STATISTICS/STATISTIQUES
Aid Activities in Support of Gender Equality This publication presents statistics on aid flows in support of gender equality for the years 1999-2003. The information is based on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid.
The information is designed to meet the needs of development agencies and institutions in terms of programming and analysis by country and by sector. DAC STATISTICS: ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS Aid Activity database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics. Selected development databases are also available on line via www.SourceOECD.org.
SYSTÈME DE NOTIFICATION DES PAYS CRÉANCIERS Activités d’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme Cette publication présente des statistiques sur les apports d’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme pour les années 1999-2003. Les informations sont fondées sur les engagements individuels, c’est-à-dire les versements anticipés d’Aide publique au développement (APD) et d’Aide publique (AP). Ce rapport a été préparé par le Secrétariat du CAD en collaboration avec les membres du Groupe de travail statistique du CAD et le réseau du CAD sur l’égalité homme-femme. Il présente une analyse de l’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme dans une sélection de secteurs (éducation de base, santé de base et santé/fertilité, et distribution d’eau et assainissement) sur la période 1999-2003. Il rassemble également, pour les années 2002-2003 et tous les secteurs, les activités d’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme qui ont été notifiées par les membres du CAD dans la base de données SNPC sur les activités d’aide (Système de notification des pays créanciers).
STATISTIQUES DU CAD : ÉGALEMENT DISPONIBLES SUR INTERNET ET SUR CD-ROM Ces informations sont extraites de la base de données SNPC sur les activités d’aide, qui est régulièrement mise à jour et propose des données remontant jusqu’en 1973. Elles sont disponibles sur la version en ligne des Statistiques sur le développement international du site Internet du CAD à l’adresse www.oecd.org/cad/stats/sdienligne ainsi que sur le CD-ROM annuel Statistiques sur le développement international. Des bases de données sur le développement sont également disponibles en ligne via www.SourceOCDE.org.
Les abonnés à ce périodique peuvent accéder gratuitement à la version en ligne. Si vous ne bénéficiez pas encore de l’accès en ligne à travers le réseau de votre institution, contactez votre biblithécaire. S’il s’agit d’un abonnement individuel, écrivez-nous à
[email protected].
«
CREDITOR REPORTING SYSTEM
Aid Activities in Support of Gender Equality 1999-2003 SYSTÈME DE NOTIFICATION DES PAYS CRÉANCIERS
Activités d’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme
1999-2003
Subscribers to this printed periodical are entitled to free online access. If you do not yet have online access via your institution’s network contact your librarian or, if you subscribe personally, send an email to
[email protected].
Gender Equality L’égalité homme-femme
Les informations présentées visent les besoins des agences et institutions de coopération au développement en matière de programmation et d’analyse par pays et par secteur.
Creditor Reporting System on Aid Activities Système de notification des pays créanciers sur les activités d’aide
The report has been prepared by the DAC Secretariat in collaboration with the members of the DAC Working Party on Statistics and the DAC Network on Gender Equality. It provides an analysis of aid targeting the objective of gender equality over 1999-2003 in selected sectors (basic education, basic health including reproductive health, and water supply and sanitation). It also records the gender equality focused aid activities reported by DAC members to the CRS Aid Activity database (Creditor Reporting System), in all sectors for years 2002-2003.
Volume 2005/6
CREDITOR REPORTING SYSTEM
STATISTICS/STATISTIQUES
www.oecd.org
Volume 2005/6
ISSN 1023-8875 2005 SUBSCRIPTION (6 ISSUES) ABONNEMENT 2005 (6 NUMÉROS)
ISBN 92-64-00816-0 43 2005 10 3 P
-:HSTCQE=UU]V[]:
Volume 2005/6
Creditor Reporting System: Aid Activities Système de notification des pays créanciers : Activités d’aide
Aid Activities in Support of Gender Equality 1999-2003
Activités d’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme 1999-2003
Development Assistance Committee Comité d’Aide au Développement
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION DE COOPÉRATION ET DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUES
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This report examines data on DAC members’ aid targeting the objective of gender equality in recent years. It is based on donors’ reporting on bilateral Official Development Assistance (ODA) commitments to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) Aid Activity Database and, in particular, the use of the gender equality policy marker to identify the relevant activities.
Ce rapport examine les données sur l’aide des membres du CAD visant l’égalité hommefemme ces dernières années. II est basé sur les engagements d’aide publique au développement (APD) déclarés par les donneurs dans la base de données sur les Activités d’aide du Système de notification des pays créanciers (SNPC) ; il utilise en particulier le marqueur de la politique de l’aide défini pour identifier les activités visant l’objectif de l’égalité homme-femme.
