CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook,

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Shackelford, James F. et al “Frontmatter” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

CRC

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION

©2001 CRC Press LLC

CRC

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION James F. Shackelford Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Associate Dean of the College of Engineering University of California, Davis

William Alexander Research Engineer Division of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Davis

CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.


disclaimer Page 1 Wednesday, October 25, 2000 1:50 PM

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CRC materials science and engineering handbook / [edited by] James F. Shackelford, William Alexander.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2696-6 (alk. paper) 1. Materials—Handooks, manuals, etc. I. Shackelford, James F. II. Alexander, William, 1950 Feb. 13TA403.4 .C74 2000 620.1′1—dc21

00-048567

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2696-6 Library of Congress Card Number 00-048567 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper


TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

Structure of Materials Electronic Structure of Selected Elements Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements Bond Length Values Between Elements Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å) Carbon Bond Lengths Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers Bond Angle Values Between Elements Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements The Seven Crystal Systems The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements


Table of Contents Structure of Ceramics Atomic Mass of Selected Elements Solid Density of Selected Elements Density of Iron and Iron Alloys Density of Wrought Stainless Steels Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Density of Aluminum Alloys Density of Copper and Copper Alloys Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Density of Lead and Lead Alloys Density of Tin and Tin Alloys Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys Density of Permanent Magnet Materials Density of Precious Metals Density of Superalloys Density of Selected Ceramics Density of Glasses Specific Gravity of Polymers Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Density of Si3N4 Composites CHAPTER 2

Composition of Materials Composition Limits of Tool Steels Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons Composition Limits of Ductile Irons Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Resulfurized Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Composition of Stainless Steels Composition of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys Composition Ranges for Cast Aluminum Alloys Composition Ranges for Wrought Aluminum Alloys Composition of Tin and Tin Alloys Compositions of ACI Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Composition of Zinc Die Casting Alloys Compositions of Wrought Superalloys Typical Composition of Glass-Ceramics CHAPTER 3

Phase Diagram Sources Phase Diagram Sources

CHAPTER 4

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Solubility of Copper and Copper Alloys Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties for The Elements Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties of Oxides Melting Points of the Elements Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Melting Points Of Ceramics Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Heats of Sublimation of Metals and Their Oxides Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients Thermodynamic Coefficients for Selected Elements Thermodynamic Coefficients for Oxides Entropy of the Elements Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Very Low Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Moderate Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at High Pressures Vapor Pressure of Elements and Inorganic Compounds

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Values of The Error Function Diffusion in Metallic Systems Diffusion of Metals into Metals Diffusion in Semiconductors CHAPTER 5

Thermal Properties of Materials Specific Heat of the Elements at 25 ˚C Heat Capacity of Ceramics Specific Heat of Polymers Specific Heat of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 1) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 2) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 3) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 4) Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Iron Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum and aluminum alloys Thermal Conductivity of Copper and Copper Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Lead and Lead Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Tin, Titanium, Zinc and their Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Insulation Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Supports Thermal Conductivity of Special Concretes Thermal Conductivity of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Thermal Conductivity of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Expansion of Wrought Stainless Steels Thermal Expansion of Wrought Titanium Alloys


Table of Contents Thermal Expansion of Graphite Magnesium Castings Linear Thermal Expansion of Metals and Alloys Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Thermal Expansion of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Expansion of Glasses Thermal Expansion of Polymers Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials for Integrated Circuits Thermal Expansion of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al ASTM B 601 Temper Designation Codes for Copper and Copper Alloys Temper Designation System for Aluminum Alloys Tool Steel Softening After 100 Hours Thermoplastic Polyester Softening with Temperature Heat-Deflection Temperature of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics CHAPTER 6

Mechanical Properties of Materials Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Tensile Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Tensile Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Tensile Strength of Aluminum Casting Alloys Tensile Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Tensile Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Tensile Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys


Table of Contents Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Tensile Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Tensile Strength of Ceramics Tensile Strength of Glass Tensile Strength of Polymers Tensile Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Strength of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Tensile Strength of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide–Aluminum Alloy Composites Tensile Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Ultimate Tensile Strength of Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Whiskers vs. Temperature Ultimate Tensile Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Tensile Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Tensile Strength of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compressive Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Compressive Strength of Ceramics Compressive Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Ultimate Compressive Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Yield Strength of Tool Steels Yield Strength of Ductile Irons Yield Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Yield Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels


Table of Contents Yield Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Yield Strength of Cast Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Yield Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Commercially Pure Tin Yield Strength of Polymers Yield Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Yield Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Yield Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Compressive Yield Strength of Polymers Flexural Strength of Polymers Flextural Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Shear Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Torsion Shear Strength of Gray Cast Fe Hardness of Gray Cast Irons Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Hardness of Ductile Irons Hardness of Tool Steels Hardness of Austenitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Ferritic Stainless Steels Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Machinability Rating of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Hardness of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature


Table of Contents Hardness of Ceramics Microhardness of Glass Hardness of Polymers Hardness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Coefficient of Static Friction for Polymers Abrasion Resistance of Polymers Fatigue Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Reversed Bending Fatigue Limit of Gray Cast Iron Bars Impact Energy of Tool Steels Impact Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Impact Strength of Polymers Impact Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Impact Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Fracture Toughness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Tensile Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Tension Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Tensile Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Modulus of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Modulus of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Tensile Modulus of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Young’s Modulus of Ceramics Young’s Modulus of Glass Elastic Modulus of Wrought Stainless Steels Modulus of Elasticity of Wrought Titanium Alloys Modulus of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Modulus of Elasticity of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus of Elasticity of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy


Table of Contents Modulus of Elasticity of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Modulus of Elasticity of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compression Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Bulk Modulus of Glass Shear Modulus of Glass Torsional Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Torsion Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure for Polymers Flexural Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Flexural Modulus of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Modulus of Rupture for Ceramics Rupture Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Rupture Strength of Superalloys Modulus of Rupture for Si3N4 and Al2O3Composites Poisson's Ratio of Wrought Titanium Alloys Poisson’s Ratio for Ceramics Poisson’s Ratio of Glass Poisson's Ratio of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Compression Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Torsion Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Elongation of Tool Steels Elongation of Ductile Irons Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings Elongation of Ferritic Stainless Steels Elongation of Martensitic Stainless Steels Elongation of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Elongation of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Elongation of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Elongation of Commercially Pure Tin


Table of Contents Elongation of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Elongation of Nickel-Base Superalloys Ductility of Refractory Metal Alloys Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Total Elongation of Polymers Elongation at Yield for Polymers Ultimate Tensile Elongation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Total Strain of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Area Reduction of Tool Steels Reduction in Area of Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Ferritic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Martensitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Commercially Pure Tin Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Strength Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Viscosity of Glasses Internal Friction of SiO2 Glass Surface Tension of Elements at Melting Surface Tension of Liquid Elements CHAPTER 7

Electrical Properties of Materials Electrical Conductivity of Metals Electrical Resistivity of Metals Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons Resistivity of Ceramics Volume Resistivity of Glass Volume Resistivity of Polymers


Table of Contents Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements Dissipation Factor for Polymers Dielectric Strength of Polymers Step Dielectric Strength of Polymers Dielectric Constant of Polymers Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers Tangent Loss in Glass Electrical Permittivity of Glass Arc Resistance of Polymers CHAPTER 8

Optical Properties of Materials Transmission Range of Optical Materials Transparency of Polymers Refractive Index of Polymers Dispersion of Optical Materials

CHAPTER 9

Chemical Properties of Materials Water Absorption of Polymers Standard Electromotive Force Potentials Galvanic Series of Metals Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water Corrosion Rate of Metals in Acidic Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Air Corrosion Rates of 1020 Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Grey Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Ni–Resist Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 12% Cr Steel at 70˚ Corrosion Rates of 17% Cr Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 14% Si Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 301 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 316 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Aluminum at 70˚F


Table of Contents Corrosion Resistance of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Corrosion Rates of 70-30 Brass at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Copper, Sn-Braze, Al-Braze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Silicon Bronze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Hastelloy at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Inconel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Nickel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Monel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Lead at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Titanium at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Air Corrosion Rates for ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Flue Gas Flammability of Polymers Flammability of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics CHAPTER 10

Selecting Structural Properties Selecting Atomic Radii of the Elements Selecting Ionic Radii of the Elements Selecting Bond Lengths Between Elements Selecting Bond Angles Between Elements Selecting Density of the Elements

CHAPTER 11

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties Selecting Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Selecting Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Selecting Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Selecting Specific Heat of Elements Selecting Specific Heat of Polymers Selecting Melting Points of The Elements Selecting Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Selecting Melting Points of Ceramics Selecting Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Selecting Entropy of the Elements


Table of Contents Selecting Diffusion Activation Energy in Metallic Systems CHAPTER 12

Selecting Thermal Properties Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals at Temperature Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics at Temperature Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels at Temperature Selecting Thermal Expansion of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Selecting Thermal Expansion of Glasses Selecting Thermal Expansion of Polymers Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits at Temperature

CHAPTER 13

Selecting Mechanical Properties Selecting Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Selecting Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Selecting Tensile Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Tensile Strengths of Aluminum Casting Alloys Selecting Tensile Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Tensile Strengths of Ceramics Selecting Tensile Strengths of Glass Selecting Tensile Strengths of Polymers Selecting Compressive Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Compressive Strengths of Ceramics Selecting Compressive Strengths of Polymers Selecting Yield Strengths of Tool Steels


Table of Contents Selecting Yield Strengths of Ductile Irons Selecting Yield Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Yield Strengths of Cast Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Polymers Selecting Compressive Yield Strengths of Polymers Selecting Flexural Strengths of Polymers Selecting Shear Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Torsional Shear Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Hardness of Tool Steels Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Hardness of Ductile Irons Selecting Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Hardness of Ceramics Selecting Microhardness of Glass Selecting Hardness of Polymers Selecting Coefficients of Static Friction for Polymers Selecting Abrasion Resistance of Polymers Selecting Fatigue Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Reversed Bending Fatigue Limits of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Impact Energy of Tool Steels Selecting Impact Strengths of Polymers Selecting Tensile Moduli of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Tensile Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Young’s Moduli of Ceramics Selecting Young’s Moduli of Glass Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Selecting Compression Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Selecting Bulk Moduli of Glass


Table of Contents Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Flexure of Polymers Selecting Shear Moduli of Glass Selecting Torsional Moduli of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Torsional Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Moduli of Rupture for Ceramics Selecting Poisson’s Ratios for Ceramics Selecting Poisson’s Ratios of Glass Selecting Compression Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Torsion Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Elongation of Tool Steels Selecting Elongation of Ductile Irons Selecting Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Selecting Total Elongation of Polymers Selecting Elongation at Yield of Polymers Selecting Area Reduction of Tool Steels CHAPTER 14

Selecting Electrical Properties Selecting Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Resistivity of Ceramics Selecting Volume Resistivity of Glass Selecting Volume Resistivity of Polymers Selecting Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 60 Hz Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 1 MHz Selecting Dielectric Strength of Polymers Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 60 Hz Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 1 MHz Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Temperature Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Frequency Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass by Frequency


Table of Contents Selecting Arc Resistance of Polymers CHAPTER 15

Selecting Optical Properties Selecting Transmission Range of Optical Materials Selecting Transparency of Polymers Selecting Refractive Indices of Glasses Selecting Refractive Indices of Polymers

CHAPTER 16

Selecting Chemical Properties Selecting Water Absorption of Polymers Selecting Iron Alloys in 10% Corrosive Medium Selecting Iron Alloys in 100% Corrosive Medium Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 10% Corrosive Medium Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 100% Corrosive Medium Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals in Corrosive Environments Selecting Flammability of Polymers


2.1 Front Matter Page xvii Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Dedication

To Penelope and Scott Li-Li and Cassie


Shackelford, James F. & Alexander, W.“Selecting Chemical Properties” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

3.0 Structure Page 1 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

CHAPTER 1

Structure of Materials

List of Tables

Subatomic Structure Electronic Structure of Selected Elements Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements Atomic Structure Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals Bond Structure Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements Bond Length Values Between Elements Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å) Carbon Bond Lengths Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers Bond Angle Values Between Elements Crystal Structure Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements The Seven Crystal Systems


1


Structural Properties List of Tables (Continued)

The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements Structure of Ceramics Density Atomic Mass of Selected Elements Solid Density of Selected Elements Density of Iron and Iron Alloys Density of Wrought Stainless Steels Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Density of Aluminum Alloys Density of Copper and Copper Alloys Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Density of Lead and Lead Alloys Density of Tin and Tin Alloys Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys Density of Permanent Magnet Materials Density of Precious Metals Density of Superalloys Density of Selected Ceramics Density of Glasses Specific Gravity of Polymers Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Density of Si3N4 Composites


2

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering


Structural Properties

Table 1. ELECTRONIC

At. Element No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

STRUCTURE OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

Sym H He Li Be B C N O F N Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Electronic Configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1 2 . 1 . 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . . . 1 . . . 2 . . . 2 1 . . . 2 2 . . . 2 3 . . . 2 4 . . . 2 5 . . . 2 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3d 4s

1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4p 4d

1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

4f

5s

5p 5d

5f

6s

6p 6d 7s

1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 5 5 6


3



At. Element No.

Sym

Electronic Configuration 1s

55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Cesium Barium Lantium Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Asatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protoactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Ce Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw

2s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2p 3s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3p 3d 4s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4p 4d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4f

5s

2 3 4 5 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5p 5d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5f

6p 6d 7s

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6s

2 3 4 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 1 1 1 1

1

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2


4




Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 11) Natural

Element

Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Hydrogen

1

99.985

2

0.015

Helium

3 4

0.00013 ≈100.0

Lithium

6 7

7.42 92.58

Beryllium

9

100.0

Boron

10 11

19.78 80.22

Carbon

12 13

98.89 1.11

Nitrogen

14 15

99.63 0.37

Oxygen

16 17 18

99.76 0.04 0.20

Fluorine

19

100.0

Neon

20 21 22

90.92 0.26 8.82

Sodium

23

100.0

Magnesium

24 25 26

78.70 10.13 11.17

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.


