Calvin in Context

Calvin in Context

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Calvin in Context

David C. Steinmetz

New York

..Oxford

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1995

Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan

Copyright © 1995 by David Steinmetz Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Page xi is an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Steinmetz, David Curtis. Calvin in context / David Steinmetz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-509164-7 (cloth ). — ISBN 0-19-509165-5 annisCalvini Commentarius in Epistolam PauliadRomanos (Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1981), p. 2, abbreviated as Ca\.\m,Commentarius. The Latin text of Melanchthon's 1532 commentary is found in Romerbrief-Kommentar 1532, ed. Rolf Schafer, mMelanchthons Werkein Auswahl'5 (Giitersloh: GerdMohn, 1965). Melanchthon's 1556 commentary is published in the Corpus Reformatorum 15. 2. WA 56. 3. Reinhold Weijenborg, O.F.M., "Die Wittenberger Romerbriefvorlesung des Erfiirters Augustiners Johannes Lang. Erstausgabe nach dem Vat. Pal. Lat. 132 mit Einleitung und Kommentar," Antonianum 52 (1976): 394—494. 4. For a history of Melanchthon's commentaries, see the introduction by Rolf Schafer, Romerbrief-Kommentar, pp. 15—24. 5. For the history of Calvin's commentary on Romans, see T. H. L. Parker, Calvin's New Testament Commentaries (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm B. Eerdmans, 1971) and Calvin, Commentarius, pp. ix—xvii. 6. Calvin, Commentarius, pp. 281—85; Melanchthon, Romerbrief-Kommentar, pp. 302-25. Cf. CR 15.1009-17. 7. Thomas de Vio (Cajetan), EpistolaePaulietaliorum Apostolorum (Paris: Carola Guillard et Jean de Roigny, 1540), pp. 83-85. 8. Girolamo Seripando, In D. Pauli Epistolas adRomanos et Galatas Commentaria (Naples, 1601), pp. 220-24. 9- WA 57.476-82. 10. Jacopo Sadoleto, In Pauli Epistolam ad Romanos Commentariorum, Opera Omnia 4 (Verona: Joannes Albertus Tumermanus), pp. 307—12. 11. Calvin, Commentarius, p. 285. 12. On this question see my essay, "Luther and the Two Kingdoms," in David C. Steinmetz, Luther in Context (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 112-25.

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Concluding Observations

What holds this book together, aside from the fact that it deals in every chapter with the theology of John Calvin, is its methodology. The principal thesis of the book is, after all, methodological; namely, that the best and most productive way to study Calvin is to place him in the context of the theological and exegetical traditions that formed him and in the lively company of the friends and enemies from whom he learned and with whom he quarreled. In each chapter I have attempted to examine him in a somewhat different context, comparing what he wrote with what had been written by a wide range of Christian theologians from Chrysostom and Ambrosiaster in the remote past to Tilemann Hesshusen and Ambrosius Catherinus Politus in his own time. The purpose of this exercise has not merely been to broaden our knowledge of the context within which he lived and thought, but to sharpen our image of Calvin by clarifying the actual range of intellectual options open to him. If there is a subthesis, it is that, while every genre of Calvin's writings is important and none should be omitted, Calvin's biblical commentaries offer an opportunity for comparative study not easily duplicated in his other writings. By comparing his exegesis of Genesis 38 or Romans 7 with the exegesis of his contemporaries and the traditional authorities they routinely consulted, we can quickly gain a sense of the boundaries of the intellectual world he inhabited and identify what was original in his thought. Of course, the test of any method is whether in fact it illuminates its subject. In that respect, the results of this inquiry have been, on the whole, 209

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gratifying. For example, the study of Calvin's interpretation of Romans 4 disclosed the unexpected depth of his dependence on antecedent exegetical tradition, not only for important theological insights (that, of course, was to be expected) but also for more trivial exegetical details. Similarly, a comparison of Calvin's exegesis of Romans 1 with the exegesis of a representative group of his friends and rivals clarified what one could never have learned from reading the Institutes in isolation; namely, that Calvin seems to have been alone or, at the very least, belonged to a tiny minority of his contemporaries, when he insisted on noetic impairment as a consequence of sin. These results are duplicated in other chapters, where we see Calvin embracing, modifying, or rejecting the options presented to him. The picture of Calvin that emerges from this book is of a theologian who extols the ancient Christian Fathers and is clearly influenced by them, but who also maintains a fierce independence of their authority. He uses scholastic distinctions, but not always correctly, and even puzzles his own followers by his rejection of the distinction between the absolute and ordained power of God. He accepts the majority opinion that prefers the older Augustine's interpretation of Romans 7, but stands alone (or nearly so) in his emphasis on the noetic effects of sin in Romans 1. He is closer to Zwingli than to Luther in his opposition to the use of images but closer to Luther than to Zwingli in his doctrine of the eucharist (a point not conceded by Hesshusen). Like Luther, though with a somewhat different focus, he offers a christological interpretation of the story of Judah and Tamar; unlike Luther, he lapses into moralizing aphorisms. Although he is close to Thomas Aquinas and the ex-Dominican Bucer in his view of predestination (though without Thomas's inclination to engage in apologetics), he rejects the medieval tendency to draw a sharp line between the Old and New Testaments, especially with respect to the sacrament of baptism. He is heavily dependent in his biblical interpretation on antecedent theological and exegetical traditions, including what I have called, for want of a better term, exegetical lore. The weight of such exegetical tradition sometimes inhibits him from indulging opinions that he feels freer to express in his polemical or dogmatic writings. He repeats traditional criticisms of monasticism, some quite ancient, others developed in the high and later Middle Ages, though his principal objection is leveled against what he regards as its inherently schismatic character. While he offers an essentially positive account of the state and the role of the magistrate, he is, like Melanchthon, not satisfied to leave state power unqualified. At the same time the results of this study cannot easily be reduced to a list of positions Calvin embraced, modified, or rejected. It is, of course, important to know that Calvin agreed with the older Augustine when he concluded that the divided self of Romans 7 referred to the life of believers

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under grace rather than to pre-Christian existence under the law. But such knowledge takes on a different weight and texture when we discover that a representative group of Calvin's contemporaries—Catholic, Reformed, and Lutheran—also agreed with this reading. From the perspective of the sixteenth century, it was therefore not astonishing that Calvin pitted the older Augustine against the younger; it would have been far more astonishing to his friends and enemies alike had he not. Traditional Calvin scholarship has frequently been satisfied to study Calvin in greater or lesser isolation from his historical context and to reconstruct his theology with little or no reference to his contemporaries. For the most part these studies have focused on the internal logic and development of Calvin's thought and on the relationship of the parts to the whole. Often such studies were motivated more by systematic-theological interests than by historical. What seemed to interest their authors was a usable Calvin whose historical limitations could be transcended and whose theology could be invoked to reinvigorate the theological discourse of their own time; a Calvin who could address them, not as an alien figure from the past, but as a familiar contemporary. Although this approach to Calvin has produced important studies of his thought, it has, by unnecessarily limiting the questions historians could ask and answer, left itself open to anachronistic misunderstandings. After all, Calvin is a citizen of his own age rather than ours, an inhabitant of early modern Europe who shared its unique glories and its sometimes brutal limitations. There is no way to modernize him without, to some degree, distorting his thought. As a theologian nurtured in the late medieval Catholic church, Calvin is uncomfortable in the world of traditional Protestants like Hodge and Barth. Whatever relevance Calvin may have for theology in the present is a relevance that acknowledges, even perhaps celebrates, the particularities of his location in space and time. This book is an essay in historical theology. It has attempted to place Calvin squarely in his own age and evaluate him according to the standards by which he and his contemporaries judged themselves. The goal of this study has been to uncover the structures of Calvin's thought by clarifying the structures of thought of his immediate contemporaries. To achieve this goal, I focused on Calvin in the public act of interpretation and tried to explain what he was doing by explaining what other Christian theologians, past and present, have done when faced with the same texts. By doing so, this book has, I hope, furthered our understanding of the historical Calvin.

