Ayios Stephanos. Excavations at a Bronze Age and Medieval Settlement in Southern Laconia

LordWilliamTaylour 3January1904-2 December198g AYIOS STEPHANOS EXCAVATIONSAT A BRONZE AGE AND MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT IN ...

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LordWilliamTaylour

3January1904-2 December198g

AYIOS STEPHANOS EXCAVATIONSAT A BRONZE AGE AND MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN LACONIA by W. D. TAYLOURf and R.JANKO withtheassistance of

D. FORTENBERRY, M.J. GO ALEN andT. WALLACEt and withcontributions by

E. C. BANKS,J.L. BINTLIFF, S. C. BISELt, H. BLITZER, C. DUHIG, E. B. FRENCH, N. H. GALE, S. M. A. HOFFMANN, M.J. IJDO, G.JONES, R. E.JONES, P. N. KARDULIAS,J.A. MACGILLIVRAY,P. A. MOUNTJOY, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ, A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, V.J.ROBINSONf, M.J.ROSE, G. D. R. SANDERS,J. MOTYKA SANDERS, B. H. I. H. STEWART, Z. A. STOS,J. E. TOMLINSON, I. K. WHITBREAD and C. ZERNER

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 44 Publishedby

THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2008

Publishedand distributed by The British Schoolat Athens SenateHouse,MaletStreet, LondonWC1E7HU SeriesEditor:Olga Krzyszkowska

© The Council,The British Schoolat Athens ISBN 978 ο 904887 58 7

Designedandcomputer typeset byRaynaAndrew Printedat AldenPress, UnitedKingdom Witney,

Contents ListofFigures ListofCharts ListofTables ListofPlates ListofAbbreviations

ix xvi xvii xx xiv

A MemoirofthelateLordWilliamTaylour, byB. H. I. H. Stewart

xxv i

Introduction, ¿yR.Janko Chapteri

and stratigraphy, The BronzeAge architecture byW.D. TaylourfandK.Janko

Chapter2

The BronzeAgeburials,byW.D. TaylourfandR.Janko

121

Chapter3

andburials,byW.D. TaylourfandK.Janko The Medievalarchitecture, stratigraphy

145

Chapter4

The EarlyHelladicpottery, by].A. MacGillivray

15g

Chapter5

withtheMiddleHelladicwaresfromLateHelladic The MiddleHelladicpottery, marks,byC. Zerner depositsandthepotters'

177

Chapter6

The LateHelladicpottery, byP. A. Mountjoy

299

Chapter7

The Medievalpottery, byG. D. R. Sanders

389

Chapter8

The EarlyHelladicsmallfinds,byE. C. Banks,E. B. FrenchandK.Janko

411

Chapter9

The MiddleHelladicsmallfinds, theLinearA inscription, including byYi.C. Banks,withR.Janko

417

Chapter10

The LateHelladicsmallfinds,byE. B. French,withR.Janko

445

Chapter11

The Roman,MedievalandModernsmallfinds, tilesand coins,byG. D. R. Sanders andj. MotykaSanders,withK. Janko

471

Chapter12

The humanand otherorganicremains, byC. Duhig,G.Jones,C. Mourer-Chauviré, 485 A. Nicodemus, D. S. ReeseandM.J.Rose

Chapter13

The regionalgeologyand earlysettlement oftheHelosPlain,by].L. Bintliff

527

Chapter14

andhistorical conclusions, Summary byR.Janko

551

13

Bibliography, byT Wallacet andR.Janko

611

Index,byS. Button

633

Plates

vii

viii

CONTENTS

CD (insidebackcover): Tables

CD-3

Appendix1

Statistical ofEarlyHelladicpottery deposits, ware-analysis byR.Janko

CD-85

Appendix2

andchemicalanalysisofMiddleHelladicandLateHelladicI- II Pétrographie I. K. Whitbread andR.E.Jones pottery, by

CD-89

Appendix3

The PerlmanandAsaroanalysesofLateHelladicI- III sherdsfromthe1963 a statistical excavations: S. M. A. Hoffmann re-evaluation, byΕ. Β. French, andV.J.Robinsonf,with].E. Tomlinson

CD-i 18

Appendix4

Metallurgical analysisofMiddleandLateHelladiccrucibles, byN. H. Gale andZ.A. Stos

CD-i 24

Appendix5

X-Rayfluorescence analysisofMiddleandLateHelladicbronzeobjects, byR. E.Jones

CD-i 26

Appendix6

Statistical andmaterials analysesoftheobjectsinflakedandgroundstone, N. Kardulias by?. andM.J.Ijdo, withH.Blitzer

CD-128

Appendix7

witha catalogueofthepeople Bonemineralanalysesofselectedskeletons, of1977,byS.C. Biselt

CD-150

Appendix8

The mammalian remains:catalogueandcomparanda andreptilian byD. S. Reese

CD-155

Appendix9

oftheradiocarbon data,byR.Janko Analysis

CD-186

ofstratigraphie contexts andkeptsherds,byR.Janko Repertory

CD-192

andmuseumboxes,byR.Janko Concordance ofexcavation numbers tocataloguenumbers

CD-251

ofpreviously Concordance finds, published byR.Janko

CD-268

Appendices plates

CD-270

ILLUSTRATION

CREDITS

D. Parshall2-9;J.Bintliff D. Aston1.10;E. Bennett The figs,weredrawnbythefollowing: 2.7-2.8;E. Bennett, K. Calucci D. Goalen 14.7; Demakopoulou14.1i;C. Duhig12.113.1-13.3; Blackman, 1.41-1.42,i-54'J· M.J. A. B. S. M. E. Hoffmann, 1.11; French, 12.6; D. Fortenberry, V.J. RobinsonA3.1; F. Gleave4.12; J. Rempel F. Gleave,D. Haldon,I. Strom1.5-1.7; M.J. Goalen 1.1-1.2, 1.8-1.9, 1.12-1.13, 1.15, 1.46, 2.1-2.3, 3.1; D. M. Ursery, C. K. WilliamsIII 1.37,1.43;M.J.Goalen,R. Hope Simpson1.53; M.J.Goalen,A. F. Harding, R. Kentish R. S. 3.4; M.J. Goalen,J. B. Rutter1.57-1.62; M.J. Goalen, M.J. Goalen, Hope Simpson, D. M. Ursery, III iii-iv,2.6;A. F.Harding1.38, 1.44-1.45; R. Hope Simpsonii;R. Hope Simpson, C. K. Williams R.Janko1.40; R Wright R. S. Kentish, R. S. Kentish1.24-1.25,1.66;R. Hope Simpson, 1.33;R. Hope Simpson, R.Jankoi, 1.3-1.4,1.19, 1.39, 1.47,9.12, 11.7, 14.6; R.Janko,D. Fortenberry 14.1-14.3,14.5, 14.8-14.10, 14.12; R. S. Kentish1.23, 1.26, 1.31-1.32, 1.48-1.49, 1.63-1.65, 2.4, 2.10-2.11, 3.2-3.3; R. S. Kentish, G. Rapp 13.5-13.6; J. B. Rutter1.55-1.56; R. S. Kentish,P. Wright1.28; J. Kraft,S. Aschenbrenner, S. Button4.2; W. H. McGeachen, 4.1, 4.3-4.11·^. A. MacGillivray, J. G. Younger1.14;J. A. MacGillivray S. W. ManningA9.1; N. Memmou13.4;J. MotykaSanders7.1-7.10, 11.4-11.6;J. MotykaSanders,G. D. R. Sanders1.50-1.52;P. A. Mountjoy6.1-6.44; A. Nicodemus12.7-12.13;A. PoelstraTraga8.1-8.2,9.1-9.10, 10.1-10.6,11.2-11.3;A. PoelstraTraga,F. Gleave 10.7-10.8;A. PoelstraTraga,J. B. Rutter9.11; A. Poelstra 14.14; M. Walton14.4; Traga,D. Blackman11.1;J. B. Rutter1.16-1.18, 1.20-1.22, 8.3; J. M. Wagstaff I. K. Whitbread A2.1-A2.12;P. Wright 1.27,1.29-1.30;C. Zerner5.1-5.16,5.18-5.23,5.25-5.58;C. Zerner, tofigs.9.1-9.10,10.1-10.5,11.1-11.3. andE. Huttonalsocontributed F. Gleave5.17,5.24.L. Picornell theAshmoleanMuseum6oô; S. BiselA7.1-2;Ε. Β. French53~5*> The plates are theworkofthefollowing: Ε. Β. French,W. D. Taylour44-50, 52, 56; R. Janko59-600, 6oc-e'J. B. Rutter13c, 14ε, ι6α, i6c-i"jb' G. D. R. Sanders,W. D. Taylour57; G. D. R. Sanders,R.Janko58; W. D. Taylour10-13^,14a, i4C-i5d; 16e, A2.1-2; C. Zerner38; unknown, frontispiece. 17^-27^,28-37,39-43; 51; I. K. Whitbread

ListofFigures i ii iii iv 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39

Map showingLaconia and Kythera. Sketchplan ofAyios Stephanosshowingthe excavationsof 1959. AyiosStephanos1959-77. Plan showingexcavationtrenches. Plan ofS SectorofAyios Stephanos,withtheexcavationsof 1973-77 hatched. Area Epsilon. Plan showinglocationof sectorsand sections. Area Epsilon. Plan ofLH IIIC Earlyphase, also showingpits,sectorsand sections. Area Epsilon.Potterysectionofsectorsgamma and delta,lookingnw. Area Epsilon. Potterysectionofsectorsalpha and beta,lookingnw. Area Epsilon. Sectionofn baulk ofNE Extension,lookingn. Area Epsilon. Sectionofe baulk ofTrench11,lookinge. Area Epsilon. Sectionofw baulk ofTrenchia, lookingw. Area Epsilon. Plan ofMiddle Helladic III and LH I-IIIA2 phases, showinglocationof sectorsand sections. Area Zeta. Plan showinglocationofwalls and sectors. Area Zeta. Compositeschematicpotterysection,showingwalls and sectors. Area Zeta. Potterysectionof sectorbeta w, lookingn. Area Zeta. Plan ofMH II- III phase. Area Zeta. Plan ofMH I Late (third)phase, showinglocationof sectorsand findsin destruction debris. Area Zeta. Plan of sectorbeta w, showingEH II Late and MH I Early (firstand second) phases. Area Eta. Plan showinglocationofwalls and sections. Area Eta. Potterysectione-w acrossN partofArea, lookingn. Area Eta. Potterysectione-w acrosscentralpartofArea, lookingn. Area Eta. Potterysectione-w acrosss partofArea, lookingn. Area Eta. Potterysectionnnw-sse acrossArea, lookinge. Area Eta. Sectionofw baulk ofTrench11,lookingw. Area Eta. Partialsectionofw baulk,lookingw. Area Eta. PartialsectionofE baulk,lookinge. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Plan showingsectors,sections,elevationsand LH IIA-IIIAi walls, withLH IIIAi potteryand finds. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Sectionofs baulk,lookings. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Sectionofe baulk,lookinge. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Sectionofw baulk,lookingw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SW sector.Elevationofbaulk underwall ed, lookingnw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Plan ofLH IIA forge. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Partialelevationofbaulk underwall ey, lookingnw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Elevationofbaulk underwall ex, lookingne. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Plan ofMH III Late and LH I phases, showinglocationof sections and elevations. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Plan ofMH II and MH III Earlyphases, showinglocationof sectionsand elevations. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Plan ofEH II to MH I Late phases, showinglocationof sectionsand elevations. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan showingrelationshipoftheLambda/Betatrenches. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan showinglocationofwalls,sectionsand elevations. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan ofLH II- III phases,showingRooms 1-4 and associated floors,withlocationof sections. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan ofLH IIIC Earlyfloors,potteryand smallfindsin Rooms 2 and 4, withlocationof sections. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Sectionofn baulk oftrenchLambda 1, lookingn. Area Lambda / Beta 12. n-s potterysectionofLambda i/Beta 12A baulk w ofwalls la, lo and lm, lookinge. ix

Facing i 3 5 6 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 27 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 41 43 44 46 47 50 53 54 54 55 57 59 60 62 63 64 66 68

LIST OF FIGURES

x

1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

AreaLambda/Beta12. Sectionofs baulkoftrench Beta1, 1959,through Room3 over inne cornerofRoom7, lookings. sounding AreaLambda/Beta12. Sectionofw baulkofBeta12A (n),Beta 1/12A baulk,Beta1 andBeta6/1baulk,through centreofRooms2-3 overε partofRoom7, withwallsof Lambdai/Beta12A baulkinelevation, lookingw. AreaLambda/Beta12.Sectionofε baulkofBeta1 (s),Beta1/12Β baulkandBeta12Β ε sideofRoom4 overw sideofRoom9,withwallhminelevation, (ν),through lookinge. AreaLambda/Beta12. PlanofMH III-LH I phase,showing Rooms5-11, associated floorsandlocationofsectionsandelevations. AreaLambda/Beta12. Elevationofwalllc andofbaulkbeneath, lookingw. AreaLambda/Beta12. Elevationofwallle andofbaulkbeneath, lookingn. AreaLambda2. Planshowing locationofwallsandsection. AreaLambda2. n-spottery sectionε ofwalllh,lookinge. AreaLambda3/4.Planshowing locationofMH III-LH ΠΙΑ walls,burials,andsections. MH III-LH I wallsandLH I floorsandfinds. AreaLambda3/4.Planshowing AreaLambda3/4.SectionofΝbaulkoftrench Lambda3, lookingn. AreaLambda3/4.Sectionofε baulkofAreaLambda3/4,lookinge. AreaLambda3/4.Sectionofw baulkoftrench Lambda3, lookingw. AreaNu/Gamma1. PlanofLH II-IIIA andMedievalphases,showing locationof sections andburials. TrenchNu 2. PlanofLH II-IIIA phases,showing locationofburials, findsandsections. AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionofε baulk,lookinge. AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionofs baulkoftrench Nu 2,lookings. AreaNu / Gamma1. Partialsectionofw baulkoftrench Nu 1 andNu/Gamma1 baulk, w. looking AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionofν baulkofNu 1 alonglineofwallne, lookingn. Nu 1 through Room2 of AreaNu / Gamma1. Partialsectionofs baulkoftrench Nu II, lookings. Structure AreaNu / Gamma1. Planoftrenches Nu 1 and 2 toshowrelation ofStructure Nu II (MH III/LH I) toLH I/IIA ShaftGrave,burial13. locationof AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofStructure Nu II (MH III/LH I), showing sections andfinds. location AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofMH II- III Earlywalls,floorsandroad,showing ofsections andfinds. Nu I (MH I Late),showing debrisabovefloor, AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofStructure MH II burial14 andlocationofsections. mainroomofStructure Nu I (MH I Late),toshow AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionthrough stratification ofdebrisabovefloor. Nu I (MH I Late), ofwallnu ofStructure AreaNu /Gamma1. Axonometrie drawing fromse. Nu I (MH I Late),showing locationofsections AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofStructure andfindson floors.

70 72 74 76 78 79 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 93 94 95 96 99 100 103 104 106 110 113 115 116 117

locationofburials. AreaZeta.Planshowing AreaEta.Planshowing locationofburials. PlanofLH IIA burialEta 15. Planshowing locationofburials. AreaBeta3/8/9/10. PlanofLH IIB-IIIAi burialBeta28. 12. Planshowing AreaLambda/Beta locationofburials. PlanofLH IIIA2 EarlyburialLambda1. PlanofMH III LateburialLambda2. PlanofLH IIIAi burialNu 4. PlansofLH I/IIA shaft graveburialNu 13. SectionsofLH I/IIA shaft graveburialNu 13,withcoverslabsremoved.

122 123 126 128 130 131 132 133 136 138 139

and smallfinds. Medievalpottery AreaZeta.PlanofMedievalandre-usedwalls,showing BetaV andVI, showing PlanofroomsofMedievalStructures AreaBeta3/8/9/10. locationofsections. LambdaVII. AreaLambda3/4.PlanofMedievalStructure AreasNu/Gamma1,Gamma2, Lambda2 andLambda3/4.PlanofMedievalStructure LambdaVII andcourtyard.

146 149 152 153

LIST OF FIGURES 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.1 1 4.12 5.1

5.2 5.3 5.4

5.5 5.6

5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18

EH I pottery. Variousfabrics,1-5, 7-8, 10-13. EH II pottery.Buffclay withplain surface,14-16, 18-21, 23-27; buffclay withpartially coated surface,28-29. EH II pottery.Buffclay withmonochromecoated surface,30-54. EH II pottery.Buffclay withmonochromecoated surface,55-57, 62-88. EH II pottery.Buffclay with'yellowmottled'surface,90-94, 96-106. EH II Late pottery.Buffclay withcreamslipped surface,107-123, 125-129, 132-139. EH II Late pottery.Buffclay withcream slipped surface,140-144, i46-i46a. EH II pottery.Semi-fineto coarse buffclay, 147-159. EH II pottery.Fine orangeclay, 160-163, 165-175, 177-182, 184-188. EH II pottery.Semi-fineto coarse orangeclay, 189-205. EH II pottery. Uncommonfabrics,206-221. EH II pottery.Singularfabrics,222-223. Area Epsilon 1973, MH I Early(?) pottery,1001-1005: Dull Painted1001-1002; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1003; Coarse, local group 1004; Coarse, painted 1005. MH I Late pottery,1006-1018: Dark Burnished1006-1010; GreyMinyan 1011; Dull Painted1012-1014; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1015; Minoan, medium coarse 1016; Coarse, local group 1017; pithos1018. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH ILA pottery:Dark Burnished1019-1022; MattPainted, 1023-1025; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1026; Minoan, mediumcoarse 1027; Micaceous Minoanising1028-1031. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH I pottery,1032-1034: AeginetanMattPainted 1032; Coarse, local group 1033; Pithos1034. Area Zeta 1973, MH I pottery,1035-1064. MH I Earliestpottery:Dark Burnished 1035-1040; Dull Painted1041; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 42; Coarse, local group 1043-1050; EH or MH Micaceous Minoan 1051-1053. MH I Early:Dark Burnished1054-1063; GreyMinyan 1064. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Earlypottery:Dull Painted1065-1074. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Earlypottery,1075-1088: LustrousDecorated,fine,1075-1076; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1077-1081; Minoan 1082-1084; Micaceous Minoan 1085; Coarse, local group 1086-1088; MH I Late: Dark Burnished1089-1094. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dark Burnished1095-1110. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dull Painted 1111-1121; LustrousDecorated, fine1124-1127; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1128-1132; LustrousDecorated or Minoan 1133; Minoan, fine1134; Micaceous Minoan 1135. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dull Painted 1122-1123. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Coarse, local group 1136-1149; Coarse, orange 1151-1153. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery,1154-1171: Coarse, orange 1150. MH II- III: Dark Burnished1154-1165; Dull Painted 1166-1167; LustrousDecorated,fine1168, 1169 (LH I); LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1170-1171. Area Zeta 1973, MH II- III pottery,1172-1190: LustrousDecorated,coarse 1172; LustrousDecorated? 1173; Micaceous Minoan 1174 (LH I), 1175-1176; Coarse, local group 1177-1190. Area Eta 1973, MH I Earlypottery,1191-1217: Dark Burnished1191-1202; Dull Painted 1203-1212; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1213-1217. Area Eta 1973, MH I Earlypottery,1218-1236: Minoan, fineand mediumcoarse 1218-1219; local, mediumcoarse orange 1220-1221; Coarse, local group 1222-1225, 1227-1236. MH I Late: Dark Burnished1237-1245. Area Eta 1973, MH I Late pottery1246-1263: Dark Burnished1246-1252; Dull Painted 1253-1262; Dull Painted? 1263. Area Eta 1973, MH I Late pottery1264-1287: LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1264-1272; Minoan,fine1273-1275; Coarse, local group 1276-1287. Area Eta 1973, MH II(?) pottery1288-1315: Dark Burnished1288-1296; Dull Painted 1297-1304; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1305; Minoan 1306-1307; Micaceous Minoan 1308; Coarse, local group 1309-1315. Area Eta 1973, MH pottery,1316-1320: Dark Burnished1316; Coarse, local group 1317-1318. LH, fineorange 1319-1320; LH IIA (burial15) 1321-1324: Yellow Minyan, fine1321; Yellow Minyan,gritty1322; MattPainted,gritty1323; Micaceous Minoan 1324

xi 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 170 171 172 173 215

216 217 219

220 221

223 224 225 226 227 228 230 232 233 234 236 237

xii

5.19

5.20 5.21 5.22

5.23 5.24

5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44

LIST OF FIGURES

AreaBeta1977,MH I Latepottery, 1325-1342:DarkBurnished 1325-1328;Dull Painted1329-1333;Lustrous Decorated,medium Decorated,fine1334;Lustrous coarse1335;import?, Lustrous Painted1336; Coarse,localgroup1337-1341;Coarse, MH Decorated,fine II, 1343-1346:DarkBurnished 1343; Lustrous plain?1342; mediumcoarse1345; Coarse,localgroup1346. Decorated, 1344;Lustrous AreaBeta1977,MH III Earlypottery, DarkBurnished 1347-1365;LH I-IIA, Dark Burnished orCoarseBurnished, fine1367-1368;MH III Early, 1366; MattPainted, Lustrous fine1369-1373;Lustrous Decorated, Decorated,mediumcoarse1374-1379AreaBeta1977,MH III Earlypottery, Decorated,medium 1380-1410:Lustrous coarse1380-1398;Minoan,fine1399-1401;MicaceousMinoan1402-1403; Red SlippedandBurnished orEH I?) 1404; Coarse,localgroup1405-1410. (Aeginetan AreaBeta1974-77,MH III Earlypottery, 1411-1414:cookingpot 1411-1412; Coarseorange1413-1414.MH III Late-LHII, 1415-1446:DarkBurnished fine, 1415-1422;GreyMinyan1423;YellowMinyan,fine1424-1427;MattPainted, bichrome1428;YellowMinyan, 1429-1431;MattPainted, 1432-1437; gritty gritty = Dull Painted?1438; Lustrous fine1439-1446. wareuncertain, Decorated, AreaBeta1974-77,MH III Late-LHII pottery, Decorated, 1447-1473:Lustrous mediumcoarse1447-1458;Minoan1459-1464;Minoan?1465-1468;Aeginetan 1469;Coarse,localgroup1470-1473. AreaLambda1973-77,MH I- II pottery, 1474-1478:DarkBurnished 1474-1475; MH III pottery, Lustrous fine Decorated, 1476-1478. 1479-1506:DarkBurnished Decorated,mediumcoarse1486-1499;Minoan, i479-i485a; MH III Early,Lustrous fine1500-1506. AreaLambda1973and 1977,MH III pottery, 1507-1513:MH III Early,Coarse, localgroup1507-1512.MH III Late,pithos1513. AreaLambda1973-77,Transitional-LH ILApottery, 1514-1553:DarkBurnished LH Yellow fine I-IIA, 1514-1534; Minyan, i535~1553AreaLambda1973-77,LH ILApottery, 1554-1606:YellowMinyan,fine1554-1578; MattPainted, fine1579-1606. AreaLambda1973-77,MH III/LH I-LH ILApottery, 1607-1637:YellowMinyan, 1607-1632;LH IIA, MattPainted, 1633-1637. gritty gritty MattPainted, AreaLambda1974and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery, 1638-1656. gritty MattPainted, AreaLambda1973-77,MH III/LH I-IIA pottery, 1657-1688. gritty AreaLambda1973-77,LH IIA pottery, 1689-1695; 1689-1696:MattPainted, gritty MattPainted?1696. Light-on-Dark, gritty, AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, Decorated,fine 1697-1737:Lustrous coarse Lustrous medium Decorated, 1714-1737. 1697-1713; AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, 1738-1768:Minoan,fine1738-1751; Minoan,mediumcoarse1752-1767;Minoan?1768. MicaceousMinoan1769-1781. AreaLambda1974and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery, Red Slippedand AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, 1782-1804:Aeginetan Coarse1793-1794; MattPainted1783-1792;Aeginetan Burnished 1782;Aeginetan Coarse,local 1795-1804. AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, Coarse,localgroup1805-1827. DarkBurnished AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, 1828-1850. DarkBurnished AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, 1851-1855. local? 1856; AreaNu 1977,EH orMH I Earliest(?) pottery, 1856-1857:Burnished, EH Patterned, wareuncertain 1857.MH I Late,Dull Painted1858-1869. AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, Decorated,mediumcoarse 1870-1896:Lustrous fine Lustrous Decorated? Minoan, 1877-1883;Minoan,medium 1876; 1870-1875; coarse,redfabric1884-1886;Coarse,localgroup1887-1896. AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, Coarse,localgroup1897-1907. DarkBurnished AreaNu 1977,MH II- III Earlypottery, 1908-1925;MH III Early, MattPainted/Plain Matt Painted White Burnished, 1927; Gritty GreyMinyan1926; fine IIIII Lustrous MH Decorated, 1931-1942. 1928-1930; Early, Lustrous AreaNu 1977,MH II- III Earlypottery, Decorated,mediumcoarse 1943-1970;MH III Early,Minoan,fine1971-1973;MH II- III Early,Minoan, mediumcoarse1974-1976. MicaceousMinoan1977; MH II- III Early, AreaNu 1977,MH III Earlypottery, wareuncertain MH III Early,Lustrous ware uncertain Painted, 1978-1979; orange, 1980-1981;MH II- III Early,Coarse,localgroup1982-2000.

239

240 242 244

245 247

249 250 252 254 255 256 258 259 260 262 263 264 266 267 268 269 270 272 273 274

LIST OF FIGURES 5.45 5.46

5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57

5.58 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.1 1 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.2 1 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26

6.27

xiii

Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I Early pottery, 2001-2043: Dark Burnished 2001-2034; Dark Burnished? 2035; Grey Minyan 2036-2039; Dull Painted 2040-2043. Area Nu 1977, MH III Late to LH I/IIA pottery, 2044-2075: Fine, Matt Painted 2044-2045; GrittyPlain and Yellow Minyan 2046-2048; Matt Painted, gritty 2049-2069; ware uncertain 2070-2075. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I/IIA pottery, 2076-2110: Lustrous Decorated, fine 2076-2089; Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2090-2110. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I pottery, 2111-2128: Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2111-2127; Lustrous Decorated, coarse 2128. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I/IIA pottery, 2129-2164: Minoan? 2129; Minoan, fine 2130-2143; Minoan, medium coarse 2144-2151; Minoan? local? 2152; Micaceous Minoan 2153-2155; Micaceous Minoan? 2156; Coarse, plain 2157-2164. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I Early pottery,Coarse, local group 2165-2204. Earlier excavations, EH III (?), 2205; M H, Dark Burnished 2206-2220. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,2221-2247: Dark Burnished 2221-2234; Dull Painted 2235-2237; Dull Painted? 2238; Matt Painted, fine 2239-2247. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,2248-2267: Matt Painted, imported 2248-2249; Yellow Minyan, gritty2250-2251; Matt Painted, gritty2252-2267. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,Lustrous Decorated, fine 2268-2270, Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2271-2280, 2282-2287. Area Beta 1 1-12, 1963, MH pottery,Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2281, 2288-2289. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,2290-2302: Minoan, fine 2290-2295; Minoan, medium coarse 2296-2299; Micaceous Minoan 2300-2302. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,Micaceous Minoan 2303-2311; Coarse, local group 2312-2318; MH-LH pottery, 2328-2331: Aeginetan, Matt Painted 2328; Aeginetan, Coarse 2330-2331. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,Coarse, local group 2319-2320.

277

Area Epsilon, LH ILA potterydeposit, 3001-3010. Area Epsilon, LH I-IIIAi pottery,301 1-3026. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3027-3039. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 Kylikes Group I, 3040-3047. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 Kylikes Group II, 3048-3066. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3067-3078. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3079-3090. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3091-3110. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3111-3121. Area Epsilon, LH IIIB pottery,3122-3134. Area Epsilon, LH IIIC Early pottery,3135-3152. Area Epsilon, LH IIIC Early pottery,3 153-3 184. Area Epsilon, LH IIIC Early pottery,3185-3197. Area Zeta, LH pottery,3198-3221. Area Eta, LH pottery,3222-3233. Area Beta, LH I pottery,3234-3244. Area Beta, LH ILA pottery,3245-3260. Area Beta, LH ILA pottery,3261-3288. Area Beta, burial 28, LH IIB pottery,3289-3291. Area Beta, LH IIB pottery,3292-3299. Area Beta, LH IIIAi pottery,3300-3315. Area Beta, LH IIIA2 pottery,3316-3337. Area Beta, burial 26, LH IIIA2 pottery,3338-3339. Area Beta, LH IIIA2 pottery,3340-3341; LH IIIB pottery,3342-3356. Area Beta, LH IIIC Early pottery,3357-3380. Area Lambda 3/4, LH I potterydeposits: Fine Yellow Minyan 3381-3390; Dark Burnished Micaceous 3391 (MH III Early), 3392-3398; Grey Minyan 3399; ware uncertain 3400; GrittyYellow Minyan 3401-3411; GrittyMatt Painted 3412-3415. Area Lambda 3/4, LH I potterydeposits: Lustrous Decorated, fine 3416-3430; Lustrous Decorated, gritty,431-33; Micaceous Minoan 3434-3436. Fine Minoan 3437-3440; Medium Coarse Minoan 3441-3448. Area Lambda 3/4, LH I potterydeposits: Coarse 3449-3453; LH I (Lustrous Painted) 3454-3461

300 302 304 306 307 308 310 311 313 315 316 318 319 321 326 327 329 331 331 333 335 337 338 340 346

278 280 281 283 284 286 287 289 290 292 293 294

295

348 350

xiv 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2

9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

LIST OF FIGURES Area Lambda, LH I pottery,3462-3489. Area Lambda, LH IIA pottery,3490-3510. Area Lambda, LH IIA pottery,351 1-3538; LH IIB, 3539; Late MattPainted, 3540-3543 Area Lambda, LH IIIAi pottery, 3544-3558. Area Lambda, LH IIIA2 pottery, 3559-3571* burial *4>357*; burial *>3573"3575 Area Lambda, LH IIIB pottery,3576-3582; LH IIIC Earlypottery,3583-3592; floor deposit3593-3597. Area Nu 1977 pottery:LustrousDecorated,Fine 3598-3611; LustrousDecorated,Gritty 3612-3628; LM IA 3629-3633; LH 1 3634-3637. Area Nu 1977 potteryLH IIA. 3638-3643. Area Nu 1973-74: LH IIA 3644-3646; LH IIB 3647; LH IIIAi 3648. 1960-63 excavations,LH I pottery,3649-3662. 3671-3674; 3663-3670; LH IIB pottery, 1960-63 excavations,LH IIA pottery, LH IIIAi pottery, 3675-3676. 3689-3694. 3677-3688; LH IIIB pottery, 1959-63 excavations,LH IIIA2 pottery, Area Delta 1959, LH IIIC Earlyfloordeposit,3695-3699. ! 959-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery,3700-3709. 3710, 3712-3722. 1960-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery, 3723-3730, 3732, 3736~3737> 3739> 1960-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery, 3745-3746> 3748-375 ! 3752-3754. 1960-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery, LH IIIC Earlypottery:local variationsofmotifs,371 1, 3731, 3733"3735> 3738> 3740-3744, 3747, 3755"3758 Medieval pottery.Glazed wares:bowls 4004, 4008, 4011, 4023-4027, 4046, 4049, 4055-4057, 4064, 4078, 4080, 4082. Medieval pottery.Glazed wares:bowls 4005, 4047, 4050, 4088; jugs 4010, 4053, 4063, 4093. Medieval pottery. Taffyware: lid 4012; stamnoi4036, 4060, 4069. Medieval pottery. Taffyware: stamnoi4013, 4032-4034, 4061-4062, 4067, 4070, bowls 4083; 4028-4030, 4068. Medieval pottery.Plain wares:jugs 4014-4015, 4051, 4091; bowls 4042, 4086, 4089-4090. ware: pitcher4002. Medieval pottery.Matt-painted Medieval pottery.Cookingwares:casseroles4019-4020, 4077. Medieval pottery.Cookingwares:stewpots4003, 4022, 4037, 4039, 4044, 4098. Plain ware: lekane 4001; storagejars 4071, 4081. Medieval pottery. Medieval pottery. Amphorae4017, 4073.

35 1 354 356 357 36° 362 365 367 370 372 376 378 380 382 383 384 385 392 393 396 397 398 399 400 401 401 402

EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls5001-5002; base withtextileimpression 5003. EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Terracotta:femalefigurines5004, 5008-5009; animals5010, 5014-5020; incisedhandle 5021; birdfigurines5022-5023. EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Groundstone:phyllitedisc 5025. Chipped stone(obsidian): unretouchedblades 5032, 5035, 5040; corticalflake5041; retouchedblades 5042-5045.

412

Middle Helladic smallfinds.Bone: pins 6001-6008. Copper: punch 6010. Bronze:pin 6012a. Lead: rivet6015. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls.Type 1, cylindrical,6016. Type 2, tall truncatedconical, 6023. Type4, low truncated truncatedconical, 6020. Type 3, strongly conical,6025. Type5, spherical,6027. Type6, convex biconical,6028. Type 7, convex biconicalwithmedial ridge,6031. Type8, strongly depressedspherical,6032. Type9, low convex conical,6033. Type 10, cylindricaldisc withbulgingends, 6034. Type 11, convex conical disc, 6035. Type 12, low concave conical, 6036. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:spools,Type 1 withshortconvex shank, 6037-6041; Type 2 withtallconvex shank,6042-6049; Type 3 withcylindricalshank, 6050-6055. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:loomweights6058-6059. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:crucibles6060-6064. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:reusedpottery6070-6071; (?) potteryanvil 6077.

418

413 415

421

425 428 429 431

LIST OF FIGURES

9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

9.12 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8

10.9

11.1

11.2 11.3

11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Terracotta: (?) modelboats6078-6081. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Personalornament: carnelian beads 6084, 6086-6087; schistpendant6088; terracotta bead 6089. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:shaft-hole axe 6090; celts6103-6104. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:phyllite discs6115-6118. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Chippedstone:obsidianblades6125-6126,6130,6132a; obsidianflake6134; chertflake6134c; chertsickle-element 6135; lapislacedaemonius denticulate blade 6142; obsidianendscrapers6 143-6143a; obsidianhollow-based 6145-6149; obsidiantangedprojectile projectile-points point6150. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Carvedstone:tabwithLinearA inscription 6154.

xv

433 434 435 437 439

442

Mycenaeansmallfinds.Bone:points7002, 7006-7007.Copper:rings7011-7012. Bronze:tweezers 7013. Lead: rivets7018-7019. whorlsandconuli:MiddleHelladictypes7023-7025, Mycenaeansmallfinds.Terracotta biconical 7027-7029; EarlyMycenaean 7031, 7033-7034,7036, 7038-7039; Early Mycenaeanconical7040-7045; LH IIIC types7047, 7049, 7051. 7054-7057,7059. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Terracotta: tuyère(?) 7052a,reusedpottery small finds. Terracotta: femalefigure 7090; spoutorfemalefigure 7091; Mycenaean Minoanmalefigurine 7092; Minoanhatorfoot7093; stag'shorn7115; bovidprotome handle7118; muzzleofrhyton orfigure horse7120; chariot wheel7122. 7119; chariot small finds. Personal ornaments of various materials: steatite seal 7126 (with Mycenaean faiencebeads7128-7134,7164-7199;glassbeads7200-7213; carnelian impression); bead 7215; stonebead 7217. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Groundstone:pestles7244-7246; pounder7267. 7275-7276. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Groundstone:saddle-querns 7280; obsidian fragment Mycenaeansmallfinds.Chippedstone:obsidianblade-core crested blades7281-7282; obsidianunretouched blades7284, 7286-7287,7293a, tool7312; obsidianpiercing/incising tools7313-7314; 7308; chertpiercing/incising obsidianpiercing/incising toolmadeon blade7315; obsidiandenticulate blade 7315a. 7316-7317; chert Mycenaeansmallfinds.Chippedstone:chertsickle-elements denticulate blades7318-7319; obsidianproximalendscraper7320; obsidiannotched blade7321; chertscaledpiece7322; chertbifacialtool7323; cherttinder-flint 7324; cherthollow-based 7325; obsidianhollow-based projectile-point projectile-points 7326-7331;obsidianbarbedandtangedprojectile-points 7332-7333; obsidianretouched blades7335~7337

446

Medievalsmallfinds.Bronze:embossedbuckle8001, (?) lantern orharness8002, armour or harness and hook fillets (?) 8004, (?) 8003,ring 8005-8006.Tin:button Iron: fire-steel arrowheads 8008, 8007 (modern?). 8009-8012,knives8013-8014,hook shoe 8016 horse shoe (modern?), 8015,donkey 8017. Medievalsmallfinds.Iron:nails8019-8022,8026-8030,8043, (?) hinge8044, (?) base ofbox 8045. Lead: disc8045a, (?) cup 8046,weight8047,fishing-net weight8048. Bone: pins8058-8060. Medievalsmallfinds.Terracotta: orRoman?)8063, 8062 and (Hellenistic loomweights whorls8065, 8066-8067,(?) bead 8068,inscribed stamnos handle8069,astragalus orRoman?)8071,palette8072. Groundstone:saddle-quern (Hellenistic 8073,pestle in clay8076. 8074,palette8075. Textile-impression Medievaltiles.Cover-tile 8077. Medievaltiles.Cover-tile 8078. Medievaltiles.Pan-tiles 8079-8080. RomanandMedievalcoins.Romanbronzedupondius or as: FaustinaII 8082. Medieval billondeniers tournois: CharlesI ofAnjou8084,Maud ofHainault8087.

472

477

Ageatdeath:all BronzeAgeburials. Ageatdeath:EH burials. Ageatdeath:MH andMH III/LH I burials. Ageat death:LH burials. Adultheights ofBronzeAgeburials. all BronzeAgeperiods. Ageatdeathup toendofinfancy, Abundanceofmammalian andreptilian faunabyperiod. Ovicapridage-profile byperiod. Cattleage-profile byperiod.

489 489 490 490 493 498 507 508 508

449 451 456 459 463 464 465

468

475

479 479 480 482

xvi

12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13

LIST

OF FIGURES/CHARTS

Pigage-profile byperiod. Ovicapridbody-part representation byperiod. Cattlebody-part byperiod. representation Pigbody-part representation byperiod.

50g 510 510 511

EH andMH sites. Map ofthesurface geologyoftheHelosPlain,showing LH and Classicalsitesandmodernsettlements. ReliefmapoftheHelosPlain,showing in intheHelosPlain,(a) Generalised Tectonic trends (b) actualoperation pattern; Helostopography. oftheHelosPlain. ofthesediments Generaldevelopment oftheHelosPlainwithdrill-cores. Geologiccross-section environments, prehistoric present-day mapoftheHelosPlain,showing Geomorphic sitesandtheapproximate positionoftheBronzeAgeshoreline.

532 533 540

andburials. theEH I- II settlement AyiosStephanos: andburials. theMH I settlement AyiosStephanos: detailofsettlement plan. Pavlopetri: andburials. theMH II- III settlement AyiosStephanos: I andburials. MH III/LH I-LH settlement the AyiosStephanos: ProbableMinoantraderoutesintheAegean,showing mines,sitesandfindsof LinearA inscriptions. ofEsnunnafromPalaeopolis,Kythera. ofKingNarãm-Sín Inscription andburials. theLH II settlement AyiosStephanos: andburials. theLH IIIA1-IIIA2 Earlysettlement AyiosStephanos: LaconiaduringLH IIIB andLH IIIC. andburials. theTransitional-LH IIIC Earlysettlement AyiosStephanos: and burials. the Medieval settlement AyiosStephanos: The HelosPlainduringtheMiddleAges.

561 562 570 573 574 579

544 545 547

585 593 594 601 603 604 607

A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 A2.9 A2.10 A2.11 A2.12

chart:Set 1 Class 1 (variouswares). Composition frequency WhiteSlipped chart:Set2 Class 1 (DarkBurnished/Fine Composition frequency MattPainted). WhiteSlipped chart:Set2 Class 2 (DarkBurnished/Fine Composition frequency MattPainted). chart:Set2 Class3 (DarkBurnished). Composition frequency MattPainted). chart:Set3 Class 1 (WhiteSlippedGritty Composition frequency 1 Lustrous Set Class chart: Decorated). (Minoan 4 Composition frequency chart:Set5 Class 1 (Coarse/Lustrous Decorated). Composition frequency chart:Set5 Class 2 (MinoanSchistGroup). frequency Composition chart:Set5 Class3 (MicaceousMinoan). Composition frequency chart:Set5 Class4 (variouswares). Composition frequency chart:Set6 Class 1 (CoarseLocal Group). Composition frequency MattPainted). chart:Set6 Class 2 (Aeginetan Composition frequency

CD-99 CD-100 CD-102 CD-104 CD-106 CD-107 CD-109 CD-i 10 CD-i 12

A3.1

obtainedusingWard'sMethodforthethirty AyiosStephanossherds. Dendrogram

CD-120

A9.1

databy calendarrangesoftheradiocarbon OxCal calibrated showing Multiplot context. stratigraphie

CD-188

A2.1 A2.2 A2.3

CD-94 CD-96 CD-97

Listof Charts 14.1 14.2 14.3

in theBronzeAge chart:AyiosStephanos Chronological seals ofobjectsin lapislacedaemonius, The distribution excluding ofLH IIIC sitesinLaconiabyphase The duration

559 582 602

ListofTables i .i 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1. 1g 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.2g 1.30 1.3 1 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.3g 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45

Area Epsilon.Walls ofStructureEpsilon I (LH HIC Early). Area Epsilon.Walls of StructureEpsilon II (LH IIIC Early). Area Epsilon. Small findsfromLH IIIC Earlycontexts. Area Epsilon. LH IIIA2 Earlypotteryand smallfinds. Area Epsilon. Walls probablydatable to LH III A 2 Early. Area Zeta. Walls of StructureZeta IV (LH IIIC Early). Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfrommixed LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval contexts. Area Zeta. Walls ofStructure Zeta III (MH II-III?). Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfromMH II-III and latercontexts. Area Zeta. Walls of StructureZeta II (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfromthedestruction level of StructureZeta II (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Potteryfromthedestruction level of StructureZeta I (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Walls of StructureZeta I (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Walls of MH I Earlydate (MH I first(?)and second phases). Area Zeta. Walls of EH II Late and/orMH I Early (MH I firstphase) date. Area Eta. Late Middle Helladic or LH I-IIA walls. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromLate Helladic contexts. Area Eta. Wall of MH II-III date. Area Eta. MH I walls,includingStructureEta I (MH I Late). Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromMH I Late contexts. Area Eta. Wall ofMH I Earlydate. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromMH I Earlycontexts. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromEH II Late contexts. Area Eta. Wall ofEH II date. Area Eta. Small findsfromEH I contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/io,SW and CentralSectors.Potteryand smallfindsfromLH IIIA2IIIC Earlyfill. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o. MH III Late-LH IIA walls delimitingtheSW and SE Courtyards and StreetBeta IV. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SW Sector.Potteryand smallfindson theLH HIA 1 Floor 1. Area Beta 3/8/g/10, SW and CentralSectors.Potteryand smallfindsfromLH I- II contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SE Sector.Potteryand smallfindsfromLH I-II contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SW and CentralSectors.MH HI Earlywalls. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, NW Sector.MH II walls. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, NW Sector.Potteryand smallfindsfromMH II-LH IIA contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SE Sector.EH II to MH I walls. Area Beta 3/8/g/10, SE Sector.MH I potteryand smallfinds. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromRoom 2 of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromRoom 4 of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromothersectors(LH IIIA-HIC Early contexts). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls of StructureLambda V (LH IIIAi). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls ofStructureLambda III (LH IIA-IHAi). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromLate Helladic II-IIIAi contexts. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls of StructureLambda II (MH III/LH I-LH I). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromStructureLambda II (MH III/ LH I-Late Helladic IIA contexts). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Wall ofMH III or earlier. xvii

CD-3 CD-3 CD-3 CD-4 CD-5 CD-5 CD-5 CD-6 CD-6 CD-7 CD-7 CD-8 CD-8 CD-g CD-g CD- 1o CD- 1o CD- 11 CD-i 1 CD- 12 CD-i 2 CD- 13 CD- 13 CD- 13 CD- 14 CD- 15 CD- 16 CD- 17 CD- 18 CD- 18 CD- 1g CD- 1g CD-20 CD-20 CD-20 CD-2 1 CD-2 2 CD-23 CD-23 CD-24 CD-24 CD-25 CD-26 CD-2 7

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

andsmallfindsfromMiddleHelladiccontexts. AreaLambda/Beta 12.Pottery AreaLambda2. BronzeAgepottery andsmallfinds. AreaLambda2. LateHelladicwalls. AreaLambda3/4.LH II-IIIA wall. contexts. AreaLambda3/4.BronzeAgepottery andsmallfindsfromMedieval/mixed LambdaI (MH III Early-LH HA). AreaLambda3/4.WallsofStructure LambdaI (LH I-IIA contexts). AreaLambda3/4.Pottery andsmallfindsfromStructure LambdaI (MiddleHelladic andsmallfindsfromStructure AreaLambda3/4.Pottery contexts). HelladicperiodsandRutter ofpottery AreaNu/Gamma1. Concordance deposits, Periods. and smallfindsfromMedievalandmixed AreaNu/Gamma1. BronzeAgepottery contexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. LH ILAwalls. andsmallfindsfromLH I-IIA contexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery Nu II (MH III/LH I toLH I Early). AreaNu/Gamma1. WallsofStructure Nu II (MH III/LH I to andsmallfindsfromStructure AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery LH I Early). ofwallnf andsmallfindsfromthefoundation trench AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery (MH III/LH I). andsmallfindsprobablyfromMH III Latecontexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery AreaNu/Gamma1. MH III Earlywalls. andsmallfindsfromMH III Earlycontexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery AreaNu/Gamma1. MH II andMH II-III Earlywalls. andsmallfindsfromMH II contexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery Nu I (MH I Late). AreaNu/Gamma1. WallsofStructure andsmallfinds. AreaNu/Gamma1. MH I Latepottery

CD-27 CD-28 CD-28 CD-29 CD-29 CD-30 CD-30 CD-31

2.1 2.2 2.3

The wallsofthecistofEtaburial15 (LH IIA). oftheshaft ofNu burial13 (LH I/IIA). The wallsofthesurround Reference tableofburials,1973-77.

CD-40 CD-40 CD-41

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

ZetaV (Medieval). AreaZeta.Earlierwallsreusedin Structure andsmallfinds. AreaZeta.Medievalpottery BetaVI (Medieval). WallsofStructure AreaBeta3/8/9/10. BetaVII (Medieval). WallsofStructure AreaBeta3/8/9/10. andsmallfinds. AreaBeta3/8/9/10. Medievalandmodernpottery WallsofStructure LambdaVII (Medieval). LambdaVII. andsmallfindsfromStructure Medievalpottery WallsofStructure GammaIV (Medieval). the andsmallfindsfromotherAreas,including Medievalandmodernpottery of1959-63. excavations

CD-45 CD-46 CD-47 CD-47 CD-48 CD-49 CD-49 CD-51 CD-51

7.1

Whitewares. A comparison ofTaffy wareandConstantinopolitan

CD-52

population. AgesatdeathfortheBronzeAgecemetery AgesatdeathfortheEH population. Agesat deathfortheMH andMH III/LH I population. AgesatdeathfortheLH population. comparedwithtwoother population AgebalanceoftheBronzeAge cemetery 'deadpopulations'. Heightsofadults. ofmuseumboxes. witha concordance ofskeletons, Correlation-list abundancebycontext. AnimaltaxonMNI andrelative age databyperiod. Summary ovicaprid data cattle age byperiod. Summary Summary pigage databyperiod. element byperiod. representation Ovicapridskeletal Cattleskeletalelement byperiod. representation byperiod. Pigskeletalelement representation birdsandfish,withbutchery-marks. byperiodoftaxa,including Summary

CD-53 CD-53 CD-54 CD-54 CD-55

1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15

CD-31 CD-32 CD-32 CD-33 CD-33 CD-34 CD-35 CD-36 CD-36 CD-37 CD-37 CD-38 CD-38 CD-39

CD-55 CD-56 CD-69 CD-71 CD-72 CD-73 CD-74 CD-75 CD-76 CD-77

LIST OF TABLES

xix

12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21

on majordomesticates. Summary byelementofbutchery-marks Burnedbonesbyperiod,including birdsandfish. Burnedbonesbyskeletalelement. Invertebrate speciesofmolluscpresent. distribution ofmarineandfresh-water invertebrates. Chronological concentrations of Donax. Major

CD-77 CD-77 CD-78 CD-79 CD-81 CD-84

Ai .1 Ai .2 Ai .3 Ai .4 Ai.5 Ai .6

OriginsoftheEH basketsinAreaEta. inAreaEta. Statistical analysisofthelowestdepositsofEH Pottery Statistical EH inAreaEta. of the middle of analysis deposits Pottery Statistical of the EH inAreaEta. of highest analysis deposits Pottery Statistical seriation ofEH basketsbyware-analysis, AreaEta. results ofstatistical seriation ofEH sherds, AreaEta. Stratigraphical

CD-85 CD-86 CD-87 CD-87 CD-88 CD-88

A2.1

Concordance ofcataloguenumbers andZerner'sAS samplenumbers, with description. Concordance ofRutter's andRiley'ssamplenumbers, with cataloguenumbers description. A summary ofthepétrographie classification. The chemicalcompositions ofZerner'ssamples,expressedas percentage oxides (AASresults). The chemicalcompositions ofRutter's oxides samples,expressedas percentage (OES results).

CD-90

A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5

CD-90 CD-94 CD-i 15 CD-i 16

LateBronzeAge sherd-groups fromthemainlandand CreteanalysedbyAsaroand Perlman. ofthesherdsfromAyiosStephanos Groupings bythreeanalysts. Elementconcentrations ofsherdsin GroupA (latematerial) and GroupB (early withthevaluesforSTEP 12,whichprobablyoriginates fromMycenae. material), Perlman/Asaro which match B Samples AyiosStephanosGroup (LH I- II).

CD-i 19

A5.1

The contents oftin,arsenic, lead andothermetalsin MH and LH copper/bronze objects.

CD-127

A6.1 A6.2 A6.3 A6.4 A6.5 A6.6 A6.7 A6.8

Lithicsbymaterial andblanks(earlierandlaterexcavations). (earlierandlaterexcavations). Tool-types bymaterial on blades (laterexcavations). Tool-types Obsidianblades(earlierexcavations). Chertblades(earlierexcavations). Obsidianflakes(earlierexcavations). Chertflakes(earlierexcavations) . Standard Deviationand Coefficient ofVariation forbladesexcavatedatAyios Stephanosand othersites. The distribution ofchippedstoneobjectsbyArea(laterexcavations). The distribution ofchippedstoneobjectsbyperiod(laterexcavations).

CD-130 CD-134 CD-139 CD-140 CD-140 CD-141 CD-141 CD-144

A7.1 A7.2 A7.3 A7.4

Skulldataof9161 and9162. Skeletaldataof9161 and9162. BonemineraldatafromAyiosStephanos. Bonemineral meansand standard deviations forAyiosStephanosand otherLH III sites.

CD-151 CD-152 CD- 153 CD-154

A8.1 A8.2 A8.3 A8.4

foodmammalsatMH-LH IIIB Nichoria. Majordomestic foodmammalsatEH II-LH IIIC Tiryns. Majordomestic foodmammalsatMH-LH Midea (Greek-American Majordomestic excavations). foodmammalsatEH-LH III Eleusis. Majordomestic

CD-161 CD-161 CD-161 CD-161

A9.1

The radiocarbon datesbystratigraphie phase.

CD-187

A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 A3.4

A6.9 A6.10

CD-i 19 CD-i 21 CD-122

CD-146 CD-147

ListofPlates Frontispiece 1

2

3

4

5

6

Lord William Taylour, 3 January 1904 - 2 December 1989. (a) (b) (¿j (a) (b) (¿j (d) (a) (b) (cj (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (¿j [d]

7

(dj (b) (c) (dj

8

9

(dj (b) (¿j (d) (dj (b) (¿I

10

11

(d) (dj (b) (¿j (d) (dj (b)

Ayios Stephanos seen fromthe Helos plain in 1959, fromse. Area Epsilon. Walls ka, kb and kc, froms. Area Epsilon. Walls kc, kb and ke, froms. Area Epsilon. Walls ka, kb, kc kd, kf and kg, fromne. Area Epsilon. Walls kf,kc, and ka, with burial 1 removed, frome. Area Zeta. Wall id overlying MH I Late pots 1 122-1 123 and 1 140, with if step, fromse. Area Zeta. MH I Late pots 1 108, 1117 and 1 150 among tumble, with walls ib, if step, ig, ih and ii, fromNNE. Area Zeta. Wall ia with MH I Room 3 defined by walls ij, ik, il, ir, im and iq, fromnw. Area Zeta. Top and face of wall io overlying walls is, it and bedrock, frome. Area Zeta. Top of wall io overlying walls is and iu, fromsw. Area Zeta. Top of wall ih overlying walls io, is, iu and bedrock, fromw. Area Zeta. Wall io running over wall is and bedrock, fromese. Area Eta. Medieval pit, walls dj and dk, with walls dg and dh meeting at upper left,fromsse. Area Eta. Walls dj and di, with cist of burial 15, fromne. Area Eta. Junction of walls dg and dh, from s. Area Eta. MH I Late vases 1237, 1247 anc^ 1279 f°und among tumble n of of wall dh, froms. Area Eta. Potteryfragmentson MH I Early floor nw of wall dj, with wall dg, froms. Area Eta. EH wall do, EH II pot 31 and floor,with MH I walls dg and dj, fromese. Area Eta. View with walls dg, dh, di, dj and dk, to show EH wall do, fromne. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Walls ea, ec, ed and eb, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Paved areas eu and eq with walls ej and ep, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Stones ev and wall ed with bench ew, to show angle where dipper 3310 and kylix 3314 were found, fromne. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, Central and NE Sectors. Walls em, ep, fc behind ej and cist burials 25 and 23, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10. Walls ed, ef, ej, em, es, ey and fc, fromse. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. Walls em and ey, with LH IIA hearth and drain, and wall fa, fromssw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Cist of burials 30 and 32, adjoining wall fd, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector.Junction of wall fd with wall fb with cist of burials 30 and 32 and wall em, fromw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. Walls ey, em and fa, showing drain under wall ex, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. Walls em, ex and fa, frome. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. View of 1959 sounding, with walls gl over em over gr and bedrock, fromsw. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls lq, hu, ld/ht, hr, with slabs of Floor 4 against lq, fromsw. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls lm and hu, showing their relation to walls Id, ht and hr, with slabs of Floor 4, froms. Trench Beta 12B. View of Room 4 with Floor 5 removed, showing walls lq, ga, hq, hm, hw and hy, fromnne. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. View to show length of walls ld/ht and hr, and their relation to walls le, hx and lq, frome. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls lm and ld/ht, with slabs of Floor 4, from s. Area Lambda i/Beta 12A. Slabs of Floor 4 in Room 2, with skull of dog and saddle-quern 7276 against edge of wall lm, froms. Trench Lambda 1. Floor 1 of 1973 runningover wall le withwall lc and Floor 2 of 1973, fromsse. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls la, lo and lp with Floor 3 of 1974, fromn. Trench Beta 1. Wall lq (n) over wall gc over walls gd and ge, fromsw. Trench Lambda 1. Walls lc, Id and le, with modern terrace-wall,froms. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Slabs of Floor 4 of 1974 above squared end of wall Id abutted by step hr, froms. xx

LIST OF PLATES

12

13

(c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c)

14

(a) (b) (c)

15

(d) (a) (b)

16

(c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d)

17

(a) (b) (c)

18

19

20

21

22

(d) (a) (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d)

xxi

Area Lambda 2. Walls 11,lh and lj issuing fromunder wall lg, from ne. Area Lambda 2. Corner of walls 11and lh afterremoval of wall lg, fromn. Area Lambda 2. Walls lg, lh and lj, with Floor 1 and Floor 2, from se. Area Lambda 3/4. Walls ly, me and slab over burial 16, from s. Area Lambda 3/4. Walls mb and mi, from s. Trenches Nu 1-2. Medieval pit, stones ni and tumble of wall nl, overlying walls nf, nd and nc of StructureNu II, with Area Lambda 2 behind, fromnw. Trench Nu 2. Stones ni over junction of walls nk and nm, from s. Trench Nu 2. Terracotta tub R967 on floor next to wall nl, with cist of Burial 1 1 and Medieval pit, fromE. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2, showing wall nm bonding with wall nk, wall nd, hearth and wall ne, with faintoutline of pit of Shaft Grave Burial 13, from s. Trench Nu 1. StructureNu II, hearth in Room 2 with wall nf, end of bench no and walls nd and ne, with face of wall ny in baulk, from e. Area Nu. StructureNu II. View showing Room 2 with wall nf, bench no, hearth and Room 1, with wall ng, from s. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2. Walls nf, nd and nk, with kantharos R297 in situ between bench no and hearth, from ne. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2. Kantharos R297 in situagainst bench no, fromne. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2, with wall nf, bench no, wall nd, hearth and wall nc/nk, showing removal of e part to expose surround of Shaft Grave burial 13, from s. Area Nu/Gamma 1. View showing relation between Room 1 of StructureNu II with earlier wall ng, fromse. Nu/Gamma 1 baulk. Dipper R168 and pounder 6109 in situat base of wall ng, fromse. Trench Gamma 1. Wall dd with wall nf and Minoan drain tiles HS 91, fromnne. Area Nu/Gamma 1. StructureNu II Rooms 1 and 2 with sounding to w of wall nf, exposing wall nh of StructureNu I, fromn. Area Nu / Gamma 1. StructureNu I, showing apsidal wall de/nh, partition-wallnz and burial 14, fromne. Area Nu / Gamma 1. StructureNu I, destruction debris on floor of main room with partition wall nz and apse, from sse. Area Nu / Gamma 1. StructureNu I, showing apsidal wall de/nh, partitionwall nz and burial 14, fromsse. Area Nu / Gamma 1. S part of apse of StructureNu I, with MH I Late jar 1849 and pot-stands in situby partitionwall nz, debris on floor of main room and stringbaulk, fromnw. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Plaster with reed impressions from StructureNu I. Trench Gamma 1. Walls nf and de, with outlines of pithos emerging from MH I surface N of apsidal building, fromsw. MH III Late burial Epsilon 1 on bed of pebbles, with base of wall ka, from s. LH IIIC Early burial Zeta 3, froms. MH burials Eta 1, Eta 2 and Eta 3 lying on socle of wall dj where wall dg runs over it, fromne. M H trussed burial Eta 6 with Medieval pit, from se. LH (?) burial Eta 7, near MH I Latejar 1255 lying against wall dg and over wall dj, with wall dh, fromn. Cist of LH ILA burial Eta 15, with walls di, dm, dn and fallen cover slab, from ssw. LH ILA burial Eta 15 afterremoval of cover-slab, with walls di, dm and dn, fromsw. Skull of displaced LH IIIAi burial Beta 1 lying on cist of LH IIIA2 Early burial 26, fromse. LH IIIAi (?) burial Beta 23 with cist, fromne. LH IIB (?) burial Beta 24 on stones of wall fc, from se. LH IIIAi (?) burial Beta 25 afterremoval of cover slabs, from se. LH IIIA2 burial Beta 26 afterremoval of cover slab, from s. MH III Late-LH I burial Beta 27 against wall ej, fromnw. LH IIB-IIIAi burial Beta 28 with grave goods against wall em, fromese. LH IIB-IIIAi burial Beta 28 afterremoval of grave goods, from ese. LH IIIC Early burial Beta 20, froms. LH IIIA2 Early burial Lambda 1 with grave goods, fromssw. LH II burial Lambda 2 in baulk under wall le, from s. LH IIIA burial Lambda 3 under wall Id, fromnw. LH IIIA2 burial Lambda 14 with Medieval Pier II, fromwsw. LH II burial Lambda 15 with pithos, from se.

LIST OF PLATES

xxii 23

24

25

26

{a) (b) (c) (d) [a) (b) (c) (d) {a) (b) (e) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)

27

{a)

28

(b) (c) EH

29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

45 46 47

LH IIIA burial Lambda 16 with cist, fromn. LH IIIA (?) burial Nu 3 with cist removed, fromw. LH IIIAi burial Nu 4 with cist, froms. Slabs of cist of LH IIIAi burial Nu 1 1 projecting froms baulk, with Medieval Pit I, fromn. Cairn nn over LH IIA burial Nu 12, cuttingwall nf and bench no, from s. Stone surround at top of LH I/IIA shaftgrave burial Nu 13, from s. Slabs formingroof of LH I/IIA burial Nu 13, froms. LH I/IIA burial Nu 13 with roofing slabs removed, fromN. MH II burial Nu 14, with walls de/nh and nz, fromne. Area Zeta. Room 1 with circular stone platformagainst wall id and Floor 1, fromnw. Area Zeta. Medieval pots 4012a, 4014 and 4017 in situon Floor 1 against wall ib, fromsw. Trench Beta 10. StructureBeta VI, showing walls eh and ei with wall ec, fromnw. Trench Beta 3. Wall eb withjunction of walls ee, gl and qa, frome. Area Lambda 3/4. StructureLambda VII, showing Pier II with foundation trench and walls ly and lz, fromne. Area Lambda 3/4. Pier VI of StructureLambda VII, covered in white plaster, with wall mf connecting it to Pier I and wall ly. In deeper cuttingat left,walls me and me, frome. Area Lambda 3/4. Pier IV of StructureLambda VII with foundation trench and abutment lv, fromw. Area Lambda 3/4. StructureLambda VII. Destruction debris with stamnos 4066 by wall lz and Pier III, with modern terrace wall along line of wall ma, fromnw. Trench Gamma 2, 1959. Medieval walls pa and pb, fromE (?). Trench Beta 6. Medieval pit withjug HS 125 in situand walls hd and he, frome. II pottery:fine buffplain ware, 17; fine buffcoated ware, 30, 39, 79; fine buffcream-

slipped ware, 124, 130. EH II pottery:fine buffcream-slipped ware, i46-i46a; fine orange plain ware, 160; fine orange cream-slipped ware, 185; semi-coarse ware with red slip, 195; singular fabrics,222-223. Area Zeta, MH I Early pottery: 1066, 1085. MH I Late: 1108, 1117, 1122, 1123 frontand back, 1124-1125.

AreaZeta,MH I Latepottery: 1136, 1140, 1150. AreaZeta,MHII-LH I pottery: 1237,1247,15*55 1163,1166,1173.AreaEta,MH I Latepottery: AreaEta,MH I Latepottery: 1265, 1277,1318.MH II: 1288a. LH IIA (burial15): 1321-1324. LH III(?), 1319-1320.AreaBeta1977,MH I Latepottery: 1327, 1334. AreaBeta1974-77,MH I Latepottery: 1337, 1342.MH II: i343-!344> !346 MH HI: 1351, 1379.MHIII/LHI: 1417.LHI-II: 1427. AreaLambda1973-77,MH I-II pottery: 1475.MH III Early:1487, 1507-1508.MH III Late: IIA: LH 1514. 1484, 1498, 1509, 1513. AreaLambda1973-77,LH I/IIA pottery: 1519,1614,1649.LH HA: 1693,1781.AreaNu 1977, MHILate: 1830-1831,1849,1851. AreaNu 1977,EH III/MH I (?)pottery: 1856.MH I Late: i860, 1889-1890,1901.MH III Early: MH-LH: Asteri 2331. 1959, 1933,2007. Decorated:1015,1077,1081. marks.MH I Lustrous MiddleandLateHelladicsherdswithpotters' MattPainted:1791-1792. MH II-III DarkBurnished: 1162.LH I-IIA Aeginetan AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3027, 3040-3041,3048-3050. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3051.AreaBeta,LH I: 3240.LH IIA: 3253,3259.LH IIB: 32893291. AreaBeta,LH IIB pottery: 3292. LH IIIA2: 3338-3339.LH IIIC Early:3357. AreaLambda,LH IIA: 3511, 3522. LH IIIA2: 3572. Beta7, i960, LH AreaLambda,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3573-3575.LH IIIC Early,3593,3597.Trench I: 3658. Fabric2 amphora4017, LH IIIC Earlypottery: Earlierexcavations, 3698,3707. Medievalpottery: ArchaicMajolicajug 4053. females5004-5005, whorls5001-5002.Terracotta Terracotta: figurines: EarlyHelladicsmallfinds. handle animals andbackviews;females5006-5008, front 5021; birds 5010-5016,5018-5019, and barbed stone disc stone: Ground (obsidian): tangedprojectile phyllite 5025.Chipped 5022-5024. point5042. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Bone:pins6001, 6003-6008.Copper:punch6010. Bronze:borer andbeadsHS 210-212. Lead: rivet6015. 6011; pin6012a, withearrings whorls6017-6018,6025-6026,6032, 6035-6036; spools Terracotta: MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. 6058-6059. loomweights 6044, 6053-6054; 6047, 6038-6039, crucibles Terracotta: MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. 6061-6064;reusedsherds6072-6073.

LIST OF PLATES

48 49 50 51 52

53 54 55 56

57

58

59

60

A2.1

A2.2

A7.1 A7.2

xxiii

Middle Helladic small finds.Terracotta:(?) potteryanvil 6077; (?) toy boats 6078, 6081; clay nodules 6082-6083. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Personalornaments:stonebead 6084; schistpendant6088. Ground axe 6090; greenstonedrillcores 6100-6101; celts6102, 6104. stone:shaft-hole Middle Helladic smallfinds.Groundstone:pounders6106-6108, 61 10, 61 12; phyllitediscs 61156118. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Chipped stone:chertsickleelement6135, 7136 (LH), denticulateblades blade 6142; obsidianhollow-basedprojectilepoints6145denticulate 6138-6141; lapislacedaemonius 6149, tangedprojectilepoint6150. Carved stone:Linear A inscription6154. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Bone: points7002, 7004-7007. Copper and bronze: rings7011-7012, tweezers7013, pins 7014-7015, knifeblade 7017. Terracotta:whorlsand conuli,Middle Helladic type7026, EarlyMycenaeanbiconical 7032, Late Mycenaean types7046, 7048; (?) tuyère7052a; cruciblefragments 7053; reusedpottery,7055. naturalistic and Proto-Phitypes7061-7066; finds. small Terracottafemalefigurines: Mycenaean laterexamples 7067-7070; stemsand bases 7073-7081. heads 7082-7089; femalefigure7090; spoutor Mycenaeansmallfinds.Terracotta:femalefigurines, bodies femalefigure7091, Minoan figurines7092 (male), 7093 (hator foot).Animalfigurines, horns and heads 7108, 7109-7113. 7105-7106, 7094-7098, 7100-7102, 7104, legs head of stag 7114, antler7115, bird 7116; Mycenaean smallfinds.Terracotta:animalfigurines, head 7117; bovid protomehandle 7118; animalfigureor rhyton,nose 7119; chariot-horse 7120; nose ofhorse (?) 7121; chariot-wheel7122. FigurinesfromAsteri:female7124, animal 7125. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Personalornament:steatiteseal 7126, withimpression;faiencebeads 71357162; carnelianbead 7214. Groundstone:conuli 7234, 7240; pestles7247-7248, whetstone 7279. Chipped stone:chertdenticulateblades 7249, cobble 7273. Raw material:lapislacedaemonius obsidian hollow-based 7325-7331, obsidian barbed and tanged 7317-7318, projectile-points 7333. projectile-point Medieval smallfinds.Bronze: embossedbuckle 8001, (?) harnessor lanternfragment8002, (?) armouror harness8003. Iron: fire-steel 8008; projectile-points 8009-8012; knife8013; donkey shoe 8016. Lead: weight8047, fishingnetweight8048, (?) button8049 (LH). Bone: (?) awl 8057; pins8058-8060. Medievalsmallfinds.Terracotta: loomweights8062 (MH whorl?), 8063 (Hellenistic?); whorls80658066; bead (?) 8068; inscribedsherd8069; astragalus8071; palette8072. Groundstone:(?) palette tournois ofLouis VIII or IX ofFrance8083, 8075. Clay: clothimpression8076. Coins: billon deniers Isabella ofVillehardouin8085, PhilipofTaranto8086, Maud ofHainault8087. The viewshedofAyios Stephanos. towardsStephaniáand Mt Taygetus; (a) North-west South-west towards (b) Cape Matapan; (c) East towardsSkala; (d) WesttowardsVardounia. (a) View south-eastfromPavlopetritowardsVatikaBay and Neapolis. (b) Beads and seals (withimpressions)probablyfromPavlopetri. (c) View southfromEpidaurusLimeratowardsMonemvasia,i.e. Minoa. (d) Southside ofgate in fortifications, Tigani near Mezapo in theMani. Fortifications of from Venetian fort,lookingwest. (e) Tigani Middle Helladic potteryfabrics:photomicrographs ofthinsections. CD-270 Dark Burnished 1 Class (a) 1); 2233 (Set (b) Dark Burnished2206 (Set 2 Class 1); (c) Dark Burnished2217 (Set 2 Class 2); (d) Dark Burnished2234 (Set 2 Class 3); (e) WhiteSlipped GrittyMattPainted2265 (Set 3 Class 1); (f) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse) 2282 (Set 4 Class 1). Middle Helladic potteryfabrics:photomicrographs ofthinsections. CD-27 1 Micaceous Minoan Class (a) 1); 2322 (Set 5 (b) Coarse 2311 (Set 5 Class 2). (c) Micaceous Minoan 2305 (Set 5 Class 3); (d) Minoan (?) 2327 (Set 5 Class 4); (ej Coarse Local Group 2319 (Set 6 Class 1); if) AeginetanMattPainted2328 (Set 6 Class 2). Skull9161 (Nu Burial 13, LH I/IIA). Fromfront,side,rearand above. CD-272 Skull9162 (Nu Burial 14, MH II). Fromfront,side,rearand above. CD-273

ListofAbbreviations AAS ad approx. arf AS avg. BA BC BM bp c. cm CV DB df D. d-o-1 DP dp EBA EC ed. EH EM est. ex. F FM FS g GM H. ha HS HS ill. JLA kg km KV L. LBA LC LD LH LM

atomicabsorptionspectroscopy annodomini approximate(ly) argillaceousrockfragment Ayios Stephanos(used in Zerner sample numberin Appendix 2) average BronzeAge beforeChrist Bench Mark (see Introduction§4) beforepresent circa centimetre coefficient ofvariation Dark Burnishedware degreesoffreedom diameter dark-on-light Dull Paintedware deciduouspremolar EarlyBronzeAge EarlyCycladic editor EarlyHelladic EarlyMinoan estimated extant female FurumarkMotif FurumarkShape gram GreyMinyanware height hectare Hagios Stephanos(i.e. Ayios Stephanos) catalogueno. in Taylour1972 illustration (in anotherpublication) Lawrence Angel J. kilogram kilometre kilovolt length Late BronzeAge Late Cycladic LustrousDecorated ware Late Helladic Late Minoan

1-o-d u ug m M ma max. MBA MC mg MH min. MinAU

light-on-dark micron microgram metre male milliampère maximum Middle BronzeAge Middle Cycladic milligram Middle Helladic minimum MinimumNumberofAnatomical Units MM Middle Minoan mm millimetre MNI minimumnumberofindividuals mo. month MP MattPaintedware N totalnumberin population N/A not applicable N/D not determined(notdeterminable) NISP numberofindividualspecimens no. number obv. obverse opp. opposite OES opticalemissionspectroscopy p probability pers.comm. personalcommunication R catalogueno. in Rutterand Rutter 1976 rev. reverse RMDP Mountjoy1999 standarddeviation S.D. SK Skeletonno. (i.e. Burialno. in Chap. 2) Perlmanand Asaro catalogueno. of STEP sherdanalysedin Appendix 3 feature tcf texturalconcentration Th. thickness width W. water-sieved ws Wt. weight crossedpolarisedlight xpl YM Yellow Minyanware year yr # basket(i.e. unitof excavation) + over under

xxiv

A memoirofthelate Lord WilliamTaylour B. H. I. H. Stewart1

tome that,ifI wasplanningtovisitGreecein the Whenmorethanthirty suggested yearsago a friend I seek out an archaeologist LongVacation, might by thenameofLordWilliamTaylourat a Catholic Hall of Residencein Cambridge,I confessto havinghad some undergraduate hesitationabout I a I that a friend so elevated Little did then should be about to make for imagine approaching person. that a similar with him and even less later would be life, making thirty years mydaughter journey finding, justas I andso manyothershad done,newhorizonsopeningin thecompanyofthisdelightful and remarkable man. On paper,BillyTaylourhad a careerofalmostfictional improbability, especiallywhensetagainst sonoftheheadofa greatAnglo-Irish thepattern ofthetime.He wasbornin 1904,theyounger family and of one ofthemostlegendary ladiesoftheEdwardianstage.Thoughhe had developeda deep in Egyptafter in archaeology interest whilestillat Harrowand was enthused by thegreatdiscoveries he was directedmuchagainsthis willto a Wall theFirstWorldWar,insteadof goingto university itgavehimforindulging forhimonlybytheopportunities Street house,a postmadetolerable banking hislove ofmusicat theNewYorkOpera.Returning laterto Londonhe thenranthefinancial sideof an interior than business(a muchmoreadventurous decorating occupationforone ofhisbackground itwouldbe today),untilWarserviceled himto theMediterranean and in due courseto therankof After theWarhe was at lastin a financial Captainin theDerbyshire positionto pursuethe Yeomanry. ofhislife.In 1946 he wentup toTrinity as a freshman attheage of greatinterest College,Cambridge, as Professor to read archaeology undersuchdistinguished GrahameClarkand the figures forty-two lateDr GlynDaniel,bothofwhomhave remarked thattheyweresomewhat daunted(needlessly, of half the latter of his life he course)at theprospectofteachinga pupilolderthanthemselves. During wastobecomeone ofthemostrespected ofhisgeneration, archaeologists joiningthatselectcompany ofthosewhohavemademajordiscoveries at Agamemnon's of city Mycenae. In hisapprentice as Katherine yearshe workedwithsuchrenownedfigures Kenyonin Tripolitania, AlanWaceatMycenaeand CarlBiegenatPylos,wherehe helpedtouncoverthebestpreserved ofall theMycenaeanpalaces.AfterWace'sdeathhe tookoverdirection oftheworkoftheBritish teamat Mycenaeon thelowerslopeswithinthecitadel.Buthis own seasonsat Mycenaein the 1950s and ofanother's work:forin additiontothestructural features 1960sweremuchmorethanthecompletion thatemerged, he notonlyfoundthefirst B Linear tablets to come from the citadel of fragmentary clay itself and frescoes of remarkable and but also a room full of interest, Mycenae quality extraordinary and pottery snakesthathave been a topicoflivelydebateeversinceand have openedup figurines newideas aboutreligionand cultin theMycenaeanage. In recentyearsmostbranchesofresearch, in thehumanities no lessthanthesciences,havebecome and and in academic their specialised increasingly consequence leadingexponents, perhapsinevitably, havebecomemorecompetitive. as a scholarofindependent meansandwithout concern BillyTaylour, fora formal a If to different tradition. he did not feel the same to career,belonged urgency publishas his his disinterested was a critical inobtaining factor professional colleagues, approach undoubtedly permits to continue excavation at a timewhentourism was rapidlydeveloping and theGreekauthorities were concerned to retain direct control of their most sites. His love of increasingly important archaeological his of its his with to on his his his Greece, grasp language, ability get people, humour, courtesy, modesty - theseweresomeofthequalitiesthatgainedhimwelcomefromhisGreekhostsat everylevel. and,in thejudgementof Billywas happiestwhendirectly engagedin thebusinessofexcavation, he was at it. His and the whole to Greeceof excavations, everyone, good exceptionally expeditions 1 Editor's note: the followingaddress was read at the MemorialServiceforLord WilliamTaylourheld on 28 April 1990 in theChapelofTrinity College,Cambridge. XXV

xxvi

B. H. I. H. STEWART

whichtheywerepart,weremeticulously plannedand conductedwitha precisionthatsurelyowed and led his teamof his He to something experience. was a personof greatself-discipline military and his had time to and workmen He colleagues encourage guide younger helpers byexample. always had amazingphysicalstamina,working and was generousin sharingcredit.He himself longhours touse a breakin themiddleof undertheblazingsun,and generally eachday,bare-headed preferring thanfortakinglunch.I wonderwhether thedayfora briefsiestarather anyexcavatorhas evermade at hisdisposal. betteruse ofthetimeand resources was morethatof thepracticalexcavatorthan Although reputation BillyTaylour'sarchaeological His Ph.D. thesison notablepublications. some the criticalprehistorian, he nonetheless produced a standard workofreference. in became from Italy,published 1958,immediately Mycenaeanpottery onehastosay,somewhat A fewyearslaterhe waspersuadedbyGlynDaniel- persuaded, reluctantly - to writea book abouttheMycenaeans, and thoroughly sane accountofa subject a well-balanced This was theworkby whichhe becamemost thathas notalwaysenjoyedsuchreliabletreatment. fromthecult included hisownfamousdiscoveries after the second edition widelyknown,particularly whichhe theMediterranean area at Mycenae.It is good to knowthatthrough Trust, Archaeological on which hisworkin Greece,a moredetailedrecordoftheexcavations setup and fundedto support his isbeingtakenforward BuiltMycenae, inhisfinalyears,underthetitleWell he embarked by colleagues. thattheformalhonours thanfordigging forwriting Perhapsitwas becauseBillyhad lessenthusiasm fieldhe butas an amateurin a highly didnotcomehisway.He neversoughtsuchthings, professional and it is sad thatin thosedaysneitherhis thathis workwas appreciated, did welcomereassurance feltmovedto recognisehisveryunusualachievements. collegenorhisuniversity love of histremendous It is impossible to thinkofBillyformorethana momentwithout recalling outto Greeceor backwithhimis everlikelyto lifeand hissenseofhumour.No one whotravelled AtthewheelofhisLand Roverhe woulddrivelikea maniac,neverapparently theexperience. forget somehowhe neverhadone.On one occasion, dauntedbytheprospect ofa head-oncollision, although hispassengers at greatspeedand stoppedby theItalianpolice,he quicklyreminded whentravelling asked a wordofItalianand,aftera periodofevidentincomprehension, thatnoneofthemunderstood had a time he Another The traffic policemanwiselygave up. everyoneto producetheirpassports. the him tariff double the in Ohridwhocharged marvellous rowwitha Yugoslavhotelier quoted night Butitwasequally fornon-Communists. beforeandmadeitworsebysayingthattherewasa surcharge typicalofBilly,as one ofhis companionshas related,thatone eveningin Italy,whentheyfounda drunken Billybundledbothpeasantand peasantwhohad fallenfromhisscooterandinjuredhimself, and tookhimtohishomemany scooterin thebackoftheLand Roveron thekneesofhispassengers and suchunexpectedincidents, milesawayin a remotevillage.Billy'sjourneyswererarelywithout for itselfwas alwaysmostcarefully theitinerary arrangedso as to includemaximumopportunities Renaissance Ancient and,ofcourse, monasteries, sites,Byzantine palaces,Baroquechurches sightseeing. theamazingrangeofBilly'sknowledge ifpossible- allthesecamewithin visitstoBayreuth forWagner in whichhe wouldinviteus to share. and interest, andseriousside.ManyofBilly'syounger therewasa profound Notfarbeneaththesurface, however, on theirlives.One ofhis influence on thewayhe exerciseda formative travellers have commented hasremarked areperhapsmoresharply wheresuchthings froman Orientalcountry friends, perceived, forcehe posessed.Withoutanyexcessofpiety,he was a holyman and a personof on theinternal NormanStJohn In thewordsof theChairmanof theRoyalFine ArtCommission, deep integrity. Stevas,whoknewhimat St EdmundHouse,he was 'a verygood Catholicin a balancedkindofway ... he wouldattendMass in theChapelnoteveryday,buteveryother day.Somehowthissumshim As oftheUniversity in that the fanatic was of There for me. quizzicalmakeup.' Treasurer nothing up formanyyears,he helpedMgr.AlfredGilbeyto turnFisherHouse intoa place CatholicAssociation alsofounda welcome. andwherenon-Catholics inCambridge flourished wheretheCatholicchaplaincy serviceto theCatholicchurch,he was in due coursemade a Knight Forhis longand self-effacing viewofhischurchand of theGreat.He had a traditionalist oftheOrderofSt Gregory Commander No one could have been more standards. and old-fashioned had he affairs; highprinciples public suitedto have presided,as he did formorethan30 years,overtheStrafford Club,dedicatedin the whomhe Earl of ist Thomas of wordsofitstoast'to theImmortal Strafford', Wentworth, Memory sawas a victimofhissenseofpublicduty.AndI mightadd thatno one butBillycouldhavemanaged on theseoccasionsin a brownvelvetdinnerjacket. to lookso distinguished at St Aubyns,beforea Strafford We all have our specialmemoriesof Billy.Mine is of arriving ofthe decorator roomthatstillpossesseda hintoftheinterior dinnerperhaps,comingintoa drawing a his on Bronze the on a new book in his out stretched armchair, plate Age lap, Aegean 1930s,Billy

A MEMOIR OF THE LATE LORD WILLIAM TAYLOUR

xxvii

ofcucumber sandwiches besidehim,andDas Rheingold pouringoutofthehi-fi bythewindow.Behind can, was an exoticplasticplantof whichhe was immensely him,and withits own littlewatering and all thewhilewatching Martiniofunimaginable ferocity, proudand a cocktailshakercontaining of themotherhe loved so himacrosstheroomthesmilingbeautyof Sir WilliamOrpen'sportrait deathcamethrough, much.One ofhiscolleaguesatMycenaerecallshow,whennewsofherimminent on the he had a Each he leftimmediately forhomewithout thereafter, changing. anniversary, year ofAtreusand Mass saidforhersoulin thetinychapelofthePanagiaon theridgeabovetheTreasury to all presenttheceremonialcake of grain,honeyand spicesthat thenbroughtdownto distribute from have come the straight pagesofHomer. might of an epic As withthewarriors of theIliad and theNibelungsof Wagner,therewas something in at of his last to the himself. He made Greece about 1988 age 84. In the working trip Billy quality and to make his finalplans.He had to or for the first he feel time, begun weary previousyear so, it was no longer the house of his of how he had visited childhood; Headfort, great spokecontentedly in thefamily, buttherewas stilla place on a smallislandwherehe wouldbe laid to restbesidehis Ata Therearenotmanywhohavelookedtowardsdeathwithsuchserenity. parentsand hisbrother. I had in still came as a for think we a the sudden news December and after so full blow; life, greatage he is,and todaywe rejoicethathe liveson in Butso in truth all cometoregardhimas indestructible. And whenthe timecame,trueto form,he left theheartsof his familyand his countlessfriends. for without changing. immediately home,

Fig.i. Map ofLaconiaandKythera.

Introduction R.Janko 1. THE SELECTION

OF THE SITE AND THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1959-63 nàç)ôè Aaxcovíôayaiav àÀiGxécpavov TTTOÀíeBQOv I iôv town' 'alongtheLaconiancoasttheyreachedthesea-girt HomericHymntoApollo410-11

Alan Wace.In 1909,publishing in Laconiagoes backto thegreatarchaeologist The British interest of antiquity sherdsfromtheinlandsiteof Geraki,theGeronthrae (see fig.i), he wrote:'tillfurther thesesherdsfromGerakiin findsofearlyobjectsare madein Laconiaitis uselessto discussfurther of Helos,whenit comes,willprobablythrow detail,fortheyhave no context.Buttheexploration The onlypreviousworkin theregionwas thatofTsountasat Vapheio.2 morelighton thissubject'.1 In thelightofthefindsfromAyiosStephanos, thesherdsfromGerakican nowbe seentorepresent all the wares and phases of the local MH pottery,includingwhat we call Dark Burnished Minoanwares.The recent Dull Painted,MattPainted,LustrousDecoratedand Polychrome (incised), withburials;thisresemblesAyios Dutchexcavations therehave revealeda multi-period settlement Stephanos,exceptthatoccupationstartedin the Final Neolithicand ceased towardsthe end of theMH period.3A thirdimportant sitein thearea thathas been investigated is Pavlopetri, on the coastto thesouth-east nearNeapolis(see fig.i). Pavlopetri now lies largelyunderthesea, butonce and controlled the isthmusof the formerpromontory Elaphonisos(theOnugnathusof antiquity) modern was the a a British therichagricultural of of plain Neapolis.Pavlopetri object surveyby teamin 1968,4whichrevealedevidenceof occupationand burialsthroughout the BronzeAge, fromEH II to LH IIIB; it has remainedsomething of an 'archaeologicalriddle'.5Because of its stateofpreservation, shedslighton AyiosStephanosalmostas locationand itsdifferent Pavlopetri muchas AyiosStephanosilluminates itin itsturn. In 1959 Laconiawas almosta terra siteshad been excavated,and incognita. Hardlyanyprehistoric nowherehad findsbeen made attesting the Bronze occupationthroughout Age exceptat Amyclae km fig. a few south of Lord William chose to (see i), Sparta. investigate Taylour AyiosStephanos becausethepioneering extensive andRichardHope Simpsonhadrecently survey byHelenWaterhouse in theregion.6 revealedthatit was one of thelargestand mostpromising BronzeAge settlements Sincetheyhad foundsherdsfromall threeofthemainphasesoftheBronzeAge lyingon thesurface, he hopedto establisha stratified forLaconia.Sincethesiteliesnear sequenceofprehistoric pottery themainsea-route fromwesternCreteand Kytherato themainland,and merely6 kmsouth-east of fig. the source of the ornamental stone called which was used i), lapislacedaemonius, Psephi(see only in Crete,he also hopedto establish howMinoaninfluences weretransmitted to theGreekmainland, in decoration and fabric. Last but his not wish to discover thewhereabouts of least, especially pottery 'a mentioned as town in the sea' Homer the of also to his contributed Helos, by by Catalogue Ships,7 decisionto excavateat AyiosStephanos.Aegeanarchaeology wouldbe muchthepoorerwereits thattheirdiscipline devoteeseverto forget in a romantic withtheHomericepics. fascination began It hasbeenproposedthatCarlBiegenfirst foundthesiteofAyiosStephanos. Blegen'sdiaryrecords a visitto Monemvasia:

1 Wace

iQOQ-10,

7K.

2 Banou iqq6, q. 3 Weingarten etal. ìqqq. 4 Hardingetal. 1969.

5 Banou 1996, 127. 6 Taylour1972, 205, citingWaterhouseand Hope Simpson 1060, 07-102. 7 Iliadu 584.

R. JANKO

2

On thewaybackwe stoppedat severalplacesto oxyderk8 forprehistoric sites.We foundone such sitejustw ofthevillageofSkalaon a lowgreenhilltothew oftheroad.On thehillaretheruinsof a smallByzantine church. The hillis surrounded whichrisesat froma greatkephalari bythestreams I collecteda goodnumber thevillageofSkala.The namebywhichthehillis knownis Souroukla. 9 ofsherdson thehill- apparently EarlyHelladic& MiddleHelladic& someMycenaeanas well. MH, late Mycenaean- perhapsLH IIIB - and Geometricsherdsfoundat Sourouklaare now in the AmericanSchool of Classical Studiesat Athens;thereis no EH material.10 However, thissite is not Ayios Stephanos,whichhas no Geometricmaterialand is not surroundedby streamsfromthe springsat Skala. Instead, Souroukla must be identicalwithAyios Nikolaos,11where MH and LH IIIA-B sherds(kylixbases and a stirrup The Medieval chapel ofAyiosNikolaos jar) have been found.12 lies northof the road on 'a knoll c. 6 m high',betweenbranchesof the streamsof the Vasilopotamos riverwhichbubbles up west of Skala in a group of springs.13 Instead,Ayios Stephanosmay perhaps have been the 'low hill seawardsfromStefaniá'where Biegen is reportedto have foundMycenaean sherds.14 But the creditfordiscerningthe importanceof the site properlybelongs to Richard Hope Simpsonand Helen Waterhouse.Taylourdescribesit as follows: AyiosStephanos... is about45 km.SSE. ofSpartaanddistant justundertwokm.fromthesea.At one timeitundoubtedly was a promontory out into the sea ... The siteis a flat-topped hill, jutting It is steepon thenorth thehabitablepartofwhichcoversan areaofroughly 45,000squaremetres. andeast.To thewestitlinksup withthefoothills oftheTaygetus range.In recentyearsthehillhas andtheploughhasdone beenusedforpasturage, butatone timeitwasalmostcertainly cultivated a lotofdamageto theunderlying wallsand burials.15 As we will see in §4, the elevation of the hilltop has not been preciselyascertained,but it rises some 30-40 m above the plain (plate 1 0), whichis itself2-3 m above sea-level.It lies 'at the eastern end of a limestonespur projectingfromthe barren range of hills on the southwestedge of the plain'.16The sole modernvillage nearbyis the hamletof Souli, withStephaniáto the north.For the of Ayios Stephanosand the surrounding regionsee geographicand geo-archaeologicalcharacteristics Chapters13 and 14 §1 below. No detailedsurveyofthe sitewas undertakenbeforeexcavationsbegan in 1959, undertheauspices oftheBritishSchool at Athensand withthepermissionoftheGreekArchaeologicalService.However, the excavationrecordsand Hope Simpson'ssketchmap (fig.ii) reveal thatlow terracewalls divided thehilltopintosmallfields,withan upper and a loweroblong terracerunningalong the southedge of theplateau acrosswhatwas to be Areas Beta and Lambda; a roughlydiamond-shapedfieldoccupied thetop ofthehill.The area had been used forarable cultivation, especiallyofwheat,and forpasturing a few olive trees: a massive The after the harvest until and sowing. hilltop goats supported sheep to the was to provideshade for its with views on south-east north-west, brow, good except specimen the base-camp of the dig, and therewere one or two more near the westernedge where the rock drops down abruptlyto the chapel of St Stephen,afterwhichthe siteis named. The northand north-eastern slopes of thehillwere too steepforcultivation;Waterhouseand Hope ancient detected of wallingin two places along the northernslope.17The remainsof signs Simpson walls thattheyobserved in two locations on the south slope, witha suggestedbastion in between, were probablythe foundationsof a Medieval building,possiblyStructureLambda VII, upon which modernterracewalls had been built.The possible ruinsof a house thattheynoted on the southside of theplateau were probablythose of anotherMedieval building.The southand south-eastern slopes had been cultivated;the flatexpanses at the footof the hill were denselyplantedwithrows of olive trees withroom to sow wheat in the rows between. The drainingof the marshesbelow the site, value, and by 1959 the plateau had long ceased to however,greatlyreduced its relativeagricultural of sage-bushand tall maquis on the plateau be cultivated:it was covered witha dense undergrowth and tall grasseson the slopes, and was used only forgrazing.In 1990 the plateau was ploughed.18It whichmust has sincebeen enclosed withfencesand turnedintoan artificially irrigatedorange-grove, have damaged the siteand will make any futureexcavationmore difficult.19 8 neologismderivedfromancient 'Oxyderk'is a wonderful is an epithet forAthena GreekòûÔ8Qxr|ç, Oxyderkô 'sharp-eyed'; in Pausaniasn 24.2. 9 21 November1021,quotedby Coulson1992,89 n. 11. 10Coulson 1QQ2,8q-Ql.

11See fig. 13.2 and Banou 1996,54 n. 86. 12 Hope Simpson1981, 106.

13Cf.Chapteria §3 (ii) below. 14Waterhouse 1Q56,170 n. 8. 15Tavlour1072, 2of;. 16Hope Simpsoniq8i, 105. 171060,q8 withfig;.14. 18Banou iqq6, ki n. 83. 19D. Fortenberry, pers.comm.

INTRODUCTION §1

STEPHANOS

HAGiOS

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of 1959.Scale c. 1:1000. theexcavations Fig.ii. SketchplanofAyiosStephanos showing

on the twoseasonsofdigging, forfourweekseach in 1959 and i960, wereconcentrated The first in manypartsof thesite,cleared flattop of thehill (see fig.iii). The excavatorslaid out trenches withpottery and wallsandburials,together considerable areasdowntobedrockand foundnumerous smallfindsfrommostof the periodsrepresented. However,the hilltopturnedout to have been in 1963 for whenexcavationsrecommenced heavilyeroded,and littlesoil remained.Accordingly, and found to the south and south-west of thesummit stratified were weeks, sought deposits eight deep in twoAreas,Beta and Gamma (see fig. iv). Duringthe excavationsof 1959-63 a totalarea of c.696.7 m2was dug.Evenso, as is clearfromthepublication oftheseexcavations,20 thedatingofthe EBA and MBA phases could be understoodonlyin generalterms,the Medievalphase passed and thearchitecture oftenremainedobscure. unrecognised, 20

Taylour 1972.

4

R. JANKO

2. THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1973-77 The excavations describedin thisvolumecoverthreeseasons,1973, 1974 and 1977. The 1973 and sevenweeks,of whichsix were takenup with seasons were fullseasonsof approximately 1977 wasplannedfor1974,butin thatyearexcavationhad tobe suspended excavation. The sameroutine on twooccasionson accountofthecrisisin Cyprus;in total,excavationlastedforonlyfourweeks. in thetypeand numberofplansand sectionsin thisvolumewas causedin partby The unevenness werenevermadeor wereonlysketches. thisdisruption, sincemanyvitaldrawings withdifficulty, as Taylourhimself recorded in 1973wasfraught Eventherenewaloftheexcavations are in a draft annotations ofthisintroduction mine): (the thatthethree as a resultofthestillunanswered Itwasdecidedtoresumetheexcavations questions in 1973 itwas intendedthattheGamma previousseasonshad raised.Atthestartofexcavations wouldbe trenches dugin 1959 and thoseoftheBetaArea,whichwas lastexcavatedin 1963,21 further. Sincethattimethesitehadbecomecompletely overgrown byscrubofa jungleinvestigated Threetesttrenches, wereno longeridentifiable. likenature,and theoutlinesoftheold trenches namedEpsilon,Zetaand Eta,weredugto locatethem.Theseattempts provedtobe unsuccessful, M. J. Goalen,some threeweekslaterthatthe and it was notuntilthe arrivalof the architect, had produced was established. of the old trenches However,thetesttrenches precisely position been had in themeantime and in spiteofthefactthattheold trenches muchinteresting material, to It was not,however, theirexcavation. itwas decidedto continue identified, investigate possible andpayfor,theland torequisition, in subsequent seasonsbecauseoftherequirement themfurther trenches theseexploratory thecostofincluding wherewe wishedto carryoutfuture excavations; within therequisitioned areawouldhavebeenprohibitive. wereonlya fewmetres theyproduced awayfromoneanother, Althoughtwoofthetesttrenches was In Area the different results. LH, withverylittle Epsilon pottery predominantly surprisingly Medieval,and MH levelsonlyappearedat a depthof2 m. In AreaZetatheMedievallevelswere that and aftertheirremovalone was almostimmediately wellrepresented, amongMH structures c. m. distant from Eta was walls that Area of 26 werefoundto reston EH strata, including period. Therewasvery belowthesurface. theothertwo.HereMH stratawerefoundalmostimmediately at and one wallofthatperiodwerediscovered butgoodEH pottery littleMedievalorMycenaean, no greatdepthandjustabovetherock. wasbasedattheHotelAlsosin Skala.Duringall that Duringthesethreeseasonstheexcavation ofMrGeorgeSteinhauer, timewe hadtheable adviceandassistance EphorofLaconia,towhomI as wellas myown. I alsohad thehelpofpeopleofothernationalities owea deepdebtofgratitude. as he thatincludedProfessor In 1973 therewas a strongAmericancontingent JeremyRutter, small finds. Other the of who worked on and his wife becameshortly afterwards, drawing Sally, whojoinedme againin 1974, Mr David Parshall, wereMrJohnYounger, American participants and Mr Bax Barton.Dr IngridStromfromCopenhagenassistedus partof thetime.My own F. Harding, MrsReginaHalden,MissFrancesGleave(nowMrs includedDr Anthony countrymen as and MrWilliamMcGeachen.Mr MartinGoalenofficiated MrEdmundBennett RolfeKentish), with was us bothin 1973 and 1974,whenMrsKarenGoalenjoinedus. MrJohnBintliff architect GeorgeRapp,Professor partofthetime.Towardstheendofthedig,visitsweremadebyProfessor OliverDickinsonand Dr RogerHowell,whogaveus usefuladviceon theMH pottery. The 1973 campaigncoveredthelatterpartofJune,thewholeofJulyand a fewdaysin August. was hot.Thereweretwoheatwaves,ofwhichthefirst The summerthatyearwas exceptionally thetemperature theworst, reaching112oF in theshadeon one day,whenexcavationhad to be suspended.Not more than seven workmenwere employedas a rule; Vassilis temporarily wasthesouthern The areachosenforexcavation wasinchargeofthem.22 Koumandaros partofthe Gamma1, 1959,and ofBeta 1963 (see thearea ofthetrenches crestofthehill,and in particular Lambda1,was openedby Dr Hardingto thew ofBeta6/1;duringeleven fig.iv).A newtrench, further roomsto the w of the complexbuildingfirstlocatedin 1963 in the of digging, days 21Taylour1072,253-61. 22In 1963, experiencedworkmenhad to be broughtfrom In 1973 expertise. Mycenae,becausethelocalshadno particular JohnYoungerbroughtthreeworkmenfromKnossosto help trainthosefromStephaniá:thesewere AntonisZidionakis, AntonisKritsalakisand GeorgiosVassilakis,knownas Barba was VassilisKriezis. Georgo.In 1974 and 1977 thesupervisor

The workmenincluded P. Agraniotis,P. Angelopoulos, A. Athanassakos,P. Diamantakos,Ch. Dimitriou,Vasiliki Ch. andTh. Konstantarakos, Gouvousi,Ph.Karelas,V. Katsianis, I. Kordias,N. and S. Koumandaros,E., Ph., V. G. and V. I. Kriezis, G. Madalas, A. and D. Mylonakos,S. Pavlakos, V. Photakos,S. Sanidasand N. Stamatakos.

INTRODUCTION §2

Fig.iii.AyiosStephanos1959-77.Wanshowing excavation trenches.

5

5

6

R. JANKO

|

CO

i>

'S

I

i ! 'S #¿ Ü

INTRODUCTION §2

7

AreaBeta 12,nowcalledAreaLambda/Beta12, wereuncovered.Anothertrench, neighbouring AreaNu,was started underProfessor Rutter to thes ofGamma1, 1959.Thisrevealedtworooms ofa houseoftheTransitional PeriodMH III/LH I. In 1974 I againhad theefficient ofProfessor assistedbyMr David Parshall, Rutter, cooperation and Dr Hardingas trenchsupervisors, with the of but, exception FrancesGleave, the other membersoftheteamwerenew.Once moreI was glad to have severalAmericansin myparty. oftheCenterforFieldResearch,Massachusetts, I had theservicesofMrs Throughthecourtesy I Dr Stein. was Merle of the American School of ClassicalStudiesand Ms Langdon Kay joinedby DeborahWinceof theUniversity of Cambridgeand Wisconsin.Othernew memberswereMr MrRichard Warwick RahtzandMrGuySanders.MrStamatis Burton, Verendis, Janko,MrSebastian the of some timewithus. We had a visitfromProfessors representing Ministry Culture, spent John Kraftand StanleyAschenbrenner, and at theend oftheseasonfromDr HarrietBlitzerand Dr In spiteofthetroubledinternational VanceWatrous. whichwas responsible forthe background, of than on more one some in excavation was occasion, suspension digging progress possible.Two cistburialswereuncovered intheBetaArea.The clearanceofthetwo-room in house AreaNu was itwas to formthesubjectofDr Rutter's toMycenaean.23 The completed; publicationTheTransition ofthenewlyuncovered roomsintrench Lambda1 tothebuilding of1963wasclarified. relationship An innovation was theintroduction, at thesuggestion ofProfessor ofa water-sieve, which Rutter, wasgenerously loanedto us bytheAmericanSchool.24 The 1977 seasonlastedsix weeks,ofwhichfivewerespentdigging.Once morea largeteam fourmembers ofwhichwereAmerican: theindispensable MissJanMotyka Rutter, participated, Jerry (MrsSandersto be), Mr BruceFollansbeeand Mr RogerUlrich.FrancesGleave,RichardJanko and GuySandersagainjoinedus; Franceswasresponsible forthedrawing ofsmallfinds.The new recruits wereMr PeterWright, who efficiently Area Beta,Mr Charles managedthecomplicated MrAndrewHowe Brown,MissSarahCroney,Mr David Hart,Mr NicholasRichardson Bennett, and MissNadia Charalambidou fromCyprus.Mr RolfeKentishactedas architect, and severalof theplansarehiswork.A newtrench was openedup in AreaLambda,whichexposedthepiersof a vaultedMedievalbuilding, In AreaNu theapse ofa lateMH I building possiblya farmhouse. wasrevealedunderthetworoomsoftheMH/LH Transitional Period.A water-sieve wasinoperation the season as before. during During the later excavationsa furtherarea of c. 251.6 m2 was dug; thus the total area excavated at Ayios Stephanoswas c. 948.2 m2.Of thistotal,899.1 m2or 94.8% lay withinthe 91m contouron fig.iii,withtheremaining49.1 m2lyingbetweenthatcontourand the 82 m contour.The area within the 91m contouris 14,695 m2 in extent,of which 6.1% was excavated. The area withinthe 95 m contouris 7,850 m2,of which768.6 m2or 9.8% was dug. The plateau itself,as definedby the 100 m contour,is 2,190 m2 in area, of which c. 348.0 m2 or 15.9% was excavated. Thus, except on the plateau itself,the site was sampled ratherthan systematicallycleared. Nor were its immediate the object of any further surroundings survey,withthe resultthat,if therewas a separatecemetery, itslocationremainsunidentified. The excavationsdid not prove thatAyios Stephanos was Homeric Helos. Indeed, Bronze Age Helos probablylay on the easternside oftheplain. Taylour'strialexcavationsof 1959 confirmedthat Asteri-Karaouziopposite Ayios Stephanos was occupied until LH IIIC Middle and again in the Protogeometric period.However,thissitewas too denuded by erosionto meritfurther investigation.25 Since a sustantialalluvial delta already existed duringthe Bronze Age, it has been proposed that Bronze Age Helos lies under recentalluviumnear the modernvillage of thatname.26However, any such settlement would have had to have been builton sandyor swampyland near the ancientmouth of the Eurotas,and we do not know whetherthe Mycenaeans would have inhabitedsuch a floodprone location.The theorythatMycenaean Helos lay at Skala,27i.e. at Ayios Nikolaos, restsonly on theattractiveness ofthelocationon a hillbetweentwo rivers.In facttheregionalcapitalwas probably 23Rutterand Rutter1076. 24 The procedure Onlyselectedbasketsofsoilwerewet-sieved. increased the recoveryof lithic fragments,but was very in termsoforganicremains;in thisrespectsimple disappointing flotationis now knownto yield betterresults,since fragile carbonisedmaterialis destroyed whenit is stirredwithstones and earthin thesieve.All otherbasketsofsoil weredry-sieved usinga 1 x 1 cm mesh;thiswas thestandardprocedurein the earlierexcavations also.According tothecataloguecompiledby

E. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal,theresiduefromflotation is now storedin ApothekeB' ofSpartaMuseumin box 100,with samplesanddryresiduefrom1974inboxes96-7, thesamefrom 1977 in box 98, and soil samplesand residuefrom1959-60 in

box

00.

25 Tavinnr

1 n^*?

9^9-0

26Kraft, Aschenbrenner and Rapp 1077,04.7. 27Banou 1996,93-4.

8

R. JANKO

south-east ofAsteriatAyiosStrategos, whichhad theonlyknowntholostombin SouthLaconia.This below.28 questionis discussedfurther oftheworkatAyiosStephanos, aimofestablishing a setofceramic Despitethelimitations Taylour's for the was of the south-eastern fulfilled sequences prehistoric Péloponnèse splendidly pottery by the in / 1 of results Area Nu and from the excavations Gamma Rutter Rutter 1973-74 publication by In the these results are somewhat modified and the volume, 1976. chronological rangeis present further extended.AreasZeta and Eta,dugdownto bedrockin 1973,yieldeddeep stratified deposits in the fortheEBA and MBA sequence.Despitethedifficulties inevitable ofthehighest importance a renewed excavations and of tell the site, understanding multi-period subsequentstudyhave which revolutionised ourunderstanding ofthesuccessionoftheceramicphasesat AyiosStephanos, ofEH arenowknownto spantheentireBronzeAge,fromEH I toLH IIIC Early,withtheexception evidence, III, whichis hardlyknownin Laconia.A Medievalphase,reliablydatedfromnumismatic has also been recognised. finds,save forthe LinearA Althoughtherewerefewtrulyspectacular in ceramicand architectural ofthesite'sevolution terms, 6154,thisclarification especially inscription withgeo-archaeological studiesofthesurrounding whentakentogether region,shedsmuchlighton theBronzeAge and againin theMedievalera,and fully thehistory ofLaconiathroughout justifies to our thatbegan in 1959. Furtherexcavationat the sitewould add significantly the enterprise of the date of would like clarification clear. One its now seems knowledge, although history very fromEH to MH. ButfortheMycenaeanperiod fortifications on thenorthslope,and ofthetransition at leastit wouldbe morevaluableto see excavationsat sitesthatmightyieldarchivesof textsin or AyiosVasilios. LinearB, suchas theLH IIIA capitalat Palaiopyrgi 3. THE HISTORY OF THIS PUBLICATION so is tothesuccessofanyexcavation; thandigging, areessential Studyseasons,thoughlessglamorous since the days when any singlearchaeologist of a stableteam of collaborators, the formation thecomposition couldhopetopublisha majorsiteunaidedarelonggone.In thiscase,unfortunately, of Cambridgeresidedin In 1976 studentsfromthe University of the teamtendedto fluctuate. thefinds;ourworkcoincidedwitha visitby residuesand tophotograph Spartato sortthewater-sieve of Mrs Strato Dr LarryAngelto studythehumanremains.We enjoyedthememorablehospitality with the help of was undertaken Mérou in Oraias Elenis Street.During1978-83 further study and St Andrews;BillyTaylourhimself of Cambridge,Birmingham students fromthe Universities on thefindsfromtheCitadelHouse at Mycenae.From1979 ourbase was oftenin Naupliaworking in thelovely a kapheneion, at theMenelaion,formerly of was thecharming dig-house theexcavations the with mice from Eurotas across the of ceilingsof canna running along Sparta, village Aphyssou Hector to our I must record the door. above reedand housemartins Catling,then gratitude nesting Directorof the BritishSchool,thatwe were able to live and workthere,and to storematerials there.Liz Huttonand Lilo Picornellbeganand Anna Poelstra-Tragá completedthedrawingof the smallfinds,and David Reese studiedthe shellsand animalbones. OliverDickinsonvisitedus on of theceramicsequence.David Astonled thework our understanding twooccasionsand clarified and and baskets the sherds on classifying finding joinsamongthem.He and I workedon thesections first I the and drafted analyses.29 stratigraphie MrsBlack,alongside to workon theprojectwithhistypist the 1980sBillycontinued Throughout thephotographs, He at the excavations topublishing hiscommitment organised Mycenae. meticulously the on Kentish with Rolfe toiled various with to correspond continued plansand oversaw specialists, He mid the was undertaken which theworkofexpertson thepottery, 1980s. drafted Chapters during notebooksand on thoseof his own on both his as was 1 and 3 on thearchitecture, custom, relying, He beganto writeChapter2 on theburials,and oversawthedrawingof thevarioustrench-masters. thisvolume,helpedhimto contact thesmallfinds.In 1987 Lisa Frenchassistedhimin organising lateTeresaWallaceto helpwith the for and finds who wouldpublishthesmall arranged specialists and itwas her for debt a owesTeresa great thispublication diligenceand accuracy, word-processing; it see live to to was not she who largelycompiledthebibliography. completed.In the Sadly,Billy me thathe had told he in Great his house of of 1989,in thebeautiful summer Shelford, living-room I too had since half-believed I him. for his volume him, notlongto live and askedme to edit only an enormous be would I knew what undertake to but cometo regardhimas indestructible, agreed 28See Chapters13 §3 (vi)and 14 §4 (iii). 29Thosewhotookpartinone ormoreseasonsincludedDavid and Susan Aston,Amaryllis Campbell,Liz Hutton,Humphrey

RachelMontagu,ErinObodiac, James,CatherineMeiklejohn, Lilo Picornell, AngelaSheldonand David Stuttard.

