It
was
n night attack,
and the
Toe
had caught them napping"
(/>.
391).
Battles OF
THE
Nineteenth Century DES...
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It
was
n night attack,
and the
Toe
had caught them napping"
(/>.
391).
Battles OF
THE
Nineteenth Century DESCRIBED
BY
ARCHIBALD FORBES,
G. A.
HENTY
MAJOR ARTHUR GRIFFITHS Attd other Well-known
Vol.
SPECIAL
Writers
II.
EDITION
WITH COLOURED PLATES AND NUMEROUS OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
CASS E LL
AND
LONDON, PARIS, ALL
COMPANY, XEW RIiJIIl^
Limited
YORK & MELBOURXE RESERVED
CONTENTS. PAr.ii
Laswaree and Assaye.
The
Fall or Vicksburg.
July
The Capture of Son-Tal Talavera.
July 27—28,
Castelfidardo.
Aroghee.
Sept.
April
By
Battles of the Boer War.
April
Paris
Puente de la Reyna.
The Desert
Oct.
Queenston Heights. Balaclava.
Oct.
25,
Nov.
Oct.
13,
By Major
17
—
1854.
Eylau and Friedland.
427
.-Arthur Griffiths
C
By
440
Stein 2,
446
490
By Charles Lowe
Jan. 17—19, 1885.
Vista.
By Angus Evan Abbott
1812.
:
7—8 and
Feb.
22,
By
1860.
i,
514
Griffiths
Maipo. Jan.
14,
526
.April 1807.
1818,
5,
By W.
By
1846.
By H. Sutherland Edwards April
— Aug.,
.
535
.
,
.
.544 By
1809.
June
24,
1859.
MuDKi and Firozshah.
The Forest-Fighting
R.
1879.
By Archibald Forbes
565 578
By
Colonel
By
C. Stein
592
W. W. KnoUys
599
1809.
Canada,
By
Captain
1885.
The Capture of Ciudad Rodrigo.
By A.
1892.
Part
Jan.
19,
614
,
and Dec. 21—22.
Dahomey.
in
584
Maynard Leonard
By Major G. Le M. Gretton
Dec. 18
July —Aug.,
Second Revolt.
Jan., 1842.
White Mario
Jessie
in 1801.
The End of the Zulu War.
Riel's
B. Robertson
By Charles Lowe
21, 1813.
The Expedition to Egypt
Walcheren.
499
.
.
553
Oct.
June
Solferino.
482
Butler
J.
The Volturno. Buena
459
.Augustus O'Shea
The Utter Destruction of a British .Army: Afghanistan. Vittoria.
A. Hilliard Atteridge
.Arthur Griffiths
The Liberation of Tyrol and Three Captures of Innsbruck. A.
By
1870.
471
By Major
By John
in Chili
Feb.
416
Russell
1877.
18,
408
....
A. Milliard Atteridge
Nov. 29— Dec.
Cha.mpigny.
:
By Major Arthur
The Spaniards' Last Stand
401
By Archibald Forbes
Jan. 8-15, 1815.
1873.
6,
By
1881.
24,
Abu-Klea and Abu-Kru.
Fights.-
388 393
iSSi.
By Herbert
2, 1801.
The Storming of Kars.
Jan.
Oct., 1837.
The Campaign of New Orleans. Copenhagen.
380
Goodman
E. L.
G. A. Henty
Jan.— Feb.,
The Fall of Constantine.
The Great Sortie from
By
By John Augustus O'Shea
i860.
Geok Tepe.
Skobeleff's Seizure of
371
By Major Arthur Griffiths
14, 1S63.
By D. H. Parry
1S09.
18,
By Herbert Compton
1S03.
i,
Dec. 11—17, 1883.
186S.
10,
and Nov.
Sept. 23
1845.
By Herbert Compton
....
Hilliard Atteridge
By MajorGeneral
1812.
638 647
Owen Wheeler L
628
659 T. Bland Strange
By Major Arthur
Giiffiths
.
.
.
....
664 676
CONTENTS.
iv
The Third Battle of
Plevna.
Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.
The Siege of Carthagena. Aliwal and Sobraon. Kiel's
Second Revolt.
The Storming of
Jan.
ii— 12,
1864.
By Archibald Forbes
10,
By William
....
V. Herbert
1SS5.
Battle.
i,
1S49.
Dec.
10,
683
704
By Major-General
Part H.
PAGB
692
By Herbert Conipton
1846.
March 31— April
The Fall of Plevna. The Fourth
1877.
By John Augustus O'Shea
1873—74.
28— Feb.
Canada,
Brescia.
Sept.
714
T. Bland Strange
J.
1877.
By W. V. Herbert
Butler
.
.
.721
.
.
.
.....
By A.
740 744
General Chronological List of All the More Important Battles of the Nineteenth Century.
Compiled by A. Hilliard Atteridge
753
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE Taj Malml, Agra
372
The Mausoleum
of Akbar,
Map
.........
Agra
of the Marillja Conlederacy
Lord I-ake. " Turned them round and poured grape and chain-shot
"...
into the rear of the victorious British
...... ........ ....... ........ ...... ...... .,,,.,. ......
Plan of the Battle of Assaye Gunboats passing Vicksburg
maps sliowing general
Sketch
situation
in
1863
:
.
.
Plan of Grant's operations against Vicksburg . . General Macpherson " The Black Flag' soldier died with his face to the foe" Plan of the defences of Son-Tai .
'
"Luu-vin-Phuoc and the long street
'
man
Death of Colonel Donellan Map showing scope of the campaign i860
.......... ..,...., ....... in
Pontifical
Map
to "
.
.
Zouave
The Abyssinian
captives
.
showing the neighbourhood of Magdala Lord Napier of Magdala "The Punjaubees, after firing a volley, rushed down and charged them with the bayonet " .
,
.
King Theodore of Magdala Turkoman musicians
Map
..... .... ........
showing the neighbourhood of Geok Tepe
Plan of the storming of
Geok Tepe
"
in
The women mingled
General Skobeleff
"For a week
the wf/ee^
.
.
'
.
they marched thus, the
Turkomans
Scenes around Pretoria Map of the Transvaal, showing the scope of the war. Sir G. P. Colley " The men struggled on through the hail of fire" .
.
.
President Kruger
General Smijt
,
Hill
'*The Boers, now disdaining cover, and the scared troops, picked off the
firing
men
as
if
House
of a rich farmer in the Transvaal
.
.
,
fire
,
"
,
Gallery in the palace at Constantine , Sunset in a Mississippi swamp Plan of New Orleans and neighbourhood New Orleans at the present time " It was bayonet against bayonet" . " They strove to scale the rampart " , .
bayou of the
.
....
Mississippi.
General Cl^menl-Thomas The broken bridge at Joinville . General Trochu " The first rush had been successful" The great sortie from Paris Plan " Outside Champigny he found Trochu and his Staff General Vinoy Lord Nelson :
Plan of the Battle of Copenhagen " He was full of animation " " He poled this raft from the shore to right under the very
397
399 400 403 404 405 407 409 411 412
424
429 430 432 433 434 435 436
437 439
,
.
.
,
,
"...
.......
Kars "Nearly
all
soners"
Map '
413 414 417 419 420 421
.
stern of tlie Elephant Entrance to the haibour, Copenhagen General Melikoff; the Grand Duke Michael Pacha " The Russians went up boldly " , , Plan of the defences of Kars, 1877 . ,
'
shooting .
.
.
Copenhagen
down upon
game"
1837
396
425 426 428
Steppes of the Caspian Sea Boers of the Cape on the trek
in
392
harass-
ing their rear"
Majuba
391
Central Italy in
Ancona " The haycocks and farm-steadings were clung
A
384 385 387 389
fought for him-
Plan of Craufurd's march
Plan of Constantine
" In the teeth of a death-dealing
A 383
his followers disputed every inch of
Plan of the Battle of Talavera " All formation was lost, and each se'f"
377 378 381
the
American War " Here and there the Federals crowned the works with their flags "
373 374 376
......
the
Turks were overtaken and made
showing scope of the Carlist War yell they answered to the call "
With a
pri
.
Estella
A
Carlist charge Spanish landscape Sir Herbert Stewart
,
,
,
•
....
Khartoum
Map
.
.
.
showing scope of operations Plan of the Battle of Abu-Klea . "The dauntless Guardsman leaped to his
feet
sword
i
hand, and slashed at the ferocious group'' Colonel Burnaby Type of a Mahdi soldier " The fatigues of the day were followed by the tribulation " of a moonless night march Plan of the Battle of Abu-Kru . " Reinforcements from Omdurman had arrived Sir Herbert Stewart being carried to the Nile The Ste. Marie river " A wild fight took place in the woods " . Plan showing scope of the campaign in Canada 181
....
....
.......
Amherstburg He was met by an American '
'
land
"
.
,
.
.
officer, .
who
forbade him to
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
vl
PAGB leaped to his destruction "
"
Many
A
Canadian Indian
a
man
.
.
.
.
General Scarlett I-ord Cardigan The Thin Red Line ;
5^4
".......,
" Unveiled, she stood the frontier
in front
Sir
S^O
Plan of the Battle of Firozshah and Mtidkl
A
Plan showing scope of the campaign of i8i6 in Chili
Plan of the march to Abomey, 1892 The Opale
.... .
The Uspullata
"The
Pass
under Alvarado
division
ground
"
.
.
Napoleon
at Eylau Plan of the Battle of f ylau Plan of the Battle of Kriedland " Several Russian columns were driven into the river "
Cossacks Map showing relation of Tyrol to Austrian Empire
.
.
.
Tyrolese girls
....
castle of Tyrol
Plan of Innsbruck and neighbourhood Salzburg '• With a roar like thunder the terrible stone battery
'
.
.
.
;
.... .... .... .
Plan of the Battle of the Volturno Naples from Posilipo " It was at that moment that Garibaldi appeared •'
riighlanders swept on "
The
.
,
Plan of the B.ttle of Vittoria Plaza de la Constitucion
Vittoria
"The
:
soldiers held
.
,
.
...
,
.....
an auction through the night
The Duke of Wellington " The Mexican lancers charged .
.
,
"
.
"
.
.
.
the Illinois soldiers "
.
Plan of the Battle of Buena Vista General Taylor
" In the narrow ravines the Mexicans had no chance " The colonel immediately raised his cane "
.
.
Sir
Ralph Abercrombie :
Two
of the
number
.
rode at the general "
,
.
Plan of the Battle of Ulundi "Rapidly .is the Zulus moved, easily kept
Charge of the
1
pace with them 7ih Lancers at
Genoa
573
576 577
579 580 581 585 587 588 589 593 595 596 597 600 601
624
mounted rillemen
625 627
629 630 6,2
Bersaglieri
Solferino
' Every soldier
down
572
622
Ulundi
who attempted
to save the eagle
was shot
"
" Rushing with hori id
yells,
they seized the hill"
.
.
.
.
.
He
,
.
.
.
.
Now
.... ....
669 671
do you quite understand?'" "
dealing
633 636
little
....
enclosure "
...... .... .....
Plan of the Third Battle of Plevna Russian camp outside Plevna Russian attack upDn a Turkish redoubt Russian wounded leaving Plevna Chattanooga and the Tennessee from Lookout Mountain Plan of Sherman's Atlanta campaign. " Struck Colonel Taylor square in the breast" . " One of McPherson's staff dashed up to the porch " . "The whole line from Big Shanty up to Allatoona was marked by the fires of the burning railroad " . Swamp in Georgia Plan of Carthagena "She swopped broadsides with the Victoria almost at pistol range"
.... .
.
.
........ ........ ......
