Bunker Archaeology

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V irilio Virilio

BUNKER ARCHEOLOGY

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"""'" .....1by ......' Cn-,llioll or~ani7.t'd h)' ,t..[he c.n,,,. CUlleT ,," for I"'h Industrial _tid ....... m .. .... ,.... "Arrs ..,." ... flnd rlt'oC'fl,nI pr( ~('lHed .. af ,ht {he M ~llIS('tlm of I);" DCCOrfl{\Vl' ill 1'0 Paris (from .... llD(,(Tlllh('r ...... n'l1>to" 1'111 .... p. rfchrthlry tbnW)' ,.,710 197'5 ,,, lhrough 1976 . ,,,.."" ,,, .. ,....-to" .. I", The: pinun:l. Wl:'rl' ,.k, wkL'n by PAul Pau l Vml". Vlril io to.M" from l'Jill", I~SS [() .\11 rhtc horizon. Its color was disnppu inr ing, compared com pared to the sky's the disappointing, sky 's lumi/lcsluminescenet:, txpallSt' of the oceani( W:I$ truly ssurprising: l1Tprising: (Ould cence, bLil but Ih thet' expanse oceanic horizo horizonn was could such space be void of clutter) Here real su surprise: su("h a vast vast span: uf the sslightest lio hr(:s l cluller? Hert was the rhl' rc:d rprise: in length, It-n!;rh, breadth, and depth ueplh the on-a ni e 'landscape dr:an. oceanic l andscape had ixt'n been wiped clean. Even the sky was diviJt-'t.1 divided up by douds clouds,. blH but the sea sCt'n1t::J seemed empty COllrhe sky du.: St'U l'.mpey in ('untrast. such aII disU)lltt' distance thert there WitS was nl) no wny way or of delt'rminin!,; determining anything rrasr. From sllch Ull )' l h ing like foam movement. rnovemt:m . My My loss of bearings was proof proof" that I had cnte n:d a !lew entered new dcnwnr: mad{- dthat mr all ,Ill element; the sen sea had become an des(:f(', desert, and lht' the August hear heat made the more evidenteviden t- this was \ViiS a whitehot spac{OCl'()ts; the sq ua rt' in front of the rill' sra rion was Wll ~ at ar once unct.: white anJ and voidvoid-that particular youLl feel rhar panicu la r emptiness t'm priness },O fttl in recently abandoned ub:LOduneJ places. It was high h ig h noon. luminous verticaliry noon, :LOJ anclluminous verticality and and liquid horizunraliry horizontality composed a surprisi ng t:climate. limart:. Advancin,g rhe midn wirh surprising Advancing in the midst of housts hOLlses with gaping windows, I was anxious to be done with the obstacles between g :lp in,g W:lS dont: rhe berween Adamic horizon; in facr ious ro myself and the Atlantic fact I was anx anxious to set f(lot foot on my first approached the water level began ro to rise bt.:bebeach. As I approac h ed Ocean Boulevard, Boule-va rd , rhe levd be£:l1l the pines getting taking up more tween tht: p ines and the rhe villas; vi ll:ls; the lilt ocean was gt'tl in£ larger, la rgt'r, mkin,g and more space in my angle of vision. visio .1. Finally, Finally_ whiltcro.~sine: the avenUl' while crossing avenue parallel to the ShOft shore,, the ro have into the underrllc earth cart!! line seemed [0 havc plunged plun!jCrin,g, hidden by its thick concrete cnncrcte framing, framill,L;. with wirh its steel SlIt ] wicket ,i fficult l't and locking system, systl'm , massive ma.~sivt' and d diffi n llt to w move, set fast fun in rust roday, pro tected on its flanks by ssmall prutt'ctl'd ma ll firing sslits lits for automatic weapons. weapons. Thi s narrow door opens upens into inti) a watertight waterti~ht coffer in which the t he air :ti r vent This looks everything here loob; more adaptable ildaptablt: to an oven than chan to (() aiI dwelling; dw(>Uin,L;; t'verything hert' bebc:. peaks incredible submarine ~rl(·a.ks inercdihle pressures, IJrfc"SS lires, like those to co which a~I submari ne is submitted submi((ed ... Several carry Sevl'ral rear apertures a pt'rrures ca rry carrouche nl ft o