CHRONIC LEUKEMIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chronic Leukemia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00249-3 1. Chronic Leukemia-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chronic leukemia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHRONIC LEUKEMIA ................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chronic Leukemia ......................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA ................................................ 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 General References ....................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CHRONIC LEUKEMIA ............................................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Patent Applications on Chronic Leukemia................................................................................... 23 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHRONIC LEUKEMIA ................................................................................ 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapters on Chronic Leukemia .................................................................................................... 25 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 29 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 31 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 35 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 36 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 39 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 39 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 39 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 45 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 45 CHRONIC LEUKEMIA DICTIONARY ...................................................................................... 47 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 69
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chronic leukemia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chronic leukemia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chronic leukemia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chronic leukemia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chronic leukemia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chronic leukemia. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHRONIC LEUKEMIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chronic leukemia.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chronic leukemia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Granulocytic Sarcoma: Case Report with an Unusual Presentation and Review of the Literature Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 60(10): 1206-1211. October 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. Summary: Granulocytic sarcoma is a localized infiltrate of immature granulocytes in an extramedullary site, which superficially resembles sarcoma clinically. This article describes a case report of an unusual presentation of granulocytic sarcoma, followed by a review of the relevant literature. Granulocytic sarcoma is most frequently identified in patients known to suffer from acute or chronic leukemia or another myeloproliferative disorder. This report details the presentation of a granulocytic sarcoma at the apex of an
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endodontically treated tooth. The sarcoma clinically and histologically resembled a radicular cyst in a patient with a history of chemotherapy treatment. 4 figures. 1 table. 35 references.
Federally Funded Research on Chronic Leukemia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chronic leukemia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chronic leukemia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chronic leukemia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chronic leukemia: •
Project Title: EXPRESSION & FUNCTION OF P21CIP1 IN CHRONIC LEUKEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Dao, Mo A.; Medicine; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 31-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUL-2006 Summary: Chronic myeloid leukemia originates from hematopoietic stem cells harboring the fusion protein, p210bcr/abl. As a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, BCR/ABL disrupts numerous cellular events including cell proliferation and survival. In the current proposal, experimental designs will address the possible role of a cyclindependent kinase inhibitor, p21Cip1 in contributing to the aberrant cell cycle and survival of BCR/ABL-hematopoietic cells. Previous findings identified positive and negative role of p21 in cell proliferation. In addition, p21 can function as an antiapoptotic protein and has been shown to render transformed cells resistant to anticancer drugs. Of particular interest to CML, p21 protein is detected at higher levels in BCR/ABL-positive cells, compared to normal cells. Although highly labile, p21 protein is stabilized by phosphorylation mediated by AKT, an anti-apoptotic protein activated in CML. Based on these studies, it is intriguing to test whether p21Cip1 might contribute to the enhanced cell proliferation and survival observed in CML. RNA and protein studies will investigate the mechanism by which p21Cip1 is regulated in normal and BCR/ABL hematopoietic cells. Treatment with STI571 will delineate the contributing role of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase activity in p21 regulation. Retroviral introduction of BCR/ABL into hematopoietic progenitors from p21-wildtype, -hemizygous, and -null mice will determine the contributing role of p21 in BCR/ABL-transformation. Syngeneic transplantations of these cells will assess the impact of the varying p21 levels on the onset and progression of CML in vivo.
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MAGNETIC HEMATOPOIESIS
RESONANCE
STUDIES
OF
BONE
MARROW
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ballon, Douglas J.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 100216007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: The goals of the proposed work are to develop a non-invasive assay for characterizing hematopoieitic activity in human bone marrow, and to test its utility in monitoring and staging patients with hematologic malignancies. Presently, the needle aspirate and biopsy are used for definitive diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. In addition to causing patient discomfort, biopsies and aspirates are limited to superficial areas of bone, such as the posterior iliac crest. The proposed assay will be designed to complement information obtained from the needle biopsy by providing a measure of the spatial extent of disease, particularly at sites inaccessible to the needle biopsy. The technical goals of the project are concerned with the development of recently introduced magnetic resonance bone marrow scanning technology. It was demonstrated that nearly complete segmentation of leukemic bone marrow was possible using a high speed magnetic resonance imaging protocol with contrast based in part upon the self-diffusion coefficient of intracellular versus extracellular water. Furthermore, the quality of the segmentation was high enough to facilitate a projection scan approach which allows a rapid assessment of extent of disease. Earlier studies of the bone marrow by magnetic resonance could not definitively detect leukemic infiltration, but rather measured changes related to bone marrow cellularity. The present effect appears to specifically screen for abnormal cells in acute lymphocytic leukemia. The research plan includes studies to 1) improve the sensitivity of the method, 2) determine the range of hematologic pathologies where it is applicable, and 3) assess its utility for patient management. Patient populations will include acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. The utility of the methods will be assessed in 1) monitoring therapeutic efficacy in acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, and 2) staging in chronic leukemia, lymphoma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR DETECTION AND MONITORING OF LEUKEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Stock, Wendy; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 13-MAY-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The major translational goals of molecular diagnostic and minimal residual disease (MRD) studies in the CALGB Leukemia Correlative Science Committee (LCSC) are to identify new prognostic groups and to utilize this information to adapt therapy to improve treatment outcome. We propose to consolidate all molecular diagnostic and MRD monitoring studies into a comprehensive "Molecular Detection and Monitoring Core" that will provide high quality data to Leukemia Committee clinical trials and to other LCSC projects and cores. The work will be performed in three disease-specific laboratories: Dr. Stock's laboratory (University of Chicago) for ALL and CML; Dr. Slack's (Roswell Park) laboratory for APL; and Dr. Gribben's (Dana Farber) laboratory for CLL. Several goals are proposed for Project 5. First, we will continue to utilize Real-time PCR technology for the prospective molecular