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

JOHN CALVIN lohannis Calvini Commentarius in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanes, ed. T. H. L. Parker. Studies in the History of Christian Thought 22. Leiden, 1981. loannis Calvini Opera Quae Supersunt Omnia, 59 vols., ed. Wilhelm Baum, Eduard Cunitz, and Eduard Reuss. Corpus Reformatorum 29—87. Brunswick and Berlin, 1863-1900. Abbreviated as CO. loannis Calvini Opera Selecta, 5 vols., ed. Peter Barth and Wilhelm Niesel. Munich, 1926-1952. Abbreviated as OS. Opera Calvini denuo recognita. Geneva, 1992— Registres de la compagnie des pastears de Geneve au temps de Calvin, 3 vols., ed. R. M. Kingdon and J. F. Bergier. Geneva, 1962—69Supplementa Calviniana, sermons inedits. Neukirchen, 1936—

COMMENTARIES ON GENESIS Alcuin of York. In Genesim Quaestiones, a Menrado Moltero restittitae. Hagenau, 1529Alsted, Heinrich. Pentateucha Mosaica. Herbord, 1631. Babington, Gervase. Certain Plaine, Brief, and Comfortable Notes, upon Every Chapter of Genesis. London, 1592. Becker {Artopoeus}, Peter. Deprima rerum origine, et vita . . . patrum, ex libra Geneseos. Basel, 1546. Borrhaus {Cellarius}, Martin. In Mosem, divinum legislatorem,paedagogum adMessiam servatorem mundi. Basel, 1555. Brocardus, Jacobus. Mystica et prophet tea lihri Geneseos interpretatio. Leiden, 1580. Brucioli, Antonio. Commento in tutti i sacrosanti libri del Vecchio et Nuovo Testamento, tomo primo. Venice, 1544. Calvin, John. Mosis libri v cum lohannis Calvini commentarii. Geneva, 1563. Capito, Wolfgang. Hexaemeron Dei opus explicatum. Strasbourg, 1539Chytraeus, David. In Genesin enarratio. Wittenberg, 1557. Del Rio, Martin. Pharus sacrae sapientiae. Lyon, 1608. Denis the Carthusian [Rickel]. Enarrationes piae et eruditae in quique Mosaicae legis libros. Cologne, 1534. 213

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Drusius [Dreisschus],Johannes. AdlocadifficilioraPentateuchi, idestquinqtielibrorum Moysis commentarius. Arnhem, 1616. Eitzen, Paul von. Commentariorum in Genesim, liber primus. Frankfurt, 1560. Eugubinus, Augustinus Steuchus. Cosmopoeia, vel de mundo opificio, expositio trium capitum Genesis, in quibus de creatione tractat Mosis. Venice, 1591. Recognitio Veteris Testament! adHebraicam Veritatem. Venice, 1591Faber, Martin. Glossa tiber die fiinf Biicher Mose. Jena, 1576. Fabricius, George. Commentarius in Genesin brevis, eruditus et valde utilis. Leipzig,

1584. Fagius [Biichlein], Paul. Exegesis sive expositio dictionum Hrbraicorum literalis et simplex, in quatuor capita Geneseos. Isen, 1542. Fernandez, Benedict. Commentariorum atque observationum moralium in Genesim. Lyon,

1618-1627. Gerhard, Johannes. Commentarius super Genesin. Jena, 1653. Gesner, Salomon. Genesis sive primus liber Mosis disputationibus xxxviii breviter comprehensus. Wittenberg, 1603. Gibbens, Nicholas. Disputation concerning the Holy Scripture . . . the First Part of the First Tome. London, 1601. Honcala, Antonius. Commentaria in Genesim. Alcala, 1555. Hugh of St. Cher. Repertorium apostillarum utriusque Testamenti. Basel, 1503. Hyperius [Gerhard], Andreas. De formandis concionibus sacris, seu de interpretatione scripturarumpopitlari. Marburg, 1553. Lapide, Cornelius a. Commentaria in Pentateuchum Moysis. Antwerp, 1616. Linck, Wenzeslaus. Annotation in die fiinf Biicher Most. Wittenberg (?), 1543. Lipomanus, Luigi. Catena in Genesim. Paris, 1546. Luther, Martin. WA 42-44. Lyra, Nicholas of. Postilla super Genesim. Nuremberg, 1498. Maldonado, Juan. Commentarii inpraecipuos sacraescriptural libros Veteris Testamenti. Paris, 1643Marius, Leonard. Commentariorum in universam s. scripturam tomus primus. Cologne,

1621. Marlorat, Augustin. Genesis cum catholica expositions ecclesiastica. Morsee, 1585. Martinius, Matthias. Commentariolus de creatione mundi. Bremen, 1613Melanchthon, Philip. In obscuriora aliquot capita Geneseos annotationes. Hagenau, 1523. Mercier, Jean. In Genesin, primum Mosis librum sic a Graecis appelatum, commentarius. Geneva, 1598. Mersenne, Marin. Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim. Paris, 1623Musaeus, Simon. Richtigg undreine Auslegung des ersten BuchsMosy. Magdeburg, 1576. Musculus, Wolfgang. In Mosis Genesimplenissimi commentarii. Basel, 1565. Oecolampadius, Johannes. In Genesim enarratio. Basel, 1536. Oleaster, Jerome. Commentaria in Most Pentateuchum. Lisbon, 1556. Palladius, Peder. Librorum Moisi, qui suntfons doctrinae ecclesiae, explicatio brevis et ad usum piorum accommndata. Wittenberg, 1559Pareus, David. In Genesin Mosis commentarius. Frankfurt, 1609. Pelargus {Storch], Christophor. Commentarius in Genesin. Wittenberg, 1598.

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Pellikan, Conrad. Commentaria Bibliorum, tomusprimus. Zurich, 1536. Pepin, Guillaume. Expositio in Genesin. Paris, 1528. Pererius, Benedict. Commentarius in Genesin. Cologne, 1606. Pezel, Christopher. In primum librum Mosis, qui inscribitur Genesis commentarius. Neustadt, 1599. Piscator, Johannes. Commentarius in Genesin. Herborn, 1601. Pitigianis, Franciscus de Arreti. Commentaria scholastica in Genesim. Venice, 1615. Politus, Ambrosius Catherinus. Commentarius in Genesin. Venice, 1551. Rivet, Andreas. Theologicae et scholasticae exercitationes centum nonaginta in Genesin. Leiden, 1633. Ross, Alexander. An Exposition of the Fourteene First Chapters of Genesis by way of Question and Answer. London, 1626. Selnecker, Nicholas. In Genesin, primum librum Moysi, commentarius. Leipzig, 1569. Spangenberg, Cyriakus. In sacri Mosis Pentateuchum tabulae ccvi. Basel, 1567. Stephanus, Henri. Commentarius in Genesin. Augsburg, 1562. Strigel, Victorinus. Primus liber Moysi, qui inscribitur Genesis. Leipzig, 1566. Vermigli, Peter Martyr. In primum librum Mosis, qui vulgo Genesis dicitur, commentarii. Zurich, 1569. Vio [Cajetan], Thomas de. Opera omnia, Vol. 14. Lyori, 1639Wild [Ferus), Johannes. In totam Genesim enarrationes. Cologne, 1572. Willet, Andrew. Hexapla in Genesin. Cambridge, 1605. Ystella, Luis Valentino. Commentaria in Genesim et Exodum. Rome, 1601. Zanchi, Jerome. De operibus Dei intra spacium sexdierumcreatis opus. Neustadt, 1591. Ziegler, Jacob. Conceptionum in Genesim mundi, et Exodum, Commentarii. Basel, 1560. Zwingli, Huldrych. Farrago annotationum in Genesim. Zurich, 1527. COMMENTARIES ON JOHN

Alesius, Alexander. Commentaria in Evangelium loannis. Basel, 1553Arboreus, Johannes. Doctissimi et uberimi commentarii in quatuor Domini evangelistas. Paris, 1551. Aretius, Benedict. Commentarii in quatuor evangelistas. Lausanne, 1581. Arias Montanus, Benedict. Elucidationes in quatuor evangeliaMatthaei, Marci, Lucae etjohannis. Antwerp, 1575. Beda, Noel. Annotationum Natalis Bedae Theologi Parisiensis in lacobum Pabrum Stapulensem, libri duo, et in Desiderium Erasmum Roterodamum liber unus, qui ordine tertius est. Paris, 1526. Beza, Theodore. Annotationes majores in Novum Dn. nostri lesu Christi Testamentum. Geneva (?), 1594. Brenz, Johannes. In D.Johannis Evangelion Exegesis. Hagenau, 1528. Brucioli, Antonio. Nuovo commento ne divini et celesti libri evangelici secondo Mattheo, Marco, Luca et Giovanni, tomo quarto. Venice, 1542. Brunfels, Otto. Annotationes in quatuor Evangelia et Acta Apostolorum. Strasbourg, 1535. Bucer, Martin. Enarratio in Evangelion Johannis. Strasbourg, 1528.

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Bullinger, Heinrich. In divinum lesu Christi Domini nostri Evangelism secundum loannem commentariorum libri x. Calvin, John. In Evangelium secundum lohannem commentarius. Geneva, 1553Chrysostom, John. In sanctum lesu Christi Evangelium secundum loannem commentarii.