uc ht' inscriptions, insc ription s, supplying su pplyin g the rh e pport sstation or the su ppOrt tarion number M rhe serial Sl'rial number numbn of the dle work; wo rk; others ochers carry c.:nrry the t he name of the rllt' bunker, hunker, a feminine first name, name , Barbara, Barbaro , Karola Karoln . .... sometimes somerime's a h umoro umorous us phrase. In the case of an element elcm t-m of the (he coastal co..1.sm! battery, banery, the dw embrasure e mbmsure is is in fact fuer rh opt' n ing of the (he struerure; s rr unure; it is a cannon, cannon , a "mouth " muuth of fire," a rhee main opening sp ~p laying lay in g through rhrough which the gun g un will spit its projectiles, projenill's, it ir is the rhe hearth heurrh of the Iht'" casemate, the architectonic arch itecroni( element delllt"nt in which the t he function (unnion of the bunker I., exp t'xp ressed. ressed . is Major differences between the difTt'fen(es of existing aspects aspt"t"fs remain !)(:twecn rhe blind screen of (}f the dlt" lateral lareral walls, the passive passivt' imperviousness impt'rvious ness in the (he rear fl-af sections, and nnd the (he offe nsive opening rht" top, £Op, apart from the rh(' observer's box, offensive opt'nin.g in front; fronr ; as for the w ith the with tilt' tiny tin y staircase swi rcase leading it.'acling to [() the concrete Concrete nest, nest , there th('r(" are :Ire only the cannon' gas sunk into .!ps discharge pipes I}ipl e tempo rempo of the rite military apparatus have not characmilirary appilmrus nut been bel'n looked lookt'd into, inro_ and the inherent inherl'nr l·hamL'Ct'ristil·s war"" have not been lx-en pointed poi l1[1..1. I out dearly; r.his is ont: uf clearly; this one of teristics of this "time of war the deel misunderstanding rhe reasons rt-:lsons for our deep misunJe rstanding of the rhe military phenomenon. phenome non . What spru ng into si,g sight the meantime Whar has sprung lu in {he me;lIlrime since the rhe industrial revolution l The of fix the "tilile of WetI'. The energy of Ocddt·nml Occidental ,Irmies armies goes tion? T/x redact;oll t'l:dlfclicw u/ ·'Iillll! r{ n'ur."" Thl: into rotal anJ and rapid ssuccess adversary. inro roral lICCess against ag'linst the rhe adve rsary. With Wich tthe he national nMional wars warS in m()re and more pronounced IhorlmillJl, Eurupt,. we have lived liv,-d through a more Europe, shortening of conflicts: 9114 4,, 1940) a few duys days (in the conflicrs: from several years (1870, ("l tOO, J19 [94()) to ;1 d ie Near Easr in 1967 19()7 and 197 1973) Inrenr East 3) and finally down ro to a few hours with rhe latent cC,>nflict (as General Andre possibilities of of;\a limited lillJiltd nuclear qmflicr (liS Geneml Andrr: Beaufre Bc;\ufre declared, th ree hours of nuclear conflict canfl in we WI:' go headfirst hl'1.ld fl rsr into i nro the rhe unknown"). u ri known ,.). ., After three "After On the dle one hand Wt' sit in on more mure and more mort exll!lIsitJt WMS (since the hand,, wc extemive wars struggles over national cont·iinent nent m to the Strug8 les ovt'r narional territories of the European Eurnpt
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j111rSU ll brought on, o n, after llft!;.'r the war, WlIf, the extraordinary exrmordirwry development dt"vt"!upmt'nt of datac.Iatapursuit proct'Ssin,l: and and those rhost.' famous F., mlOUS "strategic "s rrate~ic calculators" that upset upsct the the conduct processing W3f. and politics of war. The robot robot era Nil began, bcg:lIl . as us aII matter m .. trcr of fact fan., not no t only on ly with wuh the t he small, s mall, ft'molf:-nmrrol tank wok named nilrnl.:cl "Goliath" "Goliath " or ur with wit h