INTRODUCTION §4

9

task(itprovedevenharderthanI imagined).He died a fewmonthslater,and is buriedon an island House in Ireland. in theestateofhisbelovedHeadfort his AfterBilly'spassing,Lisa Frenchand thelateLyleEveillé(1945-2005) sortedand distributed I return to them. whenever could those who were to edit to During1990-94, archaeological papers I to his different the reconcile from excavation California, archive, beginning organised Cambridge I reanalysed the and to fillthemanylacunae.In thelightoftheexpertreportson thepottery, drafts the with later earlier the excavations where reconciling theyoverlapped,compiledthe stratigraphy, it I gave contexts the and to all thecontributors. of on circulated (now CD) repertory stratigraphie instructions fortherevisionoftheplans,sectionsandfigures, fewofwhichwerereadyforpublication, The conditions ofmyacademicpostin England,towhichI returned andI drafted manyfromscratch. in 1994,weresuchthatI was able to workon theprojectonlyspasmodically, butthenextseveral saw the this all the creation of tables and the the revisionof introduction, conclusion, constant years oftheexpertreports thewhole,and theproduction on thesmallfinds.LucindaReeveshelpedme to organisetheplatesand assistedin otherways. retarded and However,theprojectwasgreatly bytheslownesswithwhichthedrawings progressed, aboveall bythelossofthemaster-copies ofmanyessential and the instructions tracings accompanying whiletheywerein thecare ofan assistant. The adventofimage-enhancing enabledthe technology lostinformation tobe reconstructed frompoorphotocopies, once MartinGoalenrejoinedtheproject in 1999 and broughtinto it Diane Fortenberry. She producedthe missingplans,sections,and illustrations ofsmallfinds;he disentangled thelocationsofthetrenches andundertook theverydifficult taskof matching theplansof theearlierexcavationsagainstthoseof thelaterones,usingthecad Nemetsche VectorWorks and Adobe Photoshop.Diane mostefficiently the programme copy-edited invaluableorganisational authors. manuscript, suggested astutely changesand liaisedwithitsfar-flung New refinements to thechronology oftheMH pottery necessitated extensiverevisions in 2003-04. at theUniversity ofMichigan, Hartnett, Myresearchassistants Jeremy JaneRempeland SethButton, werea tremendous readerofChapters1-3, and hersharpeye caughtmany help;Janewas thefirst errorsand obscurities. and edited Finally,ElizabethLombardo,Cat Lyonand EroiAhmeddigitised theillustrations; theirhelptoo was indispensable. One consequenceofthelonghistory ofthisvolumeis thatitsvariouschapterswerewritten over in manyyears.The firstto be finishedwas PenelopeMountjoy'sstudyof the Mycenaeanpottery 1988; othersdid notsendin theirsuntila decade or morelater,eitherforreasonsoftheirown or becausetheirworkwasonlycommissioned after A givenchapter shouldnotbe criticised Billy'sdeath.30 fornotseemingfullyup-to-date. In a volumesuchas this,it is inevitable, albeitunjust,that'thelast shallbe first and thefirst shallbe last',to use a BiblicalphraseofwhichBillywas fond.I beg readers to makethenecessary allowances. 4. THE STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONS OF THIS VOLUME Billyleftbehindthefollowing planforthispublication: Anaccount ofthe1973-77excavations is givenfirst. Eachsection is devoted toa specific areaof theexcavation, withthetesttrenches ZetaandEta,followed the main Areas starting Epsilon, by in eachAreais self-contained. It Beta,LambdaandNu.The accountoftheBronzeAgestrata includes thearchitectural andlistsofthewholepotsandsmallfinds recovered there. background Thisisfollowed ontheburials, as inprevious which, bya section campaigns, frequently interrupted theroutine excavation ofthesettlement, andbyseparate accounts oftheEH andMedieval strata. After thatcomesa discussion ofthepottery to the ceramic Middle and according periodsEarly, LateHelladic, andMedieval, eachofwhichis contributed the This by appropriate authority. is followed accounts of the Bronze small the finds, by Age including chippedstone,theMedieval smallfinds, thehuman remains. bones,animalbonesandother organic In putting thevolumetogether, I havetriedto preserveas muchas I couldofwhatBillyhad written, his can be. withDiane Fortenberry, I reorganised However,in consultation quirkythough style 1 on a reverse basis rather than tothesequenceinwhichlayerswere Chapter chronological according sincethisis clearer;to reorganise itintoforwards orderwouldhaveentailed excavated, chronological that went far his I transferred intentions. theEH materialbackintotheaccountsof changes beyond theAreaswhereitwas found,becausethisclarifies discussion ofthetransition to MH. I suppressed a 30 Chapter13 was added too late to putit whereit belongs, i.e. withthisIntroduction.

R. JANKO

io

ofPeriods,analogousto thoseat Lerna,thatBillyhad introduced at a latestage,becausethis system LH I- II pottery will wouldhave confusedthereader.Forthesake ofconvenience, undifferentiated continueto be designated 'EarlyMycenaean'. reconsidered Sincetheresults oftheexcavations of1959-63havebeenpublished,31 theyarenormally in in ceramic items and there broad terms. Some the concluding (Chapter14) only only summary in thelightofnewknowledgein Chapters5-6 below,and thefigurines thenfoundare republished timein Chapters8 and 10. On theotherhand,thepottery fromall seasonsarepresented forthefirst fromAreaNu / Gamma1 of 1973-74 is alreadyavailable.32 Onlya fewpiecesfromit,selectedby and in but a revised accountofthestratigraphy therelevant are re-evaluated Chapters5-6, experts, architecture ofthisAreaappearsin Chapter1. as However,wherepartsofthesamestrataweredugin boththeearlierand thelaterexcavations, in of the earlierseasonsis reinterpreted in trenches Beta 1, Beta 3 and Beta 12, the stratigraphy with to be the new them and old excavations 1 . the very proved reconciling Chapter Understanding overthebenchmark(see below).One problemis thatthe as is typified difficult, by thedifficulty in boththe earlierand the later fluctuated personnelin chargeof the variousAreas continually in the 1 . This has resultedin differences / Nu Gamma Area with the excavations, goldenexception varies notebooks and notebooks in the trench detail of and level the pottery recording; accuracy in the lies seasons the earlier records of the to obstacle But the interpreting gravest greatly. was not which most of was that of the the of understandable found, pottery descriptions inadequacy kept.Thustheterm'MattPainted'wasusedto denotebothDull Painted,whichwentoutofuse atthe was end ofMH II, and trueMattPainted,whichreplaceditin MH III. LustrousDecoratedpottery monochrome a few note forMycenaean;whentheexcavators often mistaken 'Mycenaean' nondescript sherds,thelayeris oftenMH and mayevenbe MH I. Finally,thephasesofEH and MH werenot fromLH IIIB. at all,and LH IIIC Earlywas notdistinguished understood achievedat, does notpermitthelevelofquantification The record-keeping duringtheexcavations theamount for atNichoriain Messenia.Thus, instance, excavations thecontemporaneous forinstance, sherdsand feature of spoilper excavationunitwas not recorded.Hence no statistical analysisof forthisvolume,although couldbe undertaken ofrecovered pottery shapesin eachwareperkilogram likethestatistical wouldallowfurther notebooks someofthepottery seriation-analysis quantification, in Appendix1. Small findsincludinglithics,animalbones and shellswere carefully undertaken as one might as systematically has notbeenquantified andfrequency buttheirdistribution recovered, the excavation. undertaken wish.Norwas muchscientific Afterwards, although many during analysis fauna of data modern No and not were others were sets, e.g. examined, analysed. misplaced samples werecompiledforcomparative in thelocality, purposes. and thiscouldnotbe doneaftertheevent. No gridwas imposedon thesiteduringtheexcavation, An Areas. excavated into was divided the site Area, e.g. Area Epsilon,is labelledwitha Instead, witha Greekcapitalletterand at leastone trench, An Areacomprises Greekcapitalletter. designated intosectorslabelled subdivided be a trench in 1 Lambda trench an Arabicnumeral, turn, ; may e.g. was notusedto recordthesite. Balloonphotography Greekletters. withlower-case in bold letters are designated by twolower-case Walls,whichare shownhatchedin thesections, two Where labelled are these in walls show the sections Where wall nc. elevation, 'projected'. face,e.g. that of includes that name a this I have ormorewallscanbe assignedtoan intelligible structure, given to datesuchwalls, Nu IL Mostwallswereneverremoved.It proveddifficult theArea,e.g. Structure thatcan be usedas datingcriteria. ofconstruction in techniques sincethereseemtobe no differences sectionsreferto 'baskets',whichwas thetermfor Numbersshownin circlesin thestratigraphie unitsofexcavatedearthand/orstone;in thecataloguestheseareprecededby a hatchsign,e.g.#26. Anindexofbaskets, variablevolumesofexcavatedmaterial. togreatly Theseunitscorrespond arranged cross-references thiscontains of the CD on is Contexts); (theRepertory Stratigraphie byArea, supplied findsfromeachbasket. to theinventoried ina given amounts in substantial is usedtomeanthelatestceramicperiodpresent The term'context' the indicates term the it was when date the is which rangeof 'potrange' deposited; basket, presumably material that indicate to is reserved 'contamination' The term basket. the from material ceramic datable intheexcavation theexcavation; however, mixedinduring records, unitwasaccidentally a different from reason. whatever for different of material contained unit a that dates, itoftenmeansonly single also assignednumbersfor'Levels'.However, In additionto thebasketnumbers, manyexcavators thatthesenumbers to hard and so was thestratigraphy usually complex rarelycorrespond comprehend 31 Taylour1972.

32Rutterand Rutter1976.

INTRODUCTION

§4

11

and dryness ofthe to reality. Accordingly, theyare ignoredin thisvolume.The extremecompaction unlesswaterforspraying thesectionwas soilmadethecoloursofthestrataveryhardto distinguish theprevalenceofslopinglayerson thesidesofthe hauledtothetopofthehill.Moreover, laboriously hilland ofdepositsofwashmadeinterpretation It wasonly duringtheexcavationevenmoredifficult. that means of the of sections the could be drawing layers reliablyrecognized. Layersdistinguished by in thesectionsarereferred to as 'strata'or 'layers'in thetext. Similarcaveatsapplyto theterms'floor'and 'floordeposit'.Thesetermsare normally usedin the textonlywheretheexistenceofa flooris supported the of by discovery potscompleteenoughto be the of flat a sherds on of slabbedsurfaces, or of several excavation, surface, registered during lying smallfinds. floors of beaten earth were but the soil was so numerous, Cleanlyswept generally compacted thattheexistenceofmanysuchfloorsis impossibleto confirm; someexcavators, or wrongly, rightly numerous others few. Floors are identified their number and floors, date,in distinguished original by theform'Floor25 of 1963'. In thecase oftheburials,theoriginalnumbers havebeen altered:on the sitethesewerenumbered in theform'burial1, 1974',butthereis nowa continuous numeration for eachArea,e.g.BetaBurial28, withthenumberin bold face.Whena givenAreawas first excavated in 1959-63,thenumerical thatofTaylour1972. sequenceofburialscontinues All elevations in thisvolumeare calculatedfromthe'New BenchMark'shownon fig.iii,whichis abbreviatedto 'BM' and is arbitrarily deemed to be 100 m above the presentsea-level;thus '-6.00 m BM' means'6 m belowthebenchmark'.The heightof thebenchmarkwas notexactly determined. Therewas originally a triangulation-point on a rockat the highestpointon the hill, whichis markedon themap oftheHellenicMilitary Serviceof 1992 as 43 m above Geographical this labels hill the and the saddle but omitsthe chapeland sea-level; map adjacent Agrilovoúni, offersa veryinaccurateplan of the contours.It is reproducedin fig. 13.4. However,the plain at thebase ofthehillshouldbe at most3 m above sea-level;33 ifthisis assumedto be theheightof thedrainage-channel on fig.iii,thehilltopis in factc. 38 m above sea-level,and fig.ii showsthe hilltopas onlyslightly higherthan35 m. The triangulation pointbecame the benchmarkforthe 1959-63 seasons;it lay at the highest pointon thehill,betweentrenches Alpha4 andAlpha5 (seefig.ii),anditslocationis markedas 'Old BM' on fig.iii. Unfortunately thisoriginalbenchmarkwas apparently movedbetween1963 and exercises.Its disappearance contributed to theinitialfailureto locatetheold 1973 duringmilitary trenches whenthebrushwas clearedin 1973. Accordingly, a different benchmarkwas used during thelaterexcavations. This laterbenchmarkis just to thenorth-east ofArea Alpha;thisis marked as 'New BM' on fig.iii.It is believedto have lain approximately 0.925 m belowtheearlierone,on thebasis of contradictory measurements whichrevealthatthe difference lay somewherebetween arose because the of werenot 0.70 and 1.17 m. The discrepancies probably points measurement because wallswhose elevationswere establishedusingboth preciselythe same,and in particular couldeasilyhave losta stoneor twofromtheirtopsduringtheintervening systems years.Taylour 1972 usestheearlierbenchmark,butRutterand Rutter1976 and thepresentvolumeuse thelater one,0.925 m belowtheearlier.Thusthenewbenchmarkis nowdeemedto be at 100.000m above based on theearlierbenchmark sea-level,and theold one at 100.925m. In thisvolumeelevations are all expressedas depthsbelowthelaterdatum;usersofTaylour1972 and of thearchiveof the earlierexcavations willneed to adjustall elevations in thosesourcesby 0.925 m. Forexample,ifan elevationis givenin Taylour1972 as 96.50 m, its old depthwas 3.50 m. below 100 (or -3.50); one mustthenadjustitby 0.925 m,so thatthenewdepthis -2.575 m-ût one mustagainstressthat theexactdifference is onlyknownapproximately. The architecture, and burialsare measuredin metresunlessotherwisestated.The stratigraphy dimensions ofpottery and othersmallfindsare givenin centimetres unlessotherwise noted,fig(s), and refer to in those the whereas and 'table' plate(s) denote table(s) presentvolume, 'fig.','plate' thosein otherworks.Each objectincludedin thisvolumehas been assigneda publication numberin boldtype,ranging from1 to 10113;nota^ numbers areused,sincesuccessiveChaptersfromChapter onwards with the next thousand. Numbers in theformHS 291 referto pottery and small 5 begin findspublishedin Taylour1972; thosesuchas R266 denotepottery in Rutter and Rutter published whichwereused in boththe 1976. Numbersin theform73-314 are originalexcavationnumbers, earlierand thelatercampaignsof digging.The prefixindicatestheyearof the excavation, in the abovecase 1973,andthesuffix theobject,withdifferent seriesofnumbers forpottery and smallfinds foreachArea;thesearekeyedtoentries inthecontrol-books ortothesmallfindcards.A concordance 33 See

Chapter 13 §4 (ii) below.

12

R. JANKO

of excavationnumbersand publication numbersis providedon the CD. The tables,Appendices, willalso be foundon theCD suppliedinside ofStratigraphie Contextsand Concordances Repertory thebackcover. pot retainedfromtheexcavationsis markedwithitsexcavation Everysmallfindand registered this number, 'HS'; precededby prefixstandsfor'Hagios Stephanos',whereasobjectsmarked'AS' are fromAsteri,excavatedin 1959. Sherdsretainedfromthe siteare marked'HS', followedby unit a Greekletterto denotethe Area and a numberwithina circleto denotethe stratigraphie ('basket')in whichitwas found. The materialsretainedfromthe earlierand laterexcavationsare storedin ApothekeB' in the themwiththehelp of Museumin Sparta.Lisa Frenchcataloguedand reorganised Archaeological Schoolat Athens,wherethearchiveof indexis keptat theBritish Clarissade Waal; a computerised willalso be deposited.34 theexcavations 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS to audiencesat In additionto all thosewho are thankedabove,I wishto expressmyappreciation in Studies Institute of Classical at the I Seminar lectures gaveto theMycenaean London,to thelocal at and the to in ofArchaeology Chapel Hill, AegeanSymposium chapteroftheAmericanInstitute at of Classics the librarians of to the theInstitute of Fine Artsin New York.I am grateful Faculty and in on the to work thearchivein 1989-94 and forspace forstoring project 1992-93, Cambridge of ClassicalStudiesin Londonforsimilarkindnessin 1997-98. I owe thanksfor to theInstitute Nicolas BillCavanagh,CyprianBroodbank, PhilBetancourt, variouskindsofhelpto GaryBeckman, Gallou,GeorgeHuxley,BobbyKoehl, Coldstreamt, Chrysanthi JoostCrouwel,KatieDemakopoulou, DanielPullen,ColinRenfrew, ChrisKraft, Rutter, Root,Jeremy Anthony Margaret Olga Krzyszkowska, and Malcolm Wiener Younger. John Snodgrass, are givenon p. viii;it has not alwaysbeen possibleto establish The creditsfortheillustrations whichmemberoftheteamdrewsomeoftheobjects.EroiAhmeddesignedtheplatesandcontributed muchotherhelp. of fromtheUniversity AtearlierstageswhileBillywasin chargethisprojectwassupported bygrants the Craven of Oxford the Arthur Thomas Fund), (the University Fund), (theHenry University Cambridge Committee SchoolatAthensManagement theBritish ofDurham,theBritish (SeagerFund), Academy, assisted was The and International Educational greatly College,Cambridge. project Trinity Expeditions and Theodoros Steinhauer of of successive kindness the Laconia, Spyropoulos. George Ephors by of totheTrustees I am profoundly forwhichI wasresponsible, Forthestageofitsgestation grateful financial for to Gina in and theMediterranean Clifford-Holmes, Trust, steady particular Archaeological ofMichiganformostgenerously totheUniversity overmanyyears.I am alsograteful funding support andto of Classical of the as Chair service assistant a graduate research Studies, Department duringmy an me which Research theUniversity's undergraduate gave Program, Opportunity Undergraduate theOfficeofthe fortwoyears.In additionI thanktheMediterranean assistant Trust, Archaeological of Scienceand theArtsof theUniversity forResearchand theCollegeof Literature, Vice-Provost to volume this that enabled subventions for appear. Michigan wasmadepossiblebythe forthisfinalpublication ofthismanuscript and compilation The research I am mostgrateful. which to for Leon White Publications, LevyProgram Archaeological Shelby oftheBritish Committee forwhichI am muchindebted,ofthePublications thesupport, Without could volume this this of editor Bill of in and at Series, School Athens, Cavanagh,previous particular and corrections the much been has final version The comments, nothave appeared. improvedby and the Series of and reader an of Editor,Olga Krzyszkowska. Type-setting anonymous critiques and dedication. their for most I am Andrew. was undertaken skill,knowledge grateful byRayna design patienceand ready Finally,I mustthankall the authorsof thisvolumefortheirextraordinary take Most its archaeological publications too longto see the during longpreparation. cooperation betterthannever.An archaeological is later than later so do some but others;however, lightofday, I minds: and hands of work acknowledgehere all those,many gratefully many projectis the volumeto the completionwhich this to who to unknown even unnamedand me, helped bring desired. Billyhad so fervently 34I have includedthisinformation here as follows:forthe locationofsoilsamplesand dryresidue,see n. 24 above;forthe human remains,table 12.7; for the faunal remains,my to Chapter12 §2; fortheflora,n. 24 above;forthe introduction notetoAppendix2; forthekept OES samples,myintroductory

andkeptsherds', contexts ofstratigraphie sherds,the'Repertory and forthe wholepots and smallfinds,the 'Concordanceof andmuseumboxes', numbers topublication numbers excavation whichare on theCD.

Chapteri The BronzeAge architecture and stratigraphy andR.Janko W.D. Taylourf in the orderin the stratigraphy [Editor'snote:W. D. Taylourdraftedmuchof Chapter1, treating whichitwasuncovered. As was explainedin theIntroduction, thishas beenstandardised intoreverse order. substantive editorial additions are set within brackets. These chronological Throughout, square werefinalised in 2004.] 1. AREA EPSILON

1973: MIDDLE

TO LATE HELLADIC

(figs. 1.1-1.8)

(i) Introduction Situatedon these slope ofthehill,thisArea,together withArea Zeta,5 m to itsw, was laid down withthepurposeoflocatingtheBetatrenches of 1963 and,moreparticularly, Beta 3 of 1959. This §2 above.It was onlyaftermany purposewas notrealised,forthereasonstatedin theIntroduction thattheoriginal1963 trenches werediscovered daysofexcavation bychance,over25 m nnwofArea themduringtheintervening Epsilon,in thethickscrubthathad engulfed years(see fig.iv).However, as thesetrialtrenches that time were and valuable itwasdecided information, by producing promising to continueexploration ofthemuntiltheend oftheseason.Bothwereat first calledBeta. AreaEpsilonin thebeginning consisted oftwoparalleltrenches witha n-s axisthatwereultimately combinedintoa 4 x 4 m squareorientated to the according pointsofthecompass.The slopeofthe terrain was downwards fromnwto se. At a laterstagetheAreawas slightly enlargedin itsne corner toretrieve an important that showed there This meant a dog-leg (fig.1.1). pottery deposit up creating extension thatalso servedtouncovermoreofthewallsthathad madetheirappearancein thispartof theArea.The Area was finally20.9 m2in extent.Forthesake ofconvenience, as elsewherein this in thistrench willbe describedin descending with volume,theperiodsrepresented order,to conform thesequencein whichtheywereexcavated,and 'thelastshallbe first'. No recognisable structures oftheMedievalperiodwereuncovered. However,a circular depression about55 cmin diameter, PitA, was sunk1.8 m s ofthen end oftheearlierwallkc againstitsw face and at least 1.3 m deep intotheBronzeAge layers(fig.1.2 and plate ib). This was foundto be a Medievalrubbishpit:see Chapter3 §5 below. The singleburialfromthisAreais describedin Chapter2 § 1 below. (ii) Late Helladic IIIC Early Duringthisperiod,wallska, kb, kc and kd werein use (plates 1 b-2 b).Wallska and kb werein echelonwitha ne-swaxis (fig.1.2).Neartheswend ofwallkb,wallkc branchedoffdue s. Fromthe samepointoppositeto then faceofwallkb, wallkd proceededto thenwand at rightanglesto kb. Bothwallkb and wallkc wereunusually broad,havinga widthof60 cm as againstthemorenormal thickness of45 cm. [Thedetailsofthesewallsare givenin tables 1.1-1.2.Theywereall builtand disusedwithinthis LH IIIC Earlysherds, someofthemworn,andoverlaya stratum period.Wallka contained containing theLH IIIC Earlykylix3143; thislayercan be seenin sectionin figs.1.3, 1.4 and 1.7.Wallska and kd formedthese cornerof a building,Structure ofwhich,markedas sector EpsilonI, theinterior outsidetheArea.Wallskb and kc, each at least3 m long, gammaon fig. 1.1,fellalmostentirely likewiseformedthenw corner,markedas sectorbeta on fig. 1.1, of anotherbuildingof thesame almosttouchedat theircorners.] phase,Structure EpsilonIL The twobuildings As in theotherchronological and add nextto nothing to periods,thesmallfindsarenotinstructive ourknowledge oftheArea.[Thesmallfinds, listedintable 1.3,showthattherewereoncefloorlevels associatedwiththesestructures, butnonesurvived. !3

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

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"7 *% 171^ *76> l89> iQ1"1^ EH II sherds,viz. 199, 200, 202, 204-205, 214 and 220. Basket108 containedmanyfurther no and 166 177-178. Unfortunately, wholepot could 18-20, 72, 78, 80, 83, 94-95, 101, 163, a dumpratherthanan occupationlayer. well be made up fromanyof them.Theymay represent and naturewerenot also yieldedseveralor manyobsidianblades,buttheirquantity This stratum these from layers.An EH II terracotta recorded;a verylargefossilshellis mentionedas coming level. whorl,5001,was foundin a surface withMH sherds, atthetopofbasket108,theloweststratum possiblyderives [Theredsoilreported in noted was §2 (vi) above,thisburning of a buildingby fire.However,as fromthe destruction Area Zeta,and thesitein that probablyoccurredearlyin MH I ratherthanin EH II. It appears was abandonedduringtheEH III phase.11] general, 3. AREA ETA 1973: EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC

(figs. 1.15-1.22)

(i) Introduction tolocatethe ThisArealay c.26 m awayfromAreasEpsilonandZeta.As itwas openedin an attempt c. was Eta Area Gamma. as known first at it was of 1959, old Gammatrenches [Area only 10 m se of forMycenaean little evidence was there Area In fig. AreaAlpha,excavatedin 1959-63 (see iii). Alpha therewere or little with but and EH were walls andmostofthe MH, depth stratigraphy;12 occupation, the Here Eta. in Area similar was situation The EH greater twobuildingphaseswithinthe period. 9 See §2 (vi). 10See Appendixi .

11See Chapter14 §2 (iii)below. 12 Taylour1972, 239-40.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

31

Fig. 1.15.AreaEta.Planshowing locationofwallsand sections.

andtheexemplary oftheexcavation depthofthedeposits recording byj. B. Rutter eventually permitted a muchclearerinterpretation.] The originaltrenchwas 6 m (n-s) x i m and was knownas TestTrenchI. It was roughly divided intoa Nanda s sector.Later,a secondtrench, TestTrenchII, was started totheE withdimensions 6m A 50 cmbaulkwasleftbetweenTrenchI and (n-s)x 2.5 m.Thistoowas dividedinton ands sectors. TrenchII. Finally, I andII measuring TestTrenchIII wasopenedtothen ofTrenches 4 m (e-w)x 1.5 m. A 50 cm baulkseparateditfromI and II. Thusultimately, afterremovalofthebaulks,AreaEta measured8 m (n-s) x 4 m,i.e. 32 m2(seefig.1.15).The terrain had a gradualdownward slopefrom NWto se, and thisseemsto havebeen theslopefromtheearliesttimes. is attested [Medievalactivity by surfacesherdsand a verydeep pitby theE baulkofTrenchII, full ofstonesand mixedpottery dugalmostto bedrock,perhapsin orderto robstonesforconstruction.13 Thispitwasso deepthatitcuttheEH II walldo atitsse end (seefigs.1.15 and 1.22).The micaceous tobe Medievalor jar 1324,fromtheupperfillofthecistgraveEta burial15,was at first conjectured 13See Chapter3 §5 below.

32


Fig. li 6. AreaEta.Pottery sectione-w acrossn partofArea,lookingnorth(seefig.1.15,A-A').

sherdwithmultiple butis in factofBronzeAge date.A reportof a possibleGeometric Hellenistic, and findsno parallel zigzags,foundin a mixedsurfacelevelofTrenchII, has notbeen confirmed elsewhere on thesite;thepiecewas probablya MH sherdwithchevrons.] Forthe15 burialsand associatedfindsfromAreaEta see Chapter2 §3 below. (ii) Late Helladic I-IIIC Early to appear(fig.1.15 and plate 4 btheoutlineofwallsstarted Almostimmediately belowthesurface Eta burial15,whichis datedby in N of the the the cist tomb the of from Area, c).Apart walling part theLH ILA pots1321-1324 and by theLH ILA sherds3223 and 3225-3227,therewereno walls oftheperiodwas foundthroughout to a LH date,thoughpottery thatcoulddefinitely be attributed theupperlevels,rangingfromEarlyMycenaeanto LH IIIC Early.[See sherds3222-3233 below. in theNoftheArea,butEtaburial13 in thesame The LH I Vapheiocup 3222 camefromthesurface in LH is IIIC Early date.] locality at then end oftheArea,in thenarrowspace betweenthe Mycenaeansherdswereconcentrated Walldi/drappearedto be linesoftwowalls,wallsdi/drand dk,thedatingofwhichis problematic. a singleterracewallwhichranforc. 3.8 m on a ne-swaxis.Itssw section,walldi, was reusedas the se wall ofthecisttombEta burial15, as is shownin plate 4 c. Its top courseofthreelargestones coursesofsmallerstonesin a doublerow;itsSEfacerestedon earth, overlaythreeto fourirregular calledwalldr,consisted anditslowestcourse,onlyone stonewide,restedon bedrock.The ne section, had at leasttwocourses,as ofa doublerowoflargestoneswitha coreofsmallerstones.It originally stonestothenwandse appeartohavefallenfromthewall.[Walldi layjustunderthemodernsurface see table 1.16. Since the cistwallsdl and dn abuttedit,thesw (plate 5 d). For itsspecifications


33

sectione-w acrosscentral Fig. 1.17.AreaEta.Pottery partofArea,lookingnorth(seefig.1.15,B-IT).

sectionantedates thecist,whichwas builtin LH IIA Early.This sectioncutnotonlytheMH I wall dh butalso,perhaps,walldk,whichwas probablyMH III, as willbe shownin §3(iii)below.The ne walldr,is probablyofthesamedate,i.e. LH I, butitsbase was at thesamelevelas theMH section, II- III cobbledsurface to itsN.The plan,fig.1.15,showsthatitabuttedwalldi. [TheassortedLH findsare cataloguedin table 1.17. Someprobablyderivefromdisturbed graves. Burials13 and 15 are definitely of LH, and thereis also a littleMycenaeanmaterialin thecontexts burials5 and 7-8, whichmaydatetheseinterments;14 theirlocationsaremarkedin fig.2.2. The two a disturbed LH III infantburial.The presenceof birdaskoi 1319-1320 probablyeach represent thattheAreawas an open spacethroughout thisperiod.] Mycenaeangravessuggests (iii) Middle Helladic II-III [Thereweretwowallsofthisperiod,namelywallsdk and dp.] Walldk,witha ne-swaxis,was builtoverthene end oftheMH I Earlywalldj (see fig.1.15 and plates4 band 5 d). It didnotappeartobe connected withtheMH I Latewallsdg and dh butwas at thesamelevelas theywere.It was only1.5 m long,consistedofa doublerowofmediumto large stonesand was somefourstoneslongon each side.It was onlyone coursehighand was cutat both ends.[Walldk waspossiblycutat thene bywalldi/dr,whichwasLH I in date.15 Itsswendappeared to havebeen dugor erodedaway.As walldk was off-axis in relationto wallsdg and dh, whichare MH I Late,and itoverlaythelineoftheMH I Earlywalldj, it shoulddatefromMH II-III. When 14See

Chapter 2 §3 below.

15See

§3 (ii) above withplate 4 c.


34

Fig. li 8. AreaEta.Pottery sectione-w acrosss partofArea,lookingnorth(seefig.1.15,C-C).

removed,it provedto containMH II- III sherds,but thesecould notbe datedmoreprecisely;it was probablyMH III (see table 1.18). It overlaya stratumcontainingMH II materialwitha fewsmallMycenaeanor perhapsLustrousDecoratedpieces; any Mycenaeanmaterialmustbe as theexcavatorsuggested.] intrusive, Walldp in thenwsectorhad a wnwtoese axis;foritsdetailssee table 1. 18. It extendedfor1.65 m fromthew baulkbeforeitwas cutbythecistoftheEarlyMycenaeanburial15. Onlythene facewas offivemedium-to-large stonesin a singlecourse.Severalstonesin a parallel fullycleared;itconsisted lineto thesw mayhaveformedthesw faceofthewall.[Walldp musthavebeen MH II. Thiswall, thatwas MH II- III or more withthepaved area at itsbase, was overlainby a stratum together withthe sherds MH This stratum contained i.e. basket II, 1288-1315,together 55. probablypure find The exact and the smallkantharos the obsidian bladelet 1288a, 6143. 6129 spotsof end-scraper theseitemsareunknown. Belowthebase ofwalldp therebegana MH I layer,basket58, as can be seenfromfig.1.19.] At a higher To theN of wall di and thecistof Eta burial 15 a level containedMH II pottery. was one of this ne of the a the corner cobbled area Area; elevation, manyMH probably occupied and I Eta were not of Street site. cobbles of the the excavation roadsrecognised removed, [The during excavationceasedat thisdepthin thiscorner.] (iv) Middle Helladic I Late fromthecomplexlevelsin this has emergedfroma studyofthepottery [A clearandconsistent picture and final from the second levels date trench. MostoftheMBA occupation phaseofMH I in theArea, to MH II. This to this had dated theexcavator as C. Zernerarguesbelow;16 corresponds pottery phase of this a stratum from charcoal An thefinalphaseofMH I in AreaZeta. undersized sample(P-2571) dateof2075 bc ±725.17In thisMH I Latebuildingphase,wallsdg and periodyieldeda radiocarbon Eta I, whichwas also calledRoom 1.] Structure thecornerofa building, dh formed

16See Chapter5 §5 (iii).

17See Appendixg §3.


35

Fig. 1.19.AreaEta.Pottery sectionnnw-sseacrossArea,lookingeast(seefig.1.15,D-D').

Wallsdg and dh bond,a singleblockneatlyforming theexteriorcornerstone of each wall: see plate 4 b and ¿withfig. 1.15 and table 1.19. Together form a that corner pointeddue w; the they othersidesofthebuildinghavebeen quarriedor erodedaway.Walldg is thebetterpreserved ofthe two.It passesovertheearlierwall dj, a longwall withthene-sw axis. It consistsof twocourses, exceptforthe last metreof its surviving length,when it is preservedin one courseonly.The lowercourseis madeup oftworowsofroughly stoneswithflattened facestowardsthe rectangular exterior. The interior betweenthetwofacestookup littlespace and was mostlyfilledwithearth. Abovetheseis a layerofsmallerstonesthatmayhavebeenbondedwithmudtoformthefoundation of a mudbrick wall above it. Wall dh is of similarconstruction. It is onlypartlypreservedat its ne end,whichhas been cutby wall di of the cistof theEarlyMycenaeanburial15. It is slightly in relationto walldi. off-axis was hardto determine whichpottery and smallfindswereassociatedwiththeuse ofStructure [It EtaI, becauseseverallaterburialsweremadewithin theangleofitswalls.The findsarelistedintable ascribedto thisphasecomprisessherds1237-1287. Mostofthecompletevessels 1.20.The pottery werefoundoutsideStructure Eta I, in an areasome60 cmtothenwofwalldh and some 1.5 x 1.0 m in extent(figs.1.15-1.16,at left,and plate 5 a). Thesewerethekantharos 1237,theverywornbowl and the This context also the terracotta whorl 1247 cookingpot 1279. yielded 6032 and spool6044, andtheMycenaeanbirdaskos1320. Threepithoior largejars (i287a-c), whichwerenotkept,were

36


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AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

37

Fig. 1.21. Area Eta. Partialsectionof w baulk,lookingw (see fig. 1.15, F-F). Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

dateandinterpretation Muriseli colour, Description, Medieval/mixed Brown(10YR 5/3); topsoil Brown(10YR 5/3); LH I-II fillwithMH I Early Eta I (wallsdg debrisfromMH I Late Structure Brown(10YR 5/3); destruction and dh) and M H I wall dq fillover Dark greyish brown(10YR 4/2) withstonesoverlineofwash;destruction Eta I occupationofyardsw ofMH I Late Structure filloveroccupationofyard in colourthan2; destruction Dark greyish brown,lighter Eta I NWofMH I Late Structure Eta I Finewhiteclay(10YR 8/1)withline ofwash;surfaceofyardNWofMH I Late Structure withMH I Late fillforconstruction ofStructure cutting Greyishbrown(10YR 4/2); presumably Eta I Pale brown(10YR 6/3); occupationand destruction ofMH I Earlybuildingassociatedwithwall dj Finelightgreyclay (10YR 7/2);floorofMH I Earlybuildingassociatedwithwall dj Finedarkgreyish brown(10YR 4/2); EH II Late occupation Greyishbrownwithlittlebone or shell(10YR 5/2); EH II Earlyoccupation

Basketnumbers 2 4 3, 7 5 ? no sherds ? no sherds ? no sherds 23, 63 2 1,63 30, 32, 65 65, 66

foundN ofwalldg; theseare probablyto be associatedwithEta burials1-3, and presumably came fromone or otherofthesethreegraves. [The LustrousDecoratedjug 1265, largepartsof whichwererecoveredfromthe same sector, Eta I, sinceseveralsherdsof thisvesselwere providesa linkwiththefindsfrominsideStructure also foundin the cornerof wallsdg and dh. The floorhere survivedin an area extending some ofthiscorner;it also yieldedthecookingpot 1318, thebodyofa large 2.25 m E fromtheinterior closedvase (1251a),whichcouldnotbe reconstructed andwas notkept,thebonepin-head6002 and theunworkedpig'stusk9164. to [A washline was visiblein thesectionslopingfromthetopsof wallsdg and dh downwards thes, as is seenin fig. 1.20. Thiswashlineconsistedofmanysmallstonesand pithosfragments on level (stratum theerosionofthedebrisfromthecollapseof 4), and represents topofthedestruction thebuilding.Southofwall dg it was overlainby a further 3, of the depositof finerearth,stratum samecolour. Eta I and thatnwofwalldh werefoundin a dark [Boththepottery depositfromwithinStructure level about cm in seen fig. 1.20 atleftand centre(stratum 14 greyish-brown 4), andin fig.1.21 deep, thedestruction ofthebuilding.In additionto thepottery it (stratum 2). Thislayerclearlyrepresents containedfallenstones,someof themburnt,and at itsbase slabsofreddish-yellow smoothedmud on theoppositesidemeasuring 1.2 5); thesehad reedimpressions 'plaster'or daub (fig.1.20,stratum and 0.6-0.7 cm wide.This was probablyroofingmaterial, canes from the canna reed using giant Arundo nowcalledkalámia. The ceilingorroofcouldhavebeenmadeofsmoothed mudresting donax, on canes,whichin turnrestedon beams.Fora contemporary from Area Nu plate 17 b. see example

38


in LH II Nichoria,18 and caneswereprobablyemployed on caneswas used forroofing Clay resting in as in 19thcentury forpitchedroofsin theDarkAgethere.19 Theyarestillused Laconiaforceilings, thebuildingmusthaveburneddown. housesatAphyssoú nearSparta.Forthedaubtohavesurvived, stratum some24 cm thick(fig.1.20,stratum Thisdestruction levellayovera lightbrownish-grey 6), whichis datedto MH I Earlyand itselfoverlieswalldj ofthatphase. butnotburned.The presence foundnwofwalldh seemstohavebeenbadlyshattered [Thepottery thatthe ofsherdsoftheLustrousDecoratedjug 1265 bothinsideand outsidethebuildingconfirms areaseithersideofwalldh werein use at thesametime.A thinlayeroffinewhiteclayin thewestern sectionofTrenchI, n ofthecornerformed 6), mayrepresent by wallsdg and dh (fig.1.21,stratum thecontemporary floorsurface here.] Anotherclosedvessel,theDull Paintedjar 1255,was foundin a rathermorecompletestatethan Itsneckand upperbodywerefoundinside tothemis perplexing. thosementioned above;itsrelation towardsthecorner(plate with itsneckpointing ne wall the face of Eta I, resting Structure dg, against with bonein thevicinity. that burnt 18 d). Somepieceswerefoundin a vertical wall, positionagainst 1 and 7 (see fig. burials the later to theE, disturbed further Sherdsfromitsbellywerescattered by thelayerofflat above destruction-level within the dark was found vessel 2.2). [This greyish-brown I Eta Structure were observed daub which tan-coloured of 1.20, stratum (fig. 4 throughout pieces Eta burial with of the one at first associated The excavator abovestratum burials, pithos 5). jar 1255 Eta burial7, withanotherinterment, 1, whichwerelatermade withinthisroom,and subsequently infant. either contained it to have narrow for too seemed of the the mouth However, although jar in is fact interment this latter with burial C. Zernerdoubtswhether 7; Mycenaean.20 jar 1255 belonged Eta I,21and thefactthatthejar is burntsupports Zernerproposesratherthatthejar datesStructure it is puzzlingthatdaub thisview.Butifthisjar belongswiththepottery depositfromthisbuilding, The thisstratum. below vase closed and the the under fromitsfallensuperstructure 1251a lay jar, lay into and fell Structure the when was on the roof that is caughtfire, building explanation surely jar 1255 Decoratedjug 1265 fromboth ofsherdsoftheLustrous EtaI whenitsceilingcollapsed.The recovery thereis no recordthatthese Eta I andtothenwmighthavethesamecause,although insideStructure se partofthe in theextreme was found of charcoal sherdswereburnt.The carbonP-2571 14 sample this in a stratum of Area phase.22] stonesthatlay i. 25 cm above thedividingline Walldq was a singlerowoffivemedium-to-large withtheMH I Earlywall dj. [Walldq runs associated was the floor which betweenEH and MH, to be cut it m until fromwswto ene forc. 1.6 part by thelaterwalldi wherethelatterforms appears fromthatofwalldi. Itsdatemustbe MH differs its I ofthecistoftheLH burial15; alignment slightly butis at a higherlevel theMH I Latedestruction, basket3, whichrepresents I Late,sinceitunderlies is wall of thantheMH I Earlywalldj. The function dq unknown.] In thenarrowspace betweenwall dh and the earlierwall dj no fewerthanfiveinfantor child viz.burials4, 7 and 9-11 (seefig.2.2).Another burialswereuncovered, four,viz.burials1-3 and 8, same the to werefoundclosebyon topoftheearlierwalldj andbelong group.Thereseemtobe two Burials and or childburialsin thisareanearwallsdh 4 and 9-11 wereat a lower dg. phasesofinfant ofwallsdh and dg and the bases setofburialswerewellbelow levelthan1-3, 7 and 8. [Theformer these with below thefloorassociated interments intramural walls,as J. B. Rutter werepresumably Thesewereall belowthelayerofdaubwithreedimpressions, probablyfromthecollapsed suggested. Eta I, whereasthelatterburialswereabove thislevel.Hence theformer roofofStructure groupof was buried wasstillinuse.However,thelatter afterwards, whilethebuilding wasinterred infants group someofthemduringMycenaeantimes.23] (v) Middle Helladic I Early [TheMH I Earlyphasein AreaEta involvedwalldj withan associatedsurfaceto itsnwthatrested of thisphaseis sherds on EH II strata.For detailsof thewall see table 1.21. The pottery directly 1191-1236.] forc. 5 m acrosstheAreafromsw to wallin thisArea,stretched Walldj, theprincipal diagonally wall later the of ne section abouta metreshortofthe di/dr,whichcutacrossitspath(see ne,finishing in thisArea.In itscentralsw section, walls MH the of earliest fig.1.15 and plate 4 b-c).It was the 18 Rapp 1978, 227. 19Coulson 1983, 31. 20 See Chapter 2 §3 below.

21 See Chapter 5 §5 (iii) below. 22 See Appendix 9 §3. 23 See §3 (ii) above.



39

walldj was crossedbythelaterwalldg (plate4 ¿); walldg madea cornerwithwalldh at itsnwend at a slightangletowalldj. A thirdwallin thissector, (plate4 d)yso thatthelatterranin a ne direction withit either,and is walldo, whichwas at rightanglesto walldj on itsse flank,had no connection evenearlier;it is, in fact,EH II.24Walldj appearsto have been builtalongthes edge ofa sudden 10-15 cm above bedrock,whereasthese facewas dropin thebedrock;thenwfacelay consistently wall of morethantwo coursesand was largelybuiltof it. The nowhere consisted cm above 50 smallstonesin tworowswithevensmalleronesin thecore.In general,largerstoneswereused rather on thenwfaceand againon these faceat thesw end.The base ofitsnwfaceslopeddownsomewhat made by walldj, thelaterwalldg and to thesw.The floorassociatedwithdj occupiedthetriangle the w baulk.This floor,like wall dj itself,resteddirectlyon EH material.The mostinteresting faunalevidencerecoveredfromanyoftheearliestlevelson thesitewas thedeerbonesfoundin this Areain bothEH and MH I layers.25 thatitwas either obvious.Itsgreatlengthsuggests ofwalldj is notimmediately [Theinterpretation thatexisted wall the houses side of one of a or else of the terrace wall, verylargeapsidal part simply in Area Nu I26and Structure found at AyiosStephanosduringMH I, likeStructure Alpha AlphaIII, Ifitwas thewall whichis knownto havebeen some 11-14 m long.27 duringtheearlierexcavations, theinterior of sucha building, probablylay to thenw,sinceon thisside ofthewall theexcavator a division between thelightbrownish-grey clear earth,datedto MH I Early,and a dark recognised II EH Late beneath dated to stratum it, (fig.1.20,strata6 and 8). A lightgreylevelof greyish-brown sectionofTrenchI N ofwalldj, maybe theassociatedfloorlevel(fig. fineclay,visiblein thewestern 1.21,stratum 7). In thesw partof thissectortheexcavatorsuspecteda floorbecauseconsiderable I vessels,neitherof whichhad a completeprofile,seemedto reston a surface MH of two parts associatedwithwall dj (see plate 5 b). To these of wall dj, on theotherhand,he foundno clear in thickness from50 cmne oftheEH transition betweenEH II and MH I, onlymixedlevelsvarying if or by thefeet walldo to at least30 cm sw ofit,as thegroundhad been churnedup by cultivation the ofanimalspennedup in an enclosure.However,theonlylargefragment ofMH I Earlypottery, rimof thecoarseroundedbowl 1277, comesfromthelowestexcavatedlevel SE of wall dj in the extremesw oftheArea,shownat theleftin figs.1.18 and 1.20. Thereare fewfindsthatdefinitely EH II. The paucityofthesefinds,listedin table belongto thisphaseratherthanto theunderlying eitherthatwalldj was a terracewallafterall,or thatthebuildingto whichitbelonged 1.22,suggests was carefully cleanedoutbeforethesucceeding phaseofconstruction. fromEH II LatetoMH I Early,withno intervening [AsinAreaZeta,therewasa transition directly EH III phase.Exceptin theextreme s oftheArea,thistransition was exploredall theways fromthe laterwalldi to wellbeyondtheMH I walldj. North-west ofwalldj thetransition was clearlyvisible as a changein soilcolour,wheretheexcavatorsuspectedthepresenceofa MH I Earlyfloor,as was notedabove.Butin thesectorsne and sw oftheEH II walldo and se oftheMH I Earlywalldj, the transitional ofabout5 cm ofreddish-brown of earth,baskets25 and 29, witha mixture layerconsists EH II Lateand MH I Earlysherds,together withmaterial fromtheMedievalpit.The reddish-brown earthwas presumably therewas also stonetumble,no doubtfromwalldo. The decayedmudbrick; of which it was was abandoned;therewas no signof burning.Fromthis building part apparently seemspossiblethatAyiosStephanoswas evidence,limitedand tenuousas itadmittedly is,itcertainly a for and for several transition fromtheEBA time, centuries, unoccupied perhaps duringthetroubled to MBA. An undersizedsampleof charcoalfromthistransitional stratum sw oftheline ofthelater walldg (sampleP-2570)yieldeda calibrated radiocarbon dateof2375 bc ±525, whichmaycorrespond to EH II Early.28] (vi) Early Helladic II Late Wherepenetration was made to thebedrock,EH II sherdswereusuallyfoundat AyiosStephanos, butin onlytwoAreas,Zeta and Eta,wereactualarchitectural remainsoftheperioduncovered. Area Eta was a comparatively shallowtrench,and pure EH levelswere reachedat 0.80 m below the bedrockappearedat a depthof 1.3 m. An EH II occupationlayercameto lightin theeastsurface; centralpartoftheArea (fig.1.15).A possiblefloorofthisperiodwas recognised in thesouth-central partoftheAreain thespaceenclosedby thelaterwallsdj and dg to thesw ofwalldo, whichis EH 24 See §§3 (vi)-(vii) below. 25 See Chapter 12 §2 and Appendix 8 (d) below. 26 See §8 (x) below.

27 Taylour 1972, 240-1 with 210 fie. 3. 28 See Appendix 9 §2.

4O


II. On thisfloorlaythegood partoftheUrfirnis saucer31 (plate5 c).Anotherfloorwas recognised sideofwalldj and to thene ofwalldo (plate5 d). Moreoftheselevelsextendednwon thefurther passedunderthelaterwalldh. that therealisation oftheexcavator, has confirmed [Statistical J. B. Rutter, analysisofthepottery29 theEH levelswerenotall ofthesamedate.In fact,theycomprisetwophasesofEH II in additionto EH I.30The laterphaseofEH II is characterised wareas wellas by thepresenceofCream-Slipped thatofYellowMottledware,whichwasusedin bothphasesofEH II butnotduringEH I. The EH II sections(figs.1.16-1.17and 1.19), layersare associatedwithwalldo. Theyappearin theschematic walldo continued in use to theend ofthisperiod,itwas and in sectionin figs.1.20-1.22.Although describedin §3(vii)below. builtduringEH II Early,and is therefore apparently EH the extreme s of the levels had not been reachedwhenexcavationceased (see Area, [In pure in themixedbaskets38 and 54, a layeratleast30 fig.1.18).However,EH II Latesherdsarepresent cmthick.To theN,in thevicinity ofEta burial15 (see fig.2.2 below),anylevelofthisdatehasbeen in LH I cist;butin theextremeN oftheArea,sherdsofthisdate the construction of the destroyed wererecordedin themixedbasket58, althoughpureEH levelswerenotreached.NW ofthelater walldj,however, an areasome5 x 1 m in extentyieldedsherdsand perhapsa fewsmallobjects,but wastheT-rimshallowbowl217. Almostall thesmall no wholeEH pots;theonlyone tobe registered findsthatmightderivefromthisphasecamefromstratamixedwithMH I material; onlythefloorsw and small finds werediscovered A considerable number offragmentary ofwalldo wasundisturbed. pots of the sector that with the the sectors were cleared, lyingne ofwalldo, possibleexception throughout whereonlysherdswerefound.Theirabundanceshowsthatwe are dealingwithoccupationdebris bothinsidethebuildingsw ofwalldo and on thebedrockto itsw and nw.The objectsdatingfrom thesecondphaseofEH II arelistedin table 1.23.The EH depositsalso yieldedthebonesofsheep marksin somecases.31] or goat,pigand ox, thelasttwowithbutchery (vii) Early Helladic II Early [TheearlierphaseofEH II, characterised bythepresenceofYellowMottledwarebuttheabsenceof all is over the sectorsthatwerecleareddownto bedrock,exceptsw of attested ware, Cream-Slipped mixedwithit.EH II and is apparently wall do, whereEH II Late materialoverliesEH I directly in in fig. in a direction if clockwise are we sherds found, (see 1.15), (a) thewholetriangular go Early sectorbetweenthelaterwallsdi and dj, i.e. nwofthesuddenrisein thebedrockmentioned above; on bedrockundertheLH IIA cist,Eta burial15; and (c) thecornertothene of (b) theloweststratum walldo and to these ofthelaterwalldj, i.e. thearea belowand to these oftherisein thebedrock, figs.1.16-1.17 overtheEH I depositin basket68. The layersofthisdatearevisiblein thesections, x x m and 1 and 1.19-1.21.The areaclearedwas approximately m,(b) 1.5 0.75 (c) 1.5 x 1.5 m, (a) 5 a total area of 8.375 m2-] giving as EH II was oflaterwallsin theArea,theonlyone thatcouldbe identified Amongtheprofusion it the was cut the where from walldo, whichrannw-seforsome1.15m,starting se, by deepMedieval MH I Earlywall dj. nw under the at the it to thepointwhere disappeared above,32 pitmentioned rather rose the bedrock Walldo did notreappearnw ofwall dj, probablybecause suddenlyat that wall mayhave that the was oftheopinion J. B. Rutter, point(figs.1.15 and 1.19).The excavator, wallhad one The in to theline ofthesharpfall thebedrock. been builtperpendicularly purposely ofthewall width ofa doublerowofstoneswitha coreofsmallstones.The courseonly.It consisted wall do was at table 1.24.Sincethebase of was50-55 cm.[Forwalldo see fig.1.15,plate 5 ¿-¿/and should thesamelevel as thebottomof basket67, whichis datedto EH II Early,itsconstruction EH II at the in use untiltheend of site.] belongto thisperiod.However,walldo continued thelaterwalldh,betweenthelater ofEH II date,218, was recoveredfromunderneath A strainer wallsdi and dj. [SeveralotherEH II EarlyvaseswerefoundbothtobothNand s: thesauceboat190 lay underthecistofEta burial15,justabove thebedrock,and thelargebowl 216 and EM import or to thes of thelaterwall dg. Also,the 222 wereon thebedrockat a similardepth,underneath 'wishbone'handlefragment pan',was foundin theMedievalpit (fig. 219, froman EH I- II 'frying theEH levelsne ofwalldo, andwhichcontainedEH 1.22)whichwas cutalmosttobedrockthrough withintheselevels.] I and EH II sherds;thehandleundoubtedly originated of obsidian bladelets, 5042 and5043-5045,werefound 5038-5039, 5030-5033, namely Quantities disc5025. as wellas thesmallpiercedphyllite withthisEH II pottery, 29 See Appendix i . 30 See §§3 (vii)-(viii) below.

31 See Chapter 12 §2 and Appendix 8 below. 32 See §3 (i).



41

Fig. 1.22. Area Eta. Partialsectionof e baulk,lookingeast (see fig. 1.15, G-G). Muriseli dateand interpretation Stratum Description, colour, 1 topsoiloverLH/mixedpre-Medievalsurface Greyishbrown(10YR 5/2); Medieval/mixed overMH I Late fill 2 by surfacelevel Ashygrey(10YR 5/1.5);Medievalpitcontaminated 3 Ashygreywithmuchbone ( 1oYR 5/1) ; Medievalpit brown(10YR 5.5/3);MH I Late filloverMH I EarlywithEH II Late 4 Brown/pale brown(10YR 6/4); EH I occupation 5 Lightyellowish

Basketnumbers 6 over 11,13 over *5> 17, 19 6, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 50 20 over24, 25, 29 68

(viii) Early Helladic I was thefirstto suggestthattherewereEH I levelsin thisArea. He [The excavator, J. B. Rutter, and theburnished observedofbasket28 that'theincisedfragments mayindicatean earlyphaseof EH II orevenEH I ... Sherdsin a heavyburnished and in colour- thislookslike red brown fabric, EH F. He notedofbasket31 that'burnished a verylargepercentage warecomprises ofthetotaland in EH F.33A. MacGillivray EH I material in thisis eitherearlyEH II or somewhere also recognised seriationstudy34 confirms thisconclusion, thesetwobaskets(sherdsib, 3-11 and 13). A statistical sinceit showsthatYellowMottledwarehad notyetcomeintouse duringEH I. Baskets28 and 31 containEH I, althoughin thesecases it is mixedwithEH II Late. However,basket68, whichhas neither YellowMottlednorCream-Slipped pieces,shoulddatefromEH I as well,and has no later admixture. had alreadycommented: On itRutter 'remarkable are (i) thecompleteabsenceofYellow Mottled[ware]and(ii)thehighpercentage ofcoarseburnished pieces;itis hardtoescapetheconclusion thatthisis an earlierphase of EH . . . thanthatofbaskets65 and 66.' This smallcorpusof EH I constitutes theearliestknownoccupationat thesite. pottery EH I wasspreadovera smallerareathanthatofEH II Early.The EH I assemblage [The occupation is notassociatedwithanystructure, sinceitwas foundat a depthbelowthatofthebase ofwalldo, whichwas c.-2.2 m BM (see figs.1.16-1.17,1.19, 1.22).Walldo musttherefore be EH II in date. The EH I surface is nestledagainstthatsteeprisein thebedrockfromse to nwalongwhichtheMH I walldj wouldlaterbe built(fig.1.15).The extentoftheEH I deposittothene ofwalldo wasabout 1.5 x 1.5 m,i.e. 2.25 m2,witha depthoflightyellowish-brown deposit,basket68, some 14 cmthick. To theswofwalldo as faras thelaterwalldg,theareaclearedwas a littlelarger,some 1.5 x 2.0 m in i.e. 3 m2.The strataoverbedrock,baskets28 and 31, were40-60 cm deep; thesecontaineda extent, mixture ofsherdsofEH I and EH II Late,witha floorofthelatterdateon top,as was shownbythe presenceofthecompleteEH II vessel31. In thesw corneroftheArea,in thecornerformed by the laterwallsdg and dj, the requisitedepthwas not attained,but the presenceof severalsherdsof 33 B. Rutter, notebook. J. pottery

34See Appendixi .

42


burnished warein baskets38, 54 and 70 mayimplythattheEH I occupationextendedfurther tothe sw.Meanwhile, se ofthesuddenrisein thebedrock, theEH I layerslopedgently downfromne tosw, whichexplainsitsgreater depthto thes. Up thehillnwoftherisein thebedrock,beyondthelineof thelaterwall dj, EH I depositswerenotencountered; an EH II Earlylayerresteddirectly on the bedrock. wareintheloweststratum excavatedinTrench However,thepresenceofsherdsofburnished MH I pottery, III, basket58 containing suggeststhatan EH I level lay below thepointat which ceasedin theextreme N oftheArea. excavation ofobsidianobjects, [ThefindsfromtheEH I surfaceare listedin table 1.25; theyconsistentirely and that werenotretained. the cortical flake for two flakes of white red chert 5041, except including A numberoflumpsofobsidianand a flakewithpartofthestone'sweathered cortexwerealso found of obsidiantoolswas takingplace on thissurface.The butnotkept.It is clearthattheproduction of theEH levelshereis theverysmallamountof excavatorobservedthat'a featurecharacteristic MH strata'.The phalanxofa harewas boneand skullcomparedto whatcomesoutoftheoverlying recovered frombasket68, provingthatthisspecieswas thenhunted.35] 4. AREA BETA 3, 8, 9 AND 10, 1974-77: EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC (figs. 1.23-1.33) (i) Introduction Beta3, 8, 9 and is calledAreaBeta 1974-77,combinesTrenches [ThisArea,whichforconvenience to thene ofAreaBetaof 1959-63, AreaBeta 1974-77 laydirectly distinct. 10,whichwereoriginally trenches Beta1 and 2 were Beta1-2 and4-7. In thelatterAreatheoriginal whichcomprises trenches 11 and 12 to and Beta and 6 to the to its Beta its Beta with trenches Beta to w, s, N, 4 5 7 expanded Atitse edge,AreaBeta1959-63 is separatedfromAreaBeta1974-77bya baulkof thesw (fig.iv).36 Beta 1 withAreaLambdaof 1973-74.Sincepartsoftrench only0.5 m; at itsw edge,itis contiguous with and architecture Beta 12A and 12B of 1963 sharemuchstratigraphy of 1959 and oftrenches are discussedin theaccountof Area Lambda/Beta12.37The restof Area Lambda,thesetrenches in thisvolume,exceptthatin Chapter14 belowa fewminor AreaBetaof1959-63is notrepublished theevidencepermits. where have been ventured reinterpretations fromne to sw. For a plan ofit,showingthetrenches, downwards was tilted Beta [Area 1974-77 fig. see IIA-IIIAi walls and LH sections, sectors, 1.23,and forthemainsectionssee figs.1.24-1.26. to be excavated,sincean E-w trenchof 5 x 1.5 m was originally Its se cornerwas thefirst dug as One burialwas trench Beta3 in 1959,5 m to thee oftrenchBeta2; forthelocationsee figs,ii-iv.38 seemed published,39but there were so many walls that the architectureand stratigraphy the ceramic of an and The renewal of excavation sequence understanding improved incomprehensible.40 themhere.] thefindsfromtrenchBeta3 and to republish haveallowedus to interpret in trench zone betweenBeta 3 and theold Area Betawas investigated In 1974 theunexcavated Beta8, whichwas 50 cmw ofBeta3 and 4 x 4 m in extent.It was separatedfromtheold Beta2 to Beta9, whichwas Beta3 was exploredin trench thew bya 50 cmbaulk.The zone to then oftrench Beta 8 andw ofBeta x N trench the of 10 to Beta m in size. Trench and was N Beta cm of lay 3 5 5 50 x In 1977 the in m extent. m it was a cm of these from each baulk; 4 (e-w) 2.5 9, separated by 50 Areawas thebaulksbetweenthem;theresultant was combinedbyremoving wholeofBeta3/8/9/10 the1974 in since was x work m2. of the Most i.e. m in m extent, 66.5 accomplished 1977, 7 (n-s) 9.5 was curtailed.41 season There were fourburialsfromArea Beta 3/8/9/10in 1974 and ten in 1977, if we count robbedcists,as wellas one in 1959.Fora fullaccountoftheseand thefindsassociatedwiththemsee Chapter2 §4 below. (ii) Late Helladic IIIA2-IIIC Early of the Medievalwalls:comparethe The removalof the Medievallevelsinvolvedthe destruction LH IIA-IIIAi plan (fig.1.23) withthatoftheMedievalperiod(fig.3.2). [A lateMycenaeanlevel 35See Chapter12 §2 withAppendix8 (e) below. 36ThisAreais shownin Taylour1972,231 fig.15. 37See §5 below. 38The plan drawnby the excavator,R. Hope Simpson, appearsin Taylour1972,206 fig.2.

39 Tavlour 1072, 2^2. 40 Tavlour 10,72,2^%.

41FortheextensiveMedievallevelsthroughout theArea see Chapter3 §3 below,withfig.3.2.


43

Planshowing Fig. 1.23.AreaBeta3/8/9/10. sections(figs.1.24-1.26),elevations sectors, (figs.1.27,1.29-1.30)and LH IIA-IIIAi walls,withLH IIIAi pottery andfinds.

was presentse oftheMedievalwall ee in these corner(fig.1.25 stratum 5), whichyieldedmany ofdeep bowls,thebone awl 7001 and thegreenstone fragments polisher7254. The presenceofsuch a layerin theSW and Southifsuchlevelsonce CentralSectorswillbe discussedshortly. Elsewhere, erodedor terracedaway,sincetheMedievalbuildings in thenwand existed,theywerepresumably ne directly overlayLH I- II levels:see fig. 1.26 at right,and theleftedge of fig. 1.25,wherethe continues leftward without fora further 3 m all thewayto thene changeor anyfeatures stratigraphy corneroftheArea.The excavatorin 1974,M. K. Langdon,was surelyrightto suspectthatthelater removed.] Mycenaeanlayersweredeliberately The principalevidenceforoccupationin LH IIIC Earlywas in thesouth-central partoftheArea. However,it is notclearwhethertherewereanywallsof thisdate.A monochrome kylixbase (not in thefoundation kept),probablyofLH IIIC Early,was thelatestsherdfoundwithearlierpottery trenchdug forwall eb, and mightseemto date thatwall.The nw end of wall eb made use of an earlierstructure: thisstretch ofwallturnedoutto be a step(StepI) at theend ofan alleylaid outin LH IIA, as is explainedbelow.42 in use in theMedievalperiod,along However,walleb was certainly withwallsea and ec, whichwereentirely Medievalconstructions. 42 See

§4 (iii) (a) below.

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(iii) Late Helladic IIIAi LH IIIAi phaseofconstruction can be distinguished.] [A distinct it appearedthattheuppermost Fromthepottery stratain theN sectoroftrenchLambda 1 were earlierthanthosein thes discussedabove.79This partof theArea was at a higherlevelthanthes sectorbecauseofthesteepslope oftheground.In thisN sectora seriesofwallsemerged,in some cases perhapsassociatedwithstampedfloors.These walls could not in 1973 be integrated with thosein trenchBeta 12A of 1963. Two walls appearedjust below the surfaceat rightanglesto In thene partoftrenchLambda 1, walllb withE-waxisappearedto cutan earlierwall one another. la at its s end and ran roughlyparallelto the laterwall hu further s. Wall lb continueda short distanceintotheLambda 1 / Beta 12 baulkbeforemakinga shortreturn to thes; thereturn is called walllo (seefig.1.36). This [Walllb containeda sherdfroma LH IIIAi kylix,3557; thisseemsto dateitsconstruction. LH IIIAi phaseis represented walls lb and called Structure Lambda V. These walls are lo, onlyby in table 1.40.Terracing described or severeerosion,or evenboth,wasprevalent here.Thustheother twosidesofStructure LambdaV to thew and s totally and itsnwcornertoo.J. Rempel disappeared, that LH the II-IIIAi Floor 1 of have been associatedwithit.To thes ofwalllb, suggested 1973 may amongtumbledstoneswhichlayoverFloor1 andwerewith1973 basket14 (fig.1.45),wasthestone socket7277a containing remnants of a doorpostwhichhad been destroyed by fire;thiswas not in it since was found bowl 3569 was foundin Room 1, w ofthe situ, upsidedown.The monochrome laterwalllm; thisis datedtoLH IIIA2 Earlyorbefore, butis probablytobe associatedwithLambda burial7. The presencehereofnumerous LH IIIAi burials80 thatmostofthissectorremained suggests an open spaceduringthistime. thatthisphase and theprecedingone are represented in each case onlyby the [Itis remarkable innerwallofa structure builtintothehill.The outerwalls,facingthesea,havevanished.Thiscannot be a resultofrecenterosion,sincea subsequent LH III phasewas builtupon theremains.It would seemthatthewallsofeachphasewereterraced awayor sliddownthehillbeforethenextphasewas built,stillwithintheLH III period.] (iv) Late Helladic IIA-IIIAi Early wallsand floorsare assignedto thisphase:wallsmj, la, lp and gc withFloors18 and [Thefollowing of 19 1963,Floors1 and 3 of 1973 and Floor3 of 1974.] In trenchLambda 1 wall la, withn-s axis,occupiedthen end of the E baulk.In then of the Lambdai/Beta12 baulkwalllp, withe-w axisand builtoflarge,roughblocks,abuttedontowallla (fig.1.36). [Thee end ofwalllp onlyprojecteda stoneor twointotrenchBeta 1 of 1959; as in the underthesurface. Itscontinuation further e had disappeared; thishadpresumably baulk,itlaydirectly beenremovedby stone-robbing erosion. Walls la and lp are seen or,moreprobably, sweptawayby in plate 10 c. Anotherwallwithn-s axis,wallmj, appearedin thew baulkoftrenchLambda 1 at thesamedepthas wallla. Tojudgebyitselevation(fig.1.38),itmayhaveformed the approximately w sideofa roomboundedto theE by wallla, withtheLH IIIAi Floor3 of 1973 in between.] In trenchBeta6 of 1963,underlying thew flankofthelaterwallga at a lowerlevel,at thepoint whereitjoinstheNend ofwalllq ofthesamedate,was theshortwallgc (plate 10 d). Wallgc ranNs fora distanceof 1.25 m,butpeteredoutto thes beforeitreachedBeta 12A; at itsN end itstopped at theN baulkoftrenchBeta 1. [Whenremoved,ityieldedsherdsthatweredoubtfully identified as LH IIIAi; however,it seemsto theeditormorelikelyto belongto LH IL W. D. Tayloursuggested thatat itsN end wallgc wouldhave turnedto thew andjoinedup withthemissingcontinuation of wall lp. Wallgc passed overwallsgd and ge, whichhave been assignedto the LH I-IIA phase. Hencewallgc is LH II-IIIAi . [Wallsmj, la, lp and gc date fromLH II-IIIAi; wall mj probablywentout of use withinLH IIIAi, butwallsla and lp seemto have been reusedin thefollowing phase of construction. They werebuiltafter thecollapseoftheearlierwallIf.Thesewallsareall assignedto Structure LambdaIII; fortheirparticulars see table 1.41. Wallsla and lp, withwallgc to thee, delimited Room 3. The s of Room was terraced for the construction of Rooms 1 and in LH 2 IIIC part 3 away Early,when wallhu formed itss wall;forthesamereasonno tracesremainedofthes walloftheroomformed by wallsmj and la. The n wallofthisroomwas notfound,and presumably liesunderthebaulk. 79 See

§5 (ii).

80 See

Chapter 2 §5 (i) below.

7O

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AND R. JANKO

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?43 over45, 52 Softbrownwithstones;LH IIIA2-LH IIIC Earlymake-upofLH IIIC Earlyslab 1959 #8, 9; 1963 #74, 121, Floor5, 1974,downto Floor 15, 1963 135 l(è^2)$ l3& over*42 Stickyyellowclayoversoftbrown;LH IIB Floor 19, 1963, overLH II fillwitha littleLH IIIA2-LH IIIC Earlycontamination Softbrown;LH I-IIA filloverMH III/LH I Floor22, 1963 1963 # 142, 143 Softdarkbrownburntoverrichbrownwithburning;MH III/LH I floor(Floor22, 1963 # 146, 150 to Floor with and down hearth 24, 1963 1963) make-up

[Wallgc shouldprobablybe associatedwitha thinspreadofblackash and charcoalthatranup to itsw face.Thiswas calledFloor18 of 1963; italso noticedin trenchBeta 1 (see figs.1.40 stratum 9 ityieldedno finds. and 1.41 stratum 7). Itsdatewas LH II-IIIAi. Unfortunately, floor,Floor19 of 1963,was associatedwithwallgc. Thisfloorlay in theBeta 1 / Beta [Another 12B baulkE ofwallgc and ranunder,and E of,thelaterwallga (see figs.1.35 and 1.42 stratum 6). It wasmadeofsticky yellowclayverylikethatoftheLH II-IIIAi Floor1 of 1973. On itlayLH IIB in was foundin layersofwashthatoriginated thecup 3672. OtherLH II pottery including pottery, erodedfloorsofthisperiodin theNpartoftheArea.The LH IIA goblets3667 and 3670, foundon towashwhichcamedownoverRoom theLH IIIC Earlyslabbedfloorin Room4, mustbe attributed in Room found I 2 on theLH IIIC Earlyslabbed LH micaceous The its after jar 1774, 4 collapse. to such also be ascribed must wash.] floor,


75

A thirdfloorofthisphasewas foundin then halfoftrenchLambda i . Thiswas Floori of 1973,a It passedovertheearlierwallle (shownin plate layerofyellowclaythatwas onlypartlypreserved. 10 ¿,inplaninfig.1.36,andin sectionin fig.1.45).It had no wholepotsorfindson it.It wasLH IIIIIAi in date.[Sinceitwasmadeofsticky yellowclaylikethatoftheLH IIB Floor19 of 1963,itwas at that laid time.] perhaps Anotherfloorassociatedwiththisphaseis Floor3 of 1974,whichlay in theLambda i/Beta12 baulk,e ofwallla and s ofwalllp in Room 3. Thiswas takenup withbaskets30 and 32 of 1974.It was pavedwithslabs,on whichlaythepestle7244 and greenstone drill-core 6101, residuefromthe manufacture of a stoneaxe-head.This flooris thoughtto date to LH IIA. It lies at a veryhigh whichis markedin fig. 1.41 at upperright. elevation, Another floor,Floor3 of 1973,was notedin theN sectoroftrenchLambda 1. Thisappearedtobe associatedwithwallla and belongsto LH IIIAi. [Itranfromwallla acrossto thebase ofwallmj in thew baulk,as can be seenin sectionin fig. 1.38. It is presumably to be associatedwithboththese N-swalls.It lay overtheearlierwallIf;it was dugwithbaskets13, 19 and 21 of 1973. On it were foundthehole-mouthed jar 3497, whichis datedto LH IIA, and theLH IIIAi unpaintedgoblet It also the other 3558. yielded objectslistedin table 1.42.] (v) Middle Helladic III Late to Late Helladic IIA The laterwallswereremovedin ordertorevealtheplanoftheearlierperiod.The wallsofthisperiod areshownin theplanofthisphase,fig.1.43.Theyconstituted a setofroomsnumbered Rooms5-12 on theplan and knownas Structure LambdaII (see table 1.43). It was suggested thattherewas a secondphase of construction, whichinvolvedthe buildingof wall lc and the use of thinslabs at in walls le and ht. in thes partoftheAreaproved [Theearlierstrata doorways justunderthesurface easierto understand thanthedeeperlayersin itsN part.] In the N partof trenchLambda 1, wall la, describedabove,81was foundto reston an earlier, broaderwall in the same N-s axis,wall If. Wall If was builtof largishrubbleblocks,up to three courses,and was 60 cm wide. It was not removed.Wall If was assignedto the EarlyMycenaean Room6 fromRoom7 on theplanofthatperiod(fig.1.43).It is uncertain whether period,delimiting Room6 was roofedor an open courtyard. WallIfwas preserved to a greater than other height Early Mycenaeanwallsin thissector. [Tothee ofwallIf in trenchBeta 1, a wallwithese-wnwaxis,wallgd, was abuttedby a N-swall, ge (plate 10 d). To judgebythesection(fig.1.40),wallge is probablytobe associatedwiththeMH III/LH I or LH I layerthatrunsup to itsbase (Floor20 of 1963),and wallgd wouldtherefore be of a similardate.SincewallIfwas alignedon approximately thesamecoordinates as wallgd, theyare to havejoinedat rightangleswithintheLambda 1 / Beta 12A baulkand to have formeda thought room(Room7 on fig.1.43).The E sideofRoom7 was formed bywallge and thes sidebywallhx, whichis describedbelow.] WiththeremovaloftheN-sbaulksand revelation ofthen-s wallsthattheycontained, it proved 'rooms'to then and E,whichhad alreadybeen exposedduringtheearlier possibleto definefurther excavations (Rooms5, 8 and9 on fig.1.43).Room5 in Beta6 /Beta1 wasboundedbywallhd tothe the line of wallgd tothes andwallhe totheE.Room8 laywithin trench Beta 1,totheE ofRoom7 N, ands ofRoom5; itwasboundedtothen bywallgd,totheE bywallhy,thes continuation ofwallhe, tothew bywallge andtothes bya probableeastward continuation ofwallhx. Room9, whichlayin trenches Beta12B,Beta1 andBeta6, hadwallhd as itsn boundary, wallhe/hytoitsw,andwallhw to itss. [ItsE boundary laytothee in Beta4 andBeta 11,andmayhaveincludedwallgu.] To turnto the centraland s partof theArea,at the end of the 1973 seasonit was possibleto theese-wnwwall le as a continuation of wall hx in trenchBeta 12A of 1963, and the interpret moreor less parallelto it in thes, as an extensionofwall ht solidlybuiltterracewall Id, running in thattrench(see figs.1.35 and 1.43 and plate 11 a). In 1974,as was expected,wallId was found justbelowthesurfaceat thes end of theLambda i/Beta 12 baulk,and did indeedconnectwith wallht to theE. The restoftheshortwallhr adjoiningiton thes was also uncovered(figs.1.35 and ofwallle was reachedand sketched, but 1.43 and plates 9 a and '' b). [Theeastwardcontinuation itsstoneswerenotplanned.] In thew partoftrenchLambda 1, anotherwall,wall lc withnne-sswaxis,lay approximately at rightanglesbetweenwallsle and Id. [Walllc abutswallle. The recordedelevationofthetopofwall 81 See

§5 (iv).

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lc, whenplottedontothe elevationof wall le in fig. 1.45, provesthatthe twowallswerein use sincethelayerofslabson thetop ofwallle ranonlyas faras theE faceofwalllc, simultaneously, at thepointwhereitsfacebegins.The datingofbothwallsproveddifficult. The removalof stopping walllc yieldedtwoyellow-glazed MedievalsherdsandtheLH IIIAi rim3554. Henceitwassuggested thatwalllc once made a cornerwiththeLH IIIAi walllb, thereby thew side ofRoom 1, forming whichwouldhavebeenclosedbytheearlierwallId tothes; wallId toowouldhavecontinued in use downtoLH IIIAi. However,thepresenceofMedievalsherdsinwalllc showsthatall thelatersherds in it can be ascribedto a Medievalintrusion, probablyto rob stone.Moreover,thelayerofyellow 1 called Floor of LH which is II-IIIAi in date,overlieswallle (figs.1.44-1.45and plate 1973, clay 10 b).Indeed,theLH I-IIA Floor2 of 1973 stopsat thebases ofbothwalls,whichreston a burnt leveldatedto MH III/LH I, basket20 of 1973,as is describedbelow(see figs.1.44-1.45).It follows thatbothwallsmustbe datedto LH I-IIA, and probablyto LH L] The spacebetweenthee-w wallsle and Id formeda longroom(Room 10 in fig. 1.43).An early wallwithN-saxis,wallIt,whichstarted to appearat theendofthe1974 seasonbetweenwallsId and le immediately to thew ofthelineofwalllm,wouldalongwithwalllc have conveniently divided Room 10 intothreeparts,Rooms10A and 10B to thew ofwallIt and Room 10C to theE ofit.[Wall It was notcleared;itappearsin outlinein fig.1.43.The e sideofRoom 10C was formed bywalllr, a wallthatcametolightin thes partoftheBeta 12A / Beta 12B baulkwhenthes endofthelaterwall lq was takendownin thelastdaysoftheseasonof 1974. Walllr was neverplanned.In these ofthe formed Area,thecorner bywallshw andlr,whichwasalsoclearedbutnotdrawn, probably represented a further 1 1, sincewalllr appearstohavecontinued Room s ofthelineofwallht.The areas of room, wallht,probablya courtyard or street, is calledRoom 12.] The construction ofthewallsforming Rooms6-12 showedsomevariation. Theirdetailsaregiven in table 1.43. Mostof themwerebuiltof irregular two to a thickness of a wall,givingit a blocks, widthof50-60 cm.Wallgd, 48 cmwide,had tworubblecoursessurmounted byrowsofflatslabs.It is suggested thattheseformedthebase fora mudbrick whichwouldnothavebeen a superstructure, in digging.Not all ofthesewerenecessarily uniquecase. Numerousslabswerefoundhelter-skelter in being partofbeatenfloors;somecouldequallywellhavefallenfromwalls.WallId was exceptional oflargerstones.To judgeby the 70 cm broad;ithad threeto fourcoursesand was also constructed results oftheexcavations of 1963,82 theterritory to thes ofwallsld/htand hq was without habitation and was used as a cemetery(see fig. 1.43). Wall ld/httherefore was perhapsa terracewall. [Its thickness is explicableifit was an exterioror terracewall in whichat leastwall Id was of earlier construction thantherest.] The positionoftheentrances to thevariousroomsis sometimes discernible fromtheuse ofthin slabsfortheirthresholds; see theplan,fig.1.43.Wallgd endedabruptly in theE,thusallowingample communication betweenRoom5 and Room8. It was suggested thatan openingat thes end ofwallIf wouldhave allowedaccessbetweenRooms6 and 7. Therewas a possiblethreshold on walllr,not markedon theplan,thatwouldhave allowedcommunication betweenRoom 10C and Room 11. Therewas also a doorin wallle towardsitsw end,justshortofthelineofwalllc. Throughthisdoor one couldpass fromRoom 10B to Room 6. The threshold was made up withthinslabs.[Theslabs abuttedthee faceofwalllc, whichprovesthatwallslc and le werein use at thesametime;see the elevationin figs.1.44-1.45.] The approachto Room 10C fromthes was through a doorwayin ld/htwhichwas likewisemade ofand to thes ofthe up withthinslabs(seeplate 11 band fig.1.45).The shortwallhr,builtin front doorwayin wall ld/ht,seemsto have servedno otherpurposethanto act as a kindof rampto approachtheentrance.[ItsE end was robbedout,as is shownby thecutline of Floor7 of 1963, whichabuttedontoitat thes. Wallhr thusseemsto have continued E beyondthedoorway, forming a longstepto eitherside oftheopening.83 Wallhr wentoutofuse duringLH I, perhapsbecauseit was gradually buriedunderoccupationdebris.] The floorsofthisbuilding werebarelyreached,as investigation ofthelowerlevelswasnotpossible, ofall excavation in Greecein 1974.Information therefore is ofnecessity owingtothefinalsuspension The findsfromthesefloorsare listedin table 1.44,and thepottery is publishedbelow.84 incomplete. In trench Lambda1,justn ofwallle and undertheLH IIIAi Floor3 of 1973 (see fig.1.36),were foundtherimfragments ofthebichrome semiglobular cup 1595 ofLH I-IIA date.[Thiswasprobably froma surface in Room6 associatedwithwallIf.] 82 Taylour 1072, 2^0-6,

83 So

Taylour 1972, 254.

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84 See

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associatedwiththeinterment, thes end oftheMH III/ datingitto LH IIA. The tombhad destroyed LH I wall nf (see figs. 1.54 and 1.61 withplate 23 ¿), and some of the stonesof wall nf were intothestructure ofthecist. incorporated (iv) Late Helladic I fromthephasethatfollowed architecture [ApartfromtheLH I/IIA wallna, therewas no settlement has been publishedas fromLH I contexts Nu II in LH I Early.Pottery ofStructure thedestruction two and baskets from This came 41, representing thinlayersunderthe 38 1974 R973-1012. mainly Nu II and toitss and e (seefig.1.55 LH IIA fillthatlayoverRoom 2 oftheMH III/LH I Structure oftheMH III/LH I wallnf.The the removal from it as comes is stratum 7); R975, however, earlier, in table are included small finds LH I wholepotsand 1.57. in Area Nu was theshaftgrave,Nu burial13. The existenceofthis [TheonlyLH I construction onlyafteritsshafthad almostbeenclearedand theMH III/LH I levelshad begun grave,recognised of and led to thecontamination oftheArea hardto interpret to be takenup, made thestratigraphy fill. The its from I/IIA LH I and someofitsearlierlevelswitha smallamountofLH upper pottery belowthatoftheMH III/LH I floor ata depththatwasactually ofthisgravewasdiscovered surround andyielded Nu IL Thisfloorwasforthemostpartcuriously in Room2 ofStructure roughand stony, discoloration no But whereitwasundisturbed atallexceptnearthehearth, no finds (seefigs.1.60-1.61). at thetime,and thereseemedno reasonto suspectthatit had been cut oftheearthwas recognised fora burial.Onlylaterwas thelineofa cutting alongthen edgeofthetombobserved;thisis through shownin sectionon fig.1.59 and in planin figs.1.60 and 2.10 a. builtwithone stone'swidthofsmallor ofwallscallednp,nq, ns andnt,veryroughly A quadrangle 1 largestonesand ofone courseonly,was foundto havemarkedtheareaoftheshaftgrave(figs. .60, had werec. 2.1 x 1.6 m. Itsconstruction destroyed 2.10: a and 2.11 withplate 24 b).Itsdimensions ranE-wbetweenthes endsofthecontemporary thatpartoftheMH III/LH I wallnmthatoriginally is markedby dottedlinesin fig.1.61. wallsnfand nk; thelineofwherewallnm was destroyed ofthe is sealed shaft 'the that in wrote excavator by andpredatestheconstruction grave 1977 [The MH III/LH I building'.However,it mustcome fromthephase afterLH I Early,fortworeasons. thetopofthe Basket40 of 1977 fromwithin LH I/IIA sherdswerefoundin thefilloftheshaft. First, shaftyieldedtherimofa fineMattPaintedbichromegoblet(2045) whichC. Zernerdatesto LH 1/ Decorated containedsherdsoffineLustrous IIA. Basket47 of 1977,also contaminated by theshaft, of the the I/IIA LH also are which Also, decoration length 2086). with (2081, dark-on-light cups ofthe surround the of width the matched wall Nu Structure wall of s the of nm, II, portion destroyed nm wall of the Hence 1.60. fig. in illustrated fit is the of The exactitude missingportion shaftgrave. the was obliterated nf wall of continuation s the as was tomb by the was removedwhen built,just because undetected shaft The afterwards.126 soon ofNu burial12 construction passed graveinitially oftheshaftdownwithit to a depthbelow theearthofitsshafthad sunk,takingthestonesurround thestonesofthequadrangular thatoftheMH III/LH I floorof Room 2 (plate 150). Presumably sunk have must which the of settledintothetop by at leastseveralcentimetres shaft, gravesurround become and out dried had filled been compacted.The fillincluded once thesoilwithwhichit had has which muchof theLustrousPaintedjar 2125, large,loopyspiralsdatedto MH III Late and crucible withMM IIIB, and the 6064; otherpiecesofbothwerebuiltintothewallsof contemporary residuewere found working thegrave.Anothercrucible, 6062, was onlyin itsshaft.Piecesofmetalcontexts III MH in and nf wall I III/LH (see tables 1.60 trenchoftheMH foundin thefoundation in it is on was carried hereabouts; also attested thatthisindustry confirms and 1.63).Theirdiscovery metalfrom artefacts the that follows it I.127 Nu Structure theMH I apsidalbuilding, Unfortunately fromthelatterperiod,and cannotin any be cast-ups all I could MH than later contexts from working thegravesee below.128] of account case be datedwithaccuracy.Fora moredetailed (v) Middle Helladic III/Late Helladic I to Late Helladic I Early (Period III Rutter) of the whichensuedshortly afterwards, [Thisperiodwas markedby thebuildingand destruction, forits in cleared preparation Nu IL The terraceon whichitstoodwasthoroughly verysolidStructure were nx and walls III MH the ng erection.In MH III/LH I mostof the levelsassociatedwith 126See §8 (iii) above. 127See §8 (x) below.

128 Chapter 2 §7.



103

Fig. 1.59. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Partialsectionof s baulk of trenchNu 1 throughRoom 2 of StructureNu II, lookingsouth (see figs. 1.53, 1.61-1.63 and 1.66, E-E').

Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Muriseli dateandinterpretation number, Description, Loose grey(10YR 5/1);Medieval/mixed topsoil Loose greyish brownwithmanystonesto w (10YR 4-5/2); Medievaldestruction debris Greyishbrown(10YR 5.5/2);Medievaluse ofyardsurface Lightbrownishgrey( 1oYR 6/3) withsmallstones(washline); Medievalyardsurface formedby LH IIA fill Verypale brown(10YR 7/3);LH I/IIA fill Verypale brown(10YR 7/3);LH I EarlywashoverLH I Earlyfloorin Structure Nu II, Room 2 Blackwithabundantcharcoal;LH I Earlyhearthin Structure Nu II, Room 2 Lightreddishbrownburntearth(5YR 6.5/4);LH I Earlyfloornearhearthin Structure Nu II, Room 2 Lightyellowishbrown(10YR 6/3-4); MH m Late-LH I Earlyfill Pale brownwithflecksofreddishyellowmudbrick(10YR 6-7/3); MH III Late fill Hard lightbrown(Munsellnumbernotrecorded,presumably10YR 6/4); MH III Earlyfloor Blackwithcharcoal;MH I Late destruction debrisofapsidalbuilding,probably burnedroof-beams, cutby MH III/LH I terracewithLH I/IIA fill Hard yellowishbrownwithmuchschist(10YR 5/4-6); MH I Late destruction debris ofmudbrick ofapsidalbuilding consisting debrisincluding Lightredor reddishyellowwithcarbon(3.75YR 6/8); destruction decayedmudbrick amongoccupationdepositon floorofmainroomofMH I Late apsidalbuilding

Basketnumbers *973 $ l 1973 # 1 X973# l 1973 # 1 1973 #5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20 *973 # 20, 22 over24 (w ofwallnc) X973#35? *977 #5 1973 #35 1977 # 3 (e halfofRoom 2), 24 (w half) 1973 # 20 X977* 31 at base of 1973 # 20; radiocarbonsample P-2568 1973 # 25 (e ofwallnc); 1977#41>53 *977 #53?61

1O4

W. D. TAYLOURt

AND R. JANKO

Fig. i .60. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Plan of trenchesNu 1 and 2 to show relationof StructureNu II (MH III/LH I) to LH I/IIA ShaftGrave,burial 13.

terracedaway,and thetopsoftheMH I wallnh and theMH II wallnv werealso removed.The Nu 1 and over40 cm deep,is seenin theE baulkexactlyat theboundarybetweentrenches cutting, withsomedegreeofconjecture Nu 2, as is seenin fig.1.55,at right. Itsescarpment is also indicated, exceptat theE baulk,in sectionin figs.1.58-1.59and in plan on figs.1.61-1.62.The dateofthis intowhichtheterracewas cutwas the is provedbythesection,fig.1.55.The lateststratum terracing MH III Late destruction levelabove thisfloor(stratum 11). Moreover,a slopingMH III/LH I fill a LH I mixedwithMH I- II sherds(stratum 10) formedthelowestlevelin thecutting, underlying I Nu MH III/LH Structure of the was the builders Thus this created floor. terrace II, in by Early its construction.129 for preparation createdduringthe surface [Theflooris datedto MH III/LH I, and itmusthavebeen a temporary III wallsdd, nu, MH time the IL At the same Nu of Structure the terrace for the of building cutting nw and nx, and perhapstoo partsofwall ng and thew end oftheMH II wallnv, wererobbedto providestoneforthebuilders.In addition,whatappearedto be a robbertrenchforwall nx cuta bone and shell, withplentiful thatlayto theE ofit:see fig.1.56,at left.Thissurface, surface pottery, floors(fig. nv and its associated MH II wall the over N s. It from to downwards passed slopedgently at 1.55, right).] In AreaNu 1, a solidlybuiltwallnf,witha n-s axis,appearedto thew ofthelaterwallna and down(fig.1.61).Wallnfrann-s forthewholelengthof adjacentto it,butat a level 15 cm further ofwallda, whichhad beenfoundin 1959 in Gamma1 Nu 1; itappearedtobe a continuation trench to theN and was at aboutthesamelevel.Whenin 1974 theNu / Gamma1 baulkwas takendown, and itbecameclearthat belowtheMedievalstrata, thetopstonesofwallnfappearedimmediately levelthanitscontinuation wallnfwasindeedthesameas wallda. In Gamma1 thewallstoodata higher fromN to s, wallnf in thes. It was laterverified that,becauseoftheslopeofthegrounddownwards coursesofwallnfwereremoved, Nu 1 thetwouppermost Whenintrench wasbuilton a lowerterrace. PeriodMH III/LH I. was databletotheTransitional itwasfoundtohaveno rubblecore.The pottery 129So Rutterand Rutter1976,20.


105

MH I wallnh; therewas overtheunderlying notedthatwallnf steppeddownwards Q. B. Rutter in thelevelsofthepreserved somedifference of wall nf at its N and s ends figs. (see thesections, top This wall Nu continued southwards across courses of its the 2, 1.58-1.59). impressive although upper s endwererobbedoutwhenburial12 was interred.130 thewallcontinued onwardsand Nevertheless, is seenin sectionin theextremes oftheArea in fig. 1.56; perhapsit formedtheE boundaryof a street. Thiscontinuation is markedwithdottedlineson fig.1.61.] s of NW the corner ofNu 1 thesquaredend ofan impressive wall,wallny,was revealed,flush Just withthew baulk(figs.1.57 and 1.61 withplate 14 a). It was preserved to a heightoffivecourses.Its and elevation that it was w the of a or position suggests jamb doorway a gatewaythatlay between itselfand thew faceofwallnf.[Thewidthoftheopeningwas 1 m.] Otherwallsin trenchNu 1 emerging at slightly lowerlevelswerecalledwallsnc, nd and ne. Wall nc rann-s in thee partofthetrenchand parallelto wallnf.It beganat then end ofNu 1 and was laterfoundto continuefurther s, whereit was called nk. Wall nd had an e-w axis. Wall ne ran to wall nd to the n. Both wallsabuttedwallnfin thew; wallnd abuttedwallnc/nkin thee. parallel Fromtheinterrelationship ofthesewallstheplan ofa housetookshape.Pottery associatedwiththe houseplacesitsconstruction in theTransitional PeriodMH III/LH I. The house consistedof two roomsdividedfromone anotherby wallnd. Copiousevidenceofmudbrick was foundin thelevels abovebothrooms.Room 1 is totheNandRoom2 tothes. [Thisbuildingis Structure Nu II (fig.1.61 andplates 13 c,14 a-d). Erectedin MH III/LH I, itwentoutofuse in LH I Early.Detailsofitswalls aregivenin table 1.58.] The restof Structure Nu II was uncoveredin 1974 in excavatingtrenchNu 2, and itscomplete was thus revealed. Wallnd was notuniform in construction. The w and E portionsofthewall plan wereon slightly different Wallnd (e) made a good rightanglewithwall nc, and both alignments. werewell built.At itsw end wall nd (e) appearedto rununderwall nd (w). The latterwall was to wallnfand lay at a distinctly perpendicular c. 60 cm E of higherlevel;itsE end finished wallnf.Bothwallnfand wallnd (w)werelesswellbuiltthanwallsnc and nd abruptly The existence ofa (e). mudbricksuperstructure to the walls was demonstrated mudbrick in the soil by patches during excavation. The s extension ofwallnc intotrench Nu 2 was calledwallnk,as atfirst itwasthought to be a different wall. Its neat construction and well-defined outlinewere farsuperiorto the rough wallingofwallnc,butwhathadbeenuncoveredofthelattercouldbe regarded as thesoclesupporting themainwallproper.It shouldbe mentioned, thattherewas earthbetweenwallsne (s) and however, nk,thatthetwowallsdid notlineup exactly,and thatwallnk leantoverto thew. [Perhapsthiswas causedby subsidenceafterthecutting oftheshaftgraveburial13.] Wallsnc and nk werebuiltin a narrowpreparedtrenchbelowthefloorlevelto eitherside.The s end ofwallnk wasjoined at rightanglesby anotherwell-built wall,wallnm,thatissuedfromtheE baulkoftrench Nu 2 and bondedwithwallnk (see plate 13 a, c).In theaxisofwallnm therewas a stumpofa wallon thew flankofwallnk,makinga rightanglewithit.Moreover, thes endofwallnf turnedto thee, endingin a shortwall.It appearedthatbetweenthesetwoshortwallstherewas once a wallforming thes limitofthehouse,whichhad beenremoved.The outlineofits missing portionis shownwithdottedlineson fig.1.61.Itsformer existencewas confirmed thediscovery in 1977 of by theshaftgrave,Nu burial13,thewidthofwhoseshaftcorresponds to thatthemissinglengthofwall fortheburialmusthave destroyed nm; thecutting thispiece ofthewall.131 In Room2,justs ofwallnd,a roughrectangular foundation ofsmallstones,on a levelcorresponding towallsnc andnd (e),wasinterpreted as a hearth(fig.1.61 andplates 13 c,14 a-c.Someofitsstones showedmarkedsignsofburning, and charcoalpatcheswerenotedat a levelslightly abovethehearth buttothee ofitextending as faras wallnc. Duringdigging in thecentreofNu 2, a stonebench,wall no,wasrevealed.The benchwasbuiltagainstthee faceofwallnf(fig.1.61 and plate 14 a-d). It was 1.65 m longand 35 to 40 cm wide.Itss end coincidedwiththereturn to theE ofwallnf,i.e. thew end ofwallnm. [Thusitwas constructed in thesw cornerofRoom 2 whilethisroomwas closedto thes by wallnm,beforemostofthelatterwallwas fortheshaftgrave,Nu destroyed by thecutting burial13. SinceitcontainedsomeLH I sherds,itwas an additionto theoriginalplan.] Atthene cornerofthebench,justs ofthehearth, thepaintedkantharos R297 wasuncovered(fig. 1.61 and plate 14 c-d).The vase layupside-down on a layerofcharcoal,partsofwhichwerefound insidethecup,whichwasbadlyburnt.Itspositionestablished thelevelofthefloorofRoom 2, where itwas notcutbythelatershaftgraveburial13. The smallhandmadekantharos R514 was foundjust e ofthehearth.The burning and charcoal,first notedin 1973 to theE ofthehearth, was widespread 130See §8 (iii) above.

131On the shaft gravesee §8 (iv) above and Chapter2 §7 below.

lo6


Fig.1.6i. AreaNu/Gamma 1.PlanofStructure NuII (MH III/LH I), showing locationofsections (figs.1.55-1.59)andfinds.

Fig. 1.59 radiocarbon datesobtainedfromitsee below.132 up to c.60 cmtothes also;fortheaberrant in from this floor Room a s the hearth. The section Room of 2 and 2 through pottery provides just Nu to thes limits of trench to the surface s of the fromthecontemporary 2 building, extending living andse,wasregardedas MH III/LH I in date,butC. ZernerdatesittoLH I Early,on thebasisofthe LH I piecesR428 and R461-462; piecesR249 andR284 maybe LH I/IIA,butthesewereprobably LH I/IIA shaftgraveburial13. Thismaterialis publishedas DepositL introduced by theintrusive e halfofRoom 2, seenin plate 15 a, and laterthewholeofit,was dug The (figs.1.55-1.56,1.59). Nu IL Structure MH III/LH I building, the removal of the entire to prior and charcoal a in in Room charcoal had been found 2, only verylittleburning Although quantity was remarkedin Room 1. The MH III/LH I beak-spoutedjug R319 and conical cup R488 132 Appendix 9 §5.


107

werefoundin the earthjust underthe laterwall na. [Thesewerefoundamongthe sherdsfrom betweenc. -1.0 and -1.2 BM. Theirapproximate findspotsare markedon fig. 1.61. The remains ofthesepotswereperhapsprotected under theLH I/IIA wall na. The flooritselfseems by being to have been at a lowerlevel,viz. c. -1.47 BM. Sincethesevesselslay above thelevel ofthefloor at the timeof the destruction of Structure Nu II, theymay have been on the roofwhen the there is no of The MH III/LH I pottery foundunderwall na is buildingcollapsed; sign burning. as M. The sherds could have been used as one published Deposit plentiful beddingforthewall;133 the of from the foundation trench for wall nf. The obsidian core maycompare largequantity pottery 6122 was foundwiththesesherds,indicating themanufacture of stonetools.For a sectionthrough Room 1, showingwallne in elevation, see fig.1.58.] In theNu / Gamma1 baulk,w ofwallnf,belowthethinLH IIA levelwhosepottery waspublished as DepositP, was a stratum K The sherds were held to containing Deposit (fig.1.57). comprisesome LH IIA piecesbutmostly MH III/LH I; however, C. ZernernowbelievesthattheyareLH I Earlyto LH IIA. Underthisfilllay a LH I Earlyfloor(see fig. 1.61) on whichwereuncoveredthebase and lowerbodyofthecoarsevessel2309a, lyingupsidedown.Thisfloorwas contemporary withtheuse ofStructure Nu II toitsE,butitlayat thesamelevelas theMH III Latefloorassociatedwithwallng (see fig.1.61).Itslevelwas thesameas thatoftheMH III Late floorbecauseStructure Nu II rested on a terracethathad been cutdownby 50 cm intothedestruction levelsofthebuildinginvolving wallng (seethesections, figs.1.55 and 1.58,theplan,fig.1.61,andplates 14 band 15 b).[Thesame LH I Earlysurfacewas foundat a slightly from deeperlocationin trenchNu 1 to thes; thepottery thereis publishedas DepositH. DepositsH and K are indicatedin sectionin fig. 1.57. The same floorwas uncoveredin trenchNu 2 w ofwallnf,at almostthesamelevelas theone in Room 2 (see fig. 1.56,at right, betweenstrata7 and 10). Two or possiblyfourshallowstakeholeshad been cut intoit;theirexactlocationsare notrecorded.] The base of thecrudepot 2313a was uncoveredE of theMH III/LH I building.The potsand smallfindsfromthisphaseofoccupationare shownon fig.1.61 and listedin table 1.59. Othervases came to lightduringtheexcavationof Nu 1 in 1973 thatwerestratified underthe levelsofthehouse.Fourvesselswereuncoveredto thew ofwallnffromthefoundationoccupation trenchforthatwall: R243, R246-247 and R412. These compriseajar, twokantharoi and a lughandledbowl.In 1974 morepottery was excavatedfromthecontinuation ofthistrenchin theNu/ Gamma1 baulk.Upon theremovalofwallnfin 1977,itbecamepossibleto clearthe fill remaining ofthetrench. was c.60 cmwideto then in theNu/Gamma1 baulk,broadening [Thistrench to c. 1.2 m in trenchNu 1 butthennarrowing It containeda againto c. 30 cm in trenchNu 2 to thes.134 numberoffinds, whichare listedin table 1.60.It was sealedby thesurfaceofLH I Early surprising date,and it cuttheMH III Late UpperPebbledRoad (fig.1.58,at left).135 Rutterrightly datedthe materialfromthisfillto MH III/LH I. The pottery excavatedin 1973 is publishedas DepositG; however,somepiecesthatbelongedwithDepositG weredug as partof the DepositH,' whichis LH I Early.The sherdsrecoveredin 1974 are publishedas Deposit overlying J, whilethosefoundin 1977 (baskets13 and 22) are publishedbelowamong2001-2204 and 3598-3637. These Deposits areshownin thesections, figs.1.57-1.58.] Thereseemto be no burialsofthisperiod. (vi) Middle Helladic III Late Underneath Structure Nu II wallsofthepreviousperiodscametolight, butitwasnoteasytomakeany intelligible planoutofthem.[Wallsdd, ng,nu,nw,nx andoa belongtoMH III, as wellas twostreets, theUpperand LowerPebbledRoads,whichlay underneath theUpperPebbledRoad foritswhole In studying thepottery fromthisArea,C. Zernerhasbeenabletodistinguish length. twophasesofMH to MM IIIA and thelaterto MM IIIB. Therewerethreephasesof III, withtheearliercorresponding MH III Late,MH III Earlyand an earliestphase,whichseemsto have construction, belongedto the transition betweenMH II andMH III Early.The MH III Latephasewillbe discussed first. [Theonlywallsknowntohavebeenin use duringthisphasearetheMH III Earlywallsng andnx. as pureMH III Latein ceramicterms:thesearetheUpper However,twostratahavebeenrecognized PebbledRoad and a surfaceto thee at a higherlevel.] The layerof pebblescalledtheUpperPebbledRoad ran n-s acrossthew edge of thes halfof the Area. It variedconsiderably in width.In the centreof the Area it was as muchas 1.20 m 133Rutterand Rutter 1076, 21. 134Rutterand Rutter 1976, 20-1.

135See §8 (vi) below.

io8

W. D. TAYLOURf AND R. JANKO

theuncoveredpartofitwas 42 to 68 cmwide,and wide;further s, wheretheslopewas pronounced, at thes end it was c. 85 cm wide.At thes it couldverywellhave linkedup withtheE-w cobbled was uncoveredin 1977,namely stretch roadthatskirted then flankofAreaBeta,ofwhicha further StreetBetaII (see figs.1.31-1.32).136 trenchof wall nf had cut away the E partof the road: see the [In trenchNu 1 thefoundation was also tracedin theNu / Gamma1 baulk,as therequisite road fig. The section, 1.58. depthwasjust it at a of Here 1 of Gamma N in trench the to and reached, reappeared 1959. depth c.-1.1 to 1.2 lay in trench trenchofthatwall.The stratum BM to thew ofwallnf,whereitwas cutby thefoundation in MH III Late. Accordingto Gamma 1 containedsherdsof YellowMinyan,a ware introduced thatseemedidenticalwas foundat thesamedepthto theE ofwallnf; R. Hope Simpson,a stratum overtheMH I apsidalwallde (seefig. thissoftorangelayerofsmallstonesc.20 cmdeeplaydirectly n andwasjoined E at this the to turned Road either Pebbled If the pointor continued 1.63). so, Upper w and N sides the have overlaid to seems road the in either the from roadcoming case, e; byanother a mound formed have must which I Nu Structure of theruinsof the apsidalbuilding (fig. 1.63), with Bronze remove to difficult been have would that of veryhardearth Age tools,as consisting MM to dated male Minoan III, wasfoundc. noted.The unusual 7092,tentatively figurine J.B. Rutter this with a sherd that contained fill hard ripplepattern; orange 5 cmbelowthebase oftheroad,in a fig. on 1.62. is shown Itsfindspot toodatesfromMH III Late.137 fromtheUpperPebbledRoad (1977 basket30) is datedto MH III Late (fig. [Thesherdmaterial walls,the MH III Earlywallsng and nx, seem to have 12). Only twopre-existing 1.56 stratum remainedin use duringMH III Late.138 Any otherwallsthatexistedwouldhave been destroyed level Nu II. However,a pale browndestruction oftheMH III/LH I Structure theconstruction during in Late floor III MH a over survived ofmudbrick, ofthisdate,fleckedwithreddishyellowfragments thene partoftheArea.ThisfillyieldedDepositE ofpottery.] wasfoundagainstthe DepositE producedseveralfinds.The coarsedipperR168, all butcomplete, withthedipperwas thegreenstone sw faceofwallng. Together pounder6109. [Fortheirlocations incorporating see fig.1.62andplate 15 c.TheseMH III Latefindswereon thefloorwhenthebuilding 10). The as thesectionshows(fig.1.55 stratum 11, also in fig.1.59 stratum wallng was destroyed, cut was it until southwards bytheMH destruction layerranoverthestumpofwallng and continued II Nu fortheerectionof Structure (see fig. 1.55 thatwas done as preparation III/LH I terracing theLH I/IIA under fromthisfillis alsopublishedwithin stratum DepositF. It lay 11).Somematerial also associatedwithwallng. DepositN, and overan earlierfloor,datedto MH III Early,whichwas s butstilltotheE oftheUpperPebbledRoad a layerofsimilarappearancewasfound(fig. [Further 9). This layerprobablyonce containedtheMH III Latejar 2125, crucible-fragments 1.59 stratum disc6118. However,theseobjectswerebuiltintothewallsand chamber 6062 and6064,andphyllite in the oftheLH I/IIA shaftgraveburial13. Iftheylayon a floorofthisdate,itperishedcompletely was workedhereabouts.The showthattin-bronze forthisgrave.The crucible-fragments cutting trenchfortheMH III/ residue(6067-6068)fromthefoundation ofpiecesofmetallurgical recovery and other fromthissamedestruction thatothermaterial pottery layer,including LH I wallnfsuggests ofa pieceofmelted ofthelatterwall.However,therecovery was dumpedintothefoundations finds, mightbelong bronzefromtheLowerPebbledRoad (6069) meansthattheevidenceformetallurgy foundin the were vase III MH the of that fact the 1933 Early to MH III Early;indeed, parts trenchas wellas in theMH III EarlyfillundertheUpperPebbledRoad showsthatthis foundation trenchalso containedat leastsomeMH III Earlymaterial.Hence theobjectsfromit rangein date fromMH III Earlyto MH III/LH I. Theyarelistedin table 1.60. Otherfindsprobablyor certainly arelistedin table 1.61.] fromMH III Latecontexts (vii) Middle Helladic III Early (Period II Rutter) UpperPebbledRoad but [Wallsdd and nu werebuiltduringMH III Early,sincetheylaybelowthe plan,theymay abovetheLowerPebbledRoad.As thesewallsarepoorlybuiltandmakeno coherent a delimited nx and walls the In animals. for probably been addition, ng have parallel pens perhaps wall bounded but buildingor yardofwhichthese wallhas notbeen found, shown by rectangular roughly presently. musthave been builtduringthe same phase,as willbe three all the to nw w; thatthesewalls indicates wall with associated also floor Late III MH a of ng survival the However, 136The cobbledstreetat theS endofBeta 12A (Taylour1972, sincethiswasLH 256 with231 fig.15 andpl. 46h) is unrelated, IIIC Earlyor evenMedieval.

137Forthisdatinecriterion see Chapter5 §2 (iv) (a) below. 138These are describedin §8 (vii)below.


109

inuse intoMH III Late.139 The wallsandfloorsofthisphaseareshownin planin fig.1.62, continued and theirdetailsaregivenin table 1.62.] In theNendoftheArea,walldd rannne-sswin trenchGamma1,dugin 1959,for1.5 mjustw of thelineoftheMH III/LH I wallnf,slightly off-axis in relationtoitandjustunderitsbase at theN.It N below the continuation of MH III the Late lay UpperPebbledRoad; thebase ofa jar,whichwas notkept,layon topofit.The wallemergedamongfallenstonesand hardreddishdebris,whichwas no doubtdecayedmudbrick. It seemedto peteroutexactlyat thes baulkofGamma1: see fig.1.62 and plate 15 d. Tumbledstonesfromitss end wereexcavatedin 1977 in thenw corneroftheNu/ Gamma1 baulk;thesecontainedtheMH III-LH I sherd2087. The wallwas irregularly constructed oflargestones,andvariedfrom40 to 60 cmin width.It wasnotremoved.[Itwasprobablyrobbedto buildtheMH III/LH I wallnf. terracotta drain-tiles HS 91 of Minoantypewerefoundwiththe channel-side [The remarkable in the fill under the Pebbled Road just to thew of wall dd and an elevationof uppermost Upper c. 1.25 m belowthesurface(plate 15 d).uoAftersome30 cm ofthissoftorangefill,containing Dark Burnished and Dull Paintedsherds,a stonefloorwas reachedw ofwalldd, whichpresumably went withthewall.Sincetheflooryieldeda piece withripple-pattern, in LustrousDecorated presumably 10 cm belowthisfloor,underearththatyieldedanother ware,thislevelwas MH III Late.A further sherdwithripple-pattern, a cobbled a continuation oftheMH II/III EarlyLowerPebbled surface, lay Road to thes; thiswas notremoved.Hence thetwolevelsoftheUpperand LowerPebbledRoads, whichare seenin sectionin theextremes oftheArea in fig. 1.56 and further n in fig. 1.57,were bothpresentin trenchGamma 1 in itsfarn, withwall dd stratified betweenthem.In thiscase,the wallwasbothbuiltanddemolished Excavationceased duringtheMH III Earlyphaseofconstruction. at c. -1.56 BM. This was almostlevel withthe base of wall dd; however,as the wall was never takendown,thedepthofitsbase is notentirely certain.The top ofwalldd was some 25 cm above thatof the MH I wall de, the n wall of the apsidalbuilding,141 and its lowestvisiblecoursewas some30 cm abovetheMH I floorlevel] To thes, wallnu, foundin 1977 in thesw corneroftrenchNu 1, consistedofone coursewitha NNW-SSE axis,whichissuedfromthew baulkfora distanceofc. 1.5 m and thenpeteredout.It was as muchas 80 cmwide.Itssse end consisted ofa fewstonesand indicatedthatithad beenrobbed,as is shownwithdottedlinesin fig. 1.62. Sincetherobbertrenchofwallnu containedtheMH III/LH I sherd2107, itmusthavebeenplunderedfortheconstruction ofwall nf.Wallnu layunderthelayer ofpebbles,i.e. theremainsoftheUpperPebbledRoad running n-s,and wallnu itselfwas laid on a pebblelayer,i.e. theLowerPebbledRoad withthesameaxis.The twolayersofpebbleswereonly separated by c.5-10 cmoffillatthispoint.[Seefig.1.57.Whenwallnu wasremoved, itwasfoundto containtheMH III Earlysherd2108.] Wallnu had a verydifferent axis and widthfromwalldd, and thetwoseemnotto be relatedin ittoolayovertheLowerPebbledRoad andundertheUpperPebbledRoad, plan.[However, although bythew baulkpartofitsstumpprojectedc. 20 cmabovethesurface oftheupperroad(seefig.1.57). It followsthatbothwallswerebuiltand demolished duringMH III Early,whentheoriginalroadwas backintouse.] brought In theNu / Gamma1 baulkto thee ofthelineoftheMH III/LH I wallnf,another wall,wallng witha WNW-ESE totakeshape(seetheplan,fig.1.62,and sections, axis,started figs.1.55 and 1.58).It wasofpoorconstruction, oftheMH perhapsbecausesomeofitsstoneswereusedin theconstruction III/LH I buildingdirectly tothes, Structure Nu II, anditwas oftwocoursesat themost.Wallng had no relation to Structure Nu II. Notonlywas wallng illbuilt,butitwas also on a different completely Whenwallng was removed,thesherdsin it wereapparently alignment. foundto be ofMH II/III on thefloorassociatedwithitwas MH III Early. Earlydate,and thepottery fromthefloorn ofwallng,stratified [TheMH III Earlypottery belowtheMH III LateDepositE, waspublishedas DepositD; thisDepositis indicatedin thesection,fig. 1.55,at left.A grainofbarley and a grapepip,9282 and 9287, werealso recoveredfrom D.] Deposit To thes ofwallng,threevaseswerefoundin 1973 in trench Nu 1 tothee oftheMH III/LH I wall nc (see fig.1.61) on whatappearedto have been a floorlevelin thatsector;theseare thetwoDark Burnished gobletsR62-63 and themediumcoarseLustrousDecorated 2280. [Thesevases couldbe eitherMH II or MH III Early,buttheyprobablycamefroma amphora surface visiblein theE baulk (fig.1.55,stratum 12) thatcan be assignedto thelatterdate.Unfortunately theirexactfindspotsare 139See §8 (vi) above. 140 Taylour 1972, 230, 252 with 230 fig. 14 and pl. 47I1-Ì.