The report has been prepared by the DAC Secretariat in collaboration with the members of the DAC Working Party on Statistics and the DAC Network on Gender Equality. It contributes to the 10-year review of the implementation of the Beijing WK Declaration and Platform of Action at the 6HVVLRQ RI WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV &RPPLVVLRQ RQ WKH6WDWXVRI:RPHQ, scheduled for 28 February – 11 March 2005 in New York. It is also intended to contribute to the 5-year review of the 0LOOHQQLXP'HFODUDWLRQ in September 2005.
Ce texte a été préparé par le Secrétariat du CAD en collaboration avec les membres du Groupe de travail statistique du CAD et le réseau du CAD sur l’égalité homme-femme. Il contribue à l'examen de la mise en oeuvre de la Déclaration et Plateforme d'action de Pékin, 10 ans après, pour la qPH 6HVVLRQ GH OD &RPPLVVLRQ GHV 1DWLRQVXQLHVVXUODFRQGLWLRQGHODIHPPH, du 28 février au 11 mars 2005 à New York. Il contribuera aussi à l’examen 5 ans après la 'pFODUDWLRQGX0LOOpQDLUH, en septembre 2005.
Part 1 of the report contains an analysis of aid targeting the objective of gender equality over 1999-2003 in selected sectors (basic education, basic health including reproductive health, and water supply and sanitation). Part 2 records gender equality focused aid activities, with amounts and descriptions, in all sectors over 2002-2003
La partie I du rapport présente une analyse de l’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme dans une sélection de secteurs (éducation de base, santé de base et santé/fertilité, et la distribution d’eau et l’assainissement) sur la période 1999-2003. La partie II rassemble pour les années 2002-2003 les activités d’aide visant l’égalité homme-femme, avec leurs montants et leurs descriptions, dans tous les secteurs.
The present report is a special edition of the publication &56 $LG $FWLYLWLHV. Five other reports present aid activities by region for 2003 and cover Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe and Oceania, and CEECs/NIS.
Le présent rapport est une édition spéciale de la publication 613& $FWLYLWpV G DLGH. Les cinq autres rapports présentent les activités d'aide par région pour 2003 : Afrique, Asie, Amérique latine et Caraïbes, Europe et Océanie, et PECO/NEI.
1. The members of the DAC are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Communities.
1. Les membres du CAD sont : l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, le Danemark, l’Espagne, les États-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, l’Irlande, l’Italie, le Japon, le Luxembourg, la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède, la Suisse et la Communauté européenne.
3
The complete CRS Aid Activity database contains records from 1973 onwards. It is available on the yearly ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW 6WDWLVWLFV CD-ROM, and on the DAC online site at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonligne.
L’édition complète de la base de données SNPC sur les activités d’aide propose des données remontant jusqu'en 1973. Elle est disponible sur le CD-ROM annuel 6WDWLVWLTXHVVXU OH GpYHORSSHPHQW LQWHUQDWLRQDO, et en ligne sur le site du CAD à l'adresse : www.oecd.org/dac/stats/sdienligne.
This document was prepared by the Development Co-operation Directorate. It is published on the responsibility of the SecretaryGeneral of the OECD.
Ce document a été préparé par la Direction de la coopération pour le développement. Il est publié sous la responsabilité du Secrétaire général de l'OCDE.
4
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5
Liste 3. Liste du CAD des pays bénéficiaires de l’aide
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The CRS Aid Activity database includes data on Official Development Assistance (ODA), Official Aid (OA) and other lending to developing countries and countries in transition.
La base de données SNPC sur les activités d’aide comprend des données sur l’Aide publique au développement (APD), l’Aide publique (AP) et les autres prêts aux pays en développement et pays en transition.
The CRS was established in 1967, jointly by the OECD and the World Bank, with the aim of “supplying the participants with a regular flow of data on indebtedness and capital flows”. Calculating capital flows and debt stock remain key functions of the system, but others have evolved in the course of years. In particular, the CRS aid activity database has become the internationally recognised source of data on the geographical and sectoral breakdown of aid and is widely used by governments, organisations and researchers active in the field of development. For DAC members, the CRS serves as a tool for monitoring specific policy issues, supplementing the information collected at the aggregate level in the annual DAC Statistics.
