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Introduction to WAN Technologies Session 101
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101 1045_05F9_c1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Introduction to WAN Technologies Session 101
101 1045_05F9_c1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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Agenda
Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Signaling Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Take-Away Message
• By selecting the right WAN technology and hardware, you can Build a uniform multiservice network for DVV consolidation Reduce recurring network operation costs (such as bandwidth) 101 1045_05F9_c1
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WAN Networking Environment Other
Access
Backbone
Telecommuters
Home Offices
Branch Offices
Regional Offices
Headquarters
Multiple Networking Environments where All Users Require Ubiquitous Access to Corporate Applications
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WAN Networking Challenges
Increased Scope of WAN Multiple Traffic Types
Telecom Manager
Increasing Traffic Volumes Telecom Budget
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Multiple Traffic Types
• • • •
IP IPX AppleTalk SNA
Wide Area Network
• Voice • Video
Leased Lines, Satellite, Microwave, Circuit Switched, X25, Frame Relay, ATM, POS 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Networked Application Growth 2000 1998 More Than 300% Growth in WAN Traffic by 2002
Voice Video Teleconference Office Applications
Client to Server Server to Server Internet/Intranet
Source: Gartner Group
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Telecom Budgets
Although Traffic Old Telecom Volumes Are Budget Increasing, Telecom Budgets Are Not— in Fact in Some Cases Decreasing 101 1045_05F9_c1
New Telecom Budget
Agenda
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Wide Area Network Requirements Minimize Bandwidth Costs Maximize Efficiency Maximize Performance Support New/Emerging Applications Maximize Availability Minimize Management and Maintenance Multiservice Consolidation Bandwidth Efficiency Performance and QoS Guarantees Emerging IP Services Carrier-Class Reliability Ease of Operation and Management 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Wide Area Network Costs • Capital costs (hardware): non-recurring Written off over three to five years
Software Costs 2.7%
• Bandwidth rental costs: recurring One to five year contracts
Hardware Costs 8.0%
Transmission Costs 87.8%
Maintenance 1.5%
Penalties for cancellation Highest month recurring expense Source: Data Communications
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WAN Service Requirements • LAN interconnectivity
Multiservice Networking
Router and workgroup switches
• Emerging IP services • Voice toll bypass PBX tie trunking and voice switching
• Videoconferencing
FR/LL WAN Router ATM/LL Workgroup Switch PBX
VPN/LL
Room-to-room, desktop
• Legacy data
ISDN Videoconferencing
SNA, X.25, async data FR/LL
• TDM migration Transport option for aging TDM systems 101 1045_05F9_c1
Legacy Data
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Wide Area Connectivity Requirements • Flexible trunking Sub-rate leased lines (64kbps to T1/E1)
nx T1/E1
T3/E3
n x T1/E1 leased lines T3/E3 leased lines OC-3/STM-1 leased lines
OC-3
Public Network
STM-1
Public/private services
• Bandwidth efficiency 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Agenda
Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Message
• By selecting the right WAN technology and hardware, you can Build a uniform multiservice network for DVV consolidation Reduce recurring network operation costs (such as bandwidth) 101 1045_05F9_c1
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WAN Technologies Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Network
Link
Link
Link
Link
Packet Switching Frame Switching Cell Switching
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Circuit Switching
WAN Switch A
WAN Switch B
CPE B
CPE A
Circuit Switching Frame Switching Cell Switching Frame/Cell
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Network
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) X.25/HDLC, SNA/SDLC ATM POS
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Circuit Switching (TDM) Overview PBX
PBX
• Available bandwidth is statically partitioned amongst the applications • Each application has access to the allocated bandwidth only; no single application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Example: available bandwidth = 24 DS0s Four channels for router data; eight for voice calls; six for video; six channels not allocated
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• Circuit switching delay: application frame size/ allocated bandwidth • Variability in delay: low © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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Circuit Switching—Pros and Cons Pros • Predictable Performance As Bandwidth Is Allocated Statically, All Applications Get Consistent Performance and Predictable Delay
• Protocol-Independent End Devices Can Be Using Any Protocol over the Wide Area Network
• Can Be Used for Multiservice Applications Consolidation
Cons • Inefficient Bandwidth Utilization No Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth No Bursting Capability—One Application Cannot Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other Even if that Traffic Is Not Present
• Bandwidth Limited Once All of the Available Bandwidth Is Allocated, Additional Bandwidth Must Be Procured 101 1045_05F9_c1
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X.25 Switching Overview
• Cells, frames, or packets within a switch but X.25 packets at egress • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Only useful for data applications • X.25 switching delay: can increase with number of switches in path • Variability in delay: high • Layer 3 switching—PVC, SVC-based 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network 2048 Bytes 256kbps
Network
256kbps
• Router sends X.25 packet to first X.25 switch Assume that the call has been set up and a data size of 128 agreed by both ends with a window size of 7 101 1045_05F9_c1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network 2048 Bytes 256kbps