141See §8 (x) below.

110


Fig. 1.62.AreaNu/Gamma 1. PlanofMH II- III Earlywalls,floorsandroad,showing locationofsections (figs.1.55-1.59)andfinds.

as each was foundin fragments. unknown, They came fromDepositF, the elevationof whichis markedin thesection, fig.1.55,at centreright. However,DepositF includessherdsfromtheMH II fillbeneaththeMH III Earlyfloor,sherdsfromtheflooritself, someMH III Latematerial and some MH III/LH I and LH I material thatthisfloor fromtheoverlying levels.The excavatorhypothesised in a narrowstripalongtheE baulk.142 survived The findsfromitareincludedin table 1.63. s of wall with itis bestseenin thesection, fig.1.55 stratum surface and associated 12.This [The ng nm wall all s a below the base of the later surface the to (see fig. probablyslopedgently point way MH will The wall which be described below. and continued on to meet the nx, 1.55) contemporary 142Rutterand Rutter1976, 20.

THE

BRONZE

AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND

STRATIGRAPHY

§8

ill

III Earlykantharos underthelowestcourseoftheMH III/LH I wall 2007 was foundimmediately nm NWof theMH II wall nv (fig. 1.61). The findspotof thiskantharos is markedon fig. 1.62. B. Rutter that this in survived this location wall nm was builtdirectly because suggested J. pottery overit (see thesection, fig.1.55,stratum thevesselmustbe a remnant ofa MH III Early 9, at right); floorassociatedwithwall nx thatwas disturbed whenthe cutting forStructure Nu II was made. Otherwise thisstratum contained MH III/LH I it since was disturbed for sherds, mostly bythecutting Structure Nu IL Anotherpartof the MH III Earlysurfacesurvivedin the centreof theArea; it was represented by DepositC, excavatedat an elevationof-1.5 to -1.65 BM withinthearea ofthe MH III/LH I Room 1,andby 1977basket31, excavatedata depthofc.-1.70 to-1.75 BM underthe hearthin theMH III/LH I Room 2 (see fig. 1.59 stratum 11). Thissurface layto theE ofwallnf,w andNWoftheLH I shaftgrave,and abovethehardyellowMH II fillon whichwallng wasbuilt(fig. 1.62).The elevationoftheselayers,whichwere 10-20 cm lowerthanthatofthefloors ofwallng, showsthatthesurfaceslopeddownmoresteeplyto thew thanit did to thes. The MH III/LH I andthecutting oftheLH I/IIA shaftgrave,Nu burial13, removedtherestofthissurface in terracing trenches Nu 1 and Nu 2, as is shownin fig. 1.62; it sparedonlythosesmallpartsof it thatlay sw ofwallng and due s ofit alongtheE baulk.Pottery of MH III Earlyis published immediately among1908-2000 below.] Wallnx was builtofmedium-sized calcareousfieldstones on an ese-wswaxis.It issuedfromthes baulkfora distanceof c. 1.5 m beforeit cameto a haltat thesw cornerofthesurround to theshaft buthad a good Nface.The w end ofthewallseems grave,Nu burial13. It was onlyone stonethick, to havebeen cutby theconstruction oftheMH III/LH I wallnf.[Thisend ofthewallranoverthe MH II/III Earlylowerterracewalloa seenin fig.1.56 at centre, wherethreeto fourroughshallow coursesofitsurvived. Wallnx bondedwiththes end oftheupperterracewallnw, althoughthisdid notlie at a rightangleto it;thetwowallswereevidently Wallnx ranparallelto wall contemporary. formedpartofthesame structure, builtin MH III Earlyand destroyed ng and presumably during MH III Late.Bothwallsareon thesamealignment as Structure LambdaI inAreaLambda3/4tothe also MH III Early.143 E,whichis presumably Wallnx was notremoved. Wallnw,withapproximately n-s axis,laytothew ofthecutting forthelatershaftgrave,Nu burial 13,andsharedsomestoneswiththew wallofthestonesurround overit,wallns. The wallwaspoorly becauseithad largelybeen dismantled whenwallnfwas builtin MH III/LH I. [Wallnw, preserved called wallnw(II), ranslightly to theE ofthelineofwallnf.It issuedfromthes baulkof originally trench Nu 2, whereitwas c. 50 cm wide.It thenrannnwforc. 1.4 m,whereithad widenedto c. 70 cm (seefig.1.62).Itsuppermost courselayat -1.65 BM at thes and at -1.85 BM at thene; surviving it apparently endedagainstthesharprisein thegroundformedby theruinsof theMH I apsidal Its base fromn to s. The wallwas largelyrobbedoutin MH III/LH building. slopeddownmarkedly I exceptfora numberofmedium-to-large stones.It had a good e face,butitsw facewas demolished ofwallnf.Itse sidewasfurther duringtheconstruction oftheLH I/IIA damagedbytheconstruction shaft grave;towardstheN,thew wallofthegrave,wallns, penetrated thefilloftherobbingtrench of thelatter. The e edgeofthisrobbingtrench ranalongtheE faceofwallnw atthes baulkbutsome15 cmtothee ofitnearitsn end,whereitcuttheMH I wallnh; here therobbingtrenchsurvived. Wallnw containedonlysherdsdatedto MH I- II, buttwofacts only that itis MH III Early.Firstit prove overlaywall oa, whichborderedtheMH II/III EarlyLowerPebbledRoad. Moreover,it bonded withwall nx. It functioned as a retaining wall thatheld back thehigherstratato theE. The steep in thes oftheArea requiredthebuildingofthiswall,whereas gradient thegentlerinclinein theN meantthatno retaining wallwas neededin thatsector.The pottery and smallfindsfromtheMH III Earlylevelsarelistedin table 1.63.No burialsofthisperiodwerefound.] (viii) Middle Helladic II/III Early (Period II Rutter) [Weshallnowturntothearchitectural betweenMH II properand MH III Early.The phasestratified terracewall oa and theLowerPebbledRoad associatedwithit belongto thisphase.] A walloa rann-s,passingintothes baulkoftrench Nu 2, whereitis visiblein sectionin fig 1 56 [Walloa lay undertheMH III Earlywallsnx and nw. As it was notcleared,onlyitsw facewas Thiswallappearsto have servedto separatethehigherlevelsto exposedand itslengthis unknown. theE fromthelowergroundtothew,wheretheLowerPebbledRoad was laidsome20 cmbelowthe wall,m accordwiththenaturale-w slopeoftheground,as can be seenin fig.1.56.Ifthisis correct, 143See §7 (iii) above.

112

W. D. TAYLOURt

AND R. JANKO

theconstruction ofthewallwas associatedwiththelayingoftheroadin MH II/III Earlyand would ofitsw face,i .04 m fromthes baulkandwith withit.Justin front havebeencontemporary therefore and at least25 cm deep, itstopat an elevationof-2.3 BM, therewas a post-hole13 cm in diameter wall was the installed after for a or fence built.] gate perhaps The LowerPebbledRoad,shownin planin fig.1.62 and in sectionin figs.1.56-1.58,ransteeply uphill,likeitssuccessortheUpperPebbledRoad,fromthes baulkon a N-saxisalongthew edgeof havebeen delimited to theexcavator, theArea;italso slopedup fromw to E. It would,according by thepossibleterracewalldescribedabove.A numberofobjectswerediscardedor lostin thesurfaces ofthisroad;theseare includedin table 1.63. [Thesherdsin thefillundertheUpperPebbledRoad witha littleLH I, thepresence are MH III Early,together (1977 basket34) and overitspredecessor i.e. oftheLowerPebbledRoad itself, The sherdsfoundin theupperstratum ofwhichis unexplained. inbasket43 of1977,arepublishedamongitems1908-2000below;theyareMH III Early.However, of thisroad shouldhave been slightly the construction earlier,i.e. in MH II/III Early.A similar overtheMH I wall 1 Nu of in trench in the was found stratum 1974,whereitlay directly sounding than Road rather Pebbled Lower the this stratum that it in found suggests nh.The pottery represented the date above: centimetres a few lain have would which itsMH III Late successor, dependson only Painted Matt or Yellow no were there and decoration thefactthatdark-on-light Minyan predominated, road earlier the but 1 / Gamma Nu in the baulk, reappearedin sherds.Onlythelaterroadwastraced the in mentioned surface the cobbled is this previoussection. trenchGamma1 to thew ofwalldd; caused a surmount to by theruinofthe hump GoingfromN to s, theroadmusthave risenslightly a metrelowerwhen almost was it that so down Nu I and thensloped MH I apsidalbuildingStructure branchedoff have to seems surface this earlier itreachedthes baulk.LiketheUpperPebbledRoad, II/III MH from finds small and Gamma1. The pottery Earlylevelsare totheE in then partoftrench that shows bronze melted metal-working (6069) includedin table 1.63. The presenceof a piece of wenton duringthisperiodtoo.Thereseemto be no burialsofthisphase.] (ix) Middle Helladic II (Period I Rutter) phase,whichis datedto MH II, aremeagre.] [Theremainsofthepreceding Nu 2 withan E-w In these corneroftheArea,wallnv was seentoissuefromtheE baulkoftrench theconstruction for sunk the end w its at axisfora distanceofc. 80 cmbeforebeingcut greatpit by the of side in the visible was base pitat -2.20 BM. oftheshaftgrave,Nu burial13. Atthispointits and s ofwallnv n both found were levels floor [Forthedetailsofthiswallsee table 1.64.Associated MH was N the to that on II, whereas pure 15). The pottery 14 and 1.56 stratum (figs.1.55 stratum is floors these from II The MH pottery publishedbelowas thattothes wasmixedwithlatermaterial. and 1909-1911,1917, 1924, 1931, 1938. X944,1950, 1962, 1&9-19I0, !975> !979> i^-^1 reached. been had 1996-1999.Excavationceasedwhenthesesurfaces 1 had been occupiedby a largeapsidal / Gamma Nu Area of n the I MH Late, part [During levelsof thisbuildinglay undera relatively Nu I (fig. 1.63). The destruction building,Structure of brownish-yellow hardstratum fill,whichin turnlay below theMH III Early sterile, extremely the burnedmudbrickof its buildingthatincludedwall ng. This fillpresumablyderivedfrom PebbledRoadsskirted the and MH III Lower itwas so hardthatthesuccessive Upper superstructure; 1 is Nu/Gamma trench in foundin thisstratum The pottery building,as was suggestedabove.144 at fig. the in section, 1.55 left, TheseDepositsaremarked publishedas DepositsB and A underit.145 betweenthoseof MH I Late and theapsidalbuilding.Stratified whichshowsthattheypost-dated and smallfindsfromMH II contexts thoseofMH III Early,theyare datableto MH II. The pottery arelistedin table 1.65.] In theNWcornerofthemainroomoftheapsidalbuildinga cisttomb,Nu burial14,cameto light ofthe thistombappearto have been awareof thearchitecture (fig.1.63). Those who constructed II. [It MH is its date afteritsdestruction; and theinhumation mayhavetakenplace shortly building, containedtheMH II vase 1888. On thisburialsee below.146] (x) Middle Helladic I Late In 1Q74a soundingwas madeto testforearlierlevelsin trenchNu 1 to thew oftheMH III/LH I Nu II, and due s of the Nu/Gamma1 baulk.The breadthof the soundingwas house,Structure 144See §8 (vi). 145Rutterand Rutter1976, 16, 19.

146 Chapter 2 §7.


113

debrisabovefloor,MH II burial14 and Nu I (MH I Late),showing 1. PlanofStructure Fig. 1.63.AreaNu/Gamma locationofsections(figs.1.55-1.59and 1.64).

determined by thew baulkof thetrenchand thew faceof wall nf:it measuredc. 1 m wide.The of the soundingwas c. 1.5 m. A newwallwas revealed,wallnh withN-saxis,witha floorto length undertheMH II/III EarlyLowerPebbled theE (plates 16 a-b, d and 17 c).The wall lay directly Road (see fig. 1.62). [Thiswallturnedoutto be thew end oftheapsidalbuildingdescribedbelow. wallhad alreadybeen revealedin trenchGamma1 PartoftheN sideofthissamehorseshoe-shaped of 1959,whenitwas calledde.] in 1977. AftertheMH III/LH I wallshad The fullexcavationoftheMH I levelswas undertaken withtheMH III Earlywallng havingalreadybeen removedin 1974,theplanof been demolished, theendofthelargeapsidalbuilding, Structure Nu I, waslaidbarein then partoftheArea;fora plan whichshowsitsdestruction debrissee fig. 1.63. Fromthecompletepotsfoundin it,thisbuildingis datedto MH I Late. [Thisbuildingalso yieldeda numberofradiocarbondates,mostofwhichare

114

w- D- TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

foritserection.147 Itsse cornerlay postquern veryearlybutone ofwhichprovidesa plausibleterminus MH III/LH under dated to because the levels had been terraced I, intervening directly layers away.148 The intermediate intactovertherestofthebuilding, butoutsideittheyremainedonly layerssurvived attheE,s andw edgesoftheArea.Moreover, oftheLH I/IIA shaft theinsertion grave,Nu burial13, Nu I faceofthes wallofStructure thatranalongtheinterior notonlycutthelineofredmud-plaster The thatranoutsideitsexterior. trench at a depthof-1.77 to -1.90 BM, butalso thenarrowfooting the wall and reached of its s exterior face socle of the the stone the 80 cm of removed gravepit upper fig. and the at bottom fig. see the that formed the foundations: stones centre, section, 1.59 plan, large ofwallandthatoftheremainder ofthisstretch betweentheconstruction difference 1.63.The apparent invisible. whichrevealedthe lowestcoursesthatwereotherwise is owed merelyto thisintrusion, destruction undisturbed sealed was the interior of the debris, except However, by building entirely wheretheMH II burial14 was cutintoit.] seenin plates 16 c and evidenceofdestruction, On thefloorofthemainroomtherewas plentiful toit,burntunidentifiable someofwhichhadscrapsofthinplasterattached 17 a: fallenburntmudbrick, withreedimpressions chunksofcolouredpiserasmuchas 11 cmthick, mud-plaster patchesofmaterial, Muchof fallen of of a number and the of thatwereobviously piaster. pieces (plate 17 a), roofing part the nature this of evidence was other there and of showed thepottery throughout signs burning, in and in fig. in section and fig. in in is shown room main in the The debris 1.58 1.63 plan building. was the debris of feature A fig. in fig. F-F on marked moredetail,alongtheline 1.64. peculiar 1.63, thepresenceofthreenarrowellipticalpits,PitsA-C, withroughlyN-s axis thatcontainednothing in thecentralpartofthe Theseweresituated as ofanysignificance. thatcouldbe recognised roughly the from cross-beams of the decay roof,whichhad not been room.[Theyprobablyrepresented at further A the consumedbythefirethatdestroyed building. pit a higherlevel,PitD, was completely one but to containsomenondescript sherds, at thesametimethought suspectsthatthesewerein fact covered was material.The floorof soft,whiteearth by blackburntmaterial, usually clayroofing wasoverlaidbyatleast debris this room main debris.In thes partofthe coveredin turnbymudbrick These sides(fig.1.63). patcheswerecolouredpale eightcolouredpatcheswithtwoor morestraight lower Theirtopswereatprogressively levelsas onewenteastwards orwhitish. brown, greytogrey-black, wallnz,lyingat-1.77, -1.72, -1.73 and-1.72 m BM tothew,andat-1.87, -1.92, fromthepartition pebbleswhichwereprobably -1.90 and -1.97 to thee. NonelayN ofPitD. Theyyieldednumerous usedto holdthatchin place.] turnedout to have been a Wallde, partofwhichhad been uncoveredin Gamma 1 of 1959,149 been recognisedin the had wall nh, southwards, portionof theapsidalwall itself.Its continuation and 65 cm. Its exposed soundingof 1974. In thissectorthewidthof thewall variedbetween55 and earthin the stones surfaceshowedtworowsofsmallstonesalongthefaces,witha fillofsmall be thattheaxis of thebuildingwould N-s,butfurther middle.The soundinggave theimpression and thatthiswas in 1977 showedthatwallnh curvedroundintoan ese to wnwdirection excavation its widthwas c.4.5 m and exposedlength thetrueaxisofthebuilding(see plate 16 ¿, d). Itsinternal thewall averaged50 cm in widthand stood c. 5 m. Alongthes side,whereit was bestpreserved, abouta metrehigh.In thissectorthetop surfaceconsistedof a doublerow of smallstones,with ofmuchlargerstones, smallerstonesused as a fillin thecentre.The lowercourseswereconstructed forNu as is visiblein thes wallin fig. 1.63,wherethelowercourseswereexposedby thecutting a borne have burial13. The rubblesocle appearedto have survivedto itsoriginalheight.It would of floor overthe tojudgeby theamountofdebrisofthatnaturescattered mudbrick superstructure, ofthepartition case the in done was as been have however, In used, thebuilding. placespisémay been have to seemed it above of amount small a wall preserved. outer the of stretch in one pisé wall; n. the in de wall on not but However, nh wall of stretch s the on was found cm thick, 5 Mud-plaster, wallde, and itis s of cm to floor the over debris destruction the in it 40 like 25 appeared something plastered. quitelikelythatthewallsofbothroomsweresimilarly A partition wall,wallnz, dividedthebuildingintotwounequalparts(figs.1.65-1.66).Thiswall sidesofthebuildingmergedintothecurveoftheapse. at thepointswherethestraight was situated widthwas 4.5 thegreatest depthin theapse was barely1.3 m,whereasitsmaximumdisturbed Consequently, and m.Wallnz wasnotfullyexposedin excavationon thew side,and then endhad been in fig.1.63.Butitwouldappearto partlydamagedby theadultcistgrave,Nu burial14, as is shownofsmall and mediumstonesat the madeup havehad a low stonesocleof c. 25 to 35 cm in height, 147See Appendix g §3. 148See §8 (v) above.

149 Taylour 1972, 230 fig. 14.



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Fig. 1.65.AreaNu/Gamma 1. Axonometrie ofwallnu ofStructure Nu I (MH I Late),fromsouth-east. drawing

a narrower walloí pisé,theexact base andmuchsmalleronesforthetopcourse.Thissoclesupported widthofwhichcouldnotbe measuredexceptat thedoorway,whereit was 40 cm wide.The wall, itssocle,was bestpreservedat theN end. Here itstopwas 3 1 cm above thefloorofthe including to a much s thewallwas preserved but as muchas 70 cm abovethatofthemainroom.Further apse, N than thes. nearer the end at its but A doorwaywaslocatedroughly mid-point, slightly lowerheight. to a of charcoal It was60 cmwideand 50 cmdeep.The threshold wasmarkedby largepatch 2 3 cm ran N-s. This solid which ofthewood (sampleP-2969), thickthatin partpreserved thegraining plank had a thincoat of date of 1838 bc ±i38.150Its ne and w surfaces radiocarbon yieldeda calibrated tracesof the N verticalface of the threshold, whiteplaster;thiswas also notedon the surviving to a heightof 15 cm.On thes doorjambthe theN doorjamb, whichwas onlypreserved representing thecorner, afterrounding whiteplasterwas barely5 cm high.The lineofitwas foundto continue, ontotheE faceofthepiséwall,whichis setback 5 to 10 cm fromtheedge ofthestonesocle.This thatthesoclewas c. 50 cmwide.Thereare tracesin severalplacesofwhiteplastercovering suggests theexposeduppersurfaceofthesocleand itsE flankdownto thefloor.One mustsupposethatthe whichlay was coveredby thisthin'stucco'veneerlessthan1 cm thick, entireE faceofthepartition ofsmallstonesin itsupperportion.However, thatin turncovereda revetment overredmud-plaster in theapse itself.The threshold thereis no evidenceforplastering lay 16 to 20 cm above theapse to meetit.On theE sidethestep-upfromthemainroomwas muchhigher: floor,whichroseslightly 33 cm.Fordetailsofthewallssee table 1.66. wallnz wasimpededbythefactthata numberofpots, ofthew faceofthepartition Fullexcavation werefoundcloseto thewall(see plate 17 a and fora planfig.1.66).The severalofthemcomplete, overthe ofvasesscattered ofthemtookup muchtime.A numberoffragments carefuldisengaging towardsitsedges,couldbe madeup intocompletepots,amongthemthe flooroftheapse,especially fineincisedflask1851.Eightvaseswerefoundinthisconfined space,whichwasobviously exceptionally ofseveralofthemwerefound10 to 20 cm abovethefloor,as if The fragments usedas a storeroom. fromshelvesor pegs.Severalisolated theyhad fallenfromabove,perhaps,asJ. B. Ruttersuggested, as potstandson which coarsepotbasesabovefloorlevelcouldbe interpreted flatstonesandinverted 150This date accordswell witha late chronology forMH I Late:see Appendix9 §3.


117

locationofsections Fig. 1.66.AreaNu/Gamma1. PlanofStructure Nu I (MH I Late),showing (figs.1.55-1.59and 1.64)andfindson floors.

threecups,a jug,and twojars.Thejar stood.[Thereweretwoflasks, someofthesevesselsoriginally Therewerealso 1849 containedthebonesofthreeor moreeels (9218),whichare verynutritious. theremainsofa necklace.Fora listofthe (9256-9362,9271), evidently eightpiercedcockle-shells findssee table 1.67.] Fouror fivewater-worn amongthe debrisin the apse. One was of grey pebbleswerescattered marble.Theyweresmoothand unworked,and itis possiblethattheywererawmaterial intended for themanufacture ofstonetools.[Alternatively, someor all ofthesestonescouldhave servedto hold downthethatchoftheroof,as in thecase ofUnitIV-1 at Dark Age Nichoria.151 Nu I is Structure whichhad a pitchedroofwiththatchovera ceilingofcanna likelyto have resembledthatbuilding, reedsand no upperstorey.] 151Coulson 1983,31.

ii8


Of themainroom,onlythew parthad been uncoveredbeforetheexcavationended.Twovases camefromthissector.These werethespoutedbowl i860 and thecookingpot 1901; muchofthe carriedoutin the latterwas foundin theapse. Otherfindsprovidesomeevidenceoftheactivities The sherdsfound at one crucible. of least a and include whorl, fragments building;they pins, spools in thebuildingin 1977 are publishedamongitems1828-1907 below,and thosefromthesounding of 1974 arepublishedas DepositA; thisdeposit,shownin sectionin fig.1.55 at left,is provedbyits layer. depthto havecomefromthetopofthedestruction [A deepersoundingwas madein 1959 by R. Hope Simpsonin trenchGamma1, N oftheapsidal of Nu I, lay beneaththehardyellowstratum wall de. Nearlyall of theapsidalbuilding,Structure the of a branch was different. n it of the to MH II date. However,the stratigraphy Here, just MH III LateUpperPebbledRoad ranE-wjustabovetheelevationofthetopofwallde and almost to its n. Underthis,the first25 cm below thatelevationconsistedof a softorange immediately Nextthere containedMH III Late sherdsand finds.152 withdebrisfroma wall;thisstratum stratum was a hardstonylayerc. 10 cm thick;thismayhave been a branchof theLowerPebbledRoad ofa fillofsoftorangeearthc. 20 cmdeep. excavatedconsisted The loweststratum eastwards. running as wellas DarkBurnished decoration with sherds this contained above Likethelayer it, light-on-dark The I Late. MH II or MH it was andDull Paintedpieces; bodyofa largepithosover1 m presumably 1.66 and plate 17 c.The MH I in fig. is shown as the of floor the in diameter trench, projectedfrom with the n ofand contemporary Latesurface apsidalbuildingprobablylayjustbeneaththisfill,since oftheapse and onlyf. 15 cm abovethatofthefloor floor the as ceasedat thesamedepth excavation nh wentdownc. 15 cmbelowthetopofthewall wall w of ofthemainroom.The soundingof 1974 thatno sherdswererecovered.The fillwas narrow was so by thew baulk,butthearea excavated similarto thaton thefloorinsidethebuilding. to testforearlierlevelsweremadein 1977 at theoppositesideofStructure soundings [Twofurther also The soundings thebuildingwasuncovered. Nu I, to thes ofwallnh. A MH I surfaceantedating constructed was itself the that and II building showthatthisareawascoveredina deeplayerofMH fill, withinthesamephase. no earlierthanMH I Late,onlyto be destroyed forNu burial13, a [Alongthew sideoftrenchNu 2, in thearea s ofwallnh and w ofthecutting II/III MH the thatslopeddownfromNto s layunder stratum EarlyLowerPebbled lightgrey-brown fig. twosections, and fig. ofwallsnfand nw (see theplan, 1.66, trenches Road and thefoundation with basket was fill This 57, dug 10). 16, and fig. 1.57,stratum 1.56,whereitis markedas stratum whichwas also used in thesw corneroftrenchNu 1. Excavationin thesesectorsceased at depths burnished lugbetween-2.19 BM in then and -2.53 BM to thes. The fillyieldedthered-brown thisunusual a floor. thepresenceof However, ofwhichsuggested handledbowl1856,thecompleteness perhapsfroma finalphaseof vase and thesherd1857 areregardedby C. Zerneras earliercast-ups, EH III (a possibleparallel,1925,is froma stilllatercontext).She notesthattherestofthepottery Nu I: otherpiecesfrombasket57 are foundin Structure fromtheMH I Late material hardlydiffers 1887, 1891, 1897 and publishedas 1834, 1842, 1846, 1854, 1858, 1874-1875, 1877, 1883, 1885,i.e. Decorated, notedthattherewas more'minoanising', Lustrous J. B. Rutter 1906 below.However, thatsomeofthispottery Nu I. Hence he suggested belongsto warethanwas foundinsideStructure is this that C. Zerneragrees possible. MH II, likeDepositsA-B fromthefillovertheapsidalbuilding. burial Nu shaft the for the of sector the in 13, basket with grave, excavated area the of pit 57, [East 1.66.The n endofthe fig. the and fig. the see attained: was section, plan, a muchgreater 1.59, depth trenchalongitss narrowfoundation pithad exposeda heightof c. 90 cm ofwallnh, whichhad a in orderto a whitelayer investigate face.Excavationbeganat a depthof-2.79 BM, usingbasket58, be merelya patch.The base ofthepit exposedin thew baulkofthegravepit,whichturnedoutto trenchof a compactstonyreddish-brown fill,whichwas also cutby thefoundation had penetrated fill contained oftheapsidalbuilding.The wallnh. It followsthatthisfillantedatedtheconstruction a depthofc. 10 cmofithadbeen After shell. but and bone of sherds, hardlyany plentiful largepieces a beatenearthfloorwithflecksofcarbonwas exposedat depthsbetween-2.83 BM in the removed, Nand-2.95 BM in thes. Sincethisfloorwas at thesamelevelas thebase ofwallnh,one mighthave trenchofwallnh Nu I, butthefactthatthefoundation thatitwas associatedwithStructure thought Nu I was had been cutintothefillat a higherlevelprovesthatthisfloorexistedbeforeStructure as on it,whichincludedsherds1836, 1840 and 1871 wellas a erected.However,theMH I pottery fewEH II, seemedto be of muchthesame date as thebuilding.Fromthesamebasketcame the 152See §8 (vi) above.



119

Minoanroundedcups 1878-1879 of MM IB/II style,showingthatthe end of MH I Late was withMM IB/II. The floorat itsbase was the earlieststratum reachedin theentire contemporary Area;excavationceasedat thisdepth.] (xi) Early Helladic I-II Early [EarlyHelladicstratawerealmostreachedin 1977 in trenchNu 2 s oftheMH I apsidalbuilding, Structure Nu I, wherebaskets57 and 58 yieldeda smallamountofEH I-II materialamongstlater sherds.Charcoalon thefloorexposedbybasket58 (sampleP-2968)yieldeda calibrated radiocarbon date of 2250 BC± 650. If thisfloor,theearliestlevel reachedin thewholeArea,represented the withthefirst MH occupation, groundsurface contemporary perhapsdatingfromtheveryend ofEH thatoccurredduringEH II Early.153 EH pottery was also III, thecharcoalcouldderivefromburning foundto theN in 1959 in trenchGamma 1. The cast-upsherdsfromthesesectorsbelongto EH II Early,sincetheyincludedsome 'slippedand burnished' piecesas well as YellowMottledwarebut EH II Late.154] hardlyanysherdswithWhiteor YellowSlip,whichis thewarethatcharacterises

153See Appendix 9 §2.

154See Appendix 1.

Chapter2 The BronzeAge burials andR.Janko W.D. Taylourt [Editor'snote:W. D. Taylourdraftedhalfof thisChapter.My additions,finalisedin 2004, are in As in thepublication oftheearlierexcavations,1 each separateburialis assigneda squarebrackets. and Area its each has own series of which run on acrosstheseveralseasons:these number, numbers, the numbers used replace duringtheexcavation.Forexample,whatwas calledLambdaburial1 of the 1974 seasonhas been renumbered Lambda burial5 (withthenumberin bold type),because fourburialshad alreadybeen foundin Area Lambdain 1973. In Area Beta,thenumberscontinue theseriesfromtheearlierexcavations.2 The originalnumbersare statedin thetextand in table 2.3. Thissameseriesofnumbers is prefixed 'SK' on thefigures inTaylour1972 andin theanthropological analysisbelow,3whereeach individualis assigneda separatecataloguenumber,e.g. 9137.] 1. AREA EPSILON, 1973: MIDDLE HELLADIC III LATE ForthelocationofAreaEpsilonsee fig.iv; foritsarchitecture and stratigraphy see above.4 1. Therewas onlyone burialin thisArea,thatofa verytalladultmalein a good stateofpreservation (9100).It is seenin planin fig.1.8 and plate 17 d and in sectionin figs.1.3-1.4 and 1.7.According to theexcavator, a shortshaftwas detectedin thesection,filledwithdarkerearth(fig. J. G. Younger, stratum The skeleton on 1.7 7). lay itsrightside,thelegsdrawnup tothesquatpositionandthearms, bentat theelbow,extendedforward. It was orientated sw-ne,withtheskullat thene end,whichwas tiltedforward so thatit facedw. It restedon a bed ofpebbles,attractively colouredpink,greenand blue.5No gravegoodswerefoundwithEpsilonburial1, so it cannotbe datedwithaccuracy.The datedto MH I Late.Although thelatestpottery in thatarea gravehad been excavatedin a stratum was LH IIIA2, theburialis morelikelyto be earlier.[Sincethe fillcontainedthe MH III Dark Burnished rim1021 withYellowMinyanand Gritty MattPaintedsherds,and thebed ofthegrave containeda light-on-dark LustrousDecoratedpiece,thepottery associatedwiththeburialis MH III the of a sherd from the LH vase is IIIA2 Late; presence 3051 accidental.] 2. AREA ZETA, 1973: MIDDLE HELLADIC I-LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY Forthearchitecture and stratigraphy ofAreaZetasee above.6Six burialswereuncoveredin thisArea, all ofinfants or verysmallchildren;fortheirlocationsand elevationssee figs. 1.10-1.11 and 2.1. Noneofthemhad anygravegoods. 1. Verylittleinformation is recordedaboutthisskeleton(9101). It was foundagainstthene face of wall ig, whichis dated to MH I Late. A piece of red substancewas attachedto the skull. thisnewbornbaby is MH II- III withsome LH IIA, whichprobably [The potterysurrounding datesthisinterment.] 2. Thiswas thepoorly-preserved skeletonof an infant(9102),lyingon stoneson itsrightside and facingw. It was closetoburial1 nearthew flankofwallic and underit.The axisofthebodywasNs, withtheskullto theN.The upperlimbswerein disorder. Whatsurvivedofthelegbonesindicated thatthelegswerebentat theknee.[Wallic was LH IIIC Earlyor Medieval.Mostofthe surrounding is MH II-III, butwithsomeLH IIIA2; thelatterprobablydatesthisgrave.] pottery 1 Taylour1072. 2 208-30. 3 Taylour1972, Chapter12 §1.

4 Chanter1 §1. 5 Forparallelssee §8 fiiiibelow. 6 Chapter1 §2. 121

122


Fig. 2.1. Area Zeta. Plan showinglocationofburials.

3. Thiswas theburialof a newbornbaby (9103, plate 18 a). It lay againstthese flankofwall ie, whichwas apparently ofLH IIIC Earlydatebutreusedin theMedievalperiod,in themiddleofthe areaboundedby wallia at thene,wallib on thenwand wallifat thesw,all ofwhichwereMH II. The skeletonwas parallelto thelast-mentioned wall,withtheskullto thenw.Fromtheassociated thanLH IIIA2, and thelatestsherdswereLH be the interment would not to earlier appear pottery, IIIC Early.[Thesesherdssurelydatethisburial.] skeletons babies(9104-9105).Theirdisordered ornewborn wereoffoetuses 4 and5. [Theseinterments werefoundin thearea definedby theMH I wallsil, io and ip, i.e. theSW-CentralSector(see fig. 2.1). Since theyweredeep in MH I levels,i.e. the thirdphase of MH I in thisArea,below the datefromMH I Late or not destruction levelof Structures Zeta III and Zeta IV, theypresumably werein use,in what mentioned the structures interred while and well have been just longafter, may was apparently an openarea to theirs and E.] remainsofa veryyoungbaby (9106). Locatedin then partofthesame 6. [Thiswas thedisordered i.e. basket108. It was area as were4 and 5, butmuchdeeper,it was in theearliestMH I stratum, ofa largepithosthatranintothebaulkbelowwallio, whichprobablybelongs foundoverfragments ofa largecoarsevessel,finerthanthepithos.This tothemiddlephaseofMH I, andunderfragments thatemployedtwolargepiecesfromdifferent as an interment can be interpreted potsas a makeshift for were themselves the bones reasons,andwerealso However, badlyburnt, mysterious pithos-burial. mustbe Thisburning coveredby a layerofdarkredearththatappearedto indicateintenseburning. MH first of to the I.7] assigned phase 3. AREA ETA, 1973: MIDDLE HELLADIC I-LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY see above.8ThisArea, and stratigraphy ForthelocationofAreaEta see fig.iv,andforitsarchitecture x than no fewer of 8 4 m, produced whichattaineddimensions 15 burials,includingthreepithos an eloquent infants or smallchildren, of are those bodies burialsoftheMH period.In everycase the 7 See further Chapteri §2 (vi) above.

8

Chapter1 §3.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §3

123

locationofburials. Fig. 2.2.AreaEta.Planshowing

ofyounglifein theMBA andlater.The bonesofsuchinfants were on thehighmortality commentary seldomarticulated, and it was difficult to distinguish thoseof one interment fromthoseof another. of The Areawas criss-crossed bywalls;thespacesbetweenthemwerelaterutilisedforthedeposition interments. Insofaras anyplan emergedfromtheburialsin thisArea (fig.2.2), eightof themare at thecrossing concentrated oftheMH I wallsdg and dj, namely1-3 and 7-11. Burials1 to 6 were laid on or abovetheruinsofwallsdg and dj. Of the 15 interments discovered, onlytwo,13 and 15, aredefinitely in MH the rest were found strata. A smallamountof difficult. LH; [Theirdatingproved LH material in thecontexts of5 and 7-8 makesone suspectthatsomeoftheseinfants toomayhave beeninterred that LH The worn bird askos which to be III, camefrom 1319, during period. appears a mixedsurface levelin thes oftheArea.Another birdaskos,1320 frombasket3, is also likelytobe was MH I Late,butwitha slightMycenaeanadmixture. Thesefindsprobably Mycenaean;itscontext two disturbed LH III infant burials. On the of the represent gravesto thetwoMH I relationship which enable several interments to be with to MH I, see above.9] buildingphases, assigned certainty 9

Chapter i §3 (iv).

124

w* D- TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

i. Thiswas a pithosburial,piecesoftheskullof a verysmallchild(9107) beingfoundamongthe overthecornermadeby theMH I Late walls werescattered sherdsofpithos.The pithosfragments where wall well as the and dh as over dg passesovertheMH I Earlywalldj (seeplate 18 ã). point dg of stilllieswithintheconfines as preserved, that 'the B. recorded The excavator, skeleton, Rutter, J. rim and the the with the head of N-s theoutlineofthepithos.The burialis orientated body roughly In ofthepithosat thes. The bodyappearsto be flexedwiththelegspulledup underthebuttocks.' ofwhichweighedover7 kg. thereweretherimsofthreepithoi,ii?87a-c,thefragments thevicinity (91082-3. [Studyofthebonesofburial1 byj. L. Angelrevealedthattwomoreveryyounginfants three the each of infant for one was there here. interred were i287a-c. pithoi Presumably 9109) showsthattheyall post-datethe These gravesare of a similardate to burial1. The stratigraphy Eta I, i.e. thebuildingthatincludedwallsdg and dh. Therewas a little of Structure destruction but Mycenaeanmaterial, thisdoes not make one doubtthattheseburialsbelongwithinthe MH ofburials7 and 8 closeby.The Dull maybe ascribedto theinterment period;thelaterdisturbance have been associatedwithone or other to Paintedjar 1255,datedto MH I Late,was at first thought figs.1.19-1.20.] see thesections, oftheseinterments: calledEta burial2, wereuncoveredagainst smallinfant (9110),at first 4. The bonesofan extremely ofthe to a nwextension theNWflankoftheMH I Earlywalldj in a positionand at an axisequivalent on these flankofwalldj. The skeletonappearsto havebeenlaid on EH II walldo, whichis situated itsrightside,withthelegsat thene end.The skullwas notfound.A piercedschistdisc,6117, seems [Thisburialfollowsthe to be associated.This was found25 cm nw of the edge of theinterment. are EH II witha little which The it. antedate must which wall sherds, of orientation surrounding dj, in use: see fig.1.19.] still was I Eta Structure while I MH to dates Late, MH, showthatthegrave to theE oftheend oftheMH III wall calledEta burial3, lay immediately 5. Thisburial,originally and twopiecesofbone (9111). infant or a child of skull of dk. Therewereonlya number fragments withtheuse ofthe a into cut is MH. it is that The surrounding [It layercontemporary suggests pottery thepresenceof that of levels destruction the However, below Eta I and MH I LateStructure building. is of and these down cut it was that LH HA material EarlyMycenaean a little through layers mayindicate date.Thesesherds, however, mayhavederivedfromtheadjacentMedievalpit,sinceslightMedieval was also suspected.] contamination calledEta burial4, was 6. Thiswaslocatedjusts ofburial5, neartheE baulk.Thiscistburial,at first in itss partby disturbed been had that surround ofunusualinterest badly (plate 18 c)Athad a stone the cistsurviveto of surround the from slabs Two ofa Medievalpitin itsvicinity. upright thedigging a of that was The skeleton(9112) thew oftheinterment. youthaged 13 yearsold, accordingto S. a crouchedpositionfacingw, yetwiththe in buried butit had been Bisel;it was in somedisorder, thattheyhad been drawnup tight bones the of skulllookings. It was quiteclearfromthelayout leg burial.The treatment a trussed was it in other words, so thatthekneeswerebrought up underthechin; a in burial for thatit was intended largejar ofthekindfoundin ofthecorpsein thiswaysuggests a vesselin theimmediate such of buttherewas no evidenceof anyfragments western Messenia,10 space withinthecisttomb,the area.The corpsemusthave been trussedto fitit in a circumscribed be as earlyas MH I Late,but could the date dateofwhichis MH. [SinceEH I layersarejustbelow, thevicinity in material probablycomes itcouldequallywellbe MH II- III. The LH III andMedieval fromtheByzantine pitthatcutthisgraveto theSE.] was uncoveredin thecornermadeby theMH I Latewallsdh and dg. The bones 7. Thisinterment werethoseofa toddler(9113, plate 18 dj. The skeletonlay on itsleftside,withitshead to thenw. This large,handsomeand Piecesof theDull Paintedstoragejar 15555werefoundin thevicinity. in it. [Thebodycould, laid been have to jar has too narrowa mouthfortheinfant partlyrestored at noted However, a broken, practice Mycenae.11 havebeen buriedin itifthejar was first however, destruction the to depositof thisjar, at firstassociatedwithEta burial1, seemsto have belonged the in material later Some vicinity Eta I and to have been disturbed Structure by theseinterments. the from dates burial called first at was which period.] burial Mycenaean that 5, 7, suggests 10 Biegen,Rawson,Taylourand Donovan 1973, i44"5 wit^ figs.215, 233-5.

11Alden2001, 21.


125

8. Thisburiallaydue s ofburial7, up againstthene flankoftheMH I Latewalldg and overtheMH I Earlywall dj. Againthebodywas thatof an infant(9114), of whichonlytheskulland fiveribs survived. calledEta burial6. Although N-s,withtheskullto theN.It was originally [Itwas orientated L. found traces of anaemia in the bones of both and are different individuals: 8, 7 J. Angel they definitely he assignedthemdifferent and at different locations on the as can be seenin ages, theyappear plan, fig.2.2. Theymaywellrepresent died when it was about than8. months older 28 7 having siblings, The dateis apparently thesameas thatofburial7, i.e. Mycenaean.] calledEtaburial7, againlayfurther se andalmosttouching burial11. It consisted 9. Thisburial,atfirst ofanotherinfant skullwitha coupleofribs(9115). It partlyoverlayan animalbone. [Itwas located closeto theinnerfaceoftheMH I Late wall dg. The stratigraphy showsthatthisis an intramural burialmadeduringtheuse ofStructure Eta I, whichincludesthatwall.] 10. This burial,at firstcalled Eta burial8, was the skulland ribsof a newborninfant(9116). It occupiedthecornermadeby theMH I Latewallsdh and dg. [Thedateis thesameas thatofburial 9, i.e. MH I Late.] 11. Thiswas anotherinfant skull(9117),at first calledEta burial9. It lay closeby to these, together withthreescattered bonesto then. [Foundin theangleoftheMH I Latewallsdg and dh,i.e. within Structure Eta I, thisinterment lay 6 cm lowerthanburials9 and 10. As it is in the MH I Early with an admixture of EH II sherds,itcannotbe datedprecisely stratum, withinMH I.] 12. Thisconsisted ofa pileofbabybones(9118) againstthes baulkofAreaEta and about70 cmw of these corner. Itwasatfirst calledEtaburial10.A layerofstonesagainstthes baulkwasremovedbefore thisburialwasuncovered. A smallquantity ofsea shells(Donax)wasfoundinthevicinity, as wellas the brokenshaft-hole axe 6090,butitis doubtful whether thesearetobe associated withtheinterment. The was MH I. [Thisburialofa neonateinfant was incompletely surrounding as it pottery dug, laypartly underthebaulk.Itsdepthsuggests a datein MH I Late,duringtheuse ofStructure Eta I.] interment ofan infant(9119),at first 13. This was thedisturbed calledEta burial11. Thisinterment in the nw corner of the Area the ne flank of the MH walldp. Immediately lay to theN ofit, against from the n was a of and it is baulk, projecting theremainsof pile stones, possiblethatthisrepresents anothercistgrave.Amongtheboneswas foundthelentoidseal 7126, dated to LH IIIA2 stylistically or later.Thisgivesa terminus fortheburial.Thiswouldtherefore be thelatestofthegraves postquern in Area Eta. [The faiencebead 7163 was also amongthebones,and suggeststhatthe seal was a Itsabradedcondition and thefactthatitwas buriedwithan infant personalornament. thatit suggests was an heirloom.Althoughthisburialwas cutintoa MH II context,LH IIIC sherds were Early foundaroundit:see fig.1.19. Itsdatemustbe LH IIIC Early.] 14. [The humérusof a newbornbaby (9120) was foundamong,and confusedwith,thebones of burial13. It couldbe LH IIIC Early,but seemsmorelikelybe an earlierinterment disturbed by burial13, witha datebetweenMH II and LH IL] ofall theburialsin AreaEta,was a wellpreserved 15. This,themostimpressive cist-grave justto the s ofburial13,in theNorth-Central Sector(figs.2.2-2.3 andplates4 c,19 a). It was at first calledEta burial12. Its axiswas approximately sw-ne.Its exterior dimensions werec. 2.05 x 1.65 m,butthe chamber itself wasonly1.35x 0.8 m.The tombhadoriginally beenroofedwithcoverslabs,presumably ofschist, butonlyone suchslab,thesouth-westernmost was foundin thesw cornerofthegrave, one, intowhichit had collapsed.One brokenend of it rested againstthenw wall dm. The preserved lengthoftheslabwas0.8 m andthewidth0.68 m. Ifallowanceis madeforthemissing centimetres at itsbrokenend,theslabwouldhavebeensufficient to coverthewidthofthechamber.[Theexcavator, observedthatit musthave been brokenwhilethetombwas still J. B. Rutter, offill,and that theremustoriginally havebeentwoor threemoresuchslabscoveringthecist.empty No traceofthemwas thatthetombwas openedin antiquity. found,whichsuggests Forothersuchevidencesee below.] The se walldi,whichappearstohavebeena terrace wallandhad a topcourseofverylargestones wastiltedtowards these,no doubtbecauseofearthpressure accentuated in bytheslopeoftheterrain thatdirection. On theotherhand,fallenstoneswithinthetomb,whichcould have comefrom only thatwall,werefoundon itsnw flank.The wallsofthecist,dl, dm and dn, werebuilton bedrock

!26


Fig.2.3. PlanofLH IIA burialEta 15.

ofsoilwherethebedrockslopesawayto thene. The nw savethatwalldn restson a fewcentimetres whereaswallsdl anddn wereonlyone stonethick;however, wall,walldm,wasoftwo-stone thickness, of walldm also servedas a retaining wallagainstthethrust ofearthfromthenw.The wallsconsisted threeto fourcoursesand didnotappearto bond.The topcourseofthesewallsseemedto be double thatthebroadertopsto in thickness, buttheextrastonesrestedon earth.[Theexcavatorsuggested forthelargeandheavycover thebearingsurface to strengthen thecistwallsmayhavebeenintended slabs.The detailsof thewallsare givenin table 2.1. To thesw thefloorof thetombconsistedof bedrock;at itsne endtheskulland thevase 1322 restedon slabs,sincethereweresome5-10 cm of figs.1.19-1.20.] soilabovethebedrock.See thesections, one ofwhich, threecompletevasesthatoccupiedtheNcorner, The tombcontained jar 1322 in the extremecorner,restedon a smallschistslab. Two animalbones werealso foundin the fill.The It lay on itsleftside wellpreserved. ofthetomb(9121) was moderately skeletonoftheincumbent waslocatedabout The the tomb the SE side of smashed, skull, (plate 19 a). badly facingse,occupying and therib was The the close to ne wall di and the crushed, completely jaw pots. along half-way Therewas no traceofthephalangesofthehandsor feet.The skeletonwas boneswerein disorder. datedtoMH III/LH I,12butthevases thatofa juvenileaboutfiveyearsold.Thistombwas originally IIA in date.The fillalso contained LH a are and a it that contained jug 1321-1323 goblet,ajar theLM I jar 1324 and fourLH IIA sherds,publishedas 3223 and 3225-3227 below,as wellas the the datethetomb.J. B. Rutterthought blade 7335. [Theseobjectspresumably obsidianretouched was burntMicaceousMinoanjar 1324,found10 cm downin thene sectorofthefillofthechamber, froma pitcutintothesoil overthechamber.Butcouldthisjar deriveeitherfrom a laterintrusion ritesconductedupontheclosingofthegraveor fromitsbeingrobbedsoonafterwards?] funeral

12 Catling1974,figs.23, 24.


127

4. AREA BETA 1959, 1963 AND 1974-77: MIDDLE HELLADIC III-LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY For thelocationof Area Beta see fig.iv and forits architecture and stratigraphy see above.13The locationsandelevations oftheburialsfoundthereareshownin fig.2.4. Thisdiscussion excludesBeta burials20-21, whichwerefirstdug withinBeta 12A of 1963, as theirexcavationwas completed withintheambitof Area Lambda/Beta12 in 1974. The architecture and stratigraphy of thelatter Areais publishedabove,14 and theburialsin §5 (ii)below. 1. [Thisburialwasexcavatedin 1959 in trench Beta3, whichlaterbecamethese cornerofAreaBeta. The skullof an infant(9081) aged sevento eightmonthswas found,witha fewdisorderedribs 7073 foundwithit can be no laterthanLH IIIAi, and theburialwas nearby.The femalefigurine of that date. Other findspossiblyfromthisburialincludea segmented bead offaience(HS originally a flattened bead ofglass(HS 234)15and a piercedConusshell(9276).The skullrested 232), spherical on thecoverslabofthecistoftheLH IIIA2 burial26 (plate19 c),whichlaybeneathit.The interment was evidently disturbed by the diggingof the lattergrave,and the bones and gravegoods were reverently replacedon topofthecistthathad displacedthem.] 2-19. Beta burials2-19, excavatedin Area Beta in 1959-63, were publishedwiththe earlier excavations.16 The bead HS 244, [Burial6 is nowdatablefrompots2273 and 2281 to MH I Late.17 whichaccompaniedLH IIIC Earlyinfant burial7 or 8, is a holedcowrie-shell andnota glassbead as was thought.18 Burial19 mustbe associatedwithneither theLH IIIA2 dipper3680 northeseal HS 249, whichis now re-datedto MM II-III.19The base of thepithosthatcontainedthedipperwas foundinsitu,displacing theskull;thebeliefthatthecistcuttheLH IIIC Earlyyellowclayfloor20 is owedto thefactthatthelatterhad erodedawaylowerdowntheslope.The contextcontained LH IIIA sherds,whichprobablygivethedateofthisburial.] 20-21. ForBetaburials20-21, excavatedin trenchBeta 12A in 1963 and 1974,see below.21 22. Thisinterment, Betaburial1 of 1974,was withinthespace boundedby theMedieval formerly wallsea, eb and ec, i.e. Structure BetaVI, Room 2 (fig.2.4). It was an infant skeleton(9122) in a cist gravemade ofthinschistslabs,builtagainstthese faceoftheMedievalwalleb in then halfofthe room.Itsposturewas supine,withthehandslaidpalmsdown.It was orientated nw-se,withthehead to theNW.It overlaytheLH IIIAi floor.It was laid in a pitofsoft,darkearthcovered a Medieval by wasMedievalas wellas Mycenaean. tile,andthesurrounding Therefore theburialwasprobably pottery Butifso,whywas itnotin a cemetery? It is possiblethattheburialis LH IIIC Earlyand Byzantine. thatthepositionof the Medievaltileoverit was fortuitous. [However,cistgraveswereknownin times,as in thecase ofDelta burial25-22Giventhehighelevationofthisgravein relation Byzantine to thebase ofwall eb, a Medievaldate seemslikely.A holed Naticashell (unpublished) mayhave been associatedwithit.] knownas Betaburial2, 1974,was an infant's 23. [Thisinterment, skeleton(9123) in a cist formerly gravecoveredwithschistslabsintheNE Sector(seeplates6 d,19 d).Itsinternal dimensions were65 x wasplacedonitssidefacing sw.Itsskullwastothenw,itsfeettothese. Itsupperarms 30 cm.Theinfant werebythesideofthebody,itslowerarmsatrightanglestothe weresemi-flexed.] upper,andits The pottery in the area was not laterthanLH IIIAi. As no gravegoodslegs werefoundwiththis itcouldnotbe dated,butis unlikely interment, to be anyearlierthanLH IIIAi. knownas Beta burial3, 1974, was foundin a make-shift 24. [Thisburial,formerly cistup against stones in the se partofAreaBeta,in thespaceformed alreadyexisting theMedievalwallsef and by el and theearlierwallsej and eo, i.e. in Structure BetaVI, Room4 (see plate 20 a); itlayoverwall fc,whichwas probablybuiltin MH III Late.23Thisfoetus(9124) lay supinein an extendedposture 13 Chapteri §4. 14Chapter 1 §k. 15Taylour1072,232 withni. A2Î.2. Tavlonr 10*79 9Q9-fi

17Taylour1072,233 withfie.16.1 and ols. /ixa-h. 18 Taylour1972,234 withpl. 42h.4, top.

19See commentaryon 7126. 20 Taylour 1072, 2^. 21 §5 (Ü).

22See Chapter2 §6 below. 23See Chapter1 §4 (iii) (a) above.

!28


Fig.2.4.AreaBeta3/8/9/10. Planshowing locationofburials.

withitsarmsby its sides.The head restedon a flatstone,therestof thebody on earth,withits at a higherlevelthanitsmid-parts. extremities It was orientated nw-se,withthehead to thenw.The cistwas coveredwith44 brokenfragments ofpithos,butitwas nota pithosburial.Sinceitscontext contained no sherdslaterthanEarlyMycenaeanand somelateMH, itmaybe LH IL] 25. This grave,at firstcalled Beta burial4, 1974, was in the NE Sector(plates 6 d, 20 b). The it containednothinglaterthanLH I- II. Althoughtherewereno gravegoods surrounding pottery withtheinterment and it could not be dated,it is probablyno earlierthanLH IIIAi. [The cist stonesin thefirst measured1.6 x 0.5 m internally andwasmadeoflarge,flat-topped course,overlain between theseslabs in three cover slabs. The similar stones the to bear the of nw, large gaps weight by werepluggedwithsmallstones;comparethecoveringoftheLH I/IIA shaftgraveNu burial13 (fig. it was rectangular; 2.10: b). The cistwas builtof largeblocksat thehead end,wheretheinterior 1 m. It was orientated Its was c. a at it was built of small stones. to the where feet, .4 depth tapered point nw-se,withthehead to thenw.The occupantwas an adultmale (9125),aged about38 years.The The legswerebowed on thethighs. bodywas supine,withthearmsextendedand thehandsresting so thatthesolesofthefeettouchedfaceto face;thereareparallelsin gravesGamma,Mu and Nu in and fellinto this the legs had been flexedvertically Grave CircleB at Mycenae.24 Presumably in brownearth the loose was found and charcoal A small of shell as patch position theydecayed. 24 Mylonas1966,99-100, figs.90-91.


129

and some whiteash outsidethe cistto thenw. This graveproducedthe only above theskeleton, Turritella shellknownfromthesite.] knownas Betaburial1, 1977,was a cistgravein these cornerofAreaBeta 26. Thisburial,formerly with a well-cut andwell-smoothed coverslab.It hadbeendiscovered 20 butleftunexcavated (plate c), in the 1959 seasonunderneath anotherinterment, burial1, in trenchBeta 3; plate 19 c showsthe skullofburial1 lyingon thecover-slab ofthisgrave.Sincepartsofburial26 lay underthes and E it is in shown the figs. was thatof a child(9126) about baulks, sections, 1.24-1.25.The interment twelvemonths old.Itsorientation was se-nwwiththeskullat thenw.It laysupine;thelegsbelowthe kneeswereunderthebaulk.The skeletonwas badlydisturbed. One bone ofeach armsurvived, half thepelvis,fourvertebraeand abouttenribs.The lefthand appearsto have restedjust above the and someteethoftheupperjaw layoverit.The front pelvis.The lowerjaw was quitewellpreserved, oftheskullwas crushed, butsomefacialbonessurvived. A jug and an askos,whichare publishedas were laid on of this burial near the skulland dateitto LH IIIA2. 3338-3339 below, top knownas Betaburial2, 1977,wasa cistgravebuiltagainstwallej, which 27. Thisinterment, formerly was probablyconstructed in MH III Late and continued in use untilLH IIIAi. The buildersofthe cistused thewall as itsnw boundary, close to theLH IIA wall eo (see plate 20 d). Smallerstones wereused fortheotherthreesides.The slabswerebadlydisturbed. Variousanimaljaws and bones werenotedoverlying thisregion,butitwasnotthought thattheyhad anyconnection withtheburial, suchas an animalsacrifice. The internal dimensions ofthecistwere1.1 x 0.54 m. The coverslabsof no greatsize,thinand small,had fallenin on theburialfromthepelvisto theankles.The skeleton (9127),in a crouchedpositionlyingon theleftside,was thatofa childagedaboutsevenyears.It was in a fairstateofpreservation. It had been laid on a stonysurfacewiththeskullat then end looking towardsthese. The stonepounder6111, oflapislacedaemonius, was probablynotassociatedwiththis interment. The surrounding whether theburial pottery rangedfromMH III toLH I, butitis doubtful is anyearlierthanLH I. [TheMH III sherd1442 is fromthisburial] 28. This interment, Beta burial5, 1977, had escapedspoliationand contained formerly an askosofmostunusualform(fig.2.5 and plate 21 a-b).It was a cist important finds, including gravewitha NNW-SSE axis.The nnewallofthetombwas builtintotheMH III wallem. The skeletonofan infant withitsarmsalongsidethebody.The skullwas locatedat the (9128) laysupinein an e-w orientation, w. A braceletofglassbeads encircledeitherwrist, sixon theleftwrist(7164-7165 and 7207-7210), and eighton theright(7200-7206); a further stonebead (7218) was also found.Threevaseswere uncovered withthisburial:a jug (3290) and a goblet(3291) on theleftsideofthe upperbody,and an askos(3289)bytheright toP. A. Mountjoy, leg.The potsfromthetombare,according databletoLH IIB or evenperhapsearlyLH IIIAi, and thiswouldalso be thedateoftheinterment as a whole. called Beta burial6, 1977, was a cistgrave65 cm long by 35 cm wide 29. This grave,formerly locatedin theangleformed bythene sideofwallex and thenwsideofwallff.Itsaxiswas sw-ne.It containeda smallchild(9129) lyingon itsback,withthehead at thene end. It was well preserved exceptfortheskull.No gravegoodswerefoundwithit.The latestpottery roundaboutis notlater thanLH IIA, whichis possiblythedateofthisburial,thoughit mightperhapsbe LH IIIAi. [Wallsex and ffwereprobablyMedieval.Hence thisinterment is likelyto havebeen Medieval.] calledBetaburial7, 1977,was locatedin thesw partoftheArea.It was a 30. Thistomb,formerly smallcistin theupperfillofthecircularcistgraveburial32, whichis described below.Withinitwas a newborninfant(9130),perhapsonlya fewdaysold. The of a presence chippedblade ofobsidian, notkept,seemsto be fortuitous and unconnected. Anothercistwas uncoveredimmediately below thisinterment, burial32. [TheuppercistwasbuiltagainsttheMH III containing wall fd,which Early was cutbyit (fig.1.24 and plate 7 c-d).The surrounding was MH III. But the pottery presenceofa bichrome MattPaintedsherdin burial32 suggests a datein LH I or moreprobablyLH IIA. ] skullofan infant(9131),formerly 31. A poorly-preserved calledBetaburial8, 1977,was excavated m thenarrowspace betweentheprobablyMedieval wallef and theprobablyMH III Late wallej and overtheprobablyMH III Late wallfc,in theNE SectoroftheArea.These wallscreatedthe effect ofa cist.No bodywasfoundwithit.The skeleton ofthisburial,haditexisted, wouldpresumably have been laid undera smallslab witha w-e orientation in thisconfinedspace. As so oftenno

1S°


Fig.2.5. PlanofLH IIB-IIIAi burialBeta 28.

sherdswereprobablyMH III. [Burial9 of datablematerial was foundwithit.The latestsurrounding 1977 turnedoutto be thesameskullas 31.] burialthatwas laid againstthew calledBetaburial10, 1977,was an infant 32. Thisgrave,formerly thatoccupiedthesouth-central sideofa circular stoneconstruction partoftheArea,builtagainstthe MH III Earlywallfd(seefig.2.4 andplate 7 c-d).Thislargecistwas 1.6-1.8m in exterior diameter, andabout20 cmdeep.Itswallsvariedbetween40-70 cminthickness. diameter, 0.9-1.1 m ininterior oftheskeleton(9132) was nTheywerewellbuiltoflargestonesin severalcourses.The orientation s, withthelegsat theN.No skullwas found.[Thisveryyounginfant lay at a deeperelevationthan in thefill,whichincludedtheMM II burial30 describedabove.The wallsofthecist,and thepottery butthisprobablycamefrom Decoratedegg-cup1334,yieldedMH III Earlypottery, FineLustrous whichthecistwascut.However,C. Zernernotesthatthepresenceofa bichrome thefloorlevelthrough MattPaintedsherdin the lowerfillsuggestsa date in LH I or moreprobablyLH IIA forboth ofthecisttoo.] and thisis probablythedateoftheconstruction interments, Betaburial11, 1977,was represented by an infantskullonly(9133). Its 33. Thisgrave,previously oftheArea,closeto wallej. As in the central III walls and em MH the was between part ej position wasfoundwithit.It is probablyofthesamedateas burial32, i.e. LH Ino datablematerial so often, sucha date.] IIA. [Itselevationsuggests Beta burial12, 1977, was an infant(9134) uncoveredin thecorner 34. This interment, originally LH IIA walled and thefirst the under the baulk formed ed, thatled stepoftheroadway,skirting by to an upperterrace.[Tojudgebyitsdepth,itsprobabledateis MH III/LH I.]


131

locationofburials. Fig.2.6. AreaLambda/Beta 12. Planshowing

5. AREA LAMBDA AND LAMBDA/BETA 12, 1963-74: MIDDLE HELLADIC IIILATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY and ForthelocationofAreaLambda/Beta12,dugin 1963 and 1974,see fig.iv; foritsarchitecture all The locations and elevations of the burials from this Area are see above.25 plottedin stratigraphy fig.2.6,including thoseofBetaburials20 and 21. No burialswerefoundin AreaLambda2.

(i) Area Lambda 1, 1973 and Lambda 1 / Beta 12 Baulk, 1974

1. Thisis thefirst ofthreeburialsfoundin closeproximity in trench Lambda1 in 1973 (seefigs.1.39, attributed to LH I-II,26sincethepitforthisburialwas cutinto 2.6-2.7 and plate 21 d). It was at first theflooroftheroomformed bytheMH III/LH I wallslc, Id and le, i.e. Room 10C (w)ofStructure LambdaII, and it wouldtherefore have been an intramural had Room 10 thenbeen in interment, use. The pit,some 36 cm deep and filledwithverysoftearthundertumbledstones,contrasted withthe compactedMH III/LH I layerintowhichit was cut,and was some 65 cm in strongly diameter. The shaft, filledup withthestones,was presumably some50 cm deep in total.The burial wasthatofan infant orientation nne (9135) in a flexedpositionlyingon itsleftsidewithapproximate 25

Chapter i §5.

26

Catling 1974, 16.

132


Fig. 2.7. Plan ofLH IIIA2 EarlyburialLambda 1.

tossw.The bonesweredisturbed. The twocups3573-3574 wereuncoveredlyingoverthefeet,with 3573 resting upside-down upon 3574; theseare datableto LH IIIA2, withLM IIIA2 parallels.A LH IIIA2 vessel,theflask3575,foundduringtheexcavationin 1974 ofBetaburial7, almost further [Thisvase was foundat thesame depthas theothers,almost belongswiththisinterment. certainly intactamidthestonesat theE edge ofthepit.Theydatetheburialto LH IIIA2 Early.Stonetools thatthebowl 3569, ofthesame 7310a, 7319 and 7326 mayalso be associated.Forthepossibility see on burial7 below.] dateor earlier,also belongswiththisinterment, 2. Thisburial,a childagedthreeyears(9136),wasfoundclosetoandtothen ofburial1 (fig.2.8 and plate 22 a). Mostofitwasunexcavated, as itlayunderthebaulkbeneaththeMH III/LH I wallle. It and ribslayto thew oftheskull,an armbone to thes, and was muchdisturbed. Thejaw, vertebrae tothee. The orientation moreribsandvertebrae mayhavebeennw-se.Onlytheskulland thesmall e ofit couldbe retrieved. the to kantharos DarkBurnished vase, [Thisminiature 1482 immediately vessels thepracticebegunin theShaftGraveera ofmakingminiature datedto MH III Late,reflects forchildburials,as C. Zernerobserves.Itspresencedatestheburial,and thisis confirmed bythefact above (1973 basket26) and cutintoa MH III thatthegravewas sealedbytheMH III Late stratum fromthalassaemia, Thischildsuffered (1973 basket31); see figs.1.39and 1.45,atright. Earlystratum a rarecondition at AyiosStephanos.27] flexedlongbonesand pelviscouldbe 3. Thisburialwas thatofan adult(9137),butonlythetightly was neverexcavated(see plate 22 b).The skeletonwas ofa recoveredin 1973,and theremainder womanaged about52. Likeburial1, thiswas foundwithintheroomformedby theMH III/LH I 27 See

Chapter 12 §1 (iii) (c) (i) below.


133

Fig. 2.8. PlanofMH III LateburialLambda2.

wallslc, Id andle, i.e. Room 10C ofStructure LambdaII. It cametolightwhenthebaulkunderwall at thes. lc was removed.The mainpartoftheskeletonlayunderwallId, withtheskullpresumably No gravegoodswereuncovered, buttheburialis likelyto be lateMH. [Thestratum in whichitwas viz.thelowestlevelof 1973 basket33, whichmustbe ofthesamedateas 1973 basket28,is interred, MH III Early(see fig.1.45,at centre), butthedateofthisinterment MH III Late.] is presumably 4. Thisburialwas foundin 1973 in these cornerofLambda 1,s oftheMH III/LH I wallId. It was leftundug.No further detailsare available.[Itlies underMH III/LH I strataand shouldbe ofthat or date, possiblylater.] discoveredin 1974 wereconcentrated in thesamearea as thosefoundin 5. Mostoftheinterments in i.e. the South-Central Sector. This called Lambdaburial1, 1974,wasnot interment, 1973, formerly farfromburial1 describedabove,viz.in thecornermadebythew faceoftheLH IIIC Earlywalllm andthen faceoftheearlierwallId. It layin a pitofverysoftearthcutintoa layerofharderearth.Its dimensions were45 by 35 cm.Thiswas a burialofan infant(9138). The skullwas locatedin these; thebodylay crouchedon itsrightside withitsfeetto thenw.It was perhapsan intramural burial, it is beingsunkintotheearlierstrataof LH I- II date: see fig. 1.39. Fromthesurrounding pottery datableto LH, probablyLH IIIAi. [Forthepossibility thatthecup 3560 and bowl3569, LH IIIA2 Earlyin date,are to be associatedwithit,see on burial7 below.] 6. The infantbones and skullsweremostlyin totaldisorder,and it was not easy to separateone fromanother. was foundalongwithburial5, butwas onlydistinguished fromitduring [Thisskeleton thesame J.L. Angel'sstudyofthebones.It is thatofa newborninfant (9139).The dateis presumably as burial5.] burialofa newbornbaby(9140),at first calledLambdaburial2, 1974,was a little 7. Thisdisordered further to theN ofburial5, w ofwalllm and s ofwallle. The skullwas apparently to thes. A nearby sherdofthebowl3555 givesita dateofLH IIIAi. In thecourseofclearing burial7 theLH IIIA2 flask 3575 ofwell-known broken,20 cmbelowtheburial,butwas typewasrevealed.Itlaycomplete, though notconnected withit.It almostcertainly belonged,withthetwocups3573-3574,toLambdaburial1. [The pit for this intermentwas cut down throughthe layers above, as the provenance of bowl3555 demonstrates: sherdsofitwerefoundin baskets37 and 66 as wellas in basket70. Since P. A. Mountjoyobservesthat3555 has features characteristic ofbothLH IIIAi and LH IIIA2, itis transitional. Thisobservation leadsme toconnectitwitha vasefoundin theuppermost probably layer cutby thepit,themonochrome bowl3569. Mountjoydatesthisunusualbowlto LH IIIA2 Earlyor before.It couldbe associatedwithburial1, whichwas foundjustto thew and is also datedLH IIIA2 Early,orwithburial5 justtothes,whichis LH IIIAi, orwithburial10,whichwasfoundjusttotheN andhasthesamedateas thisgrave.However,itseemsbesttoassignittothetopoftheshaft ofburial7.]

134

w- D- TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

infantskeleton(9141) was foundmixedwiththatfromburial7 duringstudyof the 8. [Another bones;itis no doubtofsimilardate.] 9. [Anadult'sjawbone(9142) was also recognisedduringstudyof thebones ofburial7. Thiswas whenburials7 and 8 tookplace.] whichwas disturbed surelya cast-upfroman earlierinterment, called Lambda burial3, 1974, was of an infant(9143), formerly 10. This disorderedinterment about7 cmNofwallId Nofburial7 andis ofthesamedateas burial7. [Itwas apparently discovered thatthebowl3569 is associatedsee on burial7 above.] and 28 cm n ofburial7. Forthepossibility sets of bones,belongingto an abortedfoetus(9144) and an infant(9145) 11-12. [Twofurther of were duringstudyofthephysicalremainsof 10; theyare presumably respectively, distinguished thesamedate.] N,in the calledLambdaburial4, 1974,was foundfurther skull(9146),originally 13. Thisinfant's of number a Lambda Structure of in Room and If walls I II, III/LH MH the of corner among 7 gd ILH was The a cist. in II, interred been have and in slabslying disarray, may surrounding pottery wasnotexcavated,sinceitlay andthedateoftheskullis possiblyLH IIA. [Therestofthisinterment underthebaulk.ForLambdaburials14-16 see §6 below.] (ii) Trench Beta 12A, 1963 wascompleted ofBetaburials20 and 21, whichbeganattheendofthe1963 season,28 [Theexcavation fig. see 2.6. elevations and locations their For / Beta 12. Lambda Duringthe Area of as in 1974 part to keep better it seemed and burials Lambda However, called were 6, laterexcavationthey 1974. 5 theiroriginalnumeration.] 20. The remainsofthisinfant(9147, plate 21c)had been leftinsituin trenchBeta 12A, to theN of foundunderan theMH III/LH I wallht,attheendofthe1963 season.It wastheburialofa toddler, aroundthe stones some were There hs. wall called slabs of area the of floorat theE end occupation thehead with was axis Its the burial. of N-s, were that butone couldnotbe certain they part skeleton, The the to drawn were the at right body. up to theN.It was probablya crouchedburial; least, legs the all since its on laid was flank, chest. the across theleftflexed right armwas extended, [Thebody been have burial the contained that A skeleton. dug the may werefoundat thatsideof vertebrae pit with1963 basket88; thiscontainedtheLH IIIC Earlyalabastron3704. The stonesaroundit may as partoftheLH IIIC havecomefromtheslabfloorthatoverlayit,sincewallhs is nowrecognised was The VI. Lambda of Structure surrounding pottery EarlyslabFloor4, in thesw sectorofRoom 2 IIIC LH is burial Early.] LH I-IIA witha fewLH IIIAi sherds,butthe probably Beta 1,undertheLH III wallhu andtothen 21. A child'sskullonly(9148)wasuncoveredin trench of layundertheLambda1 / Beta ofandwellbelowtheMH III/LH I wallhx. The rest theskeleton underseveraloccupation found was It it. reveal 12A baulk,butthiswasnotdugtoa sufficient depthto to thes, werefound them of one upright floorsat a depthof c. 2.5 m fromthesurface.Two slabs, the in found was burial deep soundingin thiswas a cistgrave.29 [This neartheskull.Presumably fig. fill III 14).30 LambdaII, in a MH 1.41 stratum Early (see these cornerofRoom 7 ofStructure Itsdateis MH III.] 6. AREA LAMBDA 3/4, 1977: LATE HELLADIC II-IIIA2 andstratigraphy ForthelocationofAreaLambda3/4,excavatedin 1977,see fig.iv;foritsarchitecture are recordedin Area this in The findspotsand elevationsoftheLambdaburialsfound see above.31 from§5 (i) above. continues fig.1.48.The numeration calledLambdaburial1, 1977,was a cistgravefoundbytheswfaceofPier 14 Thisburial,originally LambdaVII (seefig.1.48 andplate 22 ¿j.The graveconsisted Structure II oftheMedievalbuilding, ofsix verticalslabs,one at eitherend oftheskeletonand twoin line on each side; thereweretwo 28Taylour1972,236 with231 fig.15. 29 Taylour1972,236 with231 fig.15 and 254 tig.27.

30See Chapter1 §5 (vi) above. 31 Chapter1 §7.


135

coverslabs.Fromthepitcutfortheslabscametheconicalcup 1501a and theobsidianblade 7345. The cistcontainedtheskeletonofan infant(9149),thirty-eight beads (7166-7199, 7211-7213 and toLH IIIA2. Whentheskeleton wasremoved, 7215) andthesmalljug 3572, whichdatestheskeleton itwas seenthatthesidesofthelowerpartofthegravewerelinedwithsmall-to medium-sized stones thatactedas a foundation fortheslabs.The tombwas cutintoEarlyMycenaeanlevels.[Theconical cup and obsidianblade areprobablytobe associatedwiththeLH IIA levelintowhichthetombwas cutratherthanwiththeburialitself:see thesection,fig. 1.52.] calledLambdaburial2, 1977,appearedin the 15. Thispithosburialofa newborn(9150),formerly se cornerofthetrench, outside the walls of Structure LambdaVII (see plate 22 d). Onlythe again lowerpartoftheknob-based was which was orientated pithos1781 nw-se, preserved, approximately withitsbase to thenw.It containedonlyfiveinfant bones.No otherpottery was foundwithit. [The button-based jar resteduponwallmb,builtin MH III Earlyand disusedat thestartofLH IIA Early. To judgeby itsposition, theburialmustbelongto LH II, sinceitwas cutintotheruinsofStructure LambdaI, whichwas out ofuse earlyin LH IIA, and theburialunderlaytheLH III levelsin the to be anylaterthanthis.32] Area,as P. A. Mountjoynoted.A pithosburialis unlikely 16.Thisburial,atfirst knownas Lambdaburial3, 1977,wasa cistgravecoveredbya singleslab(seen in plate 12 b).It restedon topofthestonesocleoftheMH III wallmh.The gravehad a roughstone lining,and thesideslabs,whereextant,restedon thesidesofthepit(plate 23 a). Withinitwas the skeleton ofa newborninfant on a layerofstonesand withtheskullraisedon a 'pillow' (9151),resting stone.It layon itsleftsidewithitslegsdrawnup. Itsaxiswasne-swwiththehead tothesw.Its depth a datein LH III. Therewereno gravegoodsto datethisburial,butit supports mayhave been LH is LH IIIB. [Stone'pillows'are paralleledin theMH periodat IIIA2; thelatestsurrounding pottery in Gamma Grave and at Mycenae atAyiosKosmas.33] Asine,as wellas in theMycenaeancemetery 15 7. AREA NU / GAMMA 1, 1959 AND 1973-77: MIDDLE HELLADIC II-LATE HELLADIC IIIA ForthelocationofthisAreasee fig.iv; foritsarchitecture and stratigraphy see above.34 The locations andelevations oftheinterments foundin itareplottedin figs.1.53-1.54unlessotherwise indicated.35 1. [Thisis thefirst oftwointerments foundin theNE ExtensionoftrenchGamma 1, excavatedin little information was givenin theirfirst 1959; oftheskeletonof an infant publication.36 Fragments (9079),including partoftheskull,werefoundjuston thelineofthes baulkwheretrenchGamma1 meetsitsNE Extension, in a MH levelwitha littleLH III material. Therewereno gravegoods.No further detailsare recorded, butthedateis presumably LH III, and probablyLH IIIA, to judgeby theadjacentburialsin AreaNu.] 2. [Moreinfant bones(9080) cameto lightat a depthsome 10 cm belowthatofNu burial1 in thes oftrenchGamma1. The remainsofthisinfant partoftheNE Extension werelaid in a pitsome50 x whichwas cutintoa leveldatedby sherdsto LH ML Therewereno accompanying 34 cmin extent, butthedateis moreprobablyLH IIIA thanLH II.] finds, 3. Thisextendedburialofa newborninfant knownas Nu burial1, 1973,waslaidin (9152), a cistof schistslabsagainsttheE flankofwall na originally in trenchNu 1 (plate 23 b). Interredat a depth similar tothatofthepreviousinterments, thisskeleton was orientated wswtoene,withtheskullin the sw,facingN.It wasenclosedbyfourupright slabswitha singlecoverslabbrokenintotwopieces.The earth.It had no gravegoods.Thisburialcouldnotbe bodyrestedon hard-packed closelydated,but itis laterthanLH ML [Although itwas cutintoa LH I/IIA stratum, itis probablyLH IIIA. Ifthe LH IIIAi figurine 7063 does notbelongto Nu burial4, it maybe associatedwithburial3, as was whenhe excavatedthisArea.] proposedbyJ. B. Rutter interment of a veryyounginfant(9153) on itsrightside withitsarmsextended 4 This contracted alongitssideswasm a cistmadeofslabsagainsttheE trench wallofNu 1 (seefig.2.9 andplate 23 ¿j. 32 See §8 (iv) below. 33 Alden 2001. 26.

34 Chapter1 §8.

35These do notshowburial8 because it was identified only

on anthronolneviraiD-rnnnrl« 36 Taylour 1972, 230.

!36


Fig.2.9. PlanofLH IIIAi burialNu 4.

The skullwasin theN,facingw. Sevenfaiencebeads,7128-7134,werefoundwithitin theareaofits chest.The dateappearsto be thesameas burial3. [Thepitofthisgraveappearsas stratum 5 in fig. fill from the or surface of the The figurine which is derived 1.55,atcentre. 7063, pitforthis apparently theperformance offunerary ritesat thegrave,which cist,datesitto LH IIIAi. Itspresencesuggests whorl7024.] wasatfirst knownas Nu burial2, 1973.Alsofoundin thefillofthepitwastheterracotta 5. Sincethelowerbodyofthisbaby(9154) layunderthew baulkofNu 1, thisburialcouldnotbe calledNu burial3, 1973,it lay on a N-s axis withtheskullto theN.A fullyexcavated.Originally necklacemadeof28 faience'melon'beads (7135-7162)was foundstillinsituaroundtheneckofthe infant. The datingis thesame as thatofburials3 and 4, namelyLH IIIAi. [The excavatordated burial5 to LH IIA.37It was indeedat a greaterdepththanburials3 and 4: see fig.1.57,at left.The MH III/LH I potR412 camefromthesurrounding stratum.] knownas Nu burial1, 1974,was thecistgraveof an newborninfant(9155) 6. Thisburial,at first underthee faceofthetrench. foundin theexcavationoftheNu / Gamma1 baulk;itlaypartly Only forstudy.No gravegoods theskulland a fewbonesfromthew end ofthetombcouldbe retrieved abovetheburialis Medieval, excavated.The pottery werefoundwiththisburial,butitwasonlypartly theslabsthatcoveredthiscistprojectabove the stratum is LH IIA. [Although butthesurrounding markedby a washline(see fig.1.55 stratum Medievalyardsurface 4), theAreaslopeddownfromn to s and thecistmayhavebeen exposedby erosionbeforeitwas reburiedby Medievaldeposition; thatitis LH IIIA.38] henceitneednotbe Medieval.The elevationofthisinterment suggests (9156, 9158) and twobabies (9157, 9159), 7-10. These weretheburialsof twonewborninfants oftheNu / Gamma1 baulkand to theN in the se sector close in located together very probably pits, and it was notpossibleto sayto oftheMH III Earlywallng. Theywereall verymuchdisturbed, As in thecase ofthemturnedup in thewater-sieve. whichskullthebonesbelonged;somefragments 37Rutterand Rutter 1976,3.

38Cf.Rutterand Rutter1976,3, 22.


137

in thene partoftheArea.Theyareprobablyof wereconcentrated ofburials3 and 4, theinterments thesameperiod,i.e. LH IIIAi. [Theseburialswereat a higherelevationthanthetopofwallng,and burial9 appearsto havebeen directly overit.Cutintothedestruction levelsassociatedwithwallng, MH III/LH I LH date to or at but the same elevationas burials3 and 4, I,39 theylay theymight whicharecertainly and there was a LH IIA sherd. Burials and 10 wereformerly calledNu later, 7, 9 burials2, 3 and 4, 1974, whileburial8 was distinguished onlyduringanthropological study.The fourteen beads fromthissector(7216, 7219-7231), manyof whichwerefoundin thewater-sieve residue,mustderivefromone or moreofthesegraves.] 11. [A roughrectangle of smallstonesrepresenting theE and s sidesof a well-built cisttomb,with interior dimensions of 65 x 35 cm,was uncoveredin thes baulkofArea Nu 2; see fig. 1.56 with plates 13 band 23 d.It waspartially cutbytheMedievalpitshownin fig.3.4. The tombhadbeenso disturbed that no trace was found ofitsoccupant'sbones,and itsexistence was onlytentatively badly at the time of when itwas calledburial5, 1974; indeed,onlythesw cornerof excavation, accepted thecistwas recognised as suchby theexcavator,40 whoregardedtheremaining stonesas thes end of theLH IIA feature orwallni,therestofwhichhad beencutbythepit.However,nothing otherthan itspresencecan explainthreeimportant laterfindsin theotherwise pureLH IIA layerintowhichit was cut.These are theLH IIB goblet3647, theLH IIIAi krater3648 and theunusualand very battered terracotta wheel7122, whichcomesfroma chariot-group and is datedto LH IIIA. figurine The findspotofthislastitemis plottedon fig.1.54.The depthat whichthistombwas uncoveredis tothatoftheotherLH IIIA cistsin thisArea.Hencetheinterment, comparable thatofa presumably toddlerburiedwithhisfavourite musthave datedfromLH IIIAi.] toychariot, 12. Thisgrave,formerly calledNu burial1 of1977,wascutintotheswcornerofRoom2 ofStructure Nu II (plate24 a). Itsconstruction cutawaythes extension oftheMH III/LH I wallnf,as is seenin thesection,fig.1.56.It was a squarecisttombenclosingtheskulland bonesofa smallchild (9160). Partoftheskullwas underthes baulk;theskeletonrestedon a thinbed of It lay supineon pebbles. a NW-SE axis,withthehead to these. The tombhad a 'roof of largestonesin place of slabs;this surround ofstonesapparently a cairnovertheburial.Thesestoneswereremovedin 1974, supported whentheyweremistaken fortumble.Underthestones,whichwereatfirst calledwallnn,theamphora R835 and thecookingjug R968 wererevealed;theseshouldprobablybe associatedwiththeburial andwoulddateitto LH IIA. The ceramicmaterial fromthiscairnwas first publishedas DepositQ.41 No datablevasewasfoundwiththeburialitself, butthesherdsfoundaroundand aboutitarealso LH IIA. [Thesearepublishedas 3638-3643 below.Alsofoundwas thecobble 7256. The twovaseswere ceremonies.The terracotta tub R967, foundon a LH IIA presumably depositedduringfunerary surface atthene endofwallni,can hardlybe associated, especiallyas itseemsan unlikely gravegift.] Nu burial2, 1977,wasa shaft 13. Thistomb,originally grave(seefigs1.60 and 2.10-2.11,withplate a stonesurround 24 b-d).The first ofthetopofitsshaft, signofit,a pitcontaining wasnotrecognised as suchwhenitwas first uncovered(see plate 15 a). Thisstonesurround was revealedin Room 2 of theMH III/LH I Structure Nu II just underthelevel of thefloor,althoughone stone,at thene, wellabovethefloorlevel.Thisquadrangleofwalls,whichare projected callednp, ns andnt,was builtoflargestonesandofone courseonly(seefig.2.10 a andplate nq, veryroughly Itsdimensions b). 24 werec. 2.1 x 1.6 m. Foritswallssee table 2.2. The shaft itself measuredc. 2.2 m (n-s)by 1.5 m at theNand 1.26 m at thes end.The w wallofthe tombwasthereusedE sectionoftheearlierwallnw,whileitsE wallcuttheend ofwall bothwalls wereMH II-III. The n wall of thetombcutintoand damagedthes faceofwall nhnv; of theMH I Nu I. [Thefindsfromthefilland wallsofthistombincludedtheMH III apsidalbuildingStructure Late medium-coarse LustrousDecoratedjar 2125, foundin widelyscattered thephyllite fragments, disc6118, and at leastone claycrucible,represented 6062 and 6064. These and the by fragments otherobjectsfoundin itwerenotgravegoods,butmusthave in a MH III Late floorthat originated was destroyed by thebuildersof thetomb.The shaftwas even cutintoEH II levelsbelow' since manysherdsofthatdatewerefoundin it.] 39So Rutterand Rutter1076, ^

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Room4 layse ofwallefand nwofwalleb (seefig.3.2). [Itwas delimited to thenwbywallec, to thene bywallef,tothese bywallel, and to theswbywalleb, witha passageway70 cmwidein the se corner.The interior dimensions ofRoom4 were3 x 1.6 m. It seemslikelythatwallec, theendof whichhadbeenrobbedoutor erodedaway,onceformed a corneror doorwaywitha nwextension of wallef,nowrobbedout.In anycase,thesharedalignment thatRoom 4 was in use at the suggests sametimeas Room 2.] The NE SectoroftheArea (see fig.3.2 and plate 6 d) was boundedto thesw by wallsef and ex, tothenwbywalleg, andbytheNand E baulks.Walleflaytothene oftheEarlyMycenaeanwallsej and fc,parallelto themand onlydividedfromthemby a narrowgap. Wallef continued to thewnw thelineofwallex andbondedwithit.Atitsnwenditwas abuttedbywalleg, witha hollowstructure fhbuiltin theangleagainstitsne face.Bothwallef and fhoverlaytheMycenaeanwallfe. [Whenthestonesoffhwereremovedtheywerefoundto containLH IIA sherds,butthesesupply foritsconstruction. This'hollowstructure' was nota robbedcistgrave,since postquern onlya terminus no boneswerefoundin it;henceitseemslikelytohavebeena bench.Sincewallsef and eg werenot removedand no occupationlevelsassociatedwitheitherwererecognised, theirdatingis uncertain. BothwallslayovertheLH IIA alleyStreetBetaIV,26anditsse flank, walleo. Sincethealley,walleo and thepavedcourtyard to whichitled wentoutofuse in LH IIIAi, itfollowsthatthesewallswere builtno earlierthanthen.AlthoughW. D. TaylourdeemedthemLH III wallsreusedin Medieval 26 See Chanter i $a (''') (a) *Krwo

150


as entirely Medieval times,theymatchtheMedievalplan so well thattheyshouldbe interpreted Ifthisinterpretation so constructions. is correct, theLH III levelsin thissectorwereentirely removed, thatthesewallsappearedto be adjacentto EarlyMycenaeanstrata.Theyare mosteasilyunderstood as havingformeda rectangular walledgardenwitha benchin thecorner.As thebenchfacedne,it this levelswereobservedwithin wouldhavebeenwellshadedfromthesun.No Medievaloccupation continuation north-eastern a built Wall this a that fact ff, enclosure, solidly maysupport interpretation. these boundaryoftheenclosure.] ofwallee, formed was made to identify No floorscouldbe recognisedin any of theRooms,althougheveryeffort wasa cleardistinction there the Area in show section. did neither them; throughout Everywhere up they in soilbetweentheMedievaland Mycenaeanlevels,thelattershowingup as lightbrownagainstthe darkersoilabove (seefigs.1.24-1.26).The breakoccurredat 30 to 35 cmbelowthetopofthewalls, belowit at thepointwherethefloorsoftheroomsshouldhavebeen found,forthepottery roughly if is surface defined a lack of was almostinvariably explicable thearea clearly pureMycenaean.[This or animals domestic was churnedup by sheep,oxen,horses,asses,mules,pigs chickens which werekeptthere.Theseboneswereverycommonamongthefaunalremains.27 Comparethelackofan Lambda in observablefloor Structure VII.28] about30 cm in length.Stonesof The Medievalwallswereofrubble,thelargeststonesaveraging BetaVI werethebest of Structure ei and eh Walls foundations. the sizewereoftenused for greater runtomorethantwo not did walls the a As so. least the V Beta wallel ofStructure rule, constructed, were cut intothe them for trenches foundation that courses.The excavator,P. Wright, reported tobe traces seemed there was walls ofthe probablymudbrick; Mycenaeanlevels.The superstructure ofthese The levels. the in in thesoil.Tileswereveryplentiful ofdissolvedmudbrick majority upper on structures from come have butothersmay highergroundto probablybelongedto thebuildings, stand the kind of into theN.NoneoftheMedievalwarecouldbe madeup pot,except plain-ware any and iron of were there lead, onlyscraps bronze, 4042, whichwas builtintowallea. Of smallobjects andan occasionalpieceofworkedbone,including perhapstheawl7001. Wehavelittlecluetherefore and smallfindsfromheresee table 3.5. thattookplacein thisArea.Forthepottery as totheactivities in of burials,Betaburials22 and 29, are probably Medievaldate:thesewereinterred [Twoinfant stonecists.29] is to coinsfoundin thisvicinity The periodofoccupation, duringtheearlierexcavations, according of of 8086 billon ad. [Twounworn deniers, Philip to thelater13thand early14thcenturies confined who of Maud successor his of Hainault, and ad reigned in Achaia of Prince 8087 1307-13, Taranto, of ofBeta3 in 1959,i.e. these corneroftheArea,in thevicinity untilad 1321,camefromthesurface found sherds Glazed ofthesettlement. Room3; theseprobablydatefromjustbeforethedestruction to thenw.] thatoccupationextendedfurther withtheironknife8012a in Beta7 in i960 confirm 4. AREAS NU / GAMMA 1, GAMMA 2, LAMBDA 2 AND LAMBDA (figs. 3-3-3-4) Lambda VII, were of a buildingof the Medievalperiod,Structure foundations The substantial in figs.1.50in section and fig. in in This in Lambda Area in 3.3 uncovered appears plan 3/4 1977. a spacious with associated was It a church.30 as was VII Lambda interpreted initially 1.52. Structure in Lambda 2 Area in excavated were sw the 1974.For two ofwhich walls,forming corner, courtyard, first. discussed be will The fig. see a planofthewholecomplex courtyard 3.4. wall,lg, withroughly In 1974 theremovalofthetopsoilin Area Lambda2 revealeda well-built northWall date. Medieval of was it that it showed in lg continued sw-NEaxis.Tilesand glassfound delimited wall This ma. wall called was it where Lambda trench long and reappearedin eastwards 3, At itsw end walllg made a rightanglewithanotherwall,wallIk, of these side ofthecourtyard. The wallsare seenin planin fig. direction. whichproceededin a north-westerly similarconstruction, table in are details their 3.6. Againinthatyear,a minutesection given 1.46andin sectioninfig.1.47; as the / Gamma1 andwasrecognised Nu Area of corner sw the in ofwall,herecallednj,wasrevealed which Medieval the of enceinte the of all were walls courtyard, ofwallIk. These nwextension part thenwcornerofAreaLambda2, as wellas thew part and 1 / Gamma Nu Area of whole the occupied wallsin theswcorneroftheyard,wallslg andIk, two the of ofLambda3 (fig.3.4). Withintheangle axisas lg. Itswidthwas 60 cm as against80 cm same the with appearedanothershortwall,calledli, oftheformer wall,butit been a reinforcement have to first at forwallslg andIk. Wallli was thought it for R. as a it; as lay against its own in Jankointerpreted is morelikelyto haveexisted right bench, 27 See Chapter 12 §§2-3 below. 28 See §4 below.

29 See §6 below. 30 Catling 1978, 32, followedby Wagstaff1982, 58.

THE MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE,

STRATIGRAPHY AND BURIALS §4

151

fromthe the se wall of the courtyard and, indeed,in thatpositionoffered reposeand protection in fh in of the Area of the bench the corner sun. the orientation Beta.31] courtyard [Compare midday in AreaNu / Gammai werec.40 cmin depthandwerefilled The upperlevelsoverthecourtyard witha lotofMedievaldebris:mediumand smallfallenstones,a good numberoftiles,and scattered These mudbrick. disintegrated patchesofwhiteplasterand lightbrownearth,thelatterrepresenting figs.1.50werefoundat thesamelevelas thefallenstones,butlowerdownalso (see thesections, ofglazedpottery, fromwhichitwas possibleto make 2). Therewereseveralfragments 1.52,stratum a the lower of closed The line ofwhatwas takento be decayed vessel, 4093. up part brown-glazed mudbrick E w in from to the N section of the face of trench Nu 1 (see fig.1.58),and slopedup slightly thismayreflect theslopinggroundsurfacein Medievaltimes. The courtyard had a roughfloorofpebbles.It was at a levelsome 30 cm lowerthanthatofthe floorinsidetheassociatedbuilding, i.e. Structure LambdaVII to theE. In thecentreofthecourtyard, in the se corner of / Area Nu Gamma 1,was a pit,PitI (figs.1.53 and 3.4). In itwerefound actually severalsherdsbelonging to thebrown-glazed vase 4093 whichhad beenuncoveredfurther n in Area Nu / Gamma1. [Thispitwas dugto robstonefromtheBronzeAge wallsforconstructing thebench li notfarawayin thesw corneroftheyard,sinceLambda 1974 basket24 fromthebenchand Nu 1974 basket28 fromPitI containedsherdsfromthesameMycenaeanvessel.] A drainin thene corneroftrenchGamma1 is associatedwiththecourtyard. [Thisdrain,formed bywallsdb and dc, was some1.25 m wideand builtofa singlecourseoflargestonesin threerows.32 It was linedwithtiles.It ranwswto ene for1.6 m intothee baulkoftheNE Extension.The drain channelled rainwater intoa wellor cistern at itsw end,witha stonesurround to thesw and a curved stoneslab forming thelip of these side of thewell-head.This structure was onlyexcavatedfora of depthof 25 cm; excavationceased beforeitsbase was reached.The well underlaythe stratum whitelime,tilesand yellowmortarderivedfromthedestruction ofStructure LambdaVII.33 [The well containedtheunusualobjectHS 299. The latteris incisedon top withthreecircles as a triangle and underneath witha crosswitha dotin each angle,and is in facta terracotta arranged for bread. When it The similar stamp holy published wasdated'Byzantine (?)'.34 stampHS 261,bearing thesamedesignunderneath, wasfoundin i960 totheNin a surface levelin trench Alpha8. Thiswas termed'probablyMedieval';35 it has sincebeen republished as a BronzeAge seal.36However,it is probablynotofBronzeAge date.The presenceofthesefindsmayindicatethattherewas already, somewhere on thesite,a buildingwithan ecclesiastical function in theOrthodoxChurch,perhapsa to precursor thechapelofSt StephenafterwhichAyiosStephanosis named.The terracotta burnisher (?) HS 298,founds ofthedrainin a mainlyBronzeAge level,couldbe Medieval;so couldthewhorl HS 297. 37A shallowcircularpit,PitII, lay to thesw ofthewell.This pitcontainedthe delicately workedbone spindle-whorl or button8061.] The yardwas perhapsintendedfortheherdingof animalsbrought in at theend oftheday.The havebeenfencedin on thatside.Its compound, although apparently opento thenw,couldcertainly fullextentcouldnotbe ascertained. One mustsupposethatitsplanwas rectangular to conform with thesw-NEaxisofthebuilding, buttherewas no traceofa wallparallelto these wallwhenAreaNu / Gamma1 wasexcavated.[Presumably itlaytothenwofthedrainandsoakawayintheNE Extension, buthowfarbeyondis unknown. The cistgravecontaining an infant foundwithinthecourtyard, Nu burial6, mightperhapsbe Medieval,butas itwas notexcavateditsdatecan be inferred from only evidence,and itis morelikelyto be LH IIIA.38] stratigraphie The foundations ofthehousetowhichthecourtyard LambdaVII, wererevealed belonged,Structure in Lambda3. Theyconsisted ofsixsolidlyconstructed of stones cementedwithwhitelime piers large trenches and symmetrically laid outin tworowsofthree.Fortheplansee plastersunkin foundation fig.3.3 withplate 26 b' thedetailsofthewallsare includedin table 3.6. theaxis ofthese Although wallswasnw-se,therelationship ofthewalled-in to the house a sw-ne axisforthe courtyard suggests wholecomplex.Fiveofthepierswerelinkedwithone anotherby walls of of low-standing dry-stone, whichonlytwocoursessurvived. Thesewerebuilton thegroundsurface andabuttedagainstthepiers. PiersI andVI tothenw,wallmf,was [Thewallconnecting sinceitconsisted insubstantial, ofa singlerowoflargestones(plate26 cand fig.3.3). Iftheparticularly floor was intended forhumanuse, ground 31See above. §3

32 Taylour 1072, 230 fis:.'a. 33 See the section in Tavlnnr înô 000 fio-1 a 34Taylour 1072, 2F.3.

35 Davidson1952, Taylour 1972,243withpls.5ie-f,comparing nos.2850,2859-2860),forsimilar 331withpl.135(especially bread-

from MedievalCorinth. Twoothersuchstamps stamps excavated at thechurchofAyiosPetrosat Spatain Atticaare displayed in the MuseumatAthens Airport (personal observation). 36 CMSVSuddI. .Bnn.5^. 37 Tavlour 1072. 2f;a.

38See Chapter2 §7 above.


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# 108.

20.

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20 Zachos 1987, especially 169-70, 260-79. For surveysof EH I in thePéloponnèsecf.Howell iq7q, 108 and Zachos 108*7.2^72. 21 Holmberg 1944, 61-4.

*2i. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)14. Eta 1973,#65. 22. Sauceboat.Rim fragment. Zeta 1973, # 110. Not illustrated. of handle.Eta 1*23. Sauceboat.Two joined fragments !973>#27. withboss. Eta 1973, t?4- Sauceboat(?).Bodyfragment #30. of one-third of base. D. 4.5. Eta 1*25. Base. Fragment !973>#32. ofhalfofbase.D. 4.7.Eta 1973,#32. t*6. Base.Fragment D. (rim)c.20.Taylour 27. Openjar.Rimfragment. 1972, 264 fig.36.15.Alpha1, 1959,# 10.

22 See Chapter 1 §2 (vii) and §*k (vii-(vii) ' / x / ' - / above. *j ' 24

Davis and Cherrvio8zi.

Appendix 1.

i62

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

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Fig.4.2. EH II pottery: buffclaywithplainsurface14-16, 18-21, 23-27; buffclaywithpartially coatedsurface 28-29. Scale 1:3.

Fine buff (28-29; fig. 4.2) fabricwithpartiallycoatedsurface

Two open piecesare plainwithrimbandsin brownpaintsimilarto thatused on themonochrome coatedwaresbelow. D. (rim)11. Wide exterior 28. Saucer.Rim fragment. bandsof thinbrownpainton plain and narrowinterior surface. Alpha10, i960, #13.

D. (rim)c. 13. Wideexterior 29. Bowl.Rimfragment. bandsin dark-brown andnarrowinterior paint.Zeta 1973, #107.

coatedsurface Finebuff (30-88, figs.4.3-4.4) fabricwithmonochrome

dark-brown is in finebuffclaycoatedwithreddish-brown, oftheEH pottery The greatest percentage fromdulland crackedto one havinga whichwhenfiredgivesa surfacevarying or blackpigment, ofthecoat. metallicsheen,dependingon thequalityand consistency inplaster. H. 9. D. (rim)11.8-12.2, 30. Saucer.Restored (base)4.5. Thinblackcoat.Taylouri960, pl. 83c; Taylour 1972, 212, HS 11. Alphaburial16, i960, # 8. 60-004.

PLATE 28.

missing,thoughprofile tsi. Saucer.Many fragments complete;H. 8-9. D. (rim)12, (base)5. Thickblackcoat. Eta 1973, # 28. 73-710. [This was foundon a floor a mixture ofEH II Late and EH I sherds(see containing itis surelyEH II Late,sinceall above);as itis so complete, is fragmentary.] theEH I pottery 32. Saucer.Restoredin plaster;H. 8.8. D. (rim)14, (base)5.3. Blackcoatthroughout. Taylour1972,209, 264 fig.36.1, HS 5. Alphaburial3, 1959, # 3 (foundwith 160). 59-002. D. (rim)9.5. Reddish-brown 33. Saucer.Rimfragment. coatthroughout. Alpha8, i960, #3. D. (rim)c.9. Finegreycoat. 34. Saucer.Rimfragment. Zeta 1973,# 109. D. (rim)c. 11. Darkbrown 35. Saucer.Rimfragment. Zeta 1973,# 109. to blackcoatthroughout. D. (rim)12. Reddish-brown 36. Saucer.Rimfragment. coatthroughout. Alpha1, 1959,#6. D. (rim)12. Finegreycoat t37- Saucer.Rimfragment. Eta 1973,#32. throughout.

D. (rim)c. 12. Thinbrown 38. Saucer.Rimfragment. coatthroughout. Alpha8, i960, #18. D. (rim)13. 39. Saucer.Threejoined rimfragments. Thick,metallicblackcoat throughout. Alpha 7, i960, # 19, # 22. PLATE28.

D. (rim)13. Tracesofdark Saucer.Rimfragment. 40. coat,worn.Alpha1, 1959,#3. D. (rim)14. ThickbrownSaucer.Rim fragment. 41. blackcoatthroughout. Alpha7, i960, #4. D. (rim)16. Blackcoat on Saucer.Rim fragment. 42. interior worn.Alpha2, 1959,#3. exterior; D. (rim)16.Worndarkgrey. t43- Saucer.Rimfragment. Eta 1973,#30. D. (rim)17.Thinblackcoat. Saucer.Rimfragment. 44. # Alpha7, i960, 4. D. (rim)c. 17. Coatedbrown Saucer.Rimfragment. 45. 10, i960, #13. throughout. Alpha D. (rim)c. 12. Coateddark ♦46. Saucer.Rimfragment. Eta 1973,#65. brownthroughout. D. (rim)12. Coated dark Saucer.Rim fragment. 47. brownto blackthroughout. Alpha1, 1959,#10. D. (rim)c. 12. Thinbrown Saucer.Rimfragment. 48. Zeta 1973,# 109. coatthroughout. D. (rim)12. Coatedbrown Saucer.Rimfragment. 49.

THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2

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on exterior. Alpha8, i960, #3. Rimfragment. D. (rim)16. Coatedbrown Saucer. 54. to blackthroughout. Alpha 1, 1959,#3. withhandlestubs. 55. Sauceboat.Largerimfragment Coatedblackthroughout. Shallowgroovebelowlowerstub of strap (?)-handle.Taylour1972, 264 fig.36.4. Alpha 1, 1959,# 2. withlowerhalfofdouble 56. Sauceboat.Bodyfragment handle.Coatedblackthroughout. Alpha 1, 1959,#9a.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

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* 3. D. (rim)24. Coatedthin 83. Open jar. Rimfragment. brownthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 108. 84. Spoon. Fragmentof one end withhandle stub. Coatedthinbrownthroughout. Alpha7, i960, #9. 85. Lid. Halfoflid and handle,rimchipped.D. (max.)4. Interior coatedbrown.Alpha 1, 1959,#6. plain,exterior D. (rim) t86. Smallclosedjar.Twojoinedrimfragments. Eta 1973,#32. 7.5. Wornsilver-grey. D. (rim)c. 13.Coated 87. Smallopenjar.Rimfragment. reddish-brown throughout. Taylour1972, 264 fig.36.6. Alpha8, i960, # 28. 88. Largeclosedjar. Twojoinedfragments ofrimand neck.D. (rim)11.5. Interiorof neckand exterior coated dark brown.Neck made separatelythen attachedto shoulder. Alpha8, i960, # 16.

Fine buff monochrome andyellowmottled fabricwithcombined (89) surfaces

A singlefragment ofan outsplayed combines theabovemonochrome base,mostlikelyfroma sauceboat, coaton theinterior ofthevase andthetechnique ofcoatingthesurface witha yellowslipandburnish on theexterior ofthefoot. ofthree-quarters ofbase.D. 4.5.Foot 89. Base.Fragment has yellowmottledsurface;interior of vase coatedblack andburnished. Mostsimilarto 64 in profile. Alpha1, 1959,#3. Notillustrated.

Fine buff fabricwithyellowmottled (90-106; fig. 4.5) surface

Fivecertainand tenprobablefragments ofsauceboatsand one rimfragment ofa possibleaskosare in a veryfinebuffclay,oftenfiredpink-grey, coatedwitha fineyellowslipand burnished (described below as Yellow MottledWare). Examples are oftenmottledand worn surfacesvary from greyto pink. ofspout.Alpha1, 1959,# 1. 90. Sauceboat.Fragment of spout.Taylour1972, 264 91. Sauceboat.Fragment fig.36.3. Alpha1, 1959,# 2. 92. Sauceboat.Fragmentof back withhandle stub. Alpha1, 1959,#2. of back with 93. Sauceboat. Two joined fragments handle.Alpha1, 1959,#9. ofbackwithupperhandlestub. 94. Sauceboat. Fragment

Zeta 1973,# 108. Couldbelongto94. Zeta 95. Sauceboat.Rimfragment. X973»# 1Q8-Notillustrated. withupperhandlestub.Alpha 96. Askos.Rimfragment 1, 1959,#6. 97. Base. Fragmentof completefoot.D. (base) 3.6. Alpha1, 1959,#7.

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ofspout.Alpha7, i960, #3. 123. Sauceboat.Fragment 124. Sauceboat. three back Eightfragments: joinedtoform withstubsforarchedhandle,andfivenon-joining fragments ofspout, rimandbody.Alpha7, i960,#7. Notdrawn; shown in plate 28. withhalfofarchedhandle. 125. Sauceboat.Rimfragment Alpha1, 1959,#2. withtopofvertical fi26. Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Eta 1973,#32. withtopofvertical 127. Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Alpha7, i960, #14. withtopofvertical 128. Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Alpha1, 1959,#6. withtopofvertical *i29- Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Eta 1973,#65. ofspout.Groupofthinly incised 130. Sauceboat. Fragment chevrons belowrimon exterior. Alpha7, i960, # 3. Not drawn;showninplate 28. Zeta 1973, # 110. Not 131. Sauceboat.Rim fragment. illustrated. ofhalfoffoot.D. (base)4. Eta 1973, ♦132. Base.Fragment #65. ofcomplete foot.D. (base)4.4.Alpha 133. Base.Fragment 7, i960, #7.

Appendix 1, table A 1.3.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

i68

♦134. Base. Fragmentofbase. D. 4.5. Eta 1973, # 66. ti35- Base. Fragmentof one-thirdof foot.D. (base) 5. Eta 1973»* 27. offoot.D. (base) 6. Zeta 1973, 136. Base. Small fragment # 109.

137. Base. Small fragmentof footwithchipped rim. D. (base) c. 4.5. Zeta 1973, # 109. 138. Base. Completefoot.D. (base) 4. Alpha 8, i960, #5. 139. Base. Complete foot.D. (base) 4.4. Alpha 7, i960, #7. withlowerstrap-handle 140. Askos.Small body fragment stub.Alpha 1, 1959, # 3. D. (rim) 14. Cavanagh 141. Jar or askos. Rim fragment. and Crouwel 19960, 12, no. 22b. Alpha 1, 1959, # 6. 142. Jar(?).Body fragmentwithcompleteverticalstraphandle.Alpha 8, i960, # 5.