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detection of specific disease subsets and evaluation of MRD, correlating these findings with response to novel therapies as they are tested in the next generation of CALGB leukemia trials in ALL, APL, CML, and CLL. We propose that assessment of response using quantitative MRD monitoring as a surrogate endpoint provides unique clinical insights that will be particularly relevant as we perform the first generation of molecularly targeted CALGB leukemia trials described below in detail. A second goal of Project 5 is to validate the use of quantitative MRD monitoring as an independent prognostic marker of outcome for patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Prospective MRD evaluation of large, uniformly treated patient cohorts is essential for identification and validation of a "threshold" level of MRD that may distinguish patients at high (or low) risk of relapse. We also propose, for the first time in CALGB Leukemia studies, to utilize MRD monitoring to adapt and individualize post-remission therapy. A fourth goal of this Project is closely linked to Project 3, Gene Profiling Studies in Leukemia. As new molecular "signatures" characterizing novel disease subsets are identified by gene profiling studies in Project 3, we will evaluate expression levels of new "molecular signature" genes in ALL, AML and CLL, using Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR methodology. The correlation of gene expression using Realtime RT-PCR with microarray findings will be useful for validating these data and will provide important new diagnostic and prognostic information about new molecular genetic subsets that may be used to adapt therapy in future CALGB treatment trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEQUENCE CHROMOSOMES
BASED
FISH
ANALYSIS
OF
PHILADELPHIA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Knoll, Joan H.; Children's Mercy Hosp (Kansas City, Mo) 2401 Gillham Rd Kansas City, Mo 64108 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) One of the most prevalent abnormalities in leukemia patients, the Philadelphia chromosome, a translocation of the ABL1 oncogene on chromosome 9 to the BCR gene on chromosome 22, occurs in adult chronic myelogenous leukemia and childhood acute chronic leukemia. In addition to the translocation, the commercial ES-probe used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories sometimes detects deletions of DNA sequences upstream of the ABL1 gene on the derivative 9 chromosome (in 1/10 to 1/3 of patients). These deletions appear to be prognostic for early blast crisis. We hypothesize that these deletions result in hemizygosity of additional genes adjacent to ABLI. These deletion breakpoints can be refined with high- resolution fluorescence in situ studies (scFISH), which uses short single copy (sc) DNA probes designed from the draft genome sequence. Chromosomal preparations of patient specimens diagnosed with Philadelphia chromosomes in clinical cytogenetic laboratories will be analyzed with these probes. ScFISH, which has been developed in our laboratories, provides an unprecedented level of resolution for delineating sequences associated with inherited chromosomal rearrangements by FISH (Rogan, Cazcarro, Knoll, 2001; Knoll, Cazcarro, Rogan, 2000). We have developed and validated single copy DNA probes (quickly and without cloning) for FISH analysis of more than 20 distinct chromosomal regions. We aim (1) to develop scFISH probes for ABL1 oncogene, BCR and their adjacent regions from the draft genome sequence and verify their locations by FISH; (2) to compare results with scFISH probes to those obtained using the commercially available ES-probes for t(9;22) on the same patient specimens; and (3a) to categorize cytogenetically positive t(9;22) into molecular subgroups based on the sizes of deletion centromeric to ABL1 and the breakpoints
Studies
7
within the BCR gene, (3b) to determine if there are preferential sites of breakage on chromosome 9 adjacent to ABL1, and to localize these sites. In contrast with scFISH probes, commercial reagents detecting this translocation routinely used in clinical laboratories comprise large multigenic segments. We anticipate that both the commercial and scFISH probes will detect the chromosomal translocation in some patients, however, only the scFISH probes are expected to delineate deletions in sequences immediately adjacent to ABL 1, and to distinguish the major and minor sites of breakage in the BCR gene that correspond to chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, respectively. The proposed study will delineate the chromosomal regions that undergo breakage in these types of leukemia and will establish whether there are common deletion breakage intervals on the translocated chromosome 9. Our long range goal is to classify patients based on the sites of translocation and deletion size, and then to determine if the disease complications can be attributed to the loss of specific genes adjacent to ABL1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chronic leukemia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chronic leukemia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A combination of lipopolysaccharide and B-cell growth factor increases lymphocyte metaphase yields in B-cell chronic leukemia. Author(s): Sato I, Tada M, Mikuni C, Abe S. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1993 April; 66(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500104
•
A proposal for the addition of hyperthermia to treatment regimens for acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Robins HI, Dennis WH, Steeves RA, Sondel PM. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1984 September; 2(9): 1050-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6381656
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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•
Abnormal expansions of granular lymphocytes: reactive lymphocytosis or chronic leukemia? Case report and literature review. Author(s): Gastl G, Rumpold H, Kraft D, Gattringer C, Schuler G, Margreiter R, Schmalzl F, Huber C. Source: Blut. 1986 February; 52(2): 73-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2936412
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Acute graft-versus-host disease: grade and outcome in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Working Party Chronic Leukemia of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Gratwohl A, Hermans J, Apperley J, Arcese W, Bacigalupo A, Bandini G, di Bartolomeo P, Boogaerts M, Bosi A, Carreras E, et al. Source: Blood. 1995 July 15; 86(2): 813-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7606012
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Adoptive immunotherapy in human and canine chimeras--the role of interferon alfa. EBMT Chronic Leukemia Working Party. Author(s): Kolb HJ, Mittermuller J, Hertenstein H, Schumm M, Holler E, de Witte T, Gunther W, Ljungman P, Goldman JM. Source: Semin Hematol. 1993 July; 30(3 Suppl 3): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8235705
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Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Working Party Chronic Leukemia of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Author(s): Gratwohl A, Hermans J. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1996 May; 17 Suppl 3: S7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8769691
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Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, and myelodysplasia. Author(s): Popplewell L, Forman SJ. Source: Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 1999 October; 13(5): 987-1015, Vi-Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10553258
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Ascites in chronic leukemia: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): May JT, Costanzi JJ. Source: Oncology. 1982; 39(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7058046
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•
Autologous stem cell transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukemia: a retrospective analysis of the European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT. Author(s): Reiffers J, Goldman J, Meloni G, Cahn JY, Gratwohl A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1994 September; 14(3): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7994263
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Autologous transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukemia: European results: Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT. Author(s): Reiffers J, Goldman J, Meloni G, Cahn JY, Faberes C, Apperley J. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1994; 14 Suppl 3: S51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7697010
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Blast cell crisis in acute or chronic leukemia. Author(s): Hoagland HC, Perry MC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 April 26; 235(17): 1888-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1062634
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Bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia: long-term results. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Gratwohl A, Hermans J, Niederwieser D, Frassoni F, Arcese W, Gahrton G, Bandini G, Carreras E, Vernant JP, Bosi A, et al. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1993 November; 12(5): 509-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8298562
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Bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings as first-line treatment in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: early transplantation is associated with improved outcome. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Runde V, de Witte T, Arnold R, Gratwohl A, Hermans J, van Biezen A, Niederwieser D, Labopin M, Walter-Noel MP, Bacigalupo A, Jacobsen N, Ljungman P, Carreras E, Kolb HJ, Aul C, Apperley J. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1998 February; 21(3): 255-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9489648