the VI V I flying f1yin,f: bomb hnmb that th:1l was remote-control nicknamed nit:knamcd "meteor-dynamite," "mctcur-dynami tt':' but hur especially cSfX'Cia ll y with wit h the tht: mechanization nwchan izn tion of miliwry intelligence, imdligcnce, with the thl' automation a utomation of the counterattack. t:OlIntcmttack. military This was \V,IS also the rhe era em of the lh e great grt'ilt "command operas I)pt'r.lS"~ in which the tht: air :llf This S~I fleets f1cc t S were Wl're controlled, from fifty meters meltrs underground, undc rwuund. in in London Lond on or and sea in in Berlin, Bt.-rl in. and where a whole group ~roll P of hostesses hos(ess('.~ looked [u"kt·d after the rhe pilots pilms by radiophonics, mJiopho n ics. guiding guidi nJ.: them, thc m , reassuring n:assurin g them rllt' m during durin!; their Llwir missions, m iss i(1I1S, aII hund rt·d kilometers ki lOI1lCttrs away. away. Authority AulilOrit y was already exerted with wit h an minimum m inimum hundred of relays, and lind if, from frum his angle, :1n ~ 1t" , the German Germa n dictator dictalClr imagined ima,l-: int:u he Ill... was W:IS a :I wa rlo rd ddirecting irecting his generals ,ge n e r~l l s by telephone, tt'l epliolle, it was the rhl' complete l'(lmplt:tl' system syst('m of warlord transmission trunsmission that allowed allowl't'riOLiS dam:l!:;~·. This T his homogeneity, this monolithic character,f, is USt,ful useful for us in he being h()mO~l·nt·iry, mono li th ic Chanll"tt' in,g able to reveal sl"ve several at work in modern veal .. d f;lctors filcw rs ar rllOdt'rf) warfare. warfil ft" ince the arming of rhe the jN, jet, :mcl and especially since rhe the arrivttl arrival of an artillery Stnet: rhe :trming illt:ry on th e sce ce ne, warfare defensive co conthe warfart: has not only ecreated re,ned a landscape tnnuscape by ddt-ns;vc nstruc tions, til(:e org:lnization organization of fronts ,md and frontiers, Htllni uns , by th frontie rs, but it has also co mpe ted succcssfu successfully natural forces; firearms, explosives, smoke tompcred ll y with nfH u rnl foru:s; (lrt-arms, cxpiosiws, scree ns, und and sasses gasses have comribured contributed to tthe climate, screens, he creation cn:ar;on of an artificial arrif'icinl c1im;llc, rese rved to the battleg battleground more precisely, rcsrrvcu round or, murt· p rccisd}l, to the moment momt-llt of combat. Thi;s' discover}l d iscovery itself deserves to be closely studied, for it is the origin Th urigin of wha t we .lfe are now-though not flIT for that long-used to citHing calling pollution, wll;lr now-thoug h nOt IXlllution, ~3 !lIra [i(J n , and biolugical ilibrium. The art of warfare aims at the sa t uration, biological disequ disequilibrium. nll1l>{irurion whert' he used to consti t ution of an unhealthy, improper place for man just where dwe ll- firs firstt by rhe the rain of arrows and lances dwelllanct's on the rht' adversary, then rhe-n by the ca ap ulted impact boulders burning material cUI.!llulecd impaCl of heavy buuld e rs and cascades of bu rning marerial tidling tht· assaiJanrs. Blll , apart from lht, hilling onto the assailants. But, the arson ravaging huge forcse forest expanses and the conquered cities, cxpanses cit ies, the comparison with l1atmospheric (mosphcri c t()rces forct:s was w{-:\ weakk unt untilil lhe the devc:l()pmenr development of tthe cannon, which allowed for a beginW.1S he omnon, whidl allowt- ,nt:rial iz:lriun pun:m ia l artillery traj ec tories pcrm permitted the elabormion elaboration of the !)encrdJ general form of rill' the an illcry u"JJt:':(;1' II Kl"IL.I. " IIV DEDICATED 0I10U: ATF.U TO FIITZ TODT Ton1 (SECT IO N AND NS) CUi ~TIUN IIN I) PLA PLANS)