Carthagena "
The
officers of the revolted battalions incoming comrades "
their
them
to the front "
Plan of the Battle of Sobraon " Into it the Singhs plunged "
Plan of the Battle of Frenchman's Butte
Edmonton
A
half-breed
A
settler's
camp
673 675 677 680
684 684 685 687 688 689 691
693 695 6y6 697
700 701 705 709 712
met and embraced
Plan of the Battle of Aliwal " Colonel Wood snatched the colours, and waving thorn aloft, carried
661
663 665 666 668
General Middleton Plan of Ciudad Rodrigo " Posting himself on a point of vantage
652
653 657 660
....
.
shot the Indian through the side"
651
tre-
"Five more regiments were hurled against the death-
621
"....• .... the
.
up for several houis a mendous cannonade " . Plan of Walcheren and surroundings Rapids at the mouth of the Saskatchewam
571
.
of Zulus in full dress
General plan of the operations in Zutuland, 1879 " Rifle in hand, he held the post of honour in rear" Plan of the Battle of Kanibula
cned"
569
.
....
;
...
Osman Pasha
,
.
"
IJalle-ld /' he
,
564 568
,
,
649
" There was a close and desperate straggle "
"
641 643 644
645 648
fetish place
Flushing "Sir Richard Strachan kept
"'
603 604 605 609 612 613 616 617 620
" Suddenly a French officer galloped up to Major Wilson Gateway, Rosetia Sir Eyre Coote Sir Evelyn Wood Sir Redvers Buller
Group
.
.... .... ,
Plan of the campaign in Egypt in 1801 Alexandria view from Fort Cafarelli '•
"
:
Canadian gun sleigh team View near Calgary Plan showing scene of Riel's Rebellion
.591
.
Novo a Dahomey types Porto
Cree Indian
561
,
640
carried battery after battery at the point of the
554 55^ 557 559 560
.
bayonet"
549 552
burst
'
out" Andrew Hofer made Governor of the Tyrol Dost Mahomed Sir Robert Sale " An Afghan horseman rode at her with uplifted sword " Maps illustrating the first Afghan War Jellalabad and the Khoord-Cabul pass Akbar Khan types of Afghan soldiers " Moving forward at the double in the teeth of the Afghan musketry fire The Khyber Pass ;
54^
543 545 54^ 54^
.
Sikh soldier
"They
"'
was crossing the low
Santiago
The
539 54°
pointed to
Henry Hardinge
Plan showing direction of the Heavy Cavalry charge at 53° Balaclara . . .533 The Heavy Cavalry charge at Balaclava . . .534 Plan of the charge of the Lighl Brigade " It became necessary to make a stand " 537 .
men and
of the
5^5 5=*
.... ....
........
log-house Section of hay-clad horseboat and of pork-and-flour-clad
713 716 717
719
720 723 724 725 729
....
for infantry 732 " The native gentleman promptly fired " 733 "A few percussion common shell passing through the loose earth exploded in the pit " 737 Big Bear and some of his prisoners 739 " Then began a murderous fight " -741 Plan showing scope of the campaign in Northern Italy, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
742
1849
The " giant
"
battery in the Russian hues
.
Plan of the Fourih Batt'e of Plevna "The dense and disorderly crowd of the Turkish army became the focus of a most awful aitillery fire " . The surrender of Osman Pasha .
745 74S
749 752
LIST OF PLATES.
"It was a night attack, and the foe had caught them napping"
Death of
Sir
Edward Pakenham
Frmttispii-ce
To face p. 456
The Square at Abu-Kru
To face p. 512
The Remnant of an Armv
To face p. 576
Charge of the King's Own Dragoons at Mudki'
"A large
sheet, ebon as a funeral scarf"
....
To face p. 640
To face p.
-jot,
?7>
n
T
the beginning of the present centurj'
what was known as the Maratha Dominion had reached its zenith in India, and the progress of British policy The brought the two powers into conflict. Marathas were a Hindu people whose home was on the tablelands of the Deccan. During the middle of the seventeenth century, under the guidance of a great national leader called they expanded into a martial race,
Sivaji,
and ultimately became one of the main factors in the downfall of the Great Mogul, as the titular head of the Muhammadan Empire over Hindustan was called. In 1803 the Marathas were masters from Delhi in the north to the confines of Hyderabad and Mysore in the south, and, excluding the Ganges provinces, from Cuttack in the east to the sandy deserts of Rajputana in the Their territorial or tributary possessions west. were probably five or six times greater than Their government was those of the English. merged in a confederacy of five powerful chiefs, of whom the principal, called the Peshwa, held Their national charachis court at Poonah. for, although teristics were strongly marked constantly warring and jarring with one another, it needed but the presence of a foreign foe to Each of create immediate union in their ranks. these great chiefs entertained an immense feudal army of predatory horsemen (not unlike the modern Cossacks, but without their discipline), and could bring literally hundreds of thousands of them into the field to carry on the system of guerilla warfare which enabled them to sustain their rule of terror. Their wild soldiery swept over Hindustan like a whirlwind devastation
picketed to their spears stuck in
—
followed
their
path
hght, but scattered
;
never stopped to could not secure appearance. They were they
when they
submission at their first of the nomads their saddle was their home they slept in the open, their horses
nomads ;
;
—
superiority in battle their disciplined ranks of
how
infantry gave them, and
easily their small
but compact bodies of foot were able to repel attacks of the freebooting lancers, who never dared to come to close quarters. Where-
the
he began to create a regular army of his own, under the command of a very remarkable fore,
soldier of fortune
named De Boigne, who en-
tered
as
his
service
and raised and
a
generalissimo
Eluropean fashion
— an example
in
him
drilled troops for
1
784,
after the
which was soon
followed in a lesser degree by other chiefs in
the Maratha Confederacy.
De Boigne and
;
;
the ground,
and with their swords at their sides, ready at a moment's notice for foray or for flight. They were invincible vagabonds, whose invulnerability lay in the impossibility of getting a blow at them. They would have been wise had they remained true to the s^-stem of warfare which Bui raised them to a great martial power. towards the end of the eighteenth century one of their chiefs Madhagi Scindia, a shrewd statesobserved, man and an experienced soldier during a period of war with the English, the
passwords battles for
India.
became famous and won many notable their master in Central and Western his brigades
in their day,
The adventurer
entertained
feelings towards the English, but
friendly
when he rehis command
signed Scindia's service, in 1796, passed to a Frenchman named Perron,
who, time when England and France vi'ere engaged in war, was naturally antagonistic to the British power in India. Perron increased at
the
a
Maratha regular army
until
to 40,000 infantrv, 5,000 cavalry,
it
amounted
and 464 guns,
—
and encouraged Dowlut Rao Scindia a vain, worthless, dissipated chief, who had succeeded Madhaji to regard his troops as equal to those of the English, and himself as the strongest and greatest prince in Hindustan.
—
BATTLliS OF TllK NIXKTKENTH CENTURY.
?7^
encrmous standing army, large detachments of which were stationed on the British absofrontiers, was a menace to our power, and constantly was who Peshwa, the overawed lutely Sciiulia's
with his subordinate nominal ascendancy became a chiefs until was they, not he, who it and mere mockery,
embroiled
in
troubles
I'.i-'
directed his
At
last, in
g.vernment and dictated his policy. came to such a crisis
1S03. matters
that the Peshw.i threw himself on the protection
English and the Marquess Wellesley, of India, and one of the Governor-General the most far-seeing statesmen who ever ruled thereover, determined to seize the opportunity thus presented to disband these standing armies of regular troops and crush out the French interest
of the
;
that controlled
them and, by direct them a source
France, made political dange".
with
intrigues of
grave
TAJ
A
treaty was entered into with the
Peshwa by
which he became dependent on who, in return for a large cession of territory, contracted to furnish him with troops for his protection. Scindia and the other Maratha chiefs at once took alarm, conceiving not unreasonably that the independence of their nation was threatened. Called on to acquiesce in the
new
political
—
arrangement, they insolently
bade us defiance, and accepted the gage
There were diers
in
at
India
this
time two remarkable solGerard Lake, Com-
—General
mander-in Chief of the British forces, and Colonel Arthur Wellesley, a younger brother of the Marquess Wellesley, and afterwards the great Duke of Wellington. Lake had seen service in the Seven Years' War in Germany, under Lord Coriiwallis in America, and in the inglorious campaign against revolutionary France in 17P3. Arthur Wellesley had recently won his spurs at the siege and storm of Seringapatam, where, ''although he held only subordinate military command, hisclear and commanding intellect, and his energy and skill in action, were displayed in the rapidly decisive operations with which he terminated the war." To these two great soldiers the chief conduct of affairs was now entrusted.
MAHAL, AGRA.
the English,
—
refused,
of war.
[Phols, Ftilh &- Co-, Rrtgale.
Scindia's influence extended from the Deccan, himself, to Delhi, where General Perron governed LTpper India in his name, as the nominal viceregent of the Great Mogul potentate represented at this time by a poor, harmless, blind old man, kept secluded in close
where he was
—
and cruel captivity in the citadel of Delhi. At the time of the declaration of war Scindia had abe'ut 20,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry in
LASWAREE AND ASSAYE. the
Mogul
of the
viciuit}-
capital,
14,000 in-
Poonah, and an additional b.ooo marching up from the latter place to reinforce
fantry near
the
army
of
Upper
India.
In addition to these
had command of countless
trained troops he
373
His
against Delhi.
first
exploit was the reduc-
tion of the fortress of Aligarh, where the enemy proved their valour, for they ''fought like lions,"
they surrendered
killed before
and 2,000 were
Delhi
to the stormers.
fell
a
week
later, after
iV.-i;.(/..
THE MAl'SOIFiM
hordes of Maratha horse, contemptible as fighting material, but excellent as pure plunderers to harass an invading army and cut off its supThere were also several large contingents plies. of irregular
and
the
other
of
its
enemy were
The
;
A
irregular,
short
of 150,000
fighting-
had enjoyed an almost uninterrupted career of victory for twenty years, during which they had never lost a gun, and were held to be as indeed thej' subsequently proved themselves- little, if at all, inferior to our Sepoy troops. The strength of the English amounted to about 50,000 men, distributed in five armies over the length and breadth of India, a third
—
—
such widely-distant spots as Cuttack, Guzerat, Cawnpore, Poonah, and the southern Maratha Lake, in the north, and Welleslev countrj-. at Poonah, were at the head of the most considerable divisions, numbering about 1 1 .oco at
each.
War
sight
in
3,000 of the
a third of their fighting strength, in three con-'
to
and to minor chieftains
feudal obedience.
men
fought
battle
minarets, in which
total
belonging
force, disciplined
whom
obstinate
,;n
opposed to the known as the second Maratha
infantry
who owed them
men, of
AKFAR. AfJRA.
killed or wounded, and 68 of their guns taken and within a month the celebrated fortress of Agra, at that time considered the key of Upper India, was captured after a thousand of the garrison had been slain.
chiefs in the confederacv,
English in what is war did not fall
.1F
was declared in August, the height of the rainy season, and General Lake advanctd
foe
who
could sacrifice 6,000
lives, or
nearly
secutive actions, was not one to be despised,
and
the resistance offered to Lord Lake was probably the most obstinate hitherto displayed by any native army in India. The fugitives from the three places
now formed a from them to
—
Aligarh, Delhi, and Agra junction at a spot equi-distant
the westward, where they were joined by the brigade of regular infantry that Scindia had ordered up country at the begin-
ning of the war, and '
who were known
as
the
Deccan Invincibles." Just previous to
the outbreak of hostilities
summarily dismissed from his service all his European officers who.se sympathies were, or were supposed to be, with the English and after the first reverses the French
that chief had
;
officers of
the force followed Perron's example,
BATTLES OF THE XIXETEENTH CENTURY.
374
and deserted their colours. In consequence, this army ot fugitives found tlieniselves at their most leaders critical hour bereft of all their P^iropean —a disaster sufficient to dismay the most daring. But there arose an able and gallant substitute from their own ranks in the person of a nati\e named Surwar Khan, wlio assumed command,
and proved himself a very capable, general in the
if
unfortunate,
field.