Le SNPC a été établi en 1967 conjointement par l’OCDE et la Banque mondiale afin de fournir « régulièrement aux participants des renseignements sur l’endettement et les apports de moyens financiers ». Les statistiques sur les apports de ressources et le stock de la dette restent d’actualité, mais les fonctions du système ont évolué au cours des années. En particulier la base de données sur les activités d’aide est devenue la référence internationale sur la répartition géographique et sectorielle de l’aide et est largement utilisée par les gouvernements, organisations et chercheurs actifs dans le domaine de l’aide. Pour les membres du CAD, le SNPC est un outil de suivi des questions politiques spécifiques, qui complète les informations agrégées notifiées dans les statistiques annuelles du CAD.
The &56 $LG $FWLYLW\ GDWDEDVH comprises commitment and disbursement data on Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) activities in developing countries and countries in transition submitted by members of the DAC and multilateral institutions (between 30 000 – 45 000 transactions in recent years). Data in this publication refer to commitments, if not otherwise stated.
La EDVHGHGRQQpHVVXUOHVDFWLYLWpVG¶DLGH GX 613& comprend des données sur les engagements et les versements d’Aide publique au développement (APD) et d’Aide publique (AP) dans les pays en développement et les pays en transition par les membres du CAD et par des institutions multilatérales (de 30 000 à 45 000 transactions ces dernières années). Les données de cette publication portent sur les engagements, sauf indication particulière.
Amounts shown in this report have been converted to USD using the annual average exchange rates. In order to concentrate on the most relevant information, commitments of less than fifty thousand USD are not shown. Amounts have been aggregated by recipient and by donor for projects with same purpose codes, descriptions, and gender marker value. The exhaustive list of transactions may however be consulted in the CRS database at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline
Les montants indiqués dans ce rapport ont été convertis en dollar des EU en utilisant les taux de change moyens annuels. Afin de mettre en évidence l'information la plus pertinente, les transactions d'un montant inférieur à cinquante mille USD ne sont pas présentées. Les montants sont cumulés par receveur et par donneur pour les projets qui ont le même code-objet, la même description et la même valeur de marqueur égalité homme-femme. La liste complète des transactions peut être consultée dans la base de données SNPC en ligne à l’adresse : www.oecd.org/cad/stats/sdienligne.
6
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Aid in support of gender equality is concentrated in the social sectors, especially basic education and basic health (including population/reproductive health).
x
About half of aid to these sectors targeted gender concerns in some way in 1999-2003. About 10% of assessed aid to these sectors was given for the main purpose of promoting gender equality.
x
DAC members’ reporting on the gender equality marker has improved in recent years. Some members experience difficulties in applying the methodology and there is a lack of comparable data from the multilaterals. This places limitations on the data analysis. The currently available marker data nevertheless give an indication of the extent to which most donors address gender equality in their aid programmes. While several DAC members appear to be implementing a mainstreaming strategy, several others promote gender equality through a relatively small number of activities targeted to women and girls.
9
&RQWH[W This report examines data on DAC members’ aid targeting the objective of gender equality in recent years. It is based on donors’ reporting on bilateral official development assistance (ODA) commitments to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) Aid Activity Database and, in particular, the use of the gender equality policy marker to identify the relevant activities. The report has been prepared by the DAC Secretariat in collaboration with the members of the DAC Working Party on Statistics and the DAC Network on Gender Equality. It contributes to the th 10-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action at the 49 Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, scheduled for 28 February – 11 March 2005 in New York. The Beijing Platform for Action is a strategy for achieving gender equality through gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment. Not all actions adopted in the Platform for Action are covered in the report because of data constraints. The focus is on targeting gender equality in aid to basic education, basic health (including reproductive health) and water supply and sanitation. To 1 ensure homogeneity of data, analysis has been restricted to commitments in 1999-2003. The report is also intended to contribute to the 5-year review of the Millennium Declaration in September 2005. The data are relevant to several Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) with 2 gender equality related targets . They do not, however, present a complete picture of DAC members’ aid focused on these. The report is structured as follows. Section 1 explains the gender equality marker and the data collection methodology. Section 2 defines the scope of the study. Section 3 describes the analytical approach and points out special features of the data for particular DAC members. Data analysis is presented in section 4. Finally, section 5 presents data on DAC members’ contributions to the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
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The Beijing Platform for Action was adopted in 1995. Analysis of gender equality focused aid prior to and after the Platform for Action would obviously be interesting. This report does not attempt such analysis for two reasons. First, data collection methodology was revised in 1997. Secondly, a major improvement in the coverage of donors’ reporting to the CRS Aid Activity database in 1999 makes it difficult to compare data for before and after that year.
