputy secretary of state.

The AFL-CIO labor federation announces that it will earmark at least $10 million, the largest amount ever for a single cause, for a campaign to cultivate support for Pres. Clinton’s health-care reform plan.

In its quarterly earnings review, The Wall Street Journal reports that the net income of 674 major corporations totaled $34.75 billion in the 1993 fourth quarter. That is a 61% gain over those companies’ 1992 fourth-quarter profits, which totaled $21.56 billion. The Journal’s 1993 third-quarter survey, which covers profits at 597 companies, showed a 24% year-on-year profit gain.

In response to three bombing attacks against Mormon sites in Colombia launched during the previous month, the Church of LatterDay Saints (Mormon) asserts that it is a politically neutral institution and does not represent U.S. political interests in the region.

U.S. government prosecutors in Houston, Texas, file criminal fraud and bribery charges against eight people working either for NASA or three of its contractors, and a partner in a consulting firm headed by a former NASA administrator. The charges stem from an FBI inquiry into possible fraud, bribery, and corruption at the Johnson Space Center.

Feb. 17

John (Papa John) Creach, 76, known for playing electric violin with the rock group Jefferson Airplane, dies in Los Angeles after undergoing treatment for heart and respiratory ailments. . . . South Korean speedskater Kim Yoon-Mi, 13, becomes the youngest gold medalist ever in the winter Olympic games.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 20

Feb. 21

Feb. 22

572—February 23–28, 1994

Feb. 23

World Affairs

Europe

Belgium recognizes The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as an independent state, joining six other EU nations and the U.S.

Bosnia’s Croats and Muslims sign a cease-fire agreed upon in talks in Zagreb between the two sides’ military commanders and UN generals. The truce is aimed at halting the fighting in central and southwestern areas of the republic. . . . The lower house of the Russian parliament votes to grant an amnesty to the imprisoned leaders of a 1993 uprising against Pres. Boris Yeltsin, and to the accused chief conspirators in a failed 1991 coup against then-Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev.

An attack in Israel draws international condemnation. U.S. president Clinton, calling the massacre in Hebron “a gross act of murder,” issues an immediate call to PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin to maintain the momentum toward peace and send negotiators to Washington, D.C., to complete terms for implementing Palestinian self-rule in Jericho and the Gaza Strip.

Buckingham Palace announces that Prince Charles’s apartment in St. James Palace in London has been burglarized.

Feb. 26

Feb. 27

Feb. 28

The Americas

In reaction to the Feb. 19 sentencings of three Egyptian soldiers, purported Islamic Group militants set off a bomb just south of Asyut on a train bound for Aswan from Cairo.

Former Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the current government, is buried in the declared independent republic of Chechnya. His body was exhumed from a shallow grave in western Georgia a week earlier.

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

Africa & the Middle East

Asia & the Pacific China unveils plans to build four nuclear reactors in southern Guangdong province over the next two years. . . . In response to the Feb. 21 shooting, in Islamabad, an angry mob in Kabul ransacks the Pakistani embassy, assaulting two security guards. . . . The body of Tambo, an Australian aborigine who had been kidnapped in 1883 and forced to perform in an international traveling freak show, is buried on Palm Island, Queensland, exactly 110 years after he died in the U.S.

The last significant band of former contra rebels who battled Nicaragua’s leftist Sandinista National Liberation Front government in the 1980s agrees to lay down their arms.

Hong Kong’s legislature approves the first bill containing several controversial democratic-reform proposals sought by Hong Kong gov. Chris Patten. In response, Chinese officials vow to disband completely all elected bodies in Hong Kong when it takes control in 1997.

A U.S.-born Israeli settler, Baruch Goldstein, sprays Palestinians with automatic rifle fire at a mosque in Hebron, leaving 40 worshipers dead and 150 wounded. The massacre is the worst in the West Bank since 1967. Palestinians in the occupied territories react violently with gunfire and repeated brick and stone attacks against Israeli soldiers. Israeli Arabs stage fierce protests in Nazareth and Jaffa and in a Bedouin community outside Beesheva. One Israeli is slashed to death. Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin reportedly tells PLO head Yasser Arafat that, “as an Israeli, I am ashamed” in a phone call.

The Council of Australian Governments endorses a plan under which 60% of school children will be taught Asian languages. . . . The government of Malaysia announces trade sanctions against Britain in protest of reports in the British press suggesting there were incidences of bribery in securing government contracts in Malaysia.

Government security forces in Algiers, the Algerian capital, kill the country’s most-wanted fugitive and the head of the Muslim extremist Armed Islamic Group, Mourad Si Ahmed, 29. Nine other members of the organization are also slain.

Data suggest that more than 1,000 people have died in the fighting that started Jan. 1 against Afghanistan government forces in Kabul.

The finance ministers and centralbank heads of the Group of Seven leading industrialized nations meet near Frankfurt, Germany. . . . The administration of U.S. president Clinton confirms that Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon, in an apparent gesture of solidarity with the PLO after the Feb. 25 massacre, in Hebron, Israel, have broken off peace talks with Israel.

In the former Soviet republic of Moldova’s first parliamentary elections, pro-Russian parties win most of the vote for representation in the legislature. . . . Sir Harold Acton, 89, English author and leader of the so-called dandy esthetes, who dedicated themselves to art appreciation during the 1920s, dies near Florence, Italy.

In response to the Feb. 25 attack in Hebron, the Israeli government authorizes measures to disarm and arrest settlers it deems dangerous. Baruch Goldstein, responsible for the Feb. 25 deaths, is buried in a temporary grave in Qiryat Arba by a throng of right-wing supporters. . . . A mortar bomb explodes in a Maronite Catholic church in Junieh, north of Beirut, the Lebanese capital, killing at least nine people and injuring another 55. . . . Eight presumed Islamic Group militants die in gun clashes with Egyptian police in Edfu, after the suspected militants open fire on a police station. Two police officers are killed.

China announces new marriage rules that allow Chinese authorities to legally separate couples who live together before the official marriage ages of 22 for men and 20 for women. The government also states that it will seek to prevent marriages between couples it deems unsuitable. The measures are part of China’s strict population-control program.

NATO fighter aircraft shoot down four suspected Bosnian Serb ground-attack jets operating over central Bosnia in violation of the UN no-fly zone covering Bosnian airspace. Two other Bosnian Serb warplanes escape the NATO attack. The air engagement is the first combat action undertaken by NATO in its 45-year history.

Romania’s two largest unions hold a general strike protesting the lack of economic reform, and 2 million workers—one-fifth of the nation’s workforce—stay away from work. It is reported to be the biggest labor action since the 1989 overthrow of the Communist government. . . . Hungary opens the biggest chapter in its program to privatize industry by announcing the first four public offerings in a sell-off.

Namibia and South Africa sign a treaty transferring sovereignty over the town of Walvis Bay to Namibia. . . . The Israeli army makes public interim findings of its probe of the Feb. 25 massacre. The findings state that all 111 bullet shells recovered in the mosque were fired from Baruch Goldstein’s rifle, substantiating the army’s initial claim that Israeli soldiers did not contribute to the death toll.

In Fiji, recently appointed president Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara swears in Sitiveni Rabuka for a second term as prime minister. . . . Aisin Giorro Pu Jie, 87, the brother to the last emperor of China and heir to the throne, dies in Beijing, China, reportedly of prostate cancer.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

February 23–28, 1994—573

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Atty. Gen. Janet Reno announces the nomination of Jamie S. Gorelick to the post of deputy attorney general, the second-highest ranking position at the Justice Department.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that federal agencies are prohibited from giving labor unions the home addresses of their employees. . . . In FDIC v. Meyer, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that federal agencies are not liable in cases filed by former employees of failed savings and loan institutions who claim that they were unfairly dismissed after federal regulators took control of the thrifts.

A federal jury in San Francisco, California, orders Microsoft Corp. to pay $120 million in damages to Stac Electronics Inc. for patent infringement in developing a datastorage feature for recent versions of its MS-DOS model software.

Officials vote unanimously to remove the Georgia state flag from display in Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, as it features the Confederate States of America battle insignia. . . . At the Winter Olympics, U.S. speedskater Bonnie Blair wins the gold in the 1,000 meters, giving her a career total of five gold medals, the most of any American female Olympian.

The American Association of Retired Persons announces that it will not back Pres. Clinton’s healthcare reform proposal.

A federal appeals court upholds a five-month prison sentence for Randall Terry, the founder of the antiabortion group Operation Rescue, for his role in the presentation of a fetus to then-Arkansas governor Bill Clinton. . . . Deborah Gore Dean, a second cousin of Vice Pres. Al Gore, is sentenced to 21 months in prison and a $5,000 fine on bribery, corruption, and perjury charges related to the HUD scandal. . . . Justice Department officials announce that a federal grand jury has issued a new indictment charging Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.) with two felony counts of making false expense claims to the Senate.

Dinah Shore (born Frances Rose Shore), 76, singer who was the first women to be successful as a TV host and received a total of 10 Emmy awards, dies in Beverly Hills, California, of cancer.

The U.S. orders a high-ranking Russian diplomat, Aleksandr Lysenko, to leave the country on the grounds that he was “in a position to be responsible” for employing Aldrich Hazen Ames, and his wife, Maria del Rosario Casas, who are accused of being CIA spies.

Jersey Joe Walcott (born Arnold Raymond Cream), 80, heavyweight boxing champion, dies in Camden, New Jersey, of complications from diabetes. . . . The Veterans Committee of the Baseball Hall of Fame selects Phil Rizzuto and the late Leo Durocher for induction.

A District Court jury in San Antonio, Texas, acquits 11 members of the Branch Davidian cult of murder and conspiracy charges stemming from the deaths of four federal agents during a February 1993 raid on the cult’s compound outside of Waco, Texas. Seven sect members are convicted on lesser charges.

Research suggests that bone loss experienced by astronauts during space flights potentially can be reversed with common drugs that prevent calcium deficiencies. . . . Avery Robert Fisher, 87, a pioneer in the electronics industry and philanthropist who started Fisher Radio, dies in New Milford, Connecticut, after suffering a stroke. British prime minister John Major visits the U.S.

Supreme Court justice Harry Blackmun issues his dissent in 15 deathrow appeals rejected by the eight other justices on the high court. . . . A Prince William County, Virginia, Circuit Court judge releases Lorena Bobbitt, who in January was acquitted by reason of temporary insanity for cutting off the penis of her husband in 1993, from a mental hospital.

The Defense Department’s policy allowing homosexuals to serve in the military—known as the “don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t pursue” rules— takes effect. . . . The Coast Guard repatriates 141 Haitian refugees after forcing them to disembark from their boat in international waters. . . . U.S. embassy counselor James Morris is asked to leave Russia in response to the Feb. 25 expulsion of a Russian diplomat.

Vreni Schneider of Switzerland wins the women’s slalom to become the first woman to win three gold medals in alpine skiing.

The XVII Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer, Norway, conclude, and the Norwegians captured the most medals, 26. German athletes won 24, and Russian athletes won 23 medals overall. Athletes from the U.S. won 13 medals, the most ever by Americans in the winter games, including six gold medals, which matches U.S. highs reached in 1980 and 1932.

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce votes to oppose a so-called employer mandate requiring employers to help pay for their workers’ health insurance.

Steven Cook, 34, who accused Roman Catholic cardinal Joseph Bernardin of sexually abusing him, withdraws his accusations. . . . Publisher’s Weekly lists Accident by Danielle Steel as the top seller.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

Feb. 23

Feb. 24

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Feb. 26

Feb. 27

Feb. 28

574—March 1–6, 1994

March 1

World Affairs

Europe

The World Bank approves a $508.5 million loan to Argentina.

Under Russian pressure, the Serbs agree to allow humanitarian flights into Tuzla. . . . Martti Ahtisaari is sworn in as president of Finland. . . . German president Richard von Weizsaecker attends the German premiere of Schindler’s List, a U.S. film about the Holocaust. Chancellor Helmut Kohl does not screen the movie.

Russia cuts natural-gas shipments to Ukraine by 1.7 billion cubic feet (48 million cub m) because Ukraine has accrued unpaid debt. Russia also begins cutting gas supplies to neighboring Belarus, saying that Belarus is $300 million in arrears. . . . In Paris, tens of thousands of students, unions, and other youth and leftist groups stage a street protest in response to a plan by the government of french premier Edouard Balladur that allows employers to pay young people less than standard minimum wages.

March 3

Reports indicate that a Brazilian plan to form an expanded free-trade area in South America has been endorsed by Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, Brazil’s partners in the proposed regional common market known as Mercosur, which will serve as a prelude to “some kind of convergency” with NAFTA. The phased implementation of Mercosur is scheduled to begin in 1995.

March 5

March 6

The Americas

Data suggests that more than 20 Palestinians (including one Israeli Arab) were killed by Israeli soldiers during street clashes following the Feb. 25 assault in Hebron. Israel frees 596 Palestinian prisoners. . . . Namibian president Sam Nujoma opens a free-trade zone in the town of Walvis Bay, which was under South African sovereignty for 74 years until Feb. 28.

Reports indicate that the Georgian parliament has ratified the country’s membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States over the objections of the opposition National Radical Party, which complains of procedural irregularities.

March 2

March 4

Africa & the Middle East

A strike prompted by the Feb. 10 dismissals of 55 workers by Australian Stevedores in Sydney, Australia, ends.

In Colombia, the ELN releases U.S. mining engineer Louis Manning, who was seized in February 1993. Separately, FARC rebels kidnap two French tourists in the La Macarena nature preserve, located 110 miles (175 km) south of Bogota, the capital. . . . The Mexican government and EZLN representatives reach a tentative agreement on a package of reforms during peace talks in San Cristobal de las Casas, in the southern state of Chiapas.

Israel releases 400 Palestinian prisoners, bringing to almost 1,000 the number freed since the Feb. 25 massacre in Hebron.

The British Foreign Office announces that David Rolland Spedding will become the new chief of MI6, Britain’s foreign intelligence service, succeeding Sir Colin McColl, who was the first head of that agency publicly identified. The announcement marks the first time that a new head of the MI6 has been publicly announced.

Asia & the Pacific

A parcel bomb explodes in the Adelaide, South Australia, office of the National Crime Authority lawenforcement agency, killing an NCA officer and injuring five others. . . . Nominal Premier Gulbuddin Hekmatyar agrees to ease a food blockade on Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, in response to entreaties from Pakistan and independent relief agencies.

A Panama jury rules that Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega, the deposed Panamanian leader serving a 40-year drug-related prison term in the U.S., is guilty of ordering the execution of an army major, Moises Giroldi, who led a failed attempt to overthrow him in October 1989. . . . In Tijuana, Mexico, police engage federal agents in a gunfight initially described as an operation engineered by drug traffickers. Three federal drug agents and a police officer die in the battle.

Reports confirm that three Cuban diplomats were expelled from Canada in February for attempting to recruit informants and for agitating among Cuban expatriates in Canada.

Russia cuts natural-gas shipments to Ukraine by 2.8 billion cubic feet because Ukraine owes Russia about $900 million in unpaid energy bills.

Hundreds of Hutu men, women and children are killed in two Hutu neighborhoods in Bujumbura, the Burundian capital, while the army is looking for weapons in a Hutu neighborhood. . . . Abdullah al-Salal, 74, first president of what was formerly North Yemen, 1962-1967, dies in Yemen of heart failure.

Officials in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca in southern Mexico report that that at least 10 farmers have died in incidents of violence since Mar. 1.

In a plebiscite, voters in the former Soviet republic of Moldova reject nationalist demands for the independent country’s reunification with neighboring Romania. . . . Melina Mercouri (born Maria Amalia Mercouri), Greek film actress who became the first woman in Greece’s senior cabinet when she was made minister of culture in 1981, dies in New York City of lung cancer.

A U.S. Marine sniper shoots and wounds two Somali youths after they point what seems to be a pistol at a UN Egyptian soldier in Mogadishu. The pistol turns out to be a toy.

Reports confirm that the Commission for Reconciliation, a Chilean human-rights organization, has revised its estimate of the number of government-directed political murders under Pres. Augusto Pinochet carried out from 1973 to 1989 to 3,129, up from its earlier figure of 2,279. . . . Mexican federal authorities state they have issued arrest warrants for government officials and police officers in the state of Baja California in connection with the Mar. 3 shoot-out in Tijuana.

More than 10,000 people march in the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in Sydney, the capital of the state of New South Wales. Police estimate that a record 600,000 spectators attend the controversial annual event.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 1–6, 1994—575

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A gunman in a car opens fire on a van carrying 15 Hasidic Jewish students over the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. . . . In Fogerty v. Fantasy, the Supreme Court overturns a lower-court ruling when it decides unanimously that defendants who win copyright-infringement suits can be compensated by plaintiffs for lawyers’ fees incurred during litigation.

The Senate fails to pass an amendment to the Constitution that would require the federal government to balance its annual budgets. The measure is backed by 63 senators, falling four votes short of winning the two-thirds majority needed. . . . The EPA issues the Chemical Manufacturing Rule, a regulation ordering chemical plants to reduce by 88% the amount of toxic emissions they release into the air by 1997. . . . Negotiations between WheelingPittsburgh Steel Corp. and the United Steelworkers of America break down, prompting a strike.

Police arrest a Lebanese national, Rashid Baz, and charge him with attempted murder in the Mar. 1 attack on Hasidic Jewish students in New York City. . . . Supreme Court chief justice William Rehnquist rejects a request by Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) for a stay order to prevent investigators working for the Senate Ethics Committee from viewing Packwood’s diaries.

William Gould IV, a law professor at Stanford University, is confirmed by the Senate to head the National Labor Relations Board. . . . Controversy over contact between the White House and regulators escalates when White House officials acknowledge that White House counsel Bernard Nussbaum and Jean Hanson, general counsel of the Treasury Department, discussed the RTC inquiry into Madison Guaranty’s affairs in meetings in September and October of 1993 during the inquiry about Whitewater.

Pres. Clinton appoints Rachelle Chong to fill a vacant seat on the FCC. . . . Rep. William Natcher (D, Ky.) is not present at a House procedural vote due to illness, ending a 40-year streak during which he did not miss a vote in the chamber. . . . The Justice Department settles a claim when the Empire State Building’s owners agree to effect changes in the structure in accordance with federal disability law. It is one of the first cases to be brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992.

Pres. Clinton signs an executive order reviving the so-called Super 301 provision a of a 1988 U.S. trade law designed to force its trading partners to improve domestic market access to other countries’ goods and remove other trade barriers. . . . The Defense Department states that peacetime registration for the Selective Service System, the agency that registers young Americans for a potential military draft, can be suspended “without irreparable damage to national security.”

Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp. and the United Steelworkers of America union come to an agreement on a new contract, ending a strike that started Mar. 1. . . . The RTC inspector general’s office announces that it is beginning an inquiry into possible overbilling in savings and loan cases by the Rose Law Firm, a Little Rock, Arkansas, firm in which Hillary Clinton and other administration officials were once partners.

Kathryn F. Clarenbach, 73, a cofounder of NOW who served as the organization’s chair, 1966–70, and who helped form the National Women’s Political Caucus, dies in Madison, Wisconsin, of emphysema.

A U.S. District Court jury finds four Arab defendants—Mohammed A. Salameh, Nidal A. Ayyad, Mahmud Abouhalima and Ahmad M. Ajaj— guilty of all counts against them in the February 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center. . . . Pres. Clinton announces that economic and disarmament aid to Ukraine will be more than doubled, conditional upon its implementation of economic reforms and nuclear disarmament.

Robert B. Fiske Jr., the special prosecutor named to investigate the Whitewater affair, issues subpoenas requiring Roger Altman, Bernard Nussbaum, Jean Hanson and the other six White House and Treasury officials who attended questionable briefings to testify before a grand jury considering evidence in the Whitewater case.

A Florida Circuit Court jury convicts Michael F. Griffin of first-degree murder in the March 1993 fatal shooting of Dr. David Gunn outside a Pensacola abortion clinic. Judge John Parnham sentences Griffin, 32, to life in prison. . . . David Aaron Halberstam, 16, who was wounded in the Mar. 1 attack on Hasidic Jewish students, dies. Reports suggest that convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer, who admitted to the mutilation murders of 17 men and boys and is currently serving 16 consecutive life terms in prison, has received more than $12,000 in donations from people worldwide.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle ABC airs a controversial episode of Roseanne in which the title character, portrayed by Roseanne Arnold, is kissed by a woman, played by Mariel Hemingway, in a gay bar. . . . At the Grammys, Whitney Houston picks up the awards for Best Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal. Frank Sinatra, Aretha Franklin, and Curtis Mayfield receive special honors.

March 1

March 2

At an auction by Christie’s International PLC, part of entertainer Barbara Streisand’s collection of 20thcentury decorative and fine art fetches $5.7 million.

The U.S. space shuttle Columbia takes off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, to carry out a mission devoted to conducting scientific experiments and testing new technology for NASA’s planned international space station.

John Franklin Candy, 43, comedic actor who won two Emmy Awards for writing in 1981 and 1982 and who was known for movies like Splash (1984), dies of heart failure in Chupederos, Mexico, where he was filming the movie Wagons East.

White House counsel Bernard Nussbaum, who played a central role in key events in the Whitewater controversy, resigns from his post.

March 3

March 4

March 5

Following four canceled starts, an unarmed U.S. cruise missile is successfully tested over the Canadian Arctic in accordance with Canada’s recent authorization of two such trials under a Canada-U.S. agreement.