Hearing of this rallying on the part of the enemy, General Lake determined to attack fhcm^ and annihilate the Maratha power in Northern India with one final blow. Leaving
might be greater, the battle was the assailants. But the assailants had to be led, and Lake conceived it was the However duty of their chief to lead them. erroneous this doctrine may be considered now, Throughout it held good a hundred years ago. his active career Lake is ever to be found at the head of his men in battle, whether cavalry or infantr\', encouraging them forward. Where the danger was greatest, the assault most arduous, there was Lake surely to be seen leading
loss of
life
generally to
the van.
was with him now. Notwithstanding Marathas numbered over 14.000 strong, of whom q,ooo were disciplined troops and 5,000 irregular cavalry, and were advantageously posted, he determined to attack them instantU', and setting himself at the head of his little brigade, as any cavalry colonel might at the head of his regiment, he rode at the enemy's position. He was successfLd in forcing their first line, but it was at a desperate cost of life. The troop; he was opposing swarthy mercenaries though the}' were, and they were nothing else had learnt the art of war under De Boigne, a general as brave and able as Lake himself. On their standards were emblazoned the names of many hard-won, but now forgotten, victories, of which they were justly proud. They had made their fi-rst reputation in restraining and repelling the wild charges of the Rhator Rajpooto, then accounted the finest horsemen in Western India, and countless squadrons of gallant Mughals and fierce Rohillas had dropped away before their
So
that
it
the
—
a force to hold Agra, he set out from that citj' on the 27th October, and four days later learnt
Marathas were encamped within a Ordering his infantry to of him. follow, lie pushed on at the head of. his cavalry brigide of three regiments of British Dragoons and five of Native Horse, and at sunrise on the niortiing of 1st November, 1803, came upon the
that
forced
the
march
enemy at the Of all the
village of Laswaree.
great and gallant generals whose names adorn the roll of British valour there is not one more distinguished for individual prowess tierard Lake. He believed in personal exainple in the leader, and dash and daring in
than
the follower.
As an ensign
of foot
he had seen
and noted, during the Seven Years' War, the tactics of Frederick the Great, and been imbued wiili them. It was his creed that attacking troops enjoyed a n-.oral superiority over a s'ationary enemy, and although the immediate
—
withering volleys, as they stood in close serried ranks, shoulder to shoulder, reserving their fire vmtil those who taught them discipline gave
them the word
of command. They were as cool and resolute now, when Lake and Jiis Dragoons dashed at them. It was the first campaign in which they had been brought face to face with the famous Feringhee warriors, but they were not daunted. They were prepared, for their guns had been linked together with chains, stretching from one battery to another and these impeded Lake's cavalry, who blundered on to the unseen obstacles, for the grass of the plain was tall and rank, and before thej' could recover themselves were exposed to a frightful slaughter. " Surwar Khan's battalions," writes Major Thorn, the historian of the war, " reserved their fire till our cavalry came within a distance of twenty yards of the muzzles of their guns, which, being concealed by the high jungle ;
.
LASWAREE AXD ASSAYE. were perceptibk only when a fierce discharge of grape and double-headed shot mowed down whole divisions, as the sweeping storm
been posted with great judgment by Surwar Khan, who, directly he perceived the plan of attack, threw back his right wing with much
the growing crops of grain to notwithstanding this iron
it almost at right angles the village wedged in the angle so made, and protecting both rears seeing which the 70th Regiment, supported b}- the
yrass,
of hail
the
levels
But
earth.
tempest, nothing could repress the ardour of our cavalry, whose velocity
overcame every
resistance.
Having penetrated the enemj-'s line they immediately formed again, and charged backwards and forwards three times, amidst the continued roar of cannon and the incessant shower of grape und chain-shot, with surprising order and effect. The scene of horror was heightened and the y.-ork of destruction increased by the disadvantage under which our cavalry had to act for no sooner had they cliarged through the artillery;
men
enemj-
of the
— who
to
save themselves
crept under their guns for shelter
our
men had
their pieces,
— than, directly
passed, they darted out, reloaded
and turned them on our rear."
In the face of this prodigal resistance Lake at length compelled to retire, and drawing
was
his shattered brigade out of
ciff
for his infantry
They
fire,
he waited
and guns to come up.
march which the music of battle in front had quickened their footsteps and impelled them to extraordinary exertions. Their strength consisted of one regiment of European infantry and four of sepoys, with a few light arrived about noon, after a forced
of twenty-five miles, during
adroitness, so as to bring to
his
front,
with
—
Native Lifantry, wheeled and advanced Maratha line but, as they closed in, the admirably-served guns of the enemy mowed down their ranks, and for a time threatened them with actual annihilation. It was just at this urgent moment that General Lake's horse was shot under him, and his son, dismounting to offer his own, was severely wounded before his father's eyes. Simultaneously a matchlock-man in the enemj-'s ranks aimed at the general, who fortunately happened 1
2th
against the
;
and this accidental movement allowed the charge to pass under his arm, burning the side of his coat. But never for an instant did to turn,
his cool
judgment and resolute
fortitude forsake
him. With scarce a glance at his stricken son, he calmly remounted, watched for a moment the progress
of the
action,
recognised
it
great a risk to wait for the reserves to
and determined
to dare all
was too
come
up,
and charge home
with the bayonet. No sooner had the command been given than, with a ringing- British cheer, the Jbth leapt
guns, the greater part of their artillery having
forward,
been unable to keep up with them in the heavy state of the roads consequent on continual rain. Two short hours were allowed them for rest and refreshment, during which Surwar Khan took up a new and stronger position, a little behind his former one, which brought a large tank,
by the Native Infantry corps. And now Surwar Khan, with consummate generalship, ordered
or
artificial
lake of water, into his front, whilst
was protected
the village of Mehalpur. Cutting the embankment of the tank, he flooded the space between the two armies and his rear
bj-
supported with praiseworthy alacrity
his cavalry to charge, but
even as he did so the relief. Horse and foot met in one great shock of battle sabre rang out against bayonet, and musket flashed British dragoons dashed
up to the
;
against pistol and carbine.
A
short period of
indescribable melee ensued, in ivhich the fate of
the day was decided.
charge of British cavalry,
But although defeated, the Marathas were not They were veteran troops, and knew how to die with a dignity seldom displayed by mercenaries. True to the traditions of " De
on the spur of a moment, impede his enemy by transforming the ground they had to traverse into a marsh The Maratha army was drawn up in one long line, awaiting the attack, when, at two o'clock. Lake formed his infantr}^ into two columns, one to support the other in turning the enemy's right flank, and ordered his cavalry to advance against their front. The renewal of the battle was ushered in with a tremendous cannonade from the Maratha guns, which had
Boigne's Brigades," they fought to the end. Their breasts met the opposing British bayonets; their gunners yielded up their lives rather than desert the pieces the}' worshipped with a devotion that was fanatic, if it was not actually religious. Staunch and true to the discipline they had been taught, a little remnant of the infantry retreated in good order until they were broken in column by the dragoons, v/ho detoured and took them in rear. Then cams the end. The Maratha cavalry escaped, but
commanded it with his artillery. He was no common leader this, who could link his guns together, repulse
a
and,
1
disgraced.
RATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
?76
of their 0,000 infantry
who
stood in battle array
that morning, only 2,000 survived to surrender In all the ghastly annals of war as prisoners.
And it is recorded by one who had a share in these stirring events that on the evening of the battle, as
the general was returning from the who loved him as such
the Europeans,
there have been few more dreadful instances of carnage, or more devoted sacrifices to the shrine
field,
of a soldier's duty, than that exhibited by this
taking off his hat, he thanked them, and ther> pointing to the Maratha artillerymen, who lay
Maratha legion on the
field of
Laswaree.
was fought and won The enemy's camp in less than two hours. was captured, together with seventy-four guns and forty-four stands of colours. The British lost
The
afternoon's battle
are
leaders
loved, cheered
him.
Whereupon,
clustered thick around their guns," Do," he cried, " as these "
death
brave fellows have done, and despise
!
We
must now turn our eyes to the south, Scindia and the Rajah of Magpore,
where
another
chief
of
the
Confederacy,
took the
the head of their ur.ited armies. General
field at
Arthur Wellesley was in command of the force sent to attack them. Crossing the Godavari river to the north-east of Poonah, he reached Aurangabad, where he learnt that Scindia had entered the territory of the Nizam, after evading Colonel Stevenson, who, with an army of 7,000 men, was watching the Ajunta Pass. In consequence of this information General Wellesley and proceeded south, intending to intercept the enem}' before they could reach Hyderabad. Whereupon Scindia, whose wild Maratha scouts kept him excellently informed, altered his route,
retraced his steps, and in this
way managed
to
elude his pursuers for three weeks, in spite of
him to action. It was September that a chance occurred of doing so and at a conference between Wellesley and Stevenson, who had formed a junction, they arranged to attack Scindia on the 24th. For this purpose the two divisions several attempts to bring
not
until
the 21st
;
an Original Painting hy Dinmiiiotni.)
pass through in the hilly
nearly nine hundred
men, including forty-two
out of a total of about 5,ooo engaged. The credit of the victor\' was due to the presence of mind and cool daring of General Lake. " His masterly plans of attack were officers,
by his unand he appeared with
carried into instantaneous execution rivalled personal activity
;
matchless courage in front of every principal This was the tribute of the Marquess Wclle-sley to the conqueror, who paid one as noble to the gallantry of his foe. ''All the charge."
sepoys of the enemy," wrote Lake the day after the battle, " behaved exceeding well, the gunners standing
to
their
guns
until
killed
by the
they had been commanded by their French officers the affair would, I fear, have been
bayonet.
If
For these fellows fought like devils— or rather like heroes '' doubtful.
!
more quickly to some narrow and difficult defiles country which barred their way to
separated again, in order the
LORD LAKE. {Frotii
where
it
—
a place called Bokerdun, was believed Scindia could be brought
their objective point
to bay.
In pursuance of this concerted plan of attack
Wellesley, after a fatiguing march of twenty-tw-o
found himself at one o'clock on the afternoon of the 23rd September at the Kaitna river, and suddenly came upon the foe drawn up on miles,
the opposite side of the stream to dispute his passage.
So
were the tactics of Maratha warfare, had Scindia decided to fight " another day," that now the chief was within striking distance the general determined to attack him without waiting for Colonel Stevenson. India has been won for us by the boldness of our generals, who from the daj-s of Lord Clive to those of Lord Roberts have ever seized
and
shifty
so
often
LASWAREE AND ASSAYS. by the forelock, no matter what the peril or how great the responsibility. But seldom has such a daring decision been arrived
opportunit}'
at as that which led to the battle of Assaye. For Scindia's force of 17,000 foot contained
377
the Marathas, numerous and daring as they stood astounded and appalled at the audacious spirit of this comparatively insigni''
were,
ficant array that thus
formidable host."
It
presumed to attack their was a prodigiously bold
'TURNED THE.M ROUND AND POURED GRAFE AND CHAIN-SHOT INTm THE REAR OF THE VICTORIOUS
He
10,500 disciplined infantry.
was overpower-
ingly strong in artillery, being accompanied by his grand park of 115 guns while his hordes of Maratha horse numbered not less than 30,000. ;
Against such odds as these Wellesley prepared to lead his little force of 4,520 men, of whom 1,170 (the 74th and 78th Regiments) were
British' infantry, cavalrv,
and
150
2,000 native artillery.
infantrv,
No wonder
1,200 that
I.KITISH " (/. 378).
bid for fame and tortune, and laid Wellesley open to a charge of rashness. " But had I not attacked them," he is recorded to have said in answer, " I must have been surrounded by their superior cavalry, my troops have starved, and I had nothing left but to hang myself to my tent pole
" I
The Marathas had
taJcen
up
their
position
facing south, and in a triangular piece of
ground
BATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTUKY.