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"iHilitary jr!rce "Military furee is regulated 1'1!811111/ed Oil its

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reserved, reserved, for twenty years- just juSt the opposi opposite te of uf the pursued executed Adolf Eichmannand execured Eit'hmann- Albert Speer arrived in his 1969 19(,9 memoirs ro Reich.. to tx-ar bear wirness witness to (he the intimacy of tht, the Third Reich priceless document: the We possess with wirh his memoirs a pricdess rhe act of contrition of a war criminal. However, faced t:1cecl with the positive positive, reception of the critics, crit ics, a warning is necessary: this spccrac specracLllar not mask the II. ular repentance repenranc:c must nor trajectory of the the political parable of his career. cf";ljecmry rhe personage, IX'rsonage, nor hide th(:' hi s (arter. two-fold piece which This two-fotd piecc of writing, in wh ich everything is rectified fL- allowN com mand. the Third Reich, up and

CHRONOLOGY

1929

Mej" Kampf KarnpJpublished. Mein published. 1930

the Maginor Maginot line. Construction of [he 19 33 jJ anuary fl1l1Jary 30 Hitler Hider becomes chancellor of the Reich.

M arch 23 Hitler March Hider receives full fuJI powers for four fou r years. years . October 19 Germany leaves the League of Nations and decides to rearm rearm.. 19 34

May M ay 27 First attempt atfempr at annexation of Austria with the rhe assassination of Engelbert Dollfuss. Doll fuss. A ugust lIgmf 2 On Paul von Hindenburg's death, Hitler Hider combines the functions of chancellor aand nd Reich president. presidenr. 19 35

January attached to j lmJltlry The Saar is anacbed ro Germany by referendum. 19 36

June conJll lle 7 Remilitarization Remilirarization of the Rhineland and the beginning of the con· st ruction of the strunian rhe Siegfried Siegfr ied line, the West Wall. 19 38

M m'ch Annexation of Austria. March Austria. Sep tember 29 Munich: annexation of the September rhe Sudeten Germans. December Fritz Todt charge TOOt is in cha rge of all military mili[ary constructions; conHruCiions; creation of the Todt Toot Organization.

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A E« I II L VIEW V I E \V OF 0 F A Sl"\ SU R MANINI, III A « I N t IlA~I: B II S E IN I N ~AINT ~ A J NT - ""A~AIRr A Z II I R F . AtRIAl 0 ,NIl E CA" e,l II PPREC I.~ TI : T Til" I) I ~I ENS IO NS Or T il E "FOR TII' AT IO" IO N I N R [E~ PECT O APPRECIATIt n l! I)IMrNSIONS OF Tllr ONT II' lI C rAT ~p r. Cr I TY; l'! IT IS I S TA.' ::' r[ I N , 1\()f{l)l.,11 N "I l1' ,l D E or 1 Tr l1 Il 1" E 1 1) ,, ( K ,,~ !1 1 lL\lIdl.l IIORU! At 1X X , I'I'RO RO~ Atl A ntl ) 0("