Antwerp, 1542. Chytraeus, David. In Evangelion loannis scholia. Frankfurt, 1588. Cruciger, Caspar. In Evangelium lohannis apostoli enarratio. Strasbourg, 1546. Cyril of Alexandria. In Evangelium loannis commentarii. Basel, 1524. Denis the Carthusian [Rickel]. In quatuor evangelistas enarrationes. Cologne, 1532. Dietrich, Veit. Annotationes compendiariae in Novum Testamentum. Frankfurt, 1545. Erasmus, Desiderius. Paraphrasis in Evangelium secundum loannem. Basel, 1523. . In Novum Testamentum annotationes. Basel, 1535. Gagney, Jean de. In ivsacrosancta Evangelia, necnon Actus Apost. facillima clarissimaque scholia. Paris, 1631. Gorran, Nicholas de. Commentaria in quatuor Evangelia. Cologne, 1537. Guilliaud, Claude. In sacrosanctum Evangelium secundum loannem. Paris, 1548. Gwalther, Rudolf. In Evangelium lesu Christi secundum loannem homiliae clxxx. Zurich, 1568. Hegendorf, Christoph. Annotationes in Evangelium Marci, in Epistolam Pauli ad Hebraeos, in Epistolam Petri priorem, inpassionem Matthaei, etjoannis. Nuremberg, 1525. Hemmingsen, Niels. Commentariorum in sacrosanctum Domini nostri lesu Christi Evangelium secundum lohannem. Basel, 1590. Hunnius, Aegidius. Commentarius in Evangelium de lesu Christo secundum loannem, editio tertia. Frankfurt, 1595. Lee, Edward. Annotationes Edovardi Leei in Annotationes Novi Testamenti Desiderii Erasmi. Basel, 1520. Lefevre d'Etaples, Jacques. Commentarii initiatorii in quatuor Evangelia. Cologne, 1521. Lossius, Lukas. Annotationes scholasticae in Evangelia, quaeleguntur inpraecipuis festis sanctorum lesu Christi. Wittenberg, 1554. Luther, Martin. WA 33, 45-47. Lyra, Nicholas of. Glossae in universa Biblia. Postilla. Nuremberg, 1481. Maldonado, Juan. Commentarii in quatuor evangelistas. Lyon, 1682. Marlorat, Augustin. Novi Testamenti catholica expositio ecclesiastica. Geneva, 1593Melanchthon, Philip. In Evangelium loannis annotationes. N.p., 1523Musculus, Wolfgang. Commentariorum in evangelistam loannem. Basel, 1545. Oecolampadius, Johannes. Annotationes piae et doctae in Evangelium loannis. Basel,

1533. Pellikan, Conrad. In sacrosancta quatuor Evangelia et Apostolorum Acta. Zurich, 1546. Piscator, Johannes. Commentarii in omnes libros Novi Testamenti. Herborn, 1658. Rollock, Robert. In Evangelium Domini nostri lesu Christi secundum S. lohannem. Geneva, 1599Rupert of Deutz. Commentariorum in Evangelium loannis librixiii. Nuremberg, 1526.

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Salmeron, Alfonso. Commentarii in evangelicam historian et in Acta Apostolorum. Cologne, 1602. Sarcerius, Erasmus. In loannem evangelistam iusta scholia. Basel, 1540. Sozzini, Fausto. Explicatioprimaepartis primi capitis lohannis. Rakow, 1618. Strigel, Victorinus. Hypomnemata in omnes libros Novi Testament!. Leipzig, 1565. Toledo, Francisco de. In sacrosanctum loannis Evangelium commentarii. Cologne, 15 84. Valla, Lorenzo. In Novum Testamentum annotations!. Basel, 1526. Vio {Cajetan], Thomas de. In iiii Evangelia, ad Graecorum codicum fidem emendata, commentarii luculentissimi, adsensum literalem quam maximeaccommodati. Lyon, 1556. Wigand, Johannes. In Evangelium S.Johannis explicationes. Konigsberg, 1575. Wild {Feri}, Johannes. In sacrosanctum lesu Christi Evangelium secundum loannem enarrationes. Mainz, 1550. Zwingli, Huldrych. In evangelicam historiam de Domino nostro lesu Christo, per Matthaeum, Marcum, Lucam et loannem conscriptam. Zurich, 1539. COMMENTARIES ON ROMANS Alesius, Alexander. Omnes disputationes de tota Epistola ad Romanes diversis temporibus ab ipso in celebria Academia Lipsensi. Leipzig, 1553. Ambrosiastri qui dicitur Commentarius in Epistulas Paulinas; pars prima, In Epistulam ad Romanes, CSEL 81, ed. H. J. Vogels. Vienna, 1966. Aquinas, Thomas. Opera Omnia 13. Parma, 1872. Arboreus, Jean. Doctissimi et lepidissimi commentarii in omnes divi Pauli Epistolas. Paris, 1553. Aretius, Benedict. Commentarii in Epistolam d. Pauli ad Romanes. Lausanne, 1579Arias Montanus, Benedict. Elucidationes in omnia sanctorum apostolorum scripta. Antwerp, 1588. Beda, Noel. Annotationum Natalis Bedae theologi Parisiensis in lacobum Fabrum Stapulensem libri duo: et in Desiderium Erasmum Roterodamum liber unus, qui ordine tertius est. Paris, 1526. Beza, Theodore. Annotationes maiores in Novum Dn. nostri lesu Christi Testamentum. Geneva, 1594. Brenz, Johannes. In Epistolam, quam Apostolus Paulus ad Romanes scripsit. commentariorum libri tres. Basel, 1565. Brucioli, Antonio. Nuovo commento in tutti le celesti et divine epistole di San Paolo, tomo sesto. Venice, 1544. Bucer, Martin. Metaphrases et enarrationesperpetuae epistolarumA. Pauli Apostoli. Tomus primus continens metaphrasim et enarrationem in Epistolam ad Romanes. Strasbourg, 1536. Bugenhagen, Johannes. In Epistolam ad Romanes interpretatio. Wittenberg, 1527. Bullinger, He'mrich. In sanctissimam Pauli ad Romanes Epistolam commentarius. Zurich, 1533. Calvin, John. Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanes. Strasbourg, 1540.

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Chrysostom, John. In omnes d. Pauli epistolas commentarii. Antwerp, 1544. Colet, John. Opera. Reprint of 1867-76 edition. London, 1955. Contarini, Gasparo. Scholia in epistolas divi Pauli. Paris, 1571. Cornerus {Korner], Christoph. In Epistolam d. Pauli ad Romanes scriptam commentarius. Heidelberg, 1583. Corro, Antonio del. Dialogus in Epistolam d. Pauli ad Romanes. Frankfurt, 1587. Crellius, Johannes. Commentarii in Evangelium Matthaei et Epistolam Pauli ad Romanes. Rakow, 1636. Cruciger, Caspar. In Epistolam Pauli ad Romanes scriptam commentarius. Wittenberg, 1567. Denis the Carthusian {Rickel]. In omnes beati Pauli epistolas commentaria. Cologne,

1545. Dietrich, Veit. Annotationes compendiariae in Novum Testamentum. Frankfurt, 1545. Erasmus, Desiderius. Paraphrases in omnes epistolas Pauli. Basel, 1523. . In Novum Testamentum annotationes. Basel, 1535. Gagney, Jean de. Brevissima etfacillima in omnes d. Pauli epistolas scholia. Paris, 1529. Epithome paraphrastica enarrationum in Epistolam divi Pauli Apostoli ad Romanes. Paris, 1533Grandis [le Grand], Nicholas. In Epistolam ad Romanes aeditio. Paris, 1546. Grimani, Marino. In Epistolas Pauli ad Romanes, et ad Galatas commentarii. Venice, 1542. Grynaeus, Johann Jacob. Exegesis beati Pauli Apostoli ad Romanes. Basel, 1591. Guilliaud, Claude. In omnes divi Pauli Apostoli epistolas, collatio. Paris, 1548. Gwalther, Rudolf. In d. Pauli Epistolam ad Romanes homiliae. Zurich, 1572. Haymo of Auxerre. In d. Pauli epistolas omnes interpretatio. Cologne, 1539Haresche, Philibert. Expositio Epistolae divi Pauli ad Romanes. Paris, 1536. Hemmingsen, Niels. Commentarius in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanes. Leipzig, 1562. Hesshusen, Tilemann. Explicatio Epistolae Pauli ad Romanes. Jena, 1572. Hugh of St. Cher. In epistolas d. Pauli, Actus Apostolorum, Epist. septem canonicas, Apocalypsim b.Joannis, tomus septimus. Venice, 1732. Hunnius, Aegidius. Epistolae divi Pauli Apostoli ad Romanes expositio plena etperspicua. Frankfurt, 1590. Hyperius, Andreas. Commentarii in omnes d. Pauli Apostoli epistolas. Zurich, 1584. Knopken, Andreas. In Epistolam ad Romanes interpretatio. Nuremberg, 1524. Lang, Johannes. "Die Wittenberger Romerbriefvorlesung des Erfurter Augustiners Johannes Lang. Erstausgabe nach dem Vat. Pal. 132 mit Einleitung und Kommentar," Antonianum 52 (1976): 394-494. Lefevre d'Etaples, Jacques. Epistole divi Pauli: cum commentariispraeclarissimi virijacobi Fabri Stapulen. Paris, 1517. Lonicer, loannis. Veteris cuiuspiam theelogi Graeci succincta in d. Pauli ad Romanos Epistolam exegesis. Basel, 1537. Lossius, Lukas. Annotationes scholasticae in epistolas dominicales, et eas quae infestis lesu Christi, et sanctorum ipsius praecipuis leguntur in ecclesiaper totum annum. Frankfurt, 1554. Luther, Martin. Der Brief an die Romer, WA 56. Weimar, 1938.

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Lyra, Nicholas of. Glossae in univena Biblia. Postilla. Nuremberg, 1481. Major, George. Series et dispositio orationis in Epistola Pauli ad Romanes. Wittenberg,

1556. . Enchiridion EpistolaeS. Pauli ad Romanes. Wittenberg, 1557. Marlorat, Augustin. In Pauli epistolas catholica expositio ecclesiastica. Geneva, 1593. Melanchthon, Philip. Annotations in Epistolas Pauli ad Romanos et ad Corinthios.