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Bone marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anemia and acute or chronic leukemia. Author(s): Schaefer UW, Mahmoud HK, Beelen DW, Hoffmann W, Becher R, Schmidt CG, Bamberg M, Quast U, Haralambie E, Linzenmeier G, et al. Source: Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ Der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft. [et Al]. 1986 April; 162(4): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3518096
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Chromosomal anomalies in acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Davidenkova EF, Kolosova NN. Source: Fed Proc Transl Suppl. 1965 July-August; 24(4): 711-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5213772
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Chronic indolent orofacial herpes simplex virus infection in chronic leukemia: a report of three cases. Author(s): Barrett AP. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 September; 66(3): 387-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3050711
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Chronic leukemia with a hybrid surface phenotype (T lymphocytic/myelomonocytic): leukemic cells displaying natural killer activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Author(s): Schlimok G, Thiel E, Rieber EP, Huhn D, Feucht H, Lohmeyer J, Riethmuller G. Source: Blood. 1982 June; 59(6): 1157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6979354
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Current therapy of acute and chronic leukemia in adults. Author(s): Henderson ES, Han T. Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1986 November-December; 36(6): 322-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3096521
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Diagnosis and treatment of chronic leukemia. Author(s): Collins PM. Source: Semin Oncol Nurs. 1990 February; 6(1): 31-43. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2406827
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Diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of patients with chronic leukemia. Author(s): Breed CD. Source: Semin Oncol Nurs. 2003 May; 19(2): 109-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12830735
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Donor leukocyte transfusions for treatment of leukemic relapse after bone marrow transplantation. EBMT Immunology and Chronic Leukemia Working Parties. Author(s): Kolb HJ. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1998; 74 Suppl 2: 321-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704463
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Effects of ubenimex, a biological response modifier, on myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Tatsumi N, Sannomiya Y, Sasaki A, Im T, Ota K, Oohira H, Nakao H, Yasui Y. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1991; 45(2-3): 95-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1912374
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Enhancement of mixed lymphocyte culture reactions between donor and recipient in B cell chronic leukemia using antibody-coated beads. Author(s): Measel JW Jr, Cammarata P, Ferguson KA, Distefano A. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 1988; 12(1-6): 605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2972363
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Epidemiology of influenza A virus infection in patients with acute or chronic leukemia. Author(s): Elting LS, Whimbey E, Lo W, Couch R, Andreeff M, Bodey GP. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 1995 May; 3(3): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7655781
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European results of matched unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Impact of HLA class II matching. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Devergie A, Apperley JF, Labopin M, Madrigal A, Jacobsen N, Carreras E, Prentice HG, Jouet JP, Kolb HJ, Herstenstein B, Bacigalupo A, Evensen SA, Ljungman P, de Witte T, Reiffers J, Nagler A, Clark RE, Goldman JM, Gratwohl A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1997 July; 20(1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9232250
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Explaining different profiles in quality of life experiences in acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Bertero C, Eriksson BE, Ek AC. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1997 April; 20(2): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145558
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Factors influencing remission post-BMT in patients with acute and chronic leukemia prepared with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation (TBI). Author(s): Bacigalupo A, Van Lint MT, Frassoni F, Occhini D, Gualandi F, Lamparelli T, Sogno G, Tedone E, Frassoni F, Tong J, et al. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1991; 7 Suppl 3: 62-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1855091
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Fibrinolytic and proteolytic activity in acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Girolami A, Cliffton EE. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1966 June; 251(6): 638-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4223510
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Friend leukemia: a model for the physiopathology of human chronic leukemia. Author(s): Smadja-Joffe F, Jasmin C, Kerdiles C, Klein B. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1975 December; 11(12): 831-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=767113
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Gastrointestinal complications in patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Dewar GJ, Lim CN, Michalyshyn B, Akabutu J. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1981 January; 24(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6970067
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Graft-versus-leukemia effect of donor lymphocyte transfusions in marrow grafted patients. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Working Party Chronic Leukemia. Author(s): Kolb HJ, Schattenberg A, Goldman JM, Hertenstein B, Jacobsen N, Arcese W, Ljungman P, Ferrant A, Verdonck L, Niederwieser D, et al. Source: Blood. 1995 September 1; 86(5): 2041-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7655033
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Granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective European multicenter survey. Acute and Chronic Leukemia Working Parties of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Bekassy AN, Hermans J, Gorin NC, Gratwohl A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1996 May; 17(5): 801-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8733701
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HLA-B8 and HLA-A3 coexpressed with HLA-B8 are associated with a reduced risk of the development of chronic myeloid leukemia. The Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT. Author(s): Posthuma EF, Falkenburg JH, Apperley JF, Gratwohl A, Roosnek E, Hertenstein B, Schipper RF, Schreuder GM, D'Amaro J, Oudshoorn M, van Biezen JH, Hermans J, Willemze R, Niederwieser D. Source: Blood. 1999 June 1; 93(11): 3863-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10339494
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HLA-DR4 is associated with a diminished risk of the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry. Author(s): Posthuma EF, Falkenburg JH, Apperley JF, Gratwohl A, Hertenstein B, Schipper RF, Oudshoorn M, Biezen JH, Hermans J, Willemze R, Roosnek E, Niederwieser D. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2000 May; 14(5): 859-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10803518
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Hodgkin's disease of donor origin after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for myelogeneous chronic leukemia. Author(s): Meignin V, Devergie A, Brice P, Brison O, Parquet N, Ribaud P, Cojean I, Gaulard P, Gluckman E, Socie G, Janin A. Source: Transplantation. 1998 February 27; 65(4): 595-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500643
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How should corticosteroids be used in the treatment of acute GVHD? EBMT Chronic Leukemia Working Party. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Ruutu T, Hermans J, van Biezen A, Niederwieser D, Gratwohl A, Apperley JF. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1998 September; 22(6): 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9758357
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Implant placement and restoration following bone marrow transplantation for chronic leukemia: a case report. Author(s): Curtis JW Jr. Source: Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996 January-February; 11(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8820126
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Incidence and outcome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after blood or marrow transplantation: a prospective cohort study of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Chronic Leukemia Working Party. Author(s): Carreras E, Bertz H, Arcese W, Vernant JP, Tomas JF, Hagglund H, Bandini G, Esperou H, Russell J, de la Rubia J, Di Girolamo G, Demuynck H, Hartmann O, Clausen J, Ruutu T, Leblond V, Iriondo A, Bosi A, Ben-Bassat I, Koza V, Gratwohl A, Apperley JF. Source: Blood. 1998 November 15; 92(10): 3599-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9808553