_^7'^
formed by
tlie
juiictiun of the rivers Kaitna
and
Juah, wliicli flowed from west to east, the former intervening between them and the English, and the latter protecting their rear. Wellesley, reconnoitring the position, perceived two villages almost facing each other on opposite banks of the Kaitna, and rightly surmised that a ford communicating between them must exist. Leaving his cavalry to watch and check a demonstra lion on the part of the enemy's horse, bodies of
which had crossed the Kaitna towards his left, the general, turning to the right, led his infantry and guns through some ravines and broken which hid their progress, until he reached the ford. Crossing it, with little or no
ground,
lost nearly 400 of their total strength of 569 men, whilst of their nineteen officers eleven were Taking advantage killed and seven wounded. of their distressed condition, a body of iMaratha
summoned sufficient courage to charge them, and in one wild, nervous scurry broke " This," writes a capable their gaping ranks. observer, who was present throughout the action, " was the critical moment of the engagement and if the enemy's cavalry had pushed the sepoys, they would never have withstood that which overpowered the 74th." But assistance was at hand, for the general had already ordered up liis cavalry, who had overawed the body of Maratha horse they were left to watch, and they were horse
;
now
sent to the
relief
of
their
comrades in distress. Forward dashed the iqth Dragoons, who drew 350 sabres, followed by a regiment of native
cavalrv.
Nothing resist
could
their im-
petuous charge, and they drove the Marathas 2na Position.
Battle of
JUaratha
AS.SAYE.
ilnfAHtry.\
pell-mell
—
\c.Ji:ilry
to
he began to form line of battle, facing westward. This necessitated a corresponding mancpuvre on the part of the Marathas, whose line had been facing south, and with all practicable speed they changed front, until their left rested on the village of Assaye and the Juah river, whilst their right extended to the banks of
loss,
the Kaitna.
Thus
situated they faced the British,
who were hemmed
in
whose confluence was
between the two
at their rear.
rivers,
Round
the
massed a great number troops were forming, their shot fell like hail, and created great slaughter in our line, and especially amongst
village of Assaye, Scindia
of guns, and, while our
the artillery bullocks.
moment one of Wellesley 's officers, who commanded on the advanced right, blundered, At
this
and, contrary to orders, attacked the village of Assaye. This brought the whole fire from the guns stationed there upon the 74th Regiment,
who were
so dreadfully
cannonaded that they
side,
into
the Juah river, followed them the
sabred some of the enemy's infantry
other
whom
they stumbled across there, and then re-crossing, joined our main
line.
Despite this serious check on our right, the British advance had not been really impeded. Pressing steadily forward in the face of a tempest-blast of shot and musketry, the troops reserved their fire until it could be given with
and then, delivering but a single volley, charged bayonets and stormed the enemy's line of guns. The ardour of their onslaught carried them over and past it in their determined pur-
effect,
the Maratha infantry, who w-ere now falling back to a second line in their rear. Whereupon as at Laswaree— the Maratha gunners crawled out from under their pieces, where they had taken refuge, and manning them again, turned them round and poured grape and chainsuit of
—
shot
into
the
rear
of the
victorious British
advance.
This obliged our infantry to turn back and
LASWAREE AND ASSAYE. second time, but from an movement that had so the resemblance of a retreat that the
storm the guns
for the
opposite direction
much
—a
Maratha infantry, who were still in good order, were encouraged to halt, face about, and come back to the attack. Whilst the main tide of action was thus surging backwards and forwards, a body of the enemy's infantrv, whose line in the first instance completely outflanked ours, having slipped past our flank, managed to reach some of our guns, which, owing to dragging them, Observing this Wellesley who
the destruction of the bullocks had perforce been left behind.
dangerous movement, General throughout the whole battle had been riding everywhere, directing the officers and encouraging the men placed himself at the head of the 78th foot and 7th Regiment of Native Cavalry, and led them to the spot. On the way his horse was shot under him, and himself exposed to the most imminent danger but mounting another charger, he quickly achieved his object and drove the enemy off. This marked a phase in the battle, for the whole Maratha line now began to waver and fall back, fighting desperately notwithstanding, until the\- were brought to bay on the banks of the Juah river, which intercepted their natural retreat to the northwards. Here, huddled and cramped for room, they made their last stubborn stand, until they were finally defeated and scattered after a spirited and sanguinary conflict that had lasted for three hours. Long before the end Scindia and the Rajah of Berar deserted them, flying at an early stage of the action, whilst the Maratha cavalry, after their one charge against the wrecked ranks of the 74th, never again adventured to face those
—
—
;
them
"
And
whilst
so the
when they sought safety in flight, followed by the remnants of their infantry. Thus ended one of the most important and, so far as British losses were concerned, most sanguinary battles ever fought in India. Our casualities amounted to 1,566 killed and wounded, of whom 600 were Europeans and ;o officers. lost,
highest ever recorded amongst Europeans in a pitched battle. The enemy's loss was estimated at less than our
own, but their q8 guns, 100 tumbrils, and entire military stores were captured. It was a glorious victory, gloriously won by General V/ellesley. " It is nothing to say of him," writes one who was by his side throughout the da}*, " that he e.vposed himself on all occasions, and behaved with perfect indifference in the hottest fire (for I did not see a European do otherwise, nor do I believe people do) but in the most anxious and important moments he gave his orders as clearly and coolly as if he had been inspecting a corps or manoeuvring at a review." The enemy that withstood us at Assaye were no common " country " foe to use an adjective of disparagement indigenous to India but a trained and disciplined armjand officers present who had witnessed the power of the French artillery in the wars of Europe, declared that the Maratha guns were equally well served, and that they fought with a prowess worthy of a European nation. Nor was it to be wondered at, for " De Boigne's Brigades " had won a reputation at that time in India as great amongst the native Powers as ever did the
camp and
;
—
—
;
legions of ancient
Rome
in
conquered. This " matchless victoiy
the countries they
" (as his
brother the
Governor-General termed it) raised Wellesley to the first rank of British generals, and laid the basis of that great career of glory and renown which he subsequently increased on the plains of Spain and crowned on the field of Waterloo.
dominion of the Maratha, secured an immediate
us,
Maratha horsemen contented themselves with hovering on the outskirts of the battle until they saw the day was !
the
they un-
sabres almost annihilated against
three of the total
—
troopers by merely riding
war tigers " the British dragoons. " These dragoons " (wrote one of their captains) " were large, powerful men, the weight of whose
my
The percentage was one in number engaged probablj'
To the genius of Gerard Lake and Arthur Wellesley Great Britain owes the chief expansion of its empire over India. For their victories crushed out the last remnant of French influence in that country, broke down the powerful
" perfect
horsed numbers of
379
increase of territorj- that doubled our then-exist-
ing possessions, paved the quest,
and obtained
way
for future con-
for us the master^' of the
entire seaboard of India. For these advantages, which we have enjoyed for nearly a hundred years, and which have helped to raise us to our proud pre-eminence among the nations of the
world, w'e are indebted to the British blood so freely
poured out by Britain's gallant sons on
the battlefields of Laswaree and Assaye.
38o
HE
T
ended with the
operations which
fall of Vicksburg, on the great Mississippi river, constitute one of the most
interesting and important episodes in the American War of Secession. The capture of that strong fortress, familiarly known as the Gibraltar of the South, was the turning-point in the long fratricidal struggle between North and South. Till then there were grave doubts as to
The Conthe issue of the rebellion. had been more generally success-
federates
the Union cause was ful than the Federals the North was disgrowing rather hopeless ;
;
heartened at
many
failures
;
the latest elections
had declared against the vigorous prosecution of the war, voluntary enlistments had ceased, and or forced recruiting was most conscription
—
—
unpopular.
Only
a decisive victory could
establish the fortunes of the North.
re-
This was
the firm conviction of a general who now for the first time was to come prominently to the front
— the
famous Ulysses
S.
Grant.
change, and being in
command
He
was
bring about a
resolved to use every effort to
of the national
employed against Vicksburg, he meant, possible, to reduce the fortress and open up
forces if
the Mississippi.
The Vicksburg campaign
is
the more notable
although personally unacquainted with Grant, replied to the many demands for his removal " I rather like the man I think we will try him Six months later the wisdom of a little longer." this forbearance was fully proved, and Grant practically saved the Union. The possession of Vicksburg was of paramount importance to both sides occupying a strong natural position, which had been carefully fortified, it commanded the lower waters of the This mighty river was the dividingMississippi. line between the Southern and Western States of the Confederacy, cutting them exactly in two. The North held it above and below, but Vicksburg and another fortress called Port Hudson blocked it in the middle, thus affording the Confederates a means of communication with their outlying territory' beyond on the western side of the river. From this territory they drew their supplies beef from the prairies of Texas, munitions of war that had run the blockade or entered by the Gulf of Florida, and by this route alone they had news from the outside world. If V^icksburg and Port Hudson surrendered it for the would be an irreparable misfortune Confederates would be circumscribed within narrower limits shut in and shut out and the serious blow would be struck at the first :
;
:
:
;
—
—
because it was the real starting-point in the triumphant military career of this remarkable man. It was now that General Grant showed his fine qualities, that his reputation rose till he
secession.
was universally acknowledged as a great commander. In spite of his generalship at Shiloh and elsewhere, he had been but little appreciated no one realised his genius for war. He had few friends he was libelled as a confirmed drunkard he would have been superseded in the command of this very armj- which he was
high land on the eastern
;
;
;
soon to lead to victory but for the support of the President, shrewd old
Abraham
Lincoln, who,
But Vicksburg
still
defied
its
pertinacious and enterprising. tion
was
sissippi,
enemy, however
Its peculiar situa-
principal protection.
its
and
was
shores
unapproachable
It
of
stood on
the Misexcept
on
The ground upon
the other shore was swampy, intersected with rivers and watercourses, overgrown with a dense growth of forest-trees at times an almost impenetrable that
side.
jungle.
It
was a country nearly impassable in in winter generally submerged. soft and sticky, and the great
summer, and The soil was
THE FALL OF VICKSBURG. river
was, with
ever changing
its
its
numerous
channels.
tributaries,
for
Before Grant could
even attempt to take Vicksburg he must get at impossible from any but the it, and this was On this side, too, the Confedereastern shore. Vicksburg was in comates were in strength munication with, and drew its supplies from, ;
Jackson, the State capital further to the eastward, where a considerable Confederate army also
kept the
field.
During the winter and early spring months
381
prepared for the still more arduous work that was awaiting them. What Grant wanted, and what he knew he must have, was a firm foothold on dry ground and on the eastern shore. To secure it he conceived a new and original plan. This was to carry the bulk of his army to a point a long way below \'^icksburg, and work up against it from down the river. The scheme was both daring and hazardous, for it meant the exposure of communications with a great fortress planted
GUNBOATS PASSING VICKSBURG.
many
made bv Grant against novel expedient was tried of isolating it by diverting the course of the great river. The effect of this would have been to have left Vicksburg high and dry a so-called inland city. But the canal, planned on a stupendous scale for this purpose, was a failure when completed. So was a movement down a labywere
efforts
Vicksburg.
The
—
and creeks which approached the northward, and a third effort made by the afterwards famous General Sherman to ascend another set of watercourses from the south-west was also a failure. The only useful result of these tedious and unsuccessful operations was that the Federal troops grew hardened and acclimatised, well rinth
of rivers
Vicksburg from
between, the probable loss of the base of and the fighting of the enemy perhaps on his flank, perhaps to his rear. But Grant had counted the cost, and was ready to face the risks for the great advantages they might in
supply,
possibly
bring.