143. Spoon. Large fragmentof bowl, handle missing. Taylour1972, 264 fig.36.13. Alpha 4, 1959, # 9. ofbowl.Alpha 4, 1959, 144. Spoon. Twojoined fragments #9. 1*145. Spoon. Tip of bowl. Same type as 143-144. Eta 1973, # 27. Not illustrated. ofrim,one 146 . Bridge-spouted jar. Twojoined fragments of spout and one of body withpart of double diagonal(?) handle. D. (rim)c. 25. Thinlyincised diagonal lines below rimcontinueon spout.Alpha 8, i960, # 3, 5. plate 29. 146a. Base of i46(?). Fragmentof one-quarterof foot.D. (base) c. 15. Very similar to 146 in fabric and surface to understandhow it mayjoin; but it is difficult treatment, to guess what otherformit may be from. it is also difficult Alpha 8, i960, # 3. plate 29.

Semi-coarse (147-151; fig. 4.8) buff fabricwithplain surface

are made of whatappearsto be the same buffclay as already Smallgroupsof utilitarian pottery well less refined, examplesandangular havinggritsinthecase ofthesemi-coarse although catalogued, blackened have the of Most in thecoarsepieces. surfaces, inclusions theywere suggesting openjars usedforcooking. ofrimwithcomplete 147. Open jar. Twojoined fragments handle. D. (rim) 16. Raised band of incised diagonal lines at rim.Alpha 7, i960, # 15. 148. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) c. 20. Interior blackened.Zeta 1973, # 109.

ti49- Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) c. 20. Eta 1973, #27. fiso. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) c. 50. Eta 1973, #27. D. (rim)14. Eta 1973,#27 fisi. Closedjar. Rimfragment.

treatment Semi-coarse (152, fig. 4.8) buff fabricwithsurface of rim.D. (rim)33. 152. Open jar. Twojoined fragments Horizontalgroove to black throughout. Coated dark-brown below rimon exterior.Alpha 1, 1959, #10.

_ r7¿7777777777777777777j

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151

152

#153

,57N,56^57 ~J,58~~V59

to coarse buffclay 147-159. Scale 1:3Fig. 4.8. EH II pottery:semi-fine


169

Coarsebuff (153-156; fig. 4.8) fabricwithplain surface 155. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) uncertain. on raisedband Horizontal zone ofdeep ovoidimpressions on exterior ofrim.Zeta 1973,# 109. D. (rim)uncertain. Eta ♦156. Open jar. Rim fragment. 1973»* 69,-

D. (rim)c. 30. Exterior 153. Open jar. Rim fragment. Zeta 1973,#113. blackened.Rimlugat exterior. 154. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) uncertain. Horizontal zone ofdeep ovoidimpressions belowrimon exterior. Zeta 1973,# 109.

Coarsebuff treatment (157-159; fig. 4.8) fabricwithsurface D. (rim)35. Slippedwith 157. Openjar. Rimfragment. cream-coloured coatthroughout. Horizontal lugsatexterior ofrim.Alpha1, 1959,# 2. D. (rim)c. 22. Coated 158. Open jar. Rim fragment. brownto dark brownthroughout. Horizontalzone of

belowrimon exterior. deep ovoid impressions Alpha 1, 1959,#6. D. (rim)uncertain. Exterior ♦159. Openjar.Rimfragment. coatedbrown.Horizontalraisedband on exterior below rimwithdeep ovoidimpressions. Eta 1973,#69.

ORANGE CLAY

The secondmostcommonclay is orange-coloured withoccasionaltracesof silvermica. It fires to a limitedrangeoforangeshades. consistently Fine orange fabricwithplain surface (160-167; fig. 4.9)

Thissmallgroupofsaucersand baseshas plainor self-slipped surfaces. 160. Saucer.Complete,foundinside32; H. 5.5, diam. (rim)c. 7.5, (base) 2.5. Taylour1972,209, 264 fig.36.16, HS 6. AlphaBurial3, 1959,#3. 59-003.plate 29. *i6i. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)10. Eta 1973,#65. 162. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)8. Zeta 1973,# 113. D. (rim)c. 9. Zeta 1973, 163. Saucer.Rim fragment. # 108.

D. (rim)c. 19. ♦164. Saucer.Twojoined rimfragments.

Eta 1973,#66. Notillustrated. 1-165.Base. Completefoot.D. (base)3.8. Eta 1973,#27. 166. Base. Fragment oftwo-thirds ofbase. D. (base)3.3. Potter'smarkof hastilyincisedstrokeon underside. Zeta 1973,# 108. offoot.D. (base)5.5.Alpha8, i960, 167. Base.Fragment #5.

Fine orange fabricwithpartiallycoatedorpattern-painted surface (168-169; FIG-4-9) *i68. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)10.Brownhorizontal bandsin and out.Eta 1973,#65. Reddish169. Smallclosedform.Shoulder(?)fragment.

brownpainteddecoration in uncertain on exterior. pattern Zeta 1973,# 109.

Fine orange coatedsurface fabricwithmonochrome (170-178; fig. 4.9)

This smallgroupof saucersare monochrome-coated witha paintthatfiresfromreddish-brown to black. makecomplete 170. Saucer.Numerous joinedfragments profile;H. 5.9, D. (rim)10, (base) 4.5. Coated reddishbrownthroughout. Taylour1972, 240, 264 fig.36.8, HS 36. Alpha4, 1959,# 10. 59-010. ofrimandside. 171. Saucer.Threenon-joining fragments D. (rim)11.5.Coatedreddish-brown Zeta1973, throughout. # 109.

D. (rim)12.5.Coatedreddish172. Saucer.Rimfragment. brownthroughout; interior worn.Alpha4, 1959,#3. D. (rim)19. Coated thick 173. Saucer.Rim fragment. reddish-brown to blackthroughout. Alpha8, i960, #5.

D. (rim)19. Coatedblack ti74. Saucer.Rim fragment. worn.Eta 1973,#27. throughout; D. (rim)12. Surfaceworn ♦175. Saucer.Rim fragment. darkgreythroughout. Eta 1973,#66. of foot.D. (base) uncertain. 176. Base. Smallfragment Coatedreddish-brown Zeta 1973,# 109. Not throughout. illustrated. offoot.D. (base)5.5. Coated 177. Base. Smallfragment redthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 108. ofhalfoffoot.D. (base)8.5. Coated 178. Base.Fragment blackthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 108.

Fine orange fabricwithcreamslippedsurface (179-188; fig. 4.9)

Similarto finebufffabricwithcreamslip,butin thiscase theslipdoes notadhereas well. ofrim,sideandbase;H. 3.6,diam. 179. Bowl.Fragment (rim)15, (base)4.2. Alpha1, 1959,#3. 180. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)16. Alpha 1, 1959, #6.

181. Sauceboat.Fragment ofspout.Alpha1, 1959,#9. 182. Sauceboat.Fragment ofspout.Alpha7, i960, #3. Zeta 1973, # 106. Not 183. Sauceboat.Rim fragment. illustrated.

17°

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

Fig.4.9. EH II pottery: fineorangeclay160-163, 165-175, 177-182,184-188.Scale 1:3.

offoot.D. (base)4. Eta 1973,#27. ti84- Base.Fragment ofrimandcomplete doublehandle. 185. Askos.Fragment Alpha7, i960, #3. plate 29. 186. Askos.Fragmentof shoulderwithlowerhalfof doublestrap-handle. Alpha1, 1959,#9a.

D. (rim)c. 27. 187. Askosor closedjar. Rimfragment. Alpha1, 1959,#9a. 188. Lid. Complete; H. 2, D. 4.3. Taylour 1972, 245 fig.22.1, pl. 47d left,HS 48A. Alpha 10, 1963, # 23. 63-019.

Semi-coarse (189-194; fig. 4.10) orange fabricwithplain surface

silvermicainclusions. Orangefabricsimilarto thefineorangeclay,butwithgritsand frequent D. (rim)14.Zeta 1973,# 109. 189. Bowl.Rimfragment. of ♦190. Sauceboat. Numerousnon-joiningfragments rimand body,halfofbase. D. (base) 5. Eta 1973,# 69. 73-7*5 Zeta D. (rim)uncertain. 191. Largebowl.Rimfragment. # 110. 1973,

Zeta D. (rim)uncertain. 192. Largebowl.Rimfragment. 1973,# 112. D. (rim)c.38. Eta 1973, ♦193. Largebowl.Rimfragment. #66. Eta D. (rim)uncertain. ♦194. Open jar. Rim fragment. 1973,#66.


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Semi-coarse orange fabricwithredslip(195-196; fig. 4.10) 195. Sauceboat. Fragmentof spout. Thinly incised on exterior downspout.Alpha4, 1959, decoration running #10. plate 29.

D. (rim)24. Inciseddiagonal 196. Bowl.Rimfragment. slashesand verticallug belowrimon exterior. Alpha 8, i960, #3.

Coarseorange (197-205; fig. 4.10) fabricwithplain surface D. (rim)17.Roughly 197. Bowl.Rimfragment. impressed dotsbelowrimon exterior. CavanaghandCrouwel19960, 10,no. 12b (dated'EH I-IF). Alpha 10, i960, #3. D. (rim)34. Roughdiagonal 198. Bowl(?).Rimfragment. incisions belowrimon exterior. Alpha10, i960, #3. D. (rim)uncertain. Zeta 1973, 199. Bowl.Rimfragment. # 109.

D. (rim)c.20.Zeta 1973, 200. Largebowl.Rimfragment.

# 109.

D. (rim)31. Deep,ovoid 201. Largebowl.Rimfragment.

BROWN

CLAY

(206-210;

FIG.

on topofrim.Alpha 10, i960, #4. impressions D. (rim)c. 50. Zeta 1973, 202. Openjar. Rimfragment. # 109.

D. (rim)c. 55. Horizontal t23. Openjar. Rimfragment. zoneofinciseddiagonalslashesbelowrimon exterior. Eta 1973»#27. D. (rim)uncertain. Zeta 204. Smallpithos.Rimfragment. 1973,# 109. of foot(ofopenjar?). D. (base) c. 205. Base. Fragment 15. Zeta 1973,# 109.

4.I1)

D. (rim)16. Semi-fine f2o6. Closedjar. Rim fragment. fabric.Interior smoothed. Eta 1973, plain,exterior lightly #32. rimfragments withhalf ♦207. Openjar.Twonon-joining of verticalhandle.D. (rim)uncertain. Semi-coarse fabric withplainsurface. Horizontal rowofthindiagonalslashes belowrimon exterior. Eta 1973,#69. D. (rim)uncertain. *2o8. Openjar.Rimfragment. Coarse

fabricwithplain surface.Horizontalrow of deep ovoid belowrimon exterior. Burnt.Eta 1973,#66. impressions D. (rim)38. Semi-coarse ♦209. Largebowl.Rimfragment. fabricwithplainsurface. Eta 1973,#66. 210. Largebowlor openjar. Twojoinedrimfragments. D. (rim)c.45. Coarsefabricwithburnished surface. Raised horizontal band withinciseddiagonalslashesbelowrim. Alpha 10, i960, #10.

REDDISH-BROWN CLAY (2II-215; FIG. 4.I1) D. (rim)17. Semi-fine *2ii. Saucer.Rimfragment. fabric withself-slipped surfaceand roughfinishing markson the exterior. Eta 1973,#69. D. (rim)c. 10. Semi212. Open jar(?). Rim fragment. coarsefabricwithburnished surfacethroughout. Alpha8,

i960, #5. D. (rim)uncertain. Semi213. Open jar. Rimfragment. coarsefabric withplainsurface. inciseddecoration Roughly on exterior. Alpha7, i960, #7. D. (rim)uncertain. Semi214. Largebowl.Rimfragment.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

172

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Fig.4.11. EH II pottery: uncommon fabrics 206-221.Scale 1:3.

coarsefabricwithplainsurface. Zeta 1973,#110. ofrimandside 215. Largeopenjar.Numerous fragments withheavystrap-handle. D. (rim)50. Coarsefabricwith LIGHT BROWN CLAY (216219,

FIG. 4.I1)

ofrimand body *2i6. Largebowl.Numerous fragments withone horizontal handle.D. (rim)39. Semicoarse gritty fabric.Eta 1973,#66. 73-726. H. 4, wholeprofile. One sherd,preserving [t2i7- Platter. withlargeamountoffine diam.(rim,est.)40. Coarsefabric andsomemediumgrits.Thickened slopingrim,spreading base.Fracture andflattened 2.5YR5/8(red);interior profile surface10YR 6/3 surface 2.5YR 5.5/6(lightred);exterior GREY-GREEN CLAY (22O~22i;

andburnished surface. numerous Alpha angularinclusions 7, i960, #15; Alpha8, i960, #18.

(pale brown). Interiorvery finelysmoothed(lightly smoothed. DescribedbyJ.B. Exterior burnished). roughly Rutter. Eta 1973,#53. 73-719.] of edge withone verticalhole *2i8. Strainer. Fragment fabricwithtracesof D. 10. Semi-coarse piercedthrough. Eta 1973,#65. 73-723. redcoat,blackenedon underside. fabric ofhandle.Semi-coarse 219. Frying pan.Fragment withtracesofredcoat.Eta 1973,#50. 73-715.

FIG. 4.I1)

coloured clay verysimilarto thatof Corinth,and Two sherdsare in a fine,slightlyporous grey-green it seems mostlikelythatthe two vases originatefromthatquarter.


173

fabrics Fig.4.12. EH II pottery: 222-223.Scale 1:2. singular

offoot.Finefabric, worn.Zeta 220. Base.Smallfragment 1973,# 109. of base and lowerside of closed 221. Base. Fragment

form.D. (base) c. 5.5. Finefabric.Plaininterior, exterior coatedin thindarkbrown.Potter'smarkof singlestroke acrosscentreofunderside. Alpha8, i960, #3.

SINGULAR FABRICS (222~223; FIG. 4.12) *222. Closed form.Threejoined shoulder(?)fragments. fabric.Interior Veryfinepink-orange plain.Exteriorselfand decorated with fine reddish-brown slipped paint.EM ILAEarly.Eta 1973,#66. 73-724.plate 29. ofbody;handle 223. Frying pan. Twojoinedfragments and one side missing.H. 1.7, D. (rim)10. Semi-coarse

reddish-brown fabricwithnumerousinclusions and plain surface. Underside decorated withdoublelinesofimpressed aroundedge and acrossbase ofhandle.Taylour triangles 1972,240-1 fig.18,pl. 45f,HS 40. Alpha8/1and 10/7 baulks1963,# 29. 63-023.plate 29. 224-1000. Numbersnotused.

(ii) Commentaryon Fine Wares in buffclaymakesup 66% of thetotaland is mostprobablylocallymade. YellowMottled Pottery Wareis includedwiththebuff fabrics becauseitcannotbe distinguished one suspects however, visually; thatit was imported, from the because of the limited of forms and thevery perhaps Argolid, range closetechnical to Argivepieces.The orangefabricmakesup 21% ofthetotaland couldbe similarity The otherfabrics are so rarethattheyareprobablynotproduced regardedas a secondlocalproduct. not be from far fabriccouldbe locally,althoughtheymay very away;forexample,thegrey-green fromtheCorinthia. PLAIN WARE

The fineplainwaresin thebuffand orangeclaysareproducedsimilarly by eitherleavingthesurface of thevase untreated or finishing it witha damp clothor sponge,givinga thin,fine,self-slipped surface.This class corresponds at Zygouriesto Blegen'sClass D, 'UnpaintedWare'.26 It seemsto towardtheend oftheperiod.27 belongto a maturephaseofEH II and at Lernais mostplentiful PARTIALLYCOATED AND PATTERN-PAINTEDWARES

Fourvases in finebuffand orangefabricsrepresentthisclass,whichstandsbetweenplain and monochrome coatedwares.Threeare shallowbowlsor saucerswithroughlypaintedbandsat the rim.Thesecorrespond to Blegen'sClass BI, 'Partially CoatedWare',in whichthesaucerseemsto be themostcommonform.28 The fourth Warewith piece,169,belongsto Blegen'sClass CI, 'Patterned 26 Biegen 1028, 106-11. 27 Caskey 1960Û, 289.

28

Biegen 1928, 83-6.

J- A- MACGILLIVRAY

174

in darkcolouron a lightground'.29 EH II pattern-painted at Lerna30 decoration is notplentiful pottery and forms a minorcategory itoccurs.31 wherever COATED WARES

MONOCHROME

Greeksites,is coatedwitha as at mostcontemporary at AyiosStephanos, The mostpopularpottery and and thinto lustrous in from dull and in red to black colour from of quality layer paintvarying and cracksor peelsawayfrom¿hesurfaceeasily.Mostexamplesare thick.It is veryrarelyburnished toBlegen's basesareleftplain.ItCorresponds ofpedestalled butoftentheinteriors coatedthroughout, 'Varnished' or is also known as 'Urfirnis' and ClassBII, 'GlazedWare- completely coated',32 pottery.33 fromhigh oftheEH II period,andwhilea reverseprogression Glazedwareis thetypicalfinepottery atAyiosStephanosdoesnotpermit thestratigraphy tolowqualityhasbeenobservedin theArgolid,34 oftheware. aboutthelocal development observations YELLOW

WARE

MOTTLED

at AyiosStephanosis in YellowMottledWarein finebuffclay.The distinctive The finestpottery withareasofintentional surfaces wearingto zonesofgreyand silverymottling slippedandburnished The techniques closelyto Blegen'sClass All, 'PolishedWare YellowMottled'.35 pinkcorrespond areso similarthatitseemsmostprobablethattheAyiosStephanosexamplesareimported andforms central as maybe mostofthehighqualityexamplesofthiswarefoundthroughout fromtheArgolid, the end towards Greece.The wareis notfoundintheearlystagesofEH II anddecreases andsouthern II.36 EH of withthedevelopedstages a periodofmanufacture oftheperiod,suggesting corresponding CREAM-SLIPPED

WARE

CoatedWareis coatedwitha whiteor afterMonochrome The secondmostcommongroupofpottery on the to almost and thin from cream-coloured depending transparentthickand lustrous, slipvarying it resembles Coated Monochrome resembles It Ware; the of and visually slip. technically quality quantity Thisclassdoes notseemto havebeen YellowMottledWareand couldbe takenas a poorimitation. and maybe linkedto Class treatedby Biegen,butis similarto the'WhiteSlippedWare'ofAsine37 DD at Berbati.38 (iii) Forms SHALLOW BOWL

indentedbasesoccurin Plainand Cream-Slipped roundedbowlswithflator lightly Shallow,slightly are between fabrics. and buff in fine wares Heightsvaryfrom4.3 to 4.6, and rimdiameters orange II formalso EH a standard at IIA of bowls to similar are Tiryns,39 Type very 15.0 and 18.0. They Messenia.43 and Boeotia42 knownfromLerna,40 Corinth,41 SAUCER

stemmed tothemas 'miniature refers knownas saucers(Taylour cups' Smallfootedbowls,commonly at form EH ofthesite),are themostcommon in earlierpublications AyiosStephanos.The relative however,twogeneral typology; paucityof completeexamplesdoes notallowfora comprehensive has a simplerim first The on the basis of manufacturing techniques. typesmaybe distinguished Completeexamplessit endingin a bluntpoint(18-91, 30-45, 112-117, 160-164, 168, 170-174). withflatsurface(46rim shaved or bases.The secondtypehas a tooled on bothringandpedestalled Wareand displays Mottled Yellow 54, 118-121,175, 180).TypeI occursin all thefinewaresexcept and occurs less II is in profileas saucersofTypeII fromTiryns.44 frequent thesamevariation Type Coatedand CreamSlippedwares. onlyin Monochrome 29 Biegen 1928, 103-4. 30 Caskey 10600, 202. 31 E.g. Waage 1Q49, 420. 32 Bleeen 1028, 87-101. 33 Waacre

io/io.

AIQ-20.

34 Caskey 1960a, 289. 35 Bleeen 1028, 70-81. 36 Biegen 1928, 78-9; Caskey 1960Û, 289.

37 Frödin and Persson io*8, 210. 38 Säflund 1965, 142. 39 Weisshaar 1981, 227 fig.72. 40 Caskey 19600, 291 fig. 'c. 41 Waage iqaq, pl. 61 right. 42 Caskey io6oô, fig. 11, VIII. 1, 21. 43 Korres 1079, 146 fig.27. 44 Weisshaar 1981, 223 fig.68.


175

Saucers17 and 160, fromburials,are verycrudelymade,withthefootbeingno morethanthe ofa finger insidethebase.The EH II osteotheke at Perachoraalso containedroughly made impression and finished whichsuggests thatEH pottersmayhave been producinga rangeofhastily ceramics, madepiecesexclusively forfunerary use.45 SAUCEBOAT

The distinctive oftheEH II period,occursin all the spoutedbowlknownas thesauceboat,hallmark finewaresexceptPartially withCaskey'stypology46 CoatedWare.Comparison is difficult, as thereare no completeexamples.However,theverticalstrapand doublehandleson fragments 23, 55-56, 9394 and 126-129 look as thoughtheymayhave belongedto examplesofTypeIII. Two fragments, archedhorizontal handleslikethosefoundon TypesI and II. Noneofthe 124-125,havehigh-swung characteristics ofTypeIV couldbe identified. BASES OF SAUCERS OR SAUCEBOATS

A largenumberoffragments ofbasesin all thefineclassesexceptPartially CoatedWarecouldbelong eitherto saucersor sauceboats.Theyrangefromhavinga low ringfoot(25-26, 97-105, 132-137 and 165-166) to a highpedestalledfoot(63-78, 106, 138-139 and 167). The ringfootis typicalof The pedestalled footis rarein theArgolido-Corinthia,48 butcommon Argivesaucersand sauceboats.47 in centralGreeceand Atticaand perhapsalso in Laconia.49 ASKOS

Therearesixfragments thatprobablybelongto askoidjugsin YellowMottledWare(96) and CreamWare ofthis (140-141 and 185-187).Theyhavestrapor doublehandles,a commonfeature Slipped formin EH II,50and similarto thoseon sauceboatsofTypeIII, e.g. 56, and largecup 79. [A duckaskoswithsimplelinearpatterns in blackon a light-brown sliphas been foundat Geraki.51] SPOON

Thereare fourfragments of thecharacteristic EH II clay spoonin MonochromeCoated (84) and wares(143-145). The formconsistsof an elongatedbowl roughly8 to 9 cm. long Cream-Slipped witha shortrectangular handle.Although notin greatquantity, spoonsarefoundat mostEH II sites in centraland southern Greece. LID

Thereare twoexamplesof smalllids withpiercedhandleson top,85 and 188, but no evidence forthejars theywouldhave closed.Similarlids are foundat EH II sitesthroughout centraland southern Greece.52 LARGE CUP

itmayhavehad two.It is nota 79 is a largecupwithone verticaldoublehandlepreserved, although commonEH form,as sauceboatsprobablyservedas drinking cups,butcertainly belongsto EH II becauseofitsfabricand thesimilarity ofthedoublehandleto thoseon sauceboatsand askoi. LARGE HANDLED BOWL

111 is therimfragment ofbowlthatis uniquein havinga handleseton theside belowtherim.It ofthepedestalledbowlwithtwohandlesknownfromAsea in Arcadia.53 maybe a localvariation BRIDGE-SPOUTED

JAR

146146a is a problematic and apparentsingularity. piece becauseofitspoor stateofpreservation The upperpart,146, comprises of the rim and of a fragments bridgedspout largeopenjar. 146a is a 45Hatzipouliou-Kalliri 108«, 370-7k. 46 1960a, Caskey 290. 47Caskey10600,200 fig.ib, d, e). 48Fahy1062, 104. 49 E.g. Harding,Cadoganand Howell 1969, 133 figs.10-11; Coldstream and Huxley1972,fig.35:74-6, 87-9.

50 Korres1070 pl. n*Ô. 51E.g. Crouwel2001, 2* withpl. xm. 52 Biegen1928,88 fig.76:101; Holmberg1944,70 fig.73c, 7953 fig.81c. Holmberg1944,64 fig.67, 69 fig.72.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

176

it base in thesamefabricand classand foundtogether withtheupperpart,although highpedestalled is difficult EH form.There to see howtheyjoin.The bridge-spouted nota well-known jar is certainly is a spoutfromAsea thatmaybe froma similar vaseand also appearstobelongtotheEH II period.54 FRYING PAN

fabrics and areprobablyimported. Twofragments ofEH frying 219 is part pansoccurin uncommon I II EH and of the ofa barredhandleofthetypemostcommonon mainlandfrying periods.55 pans ofthetypefoundin a mixedNeolithic-EHlayer 223 hasa rectangular piercedhandleanddecoration at Asea.56Bothpiecesareprobablyofmainlandmanufacture, 223 mostlikelyfromAsea. SCHEMATISED

WARE

andTombII atLebena(Lenda).58 vaseverylikeEM ILAexamplesfromKoumasa57 222 is a schematised in Dark-on-Light The fabric, hatchedpattern ware,and paintedspotsare verymuchat homein EM fromcentralCreteandprovidesa useful In all likelihood222 wasimported HA EarlyCentralCrete.59 linkbetweenEH II Earlyand EM IIA Early. chronological thefullrangeofwaresand forms fromAyiosStephanoscomprises oftheEH pottery The majority localvariations; commontomostsitesoftheEH II periodin mainlandGreece.Thereareno striking insteadwe mayassumeclosecontactwiththecentresofEH society. AyiosStephanosmayhavebeen untila maturestageoftheEH II period,afterwhich in EH I and thencontinuously occupiedfirst thisapparentgap maybe misleading thereis no evidenceuntiltheMH I period,although giventhe smallareatestedby excavation.

54 Holmberg 1944, 72-3 fig.74g. 55 Coleman 108*, 108-201. 56 Holmberg 1944, 87 fig.88b.

57 Xanthoudides 1924, pl. XXVIII 4123-4124, 4142. 58 Alexiou and Warren 2004, 114 pl. 107 no. 509. 59 Wilson 1985, 323-4 P218; Wilson 2007, 61.

Chapter5 withtheMiddleHelladicwares The MiddleHelladicpottery, marks fromLateHelladicdepositsand thepotters5 C. Zerner

hercataloguein 1990,butrevisedtherestofthisChapterextensively note:C. Zernerfinalised [Editor's in 2003 in thelightofhercontinuing researchat Lerna.Sinceitwas impossibleto alterheroriginal I haveindicatedthedatesof numeration totakeaccountofthesubsequent refinements, chronological thoseitemswhichdiffer fromthemajority of thosein each sectionof thecatalogue.In addition,I have inserteda fewitemsof stratigraphie thesehave not been studiedby C. Zerner. importance; brackets indicate Square myadditions.] 1. ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS In additionto theusualabbreviations at thefront ofthisvolume),the (see the'ListofAbbreviations' technicalceramicvocabularyused hereis derivedprimarily fromShepard1956, and Gibsonand Woods1990. Burnish: ofthesurfacearea ofa vesselwitha hard-edged toolthatleavesvisiblemarks, manipulation in orderto producea compactedlayerwithlustre(opp.polish). Central Area:theCentral Areaencompasses thenorth-east and central Corinthia) Péloponnèse(Argolid, Greece(Attica, Boeotia,Euboea,Phocis).1 CeramicGroup:see below, §3.

(bothclayin itsnaturalstateand clayas preparedbythe Clay:unfired claywithitsmineralinclusions withtempering sometimes materials). potter, theadjectiveis usedto referto theislandsoftheCyclades,homeofone ofthethreedistinct Cycladic. in theMBA, alongwithMinoanand Helladic cultures DB: DarkBurnished ware. D-o-l:dark-on-light, decoration ofdarkpainton a lightground. DP: Dull Paintedware. GM:GreyMinyanware. Fabric, thefiredclay,bestvisibleon a freshfracture ofa sherd. Handmade or madebyhand:no visiblesignsof turning on thewheelor of throwing withcentrifugal force(opp. turned, wheel-thrown).

Helladic:threetraditions, considered to have cultural ratherthanexclusively geographic significance, arerecognised here:Helladic,Minoanand Cycladic.Unliketheislandareas,themainlandis very largeand characterised, especiallyin thelateEBA and MBA, by regionalvariationand diversity. Whenused here (otherthanin chronological such as EH, MH and LH), Helladic designations refers to thematerialcultureas represented at sitesin the Central Area. executed with a utensil or material of somekindintothesurface when Impressed: designs by pressing thevesselwas stillmoistenoughto receiveit. Whenthedesignsare individualmarksmade by in ratherdeeplythepointedend ofa tool,theyare termedpunctate. repeatedly pressing Incised: drawn witha hard-edged tool (withpointedor squaredend). designs Lamination: termused to describethesurfacesofvesselsthathave flakedoffin a multitude ofthin or layers plates(laminae). LD: LustrousDecoratedware. L-o-d:Light-on-dark, decoration ofwhitepainton a groundofdarkpaint. 1 In thisI followDickinson 1977, 17. 177

178

C. ZERNER

MattPaint thecapitalisedwordsMattPaintdesignate of the paintthatcontainsa largepercentage mineralmanganese, whichcausesthecolourtoremaindarkbrown,greyorblackin bothoxidising andreducing conditions2 andproducesa dullormattappearance.The termMattdistinguishes firing it frompaintcomposedprimarily of ironoxides,whichfiresto a lightcolourin an oxidising in a dark a reducingone. This iron-oxide or to colour paintcan be lustrousor can atmosphere in thin after use anddeposition, it a or because was dull or either because, matt, layer applied appear itslustrehas wornoff. Minoan:theadjectiveis used to describea personor objectfromtheislandof Creteor to referin thatoriginated on thesameisland(i.e.Minoanpotting techniques). generalto a tradition used to this has been term designatea class of potteryor a styleof decorationthat Minoanising. The pot in questionmayhave been manufactured derivesfromMinoanstyles.3 except anywhere on theislandofCrete.Thereis roomforconfusion here,forexamplewhenone wishesto referto ofKytherain EB II/III who are presumedto havebeen Minoans.In ofthesettlers thetraditions as Minoan. and theirstyleor tradition to as Kytherans thistext,thesepeopleare referred MP: MattPaintedware. betweenthe two proceduresof slipping,the coatingof Paint(see also slip):thereis a distinction thedecorating withwater(i.e.a slip)and painting, ofvesselswitha fineclayin suspension surfaces a when This becomes or witha colourant ofsurfaces slipis coloured confusing (i.e.paint pigment). witha pigmentand is used bothto slip and to decorateor paint.In thistext,the termpaint designatesa colouredpigmentused to drawpatternsand sometimesto coat largeareas. Slip fromthatofthefabricor itscolouris indistinguishable whether a coatingofthesurface, designates is but to draw used is not which alwaysappliedas a solidor semi-solid patterns totallydifferent, termsdescribetheappearanceof these In other and words, Burnished). coating(e.g.Red Slipped used. materials of the notthecomposition thesurfaces, witha softmaterial(e.g.cloth,leather, ofthesurfacearea ofa vesselby rubbing Polish:manipulation a to in order thatleavesfewvisiblemarks, produce compactedlayerwithlustre(see also fingers) burnish). on thesurfaceof a vesselbeforeit was fired.The or impressed marka markor sign,incised Potter's itis notknownwhoactuallymadethese word'potter'is usedforthesakeofconvenience, although marksor whytheyweremade. see impressed. Punctate-,

Slip(see alsopaini):a coatingoffineclayoverall or mostofthesurfaceofa vessel.Thiscoatmaybe finer added to give the surfacea smoother, of a colourclose to thatof thefabric,intentionally fabric the from different withpaint,or ofa colourvery appearanceor to prepareitfordecoration Burnished and Red ware). Slipped (e.g. ofvessels,causedbyraisingthetemperature ofthesurface orflaking Spallingtermusedforthepitting after or othercarbonates oflimestone or by theblowingoutofinclusions too quicklyduringfiring theyhad absorbedwaterand expanded. or tournette, withthehelp of a turn-table thistermis used to describea pot manufactured Turned: throwthe and force to producecentrifugal whichwas rotatedbut notwiththe speed sufficient or turnedbutnotwheel-thrown. vessel.Potsmadein thiswaymaybe termedwheel-made or surface of or treatment, Ware(also'DecorativeClass'4):a decorative e.g.DarkBurnished style type MP ware. thatit a termusedwhenthereare definite Wheel-thrown: signson thewallsofa vesseldemonstrating forcenecessaryforthrowing. thecentrifugal was made on a potter'swheelcapableof providing waswheeltobe oflocalmanufacture fromAyiosStephanosthatis considered Noneofthepottery in theMBA: evidenceforitexistsonlyon was notwidespread The use ofthistechnology thrown. and in centralGreece(e.g.trueGM). traditions Crete(andin Minoanpotting elsewhere) YM:YellowMinyanware. 2. CHRONOLOGY used hereforthephasingof theMBA on themainlandof Greecederivefroma The designations In manywaysitis a difficult fromLernaand AyiosStephanos. periodto the detailedstudyof pottery a is and standardise to perplexing the and sequences terminology chronological understand, attempt 2 Farnsworthand Simmons 1063. 3 Rutterand Rutter1976, 10-12.

4 Zerner

1993.

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is thelackofexcavatedsitesthathavea long, andfrustrating One reasonforthisdifficulty enterprise.5 istheregional well-stratified seriesofdeposits; another ofwares,fabrics andshapescharacteristic diversity oftheperiod.At one particular site,suchas AyiosStephanosor Lerna,theremaybe a numberof in thesamechronological different traditions assemblage.One cannotbase thesequence represented ononefeature alone,forexample,a vesselshape(suchas thecarinated cup)ora manufacturing technique in becausepotters different traditions andindifferent (suchas wheel-throwing), working regions produced thesameshapesandemployedthesametechniques atdifferent times.A solution adoptedfortheLerna materialand thenappliedto theceramicsofAyiosStephanosis a sequenceforeach ceramicgroup in generalMH terms. (defined below),whichis thensetintoa largerframework I havedividedtheMH periodatAyiosStephanosintothreephasescorresponding to early(MH I), middle(MH II) and late(MH III). A tripartite that refers to the mainland a as wholeis more system difficult to establish, forthesame reasonsconcerning thatare outlinedabove. ceramicchronology itmaynowbe bestto discardthatsystem forthemainland,sinceitis notgenerally Although agreed I it find the most convenient to refer to the on, upon, way phasesofthetwositesI havebeenworking Lernaand AyiosStephanos. Sincethefirst for attempt byWaceand Biegen6tolinktheirmainlandsequenceto thoseestablished CreteandtheCyclades,scholars havetriedtorefine therelative on the basis of Minoan and chronology and theirinfluence on trendsin ceramicproduction on themainland.7 Thishas not Cycladicimports been successful: confusion about the divisions and the in manner which the correlations abounds, always aremadeis partly toblame(primarily, ourpracticeofbasingchronology on stylistic influences andon as but examined or confirmed as such scientific Even potsdesignated imports rarely so, I means). by to continue link to the Helladic of the Central Area and the southern prefer sequence Péloponnèseto theCretanone,becauseI am basingthecorrelation neitheron a smallnumberofCretanimports at mainlandsites,noron instances ofstylistic influences ofMinoanon mainlandceramics, buton imports andthesequenceofLD waresintheceramicgroupMudstoneandChert.The development ofwaresin thisgroupcanbe comparedtothatoflustrous fromKythera, towhich paintedMiddleMinoanpottery itsfabric, itsmanufacturing anditsstylistic characteristics are(macroscopically) closelyrelated. Although thesiteorsiteswhereLD wasproducedcannotbe identified atthisstagein ourresearch,8 Laconiaand arethemostlikelycandidates.9 Whether itspotters wereworking inoneoftheseareasexclusively Kythera or at different sitesand in different in contactwithone another, areas,theywereconstantly usingthe sametechnologies and styles.Minoanin inspiration, LD is bestdescribedas a provincial warewhich mirrored theMinoansequencein generalbuthad a restricted repertory, utilising onlya fewofthe and decorative shapes patterns popularon Crete. Usingas a modelthesiteofLerna,whereall ofthemajorHelladic,Cycladicand Minoanwares in stratified contexts theMH period,one can incorporate theotherwares appeartogether throughout intotheLD (i.e.Kytheran andMinoan)sequence.Thusthemainlandchronological sequencepresented in thistextis linked,through to theMinoan.The majordivisionsand correlations are EM Kythera, III/MM IA = MH I, MM IB-II = MH II, and MM III = MH III. Becauseoftherestricted natureof theMinoanelements in theLD repertory, onlya generaloutlinemaybe applied. At AyiosStephanos, LD was one of a numberof different ceramicwaresin use throughout MH and earlyLH: changesin one ofthemthatsignified a separatechronological were not stage always hereis accompaniedby noticeablechangesin anotherware.The chronological sequencepresented based on indicators, someclear,othersuncertain, in thestratigraphical record. (i) Middle Helladic I (= Early Minoan III/Middle Minoan IA) Thisphaseis equivalent to Kythera DepositGamma,witha possibleimportfromAyiosStephanosat It corresponds to EH III/MH I through Kastri,a base thatmaybe DP ware.10 MH I at Lerna. MH I is wellrepresented at AyiosStephanos.Althoughthestratigraphical recordis notclearor consistent fromArea to Area,thereweretwomainsubphases,MH I Earlyand MH I Late.Three MH levelsin AreaZeta mayprovideevidenceforoccupationofthesitefromTransitional EH early III/MH I, whichwouldrepresent a thirdsubphase.The twoupperlevelsdateto MH I Earlyand Late;in thelowestlevel,thereweresherdsofceramictypessimilarto thosefoundin Transitional EH 5 Zerner 1993, 39-40. 6 Wace and Biegen 1017-18. 7 For recent discussions of tripartiteschemes and relative chronologysee Rutter19930, 776 withn. 132; Dickinson 1994, 9-17.

8 See Rutter and Rutter 1976, 64; Rutterand Jones 1977; Tones 1086. a2 1-a. 9 See Tones and Whitbread in Annendix 2. 10 Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 94, no. 39.

C. ZERNER

i8o

III/MH I deposits at Lerna. A few other examples of these early types were also found in later basketsin Area Zeta and elsewhereon the site. Almostall thepottery, bothlocal and imported,was handmade.The ceramicassemblage,although in theArgolidand elsewhere,differed fromcontemporary some wares found assemblagesin containing theCentralArea. The ceramicfeaturescharacteristic ofeach subphaseare describedin §§(a)-(c) below. (a) TRANSITIONAL

EH Ill/MH l(?)

All ofthewaresmostcharacteristic ofMH I AyiosStephanosappear in thisearliestphase: DB, DP, LD and Coarse. Typicalof thistransitionalstage are DB cups and bowls withevertedrims,eitherwith roundedprofileand pronouncedswellingoftheshoulder(1037, and 2214 fromtheearlierexcavations) or withconvex angularprofile(1036). A GM bowl (1064), probablyan importfromthe north-east Péloponnèse,can be dated to late EH III or veryearlyMH by itswide,nearlyverticalrim. (b) MH I EARLY

DB cups and bowls of MH I Earlyhave two characteristic profiles:angular,withshoulderstendingto the concave (1054, 1057, 1191); and carinated,characterisedby deeply concave shoulders(10551056, 1058). The DB carinatedcup was handmade and preceded the appearance of the same shape in LD and Minoan wares, which is dated to MM IB/II and was wheel-thrown.Anothervessel representedin thesedepositsis a smalljar withwide mouthand evertedrim(1060-1061). Decorative plasticribbing(1197-1198) and incised (1057) and impressed(1062) patternsmay belong to MH I Earlybut were more typicalof the nextphase, MH I Late. In DP, the most common shape is a bowl within-turnedrim,in small (1066) and large (1069) sizes.Althoughd-o-1was theusual styleof decoration,in thisphase thereis also bichrome(1069) and 1-o-d(1074). Simple,linearpatterns,horizontal,diagonal and verticallines and bands (1073, 1204) and diagonallyhatchedtriangles(1073) are most common althoughgarlands(1071), crosses (1074) and arcs (1206) are also found. LD was produced in fineand mediumcoarse fabrics,in the shapes of roundedcups (1075-1076), jars withflaringrims (1079). All were decoratedwithsimple,linear jugs (1078) and narrow-necked in DP, in 1-o-d(1078), d-o-1(1080), and polychrome(1076) styles. those found similar to patterns, Potters'markswere incisedon jugs (1077) and jars (1081). Coarse ware vesselsforuse in the kitchen,withburnishedor unburnishedsurfaces,were produced in two basic shapes thatchangedlittleover the course of MH: a roundedbowl withevertedrimand handles (1004), sometimesdecoratedwithincision(1086-1087); and a wide-mouthed jar high-swung withevertedrim (1046), oftenwithknobs on the shoulder(1049) or inciseddecorationon the top of the rim (1088). The firstimportsfromCrete appear in contextsof MH I Early (1082-1084, 1218-1221). All were to determine.Goblet handmade and date to MM I; however,the precisesubphase of MM is difficult MM IA;11roundedbowl 1084 maybe MM IB.12However,itis clearfromcorrelations 1082 is certainly withmaterialfromMH I Lerna and froma MH I Earlymainlandimportto Knossos in MM IA (the DB roundedbowl withevertedrim and swollen,grooved shouldersimilarto 1196 fromthe Royal thatcontactbetweenCreteand themainlandbegan in theprepalatialperiod. Road Southfilldeposit)13 into the earlypalatial period whichmay overlap in timewith continued This contact uninterrupted a MH I Late, well-documentedphase at Ayios Stephanos. (c) MH I LATE

In DB, the carinatedcup (1237) and bowl or basin with ribbed or ridged shoulder (1009-1010) continuedfromthe earlierphase. New shapes were introduced:a jar withhorizontalbelly handles (1849) and a flask(1851-1855). New decorativepatternswereincisedor impressed:especiallycommon is the garland (1102-1103), a motifthatwas popular throughoutMH and into LH. The decorative but more complex decorativesystemsappear on patternson DB are usuallysimple and rectilinear, flasks(1851-1852). This phase was theheydayofDP ware,whichwas producedin a varietyof shapes: cups and bowls rims(i860), jugs withroundedprofilesand evertedrims(1858-1859), bowls or basins within-turned 11Momigliano1991,fig-1:3. 12No shape of this kind appears in prepalatialcontexts

publishedin Momiglianoìqqi and 2000 orMacGillivray 1998. 13See Momigliano2000, 102-3 wit^nn-64"5-

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rims(1122-1123).Decorativepatterns withbeakedspouts(1117),andnarrow-necked jarswithflaring continued fromtheearlierperiod,withtheadditionofcross-hatched doublegarland(1122),firtree and (1123) lozenge(1330). AllLD pottery washandmadeinbothfinefabric, in theshapeofa cupwithangular(1124-1126)or rounded(1127)profile, nevercoatedon theinterior; andinmedium-coarse intheshapeofa jug fabric, a and narrow-necked with rim The one of the most characteristic vessel last, (1265) flaring (1130). jar forms inLD, wasusuallydecorated ind-o-1 with horizontal zones of the style patterns, including diagonally hatchedtriangle schemearealso foundin contemporary DP (1255). (1270).The shapeand decorative The otherLD shapesweredecorated in 1-o-d but in also d-o-1 and Patterns predominantly polychrome. are mainlyrectilinear, and bands and lines horizontal, vertical, oblique comprising (1265-1270)and hatched but there are a few such as and small filled circles others, (1270); triangles drips (1873).Decorative bandsofclaywereaddedto shoulders and small dots to inbarbotine surfaces (1872) clay applied style Potters continued to mark their (1124-1125). (1015). products Minoanimports, sherdsoftwoMM IB/II cupsor bowlswithroundedprofilesand evertedrims were in MH I Late basketsin AreaNu,indicating found thatthisphaseextendedinto (1878-1879), theearlypalatialperiodon Crete. (ii) Middle Helladic II (= Middle Minoan IB-II) Thisphaseis equivalent to Kythera a DB DepositDeltawitha possibleimportfromAyiosStephanos, handle.14 MH II at like MM IB/II at Kastri on is not well strap AyiosStephanos, Kythera, represented.15 In theArgolid,itcorresponds to DietzPhaseMH II Late and final.16 MH II is a well-defined phaseatsitesintheCentralAreawhereitis characterised bytheappearance of the carinatedcup shape in GM, MP and LD wares,a chronological indicatorthatcannotbe appliedat AyiosStephanos.The carinatedcup was first producedin DB warein MH I and theMP carinated is not in attested at the site. The sameshapein LD, whichwas notproduced cup anyphase beforeMH II, continued in laterphases.17 at AyiosStephanos,thereis some Althoughthisis a difficult phase to identify stratigraphically evidenceforitin thefollowing sequencesin AreasNu,Zeta and Eta: OvertheMH I Late apsidalbuildingNu I lay RutterDepositsA and B,18bothwithLD carinated ofMH II in the cups,and DepositB witha LD roundedcup withevertedrim,shapescharacteristic CentralArea.Although therewas nota largeamountofmaterial in thesedeposits, neither contained thatcouldbe datedto MH III. TwoLD carinated anything cups(notcataloguedhere)camefromNu 1977 baskets45 and 27 thatlay above MH I Late and belowMH III Early.In AreaZeta,basket78 withLD carinated debrisofMH I Latedate(whichcontained handmade cup 1168 overlaydestruction LD cup 1124).In AreaEta,basket55 whichoverlaybasket58 ofMH I Late date,was contaminated by latermaterialbut also containedmaterialthatmay be describedas MH II in character. The ceramiccharacteristics ofthisphaseare describednext. A new shape in DB was the hole-mouthed jar withthickenedrim (1295-1296). Othershapes continued butexhibited newfeatures: forexample,shoulder-handled bowlswerefashioned withmore shorter and slightly moreupright complexrimprofiles shoulderwas givento (1294),and a thicker, thecarinatedcup (1911),a progression towardthegobletshapecharacteristic ofMH III. The flask andjar shapesofMH I wereno longerproducedand thereseemsto have been a concentration on ofdrinking and mixingvessels(cup/goblet and bowlor basinwithridgedshoulder). production DP ware,so prevalentin MH I, continuedbut thereis no indicationof changesin shape or decorative patterns. In thisphase,thepotters ofLD first begantouse thewheelfornewshapesin finefabric:a carinated cup (1168, R27-28, R36) and a roundedcup withevertedrim,also knownas a semi-globular cup (1938). Bothwereof Minoan originas was anothernew shape in medium-coarse fabric:a holemouthed bothinterior jar (1950).On cupspaintedin1-o-dandpolychrome andexterior surfaces styles, werecoatedwithdarkpaintforthefirst time(1168). A fewnewcurvilinear and spiraliform patterns relatedtothosepopularon Kamareswarewereaddedtothedecorative (thesearerepresented repertory at Lernabutnotas clearlyat AyiosStephanos).The spiral stratigraphically was drawnexclusively in 1-o-d(R22); thed-o-1dottedfilledcircle(1345) maybelongto MH III Early.Also in thisphaseor in 14Coldstream and Huxlev 1072. q>7.no. a^. 15Coldstreamand Huxlev iQ72, 278. 16Dietz 1 99 1, 44-57.

17See Coldstream and Huxlev 1072, 27Q. 18Rutterand Rutter 1976, 16-19.

i82

C. ZERNER

on thejar withnarrowneckand thenext,thehatchedtriangle, one of themostcommonpatterns semicircle was the hatched or cross-hatched rim, (cf.1391).The plasticdecoration flaring replacedby usedin MH I no longerappears. Coarsewarevesselforcooking rimcontinued tobe thepreferred Thewide-mouthed jar witheverted withno apparentchanges(1989-1997). Micaceous Minoan ware, typicalof latestMH and early LH, may have firstappeared in MH II (1308).19 (iii) Middle Helladic III Early (= Middle Minoan IIIA-IIIB) LikeMH II, thisphaseoverlapswithKytheraDepositDelta.20 MH II at AyiosStephanosand at Lernathereis evidencefortwophasesofMH III. The first After is heretermedMH III Early;thesecondhas twopossiblesubphases,MH III Late and Transitional thatsignalthe MH III/LH I. At bothsites,thereweresignificant changesin theceramicrepertory MM II Late to related and decorative new in which a MH of III, phase patterns shapes beginning ofseparatephaseswithin and MM III wereadded to theLD repertory. However,theidentification MM III has been a problemforscholarssinceEvansdividedtheperiodintoMM IHA and IIIB.21 it is Becauseof thisand because of theunclearnatureof MM II and earlyMM III on Kythera, of characteristic to datethisphaseon themainlandin Minoanterms.The ceramicfeatures difficult thisphaseare describedbelow. Newin thisphaseis a ring-stemmed gobletwithT-rim(1364, 1485).The usualDB cupsandbowls in buttherearenewvariations to be usedfordrinking, in varioussizescontinued eatingand mixing, shoulder bowl or basin,now termeda goblet,has a straighter The shoulder-handled theirprofiles. evertedor nonexistent and small,slightly rim,and handlesthatwerelaid up morecloselyto the rim(2007). moreupright also The carinated shoulder(1920,R4). developeda shorter, cup its took soon a new and was no DP ware ware,MP, place. In MH II Late or longerproduced fabric(1930, 1978, with MP of an have been MH III Early,theremay gritty stage experimental III Early (1368, MH in introduced first was an not is if intrusion, 1980-1981), which, 1929 is III MH to dates that basket in a anothersherdofMP gritty Early, clearlyan intrusion). primarily III Late to Transitional MH next the until all common at was not phase, However,MP gritty later. MH III/LH I. MP fineappearedeven in finefabric,the In thisphase,new shapesof Minoanoriginwereadded to theLD repertory: carinated The hole-mouthed and cup (1399) and jar (1373). Vapheiocupin darkgroundstyle(1370) an undecorated the with indarkgroundstyle, exceptions: following cup(1939)continued semi-globular it came fromthe as later be which carinatedcup (1932) and one in lightgroundstyle(1935, may unitNu 1977 basket34), and an undecorated contaminated cup (1936).Newshapesin semi-globular and fabricwerea largebasin(1376-1377,3627) medium-coarse jug (i947"1949)- A^0* decorative new motifs:the quirk(i960), schemesbecame somewhatmorecomplex(as 1388), incorporating The narrowwavyline (1389, 1391),and cross-hatched spiral,stillonlyin 1-o-d(1498), loop (1393). The thanbefore. and joined arcs (1965) were drawnmorethickly diagonallyhatchedand crosscommonin MH I and II, was now completely hatchedtriangle, replacedby thehatchedand crossin MH II butwere whichmayhave been used first hatchedsemi-circle (1388, 1391). Othermotifs, oftinydots,both in thisphase,werethed-o-1dotrow,consisting morelikelytohavebeenintroduced a like thick filledcircles(R127),and thecircle, (1953). doughnut horizontal (1954) and encircling rimsof typicalLD narrowthe interior ratherthanstylistic: Otherchangesweretechnological hollowed(1388) or ridged(1384). withmorecomplexprofiles: neckedjarswerefashioned Coarsevesselsin MicaceousMinoanwareappearforthefirsttimeon Kytherain MM IB-IIIA thiswarein its Jar 1977 probablybelongsto MH III Early,butmostexamplesof DepositDelta.22 coarseformfromAyiosStephanosdateto theShaftGraveera. (iv) The Shaft Grave Era: MH III Late through LH IIA coversthreechronological fortheendoftheprepalatial Thisgeneraldesignation periodon themainland of forthedevelopment crucial of importance phases,MH III Late,LH I and LH IIA.23Although 19Fordiscussionsee § (iii)below. 20Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 94-8. I here is no phasein Dietz 199 1. corresponding

21Warrenand Hankeyiq8q, 54. 22Coldstream and Huxley1972,279. 23Rutter19930,785-7.

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in termsof terminology and the palatialMycenaeanculture,it is a difficult periodto understand of ceramic The at while not sequencing stratigraphical sequence AyiosStephanos, types. completely unambiguous, providesvaluableevidenceforsome of the questionsthathave been raisedin the numerous studiesofthisperiod.24 In theearlyphases(MH III Late andTransitional MH III/LH I) MP and YM, bothin gritty fabric and in late MH forms, to be at Before this ceramic time, began produced AyiosStephanos. styles similarto thosecommonat AyiosStephanos(i.e.DB and LD wares)did appearin otherareasofthe mainlandnorthofLaconiabuttherewasno corresponding of exchangeofpotsor stylescharacteristic theCentralArea(e.g.GM and MP) in a N-sdirection. Thischangein theceramicassemblagein late MH mayindicatea closerrelationship withotherareas of themainland.The local elitemayhave desiredYM and MP wares,especiallyin theformofcupsand bowlsfordrinking and feasting, which weresimilarto thoseusedbytheirpeersin otherareasofthemainland.25 Thiswouldhelpto explain theceramicchangesand,perhaps,otherinnovations as well,suchas a new way of layingout the dead in an extendedpositionforburial(perhapsdatingto thisperiod,cf.theskeletonofAlphaburial ofminiature vasesforuse as burialofferings forchildren(Lambdaburial2), 23)26and theproduction a practicebegunin lateMH in thenorth-east Péloponnèse. Otherchangesdatesomewhat ofLH IIA, including the later,to theend ofLH I and thebeginning introduction of the shaftgraveformitselfand the importation of Aeginetanvessels.By thattime in thecontemporary eithermade manyofthewarescurrent Argolidwerein use at AyiosStephanos, on or nearthesiteor,likeMinoanand Aeginetan, fromelsewhere. These,alongwithother imported materialremains,maybe signsat thesiteof thegrowingpowerof an elitegroup,now morefully culturaland politicalentity knownas Mycenaean. engagedin theemerging Of thethreesubphasesin thisperiod(MH III Late,Transitional MH III/LH I, and LH I Early), thefirst twoare takentogether below. (a) MH III LATE AND TRANSITIONAL

MH III/LH I (=MM

IIIB-MM

mH/LM Ia)

Thisis equivalentto KytheraDepositEpsilondatedto MM IIIB,27as well as to some sherdsfrom ofTsoungizain theCorinthia29 DepositZeta datedto MM IIIB-LM IA.28The MH resettlement and ofothersitesin theCentralArea also datesto thisphase.30 In theArgolid,it corresponds to Dietz' PhasesMH IIIA, MH IIIB and LH IA,31whichincludetheearliestgravesin CircleB at Mycenae. The catalogued vasesmaybe dividedintotwogroupsbasedon stratigraphical distinctions foundin the1977 excavations ofAreasNu and Lambda,withsomecorroboration in AreaBeta:MH III Late and Transitional MH III/LH I. In AreaNu,Structure Nu II containedpottery thatis clearlyLH I butprobablya veryearlystage oftheperiod(Rutter H and Below L). this,RutterDepositG and basket13 containgood Deposits between the latest MH and theearliestLH I (although examplesofa transitional basket13 has stage one fragment ofLH I, 3634). Underlying basket13 was basket30 and belowthat34. Becausethese twodepositsprecedebasket13 stratigraphically and becausetheycontaindifferent ceramicmaterial, earlierin date,i.e. basket30 datingto MH III Late,and basket34 to theearliest theymaybe slightly stageofMH III.32 In AreaLambda 1977,baskets68 and 88 containedthefirst LH LD; belowthem,basket97 dates to theTransitional MH III/LH I phase; underlying were MH III Late baskets98 and 99, and 97 belowthesewas basket104 ofMH II or III Early. In AreaBeta 1977,basket96 (abovebasket101,whichcannotbe datedbutwhich overlayMH III MH III Late (although contaminated Earlybaskets130 and 134)is primarily laterLH). Itunderlies by basket90 which,although LH I was also foundin it,has good Transitional MH III/LH I. Becausethetwogroupshave similarceramiccharacteristics, hereand theyare treatedtogether theirdifferences noted. In DB, thegoblet(1484) and smallercup/kantharos butothershapes (2001)werestillpredominant, and decorative someimitating Minoanprototypes, wereadded to therepertory: patterns, a straightsidedcup (2009),a conicalcup (2010),a cup on pedestalfoot(2012),a hole-mouthed and («0558), jar miniature roundedcup withverticalhandle(3391). All have Minoanprototypes withtheexception 24 For bibliographyand discussion see Rutterìqqso, 78^-07. 25 For discussion of the emergingelite and forbibliographysee Rutterîqqqa, 78r-q6. 26 See Tavlour 10*72.21/1-1*7. 27 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 98-104.

28 Coldstream and Huxley 1072, 104-14. 29 Rutter lqqoß, 4*2-*. 30 Rutterîqqqa, 781. 31 Dietz lQQi. r8-iof;. 32 See § (iii) above.

184

C. ZERNER

of theroundedcup,whichis similarto late MH and earlyLH kantharoi fromtheArgolid.33 The incisedfoliateband (3391,R88) was a newmotifaddedin thisphase. in miniature Forthefirst in gravesofchildren weremanufactured timevesselsintendedas offerings size (1482).Thisis also a feature ofgravegoodsfromtheShaftGraveera in theArgolid.34 in a burialwiththe Alsopossiblyofthisphase,orLH I Early,aretheDB vesselsplacedas offerings unusual.A DB in this are All rich in in the vessels burial extended 23.a5 grave position Alpha body underside of in MH manner but the with the with was incised rounded (2221) garlands goblet profile A verysmallpyxis linesofno apparentpattern. Sie base was also incisedwithparalleland crossing of shapes.Anothervessel is uniquein theDB repertory (2222),incisedwithtypicalMH patterns, MH but thatwerenottypically fromthegrave,thebiconicaljar HS 20,36was incisedwithpatterns Thisunusual on MP vesselsfromtheShaftGravesofCircleB, Mycenae.37 elaboratepatterns resemble to thesite.The vesselas wellas thefourth pot fromthegrave,HS 18,38mayhave been imported era. Grave to the Shaft dates itself grave certainly MH III Late Nu 1977 basket30, thatmaybe vesselfromsecurestratigraphical The first contexts, fabric(2047),in a shape a is burnished termedYM (withlight-coloured, surface) deep basinin gritty handleon therim,whichwas unusualin thisware.It is probable like2046 withlugsand an upright in shapesthatresemblethosepopularin theCentralAreabeganin the ofYM gritty thatproduction MH III/LH I phase,e.g.a flat-based Transitional cuporbowl(3401) and a cup orgobletwithslightly ofYM finealso beganin the theproduction raisedbase (3402).IfR242 andR243 arenotintrusions, I LH to dated it is most but I III/LH MH Transitional Early. securely phase, decoratedin d-o-1style,was producedin shapesthatresemblethoseofCentral MP in gritty fabric, and gobletswithangular(R246-247) or roundedprofiles(2054),jugs andjars AreaMP: kantharoi thickandthinbands(2057) andpendentrowormultiple arealternating (1685,2067).Typicalpatterns intoa latterwereoftendrawnin haste,degenerating The rowsofloopsor semicircles (2050, 2052). III Late MH of indicators are motifs These chronological important pendentsquigglyline (R247). MH III/LH I.39 and Transitional Gobletor globularjar 2059, ifnotan intrusive sherd,is an earlyexampleofthebichromestyle bichrome I/IIA. In theCentralArea,however, LH in whichbecamepopularatAyiosStephanosonly and vessels local was typicaloflateMH, on both MP decoration Cycladicimports. Thisis a trulytransitional Deposit by Kythera paintedware,represented phasein Minoanlustrous in were vases more 1-o-d and in continued, being painted which, styles although polychrome Epsilon, or strokes vertical of bars, includefoliatebands,oftenwithpointedends;groups Patterns d-o-1style.40 ofCretanripple;wavylines;arcs;filledcircles;quirksand a singlerunning spiral.41 somein imitation surface. on a reserved Addedpurpleorredwasmainlyusedforlinesandbands,somepainteddirectly found were medium-coarse LD in stratified thefirst AtAyiosStephanos, examplesofthenewstyle a with MH in characteristic in MH III Late Nu 1977 basket30. Jar 2119 was decorated style a new also is there but on a burnished and d-o-1decoration of1-o-d, combination ground, polychrome a Bowl leaves. with band foliate the cup?),withdeep semi-globular 2091 (possibly motif, pointed a thick above and exterior wavyline.In bandon interior rim,is decoratedwitha singlerowofleaves to horizontal bands,oftenon a thisphase,red was no longerused fordesignsbut was restricted new d-o-1designs these vesselswith reservedsurface(3431). Examplesof otherLD medium-coarse loop (2125). arejarswithimitation spiral,also calleda running ripple(1445) and singlerunning In MH schemeon vesselsin finefabric. ofa newdecorative tonotetheintroduction It is important in dark carinatedand Vapheiocupsweredecorated ground MH III early,semi-globular, II through Transitional the with dark coated were that surfaces exterior and By interior paint. on completely style, MH III/LH I phase,thecarinatedcup was no longerproducedand othershapeswerepaintedin usuallywithaddedwhiteand/or lightgroundstylewithdesignsin darkpainton a reservedsurface, cups (2140). As in the red:on semi-globular (1443-1444,3602), Vapheio(2083) and straight-sided on the linesand bands,some painteddirectly red was used forhorizontal medium-coarse variety, band foliate vases: are thesameas thosefoundon medium-coarse reserved ground(R414). Patterns in and withpointedleaves(1444); foliatebandwithroundedleaves(3606,R414); d-o-1 polychrome fine these of number ofa (R412). One feature combination (1443, 2083); and d-o-1rippleimitation coatedlikethoseoftheirMH II and werenotcompletely surfaces warevasesis thattheirinterior 33 Dietz 1QQ1.fig.47: AA-i. 34 Zerner 1990, 24. 35Tavlour iQ72. 214-17. 36Tavlour 1072. 216 fig.8. 37 Cf. no. 15 fromGrave Beta (Dietz 1991, fig. 56: AG- 1.4)

and no. 44 fromGrave Gamma (ibid., fig.60: AK-6.1). 38 Tavlour 1972, 216 fig.8. 39 Cf. late MH Tsoungiza, Rutter1990Û, fig.7: 8. 40 Coldstream and Huxley 1072, 0,8-104. 41 Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 282-3.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §2

185

MH III Earlycounterparts. Therewas usuallya band at therim(2083),as foundon fineLD cupsin MH I, a feature ofMM IIIB cupsfromKythera.42 Evidenceforan intermediary stagebetweenMH III and theearliestLH LD wareis an important at AyiosStephanos.At Lerna,forexample,thereare fewsignsofit: contribution oftheexcavations thismaybe explainedby thefactthatAyiosStephanos,in additionto beingcloserto theislandof was also closerthanLernato theproduction area ofLD itself. It is also important becauseit Kythera, is the same stagerepresented which LM IA in the earliest by KytheraDepositEpsilon predates and Zeta confirms the distinction between these two made Coldstream.43 Deposit deposits by The first Minoanimports withd-o-1rippledecoration maybelongtoMH III Late (an uncatalogued cup in fineware fromNu 1977 basket30), as does the use of red painton a lightground(an ofMM IIIB orMM IIIB-LM IA transitional uncatalogued jar fromNu 1977basket30). Otherimports are finecups (2135-2136, 2140 and 2142, whichhas a band on thelowerinterior) and mediumcoarsejars (1464 withfoliateband withpointedleaves,3441 withred band and d-o-1foliateband withroundedleaves,1763-1764 withd-o-1rippleand purpleon a lightground,and uncatalogued fromNu 1977 baskets13 and 30 withd-o-1ripple).Jar3631 fromNu 1977 basket13 fragments decoratedwitha rosettemaybe LM IA. A newwarethatappearsforthefirst timein thesedepositsis OatmealCoarsein theformofdeep but often decorated with basins,unpainted appliedimpressedcoils (1765-1766, 2157). In fabric, and are similar to MM IIIB vesselsfromKastri,Kythera,44 whichsuggests that decoration, shape they are from or Crete. they imports Kythera In localCoarseware,thewide-mouthed jar withevertedrimremainedthepreferred potforcooking Its base had become smaller and like a toe, eitherflaton the underside(2192) or (2177-2179). concave(2193). slightly The coarsebasinin MicaceousMinoanwaresurelybeganto appearat thesitein latestMH and coils (R519 and uncatalogued earlyLH I. Many examplesweredecoratedwiththumb-impressed fromLambda 1977 basket98). The earliesttripodbasesin thesamewaremayalso belong fragment to thisphase.45 ofGM warewererareat AyiosStephanos;almostall appearedin latestMH and earlyLH Imports ofa bowlfromLambda 1977 basket98). deposits(spouted jar 2039 and an uncatalogued fragment (b) LH I EARLY

Thisis equivalent in partto KytheraDepositZeta.46In theArgolid,thereis no corresponding phase in Dietz 1991. (Twobasketsthatarenotstratigraphically secure,Lambda1977 baskets83 and 85, are includedherebecausethecataloguedmaterialfromthemdatesto LH I Early:1710 frombasket85 and 34i4-34i5> 3424-3426,3440, 3443, 345-345i>3458 frombasket 83.) The ceramiccharacteristics thatdistinguish thisphase fromtheprecedingtransitional phase are describedbelow. BothYM and MP warescontinued in gritty fabricand thefirst cupsand bowlsin finefabricwere manufactured in and and an fromLambda1977 YM, (3381,R240 R289-291 uncatalogued fragment basket68 in MP). In thesedepositsare a fewsherdsthatare eitherintrusive or thefirst examplesof typesthatare moreusualat a laterdate:twobichromeMP fine(R293 and one uncatalogued from Lambda 1977 basket68) and a largegobletwithroundedprofilein MP gritty (R249). Thisis thefirst timethatfineLD wasproducedin recognisably LH I form.47 Likecontemporary LM IA pottery fromKythera, LD warewas bettermadethanbefore,theclaywas welllevigated and fired toa harderconsistency andthesurfaces wereoftenburnished. Thisburnishing ofthesurface, a feature ofLM IA,48has been citedas thecriterion fordistinguishing LD, fine,fromMycenaean.49 However, somecupsofthisphasehaveunburnished surfaces (3423),likesimilarLM IA cupsfromKythera.50 Whendiscussing warescharacteristic ofLH I, I use thetermLH LD forLD wareproducedin this andEarlyMycenaean andRutter.52 phase;itiscalledLH I byMountjoy51 Thedistinction made byRutter betweenLD and LH I or Mycenaeanis purelyone ofnomenclature and chronology: thefabricand 42Cf.Coldstream and Huxley1972,99: 9-10; 106-7:19-20, 24-7. 43Coldstream and Huxley1972, 280,paceWarren1991; see § (d) below. 44In and Huxley1972,fig. DepositEpsilon:see Coldstream 38: 100. 45 R592 maybe micaceous;see belowfordiscussion.

46Coldstream and Huxlev iQ72. ior-iu. 47Fordiscussionsee Rutterand Rutter10*76.'<x-'a. k*. 48Coldstream and Huxlev iQ72. 284. 49Rutterand Rutter 1076, rq. 50Coldstream and Huxlev 1072, 106. 51Mountiov1086. q and Chanter6 below. 52Rutterand Rutter 1976, 13-14.

i86

C. ZERNER

overallcharacter ofbothis thesame,but,as canbe seenin thedevelopment ofthewarethroughout its as whichbeganinearlyMH, shapesanddecorative as well methods of manufacture longhistory patterns In thesameway,LH LD isequivalent withchangesinMinoanpottery. toLM IA. changedinaccordance ThusI do notcallthewareMycenaeanbecauseitis LD ware,thesamewareproducedin MH, and I withotherwaresofLH I. nottocallitLH I becauseitwouldbe confused prefer and Rutter1976)fromMH LD waresin Rutter of of ware (called Minoanizing Stages development who to LM I wereputforth to itsLH formcorresponding Rutter, arguedthatwhathe callsthe by The in thanin theArgolid.53 Laconia rather LH I have of earliest developed may Mycenaeanpottery to this in lend this volume and scientific additional argument. strong support analysespresented stylistic cups (3458, R428) and Vapheio Examplesof LH LD fromthesedepositsincludesemi-globular in d-o-1stylewithadditional a midrib.Decorativepatterns, primarily cups(3455-3456,R462) without with fine leaves band a foliate in include added white, (R483),ripple(3423) andwhatappears patterns tonotethatveryfewshapesand decorative toa spiral(3428,3458). It is important belongto patterns known well the to include thisearlyphase;it was notuntilLH I/IIA thattherepertory expanded illustrated by Mountjoy.54 types ofthejar withnarrowneck and production Fewershapeswereproducedin medium-coarse fabric, in in rimwhichhad sucha longhistory, andflaring beginning earlyMH, mayhaveceasedaltogether imitation to be continued transitional in the LH. Patterns used,including ripple phase popular early spiral(R382). (3432, 3442) and singlerunning (c) LATE HELLADIC i/lIA (LATE HELLADIC HELLADIC IIA (=LATE LM IA)

I LATE WITH EARLY LATE HELLADIC

HA) TO LATE

TwoMP imports on Kythera. andtoDepositsEta andTheta56 tolaterDepositZeta55 Thisis equivalent LH I/IIA.57A I Late or LH fromthemainlandin DepositEta,bothdecoratedwithspirals,dateto 58 toLH IIA similar is MP cupfromDepositOmega,saidtobe froma LM IA context, very bichrome IIA has LH with early cups fromAyios Stephanos.The overlap of late or matureLM IA been discussedrecently by Warren.59 fromAyiosStephanosbeganto closelyresemble It is in thisphasethattheassemblageofpottery and in theArgolid at Korakou,60 in theCentralArea,e.g.in theCorinthia assemblages contemporary Dietz'PhaseLH IB, whichincludestheLernaShaftGravesand thelatestgravesin GraveCircleB at Delicatecupsin YM and bichromeMP fine,YM and MP gritty gobletswithrounded Mycenae.61 schemes decorative and new various in LD LH MP on decoration vases, shapes spiraliform profiles, time.However, waresare all foundforthefirst and MainlandPolychrome ofAeginetan and imports all ofthebasketsincludedin thissectioncontainedpiecesofLH IIA decoratedpottery.62 Although nonemaybe said to be purelyLH I Late (DietzLH IB), thefewbasketsthatare stratigraphically lowerthantheothersare datedhereto LH I/IIA, a phase at AyiosStephanosthatresemblesthe The restofthematerialis by Rutterat Tsoungizain theCorinthia.63 earlyLH IIA phaserecognised betweenthe two,bothphasesare discussed datedLH IIA. Becausethereis verylittledifference this thatdistinguish betweenthemarenoted.The ceramicfeatures and themaindistinctions together below. described are the from preceding phase notas commonas YM, DB was stillmade bothin gobletformand in new shapesor Although ofolderones:semi-globular variants cup withverticalhandle cup (1418, 1514-1516),straight-sided base on carinated (1519). cup tripod (1518) and thoseofLH I and earlyIIA in theArgolid:semiYM shapesmirror In bothfineandgritty fabrics, 64 or with rounded and angularprofileand low feet(3382-3383,3404). goblets globularcups(1424) The semi-globular cup and roundedgobletwithshoulderhandles(e.g. 1614) are themostcommon thestandardformfordrinking become gobletsin lustrouspaintedwarein LH II and shapesand feetof thesegobletsare low and concave The usual. not are handles later.65 (1321) High-swung stem a low on or underneath (1321). In laterLH I and earlyLH IIA stemsare (3404, 3406-3407)66 ofthisphaseare concaveor hollowed features characteristic Other interior the hollowedon (3387). 53 Rutterand Rutter1076, 63-4. 54 Mountjoy 1986, 10-16. 55 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 104-14. 56 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 115-123. 57 Coldstreamand Huxley iQ72, pl. 30: 72 and 73. 58 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 179, withpl. 54: 19. 59 Warren 1999, 894-5.

60 Davis 1079. 61 Dietz lQQi. 103-Pv 62 See discussion and catalogued itemsin Chapter 6. 63 Rutter 1993^, 24-5. 64 Cf. Dietz 1991, fig.47: AA-6 rounded, AA-4 angular. 65 Cf. formsin Mountjoy 1986, fig.35, FS 254. 66 For descriptionsee Rutter1993^, 20.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §2

187

rims(3383-3384),appliedplasticdotsor 'rivets'to thejoin of handleand rim(3385), multipleor ribbedhandles(1559-1560),all features ofLH I Late to IIA in theCentralArea.67Othershapesin YM are a jar or basinwithevertedrimand eitherhorizontal handle(3390, 3409) or verticalhandle (3389)5and a jug withroundmouth(1322). MP in finefabricis commononlyin LH IIA and appearsprimarily in theformofa semi-globular in decorated d-o-1 or with bichrome lines or (1579) cup zig-zagpatterns, (many wavy especially characteristic ofLH IIA, e.g. 1588, 1594, 1596, 1598, 1600). Othershapesare rareand includea singleexampleof an eggcup(1593), veryclose to the MainlandPanelledcup of LH I,68and two ofa squatjug (1605-1606,notwellstratified). fragments New in MP gritty is a cup or gobletwithroundedprofileand evertedrim,low footconcave andvertical handlesthatattachto rimand shoulder(1649).Anothershapecharacteristic underneath, of LH IIA is a largegobletwithevertedrim,roundedprofile,oftenswollenon theshoulder,and decoratedin d-o-1(1652).Jugs(beak-spouted 1323) andjars (1681) werealso produced.The patterns used in lateMH and earlyLH continued butnew motifs wereadded to therepertory: thedotrow and cross-hatched not well The most new is the (1681-1682) stratified). (1690, triangles striking motif which embellishes the shoulders of and in Also spiral goblets(1653, 1656) jugs (1323). appearing this is the imitation of features of circles drawn around the bases ofhandlesof phase Aeginetan pottery: and and a new bichrome basin jugs jars (1691) (1695). spouted MostofthesebasketscontainLH LD and LH IIA finedecoratedpottery, discussedbyMountjoy in 6 and 5 (ii). Chapter §§3 (ii) MicaceousMinoanwarecontinued fromMH II or III. The cookingpotwithtripodbase mayhave first at in MH III/LH I phase (R592, R594) but,as at appeared AyiosStephanos theTransitional it is more in LH I common II and The Lerna, (R593). tripodis a typicalfeatureofMinoanvessels back to EM II but for the first time on dating appeared Kytherain MM IB-IIIA in thenew red micaceousfabric.69 fromtheislandofAeginawerean important elementin theceramicassemblages ofsitesin Imports theCentralAreathroughout MH and wellintoearlyLH, i.e. theShaftGraveerain theArgolid.70 At is in LH IIA AyiosStephanos,however,thefirstsecurelydatedappearanceof Aeginetanpottery thatmightdateto LH I/IIA,R723 and an uncatalogued sherd (withtheexceptionoftwofragments fromLambda/Beta12 1974, basket40, and one possiblesherd1404 in Beta 1977 basket134). Althoughfewexampleswere found,the fullrangeof Aeginetanproductsof the earlyLBA was at AyiosStephanos:Red Slippedand Burnished represented gobletsand kraters(1782); Bichrome MP kraters (R723);MP jars and/orhydrias(1783-1784) and coarsewarecooking-pots (1794).A few marks(1792),an important feature ofAeginetan potters' wares,werealso found. It is notknownhowthesepotscameto AyiosStephanos, whether directly by meansofAeginetan If theformer shipssailingto Laconia or as a resultof tradingby mainlanders amongthemselves. was the case, it would indicatea significant alterationof tradingpatternsin the Aegean: for of Aeginetanpotteryhad been centuries, beginningin the earlyyearsof MH, the distribution confined to theCentralArea. ofimported MainlandPolychrome ware(R717) has been recognised at Ayios Onlyone fragment Stephanos. Jarsin thiswarewereespeciallycommonin theShaftGravesof Mycenaeand Lerna.71 Otherwarescharacteristic ofthesegraveshavenotbeenidentified, namelyTheranandMelianimports.72 (d) excursus: on the date of deposits at knossos and kea In 1991,Warren publisheda newpottery depositfromKnossos,whichhe datedto theMM IIIB-LM IA transition and to whichhe linkeddepositsfroma numberof sites,includingRutterPeriodIII, and KytheraDepositsEpsilon,Zeta and Eta.73AtAyios especiallyDepositL, fromAyiosStephanos, the Transitional MH III/LH I and LH I Earlyphasespresentedherecorrespond to the Stephanos Knossiandeposit;at Kastri,DepositEpsilonis also Transitional and was sealedby a LM IA floor.74 DepositsZetaand Eta,however,aremorecloselycomparableto laterLH I or DietzLH IB (withthe exceptionofearliermaterialin DepositZeta75).

67 Cf. Dietz 68 Dietz

ioni:

1991, fig.48: AB- 14. fier aR- AR- ir

69 Coldstreamand Huxlev iq72. 27q. 70 Cf. the fillof the Lerna Shaft Graves, Caskey 1955, pl. 15: c-f; Korakou, Davis 1979, 241, 246, 252; Dietz 1991, 224-7.

71 Dietz iqqi, 2 17-2 3. 72 For descriptionssee Dietz iqqi. 228-3*. 73 Warren iqqi. 74 Coldstream and Huxley 1Q72, 72. 75 Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 104-5.

C. ZERNER

i88

I also do not agree with Warren76on the dating of Period VI (Ceramic Phase G) on Kea77 to his MM IIIB-LM IA transition.I thinkthe Keian material fromRoom 18 of House A,78like KytheraDeposits Zeta and Eta, is closest to the LH I/IIA phase at Ayios Stephanos and to Dietz LH shapes and Phase LH IB in the Argolid.It was in thislaterphase thatmany of the characteristic motifswere added to the LD repertory.79 Among the new motifsare solid centre spirals,either linked or tangent,with large blobs in the field found in the Keian deposit,80in the Lerna Shaft Graves81and at Ayios Stephanosin LH I/IIA.82Otherfeaturesof PeriodVI correspondto LH I/IIA, and Aeginetanwares in laterLH I to LH IIA includingthe importationof Mainland Polychrome83 The fineMP semi-globularcup and the GM semi-globularcup on a low stem85both date to form.84 the LH I/IIA phase as definedhere. 3. THE FABRICS:

CLASSIFICATION

AND TERMINOLOGY

A studyof MH potteryhas revealed thattrade or exchange among various areas was widespread of a numberof fromthe earliestyearsofthe period.86This conclusionresultedfromthe identification different ceramic wares thatwere distributedextensivelyon the mainland. Two of these,LD and incisedor impressedwithpotters'marks,indicatethatceramic bothapparentlysystematically Aeginetan, had become highlyspecialised,at least in the areas in whichthesewares were produced. production a because Therefore, studyof the potterycan lead to a more informedview of MH society,it is the ceramicgroupsaccurately,and thento attemptto locate the regionsin to define first, important, were whichthey produced and to whichtheywere exported. based on the most define the ceramicgroupsaccuratelyI use a systemof classification In orderto how the raw on of the choice in on fundamentalactivitiesengaged by potters: clay is prepared, clay, materialfrom to the ceramic this the vessels. and on the techniquesused to form system Applying to be that wares of Lerna and Ayios Stephanoshas enabled thegrouping productsofthe same appear and the LustrousdarkFine centreof production:forexample, Oatmeal Minoanizing, Minoanizing of as to can now be referred products the LD ceramic on-lightwares definedin Rutterand Rutter87 a as traditionor centreof production.A centreof productionis defined workshopor workshopsin Differentcentresof manufacture. which pottersmade use of similarclays and similarmethodsof in the same located have been production,using clay of like composition,may quite possibly are different, theyare geographicalarea, but ifthe methodsof preparingthe clay and producingpots ceramictraditions. separatedand describedas different The term'ceramicgroup' as used here is technological,since it includesthe variousfactorspresent in ceramic production- the type of clay, its rock and mineral inclusions and the methods of manufacture.The work ofJones and Whitbread88has helped to definethese. The term'ware', a subdivisionof a ceramic group,is used to referto the externalappearance of vessels,i.e. how the divisionis based on thetextureof surfacewas treatedand decorated,forexample MP ware. A further the fabricitselfand the numberand size of inclusions:fine,medium-coarseand coarse. thewaresare placed in ceramicgroupsthatare arrangedgeographically In thefollowingdescriptions are which in area the thoughtto have been produced,such as Aegina (Aeginetan)or Crete they by and discussions,wares are referredto eitherby thename ofthe In the below) (Minoan). catalogue(§5 ware along withthe geographiclocation,if it is known (e.g. AeginetanMP), or by the name of the ware alone when the area of productionhas not yetbeen determined(e.g. LD). Thus thereexistsa whichreflectsour presentstate and terminologicalinconsistency, considerabledegree of uncertainty ofknowledgeof MBA ceramicproductionand theveryearlystages(infancywould not be too strong a term)at whichour researchespresentlystand. uses most of the descriptivetermsforthe ceramic classes fromAyios My systemof classification in the publicationofthe excavationofArea Nu in 1973 and 1974.89A fewhave Stephanosemployed establishedforthe same classes represented been replaced wheretheydeviatefromthe terminology of ceramicgroupsand wares The classification at the siteof Lerna, e.g. LD insteadof Minoanizing.90 can be outlinedas follows:91 76Warreniqqi, si$8-q. 77Cummerand Schofield1984. 78Cummerand Schofield1084,82-7, pls. 61-5. 79See examplesin Mountioy1986, 10-16. 80Cummerand Schofield1084.,pl. 62: k-q. 81Caskey1955,pl. 16: e. 82R861,R866 in Rutterand Rutter1976,fig.17. 83Cummerand Schofield1984,pl. 63: 835.

84Cummerand Schofield1984,pl. 61: 825, pl. 64: a. 85Cummerand Schofield1984,pl. 64: 837-8. 86Zerner1993,50-1. 87Rutterand Rutter1976, 10-12. 88Appendix2, withplates 61-2. 89Rutterand Rutter1976,6-15. 90Zerner1003,45-6. 91See Zerner1993,42, forgroupsidentified at Lerna.

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189

Southern Péloponnèse:quartzand mica I: Dark Burnished ware Group II: Dull ware Painted Group GroupIII: MattPaintedand YellowMinyanwares,fineand gritty Southern (ii) igneousrock Péloponnèse:weathered IV: Coarse wares Group mudstoneand chert (iii) Southern Péloponnèse(Kythera?): V: Lustrous Decorated and coarse ware,fine,medium-coarse Group Southern Red Silver Micaceous (iv) (whitemica) Péloponnèse(Kythera?): GroupVI: MicaceousMinoanPaintedand Coarse(cookingpot)wares (v) Crete:variousfabrics and coarse GroupVII: Paintedand Plainwares,fine,medium-coarse Southern or micaseries (vi) Péloponnèse(Kythera) Crete(?):schist, phyllite, or not determined Group groups and Red coarse (vii) Aegina,volcanic:Green/ Yellow,fineand medium-coarse, VIII: fine and medium-coarse Green/Yellow, Group GroupIX: Red coarse(kitchenware) (viii) Othermainland:variousfabrics GroupX: GreyMinyanand MattPaintedwares (i)

(i) Southern Péloponnèse: Quartz and Mica Prominent characteristics includenumerous on thesurface and in thefabric, often tinysilverparticles notobviousto thenakedeye,particularly whenthesurfacehas a heavyburnish. (a) GROUPI: DARKBURNISHEDWARE

Thisis termedDarkMinyanin Rutterand Rutter1976,6. Samples1831, 2206, 2217-2218, 2224, 2233-2234 (= Set 1 Class 1 and Set 2 Classes1, 2 and 3 in Appendix2, withplate 61 a-d). Fabric Reddishbrown(5YR 4/3) to darkgrey(10YR 4/1) to black,oftenwithsandwich-like effect ofgrey coreand vari-coloured it layers- redor darkorange- on thefracture; roughand grainy-looking, can feelrathersoftbutis alwaysfirm;veryfineto fairly coarse,dependingon thesize ofvesseland numberofinclusions, ofwhichthemostobvioustothenakedeyearequartzandwhitemicaappearing as tinysilverparticles scattered overthesurfaceand in thebody;otherdarkred,orange,blackand white limestone occursmorerarelyand oftenin largechunksup to 2 mm. greyinclusions; Surface Black(5YR 4/1)or darkgrey(10YR 4/1) to (lessfrequently) ofall brown,buffor red.The exterior oftento a veryhighdegreeoflustre;burnishing on theinterior ofopenshapes shapeswasburnished, was oftenincomplete or sloppilyexecutedor,in somecases (e.g.2214),nonexistent; some generally areason theexterior, suchas underneath theshoulderhandles,werenotburnished. Lamination and spallingare common. Manufacturing techniques AUDB vesselsappearto havebeen madeby hand.Handleswereattachedby pressing themagainst theexteriorof thebodywall; wheretheyhave brokenoff,thereis a distinctive wavyrimof clay eitheron thelowerendofthehandleor on thesurface ofthevesselat thepointofattachment (2026). Decoration Decorationis bytheapplication ofribsorridgesofclay,usuallyon theshoulderofbasins(e.g.1325); or One by incising impressing. typeofdecoration withothers. mayappearalone or in combination Incisedpatterns: mostcommonare straight toolor one lines,incisedwitheithera sharp-pointed witha bluntend thatformedgrooves((linesare bothhorizontal - single(1057) or double(1191, in a series(1109)); curvedlinesdrapedas widelylooped festoons(1247) or 15*37)- and vertical, concentric semicircles or arcs(1519, 1911, 2232); doublecurvedlinesor bands,whichare hatched, and obliquely(1007),vertically placedhorizontally (1327) and drapedas garlands(1161) or dotted

C. ZERNER

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(2220); hatchedtriangles,withpointeitherdownwards(1327) or upwards (2211); multipletriangles (1349, 1417, 1830); shortlines or dashes (horizontal1350, vertical1416) and dotsin horizontalrows (1417, 1474, 2206-2207); chevrons(2222, 2231); spirals (flask1475), herringbone(1484, 1851); concentricovals(?) or eye-likepatterns(2035); cross-hatching (2213). Incised concentriccircles(1851, rare. are 1852) Impressedpatterns:concentriccircles,withtwo (2213), three(2220) and four(1854), sometimes arrangedin rows (1062, 1851, 1854); lozenges (1851). The concentriccirclesare so regularin form thattheyappear to have been made withthe same tool, the end of a hollow cylinder,perhaps of a bone or a reed,whichhad been cut down and smoothed. Other:theincisedV on theundersideofthebase of 1162 was probablynot intendedas decoration but was rathera potter'smark.Whetherthe multipleincisions(whichdo not appear to formany pattern)on the undersideof the base of 2221 were meantto be decorativeis unclear. Shapes Most prevalentwere open shapes, small cups or bowls and largerbowls or basins,all probablyused fordrinking,eatingand mixing.Both the shapes and the burnishedsurfacesindicatethattheymay have been used primarilyforliquids. Details of the profilesvary,and in some cases thesedifferences can be used as chronologicalindicators.The earliesttypehas a roundedor angularbody and everted rim.Carinatedprofilesappear somewhatlaterin MH I (in otherwaresofothertraditions, e.g. in GM, the carinatedcup does not appear untilMH II). The gobletwas the mostpopular shape in laterMH. Othertypesof cup or bowl occur rarely,e.g. the bowl within-turnedrimand the straight-sided cup. Closed shapes such as flasksand smalljars, perhapsused forstorage,were also made in DB. A few shapes - the pyxis,forexample are rare or unique. rim.This generaltermcoversa varietyof shapes thatcan be categorisedby size witheverted Cup/bowl = bowl, large = basin), by the positionof theirhandle(s) (shoulderhandle, = medium (small cup, or by the profilesof theirbodies (rounded,angular or carinated).They were high-swunghandle) at table and, as theirsurfaceshad been burnishedand were thusrendered use for intended probably forholdingliquids; the smallersizes may have been used fordrinking suitable impermeable,were formixing.Cups and bowls in thiscategoryhad eitherone or two ones and eating,and the larger handles (1831, cup/bowlwithtwohigh-swung handles,= kantharos,and 1237, cup/bowl high-swung Most examples,however,are sherdsthat handleless. been have withone high-swung handle),or may attachment. handle of do not retainevidence forthe type MH rim.Cups and bowls withroundedprofilesappear throughout witheverted 1) Roundedcup/bowl in Area MH first the from at Ayios Stephanos,beginningin the earliestdeposits.1037-1039, deposit Zeta, may representan earlyvarietywhichhas a sharplyoffsetrim and globularbody; late in MH and in the TransitionalMH/LH phase, the rimsare longerand more upright,the body less globular (e.g. 1418, 1514, 2008, 2015). Among the earliestDB vessels,bowl 2214 has a high-swungstrap handle (onlyone handle is preserved),flatin section,attachedto the exteriorof the rimand withthe at vestigeof a tab-likeattachmenton the interior.This methodof attachinghandles to rimsseems, are Few vessels. DB to least at Lerna, to date to the very beginningof MH and to be confined underneath. preservedwiththeirbases: 1094 is a plain, flatbase; 1343 is flatand slightlyconcave laterMH and and Incised decorationappears on some examples,both in early (2206, 2207 2209) as a to semi-globular (1514). By the end of MH the shape is usuallysmall in size and is also referred rare in DB and MP and Plain and in Fine LH in LD, It is common although I, Gritty usually cup.92 rounded cups of MM (e.g. 1516). 1154 has an unusualprofile,almostan S-curvelike thatof Minoan II date,93and may date to MH II. rim.The termangularis used to designatea profilewithan everted witheverted 2) Angularcup/bowl rimand an angle or carinationapproximately midwayon thebody.The profile,fromlip to carination, has flatplanes formingangles,not a continuouscurve like the carinatedcup. In the earlyphases of above the rim (2208); the onlybase thatwas MH the shoulderwas long and the handles high-swung was shorterand the cups surelyfroma cup ofthisshape is flat(2210). In the late phases the shoulder a few,usually on the on generallysmallerand squatter(1517, 2211). Incised decorationappears shoulderzone: horizontallines on 1191; lines and multipletriangleson 2209; lines and diagonally hatchedtriangleson 2211. On one example, 2210, the decorationof horizontallines and rows of 92

Mountjoy 1986, fig.7.

93

MacGillivray 1998, fig. 2.14, type 2 rounded cup.

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dotscoversthebodyfromshoulderto base (2210 is classified as an open shapebecauseof punctate theburnished interior surface). The termcarinatedis used to describea profilethatformsa continuous Carinated concave cup/bowl. curvefromthelip to a pointon thebodywherethereis an angleor carination; unlikevesselswith evertedrims,thereis no pointthatcan be identified as a rimseparatefromtherestoftheupperbody. Carinatedcupsmayhavebeenhandleless, or mayhavehad one high-swung handle.Manyhavetwo handles and are termed kantharoi. the similar Unlike manufactured on CreteinMM high-swung shape to have been made hand. Bases are either flat or offset and IB/II,DB carinated cupsappear by slightly concaveunderneath, or werefashioned as tallerfeet.One tripodbase (1519) was preserved and may reflect Minoantraditions: thetripodbase is notin therepertory ofshapestypicalofMH and,whenit at MH to vessels from whether fromKythera, sites,belongs appears imported elsewhere, Aegina,Crete ortheCycladicislands,wheretripodbasesarecommon,especially in coarsecookingware. Thisshapefirst (2212); in thelater appearsin MH I and is characterised by a long,deep concavity MH of the shoulder is often shorter and more vertical and the carination much lesspronounced phases MH thin handles were and flat in section in later the (1912). Early (e.g. 1831); periodsomewere thickened andtroughed downthecentre(e.g.1484,1520).A fewexampleswereincisedwithdecorative horizontal linesjust above the carination(1237, 1831); two horizontallines above and patterns: belowa zone oftripletriangles and garlandsbelow(1484, 1519); rows (1830); linesabove carination ofpunctatedots,lines,and groupsofdoubletriangles or zigzags(1417); rowsofdashes(1416); and widecross-hatching and impressed concentric circles(2213). Bowl orbasinwitheverted rimand shoulder handles(also,shoulder-handled bowl).This shape appears only

in largersizesand mayhave been used forthemixingofliquids.The earliestexample,1196,has a plain,evertedrimand a swollenshoulder(themaximumdiameteris highon the shoulderof the oftheearliestMH vesselsat Lerna)and is bowl,whichappearsverywideand swollen- a feature decoratedwithincisedlines. This shapehas a longhistory, in EH III withtheBass Bowlsof LernaIV.94All types beginning have an evertedrimand straphandles,probablytwoin mostcases,usuallyflatin section,placed on theshoulder. The baseswereflator slightly eitherplainor concaveunderneath. offset, vertically In theearlyphasesofMH bothendsoftheshoulderhandleswereattachedto thebody,belowand separatefromtherim;by lateMH thehandleswereattachedto therimitselfand theshoulder;they werealso squeezedup closeto thebody-wall and do notformas widea curveas theearliertype.In earlierexamplesof thisshapetherimsare sharplyevertedand pronounced, oftenwitha seriesof of a pronounced planesor facets(1095-1101). One smallfragment (1196) preservesthebeginning swellingofthebodyjustbelowtherimand resemblestheearliestMH typefoundat Lerna(there consideredto be Transitional EH/MH). In thelaterphasesof MH, rimsare less pronouncedand andtheprofile ofrimand shoulderis in generalstraighter. everted, EarlyMH bowlshaveroundedor bodies(1036);theshoulder is plainordecorated withlow,roundedridges.MH I Lateexamples angular haveridgeswithsharperedges(1325). Low,roundedridgeswereusualin thelaterphases. Decorativepatterns werepreservedon some of the bowls:in the mostusual scheme,pendent garlands(ingroupsofdouble,tripleor quadrupleswags)wereincisedon thelowerbody. GobletThis shapeis a laterversionofthecarinatedcup: theprofilehas a shorter, less pronounced and moreupright twoshoulderhandles(i.e. handles curve;a spreadingfoot,concaveunderneath; whichdo notriseabovetherimand areattachedto therimandbody).Someexamplesaredecorated withincisedpatterns: horizontal linesand festoons (1351, 1484, 1911,2008). A fewhavelowribson theshoulder(e.g. 1522-1524).The shapefirst appearsin laterMH deposits. Straight-sided cup.This typeappearsin an LH I deposit:1518 has a straphandleand is the only in DB fromAyiosStephanos. example Rounded theexample3391 is MH III/LH I. Thisis incised cup.Thisshapebelongsto LH I; however, withhorizontal linesaboveandbelowa zonewithfoliateband,had a vertical handlethatroseslightly abovetherim. 94 Rutter

1995, Form XII.

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Bowlwithin-turned rim.There are onlytworimsthatbelongto thisshape in DB fromAyiosStephanos: 1059 and 2035, whichis incisedwithdouble eye-likepattern.It is commonin otherwares,e.g. Dull Paintedas well as Aeginetan(possible example fromAyios Stephanos,2328) and Cycladic wares,95 but was not regularlyproduced in mainlandDB and GM. Pyxis.2222, with a flatbase and holes pierced in the rim forthe attachmentof a lid, is the only exampleofthisshape fromAyiosStephanos.The decorationconsistsofbothinciseddesigns(horizontal lines separatinga zone of chevronsand a zone of multipletriangles)and impresseddesigns(row of concentriccircles). Althoughthe shape is unusual in the ceramic repertoryof the mainland,the decorativepatternsof 2222 are typicalDB motifs. Pyxides,plain and decorated,withor withoutholes in the rim and withtripodbases, have been Eleusis and Aegina.97The flatbase of an foundin MH contextsat other sites,namely Eutresis,96 incisedpyxiswas foundin MH levels at Lerna. This shape is typicalof Early Cycladic,98and similar incisionswere examples in Dark-facedIncised ware withplain rims,tripodbases and white-filled foundat Knossos." Like the flask,the pyxisis connectedwithCrete and the Cycladic islands.100 This shape, representedby two rim sherds(2228-2229), is also Small wide-mouthed jar or kantharos. foundin DB ware in earlyMH levels at Lerna. It is possiblethattheybelonged to a typeofkantharos rimfoundin earlyMH contextsin Messenia.101 witha tall,fairlystraight ofpossibly13 different Flask.No completeexamplesremainfromAyiosStephanos,althoughfragments flaskshave been identified:1110, 1252, 1327, 1475, 1851-1855, 2223-2226, and 2227(?). Two (1851), the otherwith typesare represented:one witha thick,projectingrimpiercedwithstring-holes a plain, flaringrim and pierced neck (2223). One example was undecorated(1855), but the restof were decoratedwithincised and impressedpatterns.Motifsinclude rows of punctate the fragments horizontal lines, diagonallyhatchedtriangles,herringbone,concentriccircles,verticalrows of dots, impressedlozenges,concentricsemicircles,and zigzags. flaskshave been This shape is knownfromMH depositsat Lerna,where 2 1 whole or fragmentary and one froman Kirrha106 at found have been others Voïdokoilia,104 identified;102 Aegina,105 Argos,103 of in details and in fabric similar all are unidentifiedsite, possibly Mycenae.107They shape and and the form Like the tradition. same ceramic to the decorationand thusmay be said to belong pyxis from a similar and a Crete,109 shape patternsincisedon DB pots,the flaskresembles Cycladic type108 both datingto the EBA. The projectingrimof many examples is verylike thatof the Cycladic duck of fabricand stylelead vase and unlikeany otherrimtypeof mainlandceramics.The characteristics where to theconclusionthattheseflaskswereproducedin thesouthernPéloponnèse, pottingtraditions containingisland elementsexisted.110 Two-handled jar. This smalljar has a wide neck withevertedrim,two up-tiltedhorizontalhandles and a flatbase. One complete example, 1849, was undecorated;anotherfragmentary one, 1108, was decoratedwithincisedhorizontallines. Barreljar. This is a deep, open-mouthedjar with slightlyin-curvingwalls. Like its Cycladic and of the shape, 1022, thereis a flangejust below the rim.Only one fragment Aeginetancounterparts,111 was foundat Ayios Stephanos. an unusual one in the DB repertory, Hole-mouthed jar. There are a fewexamples of thisshape fromlate MH to earlyLH deposits(1021, and thicknessof the rimsvary,but the shape resemblesone made in LD The 2028). configuration ware112 which,like 1021, has ribson the shoulder.

95 Cf. Zerner iq88, figs. 1-2, 5. 96 Goldman 10*1, pl. II. 1. 97 Àbenr îcm, figs.q*-6. 98 E.g. withflatbase; see Atkinsonet al 1904, pl. IV: 1. 99 Evans 1921-36, vol. IV, 88-91; MacGillivray, Day and Jones 1988, 91-4. 100See §¿ (i) below. 101At Voïdokoilia (Korres 1979, fig. 2a: ß) and at Nichoria (Howell 1992*, figs.3-6> 31O> 311)102Zerner 1978, 180-1.

103Protonotariou-Deilaki1080, figs. 1-*. 104Korres 1Q7Q,fig.S105In the Museum of Aegina. 106Dor and Tannorayi960, pl. XLIV. 107Korres 1993, pl. 29c; Athens National Museum no. 2584. 108Doumas iq8s, nos. 37, 60, 86, 90, 114, 169. 109E.g. Watrous 1004, fi«. ^ 110See §4 (i) below. 111E.g. Siedentopf 1991, pl. 16. 112Zerner 1988,11^33:37.

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of a bowl or basinwithcleathandle.Its fabricappearsto be DB type Other. 1163 is a fragment than somewhat finer Itis,however, usual),butthehandletypeis unusualatAyiosStephanos. (although a typicalfeature ofMP wareat Lernain MH II. 1485 is a fragment ofa ring-stemmed goblet,a shape characteristic ofthelaterMH periodin theArgolidand centralGreecein bothGM and DB wares113 butrareat AyiosStephanos. Comment DB warefromAyiosStephanosis similarin manywaysto burnished, dark-faced waresfromother siteson themainland.The manufacture ofthesamebasic shapesand thedarksurfaces and fabrics make identification of different waresand traditions difficult. a there are numberof Fortunately, features ofDB thatarenotcharacteristic ofotherdark-faced waresin othertraditions: a red,micaceous ofunusualshapes,suchas theflask,pyxisand tripodbase; andincisedandimpressed fabric;a variety These DB as theproductofa different features tradition. designs. identify The termDB was chosenforthewarefromAyiosStephanosin orderto distinguish it fromGM. The surfaces ofDB vesselswereburnished witha hardtoolthatleftvisiblestreaks; oftentheburnishing wasincomplete or nonexistent on theinterior ofopenshapes.In contrast, thesurfaces ofGM vessels have few visible traces of the and both interior and exterior surfaces used, usually finishing techniques ofopen shapesweretreatedin thesameway. The problemsinvolvedin the propercharacterisation of thisgroupwere firstpointedout in theanalysisbyJonesand Rutter.114 On thebasisof archaeological theDB pottery ofAyios criteria, had been identified as until chemical revealed thatthe local, Stephanos unhesitatingly analysis was different from other varieties of that were also considered local. work claytype clay Petrological has confirmed thatthe clay of DB ware standsapart,mineralogically, fromthatof otherceramic waresfromthesite.115 theclay could have come froma Laconiansource.Therefore, Geologically, ratherthansuggesta different I considerit to be a local (i.e. Laconianor regionof manufacture, southern but one a to different tradition fromthatof otherwares ware, Peloponnesian) belonging foundat thesite.SimilarvesselsfromLernahave also been analyzedbyJonesand Whitbread and fromthissamearea. maybe imports atAyiosStephanos werecommonthroughout themainland Although manyoftheshapesrepresented in GM and DB wares(suchas thekantharos and shoulder-handled bowl),others,forexamplethe bowlwithin-turned rim,pyxis,flask,barreland hole-mouthed jars,reflect Cycladicand/orMinoan influence. Parallelsforotherfeatures can also be foundin theislands,suchas thetripodbase of1519 andthedecorative incisedand impressed on manyvessels,e.g.hatchedtriangles, patterns spiralsand concentric circles that do not seem to havebeenusedby potters ofwaresin othergroups. impressed These islandconnections, withCrete,are foundin otherceramicgroupsfromAyios particularly when viewed are quitestriking.116 Stephanosand, together, (b) GROUP II: DULL PAINTED WARE

Thisis termed Dull Paintedin Rutter andRutter.117 SamplesR40,R45 (= Set 1 Class 1 inAppendix2). The clay used in thisgroupis similarto thatof groupsI and III; however,the manufacturing aredifferent andjustify theidentification ofthreedifferent techniques groupswithinthesamegeneral classification fabric. Unlike DB which was ware, by MH, DP was produced producedthroughout onlyin theearlyand middlephasesofMH. Vesselsin thiswareweredecoratedwithan iron-oxidebased paint(designated Dull Paint).Anotherpaintedware,MP, appearsto have replacedDP at the end ofMH. Thesetwowares,chronologically werealso stylistically AyiosStephanosby separate, distinct: decorationof theearlier,DP, was executedin an iron-oxide-based paintin a mannerthat resembles Minoantechniques, whilethelaterwarewas decoratedwithMattPaintand appearscloser to mainlandor Helladictraditions. Fabric White(10YR 8/2),lightgrey(10YR 7/2)to lightred (2.5YR 4/6) or yellowish red (5YR 5/6);very some tinywhiteinclusions, fine,porous-looking, red roundish soft-feeling; bits,and darkgrey light chipsbuton thewholenotmanygrits;somesilverflecksvisibleon thefracture. 113E.er.Dietz iqqi. fier.16. oo-ioo. 114Tonesand Rutter 1077, 213. 115See Sets 1 and 2 in Appendix 2.

116See %a fflbelow. 117Rutterand Rutter 1976, 13.

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Surface Pink (7.5YR 7/4),white(10YR 8/2),verypale brown (10YR 8/3) or red (5YR 6/6); veryfine,even of finesilverbits. wipingmarkson the interior;a generoussprinkling Manufacturing techniques All DP vessels appear to have been made by hand. Handles were attachedto the body by cuttinga hole in the wall intowhichthe ends of the handle were pushed. Unlike the practiceof pottersof LD, the makersof DP ware did not push the handle ends all the way intothe interiorof the pot,nor did theyfashionthe ends intoplugs.The end of thehandle of 1117 was carelesslypushed down,perhaps in orderto seal the hole. Decoration Thin, dull-lookingpaint,red (2.5YR 5/6), reddish-brown(2.5YR and 5YR 5/4) on a pink surface, grey(7.5YR 3/0 to 4/0; verydarkgrey)to darkbrown(7.5YR 4/2 to 3/2). Othercolourswere rarely added to produce a bichromeor polychromestyle:whiteon 1074, red on 1069. Patterns:horizontaland verticalbands or stripesare the most common and were used both to divide areas of the surfaceintozones (e.g. 1066, 1117, 1255) and in rows or groupsof eithervertical or diagonalstripes,in rows (1255) or in groups,both in a limited,banded zone (e.g. 1255, 1301) and bothdiagonallyhatched(1255) coveringlargeareas (e.g. 1117). Othercommonpatternsare triangles, cross are the dotted less common and cross-hatched(1864); (1074), drips (1262, 2041), garlands (1071), cross-hatchedracquet (2238), lozenge (1329), cross-hatcheddouble garland (1123), firtree (1123) and ladder (1002). Some of thesepatternsare not foundin the repertoryof decoratedpottery (i.e. MP) in the CentralArea but are found on Minoan pottery:drips,cross-hatchedracquet and dottedcross,forexample.118 Shapes The mostcommonwere deep bowls within-turnedrimsand narrowneckedjars withflaringrims. of a rim.Two rims belong to this type (1859 and 2040). The reconstruction witheverted Cup/bowl a rounded from came One is uncertain. cup body sherd,1858, probably completeprofile,however, or bowl withevertedrim,a shape typicalof DB. were foundat Ayios Stephanos:connectingstems,1065 Doublecup/bowl Only two certainfragments and 1111. Neithergives any evidence of the profileof the cups or bowls thatitjoined. Althoughnot in a commonshape in the MBA, completeexamples of the double bowl come fromKoryphasion,119 wares MP and GM in this of vessels in Plain ware. Incomplete MP ware, and fromMalthi,120 type were also foundat Lerna. rim.This shape is themostcommonin DP ware.Rim profilesvaryconsiderably: within-turned Cup/bowl fromplain and tapering(1068), to plain and slightlythickened(e.g. 1067, 1070), to thickenedin Tformor on one side only (1245, 1254)- A numberhave spoutspreserved. onrim.The rimofthiscup, 1066, was pulled out to rimand handleupright (a) Spoutedcupwithin-turned forma simplespout.This practiceofpullingout a rimbeforethe clay was dryand hard was common on Crete and in the LD workshops.121 rim.Rim 1067 is the only example of thistype.The shape of the (b) Bridge-spouted cupwithin-turned spoutis typicallyMinoan.122 fromthe handles.Each example of thistypevariesslightly rimand twohorizontal (c) Bowl within-turned of rimand curvatureof the body walls. 1070 has straightsides; 1204 and othersin the configuration almostflaringwalls and a rim withconcave or i860 are more sharplyincurved;2236 has straight, grooved upper surface.All probablyhad flatbases (e.g. 1069, 1071, i860). One fragment,i860, 118Betancourt 1985, fig.56h. 119 Biegen 1954, pl. 37:5. 120Valmin 1938, fig.68.

121Cf., at Knossos, Wilson 1985, fig. 13: 96-7. 122 E.g. bridge-spoutedjar, Betancourt1985, hg. 05.

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a spout.The numberofsuchbowlsis hardto estimate, becausetheinterior surfaces ofboth preserves in similarfashion, and one cannoteasilydistinguish bowlsandjarswerefinished betweenthem.The schemesare reminiscent ofEarlyMinoanbowlsfromMyrtosand Knossos.123 shapeand decorative Plate.Therearetwoexamplesofthisshape:1166 witha slightly offset base and thickened walls,and with walls. The surface of the first is but worn to have had 12235 flaring plain,slightly very appears o-ddecoration; thesecondhas d-o-1decoration thatextendsto theundersideofthebase. Thisshape is foundinLD atAyiosStephanos(2274),Lerna124 andKastrion Kythera.125 It is commonon Crete;126 see further underthesameshapein LD ware. Jugwithbeaked spoutThe onlycompleteexampleofthisshape,1117,has a wideneckand low spout, and round-sectioned handle.The bodyis decoratedwithgroupsofdiagonallinesthat globularbody runfromneckto base. The shapeand thedecorative schemeresembleEM II jugs fromMyrtos.127 handle is with marked incised lines at the totherim.Potters' 2237 Jug upperendoftheattachment marksare a characteristic featureof LD and Aeginetanworkshops; thisis theonlymarkon a DP vesselthusfarknownto me,and itmayhavebeen merelydecorative.128 Wide-mouthed neckshavebeen jar. The rimsoftwojars withwidemouthsand short,slightly flaring has a with a the rim 1208 the of is on the recognised. plainlip groovealong topedge; 1209 thickened exterior. Bothexampleshavea pairofloopspaintedon theinterior rim.A restoration ofthecomplete is notpossible,but 1210 is probablythebase of 1208. profile Globular on jar. Thejar,represented 1263,has a wideneckand shortrim,flattened by rimfragment that toward the A exterior. trace of on thebody. top, projects paintis preserved neckandflaring rim.The body of thisjar is globular:itsshoulderslopesin a gentle Jarwithnarrow curveup tothepointfromwhichtherimflaresout;thereareno definite transitions shoulder, defining neckand rim.The shape,whichis verydistinctive, is characteristic of waresin threeothergroups aboutwhichI am certain(I havenotactuallyhandledall examples,suchas thejar ofthesameshape fromKoryphasion,129 whichmay be of a different fabricgroup,one local to Messenia):theseare MP.130 GroupV, LD (e.g.2281), GroupVI, MicaceousMinoan(2303),and GroupVIII, Aeginetan The DP shapeand decorativeschemesare closelyrelatedto thoseof LD; theAeginetan, although fromboth,stylistically and technologically. This shapewas not similar,can be easilydistinguished madein potting traditions thatI considerto be typically Helladic. Comment The name of thiswarerefersto thedull appearanceof thepigmentused in thedecoration, which is notMattPaint.The shapesand decorativepatterns, as well as otherfeatures suchas theuse of added red and whitepaintand the incisedmarkon one of the handles,have Minoanparallels. however,date to EM II, unlikethoseforLD, which,at the Manyof theseparallelsor similarities, timeofitsfirst to styles appearancein theearliestphasesofMH, dateto MM IA. Thisresemblance froman earlierperiodin anotherarea (a phenomenon thatalso seemsto occurin DB ware,which has stylistic is striking and mayhelpto elucidate parallelsin theEM and EC II ceramicrepertories) thevexedproblemofchronology.131 (c) GROUP III: MATT PAINTED WARE AND YELLOW MINYAN WARE, FINE AND GRITTY

Bytheend ofMH twostylesthatwerepopularin otherareasofthemainlandbeganto be produced in the southernPéloponnèse:YM and MP, in bothfineand gritty fabrics.MattPainthad been oftheperiod;thelight-coloured burnished orpolished popularintheCentralAreafromthebeginning surfaces thatcharacterise YM wereproducedthroughout theperiod,buttheyonlybeganto replace in popularity thedarker-coloured surfaces ofGM latein MH. The appearanceofthesetwowaresat 123Betancourtiq8k, fig. 26a and b. 124Zerner 10.88,fig.20: 13-16. 125Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, fig.37: 32. 126From EM II Myrtossee Warren 1072. fig.ao: P *6-8. 127For the decoration see, forexample, Warren1972, fig.69p: 443-4; forthe shape see, forexample, Betancourt1985, fig.39^

128For furtherdetailsof the incisionson thishandle see §6 (iv) below. 129 Biegen 1954,01.38:6. 130Zerner iq88. fig. 1«. 131See §4 (i) below.