Nuremberg, 1522. . Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. Wittenberg, 1532. Musculus, Wolfgang. In Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos commentarii. Basel, 1555. Mylius, Georg. In Epistolam d. Pauli ad Romanos explicatioorthodoxa atque methodica.

Jena, 1595. Ochino, Bernardino. Expositio divi Pauli ad Romanos. Augsburg, 1545. Oecolampadius, Johannes. In Epistolam b. Pauli Apostoli ad Rhomanos adnotationes. Basel, 1525. Oecumenius [Pseudo-]. Commentaria luculentissima vetutissimorum Graecorum theologorum in omnes d. Pauli epistolas ab Oecumenio exacte et magna cura ad compendium collecta. Paris, 1547. Osiander, Lukas. Epistolae S. Pauli Apostoli omnes. Tubingen, 1583. Pareus, David. In divinam ad Romanos S. Pauli Apostoli Epistolam commentarius, editio tertia. Heidelberg, 1620. Pellikan, Conrad. In omnes apostolicas epistolas, Pauli, Petri, lacobi, loannis et ludae commentarii. Zurich, 1539Piscator, Johannes. Commentarii in omnes libros Novi Testamenti. Herborm, 1658. Politus, Ambrosius Catherinus. Commentaria in omnes divi Pauli et alias septem canonicas epistolas. Venice, 1551. Rollock, Robert. Analysis dialectica in Pauli Apostoliepistolam adRomanos. Edinburgh, 1594. Sadoleto, Jacopo. In Pauli Epistolam ad Romanos commentariorum libri tres. Venice, 1536. Salmeron, Alfonso. Commentarii in omnes epistolas b. Pauli et canonicas. Cologne,

1604. Sarcerius, Erasmus. In Epistolam adRomanospia et erudita scholia. Frankfurt, 1541. Selnecker, Nicholas. In omnes epistolas d. Pauli Apostoli commentarius plenissimus. Leipzig, 1595. Seripando, Girolarno. In d. Pauli Epistolas adRomanos et Galatas Commentaria. Naples,

1601. Soto, Domingo de. In Epistolam divi Pauli adRomanos commentarii. Antwerp, 1550. Sozzini, Fausto. De loco Pauli Apostoli in Epistola ad Rom. cap. septimo. Rakow, 1612. . Defensio disputationis suae de loco septimi capitis Epistolae ad Romanos. Rakow, 1618. . Explicatio primae partis primi capitis lohannis. Adjectae sunt cap:9 Epist. ad Rom: et aliorum quorundam S. Scripturae locorum, eiusdem auctoris explanationes. Rakow, 1618. Spangenberg, Cyriakus. Auslegung der ersten acht Capitel derEpisteln Pauli an die Rimer. Strasbourg, 1566.

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Apostol a /os Romanes. Venice, 1556. Valla, Lorenzo. In Novum Testamentum annotationes. Basel, 1526. Vermigli, Peter Martyr. In Epistolam Pauli ad Romanes. Basel, 1559Vio [Cajetan], Thomas de. Epistolae Pauli et aliorum apostolorum ad Graecam veritatem castigatae, et iuxta sensum literalem enarratae. Paris, 1540. Weinrich, Georg. Commentarii super auream et iasignem d. Pauli gentium Apostoli epistolam Romanis inscriptam et nuncupatam. Leipzig, 1608. Wigand, Johannes. In Epistolam S. Pauli ad Romanes annotationes. Frankfurt, 1580. Zwingli, Huldrych. In evangelicam historiam de Domino nostro lesu Christo, per Matthaeum, Marcum, Lucam et loannem conscriptam; epistolas aliquot Pauli annotationes. Zurich, 1539THEOLOGICAL TREATISES

Beza, Theodore, Abstersio calumniarum, quibus aspersus estloannes Calvinus a Tilemanno Heshusio. Geneva, 1561. -. Kreophatia sive cyclops. Onos syllogizomenos sive sophista. Dialogi duo de vera communicatione corporis et sanguinis Domini adversus Tilemanni Heshusii somnia. Geneva, 1561. Biel, Gabriel. Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum IV/1, ed. W. Werbeck and U. Hoffmann. Tubingen, 1975. Calvin, John. Dilucida explicatio sanae doctrinae de veraparticipatione carnis et sanguinis Christi in sacra coena, ad discutiendas Heshusii nebulae. Geneva, 1561. Carlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von. Andreas Karlstadt, VonAbtuhungder Bilder, ed. Hans Lietzmann, Kleine Texte 74. Bonn, 19H. KarlstadtsSchriftenausdenJahren 1523-25, ed. E. Hertsch. Halle, 1956. Eck, John. Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alias hastes ecclesiae (1525—1543), ed. Pierre Fraenkel, Corpus Catholicorum 34. Minister, 1979Gerson, Jean. Oeuvres completes III, ed. P. Glorieux. Paris, 1962. Goch, John Pupper of. De quatuor erroribus circa legem evangelicam exortis et de votis et religionibm factitiis dialogus, ed. C. G. F. Walch. Monimenta medii aevi 1.4, 74-239. Gottingen, 1760. . De scholasticorum scriptis et religiosorum votis epistola apologetica, ed. C. G. F. Walch. Monimenta medii aevi II.1. Gottingen, 1761.

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. De libertate Christiana, ed. F. Pijper. Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica VI, 1-263. Hague, 1910. . Fragmenta, ed. F. Pijper. Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica VI, 267— 347. Hague, 1910. Hesshusen, Tilemann. De praesentia corporis Christi in coena Domini. Magdeburg, 1561. . Verae et sanae confessionis: depraesentia carports Christi in coena Domini. Erfurt, 1583. . Grundliche Beweisung der waren Gegenwart des Leibs und Bluts lesu Christi im heiligen Nachtmabl. Helmstedt, 1586/87. Hubmaier, Balthasar. Schriften, ed. G. Westin and T. Bergsten. Glitersloh, 1962. Hunnius, Aegidius. Calvinus ludaizam. Wittenberg, 1593. Klebitz, Wilhelm. Victoria veritatis ac ruinapapatusSaxonici. Freiburg, 1561. Pareus, David. Calvinus Orthodoxus. Neustadt, 1595. Ursinus, Zacharias. Catecheticas Explicationes. N.p., 1623. Westphal, Joachim. Apologia confessionis de coena Domini, contra corruptelas et calumnias loannis Calvini. Oberursel, 1558.

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GENERAL INDEX

Abelard, Peter, 65, 132 Abraham, 45-46, 65-74, 143, 146, 150, 168 Adam, 24, 29, 113, 127, 146 Adultery, 53, 56, 83, 89, 90, 91 Alan of Lille, 96 Albert the Great, 50n5, 96, 100, 102 Alciati, Andreas, 7 Alesius, Alexander, 31, 76n43 Alexander the Great, 200 Alexander of Hales, 50n5 Allegory, 87, 95, 104-5 Allen, John, 3 Althaus, Paul, 120n22 Ambrose, 122, 124, 130, 135, 206 Ambrosiaster, 65, 122, 124-36 passim, 148, 209 Ames, William, 41 Anabaptists, -ism, 9, 17, 18, 59, 117, 159, 160, 162, 165, 167, 168, 203-4 Angouleme, Marguerite d', 9 Anthropology, 27-30, 104, 110-13, 115-18, 124-36 passim, 146 Antinomianism, 128 Apostles, 87, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 192 Aquinas, Thomas, 34nl6, 42, 45, 66, 95, 142, 210 on Isaiah, 96, 100, 103 on religious life, 188—96 on Romans, 114, 133, 142-53 Arboreus, Johannes, 31 Arianism, 12, 143, 147, 148 Aristotle, 42, 66, 200 Art. See Images

Artopoeus. See Becker, Peter Astrology, 125, 126, 143 Astronomy, 24 Athanasian Creed, 12 Atonement, 127, 129 Augsburg, Diet of, 206 Augsburg Confession, 172, 200 Augustine, 44, 96, 120n31, 122, 124, 135, 136, 166, 177, 181, 192, 193, 200 on election, 46, 147-48, 150, 152 on Romans, 25-26, 28, 29, 72, 73, 110-15, 117-18, 124, 132, 133, 147-50, 152-53, 200, 210-11 Augustinian canons, 190, 192 Augustinian friars, 55, 141 Authority, 201-2, 205-6, 207 Balbus, Lucilius, 27 Balke, Willem, 21n9 Baptism, 45, 69, 72-73, 113, 118, 126, 157-68, 189, 192, 210 infant, 157, 161, 162, 163, 168 rebaptism, 159, 160, 163-65, 167 vows as second baptism, 189, 191, 192, 194, 196 Barth, Karl, 23-24, 37n53, 211 Barth, Peter, 8, 139n73, 171n55 Barton, Peter P., 183nlO, 184nnl3,23 Basel, 10-11, 12, 17,41, 56, 81 Basil, 206 Bathshua, 84 Battles, Ford Lewis, 4, 8, 21nl6, 63n6, 139n89 Baudry, Leon, 43 Becker, Peter, 81 223

