Coordination Relations in the Languages of Europe and Beyond (Empirical Approaches to Languages Typology)

Coordination Relations in the Languages of Europe and Beyond

Caterina Mauri

Mouton de Gruyter

Coordination Relations in the Languages of Europe and Beyond

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Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 42

Editors Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Yaron Matras

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York

Coordination Relations in the Languages of Europe and Beyond by Caterina Mauri

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mauri, Caterina, 1981⫺ Coordination relations in the languages of Europe and beyond / by Caterina Mauri. p. cm. ⫺ (Empirical approaches to language typology ; 42) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-11-020439-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Europe ⫺ Languages ⫺ Coordinate constructions. I. Title. P380.M28 2008 4151.7⫺dc22 2008032765

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

ISBN 978-3-11-020439-1 ISSN 0933-761X © Copyright 2008 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany.

Acknowledgements

This book is a revised version of my doctoral dissertation (University of Pavia 2007). It is not easy to mention all the people who played a role in structuring the ideas and the pages of this work. First of all, I would like to thank people at the Dipartimento di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata of the University of Pavia for forming such an inspiring working environment and for giving me the opportunity to experiment what it really means to do linguistics, in Italy and abroad. I am especially grateful to those who followed the development of this research at its various stages. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Sonia Cristofaro, who had a crucial impact in my growing up as a linguist, since the day I decided to leave Italo Calvino for typology. She oversaw this work from the very beginning and in all its phases, spending a lot of time and energies in carefully reading drafts of this book and providing precious advice. I am and will always be indebted to her for all the support and inspiration, linguistically and otherwise. I would like her to know that I never felt alone along the way. Thank you to Anna Giacalone and Paolo Ramat, who believed in me, supported me, involved me in exciting research projects. They always found the time to listen to my ideas, sharing with me their extensive and deep knowledge of linguistics. I learned a lot from them, and this has been a real privilege for me. I sincerely thank Michele Prandi, for his precious philosophical perspective, Silvia Luraghi, for the valuable bibliographical hints and for her ability to bring problems into focus, and Gianguido Manzelli, for having introduced me to the fascinating history of Slavic languages. Andrea Sansò has been an essential source of emotional support and intellectual exchange, and I am sincerely grateful to him for his friendship and trust. I discussed parts of this research, at different stages and in different circumstances, with Cecilia Andorno, Michela Cennamo, Pierluigi Cuzzolin, Tullio De Mauro, Maurizio Gnerre, John Hawkins, Paolo Poccetti, Davide Ricca, Edoardo Lombardi Vallauri, Bernhard Wälchli, Björn Wiemer. I would like to thank them because their words have been, more or less consciously, very useful hints on the direction(s) to follow. Part of my Ph.D thesis has been carried out in Germany, at the University of Erfurt and at the Freie Universität of Berlin. The time spent there has been incredibly important for my personal growth, both from a professional and a

vi Acknowledgements human point of view. Besides learning a beautiful language, I met a number of extremely valuable people. I would like to thank Christian Lehmann for the opportunity to work at the Sprachwissenschaft Institut of the University of Erfurt and for the time he took to discuss my unripe ideas, helping me to find a direction along which they could grow. I also would like to express my gratitude to Yoko Nishina and especially Amani Bohoussou. He has taught me a lot of interesting things about NànáfwˆE, has widely discussed with me the idea of the irreality of alternatives and has ultimately made my winter in Erfurt much happier with his generous smile. I have thoroughly enjoyed and benefited from my stay in Berlin. There I had extremely interesting talks with Norbert Dittmar, Kristina Kotcheva and Marcela Adamíková, whose information on Slavic languages have been crucial to figure out the fuzzy meaning of a. I am especially indebted to Ewald Lang, who got interested in my research and participated with his curiosity and his personal library, a small part of which is now with me in Milan. In August 2004, I spent one month working at the Max Planck Institute für evolutionäre Anthropologie in Leipzig, where I had the opportunity to meet and talk with brilliant linguists, whose method and thought have deeply inspired my work. Talking with Martin Haspelmath has been a crucial moment in the elaboration of my dissertation and I would like to express my deep gratitude to him for his wise as well as truly inspiring advice. His work on coordinating constructions was the point of departure of my research and a constant reference model during its development. Furthermore, I received valuable comments from the audiences at the University of Bergamo, the Max Planck Institute für evolutionäre Anthropologie at Leipzig, the Colloquia at the Freie Universität, the Humboldt Universität of Berlin and the University of Erfurt, the Leipzig Students’ Conference in Linguistics, the Workshop on Semantic Maps during the ALT 7 Conference in Paris, the MORBO / CONF meeting at the University of Bologna and the Ph.D. students conference at the SITLEC Department of Forlì. I would also like to thank Yaron Matras for the comments he provided on the manuscript as an editor of the EALT series, Ursula Kleinhenz and Wolfgang Konwitschny, for their constant help at the very final stage of this path. A special thank goes to all the people who kindly filled out the questionnaire, providing precious information about their native languages. In particular, I would like to thank Agnieszka Latos, Najla Rebej, Manana Topadze, Amani Bohoussou, Yoko Nishina and Kristina Kotcheva for discussing data with me.