Network
256kbps
128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes
Network
256kbps
128 Bytes
• Router sends X.25 a window (7) of (128) packets; the X.25 switch responds with “RR’s” for correctly received packets or “RNR” for incorrect ones
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Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network
128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes
128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes
Network 128 Bytes
128 Bytes
• The network transports the packets across the network; the packets are delivered to the far end using the same window mechanism as the input to the network 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network
128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes
Network 2048 Bytes 128 Bytes
• Last window sent to router and whole frame re-assembled and sent 101 1045_05F9_c1
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X.25 Switching-Pros and Cons Pros • Excellent in Highly Errored Environments Protocol Goes Looking for an Error
• Protocol-Independent End Devices Can Be Using any Protocol over the Wide Area Network
Cons • Unable to Guarantee Performance Due to Windowing Mechanism, Throughput and Performance Is Very Slow
• High Delay and Variability in Delay Each Switch Has to Receive an Entire Window before Forwarding It to the Next Switch; Therefore Transit Delay Increases with Number of Switches in the Path The FIFO Mode of Each Switch Causes a Variability at Each Switch
• Typically Data Only As a Result of High Delay and Variability in Delay, X.25 Switches Are More Suited for Data-Only Environments that Have Little or No Delay-Sensitive Applications 101 1045_05F9_c1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Frame Switching Overview PBX
PBX
• Either cells or frames within a switch but frames only at egress • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Each application gets access to all available bandwidth; any application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Frame switching delay: increases with number of switches in path (queuing and serialization delay) • Variability in delay: can be high for FIFO queuing switches 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
PBX
Channels
• Router sends frame to first frame switch
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Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
PBX
Channels
2048 Bytes
256kbps
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
PBX Ten Voice
2.048Mbps
PBX
Channels
• First frame switch waits for the entire frame, adds header and forwards to next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
PBX
Channels
2048 Bytes
256kbps
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
PBX Ten Voice
2.048Mbps
PBX
Channels
• Second frame switch waits for the entire frame, and forwards to next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
PBX
Channels
2048 Bytes
256kbps
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
PBX Ten Voice
2.048Mbps
PBX
Channels
• Last frame switch waits for the entire frame, adds header and forwards it to router 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Frame Switching—Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Available Bandwidth Is Allocated Dynamically to Any Application that Needs It One Application Can Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other If that Traffic Is Not Present
• Can Be Used for Multiservice Applications Frame Switches Are Used for Multiservice Applications (DVV) (Less over Subscription and Reasonable Speed Links)
Cons • Unable to Guarantee Performance (in FIFO Mode) Frame Switches ‘Typically’ Operate in FIFO (First in-First out) Mode, so One Application Can Impact the Performance of Others
• Medium Delay and Variability in Delay Each Switch Has to Receive an Entire Frame before Forwarding It to the Next Switch; Therefore Transit Delay Increases with Number of Switches in the Path The FIFO Mode of Each Switch Causes a Variability at Each Switch 101 1045_05F9_c1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cell Switching Overview PBX
PBX
• Cells only within a switch and cells only at the egress of a switch • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Each application gets access to all available bandwidth; any application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Cell switching delay: low delay • Variability in delay: low 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
Ten Voice PBX Channels
• Router sends frame to first cell switch
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Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
Ten Voice PBX Channels
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
2.048Mbps
Ten Voice PBX Channels
• First cell switch starts to receive the frame; as it receives enough data to fill up the payload of one cell, it adds header and forwards to next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
Ten Voice PBX Channels
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
Ten Voice PBX Channels
• Second cell switch receives the cell and switches it to the next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
Ten Voice PBX Channels
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
2.048Mbps
Ten Voice PBX Channels
• Next cell switch receives the cells and forwards to next switch till the last switch where all cells are collected until the last cell is received
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Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
Ten Voice PBX Channels 2048 Bytes
256kbps PBX Ten Voice
256kbps 2.048Mbps
2.048Mbps
Channels
2.048Mbps
Ten Voice PBX Channels
• Last switch assembles the frame and forwards to the attached router 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Cell Switching—Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Available Bandwidth Is Allocated Dynamically to Any Application that Needs It One Application Can Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other if that Traffic Is Not Present
• Guaranteed performance Cell Switches with Efficient Traffic and Bandwidth Management Schemes Can Ensure that Each Application Receives Guaranteed Performance (TM, QoS Queuing, CAC, PNNI/UNI Etc.)