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Influence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease on relapse and survival after bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings as treatment of acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Sullivan KM, Weiden PL, Storb R, Witherspoon RP, Fefer A, Fisher L, Buckner CD, Anasetti C, Appelbaum FR, Badger C, et al. Source: Blood. 1989 May 1; 73(6): 1720-8. Erratum In: Blood 1989 August 15; 74(3): 1180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2653460
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Interferon DNA polymorphism in chronic leukemia. Author(s): Rozenblum E, Larripa I, Barazzutti L, Rendo P, Avalos JS. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994 March; 13(1-2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7912973
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Leukapheresis in the management of chronic leukemia. Author(s): Fortuny IE, Crandall L, McCullough J, Theologides A, Kennedy BJ. Source: Minn Med. 1973 August; 56(8): 674-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4521856
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Long-term results after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase: a report from the Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): van Rhee F, Szydlo RM, Hermans J, Devergie A, Frassoni F, Arcese W, de Witte T, Kolb HJ, Niederwiser D, Jacobsen N, Gahrton G, Bandini G, Carreras E, Bacigalupo A, Michallet M, Ruutu T, Reiffers J, Goldman JM, Apperley J, Gratwohl A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1997 October; 20(7): 553-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9337056
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Low IL-1 beta production in leukemic cells from progressive B cell chronic leukemia (B-CLL). Author(s): Aguilar-Santelises M, Amador JF, Mellstedt H, Jondal M. Source: Leukemia Research. 1989; 13(10): 937-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2586147
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Lung cancer in chronic leukemia and lymphoma. Author(s): Libshitz HI, Zornoza J, McLarty JW. Source: Radiology. 1978 May; 127(2): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=347493
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Lymphocytic infiltrates and subclinical epithelial tumor extension in patients with chronic leukemia and solid-organ transplantation. Author(s): Mehrany K, Byrd DR, Roenigk RK, Weenig RH, Phillips PK, Nguyen TH, Otley CC. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 February; 29(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562340
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MCL-1 promoter insertions dial-up aggressiveness of chronic leukemia. Author(s): Kitada S, Reed JC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 May 5; 96(9): 642-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15126592
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Natural killer cells in chronic leukemia. Function and markers. Author(s): Sorskaar D, Forre O, Stavem P. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988; 87(2): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2973442
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New drugs in the treatment of acute and chronic leukemia with some emphasis on mAMSA. Author(s): Jehn U, Heinemann V. Source: Anticancer Res. 1991 March-April; 11(2): 705-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2064323
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Outcome for patients who relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Chronic Leukemia Working Party. European Bone Marrow Transplantation Group. Author(s): Arcese W, Goldman JM, D'Arcangelo E, Schattenberg A, Nardi A, Apperley JF, Frassoni F, Aversa F, Prentice HG, Ljungman P, et al. Source: Blood. 1993 November 15; 82(10): 3211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7693042
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Particular secondary chromosome changes in chronic leukemia t (8;17): report of two cases. Author(s): Petit P, van den Berghe H. Source: Annales De Genetique. 1981; 24(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6971612
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Peripheral retinal microaneurysms in chronic leukemia. Author(s): Jampol LM, Goldberg MF, Busse B. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1975 August; 80(2): 242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1057377
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Plasma and urine cyclic nucleotide levels in patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Peracchi M, Lombardi L, Maiolo AT, Bamonti-Catena F, Toschi V, Chiorboli O, Mozzana R, Polli EE. Source: Blood. 1983 March; 61(3): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6297636
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Postsplenectomy infection in patients with chronic leukemia. Author(s): Mower WR, Hawkins JA, Nelson EW. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1986 December; 152(6): 583-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3538923
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Prolonged T1 relaxation of the hemopoietic bone marrow in patients with chronic leukemia. Author(s): Jensen KE, Sorensen PG, Thomsen C, Christoffersen P, Henriksen O, Karle H. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1990 September; 31(5): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2261287
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Prophylactic use of interferon alfa after bone marrow transplantation for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia at high risk of relapse: a pilot study. The Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT. Author(s): Niederwieser D, Arcese W, Bandini G, Schwaighofer H, Thaler J, Bosi A, Di Bartolomeo P, Alessandrino EP, Urban C, Gratwohl A. Source: Semin Hematol. 1993 July; 30(3 Suppl 3): 40-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8235706
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Pseudohypoglycemia in chronic leukemia. Author(s): Assaad SN, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Samaan NA. Source: Tex Med. 1988 July; 84(7): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3166239
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Risk assessment for patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia before allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Gratwohl A, Hermans J, Goldman JM, Arcese W, Carreras E, Devergie A, Frassoni F, Gahrton G, Kolb HJ, Niederwieser D, Ruutu T, Vernant JP, de Witte T, Apperley J. Source: Lancet. 1998 October 3; 352(9134): 1087-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798583
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Risk assessment in patients with Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia at first relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplant: an EBMT retrospective analysis. The Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Guglielmi C, Arcese W, Hermans J, Bacigalupo A, Bandini G, Bunjes D, Carreras E, Devergie A, Frassoni F, Goldman J, Gratwohl A, Kolb HJ, Iori AP, Niederwieser D, Prentice HG, de Witte T, Apperley J. Source: Blood. 2000 June 1; 95(11): 3328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10828012
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Role of serum ferritin in assessment of disease activity in acute & chronic leukemia. Author(s): Ahlawat S, Bhargava M, Arya LS, Kochupillai V, Kumar R. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1994 August; 100: 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7927558
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Role of splenic irradiation in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Author(s): Gratwohl A, van Biezen A, Hermans J, Apperley J. Source: Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation : Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2000; 6(2A): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10816030
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Splenic enlargement and hyperfunction as indications for splenectomy in chronic leukemia. Author(s): Mentzer SJ, Osteen RT, Starnes HF, Moloney WC, Rosenthal D, Canellos G, Wilson RE. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1987 January; 205(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2432841
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Suppression of normal granulopoiesis in vitro by a leukemia-associated inhibitor (LAI) of acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Olofsson T, Olsson I. Source: Blood. 1980 June; 55(6): 975-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6929716
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Surface immunoglobulins in human chronic leukemia cells. Author(s): Harlozinska A, Noworolska A, Richter R, Becker M. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1980; 28(1): 127-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6774692
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Surgery in patients with chronic leukemia. Experience with 31 patients. Author(s): Bender AS, Leavell BS. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1967 December; 94(12): 753-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5236214
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Synthesis and induction of apoptosis in B cell chronic leukemia by diosgenyl 2amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside hydrochloride and its derivatives. Author(s): Myszka H, Bednarczyk D, Najder M, Kaca W. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2003 January 20; 338(2): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12526837