Acknowledgements

vii

There are also a number of people I would like to thank, because they shared time, ideas and laughters with me during these years of research: Valentina Albino, Giorgio Arcodia, Irene Cordovani, Federica Da Milano, Martina Fanari, Francesca Frontini, Amira Lakhdar, Cristina Mariotti, Francesca Mazzariello, Nicoletta Puddu, Najla Rebej, and Lorenzo Spreafico. A special thank goes to Chiara Mauri and Maicol Formentelli, who corrected and revised my English. I am extremely grateful to all the non-linguists who patiently listened to my reasoning about coordination and gave me their precious feedback and help. I know it might have been a sort of sacrifice sometimes and I really appreciate it. Thanks to those with whom I share everything but linguistics: it’s there I find the energies to dive back into research. The last thank goes to my family, who always encouraged me and to whom this book is dedicated. È tra le vostre parole che ho iniziato a cercare. . . di imparare a parlare.

Contents Acknowledgements . List of figures . . . . List of tables . . . . . List of abbreviations 1

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Theoretical foundations: the notion of coordination 1.1 Introduction to this research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 A functional-typological approach to coordination . 1.1.3 Outline of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 The language data: a focus on Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 The European sample and the Comparison sample . 1.2.1.1 The European sample . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.2 The Comparison sample . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 The questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Two levels of analysis and the twofold organization of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 The notion of coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Traditional definitions of coordination . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Alternative approaches to the definition of coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 The functional ‘parallelisms’ of coordination . . . . 1.3.3.1 Semantic parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3.2 Conceptual parallelism . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3.3 Pragmatic parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 Coordination relation: a cross-linguistically valid definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5 Types of coordination relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Parameters of analysis 2.1 Object of analysis and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Delimiting the scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Methods for cross-linguistic comparison: selecting the parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 1 6 10 11 14 14 17 19 22 23 23 28 31 32 35 37 41 44 49 49 49 53

x Contents 2.2 2.3

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Semantic parameters: temporality, conflict and aim . . . . Morphosyntactic parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 The coding of the relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.1 Presence of an overt coordinating marker 2.3.1.2 Morphophonological complexity . . . . 2.3.2 The coding of the SoAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2.1 Syntactic parallelism of the construction Degree of coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross-linguistic variation: an overview . . . . . . . . . . .

Combination relations 3.1 The notion of combination relation . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Combination as cooccurrence . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Combination types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2.1 Temporal combination . . . . . . . . 3.1.2.2 Atemporal combination . . . . . . . 3.2 The coding of combination relations . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Presence of overt coordinating markers . . . . 3.2.2 Morphophonological complexity of the attested overt markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 The coding of combined SoAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Functional motivations in the coding of combination . 3.5 Language data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contrast relations 4.1 The notion of contrast relation . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Contrast as conflicting cooccurrence . . . 4.1.2 Contrast types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2.1 Oppositive contrast . . . . . . 4.1.2.2 Corrective contrast . . . . . . . 4.1.2.3 Counterexpectative contrast . . 4.2 The coding of contrast relations . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 The contrast coding implication . . . . . 4.2.2 The contrast conceptual space . . . . . . 4.2.3 The contrast coding complexity hierarchy 4.3 The coding of conflicting SoAs . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Functional motivations in the coding of contrast . 4.5 Language data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Contents

5 Alternative relations 5.1 The notion of alternative relation . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Alternative as non-cooccurrence . . . . . . 5.1.2 Alternative types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2.1 Simple alternative . . . . . . . . 5.1.2.2 Choice-aimed alternative . . . . 5.2 The coding of alternative relations . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 The alternative coding implication . . . . . 5.2.2 The alternative irreality implication . . . . 5.3 The coding of alternative SoAs . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Functional motivations in the coding of alternative . 5.5 Language data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6 Combination, contrast and alternative relations in comparison 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Combination and contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 The degree of coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1.1 The combination-contrast coding implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1.2 The combination-contrast conceptual space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1.3 The coding complexity hierarchy of combination and contrast relations . . . . 6.2.2 The combination-contrast parallelism implication . . 6.2.3 Functional motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.4 Language data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Combination and alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1 The degree of coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1.1 The combination-alternative coding implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1.2 Semantic domains: combination, alternative and irreality . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1.3 The combination-alternative coding complexity implication . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.2 The combination-alternative parallelism implication 6.3.3 Functional motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.4 Language data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Combination, contrast and alternative: concluding remarks .

xi 154 155 155 157 159 160 161 161 170 183 184 187 194 194 196 196 196 199 206 209 211 216 230 230 230 231 234 237 239 242 256

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