March 6

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

576—March 7–12, 1994

World Affairs

March 11

March 12

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Pres. Lucas Mangope of Bophuthatswana refuses to allow the homeland to take part in South Africa’s April elections, sparking protests. Riot police fire rubber bullets and use tear gas on protesters and strikers. . . . The transitional Council of State, led by David Kpormakpor, is installed in Liberia to replace an interim government established in August 1993. . . . Israeli army gunfire kills two Palestinians who were throwing rocks. . . . A delegation of 57 Israeli Arabs makes the first governmentsanctioned visit to Syria by an Israeli team.

In Colombia, clashes erupt as part of preelection violence.

In Afghanistan, reports state that anti-Rabbani factions permitted three UN trucks each carrying 100 tons of flour to enter Kabul.

To focus scrutiny on the past misdeeds of the Socialist—formerly the Communist—Party when it held power before 1989, Hungary’s parliament passes legislation to compel former police agents and informers to retire from politics or face having their histories exposed.

Bophuthatswana’s President Mangope rejects a request to permit election campaigning and polling. Demonstrators occupy the Bophuthatswana Broadcasting Corp. and detain Eddie Mangope, son of the president, before riot police storm in. . . . Accounts suggest the Tutsidominated army killed between 200 and 300 Hutus during the Mar. 5 attack in Burundi. . . . In South Africa, a commuter train derails 12 miles (20 km) west of Durban.

In a general election in Antigua and Barbuda, Lester Bird, 56, is elected prime minister, succeeding his father, Vere Bird Sr., 84, who stepped down from office to end his 54-year-long political career. The younger Bird’s victory gives the Antigua Labour Party its fifth consecutive term of rule.

Amnesty International criticizes the government of South Korean president Kim Young Sam, the country’s first civilian ruler in more than 30 years and a former high-profile dissident, for not taking steps to improve human-rights conditions and alleges that at least 200 prisoners are being held under the harsh National Security Law. South Korean foreign minister Han Sung Joo rejects Amnesty’s charges.

The UN Human Rights Commission unanimously passes a resolution condemning anti-Semitism as a violation of human rights. It is the first time that a UN body has officially recognized anti-Semitism as a form of racism. It also votes to censure for human-rights abuses Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Togo, Sudan, Haiti, and the three major ethnic groups involved in the Yugoslav conflict, singling out the Serbs as severe offenders. . . . A 19-nation meeting called by Britain agrees to send as many as 7,185 additional peace-keeping troops to Bosnia.

The British House of Commons votes to extend the Prevention of Terrorism Act, which allows terrorist suspects to be detained for up to seven days without charges. Separately, the outlawed Provisional IRA fires several mortars north of Heathrow Airport. . . . In response to former U.S. president Nixon’s Mar. 7 meetings, Russian president Yeltsin cancels a meeting with Nixon. . . . Fernando Rey (born Fernando Casado Arambillet), 76, Spanish actor who was the president of the Spanish Academy of Cinematic Arts and Sciences, dies in Madrid of cancer.

Strikes and clashes intensify between police and protesters in Bophuthatswana. At least 32 people are wounded, and one police officer is killed. Nearly all civil servants strike. . . . The Burundian government confirms that hundreds of Hutus were killed in the Mar. 5 attacks and the killings triggered retaliatory murders of scores of Tutsis. . . . The AP establishes a death toll of 30 in the Feb. 25 attack at the mosque in Hebron. . . . The death toll from the Mar. 8 train accident in South Africa is 64, and 370 are injured.

Justice Minister Francisco Cumplido announces that Pres. Patricio Aylwin has pardoned three leftists imprisoned for their roles in a 1986 assassination attempt on General Augusto Pinochet, who was then Chile’s president. . . . In Colombia, the defense ministry reports that 12 guerrillas and 12 soldiers have died in clashes since Mar. 7.

Data shows that loans and equity investments by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union more than trebled in 1993 from 1992. Total disbursements in 1993 increased to $491 million, from $138 million in 1992.

According to final results in Kazakhstan’s first post-Soviet parliamentary elections, supporters of Pres. Nursultan Nazarbayev take the majority in balloting criticized by Western observers as unfair. . . . Britain’s High Court removes the last legal obstacle to the Church of England’s decision to ordain women as priests. . . . Britain sends to Bosnia the first 90 of 900 extra troops pledged as reinforcements.

The government of Bophuthatswana collapses amid protests as police officers and soldiers join protestors. Thousands of armed white rightwing extremists from South Africa enter Bophuthatswana to back Pres. Lucas Mangope. . . . The government of Abu Dhabi and liquidators of the BCCI announce they have reached agreement on a revised $1.8 billion creditor-compensation plan. . . . Muslim gunmen free 1,684 jailed militants from a prison near Batna, Algeria.

Representatives from 32 countries, the EU, and 12 international organizations promise Cambodia more than $700 million at the conclusion of a conference on the reconstruction of Cambodia. . . . The InterAmerican Press Association, a group of publishers from Western Hemisphere nations, approves the Declaration of Chapultepec, which affirms press freedom as an inalienable right, not a “concession” granted at the discretion of governments.

Slovak’s premier, Vladimir Meciar, fails on a vote of no-confidence in Parliament. . . . The outlawed Provisional IRA launches another mortar attack at London’s Heathrow Airport.

Bophuthatswana president Mangope agrees to allow Bophuthatswana to participate in the elections. Figures show that at least 40 people have been killed and injured in antigovernment protests involving election proponents, armed Bophuthatswana security forces (who ultimately joined the revolt) and white extremists, who entered the country Mar. 10 and were expelled by the 1,500–2,000 South African army forces sent by Pres. F. W. de Klerk.

Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle takes the oath of office as Chile’s president, succeeding Patricio Aylwin. . . . Brazilian police arrest Bolivia’s former president, General Luis Garcia Meza, 60, who was sentenced in absentia by a Bolivian court in 1993 for corruption and human-rights abuses during his reign in 1980–81.

Mexican president Carlos Salinas de Gortari becomes the first head of state to endorse the Declaration of Chapultepec, a 10-item document passed by the Inter-American Press Association on Mar. 11.

The Church of England ordains 32 women, ranging in age from 30 to 69, as its first female priests in a special ceremony at Bristol Cathedral.

In Bophuthatswana, Pres. Lucas Mangope rescinds his agreement to allow participation in elections and maintains that he has regained control over Bophuthatswana. . . . . A man presumed to be an Islamic militant opens fire the Moharrak Coptic Christian monastery in Egypt, killing five.

A leader of the Cali cocaine-trafficking cartel, Julio Fabio Urdinola, surrenders to Colombian authorities under the government’s policy of offering lenient prison sentences to traffickers who turn themselves in.

March 8

March 10

Africa & the Middle East

Former U.S. president Richard Nixon meets former Russian vice president Aleksandr Rutskoi, a leader of a 1993 failed political rebellion against Pres. Boris Yeltsin who has recently been released from prison under a parliamentary amnesty against Yeltsin’s wishes.

March 7

March 9

Europe

Seven leading Chinese intellectuals release a petition calling for the release of all political prisoners and an end to government repression. . . . India’s foreign ministry announces that it will not allow a mission from Amnesty International to enter Kashmir to investigate allegations of human-rights abuses because the group “has not been fair or balanced or just with regard to India.”

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 7–12, 1994—577

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

In Liteky v. U.S., the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that judges generally cannot be removed from presiding over a case because of remarks made or actions performed during the course of a trial. . . . The Supreme Court refuses to reinstate a lawsuit filed by the city of Detroit, Michigan, against the U.S. Census Bureau that was filed after the bureau discovered it had significantly undercounted the country’s black residents in the 1990 census.

Pres. Clinton protests a Singapore court’s sentencing of an 18-yearold U.S. citizen, Michael Fay, who confessed to spray-painting cars and stealing Singapore flags and traffic signs, to a four-month jail term, a substantial fine and six lashes by a rattan cane, calling the punishment “extreme.”. . . . The first women to be assigned to navy sea combat roles under new Defense Department rules allowing them to so serve join the aircraft carrier Eisenhower. Sixty women are initially assigned to the ship.

Pres. Clinton admits for the first time that he learned before the news became public that regulators were seeking a criminal investigation of Madison Guaranty in the Whitewater scandal. . . . New Jersey governor Christine Todd Whitman (R) signs legislation enacting a 5% reduction in the state’s income-tax rate, retroactive to January 1. The tax reduction is reportedly the first in the state’s history.

In Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc., the Supreme Court rules unanimously that written, visual, and musical parodies can be excluded from copyright law under some circumstances. . . . Ray Arcel, 94, trainer who was said to have helped 22 boxers to win championships, dies in New York City.

Cook County circuit court judge Earl Strayhorn sentences Anthony Garrett, 35, convicted of shooting Dantrell Davis, 7, while he walked to school with his mother from the Cabrini-Green public housing project in 1992, to 100 years in prison. . . . Pres. Clinton appoints Lloyd Cutler, 76, as a temporary replacement for White House counsel Bernard Nussbaum, who left his post on Mar. 5.

The Defense Department announces a ban on smoking in military workplaces wherever U.S. forces serve, to take effect Apr. 8.

The Labor Department reports that the nation’s productivity in nonfarm sectors rose at an annual rate of 6.1% in the fourth quarter of 1993, the biggest gain since the first quarter of 1986 and an increase from the previous estimate of 4.2% for the quarter.

Officials state that the 1994 John M. Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion will be presented to Michael Novak, a neoconservative Roman Catholic scholar.

Supreme Court justice Anthony Kennedy criticizes Congress’s imposition of mandatory minimum sentences for some federal crimes. . . . Reports indicate that the American Medical Association has refused to offer its support to any of the seven health-care reform plans currently under consideration in Congress, including the Health Security Act proposed by Pres. Clinton.

Pres. Clinton announces a legislative initiative to help workers who lost their jobs to receive training in another vocation. The programs are designed to assist laid-off workers who are unable to find jobs in their field because of a shrinking job market brought about by corporate downsizing, NAFTA, and cuts in defense-related industries.

Lawrence Edmund Spivak, 93, founder of the news show Meet the Press, which at the time of his death was the longest-running show in TV history, dies in Washington, D.C., of congestive heart failure. . . . Charles Bukowski, 73, writer who published more than 40 volumes of poetry and fiction, dies in Los Angeles of leukemia.

The CDC finds that the number of new AIDS cases in the U.S. in 1993 more than doubled. . . . Sen. Charles Robb (D, Va.) releases a letter in which he admits to “socializing under circumstances inappropriate for a married man” during the 1980s. . . . Figures show that 44 members of Congress will not seek reelection, which exceeds the 1992 departure rate. . . . Two gunmen in the Little Haiti section of Miami, Florida, shoot three outspoken supporters of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, killing one.

Clinton administration officials begin their testimony in the investigation of the Whitewater affair.

The Massachusetts Supreme Court upholds an earlier ruling barring the exclusion of a homosexual group— the Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston— from the annual St. Patrick’s Day parade in Boston, prompting parade organizers to cancel the March 20 event.

The House passes, 223-175, budget resolutions that approve the outlines for federal spending proposed by Pres. Clinton in February.

A federal jury in San Jose, California, overturns a 1992 verdict that granted Intel Corp. copyright protection for the microcode it developed for use in its own chips.

March 7

March 8

March 9

March 10

March 11

The California State Board of Education votes to reconsider the use of three stories by Pulitzer Prizewinning authors Alice Walker and Annie Dillard in the reading section of the 1995 state achievement exams for public school students.

March 12

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

578—March 13–17, 1994

World Affairs

March 15

March 16

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

The outlawed Provisional IRA launches its third mortar attacks at London’s Heathrow Airport since Mar. 9. The threat of new attacks closes both Gatwick and Heathrow for about two hours. . . . Britain’s top military officer, Chief of the Defense Staff Sir Peter Harding, resigns in the midst of a scandal involving an adulterous affair. The politically embarrassing episode is one of a series of scandals involving Conservative Party officials.

Pres. Lucas Mangope of Bophuthatswana is deposed by the South African government, the Transitional Executive Council, and the ANC following a revolt against the government by protesters. The South African ambassador to Bophuthatswana, Tjaart van der Walt, assumes temporary responsibility of the homeland. . . . As part of a crackdown on extremist Jewish settlers in the wake of the Feb. 25 massacre, the Israeli cabinet unanimously approves a resolution that bans the Kach and Kahane Chai movements and other similar Jewish extremist groups. . . . Six gunmen enter an integrated Bahai church in Mdantsane, outside East London in the southeast, and kill three whites.

Colombia’s governing Liberal Party retains its majority in both the Senate and House of Representatives in legislative elections.

Labor and finance ministers from the Group of Seven (G-7) leading industrialized nations meet for their first-ever “jobs summit” to discuss the global implications of unemployment and labor markets in their respective countries. . . . U.S. president Clinton names Vice Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr. as NATO’s Southern Command commander. . . . Guatemalan president Ramiro de Leon Carpio signs the Declaration of Chapultepec, passed by an International press group on Mar. 11.

The European edition of The Wall Street Journal and Gazeta Wyborcza, Poland’s largest daily newspaper, launches a weekly Polish-language business news section for inclusion in Gazeta Wyborcza.

Seven UN troops are killed and one is missing off the coast of Kenya in a crash of a Specter gunship . . . . Israeli police search the homes of selected settlers in Hebron, confiscating weapons. A senior Israeli general claims that settlers held 9,000 army-issued submachine guns. . . . Official reports from Algeria indicate that 24 of the inmates who escaped from prison on Mar. 10 were killed, and 114 have been recaptured. Separately, Algerian playwright Abdelkader Alloula dies after being shot in the head by militant Muslims.

Reports confirm that battles between Mayan Indians and landowners in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, have killed six peasants since Mar. 3. . . . Gunmen kidnap billionaire Alfredo Harp Helu, chairman of Mexico’s largest bank and brokerage firm.

The U.S. and Russia agree to permit each other’s specialists to inspect sites where plutonium triggers from dismantled nuclear warheads are stored. . . . The UN Security Council votes to renew trade sanctions on Iraq, including a ban on the sale abroad of Iraqi oil, imposed after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990.

Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk declares the Crimea region’s stated intention to hold a referendum on greater autonomy to be illegal.

ANC president Nelson Mandela visits Bophuthatswana and is cheered at a rally by 35,000 supporters for his efforts in removing Lucas Mangope from office and allowing the homeland to participate in the elections.

Amnesty International states that most of the 20,000 political murders that have occurred in Colombia since 1985 were carried out by the government’s security forces or their allied paramilitary groups rather than by drug traffickers or leftists. . . . In Brazil, rights monitors are abducted by inmates at a prison during an investigation into alleged overcrowded conditions. The inmates flee with the hostages, and one prisoner and one guard die in gunfire.

IAEA inspectors state that they were prevented from conducting a complete inspection—including sampling radioactivity levels—at one of North Korea’s seven targeted nuclear sites.

A new Slovak cabinet, led by Premier Jozef Moravcik, is sworn in. . . . The Czech government announces it will compensate a total of $33.7 million to the 20,000 citizens who were jailed or placed in concentration camps during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia between 1939 and 1945.

March 13

March 14

Europe

In Turkey, reports confirm that six Kurdish members of Parliament have been arrested for backing the outlawed PKK. . . . U.S. defense secretary William Perry starts his first official visit of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus. . . . Bosnian Serbs and the Bosnian government sign an agreement to permit civilians to cross siege lines in Sarajevo for the first time in 23 months. . . . Tens of thousands of protestors demonstrate against A French plan to allow employers to pay young people less than standard minimum wages.

March 17

Asia & the Pacific

A court-martial convicts a Canadian soldier, Private Elvin Kyle Brown, 25, of manslaughter and torture in connection with the death of Shidane Abukar Arone, 16, a Somali beaten to death at a Canadian compound at Belet Uen. . . . UN officials state that 70 Aristide supporters were killed by the military and its sympathizers during the prior six weeks. . . . In Brazil, the inmates who escaped from prison on Mar. 15 free 13 hostages. WHO officials declare a February outbreak of cholera in the city of Bossaso, Somalia, is an epidemic. Since February, more than 1,700 cholera cases and more than 100 deaths have been documented, and outbreaks have been confirmed in at least nine Somali cities. . . . Egyptian authorities execute two army officers convicted for an unsuccessful plot to assassinate Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in December 1993, and issues death sentences against nine Islamic militants for a carbomb attempt on the life of Premier Atef Sedki.

Brazilian police capture six of the 14 fugitive prisoners who abducted hostages on Mar. 15.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 13–17, 1994—579

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Police arrest Henry Louis Wallace, 28, and charge him with the murders of 10 young black women in Charlotte, North Carolina, dating back to May 1992.

Sen. Bob Packwood (R, Oreg.) announces he will abandon his court battle to prevent the Senate Select Committee on Ethics from gaining access to his personal diaries. . . . Hulond Humphries, principal of Randolph County High School in Wedowee, Alabama, is suspended with pay after he threatened to cancel the prom if interracial couples attend. Humphries, who is white, also called student Revonda Bowen a “mistake” because of her mixed-race parentage.

Pres. Clinton names Admiral Jeremy M. Boorda, 55, to be chief of naval operations, succeeding Admiral Frank B. Kelso II in the top navy job.

Michigan voters in special balloting approve a proposal that will increase the state’s sales and cigarette excise tax in order to fund public education, ending a battle begun in 1993. . . . Pres. Clinton appoints Susan Ness to fill a vacant seat on the FCC. . . . The Census Bureau reports that the population of Nevada between 1990 and 1993 increased faster than that of any other U.S. state, growing 15.6%. It also notes that the U.S. median age as of July 1, 1993, was 33.7 years.

The U.S. announces that its moratorium on nuclear weapons testing will be extended to September 30, 1995.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton acknowledges that she, Pres. Clinton, and the White House staff made “mistakes” in their handling of information about the Arkansas real-estate and financial dealings at the heart of the Whitewater affair. But she asserts that she and her husband were not involved in intentional or unintentional wrongdoing related to the affair.

Reports confirm that a U.S. inquiry found that Dr. Roger Poisson, a Canadian researcher, falsified data in a breast cancer study published by the New England Journal of Medicine in 1985 and updated in the publication in 1989 that was considered a landmark in breast cancer research. The study had concluded that full mastectomies, are not always necessary to prevent the spread of early forms of cancer and recommended radiation therapy combined with a partial mastectomy or lumpectomy to deter recurrence of the disease.

Danny Barker, 85, jazz musician and one of the first jazz historians, dies in New Orleans, Louisiana, of cancer.

Associate Attorney General Webster Hubbell, a close friend of Pres. Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and one of the highest-ranking officials at the Justice Department, unexpectedly submits his resignation in the midst of the Whitewater probe.

Martin Buser wins the 1,160-mile (1,870-km) Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race with a record time of 10 days, 13 hours, and 2 minutes. . . . Mai Elisabeth Zetterling, 68, Swedish film actress who was one of the few women directors to find work in the 1960s and 1970s, dies in London, England, from cancer.

U.S. withholds approval of a new Japan Airlines route between Sendai, Japan, and Honolulu, Hawaii, just two days before the first flight was scheduled to take place, surprising and angering Japanese officials. . . . In response to the IAEA’s statement, the U.S. cancels high-level talks with North Korea.

At a meeting of the American Heart Association, a study shows that the average weight of young men and women in the U.S. increased by 10 pounds over seven years, despite healthier eating habits.

Sally Mary Caroline Belfrage, 57, reporter whose books document social and political movements around the world, dies in London of cancer. . . . The general director of the Washington (D.C.) Opera, Martin Feinstein, announces that he will retire in June 1995.

The Senate passes, 59-40, a bill authorizing grants and loans of $1.9 billion over two years to small, high-technology companies in the private sector to boost the companies’ ability to compete globally.

In the first attempt by a state to seek punitive damages in a pollution case, U.S. District Judge John Curtin rules that Occidental Petroleum Corp., which was already found liable for $325 million in clean-up costs, does not have to pay punitive damages for its role in the contamination at Love Canal, New York, which was evacuated in 1980. . . . The House rejects a proposed amendment to the Constitution that would require the federal government to balance its annual budgets since the measure is supported by 271 representatives, 12 votes short of a two-thirds majority.

Figure skater Tonya Harding pleads guilty to a conspiracy charge stemming from the Jan. 6 assault on Nancy Kerrigan. She receives three years’ probation, is fined $100,000, and is compelled to resign from the U.S. Figure Skating Association, which ends her amateur skating career.

Israeli prime minister Rabin meets with Pope John Paul II in Rome. . . . U.S. Poet Laureate Rita Dove criticizes most “gangsta rap” music as “irresponsible” for having violent and intolerant lyrics. . . . Ellsworth Vines, 82, tennis champion of the 1930s, dies in La Quinta, California, of complications from kidney disease.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 13

March 14

March 15

March 16

March 17

580—March 18–22, 1994

March 18

March 19

Europe

The UN Security Council condemns the Feb. 25 massacre in Hebron, Israel, and calls for protective measures for Palestinians, meeting one of the PLO’s demands for resuming formal talks with Israel. The body also endorses the deployment of foreign monitors in Hebron.

The Muslim-dominated government of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the republic’s Croats sign a constitution for a federation of territories under their respective control. Also signed is an agreement to join that new entity with Croatia. However, the accords are not signed by the Serbs. . . . Gunter Mittag, 67, communist East Germany’s secretary for the economy for nearly 30 years, dies of complications arising from diabetes. . . . British prime minister Major announces a £12 million ($18 million) aid package for Sarajevo.

During a rally in Ulindi, Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini tells thousands of Zulus they should boycott the elections in South Africa. Separately, an independent commission finds that senior officials of the South African police aided Zulu nationalist rivals of the ANC in an effort to destabilize the country before its first universal suffrage elections. . . . Reports suggest that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein has deployed soldiers in proximity to Kurdish positions in northern Iraq.

Finance ministers from the 18 members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation group meet in Honolulu, Hawaii.