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Telomerase activity and telomere length in acute and chronic leukemia, pre- and postex vivo culture. Author(s): Engelhardt M, Mackenzie K, Drullinsky P, Silver RT, Moore MA. Source: Cancer Research. 2000 February 1; 60(3): 610-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10676644
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The biological therapy of acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Caron PC, Scheinberg DA. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1997; 15(4): 342-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246157
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The effect of bestatin on patients with acute and chronic leukemia and malignant lymphoma. Author(s): Arimori S, Nagao T, Shimizu Y, Watanabe K, Komatsuda M. Source: Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1980 January; 5(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6930119
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The effect of splenic x-irradiation on the ferrokintics of chronic leukemia with a clinical study. Author(s): Awwad HK, Badeeb AO, Massoud GE, Salah M. Source: Blood. 1967 February; 29(2): 242-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5337582
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The role of alkylating agents in acute and chronic leukemia. Author(s): Canellos GP. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1989 January; 4 Suppl 1: 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2713560
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The serological detection of leukemia-associated antigens in chronic leukemia: correlation with disease status. Author(s): Pollack MS, Slimp GH, Sokal JE. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1977; 3: 93-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=414619
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Trends in survival rates after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for acute and chronic leukemia by ethnicity in the United States and Canada. Author(s): Serna DS, Lee SJ, Zhang MJ, Baker S, Eapen M, Horowitz MM, Klein JP, Rizzo JD, Loberiza FR Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 October 15; 21(20): 3754-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551294
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Tumor necrosis factor mediates autocrine growth inhibition in a chronic leukemia. Author(s): Duncombe AS, Heslop HE, Turner M, Meager A, Priest R, Exley T, Brenner MK. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1989 December 1; 143(11): 382834. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2584719
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Use of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children given allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute or chronic leukemia. Author(s): Locatelli F, Pession A, Zecca M, Bonetti F, Prete L, Carra AM, Prete A, Montagna D, Comoli P, Taibi RM, Paolucci G. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1996 January; 17(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8673051
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chronic leukemia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chronic leukemia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chronic leukemia: •
The chronic leukemias: current and novel therapeutic approaches. Author(s): Rathore R, Elfenbein GJ. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2003 August; 86(8): 240-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14582218
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to chronic leukemia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
23
CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CHRONIC LEUKEMIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.4 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chronic leukemia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chronic leukemia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Chronic Leukemia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.5 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chronic leukemia:
4Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 5 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
24
•
Chronic Leukemia
Method for treating hematologic disorders with water insoluble 20 (S)-camptothecin Inventor(s): Giovanella, Beppino C.; (Houston, TX), Kartarjian, Hagop M.; (Bellaire, TX), Natelson, Ethan A.; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Luke A. Kilyk, ESQ.; Kilyk & Bowersox, P.L.L.C.; 3603-E Chain Bridge Road; Fairfax; VA; 22030; US Patent Application Number: 20020131997 Date filed: April 20, 2000 Abstract: A method is provided for treating a patient afflicted with a hematologic disorder such as chronic leukemia and the myelodysplastic syndromes. The method includes administering to the patient an effective amount of a water-insoluble 20(S)camptothecin compound with a closed lactone ring, a derivative thereof, or a mixture thereof. In a preferred method, the compound administered is 9-nitro-20(S)camptothecin. The compound can be administered orally, intramuscularly, transdermally, subcutaneously, or parenterally. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treating hematologic disorders, and, in particular, to methods of treating the myelodysplastic syndromes and the use of particular compositions for the treatment. Hematologic disorders include abnormal growth of blood cells which can lead to dysplastic changes in blood cells and hematologic malignancies such as various leukemias. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia that occurs in adults. Several inherited genetic disorders and immunodeficiency states are associated with an increased risk of AML. These include disorders with defects in DNA stability, leading to random chormosomal breakage, such as Bloom's syndrome, Fanconi's anemia, Li-Fraumeni kindreds, ataxiatelangiectasia, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Cytoarabine (Ara-C) has been used alone or in combination with anthracycline or daunorubicin to treat AML. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chronic leukemia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chronic leukemia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chronic leukemia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
25
CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHRONIC LEUKEMIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chronic leukemia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chronic leukemia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Chapters on Chronic Leukemia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chronic leukemia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chronic leukemia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chronic leukemia: •
Bleeding Disorders Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1997. p. 466-494. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $48.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815156340. Summary: A working knowledge of the multitude of compromised health states is essential for dental professionals, as the majority of medically compromised patients need or want oral health care. This chapter on bleeding disorders is from a text that provides the dental practitioner with an up to date reference work describing the dental management of patients with selected medical problems. In this chapter, the authors provide dentists with an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the normal control of bleeding, describe the common causes of bleeding problems, present an
26
Chronic Leukemia
approach for indentifying patients with possible bleeding disorders, and describe in general terms the management of these patients once they have been identified. The authors discuss incidence and prevalence, etiology, pathophysiology and complications, classification, signs and symptoms (clinical presentation and laboratory findings), the medical management of patients with various bleeding diseases, and the dental management of this population. Topics covered in the last section include aspirin therapy, Coumarin therapy, possible liver disease, chronic leukemia, malabsorption syndrome, long term antibiotic therapy, end stage renal disease (ESRD), hemodialysis, vascular wall alteration, and management of the patient with a serious bleeding disorder (e.g., hemophilia or thrombocytopenia). 9 figures. 23 tables. 50 references. •
Blood Dyscrasias Source: in Little, J.W.; Falace, D.A. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 439-459. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801668379. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook on the dental management of medically compromised patients, discusses blood dyscrasias. The authors present the most common disorders of the white and red blood cells that may influence dental treatment. They note that these patients may be susceptible to abnormal bleeding, delayed healing, infection, or mucosal ulceration. Disorders covered are covered in two broad categories. The first is anemia, including during menses and pregnancy, pernicious anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and anemia resulting from renal disease. The second category is white blood cell disorders, including leukocytosis and leukopenia, infectious mononucleosis, leukemia and lymphoma, acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. After a review of each of these conditions, the authors discuss their dental management, including medical considerations, treatment planning modifications, and oral complications. 9 references. 14 tables. 28 references.