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.'-'.'.'iii. B W ITH TWO U EMORA SU Il R HS. F. · TII15 TillS Typr TY P E 01' F()ln IFI Ihem whuse texorbitant, in which the spt.'(.-d speed of communicatiun communication and gguidance eerally rally exorbitllm, uidance of the vectors of desrruction's delivery, delivery, from outer space, annihilates all uffensive offensive Vf:('tors fmm ollter capacity founded assault of mechanized terrestrial forces. capaci t y fou nded on movement, the assuult terrestrilll foret'S. The t)"rmm)' tyrallny (if of real 'IIIJ~ time is no lon.!;ler longer lin an Idle idle phrase, for it now applies to pilmse, nuw the powe powerr of chiefs of sw staff as wdl well as as dH: rhe polit political nations engaged lhe ffus ka l power of nat inns engaJ;l-cl confrontation, war between East and in a historic confrom alion. ssince ince the cend nd of the cold wnr Eas t nnd suddenly deprived " or combat planes, pl anes, spatial delivery. The gguidance but king out ou t of targe ts and rhe jamm ing of enemy broadbroad bm especially the sta staking targets the jamming casrs, am 'action deli on on the:enl!m y. casts, forbid all impon important the part of the enemy. H enceforth , whetlier instant.!nt"ous spt't'd Henceforth, whether we lLke like it or nOt. not, the th e instantaneous speed of data c1ata transmiSliiun, rhe exm'me transmission, as well as the extreme precision in the guidance and navigation of intelligent inrelligeOl projecriles. nate'S rhe projectiles, domi dominates the devastaung devastating power of conventional or nonconvem iunal armS. nonconventiunal arms. After the very long supremacy of tht' the dt:ft'nsive defensive over the offensive., offensive, which has left its mark on fonifica t ions throu!-: hout the iI~es, rtillery fortifications throughout ages, the rise of aartillery fifinally nally gave supremacy m \VJe have ro the offensive, co ro tht' the war of movemellt. movement. We St'f.' seenn this up to tile the appearance or of rhe the atomic weapon and of rht' the necl'ssity necessity of the status status quo, of d~tcrrence. deterrence. A new t:ra era begins today with the suddt'n sudden supremacy of the ",bS flllift Jptrd absolute speed of arms forbidding at'cc'Ss access to the b:lltiefidd battlefield and ized forces and and r~lgning reigning over over the relative relative JpredJ speeds ooff mechan mechanized and their

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for exam example. "flexible ple. As for the abandonment of the American concept of "flexib le to rhe the idea of using rhe the atom atomic response," this corresponds co ic weapon as aa/ina! final re[!)l;rse~ whic whichh confirms, if need be, rhe the decline of nuclt:ar nuclear de deterrence rtc-lIme, terrence in lastt ttype battle prohibition, prohibirion, if not of all war, founded on the favor of a las ype of barrle orbital power of rhe the tWO two spacia spatiall superpowers. orbiwl auronomy of Europe in r.;gard n:gard to defense is less and less probable. The 3u{Onomy Henceforth the capaci capacities deterrence depend on a milirary military space located rit's of deterrt-nce at rhe the far reaches of the planet. The old occidental Finistere FimsrCorc: is menaced the sea, and the air, but above all from this everywhere: ftom from the gground, round, rhe rhe air, thIS exotic front where the means of total l'iectronic war reign undisputed. The exoric rhe roral d ecrronic r~'i~ n undi sputed. war of rtn' rea! lill/(' time has clearly supplanted rhe the war in real space of ,qeo~raphi(al geographical 1(/l1Y rea l ~pal'l' territories conditioned nations and people. rerrirories that rhar long Ion.!) ago cond irioned the rhe hisrory of narions

Pau l Virilio Vi rilio Paul 1 JJuly uly 1991

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iI That to various elecrrolllagncric Th~{ is 's [0 ((I 5;1Y, 5:1)', (() '" make mal... milirary m,I,,~ry equipment I ...."I'Ile.. . Cylin ( ylili'dr ical or l' I'aralldepipcdal rhese bunk b unkers drical .. r~l!dl"l" I>e:J~I., Ih,,'t ..r ••shel htl·t,,,r e red c ivilian s .Iulln" du rin g a air ra ids. Ourt"jo: Du rin g Ih lhl'ft .. t.l ci"ihanl ir ",lid.