An exchange of prisoners of war held by the Bosnian government and the Bosnian Croats begins, and 500 Muslim detainees held at a Croat-run camp near Mostar are let go, while 357 Croats are freed by the Bosnian army from camps near eastern Mostar and the town of Bugojno.

Violent clashes involving electionrelated disputes flare up in KwaZulu and Natal province between supporters of the ANC and members of Inkatha.

Canadian peacekeeping troops discover a number of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons, including four tanks, three antiaircraft guns, and 22 mortars, all of which are banned in a 12-mile (20-km) NATOimposed exclusionary circle around Sarajevo. Separately, the first relief convoy in five months reaches the Muslim enclave of Maglaj in northcentral Bosnia.

Two journalists working for an Italian television network are shot and killed in Mogadishu when Somali gunmen apparently attempt to hijack their truck. . . . Egyptian militants in Sidfa shoot to death at least four policemen.

Armando Calderón Sol of the ruling Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party emerges from El Salvador’s first round of presidential elections. The election marks the culmination of a peace process that ended El Salvador’s 12-year civil war.

The Hezbollah movement claims credit for bomb attacks that leave two Israeli soldiers and three militiamen dead. Shrapnel from retaliatory Israeli artillery fire hits a school bus in Nabatiyeh, killing a 12year-old girl and wounding 22 other children and the bus’s driver. . . . In response to the Mar. 20 shootings in Sidfa, security forces kill at least six suspected Islamic militants in southern Egypt. . . . Thousands of inmates in at least three of South Africa’s prisons demand the right to vote; 21 prisoners are killed and more than 100 others wounded. . . . Clashes erupt in Bujumbura, Burundi, between the Tutsi-dominated army and Hutu gunmen.

Reports state that Mexican cattle ranchers claim that more than 200 private properties in the county of Ocosingo in Chiapas state have been “invaded” by peasants since Jan. 1.

In the nominally independent South African black homeland of Ciskei, police demand that the government pay officers’ pensions immediately. Brigadier Oupa Gqozo, the military leader, refuses, and, in response, several thousand police officers take 15 senior officials hostage. Gqozo resigns. Separately, the Transitional Executive Council takes control of the self-governing territory of Lebowa in the midst of a two-week strike by 30,000 workers.

Two charges of negligent performance of duty are lodged against Sergeant Perry Gresty, accused of failing to intervene in the beating of Shidane Abukar Arone, who was beaten to death while in detention at a Canadian forces compound at Belet Uen. Gresty’s court-martial is the first in Canada to consider the case of a soldier not actively involved in the torture and killing.

March 20

March 21

March 22

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The International Atomic Energy Agency passes a resolution demanding that North Korea allow IAEA officials to complete their inspections of North Korea’s nucleardevelopment sites. . . . The first international pact that was agreed to at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, goes into effect.

The IMF agrees to lend Russia $1.5 billion. . . . The U.S. and a group of developing countries agree to establish a committee, with an initial life span of only two years, to consider the impact of the GATT trade pact’s provisions on the environment.

The first UN relief flight into Tuzla airport, in northeastern Bosnia, touches down. . . . U.S. financier George Soros states he will give The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia a private grant of $4 million to help the landlocked Balkan country survive a Greekimposed trade embargo.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Private Elvin Kyle Brown, 25, convicted Mar. 16 of manslaughter and torture in connection with the death of a 16-year-old Somali youth, is sentenced to five years in prison for his crimes and is discharged in disgrace from the Canadian military. . . . In Brazil, police capture three of the fugitives that escaped Mar. 15. One of those three is killed by police gunfire, and a second is wounded.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 18–22, 1994—581

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

A Jonesboro, Arkansas, jury convicts Damien Echols, 19, and Charles Jason Baldwin, 16, of the May 1993 murders of three eightyear-old boys, whose naked bodies were found beaten, sexually assaulted, and hog-tied.

U.S. officials transfer 86 Mexicans imprisoned in U.S. jails to Mexican authorities in exchange for Mexico’s return of 11 U.S. citizens serving sentences in Mexico to the U.S. The prisoners will serve the remaining parts of their sentences in their native countries.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Reports confirm that at least 170 people in Ventura County, California, have developed coccidioidomycosis, a potentially fatal illness with flu-like symptoms that physicians believe is related to the Jan. 17 earthquake in Los Angeles since it stems from a fungus found in the soil. . . . The U.S. space shuttle Columbia lands at Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral.

March 18

A Jonesboro, Arkansas, jury sentences Damien Echols, 19, to death for the 1993 murders of three eight-year-old boys in West Memphis. The jury sentences a codefendant Charles Jason Baldwin, 16, to life in prison without parole. . . . A new version of the Scholastic Aptitude Test, renamed the Scholastic Assessment Test, debuts nationally. It is the first time in 20 years that the SAT has been overhauled and is now designed to emphasize critical thinking.

March 19

A Pennsylvania state law that limits and regulates abortions, the Abortion Control Act, goes into effect.

A strong aftershock from the January 17 quake strikes Los Angeles. The aftershock, one of 5,000 following the major quake, measures 5.3 on the Richter scale and results in minor new damage to freeways and buildings.

Lewis Grizzard, 47, journalist whose critics accuse of promoting the old South’s conservative attitudes, dies in Atlanta, Georgia, after suffering from brain damage sustained following a fourth operation for a congenital heart defect.

Macdonald Carey, 81, actor who had played Dr. Tom Horton on Days of Our Lives since 1965, dies in Beverly Hills, California, of lung cancer. . . . At the Oscars, Schindler’s List wins seven awards, including best picture and best director. A special lifetime achievement award is presented to actress Deborah Kerr, and actor Paul Newman receives the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.

In Sandoval v. California and in Victor v. Nebraska, the Supreme Court upholds convictions in those separate cases in which the judge instructed jurors to rely on their “moral certitude” to determine if a defendant was guilty beyond a “reasonable doubt.” The high court, however, makes it clear that the references to personal morality in the instructions are outdated and potentially confusing to jurors.

The Clinton administration announces that it will waive a visa rule in order to permit HIV-infected foreigners to attend the Gay Games athletic event in New York City. Attorney General Janet Reno approves the waiver.

The House approves by voice vote legislation that allows commercial banks to link their separately chartered branch networks in individual states into one nationwide system. . . . David Hale, a former municipal judge who is the only party in the Whitewater affair to have publicly accused Pres. Clinton of wrongdoing, pleads guilty to two felony counts of conspiring to defraud the federal Small Business Administration.

Walter Lantz, 93, animator known for creating the cartoon character Woody Woodpecker, dies in Burbank, California, of heart disease.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

March 20

March 21

March 22

582—March 23–27, 1994

World Affairs

Europe Giulietta Masina, 73, Italian actress, dies in Rome of cancer.

March 23

March 24

March 25

At a meeting at the UN, most democratic industrialized nations agree to stop exporting hazardous wastes to poor or developing countries, Eastern European nations, and former Soviet states.

Students, unions, and other youth and leftist groups stage a demonstration to protest French premier Edouard Balladur’s plan to allow employers to pay young people less than standard minimum wages.

The Americas

In South Africa, the Transitional Executive Council appoints Pieter Goosen and Rev. Bongani Blessing Finca to govern Ciskei temporarily. Reports state the council also reversed rules that previously prohibited inmates from voting. . . . Israeli troops kill at least three Palestinians in an 18-hour siege of a building in Hebron. A pregnant Palestinian woman also dies. . . . Lebanese soldiers take into custody six suspects in connection with the bombing of a church in February. Separately, the government outlaws the Lebanese Forces as a political party.

Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta, 44, the presidential candidate of Mexico’s long-governing Institutional Revolutionary Party who was the odds-on favorite to succeed Pres. Carlos Salinas de Gortari, is assassinated by gunshots in Tijuana. Separately, the Mexican Congress approves a package of democratic reforms that the PRI and eight opposition parties backed in January. . . . In Brazil, a number of unions strike to protest Pres. Cardoso’s economic-stabilization plan. In Brasilia, 5,000 civil servants hold a protest march.

Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi, Somalia’s most powerful clan leaders, sign a peace accord that provides for a cease-fire and paves the way for elections and Somalia’s first government since January 1991.

Reports disclose that four of the 18 members of the Brazilian Congress targeted in a congressional probe of a multimillion-dollar kickback scheme have resigned, thereby removing themselves from the probe’s jurisdiction.

The U.S. officially ends its 15-month mission in Somalia. UNICEF reports that the country’s widespread famine was over by May 1993, and it has vaccinated 753,000 Somali children, built 3,700 wells, and put 62,000 children into schools. According to UNICEF officials, currently there are 60,000 displaced Somalis in Mogadishu and some 150,000 Somali refugees in neighboring Kenya. . . . In Durban, South Africa, 50,000 ANC supporters march as part of a campaign of mass action intended to reveal that most Zulus opposed Chief Buthelezi’s defiance of election participation.

Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta, assassinated Mar. 23, is buried in his native Magdalena del Kino, in the state of Sonora, Mexico.

Data shows that clashes that erupted Mar. 21 in Bujumbura, the Burundian capital, between the Tutsi-dominated army and Hutu gunmen left about 1,000 people dead and caused 15,000 to flee to neighboring Zaire.

March 26

March 27

Africa & the Middle East

The 35-nation Organization of American States votes to select Colombian president Cesar Gaviria Trujillo as its secretary general.

Asia & the Pacific

Reports confirm that the Cambodian army has captured the remote northwestern town of Pailin, a stronghold of the Khmer Rouge rebel force. . . . Australian prime minister Paul Keating makes some major changes in the composition of his cabinet.

Five British soldiers led by Lt. Col. Robert Neill, who were lost in Low’s Gully on Mt. Kinabalu in Borneo, are rescued after two weeks of searching that involved 400 Malaysian soldiers and police and British mountaineers. . . . South Korean president Kim Young Sam makes his first visit to China since becoming president in February 1993.

The Alliance for Freedom, a coalition of three conservative parties, wins the most votes in Italy’s watershed general elections. . . . The political opponents of Pres. Leonid Kravchuk make strong gains in the first round of a two-part parliamentary election. Coincident with the parliamentary election, the Crimea region in Ukraine holds an “opinion poll” on greater autonomy from the central government, and early results show that 70% to 90% of those casting ballots on the questions favor more independence from Ukraine and the right to dual Russian-Ukrainian citizenship.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 23–27, 1994—583

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

White House officials announced that William Kennedy III, the White House associate counsel, has been stripped of his responsibilities for screening potential administration appointees for possible ethical problems. . . . Joseph Buttafuoco is released after serving four months and nine days of a sixmonth sentence for the statutory rape of Amy Fisher. . . . Reports find that Republican Party elected officials, party workers, and donors are split on the issue of abortion, with nearly 40% favoring broad abortion rights.

An F-16D jet fighter and a C-130 transport plane collide in midair over Pope Air Force Base outside Fayetteville, North Carolina. The fighter plane crashes and skids down a runway, hurtling debris at a parked C-141 transport plane that a group of paratroopers is preparing to board. The debris strikes the C141, causing its fuel tanks to explode. . . . Pres. Clinton refuses to grant clemency to Jonathan Jay Pollard, a former U.S. naval intelligence analyst sentenced to life in prison in 1987 for selling classified information to Israel.

The House, by voice vote, gives final passage to the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994, which is designed to help shrink the federal workforce by authorizing government agencies to offer cash payments, or “buyouts,” to workers who voluntarily resign or opt for early retirement.

A section of a natural-gas pipeline in Edison, New Jersey, explodes into a bright orange fireball, igniting fires that burn eight apartment buildings and leave 300 people homeless. The blast leaves a crater 120 feet wide and 60 feet deep. About 100 people are injured. There is only one reported fatality, a 32-year-old woman who died from a heart attack.

Alvaro del Portillo, 80, leader of the Opus Dei who was ordained as a bishop by Pope John Paul II in 1991, dies in Rome after suffering a heart attack. . . . Center Wayne Gretzky of the Los Angeles Kings breaks Gordie Howe’s record for the most goals in a National Hockey League career when he nets the puck for the 802nd time.

A Florida jury unanimously recommends that Danny Rolling, who pleaded guilty to slaying five college students in Gainesville in 1990 be sentenced to death. . . . The House votes, 315-110, in favor of legislation that prohibits lobbyists—but not the companies and special-interest groups that hire them—from providing members of Congress with gifts.

The INS grants asylum to a homosexual Mexican man who claims that he suffered “unspeakable degradations” in Mexico because of his sexual orientation. It is the first time that the INS acknowledges that a homosexual can qualify as a member of a persecuted “social group.”

The Senate, 99-1, gives final passage to the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994. . . . Pres. Clinton, in a prime-time White House news conference, gives an extensive defense of his conduct and that of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton in affairs related to their investment in the Whitewater Development Corp. real-estate venture.

Nine-year-old Rachel Carter becomes the youngest female to pilot a plane across the U.S., when she lands after a multistop journey from San Diego, California to Brookhaven, New York.

A retired black Methodist minister, Rev. Accelynne Williams, 75, dies of heart failure shortly after a police SWAT team mistakenly carries out a drug raid on his apartment in Boston, Massachusetts. The incident sparks outrage among many in the local black community. However, tensions seem to diffuse when city police and public officials quickly admit the mistake and apologize. . . . A jury in Wichita, Kansas, convicts Rachelle Shannon of attempted murder in the August 1993 shooting of Dr. George R. Tiller outside an abortion clinic.

In what is called “Operation Quickdraw,” the last U.S. peacekeeping contingent sails from Mogadishu, the Somali capital. While the mission’s humanitarian efforts are generally thought of as successful, the peacekeeping component of the mission is questioned. . . . The death toll from the Mar. 23 accident in North Carolina is at 23, and 80 other paratroopers were injured. . . . Two Japanese college students are shot during a carjacking in the San Pedro section of Los Angeles. The attacks spark outrage in Japan, where the U.S. is already considered a dangerous and lawless place.

The Senate passes, 57-40, budget resolutions that approve the outlines for federal spending proposed by Pres. Clinton in February. The Senate’s measure calls for $26 billion in unspecified spending cuts over five years that are not included in Clinton’s proposals. . . . The Clintons for the first time make public tax records from the years 1977 through 1979 that detail their Whitewater losses. . . . Labor Secretary Robert Reich unveils new federal regulations that will prohibit smoking, except in specially designated areas, in all of the nation’s indoor workplaces.

Writer Alice Walker, who initially declined the state Governor’s Arts Award since her stories were not approved by the California State Board of Education, accepts the prize that recognizes her as a “state treasure” after the Board’s Mar. 12 reversal.

The Commerce Department reports that after-tax profits of U.S. corporations rose 6.7% in 1993, to $249.1 billion. That compares with revised 1992 profits of $232.5 billion.

Pres. Clinton’s half brother, Roger Clinton, 37, marries Molly Martin, 25, at the Dallas Arboretum in Texas.

The Senate votes, 63-22, to grant final passage to the Goals 2000: Educate America Act.

The two Japanese college students shot Mar. 25 during a carjacking in the San Pedro section of Los Angeles die after being taken off life support.

Between 20 and 30 tornadoes tear through five states in the Southeast, from Alabama to North Carolina.

March 23

March 24

March 25

March 26

March 27

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

584—March 28–April 2, 1994

World Affairs

March 30

March 31

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Government representatives and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union reach a breakthrough agreement that includes a humanrights accord and an agenda for ending Guatemala’s 33-year-old civil war. Separately, a mob in rural Guatemala brutally beats a U.S. tourist, June Weinstock, in the latest of a series of attacks fueled by rumors that foreigners are abducting children in Guatemala.

Reformist monks launch a series of battles with supporters of Suh Eui Hyun, the conservative administrative head of the Chogye group, South Korea’s main Buddhist sect, in Seoul. . . . The city legislature in New Delhi, India’s capital, passes a law banning the slaughter of cows and the sale of beef in the city.

In Italy, a National Alliance rally held after the polls close includes an incident in which hundreds of rightwing youths give the straight-armed fascist salute. . . . . After nearly a month of protest, the government of French premier Edouard Balladur abandons a plan that would allow employers to pay young people less than standard minimum wages.

At least 53 people are killed and more than 300 are wounded in gun battles between police, Inkatha Freedom Party Zulu nationalists, and the ANC during a protest march by 10,000 Zulus. Johannesburg and 10 other districts are declared “unrest areas.” Data indicates that more than 150 people have died in political violence in Natal since clashes broke out Mar. 19. . . . A dozen Somali gunmen ambush a UNICEF car in Kismayu and kill two UN Indian peacekeepers. . . . Six PLO activists are killed by Israeli troops in the Gaza Strip.

The European Union finalizes agreements to admit four new members: Austria, Sweden, Norway, and Finland.

Serb forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina begin a concerted assault on the predominantly Muslim enclave in and around Gorazde, a town about 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital. . . . Slovenia’s parliament votes to dismiss Defense Minister Janez Jansa for reportedly abusing his powers.

Data shows that there are currently 18,763 UN soldiers stationed in Somalia. . . . The Mar. 28 shooting deaths of six Palestinian activists by Israeli soldiers spark pitched battles throughout the occupied territories between Palestinian protesters and Israeli soldiers, leaving one Palestinian dead and more than 70 people injured.

The U.S. announces that it will lift export controls on sales of sophisticated U.S.-made telecommunications and computer equipment to countries—primarily the former Soviet bloc and China—covered by restrictions imposed by the 17member Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (Cocom).

Lithuania pegs its currency, the litas, at four litas to one U.S. dollar, effective Apr. 1. . . . Ten French sailors die of asphyxiation when a steam pipe bursts in their submerged submarine while participating in exercises in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Toulon. . . . The IRA announces a three-day planned cease-fire which will expire Apr. 8. Excluding annual Christmas truces, the cease-fire is the first by the IRA since 1975.

The Israeli army acknowledges that one of its undercover units mistakenly killed six members of Fatah, Yasser Arafat’s mainstream PLO faction, on Mar. 28 in Gaza’s Jebaliya refugee camp.

Cocom, formed in 1947, is officially dissolved. Members are unable to reach agreement on a successor organization, but they are expected to continue cooperating in restricting the spread of high-technology weapons systems. . . . The UN Human Rights Committee rules that the Australian state of Tasmania’s laws against homosexual sex violates an international human rights agreement of which Australia is a part.

Leon Degrelle, 87, leader of Belgium’s Nazi party during World War II who was sentenced to death in 1944 but fled to Spain, dies in Malaga, Spain.

The PLO and Israel reach an accord that allows 160 lightly armed foreign observers to be deployed in the occupied town of Hebron to protect Palestinians. Once both sides sign the document, the PLO agrees to reopen negotiations with Israel on implementing Palestinian self-rule in the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip and the town of Jericho. . . . South African president F. W. de Klerk declares a full state of emergency in KwaZulu and in Natal province. It is the first state of emergency in South Africa since June 1990.

A civilian judge in Chile, Milton Juica, sentences five former federal policemen and a police informer to prison terms for the murders of Manuel Guerrero, Jose Manuel Parada, and Santiago Nattino, three leftist activists, in 1985. The judgment represents the most forceful punishment meted out for human-rights violations committed during the 1973–90 military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte.

A Singapore court fines five people a total of about $9,000 for breaking the country’s Official Secrets Act. . . . The bodies of 24 Taiwanese tourists are discovered burned to death on the lower deck of a boat on a lake in eastern Zhejiang province in China. Chinese officials term the deaths an accident.

Reports confirm that several Bosnian units, made available for service by a recent cease-fire with Croatian forces, attacked Serb-held areas near Maglaj, Kupres, and other central Bosnian towns.

Fighting continues in the KwaZulu homeland and Natal despite the arrival of 2,000 troops to enforce a state of emergency declared by South African president de Klerk.

Epaminondas Gonzalez, the president of Guatemala’s Constitutional Court, is assassinated. . . . The Bank of Mexico, Mexico’s central bank, becomes formally independent.

Wei Jingsheng, a leading dissident, is declared missing by an aide, Tong Yi, after Wei reportedly was seized by Chinese authorities.

March 28

March 29

Europe

April 1

In South Africa, violence continues in the KwaZulu homeland and Natal. Nine people, including a fivemonth-old infant and two older children in a family that backs the ANC, are hacked and stabbed to death. . . . Reports state that PLO chair Yasser Arafat has appointed Mustafa Natshe, 64, as mayor of Hebron.

April 2

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

March 28–April 2, 1994—585

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

The Census Bureau discloses that about 25% of all Americans went without health insurance for at least one month between February 1990 and September 1992.

Walter F. Mondale, the U.S. ambassador to Japan, apologizes at a press conference in Tokyo for the Mar. 25 murders of two Japanese students in Los Angeles.

William H. Natcher, 84, Democratic representative from Kentucky who set what is believed to be a congressional record by participating in all 18,401 votes that took place from his election in 1954 until his failing health kept him from voting on Mar. 3, 1994, dies in Washington, D.C., of heart failure.

The Clinton administration announces that the INS will institute a “fast-track handling of asylum claims” in an effort to discourage immigrants from filing fraudulent petitions.

California State approves a plan under which Los Angeles County applicants for the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) welfare program will have to undergo fingerprint checks. The fingerprinting plan is the first in the nation to apply to AFDC, a joint federal-state program. . . . Data shows that the Brady law in its first month in effect prevented at least 1,605 people from buying handguns.

Hulond Humphries, the principal of Randolph County High School in Wedowee, Alabama, who was suspended with pay Mar. 14 for his controversial remarks on interracial dating, is reinstated after a vote by the school board. . . . The Justice Department announces it has reached an out-of-court settlement with the Educational Testing Service to allow disabled students an additional opportunity to take the revised SAT exam in the current academic year. . . . Pres. Clinton signs into law the Goals 2000: Educate America Act.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Figures show that at least 41 people were killed and 250 injured in the tornadoes that struck Mar. 27. About half of the fatalities occur when a tornado demolishes the crowded Goshen Methodist Church outside Piedmont, Alabama.