27
APPENDICES
29
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
6
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
30
Chronic Leukemia
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
31
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
7
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Chronic Leukemia
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 33456 139 984 54 669 35302
HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
9
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
10
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
33
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
14 Adapted 15
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
35
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chronic leukemia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chronic leukemia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chronic leukemia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chronic leukemia”:
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Chronic Leukemia
Bone Marrow Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowdiseases.html Lymphoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphoma.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chronic leukemia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chronic leukemia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chronic leukemia.
Patient Resources
37
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chronic leukemia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chronic leukemia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chronic leukemia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chronic leukemia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chronic leukemia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
39
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
17
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
40
Chronic Leukemia
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
18
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
41
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
43
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
45
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
47
CHRONIC LEUKEMIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Agammaglobulinemia: An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in
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the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]
Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the
death occurs (the other being the mechanism responsible for the intrinsically programmed. It is nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin
Dictionary 49
cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to
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Chronic Leukemia
fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast Crisis: Rapid increase in the proportion of blast cells in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca
Dictionary 51
acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH]
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Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names.
Dictionary 53
Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and
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immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain
Dictionary 55
microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH]
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Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The transference of stem cells from one animal or human to another (allogeneic), or within the same individual (autologous). The source for the stem cells may be the bone marrow or peripheral blood. Stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated
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hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Veins: Veins which drain the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease: Blockage of the small- or medium-sized hepatic veins due to nonthrombotic subendothelial edema which may progress to fibrosis. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They
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are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and -
Dictionary 59
gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]
Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemic Infiltration: A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site. [NIH] Leukocyte Transfusion: The transfer of leukocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood
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is reduced. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transfusion: The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphocytosis: Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH]
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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucosal Ulceration: Skin ulceration in workers who work with lime and lime solutions. [NIH]
Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]
Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Conditions in which the bone marrow shows qualitative and quantitative changes suggestive of a preleukemic process, but having a chronic course that does not necessarily terminate as acute leukemia. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]
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Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and
Dictionary 63
teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va
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Chronic Leukemia