5



Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 11) Natural

Element

Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Aluminum

27

100.0

Silicon

28 29 30

92.21 4.70 3.09

Phosphorus

31

100.0

Sulfur

32 33 34 36

95.0 0.76 4.22 0.014

Chlorine

35 37

75.53 24.47

Argon

36 38 40

0.34 0.06 99.60

Potassium

39 40a 41

93.1

0.01

Calcium

40 42 43 44 46 48

96.97 0.64 0.14 2.06 0.003 0.18

Scandium

45

100.0

6.9



6




Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Titanium

46 47 48 49 50

7.93 7.28 73.94 5.51 5.34

Vanadium

50 51

0.24 99.76

Chromium

50 52 53 54

4.31 83.76 9.55 2.38

Manganese

55

100.0

Iron

54 56 57 58

5.82 91.66 2.19 0.33

Cobalt

59

100.0

Nickel

58 60 61 62 64

67.84 26.23 1.19 3.66 1.08

Copper

63 65

69.09 30.91

Element



7



Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

Zinc

64 66 67 68 70

48.89 27.81 4.11 18.57 0.62

Gallium

69 71

60.4 39.6

Germanium

70 72 73 74 76

20.52 27.43 7.76 36.54 7.76

Arsenic

75

100.0

Selenium

74 76 77 78 80 82

0.87 9.02 7.58 23.52 49.82 9.19

Bromine

79 81

50.54 49.46

Krypton

78 80 82 83 84 86

0.35 2.27 11.56 11.55 56.90 17.37

Rubidium

85 87

72.15 27.85

Element



8




Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

Strontium

84 86 87 88

0.56 9.86 7.02 82.56

Yttrium

89

100.0

Zirconium

90 91 92 94 96

51.46 11.23 17.11 17.40 2.80

Niobium

93

100.0

Molybdenum

92 94 95 96 97 98 100

15.84 9.04 15.72 16.53 9.46 23.78 9.63

Ruthenium

96 98 99 100 101 102 104

5.51 1.87 12.72 12.62 17.07 31.61 18.60

Rhodium

103

100.0

Element



9



Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

Palladium

102 104 105 106 108 110

0.96 10.97 22.23 27.33 26.71 11.81

Silver

107 109

51.82 48.18

Cadmium

106 108 110 111 112 113 114 116

1.22 0.88 12.39 12.75 24.07 12.26 28.86 7.58

Indium

113 115

4.28 95.72

Tin

112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 122 124

0.96 0.66 0.35 14.30 7.61 24.03 8.58 32.85 4.72 5.94

Antimony

121 123

57.25 42.75

Element



10




Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

Tellurium

120 122 123 124 125 126 128 130

0.09 2.46 0.87 4.61 6.99 18.71 31.79 34.48

Iodine

127

100.0

Xenon

124 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 136

0.096 0.090 1.92 26.44 4.08 21.18 26.89 10.44 8.87

Cesium

133

100.0

Barium

130 132 134 135 136 137 138

0.101 0.097 2.42 6.59 7.81 11.30 71.66

Lanthanum

138 139

0.09 99.91

Element



11



Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

136 138 140 142d

0.193 0.250 88.48

11.07

141

100.0

Neodymium

142 143 144 146 148 150

27.11 12.17 23.85 17.22 5.73 5.62

Samarium

144 147e 148f 149g 150 152 154

Element Cerium

Praseodymium

3.09

14.97 11.24 13.83 7.44 26.72 22.71

Europium

151 153

47.82 52.18

Gadolinium

152h 154 155 156 157 158 160

0.20 2.15 14.73 20.47 15.68 24.87 21.90

159

100.0

Terbium



12




Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

156i 158 160 161 162 163 164

0.052

Holmium

165 186

100.0 28.41

Erbium

162 164 166 167 168 170 186

0.136 1.56 33.41 22.94 27.07 14.88 1.59

Thulium

169 189

100.0 16.1

Ytterbium

168 170 171 172 173 174 176

0.135 3.03 14.31 21.82 16.13 31.84 12.73

Lutetium

175 176j

97.40

Element

Dysprosium

0.090 2.29 18.88 25.53 24.97 28.18

2.60



13



Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

174k 176 177 178 179 180

0.18 5.20 18.50 27.14 13.75 35.24

Tantalum

180 181

0.012 99.988

Tungsten

180 182 183 184

0.14 26.41 14.40 30.64

Rhenium

185 187

37.07 62.93

Osmium

184 187 188 190 192

0.018 1.64 13.3 26.4 41.0

Iridium

191 193

37.3 62.7

Platinum

190m 192 194 195 196 198

0.013

197

100.0

Element

Haffiium

Gold

0.78 32.9 33.8 25.3 7.2



14




Table 2. AVAILABLE


Abundance (%)

Mercury

196 198 199 200 201 202 204

0.146 10.02 16.84 23.13 13.22 29.80 6.85

Thallium

203 205

29.50 70.50

Lead

204 206 207 208

1.48 23.6 22.6 52.3

Bismuth

209

100.0

Thorium

232n†

100.0

Uranium

234o† 235p† 238q†

0.0006 0.72 99.27

Element


a b c d e f g h

i

half-life = 1.3 x 109 y. half-life > 1015 y half-life = 5 x 1014 y half-life = 5 x 1014 y half-life = 1.06 x 1011 y half-life = 1.2 x 1013 y half-life = 1.2 x 1014 y half-life = 1.1 x 1014 y half-life = 2 x 1014 y

j

half-life = 2.2 x 1010 y k half-life = 4.3 x 1015 y l half-life = 4 x 1010 y m half-life = 6 x 1011 y n half-life = 1.4 x 1010 y o half-life = 2.5 x 105 y p half-life = 7.1 x 108 y q half-life = 4.5 x 109 y † naturally occurring.


15

3.2 Structure L Page 16 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

1 IA

2

3

4

5

Table 3. PERIODIC

TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

6

9

7

8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18 VIIA

1 H

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

2 He

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

6 C

7 N

8 O

9 F

10 Ne

11 Na

12 Mg

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

17 Cl

18 Ar

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

33 As

34 Se

35 Br

36 Kr

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

52 Te

53 I

54 Xe

55 Cs

56 Ba

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

84 Po

85 At

86 Rn

87 Fr

88 Ra

57 La

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

71 Lu

89 Ac

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

94 Pu

95 Am

96 Cm

97 Bk

98 Cf

99 Es

100 Fm

101 Md

102 No

103 Lw



Table 4. PERIODIC 1 IA

2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN METALLIC MATERIALS 7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

11 Na

12 Mg

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

55 Cs

56 Ba

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

87 Fr

88 Ra

57 La

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

71 Lu

89 Ac

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

94 Pu

95 Am

96 Cm

97 Bk

98 Cf

99 Es

100 Fm

101 Md

102 No

103 Lw


18 VIIA



2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN CERAMIC MATERIALS

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

6 C

7 N

8 O

11 Na

12 Mg

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

55 Cs

56 Ba

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

87 Fr

88 Ra

57 La

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

71 Lu

89 Ac

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

94 Pu

95 Am

96 Cm

97 Bk

98 Cf

99 Es

100 Fm

101 Md

102 No

103 Lw


18 VIIA


1 IA 1 H

2

3

Table 6. PERIODIC

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN POLYMERIC MATERIALS

4

7

5

6

8

9

10

11

12

IIA

IIIB


IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

6 C

7 N

8 O

9 F

14 Si

18 VIIA



2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 7

8

9

10

11

12

IIA

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

8 O IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

33 As

34 Se

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

52 Te

80 Hg


18 VIIA



2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING METALS 7

8

9

10

11

12

IIA

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

50 Sn

51 Sb

4 Be IIIB

IVB

VB

22 Ti

23 V

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

57 La 90 Th


91 Pa

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

77 Ir

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

30 Zn

31 Ga

48 Cd

49 In

80 Hg

82 Pb

18 VIIA



Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE (SHEET 1 OF 5)

ELEMENTS

Atomic Number

Symbol

Atomic Radius (nm)

Ion

Ionic Radius (nm)

1 2 3 4

H He Li Be

0.046 – 0.152 0.114

H– – Li+ Be2+

0.154 – 0.078 0.054

5 6 7 8

B C N O

0.097 0.077 0.071 0.060

B3+ C4+ N5+ 02–

0.02 1770 789

Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.


Shackelford & Alexander

237

6.3 Thermodynamics Page 238 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 10 OF 11) Compound

CERAMICS

(K)

UC UCl4

2863 843

UF4 UI4

1233

UN UO2

3123 3151 1970

779

USi2 US2

>1375

VB2 VC VCl4

2373 3600 245

VF3

>1075

FI2 VN V2O5

1048 2593 947

VSi2

2023

V2S3

>875 3133 2900 548

WB WC WCl6 WO3 WSi2 WS2

1744

ZnBr2

667

ZnCl2 ZnF2 ZnI2 ZnO

2320 1523

548 1145 719 2248



238




Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 11 OF 11) Compound ZnSO4 ZrB2 ZrBr2 ZrC ZrCl2 ZrF4 ZrI4 ZrN ZrO2 Zr(SO4)2 ZrS2

CERAMICS

(K)

873 3313 >625 3533 623 873 772 3250 3123 683 1823




239



Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 1 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Actinium227 Aluminum Aluminum bromide

Ac

1050±50

(11.0)

Al

658.5

94.5

2550

Al2Br6

Aluminum chloride

Al2Cl6

87.4 192.4

10.1 63.6

5420 19600

Aluminum iodide

Al2I6

Aluminum oxide Antimony Antimony pentachloride

Al2O3 Sb SbCl5

190.9 2045.0

9.8 (256.0)

7960 (26000)

630

39.1

4770

4.0

8.0

2400

Antimony tribromide Antimony trichloride Antimony trioxide

SbBr3 SbCl3 Sb4O6

Antimony trisulfide

Sb4S6

96.8 73.3 655.0 546.0

9.7 13.3 (46.3) 33.0

3510 3030 (26990) 11200

Argon Arsenic Arsenic pentafluoride Arsenic tribromide

Ar As AsF5 AsBr3

190.2 816.8

7.25 (22.0)

290 (6620)

80.8 30.0

16.5 8.9

2800 2810

Arsenic trichloride Arsenic trifluoride Arsenic trioxide Barium

AsCl3 AsF3

–16.0 –6.0 312.8

13.3 18.9 22.2

2420 2486 8000

725

13.3

1830

As4O6 Ba

cal/g

cal/g mole

(3400)

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)


240




Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide

BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2

846.8 959.8 1286.8 710.8

21.9 25.9 17.1 (17.3)

6000 5370 3000 (6800)

Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium phosphate Barium sulfate

Ba(NO3)2 BaO Ba3(PO4)2 BaSO4

(5900)

Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium oxide

Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeO

Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Bismuth trifluoride Bismuth trioxide

Bi BiCl3 BiF3

Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride

cal/g

cal/g mole

594.8

(22.6)

1922.8

93.2

13800

1727 1350

30.9 41.6

18600 9700

1278

260.0

–

487.8

(26.6)

(4500)

404.8 2550.0

(30) 679.7

(3000) 17000

271

12.0

2505

Bi2O3

223.8 726.0 815.8

8.2 (23.3) 14.6

2600 (6200) 6800

B BBr3 BCl3 BF3

2300

(490)

(5300)

–48.8 –107.8 –128.0

(2.9) (4.3) 7.0

(700) (500) 480




241



Table 73. HEAT OF


Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Compound

Formula

Boron trioxide Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium

B2O3 Br2 BrF5 Cd

448.8 –7.2 –61.4

78.9 16.1 7.07

5500 2580 1355

320.8

12.9

1460

Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide

CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2

567.8 567.8 1110 386.8

(18.4) 28.8 (35.9) 10.0

(5000) 5300 (5400) 3660

Cadmium sulfate Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate

CdSO4 Ca CaBr2 CaCO3

1000

22.9

4790

851

55.7

2230

729.8 1282

20.9 (126)

4180 (12700)

Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium metasilicate Calcium nitrate

CaCl2 CaF2 CaSiO3 Ca(NO3)2

782 1382 1512 560.8

55 52.5 115.4 31.2

6100 4100 13400 5120

Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide

CaO CaSO4 CO2 CO

2707

(218.1)

(12240)

1297 –57.6

49.2 43.2

6700 1900

–205

7.13

199.7



242




Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 4 OF 16)

Compound

Formula

Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cerium Cesium

C2N2 CNCl Ce Cs

Cesium chloride Cesium nitrate Chlorine Chromium

CsCl CsNO3 Cl2 Cr

Chromium (II) chloride Chromium (III) sequioxide Chromium trioxide Cobalt

CrCl2 Cr2O3 CrO3 Co

Cobalt (II) chloride Copper Copper (II) chloride Copper (I) chloride

CoCl2 Cu CuCl2 CuCl

Copper(l) cyanide Copper (I) iodide Copper (II) oxide Copper (I) oxide

Cu2(CN)2 CuI CuO Cu2O

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

–27.2

39.6

2060

–5.2 775 28.3

36.4 27.2 3.7

2240 2120 500

38.5

21.4

3600

406.8 –103±5

16.6 22.8

3250 1531

1890

62.1

3660

814 2279 197

65.9 27.6 37.7

7700 4200 3770

1490

62.1

3640

7390

727

56.9

1083

49.0

3110

430

24.7

4890

429

26.4

2620

473

(30.1)

(5400)

587 1446

(13.6) 35.4

(2600) 2820

1230

(93.6)

(l3400)



243



Table 73. HEAT OF


Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Compound

Formula

Copper (I) sulfide Dysprosium Erbium Europium

Cu2S Dy Er Eu

1129

62.3

5500

1407 1496 826

25.2 24.5 16.4

4100 4100 2500

Europium trichloride Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium

EuCl3 F2 Gd Ga

622 –219.6

(20.9) 6.4

(8000) 244.0

1312 29

23.8 19.1

3700 1336

Germanium Gold Hafnium Holmium

Ge Au Hf Ho

959 1063 2214 1461

(114.3) (15.3) (34.1) 24.8

(8300) 3030 (6000) 4100

Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride

H2 HBr HCl HF

–259.25

13.8

28

–86.96 –114.3 83.11

7.1 13.0 54.7

575.1 476.0 1094

Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen nitrate

HI HNO3

–50.91

5.4

686.3

Hydrogen oxide (water)

H2O

Deuterium oxide

D2O

–47.2 0 3.78

9.5 79.72 75.8

601 1436 1516



244




Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Formula

Hydrogen peroxide

H2O2

Hydrogen selenate

H2SeO4

Hydrogen sulfate

H2SO4

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S

Hydrogen sulfide, di–

H2S2

Hydrogen telluride Indium lodine

H2Te In I2

lodine chloride (α) lodine chloride (β) Iron Iron carbide Iron (III) chloride Iron (II) chloride Iron (II) oxide Iron oxide Iron pentacarbonyl Iron (II) sulfide Lanthanum Lead

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

–0.7 57.8 10.4 –85.6

8.58 23.8 24.0 16.8

2920 3450 2360 5683

–89.7 –49.0

27.3 12.9

1805 1670

156.3

6.8

781

112.9

14.3

3650

ICl ICl

17.1 13.8

16.4 13.3

2660 2270

Fe Fe3C

1530.0

63.7

3560

1226.8

68.6

12330

Fe2Cl6 FeCl2 FeO Fe3O4

303.8 677

63.2 61.5

20500 7800

1380

(107.2)

(7700)

1596

142.5

33000

Fe(CO)5 FeS La Pb

–21.2

16.5

3250

1195 920 327.3

56.9 17.4 5.9

5000 2400 1224



245



Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Leadbromide Lead chloride Lead fluoride Lead iodide

PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2

487.8 497 8 823 412

11 7 20.3 7.6 17.9

4290 5650 1860 5970

Lead molybdate Lead oxide Lead sulfate Lead sulfide

PbMoO4 PbO PbSO4 PbS

1065

70.8

(25800)

890

12.6

2820

1087

31.6

9600

1114

17.3

4150

Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride

Li LiBr LiCl LiF

178.8 552 614 896

158.5 33 4 75.5 (91.1)

1100 2900 3200 (2360)

Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium metasilicate

LiOH LiI Li2SiO3

462 440

103.3 (10.6)

2480 (1420)

Lithium molybdate

Li2MoO4

1177 705

80.2 24.1

7210 4200

Lithium nitrate Lithium orthosilicate

LiNO3 Li4SiO4

Lithium sulfate

Li2SO4

Lithium tungstate

Li2WO4

250 1249 857 742

87.8 60.5 27.6 (25.6)

6060 7430 3040 (6700)

cal/g

cal/g mole



246




Table 73. HEAT OF


Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Compound

Formula

Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride

Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2

1651 650

26.3 88.9

4600 2160

711 712

45.0 82.9

8300 8100

Magnesium fluoride Magnesium oxide Magnesium silicate Magnesium sulfate

MgF2 MgO MgSiO3 MgSO4

1221

94.7

5900

2642

459.0

18500

1524 1327

146.4 28.9

14700 3500

Manganese Manganese dichloride Manganese metasilicate Manganese (II) oxide

Mn MnCl2 MnSiO3 MnO

1220

62.7

3450

650 1274

58.4 (62.6)

7340 (8200)

1784

183.3

13000

Manganese oxide Mercury Mercury bromide Mercury chloride

Mn3O4 Hg HgBr2 HgCl2

1590

(170.4)

(39000)

–39

2.7

557.2

241 276.8

10.9 15.3

3960 4150

Mercury iodide Mercury sulfate Molybdenum Molybdenum dichloride

HgI2 HgSO4 Mo MoCl2

250 850

9.9 (4.8)

4500 (1440)

2622

(68.4)

(6600)

726.8

3.58

6000




247



Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Formula

Molybdenum hexafluoride Molybdenum trioxide Neodymium Neon

MoF6 MoO3 Nd Ne

Nickel Nickel chloride

Ni NiCl2

Nickel subsulfide Niobium

Ni3S2 Nb

Niobium pentachloride

NbCl5

Niobium pentoxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen

Nb2O5 NO N2

Nitrogen tetroxide

N2O4

Nitrous oxide Osmium Osmium tetroxide (white)

N 2O Os OsO4

Osmium tetroxide (yellow) Oxygen Palladium Phosphoric acid

OsO4 O2 Pd H3PO4

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

17 795

11.9 (17.3)

2500 (2500)

1020 – 248.6

11.8 3.83

1700 77.4

1452

71.5

4200

1030 790

142 5 25.8 1

18470 5800

2496

(68.9)

(6500)

21.1 1511

30 8 91.0

8400 24200

–163.7

18.3

549.5

–210

6.15

172.3

–13.2 –90.9

60.2 35.5

5540 1563

2700

(36.7)

(7000)

41.8

9.2

2340

55.8 –218.8

15.5 3.3

4060 106.3

1555

38.6

4120

42.3

25.8

2520



248




Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Formula

Phosphoric acid. hypo–

H4P2O6

Phosphorus acid, hypo–

H3PO2

Phosphorus acid, ortho– Phosphorus oxychloride

H3PO3 POCl3

Phosphorus pentoxide

P4O10

Phosphorus trioxide Phosphorus, yellow Platinum

P4O6 P4 Pt

Potassium Potassium borate, meta– Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate

K KBO2 KBr K2CO3

Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate

KCl K2CrO4 KCN K2Cr2O7

Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate

KF KOH Kl KNO3

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

54.8 17.3 73.8 1.0

51.2 35.0 37.4 20.3

8300 2310 3070 3110

569.0 23.7 44.1

60.1 15.3 4.8

17080 3360 600

1770

24.1

4700

63.4

14.6

574

947

(69.1)

(5660)

742

42.0

5000

897

56.4

7800

770

85.9

6410

984

35.6

6920

623

(53.7)

(3500)

398

29.8

8770

875 360 682

111.9 (35.3) 24.7

6500 (1980) 4100

338

78.1

2840




249



Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

cal/g

cal/g mole

490 1340 1092 1074

55.3 41.9 42.4 46.4

6100 8900 14000 8100

179 931 3167±60

23.1 19.0 (42.4)

2250 2700 (7900)

296

30.1

15340

Formula

Potassium peroxide

K2O2

Potassium phosphate

K3PO4

Potassium pyro– phosphate

K4P2O7

Potassium sulfate

K2SO4

Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium Rhenium Rhenium heptoxide

KSCN Pr Re Re2O7

Rhenium hexafluoride Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride

ReF6 Rb RbBr RbCl

Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Samarium

RbF Rbl RbNO3 Sm

Scandium Selenium Seleniumoxychloride

Sc Se SeOCl3

Silane, hexaHuoro–

Si2F6

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

19.0

16.6

5000

38 .9 677 717

6. 1 22.4 36.4

525 3700 4400

833 638

39.5 14.0

4130 2990

305

9.1

1340

1072

17.3

2600

1538 217

84.4 15.4

3800 1220

9.8 –28.6

6.1 22.9

1010 3900



250




Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Heat of fusion

Formula

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Silicon Silicon dioxide (Cristobalite) Silicon tetrachloride Silver

Si

1427

337.0

9470

SiO2

1723

35.0

2100

SiCl4 Ag

–67.7

10.8

1845

961

25.0

2700

Silver bromide Silver chloride Silver cyanide Silver iodide

AgBr AgCl AgCN AgI

430 455 350 557

11.6 22.0 20.5 9.5

2180 3155 2750 2250

Silver nitrate

AgNO3

209 657 841

16.2 (13.7) 13.5

2755 (4280) 3360

97.8

27.4

630

8660

Silver sulfate

Ag2SO4

Silver sulfide Sodium

Ag2S Na

Sodium borate, meta– Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate

966

134.6

747

59.7

6140

Sodium chlorate

NaBO2 NaBr Na2CO3 NaClO3

854 255

66.0 49.7

7000 5290

Sodium chloride Sodium cyanide Sodium fluoride Sodium hydroxide

NaCl NaCN NaF NaOH

800 562 992 322

123.5 (88.9) 166.7 50.0

7220 (4360) 7000 2000



251



Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Formula

Sodium iodide Sodium molybdate Sodium nitrate Sodium peroxide

NaI Na2MoO4 NaNO3

Sodium phosphate, meta– Sodium pyrophosphate

NaPO3 Na4P2O7

Sodiumsilicate,aluminum–

NaAlSi3O8

Sodium silicate, di–

Na2Si2O5

Sodium silicate, meta–

Na2SiO3

Na2O2

Melting point ˚C

Heat of fusion cal/g

cal/g mole

662

35.1

5340

687 310 460

17.5 44.2 75.1

3600 3760 5860

988 970 1107 884

(48.6) (51.5) 50.1 46.4

(4960) (13700) 13150 8460

1087 884 920

84.4 41.0 15.4

10300 5830 (1200)

323

54.8

4450

5800

Sodium sulfate

Na2SO4

Sodium sulfide Sodium thiocyanate

Na2S NaSCN

Sodium tungstate Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium chloride

Na2WO4 Sr SrBr2 SrCl2

702

19.6

757

25.0

2190

643 872

19.3 26.5

4780 4100

Strontium fluoride Strontium oxide Sulfur (monatomic) Sulfur dioxide

SrF2 SrO S SO2

1400

34.0

4260

2430 119

161.2 9.2

16700 295

–73.2

32.2

2060



252




Table 73. HEAT OF


Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Sulfur trioxide (α)

SO3 SO3 SO3

16.8 32.3 62.1

25.8 36.1 79.0

2060 2890 6310

Ta

2996 ± 50

34.6–41.5

(7500)

TaCl5

206.8 1877

25.1 108.6

9000 48000

453 1356

25.3 24.6

3230 3900

302.4 460

5.0 21.0

1030 5990

273

9.5

4400

427

17.7

4260

Sulfur trioxide (β) Sulfur trioxide (γ) Tantalum Tantalum pentachloride Tantalum pentoxide Tellurium Terbium

Ta2O5 Te Tb

Thallium Thallium bromide, mono– Thallium carbonate Thallium chloride, mono–

Tl TlBr Tl2CO3 TICl

Thallium iodide, mono– Thallium nitrate

TlI TINO3

Thallium sulfate

Tl2SO4

Thallium sulfide

Tl2S

Thorium Thorium chloride Thorium dioxide Thulium

Th ThCl4 ThO2 Tm

cal/g

cal/g mole

440

9.4

3125

207 632 449

8.6 10.9 6.8

2290 5500 3000

1845

(1030 940–1030 A95 (Shore) M87 M71—95 75 (Barcol) E94—97, M116—120 M116—120

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.


734


8.18 Mechanical Page 735 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Mechanical Properties

Table 206. HARDNESS OF

SI3N4 AND AL2O3 COMPOSITES

Matrix

Dispersed Phase

Knoop Hardness (GPa)

Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3

None

13.4 ± 0.3

Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3

TiC (Ti, W) C WC

15.21 ± 0.3 14.06 ± 0.3 14.4 ± 0.4

TaC HfC SiC

12.6 ± 0.2 14.1 ± 0.4 13.6 ± 0.2

TiC

17.2 ± 0.2

Al2O3

Containing 30 Vol % of Metal Carbide Dispersoid (2 µm average particle diameter) Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p169,(1994).


735



Table 207. COEFFICIENT OF

STATIC FRICTION FOR POLYMERS

Class

Polymer

Coefficient of Static Friction (Against Self) (Dimensionless)

ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy


0.2

Polycarbonates

Polycarbonate

0.52

Nylons; Molded, Extruded

Type 6

Polyacetals

Cast

0.32 (dynamic )

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding

0.04—0.13

Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow

Polyester; Thermoplastic

0.15 (against steel) 0.15 (against steel) 0.15 (against steel) (ASTM D1894)

Injection Moldings: General purpose grade Glass reinforced grades Glass reinforced self extinguishing Polyester; Thermoplastic

0.1—0.3 (against steel) 0.1—0.3 (against steel) 0.05—0.15 (against steel)

Injection Moldings: General purpose grade Glass reinforced grades Glass reinforced self extinguishing

0.17 0.16 0.16

0.13 (against steel) 0.14 (against steel) 0.14 (against steel)

Phenylene oxides (Noryl)

Standard

0.67

Polyarylsulfone

Polyarylsulfone

0.1—0.3

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3 , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.


736




Table 208. ABRASION RESISTANCE OF (SHEET 1 OF 2)

POLYMERS

Class

Polymer

Abrasion Resistance (Taber, CS—17 wheel, ASTM D1044) (mg / 1000 cycles)

Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE)

0.008 (g/cycle)

Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

0.0006—0.0012 (g/cycle)

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)

10

Polycarbonates

Nylons; Molded, Extruded Type 6 General purpose Cast Nylons; Molded, Extruded

40

5 2.7

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding General purpose extrusion

3—8 3—5

PVC–Acrylic Alloy

PVC–acrylic sheet PVC–acrylic injection molded

0.073 (CS—10 wheel) 0.0058 (CS—10 wheel)

Polymides

Unreinforced Unreinforced 2nd value Glass reinforced

0.08 0.004 20

Polyacetals

Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow

14—20 33 9 14 40 14



737



Table 208. ABRASION RESISTANCE OF (SHEET 2 OF 2)

POLYMERS Abrasion Resistance (Taber, CS—17 wheel, ASTM D1044) (mg / 1000 cycles)

Class

Polymer



6.5 9—50 11

Phenylene Oxides

SE—100 SE—1 Glass fiber reinforced

100 20 35


Standard

20

Polyarylsulfone

Polyarylsulfone

40

Polystyrenes; Molded

Glass fiber -30% reinforced

164



738




Table 209. FATIGUE

STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 4) Alloy AA No.

Temper

Fatigue Strength (MPa)

1060

0 H12 H14 H16 H18

21 28 34 45 45

1100

0 H12 H14 H16 H18

34 41 48 62 62

1350 2011

H19 T3 T8

48 125 125

2014

0 T4 T6

90 140 125

2024

0 T3 T4, T351 T361

90 140 140 125

2036 2048

T4

125 220

2219

T62 T81, T851 T87

105 105 105

2618 3003 Alclad

All 0 H12

125 48 55

Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, (1984).


739



Table 209. FATIGUE


Temper


3003

H14 H16 H18

62 69 69

3004 Alclad

0 H32

97 105

3004

H34 H36 H38 T6

105 110 110 110

5050

0 H32 H34 H36 H38

83 90 90 97 97

5052

0 H32 H34 H36 H38

110 115 125 130 140

5056

0 H18 H38 H321

140 150 150 160

5154

0 H32 H34 H36 H38 H112

115 125 130 140 145 115

5182 5254

0 0

140 115

4032

5083



740




Table 209. FATIGUE


Temper


5254

H32 H34 H36 H38 H112

125 130 140 145 115

5652

0 H32 H34 H36 H38

110 115 125 130 140

6005

T1 T5

97 97

6009 6010

T4 T4

115 115

6061

0 T4, T451 T6, T651

62 97 97

6063

0 T1 T5 T6

55 62 69 69

6066 6070

T6, T651 0 T4 T6

110 62 90 97

6205 6262 6351

T5 T9 T6

105 90 90



741



Table 209. FATIGUE


Temper


6463

T1 T5 T6

69 69 69

7005

T53 T6,T63,T6351

140 125

7049 7050 7075

T73 T736 T6,T651

295 240 160

7175

T66 T736 T7351

160 160 220

7475



742




Table 210. REVERSED

BENDING FATIGUE LIMIT OF GRAY CAST IRON BARS

ASTM Class

Reversed Bending Fatigue Limit (MPa)

20 25 30

69 79 97

35 40 50 60

110 128 148 169

Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p166-167, (1984).


743



Table 211. IMPACT ENERGY OF (SHEET 1 OF 2)

TOOL STEELS

Type

Condition

Impact Energy (J)

L2

Oil quenched from 855 ˚C and single tempered at: 205 ˚C 315 ˚C 425 ˚C 540 ˚C 650 ˚C

28(a) 19(a) 26(a) 39(a) 125(a)

Annealed

93 HRB

Oil quenched from 845 ˚C and single tempered at: 315 ˚C 425 ˚C 540 ˚C 650 ˚C

12(a) 18(a) 23(a) 81(a)

L6

S1

S5


249(b) 233(b) 203(b) 230(b)


206(b) 232(b) 243(b) 188(b)

(a) Charpy V-notch. (b) Charpy unnotched. Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p241, (1984).


744




Table 211. IMPACT ENERGY OF (SHEET 2 OF 2)

TOOL STEELS

Type

Condition

Impact Energy (J)

S7

Fan cooled from 940 ˚C and single tempered at: 205 ˚C 315 ˚C 425 ˚C 540 ˚C 650 ˚C

244(b) 309(b) 243(b) 324(b) 358(b)

(a) Charpy V-notch. (b) Charpy unnotched. Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p241, (1984).