The Celestine Prophecy by James Redfield tops the bestseller list. . . . Eugene Ionesco (born Eugen Ionescu), 81, who pioneered the Theater of the Absurd, dies in Paris, France. . . . Albert Goldman, 66, author of controversial biographies of Elvis Presley and John Lennon, dies of heart failure on a flight to London from Miami.

Helen Wolff (born Helen Mosel), 88, publisher and editor, dies in Hanover, New Hampshire, of a heart attack. . . . Bill Travers, 72, actor best known for Born Free (1966), dies in Dorking, England. . . . Reports state that J. Carter Brown is the director of an art exhibit that will coincide with the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.

The Census Bureau reports the proportion of Americans with fulltime jobs whose incomes are too low to bring a family above the poverty level rose by 50% between 1979 and 1992. . . . Pres. Clinton signs the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994. . . . The Dow plunges 2%, or 72.27 points, to close at 3626.75, its lowest level since November 4, 1993.

Pres. Clinton declares Alabama a disaster area due to tornadoes, making the state eligible for federal aid. Vice Pres. Al Gore visits the ruins of the Piedmont church.

March 29

March 30

A report by the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative criticizes three dozen nations as well as trading blocs such as the EU, the Arab League, and the CIS for maintaining obstacles to free trade, from the U.S. perspective. . . . A Court of Appeals rules that it is unconstitutional to indefinitely incarcerate Alexis Barrera Echavarria, a Cuban refugee from a 1980 boatlift. She is one of up to 5,000 Cubans in U.S. federal prisons who have not been charged with a federal crime but are similarly imprisoned.

After shooting and wounding two sheriff’s deputies near Dayton, Ohio, Michael Mower, 36, who allegedly threatened to kill Pres. Clinton in March, kills his mother and himself after a standoff with police. . . . Data indicates that 177,500 carjackings occurred in the U.S. between 1987 and 1992, and 52% were successful. . . . Figures show the Supreme Court’s newest justice, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, has voted with the majority opinion in all of the court’s 25 decisions since the start of the term.

March 28

March 31

The Labor Department reports that 456,000 nonfarm jobs were added during March, the largest such increase since February 1988. . . . Reports reveal that the RTC prosecuted Arkansas businessman Seth Ward for his role in unspecified transactions that helped bring about the collapse of Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan.

Robert Doisneau, 81, French photographer known for his black-andwhite pictures of Parisian life, dies in Paris of acute pancreatic complications arising from an October 1993 heart-bypass operation.

According to FBI statistics, 25,000 carjackings occurred in 1992, up from the year-earlier figure of 19,000. The FBI reports that Los Angeles tops the list of cities with the most instances of successful carjackings that year.

Pat Harper, 59, who in 1980 became the first woman to anchor an independent news show when she was made the lead newscaster of USA Tonight, dies in Capileira, Spain, after suffering a heart attack. . . . Betty Furness, 78, actress, TV reporter, and one of the first consumer advocates, dies in New York City of stomach cancer.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 1

April 2

586—April 3–8, 1994

World Affairs

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

An Albanian judge sentences former communist premier Fatos Nano, 41, to 12 years in prison for his part in a 1991 embezzlement scandal involving food-aid shipments from Italy to Albania.

April 3

April 4

April 5

April 6

Europe

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade indicates that the volume of merchandise trade worldwide in 1993 increased 2.5% from 1992. That compares with a rise of 4.5% in 1992 from the previous year.

April 7

April 8

Asia & the Pacific The Secret Service confirms that since the beginning of the year, Pres. Clinton has received two death threats sent via computer network to the White House’s electronic-mail address.

Georgian rebels in the region of Abkhazia sign a cease-fire agreement and a refugee-return plan with the Georgian central government.

The nominally independent black self-governing homeland of Transkei officially is reincorporated into South Africa. . . . Egyptian police shoot dead Adel Siam, head of the armed wing of Islamic Jihad (Holy War). . . . The Bank of Jordan opens a branch in the West Bank city of Ramallah, making it the first commercial bank to open its doors in the Israeli-occupied territories since Israel and the PLO signed the selfrule accord in September 1993.

Serb and UN officials report that Serb infantry and tanks broke through Bosnian army defense lines from the south and reached the Drina River, dividing the town of Gorazde roughly in half. . . . Margaret Wright, 31, is brutally beaten, shot, and killed by a mob at an illegal Protestant drinking club in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Wright apparently was mistaken for a Roman Catholic.

Israel allows an estimated three to four dozen Palestinian exiles to return to Jericho and the Gaza Strip. . . . More than 20,000 armed Zulus march in Empangeni in Natal in support of King Goodwill Zwelithini’s demand that KwaZulu be made a sovereign monarchy.

Speakers for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees report that at least 50 civilians died and 300 were wounded in the fighting by the town of Gorazde in Bosnia.

Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira and Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana are killed when their plane crashes while landing in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital. Eight others aboard the plane also reportedly die. Rwandan sources claim that the plane was shot down . . . . Hamas claims responsibility for a suicide carbombing of a school bus in Afula, located about 20 miles (30 km) northeast of Hadera. In the attack, seven Israelis and the 19-year-old Palestinian assailant die. The death toll is the highest for a terrorist attack inside Israel since 1989.

Obdulio Chinchilla, the only congressman from Guatemala’s Revolutionary Party, is seriously wounded by gunfire when he leaves a restaurant in Guatemala City, the capital.

Golo Mann, 85, German historian and son of renowned novelist Thomas Mann, dies in Leverkusen, Germany, of cancer.

A Palestinian from the Gaza Strip shoots to death one Israeli and wounds four in the city of Ashdod before being killed by bystanders. Antigovernment protests are held in 17 Israeli communities. Israel will close its borders to the West Bank. . . . Fighting breaks out in the wake of Rwandan president Habyarimana’s Apr. 6 death. Among those reported dead are Rwanda’s Tutsi premier, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, at least 10 Belgian UN peacekeepers, and 17 Rwandan Jesuit priests.

Reports confirm that Tiebele Drame, the senior UN human-rights official in Haiti, has documented 112 summary executions and unexplained deaths since Jan. 31.

The Serbs overrun territory near the enclave of Gorazde, including the Gradina promontory. . . . Germany halts shipments of arms to Turkey after protests that the weapons will be used against Kurds. . . . Helen Homewood, who was forced to leave the British army because she was pregnant, is awarded £299,851 ($442,280) by an industrial tribunal in Glasgow, Scotland. The award is the largest to date for any of the 2,000 women seeking compensation for unfair dismissal.

In Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, groups of Hutus and Tutsis roam the streets shooting, knifing, and hacking civilians to death. The fighting dissolves a 1993 peace accord aimed at ending nearly three years of civil war. About 4,000 refugees flee. Venat Theodore Sindikubwabo becomes interim president. . . . Reports indicate Saudi Arabia has taken action against Osama bin Laden, a multimillionaire, for providing financial support to militant Muslim organizations in Arab countries.

The government of the Bahamas states that it will no longer receive Cuban refugees detained at sea by the U.S. Coast Guard. . . . Canadian and U.S. authorities arrest 10 people in Scarborough, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan, breaking up what the Canadian police describe as the largest immigration smuggling ring ever smashed in Canada.

Protests against GATT draw a total of more than 200,000 people in New Delhi, India’s capital. The pact is condemned as a threat to India’s sovereignty and attempts to maintain economic self-sufficiency. . . . A criminal justice commission in the Australian state of Queensland clears Brisbane police of assaulting or mistreating an aborigine teenager, Daniel Yock, who died in police custody in November 1993.

Japanese premier Morihiro Hosokawa resigns abruptly, after only eight months in power, amid allegations of financial impropriety leveled by the opposition Liberal Democratic Party.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 3–8, 1994—587

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Dr. Jerome Lejeune, 67, French geneticist who discovered the genetic cause of Down’s syndrome, dies in Paris of lung cancer.

Frank G. Wells, 62, Walt Disney Co.’s president and COO since 1984, dies along with two others in a helicopter crash in central Nevada during a skiing expedition. Two survive the crash, which investigators blame on mechanical problems.

Former Rep. Carroll Hubbard Jr. (D, Ky.) pleads guilty in federal district court in Washington, D.C., to felony charges of obstruction of justice, misuse of congressional staff, and illegal use of campaign funds during his unsuccessful bid for reelection in 1992. . . . Voters in Missouri narrowly defeat a proposed constitutional amendment to allow slot machines on riverboats on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers.

The Supreme Court’s oldest member, Justice Harry A. Blackmun, 85, announces that he will retire after the court’s current term ends in June. Blackmun’s name is indelibly linked with the landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling that upholds women’s right to choose to have an abortion, for which he wrote the 7-2 majority opinion. . . . Rep. Jamie L. Whitten (D) 83, who is currently serving his 27th term representing northern Mississippi and has served for 53 years in the House—longer than any other representative in U.S. history—announces he will not run for reelection in November.

Mississippi governor Kirk Fordice (R) signs legislation that allows student-initiated prayers in the state’s public schools. The law is prompted by the case of Bishop Knox, who was fired in November 1993 for allowing students to read prayers over the Jackson, Mississippi, school’s intercom and is to be reinstated in July.

The U.S. Coast Guard reverses the U.S. policy that guarantees entry to Cubans who sail from a third country when it turns away 19 Cubans, who then arrive in the Bahamas.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

April 3

The Dow Jones industrial average closes at 3593.35 points, down 276.11 points from Mar. 23 and a decline of 9.7%, or 385.01 points, from its Jan. 31 all-time high of 3978.36. Analysts suggest that the drop ends a bull market that has lasted more than two years. . . . In Oregon Waste Systems v. Department of Environmental Quality, the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that states cannot impose a higher tax at waste disposal sites on garbage imported from other states.

Marlon Riggs, 37, Emmy-winning videomaker whose work examines the lives of black homosexual men, dies in Oakland, California, of AIDS. . . . First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton throws out the first ball at the home opener of the Chicago Cubs, a 12-8 loss to the New York Mets.

The Dow index surges 82.06 points to close at 3675.41. That is the largest one-day increase since Dec. 23, 1991.

Andre Tchelistcheff, 92, eminent California wine maker and enologist, dies in Napa, California, of cancer of the esophagus.

The International Brotherhood of Teamsters begins a strike against 22 major unionized trucking companies. About 75,000 workers participate. . . . The SEC approves a rule designed to limit corruption in the $1.2 trillion municipal-bond business by curbing donations to elected officials from people connected with underwriters. It also approves a rule that will require bond dealers to disclose to potential individual investors all the risks municipal bonds can pose and to determine whether investors understand the risks.

An aftershock from a June 1992 earthquake in California’s Yucca Valley strikes the area around Lake Arrowhead in the San Bernardino Mountains. The aftershock, one of 60,000, measures 4.8 on the Richter scale, but it causes little damage.

The English Football Association states that the national soccer team is withdrawing from a match in Berlin against the German national team scheduled for Apr. 20, the birthday of Adolf Hitler, to avoid planned demonstrations by rightwing extremists.

A federal grand jury in Boston, Massachusetts, indicts David LaMacchia, 20, an MIT student, on a charge that he ran two computernetwork bulletin boards that allowed users to illegally copy computer software worth a total of more than $1 million. Prosecutors call the computer piracy case the largest of its kind in the U.S.

The Vatican officially commemorates the murder of 6 million Jews during World War II for the first time with a concert in Rome attended by Pope John Paul II, Jewish leaders, and survivors of Nazi concentration camps.

Florida and the INS reach an agreement that permits Florida to deport 500–1,000 illegal aliens incarcerated in Florida’s state prisons.

Pope John Paul II unveils the restoration of the fresco The Last Judgment, located on the west wall of Rome’s Sistine Chapel. . . . Kurt Cobain, 27, lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter for the rock band Nirvana who was touted as the founder of grunge rock, is found dead in Seattle, Washington, of an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 4

April 5

April 6

April 7

April 8

588—April 9–14, 1994

April 9

April 10

April 11

Europe

The mass killings in Rwanda following the Apr. 6 death of Pres. Juvenal Habyarimana spurs several Western nations to begin evacuating their citizens from the Central African nation.

The outlawed Provisional IRA launches four minor grenade and gunfire attacks on police and army posts. No injuries are reported.

Islamic militants assassinate Raouf Khayrat, a senior Egyptian antiterrorist official, in an automaticweapons and firebomb attack in Cairo. . . . A group of Palestinians in East Jerusalem defy an Israeli military ban on marking the 30th anniversary of the founding of the PLO within the city.

The Socialist Renewal Movement (CRS)—one of the four Colombian guerrilla groups at war with the government—accepts terms for its disarmament and reintegration into civilian society. With the signing of the peace accord, an estimated 8,000 rebels from the other three leftist organizations remain in combat.

Responding to a request by the UN military commander in BosniaHerzegovina, U.S. warplanes under NATO command attack Bosnian Serb positions near Gorazde, a predominantly Muslim enclave in southeast Bosnia. The Bosnian Serb supreme military command protests to the UN about the NATO engagement and argues that in approving it, the international body has taken sides with the Muslims in the Bosnian war.

The Communist Party in Ukraine, together with its Socialist Party ally and other sympathizers, wins the largest number of declared seats after the second round of voting in a general election that is still incomplete. . . . Viktor Afanasyev, 71, editor in chief of the then-Soviet newspaper Pravda, 1976–89, dies.

Data shows that more than 150 people have been killed since Apr. 1 in the KwaZulu homeland and Natal, South Africa, despite the presence of 2,000 troops deployed to enforce a state of emergency. . . . In Rwanda, government workers escorted by soldiers and aid organization workers, remove hundreds of bloodied corpses from main roads in Kigali. About 800 Belgian paratroopers arrive in Kigali to evacuate the 1,500 Belgian citizens living there. France reports that 460 of its paratroopers have evacuated 525 of 600 French expatriates to neighboring Burundi and the Central African Republic.

Haitian senators, whose power derives from disputed elections that the international community judges to be illegitimate, declare the Haitian presidency vacant. . . . Argentine president Carlos Saul Menem’s Justicialist (Peronist) Party wins a plurality victory in elections for an assembly to rewrite the nation’s 141-year-old constitution.

Artillery, machine gun, and mortar fire continue throughout Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, as 2,400 rebel forces close in. The U.S. reports that the 230 expatriates who wanted to leave Rwanda have been evacuated. . . . Eight men between 18 and 25 years old, while distributing nonpartisan voter-education pamphlets, are decapitated at a primary school in a remote region of Natal, South Africa.

In Mexico, the Association of Human Rights of the Southeast states that a group of 80 armed landowners in Chiapas kidnapped its president, Enrique Perez . . . In an effort to stem instability in Guatemala, Pres. Ramiro de Leon Carpio announces that he has directed the military to assume internal-security responsibilities from the police force. . . . In Canada, Sergeant Perry Gresty is acquitted by a court-martial of two counts of negligent performance of duty in connection with the March 1993 death of Shidane Abukar Arone, a Somali man.

Responding to a request by the UN military commander in BosniaHerzegovina, U.S. warplanes under NATO again attack Bosnian Serb positions near Gorazde.

An incomplete tally by UN aid workers puts the number of casualties in the Serb offensive on Gorazde that started Mar. 29 at 182 dead and 747 wounded. . . . Loyalist paramilitaries claim responsibility for the murder in Belfast, Northern Ireland, of Ian Hamilton, 21, whom police were seeking in connection with the Apr. 5 murder of Margaret Wright.

As many as 20,000 rebels begin advancing to Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. Unrelenting violence in the city forces members of an interim government and more than 100,000 refugees to flee the capital. All foreign embassies are closed. . . . . A prominent Iraqi opposition figure, Taleb al-Suheil, 64, is murdered in Beirut, the Lebanese capital.

The European Union’s European Commission formally begins legal proceedings against Greece for its refusal to lift a trade embargo against its northern neighbor, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

Nicholas Elliot, 77, British intelligence officer known for confronting fellow agent H. A. R. “Kim” Philby, who was working as a spy for the former Soviet Union, dies in London of cancer.

In Rwanda, 1,180 Tutsis, 650 of them children, are killed in a church in Musha, 25 miles (40 km) east of Kigali. A joint convoy of the Red Cross and Doctors Without Borders is the first one to reach Kigali since Apr. 6. . . . Lebanese authorities arrest Iraqi diplomats Khaled Khalaf and Mohammed Kadhem for alleged involvement in the Apr. 12 murder of Taleb al-Suheil. . . . A Palestinian suicide bomber detonates explosives in Hadera, killing five Israelis and wounding 30 others.

Two U.S. Air Force warplanes mistakenly shoot down two U.S. Army helicopters engaged in a UN humanitarian mission for Kurds in northern Iraq’s “no-fly zone,” killing all 26 UN representatives from many nations, including the U.S., Britain, France, and Turkey.

Serb fighters confine six UN peacekeeping soldiers to barracks in the village of Mokro. In the village of Cifluk, near Sarajevo, between 14 and 17 Canadian UN troops, while monitoring Serb weapons, are abducted at gunpoint. The Bosnian Serbs expel all U.S. journalists from the 70% of Bosnia under their control.

A massive wave of ethnic and political violence continues in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. The violence, which started Apr. 7 and spread to the countryside, has left between 10,000 and 20,000 dead. . . . South Africa president F.W. De Klerk and ANC president Nelson Mandela meet for the country’s first public presidential debate.

April 12

April 13

April 14

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Paul Keating makes the first visit by an Australian prime minister to Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War.

Suh Eui Hyun, the conservative administrative head of the Chogye group, South Korea’s main Buddhist sect, resigns in order to placate reformist monks who fought with Suh supporters and have staged a series of battles since Mar. 29. At least 38 people were injured and 140 monks arrested during the rioting.

Hugh Worrell Springer, 80, governor general of Barbados, 1984–90, dies.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 9–14, 1994—589

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, jury convicts a State Supreme Court justice, Rolf Larsen, of two counts of conspiracy for having staff workers obtain prescription drugs for his use.

A ballot initiative to recall California state senator David Roberti (D) fails when voters in his district reject it by a margin of 59% to 41%. . . . A study shows that up to half of the 12 million U.S. children under the age of three face developmental risks, and recommendations include the expansions of national immunization and prenatal services, the Head Start education program, and the Family and Medical Leave Act.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour blasts off from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, to carry out a mission devoted to research on the effects of natural processes and human activity on the Earth’s surface.

Miinnehoma wins the Grand National steeplechase at Aintree race course outside Liverpool, England.

April 9

Jose Maria Olazabal of Spain wins the Masters golf tournament on the Augusta (Georgia) National golf course.

April 10

The U.S. imposes limited trade sanctions against Taiwan, accusing the country of failing to take measures to stem illegal trading of tiger bones and rhinoceros horns. . . . Florida governor Lawton Chiles (D) sues the U.S. government for reimbursement of expenses that Florida spent on social services supplied to illegal immigrants in the state.

Pres. Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton pay $14,615 in federal and state back taxes and interest stemming from capital gains they garnered in 1980.

The Santa Monica Freeway, the world’s busiest freeway, which was severely damaged in the Jan. 17 earthquake, reopens.

Reports state that legendary singer Ella Fitzgerald in 1993, had both of her legs amputated below the knee as a result of complications from diabetes.

Randall Robinson, the executive director of Washington, D.C.-based TransAfrica, a lobbying group for African and Caribbean issues, begins a highly publicized liquiddiet fast to protest what he calls the U.S.’s “grossly discriminatory” policy on Haiti.

James McDougal, the former partner of Pres. Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton in the Whitewater Development Corp., publicly releases about 2,000 pages of documents related to the real-estate venture.

Reports state that the crew of Endeavour have located high levels of pollution over the Euphrates River Valley in Iraq, Indonesia, and parts of Africa, and lower levels below the Earth’s equator.

Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, and winners include E. Annie Proulx, David Remnick, and Edward Albee.

Reports confirm that 200 students at the University of Miami in Florida have protested the school paper’s publication of an advertisement placed by Bradley Smith questioning historical reports of the Holocaust. . . . Six of the nation’s largest tobacco companies release a list of nearly 600 additives used in processing cigarettes.

April 11

April 12

April 13

Sam C. Pointer Jr., chief judge of the U.S. District Court in Birmingham, Alabama, gives preliminary approval to an expanded settlement of more than $4.2 billion to be paid by eight medical-supply companies to women who claim to have suffered from diseases allegedly related to silicone breast implants.

The CDC finds that an average of 17 workers were killed on the job each day in the 1980s, and a total of 63,589 died between 1980 and 1989. . . . Citing the closure of Alaska Pulp’s mill at Sitka, Alaska, the Forest Service cancels its contract with the company. . . . In the largest corporate fraud settlement ever made with the government, National Medical Enterprises announces it has reached a preliminary agreement to settle for $375 million all outstanding fraud charges by federal and state authorities.

Federal judge Charles Brieant sentences Rev. Edward Pipala, a Roman Catholic priest who pleaded guilty to about 30 counts of sexual abuse, to serve eight years in prison. . . . In New York City, surrogate court judge Eve Preminger finds that art in the estate of the late Andy Warhol is worth $390.9 million, four times what the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has claimed.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 14

590—April 15–20, 1994

April 15

April 16

Europe

The GATT Uruguay Round concludes when officials from 125 nations sign a pact to liberalize existing national and regional trade regulations, eliminate tariffs, and institute measures to boost global trade. . . . At a summit meeting of the CIS, members assent to a variety of measures that increase and consolidate Russia’s preeminence in the 12-nation body.