0'* on universal primary education with the target of HQVXULQJWKDWE\FKLOGUHQHYHU\ZKHUHER\VDQGJLUOV DOLNH ZLOO EH DEOH WR FRPSOHWH D IXOO FRXUVH RI SULPDU\ VFKRROLQJ; 0'* on promoting gender equality and empowerment of women with the target of HOLPLQDWLQJ JHQGHU GLVSDULW\ LQ SULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ SUHIHUDEO\E\DQGLQDOOOHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQQRODWHUWKDQ; 0'* on improving maternal health with the
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Graph 1 below presents DAC members’ aid by purpose. Bilateral ODA in 1999-2003 for all DAC countries combined is broken down into five main categories: social infrastructure and services, economic infrastructure and services, production, multi-sector aid, and non-sector allocable aid. Each of the main categories is further divided into sectors/sub-categories. The goal of gender equality can be promoted through activities in all sectors. In DAC statistics, therefore, data collection on aid in support of gender equality is based on a marking system that identifies gender equality focused activities across the range of sectors. *UDSK7KH'$&VHFWRUFODVVLILFDWLRQZLWKVHFWRUVFRYHUHGLQWKLVUHSRUWKLJKOLJKWHG '$&PHPEHUV¶ELODWHUDO2'$FRPPLWPHQWVLQ
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Industry
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Environment
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Transport & Communications
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1RWH The sectors selected for this study (marked with *) represented 12 % of DAC members’ bilateral ODA in 1999-2003. Their share in bilateral sector-allocable ODA was 20%.
0HWKRGRORJ\IRULGHQWLI\LQJDLGLQVXSSRUWRIJHQGHUHTXDOLW\ *HQGHUHTXDOLW\SROLF\PDUNHU Data on aid in support of gender equality are collected in the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) Aid Activity Database with the help of the gender equality policy marker. In their reporting to the CRS, DAC members are asked to indicate for each individual aid activity whether or not it targets 3 gender equality as one of its policy objectives. To qualify as “gender equality focused” the activity has to comply with the DAC definition of gender equality and meet a number of eligibility criteria that lay emphasis on gender analysis in the design of aid activities. The complete definition of the gender equality marker including the eligibility criteria is given in Annex 1. 3
The DAC collects policy marker data also on environmental sustainability, participatory development/good governance and the Rio Conventions.
11
An activity can target gender equality either as a “principal objective” or “significant objective”. Principal (score “2”) means gender equality was an explicit objective of the activity and fundamental in its design (i.e. the activity would not have been undertaken without this objective). Significant (score “1”) means gender equality was an important, but secondary, objective of the activity (i.e. not one of the principal reasons for undertaking the activity). Not targeted (score “0”) means that the activity was screened for promoting gender equality, but was found to not be targeted to it. The reporting directives note also that activities which achieve a marker for gender equality as a principal objective are no “better” than those with the significant objective score. If mainstreaming is practised, gender equality will often be a significant objective, integrated into projects, across the range of sectors. It should be highlighted that the gender equality marker incorporates those women in development (WID) activities which can be allocated to specific sectors (providing the criteria for 4 eligibility are fulfilled). :RPHQLQGHYHORSPHQWVHFWRUFRGH Some data on gender equality focused aid are assembled also with the help of the sector/purpose classification through a category titled “women in development (WID)”. This is defined to cover “multi sectoral WID projects and programmes; promotion and support to WID groups and 5 networks, conferences, seminars etc.” Such activities are often of low monetary value and the category therefore hardly visible in standard statistics on aid by purpose. In 2003 they represented 0.1% of DAC members’ total bilateral ODA commitments. But the number of activities (400-600 in a total of 45000 per year in recent years) is not insignificant. Some members use this category to classify women’s rights programmes, actions against gender violence, and women entrepreneurship/income generating activities.
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Data on aid in support of gender equality presented in this report relate to DAC members’ bilateral ODA commitments in 1999-2003 that have been reported as targeting the objective of gender equality as a principal or significant objective. However, not all purpose categories of Graph 1 are covered. Non-sector allocable aid is excluded since several members do not apply the gender 6 equality marker on these forms of aid. Graph 2 below illustrates DAC members’ total bilateral sector-allocable ODA in 1999-2003 and compares its sectoral breakdown with that of gender equality focused aid (principal or significant objective). It suggests that, relatively, activities in certain sectors are more focused on gender equality than activities in other sectors. The social sectors accounted for two-thirds of total gender equality focused aid (inner circle) whereas they represented less than a half of total bilateral sectorallocable aid (outer circle). Gender equality is less emphasised in aid to economic infrastructure and services and the production sectors. Comparable analysis based on the QXPEHU of reported activities 7 confirms the focus on the social sectors, in particular health and reproductive health. 4
The CRS has collected policy marker data since 1991. In 1997 the data collection methodology was revised. The previous WID marker that focused on women as a target group was replaced by the gender equality marker. Its full title reads “gender equality incorporating women in development (WID)”. The term “aid in support of gender equality” (in short “gender equality focused aid”) used in this report should thus be understood as incorporating WID activities.