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AyiosStephanoscoincidedwiththe appearanceof otherceramicsthathad been commonin the CentralAreaofthemainlandthroughout and GM ware. MH, mostnotablyAeginetan imports MattPainted, fine,and YellowMinyan, fine

theseare twodifferent herebecausetheysharethesame wares,theyare treatedtogether Although and Fine'YellowMinyan'in Rutter basicdescriptions and shapes.TheyaretermedFineMatt-painted and Rutter.132 Fabric witha greycore(one Yellowish red(5YR 5/6),lightred(2.5YR 5/6)tored(2.5YR 5/8),occasionally with inclusions: YR fine but hasa buff core,7.5 7/4pink);usuallyvery occasionally noticeable fragment bits white. and of somedarkred visiblein thebiscuit), tiny tinybitsofsilver(rarely Surface Reddishyellow(5YR 6/6)tobrown(7.5YR5/4)orbuff (7.5YR7/4pink)orred(2.5YR5/6);sometimes or withwhiteslipthatlooksivory-coloured (10YR 8/3,verypale brown);almostalwaysburnished and exterior. on the interior polished Manufacturing techniques visibleon finevesselsin thisgroupthatindicatehowtheyweremanufactured. Thereareno features arelackingand lead one to assumethat and othersignsofwheel-throwing On theotherhand,rilling a turntable. with the of made were help by hand,possibly they Decoration burnishedsurfaces;MP ware has added painteddecoration. Both wares have light-coloured, rimsor bases,mayhavebelongedto vesselsthatwereeither from Undecorated especially fragments, Paint with Matt Decoration or However, (darkbrowntoblack)wasusuallyin d-o-1 plain painted. style. or 10R to red also in or three colours two 4/6) yellowish using (10R 5/8 appear:bichrome, designs witheitherdarkbrownor blackmanganese-based red (5YR 5/6) iron-oxide-based painttogether whitepaintis combinedwiththe a thickish buton somefragments paint,is theusualcombination, redand blackin a polychrome style(1606). band (e.g. 1597) and zigzag(e.g. 1428, 1588); less The mostcommonmotifsare thehorizontal semicircles commonarethependentloop (2246),wavyline(2247),pendentconcentric (1592, 2245) band. a darkhorizontal on white dots has One and cross-hatched example(1606) triangle(1590). ofrimswereoftendecoratedwithgroupsofverticallinesor stripes(e.g. 1595). The interiors Shapes Mostshapesin fineYM and MP areopendrinking vessels,primarily cupsand goblets. semi-globular couldnotbe sherds natureofthematerial, It shouldbe notedthatbecauseofthefragmentary many I the LH are of another. or as fromone particular classified following: Typical shape fromrimto base. Manyother cup.Onlyone profileofthistype,1367,can be restored Semi-globular withrounded B at Mycenae,133 Circle from Grave the to rimsanda fewhandlefragments belong type sometimes the above rim and to handle and rim, everted slightly rim, loop (attached body)rising profile, to therim(1540, 1553).Pelletsofclayappliedto vessels witha claypelletat thepointofattachment ofrivetson metalvasesand datetoLH I.134 tobe imitations areconsidered atthispointofattachment ofthisshape Thistypeofcup fromMycenaehas a low foot,concavebeneath,butno basescertainly oftherimvaries:itmaybe plain,flaring The configuration at AyiosStephanos. havebeenpreserved 135 on theexterior (1541). (1540) or thickened (1543),hollowedon theinterior and itmayhavebelongedto a kantharos cup.Onlyone example,1535,has beenrecognised, Angular one-handled or cup.136 132Rutter and Rutter 1976, 9-10. 133 Mylonas 1973, pl. 231: T 24 and M 148. 134For this date at Tzouneiza see Rutter 1080, 11.

135For the shape see Davis 1979, fig.9: 163-73; Mylonas

1073,pl. 231: F 24 and M 148. 136Forthe shapesee Dietz 1991,fig.47: AA-7; Davis 1979, %• 9: ^õ'» Mylonas1973,pl. 232: S 187.

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a continuation Kantharos. 1321 fromEtaburial15 is a completeexampleofthistype,whichrepresents ofthepopularDB shapeintoLH I, whenthelight-coloured surface ofYM waspreferred. Therearetwo of carinated and rounded the handles risehigh (as (1554-1555) semi-globular cup).Strap types profile: abovetherimandareeitherfairly thinandtroughed, orthick, almostsquarein section, andtroughed; a fewexamplesoftripartite handleswerefound(e.g.1559).Feetareconcaveunderneath (1321).137 GobletThe distinction is madeherebetweena kantharos, a cupwithtwohandlesthatrisehighabove therim,and a goblet,a cup on a footwithone or twohandlesthateitherdo notriseabove therim or rise veryslightlyabove, e.g. 1566. Most fragments fromAyios Stephanosdo not preserve evidenceofthehandletypeand therefore cannotbe classified as one or theother.The gobletin Fine YM or Fine MP does not appearuntilLH I. The profileis rounded,the rimslightly everted,at timeshollowed;the handles are troughedstraps,and sometimesa clay pelletis added at the withtherim(e.g.3385).138 attachment Squatjug orjar. Twofragments, 1605 witha band ofwhiteon thelowerbody,and 1606 decorated in polychrome to style,belong thisLH I shape.Two others,1572 and 1573, maybelongto the sametype.139 Comment Fine YM and MP are characteristic of the latestphase of MH, transitional to LH, and earlyLH in the Central Area. At to LH to I, and theirshapes phases AyiosStephanostheyappear belong those DB. of replace YellowMinyan,gritty, andMattPainted,gritty

ThesearetermedGritty MP and Gritty YM in Rutter and Rutter1976.140 Samples2265, 2321 (= Set 3 Class 1 in Appendix2, withplate 61 è). Fabric Pinkishgrey(7.5YR 6/2),lightgrey(10YR 7/2),pale brown(10YR 6/3) to orange,sometimes a dirtybrowncolour; oftenlayeredwitha greycore, orange towardthe interiorsurface,and browntowardtheexterior; firmand hard,slightly inclusions grainy-looking; rangefrommicroscopic to large:white(limestone), and other some round ones thatlook like black, colours, tiny grey raisinspressedintothebiscuit,also silverbits. Surface Reddishyellow(7.5YR 7/6-6/6)to lightgrey(10YR 7/2) or pink(7.5YR 7/4);oftenpitted;either wellburnished or partially burnished(e.g.theinterior ofgoblets);a finescatterof silverbits,some largerpiecesofquartzvisible. Manufacturing techniques As inDP ware,themostdistinctive feature ofthesewaresis themannerofattachment ofhandles:holes werecutin thewallsofvessels,intowhichtheendsofthehandleswereinserted; theydo notprotrude intotheinterior ofthevase.Thistechnique wasnotpractised intheCentralArea(I havenot bypotters theassignment ofthisgrouptothesouthern yetfoundevidenceforit)and supports Péloponnèse. Decoration Same as describedaboveunderfineYM and fineMP. Onlytwopiecesare decoratedin a bichrome style;therestare d-o-1. Shapes The mostcommonaregoblets,kantharoi andjars,butthefragments, likethoseoffineMP and YM, oftencannotbe assignedto one particular shape. 137For the shape see Dietz 1991, fig.47: AA-6, AA-4 (3); Davis 1979,fig.9: 190; Mylonas1973,pls. 234: A 7 and 235: E 182. 138Forthe shapesee Davis 1979,fig.9:187-9.

139Forthe shapesee Dietz 1991,figs.53: AF-14 and 54: AFa: u; Mvlonasio'?*, ol. 221;:A8. 13a; Davis 1Q7Q,fiff. 140Rutterand Rutter 1976, 6-9.

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Vapheio cuporstraight-sided cup.Onlyone fragment belongsto thisshape(1633). See Dietz 1991,fig. 48: AB-10-13. Semi-globular cup(see above,fineYM and fineMP). The profileofthisshapeis verylikethatofthe roundedgobletand can be distinguished fromitby itssmallersize. Onlyrimsare preserved(1607, l41 1635-1637) convexupperbody Carinated flaring cup.3401 istheonlycomplete exampleofthistype:ithasa slightly and,belowan angle,a concavelowerbody.The typeis relatedtotheearlierMH one in DB ware. ofa doublevessel,probablytwojoiningcupsorbowls,decorated Doublecup/bowl. 2267 is a fragment in bichromestyle.Likethesameshapein DP (1065 and 1111),it appearsto be a mainlandtypeof lateMH and earlyLH. werefoundin AreaNu,bothwithcarinated and/or kantharos. Goblet Completeexamplesofkantharoi because mostof the examplespresentedhereare and rounded (R246) profiles(R297). However, as goblets,withbothangular(e.g. sherdsand cannotbe assignedto one shape,theyare classified and rounded 1638-1648) profiles(e.g. 1649-1672). They may have one (e.g. 1649) or two (eSthe 1614) handles, positionofwhichvariesin relationto therim:levelwiththerim(e.g. 1649) or The and may also be a kantharos. above it (e.g. 1669). Only 1672 is high-swung risingslightly with a or and rim also of the groovealong (e.g.1614) squared, tapering vary:plain configuration may thetop(e.g. 1619).The basesare all low feet,concavebeneath(e.g. 1620-1623). ExamplesdecoratedwithMattPaintare common:d-o-1is usual;onlyone is bichrome(2059).The ofthelip,decoratedon theexterior and exterior ofa bandaroundtheinterior typicalschemeconsists with rim on theexterior, base of the the a band around withpendentloops (1654); plainor trimmed hatched with decorated or either (1658), triangle triangle(s) plain pendentdashes(1652); a shoulder, (1651) or spiral(1656); andband(s),plainorwithpendentloops,aroundthepointofwidestdiameter (e.g. 1649). The handlesare barred(e.g. 1669); some also have pendentloops (1672) and cross (1649).The undersideof 1649 *spaintedwitha cross.142 bowlBichromerim1695 is theonlyexampleofthisshape,describedas a 'deep bowlwith Spouted Unliketheseexamples,1695 has an openingfora or 'krater'.144 wideopeningand heavyflatrim'143 spoutjustbelowtherim.145 Deepbowlorbasin.A fewrimsare cataloguedhereas deep bowlsor basins.Theirrimsand profiles on the thickened 2046 and 2047 have wide mouthsand rimsthatare slightly varyconsiderably. towardthe exterior,1432 is thickenedon both sides,2257 has a Rim 2250 protrudes exterior. handle,slightly T-shape,and 2251 is hollowedon theupperedge. 2046 has a crescent pronounced is relatedto The in DB ware. bowl as on a is also there rim where the on shape R217 lug, uptilted, one in LD146thatalso has smalllugson therim.147 wideneckwithflaring Globular rim,globularbody,troughed straphandleand jug. 1322 has a fairly and manyother B at Circle Grave from known are flat base. Similar convex Mycenae jugs slightly in thedetailsofthisshape.148 butthereis quitea bitofvariation sitesin theArgolid, fromburialsoftheShaftGraveperiod.The angular Beak-spouted jug. 1323 is anothershapefamiliar of and decorative spiralsdateitto LH I.149 pattern running profile Globular jar. Examplesofthisshape(1436, 1673-1674,2259) have a widemouthwithevertedrim on theinterior. rimthatis hollowedslightly and globularbody.2260 has an almoststraight

141For the shape see Dietz 1991, fig.48: AB- 17. 142For the shape see Davis iQ7Q, fig-q: 184-q. 143Bleeen 1021, ô, no. *. 144Davis 1Q7Q, fiff.*: ^2-^.

145For the shape see Mylonas 1972, pl. 230: O 189; Davis 1979» 243» 247.

146Zerner 1988, fig.30: 20-2. 147For discussion see Rutterand Rutter1976, 37 n. 26. 148See Mylonas 1973, pl. 66: A y; Dietz 1991, 173,Jug with Horizontal Spout, figs.53: AF-15 (1) and 54: AF-15 (2). 149For the shape see Dietz 1991, 172, BeakedJug,fig.54: AF-4.

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Hole-mouthed as a bridge-spouted hole-mouthed jar. Rim 1677 has thesame configuration jar from AreaNu,DepositN (R690); bothdateto LH I/IIA. oftherims,necksand flatbases ofjars orjugs werefoundin early Jugs/jars/hydriai. Manyfragments LH deposits.The rimthickness varies,fromthin(e.g. 1024) to fairlythick(e.g. 1929). One cannot withcertainty, reconstruct wholeprofiles buttheybelongto typesofjugs,jars and hydriaifoundin theArgolid.150 Someofthefragments havedecorative in MattPaint:horizontal patterns banding(e.g. or semicircles 1688),somebandshavinga pendentfringe (1684) pendentconcentric (2266); groups oflines,placedobliquely(e.g.1681,2066); rowsofdots(1681); doublezigzagfilledwithdots(2259); hatched(1686), cross-hatched (1690) or solid (2263) triangles; runningspiral(1689); cross(1693); anddoubleconcentric circleswitha circular massofdotsin thecentre(1025).A similarcircular mass of dotsappearson 2264. One fragment, has a vertical decorated with 1930, panel oblique and with a similar to this ware and lines; crisscrossing 2074 pattern maybelong group.2073 also has an unusualpattern, within vertical which is closest to the bands, herringbone AeginetanMP styleof LH.151 Circles drawn were around the base of round-sectioned vertical handles early (e.g. 2065); on horizontal handlesone circlewas drawnaroundeach base (e.g. 1691-1692) and was notdrawnas a likethattypicaloftheAeginetan figure-of-eight style.152 Comment MH/LH or theShaftGraveperiod,YM and MP had completely By Transitional replacedDP and had almostreplacedDB in popularity. Unlikethetwoearlierwares,whichhad theirownparticular shapes,thesameshapeswereusedforbothYM and MP. (ii) Southern Péloponnèse: Weathered Igneous Rock The mostprominent characteristic are theplatesofdullcopper-and silver-coloured materialon the surface. GROUP IV: COARSE WARES

Sample2319 (= Set 6 Class 1 in Appendix2, withplate 62*).The waresare all coarse,and either burnished or unburnished, herebecausetheysharethe plainor incised.Theyare treatedtogether sameshapes,as wellas thesamefabricand surfacedescriptions. Fabric Orange(2.5YR 5/6),red(2.5YR 4/8)toreddishbrown(5YR 5/4)withgreycore,butveryoftendark fromlarge-sized coarse,gritty-looking; greythroughout; manyvisibleinclusions, chipsofdarkcolour to smallerdarkred,whitish-grey, blackand orangegrits. Surface Red (2.5YR 5/6),yellowish red (5YR 5/6),reddishbrown(5YR 5/4),darkgrey(5YR 4/1) to dark reddishgrey(5YR 4/2),veryrarelylight-coloured burnished. (buff);sometimes Manufacturing techniques All vesselsweremadebyhand.One handle,brokenoffat thepointofattachment, had beenpressed as handlesin DB ware. up againstthewallin thesamemannerofattachment Decoration Smallknobsweresometimes attached totheshoulders ofjarsandperhapscups/bowls; designs, usually of horizontal and Thereis one exampleofan groups obliquelines,wereincisedon somecups/bowls. incisedor pie-crust rim,a featureof MH I. A fewpithoihave inciseddecorationon theshoulder zone.Painteddecoration is rare:onejar (1005) has a band aroundtheneck.

150Dietz 151Cf. 1991, 189-94,fìgs.58-Q. Mountjoy1981,fig.321-.

152Cf. Mountjoy1981,fig.11: 102.

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C. ZERNER

Shapes The most common were cups or bowls and wide-mouthedjars withrounded profilesand everted rims,whichwere used in cookingand probablyforotherpurposesin the kitchen.Othervesselswere surfaces. used forstorage,i.e. the pithos,and have lighter-coloured walls (although Cup.There are a numberofexamplesofa small,roughly-made cup withfairlystraight the profilevaries and the walls eitherflareout or turnin), with one handle (1337) or no handles (1136, 1887-1888, 2312-2313). Roundedcup.1507 is the onlyexample ofthisshape, a cup withroundedprofileand high-swung strap handle. It probablydates to LH I. rim.This shape appears to have been the most popular small vessel in witheverted Roundedcup/bowl the kitchen,forcooking and perhaps otheruses as well, throughoutMH. It has a rounded body, evertedrim,flatbase and one straphandle (thereis no evidence fortwo-handledcookingpots) that swingshighabove therim.As in thesimilarshape in DB, earlyexampleshave a swellingshoulder,e.g. 1177, 1277. In earlyMH thebase was flatand therimsharplyeverted(e.g. 1140); in late MH, ithad a less evertedrim and smallerbase (2314). Some were decoratedwithincised shorterand straighter, patterns(e.g. 1177-1179) usually drawn all over the exteriorsurface.In the earlierphases of MH, patternswere more carefullydrawn(e.g. 1086-1087), whereasin laterMH theywere more sloppily executed(e.g. 1986). Such vessels bowlwitheverted Rounded rim, 2315, mayhave belongedto a strainer. piercedOne fragment, no the holes but is the in MH Lerna in EH III at similar, Lerna;153 early longerpenetrate shape appear thebody wall and are merelydecorative.This fragment may date to TransitionalEH III/MH I. bowl.Rim-fragment 1224 may belong to a deep bowl withstraightsides. The exterior Straight-sided surfaceis decoratedwithincised,crossedlines. Bowl within-turned rim,orbasin.A numberof fragments belong to a shape thatmay be describedas a and basin. Profiles or bowl 2157 are deep and roundedwitha rimflat varyconsiderably:1017 deep on top and protrudingtowardthe exterioror interior;1797 and 2158 are deep and straight-sided walls and a plain rim; and 1800 is a witha T-shapedrim; 1798 and 2159 are deep within-turning wide-mouthedbowl witha rimbevelled on the interior. walls. Plate(?). A fewfragments, 1234, 1801 and 2000, maybelongto a shallowbowl orplatewithflaring Shallowbowlorplate(?). 2199 is the plain rimof a shallowbowl or plate withstraightsides.154 Jug.A fewsherdsare designatedas jugs, eitherbecause theyhave verticalhandles or because of the of theirrims,e.g. 1890 and 1891. formation Hole-mouthed jar. Only one example of thisshape, 1804, was identified:its date is earlyLH. Two-handled jar. 2316 has an uprightrim,globularbody and two verticalhandles attachedto the top of the rimand shoulder. rim.This shape was commonat MH sitesall overthemainlandthroughout Wide-mouthed jar witheverted the period and continuedto be made in LH. It was certainlyused for cooking (tracesof burning remainon mostexamples) and surelyforotherpurposesin the kitchen.The rimsare usuallyeverted (e.g. 1046), but some are almoststraight(e.g. 1047, 1814). The body has a roundedshouldertapering to a flatbase, usually small. Sizes varied fromsmall, witha rim diameterof 13, to very large, 41 profile,e.g. 1049. (1901). Some shoulderslook almost swollen,e.g. 1033; othershave a straighter Most are handleless:onlyone fragment, 1229, has evidence of a verticalhandle,attachedto rimand shoulder;and one smalljar, 2317, has two horizontalup-tiltedhandles. Bases are small,and either 153Rutter 1995, 43, Form VII.

154For the shape see Dietz 1991, fig. 16: 109-10 (MH IIIA).

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flat(e.g. 1283, 1508) or quitesmalland knoblike(1284, 1411-1412). Knobbedprojections were addedtotheshoulders ofsome;in theearlierphasesofMH thesewerelongand projectedquitea bit (e.g. 1049); by thelaterphasestheyweresmallerand less conspicuous.One exampleofa pie-crust rim,a veryearlyMH type,was found(1088). One fragment (1005) witha paintedband aroundthe neckmaybelongto thisshape. handles. A fewbody-sherds withtheremainsofhorizontal Jarwithhorizontal handles,e.g. 1048, belly from 1182, 1226,belongto somekindofjar. The shapeis notcertainbutmayhave been different thetypicalwide-mouthed with everted which does not have handles. rim, jar usually ofthe 1802 has an undulating JarwithT-rim. profileand a T-shapedrim.It is unusualbutreminiscent rimsofpithoi(e.g. 1150). Pithos.Like the othercoarse-ware rim, shapes,profilesvary:one has a highneck and out-turned flat on and thickened on theexterior rim usually top (e.g.1018, 1315); anotherhas a shortout-turned a third a has neck that at narrows the mouth and a vertical handle attached to (e.g. 1409); straight neckand shoulder(e.g.1150, 1235).Thereis evidenceon a fewsherdsforhorizontal handlesplaced neartherim(e.g.1034).A fewfragments weredecorated:spiralsincisedon the highon theshoulder, neckof2203, a zone ofherringbone on 1034 and 2204, a horizontal rowofoval impressions made a on A few a have horizontal band of at the of base the by finger-tip 1341. fragments clayapplied neck(1152,plain),on theshoulder(1409, decoratedwithfinger or lower on the impressions) body and 2202, decoratedwithincisedverticallines). (e.g. 1410,decoratedwithfinger impressions, Other. witha holecutbeforefiring; 2201 is a thickfragment itmayhavebelongedto a piercedstand. (iii) Southern Péloponnèse (Kythera?): Mudstone and Chert Prominent characteristics are theMinoannatureoftheshapesand decoration, themultitude ofwhite and vari-coloured inclusionsidentified as sand155 in the biscuitof the medium-coarse and coarse and theincisedand impressed marks.The onlyceramicwareis LustrousDecorated, fabrics, potters' whichappearsin fine,medium-coarse and coarsefabrics.The name is thatgivenbyJ. L. Caskey, whowas thefirst to identify itas a MH ware;156 itrefers to thetypeofpaintused to decoratevessels in thegroup(veryfewundecorated oneshavebeen recognised). GROUP V: LUSTROUS DECORATED

WARE, FINE, MEDIUM-COARSE

AND COARSE

Fabric The finevariety is veryfine,and itis oftendifficult to tellitapartfromtrueMinoan.Eventhecoarser varieties resemblecertainMinoanfabrics, the'Northeast CreteTemperGroup'.157 1 cannot particularly be certainthatall thesherdscataloguedhereas LD arein factthat,butI havetriedto singleoutthose ofwhichI am unsureand markthemwitha query:LD(?) or Minoan(?).158 Manufacturing techniques A numberoftechnical detailssetthiswareapart.On onejug rim,1870,a fine,untempered claywas chosenforthelip and added to thegritty or sand-tempered clayoftheneck.Similarrimshavebeen identified amongLD vesselsfromLerna. The potters thebody-walls ofvesselsso thattheendsprotruded regularly pushedhandlesthrough intotheinterior. On jugs,thepointedendthatcamethrough thewallwas leftas itwas;thismayhave been becausethehandle,whichwas attachedvertically to theneckand body,couldnotbe affixed untiltheneckand rimhad beenjoinedto therestofthebody,at whichpointin theforming process thepotterwouldhavebeenunableeasilyto reachinsidethepotto smoothovertheprotruding point. In thecase ofjars,sincethepottercouldattachthesebellyhandlesbeforejoiningtheneck,thetwo ends of each horizontalhandlewere smoothedover to formroundedbumpson the interior. In contrast to thetriangular handles wedgehandleson similarjars in Aeginetanware,LD horizontal werecoils,thetwoendsofwhichwerethrust thebodywallofthevessel. through 155See Appendix 2 §2 (ii) (f). 156 Caskey 1954, 29-30; 1955, 35 n. 19.

157Zerner,Betancourtand Myer 1086, 6o. 158See §4 (i) below forfurtherdiscussion.

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whichbearthemarksor Another characteristic feature ofjarsandjugsis visibleon interior surfaces, ofthefingertips ofthepotter. striations leftby a hard-edged tooland,often, By scraping impressions to continued MM IB, thepotter's wheelwasusedtothrowsmallvesselsin thisware.Although potters tomakelargershapesbyhand. throwsmallforms oftheperiod,theycontinued duringtheremainder Decoration Almostall vesselsin thiswareweredecoratedwitha paintof ironoxide thatsometimes appears variesfromblack lustrous and,as a resultoffiring, (mostsherdsareverywornbyuse and deposition) (verydarkgrey,7.5YR 3/0)to darkbrown(7.5YR 3/2),and darkreddishbrown(5YR 3/2)to red wereadded in thinwhiteand red or purple(10R 3/4, (2.5YR 5/6-5YR 6/6); oftenotherpatterns ribs. or horizontal withclay,eitherdots(barbotine) was decoration Other red) applied paints. dusky of the was and few on their LD current followed limited, Crete, repertoire Although potters styles wereprimarily morecomplexMinoanschemeswereadopted.In theearlierphasesofMH, patterns did notbecomeusualuntilthemiddleoftheperiod. linear,and polychromy LustrousDecorated,Fine

in Rutterand Rutter.159 Thisis termedFineMinoanizing Fabric Pinkish buff(7.5YR 8/4)to lightred (2.5YR 6/6),oftenwitha lightgreycore.Smooth,compactand dark-coloured andrarely mainlysmallbitsofwhite(limestone), firm-feeling; veryfewvisibleinclusions, silver of a noticeable have a particles(quartz). quantity particles; fewfragments Surface was Lightbrown(7.5YR 6/4),pinkishbuff(5YR 8/4-7/6to 7.5YR 8/4);in somecases,theexterior burnished. lightly Decoration Vesselsweredecoratedwithlustrous paintand addeddesignsin dullwhiteand redor purple,orwith in d-o-1and l-oPainted decoration: decoration. earlyMH cupsare decoratedon theexterior applied oftherim(on theexceptions1334 and andusuallywitha bandofdarkpainton theinterior d styles, oftheundersideofthebase. ByMH II, boththeinterior 1476 see below)and aroundtheperimeter is decoratedwithadded are solidlycoatedwithlustrous surfaces and theexterior paint;theexterior vesselsandis limitedto a few on is found in Plastic decoration and red. in white appliedclay patterns attachedto thesurfacein thebarbotine rowofsmalldotsofclay(alsocalledbosses)160 style. Shapes Theseare thesameas thosepopularon Cretein theMiddleMinoanperiod. The shapeis oreggcup.One cup decoratedin thebarbotinestyle,1334,was preserved. Footed goblet IA. MM is the date Minoan;161 cup.This MH I type,hand-madeand lackingtheconcaveprofileof theMM IB-II wheelAngular an anglein theprofile thrown rim,at timesin-turned, cup),has a straight cup (herecalleda carinated L-o-dfragment and mayperhapsbe a Minoanimport). and a lowfoot(1476 is coatedon theinterior with decorated are and rim. the out formed a has 1126 2269 1124, 1125 pulling by slightly spout thedateis MM IA. dots.The shapeis Minoan;162 barbotine Rounded plain rimand roundedprofilefromrimto flatbase: cup.This shape has an incurving, d-o-11075, l-o-d 1170 and 2268, and polychrome1076 and 1477. Some may have had one handleoriginally a handlealtogether. 2268 has a bitofthevertical handleor mayhavebeenwithout markon thebodyunderthehandle.The onlyothermarkknown on thecup and partofa potter's 159Rutterand Rutter1076, 12. 160Cf. Betancourt1085, fie. 58e. 161Betancourt 1985, fig.48; Momigliano 1991, fig.1: 1; cf.at

Lerna, Zerner 1088, fig.24: 1-2. 162Betancourt 1985, fig. 48 ('carinated cup'); cf. at Lerna, Zerner 1988, fig.24: 3-11.

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on a fineLD cup (mostmarksappearon LD, MediumCoarse)comesfromLerna.163 The shapeis thedateis MM IA. Minoan;164 Carinated on thepotter's wheeland was usuallydecoratedbya coat cup.The MH II typewas thrown ofpaintall overtheinterior and exterior. Whitepaintis discernible on somefragments; mostsherds are too wornand do notretainadded decoration, A bit of a vertical e.g. 1344, 1933, 2076-2077. handleis preserved on 1932. The shapeis Minoan;165 thedateis MM IB- III. Conicalcup.1931, decoratedwithcross-hatching in whiteon a darkground,is theonlyrimof this in the material studied. The thedateis MM I- III. shaperecognised shapeis Minoan;166 on thepotter'swheel,has an evertedrim,roundedor globular Semi-globular cup.Thisshape,thrown flat and base. It to be body begins producedin late MH, in both1-o-d(e.g. 1937) and polychrome a combination of d-o-1 and polychrome (e.g.1441) styles, (e.g.2270) and,by LH I, in d-o-1stylethat followsLM IA (e.g. 3458). The shape is Minoan;167 the date is MM III. Althoughthe shapewas producedin earlierphasesofMM, theexamplesfromAyiosStephanosmostcloselyresemblethose ofMM IIIB fromKastrion Kythera. or Vapheio at theend ofMH Straight-sided cup.Thiswheel-thrown shapewas producedby LD potters andinearlyLH. 1697-1705areexamplesin d-o-1and1-o-dstylesfromthelatestMH andTransitional thedateis MM III-LH I. depositson thesite.The shapeis Minoan;168 Hole-mouthed (bridge-spouted?) jar. 1373 is theonlyexampleofajar ofthisshapeinfinefabricexamined here.The shapeis Minoan.169 LustrousDecorated,Medium-coarse

Thisis termedOatmealMinoanizing in Rutterand Rutter1976, 10-11,and LustrousDarkon Light in Rutter and Rutter1976, 12. Samples2282, 2288-2289,2326 (= Set4 Class 1 in Appendix2, with PLATE6l/).

Fabric Light-coloured, lightbrown(7.5YR 6/4) and reddishyellow(5YR 7/6),to darkerorangeand red and (2.5YR5/8 2.5YR 6/6);veryoftenwitha greycore(7.5YR6/0);usuallyfiredtoa brittle hardness, in the Whitbread as sand)170 of especially earlyand middlephasesof MH; inclusions(identified by colours- red,black,darkgreyand white- areplentiful and oftenofapproximately manydifferent thesamesize; in thelaterphasesofMH theinclusions becomefewerand are frequently onlydark redor blackand angular. Surface buff(5YR 9/4-7/6to7.5YR 8/4)tobright Lightbrown(7.5YR6/4),pinkish orangeorred(2.5YR6/6); incisions froma scraping tool(ona fewexamplesfingerprints interior, arevisiblewhere deephaphazard thepotter hadpressedagainstthewalls);exterior, attimeslightly burnished. slippedlightbrownorbuff, Decoration Same as thefinevariety. Shapes Rounded cup.The shapeis thesame as thatin LD, fine,fabric.1374 is decoratedin d-o-1,2090 in 1-o-d.The shapeis Minoan;171 thedateis MH III. 163Zerner iq88, fig.24: 12. 164Betancourt 1985, fig.48, withhandle risinghigherthanrim; Momigliano199 1, fig.1: 17-1 8 'footlessgoblettype',and fig.30, type 4 'one-handledcup'; cf.at Lerna,Zerner10,88,fiers. 24-*: 12-20. 165Betancourt 1985, fig.65; forparallels at Lerna see Zerner 1088, fig.2*: 21-3. 166Betancourtiq8r, fie:.48. 167Betancourt 1985, fig. 77; cf. on Kythera,Coldstream and

Huxley 1972, Deposit Zeta rounded cups, nos. 17-23, and at Lerna, Zerner 1088, fie:.2f>:24-*. 168Betancourt 1985, fig.93; Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, fig. 39: i> 3> 15169Betancourt 1985, fig. 48; for parallels on Kythera, see Coldstream and Huxley 1072, 07, Deposit Delta, nos. 42-3. 170See Appendix 2 §2 fii)(a). 171Betancourt 1985, fig.48; cf.at Lerna Zerner1988, fig.27: 2.

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Semi-globular cup.Two examples of thisshape in medium-coarsefabric,1714 and 1943, decoratedin 1-o-dstyle,have verticalloop-handles;thatof 1714 rises above the rim. The shape is Minoan, the same as LD, fine(see above). Bowl or basin.A numberof fragments of thislarge open shape, withroundedbody and evertedrim, were recognised.The contourof the rimvariesconsiderably,fromeverted(e.g. 2095), facetedon the interior(e.g. 2094) and thickenedon theinterior(e.g. 1376), to T-shaped(e.g. 1378) and hooked (e.g. 1448). All have either1-o-dor polychromedecorationon the exterior,unlikethe Kytheranin-and-out bowls and basins,whichare of similarshape but patternedon theinterior.172 Only one, 1716, is plain and has a small lug on the rim.They date to MH III. The shape is Minoan, MM III.173 Plate.Only one fragment, 2274, ofthisMH I shape in LD ware is knownfromAyios Stephanos.The exteriorsurface,includingtheundersideof thebase, is decoratedin 1-o-dstyle.The shape is Minoan; the date is MM I.174 Jug. Although many fragmentsof jugs were found, few were rims, and the spouts cannot be It is likely,however,thatthe shapes resembledthose in LD ware, both beaked and reconstructed. round-mouthedjugs, fromKythera and Lerna, decorated in d-o-1,1-o-dand polychromestyles. Fragments1872 and 2275 belong to the MH I typeofjug withbeaked spout and ribbed shoulder. Other complete or almost complete An intactexample of thisearly type was foundon Kythera.175 in a that with a handle ends but same of the pointat itsupper end have been found shape examples and Papoulia in Messenia.177 at Lerna176 The verticalhandleswere roundin sectionin earlyMH (e.g. 1870), or flattenedovals (e.g. 1948) in laterMH. In MH I and II theywere pushed throughthe body-wall,and the pointsprotrudeon the interior(e.g. 1871); by late MH thispracticebegan to disappear (1717). Like the jar withnarrow neck and flaringrim,LD jugs were oftenmarkedby the potters.Two such potter'smarkshave been identifiedat Ayios Stephanos: 1077, on the neck below the handle; and 2276, on the upper side of the handle. The shapes are Minoan, MM I- III.178 Hole-mouthed jar. Six rimsbelong to thiswell-knownMinoan shape; only one, however,preservesa (1722) and thestubofa basket-handle.2109 and 2277 have simplerims;1950 is slightly bridge-spout evertedat thelip; 2110 is flattenedon the exterior;2108 curvesinwardabove a ridgeon the exterior body-wall.They appear in depositsof MH I- III date. The Minoan shape dates to MM I-MM HI.179 Jar withnarrowneckandflaringrim.This storagevessel has a flaringmouth,narrowneck, globular body,twohorizontalhandlesthattiltupwardon thebelly,and a flatbase. The handleswere roundor oval in section;theirtwo ends were pushed throughthebody-walland theroughends thensmoothed featureis a shoulderthatslopes gentlyup to a pointfromwhichthe rim over.Its mostcharacteristic or mouthflaresout; theneck is not set offfromthe shoulder.This shape is one ofthemostpopularin LD throughout MH, and in contrastto mostof the othershapes in the ware,theredoes not seem to have been a similarMinoan shape. In addition to LD it was produced in Group II, DP ware,180 The shape was produced and GroupVIII, AeginetanMP ware.182 GroupVI, Micaceous Minoan ware181 was rim the In earlier hand. made was MH and plain and oftenlong phases by always throughout were groovesor there interior its on sometimes and it became later in the shorter, phases (e.g. 1079); ridges(e.g. 1384 and 1388). This shape can be decoratedin d-o-1,1-o-dand polychromestyles.Many jars, especiallyin MH I and II, were decorated in d-o-1style,usually in the followingpattern:a narrowband around the

172Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, pl. 23: 29-34. 173Betancourt 1985, fig. 77; cf. at Kythera,Coldstream and Huxley 1972, Deposit Epsilon nos. 29-34, fig.38; and at Lerna, Zerner 1988, figs.27-8: 6-12. 174Cf. at Knossos, Momigliano 2000, 95, fig. 18 no. 78; at Kythera,Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, Deposits Gamma no. 32, fig.37, and Delta no. 28, fig.38; and also foundat Lerna, Zerner 1988, fig.29: 13-15. 175Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 258, L Chance Finds no. 2, of similarjugs withribbed shouldersin MM pl. 82; forfragments IA see ibid. 92, Deposit Gamma, nos. 8-9, 11.

176Zerner 1088, fie. «1: 2*. 177Korres 1080, fig. 27178Betancourt 1985, figs.39, 65, 77; Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, pls. 72-3, nos. 60-68, pl. 82, nos. 1-2. 179Betancourt 1985, figs. 48, 65, 77; cf. at Kythera, Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, Deposit Delta nos. 23 and 27, pl. 22; at Lerna, Zerner 1088, figs.33-4. 180See §s (i) (b) above. 181See §3 (iv) (a) below. 182See §3 (vii) (a) below; Zerner 1988, fig. 13.

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rimdownto thepoint interior oftherim;a coataroundtheexterior rim,coveringtheentireflaring wheretheshoulder the divided into zones horizontal eachzonedecorated bands, begins; upperbody by withpatterns; thelowerbodyleftundecorated from below level of handles whichthelowest (over just bandpassed)tothebase.EarlyMH motifs thindiagonal horizontal includediagonally hatchedtriangles, linesin groupsofthree,fouror five,and widediagonallines.MH II motifs includethickwavylines (i960), drips(1262),rosettes (1951),quirks(2115),fatcircles(1953) and filledcircles(1955). Certain MH: to late the hatchedor cross-hatched semicircle belong patterns (e.g. 1388),replacingtheearlier hatchedtriangle; rowofdotsin a horizontal line(1397) or aroundtheperimeter ofcircles(1345);row 183 ofdashes(1456);andthickorthinwavylines,drawnas deeploopingsor scribbles (1389 and 2289). EarliestLH motifs arefoliatebands(2119) and bigloopingspirals(2288).In Transitional MH/LH or earliest there are foliate bands and Some details in white were added LH, (2119) ripples(1728-1729). dark on the decoration: narrow horizontal bands or lines a filled in the circle paint (1388, 1452), centreofa darkfilledcircle(1388),loops (1388) and rowsofdots(1388). In the1-o-dand polychrome stylestheexteriorsurface(eitherthewholesurfaceor thetop half, downtojustbelowthehandlezone) was coatedwithpaint,and decorativepatterns wereadded in whiteand red or purplepaint(in 1-o-donlywhitewas used,whereasin polychrome bothcolours wereused).The interior oftherimwas also coatedand at timesdecorated.The patterns arethesame as thosein thed-o-1style.Manyjars ofthisshapebearmarksincisedbythepotters on thehandlesor on thebodywalljust below thehandles.Threehave been identified at AyiosStephanos:1081, a slashon theuppersideofthehandle;1015,a horizontal rowofsixgougeson thewallofthevessel justbelowthehandle;and 2283, a verticalrowoffourgougeson thewallbelowthehandle. The shapeis Kytheran(?), datedto MM IA-III.184 Jar,unidentified shape,1213 is a closed shape,a jar of some sortwitha verticalstraphandle.No decoration is preserved on thefragment. LustrousDecorated,coarse

Fabric Same as thatforLD medium-coarse, butinclusions in largersizesand moreabundant. Decoration Same as LD medium-coarse. Shape Pithos. One fragment ofa rimofa pithos,1272, and a bodyfragment fromanotherwitha plasticrib, 2128, werefoundat AyiosStephanos.1172,also witha plasticrib,mayhave comefromanotheror froma coarsejar.The shapedatesfromMH I through MH III and is Minoan.185 Comment Themostinteresting questionthatarisesfroma studyofthisgroupiswhereLD wasproduced.Analyses oftheshapesanddecorative as wellas theclaytype186 ofLD vesselsdatingfromearliest MH patterns, LH have shown that the centre of was not on Crete but I, in somewhere the through production or on where can be found. Péloponnèse Kythera, geologically compatible claydeposits Unfortunately, we cannotbe morepreciseat thispoint.For archaeological reasonsI shouldliketo locateit in the southern eitherin Laconiaor on Kythera. LD wasone ofthemosttypicalwaresatAyios Péloponnèse, it other wares thathavepeculiar,thatis to say,regional MH; appearsalongside Stephanos throughout suchas DP andDB wares.NoneoftheusualMH products oftheCentralArea,suchas characteristics, GM and MP, norAeginetan were found at the site until the end of wares, period.On thecontrary, to came from the from Crete and and Red imports AyiosStephanos south, Kythera(Minoanimports SilverMicaceousGroupVI) bywayofthesea-route thatlinkedwestern CretetoKythera andthecoast 183Cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, pl. 23 = Epsilon 2%-a. 184Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, fig.37:Gamma 33; fig.40: Zeta 138; horizontalhandles of same shape, pl. 21: Gamma 2729; cf. at Aegina, a complete example in polychrome style, Welter 1938, fig. 17; at Lerna, Zerner 1988, figs.35-40.

185Betancourt 1985, fig.77; parallels at Kythera,Coldstream and Huxley 1972, Epsilon 105 (MM IIIB), fig.38, and Zeta 148 (MM IIIB-LM IA), fig.40, pl. 28; at Lerna, Zerner 1988, fig. 41 (MH I-III). 186See Appendix 2 §§2 (iii), 3.

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ofLaconia.LD pots,alongwithDB and Minoanimports, wouldalso havebeentransported by sea to sitesfurther tothenorth, suchas Lerna,fromthesouth,theareainwhichtheywereprobably produced. LD wareis Minoannot onlyin inspiration Pottersworkingin Minoan but also in technology. in but becausetheclaytypeofall traditions worked different areas outside have Crete, potting may LD vesselsanalysedthusfaris essentially thesame,it seemsreasonableto considerthiswareas the It is important ofone generalarea,i.e. thesouthern alwaysto keepin mind Péloponnèse. production on Theremayhavebeenpotters thepresenceofMinoanson Kythera. working thatislandandpotters wouldhavebeenclose This tradition in Minoan tradition. mainland both the on the working nearby, ofitsown.Thus LD potsare notto be on Cretebutwouldhave had a character to itscounterpart The but as productsof workshopsworkingin Minoantraditions. regardedas Minoanimitations MBA and the makersofLD keptin contactwithCretanceramicstylesand technology throughout their own LD had and was LBA. this contact continuous close, stylesand potters Although early LBA. into the maintain until well which continued to traditions, they (iv) Southern Péloponnèse (Kythera?): Red Silver Micaceous (white mica) as white identified characteristics includemassiveamountsof silver-coloured Prominent particles, Minoan as well as the and make them surfaces of vessels coverthe mica,thatthickly appearance sparkle, was practicedby pottersof thisgroup,another of the shapes and decoration.Wheel-throwing thatsetsitapartfrommostothergroupsdescribedhere. characteristic GROUP VI: MICACEOUS

MINOAN PAINTED AND COARSE (COOKING

POT) WARES

in Rutterand Rutter.187 Thisis termedMicaceousMinoanizing Samples23O2a-233,2305 (= Set 5 Class 3 in Appendix2, withplate 62 ¿). Fabric Usuallyfrombrightorange(2.5YR 4/8 red),oftenwithgreycore,to darkgrey(7.5YR 4/0-4/3); and a massive whiteand darkredinclusions bright Veryhardand rough-feeling; rarelypinkish-buff. amountofsilvermica,especiallyvisibleon surfaces. Surface withbothcolours. mottled Reddishbrownto darkgrey(7.5YR 4/0-4/3or 2.5YR 4/0),sometimes techniques Manufacturing observations on thewheel,a fewothertechnological evidenceforthrowing In addition totheimportant was scored surface the of bands of attachment the for surface the To canbe made. prepare (2308 clay, theappliedbandhavingbrokenoff).Thereis verylittleevidenceforthe thescoredsurface, preserves andthehandlesinserted butitappearsthatholeswerecutinthebody-wall ofhandleattachment, method thoseofLD ware. like interior into the not did The ends intothemin themannerofDR protrude Decoration Eitherplainor decoratedin a dark-ground stylewitha coat of darkgreyor blackpaintand added were and red white in thick (7.5R 3/4).A numberoftheplaincooking-pots (7.5YR 7/4pink) designs a with tool cut or the with rims the on with adorned (1174) or (1776) finger impressed edging or cut also that were of withappliedbands clay (1777). impressed MicaceousMinoan Painted

Shapes rim 1175 and low foot1176, come fromthe same cup with Two fragments, Cup or kantharos(?). roundedbodyand short,evertedrim.The cup is plainand datesto lateMH. 1769 comesfromtheshapetypicalof MH II- III (see §3 (iii) cup.L-o-drimfragment Semi-globular above,LD). 187Rutter and Rutter 1976, 11.

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1770 mayhave been 1-o-dand froma shapelikethatoftheLD angularcup Spouted cup.Fragment (see §3 (iii)above). Bowlorbasin.Therearea numberofexamplesofa deepbowlorbasin,usuallywitha globularprofile and sharplyevertedrim,wide and flaton top,and decoratedin 1-o-dand polychrome (e.g. 1028At had a least on the shoulder. Unlike the other one, 2301, 1029,23°°)2302 has a fragments, spout rim. out-curved The is a decoration band around theneck. plain,markedly plastic: finger-impressed Bowl(?).Fragment sides,but the shape to whichit belonged 1771 is an open shape withstraight cannotbe identified. neckandflaring rim.The shapeof 1772, 2303 and 3435 is thesameas thatdescribed Jarwithnarrow forDP and LD wares.188 The one handlepreserved fromAyiosStephanosis a flattened oval (1772) and was notpushedthrough thebody-wall. Hole-mouthed on top,projecting on theexterior, and a horizontal handle, jar. 1031 has a rimflattened a flattened tilted oval, upward. ofthelowerbodyand base ofjars,1324 (low,flaring Jar.Twolargefragments foot)and 1781 (offset concave to that cannot be more identified. base, underneath) belong shapes precisely MicaceousMinoan Coarse (Cookingpot) ware

Shapes Jug.1402 and 1403 belongtojugswithplainsurfaces. Kitchenware oftheseutilitarian vesselsvaried,particularly in the basin, pot.The profiles jar andcooking formation of therim- eitherplain,tapering(1775, 1778, 1779, 2306), thin,T-shaped(2307), or flaton top (1174, 1776, 1777) - and typeofhandle- eitherhorizontal, thickened, (1174, up-tilted or flattened oval (2309). Someofthecookingpotsmusthavehad tripodfeetliketheir 2306), vertical, fromKythera, butveryfewwerefound(R972). Rimsoftenhave an edgingof fingercounterparts or incised slashes: Fromthesame two,1051 and 1052,mayactuallydateto theEBA.189 impressions is a basin with everted on the outside with slashes. rim,edged deposit,1053 1468 is an odd oblique that have to a similar as the is a basin, fragment may belonged preservedportion spoutformedby out the rim. MH III and later have horizontal handlesthatare pulling examples,e.g. 1174, up-tilted flattened ovalsin section.1174 also has a decorative the of rim. One earlyLH edgingalong top the example,3434, has a potter'smark,an X incisedon the body walljust above the handle.Some whichappears examplesofthisshapearesimilartobasinsorjarsin CoarseMicaceousfromKythera, to be thesamefabricas theRed SilverMicaceousdescribedhere.190 Jar(?).1085 is eithera base witha holein itor a rimwitha verynarrowopening.It is eitherEBA in date and belongswiththe otherfragments in earlyMH baskets(1050-1053), or it is a flowerpot to the MBA. dating Comment The excavators ofKastrion Kytheradescribea newredmicaceousfabricthatappearedin MM IBIIIA and becamemorecommonforcookingvesselsthanOatmealfabricby MM IIIB.191I thinkthis is the same as Red SilverMicaceous describedhere,even thoughthe vesselsfromKastriare undecorated and mainlycooking-pots, whilea numberfromAyiosStephanosare decoratedand not intendedforor used overa cookingfire. MicaceousMinoanvesselsappearat AyiosStephanosmostcommonly in MH III and later(but mayperhapshave appearedin MH I) in shapesthatresemblethosefromKastri.Many of those mentioned in theKytheravolume(forexample,hole-mouthed jar,jars,jugs,basins)seemto be the same as thosedescribedhere fromAyiosStephanos,but because profilesare not illustrated one 188See §3 (i) (b) and (iii) above fordescriptionand discussion. 189Cf. Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, pl. 16: 3^-4.0. 190See Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, fig.38: Deposit Epsilon

no. 94 and 100; fig.40: Deposit Zeta nos. 134-*. 191Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 279.

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cannot be certain.Other shapes found at Kastri,such as baking-trays, lamps and censers,are not attestedat Ayios Stephanos,a phenomenoncharacteristic of mainland sitesin the MBA in general, where specialisedvessels are noticeablyabsent. Special vessels intendedforactivitiesrelatedto fire (baking,roasting,lightingetc.) are not found,and the few thatwere used forthese activitieswere The question of the existenceof domesticvessels with specialised functionsin the multi-purpose. MH household is vexing,since one rarelyfindsthemin mainlandfabrics.For instance,where typical are the tripodcooking-pots,baking-dishes,lamps, braziersand otherimplementsthatwould have been of such practicaluse in the kitchen?When such shapes do appear at mainlandsites- and this occurs rarely- theyare importsfromCrete or the Cyclades. Obviously the domesticpracticesof to and contactwith,forexample, culturesin different partsoftheAegean varied;and despiteproximity Minoans,the mainlandersimportedtheirpotterybut not theirways of life. to Micaceous Minoan because the The name has been changed fromMicaceous Minoanizing192 term'Minoanizing'implies an imitationof Minoan styles,and it is not yet possible to say thatthis ware was not actuallymade by Minoans (in thiscase, Kytherans).The sourceof the clay and the area of productionof thisware, however,are not yet known: outcroppingsof micaceous schistexist on Crete and Kytheraand in the southernPéloponnèse. (v) Crete: Various

Fabrics

group vu: painted and plain wares, fine, medium-coarse and coarse areas or clay sourceson These fallintoseveralfabricgroups,whichderivefroma numberof different is describedin Crete.Thus, since a generaldescriptioncannotbe given,the fabricof each fragment betweena piece of LD, fineware and an import to distinguish the catalogueentry.It is oftendifficult withfinefabric;therefore problematicpieces are placed in a separatecategory. MM IA imports(hand-madefootedgoblet and angular cup) appear at Ayios Stephanos in the the period and into the earliestMH deposits(thosein Area Zeta); such importscontinuethroughout LBA. RelationswithCrete were close and contactfrequent,eitherdirectlyor via Minoans livingon the island of Kythera.The Minoan and/orlocal potteryof Kastriis identicalto thatof Minoan or MinoanisingclassesfromAyiosStephanos:LD, Micaceous Minoan and Minoan Imports.It is possible thatMinoans came to the coast ofLaconia as earlyas theyhad come to Kythera,i.e. in EM II, butwe discussion. have no evidencefromthisperiod ofimportsto the mainland.See §4 (i) below forfurther Fine fabrics

Shapes Footedgobletor eggcup.The MM IA piece 1082 is the earliestMinoan importidentifiedat Ayios Stephanos.In contrastto the same shape in LD, the entireinteriorsurfaceof thiscup is coated with darkpaint.(For discussionand parallels,see same shape in §3 (iii) above, LD). Angularcup.The MM IA sherd 1083 was hand-madeand decoratedin 1-o-d.I have adopted the term it fromthewheel-thrown 'angular'forthisshape in LD ware (see §3 (iii) above) in orderto distinguish carinatedcup (see below). The lattertermis used by Minoan specialistsforboth shapes.193 to isolate in Carinatedcup.This wheel-thrownshape dates to MM IB/II, a period thatis difficult III levels MH in are the of Most at stratified (e.g. 1399).194 examples sequence Ayios Stephanos. or Vapheiocup.A few examples of thiswheel-thrown shape date to MM IIB-IIIA (e.g. Straight-sided decoration and rim band with One and (3438) belongs to LM IA.195 ripple deep 2290). cup 1971 cup.The firstexamples of a rounded cup or bowl withevertedrim appear in deposits Semi-globular of MH I (1878-1879). They may be antecedentsof the well-knownlater semi-globularcup of MM III foundin MH III to LH I depositsat Ayios Stephanos.Decorationis in 1-o-d(e.g. 1461) and polychrome(e.g. 2136). 192Rutterand Rutter1076, 11. 193Betancourt1085, figs.48 and 65. 194For discussion and parallels see the same shape in §3 (iii) above, LD.

195For discussion and parallels see the same shape in §3 (iii) above, LD (cf.Catling,Catlingand Smyth1979, fig.18: 96, MM III 1-o-d).

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as deep cups,e.g. 2143; cf.theMM are fromcupsthatmaybe characterised Cup.Otherfragments III 1-o-dcup fromKnossos.196 Conical cup.Threeplainconicalcups,2130-2132, dateto MM III or LM IA. The rimof2132 has an internal bevellikea MM III cup fromKnossos.197 Bowl.MM I(?) fragment 1084 is therimof a hand-madeshape thatwas foundin an earlyMH I deposit. Medium-coarseto coarse,painted

Shapes In-and-out bowlorbasin.Thisschemeofdecoration, used on bowlsand basinsofvarying first profile, on Minoan to Kastri on in MM IIIB198 and continued into LM. At appeared imports Kythera Ayios StephanossuchMinoanbowlsandbasinsappearin depositsofthesamedate,e.g. 1462, 1747, 1752, thatmaybelongto thesametypeare 2144 and 2146.199 2145. Otherfragments Basin.In MH III thisshapewas verypopularin LD; two1-o-drimsofMinoanimports in thisshape werealso identified. is with a rim flat on and thickened on the exterior. shallow, 1753 top 1447 has a its is similar to that of in-and-out basins rim; T-shaped (see above). shape very Other Jug.One wholeMinoanbeak-spouted jug, 2296,was publishedfromtheearlierexcavations.200 be the of closed that are as jugsmay represented among manybody-sherds shapes catalogued jugs/jars. Jar.A numberofrimsmaybe assignedto importedMinoanjars,herealso calledneckedjars (e.g. bothbody-sherds and bases,may also belongto 1756-1758, 2147-2148); manyotherfragments, suchjarsbutare notdiagnostic and are categorised as jugs/jars. ofMinoanjugsorjarswerefoundin depositsfromMH I, e.g. 1306Jug/jar. Bodyandbase fragments and MH 1307 1885, through III, e.g. 1763-1764 (rippledecoration). Medium-coarseto coarse,unpainted

Shape Basin.Thisshapehas wallsthateithersplayout,e.g. 1765,or turnin,e.g. 1767. Rimsare thickened eitheron one side,e.g. 1467, or on bothsides,e.g. 1765. On a few,finger-impressed bandswere surface below rim the as These of appliedto theexterior decoration, just e.g. 1766-1767. fragments, MM III to LM IA date,come fromlate MH and earlyLH depositsat AyiosStephanos(withthe exceptionof 1016,whichmaybe MH I).201 (vi) Southern Péloponnèse (Kythera) or Crete(?): Schist, Phyllite, Mica Series Some fragments cataloguedas possiblyMinoan or Micaceous Minoan have a fabricand other characteristics thatmakeit difficult to assignthemto eitherclass.It is hoped thatfuture analytical workwillmakeidentification possible.Samples2310-2311 and 2327 (= Set 5 Classes 2 and 4 in Appendix2, withplate 62 b and d). (vii) Aegina, Volcanic: Green/Yellow, Fine and Medium-Coarse, and Red Coarse of thisfabric,the mostobvious is gold mica, the biotite Amongthe prominentcharacteristics characteristic ofvolcanicclays.These shinygold or blackflakesoftenappearon thesurfacebutare 196Catling, Catling and Smvth iqô. fier.18: 04. 197 Catling,Catlingand Smyth1979, fig.23: 168. For a variety ofprofiles,cf.Catling,Catlingand Smyth1979, fig.21 (MM III); fie. *6: 241, 248 (LM IA). 198Coldstreamand Huxlev 1072. 281. 199For the bowl cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, pl. 23: Deposit Epsilon nos. 20-28 (MM IIIB); fig.39, pl. 26: Deposit

Zeta nos. 41-47 (MM IIIB-LM IA). For the basin cf.Coldstream and Huxley 1972, fig. 38, pl. 23: Deposit Epsilon nos. 29-34; fifí.3Q, pi- 26: Deposit Zeta nos. 4.8-rq. 200HS 2K in Taylour 1072, 224. dI. akc left. 201Cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, fig.38, pl. 25: Deposit Epsilon nos. 100-102 (MM IIIB); pl. 28: Deposit Zeta no. 140 (MM IIIB-LM IA).

21O

C. ZERNER

thatthe clay is volcanic,and sparseand are not visibleon everysherd.It has been determined its sourcehas been located by chemicaland petrologicalanalyseson the island of Aegina.202 Area fromearlyMH, continuing ImportsfromAeginawereverycommonat sitesin the Centred fromAyiosStephanosof LH. are no definite and well into There the fragments throughout period EH As the remainingimports be MH to the I). (1404 period may Aeginetanimportsdating fromAeginabelongto LH I and LH IIA, thatmustbe consideredto be the timewhencontact betweenthetwoareasbegan.203 Manufacturing techniques ceramicproducts. detailscharacterise As withLD wares,a numberoftechnical However, Aeginetan fromtheislandfoundat AyiosStephanos, natureofimports becauseofthepaucityand fragmentary All of the vesselsappearto have been here.204 cannotbe illustrated manyof thesecharacteristics theMBA and intothe or wheel with of the tournette, hand-built, throughout turning help probably thebody wall in the mannerdescribedforLD LBA. In the MBA, handleswerepushedthrough of One specialfeature medium-coarse wares;bytheend oftheperiodthispracticewas discontinued. of pots thatwas also practisedby theLD potterswas theregularmarking theAeginetanindustry beforetheywerefired.205 (a) group vin: green/yellow, fine and medium-coarse Red Slippedand Burnished

Fabric butsometimes (5YR quiteorangeor reddish,fromwhite(5Y 8/1)to reddish-yellow Light-coloured fineto powderyfeeling;porous-looking; 6/6) to verypale brown(10YR 7/3); sandy,sometimes blackandred),mostnotably withmanyinclusions medium-coarse platelets gold-coloured (white, shiny, scattered. visibleon surface, sparsely (biotite) very although usually Surface Oftendescribedas green(2.5Y 7/2lightgrey)to lightbrown(7.5YR 6/4). Decoration Coveredwitha colouredslipinsideand out,eitherred (on theaverage,lightreddish-brown 5YR 6/ sometimes or well burnished or brown platesor black); cursorily; (darkgrey, 3) or dark-coloured flakesofbiotiteare visible. Shapes Goblet1782 is therimof a LH I gobletwithroundedprofile.1404, ifit is in factAeginetan, may belongto a gobletwithangularprofile.206 One exampleof thisshape was foundin a LH I deposit(1469 withevertedrim, Basinor krater. flattened alongitsoutsideedge).It is usuallydecoratedin d-o-1or bichromeMattPaintedstyles.207 MattPainted/Plain

Sample2328 (= Set6 Class 2 in Appendix2, withplate 62 /). Decoration lines,rows in MattPaint(darkgrey,brownor black)on an unburnished Patterns ground:horizontal band foliate and ofdots,garlands, (1032). pendenttriangles 202See Appendix 2 §§2 (iii), 3; also Zerner, Betancourtand Myer 1986, 64; Zerner 1993, 48-50. 203See §4 (i) below forfurtherdiscussion. 204For a complete bibliography for Aeginetan wares see Lindblom 2001. 205See §6 below.

206Cf. Davis 1979, fig. 3:20 (called 'Lustrous Painted: Darkcoated'); Zerner 1088, fig.3: 18-20. 207Cf. Zerner 1988, 2, fig.8: 22-3; Dietz 1991, fig. 29: 292 'Aeginetanred slip'; Davis 1979, fig.5, 30-47 (these decorated in Bichrome MP, 'Aigina: PolychromeMatt-Painted').

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211

Shapes MP shapesand decorative It Bowl(?)1032 is unusualamonglateMH/earlyLH Aeginetan patterns. with be a bowl or decorated with a it LH II. to foliate should date to band; goblet globularbody appears orstamnos). with Jar(amphora, Flaringrims- bothplain,tapering(1786-1787) and T-shaped, hydria in flat interior bases and with and marks), (1784) (1790, 1791-1792 groove potters' bodyfragments 1788-1789 comefromone oftheseshapes.1785 witha verticalhandleattachedto therimbelongs to a jug or hydria. therearetwothatappearto be fromdifferent Jar.In additionto thefragments justdescribed, shapes: has a short neck and be from a 2329 1783 also has a globularbodybutits globularjar;208 very may rimflaresoutfromtheshoulder. (b) GROUP IX: RED COARSE (KITCHENWARE)

Fabric sameinclusions as (5YR 5/4and 7.5YR 5/4);coarseandrough-feeling; Usuallydarkorreddish-brown VIII but more and notas visibleto thenakedeyeowingto thedarkcolourof above, Group frequent thefabric. Surface Samecoloursas thefabric, withpatchesorlargeareasofgreytoblackwhereburnedin cookingfires. the fabric is werewell-finished and smoothed. coarse,thesurfaces Although Shape Wide-mouthed rim.Thisis themostusualshapeforcooking-pots on theGreekmainland, jar witheverted in EH III and MH and well into it LH; appearsin manydifferent beginning continuing throughout fabricsand in different from small to The at Ayios sizes, large. Aeginetanvariationrepresented is of LH I as is shown its which is concave on the interior date, Stephanos by rim, (1794, 2330). or plain,tapering rimsare also foundon lateMH and earlyLH jars,e.g. 1793. Base 2331 Straight fromAsteribearsa potter's mark(threesmallincisions in a T-pattern), a commonfeature ofAeginetan Red coarse MH. In the of the wares,including kitchenware, throughout earlypart period,markswere on the of the in the Shaft Grave and vessel; placed upperbody period earlyLH, thearea nearthe base wasusuallymarked, eitherthebody-wall above the on the of base, just edgeor on theunderside thebase itself. The latejarshapemayhaveverticalhandles,roundor oval in section(2329).209 (viii) Other Mainland: Various Fabrics GROUP X: GREY MINYAN AND MATT PAINTED WARES

CeramicstylestypicaloftheMBA in theCentralArea- GM and MP - werenotfoundat Ayios Stephanosuntillatein theperiod,whenMP, at least,was madelocally.GM, however, appearsnever to havebeenproducedin Laconia.A fewsherdsfrompotsperhapsimported fromtheCentralArea, bothMP and GM, werefoundon thesite;one, 1064,was fr°mtheveryearliestyearsoftheMBA. 4. CONCLUSIONS Thegeneralconclusions herearebasedon an analysisofceramicdataandon theassumption presented thattheexistence ofdistinct ceramictraditions has cultural How farthiskindofevidence, significance. i.e.pottery decoration and and can be pressedinan evaluation (surface styles form) technology, actually ofprehistoric societiesdependsa greatdeal on thequalityand quantity oftheavailabledata.Atthis intotheMBA on themainland, is limited pointin ourresearches anyevaluation bya lackofpublished bodiesofceramicmaterial thatinvestigate all theparameters ofproduction and design,fromfabricto to stylesof decoration.These mustbe consideredtogether withall the manufacturing technology otherevidencefroma siteand comparedto other,similarly researchedsites.This cannotbe done 208Cf.Zerner 1988,fig.16: 46-8; Davis 1979,fig.7: 97-1 10,'MattPainted:LightGrayUnburnishecT; Dietz 1991, fig.71: KB- 1-3.

209Cf. Zerner 1988, fig.23: 17-20; Dietz 1991, figs.29: 29496 and 71: KC-i; Davis 1979, fig. 11: 242-50.

212

C. ZERNER

withthe data we now have. Thus, the followingobservationsare recommendationsforthe course of futurestudyin the cultureof mainlandGreece in the MBA. (i) Early Helladic III and Middle Helladic, Early to Middle Althoughcertainfeaturesof Lerna and Ayios Stephanos can be compared (i.e. the existenceof a theceramicsfromthetwositesare verydifferent. completesequenceofLD alongwithMinoan imports), in significant In fact,MBA potteryfromAyios Stephanosdiffers waysfrommostotherpublishedMH is the almosttotalabsence at the Laconian site, siteson the mainland.The most strikingdifference duringmost of the period, of the Aeginetanand Cycladic importsso common at MH sitesin the CentralArea. Cycladicimportshave notbeen recognisedamongtheexcavatedmaterial,and Aeginetan potterydoes not appear untiltheveryend ofthe MBA or thebeginningoftheLBA. TrueGM ware is extremelyrare,and the techniqueof decoratingvessels withMatt Paint,one of the hallmarksof the MH period fromitsverybeginningat othersites,was not regularlyemployeduntilMH III/LH I. i.e. in the area Most of the groupspresentedhere are consideredto be eitherof local manufacture, of Laconia itself(Groups I-IV), or importedfromnearby,i.e. fromthe island of Kythera(possibly Group V, LD ware,and theotherMinoan or Minoan-likeGroupswithred micaceousfabrics).Unlike the ceramicfindsfromthe site of Lerna, a large numberof whichwere fromotherareas of Greece and theislands,thereare fewimportsfromfurther away thanKythera.These fewimportswere from Crete and may themselveshave come via Kythera;importsfromotherareas did not begin to appear at the siteuntillaterin the MBA, and even thenwere not numerous.In otherwords,althoughAyios non-Helladic,or Stephanoswas a mainlandsitewithtypicalHelladic features,therewas a distinctly industries. to the ceramic Minoan, component in the ceramicsof the different areas, both on the mainland and in the islands, Many differences that took events of historical been the result have place at theend ofEB II. The EH II settlement may on the mainland; however,the of Ayios Stephanos correspondsto othercontemporarysettlements where themostcompleteEH III at known well of the artefactual Lerna, followingperiod, assemblage has not yet been found and at is has been found, missing Ayios Stephanos sequence (Lerna IV)210 is representedin elsewherein Laconia.211This phase, althoughperhaps only its latestsubphase,212 otherareas ofthePéloponnèse,forexample in thewest,at Nichoriain Messenia,whence examplesof typicalEH HI wares have recentlybeen published.213 In theareas ofexcavationat AyiosStephanoswhereEH II levelswerereached,theseappear to have theseareas were veryfewand been followedimmediatelyby levels datingto earlyMH. Admittedly, found IV were Lerna those of smallin extent,but no sherdsresembling anywhereon or near the site not canonical,may belong to Lerna IV types,i.e. a (withthe exceptionof a fewvesselsthat,although and 2214, and a Coarse incised strainer,2315). paintedbowl, ««05, early DB profiles1036-1040 also be These, along withthe GM bowl rim 1064, could categorisedas TransitionalEH III/MH I. untilthebeginningofMH? II and notre-inhabited Was AyiosStephanosabandonedat theend ofEH to theend ofthisperiodin Or did theend ofEH II at AyiosStephanosnotcorrespondchronologically EH HI styleswerebeing as time theArgolid,so thatEH II stylescontinuedto be producedat thesame would correspondto that producedat Lerna? Or weretheceramicremainsin Laconia, fromtheperiod to earlyMH wares similar EH III in thenorth-east Péloponnèseand elsewherein theCentralArea, so II and EB III on the EB thattheyhave notyetbeen recognised?Many questionsconcerningtheend of The sequence at Ayios answered.214 mainland,Crete and the Cyclades have not been satisfactorily Stephanosdoes notprovidethe answers,but it does add a fewmorepieces to thepuzzle. in common The ceramicsfromtheearliestdepositsoftheMBA fromthesitehave manycharacteristics Minoan and of Kastrion Kythera,e.g. LD, Micaceous Minoan, withthose of the Minoan settlement than Minoan of imports;theyalso have featuresnotpresentat Kastri,but whichare more reminiscent Helladic ceramics,e.g. DP. Even DB ware,while exhibitingtypicalmainlandcharacteristics, displays thatfindtheirclosestparallelsin Cycladicand Minoan potteryoftheEBA. These characteristics features but i.e. detailsofformand/ordecorationthatcould be theresultofborrowings, are notmerelystylistic, to the potter'scraft;theyare not featuresthatcould have been easilyborrowed,but are fundamental would have morereasonablyresultedfromthetravellingofpottersthemselves,who mayhave worked areas and may have trainedpottersfromthesesame areas in theirown traditions. in different 210See Rutteriqqr. 211Cavanaeh and Crouwel iqq6, 16. 212Rutter 1995, 773.

213Howell 1QQ2 bffig.3.2: P 2047-8. 214 Manning 1995, 51-72.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §4

213

In fact,it wouldappearthatthesouthern at leastfromtheend ofEH II, had some Péloponnèse, that one be characteristics ofa separatecultural zone, sphere, may definedas thatofan intermediary and features on the one island cultures one betweendifferent cultures, with, hand, (Minoan sharing At the at sites to the north of Laconia. on Helladic culture and, other, represented typical Cycladic) leastin its ceramicassemblage,the sitehad morein commonwiththatof theislandof Kythera, at thesiteofKastrakiwas abandonedand thatat Kastrisettledin wherethetypicalEH II settlement EM II- III, fromwhichtimeMinoancultureprevailedon theisland. Problems arisewhenattempts aremadetolinkupthethreesitesofKastraki, KastriandAyiosStephanos. Kastraki wasinhabited untilsometimeinEH II andthenabandoned.Kastriwassettled somewhat later, in EM II as the excavators state. excavation has revealed remains fromthe However, perhaps scanty ofthesite:a fewpotsandsherdsfromEM II andEM III, rather morefrom earlyperiodsofoccupation MM IA, IB and II. AyiosStephanoswas occupiedin EH II. Thereis no evidenceforan intervening toEM II orIII orEH III: thephasefollowing EH II is datedtowhatwe nowcall phasecorresponding Transitional EH/MH orearlyMH. Theseproblems relatetothoseevidenton CreteandintheCyclades inthesameperiod.215 ThedatafromKythera andAyiosStephanos tothisdiscussion. mayaddsomething It shouldbe notedthat,althoughtheevidenceis problematic, thesettlement at Pavlopetri, withits and shares of the of a in an features site zone connections,216 many Cycladic Kytheran intermediary and mustbe takenintoaccountin a reconstruction ofthisimportant phase. If,as I assume,whatis calledLD on themainland(foundat manysites,in Laconia,Arcadia,the is thesamewareas thepottery thatwasconsidered Attica, Euboea,BoeotiaandtheCyclades)217 Argolid, Coldstream and to be local and was in that same by Huxley Kytheran produced place,i.e. Kythera, thensomeoftheproblemsmaybe resolved.IftheEM II and EM III vesselswerebrought to Kastri as imports fromCreteand thenewinhabitants themselves and LD, thena beganpotting producing longgap in occupationat AyiosStephanosbecomesless ofa possibility. The DP tradition raisesmorequestions:theexistenceofanotherworkshop MM trends following at the same time as one thatfollowedearlierMinoantrends(DP) maysimplyreflect thefactthat (LD) itwas moreopento contemporary influences fromCrete,whiletheDP tradition was notaffected by thatkindofinfluence. Forexample,one mightimaginea LD workshop on Kythera, whereMinoans wereliving,and a DP workshop on themainland. A numberofceramicfeatures sharedby theworkshops ofAeginaand southern Laconiawerenot characteristic of groupsand waresin the Helladictradition, and can be tracedback to stylesand traditions ofan earlierperiod,bothEM II and EC II: e.g. thesystematic ofvesselsby the marking handles,certainformssuchas thenarrowpotters, manufacturing techniquessuchas push-through neckedjar withflaring rim(thusfarrecognised MP, DP and LD), theflaskand the onlyin Aeginetan anddecorative ofDB ware.Allthesecharacteristics pyxis,andotherforms patterns pointtoa situation ofchangeand movement in thesouthern and the but not to a totalreplacement islands, Péloponnèse oftheculture one.Thisobservation us to another and bya different brings largerquestion:whowere thepeoplewhobuiltthehousesat AyiosStephanosin theearlyyearsoftheMBA, and whowerethe potters?Many questionsmustbe answeredbeforewe can even begin to understandthe most fundamental and aspectsof thismainlandculture.The periodis a tangledweb of correlations andinordertountangle itwe muststudynotonlythepottery butall theotherevidence contradictions, fromthepointofviewofmaterials and technology. Some of theseproblemswillcertainly be resolvedwiththeuse of scientific analyses.Jonesand Whitbread have shownthatLD sherdsfromat leastthreesites,Lerna,AyiosStephanosand Kastri, are verysimilarand couldhave been producedin thesame area.218 Butquestionsremain.Can we the exact of manufacture of LD? Are the EM II and III vesselsfoundat Kastri pinpoint place(s) to the site Minoan who somewhat later set imports brought by immigrants, up theirownworkshops and producedLD wares? A studyofthepottery fromAyiosStephanosis a studyoftheparticular betweenthe relationship of the mainland and those of Crete at the earliest the islands. Fromthe peoples and, stage, Cycladic the end of EB a movement of or of the II, earlyperiod, peoples shifting populations among peoples ofthemainland, theCycladesand Cretemaybe postulated. Thesemovements causedgreatchanges, and theresulting culturaltransformations have causedus greatdifficulties as we tryto linkup the varioussequencesat different sitesin different A similar regions. phenomenon mayalso be observed in theceramicsoftheMBA at thesiteofKolonna,on theislandofAegina,wheremanystylesand 215For a detailed discussion see Marinino-iook. 216 Harding, Cadogan and Howell 1969.

217See Zerner logs, 4^-7. 218See Appendix 2 §§2 (iii), 3.

C. ZERNER

214

manufacturingprocesses are non-Helladic and close to Cycladic and Minoan, while other and burial,are in the Helladic tradition.Both areas,Aegina in the Saronic practices,e.g. architectural zones on Gulfand Ayios Stephanoson the southernborderof mainlandGreece, are in intermediary cultures. the borderbetweendifferent (ii) Late Middle Helladic and Early Late Helladic In the early and middle phases of the MBA, potteryfromAyios Stephanos displaysmany features thatsetit apartfromthatof sitesin the CentralArea. By the end of the period,however,the rangeof wares and forms,both locally produced and imported,is similarto thatof the restof the mainland. By then,MP and YM have become usual in the households,and even Aeginetanpots were being used. This change in the ceramic assemblage is consistentwitha change in tradingpatternsin the in ceramics Aegean and may reflectthe alteredstateof societyon themainland.Varietyand diversity of the existence from have resulted mainland and MH all the over the characterise may period not controlled with another but in one contact in social groups separategeographicalareas, different in any way by any one group. By the end of MH, theremay have been a more cohesive social thatencompassedall the geographic/social structure groups.Or it could be thatthe cohesion evident the in ceramicsmay simplyindicatethe stateof potter'scraft:in early and middle MH the potters MH and early LH they were in closer contactand were isolated fromone another,but, by late workingin a commontradition.Whateverthereason,thestateofceramicproductionand distribution indicatesthattherewas a definitechange at the end of the MBA, at a timewhen otherchangeswere evidenced by the wealthof the ShaftGraves in the Argolid. takingplace in MH society,particularly 5. CATALOGUE (i) Area Epsilon 1973 Few MH levels,encounteredbelow a deep depositof the Mycenaean period,were excavated in this Area. Althoughthe ceramicremainsare scanty,theyare presentedhere in chronologicalsequence.219 (a) MH 1 early(?)

(1001-1005)

Basket76 at thebottomofthe excavatedarea containedearlyMH. The sherdswere veryfewbut are of the earliestMH on the site:Dull Paintedand LustrousDecorated. ofwaresthatwere characteristic Because therewas nothingdiagnosticamong the sherdsin thisbasket,it could equallywell be MH II. Dull Painted (fig. 5.1)

Coarse,local group(fig. 5.1)

1001. Bowl/jar. Two non-joining fragments. Wide horizontalband. # 76. 1002. Bowl/jar.Ladder. # 76.

1004. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Burnished.Highswungtroughedhandle. # 76.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.1)

1005. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Orange with large silverplates, softdark red chunks(same description as 1041); horizontalband of darkpaint.D. (rim)26. # 76.

1003. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Wide band, obliquelyhatchedtriangle.# 76.

Coarse,painted (fig. 5.1)

(b) MH I LATE (1OO6-IO18)

Basket74 and basket71 above basket76 may be MH I Late in date. Basket61 was also of thisdate or perhapsMH II but was contaminatedin the Early Mycenaean period. Dark Burnished (fig.5.1) (burnishedinteriorand exteriorunless otherwisenoted)

1006. Carinatedcup. D. (rim)uncertain.#71. 1007. Bowl. Burnished exterioronly. Incised band of verticallines,oblique band of verticallines. #71. 1008. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim)13. # 74. 1009. Shoulder-handledbowl. Rim flaton top, one rib on shoulder.D. (rim)20. # 71. 1010. Shoulder-handled bowl. Two ribs on shoulder.

D. (rim)28. # 74.

GreyMinyan(fig. 5.1)

1011.

Bowl withevertedrim.# 74.

Dull Painted (fig. 5.1)

1012, 1013, 1014. Jarwithnarrowneck and flaringrim. Neck,body,and handle ofsamejar. Oblique bands,narrow horizontalband. #61.

219See further Chapter 1 §1 (v) above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (i)

215

S-V ñ Aft» Cfc-t J

'

'

I

/'

'

C/floil

1014

1013

1012

P^3

1 1015

I

/l004

'10.0 ■=■=■

I

V^^^^

'/

//

'l008

11009

/

/ L3

//

f 1005

~~J

Vj I 1006 @P~V007

/ t'

1003

1002

1001

Ô^

^p 1016

I.,-

Fig.5.1.AreaEpsilon1973,MH I Early(?) pottery: Dull Painted1001-1002;Lustrous mediumcoarse1003; Decorated, Coarse,localgroup1004;Coarse,painted1005.MH I Late:DarkBurnished 1006-1010;GreyMinyan1011; DullPainted1012-1014;Lustrous mediumcoarse1015;Minoan,mediumcoarse1016;Coarse,local Decorated, group1017;pithos1018.Scale 1:3.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse {fig. 5.1) rim(darkground) neckandflaring . 1015. Jarwithnarrow Whiteobliqueband,redband.Potter's mark.Horizontal row ofsixgouges- lastoneonright thanrest- onbody higher # below handle. wall,just 74. 73-127.plate38. ledge Minoan, medium-coarse (fig. 5.1) 1016. Deepbasinwithincurving walls.Orange,inclusions

of different colours.Coil withfinger-impressions below rim.#74. Coarse,local group(fig. 5.1) walls.Burntat lip. D. 1017. Deep basinwithincurving (rim)28. #61. 1018. Pithos.D. (rim)34. #71.

2i6

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.2. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH IIA pottery:Dark Burnished1019-1022; MattPainted 1023, 1025; Lustrous Decorated,mediumcoarse 1026; Minoan, mediumcoarse 1027; Micaceous Minoanizing1028-1029, 1031. Scale 1:3. (c) MH III TO LH IIA IN MIXED BASKETS (1OI9-IO34)

Basket54, above basket61, was mixed withlatermaterialbut containedMH III. Basket79, thefillof Epsilonburial 1, whichhad been cutdown intoan earlierMH level,had one MH III Dark Burnished rimin itsfill(1021). LH baskets2, 20, 26, 35, 49, 51, 62, 73, 75, 84, and 88 containedsome MH III to LH IIA of interest. Dark Burnished(burnishedinteriorand exterior unlessotherwisenoted)(fig. 5.2) 1019. Shoulder-handledbowl. One ridge on shoulder, interiorrimwiththreefacets.# 54.

1020. Shoulder-handled bowl. Interior rim with two concave facets;uppermostappears to be a ledge. D. (rim) 32. # 55. 1021. Hole-mouthedjar. Two ribs on shoulder,rim flat on top, thickenedon exterior.D. (rim)27. MHIII. #79.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (ii)

217

Fig. 5.3. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH I pottery:AeginetanMattPainted 1032; Coarse, local group 1033; pithos1034. Scale 1:3.

1022.

Barreljar. Flangejust below rim.# 26.

MattPainted,gritty (fig. 5.2)

1023. Semi-globularcup. Pairs of horizontalbands, one withpendentfringe.# 49. 1024. Jar-Bands interiorrim,exteriorrim and base of neck. D. (rim)21. # 26. 1025. JUSor jar-Two bands, two concentriccircleswith group of dots at centre.# 54.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig. 5.2)

1026. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Wide wavy and horizontal bands, purple horizontal band. # 62.

Minoan(fig. 5.2) Micaceous

1028. Deep basin. D. (rim)24. # 51. 1029. Deep basin. Concave planes on top of rimand on interior.D. (rim)31. # 49. 1030. Deep basin. Rim thickenedon exterior.D. (rim) 34. #51. Not illustrated. 1031. Hole-mouthedjar. Orange; orange surface.Flat oval projectingrim,uprighthorizontalhandle withflattened section.D. (rim)34. # 62.

MattPainted(fig. 5.3) Aeginetan

1032. Bowl or goblet with everted rim. Light porous, white;darkgreypaint.Band interiorrim;exteriorrimband, foliateband. #20.

Coarse,localgroup(fig.5.3)

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.2)

1027. Shallow basin withT-rim.Orange withthickgrey core,verycoarse;blackpaint.Added whitehorizontalband, lines. D. (rim)20. # 84. criss-crossing

1033. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 15. #88. 1034. Pithos.Dark grey;exteriorappearscoatedwithslip. Low rib and incised herringboneon shoulder.#75.

(ii) Area Zeta 1973 In partofthisArea thestratigraphical MH appearsto be continuous sequencefromEH II through and couldprovideevidenceforthenatureofthetransition oftheone to theother.Unfortunately, the excavatedsectionis too smallto allowone to drawmorethanverygeneralconclusions. (a) TRANSITIONAL

EH Ill/MH l(?)

OR MH I EARLIEST

(1O35-IO53)

Therearetwowallsbeddedintothebedrockin sectorbeta(wallsis andiu) possiblyassociated withthe EH II baskets109, 110 and 112.Basket113,theremovalofwallio, is also EH II.220 AbovetheEH II stratum ofwallio) and laya hardlayerofreddishearthand rubbleassociatedwithwallit (thefooting thesubsequent of wall io. The is MH in date. Because the stratum followsone building pottery early 220For this pottery see Chapter 4 above, and for the EH stratigraphy Chapter 1 §2 (vii).

C. ZERNER

2i8

datingto EH II Late,arewe to assumethatthesitewas abandonedduringtheEH III phase,or that wasnotmadeinthesouthern Péloponnèse(i.e.southoftheborder pottery typicalofEH III elsewhere tobe madeat sitessuchas AyiosStephanosuntilthenew ofArcadia)and thatEH II typescontinued south? culture had penetrated further The earliestMH pottery appearsin basket108 fromsectorbeta (W),a hardlayerofdarkreddish earth,carbonand rubbleassociatedwithwallsit and io. ThiscontainsEH and earlyMH, probably bowls/ examplesoftheearliestMH on thesite,to be datedto MH I by thelackofDarkBurnished with a knob on basinswithridgedshoulderand by thepresenceofa CoarseBurnished pointed jar theshoulder(1049).221 DarkBurnished (fig. 5.4)

blackandsomereddish-brown sherdsnotillustrated, (7.5YR 6/4-6/6);flatstraphandles.Unless Forty interior. and exterior; closedshapesnotburnished interior stated:open shapesburnished otherwise 1035. Cup. Low foot,slightlyconcave underneath.D. (base) 3. # 108. 1036. Angularbowl. # 108. 1037. Bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 16. # 108.

1038. Bowl withevertedrim.#108. 1039. Bowl withevertedrim.# 108. 1040. Bowl with everted rim. Very fine, light purple fabric.#108.

Dull Painted(fig.5.4)

1047. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Straightrim, grooved on top; exteriorburnished.D. (rim)21. # 108. 1048. Jar. Horizontal belly handle; burnishedexterior surface.#108. 1049. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedknob on shoulder.# 108. 1050. Pithos. Projecting rim, thickened on exterior. # 108.

1041. Jug/jar. Orange; white surface, black paint. one diagonallyhatched,one horizontally hatched; Triangles, band and arcs(?). #108.

medium-coarse Lustrous Decorated, (fig. 5.4)

rim(darkground). 1042 . Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring #108. band. horizontal lines, Oblique


1043. Rounded bowl with everted rim. Incised: horizontallines,oblique lines. #108. 1044. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Fairlyfinefabric. # 108. 1045. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Low foot, concave underneath.D. (base) 3.6. # 108. 1046. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Exterior lightlyburnished.D. (rim)40. # 108.

EarlyHelladic,orMiddleHelladicMicaceous Minoanf?)(fig.5.4)

1051. Basin. T-rimthickenedon exteriorand interior, # 108. roundedon top.Coil withfinger-impressions. slightly on thickened rim flat on walls Basin. ; top, Incurving 1052. rim.# 108. exterior. Oblique slashescutalongedgeofexterior 1053. Basin. Rim thickenedon exteriorand flattened vertically.Oblique slashes along edge of exteriorrim. D. (rim)24.5. # 108.

(b) MH I EARLY (1054-1088)

SE portionofwallis, In sectorbeta,againsttheSE faceofwallio and overwalliu and thedestroyed andash)directly with carbon earth and fill destruction of three levels were there clay (yellowish-brown in wallio, whereas stones of third course with the ends stratum lowest the basket108; large overlying fillis notvery in this N. The to the and wall io of with the ends thetopstratum pottery slopesup top and the both that I assume and basket fromthatof different 108, represent building destruction they MH period.The sherdsare stillMM the of in the earliest and ofa house(withwallsin,io phase iq) basket108: a ridgedDarkBurnished than later a from material IA andMH I Early,butinclude phase LustrousDecoratedand onlyone no carinated body sherdwithincisedgarlands(notillustrated); IA broad MM a and or Decorated Minoan; Lustrous gobletrim.The GreyMinyanbowl polychrome can the north-east from Péloponnèse, be datedto late EH III or MH I 1064,probablyan import are 100, 101 (upper);101-103 (middle);104, 106Baskets rim. vertical Earliestby itswide,nearly thatwerenotlabelledbeforetheyweremixed the sherds for is 107 (lower).No basketnumber given to forma studycollection.222 together DarkBurnished (fig.5.4) 1054. 1055. 1056.

Carinatedcup. Slightlyangularprofile. Carinatedcup. Veryglossysurface.# 102. Carinatedcup. Veryfine.

221For this phase see Chapter i §2 (vi) above.

1057. Carinated cup. Groove incised just above carination. 1058. Carinatedcup. D. (rim) 17.75. 1059. Bowl within-turnedrim. No burnishinterior.D. (rim) 16.

222For this phase see Chapter 1 §2 (v) above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (ii)

M^¡035

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Fig.5.4. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Earliestpottery: DarkBurnished Decorated, 1035-1040;Dull Painted1041; Lustrous mediumcoarse1042; Coarse,localgroup1043-1050;EH or MicaceousMinoan1051-1053.MH I Early:Dark Burnished 1054-1063;GreyMinyan1064.Scale 1:3.

1060. Two-handled jar.D. (rim)10. 1061. Two-handled jar.Lightgrey.D. (rim)10. circles. 1062. Two-handled jar.Rowofimpressed 1063. Two-handled jar. Horizontalhandle,square in section.

(fig. 5.4) GreyMinyan, fine,imported

1064. Bowl.Fine.LateEH III or MH I Earliest.

Dull Painted(fig. 5.5)

1065. Doublecup.White;darkgreypaint.Stem,ovalin sectionjoiningtwocups.Stripeson topofhandle. 1066. Spoutedcup.Beginning ofbaskethandlerising from rim,spoutpulledoutfrom lip.Cross-hatched triangle, quad#107.73-329.plate30. rupletriangle, pointsoverlapping. of 1067. Bridge-spouted cup. Rimthickened, beginning Paintedexterior has disappeared, bridgespoutpreserved.

22O

C. ZERNER

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1072

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1069

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1070 1074

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Fig.5.5. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Earlypottery: Dull Painted1065-1074.Scale 1:3. rim.Threefragments, on interior twojoined. obliquestripes D. (rim)14. rim.Slightly 1068. Bowlwithin-turned in-turned plain, rimband,cross-hatching. thickrim.Bandtoprim;exterior D. (rim)19. rim (bichrome).Two non1069. Bowl within-turned rimwithhorizontal handleand base. joiningfragments: on shoulder, Stripeson topofrim,exterior tripletriangle on uppersideofhandle,doublegarland;redstripe stripes alongedgeofhandle.D. (rim)26.

rim.Bandinterior andexterior 1070. Bowlwithin-turned andhorizontal band.D. (rim)33. doubletriangle rim,exterior rim.Garland, horizontal bands. 1071. Bowlwithin-turned rim.Bandsinterior neckandflaring 1072. Jarwithnarrow rimand neck.D. (rim)14. rim,exterior rim.Obliqueand 1073. Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring horizontal bands,hatchedtriangle. rim.Darkbrown 1074. Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring whitepaint.Horizontal white andaddedthick band,crosses, dotson crossesandlowerband.


221

Fig.5.6. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Earlypottery: Lustrous Decorated, fine,1075-1076;mediumcoarse1077-1081;Minoan MH I Late:DarkBurnished Micaceous Minoan local 1086-1088. Coarse, 1082-1084; 1085; 1089-1094.Scale 1:3. group

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig.5.6)

1075. Roundedcup (lightground).Exteriorpolished. Plainor d-o-1. D. (base)4. 1076. Roundedcup (darkground).Lumpsofclayunder surface. Bandinterior verticalbandsin rim,coatexterior, whiteandred7.5R 2.5/2(veryduskyred).

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig.5.6)

1077. Jug (darkground).Potter'smark.Only partof whitedesignpreserved. On neckunderneath handle,part ofmarkpreserved: twoslashesincised.#104.plate 38.

1078. Jug(darkground). Largeamountofquartz.Mottled red to black paint,thickbrightwhite.Fournon-joining of neck,body,push-through handle(roundin fragments section,tipend on interior broken)and flatbase. Exterior coated,and thinband aroundedge ofundersideofbase; whitenarrowandwidehorizontal bands,obliquelinesand partofwiderelement.Handlefrom#102. neckandflaring rim(light . 1079. Jarwithnarrow ground) Burnishedinteriorneck (to dottedline on drawing). rimband,exterior Interior coatedneck,groupofoblique lines.D. (rim)13.9.

222

C. ZERNER

rim(light neckandflaring 1080. Jarwithnarrow ground). lines and hatched wide triangles, obliquelines. Oblique . rim(light 1081. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring ground) line inmark: narrow exterior. Potter's long polished Lightly handle.#104.plate38. cisedonuppersideofhorizontal

EarlyHelladic,orMiddleHelladicMicaceous Minoan(?)(fig.5.6)

Minoan(fig.5.6)

rim.Incisedhorizontal 1086. Roundedbowlwitheverted hatchedtriangles. linesaroundneckand shoulder, #107. rim.Incisedhorizontal 1087. Roundedbowlwitheverted lines aroundneck and shoulder,alternating groupsof linesandhatchedtriangles. vertical #107. 1088. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Red; red, Incisedrimin piecrust burnished. designofdeep slashes. D. (rim)30.

1082. Egg cup. Fine.Orange,thickgreycore;reddishbrownpaint. 1083. Angularcup. Fine orange,buffcore; 1-o-d:red and exterior, (2.5YR 4/6) and whitepaint.Coat interior rim. whitebandaroundinterior and 1084. Bowl.Fineorange;darkbrownpaintinterior exterior.

1085.

Flowerpot. D. (base) 5.5. # 100. 73-326. plate 30.


(c) MH I LATE (1089-II53)

Baskets37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 60 and 67 (all mixedwithlaterMH and LH), and baskets58, 79, 84, 88, depositin a thick 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 98 and 105 (all unmixed),containa MH I Late pottery theinventoried It includes in Zeta. MH I Area of is the third fillofthatdate.[This destruction phase walls and over baskets vases 1122, 1123, 1136 and 1140 (from 60, ig and ih).223] 37, 38, 40, 45, 58 for be baskets to in first the was not levelofthisdeposit Becausetheoriginal excavated, recognised Burnished Dark of later from levels,e.g.bodyfragments examplebasket38, therewas contamination bowlswithincisedgarlands.Mostoftheinventoried shoulder-handled potswereburnedin thefire and forthe ih and thetwobuildingsof thisphase (wallsig, thatdestroyed il, ir, ip respectively), MH I but in falls these for The date mostpartthesherdsbelongto thesame chronological phase. laterthanthebasketsdescribedabove. slightly Fromthesame phase derivebaskets43, 76 (mixed)and 77 (unmixed):theseforma yellowishin theNW sectorthatendedwithbasket77. Baskets84, 85, 87 and 88 (unmixed) brownstratum are probablyofthesamedate. fromsectoralpha/gamma/epsilon DarkBurnished (figs.5.6-5.7)

burnished 1089. Angularcup withevertedrim.Interior onlyat lip.D. (rim)8. # 105. 1090. Carinatedcup.#93. 1091. Carinatedcup.#90. #93. 1092. Carinatedcup.Low foot,flatunderneath. bowl.D. (rim)15. #77. 1093. Angular(?) rim and non1094. Rounded bowl. Two fragments, joiningflatbase.D. (rim)11.5,(base)5.8. #77. rimflaton top, bowl.Projecting 1095. Shoulder-handled thickened neck,vertical straphandle.#93. bowl.Rimangledtointerior, 1096. Shoulder-handled very D. (rim)24.#85. exterior. concaveontop,thickened slightly D. bowl.Rimangledtointerior. 1097. Shoulder-handled (rim)26. #85. bowl. Rim angledto interior, 1098. Shoulder-handled # on exterior. 84. grooved rimflat bowl.Angularprofile, 1099. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)24. #93. on top,twolowribson shoulder. bowl.Rim flaton top,angled 1100. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)26. #88. on exterior. bowl.Shortthickened 1101. Shoulder-handled rim,flat on top.#88. on lower bowl.Incisedgarlands 1102. Shoulder-handled body.#105. bowl.Incisedgarlandson base 1103. Shoulder-handled #93. ofstrap-handle. D. bowl.Foot,flatunderneath. 1104. Shoulder-handled # 6. (base) 93. concave bowl.Lowfoot,slightly 1105. Shoulder-handled # 105. underneath. bowl.Lowfoot,flatunderneath. 1106. Shoulder-handled

D. (base)7. # 105. rim.D. (rim)1o. #93. 1107. Two-handled jar.Plainflaring 1108. Two-handledjar. Soft-feeling clay, manydark red grits;10YR 6/3 pale brownto 6/4 lightyellowish brown,burntin manyplaces,burnishing barelyvisible, incised. Many non-joiningfragmentsfromneck to base. Veryroughlymade, probablyburntafterbroken ones). Grooveson (some burntpieces join non-burnt 10. D. drawn. (base) #79, 89. 73-323. shoulder, unevenly plate 30. withbase of 1109. Two-handledjar. Body fragment doublehorizontal handle.Inciseddecoration: lines,vertical in between;groupofslightly obliquelines.#77. hatching 1110. Jar or flask.Burnishedexterior.Incised and rowsofdotsandhorizontal decoration: alternating punctate lines.#93. lines,vertical

Dull Painted(figs.5.8-5.9)

# ovalinsection. Stemflattened 1111. Doublecup/bowl. 88. 1112. Bowl. Horizontalbands, verticaland oblique bands.# 105. and handle.Horizontal upülting 1113. Bowl.Horizontal # 88. handle. band bands, along oblique band,obliquebands.# 105. 1114. Bowl.Horizontal band Horizontal (wavy)on neck.#93. 1115. Jug. 1116. Jug.Rimand bodysherd.Soft,finewhitebiscuit toMattPaint,obliquestripe darkpaintsimilar andsurface, on body;burnt.#91. on neck,verticalstripes handle.Orange 1117. Jug.Beakedspout,round-sectioned Surface:burntin fireand (2.5YR 4/6) (red);soft-feeling. mottled(7.5YR 7/4),pinkwithdarkgreyish-brown paint;

223For this phase see Chapter 1 §2 (iv) above.


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DarkBurnished Fig.5.7. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Latepottery: 1095-1110.Scale 1:3. exterior: bandsaroundrim;neck:groupsofobliquestripes fromneckto base. #79, 89. 73-322.plate 30. reaching 1118. Jugor neckedjar.Plain.#83. rim(light . neckandflaring 1119. Jarwithnarrow ground) rimand neckcoated.#76. Exterior neckandflaring rim(light . 1120. Jarwithnarrow ground) #76. one linecross-hatching. Obliquelyhatchedtriangle, neckandflaring rim(light . 1121. Jarwithnarrow ground)

below.#83. Horizontal band,obliquelyhatchedtriangle rim(light . neckandflaring 1122. Jarwithnarrow ground) Surfaces and biscuitgrey,partly burnt.Bandsaroundneck doublearc andlowerbodynearbase:doublecross-hatched #37, 38, 40, 45, 60. 73-310.plate 30. pattern. 1123. Jarwithnarrow rim.Usualorange neckandflaring surface exterior red biscuit andinterior whitish-buff; surface; horizontal bands around shoulder and neck, paint, upperbody

224

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.8.AreaZeta 1973,MH I Latepottery: DullPainted1111-1121;Lustrous fine1124-1127;Lustrous Decorated, mediumcoarse1128-1132;Lustrous DecoratedorMinoan1133;Minoan,fine1134;MicaceousMinoan1135. Decorated, Scale 1:3.

double to approximately on shoulder alternating midpoint; firtree andcross-hatched rounded arc,cross-hatched triangle; motif attached toupperandlowerbands.#37, 38, 40, 45, 58,60. 73-317.plate30 (twoviews).


sherd;biscuit 1124. Angularcup. Barbotine;encrusted

looksgrey;interior surfacereddish-yellow (e. 7.5YR 7/6), exterior surface pink(7.5YR7/7),darkbrownpaintcoating surface;reservedzone on upperbody;tinyblobsof fine #98. 73-325.plate 30. surface. clayappliedto unpainted dotson shinyblack 1125. Angularcup.L-o-d;barbotine interior surface anddots. fine buff biscuit, (7.5YR8/4);very * 76-733 *9 PLATE Soil 26. Angularcup.Pulled-out lipspout.Biscuit:pinkish-

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (ii)

225

Fig. 5.9. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dull Painted 1122-1123. Scale 1:6.

buffwithgreycore; reddish-brown paint:band interiorrim, coat exterior.# 93. 1127. Angularcup. Orange biscuit,buffsurface,reddishbrown paint: interiorband and drip on rim(?); coated exterior,dripin added whitepaint.D. 8. # 77.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.8)

1128. Jug (darkground).L-o-d,verticalbands in added white.# 93. 1129. Jug (darkground).Flat base. # 93. 1130. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Shoulderand horizontalhandle. Band interiorrim,exterior coated neck, group of verticallines, slightlyoblique, on shoulder.# 93. 1131. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Much quartzvisible.Body sherd,obliquelyhatchedtriangle. #931132. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Band on top of handle. #93.

LustrousDecoratedor Minoan (fig. 5.8)

1133. Hole-mouthed jar. Very worn sherd. Reddishbrowninteriorband, exteriorcoat. #88.

Minoan,fine(fig.5.8)

1134. Jug/jar(?).Fine orange.Plain? Round sectionpullthroughhandle. #85.

MicaceousMinoan (fig. 5.8)

1135- Jar (dark ground). Biscuit/interiorsurface dark

reddish brown, exteriorcoated with black paint, added whitehorizontalband, oblique lines. # 88.

Coarse,localgroup(figs.5.10-5.11)

1136. Cup. Almost complete,missingbit of rim. Burnt black over most of surface,bit of originalorange-brown surfaceleft.D. (rim)2.5, (base) 2, H. (max.) 3.7. # 38. 73309. plate 31. 1137. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 15.1. # 105. 1138. Rounded bowl withevertedrim. Burntblack. D. (rim)20. # 105 . 1139. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.# 76. 1140. Rounded bowl withevertedrim. Troughedhighswung strap handle; c. 40 pieces. Surfaces and biscuit mottledorange, buffand grey; burnt.D. (rim) 19, (base) 7.6, H. 16.7. # 37, 38, 45. 73-311. plate 31. 1141. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Two non-joining fragments.Incised: pattern of horizontal, vertical and oblique lines. # 88. 1142. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Three non-joining Incised: horizontal,verticaland oblique lines in fragments. no recognisablepattern.#77. 1143. Bowl or cup. Flat base. # 93. 1144. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 93. 1 145. Jarwithevertedrim.Flaringneck,wide,plain rim. # 76. 1146. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Doubleknobbed shoulder;exteriorburnt.# 90. 1147. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Groove on top rim,flatbase and 64 body sherds;verysandy-feeling messylookingfabric,orange witha greycore. D. (rim)30. # 91.

226

C. ZERNER

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1147

1151

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Fig. 5.10. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Coarse, local group 1136-1149; Coarse, orange 1151-1153. Scale 1:3.

1148. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Same descriptionas 1147, perhapssame jar. # 90. 1149. Jar.Burntblack interior, exteriorand biscuit.#85.

1151. Pithos.# 105. 1152. Pithos.Applied band atjoin ofneck and shoulder. Biscuit:orange; exteriorsurfaceencrusted.# 93.

Coarse, orange (figs. 5.10-5.1 1) # 89, 90, 96. 73-321^ 1150. Pithos.Coarse orange-buff. plate 3 1.

Coarse Ware(?) (fig. 5.10) 1153.

Bowl within-turnedrim.D. (rim)20. # 90.


227

Fig.5.11. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Latepottery: Coarse,orange1150.MH II- III: DarkBurnished 1154-1165;Dull Painted fine1168, 1169 (LH I); Lustrous mediumcoarse1170-1171.Scale 1:3. Decorated, Decorated, 1166-1167;Lustrous (d) MH II- III (1154-II90)

WiththeexceptionoftheMH II basket78, mostbasketsoflaterMH dateweremixedwitheven latermaterial, and one cannotaccurately reconstruct thesequencefromthispointin AreaZeta.The divisionsor stratigraphical evidencein the following sequencesare takenfromthe architectural - thepottery in thebasketswas mixed.224 notebooks 224See further Chapter i §2 (iii) above.

228

C. ZERNER

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Fig. 5.12. Area Zeta 1973, MH II- III pottery:LustrousDecorated,coarse 1172; LustrousDecorated? 1173; Micaceous Minoan 1174 (LH I), 1175-1176; Coarse, local group 1177-1190. Scale 1:3.

From sectorgamma/epsiloncame baskets39, 41 (bothwithMedieval contamination), 62, 70 and mixed or not and from Zeta burial LH contamination IIIA2 22, (either 2), 23, 51, 52, 69 73 (with MH sherds were and no zeta 'Room came baskets From sector 81, (= 87, 94 99; 75, keptin 4') kept). eitherof the latterbaskets,but 99 fromsectorzeta (E) was mixed withLH IIIC Early.From sector zeta therealso came baskets71, 72, 74, 83, 85 and 86 (no sherdswere keptfrom86). Sectoralpha/ beta/zeta(W) producedbaskets34 (contaminatedby a Medieval pit) and 44 (no sherdskept).From sectordelta came basket 60 (not kept). Other sherdsfrommixed deposits are also included here: baskets34, 49, 55, 57, 61, 64 and 69. A largebuildingwas constructedabove the remainsof anotherdatingto MH I Late (thirdphase). the potterycannottell us a This buildingcomprisedwalls if, ii and ib, as well as ia. Unfortunately basket wall if and over of basket to the bottom deal. 79, just above the ash ofthegreat 78, great Only destruction debris,was not contaminatedby latermaterial;it is importantin thatit containsa wheelmade carinatedcup (1168) and a DB roundedcup of MM II type(1154) thatdate thebasketto MH II. This basketcame fromsectorbeta. [As pure MH II is a rarityat the site,pieces frombasket78 are noted,as are two LH I pieces, 1169 and 1174.]

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

Dark Burnished(blackunlessotherwisenoted) (fig. 5.11) 1154. Cup. Low foot.MH II. # 78. 1155. AngularBowl. D. (rim) 11. # 70. 1156. Shoulder-handledbowl. Ribbed shoulder.# 73. 1157. Shoulder-handledbowl. # 73. 1158. Shoulder-handled bowl. Hooked rim, ribbed shoulder,preserved.# 70. 1159. Shoulder-handledbowl. Two ribs on shoulder.D. (rim)21. # 73. 1160. Goblet.Three ribson shoulder.D. (rim)20. # 73. 1161. Bowl/jar. Incised: plain garlands and hatched garlands.# 69. 1162. Bowl/jar.Low flaringfoot.Potter'smark:incisedV on undersideof foot.D. (base) 9.5. # 72. 73-030. plate 38. 1 163. Bowl. Cleat-handled.Veryfinesoftgreybiscuitand surface.# 39. 73-314. plate 32. 1164. Jar.Evertedrim,thickenedon interiorand exterior, slantingdown to interior.Orange biscuit,surfaceinterior orange and laminated,exteriorbrown.MH II. # 78. 1165. Hole-mouthedjar. Rim hollowed on top and on interior.D. (rim)21.5. # 49.

Dull Painted (fig. 5.11)

1166. Plate. Biscuit orange, grey core; surface buff; exteriorcoat of red paint.# 75. 73-330. plate 32. 1167. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim.Band interior rim; exteriorrim band and band around neck, vertical bands. #55.

LustrousDecorated,fine (fig. 5. 1 1)

1168. Carinatedcup (darkground).Biscuitwhitish-buff, surfaceon interiorand exteriorcoated withdarkgreypaint. MH II. # 78. 1169. Semi-globularcup (lightground).Horizontalband, row of whitedots. LH I. # 57.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.11) 1170.

Jug (darkground).# 70.

POTTERY §5 (iii)

229

1171. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim.Coat exterior rim.#81.

LustrousDecorated,coarse(fig. 5.12) 1172.

Jar.Horizontalridge.#71.

LustrousDecorated(?) (fig. 5.12)

1173. Pithos. Burnished. Unusual-looking orange powderycoat interiorsurface.Horizontalband, drip.# 64. 73-318. PLATE32.

MicaceousMinoan (fig. 5.12)

1174. Cooking pot. Horizontalhandles, oval in section. Wedge-shapedcuts along top of rim.LH I. # 61. 1175. Cup/kantharos.# 75. Same as 1176. 1176. Cup/kantharos.D. (base) 3. # 75.

Coarse,local group(fig. 5.12)

1177. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Incised. #41. 1178. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.Base, incised.#41. 1179. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.Base, incised.#41. 1180. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.Base. MH II. #78. 1181. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.Base. MH II. #78. 1 182. Jar(?).Horizontalhandle,roundin section.MH II. #78. 1 183. Jar.Incised: groupsofoblique and horizontallines. #41. 1184. Jar.Thick squared handle. # 73. 1185. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 70. 1186. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 75. 1187. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Low foot.MH II. # 78. 1188. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Low foot, concave underneath.MH II. # 78. 1189. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Rim, with groove along top edge. MH II. # 78. 1190. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Rim, with groove along top edge, flatbase and 64 body sherds (not illustrated); fabric,orange verysandy-feeling, messy-looking witha greycore. MH II. # 78. 73-324.

(iii) Area Eta 1973 (a) MH I EARLY (1191-1236)

EH remainswerefoundabove bedrock,225 withearlyMH above them;walldo is theonlyEH wall in this area. preserved The succeeding structure to whichwalldj belongeddatedto MH I Early.226 Materialofthisperiod camefrombaskets23, 25, 38, 42, 54, 58, 63 and 70. Theseare as follows.MH above EH levels,nw of wall dj: basket23 (above theEH II Late basket30 and basket70), 42 (above theEH II Late basket53), 63 (abovetheEH II Earlybaskets65 and 66). MH aboveEH levels,se ofwalldj: basket 25 (abovetheEH II Latebasket27). Basket38, se ofwalldj and sw ofwalldg,is belowbasket16 (a basketcontaining MH I Late mixedwithLH) and appearsto be primarily earlyMH; it lies above baskets54 and 70, also earlyMH mixedwithEH (see 1277 below,frombasket54). Basket58, belowbasket55 (MH II- III), n ofwallsdi, dm, and dp (butnotin thene corner)in TrenchIII, is mainlyMH I butincludessomeEH I- II.