Indi v idua lly, the corresl a nd s hlp rroop (corps rbe.. tre .. ry; ,y: mll O:Cllvely. "ir pl'Ol'f:crs orps in III 11'1 even r of ,", ae ria or lund land bo mbing on in the rhe ",~,on region. ,'wnl r,all I'M' hnmbing Ir "t:sses aa ddi:nw dcf shelrer ~heltn 111:1( .n~rhl"'·-' ed pilors ki si The Alli Allied pilut.• ca (R lled iled rbem ,hem "s "ski mres" eso beIxo· cause rhey h like .'lIUSC they looked looknl so 50 muc mudl I>kl' SKi sk, ramps. I"~rnl» . Fo Forr rrarospheric ke rs) the IIrhe ... V2 V2 (or (or sut;l lospl","C' roc rO(kl''') [~ f'lrtificarumfka· rion 0re co mple):.. nonss were ",·r.. vaster ~,I.l,I,'r and un,t n1 n,nr .. (Oml,le" The Cfarl'[, which '11,,' 1Iesr filSr was Wli the ,Ix- Peenemlincic P«llC'lnlin.tc cr~I('I. whidl tOok .onk on the containe on rbe rhe: form form of 01111J O BSfRVATtON

.100-4 00 m4''''I» nwter.,):; ~JlIII~" antilanK ca nn o ns, m..chmt mac hine :;/X)..Jo!()Cl k \'lu'nun~,

OR OR FIRING DIRECTiON DIRECTI O N TOWER TOliVER birly fdU' rare in Ih tht: ArI , o n ce ajo:.,n ag ain .ht' th e .. Sill' t h e '''~Inr major 'mf'l'r~I" imperarive. on((' tol "i:-. tht' ... (p b utos Ipag e;, 1n1. IO ,i, IU,). 10 '), 106, 107, InK lO S, ,,)I). 109, IphuHl' ......~'." 1116. 1117, 11 0 , III. Ill , 11 2 2,. ~Iod a nd 11 7) (7) 1111.

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OPE N N fORWARD FORWA RD fACAD( rACAD[ Of OF AN AhJ ARTillERY ART ILLER Y BUNKER BUN KE Be.."d s id res< Ih~ rh e pre se n, n ... C UI o r ah~fn't· absc llll' l1r o( th rhet U prne

TOBROUK TOBR O UK

iinn.sc ripri on o n "loot "Todt I'wnr" ahovc ,he the embras Llre and SCfll't, fron, - ;o.bt,Yl:' cnlhr..~" f': ~t' "rv\'ll· flatte ned-ang le pro dcs , wh ich rt'v,-~I rl'vea l bu,lI borh .1,(dif~ nallen .. d-anjoll" prof'il''S. wh'Lh fe re llccs i,l in rll rhe lan t'ypc: ype (ur arm s) and also frn'ul'C!\ ... pp1.'n (u. in 'II ~Im~) ~n.J al." the IIII..,ins o ri g in s o f Iht th e C01lS con s IIUUIIIIl truction. Thr The tim.t\. f(lITr eSS ,he pioneers ~toCr:llly ge ne rally used rhe.. {Janelled ang le; rh e plon...-,i lJ~ed Ih n~IIt'Il1l Org anizarion uSame: sa me: avoiding rhe (ragile rnuhr was ....:u ,he Jyui dio~ the fm).:ll .. rig hr attg le . \,\I h e n tht rhe open facad e IJ is smoorh rI~h, aug lc. \'(Ihl'l! OJ ...·" (1II."1.Ilk 'mumh., ir to b., he rrnrtl:led pro rected by armor plaring. II is ,~ to I"t~lm~ . ((photos I't~)C.~ pages 2, ['13, l 44 , and S) pol,»'''' 14 Ill,I 'B.14L anJ li II,)

Tht'e 1"(\/,1." 0"111,· ,,( II"I>n ()f Th pr oper Dame of ,hl' tht, "",.t fl1uS t (,1Il (l) 11111l0n of bunkt·rs.. A A ~nllU small .;' case m a.,re... wirh CLme tte for huok,·" ..... 01 ","h IIa (UIlCII! C t.\/'",!.,i"" tI" c/I! IIlr {ffr H,;rh, g,i,h, 1\ Pa ris, Pion, ) l)62. P~r;s, I' lon, 1%1.