In Bosnia, the Serbs continue to fight with tank, artillery, and smallarms fire against Gorazde. Two British military observers are wounded by Serb artillery fire at the front line.

Israel begins to crack down on more than 400 Palestinians in the occupied territories who allegedly have ties to Hamas and Islamic Jihad.

Some $3.9 million in U.S. bills kept unguarded in a locked filing cabinet is stolen from the United Nations headquarters in Mogadishu, the Somali capital. It is the biggest theft from the organization in UN history and causes international embarrassment.

In Bosnia, a British Sea Harrier reconnaissance and ground-attack jet is shot down by a Serb surfaceto-air missile in the vicinity of Gorazde. . . . Reports state that legislation intended to protect the French language by banning the use of non-French words in seminars, contracts, public announcements, advertising, and radio and TV broadcasts if a “suitable local equivalent” for the foreign phrase exists has passed the Senate and moved to the National Assembly.

King Hussein outlaws the militant Islamic Resistance Movement, known as Hamas, in Jordan.

Bosnian Serb forces engaged in an offensive against the UN-declared safe area of Gorazde enter the town after smashing through remaining lines. In penetrating into the town center, the Serbs defy a continued threat of further NATO air strikes. . . . Officials state that a spring offensive by the Turkish military against Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq killed 57 Kurds in five days.

The Israeli cabinet gives approval for 20,000 work permits for West Bank and Gaza Palestinians, which marks an easing of restrictions imposed Apr. 7, when Israel sealed its borders from the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

The British pilot whose plane crashed Apr. 16 and seven of the 12 UN military observers in Gorazde are evacuated from the enclave by helicopter because of fears for their safety if they are captured by Serbs.

An ax-wielding Palestinian injures two passengers on a bus in Jerusalem before being shot in the leg and subdued by Israeli forces. . . . Lebanon breaks diplomatic relations with Iraq and gives Iraq’s embassy staff 72 hours to leave the country. . . . Jordan’s King Hussein formally marks the completion of an 18-month-long project to renovate the seventh-century Dome of the Rock mosque in the walled Old City of East Jerusalem. The eight-sided mosque is located on the plateau that Muslims call the Haram al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary), Islam’s third holiest site, and that Jews refer to as the Temple Mount.

At its annual meeting, the board of governors of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development unanimously endorses organizational changes and a new strategy developed by bank president Jacques de Larosiere.

Serbs, in violation of a heavyweapons exclusion order, take 18 antiaircraft guns. Russian officials intervene, and 13 guns are returned. The Serbs begin releasing some UN personnel. . . . Paul Touvier, a former chief of a World War II pro-Nazi militia in Lyons, is convicted of crimes against humanity and receives the maximum sentence of life in prison. He is the first Frenchman found guilty of crimes against humanity for collaboration with Nazi German occupiers during 1940–44.

Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi agrees to allow Inkatha to participate in elections. Hundreds of Inkatha supporters cheer the decision in in Ulundi, KwaZulu’s capital. . . . In Rwanda, more than 20 people are killed and hundreds wounded when government forces shell the Amahoro Stadium in Kigali, where thousands have taken refuge. . . . Figures show that, since Apr. 15, Israel has more than 400 Palestinians in the occupied territories in what is the most extensive crackdown on Islamic extremists since December 1992.

The U.S. State Department confirms reports that its embassy in Haiti purchased fuel smuggled into Haiti in defiance of the UN embargo. U.S speaker Mike McCurry defends the contraband purchases on the grounds that they allowed humanitarian agencies to deliver food to impoverished areas of the countryside.

The International Monetary Fund projects that economic output worldwide will increase 3% in 1994 and 3.7% in 1995. The world economy expanded 2.3% in 1993. The IMF also announces that it has released a $1.5 billion loan to Russia agreed in March.

Serb gunfire destroys large parts of the Gorazde hospital, critically wounding four medical workers and injuring seven others. A UN estimate puts the death toll from the three weeks of fighting at 345 and 1,187 wounded. More than 18,000 people have been displaced. . . . Spain’s parliament passes a package of anticorruption measures proposed by Spanish premier Felipe Gonzalez.

When Iraq refuses to surrender diplomats Khaled Khalaf and Mohammed Kadhem, wanted for alleged involvement in the murder of Taleb al-Suheil, police surround the Iraqi embassy in Beirut.

Studies show that 20% of Haitian children under the age of five are either moderately or severely malnourished.

April 17

April 18

April 19

April 20

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific The Australian Labor Party announces that it has removed the representation of the British Union Jack flag from the federal party logo.

The first shipment to South Korea of U.S.-made Patriot antimissile batteries arrives on two U.S. ships. . . . Former Singapore prime minister Lee Kuan Yew angers some of the island nation’s women when he states his government was “young, ignorant and idealistic” when it extended equal rights—including access to education—to women early in his 31 years in power.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 15–20, 1994—591

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Joseph A. Strauss, a top aide at HUD during the administration of Pres. Ronald Reagan, pleads guilty in federal court to two felony counts related to payments he received from real-estate developers.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The White House makes public the 1993 tax returns of Pres. Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton, which show the Clintons paid federal taxes of $62,670 on an adjusted gross income of $293,757, and they claimed $15,815 in deductions for state and local income-tax payments. The returns show that the couple is eligible for a refund of $7,982.

NASA scientist Henry Reichle notes that the Endeavour’s crew has found significantly high concentrations of carbon monoxide in the earth’s Northern Hemisphere. . . . A study published in Cancer Research suggests there is evidence that HIV may also directly cause cancers of the immune system by invading strands of DNA and activating a dormant cancer-causing gene.

Reports state that the Vatican will officially permit girl altar servers to aid priests during Roman Catholic mass services. . . . John Anthony Curry, 44, figure skater and 1976 Olympian gold medalist, dies in Binton, England, of AIDS.

Ralph Waldo Ellison, 80, writer whose novel, Invisible Man (1952), is one of the masterpieces of 20thcentury literature, dies in New York City of pancreatic cancer.

Dr. Roger Wolcott Sperry, 80, neurobiologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1981 for his study of nerve fibers in the brain, dies in Pasadena, California, of a heart attack.

A jury in Los Angeles awards Rodney King $3,816,535.45 in compensatory damages in a civil lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles stemming from King’s March 1991 videotaped beating by police. . . . In J. E. B. v. T. B., the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that lawyers cannot use gender as justification for disqualifying a juror.

After six hours of debate, the Senate votes, 54-43, to retire Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Frank B. Kelso II at four-star rank, despite controversy over his role in the 1991 Tailhook sexual harassment scandal. All seven women senators in the chamber oppose the measure.

April 16

April 17

The Federal Reserve Board raises a key short-term interest rate, the socalled federal funds rate, to 3.75% from 3.5%. . . . An issue of Fortune magazine notes that the aggregate profits of the nation’s 500 largest industrial corporations rebounded in 1993 to a total of $62.6 billion. In 1992, the nation’s 500 largest industrial companies lost a combined $196 million, primarily the result of massive noncash charges to cover the costs of retirees’ health benefits.

Reports reveal that the sexualabuse lawsuit filed by Steven Cook against Roman Catholic priest Ellis Harsham of Cincinnati and the Cincinnati diocese has been settled for undisclosed terms.

In Central Bank of Denver N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver N.A., the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that investors cannot sue financial advisers who were involved indirectly in securities fraud.

Reports confirm that Philip Roth has won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for his 20th novel, Operation Shylock.

A Gainesville, Florida, Circuit Court judge sentences Danny Rolling, who pled guilty to slaying five college students in 1990, to death. . . . With surprising anger from both parties, the Senate rejects, 53-44, a resolution calling for members of Congress, the Supreme Court, and the diplomatic corps to give up free reserved parking spaces at National Airport and Dulles International Airport.

April 15

The validity of conclusions that were drawn in part from falsified data in a landmark breast-cancer study is affirmed in a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The study concludes that it is not always necessary for women with breast cancer to undergo full mastectomies. . . . The U.S. space shuttle Endeavour touched down at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

April 18

April 19

April 20

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

592—April 21–26, 1994

April 21

April 22

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to reduce its peacekeeping force in Rwanda to about 270 troops, from an estimated 2,500 stationed there before the fighting erupted upon the Apr. 6 death of Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana.

In Poland, coal miners begin a cumulative series of strikes. . . . An appeals court in Belfast, Northern Ireland, overturns the 1975 murder conviction of Paul Hill, a member of the “Guildford Four.”. . . Reports state that Azerbaijan sent poorly trained young conscripts to the front and that the winter campaign cost the lives of 4,000 Azeri fighters, more combatant deaths than Azerbaijan incurred in the previous two years of battle.

NATO member states demand that the Serbs pull back 1.9 miles (3 km) from the center of Gorazde by 2:01 A.M. local time Apr. 24, which will coincide with a cease-fire.

Reports state that Hungary and Slovakia have agreed to return property seized from Jews during World War II or to compensate the owners or surviving heirs. . . . Talks between Russia and Ukraine on the disputed status of the Black Sea fleet fail in the wake of a series of armed air, land, and naval confrontations between the two countries.

April 23

April 24

The finance ministers and centralbank heads of the Group of Seven leading industrialized nations express optimism that inflation will remain relatively low while economies strengthen in the group’s member-nations.

April 25

April 26

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

The military wings in the Gaza Strip of the mainstream PLO faction Fatah and Hamas agree to a 30-day halt in the killing of alleged Palestinian collaborators with Israel.

More than 200 Cuban exiles attend a government-sponsored conference in Havana, Cuba’s capital. Separately, the Cuban government announces that it has pared down its bulky administrative apparatus in an effort to curb costs and to adapt to new needs created by the end of the Cold War. . . . In Haiti, soldiers and FRAPH militants carry out what UN observers characterize as an “indiscriminate attack” on a poor neighborhood in Gonaives, a port city 100 miles (160 km) north of Port-au-Prince. The incident leaves at least four dead.

South Korean premier Lee Hoi Chang resigns after only four months in office. He reportedly clashed with Pres. Kim Young Sam over the premier’s role and influence in the government.

The Serbs continue to shell Gorazde, but at the same time, they start to pull back from the Muslim enclave in eastern BosniaHerzegovina.

Data suggests that 2 million people have been displaced within Rwanda by fighting, and another 30,000 have fled to neighboring countries, including Burundi, which reportedly is also facing an upsurge of ethnic violence between Hutus and Tutsis.

An assault on presumed pro-Aristide fishermen and merchants is launched in Gonaives, a port city 100 miles (160 km) north of Port-auPrince, Haiti, taking the lives of up to 40 persons.

China unexpectedly releases Wang Juntao, 35, a prominent dissident who played a major role in prodemocracy demonstrations that led to the military crackdown in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in 1989.

About 170 patients and staff members are killed in an assault on a hospital in Butare, a city southwest of Kigali, Rwanda. . . . Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin visits Russia, marking the first trip ever to Russia by an Israeli head of state.

A bomb explodes without warning in downtown Johannesburg, South Africa, on the eve of the legal end to political campaigning. Among those who die is Susan Keane, a white ANC candidate for the Johannesburg region’s provincial legislature. The blast kills at least nine people and injures 92.

Armando Calderon Sol of El Salvador’s governing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party coasts to victory in the runoff election to decide the presidency.

David Langton (born Basil Muir Langton-Dodds), 82, British actor best known for his role on the British TV series Upstairs, Downstairs, 1971–76, dies in Stratfordupon-Avon, England, after suffering a heart attack.

More than a dozen bombs explode throughout South Africa. A car bomb is set off in Germiston, east of Johannesburg, killing at least 10 people and injuring more than 36. Two people die and 29 are injured when a bomb thrown into a Pretoria restaurant frequented by blacks explodes. . . . Egyptian police kill Talaat Yassin Hamam, 31, the Islamic Group’s leader, and six other militants in Cairo. . . . Rebel forces evacuate 11,000 refugees to Byumba, a town north of Kigali, Rwanda.

Canadian soldier Sergeant Mark Adam Boland pleads guilty to negligent performance of duty while soldiers tortured and killed Shidane Abukar Arone, a Somali youth detained by Canadian troops in Somalia. A statement reveals that Arone’s main tormentor was Master Corporal Clayton Darrell Matchee, who suffered brain damage in a subsequent suicide attempt. A court-martial rules that Matchee will not stand trial because of his impairment.

Russian parliamentarian Andrei Aizderdzis is killed by a single shotgun blast in a Moscow suburb. His killing is reportedly the first to befall a Russian politician. Separately, figures show that the public approval rating of Russian president Boris Yeltsin has fallen to an all-time low of 19%.

Thousands of voters of all races line up at at least 700 polling stations for the at day of voting in South Africa’s first all-race elections. . . . Unilateral cease-fires declared by the primarily Tutsi Rwanda Rebel Patriotic Front and Hutu-dominated government forces take effect. . . . Queen Zein al-Sharaf, 80, mother of King Hussein of Jordan, dies in Lausanne, Switzerland, where she was undergoing treatment for a heart ailment.

Tsutomu Hata is elected by the Diet as Japan’s 51st premier, succeeding Morihiro Hosokawa, who resigned Apr. 8. . . . Chinese Aerospace confirms that an early April explosion destroyed a $75 million advanced weather satellite, killed at least one person, and destroyed a laboratory.

A Taiwanese airliner crashes and bursts into flames on landing at Japan’s Nagoya Airport, 160 miles (260 km) west of Tokyo.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 21–26, 1994—593

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

The House approves, 285-141, an anticrime bill that authorizes $27.9 billion over six years. . . . The Alabama State Supreme Court upholds, 6-0, the 1993 conviction of the state’s former governor, Guy Hunt (R), on charges of diverting money from a nonprofit fund for personal use. . . . Judge James Linn convicts six people and acquits a seventh man of neglecting 18 children found living in a squalid Chicago apartment.

The Senate confirms Jeremy Boorda as chief of naval operations.

The Senate votes, 94-0, to approve a compromise bill to amend specific provisions of the 1978 U.S. Bankruptcy Code. . . . Teledyne Inc. settles two long-standing so-called whistle-blower suits with the U.S. government for a total of $112.5 million. . . . Judge William Dwyer of District Court in Seattle, Washington, approves the Clinton administration’s plan to allow some logging in the Pacific Northwest to resume.

Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th President of the United States and the only president in U.S. history to have resigned from office, dies in NYC of complications resulting from a severe stroke suffered earlier. . . . A judge orders the reinstatement of the principal of Wingfield High School, Bishop Knox, who allowed students to read prayers over the intercom. . . . The president of Howard University, Franklyn Jenifer, resigns after being named president of the University of Texas at Dallas. He will be the first black ever to head one of the Texas state system’s 15 universities.

The U.S. announces that it will take unilateral measures to curb imports from Canada of wheat, barley, and malt in response to alleged unfair subsidies provided to Canadian farmers by their government. . . . The Coast Guard intercepts more than 400 Haitians and escorts them ashore in Florida. A State Department official states that the refugees were taken into custody rather than repatriated because of “extraordinary circumstances” which reportedly include an outbreak of violence on board the Haitian ship.

Pres. Clinton nominates two economists, Janet Yellen and Alan Blinder, to fill vacancies on the seven-member Federal Reserve Board.

The NAACP and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference sponsors a prom at Randolph County High School in Wedowee, Alabama, to protest comments made by the school’s principal, Hulond Humphries, who on Feb. 24 threatened to cancel the school’s prom if interracial couples attend the event. . . . Pres. Clinton proclaims the day of former Pres. Nixon’s funeral, Apr. 27, to be a national day of mourning.

Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Frank B. Kelso II formally steps down, handing over the top Navy job to Admiral Jeremy M. Boorda.

Figures indicate that the total number of bankruptcy filings in 1993 in the U.S. reached 918,734, of which about 93% were consumer filings. That marks the first decline after eight years of steady growth; the number of filings peaked at 971,517 in 1992.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

April 21

The lunar mapping phase of the mission by the probe Clementine is completed.

Norwegian Boerge Ousland, who started his 620-mile (1,000-km) journey on foot on Mar. 2, becomes the first person to reach the North Pole alone and without outside support. . . . Boxer Michael Moorer earns a majority decision over Evander Holyfield and becomes the first heavyweight champion who fights left-handed.

April 22

April 23

The British Academy of Film and Television Arts presents best-film and best-director awards to Schindler’s List and Steven Spielberg. Acting awards go to Anthony Hopkins, Holly Hunter, Ralph Fiennes, and Miriam Margolyes.

Louisiana governor Edwin Edwards (D) signs into law a measure that changes the boundaries of the state’s U.S. House districts in response to a December 1993 court ruling that held a district map that went into effect after the 1990 census was “the product of racial gerrymandering.”

Members of New York City’s two largest commodities exchanges, the New York Mercantile Exchange and the Commodity Exchange (Comex), approve a plan to merge their operations by the end of the year. . . . Business Week finds that the average salary and bonus compensation for the top two executives at 361 companies was $1,274,893, a 15% increase from 1992. A record 502 of those executives earn more than $1 million.

A jury in Los Angeles rules in favor of the Isley Brothers in a copyright suit against singer Michael Bolton. . . . Reports confirm that an unfinished novel, Le Premier Homme (The First Man) by French author Albert Camus, who died in 1960, has been published posthumously in France.

District Court judge Gregory Waller sentences Rachelle Shannon to 10 years and eight months in prison for the 1993 shooting of Dr. George Tiller outside the Wichita, Kansas, clinic he operates. . . . In two consolidated cases, Landgraf v. USI Film Products and Rivers v. Roadway Express, the Supreme Court issues two 8-1 rulings that bar the Civil Rights Act of 1991 from being applied retroactively.

The Senate by voice vote passes legislation that will remove barriers to commercial banks’ ability to expand across state lines.

Majel Barrett Roddenberry reveals that the ashes of her late husband, Gene Roddenberry, the creator of the science-fiction TV series Star Trek, were flown aboard a mission of the space shuttle.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 24

April 25

April 26

594—April 27–May 1, 1994

April 27

World Affairs

Europe

The UN Security Council unanimously approves the dispatch of another 6,550 peacekeeping soldiers to Bosnia, bringing the total number of UN troops in all of former Yugoslavia to 44,870.

Attacking Bosnian Serb forces pull back from the Muslim enclave of Gorazde, in eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina. The attack on Gorazde is estimated to have taken the lives of at least 600 people in the city and wounded nearly 2,000 since Mar. 29. . . . Syria and Russia sign a military and technical cooperation pact, the first such agreement between the two parties since the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

In a historic moment, ANC leader Nelson Mandela casts the first ballot of his lifetime. . . . South Africa’s new constitution and bill of rights take effect. The black homelands are dissolved, and nine new all-race provinces come into being. . . . Despite the Apr. 26 ceasefire in Rwanda where an estimated 100,000 people have died since Apr. 6, the Tutsis and Hutus launch assaults. . . . . Fighting breaks out between forces in northern and southern Yemen at Amran, located 40 miles (65 km) north of Sana. Southern forces in Yemen fire fierce exchanges at Amran . . . . Reports to the UN suggest that violence in northern Burundi is increasing, possibly since ethnic fighting may be spreading into Burundi from Rwanda. . . . In South Africa, F. W. de Klerk approves a request by the IEC to extend voting to a fourth day in six rural regions of South Africa that faced serious logistical problems.

April 28

Nine Bosnian Serb soldiers are killed and at least four are wounded in a battle with UN troops near Tuzla in Bosnia. The confrontation is described as one of the largest battles in the area involving UN troops since they arrived in 1992. British troops kill three Bosnian Serb soldiers inside the exclusion zone after being shot at by the Serbs. . . . In Poland, factory workers join coal miners in a strike that started Apr. 21. Some 500,000 workers participate, and the strikes are reportedly the largest since the government took power in October 1993.

April 29

Tsutomu Hata is formally appointed premier by Emperor Akihito. Hata announces a 21-member cabinet. . . . Lee Young Duk, Pres. Kim Young Sam’s choice to replace Lee Hoi Chang, is approved by South Korea’s parliament as premier.

In Yemen, fighting spreads to the southern provinces of Abyan and Lahei. Gunmen in Sana wound Deputy Premier Hassan Mekki of the General People’s Congress party. . . . In a mass exodus, 250,000 refugees from Rwanda swarm into Tanzania in what is reported by UNHCR as the largest and quickest exit the organization has ever witnessed. . . . . Burundi’s army shells a Hutu stronghold in Bujumbura after a government ultimatum to militias to relinquish their weapons expires. . . . Representatives of the PLO and Israel sign a landmark economic agreement that seeks to establish a basis for the economic viability of territories under limited Palestinian self-rule.

Latvia and Russia sign a treaty providing for the complete withdrawal of the remaining 10,500 Russian (formerly Soviet) troops in Latvia by Aug. 31. . . .Lord Aylestone (born Herbert William Bowden), 89, British politician who was made a life peer in 1970, dies in London.

April 30

Asia & the Pacific

A court-martial sentences Canadian soldier Sergeant Mark Adam Boland to 90 days in a military jail and demotion to the rank of private for negligent performance of duty in the death of Shidane Abukar Arone, a Somali youth killed while detained by Canadian troops in Somalia. Khallid Abdul Muhammad, a black activist associated with the U.S.based Nation of Islam who caused a furor with his anti-Semitic remarks, fails to appear as a speaker at a scheduled meeting in Toronto after Canadian immigration authorities state that he is forbidden to enter the country.