• Low Delay (Controlled and Bounded) and Low Variability in Delay Using Fixed Length Cells Ensures that Network Transit Delay and Variability in Delay Is Minimized Switches Use QoS-Based Queuing and Scheduling Such as CBR, VBR, ABR
• Typically Multiservice As a Result of Low Delay, Low Variability in Delay and the Ability to Guarantee Performance, Cell Switches Are Ideally Suited to Support Multiple Services Concurrently
Cons • Overhead However the Bandwidth Efficiency and Ability to Provide Low Delay and Low Variability in Delay in Cell Switching Easily Overcomes the Small Incremental Overhead 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Frame/Cell Switching Overview PBX
PBX
• Either cells or frames within a switch and both frames and cells at egress of switch • Frame switching is used for data and cells are injected for delay-sensitive traffic • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Each application gets access to all available bandwidth; any application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Frame/cell switching delay: increases with number of switches in path • Variability in delay: high 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Frame/Cell Switching— Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Available Bandwidth Is Allocated Dynamically to Any Application that Needs It One Application Can Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other if that Traffic Is Not Present
• Multiple Traffic Types Cell Injection Process Is Used to ‘Insert’ Delay Sensitive Traffic (Like Voice) During the Transfer of a Data Frame
Cons • Proprietary There Are No Standards for Frame/Cell Switching
• Unable to Guarantee Performance Cell Injection Causes Frames to Be Partially Transmitted and Possibly Buffered Along the Path; Frame-Based Traffic (Data) Suffers at the Expense of Cell Traffic; Increased Volumes of Cell Traffic Can Impact Quality Throughput and Performance of Frame-Based Traffic
• Bandwidth Inefficiency Increased Cell Traffic Can Cause Frame Traffic to Be Discarded in the Network, Thereby Reducing the ‘Quality Throughput’ or ‘Goodput’ of the Network
• High Delay and Variability in Delay Frame/Cell Switches Operate as Frame Switches for Data and Have Similar Delay Characteristics; Cell Injection Causes Additional Delays for Frame Traffic 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Packet over SONET Overview PBX
PBX
• Either cells or frames within a switch and SONET/SDH payload at egress of switch • POS is serial transmission of multiprotocol packets over SONET/SDH frames—efficient high-speed transport with low overhead • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Any application can burst up to the entire available bandwidth capacity-packet based infrastructure • Switching delay: low • Variability in delay: low 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Packet over SONET— Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Bandwidth Is Available to Any Application that Needs It
• Scalable Underlying Technology Can Scale in Speeds with Increase in Traffic Volume
• Efficiency-Overhead Direct Mapping of Packets over SONET Payload Increases Efficiency by Removing Overhead
• Fault-Tolerant, Reliability Carrier Class Redundancy with APS With Automatic Protection Switching, Very Fast Switchovers in Case of Failure
• Underlying Transport Flexibility Can Be Used with Different Underlying Transport-SONET/SDH ADMs, DWDM Equipment
Cons • More Suited Towards Packet-Based Applications Direct Mapping of Packets over Transport SONET/SDH Media
• QOS Evolving from Best-Effort to Guaranteed Approach Efforts Underway to Include Differentiated Service Mechanisms
• Not Suitable for Low Speed Links ‘Typically’ Used over High-Speed Fiber-Based Infrastructures 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Summary of Technologies Bandwidth Traffic Appl. Multiservice Scalability Efficiency Mgmt./QoS Performance Circuit Switching (TDM) X.25