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Paul in "~rI~ Pari s II, in 19 ) 2. Cit\,P~III Yiriliu Vinl,u was Wi\~ born horn .11 I!iU. CII),planner and .,.~} t:ssay isr, spec ial izes in Jucsriuns plauf'Ir for ""[,1I11lt popul ar ro.,Sr,lU,,, res i stan Ce ro wa r, '"11 Olalilr l);lnoth",! CO(lstruction of ![wo nlajor wf>fh; works: !lit, rhe parochial Cenrt: t S""lfe SaiIHt' Bl'rnadcne Newrs In in 19(,(, (cnt"t fl.t.rn~\.k·uc de Nel"'~ I')(,(, an" ~n,j rhe Th()Jl1 son --ll IIc>U ~to n ,1.,nu;l.,r Cl'otc:r of ~~nl>pl"''(' aerospace Ihe: l1"lnl>t", nu,mn reseJrch in Yillacoublay 19(,9. tl'sNrd, on Villal"UllhllY 'in1I 1')(>').

H H.. SI't'"ld,lm'<JJiM SI't'idd , Im''''''ion 44, Pari" Flammarion, 1964 . P~ri,. Fl amm~""", 1%4.

E. JUI1i;er,j.mJiIl1 1'''''1r A\\'arJ f(ll' Criticism" for Viri l[jo's wtJrk work as "a "'h,'k whole, IJlltk'r under Ihe the lOi!'Jrt initiative of ViriL,,\: w \If the of' E'IUipu1l"'U"n..:t'j ,r IT\'ulnr ,nil ,n transmission publi sht:d by "transport 1m"!,orr and ~"J .. :",sm;~,nn,, l'uhh~hl..r

K. A. O{{~r. Ocrar, Ar ..6iln/llre u/ag" I'wion, K . Malloty, Mallory. A IIn-b'/tI'llIrr~j "1;);,\,,1/411, London , An:hu('(rural Archirecrural Press, 1973. London, Preu. 1973.

P. ((~anll'li", r;)mci ill , Ln Les bi"d:l,(//IS tiIIIN ,in , p. bl"';/."'''1 de iiI l"il/lI;4,1'O Pari s, Editions Dm1'",!, Daniel , 1974. Pa,,~. 1':174. .

or fh~ the !Il'It'nnfi, scief1(i fic ati,"«"-y adviso!'y board Mc:mher M"mllt'r uf bour<J I(, Inrr rh rhL'e of rhe or Normandy" III in Cacn; •"Memorial M.-ml)li,.1 ,,( rhr Barri I\"nke ufNuroL.",dy" eWen:

Galilee. Galih~

qt.mo·u..de Publ ish ing IIlnulO: lou se headed s; P'Iblt}luu,,: hc-...J,.J h), IIf Richard R". h~,J Edwa &I ....rd r('o: aa co toJl~won "-11M - Dmll~ de ,II' Reg R {·g~tds wich ri G au din.. wllh aa hook hllul., by by che rl,,' archicecc ~I\IUft'Ct H Hen rnn GliuJin 19,)2: Jean-Claud e l;ui le ba ud 19')2: Preparation Prel',u,ui,,,, wich wuhjean-Cl:u .. \t-t.iulld>;tuJ telr ih,cion "Medias cm ocnlcy"' at fur che rhc c'xb t'!(hilmi"fl - M ,..Ji~s and lind D DemlKT~cy :1.1 che: (he Arc Arc: of of Man's M:Ul's Righrs R'!l hu and ane! of of Frarernicy, l'rurcrru,)", undtr uoo ... che ive preside [h" success ,uccO'$Si"e prcs • nc ies of ofClaude Claud.' Cheysson Ch.yUtm and e rez d e Cud!.. lIellar.•. av'''' PP"rez and JJ avier