224 Beck, Noel, 6 Bedouelle, Guy, 94n47 Berengar of Tours, 180 Bergsten, Torsten, 170n36 Bern, 11, 12, 16, 97, 172 Beveridge, Henry, 3-4, 21n5 Beza, Theodore, 5, 7, 9, 20nl, 21nll, 68, 77n49 Bible. See Scripture Biel, Gabriel, 6, 45, 50nn7,9, 157-59 Bishops. See Clergy Blasius of Parma, 51nl3 Blessedness, 66, 68 Blindness (metaphor), 29, 30, 31, 32, 99, 103-4 Bodenstein. See Carlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von Body, 112, 117, 123, 125, 126, 129, 134 Boehner, Philotheus, 43, 50n6 Bolsec, Jerome, 18 Bonaventure, 50n5 Boniface I, Pope, 110 Boniface VIII, Pope, 193 Bonnet, Jules, 21n5 Book of Concord, 57 Borrhaus, Martin, 81 Bourges, 7, 8 Bouvy.J., 52n32 Bouwsma, William J., 20nl, 22nl9, 24, 32 Bradstreet, Anne, 5 Brenz, Johannes, 31, 32, 65, 76nn40,43, 96, 100, 104, 105 Brethren of the Common Life, 6 Brown, D. Catherine, 197nl9 Brucioli, Antonio, 34n, 21, 81 Brunner, Emil, 23-24 Bucer, Martin, 4, 12, 13-15, 31, 141-42, 172, 210 on Romans, 26-31, 33nl4, 65, 67, 69-71, 73, 76-77 passim, 115, 133, 141-42, 147-53 Buchlein. See Fagius, Paul Bugenhagen, Johannes, 31, 65 Bullinger, Heinrich, 4, 58, 59, 96, 173, 176, 183 on Romans, 33nl4, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 65, 69, 73, 76n37, 110, 115 Bure, Idelette de. See Calvin, Idelette de Bure

General Index Burgos, Paul of, 83, 84, 89 Buridan, Jean, 51nl5 Burkhard, Francis, 99 Butterfield, Sir Herbert, 95 Buytaert, E. M., 76n32, I40nl02 Cajetan. See Vio, Thomas de Calvin, Idelette de Bure, 15 Calvin, Jacques, 15 Calvin, Jean Catechism, 3 Commentaries (biblical), 4, 14, 41, 45, 135, 209; Genesis, 47, 78n75, 79, 80-82, 89-92; Psalms, 10-11 Isaiah, 96, 97-102, 104-6; synoptics, 165; John, 104, 165; Acts, 165-66; Romans, 13, 25, 26, 28-31, 48-49, 65-74, 110-11, 115-18, 122, 124, 131-37, 141, 148, 150-53, 199-201, 204-08; I Corinthians, 133, 136; Timothy, 4 Commentary on De dementia (Seneca), 7-8 Consensus Tigurinus, 173, 183 Dilucida Explicatio, 173-74, 178-83 Institutes, vii, 3, 9, 14, 18-19, 40-41, 48, 64, 65, 71, 72, 98, 104, 1067, 130, 206, 210 Institutes (1536), 10, 18, 25, 54, 65, 96, 130, 164-65, 166, 172 Institutes (1539), 13, 18, 25, 30, 78n80 Institutes (1559), 18, 60-61, 65, 96-97, 131, 166 Lectures on: Genesis, 79, 80; Romans, 65 Psychopannychia, 9 Response to Sadoleto, 16 Responsio Balduini Convicia, 22nl9 Sermons, 18; Genesis, 97; Job, 3, 41, 97, Isaiah, 97, 98 Calvinism, 4, 5 Capito, Wolfgang, 12, 81 Carlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 54— 58, 61-62 Caroli, Pierre, 12, 13 Castellio, Sebastian, 18, 96 Catechesis, 12, 18, 60 Catherine of Aragon, 87—88 Catherine de Medici, 19

225

General Index Catherinus Politus. See Politus, Ambrosius Catherinus Causality, 27, 145, 149, 150, 152, 153 Cauvin, Antoinc, 10 Cauvin, Charles, 7 Cauvin, Gerard, 5—6, 7 Cauvin, Marie, 10 Cecil, William, 4 Celibacy, 188, 193, 195 Cellarius. See Borrhaus, Martin Charity. See Love Charles V, Emperor, 14 Charles, Duke of Savoy, 11 Christian life, 111-16, 118, 127-28,

Cordier, Mathurin, 6, 21n2 Cornerus, Christoph, 76n43 Coronel, Antonio, 6 Counsels. See Commands and counsels Courauld, Elie, 13 Courtenay, William J., 43, 44

Covenant, 43-44, 68, 71, 87, 97, 150, 151, 160, 162, 164 Cox, Richard, 4 Cranmer, Thomas, 4 Created order, 24, 28, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 Cross, 89, 127 Cruciger, Caspar, 65 Cyril of Alexandria, 96, 99-100, 163

135, 160, 164, 191, 196, 203-4, 207 Christology, 123, 127, 129, 130, 131, 134-35, 136, 179, 210. See also Jesus Christ Chrysostom, John, 34n21, 65, 123, 148, 163, 166, 209 on Isaiah, 96, 99-100 on Romans, 122-25, 128-33, 135-36 Church, 59, 106, 148, 149, 159, 162,

163, 165, 191, 192, 194, 196, 202, 206 authority, 97, 98 reform, 54, 55, 56 Cicero, 27 Circumcision, 45, 66, 67-70, 72, 143, 146, 159, 168 Clergy, 188-90, 192, 193, 195-96 duties of, 17, 206, 207 Cochlaeus, Johannes, 132 Cochrane, Arthur C., 63nl9 Colet, John, 65 Colladon, Nicholas, 20nl, 21n2, 97 Cologne, 34nl4, 81, 190 Commands and counsels, 131, 188-92, 194, 195, 196 Commentary (genre), 66 Communtcatio idiomatum, 176 Concupiscence, 113, 114, 117, 118, 132, 133 Confirmation, 165—66. See also Laying on of hands Conscience, 25, 26, 116, 135 Consensus Tigurintis, 173, 183 Consubstantiation, 174 Cop, Nicholas, 9-10

Daldirda, 175-76, 182 D'Ailly, Pierre, 45 Damascene, John, 26 Danes, Pierre, 7 Daniel, Francois, 8 David, 66, 68

Death, 99, 112, 129, 132, 133, 134, 149 Denis the Carthusian: on Genesis, 81—84, 86-87, 91 on Isaiah, 96, 100-3 on Romans, 26, 28, 30, 31, 77n54, 114, 122 Devil. See Satan De Vries, Peter, 5 Didymus the Blind, 96 Dietrich, Veit, 34n21 Digesta, 7 Disobedience, civil, 205, 207 Disorder, 49 Dominicans, 31, 81, 141, 142, 147, 188, 210 Donatus of Verona, 132 Doumergue, Emile, 8, 20nl Dowey, Edward A., 33n6 Duns Scotus, Johannes, 21n4, 41, 42, 43,

44, 49, 50 Durand of St. Pourc.ain, 158 Du Tillet, Louis, 9-10, 13 Eck, John, 45, 54, 57-62, 159 Edward VI, King, 4, 108nJ Egli, Emil, 62n5, I69n24 Eire, Carlos M. N., 62n4 Election, 47, 48, 97, 98, 142, 143-44, 146-53

226 Elizabeth I, Queen, 98, 108n3 Epicureans, 18, 27, 28, 104, 177, 180 Er, 79, 80, 82-85, 87, 89-92 Erasmus, Desiderius, 6, 31, 65, 67, 70, 73, 74n38, 122, 131, 134, 147, 148 Esau, 47, 143-45, 146, 149, 151, 152, 153 Estlsignificat, 177 Estoile, Pierre de 1', 7 Ethics, 65, 82, 127-28, 130, 135 Eucharist, 32, 54, 55, 58, 60, 62, 69, 72, 104, 172-83, 192, 196, 210 adoration of, 58, 60, 174-75, 178 frequency of celebration, 12, 17 real presence in, 62, 86, 173-83 Eugubinus, Augustinus Steuchus, 81 Eusebius of Caesarea, 96, 99, 100, 122 Eve, 113 Evil, 103, 111, 114, 126, 128, 134, 145, 148 nonresistance to, 203 Ex opere operaniis, 72 Ex open operate, 72, 158, 160, 162, 168 Exegesis, viii, 13-14, 55, 64, 65, 66, 7374, 81, 84, 91, 95-96, 98, 99, 105-6, 107, 118, 122, 125, 136, 200, 201, 209, 210 Faber Stapulensis. See Lefevre d'Etaples, Jacques Fabri, Christophe, 15 Fagius, Paul, 81 Faith, 30, 31, 32, 53, 57, 67-73, 115, 116, 117, 123, 125, 128, 135, 143, 146, 152, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 173, 177-80, 182. See also Justification Fall, the, 24, 29, 11, 113, 127, 146 pretemporal, 143 Farel, William, 10-12, 13, 15, 16, 20 Farrar, Frederic W., 95, 107 Fathers, the, 96, 102, 122-24, 130, 13132, 134, 135-37, 177, 181, 193, 210 Feckes, Carl, 43 Ferrara, 10 Filioque, 127 Finsler, Georg, 62n5