May 1

The death toll from the Apr. 26 crash of a Taiwanese airliner at Japan’s Nagoya Airport stands at 264, with only seven survivors.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

April 27–May 1, 1994—595

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Richard Milhous Nixon the 37th president of the United States, is buried on the grounds of his birthplace in Yorba Linda, California, after a nationally televised funeral. . . . Timothy W. Spencer, 32, convicted of raping and fatally strangling four women in Virginia over a 10-week period in 1987, is put to death in the electric chair. Spencer is the first person convicted of a capital crime in the U.S. based on DNA testing and the first person to be executed in the U.S. on the basis of such tests.

April 27

Bruce S. Marks (R), is certified as the election winner since the November 1993 election of Pennsylvania state senator William Stinson has been annulled twice.

Navy Secretary John Dalton orders the expulsion of 24 midshipmen from the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, for their part in the biggest cheating scandal in the institution’s 149-year history. In the instance, 134 midshipmen cheated on a December 1992 exam. . . . A federal judge sentences former CIA official Aldrich Hazen Ames to life in prison for spying for the former Soviet Union and Russia after Ames pleads guilty to espionage and tax evasion as part of a plea bargain.

The International Brotherhood of Teamsters ends its strike that began Apr. 6 against 22 of the nation’s largest trucking companies. The Teamsters walkout involved 70,000 workers and was the longest ever organized by the Teamsters against the trucking industry.

In an unprecedented conference, Pres. Clinton meets with 322 representatives from the nation’s 547 federally recognized American Indian and native Alaskan tribes. . . . Judge Earl Strayhorn finds Jonathan Haynes, a Nazi sympathizer who testified that, in 1993, he killed Dr. Martin Sullivan because the doctor produced “fake Aryan beauty” through plastic surgery, guilty of first-degree murder. . . . The CDC finds that the U.S. infant mortality rate declined during the 1980s, but the gap in mortality rates for white and black infants during that period widened. By the year 2000, black babies will be three times more likely to die by their first birthday than white newborns.

Judge Jackson Kiser of District Court in Roanoke, Virginia, rules that the Virginia Military Institute may continue its policy of admitting only men provided it finances a “women’s leadership institute” at nearby Mary Baldwin College, a private women-only school.

A District Court judge in Newark, New Jersey, sentences Eddie Antar, who was convicted in July 1993 of defrauding Crazy Eddie shareholders of more than $80 million by selling stock at artificially inflated prices, to 121⁄2 years in prison for racketeering and stock fraud.

Berton Roueche, 83, writer who originated the “Annals of Medicine” series for the New Yorker magazine, dies in Amagansett, New York, of an apparently self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head.

April 28

Russell Amos Kirk, 75, writer who achieved national recognition for his book The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana (1953), dies in Mecosta, Michigan, of congestive heart failure.

Richard McClure Scarry, 74, children’s book author and illustrator who wrote more than 250 books, dies in Gstaad, Switzerland, after suffering a heart attack.

The FBI reports that the number of violent crimes committed in the U.S. in 1993 was 1% less than those committed during the yearearlier period. However, the 1993 murder rate increased by 3% over the 1992 figure, according to the report.

In its quarterly earnings review, The Wall Street Journal reports that the net income of 623 major corporations totaled $50.18 billion in the first quarter. That is a 142% gain over those companies’ revised 1993 firstquarter profits, which totaled $20.73 billion.

Brazilian Ayrton Senna, 34, a threetime world champion on the Formula One automobile racing circuit, dies after crashing in the San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

April 29

April 30

May 1

596—May 2–6, 1994

May 2

Europe

The World Bank announces that it has readied a $1.2 billion aid program to renew the infrastructure of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and to stimulate foreign investment in those areas. . . . . . African National Congress president Nelson Mandela claims a landslide victory for the ANC in South Africa’s first allrace elections, and he proclaims that black South Africans who have been disenfranchised for decades under the apartheid system of racial separation are “free at last.”

British foreign secretary Douglas Hurd announces that Britain will give South Africa a financial aid package of £100 million (US$150 million) over three years.

In response to Nelson Mandela’s win in South Africa’s first all-race elections, black South Africans dance and chant Mandela’s name in the streets of townships and cities across South Africa, from Soweto to Johannesburg.

The Red Cross reports that a threeweek offensive by ethnic Armenian forces on Nagorno-Karabakh killed or wounded several hundred people and caused 50,000 Azeris to flee. . . . The Dutch ruling coalition of the centrist Christian Democrat Party and the left-of-center Labor Party is broken up in general elections when the two parties fail to win enough seats to sustain a majority in the lower house of the Netherlands’ parliament.

A northern spokesman in Yemen states that southern forces are moving troops to the oil-producing region of Shabwa, in former South Yemen. . . . Egyptian authorities report that five militants convicted of an assassination attempt on Premier Atef Sedki in November 1993 were hung.

Central banks from 17 countries, led by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board and Treasury, intervene in world currency markets in an effort to boost the value of the dollar against the Japanese yen and the German mark. . . . An Iranian air force jet carrying raw materials for weapons production and at least 60 tons of explosives for Bosnian government forces arrives in Zagreb, the Croatian capital. The delivery violates the UN’s arms embargo and is reportedly the first in a series agreed to by Iran, Croatia and the Bosnian government.

Spain continues to be rocked by financial scandals, and Agriculture Minister Vicente Albero Silla resigns from the government. . . . Princess Stephanie of Monaco, 29, gives birth to her second child, a girl named Pauline, in Paris.

P.M. Yitzhak Rabin of Israel and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat sign an accord to implement Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank enclave of Jericho. The accord marks the culmination of a threshing out of details in fulfillment of the breakthrough Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government that the PLO and Israel signed in September 1993. Israel releases some 225 Palestinian prisoners in Gaza.

Singapore’s president, Ong Teng Cheong, rejects a plea and a clemency petition in the case of Michael Fay, 18, a U.S. citizen who was sentenced to caning. He reduces the number of caning strokes to four from six, however. . . . Shigeto Nagano, Japan’s justice minister, draws criticism when he declares in an interview that the 1937 massacres in Nanking, China—in which more than 150,000 people are believed to have been killed or raped by occupying Japanese troops—were a “fabrication.”

In response to the March victory of the neo-fascist Alliance for Freedom party in Italy, the European Parliament passes a controversial resolution denouncing the “horrors” of fascism and Nazism and reminding Italians that they “must be faithful to the fundamental values which lay behind the foundation of the European Community.”

Reports suggest that five Bosnian Serb tanks traveled through the 12.4-mile (20-Km) NATO-imposed exclusionary zone circling Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital. The reports prompt criticism of Yasushi Akashi, the UN’s special envoy to the former Yugoslavia, for allowing several the passage. . . . In Spain, Interior Minister Jose Luis Corcuera and Carlos Solchaga, the Socialist parliamentary leader, quit Parliament.

Full-scale civil war erupts in Yemen between northern forces loyal to Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh and southern forces supporting Vice Pres. Ali Salem al-Baidh as the two sides launch bombing raids and engage in tank, artillery, and rocket duels in at least seven provinces. Saleh declares a nationwide 30-day state of emergency and formally dismisses Baidh from the cabinet.

Michael Fay, 18, a U.S. citizen convicted of spray-painting cars and other acts of defacement in Singapore in October 1993, is flogged four times with a rattan cane by prison authorities. The caning has attracted extensive international media attention. . . . Lee Teng-hui, Taiwan’s president, embarks on the first official trip abroad by a Taiwanese head of state since 1977 when he begins a four-nation tour.

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to impose a broad trade embargo on Haiti and sets a deadline of May 21 for Haiti’s military rulers to return power to JeanBertrand Aristide under the terms of a July 1993 agreement. . . . Iranian foreign minister Ali Akbar Velayati presents Bosnian president Izetbegovic with $1 million and a chit for 10,000 tons (9,100 metric tons) of diesel fuel, demonstrating that Iran and many other Islamic nations are willing to violate the UN embargo to help Bosnia’s Muslims.

A nuclear plant at Beloyarsk in Russia’s Ural Mountains, catches fire. There are no injuries, and officials report that radiation levels remain normal. . . . The Channel Tunnel, hailed as one of the foremost engineering achievements of the 20th century, is inaugurated by British queen Elizabeth II and French president François Mitterrand. . . . Reports find election experts in Russia charge that there was fraud in December 1993 election . . . . Rabbi Moses Rosen, 81, Romanian Jewish leader, dies in Bucharest, Romania, of heart failure.

As air attacks in Yemen continue, northern ground forces advance on Aden. The French destroyer Jules Verne transports 60 French nationals and 240 other foreigners across the Red Sea to Djibouti, from Aden. . . . The South African national and provincial elections are deemed “free and fair” by electoral officials, and the ANC is declared the winner, polling 62.6% of the 19,533,498 votes cast and claiming a victory in seven of the nine new provinces created under the country’s all-race constitution.

The Australian state of New South Wales awards a license to build and operate Sydney’s first casino.

May 3

May 4

May 5

May 6

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 2–6, 1994—597

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

A Michigan jury acquits Dr. Jack Kevorkian of violating the state law for aiding in the 1993 suicide of Thomas W. Hyde Jr. The trial is the first in which Michigan’s assistedsuicide law was invoked. . . . A Los Angeles jury acquits Lance Jerome Parker, the last of four men to be tried in the videotaped beating of white truck driver Reginald Denny, of three felony weapons charges. However, the jury convicts him of firing a gun at Denny’s truck. . . . A slate of candidates backed by TV evangelist Pat Robertson fails to win any seats in school-board elections in Virginia Beach, Virginia, which surprises analysts since the city hosts Robertson’s Christian Broadcasting Network and Christian Coalition.

The U.S. pledges $15 million in humanitarian aid for Rwanda.

In Chicago v. Environmental Defense Fund, the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that the ash from incinerators that burn household and industrial waste are subject to federal toxic-waste regulations and cannot be automatically disposed of in normal landfills like other trash.

In Seattle, Washington, District Judge Barbara Rothstein strikes down a state law prohibiting assisted suicide, arguing that the law violates the 14th Amendment guarantee that individual rights will not be infringed upon by the state.

Pres. Clinton discusses and defends his administration’s foreign policy in a news conference transmitted live to more than 200 countries and territories by CNN. It is Clinton’s most extensive public discussion to date on foreign affairs.

Florida governor Lawton Chiles (D) signs into law the Everglades Forever Act, a $685 million bill to clean up the Everglades jointly financed by the federal government and local sugar producers, who diverted water contaminated with agricultural waste products into the protected marshland for several decades.

Earl Strayhorn, a Cook County (Illinois) circuit court judge, sentences Jonathan Haynes, a Nazi sympathizer who admitted to the August 1993 fatal shooting of Dr. Martin Sullivan, to death. . . . The Senate passes, 87-10, legislation designed to improve the accuracy of credit records and make it easier for individuals to obtain credit information and resolve disputes with credit bureaus.

Randall Robinson, who on Apr. 12 began a highly publicized liquid-diet fast to protest what he called the U.S.’s “grossly discriminatory” policy on Haiti, is hospitalized for dehydration.

The Federal Reserve Board reports that much of the country is experiencing “solid economic growth.”

The House passes, 241-174, the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, a bill designed to protect abortion clinics, patients and staff from attacks, blockades, and acts of intimidation by opponents of abortion. . . . The House passes, 216-214, a bill that will ban the manufacture, sale, or possession of 19 types of semiautomatic assault weapons.

Pres. Clinton pledges U.S. cooperation to the new South African government and offers $600 million in aid over three years.

The House gives final approval, 220-183, to a budget resolution that preserves, largely intact, Pres. Clinton’s proposals for federal spending through fiscal 1999.

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Officials state that the 16th annual Pritzker Architecture Prize for lifetime achievement was awarded to Christian de Portzamparc, who is the first French architect to receive the prize. . . . The Celestine Prophecy by James Redfield tops the bestseller list.

May 2

May 3

May 4

Joe Layton (born Joseph Lichtman), 64, Emmy Award–winning choreographer and producer, dies in Key West, Florida, after a long illness.

Internal documents indicate that senior executives of Brown & Williamson Tobacco decided in 1963 not to disclose to the surgeon general evidence of health hazards linked to cigarette smoking. . . . Paula Corbin Jones files a federal civil lawsuit accusing Pres. Clinton of making “persistent and continuous” unwanted sexual advances toward her in May 1991. . . . John Pearson Roche, 70, professor who served as an adviser to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, dies in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of complications from a stroke.

The popular rock band Pearl Jam files a complaint with the antitrust division of the U.S. Justice Department against Ticketmaster, claiming that the U.S.’s largest ticketselling agency has a monopoly in the ticket-selling business and that the agency inflates ticket prices through excessive service fees.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 5

May 6

598—May 7–12, 1994

World Affairs

Scandals in Spain continue to prompt a wave of Socialist resignations from the government and parliament. . . . Police recover virtually undamaged the famed painting The Scream (1893)—which, in February, was stolen from the National Art Museum in Oslo, Norway—in a hotel in Aasgaardstrand, Norway, 40 miles (65 km) south of Oslo.

May 7

May 8

As fighting in Yemen continues, a number of governments organize emergency evacuations of foreign nationals, and at least 1,700 foreigners departed from the country. . . . A total of 117 unarmed observers from Norway, Denmark, and Italy—known officially as the Temporary International Presence in Hebron— arrive in Hebron to monitor security arrangements for Palestinians in the West Bank city.

May 11

Africa & the Middle East

UN military observers set up an observation post in Brcko, a strategic northern Bosnian city across the Sava River from Croatia. . . . The Hungarian Socialist (formerly Communist) Party gains the most support in the first of two rounds of voting in a general election.

Some 100,000 people of all races gather to hear Nelson Mandela speak in front of Cape Town’s city hall. At another function, former Pres. F. W. de Klerk states, “We have opened up a new era of hope, security and bright future beyond words.”. . . . Amnesty International charges that Saudi officials beat and tortured some Iraqi refugees who had fled to Saudi Arabia during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.

Peter Sutherland, the GATT director general, endorses China’s bid to join GATT or its planned successor group, the World Trade Organization. . . . Canada’s fisheries minister, Brian Tobin, defends the government’s intention to police the North Atlantic more than 200 miles (320 km) from its shoreline, which effectively extends Canadian jurisdiction into international waters, as necessary to protect dwindling fish stocks.

Spanish premier Felipe González names Joaquín Almunia, a former labor and civil service minister, to replace Carlos Solchaga as parliamentary leader.

ANC president Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa’s first black president. In his postinaugural address, he raises F. W. de Klerk’s hand with his own. . . . In Lebanon, Israeli warplanes attack bases of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine–General Command, a Palestinian faction opposed to the PLO’s peace accords with Israel. At least two guerrillas die in the bombing. . . . The U.S. announces it has started delivering humanitarian aid to Rwandan refugees in Tanzania.

The IMF approves a $700 million loan for Romania.

Bosnian Croat leaders and officials from the Muslim-dominated Bosnian government reach a federation agreement that calls for the creation within Bosnian territory of eight cantons, four of which will be predominantly Muslim, two heavily Croat and two ethnically mixed. . . . In Italy, Silvio Berlusconi is sworn in as the head of the government, more than a month after the Alliance for Freedom won a majority in parliamentary elections.

A Scud missile launched from Aden explodes in Sana, Yemen, killing at least 23 civilians. . . . The first transfer of power under the selfrule accord occurs in the town of Deir al-Balah, in the central Gaza Strip, as 150 armed Palestinian police enter from Egypt to assume security responsibilities.

Bulgaria’s National Electricity Co. announces plans to spend an additional $200 million to upgrade and boost the safety of its aging Kozlodui nuclear-power complex, which currently supplies 40% of the country’s power. . . . John Smith, 55, the leader of Britain’s opposition Labour Party, dies after suffering a heart attack in London.

May 12

The Americas

Four U.S. aircraft fly U.S. and British citizens from Sana as fighting continues in Yemen.

The Baltic states and the so-called Visegrad Group of countries join two other Eastern European nations in becoming associate partners of the Western European Union.

May 9

May 10

Europe

Asia & the Pacific Shigeto Nagano, Japan’s justice minister, resigns in the wake of an international furor caused by his May 4 assertion that a key event in recent Asian history—the Rape of Nanking by Japanese soldiers— was exaggerated by its Chinese victims and historians worldwide.

Ernesto Perez Balladares, a millionaire businessman of the left-leaning Revolutionary Democratic Party (PRD), wins a narrow victory in Panama’s presidential election. Perez Balladares’s victory signals the reemergence of the PRD, the party of ousted dictator Manuel Noriega.

Hiroshi Nakai is sworn in as Japan’s justice minister, replacing Shigeto Nagano, who resigned under pressure on May 7.

Federal police place Erich Priebke, a former Nazi special-forces officer, under house arrest in southern Argentina following Priebke’s admission that he participated in the killing of 335 Italian civilians near Rome in 1944, in what is reportedly the worst massacre of Italians during World War II.

Reports disclose that residents of Christmas Island, located in the Indian Ocean 2,050 miles (3,300 km) northwest of Perth, voted in favor of becoming a self-ruling territory within Australia. . . . Western diplomats report that police in Shanghai, China, have seized and detained four members of a leading human-rights group, included Ling Muchen.

It is reported that Chinese authorities have decided to allow a prominent democracy advocate, Yu Haocheng, to leave the country.

In an act interpreted as an indication that the Haitian military will continue to reject demands that Aristide be returned to office, a promilitary bloc within Haiti’s Senate— with the active backing of the military leaders—installs Emile Jonassaint, 81, a Haitian Supreme Court justice, as the nation’s provisional president. . . . In Brazil, Rep. Ricardo Fiuza, one of 18 members of Congress recommended for expulsion, retires after being found innocent of corruption charges. Mexico holds the first presidential campaign debate in the country’s history. The 90-minute debate is televised.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 7–12, 1994—599

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Voters in Austin, Texas, repeal a city policy that gives health-insurance benefits to domestic partners of homosexual and other unmarried city employees and thus becomes the first of about 20 U.S. cities with such policies to repeal the benefits.

The U.S. Navy hands back control of the island of Kahoolawe, which had been used as a target site for Navy gunners since 1941, to the state of Hawaii. The navy will continue to control access to the island until 2003.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Clementine 1, an unmanned experimental research probe, malfunctions.

A British yachtsman, Mike Golding, 33, sets a new speed record of 167 days for an east-to-west around-theworld solo sea voyage. . . . Go for Gin wins the 120th running of the Kentucky Derby. . . . Clement Greenberg, 85, influential art critic, dies in New York City of emphysema.

In response to growing pressure, Pres. Clinton announces that the U.S. will grant asylum interviews to Haitian refugees intercepted in international waters en route to the U.S. In response, Randall Robinson ends the hunger strike he started on Apr. 12.

Los Angeles Superior Court judge Carlos Moreno sentences Fidel Ortiz and Leonard Sosa, who pled no contest to voluntary manslaughter in the fatal beating of Wallace Tope during the 1992 riots, to respective prison terms of 11 and six years. . . . A Nassau County Court jury finds serial killer Joel Rifkin, who confessed to fatally strangling 17 women, guilty of second-degree murder. . . . In Chicago, demonstrations are held both for and against the execution of John Wayne Gacy, convicted for the slayings of 33 people.

The Saudi government awards the U.S.’s AT&T Corp. a $4 billion contract to modernize the entire country’s telecommunications system within six years, a deal for which the Clinton administration lobbied.

John Wayne Gacy, 52, convicted in 1980 for the sex slayings of 33 young men and boys in Chicago in the 1970s, is put to death by lethal injection in Joliet, Illinois. Gacy is the second inmate executed in Illinois and the 237th in the nation since 1976. . . . The Michigan Court of Appeals reinstates murder charges against Dr. Jack Kevorkian for having assisted in the suicides of two women in 1991. However, the court, in a separate ruling, overturns a 1993 assisted suicide law that makes it illegal to help another person commit suicide.

The national team of Canada wins the World Hockey Championship title for the first time in 33 years. . . . George Peppard, 65, actor who appeared in more than 25 films, including Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), dies in Los Angeles, California, of pneumonia.

A study finds there is no evidence to back up the charges of “environmental racism” leveled by minority communities chosen as the sites for toxic waste facilities. The findings are contested.

Lewis B. Puller Jr., 48, Vietnam War veteran and Pulitzer Prize-winning author of his autobiography, dies in Mount Vernon, Virginia, of an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound.

The House clears, 393-20, a bill designed to expand and improve Head Start, a social services program for low-income preschool children. . . . The Senate passes, 69-30, the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, a bill designed to protect abortion clinics and patients and staff who work at the clinics from attacks, blockades, and acts of intimidation. . . . Articles suggest that the tobacco company Brown & Williamson patented the prototype of a safer cigarette in 1966 but never marketed it.

The U.S. Senate approves, 50-49, a measure that calls for Pres. Clinton to seek support from Western allies in lifting the Bosnia arms embargo. However, the Senate also votes, 5049, to pass a measure which would unilaterally end U.S. compliance with the embargo. The two somewhat contradictory amendments are seen as having only symbolic value.

May 8

May 9

Joseph Hazelwood, the captain of the Exxon Valdez oil tanker that spilled 11 million gallons of heavy crude oil into Alaska’s Prince William Sound in 1989, testifies for the first time in public about the accident. . . . The Treasury Department releases a 30-page regulatory document that defines which activities by businesses and interest groups constitute lobbying.

The Senate approves, 98-1, legislation designed to expand and improve Head Start, a social services program for low-income preschool children. . . . The Senate votes, 95-4, in favor of a bill that will bar virtually all gifts to members of Congress by lobbyists, corporations, and interest groups.

May 7

Cleanth Brooks, 87, influential literary critic and professor emeritus at Yale University, dies in New Haven, Connecticut, of cancer of the esophagus.