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199' /x Al'l OI','), 19I)}:: Carr L',,,, ,hi J. l/1i1rtJ/1' IIf'>/t _ IT (Tbt All oj .,I'h. 11_ iII M., ....}. an an essay on rhe ia revolution bli shed f'$s;lyon rhe mulcime,j mulun1('(I,;\ ,"olulloo,, [,>u pllbl,~h ....1 G11i1~. by Ga lilee . ecember 1092 li a\I Since 24 SU>lC 24 D ~cmb"r 19'J2,, Virilio VirollO has h:i.i bel' llttu member o(,bc - 11,):h Commiccee Gl mm in cr for che Iht' m ember of rhe "High H o using of va nca 'C I Peopl er the Housin8 uf Disad D isa.IVllnlu,!;t't1 Ptopl.."~ und ,,,,Jr' th. pre' idency of es~o n , former s[er prt'$IIJ"ocy of Loui Lm.uss [lSnnl pi, (()\v l'r~, II like

158,and 15')) 158, and 15')

LIGHT ARTtltf-!iIY A TILLERY BlJNKfl! BU KER nGHT FLAKT URM fLAKTURM

FORTRE SS

O PE N FO RWARD RWA~D f ACADE PEN ACA DE O OFF AN A ,\RTllLER BUNKER RYY BUN KER ARTILLE Besides rhc 1'.~.enll' presen ce "' or ~absence of 1111' tlw til in-~""J,,\ ,he h~tnlt (If scription "T~"I! "locit Fn>!1l" hont " above the elllbrasure and .'iCril>lifJU ~1~wI Ih,' cmbr.l~u!'\' m ... 1 the framing ftaming or of Ih~' the ~,"non ca nnon 's .. orifi wit h vertical roe: t ifitce.. "'''h "trlOnl n:dans. no one IlOCices [he aln:rnarill g f"'''c-J· c.:lI rveJ~ or rl·,l:olls, ...· 1l0!lC'n IhllIhllll,l:L: u.m"im the worksbops the docks the.. repair ,tit' wnrl;shllp> and ~ltJ Ihl ,In,:k~ (ur fIll' Ih n'I'I;I,r of ,,(

t

r"'..t"ve.. sub H.hrn~rin~, ~, w well .I, r'I'St'lVU ~1l,1 twel marin es as e ll as eSe r veS and basements gings (or b~J~m~nr~ witb wllh lod 1~}!jnp (." the Ih~ cr"w~ lI\'W~ (the (,hI' Lor ie nt base LVrlC'nl base had h.d mom !fwn' (or Ii" S()OO ~()!H) men). l1Ieo) , ParParticular to protection Ikuhr carl' is j . given F'y .. n 10 Ilmll'\" "'O ag,lins[ ~~bitou bombing, g of bornhin!!. firsr fj.u wit WH h th rh"e cov lOV t'tin ftln~ 1)( rbe rhe cham I)!;.., with WIth slahs ,lnh~ o( of rt·inforn"d l\·in(o" ",1 COjl('ITte " 'Ih aI' chambers o( all

,,,t(. ,,(

;."l Yl'fJgt' [(:rs, thell \'l".~g," rbicknl'ss , h 'lknl:~~ of Seven $:"".1 I'l".ot 0' coastal i>;.UCTllIy genera lly on in dlI (unnel (u""d,, aand tlt- 136, l 'i '), 116, 4 ~) lOS it. u . (pho[Os (phollOS pag p;a,lllIm flilter-Direrliccs tit degIKO-C, glltrre, P~r;s, Pari s, Anhautl, Arrhaud, l~M. J %'i.

D{/eil.fC (fne! r.' [(fJ/(),~i.(dl } ~kt(dul1~ s k('tchin~ tht the: o.jfIN'III./ II/!'fP(,d Struggles 11!"Nf}:I"J. conditions Ii" f()r I"Jl'ular popular n"',~r:o.",'t" res istancl' W to war, wndi,wu~ W" t, published by (;~liI~, Ca li lee. l'ul!Io,hl,1 h)' I