He
persisted
in
this
plan,
moreover, in the teeth of much opposition his subordinates did not approve of it his most trusted lieutenant, Sherman, directly opposed it as conceived in error and as false to military principles. But nothing could move Ulysses ;
;
Grant from
his purpose.
order to rightly understand the movements of the campaign now imminent one In
—
which, in truth, ranks with Napoleon's best it is necessarj- to realise something of the lie
RATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
^S:;
kind ami the positions of the opposing The Mississippi, roughly speaking, flows forces. from north to soutli. On its western bank was the low ground which Grant, leaving his base at .,1
tiic
.Memphis
far
behind him
in
the north, was about
to descend in order to cross the river far south
The
of N'icksburg.
fortress stood
on the eastern
bank, between the Mississippi and another river which covered its rear. the Big Black Jackson, the capital of the State, was east of and behind it, still eastward, was Vicksburg
—
—
and mainspring of every movement. wrote all his own orders, giving brief but minute instructions to everyone generals, commissaries, quartermasters and olten enough, when careful execution was vital, he was on centre
He
—
;
There
the spot to see his orders carried out.
never was a man who knew his own minil better, or who, having once made it up. persisted in the course he had decided upon with such unshaken tenacity and confidence. He stood alone, too,
in
the most
trying
part
of
;
the main strength of the Confederacy. Grant commanded four army corps,
each
numbering, roughly, some 15,000 men. They were— the 13th Army Corps, under General the 15th ditto, under General McClernand Sherman the 16th ditto, under General Hurland the ijlh, under General McPherson. but ;
;
;
he desired to use the 13th, 15th, and 17th in the field, leaving the i6th under General Hurlbut at Memphis as a reserve. In the order of movement McClernand was to take the advance, McPherson to follow, and General Sherman was to bring up the rear. As the whole line of march was long, and e.xtendcd to fifty or si.Kty miles, the troops were nnich spread out, so that Grant commenced the campaign with barely 20,000 men up at the front, and when it was nearly half over he had only 33,000. The Confederates were three times General Pemberton, who commanded as strong in Vicksburg, had in all some 50,000 men, and in Jackson and beyond there were as many
Of
these
;
more.
The first indispensable step in the campaign was to get a portion of the Federal fleet from Steamers were above to below Vicksburg. needed to ferry troops across the river, and There were, however, to keep them supplied. fourteen miles of batteries to run past perilous undertaking but it was accomplished in the teeth of a terrible fire from the fortifications of Vicksburg, and without serious loss. The steamers and transports were protected by great bales of hay and cotton and by sacks of grain, against which the enemy's shot and shell did but little damage. This operation was twice carried out successfulh", and nearly all the steamers and barges carrying freight got through safely. Grant now hurried forward to take personal
—
;
command
of
the
advance.
the
life
this
it was he himself who and controlled everything. He was and soul of the whole business, the
enterprising campaign directed
Throughout
campaign.
the
Superiors
and
subordinates
condemned his scheme as hopeless and doomed beforehand to inevitable failure. Grant knew all this, yet he never once faltered. He alike
saw his whole danger, discounted any difficultv, and went straight ahead. When by superior generalship he had hoodwinked, outmanoeuvred, and finally overwhelmed his enemy, his fame as a military leader
burst forth brilliantly like
the sun through clouds.
McClernand crossed
the river with 10,000 the 29th April, 1863. They found a good landing at Bruinsberg, and on the follow-
men on
ing day his corps and part of McPherson's were
At
Grant found himself, " on dry ground, on same side of the river the with the enemy. .... When this was eflTected, I felt a degree of relief scarcely ever equalled since." Yet he was already in a position of danger. He was in the enemy's country with a fraction only of a vast river and the stronghold of his force Vicksburg between him and the rest of his army and his base of supplies. But his courage rose to the occasion, and he promptly proceeded to strike out. He had already committed a grave mistake. He meant now to do worse and in defiance of all military principles he resolved to cut himself quite adrift from his communications, taking with him only his ammunition fortunately trains, and trusting to the country for his supplies of food. His troops a rich one disembarked. as
he
himself
tells
last
us,
—
;
—
—
carried a couple of days' rations in their haversacks, last
which they were told must be made to All baggage was reduced to a mini-
seven.
mum.
He
(the general-in-chief ) took nothing
with him but a tooth brush. He had no tent he picked up a meal where he could and for the first week he rode on a borrowed horse, and ;
;
his
saddle,
of
unfinished
workmanship,
was
provided only with stirrup leathers. Time was the essence of the movement he now initiated. He had placed himself in between two fractions of the enemy, which, combined,
THE
FAI.r.
OF VICKSBURG.
numbers, but which he could tackle singly and in equal strength with This is considered his otherwise inferior force. a crowning triumph in strateg}', and Grant set
were
far
superior
in
himself with extraordinary vigour to reap the benefit
it
afforded.
His movement, made with great rapidity, was now eastward. He aimed at Jackson, the capital, with the right, while his left hugged the Big Black River(behind which was \'icksburg), watching all the fords and bridges, and both shielding his advance upon the right flank, and securing McClernand's from attack bv Pemberton. it corps the first across had fought and won the first action at Port Gibson on the 1st May, the
—
—
3S3
supported by Sherman, who was now coming up into line, held the Big Black River, while McPherson took the extreme right, he directed the latter general to reach out towards Jackson. On the morning of the 12th May, McPherson encountered the enemy in position at a place near miles from Jackson, and promptly gave battle. Being in overpowering This opened strength, he won an easy victory. the road to Jackson, and while Pemberton, still
Raymond, not eighteen
him at Edwards Station, on the Jackson-Vicksburg railway, Grant put out his whole strength to capture the State deceived, was expecting
capital with
all
conceivable despatch.
A new Confederate commander, General " Joe " replaced Johnson, had Gregg, and was now at
of which was to up Grand Gulf, a point upon the river which became the onlv base which Grant possessed for three weeks, but which he never greatly used. This Grand Gulf was now evacuated by the enemv as untenable but still, the Conno clear federates had notion what Grant was at. They were the more coneffect
open
He
Jackson.
was a leader
of repute, and with a less
doughty antagonist matters might have gone differently. Johnson desired now to detain Grant in front of Jackson, and on the 13th, the day after
;
the battle of Raymond, he sent orders to Pemto come up in and attack Grant's and supposed line rear of communications with
berton force
fused, looking rather to an
attack from the northern
consequence of the Grand Gulf. by Grant and But Grant was too quick executed by Sherman upon SKETCH SUOWl.NG L.L.\tK.A.L SITUATIO.N IN 1863. for him, too strong on Haines Bluff, above Vicksthe decisive spot. On the This was only a burg. was at Clinton, McPherson evening of the 13th diversion, but it was made with so much Sherman was within fifteen miles of Jackson energy that Pemberton was led to believe that McClernand had withGrant was coming on in force in that direction.- in front of Raymond drawn from in front of Pemberton at Edwards This mistaken idea was further encouraged by a Station, and was coming up behind McPherson most successful cavalry raid which had just been side, in
feint ordered
;
;
by Colonel Grierson, and who had traversed the whole State of Mississippi in sixteen days from north to south, marching six hundred miles in that time, having inflicted incalculable damage, and incurring only the most trifling loss. So, while the Confederates were looking for him elsewhere, Grant pushed on to the east. He could have approached Vicksburg at once from where he stood, and his scouts got within six miles of it but he knew Gregg, the Con.ederate commander, was alone at Jackson, and he wanted to hit him before he could concentrate with Pemberton. Having changed the positions of his army corps, so that McClernand, accomplished
;
at Clinton.
On
the night of the 13th both McPherson
and Sherman were ordered to march straight on Jackson at early dawn. It was raining in torrents, and the roads were almost intolerable sometimes a foot deep in water. But both By q a.m. on the generals pressed forward. 14th McPherson was in touch with the enemy's
—
pickets,
and drove them back
;
by
1 1
a.m. Sher-
man was up, and both were ready to attack. The onslaught was made with so much spirit, the opposition was so feeble, that by 3 p.m. both "Joe" corps were in possession of Jackson. Johnson had evacuated the city, and hurried off
northward, hoping
still
by a long detour to
effect
BATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
384
On the night of a junction with Pemberton. the 14th Grant slept in the vcrj- house whic'.i Johnson had occupied the night before. Grant's first business was to dismantle the capital, to tear up the railways, destroy factories
Grant acted with his usual promptitude, peril. and at once faced round. Orders were issued to countermarch all his columns, and leaving Jackson city behind, to turn on Vicksburg westward, that is to saj- and fight back towards
—
the Mississippi River.
This retrograde movement began on the 15th May. Grant all his forces to converge upon Bolton, a station on the Jackson-Vicksburg railway, twenty miles from the former,
directed
from the latter Meanwhile, Pemberton, with his Confederates, had marched southward from twenty-five place.
Edwards
Station,
striking
Grant's communications in
deference
to
;
at
but,
the positive
orders of his superior, Johnson
had
retired with the intention
Clinton, whereat he imagined the rear-guard of Sherman was posted. Pemberton was quite unaware that the whole of Grant's army was in this neighbourhood, still less that it was on the move against him. But as he fell back he came in contact with Grant's of attacking
advance, McPherson,
commanded by
took up a on the eminence known as Champion's Hill. The battle which followed was the most serious and hotly contested in this
strong
and
position
campaign.
On the morning of the i6th. Grant, having heard that Pemberton was marching east, and certain that a great contest was imminent, sumfeeling
"here and there hie federals crowned the works with their flags"
(/.
386).
moned Sherman up from
and
and render Jackson useless to the While the work of demolition was in progress he learnt through an intercepted despatch that the enemy was endeavouring to concentrate, and that unless he forestalled them a junction between Johnson and Pemberton would speedily be effected. To allow this would be to lose all the advantages he had secured so far, and more, it might bring him into imminent arsenals,
Confederates.
Jack-
and desired McClernand, who was south at Raymond, to close up, and support McPherson. Grant himself, in response to McPherson's urgent request, went up to the front, and assumed command. It was well that he did so, for McClernand, who was next senior in rank, was a disappointing man, of doubtful generalship and had not Grant been present in person the battle of Champion's Hill might have ended badly for the national forces. As it was, McClernand, son,
;
THE FALL OF VICKSBURG. through over-caution or ineptitude, was so slow in his movements that he was too late to take part in the action, the brunt of which fell upon McPherson. The opposing forces were in consequence very evenly matched, and it was long doubtful to which side victory would incline.
But Grant's dispositions secured a tactical advantage, and by a well-directed movement precipitate he turned the enemy's flank.
A
fought and
won
The
five battles.
capital of the
0,000 prisoners had Mississippi State had fallen been taken, and the same number of ConfederAbove all, Grant had ates killed or disabled. secured at length the ungrudging approval of all who had never anticipated such triumphant Sherman especially the man whose success. ;
opinion he most valued
— — came
to
him
\'icksburg and confessed that up to that he had no positive assurance of success.
before
moment
and after four hours' hard fighting the battle was won. Had McClernand, who throughout was within a mile or two of
" This campaign," he added forcibly, "even although Vicksburg is not yet taken, is undoubtedly one
the battlefield, come up in support, very few
of the greatest in history."
followed,
retreat
of Pemberton's it
men would have
escaped.
As
was, he lost 3,000 men, killed and wounded,
and
many more were
as
But
it
fortress
could not be called complete until the for
which
so
much had been
risked
taken
prisoners.
The
battle of Champion's was the last but one in the series of engagements that brought Grant under the walls It was also the of Vickbburg. most closely contested and the most costly in lives. Only one more was fought at Black River Bridge, where a division of McClernand's, which had headed the pursuit, came upon Pemberton's rear-guard in an entrenched position, and carried it most gallantly. Lawler, a brigadier-general, was conspicuous in this attack, and led the final charge in his shirtAfter that the whole sleeves. of Grant's forces swept for-
Hill
—
ward,
Sherman taking the right, McPherson the and McClernand the left. In this order
centre,
they quickly approached and encircled the city. The goal no\y was in sight. Vicksburg was within striking distance, and the first aim of this hazardous campaign was accomplished. Grant was on firm ground to the eastward, and far more, he was once again in touch with the river
and his base of supplies. The communications which he had practically severed in the south when leaving Grand Gulf he now reopened to the northward at Haines Bluff. The result was well worth the daring eflbrt made. In less than three weeks, between the 30th April and the 1 8th May, Grant's victorious army was in rear of Vicksburg just where he had wished to place it. He had marched his troops, to whom in all only five days' rations had been issued, through an unexplored countrj' for 180 miles he had ;
25
was actually captured. Everything urged Grant make a dash on it. Although still full of much. They spirit, his troops had suffered were short of food, in rags, and the hot weather was most trying. Johnson had been beaten off, but he was gathering his forces again, and in to
greater strength, to try conclusions afresh.