General Index Flesh, 69, 86, 89, 91, 112, 114, 117, 118, 123, 124-35 passim, 161 Floras of Lyons, 124 Forer, Franciscus, 96 Forge, Etienne de la, 9 Fraenkel, Pierre, 63n6 Francis I, King, 8, 9, 10, 11 Franciscans, 44, 81, 99, 190 Freewill, 103-4, 107, 116, 123, 124, 131, 133, 134, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153 Friedlander, Michael, 108n6 Froehlich, Karlfried, 92nl2 Fry, Roger, 64 Gagney, Jean de, 31 Ganoczy, Alexandre, 8, 34nl6, 64, 65, 137n6 Gentiles, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31-32, 66, 68, 86, 88, 103, 142, 143, 146, 152 Geneva, 4, 5, 10-12, 13, 15-20, 34nl6, 41, 141, 183, 207 library, 97 Gerhard. See Hyperius, Andreas Gerson, Jean, 189-90, 195, 201 Gilson, Etienne, 43 Girardin, Benoit, 65 Glorieux, Palemon, 197n20 Glory, 41, 144, 146 Gloss, the, 144 Gnosticism, 123, 126 Goch, John Puppet of, 189, 190-93, 195-6 God: attributes of, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 102, 175 existence of, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 56, 111 foreknowledge of, 97, 104, 143, 14445, 148, 150, 151, 152 freedom of, 41-45, 50, 161 goodness of, 42, 150, 153 honor of, 151, 153 incomprehensibility of, 61, 97, 98, 101, 102, 180-81 irresistibility of, 146 judgment of, 47, 115, 130, 148, 149 justice of, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47-50, 144-46, 148, 150-53 love of, 144, 146, 148

General Index mercy of, 71, 91, 107, 135, 144, 146, 148, 149, 152 permission of, 104, 145, 152, 153 power of, 40-50, 150, 151, 210 providence of, 27, 46-47, 49, 50, 177, 207

righteousness of, 48, 153 transcendence of, 41, 43, 44, 50, 176 will of, 28, 30, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 50, 57, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 13334, 143, 146, 147, 148, 150-53, 190, 191, 204 wrath of, 24, 25, 26, 104, 151 God the Father, 101, 102, 147, 161, 176, 177, 178 Spirit of, 127, 128, 130, 135, 179 Godefrid, 96 Golding, Arthur, 3, 97 Gospel, the, 26, 28, 32, 57, 104, 125, 149, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 173, 191, 202, 203, 206. See also Law and gospel Grace, 25, 28, 31-32, 41, 42, 43, 49, 69, 70, 71, 73, 86, 110-14, 123, 124, 125, 129, 130, 133, 142-46, 148, 149, 152, 159, 160, 164, 166, 168, 173, 181, 182, 203, 211 state of, 114, 115, 145 Grane, Leif, 43, 120n22 Gratian, Decretum, 200—201 Greef, Wulfert de, 20nl Gregory the Great, Pope, 193 Gregory of Rimini, 21n4, 45 Grimani, Marino, 31, 33nl4 Grindal, Edmund, 4 Grynaeus, Simon, 122 Guilliaud, Claude, 31, 33nl4, 77nn48,69 Guilt, 127, 148, 159, 163, 189 remission of, 69, 72 Hagar, 143 Haller,John, 172 Haresch, Philibert, 33nl4 Harnack, Adolf von, 123 Haymo of Auxerre, 34nl4, 65, 96, 100, 103, 132 Heidelberg, 141, 173, 174 Heller, C. N., 62n5 Helvetic Confession, Second, 58

227 Hemmingsen, Niels, 65, 76n43, 77n57 Henry VIII, King of England, 87-88 Henry II, King of France, 19 Henry of Harclay, 51nl4 Hercules, Duke of Ferrara, 10 Herodotus, 200 Hervaeus of Bourg-Dieu, 96, 100, 103, 132 Hesshusen, Tilemann, 18, 76n44, 11011, 173-83, 209, 210 Hesychius, 96 Hezekiah, 55, 58 Hochstetter, Erich, 43 Hodge, Charles, 211 Holiness, 113 Holl, Karl, 8 Holy Spirit, 28, 86, 97, 101, 111-14, 116, 117, 118, 125-35 passim, 158, 161, 164-67, 174, 179, 181, 191 Hope, 111, 117, 160, 166 Hubmaier, Balthasar, 59, 157, 159, 16264, 166-67, 168 Huguenots, 19 Hugh of St. Cher, 65, 81-84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 96, 100, 104-5, 133 Hugh of St. Victor, 50nl4 Human nature. See Anthropology Hunnius, Aegidius, 76n39 Hyperius, Andreas, 31, 76rm39,40,43, 81 Ibn Ezra, Abraham ben MeTr, 99, 100, 101 Idolatry, 24, 25, 27, 30, 37n53, 55-62, 67, 161 Images, 27, 54-62, 210 Imago Dei, 23, 117 Incest, 79, 83, 86-90 Innocent III, Pope, 193 Innocent IV, Pope, 201 Isaac, 68, 71, 72, 126, 143, 144, 146, 150-151, 152 Isaiah, 99-107 Iserloh, Erwin, 43 Ishmael, 68, 143, 144, 146, 150-151, 152 Islam, 42, 106 Irntus et peccator simul, 115

228 Jackson, S. M., 62n5 Jacob, 47, 79, 84, 143-46, 151, 152, 153, 180 Janz, Denis R., 154n4 Jerome, 96, 99, 100, 103, 107, 122, 135, 163, 193 Jesus Christ, 67, 70, 84, 102, 123, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 178-79, 190, 192, 202 ascension, 182 baptism, 160, 161, 162, 164-68, 174, 179 death, 127, 131, 135, 167, 180 divinity, 97, 147-48, 176, 179 humanity, 58, 60, 91, 125, 173, 17580, 182 incarnation, 42, 49, 86, 88-89, 91, 127, 129, 131, 134, 143, 174 and Isaiah, 101, 105, 107 andjudah, 82, 87,88, 92 kenosis, 89, 91 resurrection, 44, 126, 127, 166, 167, 180 righteousness, 70, 114-15, 118 Spirit of, 58, 125, 127, 129, 135, 149, 179 ubiquity, 172, 173, 175-76, 179, 180, 182 virgin birth, 126, 127 Jewel, John, 4 Jews, 25, 27, 58, 61, 65-69, 86, 100, 101, 103-6, 142-^3, 145, 146, 148, 150-51, 152, 159 Joachim of Fiore, 96 John the Baptist, 157-68 John the Evangelist, 97, 101, 136, 166 John XXII, Pope, 201 Jonviller, Charles de, 19 Judah, 79-80, 82-92, 210 Judas, 179-80 Julian the Apostate, 200 Justice, 26, 43, 50, 113, 118, 127, 146, 153, 203. See also God: justice of Justification, 43, 49, 71, 114-15, 117, 118, 132, 145, 160 by faith, 14, 65-70, 72-73, 118, 152 by works, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73 Justin Martyr, 181 Justinian, Code of, 200

General Index Kaiser, Christopher B., 33nl2 Keturah, 68, 72, 73 Klebitz, Wilhelm, 174 Knopken, Andreas, 31, 65 Knowledge of God, 23-32, 102 Knowles, David, 43 Knox, John, 4 Koch, Karl, 154n3 Kohler, Walther, 62n5 Korner. See Cornerus, Christoph Laborans, Cardinal, 44 Lactantius, 122 Lagrange, M. J., 123 Landes, Paula Fredriksen, 33nl5 Landgraf, A. M., 52n33 Lanfranc, 132, 139n94 Lang, Albert, 43 Lang, Johannes, 199 La Rochefoucauld, Francois de, 91 Lateran Council, Fourth, 174 Latomus, 132 Law, 53, 56, 60, 65, 67, 68, 111, 112, 114-16, 118, 123-26, 128, 130, 132-34, 146, 162, 167, 190, 191, 205, 211 canon, 200-201 civil, 202, 203 of liberty, 188 Mosaic, 32, 57, 61, 62, 66, 69, 125, 128, 130, 132, 133, 188, 202-3 Roman, 200-201, 203 of sin, 112, 128, 132, 133. See also Natural law Law and gospel, 26, 27, 53, 55, 133, 211 Laying on of hands, 165—66, 167 Leah, 79 Lefevre d'Etaples, Jacques, 6, 9, 31, 65 Leff, Gordon, 43 Lekkerkerker, A. F. N., 119n2 Leuckfeld, Johann Georg, 183nlO Libertines, 18, 131, 133-34 Liberty, Christian, 128, 190, 191, 201, 205-6, 207 Lietzmann, Hans, 63n8 Linck, Wenzeslaus, 81 Lipomanus, Luigi, 81 Lombard, Peter, 45, 114, 157-59, I69nl7 Longinus, C. Cassius, 201