225For the EH remainssee Chapter i §§3 (vi)-(viii) above, and forthe potterysee Chapter 4 and Appendix 1.

226See Chapter 1 §3 (v) above.

23O

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.13. Area Eta 1973, MH I Earlypottery:Dark Burnished1191-1202; Dull Painted 1203-1212; LustrousDecorated, mediumcoarse 1213-1217. Scale 1:3.

Dark Burnished(fig. 5. 13) 1191. Angularcup withevertedrim.Slightly troughed straphandles. Incised: two parallel lines at point of carination. #23. 1192. Carinatedcup.D. (rim)10. #63. 1193. Carinatedcup.Coarserthanusual.#25. 1194. Carinatedcup.#63. 1195. Cup. Base.#63.

bowl. Globular,withgrooved 1196. Shoulder-handled shoulder. #23. D. bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 1197. Shoulder-handled (rim)22. #63. bowl.#23. 1198. Shoulder-handled bowl.Shortevertedrim.#70. 1199. Shoulder-handled bowl. Rim,withbase 1201? 1200. Shoulder-handled # 25.

THE MIDDLE 1201. #25.

1202.

HELLADIC

Shoulder-handled bowl. Base, with rim 1200? Shoulder-handledbowl. Base. #23.


1203. Bowl within-turnedrim.Deep (walls only slightly curved),rim slightlythickened,ledge handle. No trace of decorationremains.# 70. 1204. Bowl with in-turnedrim. Concave profile,ledge handle. Stripeson handle; verticalbands on body reaching to rim.D. (rim)22. # 70. 1205. Bowl with in-turned rim. Loops or arcs and horizontalbands. #25. 1206. Bowl with in-turned rim. Loops or arcs and horizontalbands. #25. 1207. Bowl within-turnedrim. Wide horizontalbands. # 25. 1208. Wide-mouthedjar. Troughed,plain rim.Band on top of lip, band on exteriorjust below rim. D. (rim) 25.5. # 70. 1209. Wide-mouthedjar. Flattened lip, thickened on exterior,double loops interiorrim,band on top oflip,band on exteriorjust below rim.# 70. 1210. Wide-mouthed jar. Base. # 63 (similar, not # 76). Probablybase of 1208. illustrated, 1211. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Horizontalband. #25. 1212. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Diagonally-hatchedtriangle.#25.


1213. Jar(?).Verticalflattenedhandle. Plain. # 38. 1214. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim.Triplevertical lines,horizontalband. Trianglehatchedwithcurvedlines. #23. 1215. Jarwithnarrowflaringneck. Row ofwide oblique bands betweenhorizontalbands. # 63.

POTTERY §5 (iii)

231

1216.

Jar withnarrowflaringneck. Base. D. (base) 11.

1217.

Jar/jug.Containsmuch quartz.# 63.

#63.

Minoan,fine(fig. 5.14)

1218. Cup or bowl. Fine buff,grey core; buffsurface; darkbrownpaint.Drips on interior,dark coat exteriorand undersidebase. # 70. withred chips,buffsurface. 1219. Jar.Base. Pinkish-buff D. (base) 11.5. # 63.

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.14) 1220. 1221.

Jar.Plain orange. # 63. Jar.Plain orange. # 63.


1222. Rounded bowl with everted rim. D. (rim) 14. #70. 1223. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.#25. bowl. Incised: sloppy criss-crossing 1224. Straight-sided lines. # 70. 1225. Jar.Rim. # 70. 1226. Jar.Ledge handle. # 70. 1227. Globularjar. # 25. 1228. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 58. 1229. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle, round in section.#38. 1230. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Base # 25. 1231. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (rim)32.4. #63. 1232. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Rim. # 63. X233. Open bowl with straightwalls. Troughed lip; = Coarse gritty (?). # 70. 1234. Bowl withflaringwalls, or plate(?). # 70. 1235. Pithos.Verticalhandle, round in section.# 63. 1236. Pithos.#25.

(b) MH I LATE, AND EARLY MH IN MIXED DEPOSITS

(1237-1287)

Another Structure Eta I, wasbuiltupontheruinsofwalldj - wallsdg and dh belongedto structure, it- butthebasketsassociatedwithitfromwithinthewalls,18 and 41 and,above them,14 and 40, have sincebeen lost(basket62, theremovalofwallsdg and dh, was undiagnostic). The onlyvase thatmaydatethewallsis an earlyMH Dull Paintednarrow-necked jar (1255) frombaskets10, 14 and 20. The excavatorsuggested thatthejar belongedto Eta burial7, butthisis notnecessarily so. [Burial7 mayin factbe LH.227] The Area was riddledwithburials,and thiscertainly accountsfora mixingof the levelsand baskets.Othermixedbasketsincludebasket20, above good earliestMH (withLH contamination). Basket25 camefromS ofwalldj. Basket46 in TrenchIII was contaminated. Basket47, and aboveit basket16,bothcontainedLH I material. DarkBurnished (figs.5.14-5. 15) 1237. Carinatedcup. Incised.Dark grey.One high-swung handlepreserved,probablyoriginallyhad two.Two parallel incised lines above carination.Burnishedexterior,slightly burnishedinterior.D. (rim) 16.5, (base) 5.6. # 3, 7, 45. Formerlythoughtto be associated with Eta burial 1. 73703. Plate 32. 1238. Angularcup withevertedrim.# 58. 1239. Angularcup withevertedrim.# 58. 227See Chapter2 §3 above, and further Chapter1 §3 (iv), whereit is arguedthat1255 and all theothercompletevases comefroma singleMH I Late destruction deposit.

1240. Cup. Base. D. (base) 3.5. # 58. 1241. Cup. Base. D. (base) 4.3. # 38. 1242. Cup. Base. D. (base) 5.5. # 58. 1243. Cup. Plain. Base. # 58. 1244. Bowl. Base. # 58. 1245. Bowl. Base. D. (base) 5.5. # 38. 1246. Shoulder-handledbowl. Shortevertedrim,ribbed shoulder(verylow ribs). #20. 1247. Shoulder-handledbowl. Incised, slightlyeverted, flattened; shoulder handle. Incised garlands on body,

232

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.14.AreaEta 1973,MH I Earlypottery: Minoan,fineandmediumcoarse1218-1919;local,mediumcoarseorange 1220-1221;Coarse,localgroup1222-1225,1227-1236.MH I Late:DarkBurnished 1237-1245.Scale 1:3.

vertical lineson handle.MH I(?). #3. 73-707.Plate 32. 1248. Basin.#58. D. (rim) 1249. Roundedbowl withribbedshoulder(?). 21. #58. 1250. Basin.Squaredevertedrim.D. (rim)28. #38. 1251. Jar(?).Shortneck,softandworn.#58. [1251a.Jarorjug. 30 bodysherdsonly.#18. 73-708.Not kept.Notillustrated.] 1252. Flask.Piercedrim.D. 8.2. #46.


bowlwithT-rim. Plain,deep.#20. 1253. Straight-sided rim.Rimflattened on topand 1254. Bowlwithin-turned D. (rim)16.Strokes thickened on exterior. interior rim,trace redpaintexterior. #38. rim.About2/3 1255. Narrow-mouthed jar withflaring wholerim,onehandle.Burnt. ofbodyandneckpreserved, Zoned decoration:band aroundneck;groupsof vertical linesaroundshoulder, widezoneoftriangles hatchedwith

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (iii)

1246

OX |248 TCU m

ç

V^

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233

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DarkBurnished Fig.5.15. AreaEta 1973,MH I Latepottery: 1246-1252;Dull Painted1253-1262;Dull Painted?1263. Scale 1:3. lines.On lowestregister: rowofwideobliquelines. curving D. (rim)14. # 10, 14,40. 73-704.plate 32. 1256. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring rim.Bandaround neck.#unknown. 1257. Jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim. Crosshatchedtriangle. #58. rim.Arcsand 1258. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring horizontal bands.#58. rim.Horizontal 1259. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring bandsandzone oftriplevertical bands.#58.

rim.Horizontal 1260. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring band,narrowobliqueband.#58. rim.Obliquely 1261. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring #58. hatchedtriangle. rim.Drips.#58. 1262. Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring

Dull Painted(?) (fig.5.15)

traceof black 1263. Globularjar. Softishorange-buff, paint.D. (rim)20. #38.

234

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.16. Area Eta 1973, MH I Late pottery:LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1264-1272; Minoan, fine 1273-1275; Coarse, local group 1276-1287. Scale 1:3.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig.5.16)

1264. Jug (darkground).L-o-d.Band interiorrim.# 38. 1265. Jug (dark ground). Two large non-joining Coat veryworn,red band aroundneck,red and fragments. whitehorizontalbands around lower body. # 1, 3, 7, 17, 45- 73-727- PLATE 331266. Jug (dark ground). White horizontal line and

oblique stripes,wide red horizontalband. # 58. 1267. Jug (darkground).Oblique stripe.#58. 1268 Narrow-mouthed jar withflaringrim.Band around neck. # 58. 1269. Narrow-mouthed jar withflaringrim. Triple and quadruple zigzags, obliquely hatched triangles and horizontalbands. #38. 1270. Narrow-mouthed jar withflaringrim.Oblique lines

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

withhatchedtriangle.# unknown. alternating Narrow-mouthed 1271. jar withflaringrim.Base. # 58.

Lustrous coarse(fig. 5.16) Decorated, 1272. #38.

Pithos.Barrel-shaped.Black paint on top of rim.

MinoanImports, fineware(fig. 5.16)

1273. Straight-sided cup. Dark-coated.# 47. 1274. Rounded cup (lightground).Band top of rimand exteriorrim.#58. 1275. Bowl(?). Base. D-o-1.# 47.


1276. Bowl within-turnedrim.# 58. 1277. Rounded bowl with everted rim. Pierced body, incised:sloppycriss-crossing lines. # 54. 73-720. plate 33. 1278. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.#58. 1279. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedknob (c) MH Il(?)

POTTERY §5 (iii)

235

on shoulder. Four joining fragments.D. (rim) 13. Burnt exteriorand interiorrim.# 3. 73-706. 1280. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 63(?). 1281. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedknob on shoulder,one halfbrokenoff.# 47. 1282. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 58. 1283. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 63. 1284. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Smallknoblike base. # 20. 1285. Jar or pithos(?).# 20. 1286. Jar or pithos(?).# 20. 1287. Jar or pithos(?j.# 58. [1287a. Pithos, rim fragment. Concave flaring neck, flattenedrisinglip. D. (rim,est.) 33. #14, 40. 73-705^ Not illustrated. [1287b. Pithos,rim fragment.Everted broadly spreading rim,thickeningnear lip. D. (rim,est.) 40. #14, 40. 73705b. Not illustrated. [1287c. Pithos,rim fragment.Everted broadly spreading rim.D. (rim,est.) 35. #14, 40. 73-705C. Not illustrated.]

(1288-1315)

Thismaterial is frombasket55 in thewholesectornwofwalldi (exceptthecistofburial15),above basket58.228 Dark Burnished (fig.5.17)

1288. Goblet. # 55. 1288a. Goblet. D. (rim,est.) 7.5, (base) 3.1, H. 5.4. # 55. 73-722. PLATE33. 1289. Cup. D. (base) 3.5. # 55. 1290. Cup. # 55. 1291. Cup. Wide flaringbase. D. (base) 7. # 55. 1292. Shoulder-handled bowl. Squared, everted rim. #551293. Shoulder-handled bowl. Bevelled, everted rim; ribbed shoulder.#55. 1294. Shoulder-handledbowl. Everted rim, hollowed facetsinterior;ribbed shoulder.# 55. 1295. Hole-mouthedjar. Flat rim,thickenedon exterior. 1296. #55-

Hole-mouthedjar. Flat rim,thickenedon exterior.


1297. Bowl within-turnedrim.Rim flattenedon top. D. (rim)32. Double zigzag above wide band. # 55. 1298. Bowl(?). Plain. # 55. 1299. Bowl(?). Verticalstripes.# 55. 1300. Jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim.Deep band at rim.#55. 1301. Jar with narrow neck and flaringrim. Zones of oblique and verticallines betweenbands. #55. 1302. Jarwithnarrowneck and flaringrim.Verticallines above wide band. #55.

1303. Jar with narrow neck and flaring rim. Ledge handle. #55. 1304. Jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim.Base. # 55.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, [fig.5.17)

13°5- Jar-D-o-1. Horizontal oblique lines, hatched #55. triangle.

Minoan(fig. 5.17)

1306. Jug/jar(dark ground).Fine buff.Wide horizontal orange band, oblique lines in white.# 55. 13°7- Jug/jar(darkground).Base, painted.# 55.

Micaceous Minoan(fig. 5.17)

1308. Globular basin with flat projecting rim. D-o-1. White spiral.D. (rim)28. # 55.


1309. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.# 55. 1310. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 55. 1311. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedhorn knob. # 55. 1312. Jar, shape (?). Everted rim, groove on interior. #551313- Jar>shape(?). Shortevertedrim.# 55. 1314. Jar,shape(?). Flat base. # 55. 1315. Pithos.Flat projectingrim.# 55.

(d) MIDDLE HELLADIC AND LATE HELLADIC FROM MIXED DEPOSITS (1316-I320)

Thismaterial is frombaskets3, 17,34 and 57«229 [Thebowl 1318 frombasket17 may,in theeditor's opinion,belongto thedepositofcompletevases,MH I Late in date,whichwas describedabove.230] The birdaskoi 1319-1320 are probablyMycenaean,and theircontexts are bothsuspect.[1319 was ascribedto LH III by theexcavator, B. J. Rutter.] 228See further Chapter 1 §* (iii). 229See Chapter i §3 (iii) above.

230See the introductionto §5 (iii) (b).

C. ZERNER

236

L

/I

N

i

¿JÄI289 ^^ftl290Z_Ji^Ll29l ^ 1

/ s

-

r

¿_ÄI288a I

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Zzri_^'292

11293

'

▼ 1294

I

1 yv

'^S

^^

1295

^1296

VI.»

1

ô / (ht ^

) [

1300^^^^

1301

^ß^

J 41/

L^m

1304

T

n y

l305^'y

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1311 /

^ 1313

^^W'ì'4

^^

^~~'

^~-~^

^-^

1307

^^f ^»1315

Fig. 5.17. Area Età 1973, MH II(?) pottery:Dark Burnished1288-1296; Dull Painted 1297-1304; LustrousDecorated, mediumcoarse 1305; Minoan 1306-1307; Micaceous Minoan 1308; Coarse, local group 1309-1315. Scale 1:3.

DarkBurnished (fig.5.18) 1316.

Goblet.MH. #17.

Coarse, local group (FIG. 5.18) « 1 >u '> a L > • uu * 1317. Bowl withevertednm. Shortrim.MH. # 57. Bowl with everted rim. Base, rim.Fournon-joining 1318. MH I # sherds. Late(?). 14. 73-709. plate 33. body

Fine Orange(fig.5.18)

1319- Askos(?). Tail end of bird? Fine softorange. Red painted,stripes(?).LH IIIA(?). # 34. 73-721. plate 33. with some inclusions at Askos(?). Orangish-buff W*surface'&ey core- Smoothed>Plain-LH IIIA(?)- * 3- 73Ô1 PLATE 98 (Floor10). 77-919.plate 35. 1508. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Potin many - rim,handle, body and base unmendedfragments thickstrap preserved.Evenlytaperingrim,high-swung handleattachedto bothsidesofrimand body,flatbase. one sideburnedblack. Reddishbrownbiscuitand surface, MH III Late.D. (rim)15, (base)4. Lambda3/4,1977,# Minoan,fine(fig. 5.24) 98 (Floor10). 77-921.plate 35. and jar withevertedrim.Rim,handle, 1509. Wide-mouthed 1500. Conicalcup (darkground).Darkcoatinterior D. (rim)8.9. Lambda1, 1973,# 28. exterior. bodysherdsandbase (30 piecesofsamebowl).Thick,flat Well burnished. Darkcoaton Fine,soft-feeling. straphandle,low footflatunderneath. 1501. Cup (darkground). on exterior. sometracesofburning Burnedblackinterior, MH III Late.Lambda3/4,1977,# and exterior. interior Lambda1, 1973,# 22. 73"9O9-PLATE 3598 (Floor10). Rim jar withevertedrim.No traceof 1510. Wide-mouthed [1501a. Conicalcup(plain).Greenwithoatmealgrits. Lambda1, 1973,# 28. burnish. raised.D. (rim)c.7. Lambda base slightly inverted; slightly LH IIA 1511. Wide-mouthedjar with evertedrim. Evenly 3/4,1977,#49. LH IIA context(pitcutthrough rim.Lambda3/4,1977,# 104 (Floor10). fillforburial14). 77-910.Notillustrated.] tapering rim rim.Thickened Wide-mouthed Two jarwitheverted cup (darkground). non-joining 1512. 1502. Semi-globular #98 (Floor10). Lambda on flattened around band dark Dark brown. 1977, 3/4, top. Polychrome: fragments. buff. bandsof red and white grits; interior 1513. Hthos.Orange,withorangeplate-shaped rim;exterior: alternating toward downward rim,flaton top(slanting on darkground.Lambda1, 1973,#22. Slightly splaying D. (rim)50. MH III on exterior. and truncated 1503. Jug/jar(darkground).Buffwithreddish-brown exterior) Late.Lambda3/4,1977,#99 (Floor9). 77-918.plate35. (c) TRANSITIONAL MH Ill/LR I TO LH IIA (1514-18*7)

This materialderivesfroma greatvarietyof mixed contexts.244 The materialfromLambda 3/4 is fromthebasketsabove Floors4a, 4b, 6 and 7, whichwentout of use earlyin LH IIA.245Potteryfromthe makeup and use of these floors,datingfromLH I Early withthe TransitionalMH throughLH I/IIA, is publishedas 3381-3461 in Chap. 6 below, together basket 97. Pieces that from and basket from and I III/LH pieces 3402, 3411, 3435 3391 54 3448 are these IIA: LH that in baskets found also were I LH 3414-3415, 344°, to overlay Early belong and basket from and basket from 1743, 1751 and 85 83; possibly 1710 3443, 345°-3451> 3458 section: this in entries the to now are dates The basket given following 87. 1779-1780 from I: III/LH TransitionalMH 1517, 1524, 1527, 1632, 1685, 1763-1764. LH I Early: 1710, 1743, 1751, 1779-1780. LH I/IIA: 1519, 1529, 1550-1551, 1553, 1556, i57o> 1608, 1611, 1613-1614, 1627, l6451649, l66l> l677> l687, 17°1' 17°9^ i73°, 1735"17365 i759, i767, i769, i773, l8o4> l8o8> 1812, 1815, 1819, 1824. fi LHIIA. 1514-1516, 1518, 1521, 1523, 1528, i536~i537. i54o-i54i5 i543"i544, i546-i549, 1554-1555, 1557-1563, 1565-1566, 1569, 157«, 1574, 1579-1588, 1592-1594, 1596, 1598, 1600, 1603-1604, 1607, 1609, 1612, 1616-1617, 1620-1621, 1628-1631, 1633-1637, 1639-1642, ib44, 1681-1682, 1650-1656, 1658-1660, 1662, 1665-1667, 1669-1671, 1673-1674, 1676, 1678-1679, 1734, 1725, 1684, 1688, 1691-1696, 1700, 1704, 1706, 1708, 1713, 1715, 1717, 1719-1721, 1737, 1739, 1741, 1744-1746, 1749-175°, 1753, 1770, 1776-1778, i78*-i785, i787-i79°, i79«, 1794, i797~i8oo, 1802-1803, 1807, 1816, 1818, 1820-1823, 1825, 1827. 244For Lambda 1, 1973, Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, and Beta 12A/B baulk see Chapter 1 §5 (v) above; forLambda 2, 1974,

see Chapter 1 §6. 245See Chapter 1 §7 (iii).

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (v)

x:r'"" tf?».Wi(- ,-f

249

Vi//- /5y '

I

/

Q.

TTf '_J^T

1508

-J^"

1509

Fig. 5.25. Area Lambda 1973 and 1977, MH III Earlypottery:Coarse, local group 1507-1512. Scale 1:3. MH III Late: pithos 1513. Scale 1:4.

Dark Burnished(fig. 5.26) 1514. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Incised: two rows ofpunctatedots,incisedloops. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 23. 77-906. PLATE35. 1515. Rounded cup withevertedrim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1516. Rounded cup withevertedrim.LH IIA. Lambda i/Beta 12, 1974, # 69.

1517. Angularcup withevertedrim.D. (rim)6. MH III/ LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20. 1518. Straight-sided cup(?). Flat straphandle attachedto exteriorofrimand body.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #59. 1519. Carinated cup with tripod base. Over one-third preserved.Incised:twohorizontallinesaroundbodyatpoint of carination,zone of double loops below, groupsof loops unconnectedto one another.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #57-77-911-PLATE36-

C. ZERNER

250

11514 [W[ "^

I

| 1515

y

23. 73"9°3b 1598. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands, red thickwavy line. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1599. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands; in red: wavy line and horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 5. 1600. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands; in red: wavyline. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #73. 1601. Semi-globular cup. Polychrome.Whiteslip.In dark matt:two dark horizontalbands; in red: horizontalband. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1602. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands; in red: horizontalband. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1603. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands with pendent stripesor dots(?); in red: horizontalband. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1604. Rounded goblet(?).Bichrome.In dark matt:band exteriorrim; in red: band slantingdownward. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. 1605. Squat jug or jar. Bichrome. Horizontal band exteriorwhichlooks white.Lambda 1, 1973, #18. 1606. Squat jug or jar. Polychrome.Dark band, white stripesinteriorrim.In dark matt:rimband and horizontal bands white dots; in red: horizontal band. D. (rim) 8. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 44.

YellowMinyan,gritty(fig. 5.28)

1607. Semi-globularcup. Thickened exterior rim. D. (rim) 12. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1608. Goblet, angular.D. (rim) 12. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #57. 1609. Goblet,angular.D. (rim) 14. LH IIA. Lambda 3/ 4>i977>#471610. Goblet,angular.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 84. 1611. Goblet,angular.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4,i977,#571612. Goblet,angular.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #62. 1613. Goblet, angular.D. (rim) 24. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1614. Goblet,rounded.Almostcomplete.Shorteverted rim,twoslightly troughedstraphandlesattachedto exterior rim and body; low foot concave underneath.Burnished interiorpartway,exteriorcompletely.D. (rim) 16.5, (base) 7. LH I/IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 31 and 40, and Beta 12A, 1963, # 79. Taylour 1972, 257, pl. 49g, fig.31, HS 99. 74-902 = 63-006. PLATE36. 1615. Goblet, rounded. D. (rim) 16. Lambda/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1616. Goblet, rounded. Hollowed rim. Burnished exterior.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1617. Goblet,rounded.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4 1977, # 59. 1618. Goblet,rounded. Lambda 1 1973, # 24. 1619. Goblet,rounded.Narrowmouth.Rim grooved on top. D. (rim) 16. Lambda/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74.

Matt Painted or Plain, gritty(fig. 5.28)

1620. Goblet.Plain flaringbase, concave underneath.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 33. 1621. Goblet. Plain flaring base, deep concavity

POTTERY §5 (v)

253

underneath.D. (base) 8. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 37. 1622. Goblet. Base. Low foot, squared edge, concave underneath.D. (base) 8. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1623. Goblet.Base. Squared edge. Burnishedexterior.D. (base) 8.5. Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#75. 1624. Jar-Round-sectionedverticalhandle attachedto both sides of rim,risingslightlyabove rim.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. evertedand thickenedon exterior. 1625. Jar-R™ slightly Lambda 3/4, 1977, #48. 1626. Jar.Horizontalhandle, round in section,on belly. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1627. Jar-Verticalhandle rectangularin section.LH 1/ IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1628. Jar. Vertical handle, thick rectangular section. Flattenedplug attachmenton interiorof vessel. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1629. Jar.Flat base. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1630. Jar.Flat base. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1631. Jar.Flat base. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1632. Jar. Flat base. MH III/LH I. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #54.

MattPainted,gritty (figs.5.28-5.31)

^33Vapheio cup(?). D-o-1.Band interiorrim(belowlip) and on top of rim; bands exterior,wavy line. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1634. Gobletor smallwide-mouthed jar(?). Band exterior rim.LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1635. Semi-globularcup. Band exteriorrim.D. (rim)12. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 42. 1636. Semi-globularcup. Band interior,exteriorrim.D. (rim) 11. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1637. Semi-globularcup. Slightlyverticalhollowed rim, verticalstrap handle risingslightlyabove rim. Band and pendentstripesinteriorrim,band exterior.LH ILA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. exteriorrim.D. (rim) 1638. Goblet,angular.Band interior, 12. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1639. Goblet, angular. Band interiorrim; exteriorrim band withpendentwavyline,wide horizontalband. D. (rim) 18. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1640. Goblet, angular.Band exteriorrim withpendent loops. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1641. Goblet,angular.Dark red paintband exteriorrim withpendentloops. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 33. 1642. Goblet,angular.Burnishedexterior.Band interior rim, band exteriorrim with pendent loops. D. (rim) 19. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 42. 1643. Goblet,angular.Burnishedexterior.Band exterior rim with thickpendent loops. D. (rim) 18. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 82. 1644. Goblet,angular.Band on interiorrim;exteriorrim withpendentloops, spiral.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1645. Goblet, angular.Exteriorrim band withpendent loops. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1646. Goblet, angular. Band interior,exteriorrim. D. (rim) 19. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1647. Goblet, angular.Band(?) exteriorrim. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1648. Goblet,angular.Straphandle, barred,band along edge. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1649. Goblet, rounded. Low foot concave underneath. One handle: troughedstrap,risingslightlyabove rim.Cut marksfromworkingtool at exteriorrim.Band interiorrim; band exteriorrim,pendent loops, horizontalbands; cross on undersidebase; bars and cross on handle. D. (rim) 15,

254

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.28.AreaLambda1973-7,MH ΠΙ/LH I-LH IIA pottery: YellowMinyan, 1607-1632.LH IIA: MattPainted, gritty Scale 1633-1637. 1:3. gritty

(base)8. LH I/IIA. Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#37, 40. 74905. plate 36. rounded. Bandexterior rim,pendent 1650. Goblet, loops, horizontal bands,obliquelines(orspiral?).D. (rim)19.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#35. 1651. Goblet,rounded.Many workingmarksaround area of neckand rim.Band exterior rim,pendentloops D. (rim)19. band,hatchedtriangle. (wavyline);horizontal LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62.

rim(todotted interior 1652. Goblet,rounded.Burnished rim;band exterior rim,withpendent line).Band interior dashes.D. (rim) bands,pendent loops(wavyline),horizontal 20. LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974, #69. todottedlines Burnished exterior 1653. Goblet,rounded. intorim,rising (beneathhandle).Straphandleintegrated rimwithpendent aboverim.Bandexterior loops,horizontal bands,spiral.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977.#37.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (v)

255

Fig.5.29. AreaLambda1974 and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery: MattPainted, 1638-1656.Scale 1:3. gritty

rim;bandexterior 1654. Goblet,rounded.Bandinterior rimwithpendentloops,horizontal band.D. (rim)23. LH IIA. Lambda3/4 1977,#73. rim(= 1655. Goblet,rounded.Traceofpainton interior worn band); band exteriorrim with pendent loops, horizontal band.D. (rim)25. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977, #32. Horizontal bands,spiral.D. (rim) 1656. Goblet,rounded. 20. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#61.

1657. Goblet,rounded.Horizontalbandsaroundneck, 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk), cross-hatched Lambda/Beta triangle. 1974,# 74. bands,triangle, 1658. Goblet,rounded.Horizontal paint faded,possiblyhatched.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#62. 1659. Goblet,rounded.Horizontalband and oblique lines.LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 1660. Goblet,rounded.Oblique and horizontal bands.

256

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.30.AreaLambda1973-7,MH HI/LH I-IIA pottery: MattPainted, 1657-1688.Scale 1:3. gritty LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#56. 1661. Goblet,rounded.Wide horizontal band,double rowofpendentloops.LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64. 166«. Goblet,rounded.Horizontal band,pendentloops. LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 1663. Goblet,rounded.Spiral.Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#74. Lambda/Beta12 (Beta 1664. Goblet,rounded. Spiral(?). 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72. band.LH IIA. 1665. Goblet,rounded.Widehorizontal Lambda3/4,1977,# 73.

1666. Goblet,rounded.Red paint.Horizontalband, LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#56. hatchedtriangle. 1667. Goblet,rounded.Straphandle:threebarsatbase. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#48. 1668. Goblet,rounded.Straphandle:band alongedge and obliquebars.Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk), 1974,#72. 1669. Goblet,rounded.Slightly troughed straphandle; withand risingabove rim.Band interior rim, integrated barredhandle,edged.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#56. rim;bandexterior 1670. Goblet,rounded.Bandinterior


257

Fig.5.31.AreaLambda1973-7,LH IIA pottery: MattPainted, MattPainted? 1689-1695;Light-on-Dark, gritty gritty, 1696.Scale 1:3. band.LH IIA. Lambda rim,thickpendent loops,horizontal 3/4,1977,#48. 1671. Goblet,rounded.Barredstraphandle,edged.LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 1672. Kantharos. High-swung straphandle:bandinterior rim,pendent loops,barredhandle.Lambda/Beta12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#74. 1673. Globularjar (or krater). Flaringrim,groovedon bandsexterior. D. (rim) rim;horizontal top.Bandinterior 24. LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#69. 1674. Globularjar (or krater).Almoststraightrim, thickened on exterior. Bandalongtopofrim;exterior worn. D. (rim)22. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62. rim.Lambda 1675. Jug(?).Hollowedrim.Bandexterior / Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72. Bandexterior 1676. Jug(?).Curvedrim,convexinterior. rim.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#61. 1677. Hole-mouthed jar.Bandaroundneck,worn.D. rim 16. LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64.

Oval mouth,round-sectioned 1678. Amphora/hydria. handle attachedto exteriorrim. Band exteriorrim, barredhandle.LH IIA. Lambda3/ obliquelinespendent, 4, 1977,#56. Band exteriorrim.LH IIA. 1679. Amphora/hydria. Lambda3/4,1977,# 56. 1680. Amphora/hydria. Horizontalbands,rowof dots. Lambda3/4,1977,# 80. 1681. Amphora/hydria. Burnishedexterior. Horizontal bands,rowofpendentdots,obliquelines.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4,1977,# 50. 1682. Amphora/hydria.Horizontal bands, row of pendentdots.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#32. Burnished exterior. Wideband 1683. Amphora/hydria. around neck. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), !974>#75· 1684. Amphora/hydria. Horizontal band,rowofpendent dashes.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta12, 1974,#69. Row of dots,two horizontal 1685. Amphora/hydria.

258

C. ZERNER

bands (wavy?).MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20. 1686. Amphora/hydria. Dark reddish-brown paint: hatchedtriangle.Lambda 2, 1974, #72. 1687. Amphora/hydria.Burnished exterior.Dark red paint: oblique lines, horizontal band. Lambda 3/4, *977>#57· 1688. Amphora/hydria. Horizontal bands. LH ILA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #61. 1689. Amphora/hydria.Burnishedexterior.Horizontal bands,rowofdots,runningspiral.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #52. 1690. Amphora/hydria. Burnished exterior. Crosshatched triangles,horizontalbands. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974» * 37· 1691. Amphora/hydria.Horizontal handle, round in section.Burnishedexterior.Circles aroundbase of handle. LH ILA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1692. Amphora/hydria.Horizontal handle, round in section. Horizontal band on body, circle around base of handle. LH ILA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1693. Amphora/hydria. Fragmentsofshoulder,body and base. Vertical handle, round in section. Cross, spiral, horizontalbands, circle around handle. LH 11A. Lambda 1, 1973, # 12, 22. 73-906. plate 36. 1694. Large globularjar(?). Flaringrim,grooved along outsideedge; added elementof clay (handle?) has broken offfromhalf of the sherd. Band interiorrim. LH 11A. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1695. Spoutedbowl. Bichrome.Tubularspoutplacedjust below rim.Almosthorizontalevertedrim,grooved along outsideedge. In dark matt:band around shoulder;in red: band along outside edge of rim. LH 11A. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #73.

MattPainted(?)(fig. 5.31) Light-on-Dark, gritty

1696. Jar.In darkmatt:band interiorrim;narrowwhite band on top. LH ILA. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 73.


1697. Vapheio cup (lightground). Band interiorrim; exteriorrim,ripple(?j.D. (rim)10. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1698. Vapheio cup (lightground). Orange, soft-feeling. Band interior,exteriorrim.Lambda 1974, # 74. 1699. Vapheio cup (lightground).Wornpaint. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1700. Vapheio cup (light ground). Worn: pattern of dots(?).LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1701. Vapheio cup (lightground). Band interiorrim, decorationnot visible exterior.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977» * 57· 1702. Vapheio cup (lightground). With added white: horizontal bands and wavy line, narrow white band. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1703. Vapheio cup (light ground). Horizontal bands. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1704. Vapheio cup (light ground). Horizontal band aroundbase extendingto undersidebase. LH IIA. Lambda S/4» *977> # 59· 1705. Vapheio cup (light ground). Black and brown horizontalbands. D. (base) 5. Lambda 2, 1974, # 8. 1706. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1707. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974» * 72. 1708. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior,horizontalbands of white and purple. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69.

1709. Semi-globular cup (light ground). Wheel-made ridgesvisibleon interior. Wavyand horizontalbands,purple horizontalbands. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 64. 1710. Semi-globularcup (lightground). Foliate band, horizontalband. LH I Early. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 85. Floor 6. 1711. Cup. Handle, flatstrap.Diagonal stripeacrosstop. Lambda 1, 1973, # 35. 1712. Cup. Handle, flat strap. Coat on top, stripeon underside.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, #74. 1713. Juglet.Band interiorrim, exteriorrim. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 47.

medium-coarse Lustrous Decorated, (fig. 5.32)

1714. Semi-globular cup, large (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior,whitehorizontalband. Lambda 3/4, 1977>#51· 1715. Semi-globularcup, large (darkground).Dark coat interior;dark coat exterior,white band around shoulder. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1716. Basin (plain?).Flattenedrim,everted;pointedlug attachedto rimand upper shoulder.Lambda 1, ig73,#2g. [1716a. (?)Basin or deep bowl (darkground).Fine orange fabric,lustrousdark brownpaint. Dark coat interior;dark band exterior around outside of lug and on its tip. Horizontallug only,pierced.D. (hole) 0.8. Lambda 2, 1974, # 2 (mixed context).74-901. Not illustrated.] 1717. Jug (darkground).Handle, thickstrapin section. Coat exterior except sides of and underneath handle; verticalstripesin red and white. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977> # 5°· 1718. Jug (darkground).Push-throughhandle,roundin section. Coat exterior,white horizontalbands and large spirals;stripedown lengthof handle; red horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 26. 1719. Jug (lightground). Dark horizontalband and spiral withfeatheredend; red horizontalband. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4 1977, # 50. 1720. Jug (lightground).Black and red horizontalbands, black foliateband. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1721. Jug (light ground). Two non-joiningfragments. Horizontalband and foliateband; whitehorizontalband. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 73. 1722. Spouted hole-mouthed jar with basket handle (darkground).Good amountofquartz.Evertedrim,tubular spout,handle- oval in section risingfromrimjustabove spout. Dark coat exterior(dripson interior),whitestripes around spout. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, #74. rim(darkground). 1723. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring White spiralon dark ground.Lambda 3/4, 1977, #51. 1724. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Wide red horizontalband, thinband ofwhite,row ofwhite dots. Lambda 1, 1973, #16. 1725. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Purpleband around neck. D. (rim) 15.5. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. 1726. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). White horizontalband, spirals; red horizontalband and filledcircles.Lambda 1, 1973, #18. 1727. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). wide darkband; Dark oblique lines (or hatchedtriangles?), whitethinhorizontalbands and arcs; red horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 35. 1728. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Band interiorrim,coatingon neck,ripple;whitehorizontal band. Lambda 2, 1974, #11. 1729. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground).


259

Lustrous fine1697-1713;Lustrous medium Fig.5.32. AreaLambda1973-7,LH I-IIA pottery: Decorated, Decorated, coarse1714-1737.Scale 1:3. Horizontal band;vertical wavylinesor ripple.Lambda2, 1974, # 11.

1730. Jarwithnarrow rim(light neckandflaring ground). Foliate band, lighter-coloured horizontalband above anotherdark band; whitehorizontalband. LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#57. rim(light neckandflaring . 1731. Jarwithnarrow ground) Horizontal band and horizontalwavy lines; purple horizontal band.Lambda3/4,1977,#66. neckandflaring rim(light . 1732. Jarwithnarrow ground) Vertical wavylinesorripple.Lambda3/4,1977,#66.

1733· 5a1^th narrow neckandflaring rim(light ground). Horizontalband,rowof filledcircles.Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72. 1734. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring rim(light ground). Red horizontal band.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#73. 1735· 5a1withnarrow rim(light neckandflaring ground). Horizontal ovalinsection. handle,flattened Stripeonupper surfaceofhandle.LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64. neckandflaring rim(light 1736. Jarwithnarrow ground). Flatbase ofi735(?). LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64. neckandflaring rim(light 1737. Jarwithnarrow ground).

26o

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.33.AreaLambda1973-7,LH I-IIA pottery: Minoan,fine1738-1751;Minoan,mediumcoarse1752-1767; Minoan?1768.Scale 1:3. Band aroundbodyjust above edge of base. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62.


Black 1738. Carinatedcup (darkground).Pinkish-buff. D. (rim)10. Lambda1, 1973,# coatinterior and exterior.

22, 26.

1739. Straight-sided cup(?) (darkground).Buff;red LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62. and exterior. interior 1740. Straight-sided cup(?)(darkground).Coat interior and exterior. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#75· and 1741. Conical cup(?) (darkground).Coat interior D. (base)6. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#73. exterior. 1742. Semi-globularcup (lightground). Dark coat rim.D. (rim)13. Lambda3/ interior; purplebandexterior 4, 1977,#51. 1743. Semi-globular cup (lightground).White,porous. Bandexterior rim,ripple.LH I Early.Lambda3/4,1977, #87.

1744. Semi-globularcup (lightground).Buff.Band exteriorrim,spiral.LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974,

#73·

Buff. Red-brown coatinterior X745- Cup(?)(darkground). LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#59. and exterior. Red-brown coatinterior 1746. Bowl(darkground).Buff. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#59. and exterior. Bandinterior bowl(light base; 1747. In-and-out ground). D. (base)4. Lambda widebandaroundbaseexterior. ripple, 2, 1974,# 15. and 1748. Shallowbowl(darkground).Coaton interior rim.D. (rim)6-8. Lambda3/4,1977, exterior. In-turned #40. rim.Orange In-turned 1749. Shallowbowl(light ground). and someshiny (10R 6/8lightred)withwhiteinclusions silverbits.Whiteslip(7.5YR pink).LH IIA. Lambda3/4, 1977,#61. 1750. Bowl or pyxiswithlug handle (darkground). LH andexterior. Orange.Knoborlugon rim.Red interior IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

1751. Spoutedor hole-mouthed jar (lightground).Buff. LH I Early.Lambda Blackbandexterior rim,obliquestripe. 3/4,1977,#87.


1752. In-and-out bowl (light ground). Everted rim, thickened.Deep rimband interior, rippleexterior.Lambda 2, 1974, # 16. 1753. Deep basin (darkground).In-turnedrim,coil with finger-impressionsat rim. Orange with red angular inclusions.Orange interior;dark greyexterior,thinwhite band below coil. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 69. 1754 and 1755. Jar (dark ground). Rim and body fragmentof same jar. Buff,lightred inclusions.Veryshiny blackinteriorrim;exteriorcoat,oblique band ofcrustyred, thinoblique line in white.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. 1756. Neckedjar (darkground).Buff,red-brownangular inclusions. Rim flanged interior.Shiny red-brownband interiorrim;exteriorcoat,whiteoblique stripe.Lambda 1, 1973, # 24. 1757. Neckedjar (darkground).Orange,blackinclusions. Band interiorrim,whiteband and loop; coat exterior,red and whitehorizontalbands. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/ Β baulk), 1974, # 74. 1758. Necked jar (dark ground). Buff,black angular inclusions.Coat exterior,whitehorizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 16. 1759. Jug/jar (dark ground). Buff; a few small black inclusions.Dark greycoat, orange floral(?)pattern.LH 1/ IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1760. Jug/jar (dark ground). Buff; black angular inclusions.Black coat, whitefloral(?) pattern,red band(?). Lambda 1, 1973, # 25. 1761. Jug/jar (light ground). Buff, black angular inclusions. Black horizontalband, filled circles, oblique band. Lambda 1, 1973, # 35. black angular 1762. Jug/jar(lightground).Pinkish-buff, inclusions.Wide horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, #25. 1763 · Jug/jar(lightground). Buff.Purplehorizontalband, darkgreyverticalstripes.MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973. # 20.

1764. Jug/jar(lightground).Two non-joiningfragments. Buff;black and dark red angular inclusions,some white grits,shiny silver visible on surface. Orange wash over surface,orange horizontal band, ripple. MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20. 1765. Deep basin(plain).Buff;largedark-coloured grits.Ininward,horizontalhandle curvingwalls,T-shapedrimslanting low down on body.D. (rim)22. Lambda 1, 1973, # 26. 1766. Deep basin (plain). Buff,large dark-colouredgrits. In-curvingwalls; T-shapedrim,hollowed on top; coil with on shoulderbelow rim.Lambda 1, 1973, finger-impressions #26. 1767. Deep basin (plain). Buffto orange; large dark red and greyangularinclusions;soft-feeling. In-curvingwalls, rimflattenedon top,thickenedon interior,coil withfingerimpressionsat rim. D. (rim) 28. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977>#57·

Minoan(?)

1768. Jug/jar.Buff,grainytexture.Orange verticalband, wide band aroundundersidebase. Lambda 1, 1973, # 26.

Micaceous Minoan(fig. 5.34) 1769.

Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat on interior

POTTERY §5 (v)

261

and exterior;whiteverticalstrokesinteriorrim.D. (rim)9. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1770. Spouted cup (dark ground). Pulled-outlip spout. Coat exterior.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1771. Basin (darkground).Coat on interiorand exterior. Red horizontalband exterior.Lambda 3/4, 1977, #51. rim(darkground). 1772. Narrow-mouthed j ar withflaring Three non-joiningfragments:bit of rim,neck and body. Horizontal handle, flattenedoval in section. Coat: red interior,black exterior;red horizontalband around top of shoulder; white horizontal bands around lower body. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 66. 1773· Jug/jar (dark ground). White spiral. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1774. Jug/jar (plain). Many joining body fragments. Exteriormottleddark grey 2.5YR 4/0 to orange (firing cloud). White horizontalbands. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, #41 and 51. 74-908. [Early Mycenaean wash in LH IIIC Early context,Floor 4.] Lambda 1775. Deep basin (plain). Plain rim,in-turning. 3/4, 1977, # 66. 1776. Deep basin (plain). In-curvingwalls; rim flaton top,thickenedon exterior.Fingerimpressionsalong top of rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. 1777. Deep basin (plain).Shape as 1775. Coil withfingerimpressionson exteriorat rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #62. LH IIA. 1778. Cooking pot (plain). Deep, straight-sided. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1779. Cooking pot (plain). Globular body, open mouth. LH I Early.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1780. Jar(?) (plain). Flat base. LH I Early.Lambda 3/4, 1977,* 87. some burnt. 1781. Jar(?)(plain).Manyjoiningfragments, Narrow flaringbase, wheel-made.D. (base) 7.2. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 44 (Lambda burial 15). 77-907. plate 36.

Red Slippedand Burnished (fig. 5.35) Aeginetan, 1782. Goblet. Greyish-brown,streakilyburnished. D. (rim)26. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69.

MattPainted(fig. 5.35) Aeginetan, 1783. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Horizontal band with pendent double loop, double zigzag. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1784. Jar. Evertedsquared rim,concave flangeinterior. Band exteriorrim.D. (rim)15. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977,

#47.

Plain flaringrim;verticalhandle, 1785. Amphora/hydria. round in section,attachedto exteriorrim. Band interior, exteriorrim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1786. Jar,large.Plain flaringrim.Band interior,exterior rim.Lambda 1, 1973, # 25. 1787. Jar,large.Same shape as 1783. Band aroundneck. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 63. 1788. Jar.Narrowhorizontalbands,row ofdots.LH IIA. Lambda 1, 1973, #16. 1789. Jar. Spoked circle(?).LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1790. Jar. Flat base. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #69. 1791. Jar. Potter's mark. Flat base. Three gouges preservedon lower body at base: one at edge of base, two above. D. (base) 7. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 74-844· PLATE38. 1792. Jar. Potter's mark. Flat base. Two gouges on undersideof base, near edge. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 62. 74-845. plate 38.

C. ZERNER

262

Fig.5.34. AreaLambda1974 and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery: MicaceousMinoan1769-1781.Scale 1:3.

coarse(fig.5.35) Aeginetan,

12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk), 1793. Cookingpot.Lambda/Beta 1974,# 72. *794· Cookingpot.Hollowedrim.LH IIA. Lambda3/ 4> 1977»* 59·

Coarse,localgroup(figs.5.35-5.36)

1795. Roundedcupwithevertedrim.Lambda/ Beta12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72.

1796. Bowl.Hollowedrim.Lambda/Beta12 (Beta12A/ Β baulk),1974,#72. on bothsides. walls,rimthickened 1797. Bowl.Straight LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#61. walls.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta12, 1798. Bowl.Incurving 1974,#69. thickrim.LH IIA. walls,straight 1799. Bowl.Incurving Lambda3/4,1977,#61. 1800. Bowl.Veryorange.Flaringwalls,rimangledto D. (rim)24. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#50. interior.


263

Fig.5.35. AreaLambda1973-7,L£II-IIA pottery: MattPainted Red SlippedandBurnished 1782; Aeginetan Aeginetan Coarse1793-1794;Coarse,localgroup1795-1804.Scale 1:3. 1783-1792;Aeginetan

1801. Plate(?).Orange.D. (rim)36. Lambda 1, 1973, #351802. Jar.WallswithslightS-curve;T-shapedrim.D. (rim)15. LH ILA.Lambda3/4,1977,#62. Convexwalls.LH ILA.Lambda 1803. Jar.Burntexterior. 3/4,1977,#50.

1804. Hole-mouthed jar.D. (rim)14.LH I/IIA.Lambda 3/4,1977,#57. 1805. Wide-mouthed rim.Lambda/Beta jarwitheverted 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#75. 1806. Wide-mouthed rim.Lambda/Beta jarwitheverted 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#74.

C. ZERNER

264

I

-

] V T-M J Ë

I I

1806

1 1807 )

(18O8

L -»*I8IO O> 1811CYÊ rr~' * V -J f (//)) Ij Í

1

1812 Χ_^

f '

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I

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1814

f 1813

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M I8I7

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LM 1821'W

1822 '

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1823 ^^™I826

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Fig. 5.36. Area Lambda 1973-7, LH I-IIA pottery:Coarse, local group 1805-1827. Scale 1:3.

1807. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1808. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 18. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1809. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Lambda 3/4, 1977, #91. 1810. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1811. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Lambda 1, 1973» * 35· 18 12. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Hollowed rim. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1813. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Burnishvisible on interior,not exterior.Knob or lug on shoulder.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. 1814. Wide-mouthed jar. Burnttopedge exteriorneck.D. (rim) 14.3. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974,

#75·

1815. Wide-mouthed jar. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4,1977,# 64. 1816. Wide-mouthedjar. D. (rim)30. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4» !977> * 59·

1817. Wide-mouthedjar. Red coat exterior?D. (rim)29. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. 1818. Jar. Base. D. (base) 4.5. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977> # 56. 1819. Jar. Base. D. (base) 4.3. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977»#571820. Jar. Base. D. (base) 3.5. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, * 49· 1821. Jar.Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #59· 1822. Jar.Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1823. Jar.Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #62. 1824. Jar-Base· D. (base) 4. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #571825. Jar·Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #56. 1826. Jar.Base. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), !974> # 75· 1827. Pithos.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #61.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (vi)

265

(vi) Area Nu 1977 (a) μη ι late (1828-1907) is fromtheapsidalbuildingdatedMH I Late.246 Fromtheflooroftheapse [Nearlyall ofthismaterial comebaskets49, 52, 56 and 62; fromthefloorof themainroom,baskets50, 53, 59 and 61; and wallbetweentheapse and themainroom,basket60. The destruction fromthepartition debrisfrom thebuildingwas excavatedwithbaskets38 and 41. The areas outsidethebuildingweredug with baskets57 and 58. These are probablyof thesame date.The MH II vase 1888 derivesfromNu burial14,whichwas cutintothedestruction layer.] Sherds1856-1857 are unusualand maybelongto a veryearlystageofMH or maybe cast-ups froman earlierperiod.It is possiblethatthesesherds,alongwith2205, represent a latephaseofEH III or transitional EH III/MH I at thesite. DarkBurnished (figs.5.37-5.38)

1828. Rounded cup withhigh-swung,flatstraphandle. #53· 1829. Angularcup withevertedrim.D. (rim)9. # 52. 1830. Carinated cup. Low foot, slightly concave underneath.Good burnishexteriorand underside base, streakishinterior.Incised: horizontalbands below rim and above point of carination,tripletrianglepartlyerased by D. (rim)8.4, (base)4, H. 7. #62. 77-612. plate 36. burnishing. Flatstraphandles.Flaring 1831. Carinatedcup/kantharos. foot.Burnishedinteriorto dottedline,and exteriorall over exceptundersideof handles.Incised: horizontalbands just above carination.D. (rim)12.4, (base) 4.5, H. 9.3. #49, 56, 62. AS sample no. 1: Set 2 Class 1. 77-606. plate 36. D. (rim) 10. # 53. 1832. Carinatedcup/kantharos. 1833. Carinated cup/kantharos.Flaring foot, slightly concave beneath.D. (base) 3.6. # 53. 1834. Carinated cup/kantharos.Low flaringfoot. D. (base) 5. # 57. 1835. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.#41. 1836. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Hole pierced in shoulder.Straineror repairhole? #58. 1837. Shoulder-handledbowl. Brown.D. (rim)24. # 53. 1838. Shoulder-handledbowl. D. (rim)22. # 50. 1839. Shoulder-handled bowl. Unburnished beneath handle (betweendottedlines). D. (rim)23. # 53. 1840. Shoulder-handledbowl. #58. 1841. Shoulder-handledbowl. Thick, flatstrap handle. #38. 1842. Shoulder-handledbowl. # 57. 1843. Shoulder-handledbowl. #41. 1844. Shoulder-handledbowl. # 59. 1845. Shoulder-handledbowl. Brown.Low foot,slightly concave beneath.D. (base) 5.5. # 52. 1846. Bowl orjar. # 57. 1847. Small wide-mouthedjar. D. (rim) 16. # 49. 1848. Small wide-mouthed jar. Coarse. D. (rim)14. # 52. 1849. Two-handledjar. Two horizontalhandles, oval in section.Bufffiringcloud. D. (rim) 17, (base) 8, H. 26. # 52. 77-608. plate 36. 1850. Two-handledjar. Flat base. # 57. 185 1. Flask.Upper body and partofneck.Incised: bands aroundneck,largeconcentriccircles,horizontallinesfilling spaces between circles,row of herringbone.Stamped or impressed:circleof smallconcentriccircles,verticalrow of lozenges. # 49, 56 and 62 joined. 77-605. plate 36. 1852. Flask. Five non-joiningfragmentsfromneck and shoulder.Incised: lines around neck; concentriccircles(or

spiral?), horizontal dashes along one circle, groups of oblique and horizontallines betweencircles.# 50. χ853. Flask. Three non-joiningfragments;perhaps part of 1852. Incised: large concentriccircles,verticaldashes (in circle?),othercurvinglines. #61. fromshoulder. 1854. Flask. Three non-joiningfragments Impressed: small concentriccirclesin horizontalrow and possiblyin verticalrow.#57. of shoulderand lower 1855. Flask. Two large fragments body withflatbase. Plain. D. (base) 7. # 49. 77-610.

EH III/MH I(?), Burnished, possiblyTransitional Local(?) (fig. 5.39)

1856. Lug-handled bowl. Fine orange, yellowish-red surface.Burnishedinteriorand exterior(body wall under lug not burnished).Rounded body, everted rim,pierced lug handle,tiltedupwards.D. (rim) 17. # 57. ContextMH I Late witha fewEH II Early sherds.77-613. plate 37.

Paintedand Burnished, EH III / Transitional

MHI(?) (fig.5.39)

1857. Small wide-mouthedjar. Veryfinebrownto buff. Tall straight rim.Dark coat interiorand exterior,burnished. D. (rim) 12. # 52. Context MH I Late with a few EH II Early sherds.


1858. Bowl withevertedrim. Band around neck, triple triangles.#57. 1859. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Rim and twononjoining body fragments. Partlyburnt.Horizontalband and groups of wide and narrow oblique lines. D. (rim) 16. #53· 1860. Bowl with in-turnedrim. Four fragmentsof rim. One horizontalhandle and non-joiningbase. Pulled-outlip spout, pointed lug on rim, rim grooved on top. Two horizontalhandles,round in section.Burnt.Wide oblique stripeson top ofrim,horizontalbands,rowsofwide oblique linespointingin oppositedirection.Whole designmayhave been a zigzag. D. (rim) 24, (base) 10. # 60, 61. 77-614. plate 37. 1861. Bowl with in-turned rim. Two non-joining fragmentsof rim and base. Wide band(?) exteriorrim.D. (rim)26. # 50. 1862. Bowl within-turnedrim. Oblique lines on lower body. # 53.

246See Chapter ι §8 (x) above.

266

C. ZERNER

"" ^1 L γ^ vk^T ^-^

1833

1837

/

V//-- J

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/

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CZ7/l846

1850

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1840

€ 1841

1842

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1848 ^g^T

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Fig.5.37. AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ I Latepottery: DarkBurnished 1828-1850.Scale 1:3. rim.Threenon-joining 1863. Bowlwithin-turned body Horizontal andvertical lines.#53. fragments. rim.Two non1864. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring ofrimandbody.Bandinterior rim;crossjoiningfragments andwidehorizontal band.#53. hatchedtriangle rim.Groupof 1865. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring horizontal band. triangles, obliquelines,diagonally-hatched

along top edge. # 49. 1867. Bowl or jar. Two non-joiningfragments.Group of oblique lines or hatchedtriangle,wide horizontalband. #52. 1868. Bowl or jar. Horizontalbands. #41.

1866. Bowl or jar. Horizontalhandle, round in section, withend of coil attachment(notthroughbody wall). Band

1869. Jar or jug. Veryfine,orange.Red-brown paint: lines.#49. band,curving obliquelines,horizontal

#41.

Dull Painted(?)orMinoan(?)(fig.5.39)

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi)

267

Fig.5.38. AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ I Latepottery: DarkBurnished 1851-1855.Scale 1:3. LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.40) Handle,roundin section.#49. 1870. Jug(darkground). 1871. Jug (dark ground).Handle, round in section, #58. pushedthrough. whiteslipover 1872. Jug(darkground). Ridgedshoulder, ridges.#50.

circles,oblique 1873. Jug (darkground).White-filled lines.#53. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1874. Jarwithnarrow #57· rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1875. Jarwithnarrow bands,whiteobliqueband.#57. Purplenarrowhorizontal

268

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.39. Area Nu 1977, EH or MH I Earliest(?) pottery:Burnished,local? 1856; EH Patterned,ware uncertain1857. MH I Late: Dull Painted 1858-1869. Scale 1:3.

Lustrous Decorated orDull Painted(?)(fig.5.40)

1876. Jug. Orange; whiteslip. Cracked crustyred paint, but not like DP; horizontalbands. # 62.

Minoan,fine(fig.40)

1877. Angularcup (darkground).Buff.Coat interiorand exterior.#57. 1878. Semi-globularcup. Brown. Brown to black paint interiorand exterior.# 49.

1879. Semi-globular cup. Brown. Red-brown paint interiorand exterior.#58. 1880. Cup or bowl. Buff.Coat interiorand exterior(not completelycovered: drips).D. (base) 5. # 38. band 1881. Cup or bowl. Buff.Coat interiorand exterior, around undersidebase. #41. 1882. Bowl(?) (lightground). Very fine yellowish-buff. Horizontalband, otherpattern?#52. 1883. Bowl(?) (lightground). Brown to buff.Flat base.

#57·


269

mediumcoarse1870-1875;Lustrous Decorated?1876; Lustrous Fig.5.40.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ I Latepottery: Decorated, Minoan,fine1877-1883;Minoan,mediumcoarseredfabric1884-1886;Coarse,localgroup1887-1896.Scale 1:3.

redfabric(fig. 5.40) Minoan, medium-coarse: Darkcoatorwideband, 1884. Jug(darkorlightground). thickwhiteobliquelines;reserved lowerbody?#50. (darkground).Twonon-joining 1885. Jug/jar fragments. Whitehorizontal bands,groupof multipleobliquelines. * 57· 1886. Jarwithnarrowneck(darkground).Coatexterior andbandaroundunderside base. #49. Coarse,local group(figs. 5.40-5.41) 1887. Cup.#57. 1888. Cup. D. (rim)c.3, H. 2.5. MH II. #50. FromNu burial14. 77-216. 1889. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Yellowish-red

interior,buffexterior.High-swunghandle,thickstrap attachedto bothsidesofrim.Burnton troughed, slightly rim.D. (rim)11,(base)6, H. 11. topofhandleandinterior # 56. 77-611. PLATE37.

to dark grey surface, 1890. Jug. Red darkish-buff laminated. Flatbase,slightly concaveunderneath, handle brokenoffor rimbrokenin antiquity and fileddown?D. (base)8. #49. 77-615.plate 37. handle,thickovalinsection, 1891. Jug.Globularprofile; intorim.#57. integrated 1892. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.#50. 1893. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.#52. 1894. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Pointedknob on shoulder. D. (rim)14. #52. 1895. Wide-mouthed rim.D. (rim) 22.#53. jarwitheverted

C. ZERNER

270

/Lj )

' (jy * 1898

M

'

1897

*I899

K__^y

'

1900

W

/

%

1903

1904

^-J^

^^

1905

1901

1902

M M H

Fig. 5.41. Area Nu 1977, ΜΗ I Late pottery:Coarse, local group 1897-1907. Scale 1:3. 1896. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.#41. 1897. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)22.#57. 1898. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.#41. 1899. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Red. #41. 1900. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 53. 1901. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Orange. Redbrownsurface.D. (rim)41. # 49, 61. 77-609. plate 37. 1902. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Red. Pinkishgreysurface(7.5YR 7/2). D. (rim) 37. # 49, 52, 56, 62. 77-607. (b) ΜΗ ΙΙ-ΜΗ

1903. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Pointedknob. #53· 1904. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. Knob, blunt at tip. # 53. 1905. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Pointedknob. #60. 1906. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Flatbase. #57. 1907. Pithos. Rim flat on top, thickened on exterior. #52.

III EARLY (lQo8-2OOo)

in a fewbaskets ΜΗ II was recognised In additionto 1888 above and RutterDepositsA and Β,247 ofa floorto theε excavatedin 1977: a fillin these corneroftrenchNu 2 (basket27), theremnants of the basket19), and thelowerstratum and s of thelaterRoom 2 (basket35 and contaminated The MH II piecesare 1909-1911, 1917, 1924, 1931, X938, LowerPebbledRoad (basket45).248 1944, 1950, 1952, 1962, 1969-1970, 1975, 1979, 1989-1991 and 1996-1999. 247Rutterand Rutter 1976, 16-19.

248See Chapter 1 §§8 (viii)-(ix) above.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (vi)

271

MaterialoftheMH III Earlyphasewas derivedfromtheremnants ofa floorunderthehearthin ofthe thelaterRoom 2 (basket31, mixedwithpiecesoftheMH III Late 2125), theupperstratum LowerPebbledRoad (basket43) and the Upper PebbledRoad (basket34). OtherMH HI Early thathad been disturbed materialcomesfromcontexts i.e. theremovalofwallnw by lateractivity, MH III The items derive from these contexts: (basket44).249 1908, 1912-1916, following Early 1918-1923, 1925-1930, 1932-1937, 1939-1943, 1945"1949) 1951^ 1953"196l5 1963"1968) 1971-1974, 1976-1978, 1980-1988, 1992-1995, 2000. RutterDepositsC (saveforR18) and D250 dateto thisphase,as wellas someofthematerialrecoveredfromtheremovalofStructure Nu IL251 III material was also in MH III/LH I found basket under the walls nk and nm 26 nc, [MH Early and and in basket (see 2007, 2133, 2163, 2166, 2175, 2186, 2197, 2199 3627 below), 37 from theremovalofwallnu (2108).] Dark Burnished (fig.5.42)

1908. Angularcup withevertedrim. D. (rim) 8.4. MH III Early.#31. 1909. Carinatedcup. MH II. # 35. 1910. Carinatedcup. D. (rim) 14. MH II. # 35. 1911. Carinated cup or kantharos. Two non-joining fragments. High-swungstraphandle. Not burnishedunder handle (betweendottedlines). Incised: horizontalbands at pointof carination,pendenttripleloops (continuingunder handle),band on handle. MH II. # 35. 1912. Carinatedcup. D. (rim)9.5. MH III Early.# 34. 1913. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 10. MH III Early.# 43. 1914. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 13. MH III Early.# 43. 1915. Shoulder-handledbowl. Two ribs preserved on shoulder.MH III Early.# 34. 1916. Shoulder-handledbowl. Two ribs preserved on shoulder.D. (rim) 18. MH III Early.# 34. 1917. Shoulder-handledbowl. Rim projectingslightlyon interior,two ribs on shoulder.MH II. # 35. 1918. Shoulder-handledbowl. Rim convex on top, two ribspreservedon shoulder.MH III Early.# 34. 1919. Shoulder-handledbowl. Low foot.D. (base) 5.5. MH III Early.# 43. ofrimand base. 1920. Goblet.Two non-joining fragments Two flatstraphandleson shoulder,attachedto exteriorrim. Low foot,slightlyconcave underneath.D. (rim)24, (base) 8. MH III Early.# 34. 1921. Bowl with in-turnedrim. Rim thickenedslightly interiorand exterior,stub of handle rising above rim preserved.MH III Early.# 43. 1922. Spouted bowl(?). Uncertainshape. MH III Early. #43. 1923. Hole-mouthedjar. Rim slightlyprojectinginterior and exterior.MH III Early.# 34. 1924. Jugor smalljar(?). Hole piercedin rim,handlejoin preserved.MH II. # 35. 1925. Bowl(?). MH III Early.#31.

GreyMinyan(fig.5.42) 1926.

Bowl. Dark grey,grainy.MH III Early.# 43.

WhiteBurnished, MattPainted(fig. 5.42) 1927.

Goblet(?).MH III Early.# 44.

Phin/Matt Painted,gritty (fig. 5.42) 1928.

Jar.Plain. MH III Early.#31.

249See Chapterι §§8 (vii)-(viii)above. 250Withthe exceptionoflaterLate HelladicR166 and other

1929. Jar.Dark band around neck. D. (rim) 13. MH III Early.# 43. 1930. Jar. Verticalpanel, cross-hatched.MH III Early. #43.

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig. 5.42)

1931. Conical cup (dark ground). Much quartz visible. Coat interiorand exterior,whitecross-hatching. D. (rim)8. MH II. # 35. 1932. Carinatedcup (plain). MH III Early.# 43. 1933. Carinated cup (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior.MH III Early.#22 and 34. 77-604. Plate 37. 1934· Carinated cup (dark ground). Many working marks.Coat interiorand exterior.MH III Early.# 43. exterior 1935· Carinatedcup (lightground).Coat interior, narrowband around rim,wide red band. This cup may be Minoan. MH III Early.# 34. 1936. Semi-globular cup (plain).D. (rim)9. MH III Early. #43. 1937· Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Coat exterior, white-filled semicircleson rim.D. (rim) 10. MH III Early. #43. 1938. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat interiorand exterior,whitehorizontalband. MH II. # 35. 1939. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior.MH III Early.# 43. 1940. Semi-globularcup (dark ground).Vitrifiedgreen. Coat on interiorand exterior;horizontalbands and coat on lower body? MH III Early.# 43. 1941. Jugorjar (lightground).Orange. Horizontalband. MH III Early.# 34. 1942. Jug or jar (lightground). Horizontal bands. MH III Early.# 43.


1943. Semi-globular cup (dark ground). Three nonjoining fragmentsof rim,handle and body. Coat interior and exterior,white horizontalband and spiral. MH III Early.# 43. 1944. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat interiorand exterior,whitehorizontalband. MH II. # 35. Χ945· Cup or basin (darkground).Coat exteriorincluding undersidebase. MH III Early.#31. 1946. Cup or basin (darkground).Coat exteriorincluding undersidebase. MH III Early.#31. 1947. Jug (darkground).Band interiorrim,coat exterior. MH III Early.# 34. 1948. Jug (darkground).Push-throughhandle,flattened oval in section.Coat exterior,whitenarrowhorizontalband.

and Rutter1076, 10). (Rutter uncatalogued fragments 251See (vi) (c) below. §5

272

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.42. Area Nu 1977, ΜΗ II- III Earlypottery:Dark Burnished1908-1925; LustrousDecorated,fine 1931-1942. MH III Early:GreyMinyan 1926; WhiteBurnished,MattPainted 1927; GrittyMattPainted/Plain1928-1930. Scale 1:3.

MH III Early.# 43. 1949. Jug(darkground).Much quartzvisible(some large plates). Coat exterior,curvilinearpattern.MH III Early.

#43.

1950. Hole-mouthedjar (darkground).Whitehorizontal bands,row of dots.D. (rim)23.7. MH II. # 27. 195 1. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Interiorrim band and drips on neck; exteriordeep band

withgroup over rimand neck,zone withrosettealternating of verticallines, narrowhorizontalbands. D. (rim) 16.2. MH III Early.# 44. 1952. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Horizontalbands, row of dots. MH II. # 45. 1953. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Same jar as 1952? Fat circles(?), row of dots, narrow horizontalband. MH III Early.# 34.


273

Fig.5.43.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ II- III Earlypottery: Lustrous mediumcoarse1943-1970;Minoan,medium Decorated, coarse1974-1976.MH III Early:Minoan,fine1971-1973.Scale 1:3. neckandflaring rim(light 1954. Jarwithnarrow ground). Rowoffilled narrow horizontal bands.MH III Early. circles, #43. neckandflaring rim(light 1955. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal bands,filledcircles.MH III Early.#43. neckandflaring rim(light 1956. Jarwithnarrow ground). Cross-hatched horizontal band.MH III Early. semicircle, #43.

rim(light neckandflaring 1957. Jarwithnarrow ground). Drip.MH III Early.#43. rim(light neckandflaring 1958. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal bandandwavyline,whitehorizontal band.MH III Early.#34. rim(light neckandflaring 1959. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal band,whitewavyline.MH III Early.#43. neckandflaring rim(light 1960. Jarwithnarrow ground).

274

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.44.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ II- III Earlypottery: 1978-1979;Coarse,localgroup1982-2000. orange,wareuncertain wareuncertain MH III Early:MicaceousMinoan1977; Lustrous Painted, 1980-1981.Scale 1:3. Horizontalband,wavyline,whitehorizontalband and quirks.MH III Early.#43. . rim(light 1961. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring ground) Obliquely hatched triangles,horizontalband, white horizontal bandandwavyline.MH III Early.#31. . rim(light neckandflaring 1962. Jarwithnarrow ground) Horizontalhandle,oval in section.Band on top handle. MH II. #35. . rim(darkground) neckandflaring 1963. Jarwithnarrow band.MH III Early.#43. Whitehorizontal

rim(darkground). neckandflaring λ9^4' 5a1withnarrow bands.MH III Early.#43. Whiteandredhorizontal . rim(darkground) 1965. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring Whiteandredhorizontal bands,whitearcs.MH III Early. #43. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1966. Jarwithnarrow MH III Early.#34. Whiteandredcurvilinear pattern. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1967. Jarwithnarrow band.MH III Early.#31. Whitespiralandhorizontal rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1968. Jarwithnarrow

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi) Reservedbandat base.MH III Early.#31. neckandflaring rim(darkground). 1969. Jarwithnarrow MH II. #27. 1970. Jar(?)(lightground).Quirks,purplehorizontal band.MH II. #35.


Buff. Coatinterior and 1971. Vapheiocup(darkground). whitehorizontal band.MH III Early.#31. exterior, Buff. Coatinterior 197?. Straight-sided cup(darkground). and exteriorand band aroundundersidebase. MH III Early.#43. 1973. Semi-globularcup (dark ground).Buff.Coat interior and exterior. D. (base)8. MH III Early.#34.


1974. Jar (lightground).Horizontalhandle,roundin section.Drips.MH III Early.#34. 1975. Jar (lightground).Buff,red angularinclusions. Horizontal Bandon topofhandle, handle,roundinsection. redhorizontal band.MH II. #35.

coarse:redfabric(fig. 5.43) Minoan,medium

Whitehorizontal band.MH (darkground). 197^· Jug/jar III Early.#31.

Micaceous Minoan(fig.5.44)

1977. Jar.MH III Early.#34.

wareuncertain (fig.5.44) Orange,

rim.Orangewithdark1978. Roundedbowlwitheverted colouredinclusions. Biscuitandsurface 10R5/6(red).Dark bandaroundneck.D. (rim)20. MH III Early.#34. MH 1979. Jar.Orangewithredinclusions, soft-feeling. II. #35.

Lustrous Painted,wareuncertain (fig. 5.44)

1980. Kantharos. High-swung straphandle,barred.MH

275

III Early.#34. of rimand body 1981. Jar.Two non-joining fragments withhorizontal handle,ovalin section.Band push-through interior rimandexterior handle.D. (rim)12. MH III Early. #34.

Coarse,localgroup, (fig.5.44) plain and burnished

1982. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)13. MH III Early.#43. 1983. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)10. MH III Early.#43. 1984. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)12. MH III Early.#43. 1985. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)26. MH III Early.#34. 1986. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.Incised:hatched horizontal lines.MH III Early.#34. triangle, rim.D. (base)5.1. MH 1987. Roundedbowlwitheverted III Early.#34. 1988. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.No burnish. Roundedknobonshoulder. D. (rim)20.MH III Early.#34. 1989. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)20. MH II. #35. 1990. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH II. #35. 1991. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)30. MH II. #35. 1992. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Two nonofrimandbase.No burnish. D. (base)8. joiningfragments MH III Early.#31. rim.MH III Early. 1993· Wide-mouthed jar witheverted #43. rim.MH III Early. 1994. Wide-mouthed jar witheverted #43. rim.MH III Early. 1995. Wide-mouthed jar witheverted #43. 1996. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH II. #35. 1997. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH II. #35. 1998. Pithos(?).D. (rim)32. MH II. #35. 1999. Pithos(?).MH II. #35. 2000. Plate. Rim groovedalong top. MH III Early. #31.

(c) MH III LATE TO LH I (2OOI-22O4)

further fourceramicphasesfromlatestMH through earliestLH have Following studyofthepottery, beendistinguished: MH III Late,Transitional MH III/LH I, LH I EarlyandLH I/IIA. The sequence in AreaNu appearsto be thefollowing, takenin reversechronological order: 1. The shaftgrave,Nu burial13,was cutintotheremainsofStructure Nu II in thephasefollowing LH I Early,heretermedLH I/IIA and represented Rutter wallna maybelong by DepositN;252 to thesamephase.253 Nu II, publishedinRutter 2. Structure andRutter1976,wasbuiltinwhatis termedhereTransitional MH III/LH I to LH I Early:material ofLH I Earlyassociatedwiththebuildingitself is foundin Rutter L and F.254 DepositsH, perhaps Nu II werelevelsofTransitional MH III/LH I date:Rutter and the 3. BelowStructure DepositG255 1977 baskets 13 (2009-2011, 2014, 2018, 2020, 2030, 2051, 2053-2056, 2058, 2067, 2072, 2144» 2153, 2155, 2160, 2168-2169, 2176, 2178-2180, 2187-2191, 2198, 2200-2201, 2203,

3598-36o4> 36o6-36o7> 36o9> 36ι1"36ι*> 36l4"36l6> 3620-3623, 3626, 3631, 3634), 14 (2017, 2037, 2065, 2069, 2117, 2123, 2152, 2162, 2170, 2174), 22 (2039, 2096, 2114, 2151, «157? 2171, 36l7"36l9> 36*4>3635)>3* («046, 2049, 2083, 2105) and 33 (2062, 2095, 2110, The LustrousDecorated,LM IA and Mycenaean(i.e. LustrousPainted)pieces 2130, 2138).256 fromthesebasketsare publishedas 3598-3637 below. 252Rutterand Rutteriq>?6. 22. 253See Chapter 1 §§8 (iii)-(iv) above. 254Rutterand Rutter 1976, 19-21; see Chapter 1 §8 (v) above.

255Rutterand Rutter1n^fi ?n 256See Chapter 1 §8 (vj above.

C. ZERNER

276

oftheMH III Late phase: 1977 basket30 (2001, 4. Belowthisthereis evidence,althoughscanty, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2019, 2026-2028, 2091, 2094, 2097-2099, 2119-2120, 2193).257

2032, 2034, 2047, 2050, 2052, 2057, 2059, 2063, 2068, 2128, 2134-2136, 2140-2143, 2158, 2177, 2185, 2192,

Basketsfromtheremovalof thewallsof Structure Nu II and othercontextsdug in 1977 which have with Nu II but whichincludedearliermaterialare also been Structure may contemporary here. The are catalogued following phases represented: MH III Early:1977 baskets26 underwallsnc, nk and nm (e) (2007, 2133, 2163, 2166, 2175, 2186, 2197, 2199, 3627) and 37 fromwallnu (2108). LH I Early:1977baskets15 (2002, 2004, 2154, 2172), 16 (2139),18 (2005, MH III Latethrough 2036, 2038, 2048, 2071, 2149, 2159, 2161, 2182-2183, 3608, 3610, 3613, 3625, 3628-3630, 3632-3633, 3636), 23 (2015, 2022, 2040, 2074, 2084, 2087, 2202) and 25 (2113, 2167, 3637). LH I/IIA: basket1 (2085, 2101, 2132). forthe threephaseswerecontaminated elevenbasketsfromthefirst by thecutting Unfortunately, and untillatein theexcavation, shaftgrave,Nu burial13,theexistenceofwhichwas notrecognised - MH III according butLH 1/ totheexcavator(J.B. Rutter), controversial thedateofwhichis itself but ThisgravecontainedhardlyanyLH I pottery, IIA according advancedhere.258 tothechronology muchfromearlierphases.The graveitselfwas dugwithbaskets29, 39, 48, 51 and 55. MH HI Earlyor Late (2013, 2021, 2103, 2106, 2126, 2147, 2150, Basket29 contained primarily here(2064,2066).Basket MP 2164, 2204),buttwogritty fragments maydatetoLH I/IIA as defined I I LH MH III/LH or Transitional Early(2008,2156).Basket 39 hadMH III (2060,2109, 2115) and I MH III/LH (2035,2073, 2075-2076,2137, 2145-2146). Transitional 48 hadMH III Latethrough frombasket51 (2102) cannotbe datedmorecloselythanMH II- III. One fragment oftheshaftgraveare: 1977 baskets3 (LH Otherbasketsthatmaycontainsherdsfromthecutting MH III/LH I 2077-2078,2088, 2100, 2127, 2129),9 (MH Transitional I 2118),5 (MH III through MH III/LH I fragments III 2093 withLH I Early2082, 2131), 11 (twoTransitional 2079-2080),14 (MH III Late),19 (MH I Lateto III Early2023-2024, 2031 witha LH I EarlyYM sherdmixedin), LH I Early2029, 2033, 2042-2044,2070, 2090, 2092, 2104, 2121-2122, 24 (MH III Latethrough 2148, 2173, 2181, 2184, 2196), 40 (MH III Early2025, 2041, 2089, 2111-2112, 2116, 2124, 2165, 2194-2195 mixedwithLH I/IIA or LH IIA bichromecup 2045), 47 (MH III Early2016, MH III Late 2125,mixedwithLH I/IIA 2081, 2086) and 55 (LH I/IIA uncatalogued). DarkBurnished (fig.5.45)

2001. Carinatedcup.D. (rim)14. MH III Late.#30. 2002. Carinatedcup.MH III Late-LHI Early.# 15. 2003. Carinatedcup.MH III Late.#30. 2004. Bowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)14. MH III LateLH I Early.# 15. 2005. Carinatedcup.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. 2006. Carinatedcup.MH III Late.#30. 2007. Carinatedcup. Fairlycoarse withlarge white concaverim, toslightly Unevenprofile: inclusions. straight D. (rim)14, (base) 3.2, concaveunderneath. base slightly H. 5.1. MH III Early.#26. 77-603.plate 37. 2008. Carinated bands,pendent cup.Incised:horizontal doubleloops.D. (rim)8. MH III/LH I-LH I Early.#39. cup.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2009. Straight-sided 2010. Conicalcup(?).MH III/LH I. # 13. 2011. Cup or goblet,foot?D. (base) 5. MH III/LH I. #13. 2012. Pedestalled cup,foot.D. (stem)3.5. MH III Late. #30. cup,foot.MH III. # 29. 2013. Pedestalled 2014. Cup,foot.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2015. Goblet.D. (rim)14. MH III Late-LH I Early. # 23. 2016. Goblet.D. (rim)20. MH III Early.#47. bowl.MH III/LH I. # 14. 2017. Shoulder-handled bowl.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2018. Shoulder-handled 257See Chapter ι §8 (vi)above.

bowl.MH III Late.#30. 2019. Shoulder-handled bowl.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2020. Shoulder-handled bowl. D. (rim) 18. MH III. 2021. Shoulder-handled # 29. MH bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 2022. Shoulder-handled III Late-LHI Early.# 23. D. bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 2023. Shoulder-handled (rim)12. MH III Early.# 19. D. bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 2024. Shoulder-handled (rim)20. MH III Early.#19. bowl.Repairhole in shoulder. 2025. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)23. MH III Early.#40. 2026. Shoulder-handledbowl. Pressed-on handle MH III Late.#30. attachment. concave bowl.Lowfoot,slightly 2027. Shoulder-handled D. (base)6.5. MH III Late.#30. underneath. 2028. Hole-mouthed jar. Carinated.D. (rim)10.6. MH III Late.#30. jar. Rim, flaton top, thickened 2029. Hole-mouthed MH III Late-LHI Early.# 24. exterior. as 2029. MH jar.Samedescription 2030. Hole-mouthed III/LH I. # 13. 2031. Jar.D. (rim)8. MH III Early.# 19. MH III Late. 2032. Jar.Rim flaton top, projecting. #30. 2033. Jar.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2034. Jar.Flatbase. MH III Late.#30. 258Chapter ι §8 (iv)above.


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DarkBurnished Fig.5.45.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ III Early-LHI Earlypottery: 2001-2034;DarkBurnished? 2035; Grey Minyan2036-2039;Dull Painted2040-2043.Scale 1:3.

Dark Burnished(?) (fig. 5.45)

Incised:doubleoval 2035. Bowl.Fine.Brown.Burnished. or eye.MH III Late-MHIII/LH I. #48.

GreyMinyan(fig.5.45)

rimandpedestalfoot. 2036. Carinatedcup.Non-joining D. (rim)10, (base)3.5. MH III Late-LHI Early.# 18. Rimconvexon top.D. (rim)20. 2037. Goblet.T-shaped.

MH III/LH I. # 14. 2038. Bowl or goblet.Two ribson shoulder.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. MH III/ 2039. Spoutedjar. Tubularspouton shoulder. LH I. # 22.


rim.MH 2040. Bowl withevertedrim.Zigzaginterior III Late-LH I Early.# 23.

C. ZERNER

278

CD w~f^ ' ' "!# 2195

^- ^

2199 I

} ^"2201

V.^2196

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L^^2I98

2202

Fig. 5.50. Area Nu 1977, ΜΗ III Early-LH I Earlypottery:Coarse, local group 2165-2204. Scale 1:3.

2174. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. # 14. 2175. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 16. MH III Early.# 26. 2176. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. MH III/LH I. #13. 2177. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III Late. # 30. 2178. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH

I. # 13. 2179. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2180. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2181. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH III LateLH I Early.# 24. 2182. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 20. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

2183. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)20.5. # 18. MH III Late-LH I Early. 2 184. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH III LateLH I Early.# 24. 2 185. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Horned knob on shoulder.MH III Late. # 30. 2 186. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Horned knob on shoulder.MH III Early.# 26. 2187. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Flat strap handle. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2188. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Slightly troughedstraphandle. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2189. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle,round in section.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2190. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle,round in section.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2191. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Horizontal handle,square in section.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2192. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (base) 3. MH III Late. # 30.

POTTERY §5 (vii)

285

2193. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 3.5. MH III Late. # 30. 2194. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (base) 3. MH III Early.# 40. 2195. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 2.5. MH III Early.# 40. 2196. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 3.3. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2197. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH III Early. #26. 2198. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 7.6. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2199. Shallow bowl or plate. MH III Early.# 26. 2200. Jar.Incised: criss-cross.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2201. Pierced stand(?).MH III/LH I. # 13. 2202. Pithos.Buff.Horizontalridge,incised:verticallines. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 23. 2203. Pithos.Incised: spirals.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2204. Pithos. Orange. Incised: herringbone.MH III. # 29.

(vii) Material from the 1959-63 Excavations and Area Nu 1973-74 Sherds2323-2325 are fromthe Antiquities Collectionof the BritishSchool at Athensand were added to thepétrographie and chemicalanalysespublishedin Appendix2 in orderto fillout the sampleofLD wares.TheyaretypicalofLD ware,medium-coarse [Allthepiecesmarked'AS variety. are in Sherds not from 2. sample' analysed Appendix AyiosStephanos,including2331 fromthe at Asteriin 1959,are markedwitha dagger.Contextual excavations information is added fromthe excavationrecords, in the of the in increase our reinterpreted light knowledge.] (a) EARLY HELLADIC

IIl(?)

(2205)

Pattern Painted(fig. 5.51) 2205.

Bowl. Buff,studdedwithinclusions.Lustrousred-

(b) MIDDLE

HELLADIC

brownpaint: band interiorrim,exteriorobliquelyhatched triangles,coated lower body(?). Delta 1963, # 66. Context included EH II, MH and LH, possiblyLH IIIC Early.

(2206-2320)

Dark Burnished (figs.5.51-5.52)

cross-hatching and concentric circles. 1963, context unknown. (Burnishedinteriorand exteriorunlessotherwisenoted) 2214. Rounded bowl with everted rim, high-swung 2206. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Streakily-burnished handle. Handle attachedexteriorrim withremainsof tab interiorrim.Burnishedexterioronly.EH ΠΙ/MH I. Trial interior,well-burnishedexterior.Incised: horizontallines and rows of dots. MH I. Beta 11, 1963, # 20, 21. Context TrenchVII, 1963, # 3. SurfacecontextwithEH II to LH. LH I-IIA withLH IIIC Early.AS sampleno. 2: Set 2 Class Taylour 1972, 248, HS 58. 63-064. 1. PLATEA2.I b. bowl. Two non-joining 2215. Shoulder-handled fragments of rim and body with flat strap-handle.Incised: triple 2207. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Incised: horizontal lines,rows of dots. Alpha 9, i960, # 2. ContextMH with garlandson lower body. D. (rim)29. Alpha 11, 1963, # 9. EH II. SurfacecontextwithEH II to Medieval. 2208. Angularcup. High-swungflatstraphandle. Early 2216. Shoulder-handled bowl. Rim with three facets, MH. Delta 11, 1963, #11. Surfacecontext. grooved along outer edge; two ribs on shoulder.Incised: horizontallines along top rib. D. (rim)27. Alpha 14, 1963, 2209. Angular cup. Incised: horizontal lines, hatched # 80. ContextEH II to Medieval. AS sample no. 19: Set 2 triangles.Delta 11, 1963, # 50. ContextpurelyMH. 2210. Angularcup. Three non-joiningfragments ofbody Class 2. and base. Incised: horizontallines, rows of dots, to base. bowl.Threeribson shoulder.Con2217. Shoulder-handled textunknown.AS sampleno. 18: Set 2 Class 2. plate A2.1 c. Early MH. Delta 2(?) or 3, 1959, # 4. 2211. Angular cup. Burnished interior,exterior and 2218. Shoulder-handledbowl. Three ribs on shoulder. underside base. Incised: horizontal lines and obliquely Alpha 6, 1959, # 6. ContextMH withEH II. hatchedtriangles.D. (rim)6, (base) 3.3. Gamma 1, 1959, 2219. Shoulder-handledbowl. Flattenedrim.D. (rim)19. # 25. ContextLH I-II withMH. Beta 12A, 1963, # 153. MH context,perhaps MH I Late 2212. Carinatedcup. Heavily restored.D. (rimest.) 24, (dates Floor 27). (base) 6.9; foundused as pithoslid in Delta burial28, 1963 2220. Shoulder-handled bowl. Incised and stamped (= Delta 14, 1963, # 112). MH I. Context dated by the below carination:dottedgarlandsand stampedconcentric circles. Gamma 1 1959, # 4. Context Medieval withEH piece. Taylour 1972, 227, pl. 43^ HS 29. 63-065. 2213. Carinatedcup. Wornburnish.Incisedand stamped: II, MH and LH I-II.

286

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.51. Earlierexcavations,EH III (?) pottery:2205. MH: Dark Burnished2206-2220. Scale 1:3.

2221. Goblet. Flat strap handles. Streakilyburnished interior,well-burnished exterior. Incised: eight triple garlands at point of widest diameter continuingaround lineson undersidebase (potter'smark?). body,criss-crossing D. (rim) 13, (base) 6.5, H. 12.3. Alpha 11, 1963, # 11. ContextMH (Alpha burial 23); foundwith2222. Taylour 1972, 215 withfig.6, HS 16. 63-018. [AlthoughRutter dated thisto MH III (1979, 465-6 withn. 5), C. Zerner now considersit MH III Late-MH III/LH I.]

2222. Pyxis.Two pairs of holes on oppositesides of rim. burnishedunderside Burnishedexterior, interior(?), streakily base. Incisedwithwide-tippedtool and stamped:horizontal lines, chevrons, obliquely hatched triangles, stamped concentriccircles.D. (rim)6.5, (base) 6, H. 6. Alpha 11, 1963, # 11. Context M H (Alpha burial 23); found with 2221. Taylour 1972, 215-16 withfig.7, HS 17. 63-017. [Datingas for2221.] 2223. Flask. Plain flaring rim, pierced (one hole

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (vii)

287

Fig. 5.52. Earlierexcavations,MH pottery:Dark Burnished2221-2234; Dull Painted 2235-2237; Dull Painted?2238; MattPainted,fine2239-2247. Scale 1:3. preserved).Incised:rowofdots.Delta 8, i960, # 5. Context MH withLH. 2224. Flask. Incised: horizontallines,obliquely hatched triangles- apices up and down. TrialTrenchVII, 1963, # 22. Surfacecontextwith EH II to Medieval. AS sample no. 3: Set 2 Class 1. 2225. Flask.Incised:horizontallines,pendentsemicircles. Alpha 8, 1963, #51. ContextEH to LH. 2226. Flask. Incised: horizontallines. Trial TrenchVII,

1963, # 17. ContextMH, includingMH III, witha little EH. 2227. Flask. Incised: obliquely hatchedtriangleat base. TrialTrenchVII, 1963, #17. ContextMH, includingMH III, witha littleEH. 2228. Small wide-mouthedjar. Gamma 1, 1959, #10. ContextMH III/LH I (tumbleof wall nf). 2229. Small wide-mouthedjar. D. 14. Gamma 1, 1959, # 10. Contextas 2228.

288

C. ZERNER

rim,flaton top and projecting. 2230. Jar(?).Straight horizontal on top rim;exterior Incised:hatchedtriangles lines,groupofobliquelines.Alpha11/12/14baulk,1963, #81. ContextMH withEH andperhapssomeLH. 2231. Jar(?).Incisedrib: chevrons. Alpha 15, 1963, # withEH to LH. 74. Surfacecontext horizontal lines,oblique 2232. Jar(?).Incised:semicircles, lines.Alpha 10/7/11baulk,1963,# 28. Surfacecontext MH III, and Medieval. withEH, MH, including 2233. Jar(?).Stamped:concentriccircles.Gamma 2, AS sampleno. 21: Set 1 Class 1. plate 1959,#unknown. A2.1 a. bowl. Gamma 2, 1959, # 3. 2234. Shoulder-handled ContextMedievalwithMH III to LH I- II. AS sampleno. 20: Set 2 Class 3. plateA2.1 d.


base. and underside 2235. Plate.Obliquestripeexterior D. (rim)16, (base) 14.3,H. 2.1. Beta 1963,#unknown. rim.Zigzagtoprim;exterior 2236. Bowlwithinturned doublezigzag.D. (rim)27. MH I- II. Beta 11, 1963,#86. Medieval. Contextmixed,including 2237. Jug. Potter'smark.Handle round in section. Horizontaland verticalbands,two stripesalonghandle. Incisedmarkon topofhandle:twoobliquelinesopposed of superimposed to threeobliquelinesin unevenpattern chevrons. Alpha12, 1963,#61a. ContextMH (burial28).

Dull Painted(?)(fig.5.52)

raquet,vertical(and oblique?) 2238. Jar.Cross-hatched band. Beta 12A, 1963, # 137 ContextLH II-IIIAi (removalofFloor18).

MattPainted, fine(fig.5.52)

2239. Semi-globularcup/kantharos.D-o-1. Burnt. Horizontal bands,zigzag.D. (rim)12. Beta4, i960, # 29. ContextLH I-II withLH III A 1 in 3675 (burial1). D-o-1.Band and 2240. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. rim exterior interior lines band,horizontal rim; pendent bandandzigzag.D. (rim)13.Beta6/1,i960, #24. Context MH III to EarlyMycenaean. D-o-1.Bandinterior 2241. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. and bands horizontal exterior rim; wavyline.D. (rim)11. someLH I-II. Beta6, i960, #20. ContextLH including D-o-1.Flat strap 2242. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. tobothsidesrim.Bandandpendentlines handleattached bandsand zigzag.Beta5/ horizontal interior rim,exterior 2, i960, # 17. ContextMH withLH. D-o-1.Bandinterior 2243. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. bandsandzigzag.D. (rim)14. 1963, horizontal rim;exterior unknown. provenance D-o-1.Burnt.Band 2244. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. and wavylineat rim.D. (est.rim)10. Beta6/1,i960, # LH I-IIA. 24. ContextMH withLH, including D-o-1.Horizontal cup/kantharos. 2245. Semi-globular rowofdashes.Beta7, i960, semicircles, bands,concentric LH II. # 10. ContextMH withLH, including bands D-o-1.Vertical 2246. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. horizontal interior bands,redpendentwavy rim;exterior lineor loopsand wavyband.Beta4, i960, # 6. Context LH IIIC Early. probably Bichrome.Vertical cup/kantharos. 2247. Semi-globular horizontal bandsinterior bands,redwavyline. rim;exterior D. (rim)14. Beta 11, 1963,# 14. ContextLH IIIC Early withmuchLH I-II and MH.

MattPainted,imported(?) (fig. 5.53)

Burnished 2248. Semi-globularcup. D-o-1.Greenish-buff. on exteriorand interior.Horizontalbands and spiral.1963, provenanceunknown. 2249. Goblet. L-o-d. Buff,white slip on interiorand exterior;burnishedexterior.Band interiorrimwithadded whitestripes;band exteriorrim.Beta 5, i960, #17. Context MH withLH.

YellowMinyan,gritty (fig.5.53)

rim.D. (rim)28. Beta 6, 2250. Deep bowl. In-turned i960, #27. ContextprobablyMH. rimslightly everted, grooved 2251. Deep bowl.Straight alongtop.D. (rim)21. Beta 1/12B, 1963,# 134. Context LH ΠΙΑ latest(removalofwallga).

MattPainted,gritty (fig. 5.53)

rim,exterior 2252. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Bandinterior bandsand pendentloopsor wavyline.Beta5, horizontal i960, # 24. ContextMH III. rim;exterior 2253. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Bandinterior rimband withpendentloops or wavyline.D. (rim)12. Beta6, i960, # 18. ContextmostlyMH butwithLH III. 2254. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Red paint: horizontal Beta7, i960, #12. ContextLH bands,hatchedtriangles. I-IIA withMH. rim;exterior 2255. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Bandinterior rimbandwithpendent bands, loopsorwavyline,horizontal context obliqueband.Beta12A, 1963,#76. Surface fringed withMedievaland LH IIIC Early. D-o-1.Redpaint:horizontal bands, 2256. Goblet,angular. Beta 11, 1963,#43. ContextMH. triangle. multiple Bandtopofrimanddeep 2257. Deep bowl.D-o-1.T-rim. rim.D. (rim)24. Beta5, i960, #unknown. bandexterior bands.Beta 2258. Deep bowl.D-o-1.Spout.Horizontal 6, i960, # 18. ContextmostlyMH butwithLH III. Dotted rim.D-o-1.Burnt? 2259. Globular jarwitheverted zigzaglines.Delta 5, i960, # 5. ContextMH withLH, probablyLH I-II. 2260. Globular rim,hollowedinterior, jar.D-o-1.Straight rimband and interior Band on toprim;exterior grooved top. bands.Beta6, withpendentloopsor wavyline,horizontal LH I-II withMH. i960, #22. Context D-o-1.Horizontal 2261. Jug/jar. bands,rowsofdots.Beta IIIC LH # Context EarlywithLH I-II and 5/2,i960, 13. someMH. 2262. Jug/jar.D-o-1.Horizontalband, row of dots, LH I-II with Beta4, i960, #29. Context hatchedtriangles. LH III A 1 in 3675 (burial1). D-o-1.Red paint:horizontal bands,filled 2263. Jug/jar. LH. Beta4, i960, #7. Contextmostly triangles. 2264. Jug/jar.D-o-1.Dots arrangedin a circle,other pattern?Beta 6, i960, # 10. ContextLH I-IIA with MH. Horizontal D-o-1.Whiteslip,burnished. 2265. Jug/jar. band, diagonal band? Beta 7, i960, #12. Context LH I-IIA withMH. AS sampleno. 4: Set 3 Class 1. plate A2.1 e. D-o-1.Upright handle(?). 2266. Jar(?).Shape uncertain. on rim,as spectaclehandle?Horizontal Odd attachment Beta6/1,i960, # 24. bands,pendentdoublesemicircles. ContextLH I-IIA withMH. and interior Burnished 2267. Doublevase(?).Bichrome. exterior.Black and red horizontalbands. MH III-LH. unknown. 1963,provenance

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vii)

289

MH pottery: MattPainted, Fig.5.53. Earlierexcavations, 2250-2251;Matt 2248-2249;YellowMinyan, gritty imported Scale Painted, 1:3. 2252-2267. gritty

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig. 5.54)

mark.White 2268. Roundedcup (darkground).Potter's loop. Partofincisedmarkon bodyunderhandle(handle brokenoff).MH I. D. (rim)10. (Cf.Zerner1988,6 fig.24: 12). Contextunknown. Rowsofbarbotine dots 2269. Angular cup(darkground). (dotsofbuffclay).MH I. Beta3, 1959,# 25. ContextLH IIB (plaster floorin SE sector). 2270. Semi-globular cup (lightground).Band interior darkhorizontal rim;exterior bands,quirks;redhorizontal

band,whitequirks.D. (rim)10. Beta 12B, 1963,# 146. ContextMH III/LH I withLH I-IIA (overFloor22).

Lustrous medium-coarse decorated, (figs.5.54-5.55)

rim; 2271. Roundedcup (darkground).Band interior exterior vertical bandsinredandwhite.Beta1/12B, 1963, # 139. ContextLH II withsomeMH. 2272. Roundedcup (darkground).Pulled-out lip spout. Deep band interiorrim;exteriorverticalbands of red and white,whitecross-hatched verticalband.Beta 1963,

290

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.54. Earlierexcavations, MH pottery: Lustrous fine2268-2270,Lustrous mediumcoarse Decorated, Decorated, 2271-2280,2282-2287.Scale 1:3.

# unknown. Taylour1972, 257, 233 fig.16.2,pl. 4gd.i, HS 96. 63-015. 2273. Roundedcup (darkground).Handle,rectangular in section,on shoulder. white Band interior rim;exterior vertical lines, red vertical band; handle and body underneath handlewerenotcoatedexceptforbandat top and bottom.Beta 11, 1963,# 25. Contextprobablypure MH (burial6); foundwith2281. Taylour1972,233 with

fig.16.1,pl. 453,HS 31. 63-001. [Datedto MM IB, i.e. MH I Late,in Rutter and Rutter1976,26 n. 22.] [2273a. (?)Basinor deep bowl (darkground).Lug handle flattened lug,pierced.D. (hole)0.7. Nu/ only.Horizontal Gamma1, 1974 #4. ContextMedievalwithsomeLH II andMH. 74-227.Notillustrated.] 2274. Plate (dark ground). Coat exteriorincluding linesfromrim,widecurving underside base;whitevertical

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

band fromrim and over base. D. (rim) 20.5, (base) 17.8, H. 2.3. MH I. Gamma 1, 1959, # ig(?). ContextMH III to LH I-II (MH III/LH I?). 2275. Jug (plain?). Badly encrusted:very orange fabric with masses of white inclusions and some white shiny particles(quartz).Ridged shoulder(ridgesdo not continue underhandle). MH I. TrialTrenchVII, 1963, # 8. Context MH III-LH I. Taylour1972, 252, HS 87. 63-062. 2276. Jug (lightground).Handle attachedto neck below rim.Drips overhandle.Incisedpotter'smark:twochevrons. MH I-II. Beta 12B, 1963, # 72(?). Contextmixed down to LH IIIC Early. 2277. Hole-mouthedjar (lightground). Fine clay used forrim. Horizontalbands. D. (rim) 22. Beta 11, 1963, # 27. ContextprobablyMH III or MH III/LH I. 2278. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). D. (rim) 14. Beta 11, 1963, # 23. ContextMH. 2279. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Hollowed rim. Band interiorrim, white vertical bands; exteriorhorizontalbands of whiteand red. Beta 11, 1963, # 20. ContextLH I-IIA withLH IIIC Early. 2280. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Five fragments ofneckand body (onlyneckillustrated here). Band, smudge of paint, interiorrim; exteriorhorizontal bands ofred and white,whitearcs(?).Reservedlowerbody. D. (rim) 12. Nu 1, 1973, # 20, 22, 25 (Rutterand Rutter 1976, 31, R93, fromDeposit F). Context MH III Early (floors of wall ng). 73-605. 2281. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Band interior rim;whitehorizontalbands,groupsofoblique lines and hatchedtriangles.D. (rim) 17. Beta 11, 1963, # 25. ContextprobablypureMH (burial6); foundwith2273. Taylour1972, 233, pl. 45a, HS 30. 63-041. [ProbablyMH 1 Late: see on 2273.] 2282. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Whitehorizontalbands,rowofdots;purplehorizontalband. Beta 12A, 1963, #81. ContextLH, perhaps LH I-II. AS sample no. 17: Set 4 Class 1. plate A2.1/ 2283. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Potter'smark. Horizontal handle. Incised mark on body below handle: verticalrow of fourgouges. Delta 11/13, 1963, #87. ContextMH. 2284. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Horizontalband, cross-hatchedtriangles.Beta 6, i960, # 18. ContextmostlyMH but withLH III. 2285. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Darkhorizontalbands,thickwavyline;whitehorizontallines, wavy lines. MH II-III Early.Beta 12A, 1963, #76, 152. ContextprobablyMH III Early(removalofFloor 25). 2286. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Cross-hatchedracquet, arcs, horizontal band, group of oblique lines; added white horizontalbands, arcs, filled circle.Delta 7, i960, # 8. ContextMH. 2287. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Dark horizontalband, quirks; red horizontal band and crossinglines;whitehorizontallinesand bands,criss-crossed bands, rows of dots. Beta 1963, # unknown. 2288. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Five non-joiningfragments of body and base (manymore smallones notillustrated here).Wide horizontalband, wide wavyband, horizontalbands; added whitehorizontallines, curvingband edged withred lines.MH III/LH I. Beta 12B 1963, # 146, 150, and Beta 12A/B baulk 1974, # 43. ContextMH III/LH I (Floor 22). Taylour 1972, 257, pl. 49c, HS 98. 63-051. AS sample no. 9a: Set 4 Class 1. 2289. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). ofbody and base. Horizontalbands, Non-joiningfragments spiral;whitehorizontalbands,purplehorizontalbands. Late MH. Beta 11, 1963, # 29. ContextLH I-IIIA withmuch MH. AS sample no. 8: Set 4 Class 1.

POTTERY §5 (vii)

291

Minoan,fine(fig. 5.56)

2290. Straight-sidedcup (dark ground). Buff.Wheelmade, many working marks (string-cutbase). S-handle attachedto exteriorrim.Coat all over interiorand exterior includingunder handle. D. (rim) 10.5, (base) 6, H. 6.4. MM IIB-IIIA, i.e. MH III Early. Delta 5, i960, # 7. Context MH (burial 7) with EH II and perhaps LH; foundwith 2296. Taylour 1972, 222-4, pi· 43e right,HS 26. 60-021. 2291. Straight-sided cup (dark ground). Buff. Band interiorrim;coat exteriorbut not over all of handle. 1963, provenanceunknown. 2292. Semi-globular cup (light ground). Buff. Band interiorrim;exteriorrimband, foliateband; red horizontal band. Beta 11, 1963, # 29. ContextLH I-IIIA withmuch MH. 2293. Bowl(?). Wheel-made. Greyish-buff, soft-feeling. Brown coat interior,greyish-brown exterior.White spiral. Beta 1963, # unknown. 2294. Bowl(?) (dark ground). Encrusted. Red-brown paint: band around interiorjust above base; exteriorband aroundundersideofbase; whitehorizontalband. EarlyLH. Beta 12B, 1963, # 146. ContextMH III/LH I withLH III A (over Floor 22). 2295. Bowl(?) (dark ground). Wheel-made. Orange. Buffsurface.Worn paint: coat exterior.D. (base) 8. Early LH. Beta 12B, 1963, # 146. Context MH III/LH I with LH I-IIA (over Floor 22).


2296. Jug with beaked spout (lightground). Flat base, slightlyconcave underneath,roundsectionhandle,cutand pared; tool markson neck and base wherewalls were.Buff withwhite,black and red inclusions.Dark red band interior rim; exteriorhorizontalbands, drip. H. 20.5, D. (base) 8. Delta 5, i960, # 7. Date as 2290. ContextMH (burial7) with EH II and perhaps LH; found with 2290. Taylour HS 25. 60-020. 1972, 222-4, pl· 43e feft» 2297. Jug/jar(darkground).Buff.White verticalbands, spiralwithcurlicue.Beta 11, 1963, #151. ContextLH III withMH. 2298. Jug/jar(dark ground). Buff.Orange paint, white bands,cross,rowsofdots;red band. Alpha 11/12/14,1963, # 89. ContextMH III (burial34). 2299. Jug/jar (light ground). Orange. Orange surface interior,tan surfaceexterior,burnished.Black horizontal band, whiterunningspiral.Beta, year and # unknown.

Micaceous Minoan(figs.5.56-5.57)

2300. Deep basin (dark ground). Interiorburnishedor coat ofpaint(?).Top rim:whiteverticalbands; exteriorwhite wavybands. D. (rim)30. Beta 11, 1963, # 3. Surfacecontext withall periods fromEH I to Medieval. 2301. Deep basin (dark ground). Spout on shoulder. White vertical bands (stamped?) on exteriorrim. 1963, provenanceunknown. 2302. Deep basin (dark ground). Out-curvingrim,row ofincisedcirclesalongitsedge. 1963, provenanceunknown. [2302a. Basin (decoration not reported). Pie-crustrim. Gamma 1 1959, # 4. ContextMedieval withEH II, MH and LH I-II. AS sampleno. 5: Set 5 Class 3. Not illustrated.] 2303. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Decoration worn off.D. (rim) 15. Beta 3, 1959, # 22. Context LH II, presumablyLH IIB (plasterfloorin SE sector).AS sample no. 14: Set 5 Class 3. *3°4· Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). White curvilinearpattern,red-filledcircles.Beta 6, i960, # 18. ContextMH witha littleLH III.

C. ZERNER

292

mediumcoarse2281, 2288-2289.Scale 1:3. Fig.5.55.AreaBeta11-12,1963,MH pottery: Lustrous Decorated, 2305. Jug/jar (dark ground). White band. 1963, unknown. AS sampleno. 10: Set 5 Class 3. provenance PLATE A2.2

C.

2306. Cookingpot.Straight TypeΒ (Betancourt profile, burnt handle,oval in section.Interior 1980,3), horizontal from2 cmbelowrim.D. (rim)12. TrialTrenchIV, 1963, # 5. SurfacecontextwithEH to LH III. Taylour1972, 248,HS 61. 63-063. evertedT-shapedrim,Type 2307. Cookingpot.Slightly A (Betancourt 1980,3). Beta 12B, 1963,#110. Context LH IIIC Early. mixed,including

2308. Cooking pot. T-shaped rim, globular body. ofcoil.Beta 1/12B, 1963, Shoulderscoredforattachment #122. ContextLH IIIC Early(Floor5, 1974)withLH III wash. handle,ovalin section.Beta 2309. Cookingpot.Vertical 11, 1963,#102. Contextundetermined. [2309a. Cookingpot.Base and lowerbodyonly.Conical hollowedraisedbase. Roughly lowerprofilewithslightly smoothedin and out. D. (base) 6.1, H. (max.ex.) 11.9. Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#7. LH I Describedbyj. B. Rutter. Not illustrated.] Early.74-601.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vii)

293

Fig.5.56. Earlierexcavations, MH pottery: Minoan,fine2290-2295;Minoan,mediumcoarse2296-2299;Micaceous Minoan2300-2302.Scale 1:3.

MinoanSchistGroup(see Appendix 2, Set 5 Class 2) = Micaceous Minoan(?)(fig. 5.57)

2310. Jug/jar(darkground).Beta 12A, 1963, # 65. Contextmixed,including LH IIIC Early.AS sampleno. 12: Set5 Class 2. 2311. Jug/jar(darkground).Whitebands. Beta 12A, 1963, # 63, 127. ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I-II wash (Floor4, 1974). AS sampleno. 7a: Set 5 Class 2. plateA2.2 b.

CoarseLocal Group(fig. 5.57 unless stated)

2312. Straight-sided cup (pinchpot).No burnish.Very uneven.D. (rim)5.7, (base) 5.5. Delta 5/8, 1963, # 7. ContextLH withMH and someEH II. D. (rim)6, (base)3.5. Alpha7, «3 13· Cup. No burnish. i960, # 4. ContextMH (burial7) withEH II. Taylour 1972,211,pl. 39h,HS 9. 60-001. Lower profileonly. [2313a. Miniaturecup (pinch-pot). Crudehollowedbase,steeply No burnish; spreading profile.

294

C. ZERNER

MH pottery: Fig.5.57. Earlierexcavations, MicaceousMinoan2303-2311;Coarse,localgroup2312-2318.MH-LH: Matt Painted Coarse2330-2331.Scale 1:3. 2328; Aeginetan, Aeginetan, lustrous insideand out.D. (base) 1.8-2.1,H. (max.ex.) Nu 2, 1974,#48. Context 2.2. Describedbyj. B. Rutter. LH I/IIA (fillofshaftofburial13) withEH II andMH III downto MH III/LH I. 74-613.Notillustrated.] 2314. Roundedcup withevertedrim.Verticalhandle. D. (rim)8.5,(base)4, H. 7. Late burnished interior. Partially MH. Alpha11/12/14,1963,#82. Contextprobablylate

MH (burial33). Taylour1972,220, pl. 41g right. HS 24. 63-032. Incised: 2315. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim:strainer. one horizontal and obliquelines.Fourholesin shoulder, thebodywall.EH ΠΙ/MH I. 1963, notall thewaythrough unknown. provenance 2316. Two-handled jar. Two verticalhandles,roundin

V ) THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vii)

295

M

2319 '

)

if

2320

ΜΗ pottery: Fig.5.58. Earlierexcavations, Coarse,localgroup2319-2320.Scale 1:3.

section,on rim.D. (rim)6.2, (base) 4, H. 9.4. Alpha 4, 1959,# 2. ContextMH I (burial1) withEH; foundwith HS 2 (MHIDB bowlwithribbedshoulderandgarlands). Taylour1972,208,pl. 39h,HS 1. 59-001. 2317. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Twoupwardhorizontal oval in section,on midpoint of handles, tilting body.D. (rim)8.3, (base)5, H. 10.8.Alpha10, i960, #4. ContextMH (burial19) withEH II. Taylour1972, 213, pl. 39fleft,HS 13. 60-006. 2318. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Doubleknob on shoulder. Beta 1, 1959,#22. ContextMH.