May 10

May 11

The Senate, 53-46, gives final approval to a budget resolution that preserves largely intact Pres. Clinton’s proposals for federal spending through fiscal 1999. . . . The California Air Resources Board reaffirms its support for regulations that require the sale in California of 25,000 electric vehicles in 1998, rising to about 250,000 in the year 2003.

Erik H. Erikson, 91, highly influential German-born psychoanalyst and Pulitzer Prize–winning, author who, in 1950, caused a stir by leaving a position at the University of California since he objected in principle to signing a loyalty oath saying he was not a communist, dies in Harwich, Massachusetts, after a brief illness. . . . Roy J. Plunkett, 83, inventor of Teflon who was named to the National Inventors’ Hall of Fame in 1985, dies in Corpus Christi, Texas, of cancer.

May 12

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

600—May 13–18, 1994

World Affairs

May 13

Europe

The UN Security Council agrees to deploy 5,500 troops to Rwanda.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

In tandem with the Israeli military departure from Jericho, some 460 Palestinian policemen enter the West Bank town from Jordan in trucks and buses, to the salutes of joyous well-wishers. . . . Gunmen storm a house in the Tokoza township near Johannesburg, South Africa, and kill at least 12 people, all of whom are black and between 13 and 25 years old.

A court in Shijiazhuang, China, sentences two U.S. citizens, Francisco Hung Moy and Raymond C. Lee, and two unidentified Chinese banking officials to prison terms of between 11 and 20 years for trying to swindle $10 billion from a bank. . . . Chinese newspapers report the government has toughened existing public-order laws to give police more wide-ranging powers to restrict the activities of dissidents.

In an unexpected move, China announces that dissident and prodemocracy advocate Chen Ziming was “released on bail for medical treatment.”

May 14

Princess Diana of Britain helps save the life of a drowning man, Martin O’Donoghue, at Regent’s Park in London.

May 15

British officials announce plans to provide more police officers in London with guns and to allow them easier access to their use. Almost all of the capital’s police officers, however, will continue to patrol unarmed in the British tradition.

May 16

May 17

Asia & the Pacific

The UN Security Council votes unanimously to scale down a plan to deploy 5,500 African troops to Rwanda and agrees to a more manageable, two-phase operation in which 500 Ghanaians are ordered to Kigali immediately and 150 observers will be sent to seek out refugees. The force of 5,500 will be sent as part of the second phase. The body passes a separate resolution which imposes a total arms embargo against Rwanda.

Reports suggest that Venezuela’s costs for Banco Latino and eight other banks reached $6.1 billion. . . . Disputed elections in the Dominican Republic return Pres. Joaquin Balaguer, 87, to power.

In Yemen, fighting rages within a 60-mile (100-km) arc north of Aden and at Al-Anad, 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Aden. . . . The UNHCR states that Rwandan refugees have accused the rebel group of torture and killings. . . . Malawi holds its first multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections. . . . Police in Cairo, Egypt, use rubber bullets, tear gas, and force to prevent a protest by 2,000 lawyers in response to the May 16 reports regarding Abdel Harith Madani. . . . Two Israeli settlers are shot to death and a third sustains a serious head wound in an ambush south of Hebron. Hamas claims it is retaliation for the May 16 violence. The Ukrainian parliament in a secret ballot elects Oleksander Moroz its chairman.

May 18

In Hebron, Israeli soldiers and settlers open fire on Palestinian youths throwing stones at the settlers. At least nine of the Palestinians are wounded. . . . The Malawian parliament approves an interim constitution that strips many of the absolute powers enjoyed by Malawi’s longtime president, Hastings Kamuzu Banda. . . . Reports indicate that employees at the morgue that received the body of Abdel Harith Madani, 32, a lawyer who died in police custody Apr. 27, assert that puncture wounds were the apparent cause of his death, which contradicts claims made by Egyptian officials that he died from asthma.

Israel’s armed forces complete their withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, marking the PLO’s assumption of authority over Gaza and the West Bank town of Jericho. The withdrawal is in accordance with a pact on interim Palestinian selfrule. . . . Figures suggest that the continuing massacres in Rwanda have claimed an estimated 200,000 –500,000 lives.

Police in Beijing, China, break up a TV interview of dissident Wang Dan conducted by NBC News of the U.S. The police briefly detain Wang and NBC correspondents Lucky Severson and Gary Fairman, whom they accuse of engaging in “unauthorized news coverage.”

Former Venezuelan president Carlos Andres Perez is jailed without bail upon orders of the Supreme Court. Perez was suspended in May 1993 when the Senate authorized the Supreme Court to try him for misappropriating government funds. . . . In Brazil, the Chamber of Deputies expels Ibsen Pinheiro from Parliament on charges of corruption and tax evasion.

Japan’s Atomic Energy Commission announces that it will delay at least until 2010 a decision on whether to build a second nuclearfuel reprocessing plant.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 13–18, 1994—601

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Pres. Clinton names Judge Stephen Breyer, 55, of the U.S. First Circuit Court of Appeals in Boston to replace Justice Harry Blackmun in the Supreme Court. . . . In a publicized case, Judge Stephen Dakan approves a settlement giving parental rights to Ernest and Regina Twigg, the biological parents of Kimberly Mays, 15, switched at birth with another baby. Mays drew attention when in August 1993 she won the right to live with her adoptive parents.

May 13

Hazel Brannon Smith, 80, one of the few white newspaper editors in the South to publicly denounce white extremists in the 1950s and 1960s and the first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing, dies in Cleveland, Tennessee. . . . Sydney Biddle Barrows, 42, known as the “Mayflower Madam”in 1985, weds Darnay Hoffman, 46. The Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Statistics finds that the number of violent crimes involving handguns in 1992 rose to 930,700, an increase of nearly 21% over the year-earlier figure.

The Supreme Court issues an order allowing New Jersey to sue New York State for political and administrative jurisdiction over Ellis Island and agrees to appoint a special arbiter to examine the case, New Jersey v. New York. . . . The Clinton administration announces that Roussel-Uclaf S.A., a French firm that manufactures the abortion pill RU-486, finalized an agreement to donate its U.S. patent rights to the drug and related technology to the New York City-based Population Council, a nonprofit contraceptive research group. The agreement clears the way for the FDA to begin the approval process for the drug.

Gilbert Roland, 88, Mexican actor who appeared in silent films, dies in Beverly Hills, CA of cancer. . . . The Andy Warhol Museum opens in Pittsburgh, PA. It is the biggest museum in the U.S. dedicated to one artist. Under provisions of the Mining Act of 1872, which Pres. Ulysses Grant signed to promote settlement of the West, the federal government reluctantly sells to a Canadian company, American Barrick Resources Inc., the right to mine billions of dollars worth of gold from federally owned land in Nevada at a price far below market value.

In C&A Carbone v. Town of Clarkstown, the Supreme Court rules, 63, that local so-called flow-control laws which require garbage to be sent to particular processing plants before being shipped to other facilities for final treatment, are unconstitutional.

An Amtrak train derails near Selma, North Carolina, after striking a loose cargo trailer protruding from a freight train traveling in the opposite direction. The crash kills an Amtrak engineer and injures 370 passengers and crew. The crash brings to five the number of Amtrak train accidents in the past 14 months.

New York University opens a conference celebrating 50 years of the Beat Generation artistic and literary movement, which rejected traditional Western social and artistic forms and embraced bohemian ideals.

Articles state that the 1988 presidential campaign committee of former president George Bush has agreed to pay a civil fine of $40,000 for alleged violations of spending and donation rules. . . . The Federal Reserve Board raises the so-called federal funds rate and the discount rate, each by one-half of a percentage point, in its latest move to combat possible inflationary pressures in the expanding economy.

On the 29th anniversary of its founding, Pres. Clinton signs into law a bill designed to expand and improve Head Start, a social services program for low-income preschool children.

May 14

May 15

May 16

May 17

The Interior Department appoints Terrence “Rock” Salt, to head the newly created South Florida Ecosystem Task Force. . . . In a report on derivatives, a class of investment instruments whose popularity has surged in recent years, the GAO calls for strengthened regulatory oversight of the derivatives market and for more transparent data-disclosure procedures.

Reports state that Random House plans to put out an unpublished story by the late Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss. Geisel’s widow, Audrey Geisel, discovered a manuscript, “Daisy-Head Mayzie,” in her La Jolla, California, home.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 18

602—May 19–23, 1994

World Affairs

May 19

May 20

May 21

May 22

May 23

Europe In a rare public response to Sinn Fein, the political wing of the outlawed Provisional IRA, the British government states explicitly for the first time that it will hold a referendum among Northern Ireland’s electorate on the question of Northern Ireland’s future governance.

At least 30 patients are killed when mortar shells, reportedly fired by rebels, strike the main hospital in Kigali, Rwanda. . . . Malawi’s longtime president, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, concedes defeat in the country’s first multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections, and Bakili Muluzi, 51, a former secretary general of Banda’s ruling Malawi Congress Party and the leader of the opposition United Democratic Front, is the winner.

The Crimean parliament votes to restore a constitution for the region adopted originally in May 1992 but suspended later that month after Ukraine granted several concessions. . . .Britain’s Conservative prime minister John Major is among the 900 mourners at Labour Party leader John Smith’s funeral in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Reports reveal that legislation passed in the last days of white rule in South Africa transferred millions of acres of land in the KwaZulu homeland to Zulu king Goodwill Zwelithini. The land deal prompts questions of whether the transfer served as an incentive for Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi to join the elections. . . . Islamic militants shoot to death two Israeli soldiers at a border checkpoint in the northern Gaza Strip. The shooting poses a test of the law-enforcement abilities of the new Palestinian police.

Giovanni Goria, 50, former Italian premier, 1987–88, dies in Asti, Italy, of a lung tumor.

The former South Yemen secedes from the Republic of Yemen. . . . Bakili Muluzi, 51, is sworn in as Malawi’s new president. He closes three prisons in which torture was commonly used, decrees the release of all political prisoners, and commutes 10 death sentences. . . . Israeli commandos kidnap Mustafa al-Dirani, a Muslim guerrilla leader, in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley in an attempt to gain information about an Israeli airman shot down in 1986. . . . Secret police in Cairo prohibit Sheik Mohammed al-Ghazali, from delivering a sermon marking the Feast of the Sacrifice, Islam’s holiest day.

A broadened United Nations embargo against Haiti goes into effect.

The U.S. and Britain hasten to announce their recognition of Ukrainian sovereignty over Crimea amid reports of stepped up military maneuvers in the peninsula by Ukrainian troops and the creation of independent Crimean armed police units since the May 20 vote.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

In Rwanda, rebel forces take control of Kigali’s airport and the government’s Kanombe base. Uganda declares a disaster area on the shores of Lake Victoria, where as many as 40,000 mutilated bodies of Rwandan massacre victims washed up after being carried 60 miles (100 km) downstream on the Kagera River. The decomposing corpses threaten to contaminate local drinking water. Roman Herzog, 60, the chief justice of Germany’s federal constitutional court, is elected by a special assembly of lawmakers to serve as the country’s next president. . . . UN officials note that Bosnian Serb forces have not complied with their pledge to remove all their troops from a 1.9mile (3-km) exclusion zone around the besieged city of Gorazde in eastern Bosnia.

Asia & the Pacific

In what is described as the nation’s largest-ever manhunt, Australian police arrest Ivan Milat, 49, a former truck driver suspected of killing seven young backpackers in the state of New South Wales.

During a ritual in Mina, located about 3 miles (5 km) from Mecca, hundreds of people die in a stampede during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Islam’s holiest city. . . . In South Africa, three men accused of stabbing and beating to death Amy Biehl, a white American Fulbright Scholar, in August 1993 are released on $70 bail each. Crowds of supporters cheer the three as they leave the courthouse.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 19–23, 1994—603

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, 64, widow of Pres. John Kennedy and Greek shipping mogul Aristotle Onassis and one of America’s most glamorous and widely admired women, dies of nonHodgkin’s lymphoma in New York City. Her death is acknowledged by Pres. Clinton and other world leaders.

Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao meets with U.S. president Clinton in Washington, D.C., during the first visit by an Indian prime minister to the U.S. since Rajiv Gandhi’s trip in 1987.

The Senate votes 95-3, to pass a bill that will loosen safety requirements for state and local drinkingwater systems, overhauling guidelines imposed by the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. . . . In a report detailing a two-year probe of major brokerage firms and so-called problem brokers, the SEC issues recommendations to protect customers from brokers who have been the subject of numerous past complaints.

The Defense Department’s Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (the successor to the SDI, or “Star Wars” program) decides to abort the second phase of the mission of the space probe Clementine 1, which malfunctioned May 7 and subsequently began to spin out of control.

Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Gregory Corso read their work at New York University’s conference celebrating 50 years of the Beat Generation. . . . Henry Morgan (born Henry Lerner von Ost Jr.), 79, radio satirist known for his sharp wit and pranks, dies in New York City of lung cancer.

May 19

May 20

Tabasco Cat wins the 119th running of the Preakness Stakes, at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland.

May 21

May 22

In Staples v. U.S., the Supreme Court rules, 7-2, that in order to be convicted under the National Firearms Act, a defendant has to be aware that the weapon in question is a machine gun. . . . In Custis v. U.S., the Supreme Court rules, 63, that repeat offenders facing strict sentences required under federal law cannot have earlier convictions reviewed.

Pres. Clinton presents the Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military award, to the widows of Master Sergeant Gary Gordon, 33, and Sergeant First Class Randall Shughart, 35, two U.S. soldiers killed in Somalia while trying to rescue a U.S. Ranger unit. . . . In Dalton v. Specter, the Supreme Court rules unanimously that the decisions the federal government makes regarding which military bases to close down are not subject to review by federal courts.

In Associated Industries of Missouri v. Lohman, the Supreme Court rules that state governments cannot impose higher taxes on items bought out of state than on those bought in-state. . . . In National Labor Relations Board v. Health Care Corp., the Supreme Court rules, 5-4, that nurses who oversee other employees at hospitals are by definition supervisory employees and therefore are not protected by federal labor laws governing unionorganizing activities.

Joe Pass (born Joseph Anthony Jacobi Passalaqua), 65, jazz guitarist, dies in Los Angeles of liver cancer. . . . At the Cannes film festival, the Palme d’Or goes to Pulp Fiction, directed by Quentin Tarantino. The choice sparks controversy due to the film’s graphic violence. . . . Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is buried beside the body of Pres. John F. Kennedy.

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 23

604—May 24–29, 1994

World Affairs

Europe

Russian defense minister Pavel Grachev presents to NATO defense ministers a document outlining proposals for Russian participation in the alliance. . . . The UN Security Council lifts its arms embargoes against South Africa. . . . UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali states that he has “begged” more than 30 Western heads of state to commit troops to a humanitarian mission to Rwanda, noting that “More than 200,000 people have been killed and the international community is still discussing what ought to be done.”

Asia & the Pacific

The main hospital in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, is reported to be abandoned.

Hundreds of Rwandan government army troops begin fleeing Kigali. . . . The death toll from a May 23 human stampede among Muslims taking part in the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, or hajj, stands at 270.

May 26

Dominican president Joaquin Balaguer orders his military chief, Lt. Gen. Constantino Matos, to take firm measures to enforce the UN embargo by sealing the border to Haiti. . . . Canada states it has ended its embargo on governmentto-government aid to South Africa.

A series of corruption scandals involving both senior political and business leaders begin to sweep through France.

May 27

May 28

The Americas

In South Africa, ANC secretary general Cyril Ramaphosa is elected by a joint session of Parliament to chair the assembly that will write the country’s new constitution. . . . Arabic-language newspapers in East Jerusalem carry a notice from PLO chairman Yasser Arafat, in which he declares that Israeli laws are no longer operable in the autonomous areas of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho.

May 24

May 25

Africa & the Middle East

Joan Kirner, who served as the Australian state of Victoria’s first female premier from 1990 to 1992, steps down from her state parliamentary seat.

IAEA officials leave Pyongyang, North Korea’s capital, claiming that their efforts to inspect the refueling process failed because of North Korean recalcitrance and warnings that the country will “never allow” outside groups to mark and sample the fuel rods. The Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party wins a majority in Hungary’s parliament. . . . Erich Honecker, 81, former East German head of state who was forced to resign in 1989 and faced charges of manslaughter and treason for the deaths of 49 East German citizens shot while trying to flee the country, dies in Santiago, Chile, of liver cancer.

May 29

Rwandan government ministers and officials reportedly begin evacuating Gitarama. . . . Iraqi president Saddam Hussein fires his premier, Ahmad Hussein Khudayir al-Samarrai, and takes over the post himself in an effort to bring Iraq’s worsening economic crisis under control.

In Colombia, no candidate secures a majority in presidential elections, forcing a runoff.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 24–29, 1994—605

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

Flagstar, the parent of the Denny’s restaurant chain, agrees to pay more than $54 million to settle lawsuits filed by black customers who allege they were discriminated against because of their race. . . . The National Urban League civil-rights organization names Hugh Price as its new president. . . . In an election that receives national attention, Ron Lewis (R), a Baptist minister, defeats former Kentucky state senator Joe Prather (D) in a special election to fill the House seat vacated by the Mar. 29 death of Rep. William Natcher.

District Court judge Kevin Duffy sentences Mohammed A. Salameh, Nidal A. Ayyad, Mahmud Abouhalima, and Ahmad M. Ajaj to prison terms of 240 years each for their roles in the February 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City.

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

John Barrington Wain, 69, British writer who achieved widespread recognition for his first novel, Hurry On Down (1953), dies in Oxford, England, of a stroke.

The Tennessee Parole Board rejects the first parole bid of convicted assassin James Earl Ray, serving a 99-year prison term for the 1968 slaying of civil-rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. . . . The Senate by voice vote gives final approval to a bill that renews the federal statute providing for the appointment of independent counsels to investigate alleged wrongdoing by top officials of the executive branch.

Pres. Clinton signs into law the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, a bill designed to protect abortion clinics and patients and staff who work at the clinics from attacks, blockades, and acts of intimidation. . . . George Wildman Ball, 84, official in the U.S. State Department, 1961–66, dies after recently being diagnosed with terminal abdominal cancer.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

The Smithsonian Institution names I. Michael Heyman, a former chancellor of the University of California at Berkeley, as its next secretary.

Pres. Clinton announces that he has decided to sign an executive order extending for one year socalled most-favored-nation (MFN) trading status for China. In a major policy shift, the president also states that his administration will cease linking trade and humanrights issues when making future decisions regarding China’s MFN status, prompting much criticism.

May 24

May 25

May 26

In the Jerusalem Post, 19 rabbis place an ad calling a planned service to honor the tens of thousands of homosexuals persecuted during World War II because of their sexual orientation an “abomination.”. . . Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas performs the wedding ceremony for conservative talk-show host Rush Limbaugh and former aerobics instructor Marta Fitzgerald.

Florida governor Lawton Chiles (D) vetoes a bill that would have allowed parents to spank their children so long as they do not leave “significant” bumps or bruises. . . . Benjamin L. Hooks, chair of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights since 1979, retires.

Daniel Flood, 90, former Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania who resigned from office in 1980 after pleading guilty to accepting bribes from five people, dies in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, of pneumonia.

May 27

May 28

An assailant shoots and wounds Khallid Abdul Muhammad, a controversial former spokesman for the Nation of Islam, shortly after Muhammad finishes a speech before a largely black crowd at the University of California at Riverside. James Edward Bess, the suspected gunman, is severely beaten by a crowd of 60 before being taken away by police.

Al Unser Jr. wins the 78th running of the Indianapolis 500 automobile race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indiana.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

May 29

606—May 30–June 3, 1994

World Affairs

The former Yugoslav republic of Croatia officially begins using a newly revived currency, the kuna, to replace the dinar, the currency used throughout Yugoslavia before its disintegration. . . . Juan Carlos Onetti, 84, Latin American novelist and poet who was awarded Spain’s most prestigious literary honor, the Cervantes Award, in 1980, dies in Madrid, Spain, of a heart attack. . . . Baron Marcel Bich, 79, French manufacturer who introduced disposable, inexpensive pens to the mass market and started a line of disposable lighters, dies in Paris.

May 30

May 31

June 1

June 2

June 3

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Israel frees an estimated 300–500 Palestinian prisoners as part of its self-rule agreement with the PLO. . . . Tony Burgener, a speaker for the International Committee of the Red Cross, states that more than 500,000 refugees near Gitarama, Rwanda, have been cut off from food and drinking water because the rebels have blocked a main supply route from the south.

South Africa joins the Non-Aligned Movement of developing nations.

A constituent assembly of Muslims and Croats choose Kresimir Zubak, a Croat former judge, to be the president of the newly formed Bosnian-Croat federation. . . . Sidney Gilliat, 86, British screenwriter, film director and producer from the 1930s through the 1960s, dies in Pewsey Vale, England, of leukemia.

South Africa becomes the 51st member of the Commonwealth of Nations, resuming ties with the organization for the first time since 1961.

Ukraine’s parliament approves a four-point resolution quashing the constitution approved by the Crimean parliament on May 20.

A UN commission’s report accuses Bosnian Serbs of “crimes against humanity” and “genocide” for their actions during the ongoing civil war. Serbs are cited for so-called ethnic cleansing and for a “systematic rape policy” in some regions.

A helicopter flying in heavy fog crashes into Beinn na Lice mountain on the southwestern Scottish headland known as the Mull of Kintyre, killing 29 people, many of whom are top British intelligence officials en route to a security conference.

About 10 Israeli fighter jets and helicopter gunships kill at least 26 proIranian Hezbollah fighters during a raid on a guerrilla training base in the Bekaa Valley of Syrian-dominated eastern Lebanon. Presumed guerrillas respond by firing Katyusha rockets across the border into Israel. . . . . A rebel officer, Lt. Frank Ndore, states that rebels control the palace of Rwanda’s former Pres. Habyarimana, who died April 6.