745

8.19 Mechanical L Page 746 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 212. IMPACT

STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Class

Alloy

Condition

Charpy Impact Strength (J)

Commercially Pure

99.2Ti 99.1Ti 99.0 Ti 99.2Ti-0.2Pd

Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed

43 38 20 43

Alpha Alloys

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (low O2)

Annealed Annealed

26 27

Near alpha alloys

Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-1Mo

Duplex Annealed As rolled 2.5 cm (1 in.) plate

32 31

Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6Al-4V(low O2) Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn Ti-7Al-4Mo

Annealed Annealed Annealed Solution + age

19 24 18 18

Beta Alloys

Ti-13V-1Cr-3Al Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr

Solution + age Solution + age

11 10

Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).




Table 213. IMPACT STRENGTH OF (SHEET 1 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Class

Polymer

Impact Strength (Izod notched, ASTM D256) (ft—lb / in.)

ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded

Medium impact

2.0—4.0

High impact Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant

3.0—5.0 5.0—7.5 6—10 2.0—4.0

Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded

Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II

0.4 0.4

Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade

0.2—0.4 0.8—2.3

Thermoset Carbonate

Allyl diglycol carbonate

0.2—0.4

Alkyds; Molded

Putty (encapsulating) Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)

0.25—0.35 2.2

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded

0.30—0.35 8—12

ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2

3 4.4—6.9 7.5—10.0

To convert ft—lb / in. to N•m/m, multiply by 53.38 Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.


747




Class

Polymer

Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade:

Chlorinated Polymers

Polycarbonate Diallyl Phthalates; Molded


Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced

POLYMERS


1 3 6

1.7—2.7 3.5—5.6 9.4

Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

0.4 (D758)

Polycarbonate

12—16

6.3

Orlon filled

0.5—1.2

Dacron filled Asbestos filled Glass fiber filled

1.7—5.0 0.30—0.50 0.5—15.0

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

3.50—3.62

Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible

2.0—4.0 No break 3.0—10.3

0.2—0.5 0.3—0.2



748





POLYMERS

Class

Polymer


Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced (Con’t)

Molded

0.4—0.5

General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate

12—15

Epoxies—Molded, Extruded

60—61

High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded

0.5 0.3—0.5

Epoxy novolacs

Cast, rigid

13—17

Melamines; Molded

Filler & type Cellulose electrical Glass fiber Alpha cellulose and mineral

0.27—0.36 0.5—12.0 0.30—0.35, 0.2(mineral)


Type 6 General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast Flexible copolymers

0.6—1.2 2.2—3.4 1.2 1.5—19

Type 8 Type 11 Type 12

>16 3.3—3.6 1.2—4.2

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced General purpose extrusion

(ASTM D638) 0.55—1.0,2.0 2.5—3.4 1.3



749




Class

Polymer

Nylons; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)

6/10 Nylon


General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Phenolics; Molded

POLYMERS

Type and filler General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp High shock: chopped fabric or cord Very high shock: glass fiber

0.6–1.6 3.4

0.24—0.50 0.4—1.0 0.6—8.0 10—33

Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic— woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric Rubber phenolic—asbestos

0.30—0.45



10 (ASTM D638)

PVC–Acrylic Alloy


15


0.5 0.5 17

Polymides

Polyacetals

0.34—1.0 2.0—2.3 0.3—0.4

15

(ASTM D638) Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced

1.4 0.8 0.7



750





POLYMERS

Class

Polymer


Polyacetals (Con’t)

Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow

1.3 1.8 1


Polyesters: Thermosets


1.8

General purpose grade Glass reinforced grade Asbestos—filled grade

1 1 0.5

Cast polyyester Rigid Flexible

0.18—0.40 4

Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Heat and chemical resistsnt (asbestos) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose Phenylene Oxides


1.0—1.2 1.3—2.2

1—10 0.45—1.0 5—15


(ASTM D638) 5 5 2.3

Standard

1.2—1.3

Glass fiber reinforced

1.8—2.0




751




POLYMERS

Class

Polymer


Polyarylsulfone

Polyarylsulfone

1.6—5.0

Polypropylene

General purpose High impact

0.4—2.2 1.5—12

Asbestos filled Glass reinforced Flame retardant

0.5—1.5 0.5—2 2.2

Polyphenylene sulfide

Standard 40% glass reinforced

0.3 1.09

Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded

Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15 High molecular weight

4.0—14 0.4—6.0 1.2—2.5 >20

Ethylene butene

0.4

Propylene—ethylene Ionomer Polyallomer

1.1 9—14 1.5

Polystyrenes General purpose Medium impact High impact

(ASTM D638) 0.2—0.4 0.5—1.2 0.8—1.8

Glass fiber —30% reinforced Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN

2.5 0.29—0.54

Olefin Copolymers; Molded


1.35—3.0



752





POLYMERS

Class

Polymer


Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded

Nonrigid—general

Variable

Nonrigid—electrical Rigid—normal impact Vinylidene chloride

Variable 0.5—10 2—8

Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Granular (silica) reinforced silicones Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate

10

Silicones; Molded, Laminated

Ureas; Molded

Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l) Cellulose filled (ASTM Type 2) Woodflour filled

0.34 10—25 0.20—0.35 0.20—0.275 0.25—0.35



753



Table 214. IMPACT

STRENGTH OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS Class

Material

Glass fiber content (wt%)

Glass fiber reinforced thermosets

Sheet molding compound (SMC)

15 to 30

8 to 22

Bulk molding compound(BMC) Preform/mat(compression molded) Cold press molding–polyester

15 to 35 25 to 50 20 to 30

2 to 10 10 to 20 9 to 12

Spray–up–polyester Filament wound–epoxy Rod stock–polyester Molding compound–phenolic

30 to 50 30 to 80 40 to 80 5 to 25

4 to 12 40 to 60 45 to 60 1 to 8

Glass–fiber–reinforced thermoplastics

Izod Impact strength (ft • Ib/in. of notch)

Acetal

20 to 40

0.8 to 2.8

Nylon Polycarbonate Polyethylene

6 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 40

0.8 to 4.5 1.5 to 3.5 1.2 to 4.0

Polypropylene Polystyrene Polysulfone ABS(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)

20 to 40 20 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40

1 to 4 0.4 to 4.5 1.3 to 2.5 1 to 2.4

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) Polyphenylene oxide(modified) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) Thermoplastic polyester

15 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40 20 to 35

0.8 to 1.6 1.6 to 2.2 0.4 to 2.4 1.0 to 2.7

To convert (ft • Ib/in. of notch) to (J/cm of notch), multiply by 0.534 Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).


754




Table 215. IMPACT

STRENGTH OF CARBON - AND GLASS REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Class

Resin Type

Composition

Impact Strength, Notched/Unnotched (J/cm)

Amorphous

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)

30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber

0.75/3.5 0.59/2.4

Nylon


0.64/3.7 0.64/4.3

Polycarbonate


2.0/9.34 0.96/5.34

Polyetherimide


0.75/5.60 0.75/6.67

Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)


1.2/5.1 0.53/3.0

Polysulfone


0.96/7.5 0.64/3.5

Styrene-maleic-anhydride (SMA)

30% glass fiber

0.59/2.4

Thermoplastic polyurethane

30% glass fiber

5.1/15

Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p111–112, (1994).



755



Table 215. IMPACT

STRENGTH OF CARBON - AND GLASS REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Class

Resin Type

Composition

Impact Strength, Notched/Unnotched (J/cm)

Crystalline

Acetal


0.96/4.8 0.53/1.6

Nylon 66


1.5/11 0.80/6.4

Polybutylene telphthalate (PBT)


1.4/9.1 0.64/3.5

Polythylene terephthalate (PET)

30% glass fiber

1.0/—

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)


0.75/4.5 0.59/2.9



756




Table 216. FRACTURE

TOUGHNESS OF SI3N4 AND AL2O3 COMPOSITES

Matrix

Dispersed Phase

Fracture Toughness (KIc), (MPa √m)

Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3

None

4.8 ± 0.3

Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3

TiC (Ti, W) C WC

4.4 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.3 5.2 ± 0.4

TaC HfC SiC

4.6 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 0.2 3.65 ± 0.5

TiC

3.2 ± 0.4

Al2O3




757



Table 217. TENSILE

MODULUS OF GRAY CAST IRONS

ASTM Class

Tensile Modulus (GPa)

20 25 30 35

66 to 97 79 to 102 90 to 113 100 to 119

40 50 60

110 to 138 130 to 157 141 to 162


Table 218. TENSION

MODULUS OF TREATED DUCTILE IRONS

Treatment

Tension Modulus (MPa)

60-40-18 65-45-12 80-55-06 120 90-02

169 168 168 164



758




Table 219. TENSILE

MODULUS OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS Tensile modulus (105 psi)

Class

Material




15 to 30

16 to 25

Bulk molding compound(BMC) Preform/mat(compression molded)

15 to 35 25 to 50

16 to 25 9 to 20


30 to 50 30 to 80 40 to 80 5 to 25

8 to l8 40 to 90 40 to 60 26 to 29

Acetal

20 to 40

8 to 15


6 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 40

2 to 20 7.5 to 17 4 to 9


20 to 40 20 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40

4.5 to 9 8.4 to 12.1 15 6 to 10


15 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40 20 to 35

10 to 18 9.5 to 15 9 to 18.5 13 to 15.5


To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).


759



Table 220. TENSILE

MODULUS OF GRAPHITE /ALUMINUM COMPOSITES Composite

Fiber loading (vol %)

Wire diameter (mm)


VS0054/201 Al GY70SE/201 Al

48 to 52 37 to 38

0.64 (2-strand) 0.71(8-strand)

345 207

Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994).

Table 221. TENSILE

MODULUS OF INVESTMENT CAST SILICON CARBIDE SCS–AL Fiber orientation

Fiber vol (%)


Range of Measurement (%)

0°3/90°6/0°3 90°3/0°6/90°3 0°

33 33 34

122.0 124.8 172.4

107 110 100



760




Table 222. TENSILE

MODULUS OF SILICON CARBIDE SCS–2–AL

Fiber orientation

No. of plies


0° 90°

6, 8, 12 6, 12,40

204.1 118.0

[0°/90°/0°/90°]s [02 °99°20°]s [902/0°/90°]s

8 8 8

136.5 180.0 96.5

± 45° [0°±45°/0°]s+2s [0°±45°/90°]s

8, 12, 40 8, 16 8

94.5 146.2 127.0




761



Table 223. YOUNG’S MODULUS OF (SHEET 1 OF 7) Class

Ceramic

Borides

Chromium Diboride (CrB2)

CERAMICS

Young’s Modulus (psi)

Tantalum Diboride (TaB2)

30.6x106 37 x106

Titanium Diboride (TiB2)

53.2x106

(6.0 µm grain size, ρ=4.46g/cm3)

81.6x106

(3.5 µm grain size, ρ=4.37g/cm3,

75.0x106

0.8wt% Ni) (6.0 µm grain size, ρ=4.56g/cm3, 0.16wt% Ni) (12.0 µm grain size, ρ=4.66g/cm3, 9.6wt% Ni)

Carbides

Temperature

77.9x106 6.29x106

Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)

49.8-63.8x106

(22.4% density,foam)

3.305x106

Boron Carbide (B4C)

42-65.2x106

room temp.

(ρ = 11.94 g/cm3)

61.55x106

room temp.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) (pressureless sintered)

43.9x106

room temp. room temp. room temp. room temp.

Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)

(hot pressed)

63.8x106

(self bonded)

59.5x106

(cubic, CVD)

60.2-63.9x106

To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)


762




Table 223. YOUNG’S MODULUS OF (SHEET 2 OF 7)

CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Temperature

Carbides (Con’t)

(ρ = 3.128 g/cm3)

58.2x106

room temp.

(ρ = 3.120 g/cm3) (hot pressed)

59.52x106 62.4-65.3x106

(sintered)

54.38-60.9x106

room temp. 20˚C 20˚C

(reaction sintered)

50.75-54.38x106 55x106 53x106 51x106 55.1x106

20˚C 400˚C 800˚C 1200˚C

(sintered)

43.5-58.0x10

(reaction sintered)

29-46.4x106

1400˚C 1400˚C 1400˚C

Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC)

41.3-91.3x106

room temp.

Titanium Monocarbide (TiC)

63.715x106

room temp. 1000˚C

(hot pressed)

6

45-55x106 Trichromium Dicarbide (Cr3C2)

54.1x106

Tungsten Monocarbide (WC)

96.91-103.5x106

Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)

28.3-69.6x106

room temp. room temp.




763




Ceramic

Nitrides

Aluminum Nitride (AlN)

Boron Nitride (BN) parallel to c axis

parallel to a axis

CERAMICS


Temperature

50x106 46x106

25˚C 1000˚C

40x106

1400˚C

4.91x106 3.47x106

23˚C 300˚C

0.51x106

700˚C

12.46x106

23˚C

8.79x106

300˚C

1.54x106

700˚C 1000˚C

1.65x106 Titanium Mononitride (TiN)

11.47-36.3x106

Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4)

Oxides

(hot pressed)

36.25-47.13x106

(sintered)

28.28-45.68x106

(reaction sintered)

14.5-31.9x106

20˚C 20˚C

(hot pressed)

25.38-36.25x10

(reaction sintered)

17.4-29.0x106

20˚C 1400˚C 1400˚C

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)

50-59.3x106

room temp.

50-57.275 x106

500˚C 800˚C 1000˚C

6

51.2 x106 45.5-50 x106 To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145.

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)


764





CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Temperature

Oxides (Con’t)

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Con’t)

39.8-53.65 x106

1200˚C

32 x106

1250˚C 1400˚C 1500˚C

32.7 x106 25.6 x106 Beryllium Oxide (BeO)

42.8-45.5x106 40 x106 33 x106 20 x106

Cerium Dioxide (CeO2)

24.9x106

Dichromium Trioxide (Cr2O3)

>14.9x106

Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2)

8.2x106

Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

30.5-36.3x106

4 x106

room temp. 600˚C 1000˚C 1200˚C 1300˚C

42.74x106

room temp.

29.5 x106 21 x106 10 x106

(ρ = 3.506 g/cm3)

room temp. 800˚C 1000˚C 1145˚C



765




CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Temperature

Oxides (Con’t)

Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)

17.9-34.87x106

room temp.

18-18.5x106

800˚C 1000˚C 1200˚C

17.1x106 12.8x106 Titanium Oxide (TiO2)

41x106

Uranium Dioxide (UO2)

21x106 25x106

(ρ=10.37 g/cm3)

27.98x106

0-1000˚C 20˚C room temp.

Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (partially stabilized)

29.7x106

(fully stabilized)

14.1-30.0x106

(plasma sprayed)

6.96x106 24.8-27x106 36x106 2x106 18.9x106 18.5-25x106 3.05x106 17.1-18.0x106 14.2x106 12.8x106

room temp. room temp. room temp. room temp. 20˚C 500˚C 800˚C 1000˚C 1100˚C 1200˚C 1400˚C 1500˚C



766





CERAMICS


Temperature

(stabilized, ρ=5.634 g/cm3)

19.96x106

room temp.

Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2)

20.16x106

(glass)

13.92x106

Class

Ceramic

Oxides (Con’t)

Uranium Dioxide (UO2) (Con’t)

Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2) (ρ=2.779 g/cm3)

20.75x106

(ρ=2.77 g/cm3)

18.42x106

(ρ=2.77 g/cm3)

18.89x106

(ρ=2.77 g/cm3)

14.79x106

(ρ=2.77 g/cm3)

4.00x106

(full density)

33.35x106

Spinel (Al2O3 MgO)

34.5x106 34.4x106 34.5x106 34x106 32.9x106 30.4x106 25.0x106 20.1x106

(ρ=3.510 g/cm3)

38.23x106

room temp. 25˚C 400˚C 800˚C 1200˚C room temp. room temp. 200˚C 400˚C 600˚C 800˚C 1000˚C 1200˚C 1300˚C room temp.




767




CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Temperature

Oxides (Con’t)

Zircon (SiO2 ZrO2)

24x106

room temp.

Silicide

Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)

39.3-56.36x106

room temp.



768





GLASS

Young’s Modulus (GPa)

Temperature

72.76–74.15 79.87 80.80

20˚C 998˚C (annealing point) 1096˚C (straining point)

64.4 62.0


(25% mol Na2O)

56.9 61.4 53.9

–196˚C room temp. 200–250˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

60.5

room temp.

(33% mol Na2O) (33% mol Na2O)

54.9 60.3 51.0

–196˚C room temp. 200–250˚C

(35% mol Na2O)

60.2

room temp.


51.9 46.1

–196˚C 200–250˚C

SiO2–PbO glass (24.6% mol PbO) (30.0% mol PbO) (35.7% mol PbO)

47.1 50.1 46.3

(38.4% mol PbO) (45.0% mol PbO) (50.0% mol PbO)

52.8 51.7 44.1


49.3 43.6 41.2

Glass

SiO2 glass SiO2–Na2O glass (15% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O)

(33% mol Na2O)

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko– Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983.



769




Glass

SiO2–B2O3 glass

(60% mol B2O3) (65% mol B2O3) (70% mol B2O3) (75% mol B2O3) (80% mol B2O3) (85% mol B2O3)

Temperature

23.3 22.5 23.5 24.1 22.8

(95% mol B2O3)

21.2 20.9 21.2

B2O3 glass

17.2–17.7

room temp.

31.4 43.2

15˚C 15˚C

53.7 59.4 57.1

15˚C 15˚C 15˚C

(90% mol B2O3)

B2O3 glass

Young’s Modulus (GPa)

GLASS

B2O3–Na2O glass (10% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (33.3% mol Na2O) (37% mol Na2O)



770




Table 225. ELASTIC

MODULUS OF WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS * (SHEET 1 OF 2)

Type

UNS Designation

Elastic Modulus (GPa)

201 205 301 302

S20100 S20500 S30100 S30200

197 197 193 193

302B 303 304 S30430

S30215 S30300 S30400 S30430

193 193 193 193

304N 305 308 309

S30451 S30500 S30800 S30900

196 193 193 200

310 314 316 316N

S31000 S31400 S31600 S31651

200 200 193 196

317 317L 321 330

S31700 S31703 S32100 N08330

193 200 193 196

347 384 405 410

S34700 S38400 S40500 S41000

193 193 200 200

414 416 420 429

S41400 S41600 S42000 S42900

200 200 200 200



771



Table 225. ELASTIC

MODULUS OF WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS * (SHEET 2 OF 2)

Type

UNS Designation

Elastic Modulus (GPa)

430 430F 431 434 436 440A

S43000 S43020 S43100 S43400 S43600 S44002

200 200 200 200 200 200

440C 444 446 PH 13–8 Mo

S44004 S44400 S44600 S13800

200 200 200 203

15–5 PH 17–4 PH 17–7 PH

S15500 S17400 S17700

196 196 204

Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p360, (1993). *

Annealed Condition.


772




Table 226. MODULUS OF

ELASTICITY OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS

Class

Metal or Alloy

Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

Commercially Pure

99.5 Ti 99.2 Ti 99.1 Ti

102.7 102.7 103.4

99.0Ti 99.2 Ti–0.2Pd

104.1 102.7

Alpha Alloys

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (low O2)

110.3 110.3

Near Alpha Alloys

Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V Ti-11Sn-1Mo-2.25Al-5.0Zr-1Mo-0.2Si Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo

124.1 113.8 113.8

Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-1Mo

113.8 113.8

Ti-8Mn Ti-3Al-2.5V Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6Al-4V (low O2)

113.1 106.9 113.8 113.8

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn Ti-7Al-4Mo Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

110.3 113.8 113.8

Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al

122.0 111.7

Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn

101.4 106.9 105.5 103.4

Alpha-Beta Alloys

Beta Alloys



773



ELASTICITY IN TENSION FOR POLYMERS (SHEET 1 OF 6)

Class

Polymer

Modulus of Elasticity in Tension, (ASTM D638) (l05 psi)


Medium impact High impact Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant

3.3—4.0 2.6—3.2 2.0—3.1 2.0—3.1 3.5—4.2


Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade

3.5—5.0 2.3—3.3


1.5 3.7


3.5—4.5 4.0—5.0

To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.





Class

Polymer


Polycarbonates


3.45 17

Diallyl Phthalates; Molded

Orlon filled Asbestos filled

6 12


Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

1.9—3.0 0.38—0.65 1.5—2.0 0.5—0.7 1.7—2


Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible

4.5 0.5—2.5






Class

Polymer


Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced (Con’t)

Molded: General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate Filament wound composite

33—36 57—58 72—64

Melamines; Molded

High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded Glass cloth laminate Epoxy novolacs Cast, rigid Glass cloth laminate

4.8—5.0 27.5

Unfilled Cellulose electrical

10—11

4—5 32—33






Class

Polymer


Phenolics; Molded


8—13 8—12 9—14 30—33

Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric Rubber phenolic—asbestos

10—30 4—6 3.5—6 5—9


1.5—6.5 0.001—0.10







Class

Polymer


Polyesters: Thermosets (Con’t)

Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Heat and chemical resistsnt (asbestos) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose

16—20 12—15 15—20

Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26

0.21—0.27 0.20—0.24

Polystyrenes General purpose Medium impact High impact Glass fiber -30% reinforced

D638 4.6—5.0 2.6—4.7 1.50—3.80 12.1








Class

Polymer


SAN

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN

4.0—5.2 17.5

Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers;

ASTM D412 Molded, Extruded Nonrigid—general Nonrigid—electrical Rigid—normal impact Vinylidene chloride

0.004—0.03 0.01—0.03 3 5—4.0 0.7—2.0

Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate

ASTM D651 28

Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l) Woodflour filled

13—16 11—14


Ureas; Molded





ELASTICITY OF 55MSI GRAPHITE /6061 ALUMINUM COMPOSITES Material

Reinforcement content (vol % )

Fiber orientation


55MSI graphite/6061 aluminum composites 55MSI graphite/6061 aluminum composites

34 34

0° 90°

182.2±6.6 33





ELASTICITY OF GRAPHITE /MAGNESIUM CASTINGS *

Fiber Type

Fiber content

Fiber orientation

P75

40% plus 9% 40%

±16° 90° ± 16°

40% 30% 10% 20% 20%

0° 0° plus 90° 0° plus 90°

P100 P55

Modulus of Elasticity, 0° (GPa)

Modulus of Elasticity,90° (GPa)

179

86

Hollow cylinder

Filament wound Filament wound Filament wound

228

30

Plate Plate

Prepreg Prepreg

159 83

21 34

Plate

Prepreg

90

90

Casting

Hollow cylinder

Fiber Preform Method

Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994). *

Pitch-base fibers





ELASTICITY OF GRAPHITE /ALUMINUM COMPOSITES

Thornel Fiber

Longitudinal Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

Transverse Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

P55 P75 P100

207 to 221 276 to 296 379 to 414

28 to 41 28 to 41 28 to 41



ELASTICITY OF GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED METALS Composite

Fiber content (vol%)

Modulus of Elasticity (106psi)

Graphite(a)/lead Graphite(b)/lead Graphite(a)/zinc Graphite(a)/magnesium

41 35 35 42

29.0 17.4 16.9 26.6

(a) Thornel 75 fiber (b) Courtaulds HM fiber To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994).


782





ELASTICITY OF SIC-WHISKER –REINFORCED ALUMINUM ALLOY Modulus of Elasticity Fiber Content (vol %)

(GPa)

Standard Deviation

Range of Measurement

0 12 16 20

71.9 95.3 90.0 111.0

4.5 1.6 3.7 5.0

13 6 9 13




783




ELASTICITY OF POLYCRYSTALLINE –ALUMINA–REINFORCED ALUMINUM ALLOY Modulus of Elasticity Fiber Content (vol %)

(GPa)

Standard Deviation

Range of Measurement

0 5 12 20

71.9 78.4 83.0 95.2

4.5 2.3 7.8 2.7

13 6 21 7



ELASTICITY OF BORON/ALUMINUM COMPOSITES *

Matrix

Fiber Orientation


Al-6061

0° 90°

207 138

Al-2024

0° 90°

207 145

Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p157,(1994). *

These samples contain 48% Avco (142 µm) boron. Longitudinal tensile specimens are 152 mm by 7.9 mm by 6 ply. Transverse tensile bars are 152 mm by 12.7 mm by 6 ply.


784




Table 235. COMPRESSION


Treatment

Compression Modulus (MPa)

60-40-18 65-45-12 80-55-06 120 90-02

164 163 165 164



ELASTICITY IN COMPRESSION FOR POLYMERS

Polymer

Modulus of Elasticity in Compression, (ASTM D638) (l05 psi)

Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

1.8 0 70—0.90 1.5—2.0 0.6—0.8 1.7—2

To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.



785



Table 237. BULK

Glass

MODULUS OF GLASS Bulk Modulus (GPa)

Temperature

SiO2 glass SiO2-Na2O glass (15% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O)

31.01-37.62 33.8 34.8 36.5

room temp. room temp. room temp.


38.2 40.1 39.8


SiO2-PbO glass (24.6% mol PbO) (30.0% mol PbO) (35.7% mol PbO)

33.9 25.6 31.1


25.1 30.6 30.5


29.5 33.1 31.6

(33% mol Na2O)

B2O3-Na2O glass (10% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (33.3% mol Na2O) (37% mol Na2O)

23.2 33.6

15˚C 15˚C

39.2 44.4 42.1

15˚C 15˚C 15˚C

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983


786




Table 238. SHEAR MODULUS OF (SHEET 1 OF 2)

GLASS

Shear Modulus (GPa)

Temperature

SiO2 glass

31.38 33.57 34.15

20˚C 998˚C (annealing point) 1096˚C (straining point)

(5% mol Na2O)

27.2 27.4 27.6 27.2

–100˚C 0˚C 80˚C 160˚C

26.9 27.2

–100—160˚C room temp.

25.8 25.0 24.8 24.2

–100˚C 0˚C 80˚C 160˚C

25.8 25.2


24.5 24.2 24.1


Class

Glass

SiO2 glass

SiO2–Na2O glass

(5% mol Na2O) (5% mol Na2O) (5% mol Na2O) (7.5% mol Na2O) (15% mol Na2O) (18% mol Na2O) (18% mol Na2O) (18% mol Na2O) (18% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (30% mol Na2O) (33% mol Na2O) (35% mol Na2O)



787



Table 238. SHEAR MODULUS OF (SHEET 2 OF 2) Class

Glass

Shear Modulus (GPa)

SiO2–PbO glass


20.4 21.4 18.5


23.0 21.2 17.5


20.2 17.0 16.1

B2O3 glass

B2O3–Na2O glass

(10% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (33.3% mol Na2O) (37% mol Na2O)

GLASS Temperature

6.55 6.29 6.07 5.78

room temp. 250˚C 260˚C 270˚C

5.49 5.15 4.75

280˚C 290˚C 300˚C

12.3 16.8

15˚C 15˚C

21.1 23.2 22.4

15˚C 15˚C 15˚C



788




Table 239. TORSIONAL

MODULUS OF GRAY CAST IRONS

ASTM Class

Torsional Modulus (GPa)

20 25 30

27 to 39 32 to 41 36 to 45

35 40 50 60

40 to 48 44 to 54 50 to 55 54 to 59


Table 240. TORSION


Treatment

Torsion Modulus (MPa)

60-40-18 65-45-12 80-55-06 120 90-02

63 64 62 63.4




789



FOR

ELASTICITY IN FLEXURE

POLYMERS

(SHEET 1 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer

Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure (ASTM D790) (105 psi)


Medium impact High impact Very high impact

3.5—4.0 2.5—3.2 2.0—3.2

Low temperature impact Heat resistant

2.0—3.2 3.5—4.2


3.5—4.5 4.0—5.0


3.5—5.0 2.7—3.6






FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 2 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer


Thermoset Carbonate


2.5—3.3

Alkyds; Molded

Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)

22—27 22—27 22—28

Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: H4—1 H2—1

(ASTM D747) 2.0—2.55 1.50—2.35

MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

1.50—2.15 1.25—1.90 1.05—1.65





FOR

Polymer Class


POLYMERS

(SHEET 3 OF 13)

Polymer



(ASTM D747) ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2

1.8 1.20—1.40 0.70—0.90

ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

1.7—1.8 1.45—1.55 1.1



1.3 (0.1% offset) 3.85

Polycarbonates


3.4 12






FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 4 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer



Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE)

2.0—2.5 0.6—1.1 4.64

Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

0.8 1.75—2.0

Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded

4.5—5.4 0.36—3.9 15—25

General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate Filament wound composite

36—39 53—55 69—75






FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 5 OF 13) Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure (ASTM D790) (105 psi)

Polymer Class

Polymer


High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Glass cloth laminate Epoxy novolacs Cast, rigid Glass cloth laminate

4.4—4.8 32—35

Filler & type Unfilled Cellulose electrical Glass fiber

10—13 10—13 24

Melamines; Molded

4—5 28—31





FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 6 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer



Type 6 General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast Flexible copolymers

1.4—3.9 1.0—1.4 5.05 0.92—3.2

Type 8 Type 11

0.4 1.51

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced Glass fiber Molybdenum disulfide filled General purpose extrusion

1.75–4.5 10—18 11—13 1.75—4.1





FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 7 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer



6/10 Nylon General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced

1.6–2.8 8.5


8—12 8—12 9—13 30—33

Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric Rubber phenolic—asbestos

10—30 4—6 3.5 5


4

Phenolics; Molded

ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145.





FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 8 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer


PVC–Acrylic Alloy


4 3

Polymides


7 5 38.4

Polyacetals

Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced

4.1 8.8 4


3.75 11 3.75





FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 9 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer




3.4 12—15 12

General purpose grade Glass reinforced grade Asbestos—filled grade

33 87 90


1—9 0.001—0.39

Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose

15—25 15—18






FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 10 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer


Phenylene Oxides


3.6 3.6 7.4—10.4


Standard Glass fiber reinforced

3.9 12, 15.5

Polyarylsulfone

4


1.7—2.5 1.0—2.0


3.4—6.5 4—8.2 1.9—6.1

Polypropylene:





FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 11 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer


Polyphenylene sulfide:


5.5—6.0 17—22


(ASTM D747) Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26 Melt index 200

0.13—0.27 0.12—0.3 0.1

Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20 Melt index l.0—1.9

0.35—0.5 0.35—0.5





FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 12 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer


Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)

Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15 High molecular weight

1.3—1.5 0.9—0.25 1.5 0.75


Ethylene butene Propylene—ethylene Polyallomer

165 (psi) 140 (psi) 0.7—1.3


Polystyrenes: General purpose Medium impact High impact Glass fiber -30% reinforced

4—5 3.5—5.0 2.3—4.0 12





FOR


POLYMERS

(SHEET 13 OF 13)

Polymer Class

Polymer


Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN):

Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN

14.5


Rigid—normal impact

3.8—5.4



25 14—17 26—32





Table 242. FLEXURAL

MODULUS OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS Flexural modulus (105 psi)

Class

Material




15 to 30

14 to 20

Bulk molding compound(BMC) Preform/mat(compression molded) Cold press molding–polyester

15 to 35 25 to 50 20 to 30

14 to 20 13 to 18 13 to 19


30 to 50 30 to 80 40 to 80 5 to 25

10 to 12 50 to 70 40 to 60 30

Acetal

20 to 40

8 to 13


6 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 40

2 to 28 7.5 to 15 2.1 to 6


20 to 40 20 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40

3.5 to 8.2 8 to 12 8 to 15 9.2 to 15


15 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40 20 to 35

9 to 16 8 to 15 8.0 to 18 8.7 to 15


To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).



803



Table 243. FLEXURAL

MODULUS OF CARBON - AND GLASS REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Class

Resin Type

Composition

Flexural Modulus (GPa)

Amorphous

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)


7.6 12.4

Nylon


7.9 15.2

Polycarbonate


8.3 13.1

Polyetherimide


8.6 17.2

Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)


9.0 11.7

Polysulfone


8.3 14.5

Styrene-maleic-anhydride (SMA)

30% glass fiber

9.0

Thermoplastic polyurethane

30% glass fiber

1.3



804




Table 243. FLEXURAL

MODULUS OF CARBON - AND GLASS REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Class

Resin Type

Composition

Flexural Modulus (GPa)

Crystalline

Acetal


9.7 9.3

Nylon 66


9.0 20.0

Polybutylene telphthalate (PBT)


9.7 15.9

Polythylene terephthalate (PET)

30% glass fiber

9.0

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)


11.0 16.9




805


Table 244. MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR (SHEET 1 OF 10)

CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic

Modulus of Rupture (psi)

Borides


19x103

(98% dense)

5.37x103


6.2x103

(3.5 µm grain size, ρ=4.37g/cm3, 0.8wt% Ni)

5.7x103 11.0x103 6.29x103

(6.0 µm grain size, ρ=4.56g/cm3, 0.16wt% Ni) (12.0 µm grain size, ρ=4.66g/cm3, 9.6wt% Ni) Carbides

Temperature

Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC) (ρ = 11.9 g/cm3) (ρ = 11.9 g/cm3) (ρ = 11.9 g/cm3)

34.67x103 12.64x103 4.78x103

room temp. 2000 oC 2200 oC

To convert from psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).




CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Temperature

Carbides (Con’t)

Silicon Carbide (SiC)

27x103

room temp.

25x103

1300 oC 1400 oC 1800 oC

11x103 15x103 (with 1 wt% Be addictive)

58x103

(with 1wt% B addictive)

42x103

(with 1wt% Al addictive)

136x103

Titanium Monocarbide (TiC) (ρ = 4.85 g/cm3) (ρ = 4.85 g/cm3)

32.67x103 13.6x103

room temp. 2000oC





CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Temperature

Carbides (Con’t)

Tungsten Monocarbide (WC)

55.65-84x103

room temp.

Carbides (Con’t)

Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)

16.6-22.5x103

room temp.

8.3x103

1250 oC 1750 oC 2000 oC

5.14x103 2.5x103 Nitrides

Aluminum Nitride (AlN) (hot pressed)

38.5x103 27x103 18.1x103

25oC 1000oC 1400oC





CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Nitrides (Con’t)

Boron Nitride (BN) parallel to c axis

7.28-13.2x103 7.03x103 1.90x103 1.08x103 1.25x103 1.50x103 2.45x103

Temperature

25 oC 300 oC 700 oC 1000 oC 1500 oC 1800 oC 2000 oC





CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Nitrides (Con’t)

parallel to a axis

15.88x103 15.14x103 3.84x103 2.18x103

Titanium Mononitride (TiN)

34x103

(10wt% AlO and 10wt% AlN)

13.34x103


23.93x103


33.25x103

Temperature

25 oC 300 oC 700 oC 1000 oC




Table 244. MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR (SHEET 6 OF 10) Class

Ceramic

Nitrides (Con’t)

Trisilicon Tetranitride (Si3N4)

CERAMICS Modulus of Rupture (psi)

(hot pressed)

65.3-159.5x103

(sintered)

39.9-121.8x103

(reaction sintered)

7.25-43.5x103

Temperature

20oC 20oC 20oC

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)

Oxides

(single crystal)

(80% dense, 3µm grain size) (80% dense, 3µm grain size) (80% dense, 3µm grain size) (80% dense, 3µm grain size)

131 x103 60 x103

room temp.

56x103 62x103 58x103 42x103

20 oC 600 oC 900 oC 1100 oC





Ceramic

Oxides (Con’t)

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Con’t) (80% dense, 20µm grain size) (80% dense, 20µm grain size) (80% dense, 20µm grain size) (80% dense, 20µm grain size) (zirconia toughened alumina, 15 vol% ZrO2) (zirconia toughened alumina, 25 vol% ZrO2) (zirconia toughened alumina, 50 vol% ZrO2)


Temperature

30x103 28x103 31x103 30x103

20 oC 600 oC 900 oC 1100 oC

137x103 139x103 145x103





CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic


Temperature

Oxides (Con’t)

Beryllium Oxide (BeO)

24-29 x103

room temp.

Dichromium Trioxide (Cr2O3)

>38x103

Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2)

10x103 10-14.9x103

Titanium Oxide (TiO2)

room temp.

Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (5-10 CaO stabilized)

20-35x103 3

(MgO stabilized)

30x10

(hot pressed yittria doped zirconia)

222x103

(sintered yittria doped zirconia)

148x103






Ceramic

Oxides (Con’t)

Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) (ρ=2.51g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3) Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2) (ρ=2.77g/cm3) (ρ=2.77g/cm3) (ρ=2.77g/cm3) (ρ=2.77g/cm3)


Temperature

16x103 15x103 8x103 3.4x103

25oC 400oC 800oC 1200oC

6-27x103 8.5x103 13.5x103 16.7x103 11.5x103

25oC 25oC 400oC 800oC 1200oC






Temperature

(ρ = 5.57 g/cm3)

18.57x103

room temp.

(sintered)

50.7x103

room temp.

(sintered)

67.25x103

(sintered)

86.00x103

980oC 1090oC

(hot pressed)

36-57x103

room temp.

(hot pressed)

3

72.00x10

(hot pressed)

55.00x103

Class

Ceramic

Silicide


1090oC 1200oC




Table 245. RUPTURE

STRENGTH OF REFRACTORY METAL ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 2)

Class

Alloy

Alloying Additions (%)

Form

Condition

Temperature (°F)

10-h rupture (ksi)

Niobium and Niobium Alloys

Pure Niobium

—

All

Recrystallized

2000

5.4

Nb–1Zr SCb291

1 Zr 10 Ta, 10 W

All Bar, Sheet

Recrystallized Recrystallized

2000 2000

14 9

C129 FS85 SU31

10 W, 10 Hf, 0.1 Y 28 Ta, 11 W, 0.8 Zr 17 W, 3.5 Hf, 0.12 C, 0.03 Si

Sheet Sheet Bar, Sheet

Recrystallized Recrystallized Special Thermal Processing

2400 2400 2400

15 12 22

Pure Molybdenum

—

All

Stress-relieved Annealed

1800

25

Low C Mo TZM

None 0.5 Ti, 0.08 Zr, 0.015 C

All All

Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed

1800 2400

24 23

TZC Mo–5Re Mo–30W

1.0 Ti, 0.14 Zr, 0.02 to 0.08 C 5 Re 30 W

All All All

Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed

2400 3000 2000

28 1 20

Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys

To convert (ksi) to (MPa), multiply by 6.89 Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).



Table 245. RUPTURE

STRENGTH OF REFRACTORY METAL ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 2)

Class

Alloy

Alloying Additions (%)

Form

Condition

Temperature (°F)

10-h rupture (ksi)

Tantalum Alloys

Unalloyed TA–10W

None 10 W

All All

Recrystallized Recrystallized

2400 2400

2.5 20

Tungsten Alloys

Unalloyed

None


3000

6.8

W–2 ThO2

2 ThO2


3000

18

W–3 ThO2 W–4 ThO2

3 ThO2 4 ThO2

Bar, Sheet, Wire Bar, Sheet, Wire Bar, Wire Bar


3000 3000

18 18

W–15 Mo W–50 Mo

15 Mo 50 Mo


3000 3000

12 12

W–25 Re

25 Re

Bar, Wire Bar, Wire Bar, Sheet, Wire


3000

10

To convert (ksi) to (MPa), multiply by 6.89 Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).




Table 246. RUPTURE

STRENGTH OF SUPERALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3) Stress Rupture

Alloy *

Temperature (°C)

100 h (MPa)

1000 h (MPa)

Incoloy 800

650 760 870

220 115 45

145 69 33

Incoloy 801

650 730 815

250 145 62

— — —

Incoloy 802

650 760 870

240 145 97

170 105 62

Inconel 600

815 870

55 37

39 24

Inconel 601(a)

540 870 980

— 48 23

400 30 14

Inconel 617(b)

815 925 980

140 62 41

97 — —

Inconel 625(a)

650 815 870

440 130 72

370 93 48

Inconel 718(c)

540 595 650

— 860 690

951 760 585

Inconel 751(d)

815 870

200 120

125 69



818




Table 246. RUPTURE


Alloy *

Temperature (°C)

100 h (MPa)

1000 h (MPa)

Inconel X–750(e)

540 870 925

— 83 58

827 45 21

N–155, bar(f)

650 730 870

360 195 97

295 150 66

N–155(g)

650

380

290

N–155, sheet(f)

980

39

20

Nimonic 75(h)

815 870 925 980

38 23 14 —

24 15 10 7.6

Nimonic 80A(j)

540 815 870

— 185 105

825 115 —

Nimonic 90(j)

815 870 925

240 150 69

155 69 —

Nimonic 105(k)

815 870

325 210

225 135

Nimonic 115(m)

815 870 925

425 315 205

315 205 130



819



Table 246. RUPTURE


Alloy *

Temperature (°C)

100 h (MPa)

1000 h (MPa)

Nimonic 263(n)

815 870 925

170 93 45

105 46 —

Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p391, (1993). *

(a) Solution treat 1150 °C. (b) Solution treat 1175 °C. (c) Heat treat to 980 °C plus 720 °C hold for 8 h, furnace cool to 620 °C hold for 8 h. (d) 730 °C hold for 2h. (e) Heat treat to 1150 °C plus 840 °C hold for 24h, plus 705 °C hold for 20h. (f) Solution treated and aged. (g) Stress-relieved forging. (h) Heat treat to 1050 °C hold for 1 h. (j) Heat treat to 1080 °C hold for 8 h, plus 700 °C hold for 16 h. (k) Heat treat to 1150 °C hold for 4 h, plus 1050 °C hold for 16 h, plus 850 °C hold for 16 h. (m) Heat treat to 1190 °C hold for 1.5 h, plus 1100 °C hold for 6 h. (n) Heat treat to 1150 °C hold for 2 h, water quench, plus 800 °C hold for 8 h.


820





RUPTURE FOR SI3N4 AND AL2O3COMPOSITES Modulus of Rupture (MPa)

Matrix

Dispersed Phase

RT

1000 °C

1200 °C

Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3

None

110.9 ± 1.6

88.3 ± 3.5

49.2 ± 5.0

Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3

TiC (Ti, W) C WC

80.6 ± 5.9 75.5 ± 3.2 89.1 ± 31.8

120.4 ± 12.2 86 ± 0 136.4 ± 1.6

64.4 ± 2.9 52.9 ± 0.5 55.7 ± 0.5

TaC HfC SiC

86.2 ± 7.3 86 ± 0.8 97.6 ± 8.5

124.5 ± 16.0 — 94.0 ± 4.9

43.2 ± 2.0 68.6 ± 0.5 52.3 ± 3.2

TiC

72.2 ± 13.0

69.4 ± 4.3

57.0 ± 4.1

Al2O3



821



Table 248. POISSON ' S

RATIO OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS Class

Metal or Alloy

Poisson's Ratio

Commercially Pure

99.5 Ti 99.2 Ti 99.1 Ti

0.34 0.34 0.34

99.0Ti 99.2 Ti–0.2Pd

0.34 0.34

Near Alpha Alloys

Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si

0.32 0.326

Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6Al-4V (low O2) Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si

0.342 0.342 0.327

Beta Alloys

Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al

0.304



822




Table 249. POISSON ’S RATIO FOR (SHEET 1 OF 2)

CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic

Poisson’s Ratio

Borides


0.09-0.28


(12.0 µm grain size, ρ=4.66g/cm3, 9.6wt% Ni)

0.10 0.12 0.11 0.15

Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)

0.144

Boron Carbide (B4C) Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)

0.207 0.166

(3.5 µm grain size, ρ=4.37g/cm3, 0.8wt% Ni) (6.0 µm grain size, ρ=4.56g/cm3, 0.16wt% Ni)

Carbides

Silicon Carbide (SiC) (ρ = 3.128 g/cm3)

0.183-0.192 at room temp.

Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC) Titanium Monocarbide (TiC) Tungsten Monocarbide (WC)

0.1719 -0.24 0.187-189 0.24

Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC) (ρ = 6.118 g/cm3)

0.257

Nitrides

Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4) (presureless sintered)

0.24 0.22-0.27

Oxides

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Beryllium Oxide (BeO) Cerium Dioxide (CeO2)

0.21-0.27 0.26-0.34

0.27-0.31

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) (ρ = 3.506 g/cm3)

0.163 at room temp.

Thorium Dioxide (ThO2) (ρ=9.722 g/cm3)

0.275



823



Table 249. POISSON ’S RATIO FOR (SHEET 2 OF 2)

CERAMICS

Class

Ceramic

Poisson’s Ratio

Oxides (Con’t)

Titanium Oxide (TiO2)

0.28

Uranium Dioxide (UO2) (ρ=10.37 g/cm3)

0.302

Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (partially stabilized) (fully stabilized) (plasma sprayed)

0.324-0.337 at room temp. 0.23 0.23-0.32 0.25

Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3)

0.21 0.17

(glass)

0.26

Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2) (ρ=2.779 g/cm3)

0.238

Spinel (Al2O3 MgO)

Silicide

(ρ=3.510 g/cm3)

0.294


0.158-0.172



824




Table 250. POISSON ’S RATIO OF (SHEET 1 OF 2) Class

Composition

Poisson’s Ratio

Temperature

0.166–0.177

room temp.