5
Activities classified under sector code “women in development” obtain score principal objective by definition.
6
This category includes programme assistance, debt relief and emergency aid. While programme assistance (budget support, developmental food aid and import support) or debt relief operations could be used to promote gender equality, this could only be done indirectly, for example by making aid conditional to the implementation of certain policy reforms. The eligibility criteria of the gender equality marker are clearly unsuitable for screening short-term distress relief operations after disasters, which constitute the bulk of emergency aid.
7
Analyses that only draw on financial data may inadequately reflect the real level of donors’ efforts, since capitalintensive investment projects in energy and transport dominate the data.
12
Given the sectoral focus and the importance placed on women’s education and health in the Beijing Platform for Action, it was decided to concentrate this report on these two sectors. Basic education and basic health (including population/reproductive health) were selected for in-depth study as members’ reporting on the gender equality marker is more complete than for aid to education and health in general. Water supply and sanitation is also covered since it is closely related to these (clean water as a pre-condition for good health, basic sanitation for girls attending schools). Gender focused aid in the government and civil society sector (likely to cover themes such as women’s political participation, violence against women, women’s human rights, women and conflict) would merit a report of its own, since although its volume is small (15% of the total), there are a large number and great variety of activities involved. Gender-related activities form a smaller share of aid to other sectors, but are quite significant in total. To give some indication of the variety of gender equality focused aid allocations, the listing of activities attached to this report covers all sector/purpose categories for 2002-2003. *UDSK*HQGHUHTXDOLW\IRFXVHG2'$ LQQHUFLUFOH DQGWRWDOELODWHUDOVHFWRUDOORFDEOH2'$ RXWHUFLUFOH LQ %UHDNGRZQE\VHFWRU $YHUDJHDQQXDOYDOXHRIFRPPLWPHQWVFRYHUHG LQQHUFLUFOH86'ELOOLRQRXWHUFLUFOH86' ELOOLRQ 12 Multisector inc. WID
1 Education
12%
86'EQ
12%
11 Industry 3%
10 Agriculture
9%
15%
9 Finance
8 Energy
2 Health
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1
12
1% 8%
16%
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2
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9%
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1% Based only on members who report on the gender equality marker (see Table 1) accounting for 60 % of DAC members’ total sector allocable ODA in 1999-2003.
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Gender equality marker data should be considered as the EHVW HVWLPDWHV of aid that DAC members allocate in support of gender equality. (All data are on a commitments basis.) The financial information (i.e. how much will be spent on gender equality) is less precise for activities marked “significant” than for those marked “principal”.
13
¾
Activities with “principal objective” marker scores can be considered as contributing to the objective in their full amount.
¾
For activities with “significant objective” marker scores, it is possible that only a proportion of an activity is focused on gender equality, whereas the amount recorded in the 8 database relates to the entire activity.
Graph 3 below illustrates this distinction with marker data for basic education, basic health (including reproductive health) and water supply and sanitation for years 1999-2003. The bars represent activities with “principal objective” marker scores (i.e. activities that contribute to gender equality in their full amount). Activities with “significant objective” marker scores have been added to show the upper limit of aid focused on gender equality in these sectors. The exact amount of aid contributing to gender equality is somewhere between the top of the bars and the line. *UDSK*HQGHUHTXDOLW\IRFXVHGDLGWREDVLFHGXFDWLRQEDVLFKHDOWK LQFOXGLQJUHSURGXFWLYH KHDOWK DQGZDWHUVXSSO\DQGVDQLWDWLRQLQ &RPPLWPHQWVPLOOLRQVRI86' 86'PLOOLRQ 1800
Principal
Principal + Significant
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
The completeness of donors’ reporting has to be taken into account of course in data analysis. Table 1 below gives an overview of the status of reporting on the gender equality marker as of December 2004. Fifteen DAC members provide marker data regularly to the CRS. For eleven members, data can be considered as reasonably complete. Five members apply the markers only to a part of their bilateral aid programme (usually activities of the main aid agency). Many have set a threshold to reduce the administrative burden of marking or decided not to screen certain forms of aid. For seven members, data are either missing or very incomplete. Since these include major donors such as France or the United States, it is difficult to produce estimates on gender equality focused aid at the total DAC level. Totals by donor can be calculated but not for all sectors.
8
As most members’ systems do not allow for splitting the value of activities by different objectives and sub-sectors, the DAC system too classifies activities to the major sector/objective that the activity addresses.
14
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