Fourteen African nations, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, pledge troops to Rwanda to stop the massacres there.

In an effort to defuse tensions stemming from Ukrainian resistance to Crimea’s attempts to assert autonomy, negotiators representing Ukraine and Crimea sign a communiqué reaffirming that Crimea is part of Ukraine and calling for the establishment of a joint committee that will seek to resolve legislative differences between Crimea and the central government. . . . Right Reverend Lord (Stuart Yarworth Blanch) Blanch, 76, archbishop of York in the Church of England, 1975–83, dies of cancer.

In response to the June 2 violence, Israel deploys tanks and artillery on its border with Lebanon in an apparent show of force to discourage further rocket attacks against Israeli targets. Sporadic clashes continue between pro-Iranian guerrillas and Israel and the South Lebanon Army, Israel’s Lebanese proxy.

Asia & the Pacific Masakatsu Nozoe, a right-wing Japanese militant, fires a shot in Tokyo at former Japanese premier Morihiro Hosokawa. No one is injured.

Venezuela restores a constitutional provision guaranteeing a person’s right to “engage in the economic activity of his choice” free of unnecessary government restraints. . . . Jamaica announces that it has agreed to allow the U.S. to process Haitians in Jamaican waters for six months.

The Indonesian government announces that it will remove certain limits on foreign investment, including minimum capital requirements.

The British-ruled Turks and Caicos Islands, located southeast of the Bahamas, announces that it will permit the processing of Haitian refugees at a coastal site on the islands.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

May 30–June 3, 1994—607

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle At the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Jerusalem, 150 Jewish homosexuals hold the first service honoring the tens of thousands of homosexuals persecuted by Nazis during World War II. . . . Pope John Paul II asserts the church should never ordain women priests. . . . Ezra Taft Benson, 94, leader of the Mormon Church since 1985, dies in Salt Lake City, Utah, after being hospitalized for congestive heart failure.

In Waters v. Churchill, the Supreme Court rules that government agencies can dismiss workers for making allegedly insubordinate remarks only if the employer can show that the language is either damaging to workplace effectiveness or a matter of private concern outside the scope of the First Amendment. . . . A federal grand jury indicts Rep. Dan Rostenkowski (D, Ill.), one of the most influential members of Congress, on 17 felony counts, including embezzlement, fraud, and obstruction of justice. A U.S. District Court jury in Los Angeles decides against awarding Rodney King punitive damages in a civil lawsuit against six city lawenforcement officers stemming from King’s 1991 videotaped beating by the police. The same panel in April awarded King more than $3.8 million in compensatory damages in a suit against the city of Los Angeles. . . . . Hundreds of Los Angeles police officers begin to call in sick, effectively staging a strike.

The city council in Chelsea, Iowa, which has experienced floods 15 times in the last 25 years, votes in favor of accepting federal funding to move the town’s homes and businesses to higher ground. The town’s 330 residents are sharply divided over the move, which will be voluntary.

Federal district judge Thomas Zilly orders the reinstatement of Col. Margarethe Cammermeyer, a highly decorated colonel who was ousted from the Washington State National Guard because of her sexual orientation. Zilly asserts that the past ban on military service by homosexuals is “grounded solely in prejudice” and violates the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.

President Clinton embarks on a diplomatic tour of Western Europe.

May 31

Data shows that ticket sales in NYC’s Broadway theater district for the 1993–94 season reached a record $356 million. The Broadway box-office gross for the season is up $28.3 million from the 1992–93 season, which set the previous record.

The IRS announces that, in cases where a company pollutes its land and then spends money to restore it, the clean-up costs are necessary expenses and can be written off immediately. . . . The Commerce Department reports the composite index of leading economic indicators is unchanged in April from March. The reading of 101.2 is the index’s highest level since the department first began reporting it in 1948. Seven towns in Alaska and six organizations representing the state’s indigenous people drop Joseph Hazelwood, the captain of the Exxon Valdez oil tanker when it dumped million gallons of crude oil into Alaska’s Prince William Sound, as a defendant in a separate lawsuit since they believe he cannot pay large amounts in damages. . . . The Labor Department reports that the nation’s seasonally adjusted unemployment rate declined to 6% in May, from 6.4% in April. The fourtenths of a percentage point decline is the largest monthly fall in the rate since November 1983.

May 30

Ned Andrews, 13, from Knoxville, Tennessee, wins the 67th National Spelling Bee when he correctly spells the word “antediluvian.” ESPN airs coverage of the spelling bee for the first time.

David Hinson, the head of the FAA, announces that an ambitious multibillion-dollar plan launched in the early 1980s to modernize the nation’s air-traffic control system will be scaled back. Hinson maintains that passenger safety will not be jeopardized and that plan revisions ultimately will save taxpayers millions of dollars.

June 1

June 2

June 3

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

608—June 4–8, 1994

June 4

June 5

June 6

June 7

June 8

World Affairs

Europe

More than 30,000 Allied veterans of the D-Day invasion take part in a series of commemorative events in Normandy, Britain, and their home countries. . . . An international meeting on Indonesian-governed East Timor closes after delegates create a coalition aimed at ending the alleged repression of Timorese. The delegates propose a peace plan that includes a referendum on Timorese independence and a phased withdrawal of Indonesian troops from East Timor.

The Hungarian Socialist Party at a special congress officially chooses its leader, Gyula Horn, to be Hungary’s next premier. . . . Lord Peter Thorneycroft, 84, British politician who served as a member of Parliament, 1939–66, and was made a life peer of the House of Lords in 1967, dies after a long illness.

Africa & the Middle East

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Kuwait sentences five Iraqis and one Kuwaiti to death by hanging for involvement in a plot to assassinate former U.S. president George Bush during a trip Bush made to Kuwait in April 1993. The three-judge panel also orders seven other Iraqis and Kuwaitis charged in the plot to serve prison sentences of from six months to 12 years. One of the 14 defendants, a Kuwaiti, is acquitted.

India tests its Prithvi ballistic missile by launching it over the Bay of Bengal. . . . In Bangladesh, author Taslima Nasreen is quoted as stating that the Koran, the holy text of the Muslim faith, had to be “revised thoroughly” to reflect contemporary issues and attitudes. Leading Islamic clerics file suit against her under a little-used provision of Bangladesh’s penal code that outlaws statements offending the religious feelings of any group.

Reports indicate that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein has introduced strict penalties apparently based on sharia, or Islamic law, to combat rising crime in Iraq. Under these laws, car thieves and others stealing goods worth more than 5,000 dinars (about $12) will have one of their hands amputated at the wrist, and a second conviction for a similar crime calls for amputation of a foot at the ankle. Anyone found guilty of armed robbery will face execution by firing squad. . . . Reports state that more than 5,000 people in droughtstricken southern Ethiopia have died over the past two months.

The Australian unit of U.S. tobacco company Philip Morris launches a High Court challenge to the Commonwealth Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act, federal legislation banning tobacco advertising.

Prime Minister Erskine Sandiford of Barbados loses a no-confidence vote in the House, the lower chamber of Parliament.

Nearly 70,000 people gather on Southsea Common in Portsmouth, England, for a religious ceremony commemorating the 50th anniversary of the D day invasion. In attendance are British prime minister John Major, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Pres. Bill Clinton of the U.S., P.M. Jean Chrétien of Canada, and P.M. Paul Keating of Australia. At a review in Portsmouth harbor of a fleet of more than 300 Allied warships, the audience includes Polish president Lech Walesa, Czech Republic president Vaclav Havel, and Pres. Michal Kovac of Slovakia. The Organization of African Unity, which denounced apartheid for decades, formally admits South Africa as its 53rd member. . . . French president François Mitterrand, Queen Elizabeth II of Britain, U.S. president Clinton, and Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien are among the heads of state and government leaders who gather in Normandy, France, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the massive amphibious assault on D-Day— June 6, 1944—that launched the Allied reconquest of Western Europe from Nazi Germany and helped bring World War II to a close.

Economic and trade officials from the 25 OECD nations endorse a report outlining more than 60 specific measures designed to reduce unemployment in member nations. . . . Reports state that the Norwegian government will defy a worldwide ban on whaling and permit its country’s whalers to catch 301 minke whales.

Dennis Christopher George Potter, 59, renowned British TV writer who wrote more than 30 television plays, dies near Ross-on-Wye, England, of cancer of the pancreas and liver.

Israeli and Jordanian negotiators announce that they will establish joint commissions to consider border disputes, water rights, tourism, the environment, and economic issues.

The UN Compensation Commission distributes its first payments to victims of Iraq’s 1990–91 occupation of Kuwait, paying a total of about $2.75 million to 670 claimants currently living in 16 countries.

Representatives of the two major warring factions in Bosnia-Herzegovina sign an agreement committing their governments and militias to a month-long cease-fire, beginning June 10. . . . U.S. president Clinton, who attended Oxford University from October 1968 to June 1970 as a Rhodes scholar but did not graduate in order to begin studies at a U.S. law school, receives an honorary doctorate in civil law at Oxford.

In Rwanda, the Roman Catholic archbishop of Kigali, Vincent Nsengiyumva, is killed along with two other bishops and 10 priests by rebel soldiers assigned to guard them at a religious complex at Kabgaye in southwestern Rwanda . . . . Israeli warplanes carry out attacks against guerrilla positions in Lebanon.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 4–8, 1994—609

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle Earle Warren, 79, jazz musician, dies in Springfield, Ohio, of complications after a stroke and kidney failure. . . . An estimated 20,000 gays and lesbians attend the “Gay and Lesbian Day at Walt Disney World,” a gathering which is not sponsored by the park and is protested by Christian groups.

In Farmer v. Brennan, the Supreme Court rules, 9-0, that prison officials can be held liable if they know that an inmate is at risk of being harmed by other inmates but fails to take precautionary measures to try to protect the prisoner. . . . Six antiabortion protesters who use chains and containers filled with concrete are the first people charged under the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act. . . . In Nichols v. U.S., the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that a judge can lengthen the sentence of a defendant previously convicted of a misdemeanor, even if the defendant was not represented by a lawyer in the earlier case.

Officials of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters announce that the union’s rank-and-file have approved a new contract with the trucking industry.

Michael Kearney, 10 becomes the U.S.’s youngest-ever college graduate when he receives a bachelor’s degree in anthropology from the University of South Alabama in Mobile. . . . Spaniards Sergi Bruguera and Arantxa Sanchez Vicario win the men’s and women’s singles tennis titles at the French Open in Paris.

U.S. District Court judge William L. Dwyer lifts a three-year-old ban on logging in the Pacific Northwest, stating that the plan submitted by the Clinton administration will protect the main habitat of the endangered northern spotted owl. . . . In Key Tronic Corp. v. U.S., the Supreme Court rules, 6-3, that companies or individuals responsible for cleaning up polluted sites under the Superfund law cannot recover fees for litigation or negotiation in successful suits against other parties liable for the pollution.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, commonly known as the Mormon Church, names Howard Hunter, 86, as its 14th president, succeeding Ezra Taft Benson, who died May 30. . . . Barry Sullivan, 81, actor who portrayed the defense attorney in The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (1954), dies in Sherman Oaks, California, after suffering from a respiratory ailment.

Statewide primary elections are held in Alabama, California, Iowa, Mississippi, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, and South Dakota. In the only upset of an incumbent, William Janklow, a former governor of South Dakota, defeats current governor Walter Miller in that state’s Republican primary.

An FDA advisory panel votes to allow breast cancer prevention trials involving the controversial drug tamoxifen to resume, despite recent studies showing that the drug may carry the risk of cancers of the uterus.

Vicki Van Meter, 12, becomes the youngest female to pilot a plane across the Atlantic Ocean. She was accompanied by a flight instructor, Curt Arnspiger.

Ira Wexner, a Nassau County Court judge, sentences admitted serial killer Joel Rifkin to 25 years to life in prison for the murder of prostitute Tiffany Bresciani. . . . U.S. District Court judge Malcolm Muir sentences Darvin Ray Peachey, 23, who pled guilty in December 1993 to burning eight Amish barns in Belleville, Pennsylvania, in 1992, to 10 years in prison. . . . In response to a civil lawsuit, the Detroit City Council approves a $5.25 million settlement to be divided among 14 family members of Malice Green, a black motorist who was beaten to death in 1992 by white police officers.

June 4

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June 7

June 8

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Includes formation and debate of U.S. foreign and defense policies, veterans’ affairs, and defense spending. (Relations with specific foreign countries are usually found under the region concerned.)

Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

610—June 9–12, 1994

World Affairs

Europe

Africa & the Middle East

June 9

June 10

International aid donors who are meeting offer $42 million in emergency aid over a three-month period to the Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction (PECDAR), the Palestinian agency that will administer international aid during Palestinian self-rule.

June 11

June 12

Elections in the 12 nations of the European Union conclude, and parties to the left of the political center remain the largest single bloc in the European Parliament.

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

In Canada, the Ontario legislature defeats, by a vote of 68 to 59, a controversial bill that would have extended to same-sex couples the rights and obligations currently enjoyed by common-law couples of heterosexual orientation.

Statistics show that Australia’s overall population at the end of 1993 totaled 17,746,600, up 174,700 from the year-earlier figure.

Despite the cease-fire that is to take effect in Bosnia, sporadic shelling by both sides near Tuzla is reported.

China conducts an underground nuclear-weapon test in the remote western province of Xinjiang, the country’s 40th such test since 1964. The test draws criticism from the U.S. and Britain. Separately, reports suggest that Chen Ziming, a prominent political prisoner arrested in 1989 for his role in prodemocracy demonstrations in Tiananmen Square who was released from prison for medical reasons in May, has been allowed to return to his home.

Bosnian government forces escalate efforts to subdue and reclaim territory held near Bihac in northwestern Bosnia by forces loyal to Fikret Abdic, a Muslim militia leader who opposed the Muslim-dominated government and did not sign the June 8 cease-fire accord.

Moshood Abiola, a millionaire businessman who was the apparent winner of presidential elections annulled in June 1993 by Nigeria’s then-military leader, Gen. Ibrahim Babangida, declares himself president of Nigeria. Abiola’s declaration defies the country’s current regime led by Gen. Sani Abacha, who proclaimed himself ruler after forcing out an interim government in November 1993.

Austrian citizens in a nationwide referendum vote to approve Austria’s entry into the European Union, clearing the way for Austria to formally join the EU on January 1, 1995. . . . In a national referendum, Swiss citizens vote to maintain Switzerland’s traditional neutrality by keeping Swiss soldiers out of UN peacekeeping missions.

In response to Moshood Abiola’s June 11 declaration in Nigeria, Gen. Sani Abacha declares in a nationwide radio and TV address that he will punish opponents of the government.

Haiti’s military-backed provisional president, Emile Jonassaint, declares a state of emergency, saying that Haiti faces possible “invasion and occupation.”

Chinese authorities convict three men of robbing and murdering 24 Taiwanese tourists and eight Chinese crew on a pleasure boat in eastern China in March.

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Asia and Pacific nations, extending from Afghanistan through all the Pacific Island, except Hawaii.

June 9–12, 1994—611

U.S. Politics & Social Issues

U.S. Foreign Policy & Defense

U.S. Economy & Environment

Science, Technology, & Nature

The House approves, 244-178, an amendment to the fiscal 1995 defense authorization bill requiring the Clinton administration to end all participation in the UN-sponsored international arms embargo against Bosnia.

Attorney General Janet Reno announces that the Justice Department fined three companies—Plastics Inc., Polar Plastics Manufacturing and Comet Products—for conspiring to fix prices on plastic cutlery during a one-year period ending in December 1992. Reno states four executives from those companies agreed to plead guilty to price-fixing, and that three others were indicted on one count each of conspiracy.

Jan Tinbergen, 91, Dutch economist who shared the Nobel Prize in 1969 and created the model of the U.S. economy for the League of Nations in 1938, dies in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. . . . Angela Lakeberg, the conjoined twin who in August 1993 was surgically separated from her sister who perished in the procedure, dies in the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 20 days shy of her first birthday.

Culture, Leisure, & Lifestyle

June 9

Pres. Clinton further lengthens the list of U.S. sanctions aimed at dislodging Haiti’s military-led regime by immediately freezing most financial transactions between the U.S. and Haiti and by halting commercial flights between the two countries. The U.S. State Department urges the estimated 8,000 U.S. citizens remaining in Haiti to leave at their earliest convenience. . . . Japan’s Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko start a visit of the U.S.

Reports state that the College Board plans to recalibrate the SAT’s scoring system in April 1995 when it will recenter the exam’s scoring scale, raising average scores on the test’s math and verbal sections to 500 points each.

June 10

Philip Vera Cruz, 89, cofounder of the United Farm Workers union who resigned as vice president of the organization in 1977, dies in Bakersfield, California, of emphysema.

Reports confirm that two U.S. newspapers have refused to run a “Doonesbury” comic strip in which one of the characters asserts that the Roman Catholic Church sanctified gay marriages in the past, citing information from a widely publicized book, Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe, by Yale University professor John Boswell.

The National African-American Leadership Summit, a conference for black leaders organized by Rev. Benjamin Chavis Jr., the executive director of the NAACP, opens in Baltimore, Maryland. . . . The American Medical Association names Dr. Lonnie R. Bristow as the group’s president. Bristow will be the first black in the organization’s 147-year history to hold the leadership position. . . . The former wife of O. J. Simpson, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ronald Goldman, are murdered in Los Angeles.

Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, 92, leader of the Lubavitcher Hasidic Jewish sect whose followers believe he might reveal himself as the messiah, dies in New York City after suffering a stroke several months earlier. . . . At the Tony Award ceremonies, Passions, a musical, picks up four awards. Angels in America: Perestroika wins for the best play. The first-ever lifetime achievement Tony award goes to actors Jessica Tandy and Hume Cronyn.

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Includes business, labor, agriculture, taxation, transportation, consumer affairs, monetary and fiscal policy, natural resources, and pollution.

Includes worldwide scientific, medical, and technological developments; natural phenomena; U.S. weather; natural disasters; and accidents.

Includes the arts, religion, scholarship, communications media, sports, entertainments, fashions, fads, and social life.

June 11

June 12

612—June 13–16, 1994

June 13

June 14

June 15

Africa & the Middle East

World Affairs

Europe

In the midst of international tension over the issue, North Korea threatens to withdraw fully from the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UN body attempting to monitor at least seven nuclear sites at Yongbyon, North Korea.

Shelling by both sides near the strategic northern town of Brcko in Bosnia is reported.

Reports suggest that Rwandan rebel forces overran Gitarama, the seat of the interim government 30 miles (50 km) south of Kigali. . . . In Nigeria, prodemocracy campaigners loyal to Moshood Abiola begin a week of protest against Gen. Sani Abacha’s regime. About 600 protesters march in Lagos. At least 10 demonstrators are arrested, and numerous injuries are reported in clashes with riot police in Ketu. Police fire tear gas on protesters setting up roadblocks in Akure, 120 miles (190 km) northeast of the capital. . . . A magistrate in Beirut, Lebanon’s capital, indicts Samir Geagea, the former leader of the disbanded Lebanese Forces militia for “crimes punishable by death,” including allegedly ordering the bombing of a packed Maronite Catholic church in February that left 11 people dead and scores injured.

Ecuador’s president Sixto Durán Ballén signs the agricultural-development law. Tens of thousands of Indians in Ecuador begin a series of protests in response, claiming that the new law ignores their land and water rights.

UN weapons experts complete the dismantling of Iraq’s major chemical-weapons production facility, located in Muthanna, about 60 miles (100 km) north of Baghdad, the capital.

Russian president Yeltsin signs a much-anticipated decree aimed at empowering the government to deal firmly with Russia’s mounting epidemic of organized crime. The decree will enable the police to hold mafia suspects—whom Yeltsin terms “criminal filth”—for up to 30 days without charge, permit police searches of property and examination of financial records without warrant or evidence of a crime, and allow certain crime-ridden cities and districts to be placed under “special control.”

Representatives of Rwanda’s interim government and the rebel group agree to an immediate cease-fire. However, sporadic fighting between Hutu-dominated government forces and rebels continues in Kigali and elsewhere. . . . Agha Hasan Abedi, founder and former chair of BCCI, and 11 other former BCCI officials are found guilty by an Abu Dhabi court of various criminal charges related to their role in BCCI. The 12 men are ordered to pay a total of $9 billion in compensation and are sentenced to a total of 61 years in prison.

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, unidentified gunmen kill Hermogenes Almeida Filho and Reinaldo Guedes Miranda, two members of a commission probing the summer 1993 shooting deaths of eight homeless boys and 21 slum residents in the city.

The international crisis stemming from North Korea’s refusal to allow complete inspections of its nucleardevelopment sites appears to be defused somewhat following a visit to that country by former U.S. president Jimmy Carter.

Russian president Boris Yeltsin’s June 14 decree on crime provokes a storm of outrage from across the political spectrum.

Artillery and machine-gun fire erupts along the front line in Kigali, Rwanda, and each side blames the other for provoking further fighting. UN officials and rebels report that they found thousands of civilians buried in mass graves in Kigali suburbs, and the surrounding countryside.

Sporadic fighting continues in various areas across Bosnia since the June 10 cease-fire took effect.

June 16

The Americas

Asia & the Pacific

Statistics show the rate of deaths of Australian aborigines while in police custody has not fallen since May 1989.

The Mexican government’s chief negotiator in talks with the peasantrebel Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) resigns, accusing the ruling party’s presidential candidate, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, of “making efforts to build peace more difficult.”

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Includes all domestic and regional developments in Europe, including the Soviet Union, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq and Iran and excluding Cyprus, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Includes all domestic and regional developments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Includes all domest