So
Grant resolved upon an immediate assault. The men themselves were eager to go in anything rather than the tedious processes of a siege. Only two days were spent in strengthening their positions and in bringing up supplies, especially and then, on the 22iid, of bread and biscuit another the second and most determined attempt was made to storm the much-coveted city. There were three columns of attack. Each corps was to advance against the works in its Sherman attacked on the right, the front. northern side of Vicksburg McPherson, in the
—
;
—
—
;
BATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
-i8o
McClerdefences was to account for the south A murderous cannonade to the river.
centre, took
the eastward
nand, on the
left,
side
;
was to precede the onset.
At 10 a.m. the attack commenced, and simultaneously the stormers from the three army corps burst forward with magnilicent hardihood.
The ground was most
was necessary beyond w-ere manned by desperate
dillicult
;
it
Skilled
labour
— that
of
mechanics,
of
all
kinds,
—
A
month
of
incessant
labour
now
chequered with great
trials
and rifle-pits For four hours the assailants pressed bravely forward, undismayed by the most murderous fire. But no serious impression was made. The slaughter was terrible the hillsides were strewn with the dead and dying, while the gar-
the great scarcity of heat of the weather.
As the time
defenders.
:
rison, sheltered within little.
Here and
their
trenches, suffered
there, at isolated points, the
a foothold and crowned the works with their flags. McClernand at one time imagined his men had driven out the enemy, but he was mistaken. At no point had the attack succeeded, and as the afternoon drew on Grant was reluctantly compelled to withdraw. The assault had failed all along the line. The position of Vicksburg was too strong naturally, and it had been too well fortified, to be carried by storm. This second and last attempt on Vicksburg has been counted unparalleled in modern war. No assault had ever been made previously on
Federals gained
such fortifications except where the assailants
had greatly outnumbered the defenders. At Vicksburg they fought on nearly equal terms. The fame of V^icksburg and its heroic resistance against this most persistent attack has outshadowed the memory of Badajoz, Ciudad Rodrigo, San Sebastian, or Scbastopol.
miles in
all,
with troops.
The men
vi^ent
into
camp, whence they furnished large working parties to open trenches and conduct regular siege operations. There were eight principal lines of approach, all across difficult grouna. The siege-train was very inadequate, but some heavy guns were borrowed from Admiral Porter's fleet. Engineer officers were also e.xceedingl}' scarce, and the want of them was made up by volunteers. It was the peculiar characteristic of the
of
all
American armies in this war that men professions were to be found in the ranks.
water
passed, and Vicksburg still held out, a fresh danger grew imminent. Grant heard on undoubted authority that Johnson was determined to try a great effort He was hovering around to raise the siege. north of the Big Black River with a large army, in Grant's rear, and might, if he could combine movements with the beleaguered garrison, gi%-e very serious trouble. At this moment, indeed, Grant was in a strange, not to saj' dangerous position. He was between two fires. In front of him was the fortress which he was besieging ; behind was Johnson's army, so to speak, besieging him, for Grant had constructed a strong line of works from the Big Black River to the Gazoo, so as to cover him from Johnson's attack. Sherman was put in command of these defences, and would no doubt have resisted Johnson ; anxieties were immense, and it still Grant's
seemed quite possible that now at the eleventh hour the great prize for which he had fought plight elude his grasp.
Matters were, however, growing from bad to worse within Vicksburg. Ammunition had always been scarce, especially copper caps. Now food also ran short. Rations were reduced to little meat left that the issue and beans was increased. Prices had gone up to a fabulous extent. Flour was beef eight and ten a pound sterling per pound shillings per pound. The poor were on the
half
Grant now realised that he could only reduce Vicksburg by investment and siege. It must be approached by trenches and hemmed in on all sides till it was starved out. For this the Federal general drew all his strength towards him, and filled up the long line of investment, fifteen
:
passed,
worst of all was and the intense
to cross a series of ravines, and eartlivvorks
engineers,
and the higher was always forthproficients to superintend coming. Then Grant was a host in himself, and he was ever ready to give his personal attention to direct and control the engineering operations throughout the siege. handicraftsmen
;
there w-as so
of sugar, rice,
;
verge of starvation. Every building in the city had been struck by shot and shell so many non-combatants, women, and children had been ;
killed
by the besiegers'
fire,
that the inhabitants
largely sought shelter in caves
dug out
of the
clay hillsides.
At
last, on the ist of July, Grant had pushed approaches so close that he touched the enemy's ditches in some places at others he could move up under cover to within a hundred yards. All was ready for a third assault, and the date was fixed for the 6th July. But already Pemberton was thinking of making terms. He had canvassed- the opinions of his leading
his
;
THE FALL OF VICKSBURG. generals as to surrender, and on the 3rd July he sent out a flag of truce with proposals to Grant.
The end was
at
Pemberton,
hand.
" an.\ious to save the further
eflfu-
the appointment of commissioners to arrange for the capitulation. Grant replied stiffly that he could accept nothing sion of blood," asked for
Pemberton deand said hostilities would be resumed. " Very well," replied Grant, as he But dismissed the bearers of the flag of truce. The in the end he gave more generous terms. garrison was to lay down its arms and be paroled the officers alone were allowed to retain their side-arms and private property. On July 4th the anniversary of American independence the Vicksburg garrison marched out, and the Federals entered and took possession of the town. but unconditional surrender.
clined
at
first,
;
—
387
Thirty-one thousand
whom were 2,153
men
among them generals,
surrendered,
officers, fifteen of
and 172 cannon were taken, " the largest capture of men and material," says Grant's historian. General Badeau, " ever made in war." The news of the fall of Vicksburg was received with wild enthusiasm in the North. On the same day the Federals had won a great battle at Gettysburg, and the two victories " lifted a great load of anxiety from the minds of the President, his Cabinet, and the loyal people all over The fate of the Confederacy" the North. am quoting Grant's own words—" was sealed when Vicksburg fell. Much hard fighting was to be done afterwards, and many precious lives were to be sacrificed but the morale was with
—
;
the supporters of the Union ever afterwards." It was Grant himself who did it.
GEMERAL MACrHERSON.
388
THE
colonial
history of France contanis
points.
Hanoi felt at all secure. Soon after his arrival in the city Admiral Courbet, who had received injunctions from his Government to conduct the campaign with energy, began to plan an extension of French of
—
conquests in the Delta a considerable tract of country watered by the river Song-Koi and its
—
affluents, containing several fortified towns of which Son-Tai and Bac-Ninh were the chief and considered as, in a military sense, the "key" to Tonkin. The French commander had the choice of attacking first either of the two places mentioned but after a little hesitation he resolved, ;
for strong strategic reasons, to direct his atten-
Son-Tai,
with
leaving
subsequently.
preparations were
made
Bac-Ninh
to
Accordingly,
be
active
for the expedition.
And here we must pause to give the reader ome idea of the situation and defences of SonThe town is placed upon the Song-Koi West River," known to the French the " Fleuve Rouge," or Red River— from
Tai.
—literally " as
whose bank an
forty miles
up stream and
Although it may be said to owe but little to Nature for its defences, yet its proximity to the river, while rendering it open to assault on that side b}' any force possessing gunboats, undoubtedly gives it protection from any army
it
is
distant about a mile
almost straight
road
connecting
due south, the two
it.
Son-Tai
is
built at the central
highest point of a tract of low-lying country.
of
able only to attack landwise.
The main portion
;
to
some
during the Tonkine&e expedition
—
dealt
lies
from
1883-1884. It is of one of the most brilliant achievements of the Gallic arms during this campaign the seizure by assault of Son-Tai that we have now to tell. In April, 1882, Hanoi, the capital city of Tonkin, was captured by the French but they had a hard enough task to keep it. The Chinese made frequent attempts to regain it, and it was not until strong reinforcements entered in July, 1883, in the .shape of the newly-formed naval brigade, under Admiral Courbet, who had been appointed cunimander-in-chief, that the holders
tion
Hanoi
few episodes more striking or more dramatic than those which took place
of the fortifications consisted,
December, 1883, of a citadel covering a square space about 400 or 500 yards either way, with a semicircular battery and gate in the middle of each side, and surrounded by a ditch some fifty feet wide, which was crossed by a permanent stone bridge on the north or river side. Along the bank of the Song-Koi was an embankment twenty feet high and thick, which had been in
.
transformed into a powerful entrenchment, extending for three or four miles, touching the river near the village of Tien-Loc and trending to the west. North of Tien-Loc the embankment had been doubled, owing to an influx of water, and the two dykes enclosed a triangle, with a base of nearly a quarter of a mile, and a length from base to apex of about a mile and a quarter.
A
third of this
space was under
water, and impracticable for troops, and at the
apex end there was a strong triangular work with casemated guns. Upon the dyke nearest the river were three small redoubts, and from the central one, called Phuc-Sa, the French named the entire works. Other entrenchments, armed with guns and protected by ingeniouslycontrived palisades of pointed bamboos and stakes, offered further resistance to an attacking force. A regularly-constructed enceinte ran around the citadel in an oval form at a distance of about 800 yards from it. The garrison of Son-Tai totalled some 25,000 men. Of these 10,000 were " Black Flag "
THE CAPTURE OF soldiers,
Phuoc called).
under their celebrated chief Luu-VinhLiu-Jung-Kii, as he was variously These warriors originated with Li-Hung-
(or
Chang, a leader of rebels at
Canton,
who
in
1S63 took refuge with his followers in Tonkin,
"the 'black flag'
soldier
whom
SON-TAI. Admiral Courbet nad
at
Hanoi ne resolved
to despatch about 6,000 fighting-men, together
with 1,350 coolies. This force was divided into two columns. The left, comprising 3,450 troops and Z'tO coolies, was led by Lieutenant-Colonel
DIED WITH HIS FACE TO THE FOE "
and soon became a formidable power, establishing an independent government of his own. Ten thousand regular Chinese troops and 5,ooo Annamites made up the rest of the force, whose effectiveness was greatly diminished by lack of concord bctvveer; Luu-Vinh-Phuoc and the Chinese mandarins. By December loth, 1883, all preparations were complete for the expedition. Out of the soldiers
389
Belin,
(/. 392).
and was to go by land
;
the right, com-
manded by Colonel
Bichot, consisted of 2,600 combatants and 1,100 coolies, and was to travel river. Each detachment included sections of Algerian Fusiliers (Turcos), marine infantry, engineers, artillery, and native (Annamite) auxil-
up the
The river flotilla had at its head Captain Morel -Beaulieu, and comprised the gunboats Pluvier^ Trombc, Eclair, Hochc, Mousqucton,
iaries.
BATTLES OF
2^o
T.HK
NINETEENTH CENTURY.
Yatagau, and Faufurc, three steam sloops, and over sixty merchant vessels ami junks tor the conveyance of troops and stores. Admiral Courbet commanded the whole expedition in person.