General Index Lonicer, loannis, 31 Lord's Supper. See Eucharist Lortz, Joseph, 43 Love, 56, 111, 142, 143-44, 148, 152, 188-91, 193,194 Loyola, Ignatius, 86 Luke, 165 Lupton.J. H., 75n9 Luther, Martin, 3, 6, 9, 54, 95, 166, 172, 203, 204, 210 on the eucharist, 173-76, 180-82 on Genesis, 80-81, 84-92 on idolatry, 55-61 on Isaiah, 96, 100, 103-4, 105 on Romans, 31, 65, 114-18, 126, 199, 200, 202 Lutherans, -ism, 7, 14, 17, 26, 27, 54, 57,62,65,70, 104, 105, 110, 112, 113, 117, 118, 131, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 199, 211 Lyra, Nicholas of, 65, 81-84, 86, 89, 91, 96, 99-102,114 McGrath, Alister E., 20nl, 21n2 McNeill, John T., 8, 21nl6, 139n89 Magistrates, 201-7, 210 Major, John, 6, 21n4 Manducatio infidelium, 32, 177, 179-80 Manicheanism, 123, 126, 143, 148 Marburg, Colloquy of, 182—83 Marcion, 123 Marlorat, Augustin, 76n43 Marriage, 12, 53-54, 82, 87-88, 90, 191, 193, 195, 196 Martyr, Peter. See Vermigii, Peter Martyr Martyrs, 191 Mary, 66, 71,73, 86, 127 Mary I, Queen, 19 Meijering, E. P., 122 Melanchthon, Philip, 13-15, 55, 58, 81, 88, 172 on Romans, 26-31, 33nnl4,84, 65, 69-73, 76nn44,46, 110, 115, 199-208, 210 Melchizedek, 83, 84, 91 Merit, 44, 47, 69, 73, 142, 143, 144, 188-89, 191 foreseen, 143, 152 Miracles, 44, 45-46, 49, 126

229 Monasticism, 161, 164, 187-96, 203, 210 Montmor family, 6 Moody, E. A., 43 Moore, Walter, L, Jr., 52n39 Morality, 25, 42, 53, 56, 73, 84, 87, 89, 91, 125, 128, 129, 203 More, Thomas, 5 Moses, 55, 57, 58, 61, 125, 180 Muller, Klaus, 74n7, 137n6 Miinster, Sebastian, 96 Muller, Richard A., 33nl2, 37nn53,55 Musculus, Wolfgang, 31, 65, 76nn37,38,44, 77nn50,74, 81, 96 Natural law, 25, 53, 56-57, 61, 88, 128, 133, 191, 202-3, 206 Natural philosophy, 42-43, 106, 134, 173 Natural theology, 23—32 passim, 37n53 Nature, 26, 27, 29-32, 33nl2, 203 Nestorianism, 143, 148 Nicaea, Council of, 105, 124, 200 Nicodemites, 18 Niesel, Wilhelm, 139n73, 171n55 Nominalism, 43 Norton, Thomas, 3 Oakley, Francis, 45 Obedience, 68, 70, 128, 135, 162, 201, 205-6, 207 Oberman, Heiko A., 8, 21nn4,9, 43, 52n35 Occamism, 43 Ochino, Bernardino, 111-12, 115, 117 Ockham, William, 41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50 Oecolampadius, Johannes, 30, 65, 72, 76-77 passim, 81, 96, 100, 110, 115, 176 Oecumenius, 139n90. See also PseudoOecumenius Oleaster, Jerome, 81 Olevianus, Caspar, 5, 65 Olivetan, Pierre Robert, 13 Onan, 79, 82-85, 89, 90, 92 Ordination, 191, 192 Origen, 96, 100, 136, 143, 148, 163 on Romans, 65, 67, 72, 111, 122-24, 132, 135

230 Orleans, 7, 8, 9, 11 Osiander, Andreas, 18, 131 Ozment, Steven, 45, 62n2 Pagans, 25, 21, 29, 42, 57, 60, 106, 125 Palladius, Peder, 81 Papacy, 9, 188, 202 Paris, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,97, 190 University of, 9, 142 Parker, T. H. L., 8, 20nl, 21nl5, 22n24, 33-34 passim, 35n34, 52n50, 74n3, 65, 92nl, 99, 118nl, 122, 137n5, 153n2, 208nnl,5 Parkhurst, John, 4 Passover, 69, 72 Paul, 55,65,67, 70, 101, 110, 114, 115, 122, 123-24, 130, 136, 157, 160, 165, 166, 167 Peasants' Revolt, 206 Pelagianism, 143 Pelagius, 111, 122, 124, 132, 143 Pellikan, Conrad, 31, 33nl4, 65, 76n37, 81 Penance, 69, 72, 114, 118, 131, 192 Penitence, 158, 159 Perez, 79, 80, 88 Perfection, 113, 118, 149, 188, 189, 190-91, 192, 194-96 Perrin, Ami, 16 Peter, 157, 160, 166, 202 Philosophy. See Natural philosophy Phinehas, 66-68, 70, 71, 73, 74 Pighius, Albert, 18 Pijper, Fredrik, 197n30 Pilkington, James, 4 Placards, Affair of the, 9 Plato, 30, 37n55, 200 Polanus von Polansdorf, Amandus, 41 Politus, Ambrosius Catherinus, 31-32, 65, 69, 81, 112, 113, 120n28, 142, 147, 148, 149, 209 Poverty, 188, 190, 194 Prato, Felix de, 88 Prayers for the dead, 12 Preaching, 58, 60, 97, 149, 163 Predestination, 4, 41, 47-48, 49, 103-4, 106, 107, 123, 144, 148, 149, 150, 152, 210 Preus, James S., 62n3 Pride, 25, 28,47

General Index Priests. See Clergy Procopius of Gaza, 96, 100 Prophecy, 98, 99-100, 102, 103, 105, 106 Prophets, 32, 97, 167, 190 Prudence of the flesh, 126, 128, 130, 131, 134 Pseudo-Bruno the Carthusian, 133 Pseudo-Dionysius, 101 Pseudo-Jerome, 122 Pseudo-Oecumenius, 132 Pupper, John. See Goch, John Pupper of Puritanism, 4—5 Rabelais, Francois, 6 Rader, Melvin, 74nl Radical tradition, 65, 117 Raguenier, Denis, 97 Rashi, 99, 105 Reason, 26-30, 32, 33nn6,13, 43, 44, 56, 57,61, 113, 126, 129, 134, 149, 151, 177, 181, 187, 202, 203, 204, 206 Rebecca, 143, 151 Rebellion, 19 Redemption, 88-89, 92, 116, 131, 145, 149 Reformed tradition, 4, 41, 54, 58, 61-62, 65, 117, 118, 173, 174, 183, 211 Regeneration, 111, 117, 125, 131, 135, 165, 167 Regensburg, 14-15 Regensburg, Colloquy of, 172 Renee, Duchess of Ferrara, 10 Renewal, 114-15, 116, 117, 118 Repentance, 103, 135, 162, 163, 164, 166 Reprobation, 144, 146, 148-49, 150-53 Resurrection of the body, 126, 131 Reuter, Karl, 21n4 Revelation, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33nl3, 37n53, 43, 44, 48, 49, 56, 101, 148, 150, 191, 192 Rhetoric, 69, 70, 200 Rickel. See Denis the Carthusian Rigaldi, Odo, 44, 52n34 Righteousness, 67, 70-73, 87, 113, 115, 125, 130, 132, 133, 151, 152, 200, 203 imputed, 114-15, 188. See also Jesus Christ

General Index Rihel.Wendelin, 141 Ritter, Gerhard, 43 Robinson, John, 5 Roman Catholicism, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 46, 47, 54, 58, 60, 62, 65, 69, 96, 112-13, 114, 117-18, 131-32, 159, 168, 174, 178, 180, 195, 211 Rufinus, 124 Rupert of Deutz, 96, 100, 103 Rupp, E. Gordon, 62n3 Rusch, Adolph, 92nl2 Sabbath, 57, 59, 132 Sacraments, 58, 59, 62, 69, 70, 72-73, 157, 158, 159, 168, 173, 183 Sacrifices, 132 Sadoleto, Jacopo, 15—16, 31, 33nl4, 65, 112, 115, 117, 202 Saints, 86, 91 intercession of, 131 Salmeron, Alfonso, 76nn39,43 Salvation, 25, 37n53, 65, 69, 70, 71, 86, 88, 92, 125, 126, 128, 142, 14452 passim, 157-59, 162, 164, 168, 178, 192 Sanctification, 116, 131 Sandys, Edwin, 4 Sarah, 45-46, 68, 72, 126, 143 Sarcerius, Erasmus, 34n21, 63, 65, 77n61 Satan, 104, 114, 127, 131, I40nl08 Satisfaction, works of, 131, 192 Schafer, Rolf, 33n22, 75nl4, 121n33, 208nnl,4 Scheld, Stefan, 74n7 Schelkle, Karl Hermann, 123, 137n9 Schism, 194, 196,210 Schnucker, Robert V., 33nl2 Scholasticism, 47, 49, 69, 102, 110, 131, 134, 151, 160, 166, 190,201, 206, 210 Schreiner, Susan E., 33nl2 Schuler, Melchior, I69nl8 Schulthess, Johannes, I69nl8 Scotism, 43 Scripture, 23, 24, 31, 48, 59, 74, 97, 105, 148, 150, 168, 181 authority of O.T., 54, 57, 61-62 two testaments, 59, 97, 159, 162, 168, 210. See also Word