0.183 0.203 0.219


(35% mol Na2O)

0.236 0.249 0.248



0.249 0.174 0.252


0.150 0.219 0.259


0.222 0.281 0.283

SiO2 glass SiO2–Na2O glass

(15% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (30% mol Na2O) (33% mol Na2O)

SiO2–PbO glass

B2O3 glass

GLASS

0.288–0.309

room temp.

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko– Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983


825



Table 250. POISSON ’S RATIO OF (SHEET 2 OF 2)

GLASS

Class

Composition

Poisson’s Ratio

Temperature

B2O3–Na2O glass

(5.5% mol Na2O)

0.279 0.2740 0.271

15˚C

(10% mol Na2O) (15.4% mol Na2O) (20% mol Na2O)

0.2860 0.272 0.2713 0.274

(22.8% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (29.8% mol Na2O) (33.3% mol Na2O)

15˚C 15˚C

0.2771 0.2739 0.292

(37% mol Na2O) (37.25% mol Na2O)

15˚C 15˚C

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko– Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

Table 251. POISSON ' S

RATIO OF SILICON CARBIDE SCS–2–AL Fiber orientation

No. of plies

Poisson's Ratio

0° 90° ± 45°

6, 8, 12 6, 12,40 8, 12, 40

0.268 0.124 0.395



826




Table 252. COMPRESSION

POISSON ’S RATIO OF TREATED DUCTILE IRONS

Treatment

Compression Poisson’s Ratio

60-40-18 65-45-12 80-55-06 120 90-02

0.26 0.31 0.31 0.27


Table 253. TORSION

POISSON ’S RATIO OF TREATED DUCTILE IRONS

Treatment

Torsion Poisson’s Ratio

60-40-18 65-45-12 80-55-06 120 90-02

0.29 0.29 0.31 0.28



827



Table 254. ELONGATION OF

TOOL STEELS Elongation (%)

Type

Condition

L2

Annealed Oil quenched from 855 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C

25

Annealed Oil quenched from 845 •C and single tempered at: 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C

25


24


25

Annealed Fan cooled from 940 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C

25

L6

S1

S5

S7

5 10 12 15 25

4 8 12 20

4 5 9 12

5 7 9 10 15

7 9 10 10 14

Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p241, (1984).


828





DUCTILE IRONS

Specification Number

Grade or Class

Elongation (%)

ASTM A395-76 ASME SA395

60-40-18

18

ASTM A476-70(d); SAE AMS5316

80-60-03

3

60-40-18 65-45-12

18 12

80-55-06 100-70-03 120-90-02

6 3 2

SAE J434c

D4018 D4512 D5506 D7003

18 12 6 3

MlL-I-24137(Ships)

Class A Class B Class C

15 7 20

ASTM A536-72, MIL-1-11466B(MR)

Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p169, (1984).



829




Specification Number Ferritic ASTM A47, A338; ANSI G48.1; FED QQ-I-666c

MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS Grade or Class

32510 35018

10 18 5

40010 45008 45006 50005

10 8 6 5

60004 70003 80002 90001

4 3 2 1

M3210 M4504(a) M5003(a)

10 4 3

M5503(b) M7002(b) M8501(b)

3 2 1

ASTM A197 Pearlitic and Martensitic ASTM A220; ANSI C48.2; MIL-I-11444B

Automotive ASTM A602; SAE J158

Elongation (%)

(a) Air quenched and tempered (b) Liquid quenched and tempered Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p171, (1984).


830



Table 257. ELONGATION OF FERRITIC (SHEET 1 OF 2)

STAINLESS STEELS

Type

ASTM Specification

Form

Condition

Elongation (%)

Type 405 (UNS S40500)

A580 A580

Wire

Annealed Annealed, Cold Finished

20 16

Type 409 (UNS S40900) Type 429 (UNS S42900)

— —

Bar Bar

Annealed Annealed

25(a) 30(a)

Type 430 (UNS S43000)

A276 A276

Bar

Annealed, Hot Finished Annealed, Cold Finished

20 16

Type 430Ti(UNS S43036)

—

Bar

Annealed

30(a)


— —

Wire Sheet, Strip

Annealed Annealed

33(a) 23(a)

(a) Typical Values Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p368 (1993).



Table 257. ELONGATION OF FERRITIC (SHEET 2 OF 2)

STAINLESS STEELS

Type

ASTM Specification

Form

Condition

Elongation (%)


— A176

Bar Plate, Sheet, Strip

Annealed Annealed

20(a) 20

Type 446 (UNS S44600)

A276 A276

Bar

Annealed, Hot Finished Annealed, Cold Finished

20 16

(a) Typical Values Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p368 (1993).



Table 258. ELONGATION OF MARTENSITIC (SHEET 1 OF 3)

STAINLESS STEELS

Type

ASTM Specification

Form

Condition

Elongation (%)

Type 403 (UNS S40300)

A276 A276 A276 A276 A276 A276

Bar

Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished Hard temper, hot finished Hard temper, cold finished

20 16 15 12 12 12

Type 410 (UNS S41000)

A276 A276 A276 A276 A276 A276

Bar

Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished Hard temper, hot finished Hard temper, cold finished

20 16 15 12 12 12

Type 410S (UNS S41008)

A176

Plate, Sheet, Strip

Annealed

22

Type 410Cb (UNS S41040)

A276 A276 A276 A276

Bar

Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished

13 12 13 12

Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p369-370 (1993).




STAINLESS STEELS

Type

ASTM Specification

Form

Condition

Elongation (%)

Type 414 (UNS S41400)

A276 A276

Bar

Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished

15 15

Type 414L Type 420 (UNS S42000)

— —

Bar Bar

Annealed Tempered 205 °C

20 8

Type 422 (UNS S42200)

A565

Bar

for high-temperature service

13

Type 431 (UNS S43100)

— —

Bar

Tempered 260 °C Tempered 595 °C

16 19

Type 440A (UNS S44002)

— —

Bar


20 5

Type 440B (UNS S44003)

— —

Bar


18 3

Type 440C (UNS S44004)

— —

Bar


14 2

Intermediate and hard tempers





STAINLESS STEELS

Type

ASTM Specification

Form

Condition

Elongation (%)

Type 501 (UNS S50100)

— —

Bar, Plate


28 15

Type 502 (UNS S50200)

—

Bar, Plate

Annealed

30





PRECIPITATION -HARDENING AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS Type

Form

Condition

Elongation (%)

PH 13–8 Mo (UNS S13800)

Bar, Plate, Sheet, Strip

H950 H1000

6-10 6-10

15–5 PH (UNS S15500) and 17–4 PH (UNS S17400)

Bar, Plate, Sheet, Stript

H900 H925 H1025 H1075

10(a) 10(a) 12(a) 13(a)

H1100 H1150 H1150M

14(a) 16(a) 18(a)

RH950 TH1050

6 6

17–7 PH (UNS S17700)

Bar

(a) For flat rolled products, value varies with thickness. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p371 (1993).




HIGH–NITROGEN AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

Type

ASTM Specification

Form

Condition

Elongation (%)

Type 201 (UNS S20100)

A276

Bar

Annealed

40

Type 202 (UNS S20200)

A276

Bar

Annealed

40

Type 205 (UNS S20500)

—

Plate

Annealed*

58

Type 304N (UNS S30451)

A276

Bar

Annealed

30

Type 304HN (UNS S30452)

—

Bar

Annealed

30

Type 316N (UNS S31651)

A276

Bar

Annealed

30

Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p367 (1993). *

Typical values




Table 261. TOTAL

ELONGATION OF CAST ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3) Alloy AA No.

Temper

Elongation (in 2 in.) (%)

201.0

T4 T6 T7

20 7 4.5

206.0, A206.0 208.0

T7 F

11.7 2.5

242.0

T21 T571 T77

1.0 0.5 2.0

T571 T61

1.0 0.5

295.0

T4 T6 T62

8.5 5.0 2.0

296.0

T4 T6 T7 F

9.0 5.0 4.5 2.0

319.0

F T6 F T6

2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0

336.0

T551 T65 T61

0.5 0.5 6.0

T51 T6 T61 T7

1.5 3.0 1.0 0.5

308.0

354.0 355.0



838




Table 261. TOTAL

ELONGATION OF CAST ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3) Alloy AA No.

Temper

Elongation (in 2 in.) (%)

355.0 (Con’t)

T71 T51 T6

1.5 2.0 4.0

T62 T7 T71

1.5 2.0 3.0

T51 T6 T7

2.0 3.5 2.0

T71 T6 T7

3.5 5.0 6.0

357.0, A357.0 359.0

T62 T61 T62

8.0 6.0 5.5

360.0 A360.0 380.0

F F F

3.0 5.0 3.0

383.0 384.0, A384.0 390.0

F F F T5

3.5 2.5 1.0 1.0

A390.0

F,T5 T6 T7

1015

General purpose, type II

>1015

Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8

>1014

High impact grade

2.0 x 1016 4 x 1014

Thermoset Carbonate


Alkyds; Molded

Putty (encapsulating)

1014

Rope (general purpose)

1014

Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts) Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded

1014 — 1015 1014

ASTM Grade: H6—1

1010—1013

H4—1

1010—1013

H2—1

1010—1013



975

9.1 E&M Page 976 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 2 OF 8)

Polymer Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)




Polycarbonates


Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

Type

MH—1, MH—2

1010—1013

MS—1, MS—2

1010—1013

S2—1

1010—1013

ASTM Grade: H4

1011—1014

MH

1011—1014

S2

1011—1014

ASTM Grade: 1

1011—1014

3

1011—1014

6

1011—1014 1.5 x 1016


1 x 1015—2 x 1016


2.1 x 1016 1.4 x 1015

Orlon filled

6 x 104—6 x 106

Dacron filled

102—2.5 x 104

Asbestos filled

102—5 x 103

Glass fiber filled

104—5 x 104



976




Table 293. VOLUME


Polymer Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded

Type Polytetrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)


Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded High strength laminate


High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded


1018 >1018 1015 >2 x 1018 5 x 1014

6.1 x 1015 9.1 x 105—6.7 x 109 1—5 x 1015 6.6 x 107—109

2.10 x 1014 1.4—5.5 x 1014 >1016

Epoxy novolacs

Cast, rigid

Melamines; Molded

Filler & type Cellulose electrical

1012—1013

Glass fiber

1—7 x 1011

Alpha cellulose and mineral

1012




977



Table 293. VOLUME


Polymer Nylons; Molded, Extruded


Type

Type 6 4.5 x 1013

General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast

2.6 x 1014

Type 8

1.5 x 1011

Type 11

2 x 1013

Type 12

1014 —1015

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding

1014—1015 2.6—5.5 x 1015


Phenolics; Molded

2.8 x 1014—1.5 x 1015

General purpose extrusion

1015

6/10 Nylon General purpose

1015

Type and filler General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp

109—1013 1—50 x 1011 >1010

High shock: chopped fabric or cord

10 — 1011

Very high shock: glass fiber

10

Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric

1010 — 1012

Rubber phenolic—asbestos

108—1011 1011 1011



978




Table 293. VOLUME


Polymer Phenolics; Molded (Con’t)

Polymides

Polyacetals


Type

ABS—Polycarbonate Alloy

2.2 x 1016

PVC—Acrylic Alloy PVC—acrylic Sheet

l—5 x 1013

PVC—acrylic injection molded

5 x l015

Unreinforced

4 x 1015

Glass reinforced

9.2 x 1015

Homopolymer: Standard

1 x 1015

20% glass reinforced

5 x 1014

Copolymer: Standard

1 x 1014


1.2 x 1014

High flow

1.0 x 1014

Injection Moldings: General purpose grade

1—4 x 1016

Glass reinforced grades

3.2—3.3 x 1016

Glass reinforced self extinguishing



3.4 x 1016

General purpose grade

2 x 1015

Asbestos—filled grade

3 x 1014

Cast polyyester Rigid

1013

Flexible

1012




979



Table 293. VOLUME


Polymer Polyesters: Thermosets (Con’t)


Type

Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Heat and chemical resistant (asbestos) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose


6.4 x 1015 —2.2 x 1016

1017

SE—1

1017


1017

Standard

5 x 1016 1017

Polyarylsulfone

3.2—7.71 x l016

General purpose

>1017

High impact


1 x 1012 —1 x 1013

Phenylene Oxides SE—100


Polypropylene

1 x 1012 —1 x 1013

1017

Asbestos filled

1.5 x 1015

Glass reinforced

1.7 x 1016

Flame retardant

4 x 1016—1017


4.5 x 1014



980




Table 293. VOLUME


Polymer Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded


Type Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6

1017—1019

Melt index 6—26

1017—1019

Melt index 200

1017—1019

Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20

>1015

Melt index l.0—1.9

>1015

Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9

>1015

Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0

>1015

Melt index 1.5—15

>1015

High molecular weight

>1015

EEA (ethylene ethyl acrylate)

2.4 x 1015

EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)

0.15 x 1015

Ionomer



10 x 1015

Polyallomer

>1016

Polystyrenes General purpose

>1016

Medium impact

>1016

High impact

>1016




981



Table 293. VOLUME


Polymer Polystyrenes; Molded (Con’t)


Type

Glass fiber -30% reinforced

3.6 x 1016

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)

>1016

Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded

Nonrigid—general

1—700 x 1012

Nonrigid—electrical

4—300 x 1011

Rigid—normal impact

1014—1016

Vinylidene chloride

1014—1016

Silicones; Molded, Laminated Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Granular (silica) reinforced silicones Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate Ureas; Molded

4.4 x 1016

Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l) Cellulose filled (ASTM Type 2)

(dry) 9 x 1014 5 x 1014 2—5 x 1014 0.5—5 x 1011 5—8 x 1010



982




Table 294. CRITICAL

TEMPERATURE OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 2)

a

Element

Tc(K)

Al Be Cd

1.175 0.026 0.518-0.52

Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (δ)

5.90-6.2 7.62 7.85

Hg (α) Hg (β)

4.154 3.949

In Ir

3.405 0.11-0.14

La (α) La (β) Mo Nb

4.88 6.00 0.916 9.25

Os Pa Pb Re

0.655 1.4 7.23 1.697

Ru Sb Sn Ta

2.6-2.7a 3.721 4.47

Tc Th

7.73-7.78 1.39

1.0833

0.493

Metastable.

Source: data from Roberts, B. W., Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials - 1974 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 825, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C., 1974, 10.



983



Table 294. CRITICAL

TEMPERATURE OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Element

Tc(K)

Ti Ti

0.39 2.332-2.39

V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)

5.43-5.31 0.0154 0.875 0.53

0.65

a Metastable.

Source: data from Roberts, B. W., Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials - 1974 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 825, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C., 1974, 10.