Early on the morning of December
The
nth
the
conveying the right cohinni and its stores were soon under way, and at half-past three in the afternoon had reached the point of disembarkation, where the division force set out.
vessels
was to await the co-operating troops. The land column marched steadily onward to the Day River, a tributary of the Song-Koi, which it was intended should be bridged by the engineer corps. Sufficient native craft and rafts, however, available, and the column, with its had to be ferried over. This slow process it was necessary to defer until the next day the i2th^the whole of which was occupied in the operation. After a toilsome night-march the two cokunns became reunited on the morning of but as the 13th within a few miles of Son-Tai the troops were very fatigued, there was nothing for it but to wait until daybreak on the 14th Then the force before resuming the march. proceeded, cheery and eager for the fray. The right column followed the dyke by the river bank, while the left pursued the Son-Tai road, the flotilla keeping abreast. A couple of hours' progress brought out the heads of the columns at Tien-Loc, at the junction of the dyke with the road, and after a brief artillerj' duel between the guns of the expedition and some Chinese in a small entrenchment the village was occupied by the French troops. After carefully reconnoitring the ground. Admiral Courbet resolved to carry the Phuc-Sa works first of all, in order to secure a solid base for his subsequent operations against the town. Accordingly, at a few minutes before ten o'clock, the French artillery opened a brisk fire upon the enemy, whose outposts were quickly driven in, leaving the village of Linh-Chien in the occupa-
were not artillery,
—
;
tion of the expeditionary force.
Next, a severe
cannonade was commenced both by the land artillery and by the guns of the fleet upon the central works of Phuc-Sa. The Chinese replied from a point some two or three hundred yards behind the embankment with a six-inch smoothbore gun, which apparently was the only piece they could bring to bear upon the ships. This weapon, however, had hardly fired half a dozen shots before it was struck and dismounted by a well-directed shell from the gunboat Eclair. Henceforth a rifle fusilade was the sole means of
the defenders wherewith to contend against the heavy fire of the flotilla. In the meantime the land attack was being developed, but the marshy nature of the ground rendered rapid progress difficult to the troops.
Suddenly the Chinese made a remarkably plucky from the east gate of the citadel, catching the French on the left flank. For a few minutes Panic-stricken, the Alit was touch-and-go. But Courbet promptly gerian troops broke. ordered forward all his artillery, and in the face of the storm of shot and shell which was poured into their ranks the enemy gave wav and fled. sortie
About half-past four in the afternoon so much ground had been gained that the admiral ordered the final assault upon the entrenchments to be given. The fire from the fleet ceased, and at a given signal the French troops dashed forward with desperate eagerness. A company of Turcos under Colonel Jouneau, assailing the north side of the works, essaj-ed to
mount
into
it.
A
fearful
was poured into them by the defenders, and nearly half their number rolled over. For then, reinforced by a while confusion prevailed fire
;
other "and cooler troops, they pressed on, not without serious loss. The south side was also hotly beset by the Annamite soldiers, led by
who
fell shot dead in the In a few minutes both sides of the entrenchment were in the hands of the French, and the defenders were forced into
Captain Doucet,
moment
of
victory.
the triangular work at the apex, which they held with desperate valour, pouring in a close and deadly fire upon the attackers. Captain Godinet, " cheering on his men with a shout of " Forward bullet in his heart, and Lieudropped with a !
tenant
Clave
was
also
slain.
Discipline and
the Chinese were hurled from their fastness, and the w-orks were won. At a heavy cost, however for during the halfbravery prevailed
:
;
hour's struggle no fewer than twenty-two officers
and two hundred men of the French force had fallen, killed or wounded. The attack upon the citadel itself was reserved for the morrow. The troops were tired by their long da)-'s work, and it was necessarj- that they should strengthen themselves within their new position by the construction of certain entrenchments. This done, the attacking party bivouis always the it acked for the night. But unexpected that happens," and so it proved now. Soon- after one o'clock in the morning, when all the camp was sunk in slumber save for the sentries pacing their beats, a shower of rockets was discharsjed from behind the embankment on to ''
THE CAPTURE OF
SON-TAI.
331
the thatched roofs of the huts
was further postponed. The French commander,
French
ho\vever,
in which the were sleeping. Then fierce volleys flamed out, and the still air of the night was broken by the savage war-cries of the It was a night attack, and the foe Chinese. had fairly caught the invaders napping, literally as well as figuratively. The French troops turned out hastily, the Turcos among the first but they were repulsed, and a score of their number were captured and slain. Fortunately, a company or marine infantr\' hurried to the rescue, and succeeded in driving back the enem\temporarily but the attackers came on again and again with the utmost perseverance and pluck. A number of Chinese rushed to the foot
soldiers
;
',
;
afternoon made a flanking the embankment, with a vieW' to facilitating his assault upon the West Gate. Nb opposition was met with from the defendets, in
the
movement up
owing to dissension between Luu-\"inh-Phuoc and the Chinese mandarins as to the prop'ef course to be pursued.
'
At daybreak on December ibth the French force began its attack upon the citadel. Th6 outer enceinte was found to be a strongly-constructed earthwork, defended in front by a moat and a treble fence of bamboo. At the point
where
a gate led into it, the ditch was set with pointed bamboos, while a palisade of thick logs
stockade only with axes, with which they attempted to cut their way past the tough bamboo of
the
armed
The fencing. French troops, utterly
the
fatigued
heavy
by
day's
fighting that they
had already gone through, and demoralised
b}-
rapidity and
the sud-
denness of the surprise,
began to
despair and to give
way, when to their Toy they heard the
Chinese trumpets blare forth the " recall " and the enemy quickly drew off his forces, leaving many dead and wounded to show with what determination the assault had been carried out. A few months later a Chinese officer, captured by the French, claimed to have been the leader of this gallantly-conceived i:ight attack. He dehim only 300 men, and
clared that he had with
that he was led to make the attack on account of a reward of 200,000 dollars which Luu-VinhPhuoc had promised to give to the man who should recapture the works. He calculated, with accuracy, upon the French being worn out by
and that he would have a comHe had not, however, made allowance for the vigilance e.xercised by the sentries of civilised armies. The next day or rather, the same day was devoted to burying the slain and caring for the wounded, and the final attack upon the citadel their labours,
paratively easy task.
—
—
A
covered the entrance. plank bridge afforded means of crossing the moat, but the approach to it was guarded by a chevaux dc frisc of pointed stakes. Some few pieces of cannon were placed at this point, but they were mostly antiquated specimens of artillery, and so badly situated as to be capable of firing only straight ahead. Poor as they \vere, however, had they been handled with anything like skill and pluck they would have caused serious loss among the attackers. After a smart tussle, the outlying village and temple of Phu-Ny \vere captured, and then the main attack upon the Western Gate was commenced. Under cover of a terrific fire from their artillery, posted on a hillock a few hundred yards away, the storming party advanced. Shells crashed in scores through the stockade, and, bursting inside, wrought havoc among the Chinese soldiers, who nevertheless fought obstinately. At length the bridge was crossed, and the forces
BATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
392
At
And here was of France approached the portal. bravery devoted and seen an instance of cool
centred, was taken and burnt.
hardly excelled by that which was di.^^played by that other " captain of the gate " who held the Tiber bridge against the Tuscan host. There,
forced their wa}' in after but slight resistance.
told olT to guard the narrow passage between the stockade and the wall, stood a gallant " Black Flag " soldier. His Winchester repeat-
possible
magazine filled with cartridges. Although half the French force were Shot after shot at the gate, he quailed not. and each bullet calmly, and deliberately fired, he Down went brave Captain found its billet. ing ride was in his hand,
its
Mehl, leader of the Foreign Legion, with a ball through his heart, and other attackers were slain and when the stormers rushed in at last the heroic " Black Flag," true to his trust, died with his fiice to the foe, as a soldier should die. The French, quick to recognise bravery either in friend or enemy, buried him with military honours when the day's light was over, at the gate which he defended so well. The expeditionary force was in the town, but Luu-Vin-Phuoc its work was not yet at an end. and his followers disputed every inch of the longstreet entered by the gate, and it was not until late in the afternoon that the " Black Flag chieftain's house, round which the last rally ;
" LUU-VLN-PinjOC
AND
HIS
the east
— side
of the
the other
town the Algerian troops
In spite of this, and to the discredit of French arms, a regular sack took place, and it is imto
how many
say
perished
in
the
slaughter.
On the following day the victors formally took possession of the now deserted citadel. They captured over a hundred cannon, for the most part of ancient pattern and in dilapidated rice and a quantity of bar silver other provisions rifles and ammunition besides a number of horses and an elephant.
condition
;
;
;
The French number
;
were heavy in proportiorf they brought into action. Ninety-two officers and men were killed and 318 were wounded during the three days' fighting. Of these, three-fourths fell on the first day. The Chinese losses were never known with any accuracy, but probably at least a thousand soldiers perished, besides the people massacred by the Turco troops. Thus was taken the town of Son-Tai, and this event, coupled with the previous capture ol Hanoi and the subsequent storming of Bac-Ninh, firmlv established the French in their occupation of Tonkin. to the
losses
of
men
FOLLOWERS DISPUTED EVERY INXH OF THE LONU STREET."
>^^
DENSE
woods droopsd under the burn-
ing heat of a Spanish July afternoon the grass of the phiin was scorched ;
I
brown, and white dust lay
to a dull
thick on the roads that led to Talavera. one-storied, red-tiled houses of the squalid
The town
on the banks of the Tagus were reflected in the broad river, but the habitual siesta of its inhabitants was for once interrupted as, from the
shadow
of the ancient ramparts, they
British
army drawn up
stretching,
\\
ith
a
in line of battle
—a
line
here and there a gap, until
it
two miles awa\', beyond chain of blue mountains rose
rested on a steep
which again
watched a
hill,
against a cloudless sky.
was
It
a
tattered
line
— patched,
campaign-stained, and the
dust
torn,
of the
and roads
it, dimming the scarlet of its coats. moreover, a hungry, half-starved line, having lived for many days on a handful of rate tuhcat and a draught of water, or a species of
had It
sullied
was,
Talavera were striking three the divisions of Ruffin and Lapisse, having forded the Alberche, came through the forest, with their cartouchebelts and red epaulettes worn outside long
white linen overcoats, and debouched so suddenly that our leader was nearly captured in the Casn, and the outpost was thrown into
momentary
confusion.
The young,
untrained troops
cover of our light dragoons, to take up their position in the main line, which had eagerly listened to the rattle of the musketry and
watched the smoke
on their appointments, as many of our men did afterwards at Waterloo but nevertheless they were waiting for the French, who were somewhere across a little river hidden by the woods in their front, beyond the Casa de Salinas, where Sir Arthur Wellesley lay with the outposts, 10,000 Spaniards under Cuesta being strongly posted on the skirt of the forest,
them
until
plates
glowed
militia badges
;
nearer to the town
itself.
The
plain that stretched before the line was and well grown with olives and handsome cork-trees; and on the 27th July, i8oq, it was baked and dry, the passage of a single horseman level,
being sufficient to raise a great cloud as the sun bert fiercely down.
King Joseph Bonaparte, brother of the great Emperor, was marching to oppose our further progress into Spain, and when the clocks of
heads,
—
by way of rations. There were rough detachments and undrilled lads among its regiments, some still wearing field-pea called corovansejt,
lost their
on each other, and were driven into the open, the gallant " Old Stubborns "—as the 45th were nicknamed and the 5th Battalion of the both Regiment alone remaining firm, and receiving the French with a heavy fire from the well-known " Brown Bess " and the Baker rifle. After 400 of our men had fallen, and a goodly number of the enemy, the French paused, and our two brigades retired step by step, under fired
drifting slowly
away above
the tree-tops. beating, and the sun pouring on the brass eagles on their shacko-
With drums
of
men whose
like gold
— with the bold assurance
colours bore the magic
score of battles
won beyond
names
of a
the Rhine against
—
Germany, Austria, and Russia the veteran soldiery of the Empire came proudly on, their artillery unlimbering to open a cannonade against our left wing, while their green Chasseurs trotted forward to discover the position of the Spaniards. Sir Arthur Wellesley had taken great precautions in posting our allies, who were placed behind mud walls and high banks between our right and the town, screened still further by the cork woods and barriers of felled timber and the buildings of a large convent, whose musical chime went unheeded amid the strife but he had no confidence in them, and events proved ;
him
to be right.
BATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
3istently, compelled their shattered ranks to fall a
back.
To
the shouts of defiance of onset suc-
ceeded a sullen retirement. petuosity
of
Such was the imyoung warriors and the bearing that many came to
these
firmness of their
the white arms, and the onset was repelled with steel. The Viscount de Poli received a desperate bayonet-wound in the breast.
The
troops sent to
their
assistance,
several
thousand led by La Moriciere in person, behaved with shameful weakness. They occupied the centre, and carried with them on their flanks a battalion of Swiss Rifles corps.
and a boyish
Roman
The indigenous regiment wavered
ileployed,
and
finally
Piedmontese were very stubborn, especially that crack light infantry the
as
it
sought safety under the
reeds by the river. Its want of steadiness was charitably attributed to youth and indiscipline. The drivers attached to one battery of guns cut
and fled, leaving their cannon behind them. The Franco-Belgians, with Major Fuchman's half-battalion of Austrian sharpshooters in their traces
^upport, were the only troops
?ymptonis of resorting to
who
leg-bail.
did not
show
The tough
little
blue-jacketed bcr-
marked by the constant
smoke from the
defined
line
bursts of
by glazed round
hats tipped with jaunty cocks' -feathers.
The
haycocks and farm-steadings of Crocetta were clung to with tenacity while a chance remained, but reinforcements poured down from the ridges opposite, and soon a general panic was caused, bearing away the brave with the faint-hearted. To add to the confusion, De Pimodan, who was mounted and daringly encouraging his men, was shot in the face and subsequently in the back some said by his own followers, either through mistake or treachery and fell from his saddle bleeding from four v.-ounds. La Moriciere gave him a farewell grasp before he died. The Piedmontese prisoners captured at an earlier stage of the combat got out of the toils, the captain, Tromboni, preventing retaliations. But the intrepid Franco-Belgians left a third of their 280 on the field, and trenches were dug for them by ne.Kt day near the spot where they fell on the slopes of the Musone.
—
La Moriciere
\vas
powerless to control or in-
There were acts of what could they avail numbers, discipline, and ma-
fuse courage into his force.
individual heroism, but against the odds in
? The disorder degenerated into something worse, and the mass of the Pope's army sought refuge in flight at the double-quick, while
terial
corps and fragments of corps, embracing
men
of
tramped or trotted to Loreto, where some of them laid down arms in a hopeless muddle. The Piedmontese did not pursue they saw it was not necessary. They had succeeded in their object, which was to prevent the relief of Ancona, and they had barred the road and caught their enemy in a trap from which there was no escape. The affair had not diflFerent
nationalities,
:
lasted quite three hours, the actual conflict being
confined to one hour.
Some
of the vanquished Musone, and twenty Papal artillerymen, with two field-pieces, the military chest, and a flag of the Swiss, succeeded in coasting in a fishing-boat to Ancona. A few guides and a Swiss sapper also reached the same harbour in a skiff. But the army which had left Loreto in the morning preceded by some of the banners of Don John of Austria, the hero of Lepanto, removed from the shrine of Loreto was " ground down and beaten to pieces " before
made
for the
mouth
of the
—
A
shades of evening fell. few bold spirits talked of defending the town, but the majority were too much demoralised, and continued the retreat to
I
CASTE LFIDARDO.
4f^7
Recanati, where formal surrender was made. The Papalini marched out by torchHght to
eager and inured to the
give up their arms, with bayonets fixed and bands at their head, between lines of Piedmontese
of rest
who
infantry,
presented arms as they passed. the names of the Franco-Belgian pri-
When
soners and the guides
— such
as
Rohan Chabot,
volunteers
field,
with some thousand
who were weighed down from want But
and the long, forced marches.
was not
lost,
although Persano's
fleet
all
of thirteen
400 guns, was in the offing and had started the bombardment that daj-, without
vessels, carrying
After a
notice, contrarj- to the usages of war.
Count Bourbon de Chains, and Prince Edward de Lignc were being ticked off from the roll-call, before
over a week, Persano forced the boom at the entrance of the harbour, and blew up the battery at the lighthouse.
being sent into detention in the interior, General Cugia remarked with surprise that it was just like reading a list of invitations to a court ball
citadel,
Sernin, the Marquis d'Holiand, the
St.
—
stout defence of
Ancona
for
hoisted the white flag upon the and repeated the signal of capitulation
La Moriciere in
the
The
forts.
garrison ceased
Shortly
fire.
Piedmontese army resumed the offen-
under Louis Ouatorze. But La Moriciere, who had directed the operations of the day on horseback with a cane, had
the
after,
sive
all
and up
along to
the line,
nine
in
the
morning the cannon lasted, not-
following
will
be
din of
seen that there was
no
on
in
withstanding the despatch oi parlcmcntaircs and the landing of Piedmontese naval officers and marines. The garrison marched out
disappeared.
strateg}'
It
his
part
cam-
this brief, disastrous
paign.
His plan was the
one
obvious
of
plain,
straightforward fighting
of
;
the
city
honours of war
and had he been seconded by the due valour and numbers the result might have been adjourned, but
with
the
in the
dusk
uf the following evening,
have been averted. He had no allies whom he
gave up their arms, and were led under escort to Alessandria, where they were liberated under condition of not serving for a
The Emperor III. dared
year against the king. La Moriciere gave his sword
ultimate defeat could not
could trust.
Napoleon not
stir
out of
Rome
;
A rOXriFlC.M, ZOUAVE.
in
he had advised his allies of the former year to strike hard and promptly" if they would lift him out of em-
fact,
''
barrassment.
La Moriciere, with his purpose grimly set, took the opportunity of the smoke and turmoil to assemble about 300 infantry and what remained of an escort of dragoons,
and bent by a devious mountain path to Ancona. A peasant acted as guide, having first been sworn by all he prized as most sacred to point the right direction. At dusk attended by the horsemen he entered the ramparts and went to his countrvman, the Count de Ouaterbarbes.
governor said
La
" ;
"
You
are welcome," said the " You see it," ? "
and j-our army
Moriciere, pointing to the few fugitives
" I have no longer an army." was his earliest experience of failure in war, but he did not expect miracles. He did not count on beating a well-armed force of 40,000 men.
outside. It
to
Persano,
who handed
back to him, and the officers were embarked on a vessel for Genoa. Victor Emmanuel was free to advance to the Neapolitan border, and lend the prestige of his name and the aid of his arms to Garibaldi in short, he was allowed the occasion of tipping the lance-shaft with a sharp steel head. The Pope dismissed his troops to their homes, giving the Irish auxiliaries, in an order of the A medal of silvered day, the highest praise. bronze, girdled with a serpent with tail coiled in mouth, symbolising eternity, was issued to his legionaries, with an inverted cross on the hollowed middle in commemoration of the crucifixion of St. Peter, and the inscription on one side. Pro Petri Sede ("For the See of Peter "), and on it
;
the
other,
nostra is
our
(''
Victoria
The
qua:
vincit miindtim fides
victory which overcomes the world
faith").
Thus ended with
a decoration
the tale of defeat not entirely without dishonour.
4oS
.iZ'
SI
,-x-'
la
<s>
.-Z-'
'/"
LTHOUGH
¥
W^^ 1
not remarkable either from
the issues involved or the importance
.A
of the events dependent less
engaged
upon
it
—
still
from the number of the troops
— the fighting before Magdala
is
notable
being the crowning success of one of the most remarkable expeditions of modern times. Theodore, king of Abyssinia-^a man of great had seized some English and natural talent German missionaries, and had for a long time held them prisoners. Although crowned under the name of Theodore, the king's name was Kassa. He was nephew of a powerful chief, but his father had died early. His mother was reduced to great poverty, and he himself was brought up in a monastery with the intention of becoming a priest. The monastery was attacked and sacked by robbers, but Kassa escaped to the as
—
castle of his uncle.
On the latter's death, quarrels
arose between his sons
Kassa sided with the however, defeated, and Kassa became a robber chief. He soon afterwards raised the standard of rebellion, and one by one conquered the various provinces of Abyssinia, and elder,
who
:
was,
was crowned in 1856 king of the whole country. His power was as yet, however, by no means consolidated, for rebellions broke out in various
provinces.
amount of him odious
These were all put down with an and cruelty that rendered
ferocity
to his subjects.
When
all
resistance
ceased Theodore sought to introduce European
and methods. The education he had obtained the convent had rendered him far in advance
arts in
of the majority of his people, and had not his career been cut short by coming into collision
with England he might have done great things for his country. His grievance against us was of a
threefold character. In the first place Mr. Stern, the English missionary, had returned for a time to England, and had there published a
book containing some very disparaging remarks
.-/vith the rage of reprisal, led the hunt, with left
.'
''
;
hirsty steel as ever.
Forward
at a racing pace
hey swept, bounding over the valley and seizing
32
step bv step the positions they had previously held, and the Republicans slowly melted awajtowards Puente de la Reyna. Santa Barbara was reached. The Royalists had left eighteen wounded behind them there in the forenoon. They were all
massacred.
that
gruesome
No
quarter was listened to after
revelation.
"
At them with
the
l.n..ir.'.r_.
the Picture by J.
who had
497
Cussacfis.)
was the shout raised by the fatigued and enraged foot-soldiers. The terrain, jagged and stony, was not fit for cavalr\' operations, and cavalry
!
'"
the self-possessed Olio retorted with an expletive
a Cambronne Captain Burnabv,
of
nature.
Turning
who was
round to
standing near, he
flushed like a girl and apologised for his impatient
language.
''
Adclcinte
!
'^
was the cry anew,
the ignominious flight of the
as
enemy
could not of their sharpshooters main-
be mistaken. Some tained an annoying fire in the thick of Carlists on the rising ground, and as the bullets fell in their midst an artillery officer, riding up, asked " There," where the guns should be placed. "and now said Olio, pointing to Santa Barbara let the cavalry charge." ;
At the
signal, an.xiously expected, the single
squadron tore out after the Republicans, some of whom were already plunging for shelter into
— BATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
4^8 the Arga.
A
with some
few minutes afterwards
returned
it
prisoners and a good tally of killed,
amongst whom was a Republican commander, " There he sabred by a youthful lieutenant. lies,"
said
blood on
blade,"
A
with gore. to billet his
"and here is his weapon dripping captain inquired where he was
the lad to Olio,
my
men.
showing
his
" There," said Olio,
nodding
" I thought I told you towards a hamlet. but while you are there, take your already companj- into the first house in Puente de la The Reyna and stay there for the night." officer saluted, and went off to execute the order. Then, turning to a lieutenant of artillerj', the ;
general said a let
:
"
shot at the
the people
Take one first
of your guns,
street of the
know
town.
that Moriones
a whipped cur, and dare not
stir
is
and I
fire
will
there like
out."
—
The Carlists lost i colonel Martin Echarch 4 subalterns, and 14 privates killed 4 captains, subalterns, and 79 privates wounded. The 1 1 Republican account gave 130 Carlists killed and ;
SPAMS)!
800 wounded, but that was a list of casualties doctored for the Madrid chatterers. Their own loss was considerable, but may be left to conMany corpses were strewn like patches jecture. on the heights where the Republicans had fallen or had crept to hollows or furze bushes to die. After all the excitement of the battle was over, a battalion of Navarrese rushed to the image of a chico^ outlined on a wall with a burnt stick by Vizetelly, to decide bets as to whether Not a shot had touched he had been struck. him, although he was hedged round with bulletmarks, like the aureole of stabs encircling the head of a performer in a show. Uproarious were the bursts of glee of the simple Navarrese. The attack was not renewed next day, the bestfurnished battalions having but forty rounds a man, but Moriones had gone back to Tafalla. Primo de Rivera was still in Logrono, and Don Carlos, with Dorregaray, Velasco, and Valdespina,
and four battalions of Biscay and two of Guipuzcoa, was on the road to exultant Estella.
LANDSCAPE.
499