and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular Cyst: Slow-growing fluid-filled epithelial sac at the apex of a tooth with a nonvital pulp or defective root canal filling. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor
Dictionary 65
cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Residual disease: Cancer cells that remain after attempts have been made to remove the cancer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH]
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Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH]
Dictionary 67
Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU]
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Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
69
INDEX A Abdominal, 47, 60 Abdominal Pain, 47, 60 Aberrant, 4, 47 Acute leukemia, 8, 24, 47, 61 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 47 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 5, 7, 47 Agammaglobulinemia, 24, 47 Aggressiveness, 15, 47 Algorithms, 47, 50 Alkaloid, 47, 50 Alkylating Agents, 18, 47 Allogeneic, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 47, 56 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 47 Alopecia, 47, 54 Alternative medicine, 47 Anaesthesia, 47, 58 Anaphylatoxins, 47, 53 Anemia, 24, 26, 48, 61, 62 Anomalies, 10, 48, 67 Anthracycline, 24, 48, 54 Antibiotic, 26, 48, 54 Antibodies, 48, 57, 63 Antibody, 10, 11, 48, 52, 58, 59, 61, 64, 68 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 48, 59 Antigen, 48, 53, 58 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 48, 53 Anti-inflammatory, 48, 49 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 48, 49 Antineoplastic, 47, 48, 53 Antineoplastic Agents, 47, 48 Aplastic anemia, 9, 48 Apoptosis, 18, 48 Arterial, 49, 64 Articular, 15, 49 Aspirate, 5, 49 Aspirin, 26, 49 Assay, 5, 49 Ataxia, 24, 49, 67 Atypical, 49, 58 Autologous, 9, 49, 56 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 49, 56 B Bacteria, 48, 49, 68
Basal Ganglia, 49 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 49 Base, 49, 59, 66 Basophils, 49, 56 Bile, 49, 60 Biological response modifier, 11, 49, 50, 58 Biological therapy, 18, 49 Biological Transport, 50, 54 Biopsy, 5, 50 Biotechnology, 7, 31, 50 Bladder, 50, 68 Blast Crisis, 6, 50 Blast phase, 50, 52 Bloating, 50, 60 Blood Cell Count, 50, 62 Blood Platelets, 50, 67 Blood vessel, 50, 66, 67, 68 Bone Marrow, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 36, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 56, 57, 60, 61 Bone Marrow Cells, 50, 52, 61 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 50 Brachytherapy, 50, 59, 64, 68 C Calcium, 50, 52 Camptothecin, 24, 50 Carcinogenic, 47, 51, 63 Carcinogens, 51, 62 Carotene, 51, 65 Case report, 3, 8, 13, 51, 52 Case series, 51, 52 Caudal, 51, 63 Cell Cycle, 4, 51, 53 Cell Death, 48, 51, 61 Cell Division, 49, 51, 54, 60, 61, 63 Cell proliferation, 4, 51 Cell Transplantation, 9, 19, 51, 56 Central Nervous System, 51, 56, 59 Cerebellar, 49, 51, 64 Cerebral, 49, 51, 55 Cerebral Cortex, 49, 51 Chemotactic Factors, 51, 53 Chemotherapy, 4, 51 Chimeras, 8, 51 Chromatin, 48, 52, 55, 60, 61 Chromosomal, 6, 10, 52, 66 Chromosome, 6, 15, 52, 66
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Chronic Disease, 52 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 52 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 6, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 50, 52 Chronic phase, 14, 52 CIS, 52, 65 Clinical study, 18, 52 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 31, 52, 64 Cloning, 6, 50, 52 Cofactor, 52, 64 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 52, 56 Complement, 5, 48, 52, 53, 56 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 22, 53 Complementary medicine, 21, 53 Complete remission, 53, 65 Computational Biology, 31, 53 Cones, 53, 65 Conjunctiva, 53, 58 Connective Tissue, 50, 53, 55, 65 Contraindications, ii, 53 Corticosteroids, 13, 53 Cyclic, 16, 53 Cyclin, 4, 53 Cyclophosphamide, 11, 53 Cyst, 49, 54 Cytogenetics, 6, 7, 54 Cytoplasm, 48, 49, 54, 55, 60, 61 Cytotoxicity, 10, 54 D Daunorubicin, 24, 54 Deletion, 6, 48, 54 Dentists, 25, 54 Diagnostic procedure, 23, 54 Dialyzer, 54, 56 Diarrhea, 54, 60 Diffusion, 5, 50, 54, 58 Digestion, 49, 54, 60, 66 Direct, iii, 54, 65 Dorsal, 54, 63 E Edema, 54, 57 Effector, 48, 52, 54, 59 Effector cell, 48, 54, 59 Efficacy, 5, 54, 67 Effusion, 54, 60 Embryo, 54, 58 Endotoxins, 53, 54 Environmental Exposure, 55, 62 Environmental Health, 30, 32, 55 Enzymatic, 50, 51, 53, 55, 65 Enzyme, 51, 54, 55, 64, 67, 68
Eosinophils, 55, 56 Epinephrine, 55, 67 Epithelial, 15, 50, 55, 64 Erythrocytes, 48, 50, 55, 64 External-beam radiation, 55, 59, 64, 68 Extracellular, 5, 53, 55 F Family Planning, 31, 55 Fat, 50, 51, 55, 60, 66 Ferritin, 17, 55 Fibrosis, 55, 57 Fine-needle aspiration, 55, 61 Fluorescence, 6, 55 G Gas, 54, 55, 60, 61 Gastrointestinal, 12, 55, 59 Gene, 6, 50, 55, 56, 62 Gene Expression, 6, 55 Genetic Engineering, 50, 52, 56 Genetics, 7, 54, 56 Genotype, 56, 62 Glucose, 26, 56, 57 Glycoprotein, 56 Governing Board, 56, 63 Grade, 8, 56 Graft, 8, 12, 14, 56, 58 Graft Rejection, 56, 58 Graft-versus-host disease, 8, 14, 56 Granulocyte, 19, 52, 56 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 19, 52, 56 H Headache, 56, 58 Hematologic malignancies, 5, 24, 56 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 8, 56 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 4, 56 Hemodialysis, 26, 54, 56 Hemoglobin, 48, 50, 55, 56 Hemophilia, 26, 57 Hepatic, 13, 57 Hepatic Veins, 57 Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease, 13, 57 Hepatitis, 57, 58 Hereditary, 57 Heredity, 55, 56, 57 Herpes, 10, 57 Herpes Zoster, 57 Hormone, 53, 55, 57, 67 Hybrid, 10, 57 Hydrolysis, 57, 64 Hyperthermia, 7, 57