984




Table 295. DISSIPATION FACTOR FOR (SHEET 1 OF 8)

POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded


60 Hz

106 Hz

Medium impact

0.003—0.006

0.008—0.009

High impact Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant

0.005—0.007 0.005—0.010 0.005—0.01 0.030—0.040

0.007—0.015 0.008—0.016 0.008—0.016 0.005—0.015

Polymer

Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade

0.05—0.06 0.05—0.06

0.02—0.03 0.02—0.03

0.04—0.06 0.03—0.04

0.02—0.03 0.01—0.02

Thermoset Carbonate


0.03—0.04

0.1—0.2

Alkyds; Molded


0.030—0.045 0.019

0.016—0.020 0.023

0.030—0.040

0.017—0.020

0.02—0.03

0.015—0.022

0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06

0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10


ASTM Grade: H4—1 H2—1 MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1




985




POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded

Polymer

Chlorinated Polymers Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride


0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04

0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05

0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04

0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05

0.011 0.0189— 0.0208

0.011

0.0009

0.01

0.006

0.007

0.023—0.015 (Dry) 0.004—0.016 (Dry) 0.05—0.03 (Dry) 0.004—0.015 (Dry)

0.045—0.040 (Wet) 0.009—0.017 (Wet) 0.154—0.050 (Wet) 0.012—0.020 (Wet)

ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

Polycarbonates

106 Hz


Cellulose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded

60 Hz

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced) Orlon filled Dacron filled Asbestos filled Glass fiber filled

0.02



986





POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded



Polymer

60 Hz

106 Hz

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

0.02

0.007—0.010

0.0002

0.0002

0.0005–0.0015

0.0005–0.0015

0.0003

0.0003

0.05

0.184

Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate

0.0074 0.0048-0.0380 0.011-0.018

0.032 0.0369-0.0622 0.013—0.020

0.004-0.006

0.024—0.026

—

0.010-0.017

0.0055— 0.0074 0.0071—0.025 —

0.029—0.028

0.001—0.007

—

High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded Glass cloth laminate Epoxy novolacs Cast, rigid

— 0.0158




987




POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class Melamines; Molded


Polymer Filler & type Unfilled Cellulose electrical Glass fiber Alpha cellulose Mineral

106 Hz

0.048—0.162 0.026—0.192 0.14—0.23 — —

0.031—0.040 0.032—0.12 0.020—0.03 0.028 0.030

0.06—0.014

0.03—0.04

0.022—0.008

0.019—0.015

0.015 0.007—0.010

0.05 0.010—0.015

0.19 0.03

0.08 0.02

Type 6 General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast Flexible copolymers Type 8 Type 11 Type 12 6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced 6/10 Nylon General purpose

Phenolics; Molded

60 Hz


0.04 (103 Hz)

0.014—0.04 0.009—0.018

0.04 0.017—0.018

0.04

0.05—0.30

0.03—0.07

0.08—0.35

0.03—0.07

0.08—0.45

0.03—0.09

0.02—0.03

0.02



988





POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) 60 Hz

106 Hz

0.13—0.16

0.1

0.15—0.60

0.1—0.2

0.5

0.09

0.15

0.13


0.0026

0.0059


0.076

0.094

0.037

0.031

Polyimides

Unreinforced Glass reinforced

0.003 0.0034

0.011 0.0055

Polyacetals

Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow

0.0048 0.0047

0.0048 0.0036

0.001 (100 Hz) 0.003 (100 Hz) 0.001 (100 Hz)

0.006 0.006 0.006

Class Phenolics: Molded

PVC–Acrylic Alloy


Polymer Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic— woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic— chopped fabric Rubber phenolic— asbestos

Injection Moldings: General purpose grade Glass reinforced grades

0.002 (103 Hz) 0.002—0.003 (103 Hz)

Glass reinforced self extinguishing General purpose grade

0.002 (103 Hz)

Asbestos—filled grade

0.015 (103 Hz)

0.023 (103 Hz)




989




POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) 60 Hz

106 Hz

0.003—0.04 0.01—0.18

0.006—0.04 0.02—0.06

0.0087—0.04

0.0086—0.022

0.0007 0.0007 0.0009

0.0024 0.0024 0.0015

0.0008 0.0019

0.0034 0.0049

Polyarylsulfone

0.0017—0.003

0.0056—0.012

General purpose

0.0005–0.0007

0.0002–0.0003 0.0002— 0.0003 0.002 0.003 0.0006–0.003

Class Polyesters: Thermosets

Polymer Cast polyyester Rigid Flexible

Reinforced polyester moldings

Sheet molding compounds, general purpose

Phenylene Oxides

SE—100 SE—1 Glass fiber reinforced Phenylene oxides (Noryl) Standard Glass fiber reinforced

Polypropylene

High impact Asbestos filled Glass reinforced Flame retardant Polyphenylene sulfide


92 90

Thermoset Carbonate


89—92

Alkyds; Molded


Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque



10.2 Optical L Page 1047 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 305. TRANSPARENCY OF (SHEET 2 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Transparency (visible light) (ASTM D791) (%)


ASTM Grade: H6—1 H4—1 H2—1

75—90 75—90 80—90

MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

80—90 80—90 80—95


75—92 80—92 85—95

ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

80—92 80—92 80—92







POLYMERS

Polymer

Type




Opaque Opaque

Polycarbonates


75—85 Translucent


Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE)

80—92



90 85

General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate Filament wound composite

Opaque Opaque Opaque





POLYMERS

Polymer

Type



High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded Glass cloth laminate

Opaque Opaque

Epoxy novolacs

Glass cloth laminate

Opaque

Melamines; Molded

Filler & type Unfilled Cellulose electrical

Good Opaque

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced Glass fiber Molybdenum disulfide filled General purpose extrusion

Translucent Opaque Opaque Opaque






POLYMERS

Polymer

Type



6/10 Nylon General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced

Opaque Opaque



Opaque

PVC–Acrylic Alloy


Opaque Opaque

Poliymides




Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Heat and chemical resistsnt (asbestos) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose






POLYMERS

Polymer

Type


Phenylene Oxides





Opaque

Polypropylene


Translucent—opaque Translucent—opaque




Opaque Opaque






POLYMERS

Polymer

Type



General purpose Medium impact High impact Glass fiber -30% reinforced

Transparent Opaque Opaque Opaque

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN

Transparent Opaque




Ureas; Molded

Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type 1) Cellulose filled (ASTM Type 2) Woodflour filled

21.8 Opaque Opaque

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)




Table 306. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF (SHEET 1 OF 5)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Refractive index, (ASTM D542) (nD)



1.485—1.500 1.485—1.495


1.489—1.493 1.49

Thermoset Carbonate


1.5


ASTM Grade: H6—1 H4—1 H2—1

1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50

MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50





POLYMERS

Polymer

Type




(D543) 1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49


ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49

Polycarbonate

1.586

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

1.43 1.35 1.34 1.42






POLYMERS

Polymer

Type




1.61 1.61

Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced





1.53—1.58 1.50—1.57

Polyacetals






POLYMERS

Polymer

Type



Standard

1.63

Polyarylsulfone

Polyarylsulfone

1.651


Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26 Melt index 200

1.51 1.51 1.51

Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20 Melt index l.0—1.9

1.51 1.51

Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15

1.54 1.54 1.54





POLYMERS

Polymer

Type



Polystyrenes General purpose Medium impact High impact

1.6 Opaque Opaque

Glass fiber -30% reinforced Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN

Opaque 1.565—1.569 Opaque

Vinylidene chloride

1.60—1.63





Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 1 OF 13) Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

3

Alumina (Sapphire, Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1

Aiλ 2 λ2

-

(λ in µm)

λ2 i

where i

1 2 3 (λ in mm)

λi2 0.00377588 0.0122544 321.3616

Ai 1.023798 1.058264 5.280792






5

ArsenicTrisulfide (Glass)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1

Kiλ 2 λ 2 − λi2

where i

1 2 3 4 5 (λ in µm)

(λ in µm)

λi2 0.0225 0.0625 0.1225 0.2025 0.705

Ki 1.8983678 1.9222979 0.8765134 0.1188704 0.9569903






3

Barium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ

Aiλ 2

(λ in µm)

λ2 - λ2 i i=1

where i

1 2 3 (λ in µm)

λi 0.057789 0.10968 46.3864

Ai 0.643356 0.50676 3.8261





Cadmium Sulfide (Bulk and Hexagonal Single Crystal)

MATERIALS


n 2o=5.235+

1.891x107 λ 2-1.651x107

for ordinary ray, and

2.076x10 7 2 ne =5.239+ λ 2-1.651x10 7 for extraordinary ray. (λ in µm)






3

Calcium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Aiλ 2

Σ i=1

λ2

-

(λ in µm)

λ2 i Ai 0.5675888 0.4710914 3.8484723

i 1 2 3

Cesium Bromide (Single Crystal)

2 -6 n = 5.640752–3.338x10 λ2 +

0.0018612 λ

2

λι 0.050263605 0.1003909 34.64904

41110.49 0.0290764 + 2 + 2 λ -14390.4 λ -0.024964

(λ in µm)






5

Cesium Iodide (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1


where i

1 2 3 4 5 (λ in mm)

(λ in µm)

λi2 0.00052701 0.02149156 0.28551800 0.39743178 3.3605359

Ki 0.3461725 1.0080886 0.02149156 0.044944 25921




Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 7 OF 13)

MATERIALS

Material


Germanium (Intrinsic Single Crystal)

n = A + Bλ + Cλ2 + Dλ2 + Eλ4

where A=3.99931 B=0.391707 C=0.163492 D=–0.0000060 E=0.000000053 for 2.0µm ≤ λ ≤ 13.5 µm

Lithium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

n = A + BL + CL2 + Dλ2 + Eλ4

where A=1.38761 B=0.001796 C=–0.000041 D=–0.0023045 E=–0.00000557 for 0.5µm ≤ λ ≤ 6.0 µm Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.




MATERIALS


Magnesium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

no =1.36957 +

0.0035821 λ -0.14925

for ordinary wavelengths, and

ne =1.38100 +

0.0037415 λ -0.14947

for wavelengths within 0.4µm ≤ λ ≤ 0.7 µm

2 -5 n =2.956362-0.1062387 λ 2 –2.04968 x10 λ4

Magnesium Oxide (Single Crystal)

–

0.0219577 λ2

-0.01428322





Potassium Bromide (Single Crystal)

Potassium Chloride (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS


2

n = 2.3618102–0.00058072 λ 2 +

0.02305269

λ2– 0.02425381 for 0.4µm ≤ λ ≤ 0.7 µm

n2= 2.174967+

0.08344206 λ 2-0.0119082

+

0.00698382 λ2 -0.025555

– 0.000513495 λ2 – 0.06167587 λ 4 for ultraviolet wavelengths

n2=3.866619+

0.08344206 λ 2 – 0.0119082

–

0.00698382 λ 2–

0.025555

–

5569.715 λ 2–

3292.472

for the visible light Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.




Silica (High Purity Fused)

Silicon (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS


n2=2.978645 +

0.008777808 λ 2–

0.010609

+

84.06224 λ 2–

96.0000

n = 3.41696 + 0.138497L + 0.013924L2 – 0.0000209λ2 + 0.000000148λ4

where L = (λ2 – 0.028)–1

Silver Bromide (Single Crystal)

n2 – 1 0.10279 λ2 =0.48484+ λ2– 0.0900 n2 + 2

– 0.004796 λ 2

for 0.54µm ≤ λ ≤ 0.65 µm




Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 11 OF 13)

MATERIALS

Material


Silver Chloride (Single Crystal)

n = 4.00804 – 0.00085111λ2 – 0.00000019762λ4 + 0.079086/(λ2 – 0.04584)

Strontium Titanate (Single Crystal)

n = A + BL + CL2 + Dλ2 + Eλ4

where A=2.28355 B=0.035906 C=0.001666 D=–0.0061355 E=–0.00001502 for 1.0 µm ≤ λ ≤ 5.3 µm






5

Thallium Bromoiodide (KRS-5, Mixed Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1


where i

1 2 3 4 5 (λ in µm)

λi2 0.0225 0.0625 0.1225 0.2025 27089.737

Ki 1.8293958 1.6675593 1.1210424 0.4513366 12.380234





Titanium Dioxide (Rutile, Single Crystal)

MATERIALS


n 2o=5.913+

2.441x107 λ 2– 0.803x107

for ordinary wavelengths, and

2 n =7.197 e

+

3.322x10

7

λ 2– 0.843x107

for extraordinary wavelengths. (λ in Å) Zinc Sulfide (Single Crystal, Cubic)

7 n = 5.164+ 1.208x107 l2 – 0.732 x10 (λ in Å)



Shackelford, James F. & Alexander, W. “Chemical Properties of Materials” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

11.0 Chemical Page 1071 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

CHAPTER 9

List of Tables

Chemical Properties of Materials

Absorption Water Absorption of Polymers EMF Potentials and Galvanic Series Standard Electromotive Force Potentials Galvanic Series of Metals Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water Corrosion Corrosion Rate of Metals in Acidic Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Air Corrosion Rates of 1020 Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Grey Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Ni–Resist Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 12% Cr Steel at 70˚ Corrosion Rates of 17% Cr Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 14% Si Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 301 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 316 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Aluminum at 70˚F Corrosion Resistance of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Corrosion Rates of 70-30 Brass at 70˚F


1071

11.0 Chemical Page 1072 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Chemical Properties List of Tables (Continued)

Corrosion (con’t) Corrosion Rates of Copper, Sn-Braze, Al-Braze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Silicon Bronze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Hastelloy at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Inconel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Nickel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Monel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Lead at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Titanium at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Air Corrosion Rates for ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Flue Gas Flammability Flammability of Polymers Flammability of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics


1072


11.1 Chemical L Page 1073 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 308. WATER

ABSORPTION OF POLYMERS (SHEET 1 OF 12)

Polymer

Type

Water Absorption in 24 hr, ASTM D570) (%)


Medium impact High impact

0.2—0.4 0.2—0.45

Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant

0.2—0.45 0.2—0.45 0.2—0.4


0.3—0.4 0.2—0.4


0.3—0.4 0.2—0.4


0.2


Thermoset Carbonate




Table 308. WATER


Polymer

Type


Alkyds; Molded


0.10—0.15 0.05—0.08 0.08—0.12 0.007—0.10


ASTM Grade: H4—1 H2—1

1.7—2.7 1.7—2.7

MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

1.8—4.0 2.1—4.0 2.3—4.0


2 1.3—1.6 0.9—1.3





Table 308. WATER


Polymer

Type



ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

1.6—2.0 1.3—1.8 1.6



0.01 0.11

Polycarbonates


0.15 0.08

Orlon filled Dacron filled Asbestos filled Glass fiber filled

(122 •F, 48 hr), % 0.2—0.5 0.2—0.5 0.4—0.7 0.2—0.4





Table 308. WATER


Polymer

Type



Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

0 0.01

Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

>0.2

CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook,

CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook

CRC materials science and engineering handbook