231 Sedulius Scotus, 122 Selnecker, Nicholas, 76n43, 81 Seneca, 7, 27 Seripando, Girolamo, 112, 113, 202 Servetus, Michael, 18, 97 Sexual conduct, 79, 80, 82-83, 85-90, 92, 195 Seymour, Lady Anne, 4 Shelah, 79-80, 83, 85, 87, 90 Sider, Ronald J., 62n3, 63n7 Signumlsignaculum, 67, 70, 173 Simons, Menno, 18 Sin, 23, 24, 25, 28, 37n53, 46, 65, 72, 83-84,87, 111-16, 125-35 passim, 145, 146, 148, 149, 158, 159, 203, 205, 206 forgiveness of, 68, 163, 164, 166 noetic effects of, 29-30, 31, 32, 99, 210 nonimputation of, 66, 68 original, 27, 32, 113 penalty for, 69, 189 post-baptismal, 130, 133, 189 remission of, 26, 71, 125, 127, 135, 162-63, 166 state of, 114, 115, 118 Smits, Luchesius, 122 Socinus. See Sozzini, Lelio Sola scriptura, 74 Solomon, 58 Somerset, Duke of (Edward Seymour), 4 Sophists, 18, 131, 134, 151 Sorbonnists, 18 Soto, Domingo de, 31, 65, 77nn48,50, 112, 113, 115 Soul, 117, 124, 126, 129, 134 immortality of, 21n9 sleep, 9 Souter, Alexander, 137nlO, 139n96 Sozzini, Fausto, 112, 115, 117 Sozzini, Lelio, 18 Speculation, 48, 49 Spirit, 112, 117, 124-25, 126, 129 Standonck, Jean, 6 State, 65, 202, 203-8, 210 Steinmetz, David C, 22n21, 94n47, 183nl, 208nl2 Stephens, W. P., 121n32, 153n3, 155n49 Stoicism, 27, 28, 35n34

232

General Index

Strasbourg, 3, 4, 10-17 passim, 141, 172, 207

Sulzer, Simon, 16 Superstition, 27, 55 Talmud, 99, 105 Tamar, 79-80, 82-92, 210 Tappert, Theodore G., 63nl5 Tempete, Pierre, 6 Ten Commandments, 53, 56-57, 61 Tertullian, 177 Theodore Heracleensis, 96 Theodore of Moepsuestia, 99, 100 Theodoret of Cyr, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107 Theodosius I, Emperor, 206 Theophylact, 163 Thomism, 142, 153 Titus, Emperor, 103 Toledo, Franciso de, 65 Torrance, Thomas F., 21n4 Transubscantiation, 14-15, 174, 178 Trent, Council of, 34n21, 59 Trinity, 97, 98, 101, 105-6, 129, 130, 158, 160, 161 Trinkaus, Charles, 52n35 Turrettini, Francis, 41, 50 Tyndale, William, 88 Ubaldus, Baldus, 201 Unbelief, 46, 69, 103, 104 Unity, Christian, 196 Updike, John, 5 Ursinus, Zacharias, 53 Uzziah, 98, 99-100, 105

Vocatio congrua/incongrua, 149 Vogels, H. J., 76n31, 137nl2 Vows, 164, 188-92, 194-95, 196 Walafrid Strabo, 96, 100, 103 Walch, C. G. F., 197n300 Walchenbach, John R., 65, 122, 131, 133, 136 Weijenborg, Reinhold, 208n3 Weisheipl, James A., 154n5 Wendel, Francois, 20nl, 183nnl,3 Werbeck, Wiifrid, I68n2 Westphal, Joachim, 18, 173, 180, 183 Westin, Gunnar, 170n36 Whitaker, Alexander, 5 Whitgift, William, 4 Whittingham, William, 4 Wicked, prosperity of, 46 Widows, 195 Wigglesworth, Michael, 5 Wiles, Maurice F., 123, 137n9 Will (human), 113-16, 133, 145, 149, 190, 191. See also Free will William of St. Thierry, 132 Windhorst, Christof, I69nl7 Wittenberg, 54-55, 81, 199, 200, 206 Wolmar, Melchior, 7, 8 Word, the, 56, 104, 130, 162, 181. See also Scripture Works, 53, 68, 70, 71, 72, 113, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 189, 196. See also Justification Worship, 26, 54-55, 57, 58-59, 60, 61, 97, 98, 153. See also Idolatry Xenophon, 200

Valens, Emperor, 206 Valentinianism, 143, 148 Vatable, Francois, 7, 96 Vengeance, 203 Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 4, 31, 73, 76nn37,43, 81 Vespasian, Emperor, 103 Vignaux, Paul, 42, 43 Vio, Thomas de (Cajetan), 31, 33nl4, 65, 66, 77n48, 81, 88, 112, 118, 142, 147, 148, 202, 207 Viret, Pierre, 11, 15, 16 Virginity, 191, 194

Zanchi, Jerome, 81 Zerah, 79, 80, 88 Zurich, 4, 5, 12, 54, 58, 81, 159, 160, 173, 174 Zwingli, Huldrych, 81, 88, 210 on baptism, 157, 159-68 on the eucharist, 58, 172-74, 176, 178, 182-83 on idolatry, 27, 54, 57-61 on Isaiah, 96, 100, 101, 104 on Romans, 31, 34n21, 110, 115 Zwinglians, -ism, 177, 181

SCRIPTURAL CITATIONS INDEX

Genesis

/ Kings

7:3, 92n2 9:6, 14, 25, 200 11:10,12, 92n2

10:20, 58 // Kings

12,67,70

18:4, 55, 58

13:14, 92n2 15, 66, 67, 70 15:6,67-68, 71 17, 66, 68, 71 17:17, 68 18,45 18:13,41 22:16-18, 68 25, 47, 68 25:1, 78n75 25:29, 41 38, 79-80, 82-92, 209 38:26, 80, 83, 84, 87, 91 4l:40ff., 200

// Chronicles

19:6, 200 Psalms

1, 68, 70-71 32, 68-72 82:6, 200 106:31, 67-68 Proverbs 8:15, 200 16:11, 200

Exodus

Ecclesiastes

20,66

8:8, 200

25:18-22, 55, 58, 60-61 33:19, 144-145

Isaiah

Leviticus 18:5,70 18:16,88 20:21, 88 Numbers

21:9, 55 25:6-9, 67 Deuteronomy

25, 88 32:35, 200

6, 95-107 6:1, 101 6:5, 96 6:8, 101-2 6:9-10, 102, 103, 106, 107 11:9, 200

23,47 23:9,41,50 Jeremiah 12, 46-47 12:1, 41 29:7, 200

233

234 Daniel 2:48, 200

Micah 4:3, 200

Matthew 3, 170n49 3:11, 165 5-7, 194 5:39, 200 8:10, 200 19:16-22, 194 Mark 1:7, 165

Luke 3:3, 166 3:14, 200 3:15, 165 22:25, 200

John 1:26-31, 165 1:32-34, 161 10:18, 135 12:39-40, 103, 104 12:41, 101 Acts 5:29, 200 8, 158, 166

Scriptural Citations Index 4:2, 70 4:11, 67, 70 4:23, 77n57 6, 112 6:18, 111 7, 110-112, 114, 115, 118, 209, 210 7:14-25, 110, 112, 114, 117, 118, 128 7:14, 111, 112 7:15, 110, 117

7:24, 112, 113, H5, 117 8:1-11, 124, 127-36 8:1, 112, 132 8:2, 112, 131, 132, 133 8:3, 127, 129-32, 134, 135 8:4, 112, 130 8:6, 126, 131, 134 8:7, 131 8:8-9, 112 8:9, 111, 131, 132 8:9-10, 129 8:9-11, 130 8:11, 135 8:13, 112 9, 47, 142-53 9:3, 142-43 9:5, 147-48 9:10-13, 144, 149 9:17-18, 145^46, 152

9:19,41 9:21, 146, 151 12:19, 200 13:1-7, 200-207 13:3, 201

10, 200 17:22, 55 17:28, 25 19, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164-67 19:1-7, 165 28:11,55 28:25-26, 97, 101

/ Corinthians

Romans

Ephesians

I , 26, 27-28, 31, 210 1:18-32, 25-32 1:20, 33nl3 3:19, 50 3:28,71 4, 65-74, 210 4:1, 67, 69

4:5, 163

6:7, 200 13, 194 13:4-7, 200

Galatians 5:24, 112

Philippians 2, 89

Colossians 3:14, 200

Scriptural Citations Index

235

/ Timothy

James 2:21

1:9,200 2,200 5:9,195

2:21,68,71 IPeter

2:13-18, 200 Hebrews 11:3,30 11:8,67 11:12, 68,72