71
I Ileum, 57, 59 Immune response, 48, 56, 57, 58, 68 Immune system, 49, 54, 57, 58, 68 Immunization, 57, 58 Immunodeficiency, 24, 57 Immunoglobulins, 17, 57 Immunologic, 47, 51, 57, 58, 64 Immunosuppressant, 47, 58 Immunosuppressive, 54, 58 Immunosuppressive therapy, 58 Immunotherapy, 8, 50, 58 Implant radiation, 58, 59, 64, 68 In situ, 6, 58 In vitro, 17, 58 In vivo, 4, 58 Incision, 58, 59 Indolent, 10, 58 Induction, 18, 58 Infection, 10, 11, 16, 26, 49, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58, 60, 66, 68 Infectious Mononucleosis, 26, 58 Infiltration, 58, 59 Inflammation, 48, 49, 55, 57, 58, 63, 66 Influenza, 11, 58 Interferon, 8, 14, 16, 58, 59, 60 Interferon-alpha, 58, 59 Internal radiation, 59, 64, 68 Interstitial, 50, 59, 68 Intestinal, 51, 59, 60 Intestines, 47, 55, 59, 65 Intracellular, 5, 58, 59 Invasive, 5, 59, 60 Irradiation, 11, 17, 18, 59, 68 K Kb, 30, 59 Killer Cells, 15, 59 L Labile, 4, 52, 59 Leucocyte, 59, 60 Leukemic Infiltration, 5, 59 Leukocyte Transfusion, 10, 59 Leukocytosis, 26, 59 Leukopenia, 26, 59 Lipid, 60 Lipopolysaccharide, 7, 60 Liver, 26, 47, 49, 54, 57, 59, 60 Localized, 3, 58, 60, 63 Lymph, 58, 60 Lymphadenopathy, 58, 60 Lymphatic, 58, 60, 66 Lymphoblasts, 47, 60
Lymphocyte Transfusion, 12, 60 Lymphocytes, 8, 48, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 68 Lymphocytic, 10, 15, 52, 59, 60 Lymphocytosis, 8, 60 Lymphoid, 48, 53, 59, 60 Lymphoma, 5, 14, 18, 26, 36, 56, 60 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 5, 60 Malabsorption, 26, 60 Malabsorption syndrome, 26, 60 Malignant, 18, 48, 60, 61, 64, 65 Malignant tumor, 60, 61 Mediate, 59, 60 MEDLINE, 31, 60 Melanin, 60, 62, 67 Membrane, 53, 54, 60, 61, 65, 67 Metaphase, 7, 60 Mitochondrial Swelling, 60, 61 Mitosis, 49, 61 Modification, 56, 61, 64 Molecular, 5, 6, 31, 33, 50, 53, 54, 61 Molecule, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57, 61, 64, 67 Monoclonal, 59, 61, 64, 68 Mononuclear, 58, 61 Mucosal Ulceration, 26, 61 Multiple Myeloma, 5, 26, 61 Mutagenic, 47, 61 Myalgia, 58, 61 Myelodysplasia, 8, 61 Myelodysplastic Syndromes, 9, 24, 61 Myelogenous, 7, 22, 61 Myeloma, 5, 61 N Nasal Mucosa, 58, 61 Necrosis, 19, 48, 61 Needle biopsy, 5, 55, 61 Neoplasm, 61, 65 Neutrons, 59, 61, 64 Neutrophils, 56, 61 Nitrogen, 47, 53, 61 Nuclear, 49, 51, 61, 62 Nuclei, 56, 60, 61, 62 Nucleus, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 67 Nursing Care, 10, 62 O Oncogene, 6, 62 Opsin, 62, 65 Oral Health, 25, 62 Organ Transplantation, 15, 62 Orofacial, 10, 62 P Partial remission, 62, 65
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Pathologic, 49, 50, 59, 62 Pathologic Processes, 49, 62 Pathologies, 5, 62 Pathophysiology, 26, 62 Peptide, 62, 64 Peripheral blood, 56, 59, 62 Peripheral stem cells, 56, 62 Pernicious, 26, 62 Pernicious anemia, 26, 62 Pharmacologic, 62, 67 Pharynx, 58, 62 Phenotype, 10, 62 Phenylalanine, 62, 67 Phosphorus, 50, 62, 63 Phosphorylation, 4, 63 Pigments, 51, 63, 65 Pilot study, 16, 63 Plants, 47, 56, 63, 67 Plasma, 16, 48, 52, 57, 61, 63 Plasma cells, 48, 61, 63 Pneumonia, 53, 63 Polymorphism, 14, 63 Posterior, 5, 49, 54, 63 Practicability, 63, 67 Practice Guidelines, 32, 63 Precursor, 53, 54, 55, 56, 62, 63, 67 Prevalence, 26, 63 Probe, 6, 63 Progression, 4, 63 Progressive, 14, 61, 63 Projection, 5, 63, 64 Promoter, 15, 63 Protein C, 55, 63 Protein S, 4, 50, 64 Proteins, 48, 52, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 Proteinuria, 61, 64 Proteolytic, 12, 53, 64 Protocol, 5, 64 Public Policy, 31, 64 Q Quality of Life, 11, 64 R Radiation, 55, 57, 59, 64, 68 Radiation therapy, 55, 59, 64, 68 Radicular Cyst, 4, 64 Radioactive, 58, 59, 62, 64, 68 Radiolabeled, 59, 64, 68 Radiotherapy, 50, 59, 64, 68 Randomized, 54, 64 Recombinant, 19, 64 Red blood cells, 26, 55, 64 Red Nucleus, 49, 64
Refer, 1, 52, 57, 61, 65 Regimen, 54, 65 Relapse, 6, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 65 Remission, 6, 11, 65 Residual disease, 5, 65 Retina, 53, 65 Retinal, 15, 65 Retinol, 65 Retrospective, 9, 12, 17, 65 Rhodopsin, 62, 65 Rods, 65 S Sarcoma, 3, 12, 65 Screening, 52, 65 Segmentation, 5, 65 Semisynthetic, 51, 65 Serum, 17, 48, 52, 65 Side effect, 50, 54, 65, 67 Signs and Symptoms, 26, 65 Skeletal, 61, 66 Social Environment, 64, 66 Soft tissue, 50, 66 Specialist, 37, 66 Species, 47, 51, 55, 57, 61, 62, 66, 67 Sperm, 52, 66 Spleen, 59, 60, 66 Splenectomy, 17, 66 Splenomegaly, 58, 66 Staging, 5, 66 Stem Cells, 47, 56, 62, 66 Sterility, 54, 66 Steroids, 53, 66 Stimulus, 54, 66, 67 Stomach, 47, 55, 57, 59, 62, 66 Subacute, 58, 66 Subclinical, 15, 58, 66 Survival Rate, 19, 66 Systemic, 55, 58, 59, 64, 66, 68 T Telangiectasia, 24, 66 Telomere, 18, 66 Teratogenic, 47, 67 Thalamic, 49, 67 Thalamic Diseases, 49, 67 Threshold, 6, 67 Thrombocytopenia, 26, 67 Thrombosis, 64, 67 Thyroid, 67 Tissue, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67 Toxic, iv, 47, 54, 55, 67 Toxicology, 32, 67
73
Toxins, 48, 54, 58, 67 Transcriptase, 6, 67 Transfection, 50, 67 Translational, 5, 67 Translocation, 6, 67 Transplantation, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 57, 67 Trauma, 49, 56, 61, 67 Treatment Outcome, 5, 67 Tyrosine, 4, 67 U Ulceration, 61, 67 Urethra, 68 Urine, 16, 50, 52, 64, 68 V Vaccine, 64, 68
Vascular, 26, 58, 68 Venous, 50, 64, 68 Veterinary Medicine, 31, 68 Viral, 58, 68 Virus, 10, 11, 56, 58, 59, 68 Vitro, 68 Vivo, 18, 68 W White blood cell, 26, 47, 48, 50, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 68 X X-ray, 55, 59, 62, 64, 68 X-ray therapy, 59, 68 Y Yeasts, 62, 68
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75
76
Chronic Leukemia