2319. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Some markson exterior. Pointedknobon shoulder. burnishing TrialTrenchVB, 1963,#5. Surfacecontext EH including II Late.Taylour1972,249,HS 65. AS sampleno. 13: Set 6 Class 1. 63-057.plateA2.2 e,fig.5.58. 2320. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Complete, burnished burnt exterior, manyjoiningfragments. Lightly blackon upperbody.Low knobon neck.Diam (rim)23, (base)4, H. 37. Beta4, i960, #12, 24. Contextprobably LH. Taylour1972,256,pl. 49a, HS 92. 60-010.fig.5.58.

(c) MIDDLE HELLADIC-LATE HELLADIC (2321-2332)

MattPainted,gritty (WhiteSlipped)

Horizontal 2321. Closedvessel(?),bichrome. plasticrib, band of red. MH or LH I Early?Beta 11, 1963, # 42. Contextall periodsto Medieval.AS sampleno. 6: Set 3 Class 1. Notillustrated.

coarse Plain,orange

handle.Widemouth;plain, 2322. Basinwithhorizontal beveledtoward rim, interior; wide,flatbase. incurving slightly

Beta 12B, 1963,# 146, 150. ContextMH III/LH I (Floor 22).Taylour1972,259 (datedLH IIIB), HS 123.AS sample no. 15: Set5 Class 1. 63-050.Notdrawn;plateA2.2 a.

Lustrous medium coarse(notfrom Decorated, Ayios Stephanos)

t2323- Sherd,originunknown(BSA Collection,from Kastri,Argosor Lerna).AS sampleno. 9b: Set4 Class 2. Notillustrated.

C. ZERNER

296

1*2324. Sherd,originunknown(provenanceas previous). AS sample no. gc: Set 4 Class 2. Not illustrated. 1*2325. Sherd,originunknown(provenanceas previous). AS sample no. gd: Set 4 Class 2. Not illustrated.

LustrousDecoratedor Minoan(P), mediumcoarse

2326. Jar (lightground). Ripple decoration.MH III or LH I. ig63, provenanceunknown.AS sample no. 16: Set 4 Class 1. Not illustrated.

Minoan(?), plain: red,schistand quartzfabric

2327. Jug withround mouth.Handle, round in section, attachedto top of rim and upper shoulder.LH I. Beta 11, 1g63, # 107. ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.Taylour ig72, 25g (wheredated LH IIIB), HS 115. AS sample no. 7b: Set 5 Class 4. 63-012. Notdrawn;shownin plate A2.2 d.

6. THE SHERDS

Aeginetan,Matt Painted (fig. 5.57)

2328. Jug/jar.Band exteriorrim. Early LH. Beta 12B, 1963, # 150. ContextMH III/LH I (removalofFloor 22). AS sample no. 11: Set 6 Class 2. plate A2.2 /

Aeginetan,coarse(fig. 5.57)

2329. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle, oval in section. Beta 12A, ig63, # 82. Context mixed. 2330. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Burned exterior.Hollowed rim. ig63, provenanceunknown. 1 233 1. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Potter'smark. Impressedon undersideofbase: threeshortoblongsforming a T' D. (base) 8. Asteriig5g, trenchLambda 3a, level II. ContextLH I-IIA. plate 37. 2332-3000. Numbersnot used.

WITH POTTERS'

MARKS

(i) Introduction The term'potter'smark'is used here to designatea non-decorativemarkthatwas incised,impressed, applied or paintedon a vesselbeforeitwas fired.This termimpliesthatthemaker,or someoneclosely from associatedwiththe productionof the vessel,was the one who made the mark;it is distinguished theterm'user'smark',whichdesignatesa markthatwas placed on thevessel afteritwas fired,whether thevesselremainedwhole or was made use ofin pieces (e.g. Athenianostrakaofthe Classical period). of a non-decorativemark as distinctfroma decorativeone is oftenimpossibleto The identification make: not onlycan theintentofthe ancientpotterneverbe known,but some marksmay have served be termedpotters'marks,as bothpurposes.Most ofthemarksincludedhere,however,mayconfidently that the MBA of characteristic traditions to two regularlyemployedpotters'marks: potting theybelong here to designatea collectionof is used The term Decorated. Lustrous and 'markingsystem' Aeginetan to that vessels on and in similar mark of appear have been producedin similar placement design types and shouldnot be confused of convenience sake for the chosen has been This term traditions. potting withtheterm'writingsystem'.Althoughthepurposeofthemarksis notknown,mostofthemcannotbe directlylinkedto the writingsystems,hieroglyphicand linear,used in the Aegean worldin the MBA (althoughsome ofthepotters'marksare the same as or similarto scriptsigns). Potters'marks of the kind discussed here, especially incised lines, are very simple and easy to markingsystems.Both of the make,and the same combinationsof strokesmay be foundin different main pottingtraditionsof the MBA, the Minoan and the Cycladic,used marksin a way thatmay be the LD and Aeginetan,employedthe same kind of marking Their offshoots, classifiedas systematic. Minoan a LD system,the Aeginetanusinga Cycladic system.Pottersoperatingin using systems:i.e., do not appear regularlyto have used such marks.For example, mainland the on traditions the other on GreyMinyan and Dark Burnishedpots,but thereare so identified have been marks of a number as belongingto markingsystems. them this time at cannot fewthatwe classify thathave such potters'marks,six are in LD ware, volume in this vessels Of the twelve catalogued one is Micaceous Minoan. Othermarksthatare and are three is one one is gritty DB, DP, Aeginetan, undersideof thebase of DB goblet2221 (see the on the are marks not consideredpotters' scratchings The of 1649, a goblet in MP, gritty. underside the on cross the and DB ware) painted §(iv) below, was vessels of the base of underside the on and other crosses drinking patterns practiceof painting and bold are these Because wares. LD MP and on highly usual in the MBA, especially patterns visible,I considerthemto have been intendedas part of the decorativescheme,meant to be seen when the cups were raisedfordrinkingor were placed upside down on a table or low shelf.They do not appear to have any othermeaningor purpose. [3703 is also incised.] (ii) The Aeginetan Marking System The marksthathave been foundon pots produced on the island of Aegina appear to belong to the short Cycladic systemof marking,consistingprimarilyof small impressions(circles,dots,wedges), been had this of Marks recognisedearlyon incisedlinesor strokesand smallbitsof applied clay. type

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §6

297

Sincethenthenumberofmarksrecognised and amongtheMBA ceramicwaresfromPhylakopl.259 studies of them have increased.260 specialised The meaningandfunction ofthesemarkshavebeenextensively in his exploredbyM. Lindblom261 a of of from the island itself and other sites on the mainland and largecorpus Aeginetan study pots islands.The markswereemployedfromearlyin theMH periodall theway through thelaterLH LH IIIB. Unable to correlatethe markswiththe fonction of a vessel,its period,at leastthrough measurement or he concluded that are trade marks or makers' destination, capacity, they probably marks.On thebasisof ethnographic such marks are related to the ofpottery parallels, organisation most to marks used i.e. manufacture, corresponding closely by producers, potters, workingclosely bothceramictraditions andworkspaces(e.g.firing inthesamekilns),whodistinguish together, sharing theirownproducts fromthoseofothergroupsby placingtheirspecialmarkson theirownpots. toAyiosStephanos Aeginetan imports appeartohavebeenfewandtohavearrived onlysporadically, in the LBA. of the The threemarkedpieces,twoofMattPaintedor Plain,one of primarily earlyyears coarsecookingpotfabric, dateto LH I at theearliest.The marksthemselves are simple,madeup of twoor moreshortlinearelements, twoofthemmade up ofimpressedlines.These linesare either circularor oblongin shapeand are laterversionsoftheimpressed oftheearly cupulecharacteristic and middlephasesofMH. Plain,mediumcoarse,jar. Markon 1791. MattPainted/ lowerbody at edge of base, incomplete:threegouges oneatedgeofbase,twoinhorizontal rowabove preserved, (cf.Lindblom2001,62-3, marktypeA60). 74-844.plate 38, fig.5.35. Plain,mediumcoarse,jar. Markon 1792. MattPainted/ undersideof flatbase at edge: twogougesin horizontal rownearedgeofbase (cf.Lindblom2001, 78, marktype

G26). 74-845. PLATE38, FIG.5.35.

2331. Coarsecookingpot.Markon undersideofbase: threesmallimpressedoblonglinesforming a shapelike the letterT. Cf. Lindblom2001, 79, marktypeG29, theexamplethathe illustrates fromLernaappears although tohavebeenmadeup oftwoseparateimpressions: thetwo thatformthehorizontal elementoftheΤ join and appear to be one continuous line,plate 37, fig.5.57.

(iii) The Lustrous Decorated Marking System Unliketheworkon theCycladicand Aeginetan theLD marking has notyet marking system, system beenstudiedin depth,owingto thelackofa largecorpusfroma numberofsites.The examplesfrom however, AyiosStephanos, comparewellwiththosefromLerna,where82 markshavebeenrecognised, and fromKastrion Kythera.262 Tojudgefromtheevidencenowavailable,thecorpusofmarksfromLD workshops is and willbe smallerthanthatof theAeginetan, forthefollowing reasons.The practiceof markingamongLD MH II, unlikethe short-lived, potters appearsto havebeenrelatively lastingfromearlyMH through use ofmarksbytheAeginetan The rangeofwaresproducedbytheLD potters was long-term potters. morerestricted thantheAeginetan, confined to vesselsforeatingand/ordrinking and storage.And thedistribution area fortheLD pottersappearsto have been morelimited,confinedmainlyto the The differs fromtheAeginetan in otherways:themarksaresimilar Péloponnèse. LD marking system to theAeginetan butare moresimple,made onlyby incisingwitha pointedtool,and restricted to linesand dotsor circles.263 includecrosses,Vs or chevrons. Recognisable patterns Six markson LD warewerefoundamongthesherdmaterialfromAyiosStephanos.1015, 1081 and 2283 belongedtojars; 1077 and 2276 tojugs,and 2268 to a cup (theonlyexampleofa markon finefabricfromthesite). LD, mediumcoarse,jar withnarrow 1015. Polychrome neckand flaring rim.Markincisedon horizontal handle: horizontal rowofsixcircular gouges,lastoneonright higher thanthereston bodywalljustbelowledgehandle,plate 38, FIG.5.1. 1077. L-o-dLD, mediumcoarse,jug. Markincisedon twolines, handle, bodywall,onneckunderneath incomplete: onevertical and,aboveit,one oblique,plate38, fig.5.6. 1081. D-o-1LD, medium neckand coarse, jarwithnarrow rim.Markincisedonupperside ofhorizontal handle: flaring longlinedrawnalongwidthofhandle,plate 38, fig.5.6.

2268. L-o-dLD, fine,roundedcup.Markincisedonbody wallunderhandle,incomplete: partofincisedobliqueline. The onlyothermarkon a fineLD cupknowntomecomes fromLerna(Zerner1988,fig.24: 12). fig.5.54. 2276. D-o-1LD, mediumcoarse,jug. Markincisedon upper end of upper side of handle: fouroblique lines twosuperimposed chevrons, fig.5.54. roughly forming 2283. L-o-dLD, mediumcoarse,jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim.Mark incisedon body walljust below horizontalhandle: verticalrow of fouroblonggouges. fig.5.54.

259A. T.Evansand C. Edgar1004. 260E.tr.BikakiiqHa: Bailev 1006. 261Lindblom2001. 262Coldstream and Huxley1972,94, DepositGammano. 37,

pl. 2 1: threeshortdiagonalincisionson leftsideofupperendof thehandleofan LD iuer. 263Cf.theLD marksfromAsine (Lindblom2001,fig.20).

C. ZERNER

298

Althoughconclusionsabout the LD markingsystemare prematureat thisstage,some observations may be made. Probablylocated on Kytheraand/orthe mainland,the LD industrywas Minoan in inspirationand may be a resultof the movementof Minoans, eithermen withtheirfamilieswho colonised new areas such as Kythera,or women who moved forthe purpose of marriageto new homes, possibly at Ayios Stephanos. If the use of marks in communal firings,for example, was customaryamong potterson Crete,it would have been practicedby theirdaughtersor sons who had moved away. As the generationspassed and the industrychanged,the practicemay have become unnecessaryamong thesepotters,who would have discontinuedit. (iv) Other Marks (a) DARK BURNISHED WARE

The criss-crossing, haphazardscratcheson 2221 do notforma discerniblepatternofanykind(although have meant somethingto the ancientpotter);see similarscratchingson the undersideof a theymay The V-shapedmarkincised on the undersideof bowl 1162 appears to be Siteia.264 from Petras, lamp a potter'smark,as it is unlikelyto have been intendedas decoration.Marks on DB ware are very cannotbe consideredusual among its potters. rare,and the practice,therefore, ofbase: two Markincisedon underside 1162. Bowl/jar. orV. 73-030. widechevron opposedobliquelines,forming PLATE38, FIG. 5.11.

[1365a. Shape notrecorded.Marknot described.Sherd lost.77-055.Notillustrated.]

[1485a. Goblet.Sherdwithstubof verticalstraphandle at pointwherehandle fromshoulder.Incisedafterfiring with lower-case 'y' insidecircle.74sideways joins body 843. fig.5.24.]

(b) DULL PAINTED WARE

- 2237, froma jug thatdates to earlyMH - was recognised Only one markedsherdof DP ware among the ceramicmaterialat Ayios Stephanos.The typeof markand its positionon the vessel are verysimilarto markson LD ware and suggestthatit may qualifyas a potter'smark.Also like LD, DP This incised markis another ware has Minoan featuresin vessel shapes and decorativepatterns.265 at Knossos.266 Court the West a from on a a similar for mark, zigzag,appears jug similarity, 2237. Jug.Markincisedon topofuppersideofhandle: twoobliquelinesopposedto threeobliquelines,forming

chevrons. twosuperimposed an unevenpattern resembling Fig. 5.52.

(c) MICACEOUS MINOAN

Vesselsin Micaceous Minoan paintedand coarse wares were not commonlyused in the households of Ayios Stephanos.Like thatof LD ware,the area of productionhas proved to be elusive. 3434· Cookingpot (jarwithwidemouth).Markincised on bodywalljustabovehandle:small,neatlydrawnX. A closeparallelmaybe foundon a MM IIIB tripodcooking

pot fromKnossoswhichbearsan incisedcrossnearthe handle(Catlingetal 1979,no. 165,fig.26). fig.6.26.

(v) Conclusions These markedvesselsare consistentwithothersfromsimilarassemblageselsewhereon the mainland of Greece. The preponderanceof LD is to be expected,as Laconia was certainlyveryclose to, ifit was nottheactualproductioncentreofthisware.The fewAeginetansherdsfromthesitein comparison to the large numbersof importsrecognisedat Lerna and othersites,beginningalreadyin the early Laconia years of the MBA, indicate that contact between these areas was maintained,but that north-eastern the as cultural same in the mostof the MBA was not Péloponnèse. sphere throughout

264Tsipopoulou

lqqo, fig. 1.1.

265See §3 (i) (b) above.

266Wilson 1985, 322, Ρ 2ΟΟ,fig.27, pl. 36.

Chapter6 The Late Helladicpottery P.A. Mountjoy [Editor'snote:thisChapterwas completedin 1988 and thuscouldnottakeaccountof subsequent inunderstanding thesite.I havetherefore madesomechangesinthestratigraphie progress descriptions, whichwerepartlybased on my initialanalysesdone in the late 1970s; additionsare enclosedin The readeris directedto Chapter1, wherethestratigraphy is discussedin detail.I squarebrackets. have also added pots 3082a, 3380a, 3597a-b, 3648a and 3717a because of theirstratigraphie theseitemshave notbeen studiedby theauthor.Fortheassignation to theTransitional significance; LH IIIB2-HIC Earlyphase of some of the potterythatis classedhereinas LH IIIC Early,see to Mountjoy1999 have been added; thesetakethe Mountjoy1997 and 1999. Cross-references form'RMDP Laconia 1', wherethenumeralis the cataloguenumberin the section'Laconia with Kythera'(vol.1,243-94).] 1. AREA EPSILON 1973 The materialfromthisArea mainlyconsistsoftwolargewashdeposits:LH IIIC Earlywashlying overcollapsedLH IIIC Earlybuildings, and LH IIIA2 Earlywashdepositedat one timeoverthe remainsofearlierbuildings.1 one stratified Only depositcouldbe isolated. (i) The Late Helladic IIA deposit (3001-3010; fig. 6.1) A uniform depositfromthelowestlevelexcavatedin theNE Sector(baskets75 and 88) produced wasfound;everyretained monochrome pottery datingtoearlyLH IIA.2No decoratedpottery (3001here.The gobletis particularly 3008) andunpainted (3009-3010)rimandbaseis illustrated noteworthy foritsveryhighrimandconicalbase,whichis notarticulated underneath butis paintedmonochrome. Amphora/hydria ThislinearrimhasgoodLH II-IIIAi parallelsforitsshapefromtheAthensAcropolisWellsdeposit.3 3001.

Buff;4black paint.D. (rim) 11.6. Linear. # 75.

Goblet(monochrome) The gobletrims3002-3004 are all verytall and onlyslightly everted;thebases 3006-3007 are whichis monochrome, is not articulated. conical,and theunderside, Examplescan be verylarge rimand a moredefinedstem. (3003-3004).3005 is a muchsmallerexamplewitha shorter 3002. 3003. 3004. 3005.

Brick;orange-brownpaint.D. (rim) 17. # 88. Buff;black paint.D. (rim)24. # 88. Buff;black paint.D. (rim)22. # 75, 88. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim) 11. # 75, 88.

3006. 3007. # 75.

Grey firedpinkish;black paint.D. (base) 8. # 88. Grey firedbuff;black to brownpaint.D. (base) 8.

Cup/bowl Thisslightly raisedconcavebase couldbelongto a cup or a bowl. 3008. Buff;orange-brownpaint.Monochrome.D. (base) 4. # 75, 88. 1 See Chapter ι Si. 2 See Chapter ι §1 (iv).

3

Mountioy iq8i,

fig. 12.120-4.

4 The firstcolour always refersto the clays. 299

3OO

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.1. Area Epsilon, LH ΠΑ pottery deposit: 3001-3010.

Scale 1:3.

Goblet (unpainted) This rimis similarto thatof the monochromeexample 3005, but longer. 3009.

buffslip,polished.D. (rim)13. # 88. Orange-buff;

Basin This largebasin rimwithtroughspoutand nicksall roundthe lip is the onlyexample ofitstypefrom theexcavations,buttheshape is apparentlyverycommonat theMenelaion in theLH IIIAi deposits.5 There are no good LH II depositsat the Menelaion forcomparisonwiththisone. 3010. Orange-buff with inclusions. D. (rim) 38. Handmade, coarse. # 75, 88.

5 H. W.

Catling,pers.comm.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

301

(ii) Early Mycenaean from Mixed Deposits but A shallowdeposit25 cm thickin thew partofthetrenchproducedEarlyMycenaeanmaterial, is too scrappyto meritillustration. The basketsconcernedare 43, 50, 54, 55, 60 and 61. thepottery withLH IIIA2 intrusions, a join withbasket Baskets43 and 55 containMinoanising including pottery with as and another basket as is which 62 (illustrated 3103), 50 (illustrated 3076) partof theLH IIIA2 Earlywashdeposit. (a) LATE HELLADIC

I (3OII-3OI3;

FIG. 6.2)

The decoration oftheseunstratified oftheVapheiocupsindicatea LH I piecesand theroughinterior date.The multiple on Vapheiocupsis verycommonon Kythera;6 a completeexamplefrom tangent below(3653). AyiosStephanosis illustrated Hole-mouthed jar FS 100

3011. Whitish;black paint with added white. FM 64, verticalfoliateband. # 8.

VapheiocupFS 224 3012.

white.FM 46, multipletangentspiral with white dots in centre.# 85. RMDP Laconia 6. 3013. Type II. Buff;whitishslip, shaded-brownpaint. FM 64, foliate band with joining circles. # 1. RMDP Laconia 10.

Type I. Greenish;shaded-brownpaintwithadded

(b) LATE HELLADIC

I- II (3014-3019;

FIG. 6.2)

A fewunstratified monochrome (3014-3017) and unpainted(3018-3019) sherdsare shown.The monochrome undersideof the base of the goblet3014 suggeststhatit shouldbelonghere.The basin3016 is also coatedunderneath and has a flatbase,as opposedtotheringbase oftheLH IIIA2 rim with the its basins; fat,heavyevertedlip shouldalso belongto thisphase,as, too,theflat 3015 concavebowlbase 3017. Goblet 3014.

Goblet(unpainted)

Buff;black paint.Monochrome.# 54.

3018. Orange-buff;buff slip, polished. D. (rim) 15. Unpainted.# 56.

Basin 3015. Coarse buffwithgritsfiredpale orange; tracesof paint.D. (rim)23. Monochrome.#85. 3016. Brickwithinclusions;brown paint. D. (base) 5.1. Monochrome.# 34.

Kylix(unpainted) 3019. #69.

Carinated.Whitish,rough.D. (rim)12. Unpainted.

Bowl/cup

3017. Brick; black to brown paint. D. (base) 5.1. Monochrome.# 34. (c) LATE HELLADIC

ΠΑ (3020-3022;

FIG. 6.2)

LH IIA deposit(fig.6.1), thereare no LH IIA-IIIAi levels,and veryfew Apartfromthestratified sherdsbelonging to theLH IIB-IIIAi phasesin laterlevels.RathermoreLH IIA sherdswerefound in theupperlevels;theyincludeexamplesdecoratedwithstonepattern, a couplewithogivalcanopy, a couplewithcurvedstripes(3020) and one withrockpattern;a bridge-spouted jug neckportrays and foliate band a running spiral,and a bodysherdshowsserpentine loop (3021); bodysherdfroma shield(3022) verycloseto thaton thejug 3253. goblethas a figure-of-eight Piriform jar FS 2 1

foliateband round base of neck. #18.

3020. Buff;whitishslip, fugitivebrown paint. FM 67, curvedstripes.# 8.

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 3021.

GobletFS 254

3022. Bufffiredorange; buffslip, red-brownpaint. FM 37, shield. #51.

Buff;black paint. FM 53, serpentineloop above 6 Coldstream 1978,393.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3O2

Fig. 6.2. Area Epsilon,LH I-IIIAi pottery:3011-3026. Scale 1:3.

(d) LH IIB (3023-3025;

FIG. 6.2)

Unstratified sherdsbelongingto LH IIB includea ring-handled cup handle(FS 237), a beakedjug neckwithfoliateband (3023),a sherdfroma Vapheiocup also withfoliateband (3024) and a goblet rimwithrockpattern (3025). Beakedjug FS 143

3023. Orangefiredbuff;orange-brown paint.FM 64, foliatebandroundneck.#72.

GobletFS 254

3025. Grey;blackto brownpaint,burnt.D. (rim)15. #63. interior. FM 32, rockpattern, monochrome

VapheiocupFS 224

3024. Buff;brownpaint.FM 64, foliateband.#53. (e) LH IIIA1 (3026;

FIG. 6.2)

LH IIIAi sherdscan be recognised:a mugwaistand a cup sherdbothdecorated Fiveunstratified and a and a piriform a straight-sided alabastron withstipplepattern, jar sherd,bothwithscalepattern, the decoration. and the of with thecarination sherdfroma straight-sided edge cup (3026) FS 230 Conicalcup,carinated

#62. 3026. Grey;blackpaint,burnt. Edgeofdecoration.

(iii) Late Helladic IIIA2 Early The levelsofthisperiodconsistofabout50 cmofwash,whichis deeperat theε andhardlyapparent atthew end (baskets31, 32 and 33), sincethereis a slopeofabout70 cmfromtheΝtothese corner. butalsovertically, therearewidespread In contrast totheLH IIIC material, joinsnotonlyhorizontally of thematerialis Much time. the same or less at more was all that wash the deposited suggesting in all baskets.The material is present worn.A fairamountofEarlyMycenaeanandMH I Latepottery withstrayfindsfromtheupperlevels. as a unit,together fromtheselevelsis presented

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §1

303

Wallsthatmaybelongto thisphaseare ke and kg. Theyare parallelto each otherand probably in theirheightbeingdue to theslope.LH ΠΙΑ filldrifted in downthe thedifference contemporary, between the two walls and covered the of these this a terminus antequern walls; slope stumps provides Wall ke was forthecollapsein LH IIIA2 Early.However,precisedatingof thewallsis difficult. thatwas removed;itcontainedonlytwosherds(basket82) - one MH and one blackmonochrome notkept,eitherEH II or Mycenaean.In termsofheight, thebottomofwallke seemstobe levelwith basket69, whichis LH IIIA2 (datedon one kylixrimtoo fragmentary to illustrate) and whichseems to providea terminus antequern?

The material consists thekylixandthebasin.The majority of verylargelyofopenshapes,especially thesepiecesaremonochrome, as alsoaresherdsfromothershapes,suchas themug,stemmed bowletc. Decoratedmaterialis scarce;nevertheless, thedeposithas to be datedon thecommonest decorated the the to FS and are LH from a IIIA2 256 shape, kylix: examplespresent belong Early,apart coupleof of FS which would a terminus in A mid-LH of IIIA2. 257 postquern examples suggest largegroup FS 256 can be a these have fine rim everted and stem isolated; small, kylikes heavy banding.Thesefeatures, with the decoration on these Minoan influence.8 The small,fineeverted vases,suggest together strong rimappearson othershapes,such as the amphora/hydria and stemmedbowl,as well as on the monochrome thatthewholedepositis homogeneous andshouldbelongtothisdate. indicating kylikes, (a) PAINTED (3027-3110;

FIGS. 6.3-6.8)

Alabastron FS 85 (fig.6.3) One examplecouldbe restored on paper;therockpattern is characteristic ofthisshape. 3027. Brickred;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) withdot 5.8. D. (max.)10.2.H. 6.9. FM 32, rockpattern

fill.# 38, 45, 62, 66, 68, 77. 73-407.RMDP Laconia80. plate 39.

FS 69/128(fig.6.3) Amphora/hydria Insteadofbeingdecoratedwiththeusualbanding,theexamplesofthisshapefromAyiosStephanos aremonochrome. 3028 and 3029 bothhave thefine,short,evertedlip mentioned above,and 3029 retainsthestubsof a verticalhandlefromrimto shoulder.Bothpiecescould belongto eitherthe amphoraor thehydria. 3028. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)10. #53. 3029. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)11.8.Vertical handlefromrimto shoulder. #56. RMDPLaconia77.

Stirrup jar FS 166 (fig.6.3) The falsemouthofthispiece is decoratedwiththesolidcircleusualin LH IIIA2; thefalseneckis shortand fat,anotherindication ofdate.9 brownpaint.D. 3030. Pale orangefiredwhitish; fugitive (falsemouth)3. #70.

KraterFS 8 (fig.6.3) Sherds3032-3033 exhibittheAyiosStephanoskraterrimin whichtheinnereversionat thelip is notsharplydifferentiated10 butis roundedoffso thata smoothinnercurveis obtained.11 3031 has a moreusual interior but a fishon the rim, an unusualgrooveon thetop of thelip. 3033 portrays interior andseemstohavea boatontheoutside.The steering oar/rudder canbe seentotheleft, withthe mastinthecentre. The decorative is at Maroni12 and 1 thankC. Morris Amarna;13 technique paralleled forthisinformation. blackpaint.FM 43, isolatedsemi3031. Greyfiredbuff; circles.#81. 3032. Buff;black paint,burnt.D. (rim) 23. Spiral, monochrome interior. #81. 7 See further

ι §1

Chapter (iii). 8 Mountioy1087, lf^-Q. 9 Mountioy1086,70. 10As Mountjoy1986,83 fig.99.1.

redto blackpaint.D. (rim)32. FM 20, 3033. Pink-buff; fish in and ?FM 40, boat out, in added white on # 23, 24, 47, 48, 65. 73-418. monochrome. 11See also Taylour1072, 260 fier. 40.33, 40.36.

12See Vermeule and Karageorghis 1082, pl. IV.38. 13 Forsdyke 1925, 185, A993.

304

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.3. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3027-3039.Scale 1:3.

Mug FS 225, 226 (fig.6.3) There are fewpieces. One decoratedrim,3036, can be recognised,but otherwisethe examples are monochrome:3034 belongs to the large type,3035 to the small. The formeris ridgedat rim,waist but the latterhas no ridgesas is usual withthe small and base, as is customaryin the large type,14 a is to from There Achaia, froma LH IIIA2 Late context.16 verygood parallel 3035 type.15 14French iq6r. 182 fier.8.1-4: Mountiov 1086, 8*-6. 15 Hiller 1975, pl. 33.308; Mee 1982, pl. 18.2; Mountjoy

iq86, 86. 16 Papadopoulos 1979, 124, 244 fig.268c; Mountjoy1988, 186.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1 3034. Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. (rim)16, (base) 14. #84. RMDPLaconia105. 3035. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (base)6. #77.

305

3036. Brick;buffslip, orange-brown paint. Edge of #32. decoration.

MugFS 227 (fig.6.3) Thisexamplehasthewide,cylindrical formofthisshape.Thereis a goodparallel,also monochrome, fromAchaia.17 The fewexamplesquotedin Furumark18 are LH IIIB, and thepiece fromAchaiais also givena LH IIIB date,although itscontextis uncertain.19 blackpaint.D. (rim)8. # 13. 73-417.RMDP 3037. Buff, Laconia106.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.3) Thisone pieceis recognisable as belonging to thisshape,butno diameter couldbe taken,so thevase cannotbe effectively restored on paper.It is unusualin havinga finelinegroupflankedby broader bandsat thebase.20 shaded-brown 3038. Buff; paint.#38,62, 66, 68. 73-413.

Cup/bowl(fig.6.3) Thissherdfroma LM IIIAi cup or bowl,eitherMinoanimitation or import, has parallelsfromthe Knossos.21 UnexploredMansion, 3039. Buff;brownto blackpaint.Isolatedsemi-circles withbivalvefill.#49.

KylixFS 256, 257 (3040-3066; figs.6.4-6.5) The kylikes nearlyall belongto theLH IIIA2 EarlyversionFS 256. Theycan be separatedintotwo The ofGroupI (3042-3043,3045-3047) includethecanonicalFS 256 withtheusual groups. kylikes short everted and FS 257 (3040-3041,3044),wherethedecorative zone fat, lipwitha bandoverit22 reachesbelowthehandlesand,in thecase of3041 and 3044, probablydowntothetopofthestem.23 FS 257 beginsin LH IIIA2 Late,24 butas themajority ofkylikes hereareFS 256 a datein themiddle ofLH IIIA2 maywellfitthedeposit. The kylikesof GroupII are FS 256 but have the small,fineevertedrimnotedabove on the a monochrome and stemswithlargeamountsof solidpaintinterspersed interior, amphora/hydria, withnarrowreservedbands;evenwhenthereservedbandsare thicker, theyare stillnotverywide and aresetclosetogether circlesand a reserved (3061-3062).Baseshaveone or twoconcentric edge to the Minoan The solid (3064-3066).Thisgroupcorresponds closely kylix.25 paintedstemcouldbe a legacyoftheLH IIIAi goblet,26 or itcouldbe theresultoftheCretaninfluence, withthe together monochrome interior and thefineevertedlip.27Unfortunately, thereare fewpublishedLM IIIA2 forcomparison,28 butapartfromtheabsenceoftheMinoanhollowstemthereare examples kylikes ofthestem.29 verycloseto thekylixofGroupII in thedecoration Moreover,therunning spiralson theexamplefromtheDictaeanCave30area replicaofthoseon 3051 in thearrangement ofa fatouter coil surrounding thinner ones. A searchon themainlandforantecedents ofGroupII revealsthattheshort,evertedlip oftheLH IIIAi kylixis similarto thatofGroupII,31although somewhat longer,butithas a veryshallowbowl and a tallstemwithequal bands of paintingand reservedsurface, whereasthepiecesfromAyios have a FS bowl and the stem described as interior. Stephanos above, wellas a monochrome deep 256 The closestparallelsto thestem,butnotto thelip and monochrome come from interior, Rhodes,32 and thereis one fromVourvatsi in Attica,33 whereastheremaining Atticexamplespublishedhave a 17Papadopoulos iq7q, 122-3. 2*0 fier.274a. 18Furumark 19410, 623. 19Mountiov iq88, 186. 20 See Mountiov io8n' Hi ίίσ. ioq fortfipusual tvnp

21

Popham 1084, pl. 171.8.

22 Mee 1Q82, pl. iR.i-a. 23 Cf. Mee 1082, pl. 1*.*: Mountiov 1086. 88-00. 24 Furumark10410, 628. 25 As described by Popham 1084, 183. 26 See Cummer and Schofield 1984, pl. 56.484 for a typical

example. 27 See Popham 1984, pl. 172 (LM IIIAi) and pl. 175 (LM IIIA2), forexamples of these featureson cups. 28 Popham iq6q, 2QQ. 29 Bosanquet, Dawkins and Tod 1903, 315 fig. 14.1; Evans 1021-36, vol. IV.2, S7o fie. soqa; Popham 1060, 301 fier.a. 30 Evans 1021-^6. vol. IV.2. 270 fier.«ooa. ■ ' sJ i •^ sj CJ 'J U 31 Mountiov inflfi.fic:-fi 32 Mee 1982, pl. 15.1-3. 33 Stubbings 1947, pl. 4.9.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3θ6

Fig. 6.4. Area Epsilon,LH IIIA2 KylikesGroup I: 3040-3047. Scale 1:3.

banded stem.34 The example fromVourvatsishowsthatthistypeof stemis a featureof FS 256 on the but mainland, takingintoconsiderationitsrarityand thesmallevertedrimof Group II (whichis close to Minoan typesand more especiallyto LM IIIA135), the monochromeinterior(which,althougha generalfeatureat Ayios Stephanos,is also a Minoan feature),and the heavilypaintedstem,it would seem thatthesekylikesdo show a Minoan influence.3048 portraysan elaborateflower,3049 partof another,3050-3051 depictrunningspiral;3052 and 3057 show flowers,3053 tongue,3054 spiral, and 3055 a possibletricurvedarch.A selectionofstemsis 3058 chevron,3056 a possiblewhorl-shell, in in and bases 3065-3066. The base 3047 fromGroup I is heavilypaintedand depicted 3059-3064 II but does not have a monochromeinterior;the example fromVourvatsi, should belong to Group however,showsthatstemsof thistypemay also belong to Group I. GroupI: FS 256,257 (fig.6.4)

3040. FS 257. Greenish;fugitiveblack to brown paint. D. (rim) 18. FM 18, flowerwithfillof FM 62, tricurved arch. # 51, 53. 73-402. RMDP Laconia 109. plate 39. 3041. FS 257. Pale orangefiredbuff;greenishslip,orange to black paint. D. (rim) 15. FM 21, octopus with added whitepaint. # 30, 31, 36, 38, 53, 56, 73. 73-401. RMDP Laconia 112. plate 39. 3042. FS 256. Buff;greenishslip,orange-brownfugitive paint. D. (rim) 14 (15 at handle). FM 62, tricurvedarch withspiralfill.# 66, 73, 77. 73-409. RMDP Laconia 120. 3043. FS 256. Brick orange; orange-buffslip, orange paint. D. (rim) 15.2. FM 62, tricurvedarch. # 9, 51, 53, 56. 73-404. RMDP Laconia 119. 3044. FS 257. Pale orange;buffslip,red-brownpaint.D. (rim) 16. FM 21, octopuswithadded whitepaint.# 57. 3045. FS 256/257. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim) 15. FM i9(?), tongue.#18. paint#38. slip,orange-brown 3046. FS 256/257.Brick;buff 34

Stubbings1947, pls. 4, 6, 7.

3047. FS 256/257. Bufffiredbrick;buffslip,orangepaint. D. (base) 8. # 66. Group II: FS 256 (fig. 6.5) to blackpaint. 3048. Brickorangefiredbuff;orange-brown D. (rim)17. FM 18, flowerwithdottedoutline,monochrome interior.# 51, 53. 73-405. RMDP Laconia 123. plate 39. paint.FM 18, 3049. Pale orange;buffslip,orange-brown flower,spiraldown stem,monochromeinterior.#51. 73410. RMDP Laconia 124. plate 39. 3050. Brick orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. (rim) 14. FM 46, runningspiral,monochromeinterior.# 53. 73-403. RMDP Laconia 126. plate 39. 3051. Bufffiredorange; buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim) 14. FM 46, runningspiralwithfatoutercoil, monochrome # 9, 51, 56, 66, 68, 77, 79. 73-408. RMDP Laconia interior. 125. plate 40. 3052. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) c. 13. FM 18, flower, monochromeinterior.#57. 35 See

Popham 1984, pl. 172.3-5.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §1

307

Fig. 6.5. Area Epsilon,LH IIIA2 KylikesGroup II: 3048-3066. Scale 1:3. 3053. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 15. FM 19, tongue,monochromeinterior.#35. 3054. Buff; shaded-brown paint. D. (rim) 15. Spiral, monochromeinterior.#28. 3055. Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. FM 62(?), tricurvedarch,monochromeinterior.#70. 3056. Buff; red-brown paint. FM 23(?), whorl-shell, monochromeinterior.#15. 3057. Buff;black to shaded-brownpaint. FM 18, edge of flower,monochromeinterior.#81. 3058. Orange firedbuff;brown to black paint, red in. FM 58, chevron,monochromeinterior.# 70. 3059. Bufffiredorange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Monochromeinterior,fineline spiralbands at top of stem. #84.

3060. Orange; buff slip, orange paint. Monochrome interior,fineline spiralbands at top of stem.#81. 3061. Orange; orangepaint,black in. Monochromeinterior. #56. 3062. Pale orange; buff slip, brown paint, black in. Monochromeinterior.#72. 3063. Buff fired brick; buff slip, orange paint. Monochromeinterior.# 66. 3064. Orange; buffslip,orangepaint.Spiralbands down stem.# 56. 3065. Pinkish;buffslip,shaded-brownpaint.D. (base) 7. #51.

3066. #13.

Orange; buffslip, red-orangepaint. D. (base) 9.

GobletFS 263 (monochrome) (fig.6.6) Thisis a shapethat,accordingto Furumark,36 disappearsin LH IIB, butall thesherdsof3067 come fromLH IIIA2 baskets.Moreover, ithas thesmall,evertedrimofAyiosStephanosLH IIIA2 instead 36 Furumark 19410, 630.

3o8

P. A. MOUNTJOY


of the highLH II lip, it is not paintedunder the base, anotherearlyfeatureat Ayios Stephanos,the base is not raised concave underneathbut articulated,and it is tallerthanthe average height(10 cm) of the LH IIB shape. The shape would,therefore, seem to continueintoLH IIIA2. 3068 should also to this as fatfora kylix. its stem is rather short and belong shape, 3067. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)16.4.H. (ex.) 14.2.# 62, 66, 68. 73-415·

3068. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (base)9.4. #51.


309

(fig.6.6) KylixFS 264 (monochrome) Mostofthekylixsherdsbelongto thistype.Thereseemto be no examplesoftheLH IIIA2 LateFS shallowerbowl; thisconfirms theearlyto mid-LHIIIA2 dateforthedeposit. 265 withtheslightly 3069-3072 belongto thisshape,as do thebases and stems3073-3075, sincetheyare too shortfor FS 266. The basescan havea sharply cutedgein thetradition oftheLH IIIAi gobletas in 3073,37or a roundededgesimilar tothatoftheLH IIIA2 kylixas in 3069 and 3075. Sherd3076 is a veryraised base similarto thatoftheMinoankylix.38 3069. Deep greyfiredorange;black paint.D. (rim)16.8, (base) 7.8. H. 15.7. Reserved interiorbase. # 59, 70, 81. 73-420. RMDP Laconia 127. 3070. Brick;orange-brownpaint.D. (rim) 16. # 38. 3071. Buff;black paint.D. (rimat handle) 15. # 66. 3072. Brick;dark-brown paint.D. (rimathandles)ΐ7·#7ο.

3073. Bufffiredbrick; red-brownpaint. D. (base) 8.2. # 59. 3074. Grey firedbrick;black paint.D. (base) 6.8. # 72. 3075. Grey firedbrick;black to brown paint. D. (base) 7.9. #51. 3076. Pale orange; red-brownpaint.D. (base) 9. # 50.

(fig.6.6) KylixFS 266 (monochrome) The veryshallowbowlof3077 and 3078 suggests thattheybelongto theLH IIIA2 Earlyversionof thisshape. 3077.

Buff;black paint.D. (rim,at handle) 14. # 81.

3078.

Brick;orange-brownpaint.D. (rim) 15.5. # 64.

(fig.6.7) KylixFS 267 (monochrome) Thereare manymonochrome left examplesfromAyiosStephanos,althoughthisshapeis generally elsewhere. shows the everted of this at but short,fine, unpainted 3079 lip period AyiosStephanos, thatof3081 is roundedin themannerofthedecoratedkylikes ofGroupI. 3080 has a slighteverted lip and 3082 is lipless. 3079. Bufffiredpale orange; black paint. D. (rim) 12, (base) 7.2. H. 10.2-3. * 72· 73411· RMDP Laconia 130. 3080. Buff;black paint.D. (rim) 10. # 57, 59.

3081. 3082.

Buff;black paint.D. (rim) 12. # 68. Buff;orange paint.D. (rim) 12. # 56.

(?) (notillustrated) [Piriformjar 3082a (not seen). Lower body only. Pink to buff;lustrous red paint.Double bands above; wavy washy line pendent

fromband; multiplebands towardsbase. Described by O. Dickinson. # 53, 62, 66, 73. 73-421.]

Basin(fig.6.7) Furumark givesno exampleforthisshapein LH IIIA2, as thelargebasinFS 294 beginsin LH IIIB.39 All thepiecesillustrated, buttheir except3083-3084 and 3089, come fromtheLH IIIC contexts, bodies are not verydeep paralleledbytheLH IIIC basinshapes(seebelow);all havea monochrome interior. Twolinearexamplesare shown,bothwithroundedoverhanging rims:3083 has twolarge horizontal handleson theupperbody,and 3084 has a widebandofpaintovertherimsimilarto the This once sherds,but no wholeprofilecan be restored. CUP3560. Thereare manymonochrome thelocal preference forsolidlycoatingvases whichwouldbe linearor unpainted againillustrates elsewhere. Rimsare flat(3085),T-shaped(3086),rolledover(3326) or in-turning (3328); bases are to the flatones of the earlierexamples(see above). The earlyand morerecent ring,in contrast excavations at theMenelaionhaveproducedbasinswiththreeshortlegs,whichappearin LH IIIAi contexts.40 Two examplesof legs have been found(3087-3088) as survivalsin theLH IIIC Early levels.The paucityofLH IIIAi materialat thesiteand in Area Epsilonin particular that suggests thesepiecesmaygo withtheLH IIIA2 monochrome basins.Thereare,unfortunately, no LH IIIA2 at theMenelaion41 contexts thatcouldhave demonstrated thecontinuation oftheLH IIIAi legged formintothisperiod. 37 See Cummer and Schofield 1984, pl. 56.484. 38 Popham 1984, pl. 172.10-12. 39 Furumark 19410, 636.

40 Dawkins 1909-10, pl. 2b; H.W. Catling,pers. comm. 41 Catling 1977, 32.

31O

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.7. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3079-3090.Scale 1:3. 3083. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)29. Linear.#66. #66. blacktoorangepaint.D. (rim)20.Linear. 3084. Buff; 3085. Brick; orange to black paint. D. (rim) 32. Monochrome. #27. RMDPLaconia137. 3086. Buff; orange-brown paint. D. (rim) 34. Monochrome. #35. RMDPLaconia 138.

3087. Bufffiredbrick;orangepaint.Blobsacrossback. # 20.

chocolatepaintboth sides of leg. 3088. Orange-buff; Ridged.#46. 3089. Buff;blackpaint.D. (base) 11. #53. blackpaint.D. (base) 11.6.#35. 3090. Orange-buff;

Stemmedbowl FS 304 (fig.6.8) This shape may also have the neat, evertedAyios Stephanoslip (3099) or the more usual rounded lip,42as in 3091-3095, 3098 and 3100. The decoratedpieces generallyhave a wavy band (309142French 1965, 167 figs.4.1-3, 8 and 187 fig.9.9.


311


3°93)> but3094 portraysa spiral,3095 a flowerand 3096 a bivalve.All thepieces have a monochrome interiorexcept 3097, whichis out of contextand could be LH IIIB. The monochromepieces 30983099 are also out of context;the former,unusually,has a reservedarea betweenthe handle stubs. whiteslip,blackto brownpaint.D. 3091. Orange-buff; (rim)15.4.FM 53, wavyband.#51, 53. 73-406.RMDP Laconia142. 3092. Orange;orange-buff slip,orangepaint.FM 53,

wavyband.#19. 3093. Greyfiredbuff;orangepaint.D. (rim)18.FM 53, wavyband.#57. 3094. Pale orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Spiral.#9.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

312

3095. Buff; paleyellowslip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) #8. 18. FM 18,flower. 3096. Brick;buffslip, fugitiveorangepaint.Bivalve betweenFM 43!?),isolatedsemi-circles. #15. 3097. Stemonly.Bufffiredorange;buffslip,orangebrownpaint.Linearinsideand out.#49.

brownpaint.D. (rim)13.Monochrome. #19. 3098. Buff; black to orange paint. D. (rim) 21. Brick; 3099. #35. Monochrome. #53. black 100. Buff; 3 paint.D. (rim)15.8.Monochrome. 3101. Grey firedbuff;black paint. D. (base) 8.2. #73, 68. Monochrome.

Miscellaneous bowl(fig.6.8) with thefineevertedrimofthisperiod,couldbelongto a dipper;thehighhandlestub Piece 310«, rather and theblobson therimwouldfitthisshape,butthebowlis veryshallow,thediameter large are monochrome. and thebandingratherheavy.It is outofcontext.The otherpieces 3103, witha or a flatbase. The tallrim3104 couldbe LH II, longerbutveryevertedrim,couldhave a stemmed wellto themoreevertedrimsoftheLH II group(see above).3105 could butitdoes notcorrespond belongto a roundedkylix,butthediameteris verysmall,and it is morelikelya bowl.3106 is a miniature bowl.The base 3107,witha streakacrossthebottom, maybelongtoa bowlwithhorizontal krateriskos ofthemonochrome handles.The almostcomplete orvertical 3108 is a smallversion profile thanis theLH HIAi shape.Thereis a lateLH IIIB thebowlis muchnarrower ofFS 279, although The bases 3109 and 3110 mayalso belongto thisshape,since monochrome parallelfromAchaia.43 that ofthebasin. narrow for and are rather deep they 3102. Orange;buff paint.D. (rim)14. slip,orange-brown # 18,23. interior. Linearwithblobsoverrim,monochrome 3103. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)17. #55, 62. 3104. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)17. #56. 3105. Brick;orangepaintin,blackout.D. (rim)13.#53. 3106. Greyfiredbuff;blackpaint.D. (rim)7. #60, 62. fired brick;blackpaintinside,browntoorange 3107. Buff (b) UNPAINTED (3111-3117;

ofbase. #62. out.D. (base)8.5. Stripeacrossunderside 3108. Bufffiredorange;orangepaint.D. (rim)20.8, (base)8.5,h. 17.5.#27,47, 48, 51, 53, 56. 73-419·RMDP Laconia 133. 3109. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (base)6.6. #62. 3110. Buff;blackpaint.D. (base) 10. #53.

FIG. 6.9)

FS 69/128 Amphora/hydria Thispiece has onlyone extanthandleand couldbelongto eitheroftheabove shapes.It has a flat base and a thinroundedlip comparableto themonochrome examples3028-3029. 3111. Brickwithwash.D. (rim,at handle)11, (base) 14. #56.

IiplessbowlFS 204 oftheMinoanconicalcup,but,inspiteoftheMinoaninfluence The shapeis theMycenaean equivalent itis notcommonatthesite.Thereis one completeexample(3112) anda possible atAyiosStephanos, base (3113),butthelowerbodyofthelatteris ratherbroadand itmaybelongto a bowl. D. (rim) 3112. Pale orange;buffslip,rough,smoothed. 11.2,(base)4. H. 4.2-4.6. #52, 56. 73-414·

mark D. (base)5.4. String rough,smoothed. 3113. Buff, in. #56. acrossbase,smoothed

DipperFS 236 to theusual and quiteheavyevertedrimand a widestraphandle,in contrast Thishas a pronounced LH IIIA2 mediumto smallstraphandle.44 3114. Grey,burnt.Once painted(?).D. (rim)14, (base) 2.7. H. 7.5. #62, 66, 68. 73-412.

KylixFS 264 Thissherdmaybelongto thisshape,butithas a smalldiameter. D. (rim)12.6. # once polished(?). standard, 3115. Buff, 51· 43 Papadopoulos1979, 109, 240 fig.264a; Mountjoy1988, 186-8.

44See Stubbings1947,pl. 8.4.


/ /

''

'

f

' ^P

313

'

3111

/ 1 //

ÎtL V

;

WWIWI

I

'

7 ^3119

ι ^

MMMV312I

3120


KylixFS 267 3116 has thefine,evertedAyiosStephanoslip. The base 3117 couldbelongto thisshapeor to FS 264; itis raisedand domedunderneath. 3116. #56.

Grey firedbuff,polished, burntout. D. (rim) 11.

3117·

Buff,rough,smoothed.D. (base) 6.4. #51.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

314 (c) COARSE WARE (3I18-3121;

FIG. 6.9)

Of largebasinrims, Thereis one wheel-made buttonbase (3118) froma one-handled cookingpot.45 T-rim. is and is a 3119 rounded, 3120 heavy Button-base cookingpot

3118. Greywithinclusionsfiredbrick;brownwash. D. (base)4. #68. Wheel-made.

Basin wash. and mica;brown-buff 3119. Buffwithinclusions D. (rim)32. #49.

firedbrick; 3120. Greywithmicaand a fewinclusions D. (rim)34. #51. orangewash,wheel-made.

Souvlaki-dish withinclusions, smoothedsidesand 3121. Orange-buff withirregularly interior, punched impressedunderneath D. (rim)c. 30. #77. 73-416. indentations.

(iv) Late Helladic IIIB Thereare no levelsbelongingto LH IIIB; thesmallamountofmaterialpreservedconsistsofstray findsfromthesurfaceand upperlevels. (a) LATE HELLADIC IIIBl

(3122-3132;

FIG. 6.10)

A veryfewsherdscan be assignedto thisperiod;theyconsistmostlyofkylikes. Largeclosedshape

3122. Greywithsome mica firedbuff;orange-brown decoration. unidentifiable #27. LH paint.Local.Intriguing IIIC Earlycontext.

Piriform jar FS 35/39

foundin thisphase,byhandle-ring(?). #4, 19. pattern

MugFS 226

3124. Rimfroma mugoflargesize.Buff;orange-brown #4. paint.FM 23, whorl-shell.

3123. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 70, thetightscale

KylixFS 258/259 Thereare canonicalpiecessuchas 3126, withtheusualLH IIIBi almostliplessrimwithband over Otherpieceshavea heavierrim(3125,3129); 3125 and3127whorl-shell. ofvertical anddecoration thattheyare notlocally The fabricof 3126 and 3129 suggests interior. 3128 have a monochrome made. Monochrome 3125. Buff;orangepaint.FM 18, flower. interior. #13. 3126. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 16. FM 23, whorlshell.# 24. buff paint.FM 18, slip,shaded-brown 3127. Orange-buff;

interior. monochrome #28. withedgeofwhorl-shell, flower whorlshaded-brown paint.FM 23,elaborate 3128. Buff; interior. tail,monochrome #27. brownpaint.D. (rim)19. FM 3129. Greenish;fugitive 73, lozenge.# 24.

Deep bowlFS 284 a feature The latterarenormally 3130 is decoratedwitha birdand 3131 withdiagonalwhorl-shells. to thebase;46 ofLH IIIA2, butthedeep bowlis rarein LH IIIA2, and decoration usuallycontinues itmaybe an that of and lustrous The fabric IIIBi. LH as is classed therefore 3132 suggest paint 3131 Argiveimport. paint.FM 7, bird.# 23. 3130. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 23, whorl-shell, 3131. Buff;orange-brown (b) LATE HELLADIC IIIB2 (3133-3134;

interior. monochrome #83. lustrous Buff; orangepaint.FM 75,panelled.#85. 3132.

FIG. 6.10)

One cup sherd(3133) decoratedwithtriangular patchand theedge of a rosettecan be recognised, a from sherd with one largeGroupΒ deep bowl.47 (3134) together 45 See Mountjoy 1981, 58 for LH IIB-IIIAi references. 46 French 1 965, 194 fig.11.

parallels and

47 Verdelis,Frenchand French 1966, 139, 143; Wardle 1973, 314-18.


315

Fig.6.10. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIB pottery: 3122-3134.Scale 1:3.

Cup

3133. Buff;orange-brownpaint. FM 42, triangular monochrome interior. patchwithedge ofFM 27, rosette, #21.

Deep bowlGroupΒ FS 284

3134. Brickorange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM # 10,27. RMDP interior. 42, triangular patch,monochrome Laconia 155.

(v) Transitional and Late Helladic IIIC Early (3135-3197; figs 6.11-6.13) The surfacelevelsin Area Epsilon,whichwere40 cm thick,produceda mixture ofwornByzantine and LH IIIC Earlypottery with LH IIIBi LH ΠΙΑ. LH some and The IIIC Earlylevels together consisted ofabout50 cm ofwashabovecollapsedLH IIIC Earlybuildings and (3143 3179 datewall No floor levels and the cannot be associated with LH walls.48 IIIC Early survived, ka). pottery any from the surface is levels here with that LH from the IIIC pottery together published Earlywash levelsin orderto givea morecompletepictureofthematerial, whichconsistsmostlyofdeep bowl sherdsdecoratedwithlocal versionsofstandardMycenaeanmotifs (see also fig.6.44). Collar-necked jar FS 64 (fig.6.11) Thispieceis decoratedwitha versionofquirkthatappearsto be local to AyiosStephanos. 3135. Buff;brownpaint.FM 48,joinedquirk.#20, 28.

Alabastron FS 96 (fig.6.11)

3136. Shoulderpiece. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 64, foliatebandfringe. #19.

Stirrup jar FS 174 (fig.6.11)

3137. Shoulder. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Edgeof FM 58, chevron. #19. 3138. Shoulder.Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.

FM 58, chevron.#10. 3139. Bodysherd.Buff;orangepaint.Wavylinegroup on belly.#3.

MugFS 226 (fig.6.11) This mug seemsto have had onlylineardecoration.It has the monochrome interior commonat in all the LH AyiosStephanos pottery phases. 3140. Brick;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. (base) 15. #27.

48 See

Chapter ι §1 (ii).

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3i6

Fig.6.1i. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIC Earlypottery: 3135-3152.Scale 1:3.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.11) The smalldiameterof 3141 suggests it belongsto thisshape.Dippersare notnormally decorated rim a LH IHBi dots;thereis, however, apartfrombandingand examplefromMycenaedecorated withbivalve.49 3141. Buff;brownto blackpaint.D. (rim)8. FM 53, wavy line. # 34.

One-handled conicalbowlFS 242 (fig.6.11) The diameterofthispiece is slightly largerthanthenormalone of 16 cm or less,sincetherimis the attachment. distorted handle by 3142. Buff; black paint on interior with brown D. (rim)c. 17. # 8, 19. RMDP brownon exterior. streaks, Laconia194.

KylixFS267 (fig.6.11) In otherregionsthisshape is generally The two examples(3143-3144) are bothmonochrome. are a singleexamplefromPhylakopi51 Laconia outside the monochrome parallels unpainted;50 only is thenormand is usedon manyshapes. AtAyiosStephanosmonochrome and othersfromAchaia.52 fromPhylakopi,53 parallels 3143 hasa veryconcaveupperbody,forwhichthereareLH IIIC unpainted but3144 has a straighter rim,whichmaybe LH IIIB.54 paint.D. (rim)14. # 3143. Brickorange;orange-brown 84. RMDPLaconia196. Foundunderwallka. 49 Mountioy 1076, 02 fig.9.9s· 50 Wardle 1969, 288; Mountioy 1976, 98-100. 51 Mountjoy 1985, 162 fig.5.7 no. 176.

3144· Buff;brownto blackpaint.D. (rim)11. #8.

52 Papadopoulos 1979, 245 fig.269b. 53 Mountioy iq8f>, 197 fig. 5.24 no. 395. 54 Wardle 1969, 286 fig. 10.96-9.


317

KylixFS 274 (fig.6.11) bandeduntil The conicalkylixfirst appearsas an unpainted shapein LH IIIB1,55butis notnormally LH IIIC.563145 is a verylargeexample. 3145. Buff;orange-buff slip,blackto brownpaint.D. interior. (rim)25. Monochrome #42.

#28. interior. 3146· Buff;blackpaint.Monochrome

Krater FS 282 (fig. 6.11)

The flatrimof3149 and thethicksectionsofall thepiecesillustrated suggestthattheybelongto the than All rather to the stemmed FS have a monochrome interior. 9. 3152 ring-based type except3147 is decoratedwithpanelhavinga borderdecoration local to AyiosStephanos(see fig.6.44 below). 3147. Buff;orange-brown paint.Spiral.#48. buff 3148. Orange; slip, orange-brown paint.Spiral, monochrome interior. #19. possiblystemmed, to blackpaint.D. (rim)c. 28. 3149. Buff;shaded-brown FM 53, wavyline,monochrome interior. #35. 3150. Brick;orangepaint.FM 53,wavylineaboveedge

ofdecoration, monochrome interior. #15. buff 3151. Orange; slip,orangepaint.FM 62, tricurved #47. interior. arch,monochrome Buff; 3152. orange-brown paint.FM 75, panelledwith 'bowtie'border;monochrome interior. #28.

Deep bowlFS 284 (3153-3184; fig.6.12) A largeselectionofdeep bowlsherdsis illustrated, LH IIIC shapeand partlyas itis thecommonest at AyiosStephanoson thenormalMycenaeanpatterns.57 partlyto givean idea ofthelocal variation interior. 3153, 3162-3163 and 3173 havea secondwide Veryfewpiecesdo nothavea monochrome bandbelowtheinterior at Tiryns58 and Phylakopi;59 thesecondouter rim,whichis a LH IIIC feature rimbandon 3160-3161,3164, 3168 and3179 is alsoa LH IIIC feature,60 inimitation oftheLH IIIB stemmed bowl.3168 is theType1 Transitional while and bowl, 3170 deep 3193-3194 areType2.61 is 3155 exhibitsa local use ofFM 29, thetrefoil Fragment 3159 decoratedwitha spiral pattern. witha fillsimilarto thaton a LH IIIC Earlystraight-sided alabastronfromPerati;62 it also has the rim and of LH IIIC.63 versions ofquirk, flaring bell-shaped upperprofiletypical 3160-3163 portray thaton 3161 beingcloseto thaton thecollar-necked Antithetic is on jar 3135. spiral depicted 31643167: 3164 has a dottedfringesimilarto thaton a LH IIIC EarlykraterfromKorakou,64 3165 a a chevron between the instead a of and a filled rim, flaring 3166 spirals 3167 panel spiral.Wavyband on on the former with a appears 3168-3171,zigzag 3172-3173, bell-shaped body.3174 hasa horizontal foliateband,to whichthereareparallelsfromTiryns65 and Phylakopi66 in LH IIIC Early,and 3175foliateband.The remaining rim 3176 a vertical piecesdepictpanelpatterns, 3177-3178 withflaring and 3181 withuntidyarrowfringe. 3153. Grey;black paint,burnt.D. (rim)13. FM 19, tongue.#84. to blackpaint.FM 23,whorl3154. Buff;shaded-brown #8. interior. shell,monochrome 3155. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)13. FM 29, monochrome #84. interior. trefoil, disintegrated 3156. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)14.6. FM 43, isolated monochrome interior. #24.ÄMDPLaconia204. semi-circles, 3157. Buff;blackto brownpaint.Spiral,monochrome interior. #57. 3158. Buff;brown-buff slip,blackto brownpaint.FM interior. 46, running spiral,monochrome #57. blackpaint.D. (rim)17. FM 5i(?), 3159. Buff;fugitive stemmed #84. interior. spiralwithfill,monochrome buffslip,blackto brownpaint.D. 3160. Orange-buff; interior. (rim)14. FM 48, quirk,monochrome #19. 3161. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 48, joined

55 Wardle iq6q, 286 fie:,ιο.ιοκ; 287 fie;.11.107. 56 Popham and Milburn 1071, 3 α.κ fie:.1.2. 57 See furtherMountioy iqqq, ι 27Q-82. 28 κ. 58 Podzuweit 1078, 47R fis;.28.6, 8, 12, 14, 16. 59 Mountioy iq8r, 182 fie. *.i6 nos. 227. 228. 2*0. 60 Mountjoy 1986, 151.

#5. interior. quirk,monochrome buffslip,brownpaint.FM 48, quirk. 3162. Pink-buff; #84. 3163. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 48, quirk.# 26. 3164. Buff;shaded-brownto black paint. FM 50, antithetic interior. spiral,monochrome #37. 3165. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 50, antithetic #8. interior. spiral,monochrome D. Buff; 3166. orangepaint. (rim)14. FM 50, antithetic monochrome interior. #10. spiralwithchevron, 3167. Buff; orange-brown paint.FM 50, antithetic spiral, monochrome interior. #27. brownpaint.D. (rim)16.6.FM 53,wavyline, 3168. Buff; monochrome # 27. RMDP Laconia 159, where interior. datedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3169. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 53,wavyline, monochrome interior. #10.

61 Mountioy iqqq, ι 27q. 62 Iakovidis iq6q, dL iooa.ioá. 63 French 1060, 134 figs,κ, ία. 64 Biegen 1021, 65 fig.01. 65 Podzuweit 1078, 47R fig. 28.16. 66 Mountjoy 1985, 182 fig.5.16 no. 230. ^

4

***

^*

*H*

ψ

%^

3i8

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.12. Area Epsilon,LH IIIC Earlypottery:3153-3184. Scale 1:3.

3170. Buff;lightto darkbrownpaint.FM 53, wavyline, # 1. RMDP Laconia 172, wheredated monochromeinterior. TransitionalLH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3171. Buff; orange-brown paint. FM 53, wavy line, monochromeinterior.# 4. 3172. Buff;shaded-brownto black paint.FM 61, zigzag, monochromeinterior.#17. 3173. Buff;orange-brownpaint.FM 61, zigzag. #18. 3174. Buff;red-brown paint.D. (rim)en. FM 64, foliate band, monochromeinterior.# 8. 3175. Buff;orange-brownpaint. FM 64, foliateband, monochromeinterior.#23. 3176. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 75, panelled with FM 64, foliateband, monochromeinterior.#20. 3177. Buff;whitishslip,shaded-brownto black paint.D. # 7. RMDP (rim)14. FM 75, panelled,monochromeinterior. Laconia 203.

3178. Orange; buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)£ 16. FM # 8, 23. RMDP Laconia 75, panelled,monochromeinterior. 208. 3179. Buff;grey slip, orange-brownpaint. D. (rim) 15. FM 75, panelled withsemi-circles(?), monochromeinterior. # 83. Dates wall ka. 3180. Buff; shaded-brown paint. FM 75, panelled, monochromeinterior.#12. 3181. Brick;orange paint. FM 75, panelled witharrow fringe,monochromeinterior.# 8. 3182. Buff; shaded-brown to black paint. FM 75, panelled,monochromeinterior.# 48. 3 183. Buff;blackto shaded-brown paint.FM 75, panelled withedge of decoration,monochromeinterior.# 8. 3184. Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. FM 56, chequerpanel by FM 42(?), triangularpatch,monochrome interior.#47.


Fig. 6.13. Area Epsilon,LH IIIC Earlypottery:3185-3197. Scale 1:3.

67

Popham and Milburn 1971, 337 fig. 2.1 and 341 fig. 5.2.

68 Ε. Β. French 1969, 135, 134 fig. 11.

319

P. A. MOUNTJOY

32O

Deep bowlFS 284 (fig.6.13) The evertedrimof theType2 Transitional deep bowls3193-3194 is similarto thatof LH IIIB stemmed bowls.69 3193. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)25. FM 42, #10. ÄMDPLaconia167,wheredated joiningsemi-circles. LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. Transitional

to blackpaint.D. (rim)25. 3194· Buff;shaded-brown Spiral.#35. RMDPLaconia169,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'.

Stemmed bowlFS 306 (fig.6.13) fromtheirslightlip,buttheusualsecondouterband Rimsbelonging to thisshapecan be recognised below the rimis missingin everycase, being replacedby a singlebroad band on the rim.70 has a plainrimwitha broad 3197, decoratedwithpanel and isolatedsemi-circles, Exceptionally, band below it and an unusualkinkin the upperprofile;it also has a smallerdiameterthanthe interior. bowls,whichare all over20 cm.All theexampleshavea monochrome 3195 has remaining no have fill the stems. with line between vertical twoantithetic 3196-3197 lip,but practically spirals thethicker sectionand therimband suggestthattheybelongto thisshape. outside.FM blackpaintinside,orange-brown 3195. Buff; 75, panelledwithFM 50, antithetic spiral.# 28. 3196. Buff;blackto shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)c. 21.

FM 75, panelled.#7. 3197· Bun°;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)19. FM 75, # 10, 20. panelledwithFM 43, isolatedsemi-circles.

2. AREA ZETA 1973 whentheMH and LH laterbuilding, The Mycenaeandepositsin thisArea have suffered through theLateMycenaeanbuilding IIIC Earlywallswerere-usedfortheMedievalstructures.71 Furthermore, theEarlyMycenaeanlevels,withtheresultthatthefewEarlyMycenaeansherds destroyed activity One LH IIIC Earlydepositcan be isolated:sectordeltaproduceda hereare unstratified. illustrated theNE faceofwallig s to wallid (baskets49, 50, 54 and 56),but and from over level running stony threedeep bowlsherdsare depicted less is worthillustrating: and even was little pottery kept, very sherd and a krater and (3211). 3220) (3213-3214 (i) Late Helladic IIA (3198-3205; fig. 6.14) (a) decorated/painted FS 82 Alabastron

buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 32, 3198. Pink-buff; fill.# 2. withstonepattern rockpattern

Hole-mouthed jar FS 100

3199. Buff;whitishslip,brownpaint.FM 63, hatched loop.#31.

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 of3200 againstan opengroundand thearcadingroundthebase of3201 are similar decoration The to a jug fromPhylakopl.72 paint.FM 38, pendant.# 25. 3200. Buff;orange-brown thickcreamslip,blackpaint.D. (base)9. FM 3201. Buff; 66, arcadepattern. #51.

Stirrup jar(?)FS 169

blackpaint.MarineStylewithOctopusType 3202. Buff; A (Mountjoy 1984Û,216 AyiosStephanosno. 4). #51. Cup FS 211

and another withblob filland is verycloseto an examplefromAegina73 Thiscup has scalepattern themotifalso appearson a gobletfromKea.75 fromMonemvasia;74 69 Mountioy iqqq, ι 27Q. 70 Mountjoy 1986, 154 fig. 198 illustratesthe usual version; fora LH IIIB2 parallel see Wardle 1973, 319 fig. 12.86. 71 See Chapter 1 §2 above.

72 Dawkins and DrooD 101 1. dI. 11.1J.O. 73 Hiller ίο?*, pl. 7.106. 74 Demakopoulou 1068, pl. 600. 75 Cummer and Schofield 1984, pl. 78.1228. ^™"

■■ - - ■■""■

- -

™-

- -

-

-

-

j-

-

^j

-

/

I

A.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §2

321

Fig. 6.14. Area Zeta, LH pottery:3198-3221. Area Eta, LH pottery:3222-3233. Scale 1:3.

3203. Buff;whitishslip,black paint.D. (rim) 12. FM 70, scale pattern,monochromeinterior.#38.

Goblet This base, whichis paintedunderneath and not articulated, compareswell withthosefromArea Epsilon(fig.6.1). 3204.

Grey firedbuff;black paint.D. (base) 6.6. # 74.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

322 (b) COARSE WARE

Cookingpot burnt out.D. 3205. Raisedconcavebase.Buff, slightly #54. (base)7.2.Wheel-made. (ii) Late Helladic

IIIA2

fig. 6.14)

(3206-3207;

KraterFS 8 This krateris decoratedwithrunningspiralhavinga thickoutercoil and fineinnerones in the mannerofthekylix3051. wornbrownpaint.FM 46,running 3206. Buff; spiralwith fatoutercoil.#25.

KylixFS 256 The heavyrimofthiskylixindicatesthatitbelongsto GroupI.76 3207. Buff;orangetoblackpaint.D. (rim)c. 15. FM 62, tricurved arch.#14.

(iii) Late Helladic IIIB (32508-3209; fig. 6.14) Stirrup jar FS 173

FM58, red-brown buff 3208. Orange; paint. slip,fugitive #48. chevron. (iv) Late Helladic

IIIC

KraterFS 9

brownto blackpaint.FM 23,whorl-shell, 3209. Buff; #3. monochrome interior.

Early (3210-3221;

fig. 6.14)

KylixFS 274 Thissherdis decoratedwitha simplepanelin themannerofan examplefromPhylakopl.77 red-brown 3210. Buff; paint,orangein.FM 75,panelled, #75. interior. monochrome

KraterFS 282

3211. Buff;blackto brownpaint.Edge of decoration, interior. monochrome #56.

Deep bowlFS 284 thatitcouldbe a LH IIIB2 deepbowlofGroupB; nevertheless, The deeprimbandof3212 suggests in additiontothefactthatthesherdsfoundwithitareLH IIIC, examplesfromtherecentexcavations intoLH IIIC.78Byanalogywiththeexamples thatthedeeprimbandcontinues atTirynsdemonstrate The flaring fromTiryns,3212 wouldfitintotheLH IIIC repertoire. lip and bell shape of 3213, dateittothisperiod,as likewisethesimilarrimof3214. The twolinear withpanelpattern, decorated bases (3219-3220)bothhave a fairly highring. whiteslip,red-brown paint.D. (rim)18. FM 3212. Buff; #10. interior. monochrome 42,joiningsemi-circles, buffslip,brownpaint.D. (rim)14. 3213. Orange-buff; FM 75, panelled.#54. 3214. Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 19, #56. interior. tongue,monochrome 76 See §1 (iii) (a) above. 77 Mountjoy 1984Í, 230 fig.5.

paint,blackin.FM 46,running orange-brown 3215. Buff; #6. interior. monochrome spiral, 3216. Buff;orange-brownpaint, black in. Spiral, interior. monochrome #72. spiral, paint.FM 46, running 3217. Buff;shaded-brown #48. interior. monochrome

78 Podzuweit

1979, 416 fig.37.10-12 and 419 fig.39.1.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §3 3218. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 75, panelled,worn # monochrome interior, (?). 72. 3219. Buff;black paint.D. (base) 6.6. Monochrome

323

interior. #72. 3220. Buff;black paint.D. (base) 6.4. Monochrome #56. interior.

bowlFS 305 Stemmed rimand thicker The thickened sectionof3221 suggest thatitbelongsto thisshape.The widebandof rim on the well with that on the paint compares groupfromAreaEpsilon(fig.6.13, 3193-3197). 3221. Brick; buffslip, orange paint. Miscellaneous fillinthecoilofFM 50,antithetic decoration, possibly spiral, #80. monochrome interior.

3. AREA ETA 1973 The Mycenaeanmaterial comesentirely fromsurface and a coupleof levels,apartfromLH I material LH IIA piecesfromthefillofthecistofEtaburial15 (baskets56, 57, 59, 60 and 61). The onlysherds retained fromthesebasketsarethosefrom#57, ofwhichthoseworthillustrating are3223 and3225also LH contained the IIA vessels 3227. [Burial15 1321-1324.79] (i) Late Helladic I (3222; fig. 6.14) VapheiocupFS 224

3222. Buff;whitish slip,blackpaint.D. (rim)11, (base) 6.8.H. 7.4.FM 46, tangent spiralwithblobs;onlytheblobs and tangent areextant.#43. 73-713.RMDPLaconia8. (ii) Late

Helladic

IIA

(3223-3227;

fig. 6.14)

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 Thispieceis decoratedwithrunning spiraland has curvedstripesacrosstherim.The running spiral seemsto be a popularneckdecoration on thisshapeat AyiosStephanos. 3223. Pale orangefiredbuff;greenishslip,blackpaint. D. (rim)15. FM 46, runningspiralroundneck,curved acrossrim.#57. stripes

Closedshape wornblackpaint.MarineStylewithOctopus 3224. Buff; no.5). #20. 1984a,216,AyiosStephanos TypeΒ (Mountjoy

3225. Pink; whitishslip, shaded-brown paint.Spiral. #57.

Cup FS 211 3226. Pink;buffslip,wornbrownpaint.FM 76, stone #57. pattern.

Goblet The roundedinnerprofile ofthelip of3227 suggests thatitbelongstothisphaserather thantoa later one,sincethelip ofthelaterkylixis morearticulated.80 3227. Orange-buff; orangeto blackpaint.D. (rim)16. Monochrome. #57.

(iii) Late Helladic IIIA2 (3228; fig. 6.14) KylixFS 264 or 267

3228. Stemand lowerbody.Buff;blackpaint.Monochrome. #17. 79 On the see Chapter ι §3 above. stratigraphy

80 See §1 (iii) above withfig. 6.4.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

324

(iv) Late Helladic IIIB (3229; fig. 6.14) KylixFS 258, 259 3229. Buff;blackto shaded-brownpaint.D. (rim)16. FM 18, flower(untidy).# 2.

(v) Late Helladic

IIIC

Early (3230-3233;

KraterFS 281

^ ι_γγι· -i.i?A>r j. δ FM 51, stemmed buffslip, orange paint. *2*o. · χ · • ι Orange; u 4L 11. # monochrome intenor. spiral, ' v

ι T-o ο Deep bowlFS 285 τα

3231.

ι_

fig. 6.14)

#2. monochrome interior. FM 43,isolated semi-circles,

black in. FM 53, wavy line, brown Buff;pale %2τ a r> rr li 1 * FM brown black to u

3233· Buff; monochromeinterior.# 2.

paint.

61, zigzag,

Pinkish;buffslip, brown paint,orange-brownin.

4. AREA BETA 1974-77 theLate Mycenaean whichre-usedtheMycenaeanwalls,has largelydestroyed activity, Byzantine wasLH IIIB-IIIC below the In theswoftheAreathefillimmediately levelsin thistrench. Byzantine was found to an averagedepthof30 cm,butin therestofAreaBetaEarlyMycenaean immediately architectural belowa fewLH IIIB-IIIC baskets.ApartfromtheLH IIA-IIIAi Floor1,theremaining in thetrench features patchesoffloorcannotbe associatedwithwalls, pattern: rarelyforma coherent and wallshaveno floorsto go withthem.81 in thisArea wereof childrenwithout Mostoftheinterments gravegoods,butburials26 and 28 fromArea Beta is Withthe exceptionof thesegraves,the pottery containednoteworthy pottery. in orderto givean overviewofthematerial, ratherthanstratigraphically publishedchronologically to the publishedsherdsare made in the is so complex.Cross-references since the stratigraphy comesfromfill.All basketsarefrom illustrated butmostofthematerial introduction to each section, of 1977 unlessstated. theexcavations (i) Stratigraphic Contexts (a) THE ALLEY AND STEPS (LH HA)

to thealley,StreetBetaIV, that In thene cornerofthepavedareain theSW Sectorliestheentrance with two wall and eo es flanked wall ν in thelineof continues ed, stepsupwards:StepI = basket by = the are and IIA LH date to datingsherds). 3282 (3246 83, StepII basket84. These (b) PLASTER FLOOR IN THE SE SECTOR (LH UB)

This floor(baskets42, 49, 66 and 78) maybe associatedwithwall ep, sincethe stonesshowing after thefloorwasremovedwerefroman earlierlevel.The floorcoveredwalley andbelongs through to thelastperiodofMycenaeanoccupationin thissector.[A LH IIB floorin theCentralSectorwas dugwith1974 basket37, w oftheMedievalwallel.] The latestsherdson thefloorareLH IIB (3295-3296);othersherdspublishedareLH I (3244),LH IIA (3249, 3252, 3260-3264, 3268, 3274-3281, 3283, 3285) and Late MattPainted(3299).There is a join betweenbaskets49 and 66. (c) BURIAL 28 (LH IIB)

Thisinterment (basket107) containeda childin a cistagainstwallem. The childhad a bead bracelet on eachwristandthreevasesburiedwithit:theaskos3289,thejug 3290 and thegoblet3291. These areLH IIB/IIIAi in date. (d) FLOOR 1 (LH IIA-IIIAl)

in is associatedwithFloor1,refurbished theswpartofthetrench The Mycenaeanwalled delimiting Sherds baskets and LH IIIAi (baskets17,39, 52, 59, 63, 65, 68-9, 72, 74, 76, 82, 89, 19, 21). 1974 81 See further Chapter ι §4 above.


325

publishedherecomefrombaskets72, 76, 82, 89: LH I (3235, 3238, 3240-3242),LH IIA (3247); baskets17, 69, and 1974 baskets19, 21, 25: LH IIA (3250, 3258, 3270), LH IIIAi (3300, 33043306,3308). Floor1 also extendedundertheLH IIIA2 areaofstonesev, bothinsideand outsideits ν corner(baskets63, 65 and 68 withLH IIA sherd3248 and LH IIIAi sherds3303-3304, 33093310 and3312). Basket59, whichis above63, includestwowholepots(3306 and 3313) ofLH IIIAi date,whicharealso associatedwithFloor1. Beneaththisfloor,basket72 outsidestonesev in theSW Sectorcame downontowhatis possiblya rubblefloorofLH I- II date.Sherdsillustrated are LH I 1 was laid in LH IIA.82] (3235>3237)· [Floor (e) BURIAL 26 (LH IIIA2

EARLY)

Thisburial(basket67) was insidea re-usedcistby theΕ baulkofthetrench.It containedan infant witha jug (3338) and an askos(3339). Theyare LH IIIA2 Early. together (f) FLOOR-DEPOSITS

OR FILL (LH IIIA2-IIIC

EARLY)

A possiblefloordeposit(baskets15-16, 28-9, 1959 baskets4-5 and 1974 baskets6-7, 12-14, 23), ofa rubblefloor(?)and containing twowholepots(LH IIIB 3342 and LH IIIC 3357),lies consisting in theSW Sector.It containsmuchLH IIIA2 material.It overliesmaterialfromanotherpossible floor,the'lightbrownfloor'(baskets10,40, 1959 baskets6-7 and 1974 baskets8-10, 18, 24),and a pitbeneathit (baskets48, 56), whichcontainstheLH IIIC Earlypot 3380 butalso earliermaterial LH IIIA2. Basket40 has a join withbasket48, a pitdugbelowthislevelintothatofbasket including there is another from 57; join betweenbasket48 and thelowerdeposit(1974 basket24). The pottery thislevel and fromthepit is also LH IIIA2-IIIC Early.PublishedsherdsincludeLH IIA (3254, 3256), LH IIB (3294),LH IIIA2 fôs16^^ 33*1-33*6, 3329, 3331, 3333~3337> 334Ο-3341)* LH IIIB (3340-3355),and Transitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC EarlywithLH IIIC Earlv(3357-3380). It camedownontotheV-shapedareaofstonesev. Thisfeature datesfromLH IIIA2 (basket73, with sherd It went below the level of basket downto theLH 3323). dating 57 (LH IIIAi) and further IIIAi floor(Floor1). [Theeditortakesthestonesev and thesedepositsto be layersofrubbleandfill dumpedat a singletimeduringtheLH IIIC Earlyphase.83] Elsewhere thebasketsarestilla mixture ofByzantine andlaterMycenaeanmaterial(baskets10 and Sherds are LH II 11). published (3245,3265, 3286-3287) and LH IIIA2 (3320). (ii) Pottery (a) LATE HELLADIC

I (3234-3244;

FIG. 6.1 5)

The onlystratified LH I materialcomesfrombasket76, theremovaloftheslabseu ofFloor1 in the S CentralSector(3242),and frombasket72, a possiblerubblefloorunderFloor1 in theSW Sector therestofthematerial consists ofa fewmonochrome (3235,3237).The sherd3242 is a LM IA import; andunpainted a date of MH III/LH I to the into which theslabsofFloor1 gobletrims,giving layer werebedded.The remaining LH I piecespublishedare outofcontext Alabastron FS 80 3234. Buff;black to shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 5.4. FM 10a, iris(disintegrated). 1974 # 37. Floor by wall el.

Squatjug FS 87

3«35· Buff;brownto black paint.FM 46, runningspiral withfillof blobs. 1977 # 72. Stonyfloor.

Jug

Thisbase has thesameprofileas theMinoanising base 3334. 3236. Buff;black paint. D. (base) 9. 1974 # 16. Over Floor 1.

Cup FS 211 3237. Pink firedbuff;buffslip out, white in, black to shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 11.8. FM 46, tangentspiral

82 See

Chapter ι §4 (iii) (a) above.

withblobs and much added white,roughinterior.1977 # 72. Stonyfloor.RMDP Laconia 4.

83 See

Chapter 1 §4 (ii) above.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

326

Fig.6.15. AreaBeta,LH I pottery: 3234-3244.Scale 1:3.

VapheiocupFS 224 (fig.6.15) A fewpiecesare illustrated to add to thecorpusfromArea Lambda (3472-3489 below).In shape is intermediate between 3240 TypesI and II. TypeII is themostcommontypeat AyiosStephanos withtangent 3238-3239arebothdecorated (e.g.3222,323c)).84 spiralwithblobfill,3240 withtortoisewith and reducedcrocusmotif. shellripple,3241 withurchin the handle-band 3244,decorated 3243 by withogivalcanopy,mustbelongtoa largeexample,sinceithasa verythicksectionandthedecorative motifis one requiring a deep zone. Thisis nota usualmotifforthisshape.The fabricand paintof with and blob fill,are Minoan. decorated 3242, spiralswithwavytangent 3238. Orange;whitish slip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) 10.FM 46, tangent spiralwithblobfill.1977#82. Floor1. 3239. Pale orange;whitish slip,blacktobrownpaint.D. (rim)9.4. FM 46, tangent spiralwithblob fill.1977 #45, 51, 53. 77-311.RMDPLaconia9. shaded-brown 3240. Buff; paint.D. (rim)9.2-10.2,(base) 8. FM 78,ripple.1977#82. Floor1. 776.8. H. (restored) 320. RMDPLaconia7. Plate 40. 3241. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)10. FM 27, urchinby

handleband. 1977 #90. UnderFloor1. crackledorangeand 3242. Pinkish;buffslip,lustrous, blackpaint.Spiralwithblobs.1977#76. Slabseu (Floor1). LM IA. paint.FM 10, 3243· Buff;whitishslip,shaded-brown crocus.1977 #81. Ashin SE Sector. 3244. Brick;buffslip, orange paint. FM 13, ogival canopy,handleband. 1977 #78. Floorwithwallep.

(b) LATE HELLADIC IIA (3245-3288)

on thelaterfloorsor in thefill.The fromthisphaseconsistsofearliersurvivals Mostofthematerial piecesare 3246, whichdatesStepI, and 3282, whichdatesStepII; thereare many onlystratified piecesfromthefloorassociatedwithwall ep (3249, 3252, 3260-3264, 3268, 3274-3281, 3283, fromthisflooris LH IIB. thelatestmaterial 3285),although Decorated (fig.6.16) Piriform jar FS 21 withcurvedstripes, Thissherd,decorated belongstoFS 21,theusualshapeforthisdecoration. probably paint.FM 67, 3245. Buff;whitishslip,orange-brown curvedstripes.1977 #10. 84 See

Mountjoy 1999, 1 253-4.


327

Fig.6.16. AreaBeta,LH IIA pottery: 3245-3260.Scale 1:3.

rounded(large)FS 82 Alabastron,

3246. Buff;chocolate-brown paint.MarineStyleweed and rockwork. 1977 # 83. Dates Step I. See Mountjoy 19840,216 AyiosStephanosno. 1.

whitish 3247. Buff; slip,blackpaint.FM 32,rockpattern, X977#89. Floor1.

rounded(medium)FS 83 Alabastron, Sherd3248 is decoratedwithhatchedloop withan irisfilling ornament similarto thaton 3234, but betterdrawn. 3248. Buff;whitish slip,blackto brownpaint.FM 63, hatchedloop withFM 10a iris.1977 #68. Floor1.

Squatjug FS 87 Thisbase couldbelongto LH IIA or LH IIB. It comesfromthefloorwithwallep, wherethelatest material is LH IIB, butthereis also muchLH IIA. 3249. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (base)4. 1977 #66. Hole-mouthed jar FS 101

This body-sherd withhatchedloop probablybelongsto thisshape,whichis commonlydecorated withthishatchedloop motif;85 itssectionis notthickenoughforthatofthePalace Stylejar,theother that vase has this decoration.86 large 3250. Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 63, hatchedloop. 1974 # 25. OverFloor1.

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 A neckdecorated withrunning withogivalcanopy(325a). (3251) anda body-sherd spiralis illustrated 3251. Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 46, running spiral.1974 #37. Floorbywallel.

85 Wace

1932, pl. 39T.518.4.

whitish 3«5«· Buff; slip,wornblackpaint.FM 13,ogival canopy.1977 #78. Floorwithwallep.

86 Müller

1909, pl. 23 left.

328

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Beakedjug FS 143 (fig.6.16) Itis uncertain whether 3253 belongstoa beakedjug ortoa bridge-spouted jug (FS 103).Itis decorated fromtheir in vertical linesgrowing withfigure-of-eight shields,whichare unusual havinggroupsof heads.It couldcomefroma vase decoratedin theAlternating Style.87 to blackpaint.FM 37, shield. 3253. White;red-brown 1977# 16,28. LH IIIC upperfill.77-302.ÄMDPLaconia 27. PLATE40.

Cup FS 2 11

3254. Orange;pinkish slip,orangepaint.FM 35,doubleaxe. 1977 #29. LH IIIC upperfill. 3255. Buff;brownpaint. Dot festoon,monochrome

interior. 1977 #81. Ashin SE Sector. slip,brownpaint. 3256. Bufffiredpale orange;whitish FM 77, stonepattern. 1977 #48. LH IIIC lowerfill.

BellcupFS 221 arch,3258 withstone 3257 is decoratedin theAlternating Stylewithcrocuspatternand tricurved usualfilledheadand Instead of the and fronds. with triton Marine and in the spray Style pattern 3259 thosein theshields in size to similar with dots filled head and has both this triton body striped body,88 on 3253. The twovasescouldbe by thesamehand. 3257. Buff;black paint.FM 10, crocuswithedge of interior. monochrome tricurved rockwork, 1977#81. Ash in SE Sector. buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 76, 3258. Pink-buff; LM IB(?). interior. monochrome stonepattern, variegated

1974 #19. Floor1. browntoorangepaint.D. (base)3.8. FM 23, 3259. Buff; interior. monochrome triton, 1974#27. 74-303.Mountjoy 19840, 216 AyiosStephanosno. 2. RMDP Laconia 32. plate 40.

Cup withhighhandleFS 262

brownpaint.FM 53,wavyband.Decoration 3260. Buff; and profilesuggestit belongsto thisshape. 1977 # 49. Floorwithwallep.

Monochrome (fig.6.17) Goblet A selection ofrimsand basesis shownhereto filloutthecorpusfromAreaEpsilon(fig.6.1). 3261ofthisperiod,32168and 3265, 3267 and 3269 exhibittheveryhighfinerimwhichis characteristic not but underneath is which and concave short stem the domed;therim3266 is base, painted 3270 nothigh,butitis veryeverted. 3261. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)12. 1977 #49. Floor withwallep. 3262. Orangefiredbuff;blackpaint.D. (rim)14. 1977 #78. Floorwithwallep. paint.D. (rim)9. 1977 # 78. 3263. Buff;orange-brown Floorwithwallep. blackpaint.D. (rim)20. 1977#49, 66. Floor 3264. Buff; withwallep. paint.D. (rim)11.4. 3265. Greyfired pink;orange-brown 1977 #11.

Bowl/cup

orange;orangepaint.D. (base)2.6.Base 3271. Greyfired concave.1977 #30. paintedunder,slightly blackpaint.D. (base)3. Base paintedunder. 3272. Buff;

87 See Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 302-3 fortheAlternating Style; I thankO. P. T. K. Dickinson forthisidea.

3266. Buff;brownto black paint.D. (rim)15. 1977 #98. Plasterfloorin SW Sector. 3267. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)17. 1974 # 35, 37. Floorbywallel. 3268. Brick;orangepaint.D. (base) 7.2. Base painted under.1977 #49. Floorwithwallep. 77-310. paint.D. (rim) 14. orange-brown 3269. Orange-buff; 1974 #37. Floorbywallel. paint. D. (base) 8. Base 3270. Brick;orange-brown paintedunder.1977 # 17. Floor1.

!974 #33· Burial23 3273. Orange;orangepaint.D. (base) 4. Base painted concave.1974#39. Underfloorbywallel. under,slightly

88

Mountjoy 19840, pl. 2 id.


329

Fig.6.17. AreaBeta,LH ILApottery: 3261-3288.Scale 1:3.

(3274-3288; fig. 6.17) Unpainted Goblet All the rimsexhibitthe finehigh lip of the monochromegoblets of thisphase; some have a slight concavityon the innersurfaceof the lip (3275-3277, 3279). Three bases are shown (3283-3285), all and veryfine,as opposed to theheaviermonochromeexamples3268 and 3270. beingshort-stemmed

33O

P. A. MOUNTJOY

D. (rim)10. 1977 #49. Floorwith standard. 3274. Buff, wallep. D. (rim)10. 1977 #49. Floorwith standard. 3275. Buff, wallep. 3276. Buff, polished.D. (rim)13. 1977 #66. Floorwith wallep. D. (rim)12. 1977 #66. Floorwith standard. 3277. Buff, wallep. burnished. 1977#78. Floorwith 3278. Buff, polished(?) wallep. standard.1977 #66. Floorwithwallep. 3279. Buff,

D. (rim)11. 1977 #78. Floorwith standard. 3280. Buff, wallep. 3281. FS 270. Buff,standard.D. (rim)10. 1977 # 49. Floorwithwallep. 77-309. burnished. 1977 #84. StepII. 3282. Greyfiredbuff, once smoothed, 3283. Brick;buff polished.D. (base) slip 5. 1977 #78. Floorwithwallep. 3284. Greyfiredbuff,standard.D. (base) 5.6. 1977 # 38. Surfaceofroadwayν ofwallet. 77-307. D. (base)5.8. 1977 # 3285. Orange;buffslip,standard. 78. Floorwithwallep.

Bowl/cup(fig.6.17) Sherd3286 has a fine,veryevertedrim,3287 a flat,concavebase. 3286. Orange-buff;buffslip, standardworn, once D. (rim)9. 1977 #10. Floor1. polished(?).

D. (base)2.8. 1977 #45. standard. 3287. Buff,

Cup withhighhandleFS 262

[3287a (notseen).Pink.Base and stemonly.D. (base)5. 1977# 16. LH IIIC upperfill.77-303.Notillustrated.]

Coarseware(fig.6. 17) Cookingpot

from fired brown.Button-base 3288. Greywithinclusions one-handled cookingpot(cf.3188 above,withreferences). D. (base)4.5-5.0. 1974 #37. Floorbywallel. (c) LATE HELLADIC IIB (3289-3299)

Vases fromburial28 (fig.6.18)

monochrome Thischildburial(baskets102 and 107) containedtheaskos3289, theminiature juglet much the askos of the the to are no There miniature and the except shape parallels 3291. goblet 3290 The laterduckaskoifromAchaea,whichdo nothave thestraphandleon theback but a spout.89 juglet3290 is a smallversionofFS 135,butwitha shortneckthatmergesintothebody.Thereis a The shape does not appearafterLH IIB. The small LH IIB parallelfromtheAgoraat Athens.90 the under is monochrome which base, has theearlytypeof conicalfootwitha short goblet3291, evertedrim.The burialwouldseemtobe LH IIB,91buta dateearlyin LH IIIAi cannotbe ruledout, ofthedivisionbetweenthetwophasesis stillimperfect.92 sinceourknowledge Askos(fig.6.18)

toblackpaint.L. 22.1.H. 10.3. 3289. Buff; orange-brown Nose and vent pierced, legs solid, ears not extant. ofvertical Decoration wavylines.77-321.plate40.

JugwithcutawayneckFS 135 (fig.6.18)

3290. Buff;blackpaint.D. (base) 3.8-3.9. H. 6.3-6.5.

base paintedunderneath. Monochrome, 77-323. RMDP Laconia44. plate 40.

GobletFS 270 (fig.6.18)

3291. Buff;black paint.D. (rim)9, (base) 4.6. H. 7. base paintedunderneath. Monochrome, 77-322. RMDP Laconia52. plate 40.

Materialfromothercontexts (fig.6.19)

illustrated materialofthisperiod.The pottery Apartfromburial28, thereis verylittlerecognisable materialcomesfromthe belowcomesfromtheLH IIB floorin theSE Sector(3295-3296).Further floorin theCentralSectorin 1974 basket37, w of theMedievalwall el (3292-3293),whichalso yieldedLH I (3234),LH IIA (3251,3269,3288) and LateMattPainted(3299).Thereis also LH IIB in anotherbasketfromthisSector(3297); 3294 and 3298 arefromlaterfill. 89 Papadopoulos 1979, 231-4 figs.255-8. 90 Immerwahr 1971, T.VII.19.

91 Mountiov iq88, i8r. 92 Mountjoy 1986, 51.


331

Scale 1:3. Fig.6.18. AreaBeta,burial28, LH IIB pottery: 35589-3291.

Fig.6.19. AreaBeta,LH IIB pottery: 3292-3299.Scale 1:3.

roundedFS 82 (fig.6.19) Alabastron, and a wheelon itsbase. Partofanotherwheelis shown 3292 has theLH IIB versionofrockpattern on thebase 3293, whichcouldbelongto LH IIA or LH IIB. 3292. Orange;pale yellowslip,brownto blackpaint.D. wheelunderbase. 1974#37. (max.)21. FM 32,rockwork; Floorbywallel. 74-306.RMDPLaconia42. plate41.

VapheiocupFS 224 (fig.6.19) The foliatebandis theLH IIB version. brownpaint.FM 64, 3294. Buff;whitishslip,fugitive foliateband. 1974 #9. LH IIIC upperfill.

3*93- Buff;brownpaint.Wheelunderbase. 1974 #37. Floorbywallel.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

332

Ring-handled cupFS 237 (fig.6.19) Two monochrome examplesare published(3295-3296). This shape is generallydecoratedin and in out,as piece3539. 3295. Paleorange;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)9, (base) underbase. 1977 # 78. Floor 3.5. H. 1.8. Monochrome withwallep. 77-318. 3296. Greyfiredorange;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)

9, (base) 3.6. H. 2.4-2.6. Monochrome,base painted underneath. 1977#49. Floorwithwallep. 77-312.RMDP Laconia47.

GobletFS 254 The lilyon thisgobletrimcouldbe LH IIIAi, butthelip is closerto thatoftheLH IIB Ephyraean thatitbelongsto thisperiod. goblet,93 suggesting 3297.

Buff;black to brownpaint.FM 9, lily. 1974 #16.

Floorin CentralSector.

Miniature Bowlwithhighhandle(fig.6.19) blackpaint.A linearexample,oneofa group 3298. Buff; vases(Mountjoy ofLH IIB miniature 1986,49 fig.56). D. (rim)7. 1977 #73. Stonesofev.

LateMattPainted:amphora/hydria shoulderpanel (see 3540-3543 below).It comesfromthe This piece depictstheusual horizontal floorassociatedwithwall ep, fromwhichthelatestmaterialis LH IIB (3295). The vase to which thissherdbelongedcould also be of thisdate, since the materialfromthe wells southof the Acropolisat Athenshas shownthatLate MattPaintedamphoraeand hydriaecontinueas late as LHIIB/LHIIIA1.94 paint. 3299. Greyfiredorange;buffslip,orange-brown Horizontal panel.Handmade.1977 #78. (d) LATE HELLADIC IIIAl (33OO-3315;

FIG. 6.2θ)

The LH IIIAi slabbedsurface(Floor1) in Room 1 extendsunderthestonesev. Sherdspublished fromFloor1 are 3300, 3305, 3308 and 33i4"3315· The sherds3303-3304, 3309-3310 and 3312 come fromthefloorwhereit runsunderthestonesev, as do thetwovases 3306 and 3313. Four and removaloftheMedievalwalls further pieces(3301-3302 and 3307) comefromthefoundations floor. the same from well be ee and el, and may displaced Beakedjug FS 144

3300. Buff;greenishslip, red-brownpaint. FM 22, 1974 #19· Floor1. RMDPLaconia64. argonaut.

Cup FS 219 A completeexample(3301) is decoratedwithstipple.It is unusualin havinga veryfinerimband, thewholelip,andbandson thelowerbody(compare3675),insteadofthe insteadofa bandcovering The bases 3302 and 3304 have a centraldepressionin the bands.95 the base to stipplecontinuing this in of is usual which interior, period. cups 3301. Buff;fugitiveshaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 11.2, (base) 3.6. H. 5.1-5.5. FM 77, stipple.1977 # 28. 77-301. RMDP Laconia 68. 3302. Buff;brownpaint.D. (base) 4.1. 1974 # 31.

93 Mountioy iq8i, fie. 15.176-8. 94 Mountjoy 1981.

3303. Buff;shaded-brownpaint.FM 77, stipple.1977 # 68. Floor 1. 3304. Brick; orange-buffslip, polished. D. (base) 3.9. 1977 # 63. Floor 1.

95 French 1964, pl. 72a no. 6, has an arrangementof belly bands similarto 3301.


333

Fig.6.20. AreaBeta,LH IIIAi pottery: 3300-3315.Scale 1:3.

DipperFS 236,unpainted forthisshape,is ofcoarseware.3306 has thefinerversionoftherimthat Dipper3305, unusually the thickbase and on appears AyiosStephanosGroupII kylikes(seefig.6.5). It alsohas an unusually a verywidestraphandle. D. 3305. Brickwithgrits;buffslip,standard. Unpainted. (rim)10.4. 1974 #21. Floor1. 74-301.

D. (rim)8.8. 3306. Brick;buffslip,standard. Unpainted. H. (bowl)6.9. 1977 #59. Floor1. 77-314.

GobletFS 255 itcouldbelongtoa cup,butthedecoration The smalldiameter of3307 suggests ofitshandleconsisting ofdiagonalbarswitha loop roundthebase is thatofthegoblet96 ratherthanthatofthecup,which has a monochrome handle.97 a gobletfromProsymna98 has an equallysmall Furthermore, generally diameter and a somewhat similararrangement ofdecoration, that this is indeeda goblet. suggesting 3307. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)13. FM 46, running spiral.1974 #31. 96 65 fig.75.1, 3, 5-6. 97Mountjoy1986,62 Mountjoy1986, fig.72.1.

98 Biegen1937,fig.157.424.

ρ· Α· MOUNTJOY

334

GobletFS 264 (fig.6.20) The base 3308 maybelongto thisshape.Itsstemis toolongforitto belongto an earliergoblet,and itsedgeis tooarticulated forittobelongtoFS 272. The rim3311 has a fairly longevertedlipthatfits fromthetallLH II lip to theshortLH IIIA2 one. wellintothedevelopment 3308. Base and stem.Greyfiredpale orange;orange paint,worn.D. (base) 4.8. Monochrome;base painted underneath. 1977# 17. Floor1. 1977 #65. 3309. Rim.Buff;blackpaint.Monochrome. Floor1.

1977 3310. Rim.Orange;orangepaint.Monochrome. #65. Floor1. blackpaint.D. (rim)20. Monochrome. 1977 3311. Buff; #9. NE sector(unstratified).

KylixFS 267 Sherd3312 has a thinsectionand a verylongevertedlip.The unpainted piece3313, exceptionally, hastwohandlesthatriseabovetherim.TherearelaterLH IIIBi parallelsfromMycenae,"butso far fromLH IIIAi. nonehavebeen documented 3312. Grey firedorange; black paint. D. (rim) 13. Monochrome. 1977 #63. Floor1. withinclusions, roughsmoothed. Unpainted. 3313. Buff

D. (rim)10.5,(base)5.8. H. 9.5-10.5. 1977 #59. Floor1. Π~$χ$-

GobletFS 272 Sherd3314 belongsto theLH IIIAi versionoftheshape.The secondhandleis restored. 3314. Brick;maroonpaint.D. (rim)c. 15. Monochrome. 1974 #21. Floor1. 74-302.

BasinFS 294(?) rimand a deep band overtherim. Thispiecehas a flatbase,a flathorizontal slip,orangepaint.D. (rim) 3315. Greyfiredorange;buff interior. 1977 #69. 38.4,(base)c. 20. H. 8. Monochrome Floor1.77-317. (e) LATE HELLADIC IIIA2 (3316-3341)

comesfromfill,especiallytheLH IIIA2-HIC Earlyfloordepositsor layersoffilland Thismaterial rubblein theSW Sector;33253givesthedateofthestonesev. All thepiecesarepaintedexcept3337. Vases3338-3339 dateburial26. Paintedmaterial fromthefill (3316-3336; fig. 6.21)

FS 94 (fig.6.21) Alabastron, straight-sided

blacktobrownpaint.FM 45,U-pattern. 1974 3316. Buff; #7. Upperfill.

KraterFS 8 (fig.6.21) 3317 is decoratedwithan elaboratedspiral;it has a canonicalsharplyevertedrim,nottheAyios Stephanosversionwiththeroundedinnerlip. 3318 has a spiralwitha fatoutercoil and thininner onessimilarto thaton thekylixofthisperiodfromAreaEpsilon(fig.6.5). brownpaint.Spiral.1974 #9. 3317. Greenish;fugitive Upperfill.

3318. Buff;blackpaintin,brownout.FM 46, running interior. 1974 #6. Upperfill. spiral,monochrome

SpoutedcupFS 249 (fig.6.21)

3319. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 64, foliate band. 1974 #9. Upperfill. 99 Wardle

1969, 286 fig. 10.98, 101.


335

Fig. 6.21. Area Beta,LH IIIA2 pottery:3316-3337. Scale 1:3.

KylixFS 256, 257, 262 (fig.6.21) interior. A fewmorekylixsherdsare presented hereto add to thecorpus.All have a monochrome is at the handle the remainder could base; 3323 FS 256, sincethedecoratedzone ends belongto decorated with chevron has a fatter version of the eithershape.3320 AyiosStephanosGroupII rim fig. (see 6.5). 3320. Buff;black paint.D. (rim) c. 16. FM 58, chevron, monochromeinterior.1977 #11.

332 1. Buff; orange paint. FM 21, end of an octopus tentaclewithFM 27, rosettefill,monochromeinterior.1974

336

P. A. MOUNTJOY

# 9. Upper fill. 3322. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 23, whorl-shell, monochromeinterior.1974 # 8. Upper fill.

33*3· Grey firedorange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Edge of decoration, monochrome interior.1977 # 73. Bottomof lower fill,fromstonesev.

KylixFS264 (fig.6.21) The shapeis LH IIIA2 Early. 3324. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)17. Monochrome.1977 # 48. Pit underlower fill.

KylixFS269 (fig.6.21) The rimis sharplyeverted,butdoes notbelongto the Thisshapebelongsto LH ΠΙΑ 1-2 Early.100 II fine type. AyiosStephanosGroup 3325. Bufffiredorange; orange paint. D. (rim) 17. H. (ex.) 13.8. Monochrome.1974 # 29. Medieval context,but

anotherpiece fromthisbasketjoins withtheupper fill.74304. RMDP Laconia 132.

Basin (fig. 6.21)

linear.Similarblobsappearon therimof The basin3326 has blobsacrosstherim,butis otherwise ones(3329-3330)anda rim two monochrome A base is illustrated from linear Achaia.101 (3327), cups witha fatincurving (3328). lip 3326. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 29. Linear, bars across rim. 1974 # 6, 8. Upper fill.74-310. RMDP Laconia 136. 3327. Buff;orange paint out, black in. D. (base) 13. Monochromeinterior.1974 # 26.

3328. Brick orange; orange paint. D. (rim) 27. Monochrome. 1974 #31. RMDP Laconia 139. 33*9- Buff;orange-brownpaint.D. (base) 8. 1977 # 48. Pit underlower fill. 333°· Buff;black paint.D. (base) 7. 1974 # 33.

bowlFS 304 (fig.6.21) Stemmed evertedrim,theothertwosherdsa Threerims,all decoratedwithwavyband.3332 has a fineslightly heavierone. 3331. Brick;greenishslip,brownpaint.D. (rim) 16. FM 53, wavy band, monochromeinterior.1974 # 18. Lower fill.RMDP Laconia 144. 3332. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 15. FM 53,

wavy band, monochromeinterior.1977 # 95. 3333· Grey firedorange; buffslip, black paint. FM 53, wavy band, monochromeinterior.1974 #12. Upper fill.

Cup (fig. 6.21)

whereastheMycenaeancup has a oftheLM IIIA2 cup,102 to thedescription Thisshapecorresponds imitation. or a Minoan It be rim.103 import may lipped 3334. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)12, (base) 4.8. H. 8.6. Monochrome.1974 #18, 24. Lower fill.

bowl(fig.6.21) Miscellaneous Thesetwolinearbasesare ofthesametypeas thosefromAreaEpsilon(3107-3110). 3335. Brick;buffslip,orange-brownpaint.D. (base) 5.4. Monochromeinterior.1974 # 8. Upper fill.

3336. Buff;black paint in, brown out. D. (base) 5.8. Monochromeinterior.1974 # 8. Upper fill.

material Unpainted fromthefill (3337; fig. 6.21)

KylixFS264 (fig.6.21) that3337 belongsto a cup cannotbe excluded. thepossibility Withitssmallrimdiameter, 100Furumark104 10, 6s 1. 101 Papadopoulos 1979, 120, 247 fig. 271c, where they are called 'radiate bars'.

102Popham 1084, 182, pl. 175 especially 5-7. 103 Mountjoy 1988, 189.


337

Fig. 6.22. Area Beta,burial 26, LH IIIA2 pottery:3338-3339. Scale 1:3. 3337· Buff,worn. D. (rim) 13. Unpainted. 1974 #16. Upper fill.

Betaburial26 (3338-3339;fig.6.22) Vases from Twovaseswerefoundin thischild'sburial. JugFS 112 (fig. 6.22) 3338. Greyfiredpink;orangeto blackpaint.D. (rim) 5.2-5.5, (base) 3.7. H. 10.2-10.7.Monochrome.1977 # 67. Burial26. 77-315.ÄMDPLaconia90. plate41.

AskosFS 194 (fig.6.22)

3339· Buff;orange-brown paint.L. 12.8. D. (base) 4, (mouth)2.5 x 1.4.Wavybands.1977 #67. Burial26. 77316. RMDPLaconia99. plate 41.

Painted material thefill(3340-3341; fig6.23) from JugFS 110 (fig.6.23) An almostcompleteexampleis restored on paper(3340). It comesfromthepit,basket48, and has a in basket from the lower an earlier 24 join 1974 deposit.The ridgeat thebase ofthenecksuggests thana laterdate,so thevase is assignedto thisperiodratherthanto LH IIIC. It maybe even rather earlier.3341 has a rolledlip and couldbe LH IIIA2. 3340. Brickburnt grey;red-brown paint.D. (rim)8, (base) 7. H. (restored) 20.3. Linear.1974 # 24, 1977 # 48. LH (f) LATE HELLADIC IIIB (3342-3356;

IIIC Earlypitunderlowerfill.RMDPLaconia 147. blackpaint.D. (rim)9.3. 1974#8. Upperfill. 3341. Buff;

FIG. 6.23)

Thismaterialall comesfromthearea oftheLH IIIA2-IIIC Earlydepositsor fillin theSW Sector. All piecesarepaintedexcept3356. HydriaFS 130 Sherdsfroma vaseofthisshapeareillustrated, witha joiningpiecefoundin 1959.104 Pairsof together antithetic whorl-shells flankan elaborateflower, thewhorl-shells barred bodies instead ofthe having usualdotfill. 3342. Paleorange;buff slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 18, elaboratehybridflower,flankedby FM 23, pairs of

antithetic whorl-shells. 1977 # 16, 28 + Beta3, 1959 #4. Upperfill.77-304.RMDPLaconia 148.

104 Taylour1972, 269 fig.40.29.

338

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.23.AreaBeta,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3340-3341.LH IIIB: 3342-3356.Scale 1:3.

