Cross-cultural Psychology: Research and Applications

This page intentionally left blank

Cross-Cultural Psychology

This second edition of the bestselling textbook Cross-Cultural Psychology has been substantially revised to provide the student with the most comprehensive overview of cross-cultural psychology available in one volume. The team of internationally acclaimed authors have included the most up-to-date research in the field, and written two new chapters on language and on emotion. Within a universalist framework the book emphasizes not only research on basic processes and theory, but also methodology and applications of cross-cultural psychology with respect to acculturation, organizational processes, communication, health, and national development. The new format of the book is designed to make it even more accessible and reader-friendly, and includes chapter outlines, chapter summaries, further reading, and a glossary of key terms.

Cross-Cultural Psychology Research and Applications SECOND EDITION

JOHN W. BERRY Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada

YPE H. POORTINGA Tilburg University Tilburg, The Netherlands

MARSHALL H. SEGALL Syracuse University Syracuse, New York, USA

PIERRE R. DASEN University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland

   Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521641524 © John W. Berry, Ype H. Poortings, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2002 - -

---- eBook (NetLibrary) --- eBook (NetLibrary)

- -

---- hardback --- hardback

- -

---- paperback --- paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Dedicated to our partners in life

Contents

List of figures List of tables Foreword by Gustav Jahoda Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition and acknowledgments Acknowledgments

page xii xiv xv xvii xix xxi

1 Introduction to cross-cultural psychology

What is cross-cultural psychology? Goals of cross-cultural psychology Relationships with other disciplines Ethnocentrism in psychology A general framework for cross-cultural psychology Conclusions Key terms Further reading

1

1 3 5 8 10 14 15 15

Part I Similarities and differences in behavior across cultures 2 Cultural transmission and individual development

Cultural and biological transmission Early development and caretaking Enculturation and socialization Adolescence Moral development Conceptualizations of development Conclusions Key terms Further reading 3 Social behavior

Sociocultural context Conformity Values Individualism and collectivism

19

20 21 29 39 39 44 49 50 50 52

53 57 59 65

viii

Contents

Social cognition Gender behavior Conclusions Key terms Further reading 4 Personality

Traits across cultures Self in social context Conceptions of the person Altered states of consciousness Conclusions Key terms Further reading 5 Cognition

General intelligence Genetic epistemology Cognitive styles Contextualized cognition Conclusions Key terms Further reading 6 Language

Language development Linguistic relativity Universals in language Bilingualism Conclusions Key terms Further reading 7 Emotion

Understanding “others” Universality of emotions Emotions as cultural states Componential approaches Conclusions Key terms Further reading 8 Perception

Historical roots Sensory functions

71 73 84 84 84 86

87 100 104 109 113 113 113 114

115 131 137 143 145 146 146 147

147 149 165 168 170 171 171 172

173 176 185 188 194 195 195 196

197 199

Contents

Perception of patterns and pictures Face recognition Psychological esthetics Conclusions Key terms Further reading

202 214 216 220 221 221

Part II Pursuing relationships between behavior and culture: research strategies 9 Approaches from cultural anthropology

Conceptions of culture Ethnography Psychological anthropology Cognitive anthropology Conclusions Key terms Further reading 10 Biology and culture

Evolution and adaptation Behavior genetics Ethology Models of cultural transmission Conclusions Key terms Further reading 11 Methodological concerns

Qualitative methodology Designing culture-comparative studies Psychological data in cultural context Analysis of equivalence Classification of inferences Conclusions Key terms Further reading 12 Theoretical issues in cross-cultural psychology

Inferred antecedents Absolutism, relativism, and universalism Conceptualizations of behavior–culture relationships Beyond current controversies?

225

225 233 241 249 253 253 253 255

255 265 271 280 283 284 284 286

287 294 301 304 312 315 315 315 317

320 324 328 336

ix

x

Contents

Conclusions Key terms Further reading

340 341 341

Part III Applying research findings across cultures 13 Acculturation and intercultural relations

Plural societies Acculturation Intercultural strategies Psychological acculturation Adaptation Intercultural relations Multiculturalism Conclusions Key terms Further reading 14 Organizations and work

Organizational structure Managerial behavior Work values and motives Conclusions Key terms Further reading

345

346 349 353 360 369 371 375 381 382 382 384

384 391 399 405 406 406

15 Communication and training

407

Intercultural communication Communication training Negotiation Conclusions Key terms Further reading

407 413 418 421 422 422

16 Health behavior

Culture and health Psychopathologies across cultures Positive mental health Cultural factors in psychotherapy Cultural factors in health behavior Ecology, population, and health Conclusions Key terms Further reading

423

423 428 435 437 442 450 453 454 454

Contents

17 Psychology and the majority world

456

Impact of Western psychology Indigenous psychologies Psychology and national development Conclusions Key terms Further reading

456 459 464 470 470 471

Epilogue Key terms References Author index Subject index

472 475 483 561 577

xi

Figures

1.1 An ecocultural framework of relationships among classes of variables employed in cross-cultural psychology page 11 2.1 Vertical, horizontal, and oblique forms of cultural transmission and acculturation

20

3.1 Structure of relationships among ten national types of values

61

3.2 Positions of forty countries on the power distance and individualism scales

65

3.3 Framework for examining relationships among contextual variables and gender differences in behavior

74

4.1 Model of African personality according to Sow

105

5.1 Two dimensions of congnitive competence among the Cree

124

5.2 Reaction time tasks (in milliseconds) for Iranians (IR) and Dutch (DU) respondents on four tasks during three days

128

5.3 Relationships between ecological, cultural, and acculturation variables and cognitive style

139

6.1 Percentage of correct responses to questions on factual statements (over all respondents) and on counterfactual statements (for four samples separately)

153

6.2 Clusters of dots representing foci (averaged over subjects) in each of twenty languages

157

6.3 The sequence in which terms for focal colors emerge in the history of languages

158

8.1 One of the stimuli used in a recognition task by Deregowski et al. (1972)

202

8.2 Visual illusions used by Segall, Campbell, and Herskovits (1966). The respective patterns are (a) Sander parallelogram, (b) Müller–Lyer illusion, (c) and (d) two versions of the horizontal–vertical illusion, (e) modified form of the Ponzo illusion and (f) Poggendorff illusion

205

8.3 A (completed) bilateral (a) and a rotation symmetry (b) item (respondents indicate an answer by making a mark with a pencil in two small holes indicated by small circles on the oblong figure and the matched figure)

207

List of Figures

8.4 Two of Hudson’s (1960) pictures

209

8.5 Stimuli for two construction tasks (a) and (b), and the calipers task (c)

210

8.6 The “two-pronged” trident

212

8.7 Two stimuli from a non-representational complexity task; the original stimuli were white on a black background

218

8.8 Preference for stimuli at different levels of complexity on a nonrepresentational (a) and a representational complexity (b) task

219

9.1 Model for psychocultural research

246

11.1 The relationship between sample size and the probability (p) that a significant difference (alpha