*
***
*
**
*
**
*
*
*
*
Frame Switching
***
***
***
***
***
Cell Switching (ATM)
****
****
****
****
****
Frame/Cell Switching
***
***
***
***
***
Packet over SONET
****
**
**
***
***
* = Weak 101 1045_05F9_c1
* * = Fair
* * * = Good
* * * * = Excellent 43
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda
Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Frame Relay UNI LMI • • • •
UNI between end device and network Event notification Unidirectional update requests E-LMI allows one config. of switches and router • Same frame format as NNI Frame Relay Device Short Status Enquiry Short Status Enquiry Short Status Enquiry Long Status Enquiry
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ANSI ITU-T LMI
T1.617 Annex D Q.933 Annex A Signaling “Gang of Four” Cisco, NT, DEC
Frame Relay Device
Event
Short Status Update Short Status Update Short Status Update Long Status Update with Event Notification or if Async Updates Used Asynchronous Status Event 45
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Frame Relay NNI • • • •
NNI between networks Event notification Bi-directional update requests Allows foresight updates between two Cisco networks using CLLM • Same frame format as UNI Frame Relay Network 1 Short Status Enquiry Short Status Update Short Status Enquiry Long Status Enquiry Long Status Update 101 1045_05F9_c1
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ANSI
T1.618 Annex D
ITU-T
Q.933 Annex A
Frame Relay Network 2 Short Status Update Short Status Enquiry Short Status Update Long Status Update Long Status Enquiry 46
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ATM UNI and NNI Generic Flow Control
Virtual Path Identifier
Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier
Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier
Virtual Channel Identifier
Virtual Channel Identifier
Virtual Channel Identifier Payload Type
CLP
Virtual Channel Identifier Payload Type
Header Error Control (HEC)
Header Error Control (HEC)
UNI Header Format
NNI Header Format
CLP
• Unlike Frame Relay ATM UNI and NNI formats are different • UNI VPI range is 256 and VCI range is 65,535 • NNI VPI range is 4,096 and VCI range is 65,535 101 1045_05F9_c1
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ATM I—LMI Private UNI ATM End System
Private ATM Switch Public UNI
ATM End System
Public ATM Switch Public UNI
Private ATM Switch
Public ATM Switch
• • • •
Integrated local management interface-ilmi Use SNMP across UNI and NNI for ILMI MIB Uses AAL 5 encapsulation Used for ATM end system address (AESA) formerly NSAP addressing for svc’s • Automatic recognition of UNI or NNI interface protocol 101 1045_05F9_c1
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ATM I—LMI (Cont.) Get Get Response ATM End System
GetNext Set
Public or Private ATM Switch
Trap • Get—retrieve specified management information • GetNext—retrieve via traversal of MIB, management information • Set—alter management information • Trap—report extraordinary information 101 1045_05F9_c1
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Summary
• By selecting the right WAN technology and hardware, you can Build a uniform multiservice network for DVV consolidation Reduce recurring network operation costs (such as bandwidth) 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Follow-on Sessions • WAN Session #102 (Level 2)-Deploying WAN Technologies Session #103 (Level 3)-Advanced WAN Concepts and Troubleshooting Session #1201 (Product)-IGX/BPX/MGX Product Update Session #1208 (Product)-26xx/36xx/3810 Product Update
• Optical Session #604 (Level 1)-Introduction to Optical Carrier Services Session #605 (Level 2)-Deploying Optical Infrastructure Session #606 (Level 3)-Advanced Optical Technology Concepts Session #1202 (Product)-GSR Product Update 101 1045_05F9_c1
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Please Complete Your Evaluation Form Session 101
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