KraterFS 9 (fig.6.23) Threesherdsdecoratedwithflowerbelongto thisshape;3343-3344 are probablyfromthesame vase.All threehavea monochrome interior. 3343· Buff;black paint. FM 18, flower.1974 # 6. Upperfill. 3344. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 18, flower.1974

#6. Upperfill. withFM shaded-brown 3345· Buff; paint.FM 18,flower 73(?),lozenge.1974 #7. Upperfill.

KylixFS 258, 259 be LH HIBi. Sherd3352 is decoratedwiththepanelofa Zygouries-type kylixand must,therefore, 3346. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 16. FM 46, running spiral.1974 #12. Upperfill. 3347· Valesalmon;pale yellowslip,orange-brown paint. D. (rim)17.FM 48, quirk.1977#48. Pitunderlowerfill. 3348. Buff;brownpaint.FM 18, flower.1974 # 6. Upperfill. 3349. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 18,flowerflanked interior. monochrome 1977 # 15. by FM 23, whorl-shell,

Upperfill. 3350. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 23, whorl-shell. 1974 #9. Upperfill. 3351. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 23, whorl-shell, 1974 #6. Upperfill. interior. monochrome 3352. Zygouries-type.Buff; shaded-brownpaint. Panelled.1977 # 28. Upperfill.

Deep bowlFS 284 to thisperiod(3353-3354),bothwitha secondinterior as belonging Twopiecescouldbe identified similarto thosefoundon LH IIIBi Zygouries-type a flower band belowtherim.3353 has horned


339

therowsofdotsat thebase oftheflowerare in addedwhitepaint.3354 is decoratedwith kylikes;105 withverticalstripesdownitsbodyinsteadof dots.The widerinterior whorl-shell rimband of this sherdmightsuggesta LH IIIC date,buttheupperprofileis verystraight forthatphase. 3353· Buff»shaded-brownto orangepaint.FM 18, flower withadded whitepaint. 1974 # 7. Upper fill.

3354· Buff;orange paint. D. (rim) c. 14. FM 23, whorlshell. 1974 # 7. Upper fill.

Stemmed bowlFS 305 has the rimbanding,106 stemmed bowlexterior butthemonochrome interior 3355 customary typical ofAyiosStephanosinsteadofthemoreusualsecondinterior rimband. 3355· Buff; black paint. D. (rim) 19. FM 48, quirk, monochromeinterior.1974 # 6. Upper fill.

material(3356; fig. 6.23) Unpainted

KylixFS 267 thatitbelongstothisperiodrather 3356 hasa veryslight lipand a straight upperbody,whichsuggest thanto LH IIIC. 3356.

Buff,standard.D. (rim)10. Unpainted.1977 # 45.

(g) TRANSITIONAL

AND LATE HELLADIC

IIIC EARLY (3357-3380;

FIG. 6.24)

The pottery ofthisperiodcomesfromthemixedMycenaean/Byzantine fromthe fill,andin particular disturbed floordepositsor fillin theSW Sector,whichyieldedtheLH IIIC Earlypieces3357-3380. Collar-necked jar FS 63 Thispieceis decoratedwithdisintegrated foliateband or perhapsan untidyversionoftasselpattern, whichhas notyetbecomethe'necklacepattern'of AdvancedLH IIIC, composedofwellpainted fatat thetipand narrowing to a pointat thetop.107 droplets 3357. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 11. FM 72, tasselpattern.1974 # 9. Upper fill.74-307. RMDP Laconia 185, wheredated 'LH IIIC Early', plate 41. JugFS 110 3358. Buff;brownpaint. Edge of decoration.1974 # 7. Upper fill.

3359· Buff;black to brownpaint.D. (rim)8. 1977 # 48. Pit under lower fill.

KraterFS 9 Sherd3360 shouldbelongto thisshapeinsteadofthering-based typeFS 282, as thelattergenerally has a thicker section.The fringed decoration is similar to that ofthedeep bowl3377. panel 3360. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 75, panelled with 'bow tie' border, monochrome interior.1977 # 40, 48. Lower filland pit underit.

DipperFS 236

3361. Handle. Pale orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint; unusual diagonal stripes.1974 # 13, 14. Upper fill.

KraterFS 282 ofquirkvertically 3362 possiblydepictsmultiple stem;3364 has panelwitha variation placedbeside there is a LH IIIB to the decoration of from it; parallel 3363 Aegina.108 105Biegen 1028, pl. 17.

106 Mountjoy1976,91 fig.8.68-70, 74-7.

107Frödin and Persson 10*8. /101fie·,sfio 1 108Hiller 1975, pl. 38.365.

34°

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.24. AreaBeta,LH IIIC Earlypottery: 3357-3380.Scale 1:3. 3362. Buff;brownpaint. FM io,(?), multiplestem, monochrome 1974 #9. Upperfill. interior. 3363. Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 56,

chequerpanel.1974 #10. Lowerfill. withFM shaded-brown 3364. Buff; paint.FM 75,panelled interior. 1977 # 16.Upperfill. 48, quirk,monochrome

Deep bowlFS 284 (fig.6.24) thatcomplement All the exampleshave a monochrome and depicta varietyof patterns interior rim its is thatofa deep but has a LH from Area IIIA2 band, 3153-3184 typewavy Epsilon.3371 bowlwhichusuallycarriesthisdecoration. bowl,nottheLH IIIA2 stemmed 3368 and 3374-3376 belongto an unusually largeversionof thisshape.3377 has a panelwithfringesimilarto thaton and on from AreaEpsilon. 3360 3152

THE LATE HELLADIC

3365. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 19, multiple stem.1977 # 23. 3366. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 19, multiplestem. 1974 #12. Upperfill. brownpaint,blackin.FM 46, running 3367. Buff; spiral. 1974 #6. Upperfill. 3368. Brick;fugitive orangepaint.FM 5 1, stemmed spiral withfill.1977 # 16. Upperfill. 3369. Buff;blackpaint.FM 5i(?), stemmedspiralwith fill.1977 # 16. Upperfill. 3370. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 53, doublewavy linewithspiral.1974#12. Upperfill.RMDPLaconia173, wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. blacktoshaded-brown 3371. Buff; paint.D. (rim)14.FM 53, wavyband.1974 #7. Upperfill.

POTTERY §5

341

brownpaint.FM 60, untidy Ν pattern. 3372. Buff; 1974 #6. Upperfill. blacktobrownpaint.FM 61, zigzagwithfill. 3373· Buff; # 8. 1974 Upperfill. arch 3374. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 62, tricurved withfillofFM 51, stemmedspiral.Old mend.1974 # 8. Upperfill.RMDP Laconia 175,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3375· Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 62, tricurved arch.1974 #13· Upperfill. arch 3376. Buff;brownto blackpaint.FM 62, tricurved withfill.1977 #29. Upperfill.RMDPLaconia174,where datedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3377· Brick;buff slip,orangepaint.FM 75,panelledwith 'bowtie'border.1974 #7. Upperfill.

StemmedbowlFS 305 Sherd3378,withisolatedsemi-circles, has thewiderimband ofthegroupofstemmed bowlsshown fromAreaEpsilon(3193-3196),buta muchsmallerdiameter. 3378. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)16. FM 43, isolatedsemi-circles. 1974 #6. Upperfill.

KylixFS 267 Thesetwomonochrome rimsbothhavea concaveupperbodythatsuggests a LH IIIC date.3380 is unusualin havingthediameter oftherimsmallerthanthatofthecarination. 3379. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)12. Monochrome. *977 #4^· Pitunderlowerfill.

3380. Orange;orangepaint.D. (rim)12.4.Monochrome. 1977 #48. Pitunderlowerfill.77-329.

Coarseware(3380a; notillustrated) [One coarseitemfromtheLH IIIC Earlyfillin theSW Sectoris added. [Souvlakidish(?)

3380a (notseen). Fragment only.Pinkwithwhiteand browngrits;smoothed.H. 3.5. W. (max.)4.2. Th. 0.8.

Carinatededgeofdishwithholescleanlypiercedthrough walls.1974 #9. Upperfill.74-309.]

5. AREA LAMBDA 1973-77 The pottery fromall theLambdatrenches is presented hereas one grouparrangedchronologically ratherthanstratigraphically from floor and ofit is (apart burials),sincea largeproportion deposits unstratified. (i) Stratigraphic Contexts (a) LAMBDA1, 1973 AND LAMBDA/ BETA 12, 1974

This Area slopessteeplyand heavyerosionhas takenplace. Nonetheless, thereis a considerable of and bedrock was never reached. The effects of the erosion are illustrated depth deposit, byjoins betweensurfacelayersfromtheΝ to thes end ofthetrenches. under Mycenaeanlayersare directly thesurfaceeverywhere, and onlysmallamountsofLH IIIC Earlypottery have been washeddown fromhigherup.109 Late HelladicIIA

No wallsearlierthanLH IIIC Earlywereremoved,and onlya fewEarlyMycenaeanbasketswere wallsand floorsare now assignedto LH IIA-IIIAi Early:wallsmj, la, lp and dug.[Thefollowing gc, withFloors18 and 19 of 1963, Floors1 and 3 of 1973, and Floor3 of 1974 (fig.1.36). The discussion is keyedto theplanoftheMH III-LH I phase,fig. 1.43.] 109See further Chapter ι §5 above withfigs. 1.34-1.45.

342

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Room 6 (1973 baskets13, 14, 15, 21, 23) These LH II-IIIAi levels overliewall le. Baskets13 and 14 come fromabove wall If; 14 seems to be tumble.There are no whole pots,but the lower halfof a goblet was recovered (3558); its tall stem suggestsa LH IIIAi date. Sherdsillustratedare LH I (3481-3482), LH IIA (3497, 3515, 3525) and LH IIIAi (3549, 3558). Room 7 (1974 baskets30, 32, 34, 69, 73) thatall fourbaskets Baskets69 and 73 join with1973 baskets14 and 2 1 fromRoom 6, demonstrating than wall gd, which wall is This them. wall which the destruction of If, higher separates postdate The otherbaskets, to the addition that it is a still later(but buildingplan. Early Mycenaean) suggests withthe IIA associated LH levels confused togetherwith 1973 basket 13 fromRoom 6, represent than the are still preservedtop deeper collapse ofwall If.The heightsofbaskets69 and 73 show they ofwall If; thebasketsassociatedwiththewall itselfare MH III/LH I fromthe deepestlevels reached in 1973. As baskets69 and 73 are large depositswithportionsof whole pots,theymay representthe floorsassociatedwithwalls la and lp. [Similarly,baskets30 and 32 representthe LH IIA slab floor called Floor 3 of 1974.] Sherds publishedfromthese basketsare LH I (3467, 3480, 3484, 3487, 3489), LH IIA (34903491' 3494, 35O1> 35X3> 35l6> 35X9>35«6> 353*)> and Late MattPainted (354O-3541) Room 8 (1974 baskets71, 74) Only the tops of walls gd, ge and hx=hw were exposed in 1974; the materialin the two basketsis LH II apartfrombasket 74, whichcontainedthe LH IIIC amphoriskosbase 3593. The floorlevels may not be farbelow. Potterypublishedconsistsof LH I (3475), LH IIA (3503, 3514, 3529-3530, 3537) and LH IIB (3539). Room 10A (1973 basket 12) Althoughseparatedby wall le, basket 12 joins withbasket 13 in Room 6, whichconfirmsthattheLH The LH IIA whole pots 1693 and 3511 come from IIA levels eitherside of le are contemporary. withwall le=hx and probablywall Id. Illustrated associated IIA level floor whatmusthave been a LH IIA LH and materialconsistsof LH I (3472, 3486) (3511, 3528). Room 10B (1973 baskets17, 20) Basket20 was used fortheremovalofthebadly eroded Floor 2 of 1973; itslatestmaterialis LH I- II, apartfromone LH IIIA2 sherd thatis probablycontaminationfromthe burial beneath (burial 1). There is a join in the LH IIIA2 piece 3560 betweenthisbasketand 1974 basket66. Only six sherds have been keptfrombasket20, and basket17 containssolelyMH; 3560 alone is worthyofillustration. Room 10C (1974 baskets66, 75) The latestsherdsin basket66 are LH IIIAi (twosherds),but theseare probablycontaminationfrom burials7 and 10; the remainingsherdsare LH I- II. There are joins between thisbasket and 1973 basket 20 in Room 10B (3560), whichlies at the same level, and with 1973 baskets26 and 33. Of these,basket26 is fromRoom 10B beneathbasket20, and basket33 is theremovalofwall lc. Basket 75 fromtheε end oftheArea containsmaterialoverlyingthetops ofwalls ht and lr. The stratigraphy is disturbed,the latestsherdbeing LH IIIA2. Materialillustratedfromthisarea comprisesLH IIIAi (3555) and LH IIIA2 (3566). Late Heüadic III

[The discussionis keyed to the plan of the LH II- III phases, fig. 1.36. Walls lb and lo are now assignedto LH IIIAi; the otherwalls in fig. 1.36 are LH IIIC Early.] Room 3 (1974 baskets20, 23) Each of thesebasketscontainsa couple of LH IIIAi pieces as the latestsherds.They come fromν of wall lb and go down roughlyto its base; but the potteryis very mixed, includingmuch Early are Mycenaean,thereis no evidence for a floor,there are no whole pots, and the basket heights room IIIAi LH is shown basket from IIIAi LH One inference. knownonlyby (3545). [This 23 piece was cut by the LH IIIC Earlybuildingto the s and Ε (Rooms 2 and 4).]

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §5

343

Area w ofwall la (1973 baskets3, 4, 6, 8) The potteryis mixed LH IIIAi -2, withsome LH IIIB-IIIC sherdsfrombasket3 and earliermaterial. Sherds illustratedfromhere are LH I (3483), LH IIIAi (3548, 3551, 3558) and LH IIIC Early (3583)· Room 1 (1973 baskets7, 10, 27; 1974 baskets35, 37) The basketsfromthis room, includingthe area s of wall lb, contain materialfrommixed surface levels. To the sw, in the area of the underlyingRoom 10A, 1973 baskets 7 and 10 were used. The potteryis mixed LH IIIA1-2, withearliermaterial.Sherds illustratedfromhere are LH IIA (3510, 3528) and Late Matt Painted (3543). Three LH III burialswere cut down into Room 1: (i) Lambda burial 1 (1973 basket30) The MH sherdsin thisbasketprobablycome fromthestratum intowhichtheburialwas cut,as thewhole with found the burial LH are There is a good deal ofLH ΠΙΑ in theoverlying IIIA2 pots (3573-3574)· baskets20 and 26 and even in basket7, whichis higherstilland constitutes thelowestlevel fromwhich thegravecould have been cut.The LH IIIA2 flask3575 may also be associatedwiththisburial.110 (ii) Lambda burial7 (1974 basket70) This interment is dated by the LH IIIAi sherd3555; itjoins withbaskets37 and 66 above it,which must have been contaminatedby the burial. It was perhaps an intramuralinfantburial deposited duringthe use of Room 1. [The bowl 3569 should probablybe associatedwiththisinterment.111] (iii)Beta burial20 (1974 basket42, not retained) The excavatorsuggestedthatthisburialbelongsto the late phase, i.e. LH ΠΙΑ, in theuse of Room 1. It is cut into 1974 basket 37, which containedmainlyLH I-IIA material,but had a fewLH IIIAi is now dated to LH IIIC Early.112] sherds,possiblycontaminationfromthe burial. [This interment Room 2 (1974 baskets36, 38, 39, 41, 50, 51) Baskets36 and 38 containtumblefromthe collapse of wall hu and give it a terminus postquernof LH IIIA2 (a kylixrimdecoratedwithoctopuswithadded whitein basket38). The room had a slab floor, Floor 4, representedby baskets39, 41, 50 and 51. It is a LH IIIC Earlyfloorwitha couple ofpots in situand much LH I-IIA wash,whichhas come down on top afterwall hu collapsed. A conical kylix rim decoratedwithdistinctivesplashes across the handle is illustratedfrombasket 51 (3595) and a dipperrimwiththe same handle splashesfrombaskets39 and 50 (3594) togetherwiththe cup 3596, whichjoins HS 119.113[The amphoriskos3701, alabastron3704 and unpaintedshallow bowl HS 106114also come fromFloor 4.] Room 4 (1974 baskets31, 43, 45, 52) The upperlevels (baskets31 and 43) are mixed withLH I-IIA wash froma floorhigherup the slope. The walls seem to have collapsed first, and thenthe wash came down over the tumble.The LH IIIC slabbed floor(Floor 5) was excavatedin baskets45 and 52 and produced the amphoriskos3593 and thebowl 3597. [Floor5 also yieldedthe LH IIIB amphora3694 and the LH IIIC Earlyamphoriskos 115 3700, stirrup jar 3707, deep bowl 3738 and lid HS 122. The LH IIA goblets 3667 and 3670 are fromthe Early Mycenaean wash.] Otherwisethereare halfa dozen LH IIIAi decorated sherdsfromall the baskets,the remaining potterybeing LH I- II. Unstratified material The remainingpotteryillustrated fromLambda i/Beta 12 comes fromsurfacelevels or is unstratified. It includesLH I (3463-3466, 3468-3470), LH I-II (3524, 3527, 3533), LH IIA (3493, 3500, 350435Ο5, 3518, 3521, 3538), LH IIIAi (3546, 3550, 3552, 3554), LH IIIA2 (3561, 3564-3565, 3568, 3570) and LH IIIC Early (3592). 110See Chapter 2 §5 (i) above. 111See Chanter 2 Sκ (i) ahnvP 112See Chapter 2 §5 (ii) above.

113 1972, 254-5, 259> wh° dates the floortoo early. 114Taylour Tavlour 1072. 2*8 withfier.*a. 115 Taylour 1972, 259, 245 fig. 22.2, pl. 47a.

344

ρ· Α· MOUNTJOY

(b) LAMBDA 2, 1974

levels wasexcavatedonlytoa depthof8o cm.The surface Thistrench, whichslopessteeply southwards, in ν baskets surface the sector the all the below the and were over 2 trench; (baskets 18) dug from andMycenaeanpottery. Sherdsillustrated a mixture ofByzantine (3,5, 28, 33 and46) contained these baskets are LH IIA (3507, 3517), LH IIIA2 (3563), LH IIIB (3582) and LH IIIC Early(3585,358g).116 firstphase Early Mycenaean,

that is knownofitsdate,apartfromthepossibility wallin thetrench, butnothing Walllj is theearliest Floor1 maybe associatedwithit,in whichcase ittoowasbuiltin,or in use in,theEarly theputative Mycenaeanperiod. Early Mycenaean,secondphase (baskets 13, 14, 15, 16)

Earlierlevelssurvivein theshelterofwallslh and lj. The tumblefromwall11(basket26) also has EarlyMycenaeanas itslatestmaterial.ApartfromLH I and someLH IIA, thebasketsall contain LH IIIA2 sherds,one ofwhichjoinswithbaskets7 and 11, wornMH; basket15 has twointrusive and basket16 has a LH IHBi sherd,whichalsojoinswithbasket11. No floorlevelshave survived, and basket16, whichrestson Floor 1 (ifit is a floor),probablybelongsto thefirst phase of Early IIA LH and LH I of consists illustrated (3508). (3462, 3473, 3476-3477) Mycenaean.Pottery III (baskets4, 6-11, 22, 25, 47, 54, 65) LateHelladic Mostofthesherdsareworn levelsthereis a fairly Belowthesurface deepLH ΠΙΑ filloverthetrench. ina relatively unwornstate. sherds LH a of is small IIIA2-IHB but there proportion EarlyMycenaean, thefilloccupiestheentirelowerendas deep as wasexcavated.The surfaces In thes partofthetrench as thereareno on whichthelowestbaskets11 and47 rest,calledFloors1 and 2, aresuspectas floors, IIA (3498, LH LH I is this from wholepotsto go withthem.Pottery (3474, 3485), phase published LH IIIC and IIIB LH LH IIIAi LH IIIA2 (3587(3576-3581) (3559), (3547, 3553), 35Ο9,3520), 3588. 3590-3591) (c) AREA LAMBDA 3/4, 1977 Early Mycenaeanlevelsand structures

with A seriesofLH I surfaces (Floors4=6=7) producedthreewholepots.The buildingin association in LambdaI usingwallsme, mh and mb,was builtlatein MH and continued Structure thesefloors, levelslinkedby a stepmd,which oftworoomswithfloorsat different use in LH I, whenitconsisted overthe Thesefloorswerein thes room(RoomA/B).The layersimmediately was a laterinsertion. naviform the were whole The I-IIA LH a mixture of contained floors objects6078-6081 pots pottery. on Floor7, and LH IIA 3522 on Floor6. The basketsfromthefloorsare as follows:Floor4, basket 106withbasket54 aboveit;Floor6, basket85 (3522,butotherwise lost)over86 (sherds345«"3453) Floor7, baskets90, 94 and 105 and from the above with basket and 89 (including floor; 83 3457), mud-brick of the The not walls,and perhapsmore retained). collapse (thelattertwobasketswere ofthebuilding.[Items area entire the fill over I-IIA LH a of led to thedeposition deliberate activity, Pieces IIA LH in use of out went 3391-339253396> Early. 3457 and 3522 showthatthebuilding 3401, 3405, 3427 and 3442 fromtheΝroom,RoomC, foundon theMH III/LH I-LH I EarlyFloor 8 (basket91) and overtheMH III LateFloor9 belowit (basket97) are also includedbelow.117] Lambdaburial15 wasmadein thejar 1781,whichshouldbe MH/LH I. It overliesmb,whichis MH III Thisinterment theburialmustbelongto lateLH I/LH IIA. in use untilLH I. Therefore butcontinued Late Helladic III levels

LH Thereareno definite disturbed Theselevelshavebeenextensively buildingactivity. byByzantine IIIB-IIIC levels,and LH ΠΙΑ levelsalso hardlyexistedin theexcavatedareas,orhavebeeneroded 116Forthe see Chapterι §6 above withfigs,ι.46-1.47. stratigraphy

117See further Chapter 1 §7 (iii) withfigs. 1.49-1.52.


345

away.Possiblywall me in the NW Sectorbelongsto thisphase, but any surfacesrelatedto it lie to the Ν and have not been excavated.118 Lambda burial 14 (1977 baskets32, 34) This was a cistgravecut down intoEarlyMycenaeanlevels. It was reachedin basket32 and removed in basket 34. One LH IIIA2 vase is associated withit (3572). There was no LH IIIA in the levels times.The stonesof the above, so the pit musthave been shallow or eroded away in pre-Byzantine cistgrave,basket49, containnothinglaterthanthe surroundingEarly Mycenaean. Lambda burial 16 (1977 baskets48, 52) Basket 48 came down to this cist burial, which was removed with basket 52. The burial should be LH III, but the potteryin basket52 was undiagnostic. stratigraphically Potterypublishedfromthe basketsof the LH III levels consistsof LH I (3488), LH HA (3496), LH IIIAi (3544) and LH IIIA2 (3567, 357*)· (ii) Pottery (a) TRANSITIONAL AND LATE HELLADIC I FROM AREA LAMBDA 3/4 (3381-3433)

The stratified LH I in the Lambda trenchescomes mainly fromthe upper floor deposits (Floors of Room A/B of StructureLambda I in Area Lambda 3/4 thatcontinuedin use from 4a=4b=6=7) MH III to LH I or even LH IIA. [1710 is also fromFloor 6. This sectionalso includessherdsfromthe LH I Early fillover Floor 8 in Room C of thisbuilding(baskets68 over 88). Six LH I Early pieces foundon Floor 8 itself(baskets91-3, 96) are also publishedhere (3392, 3396, 3401, 3405, 3427 and 3442). The MH III/LH I sherd3391 was foundin the fillover Floor 9 (basket97) below Floor 8.119] The Helladic materialis publishedas 3381-3433, and the Minoan importsas 3434-3461. These depositscontaineda rangeof wares: Fine Yellow Minyan,Dark BurnishedMicaceous, GreyMinyan, Micaceous Minoan and GrittyYellow Minyanand MattPainted,LustrousDecorated (fineand gritty), Coarse. A fewMinoan importsand a littleLustrousPainted (i.e. Mycenaean) LH I potterywere also present.The importedMinoan sherdsdate to MM IIIB throughearlyLM IA.120The waresoftheMH period continuedto be produced in the earlyyears of LH, and one cannotbe certainin many cases whethersherdsbelong to the end of the earlierperiod or to the beginningof the next.What is clear, however,fromtheevidencein thisbuildingis thattheproductionofFine YellowMinyanin theshapes cataloguedbelow and the Dark-on-light styleof LustrousDecorated ware belonged to the LH period. withC. Zerner,thefollowingdatesare now givento theitemsin §(a) and in §(b) below: [In consultation MH III/LH I: 3391, 3402, 3411, 3435, 3448. LH I Early: 3381, 3392-3393, 3395" [Transitional 3397, 3399, 34i, 34°5> 341», 3412-3432, 3436, 3439~3443> 3445~3447> 345°"3451> 3455" 3456> 3458> 3461 LH I/IIA: 3382-3390, 3394, 3398, 3400, 343-34O4>3406-3409, 3433"3434> 3437-34385 3444, 3449, 345«"3454, 3457, 3459"346°· The dates ascribed to the sherdsand to theircontextsare the same unless otherwiseindicated.] Fine YellowMinyan(fig. 6.25)

For thegeneraldescriptionof the ware see above.121Colour of surfaceor biscuitor otherfeaturesare giveniftheydeviatefromthe norm.The shapes as well as the fabricof the vessels in thisdepositare characteristic of earlyLH. The semi-globularcup and gobleton a low footare the mosttypical. Semi-globularcup

3381. #68. LH I Earlycontext 3382. #86. LH I/IIA context. ,ρ LrOblet notburnished. D. (rim)12. 3383. Concaverim,interior #86. LH I/IIA context. mottled buff toorange;burnished 3384. Orange;surface interior rimand exterior. #86. LH I/IIA context. 118See furtherChapter ι §7 (ii) withfig. 1.4.8. 119See Chapter 5 §5 (v) (b) above.

of 3385. Extralayerofclayappliedto uppersurface

handleatjoinwithrim,perhapswherea rivetwasplaced(?). #86. LHI/IIA context tobothsidesofrim.#86. LH 1/ 3386. Handleattached ΠΑ context. D. 3.7. #86. LH I/IIA context. 3387. Stem,wheel-made. Wide-mouthed J jar ,. . 33»8. D. (rim)16. #86. LH I/IIA context. 120Cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 104-14, Deposit Zeta. 121 Chapter 5 §3 (i) (c).

346

Ρ- A. MOUNTJOY

^1 αϊ ') ')w { ΤίΤίΠν -A -ψ% l / 1 γ/ 33βΤ IS' ; H /~' ' ] 1/^.

'-

3387/

^~^-^

3388

^_~^

V

3389

|

Γ^

-|/

T1 "" I / Λ |/ 3395 3399

'

'/

3396

(___HB

3397

3398

■_■-■

1 3400

(

'

^ ΓΤ7W9-. '

^~^

^M 3401

3406

-*3402

^_f^b

-jS - * 3410

3405

»3403

3411

^^!>

3407

3408

^

/

-/T 3409

^>-l C^t ^ ( Φ"1 3412 ^^^

* 3413

^

m 3414

3415

Fig. 6.25. Area Lambda 3/4,LH I potterydeposits:Fine Yellow Minyan3381-3390; Dark BurnishedMicaceous 3391 (MH III Early),3392-3398; GreyMinyan3399; ware uncertain3400; GrittyYellow Minyan3401-3411; GrittyMatt Painted3412-3415- Scale 1:3.

Jarorbasin

3389. Body-sherd with horizontal handle; burnished exterior,streakilyburnished interior.# 86. LH I/IIA context.

3390. Body-sherdwith verticalhandle, tiltedupwards; burnishedinteriorand exterior.# 86. LH I/IIA context.


347

Dark BurnishedMicaceous(fig. 6.25) Rounded CUp

· 'τ ±> ι u ji at* rim. τλ /· ' τ · j ** D. (rim) handle 7. Incised pattern 33Qi. · Vertical · * · ? ru in· *ι· γ j * of pairs of horizontal lines outlining two rows of dots /vi (like

a foliate band?).#97. MH III/LH I context.

Semi-globularcup 33955.

» TTτI τ? ι 4. 4. # 91. T LH Early context.

.#86. LH I/IIA context. 3394· Orange;brownish-buff.

MQii. oovv 3396. JJ3

# 88. LH I Early context. * D. τ* /i_ ' 6. * A c .u. τττττ?ι Low r foot. (base) ' / # oi. » LH I Early j context,

Basin 3397· #68. LH I Earlycontext.

33 FIG·6·3Ο) Ring-handledcup FS 237 (fig.6.30)

3539· Paleorange;buff slip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) dots inside,FM 53,wavybandoutside, 9. FM 22,argonaut roundrim.Lambda/Beta12,1974,#74.RMDPLaconia46.

LateMattPaintedHydria/amphora shoulderdecoration Fourhydria/amphora shouldersherdscanbe identified. Theyhavethecustomary in use intoLH IIIAi, ofhorizontal panels(3540-3542)or doublecircles(3543).Thiswarecontinues and thesesherdscouldbelongto thatphase.142 shaded-brown 3540. Buff; paint.Horizontal wavylinein / # Lambda Beta 12, 1974, 69. panel. 3541. Buff; wavy paleyellowslip,blackpaint.Horizontal linein panel.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. (e) LATE HELLADIC IIIAI (3544-3558;

354?· Orangefiredbuff;wornbrownpaint.Horizontal wavylinein panel.Lambda1, 1973,#13. 3543· Buff;brownpaint. Double concentriccircles, Lambda1 1973,# 10.

FIG. 6.3 1)

Thereis no stratified ofthisphasefromtheLambdatrenches, anditis verypoorlyrepresented pottery a the later as whole. among pottery Piriform jar FS 19,31 The thickwall and largesize of 3545 suggestit belongsto FS 19, whereas3544 and 3546-3547 belongto a smallerversionoftheshape,probablyFS 31. The manynarrowbellybandson 3546 are bandedwiththickbandsalternating with unusual,as thelowerbodyofthepiriform jar is generally groupsofthinbands.143 142 Mountjoy 1981, 59-63, and fig.32 forthe range of motifs.

143French 1964, 244 fig. 1.6, pl. 68a.

358

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3544. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 12, ivy.Lambda # 3/4,1977, 30. 3545· Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 70, Lambda/Beta scalepattern. 12, 1974,# 23.

3546. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 53, wavyband. Lambda1, 1973,#5. 3547· Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 67, curvedstripes, Lambda2, 1974,#4.

KraterFS 7 interior. forthissite,do nothavea monochrome Bothkraters aredecoratedwithspiraland,unusually 3548. Orange;buffslip,brownpaint.FM 46, running spiral.Lambda1, 1973,#3.

buffslip,lustrous 3549· Orangewithinclusions; orange paint.Spiral.Handmade.Lambda1, 1973,#21.

MugFS 225 LH IIIAi motif.144 It belongsto thesmallersize 3550 is decoratedwithstipple,a favourite Fragment ofthisshapeand is unusualin nothavinga groupofwideand narrowbandsroundthebase.145 3550. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (base) 6.4. FM 77, 12, 1974,#17. RMDPLaconia69. stipple.Lambda/Beta

GobletFS 255 3551. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)16. FM interior. Lambda 1, 53, doublewavyband,monochrome 1973,#3, 5. 355«· Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Spiral.Lambda/

Beta 12, 1974,#68. 3553· Orange; buffslip, orange-brown paint.Spiral, interior. Lambda2, 1974,#11. monochrome

GobletFS 264 blackpaint.Monochrome. Lambda1, 1973, 3554· Buff; to datewalllc, butsee #33. [Thiswas originally thought above.146]

bowl Miscellaneous The stippledecorationof 3555 datesit to thisperiod,butitsfineevertedrimis thatof theAyios StephanosLH IIIA2 group(see fig.6.5). It datesLambdaburial7. 3555· Dark buff;brownpaint.D. (rim) 15. FM 77, stipple.Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 37, 66, 70. Lambda burial7.

Kylix,unpainted Threepiecesare worthillustration. 3558 comes 3556 and 3557 datewallsga and lb respectively; fromRoom6 in Lambda 1 fromabovewallIf. 3556· FS 266. Buff,rough smoothed.D. (rim) 14. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#64. Removalofwallga. Lambda1, 1973,#24. 3557· FS 267. Orange,standard. (f) LATE HELLADIC IIIA2 (3559"3575'>

Removalofwalllb. D. (base)7.8. Lambda 1, standard. 355**. FS 264. Buff, (Floor #13 3). 73-901. !973>

FIG· Q'3*)

and itis all unstratified, is extantfromtheLambdatrenches, apartfrom VerylittleLH IIIA2 pottery thewholevasesfromtwoor threeburials(3572-3575)·All piecesarepaintedexcept3570-3571. material Unstratified

Piriform jar FS 35/39(fig.6.32) itbelongsto FS 35 or FS 39. whether Thereis notenoughextantof 3559 to determine paint. 3559· BufffiredPale orange;buffslip,red-brown arcs.Lambda2, 1974,#4. FM 44, concentric 144French 1064, 256. 145Cf. Mountjoy 1986, 63 fig.73.2-3.

146 Chapter 1 § 5 (v).


359

Cup (fig.6.32) welltotheMinoan rim,whichis unusualfora Mycenaeancupbutcorresponds 3560 hasan incurving The 2.5 cmband overtherimis also unusual;a vase witha similarband (3084) comes IIIA2 cup.147 The cup 3574 fromLambdaburial1 alsohasthisrimband. fromAreaEpsilonin a LH IIIA2 context. 3560. Brick;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim)11, H. monochrome interior. Lambda 6.8. Linear, (base)4.6.

1, 1973,#5, 9, 20; Lambda/ Beta 12A, 1974,#66. 74910. RMDPLaconia 102.

Mug FS 225 (fig. 6.32) 3561. Buff; orangepaint.Ridgedatthewaist.D. (rim)14. Beta12, FM 53,wavyband,monochrome interior. Lambda/ i974»#54·

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.32) Thispiecehas thefineevertedLH IIIA2 rim. 3562. Orange;buffslip,red-brown paint.D. (rim)7.4. H. 3.7.Lambda/Beta12,1974,#41,51 (Floor4). 74-911.

KylixFS 256 (fig.6.32) The kylixhas a normalfatLH IIIA2 on 3563 have a good parallelfromVourvatsi.148 The chevrons lip,nottheAyiosStephanosGroupII lip (see fig.6.5). fired paint.D. 3563. Buff orange;whiteslip,orange-brown Lambda2,1974,#2,18. inverted. (rim)14.FM 58,chevrons,

KraterFS 279 (fig.6.32) cuttorusbase an earlierdate,butthesharply thebase,whichwouldsuggest 3565 is paintedunderneath cannotbe datedearlierthanLH IIIA1/IIIA2. 3564 mightbe a shapelike3108 fromAreaEpsilon. blackpaint.D. (base) 6.7. 3564. Greyfiredpink-buff;

Monochrome.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #17.

3565. Greyfiredbuff;blackto brownpaint.D. (base)

Paintedunderbase. Lambda/ Beta 12, 12. Monochrome. 1974»* 56·

bowlFS 304 (fig.6.32) Stemmed less sharplyeverted 3566 has thefineLH IIIA2 rimtypicalof AyiosStephanos,but a smoother, the usual it instead of far as is as has a coated lower interior extant, bellybanding. body lip. 3567 whichis datedto LH MB. The veryevertedrimof Thereis a parallelto thisfromtheMenelaion,149 a LH IIIA2 dateforourpiece.The coatingofa largeareabeneaththedecoratedzone 3567 suggests a local Laconiancharacteristic. be may 3566. Orange;buff slip,orangepaint.FM 53,wavyband, Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#75. interior. monochrome 3567. Orange;buff paint.D. (rim)16. slip,orange-brown Lambda 3/4, interior. FM 53, wavyband,monochrome

1977,#40. 3568. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) 16. Monochrome. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#60.

Miscellaneous bowl(fig.6.32) to date; its contextdoes not help,sinceit comesfroma basket The smallbowl 3569 is difficult LH LH III with some IIIAi, withLH IIIAi and LH IIIA2 burialsbeneath.It is classed containing as LH IIIA2 Earlybecauseofitsshortevertedrim,butitmaybe earlier. 3569. Pinkish; orangepaint.D. (rim)6.4,(base)3. H. 2.6. Lambda Monochrome. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#37 (from burial7?). 74-904. 147Popham 1084, 182 pl. 17^.1, κ-7. 148 Stubbings 1947, pl. 4.11. X

»^

X'

X

f

KS

'

%S

9

149 Catling 1977, 33 fig.20 top left.

36o

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.32. Area Lambda, LH IIIA2 pottery:unstratified, 3559-3571; burial 14, 3572; burial 1, 3573-3575· Scale 1:3.

Dipper FS 236, unpainted(fig.6.32)

3570. Deep bufffiredbrick;buffslip,standard.D. (rim) c. 13.2, (base) 4.4. H. 5.6. Unusuallywide base and grooves

at the handle-base; three verticalincisionsdown handle. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 44. 74-907.

KylixFS 264, unpainted(fig.6.32)

3571. Orange; buffslip, polished. D. (rim) 19. Lambda 3/4» 1977» * 53·

MaterialfromLambda burial 14 (fig. 6.32)

This childburial,whichwas cut down intoEarlyMycenaeanlevels,containedtheminiaturecutawayneckjug 3572. There are no parallelsto the shape except the much earlierFS 135, but thisneck is too well definedat thejunctionwiththe body to belong to thatearlyshape.


361

Cutaway-neck jug FS 133 (fig.6.32)

3572. Core notvisible;buffslip,wornblackpaint.D. Lambda3/4, (base)3.4, (max.)6.1. H. 6.6. Monochrome. 1977, # 34. Burial 14. 77-908. RMDP Laconia 92. plate41.

MaterialfromLambdaburial1 (fig.6.32)

This child-burial was cut downintoLH I-IIA levels.It containedtwo cups (3573-3574),bothof whichhave Minoanparallelsfortheshape.3574 has the2.5 cm band overtherimthatis foundon theLH IIIA2 Minoanising examplesfromAreasEpsilon(3084) and Lambda(3560).The liplessoutIt is verylikelythattheLH rimofthisvase also compareswellwithMinoanIIIA2 cups.150 curving flask3575 is also associatedwiththisburial.Thiswouldsuggesta dateearlyin LH IIIA2 miniature IIIA2 fortheinterment. Cup (fig.6.32)

buffslip,orangeto blackpaint.D. 3573· Pinkish-buff; Lambda (rim)12.1,(base) 5.5. H. 5.5-6.0. Monochrome. 1, 1973,# 26, 30. 73-904.RMDPLaconia 103. plate 42. 3574. Buff;metallicblack paint.D. (rim) 10.2-10.5, Lambda interior. (base) 3.8. H. 5.8. Linear,monochrome (g) LATE HELLADIC IIIB (3576"3582;

1, 1973,# 26, 30. 73-905.RMDPLaconia 104. plate 42.

FlaskFS 190 (fig.6.32)

tobrownpaint.D. (rim) 3575· Pê yellow;orange-brown 2.2, (base) 2.4. H. 7.6. FM 19, multiplestem.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#70. 74-909.ÄMDPLaconia98. plate42.

FIG. 6.33)

comesfromthefillbelowthesurfacein Lambda2.151 The onlyLH IIIB fromtheLambdatrenches KylixFS 258, 259 All the as is usualin depositsofthisperiod.152 motifon thisshapeis thewhorl-shell, The commonest and with arch decorated tricurved this varieties of illustrated here motif, 3581 except depict pieces is to The on a interior. whorl-tail also has monochrome with the latter chevron; 3579 adjacent a 3580 flowerstem.153 3576. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)15. FM 23, whorl-shell. Lambda2, 1974,#11. 3577· Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 23, whorl-shell. Lambda2, 1974,#11, 16. buffslip,orange-brown 3578. Pink-buff; paint.FM 23, withlozengefill.Lambda2, 1974,#7. whorl-shell

toblackpaint.FM 18,hybrid 3579. Buff;shaded-brown Lambda2, 1974,#7. flower bywhorl-shell. panelflanked 3580. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)16. FM 58, interior. Lambda2, 1974,#4· monochrome chevrons, arch.Lambda brownpaint.FM 62, tricurved 3581. Buff; 2, 1974,# 11.

StemmedbowlFS 305 butdoesnot The stemmed bowl3582 has theusualrimbanding,i.e. a secondbandbelowtherim,154 havetheknobbedrimoftheLH IIIB period. 3582. Orange;buff paint.D. (rim)17.Edge slip,red-brown monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974,#46. ofdecoration, (h) TRANSITIONAL AND LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY (3583-3597;

FIG. 6.33)

material Unstratified

KraterFS 9 Thispiecehas thekrater witha smoothcurveon theinnerlip instead lip typicalofAyiosStephanos, ofa sharpeversion.It is decoratedwithan elaboratepanelpattern. 3583. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)30. FM interior. monochrome Fromsurface ofLambda 75,panelled, 1, 1973»* 3150PoDham iq8a.

dI. itk.io-ii.

151See Chapter ι §6. 152French 1966, 235 table; Wardle 1969, 279 table; Mountjoy

1076, 110 table2. 153Stubbings1Q47,pl. 6.12. 154Cf. Mountjoy1976,91 fig.8.68-70, 74-7.

362

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.33. AreaLambda,LH IIIB pottery: 3576-3582.LH IIIC Early:3583-3592;LH IIIC Earlyfloordeposit:35933597·Scale 1:3.

KraterFS 282 (fig.6.33) 3584. Orange; pale yellowslip, orange-brown paint. interior. Lambda2, 1974,#4. Stems,monochrome

3585. Greyfiredbuff;blackto brownpaint.Edge of Lambda2, 1974,#3. interior. monochrome decoration,

Deep bowlFS 284 oftriangular The decoration piece 3586 might patchand theverydeep rimbandoftheTransitional rimithas a lipped, it a LH is IIIB2 GroupΒ deepbowl,butinsteadoftheusualliplessflaring suggest


363

almostevertedrimwitha largediameter, makingitmorelikelythatitbelongstotheAyiosStephanos as of bowls such 3374-3376. 3587 has theAyiosStephanosfineevertedrim. group largedeep 3586. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)24. FM 42, triangular interior. Lambda2, cleaning1977,# patch,monochrome 1.RMDPLaconia168,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2LH IIIC Early'. D. (rim)14.FM 48, quirk, 3587. Grey;blackpaint,burnt. monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974,#7· 3588. Buff;black to brown paint. FM 48, quirk, monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974,#4.

3589. Buff;fugitive orangepaint,blackin. D. (rim)13. FM 58, chevrons, monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974, #2.

3590. Buff;orange-brown paint.Stems,bandedinterior. Lambda2, 1974,#4. 3591. Buff;black to brown paint. FM 61, zigzag, Lambda2, 1974,# 25. monochrome interior.

StemmedbowlFS 306 in themannerofthose interior Thispiece has a singlewideband overtherimand a monochrome illustrated fromAreaEpsilon(3193-3197). 3592. Pink; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. FM 75, 12, 1974,#17. panelled.Lambda/Beta

Floordeposit fromRooms2 and 4, Lambda/Beta 12, 1974

A numberofhalf-complete vaseswerefoundon thesefloors.The sharplycarinated dipper3594 and barsacrosstheirhandlesinsteadof horizontal theconicalkylix3595 have thesameverydistinctive The amphoriskos themoreusualvertical 3593 also hasbarsacrossitshandleandmaycome patterns. sincethebarson bothvesselsare identically fromthesameworkshop, painted.Thereis a parallelto of the one ofthisexample.The an neck instead everted itsshapefromPerati155 with,however, straight in There are earlierLH IIIB the excavation. with a found 1963 piece unpaintedcup 3596 joins other found on thesefloors is not common. the from to [Six pieces Zygouries;156 shape parallels 3597 below:theamphora3694, amphoriskoi in 1963 arepublishedorrepublished 3700-3701,alabastron and bowl 3738.] 3704, stirrup deep jar 3707 FS 62 Amphoriskos

3593· Buff; orangepaint.D. (rim)8-8.4,(base)5. H. (est.) 15.FM 53, wavyline,barsacrosshandle.#45, 52, 61, 74 (Room4, Floor5 and wall lq). 74-912. RMDP Laconia 183. PLATE42.

DipperFS 236

3594. Buff;whitish slip,brownpaint.D. (rim)10. Bars acrosshandle.#39, 50 (Room2, Floor4). RMDPLaconia !93-

KylixFS 274

barsacrosshandle.#51 (Room2, Floor4). RMDP interior, Laconia197.

Cup FS 220,unpainted

3596. Buff,rough smoothed. D. (rim) 11.4, (base) 3.2. H. 4.1. # 51 and Beta 12A, 1963, #127 (Room 2, Floor

4). Taylour1972,259,HS 119. 63-007 + 74-906.

Deep roundedbowlFS 288,unpainted

buff 3597· Orange-buff; slip,polished.D. (rim)13, (base) 5.4. H. 10.8-11.5. # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). 74-903. plate42.

blackpaint.D. (rim)15.Linear,monochrome 3595· Buff; (j) COARSE WARE, UNDATED (NOT ILLUSTRATED)

LH III, like3121 and 3380a. W. D. [Twounstratified piecesare added here.3597b is presumably or from this Area the mightalso be Mycenaean. Taylourthought cookingjug jar 4081b Bowl

Souvlakidish

[3597a (notseen).Red withmanygrits;brownand grey core.Flatrim;flat,slightly raisedbase. D. (rim)23, (base) 10. H. 15.8. Possiblyhandmade.Area Beta 12A or 12B, 1963,# 57; Room 2 or 4 (mixedsurfacelevel).63-044. Notillustrated.

[3597b (notseen).Brown.Smallpiece ofbase withparts H. 2. W. 1.7. Th. 0.6. Lambda3, oftwoholespreserved. level).77-924.Notillustrated.] 1977,#5 (mixedsurface

155Iakovidis 1969, pl. 78.475.

156 Biegen 1928, 159 fig. 152.126, 127.

364

P. A. MOUNTJOY

6. AREA NU / GAMMA 1, 1977 ofthisAreaarealreadypublishedanda seriesofpottery The 1973-74excavations phasesworkedout LH In of which III MH III/LH I and Period IV is Period is I-IV, (Periods IIA).157 1977 theareawas 1 and Nu and hisearlierconclusions further excavatedbyJ. B. Rutter, the trenches Nu 2, particularly inthecaseofPeriodsIII andIV. Sincethereareno wholepotsbelonging tothese wereslightly modified a in from the excavation of few to Period IV from the excavations 1977, 1973-74 periods piecesdating in §7 belowin ordertogivean overview arere-illustrated oftheEarlyMycenaeanfromAreaNu. (i) The Middle Helladic III/Late Helladic I Transition (Rutter Period IIIB) In 1977 trenches Nu 1 and Nu 2 werefurther Nu II excavated;theremovalofthewallsofStructure showedthatitwas constructed at the of right beginning theMycenaeanperiod.The excavatorthen dividedhis PeriodIII intoIIIA and IIIB (i.e. MH III and MH III/LH I), the construction of thehousebelonging to PeriodIIIB. The basketsinvolvedare 26 (wallsnc, nk,nm),15 (ne), 16 (nd), trenchforwall nf in trenchNu 2) and 22 (the 25 (no), 18 (nf),13 (upperfillof the foundation lowerfillofthistrench). The 1977 excavationfurther revealedthat:(a) wallnfdoes notstopshortofthes baulkofNu 2, buthasbeenrobbedoutattheS endbyNu burial12; (b) thePeriodIIIB floorW ofwallnfin trench Nu 2 slopesfromν to s; (c) thePeriodIIIB surfaces ofRoom 2 is nowclearin thes baulk;and (d) thereis no PeriodIIIB surface or floorε ofwallnc/nkand Ν ofwallnm,buta cutting visiblein the Ε baulkmayhavebeenmadeν ofnm fortheconstruction ofsucha surface.158 The potteryfromthe removalof the house walls consistedof muchFine and Gritty Lustrous Decorated(3598-3628),someLM IA (3629-3633) and someLH I (3634-3637). [Manysherdsin otherwaresfromthesebasketsandothersofthesamedatearepublishedamong2001-2204 above.159 C. Zernernow dates3627 to MH III Early.The contextof the following pieces frombasket18 cannotbe datedmorecloselythanMH III Late-LH I Early:3608, 3610, 3613, 3625, 3628-3630, 3632-3633. The restareMH III/LH I.] (a) LUSTROUS DECORATED, FINE (3598-3611;

FIG. 6.34)

Thereis one piecefromwhatmusthavebeen a handsomeclosedvessel(3598),decoratedin brown, mostofthesherdsbelongto openshapes, red,whiteandblackpaint,butas in the1973-74 deposits, eithertheVapheioor roundedcup.160 The 1973-74 excavationsuggests thattheVapheiocupswere with monochrome added or white bands. Three painted purple Vapheiocup rimscan be recognised fromthisdeposit,of which3599 has a reservedband on theexterior rim,3600 has added white bandsand 3601 a foliateband in added whiteon a brown-purple surface.The roundedcups are in dark-on-light decorated and light-on-dark all haveaddedpurplebands thoseillustrated techniques; at theexterior rimexcept3602,whichhas a reserved rimwitha purplebandbelow.Onlythreecups havethebodypreserved:3608 is monochrome, and 3607 in 3606 has foliatebandin dark-on-light The base 3609 is bandedin and outbuthas no whiteor purplebandsadded to the light-on-dark. exterior base band,as on theexamplesfromtheearlierexcavation.161 is present Finally,a bowl-rim withaddedwhitedecoration (3611) and a sherdfroma carinated cup (3610). Closedshape

3598. Greywithinclusionsfiredbuff;brown,red, black and whitepaint.Foliate bands(?), the upper one in brown paint.#13.

Vapheiocup

3599. Lightbuff;black paint.#13. 3600. Buffwitha fewgrits;black,whiteand brownpaint. D. (rim)c. 14. Lower band in brownpaint.#13. 3601. Buff;brownpaint withpurple tinge.D. (rim) 15. Foliateband in added white.#13.

157Rutterand Rutter1076. 158See furtherChapter 1 §8 (v) above, withfigs. 1.55-1.61. 159See Chapter 5 §5 (vi) (c).

Roundedcup

3602. Buff;purple and black paint.D. (rim) 14. # 13. 3603. Pale orangefiredgreenish;black and purplepaint. D. (rim)c. 14. # 13. 3604. Pale orangefiredgreenish;fugitiveblack paintin, purple-brownout. #13. 3605. Buffwith grits;traces of washy brown paint. D. (rim) 12. # 22. 3606. Greenishwitha fewgrits;greenish-white slip,purple, whiteand brownpaint.D. (rim)11. Foliateband. #13. 3607. Buff;dark grey paint with added white. Foliate band. Wheel-made.#13.

160Rutterand Rutter 1076, 4s . 161Rutterand Rutter 1976, 43.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §6

365

Fig. 6.34. Area Nu 1977 pottery:LustrousDecorated,Fine 3598-3611; LustrousDecorated,Gritty3612-3628; LM IA 3629-3633; LH I 3634-3637. Scale 1:3.

3608. 3609.

Buff;darkgreypaint.# 18. MH III Late-LH I Early. Buff;brownpaint.D. (base) 6. # 13.

Carinatedcup

Bowl 361 1. Whiteporous;veryshiny,streakybrownpaintwith added white.Spiral. #13.

3610. Buff;dark reddish-brownpaint. #18. MH III Late-LH I Early. (b)

LUSTROUS DECORATED,

GRITTY (3612-3628;

FIG. 6.34)

All thepiecesexcept3627-3628 belongto closedshapes,buttheonlyrimpresentbelongsto ajar withclosingneck (3612), in contrastto the numbersof amphora/hydria rimsfromthe 1973-74

P. A. MOUNTJOY

366

includecross-hatching excavations.162 (3613),loops,possiblyfromrunning spiral Dark-on-light patterns includequirks(3617),floralmotifs(3618), (3614 and 3616), and foliateband (3615); light-on-dark blob and rays,possiblya rosette(3619),arcades(3620), spiral(3621),curvilinear (3622) and wavy but3626,unusually, line(3623-3625).Boththeclosedbase 3625 andtheopenone 3628 areflattened, is raised;163 none are paintedunderneath. Thereis one basinbase (3628), decoratedwithspiralsin a and monochrome rim (3627). [Thelatteris MH III Early.] Iight-on-dark,

Jar

darkgreytoblackpaint.Horizontal bandsin 361«. Buff; addedwhiteand red,arcadeson rim.#13. 3613. Pinkish;whiteslip,blackpaint.Cross-hatching. # 18. MH III Late-LH I Earlycontext. brownpaint.Loop, spiral(?). 3614. Buffwithinclusions; # 13. withinclusions; blackandbrownpaint.Foliate 3615. Buff bandin brownpaint.#13. withinclusions; brownand blackpaint. 3616. Pink-buff Loop,spiral(?)in brownpaint.#13. 3617. Buff;darkgreyish-brown paint.Quirkin added white.#22. darkred-brown 3618. Pink-buff; paint.Floraldesignin addedpurpleandwhite.#22. 3619. Orangewithgreycore;darkgreypaint.Blobsand oneblobinaddedpurple. #22. rosette(?), raysinaddedwhite, darkgreypaint.Arcadesinaddedwhite. 3620. Buff; #13. (c) LATE MINOAN IA (3629-3633;

3621. Orange;red-brown #13. paint. Spiralinaddedwhite. darkgreypaint.Curvilinear 3622. Pinkish-buff; design in addedwhite.#13. 3623. Buffwithblack inclusions;darkreddish-brown paint.Wavylinesinaddedwhiteandred(redoverreserved surface). #13. buff 3624. Greyfired orange-brown; slip,blackpaintwith addedwhite.Wavybandor loop. #22. buffsurface, dark-brown to (mottled 3625. Pinkish-buff; red-brown) paint.Wavyband in added white.#18. MH III Late-LH I Early. withinclusions; blackpaint.D. (base)c.11. #13. 3626. Buff

Basin 3627. Buff;darkgreypaint.D. (rim)c.32. #26. MH III Early. darkgreypaint.Spiralandhorizontal 3628. Pinkish-buff; bandin addedwhite.# 18. MH III Late-LHI Early.

FIG. 6.34)

Jar

3629. Veryfine, porousorange;darkorange-brown paint. Loopsin addedwhite.# 18. MH III Late-LHI Early. 3630. Veryfinebuff;darkorangepaint.Ripple.# 18. MH III Late-LHI Earlycontext. withinclusions; 3631. Buff orangepaint.Rayswitha blob at theend,whichprobablybelongto a rosette(cf.Rutter and Rutter1976,40 fig.12.373).# 13·

Jarorcup

#18. 3632. Rim.Buffwithdarkred grits;polished(P). MH III Late-LH I Earlycontext.

Basin bandand 3633· Porousbuff;darkgreypaint.Horizontal belowinaddedwhite.#18.MH III Late-LHI Early. quirks

(d) LUSTROUS PAINTED, I.E. MYCENAEAN (3634-3637;

Cup

3634. Buff;red-brown paint.Spiral.#13. 3635. Buff;orange-brown paint.Spiral.#22. #18. MH 3636. Orange;orangepaint.Monochrome. III Late-LHI Earlycontext.

FIG. 6.34)

Vapheiocup(?)

3^37- Buff;blackpaint.Spiral.#25.

(ii) Late Helladic IIA Early The onlydepositbelonging to thisperiod(Rutter PeriodIV) foundin 1977 comesfromthefillofNu burial12,whichwas dugintothetopofwallnfjusts ofthesw cornerofStructure Nu II (basket8). Therewas verylittlepottery; thesherdsillustrated are all FineLustrousDecoratedexceptfor3642Painted,i.e. Mycenaean.[TwocompleteLustrousPaintedvasesofLH IIA 3643, whichare Lustrous date,R835 and R968, wererecoveredfromthefillofthisgrave.] (a) LUSTROUS DECORATED, FINE (3638-3641;

Cup,rounded

#8. whitish brownpaint.Spiral(?). 3638. Buff; slip,fugitive

Vapheiocup

FIG. 6.35) bandat edgeofinterior rim.#8. 3640. Buff;blackand purplepaint.Purpleband below #8. exterior rim-band. 3641. Buff;brownpaint.Ripple(?).#8.

3639. Buff;darkbrownpaint.D. (rim)c. 11. Reserved 162Rutterand Rutter 1976, 39, nos. R310-R318.

163Rutterand Rutter 1976, 41.


367

Fig.6.35.AreaNu 1977pottery, LH ILA:Lustrous Fine3638-3641,Lustrous Painted3642-3643.AreaNu Decorated, 1973-74,LH IIA: 3644-3646.LH IIB: 3647. LH IIIAi: 3648. Scale 1:3.

(b) LUSTROUS PAINTED, I.E. MYCENAEAN (3642-3643;

FIG. 6.35)

VapheiocupFS 224 3642. Buff;blackpaint,burnt.FM 46, tangentspiral. #8.

3643. Buff;brownand blackpaint.D. (rim)8.8. FM 78, ripple.#8.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

368

7. AREA NU 1973-74 Withtheexceptions of 3646, whichcomesfromDepositΝ in theε halfoftrenchNu 1, and 3648a, thepottery herecomesfromDepositO, whichlayin trenchNu 2 Ε ofwallnfand may re-illustrated havebeen a livingsurface.164 Laterdisturbance theinsertion ofa grave,Nu burial11,must through be LH ILAas suggested accountfortheLH IIIAi krater sherd3648,whichcannotstylistically bythe excavator.165 The truncated lineargoblet3647 shouldbe datedto LH IIB166and mayalso havecome in as a resultoftheinsertion ofthisgrave. (i) Late Helladic IIA (3644-3646; fig. 6.35) Beakedjug FS 143 Twopiecesfroma handsomeclosedshapedecoratedwithzigzagarere-published (3644).The edgeof thebandroundthelowerhandle-joint can be madeoutto theleftofthelargesherd.Thisdecoration butthepositionofthehandleprecludesthisshapefor3644; the appearson stirrup-jars,167 normally butboththedecoration interior junctionoftheneckand shoulderrulesoutthebridge-spouted jug,168 and theshapewouldfitthebeakedjug. Thereis a parallelfromKea169 withthesamedecoration, but withsolidbandsratherthanfoliateband betweentheregisters, whichis calledFS 132 or FS 143. Fromthewidthofitsshoulder, ourvase shouldbe FS 143,a LH IIA version. 3644. Greyfiredbuff;whitish slip,blackpaint.FM 61, zigzagwithdouble-axeand foliateband. 1974 #28, 29, 3!»33· 74-604.R894.

VapheiocupFS 224

blackpaint,interior 3645. Buff;pale-green slip,fugitive slipped.D. (rim)c. 10, (base) 7. H. 6.9. FM 46, tangent

spiralwithblobfill.1974 # 25, 32. 74-607.R866. RMDP Laconia33.

ConicalcupFS 204,unpainted

3646. Buff,smoothed.Badlymade. D. (rim)9.9-10.2, (base)3.8. H. 4.0-4.8. 1973 #8. 73-604.R962.

(ii) Late Helladic IIB (3647; fig. 6.35) GobletFS 263 Thisgoblethas a short, veryevertedrimand a concavebase,whichis notarticulated. 3647. Brickorange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)1415, (base)6.2. H. 13.5. Linear.1974 # 28, 31, 33 (to be

associatedwithNu burial 11). 74-605. R836. RMDP Laconia50.

(ii) Late Helladic IIIAi (3648; fig. 6.35) KraterFS 7 rimalreadyshownon LH IIIA2-IIIC kraters; 3648 is a goodexampleoftheAyiosStephanoskrater buta smoothly at theeversionofthelip,170 it does nothave themoreusualsharpinnercarination withpapyrus, is alsoa localfeature. Itsmonochrome interior roundedprofile. Running spiralis depicted LH IIIAi blob fillin thecorners.171 whichhas thecustomary 3648. Buff;blackpaint.FM 46, running spiralwithFM at left,monochrome 11.47,papyrus, edgeofhandle-band

164Rutterand Rutter 1976, 22. 165Rutterand Rutter 1976, 56; see Furumark19410, 265 fig. 34, FM 1 1.47 forthe papyrusmotif. 166O. T. P. K. Dickinson, pers. comm. 167 Demakopoulou and Konsola 198 1, pl. 12 bottom.

withNu burial interior. 1974#31,33, 35 (tobe associated 11). 74-609.R887. RMDPLaconia65.

168See Mountjoy 1986, 27 fig.24. 169Cummer and Schofield 1084, 122*. 170 Mountioy 1086, 60 fig.70. 171 Mountjoy 1986, 64 fig.74.1.


[(iii) LH III A2-IIIC [(?)Stirrup jar,typeuncertain

369

Early (3648a; not illustrated)

redtoreddishbrownpaint.Large [3648a (notseen).Buff; bodyfragment only.D. (max.)21. Threefinelinegroups

framed bybroadbands.Nu ι, 1973,# 1. Surfacecontext, 73-603.Notillustrated.]

8. SUMMARY, INCLUDING MATERIAL FROM THE 1959-63 EXCAVATIONS is presentatthesite,alongwithsomeLH IIA MuchLH I, LH IIIA2 EarlyandLH IIIC Earlypottery In thesubsequent andLH IIIB, whereasLH IIB, LH IIIAi andLH IIIA2 Latearebarelyrepresented. fromtheexcavations is givenofeachpottery an overview discussion unstratified, mostly phase;material, of 1959-63 is includedto enlargethecorpus. (i) Late Helladic I (3649-3662; fig. 6.36) thereis no other LambdaI,172 ApartfromtheearlyLH I buildingin Area Lambda 3/4 , Structure LH of thepottery most I is Lambda Structure the site. Since from LH I I, early stratigraphy good i.e. Lustrous of the with little / Matt Painted the to Painted, class, Mycenaean, very Minoanising belongs warediscussedhere(figs.6.25-6.27,withLustrousPaintedLH I sherdsofMycenaeanfabricin fig. at the site are the piriform jar FS 27, the alabastron 6·27>3454~346i)· The shapesrepresented rounded the FS FS 80, thesquatjug FS 87, thehole-mouthed 100, cup FS 211, Vapheiocup jar withtherarerstraightI LH all the usual in fact FS 224 and thestraight-sided shapes,together cup, sided alabastron3467. Most of the LH I sherdsbelongto the Vapheiocup; thereare veryfew sherdspresentfromclosedshapes. combinations oftenusedin different includesall thecommonLH I motifs, ofpatterns The repertoire The white of added use is much there the of jar sherd vase; piriform paint. accordingto theshape the all of are the of other but the linked with tangent representations spiral spiral, 3462 is decorated is illustrated orrunning (3649),decoratedwith jar sherdfromtheearlierexcavations type.A piriform FS 80 have The threepublishedexamplesofthealabastron bycrosstangents. separated largeurchins is unusual latter the iris of form a and (3234); degenerate (3464),wavyband(3463) joiningsemi-circles and have FS The fewexamplesofthesquatjug 87 as a maindecoration. 3465) running spiral(3235 and cross(3466). The hole-mouthed jar sherdsare decoratedwithverticalfoliateband (3311 and forthisshape. motifs 3468) and stonepattern(3469),bothpredictable Sherdsfromroundedcupsare also notcommon:3470 has a wavyband,3471 spiraland 3237 a fromtheearlierexcavations: spiralwithblob fill.Threecupsare illustrated largeexampleoftangent in thisphase,3651 handle-basecurrent 3650, decoratedwithspiral,showsthemetallicpinched-in with LH the hasjoinedblobs,and 3652 foliateband; 3237 and 3650-3651 have typical I cupprofile The shorter from Lerna.173 thetallrimand deep,clumsyroundedbodybestexemplified by examples rimof 3470 and 3652 maybelongto thestemmedtypeFS 212, whichalso seemsto have a narrow decoratedzone.174 in different combinations; The Vapheiocup is decoratedwitha widevarietyofLH I motifs spiral common arethemostpopular.The tangent bandvariations andfoliate spiralwithblobfillis especially is thespiralwithmultiple interest tangents, (3222,3238-3239, 3474-3475 and 3645),butofgreater from two on It is found on a decoration 3012 Stephanos, Ayios examples verypopular Kythera.175 and 3653; thelatteris a completeexamplefroma burialexcavatedin i960. This and,presumably, 3012 belongtoTypeI, theearliesttypewitha deepbandovertherim,ribandbase and a tallnarrow The additionof the Laconian examplesto the corpussuggestsa southPeloponnesian shape.176 withcertainty. Othersherdsmayalsobelongtothistypebutaretoosmalltobe identified distribution. on the used is also dot blob or with a small formofspiral,a running Another fill, Vapheiocup spiral in foliate as band foliate The the and on (3481-3482), combination appears simple squatjug 3235. 3478 as in 3483 (joiningcircles)and 3013 (joiningcircles withwavyline(3654) orin a non-foliate version, and crocus).Tortoise-shell rippleis also a popularmotif:thereis a completeexample(3240). Isolated with withcrossedtangents), suchas 3655 (urchin are oftenusedin combination, motifs 3485 (urchin a has double-axe. in or panel) 3241 (urchin circle);3472

172See §5 (i)-(ii) above. 173Caskev iq*7, pl. ^Qff. 174 Mountjoy 1986, 14 fig.7.3.

175Coldstream 1078, 303. 176Coldstream 1978, 393.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

37O

Fig. 6.36. 1960-3 excavations,LH I pottery:3649-3662. Scale 1:3.

The straight-sided cup decoratedwiththe LH I versionof double-axe withsinglestraightshaftis present(3656-3657), as well as a completeprofile(3658) decoratedwithripple,whichis a Minoan import.There are two examplesoftheminiaturecup or bowl, one froma burialin Area Delta (3659), decoratedwithrunningspiralwithsmall blob fill,and one fromArea Gamma decoratedwithripple AnotherMinoan import (3660); it may be a LM IA import.3659 is an earlyversionof thisshape.177 is a largebasin witha pie-crustrim (3661); it is decoratedinside and outsidewithdouble-axe.All the vases below are painted,withthe exceptionof one goblet(3662); it is dated to LH I fromcomparison withparallelsfromLerna. The base has theusual LH I hollowunderneath,but therimis rathershort. Piriform jar FS 27 (fig.6.36)

3649. Buff;brownpaint.FM 27, urchin.Beta 12B, 1963, # 60 (surface). Cup FS 211, 212 (fig. 6.36) 3650. FS 211. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 14. Spiralwithadded white.Beta 11, 1963, Ν baulk, #151. 177See thatthe Mountjoy1986,49-50, whereit is suggested shapeappearsin LH IIA butbecomespopularin LH II Β.

3651. FS 2 11. Greenish;brownpaint.D. (rim)12.Joined blobs. Beta i/Beta 12A, 1963, #127 (earlierwash over Floor 4, 1974). 3652. FS 212. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) 15. FM 64, foliateband. Beta 6, i960, #22.

Vapheio cup FS 224 (fig.6.36) 3653.

Buff;greenishslip, black paint. D. (rim)9, (base)

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §8 4.7. H. 8.7-9.0. FM 46, tangent spiral with quadruple tangents.Delta 7, i960, #6, 14, Delta burial 14. Taylour 1972, 225, pl. 43^ HS 27. 60-023. RMDP haconia.5. 3654. Buff;black paint.D. (rim) 10. FM 53, wavy band above FM 64, foliateband. Beta i/Beta 12B, 1963, #121. 3655. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)9. FM 27, urchinwith crossedtangents.Beta 11, 1963, sectorgamma, # 5.

Straight-sided cup (fig.6.36)

3656. Orange; buffslip,red-brownpaint.D. (rim)9. FM 35, double-axe. Beta 6, i960, #10. 3657. Buff;black paint. D. (base) 6.6. FM 35, doubleaxe. Beta 6, i960 #10. 3658. Orange; orangeto blackpaint.D. (rim)12.5, (base) 7.4. H. 7.5. FM 78, ripple.Beta 7, i960, # 10. LM IA. 60018. PLATE42.

Miniature cup (fig.6.36)

3659. Buff;orange-brownto black paint. D. (rim) 6.5, (base) 2.3. H. 4.3. FM 46, running spiral with blob

371

fill,rough interior.Delta 5, i960, # 5, Delta burial 4. Taylour 1972, 222, pl. 43a right,HS 24A. 60-019. RMDP Laconia 14. 3660. Orange witha few inclusionsfiredbuff;black to brown paint. D. (rim) 9.6, (base) 4. H. 4.8. FM 78, ripple,monochromeinterior.LM IA(?). Gamma 1, 1959, # 10 or 10a. Taylour 1972, 252, 269 fig.40.22, HS 88. 59-008.

Basin(fig.6.36)

3661. Buffwith grits;buffslip, black paint. D. (rim) c. 32. FM 35, double-axe in and out, pie-cruston rim out. LM IA. Beta 6, i960, # 6, 18.

GobletFS 270,unpainted(fig.6.36)

3662. Orange withmica; buffslip,roughlysmoothed.D. (rim)9, (base) 4.5. H. 6.0-6.8. Unpainted.Beta 5/2, i960, # 12. 60-013.

(ii) Late Helladic IIA (3663-3670; fig. 6.37) ofunstratified consists The LH IIA pottery sherds, apartfroma smalldepositinAreaEpsilon.178 mostly closed the The decoratedLH IIA is veryfragmentary. shapes,largerpiecesincludetheholeAmong with with leaves elaborate rim decorated mouthed spiralsor urchinsin thecoils.The 3495 ivy jar thantheMainland tradition in the Minoan and more is unusualfora hole-mouthed decoration jar, A that it is a Minoan do not and of fabric but the one,179 import. smallerversionof suggest paint 3495 fromclosed shapescome frombridgetheshape (3497) has curvedstripes.Otherlargefragments jug 3201 haveparallelsin theislands spoutedjugs:thearcadesroundthebase ofthebridge-spouted and Seraglioaredecorated from The and fromPhylakopi,180 Phylakopi Seraglio181 Kythera.182 parallels in an openfield,in thesamemanneras thegroupofthreeshieldson the withgroupsofthreemotifs The shieldson bridge-spouted jug sherd3253; thelattermayalsohavehad arcadesroundthebase.183 that it is above the bell a fill like the triton on have dot suggested theyare by the cup 3259; 3253 Marine but is another a are not common same hand.Shields motif, 3022 Styleis only example. are shownhere two more in the fragments alreadypublished,184 sparselyrepresented: additionto thatis that next to weed a of 3664 (3663-3664),bothfromclosedshapesand bothhaving tentacle, froma largetrefoil.185 probablygrowing on paperin full(exceptthehandle),thecup 3511, FS 211, Onlyone open shapecan be restored theusualmotifforthistalltypeof cup. Open shapesfromtheearlier decoratedwithdouble-axes, zones includethegoblet3666 withtworowsofwavybands;itssize and twodecorative excavations The bell cup 3665, whichhas theedge ofa hatched are similarto an examplefromOrchomenos.186 crocus,is probablydecoratedin theAlternating Styleagainstan openground.187 this The smalldepositinAreaEpsilongivesa goodidea ofthemonochrome shapesin vogueduring The most are illustrated and other monochrome (3261-3288). (3001-3010); unpainted shapes phase is very to thedecoratedversion, monochrome interesting shapeis thegoblet3667,which,in contrast still other underneath.188 Some a tall rim and hollowed base with examples painted large deep body, MH and a the survival from havea carinated 3267-3268 3528). (3003, 3264, goblet upperbody, is illustrated 3669-3670 (3668-3670); fragments Unpaintedmaterialfromtheearlierexcavations showsthatburnished warescontinued are burnished wares.The materialfromtheAthenswells189 halfof alongsideMycenaeanonesas lateas LH IIB/IIIAi. Thesetwopiecesare assignedto thefirst 178See§i (i) above. 179See Niemeier 1985,68-9 fig.22 fortheMinoanivyleaf, and Furumark 19410, 35-6 fortheMycenaeanone. 180Dawkinsand 270-1 figs ifl,pl. 11.140. Droop 191 181Morricone10.72-3.î^f; fis:.324. 182Coldstream and Huxley1072,pl. 40, no. Xi 123. 183Forthe thatvases decoratedin thisstyleform suggestion part of a largergroup originatingfromone workshopsee Mountjoy2007, 329-30. %J

9

S-r '

KS

«_S %-*

'*S

KS

Λ.

184Mountioy10840,216. 185See forexampleMountjoy no.8. 19840,177fig.6, Phylakopi

186

Mountioy 10,86, s κ fig. sk.i.

187Coldstream and Huxley1972,302-3. 188See Mountjoy1986, 35 fig.35 forthedecoratedversion and some monochromeexamplesfromKorakou; theseare, however,notas largeas thosefromAyiosStephanos. 189 Mountjoy1981.

372

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.37. 1960-3excavations, LH ΠΑ pottery 3671-3674;LH IIIAi pottery 3675-3676. 3663-3670;LH IIB pottery Scale 1:3.

a confirmation LH II, sinceLH IIB/IIIAi material is scarceatthesite.Theydo notseemtobe imported, thattheuse of burnished wareswas not confinedto centralGreeceduringthe EarlyMycenaean period.Thereare parallelsto theshapeof 3668, an amphorawithtwoverticalhandles,amongthe thissherdis wornbutneednothavebeenburnished. burnished shapesfromtheAthenswells;190 190 Mountjoy 1981, fig.3.7-9·

THE LATE HELLADIC

Closedshape(fig.6.37)

3663. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 21, octopus Type B. Beta 6, i960, # 3. 3664. Buff;brown paint. Edge of tentacle with weed above. Beta 4, i960, #14.

BellcupFS 221 (fig.6.37)

3665. Buff;shaded-brownpaint,orangein. Rockworkon Beta rimwithedge ofFM 1o, crocus,monochromeinterior. 1, 1959, # 10.

GobletFS 254,FS 263 (fig.6.37)

3666. FS 254. Orange; buffslip, black paint. FM 53, wavy bands. Beta 6, i960, #22. 3667. FS 263. Grey firedbuff;black paint. D. (rim) 20.

POTTERY §8

373

H. (ex.) 21.3. Monochrome. Beta 1 / Beta 12B, 1963, # 110 (earlywash over LH IIIC slab Floor 5, 1974, in Room 4). 63-046. Taylour 1972, 258, pl. 49f, HS 104. RMDP Laconia 38.

neckhandles, Amphorawithtwovertical unpainted(fig.6.37)

3668. Buff,worn.D. (rim)12.4. Beta 1 / Beta 12B, 1963, # 104. Early wash over Floor 5, 1974.

Goblet,unpainted(fig.6.37) 3669.

# 10.

Buff,burnishedbrown.D. (rim) 13. Beta 6, i960,

3670. Orange,burnished.D. (rim)14. Beta 1/1 2B, 1963, #104 (earlywash over Floor 5, 1974).

(iii) Late Helladic IIB (3671-3674; fig. 6.37) at thesite.One interment, Beta burial28 (3289-3291),seemson Thisphaseis barelyrepresented balancetobelongtothisperiod,butcouldjustbe earlyLH IIIAi. Amongtheothermaterial, profiles and of surviveofa roundedalabastron(3292) decoratedwiththeLH IIB versionofrockpattern,191 two monochrome LH IIB.192 There are the hall-marks of FS one of thering-handled examples cup 237, of this(3295-3296),and a piece decoratedwithargonautinsideand wavyband outside(3539); a smallmonochrome further exampleis includedhere(3673) and a decoratedone (3672); theinterior anotherofthehallmarks latter is similar to thatfoundon theEphyraeangoblet,193 rosette ofthe very this A third definitive feature of ofLH IIB butnotpresentat AyiosStephanos. phase,thegobletwith The concavebase of the rockpatternpendentfromtherim,is illustrated 3025. by therim-sherd IIIAi kraterhas a torus a datein LH II ratherthanLH IIIAi, sincetheLH krater3671 suggests arenotusualin LH II, so I datethispieceto thesecond base;194 largeopenshapessuchas thekrater halfofthephase.The monochrome goblet3674 probablyalso belongsto thisperiod,as itsstemis and itslip too shortforthoseoftheearlierMycenaean too shortand fatfortheLH IIIAi goblet195 in shapetothelinearexample3647. The miniature cup 3298 is unusualinhaving phases.It is similar vesselsthatmaybeginin LH II A butare a highhandleon therim;itbelongsto a classofminiature mostpopularin LH IIB.196The Late MattPaintedpieces 3299 and 3540-3543 are also assignedto as thatthisclassofpottery continues thisperiod.The materialfromtheAthenswellsdemonstrates to dateoutofcontext, theseunstratified sincethepiecesare difficult lateas LH IIB/IIIA1;197 pieces couldbelongto thepreviousor to thefollowing phase. Krater(fig.6.37)

3671. Orange; black to red paint. D. (base) 10. Monochrome interior. Beta 4, i960, Level 2, # not recorded.60-008.

Ring-handled cupFS 237 (fig.6.37)

3672. Orange; orange-buff slip, orange-brownpaint. D. (base) 3.2. FM 17, rosettein. Beta 1 / 12B, 1963, #138 (Floor 19). Taylour1972, 258, pl. 49CI.3,HS 107. 63-048.

3673. Buff;black paint. D. (rim)7.4, (base) 2.3. H. 2.1. Monochrome.Beta 6, i960, # 5, 6.

GobletFS 263 (fig.6.37)

3674. Goblet. Grey firedpinkish;black paint. D. (rim) 14.8, (base) 6.7. H. 12.5. Monochrome.Beta 12A, 1963, # 89. Taylour 1972, 258 withfig.32, pl. 49g, HS 103. 63005. RMDP Laconia 5 1.

(iv) Late Helladic IIIAi (3675-3676; fig. 6.37) Thereis verylittleLH IIIAi ; withtheexception ofthatdatingsomefloorsinAreaBeta(fig.6.20),itis unstratified. Of thefourcommonest LH IIIAi motifs, stipple,spiral,scaleand net,198 spiralis thebest atAyiosStephanos, followed butseveralopen represented bystipple.No closedshapecanbe restored, onescanbe reconstructed on paper,suchas theshallowcups3301, 3555 and 3675, all decorated with stipple.All threeexamplesare idiosyncratic: 3301 has no outerband overthelip and twowidely 191Furumark104.10,^2^ fis:,fu.iq. 192Dickinson 1072, 106. 193 1986, 48 fig.54.2. 194Mountjoy Mountjoy 1986, 60 fig.70.

195Mountiov iq86. 6 k fief.7£. 196Mountiov 1086, 4Q fiff.Φ197 Mountjoy 1981. 198French 1964, 260-1.

374

ρ· Α· MOUNTJOY

twowidebandsor twowidebands spacednarrowlinesabove thebase,insteadoftheconventional a narrow has wide interior several band; and 3675 has threenarrow ones;199 3555 lip flanking very bandsabovethebase,a solidpaintedcircleinthecentrebase anda banddowneachedgeofthehandle in a loop roundthebase,in themanneroftheLH IIIAi goblet.Thereis obviously much terminating withstipple. Thelargekrater localvariation here.Thegoblet3676 is alsodecorated 3648 hasthekrater thisrimrimtypicalofAyiosStephanos, witha roundedinnerlip insteadoftheusualevertedone;200 atthesitethrough variant all theMycenaeanphasesuntilLH IIIC Early. continues Cup FS 219 (FIG. 6.37) 3675. Orange with mica; orange paint. D. (rim) 11.2, (base) 3. H. 4. FM 77, stipple,solid circlein interiorbase, stripedown edge of handle terminatingin loop at base. Beta 4, i960, # 29. From burial 1. 60-012. Taylour 1972,

258, HS 110. ÄMDPLaconia 67. Goblet FS 255 (FIG. 6.37) 3676. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)15.FM 77,stipple. Beta 4, i960, #6. 60-009. Taylour1972, 258, HS 109.

(ν) Late Helladic IIIA2 Early (3677-3688; fig. 6.38) The LH IIIA2 materialfromAyiosStephanosis ofgreatimportance becauseit belongsto thefirst halfofLH IIIA2, a phaseforwhichthereis as yetno stratified settlement depositfromthemainland, thetwoLH IIIA2 Earlydomesticassemblagescitedby Furumark comingfromQatna and Ayios hisremaining this for come from tombs.202 The fromAyiosStephanos Iakovos;201 deposits phase pottery is of further interest because,apartfromhavingparallelsin materialfromAchaia,mostof it is a In thelightoftheMinoanising material combining hybrid product MycenaeanandMinoanelements.203 itis notapparent in the fromtheLH I strataat AyiosStephanos, thisfeature neednotcausesurprise; LH IIA-IIIAi pottery, but thereis verylittleof thisat the site.The LH IIIA2 Earlymaterial comes mostlyfroma largewash depositin Area Epsilon (3027-3121), fromthe stonesof the feature ev (3323),andfromtheinterments Betaburial26 (3338-3339),Lambdaburial14 (3572) and Lambdaburial1 (3573"3575)· The materialconsistslargelyofopen shapes,especiallythekylixFS 256, buta fewclosedshapes canbe restored. Insteadofbeingunpainted orhavingtheusuallineardecoration, thejugsandjarsare and the the these 3028-3029 e.g. shapeshavea paintedmonochrome, jug 3677; amphorae/hydriae and a small shortevertedrim.Smallerclosedshapesincludea cutaway-neck jug (3572) jug ofFS 112 with a burials and but normal both from both (3338), lip. paintedmonochrome, A fewsherdsfromstemmedkraters are present.The rims3032-3033 have theAyiosStephanos interior. Twosherds(3206 and 3318) havespiralswitha fatouter roundedinnerlipandmonochrome coil similarto thoseon thekylix3051; thisis a Cretanversionofthemotif(see below).Twosherds the fromtheearlierexcavations(3678-3679) are decoratedwithpapyrusand flowerrespectively; its A is shown from Beta burial short with a outline. is dotted 19; (3680) dipper papyrus fringed thatitbelongsto thisphase. evertedrimsuggests suchas themugs3034, a largeexample,and 3035, a Manyoftheopen shapesare monochrome, from Achaia.204 smallone,andthecylindrical parallels cup3037. Thelasttwovesselshavemonochrome with a The kylikes nearlyall belongtoFS 256,thekylixshapetypicalofLH IIIA2 Early,205 decorative in contrast to thatoftheLH IIIA2 Late kylixFS 257, wherethe zone thatendsat thehandle-base, of decorative zoneendslowerdownthebody.Theyareseparatedintotwogroups.206 GroupI consists interior rimwithhandlesrisingaboveit,an unpainted boththeusualFS 256,witha shortthickened anda bandedstem(fig.6.4),andsomeexamplesofFS 257. GroupII is a hybrid Minoan/Mycenaean anda monochrome a interior monochrome as on the closed with a everted fine short, rim, shapes, type to the ofthishybridgroupcorrespond bands(fig.6.5). The kylikes stemwitha fewnarrowreserved Minoankylixexceptforthestem,whichis nothollow,and thehandles,whichdo notriseabovethe and fineevertedlipsoftheexamplesfromAyiosStephanosare also interiors rim.The monochrome too fromAyiosStephanosis generally ofthehybridkylikes The decoration Minoancharacteristics.207 the few on to be obtained. motif a full of the for However, examples represented picture fragmentary ofMycenaean arenottheusualMycenaeanones,buta localadaptation wherethisis possiblethemotifs 199French 1064, pl. 72a. 1-5, 7-9; Mountjoy1986, 62-3 fig.72. 200Mountioy 1086, 60 fig.70. 201Furumark104.1^ f»6-7. 202Furumark1041b, 56-64. 203 Mountjoy 1987 and 1988.

204 Papadopoulos 1979, 244 fig.268c, 250 fig.274a. 205Mountioy 1086,67. 206See §1 (iii) above. 207See Popham 1969, 299-304 forsome of the fewpublished Minoan kylikes.


375

elementsand a blendingofMycenaeanand Minoanones; forexample,3051 has spiralswitha fat outercoil (as also thekraters3206 and 3318 above) paralleledon an examplefromtheDictaean Cave.208This is not a LH IIIA2 Mycenaeanspiral.Again,3048 is decoratedwitha horizontal ithas a fringe ofdotsedgingtheleavesand stem(thepapyruson the Mycenaeanflower;unusually, Thisis nota Minoanfeature in LM IIIA butseems krater3678,discussedabove,has a similar fringe). fromMelathria arecomprehensively Fourpieces tobe a localone: whorl-shells on a krater fringed.209 fromtheearlierexcavationsare includedhereto fillout the corpus,3681-3682 bothwithstems, and thethreerim-sherds and 3684 withflower;all havea monochrome interior, 3683 withchevrons exhibitthefineevertedlip typicalofAyiosStephanos. is usedas muchon open shapesas on closedones.Therearemanykylikes, Monochrome painting and FS 267, but some FS 266 are present(figs.6.6-6.7); theseshapesare unpainted mostly 264 basins(fig.6.7), includinga threeelsewhereuntilLH IIIC.210Thereare also manymonochrome of these are includedhere (3685-3686), two as linear as well examples; leggedtype(3087-3088) a similar is in and out. rim linear the and blobs on 3326 example;thereis a parallelon being having also appear(fig.6.8); thereis a good kraters bowlsandring-based Monochrome a cupfromAchaia.211 whichis datedto LH IIIB butneednotbe so late. parallelto 3108 fromAchaia,also monochrome,212 or decoratedwithwavyband (fig.6.8), butothermotifs monochrome Stemmedbowlsare generally maybe used,suchas thechevron(3687). withfillis a in someofthecups.3039 withpendentsemi-circles is also reflected Minoaninfluence LM IIIA Two interior of rim and monochrome fine everted it has the Minoanimport; cups.213 with its a Minoan has 1 are Lambda burial deep shape214 hybrids.3573 cups (3573-3574) from however,butone paintis nota Minoanfeature, globularbodyand widelow base; itsmonochrome butthe 2.5 cm band local to AyiosStephanos.3574 comparesto LM IIIA2 examplesin shape,215 a Minoanshape,and that also has a it on overtherimis also a localfeature; appearsagain cup (3560) is with a Minoan on a basin (3084). Anothermonochrome shape 3334; it has parallelsfrom cup The askos 3339 fromBeta burial 26 has verywide bands thatcould be a local Knossos.216 bowl 3567 has The stemmed decoratedwithmanynarrowbands.217 sinceaskoiarenormally feature, sharedby lowerbody,a feature a similarfatwavyline.Thisbowlalso seemsto have a monochrome at thistime, thisis nota normalMycenaeanmethodofdecoration an examplefromtheMenelaion;218 and mayalso be local to Laconia. A smallselectionofunpaintedLH IIIA2 is shownfromthewashdepositin Area Epsilon(3111(3688); thefineevertedrimtypicalof 3117,fig.6.9),witha further piecefromtheearlierexcavations thecarinated and on the this on be seen can 3114, kylix3116 and the dipper piece AyiosStephanos roundedkylix3337,butotherLH IIIA2 pieceshavethenormallippedrim,suchas 3115 and 3571.

to blackpaint.FM 11,papyrus. 3678. Buff;orange-brown Beta 11, 1963, Ν baulk, # 100. Beta4, 1960, #6. 3679. Buff;brownpaint.FM 18c,flower.

interior.Beta 11, 1963, Ν baulk,# 100. 3682. Orange; buff slip, orange-brown paint. D. (rim) 14. FM 19, multiple stem, monochrome interior. Unstratified. 3683. Orange; buff slip, orange paint. D. (rim) 15. FM 58, chevron,monochromeinterior.Beta 12B, Ν baulk 1963, #95· 3684. Orange; buffslip, shaded-brownpaint. FM 18, flower,monochromeinterior.Unstratified.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.38)

BasinFS 294 (fig.6.38)

JugFS 3677.

110 (fig. 6.38) Buff;black paint.D. (rim)9.6. Monochrome.Beta

6, i960, # 3.

KraterFS 8 (fig.6.38)

3680. Buffwithmica; brownpaint.D. (rim)6.5. H. 2.5. Blobs on rim. Beta 12B, 1963, # 66, sectorgamma. Cut intoBeta burial 19 (?); froms end of trench.Taylour1972, 235, HS 34. 63 003.

KylixFS 256 (fig.6.38) 3681.

Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Stems,monochrome

208Evans 1021-^6, vol. IV.II, 370 fig. 300a. 209Demakopoulou 1077, pl. 10z. 210Wardle 1060, 285-8. 211Papadopoulos iQ7Q, 247 fig.271c. 212Papadopoulos 1070, 240 fig.264a, 213 Popham 1984, pl. 172.1-5.

3685. Orange; white slip, orange paint. D. (rim) 30. Linear; blobs on rim.TrialTrenchIII, 1963, # 4. Taylour 1972, 248, pl. 47g, HS 60a. 63026a. 3686. Orange; white slip, orange paint. D. (rim) 26. Linear; blobs on rim.Trial TrenchIII 1963, # 4. Taylour 1972, 248, pl. 47g, HS 60b. 63-026^

214See Ponham iq8a. dL 172.2. a. r forLM IIIAi Darallels. 215Popham 1084, pl. 175.10. 216Popham 1q84.pl. 175.5-7. 217Wace 10.32,T. 521.4, 524.4. 218 Catling 1977, 33 fig.20 top left.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

376

Fig. 6.38. 1959-63 excavations,LH IIIA2 pottery:3677-3688. LH IIIB pottery:3689-3694. Scale 1:3.

bowlFS 304 (fig.6.38) Stemmed

blackto shaded-brown 3687. Buff, paint.FM 58, chevron, monochrome interior. Beta 11, 1963, sector gamma, #13.

(fig.6.38) DipperFS 236,unpainted

3688. Orange; buffslip, standard,once polished(P).D. (rim)9.7. H. 3.9. TrialTrenchIII 1963, # 2. Taylour1972, 248, HS 59. 63-024.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §8

377

(vi) Late Helladic IIIB (3689-3694; fig. 6.38) ofthisphasecanbe recognised, andnoneis stratified. Mostofthesherdsbelongto Verylittlematerial but there is closed a one open shapes, shape, jug (3340); it has a thickenedand fairlycomplete closed is smallhydriaFS 129 (3342);thisspecimen Another the incurving lip. shapepresent unusually witha veryelaboratehybridflower is decorated flanked withbarredbodies whorl-shells, byantithetic A sherdfroma insteadoftheusualdots,and withlozengefill;thisshapeoftenhas a piercedbase.219 with in LH is decorated the small scale found the curve of the sectionbelow IIIB; piriform jar (3123) that theshoulder the sherd to the FS Three stemmed 3689 belongs suggests stirrup jar piriform 167.220 kratersherdsdecoratedwithflower(3343-3345) all have a monochrome as does the sherd interior, has dots similar LH decoratedwithwhorl-shell The latter thick to those on the IIIA2 (3690). large flower(3048); however,sinceit is notdiagonal,as theLH IIIA2 whorl-shell is, and does generally it is assignedto this nothave dotsaroundthehead in themannerofan examplefromMelathria,221 phase.The miniature dipper3691 has theusual dottedrimand also a barredhandle.The bestis the decoratedwithwhorl-shell (3126, 3128, 3349-3351 and represented shape kylix:itis generally incombination with and (3127,3348 3692),sometimes 3576-3578),buttherearealsoexamples flower of withwhorl-shell (3579). Thereis one exampleof a Zygouries kylix(3352), one ofthehallmarks LH IIIB shapeelsewhere,223 arescarceordifficult torecognise: LH IIIB 1.222 Deep bowls,thecommonest and 3130 is a fineexample flower andwhorl-shell 3353-3354 aredecoratedwithhybrid respectively, and should,therefore, be LH IIIA2, butthebodiesare witha bird.3131 has horizontal whorl-shells whichsuggestsa laterdate.The stemmedbowl 3693 has U patternand possiblya disintegrated, patch chequerpanel.OnlytwopiecesofLH IIIB2 can be recognised:3133, a cup withtriangular and 3134, a deep bowlprobablybelonging to withtheedgeofa rosetteand a monochrome interior, rim. with has a also decorated The B,224 3694 triangular patch. unpainted amphora squared Group Stirrup jar FS 167 (fig.6.38)

KylixFS 258, 259 (fig.6.38)

3689. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 59, V patternon belly.Unstratified.

3692. Buff;orange-brownpaint. FM 18, hybridflower, Beta 11, Ν baulk 1963, # 96.

KraterFS 9 (fig.6.38)

StemmedbowlFS 305 (fig.6.38)

3690. Buff;brown. FM 23, whorl-shell,monochrome interior.Trial TrenchVI, 1963, #18. Taylour 1972, 250, pl. 48a. 1, HS 69. 63-06 lj.

3693. Grey firedorange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint, FM 45, U patternwithedge of chequer.Beta 11, Ν baulk lo/63># 100.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.38)

AmphoraFS 69, unpainted(fig.6.38)

3691. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)5.6. H. 3.0-3.3. Slit at base ofhandle; dotson rimand handle. Delta 6/4, 1960,* 1. Taylour1972, 245, pl. 43a left,HS 49A. 60-022. RMDP Laconia 151.

3694. Buffwithgrits,smoothed.D. (rim) 10.3. H. (ex.) 20.5. Beta 1, 1959, # 3, 4 (= Floor 5, 1974). 59-022. Taylour 1972, 259, HS 114.

(vii) Transitional and Late Helladic IIIC Early LH IIIC Earlypottery is foundall overthe site,but it comesfromunstratified upperand surface levels,apartfroma floorin Area Delta 4 foundin 1959 (3695-3699),twofloorsin Area Lambda/ Beta 12 (3593-3597>37°°-37ol> 37°4> 37°7> 3738)>a largewashdepositin Area Epsilon(31353197) and a substantial depositin TrialTrenchVI of 1963 (3705-3706, 3715-3716, 3725, 37273728, 3739, 3741, 3743, 3745-3747, 3749-3751 an3739»3745"3746>3748-3751 Scale 1:3. monochrome interior. Delta3, 1959,# 1. fig.6.44. 3741. Orange;buffslip,brownto blackpaint.FM 19, interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,#18. stems,monochrome Taylour1972,251,pl. 48b-3,HS 80. 63-0610.fig.6.44. 3742. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 43, isolatedsemicircles.Beta4, i960, #10. Fig.6.44. 3743. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 43, isolatedsemimonochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,#18. circles, Taylour1972, 251, pl. 48^3, HS 78. 63061h. RMDP Laconia171,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early',fig.6.44. 3744. Orange; buff slip, orange paint. Spiral, monochrome interior. Delta3, 1959,# 1. fig.6.44. 3745· Orangewithmica;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 48, interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,#18. quirk,monochrome Taylour1972,250,pl. 48b.2, HS 67. 63-061111. 3746. Orangewithmica;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 5 1,

stemmedspiral,monochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. Taylour 1972, 250, pl. 48a.6, HS 66. 63061k. 3747. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 5 1, stemmed spiral. Beta5, i960, #6. Fig. 6.44. blacktoshaded-brown 3748. Buff; paint.FM 73,lozenge, monochrome interior. Beta 11, 1963,sectorgamma,#6. 3749. Buff;brownto black paint.FM 75, panelled, monochrome interior. TrialTrench VI, 1963,#18.Taylour 1972,251,pl. 48a-4,HS 77. 63-o6ig. 3750. Buff;brownto black paint.FM 75, panelled, monochrome interior. TrialTrench VI, 1963,#18. Taylour 1972,251,pl. 48^5, HS 79. 63-0611. 3751. Buff;brownto black paint.Pictorialstylewith addedwhite,monochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI 1963, #18. Taylour1972,251,pl. 48b.6,HS 81. 63-061P.

Ρ- Α. MOUNTJOY

384

LH IIIC Earlypottery: Fig.6.43· !9^Ο~3 excavations, 3752-3754.Scale 1:3.

ShallowangularbowlFS 295 (fig.6.43) a contemporary 3752 is TypeA witha slightcarination; exampleof TypeΒ withroundedbody at Asteri.241 comesfromtheexcavations 3752. Orange;buff slip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim)17. interior. Monochrome Unstratified. RMDPLaconia214.

stated) Deep bowlFS 284 (fig.6.43 unlessotherwise theType2 Transitional 3753~3755 represent deepbowl(alsoseenin 3170, 3193-3194,3370, 3374, bowlFS 3376>3586>37*4>3733 and 3743)· It:is possiblethat3753-3755 comefromthestemmed to a stem,and no stems 306, butthelowerbodyofeach is wideand does notseemto be narrowing tosuchbowlswerefound,eventhoughthisportionofthevaseis relatively indestructible.242 belonging 3753· Orangewithmica;buffslip,orange-brown paint. D. (rim)17. FM 58, chevrons, monochrome interior. Trial TrenchVI, 1963,# 18. Taylour1972, 250, pl. 48c, HS 70. 63-059.RMDPLaconia163,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. buff 3754· Greyfired paint. pink-buff; slip,shaded-brown D. (rim)18.Linear,monochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,# 18. Taylour1972,251, HS 73. 63-061!).RMDP

bowlFS 306 (fig.6.44) Stemmed

3756. Pink;buffslip,red-brown paint.FM 19,multiple interior. Beta 11, 1963,# 120. stem,monochrome 3757· Buff;red-brown paint.D. (rim)20. FM 59, V monochrome interior. Beta 11, 1963,#17. pattern,

LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Laconia165,wheredatedTransitional Early'. 3755· Buffwithmica;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)17. FM 18, flowerwith fringeof verticalfoliateband, interior. Delta 15, 1963, #110 (topsoil). monochrome LH IIIB2RMDPLaconia 166,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIC Early',fig.6.44.

3758. Bufffiredorange;buffslip,orangepaint.Stems interior. Beta5, i960, #8. withspiral,monochrome 3759-3800. Numbersnotused.

(viii) Late Helladic IIIC Motifs, Including Local Variations (fig. 6.44) Group1 Multiplestem.Deep bowl 3153, 3365-3366; stemmedbowl 3756. Groupsof fourto fivestems zone. describean obliquewavylinefromtopto bottomofthedecorative 241 Taylour1972, 263, pl. 50h, HS 332, = RMDP Laconia 213.

242 Mountjoy 1999, 1 279.


385

Fig. 6.44. LH IIIC Earlypottery,local variationsof motifs:3711, 3731, 3733-3735» 3738> 374°"3744> 3747» 3755-3758. Scale 1:3.

Group 2 Stems.Deep bowl 3740-3741; stemmedbowl 3758, krater3584. Double stemsend in coils (3584, 3740-3741) and may have otherdecorationattached,e.g. the spiral 3758. Group 3 Fringeofjoining semi-circleson rim-band.Deep bowl 3212, 3731; stemmedbowl 3193. A double or singlerow ofjoining semi-circlesis attachedto the rim-band.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

386

Group4 Isolatedmotifs: semi-circles. Deep bowl3156, 3742-3743.UsedinLH IIIB as fillplacedantithetically in panelleddecoration,243 themotifs are hereemployedas a maindecoration. Group5 is unusually Isolatedmotifs: largevertical large;itmaybe a quirk.Deep bowl3162-3163. The motif ornament for filling panelledpattern. Group6 Small-sized spiralsattachedto panelsor otherdecoration. Deep bowl 3194, 3733, 3744>3747· Group7 is generallydepictedas a Joinedquirk.Collar-necked jar 3135; deep bowl 3161. This ornament as a not one. motif,244 running joined Group8 bowl 3195. Elaboratedantithetic Deep bowl 3735; stemmed spiralsand derivatives. Group9 Doublewavylinewithfill.Deep bowl 3232, 3370. Group10 Chequerpanel.Krater3363, 3711; deep bowl 3184. Group11 Zigzagwithfill.Deep bowl 3233, 3373. The sherdsare too incompleteforthe decorationto be defined. accurately Group12 Narrowhorizontal are a featureof LH IIIC Early:245 patterns quirk,deep bowl 3734; V pattern, stemmed bowl 3757; zigzag,deep bowl 3172-3173, 3737; foliateband,deep bowl 3174, 3738. Group13 Tricurved arch:doublearchwithfill.Deep bowl3374-3376. Group14 of 'bow tie' (krater3152, 3360, and deep bowl 3377); arrow Fringesat edge of panelsconsisting bowl 3755). foliate band (deepbowl 3176, and stemmed bowl vertical 3181); fringe (deep 9. LATE HELLADIC

SHERDS FROM THE EARLIER EXCAVATIONS ANALYSED IN APPENDIX 3 (3801-3830) E. B. Frenchand P. A. Mountjoy

[The fabricsof a further 30 sherdsfromthe excavationsof 1963 are analysedin Appendix3. all the of projectand maybe consulted;the samplesare held by thePerlman-Asaro Photographs followed are marked HS actualsherdsareheldbytheFitchLaboratory. (forHagiosStephanos), They in this Their numbers and basket number. the Area the then to indicate designation by'63 year1963, to the STEP numbersof Perlmanand Asaro withthe prefix38- added,i.e. volumecorrespond to STEP 1-30.ElizabethFrenchcataloguedthesherds;PenelopeMountjoy 3801-3830 corresponds and annotated thecatalogue.3801-3816 and 3818-3820 areLH III, whilethe checked subsequently restare LH MI. 3801-3810 comefromtheLH IIIC Earlybasket18 ofTrialTrenchVI, likemany 243Mountioy 1076, 88 fig.6.46. 244Podzuweit 1978, 477 fig.29.1.

245Podzuweit 1978, 475 fig.28.3, 12, 14, 16.


387

otherpiecesofthisdatepublishedabove (3705-3706, 3715-3716, 37*4-37*5, 3727-37^8, 3739, 3741*3743> 3745"3746>3749-3751*3753"3754)· Thereare morepiecesfromtheLH I-II wash (3820-3821,3823, 3825-3827,3829-3830)andtheLH IIIC Earlyfloordeposits(3811-3812,3816, liketheLH IIIC Earlypieces3593-3597, 3710, 3718, Beta 11 and Beta 12,246 3818) in trenches LH IIIC Early and 3748 publishedabove. Sherd3815 is a further 3729-3731, 3734-3735?3738 from Area Delta.] piece (i) Trial Trench VI, 1963 (basket 18) 3801. Deep bowl base. Pink clay,firedbuffout; lustrous metallicbrownpaintin; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIC Early. 3802. Jug or collar-neckedjar neck. Warm buffclay; shaded brownpaint; some surfacemica; necklace pattern; local; LH IIIC Early. 3803. Jar base, flat. Grey clay, fired pinkish-buff; unpaintedat base withone brownband above; some surface mica; local; possiblyLH IIIC Early. 3804. Shallow bowl body-sherd.Warm-buff clay; shaded brownpaint; linearout only; (?) ArgiveLH IIIB. 3805. Unpainted rim of carinated kylix(?). Warm-buff clay,smoothed;some surfacemica; local. rolledlip. Warm3806. Deep dowl rimwithveryslightly

buffclay; red/brownpaint;lip line withband below inside; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIC Early. 3807. Jug-neckscrap. Dark-buff clay; black paint;zigzag tracesaroundbase ofneck; varnishover labellingobscures any mica; local; LH IIIC Early. 3808. Deep bowl base. Warm-buff clay; shaded brown paint;band out,linesin; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB. 3809. Deep bowl rim.Warm-buff clay;brownpaint;band below lip line in,verticallinesout; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB or IIIC Early. buffclay; burnt.Fine well-finished 3810. Kraterring-base, band monochrome brown metallic in; out, paint; slightly some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB-IIIC Early.

(ii) Other Provenances from the 1963 Excavations 3811. Krater body-sherd. Pink core, fired grey-buff, burnt(?);burnishedsurface;some mica; local; probablyLH IIIA2 Early.Beta 11, # 29. 3812. Closed body-sherd,possibly fromEphyreanjug. Buff,veryhard-firedclay; polished surface;brown paint; spiral;not necessarilylocal; LH IIIAi. Beta 11, # 50. rolledlip,possiblylargecup. 3813. Bowl-rimwithslightly Warm-buff clay; shaded brownpaint;rimband, pattern(?); some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB-IIIC Early.Markingon edge not legible. 3814. Thick handle, probably fromgoblet. Very dark warm-buff clay; metallicblack paint;edge bands and crossdiagonals; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIAi. Marking not preserved. 3815. Deep bowl base, veryworn and burnt.Greenishbuffclay; black paint;band out,monochromein; local; LH IIIC Early.Delta 12, # 17. clay; 3816. Open body-sherd, probablykrater.Warm-buff shaded brownpaint;diaper-netpattern;some surfacemica; local; LH IIIA-IIIB. Beta 12B, # 104 (Room 4, over Floor 5 of 1974). or bridge3817. Veryflatbody-sherd,fromstirrup-jar(?) spoutedjar. Buffclay, firedor burntwhite; brown/black paint;zigzagpattern;no mica; looks local; LH IIA. Marking brokenoff. 3818. Cup/bowl/kylixrim. Warm-buffclay, polished; brownpaint;line on rim;some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB. Beta 11, # 50. 3819. Carinated kylix-rim.Warm-buff clay, smoothed; unpainted;worn,mica not visible; presumablylocal; LH III. Markingdestroyed. 3820. Kylixbody-sherd, possiblyofZygouriestype,worn. Buffclay, burntgrey,polished; whorl-shellpattern;some surfacemica; probably local; LH IIIBi. Beta 11, sector

gamma/alpha,# 34. 3821. Alabastronbody-sherd.Buffwiththickwhiteslip; brown paint; wave and dots; probably local, thoughno surfacemica; LH IIA. Beta 11, sectordelta,#17. 3822. Vapheio cup base. Buff clay, unfinished in; cracklingblack paint; local; LH I. Marking on edge not legible. 3823. Vapheio cup body-sherd, near rim. Buff clay, unfinished below; bands in,polishedout;black/brown paint; ripplepattern;local; LH I. Beta 11, sectordelta,#17. 3824. Closed body-sherdfrom squat jar(?). Grey-buff clay, burnt(?),concreted in; brown paint; hatched loop pattern;local; LH IIA. Markingnot preserved. 3825. Closed body-sherd.Red clay withbuffslip; shaded brown paint; spiralpattern;some surfacemica; local; LH I-IIA. Beta 11, #3. 3826. Vapheio cup rim.Buffclay; darkbrownpaintwith added white; ripple pattern; Minoan type, but not monochromein; local; LH I. Beta 12B, #71 (over Floors 4 and 5 of 1974). 3827. Closed body-sherd, probablyfromalabastron.Very pale buffclay; black lustrouspaint; hatched loop pattern; local; LH IIA. Beta 12B, # 74 (= Floor 4, 1974); incorrectly transcribedas # 24. 3828. Base of cup(?). Pink core, slipped verypale buff, polished; cracklingbrownpaint;spiralpatternwithdot fill; local; LH I. Beta 12B, # 73 (over Floors 5 and 6 of 1974). 3829. Gobletbase, flatbeneath.Fine butnotwell-handled pink clay, smoothed;local; LH I. Beta 12A, # 89 (under Floor 4, 1974). 3830. Goblet-base, concave beneath. Fine but thick warm-buff clay,lightlypolished; local; LH II. Beta 12A, # 89 (underFloor 4, 1974). 3831-4000. Numbersnot used.

246See Chapter ι §5 (ii).

Chapter7 The Medievalpottery G. D. R. Sanders

Author'snote:I studiedthematerialin summer1984 and wroteit up in spring1985. SincethenI andat withRoman,Byzantine and Frankish timeat Corinth havespentconsiderable working pottery, than of the to more some but have not been able on and Frankish, incorporate Sparta Byzantine Dr I like to thank Charalambos this would this into information from Chapter. gathered experience and Dr Κ. W. Slaneforconstructive Bakirtzis me to readhisunpublished forpermitting dissertation, thanks aredue toJanMotykaSandersfor criticism ofthispaperandforherextensive support. Special ofthetext.[Editor'snote:I have added in square and forreadingdrafts herhelpwiththedrawings thesehavenotbeen studiedby theauthor.] a fewpiecesthathave stratigraphie brackets significance; 1. INTRODUCTION The Medievalremainsat AyiosStephanos, including partofa house,theouterwallofitscourtyard witha benchbuiltalongone cornerof it,a drainand a bothros,beganto be uncoveredin 1959 or theLate (see Chapter3 above);at thetimetheyweredeemedto datefromeithertheTurkokratia of brokenstamnoiand some glazed potterywere also found.In Romanperiod.Large quantities LambdaVII, Structure 1977 thearea was further explored,revealingthelowerwallsofa building, ofthechapelofAyiosStephanos.1 tobe theMedievalantecedent whichwas at first Despitea thought in Constantinopolitan ceramicsduring thesettlement as an entrepôt toportray recentattempt trading the siteand its materialcultureare not onlymuchlaterbut also considerably the 10thcentury,2 theremainsof a shorthumbler. The wallsand materialcultureon thehillockprobablyrepresent ruraldomicile.Onlythelowerwallsofthehouseand courtwere lived,late 13thto early14thcentury or evenwattleand daub.The have consistedofmudbrick theupperwallsmustoriginally preserved; on the of roughwallinglaid directly wallswerebuiltwithfoundedpiers,connectedby stretches with a thick of which was abraded and covered surface. the floor much lime, Inside, layer ground or evenone storeywitha had washedfromthewalls.The buildingprobablyhad eithertwostoreys mezzanine,withaccommodationforanimalsbelow and forhumansabove. Afterits desertion the plasterpeeled offthe walls, and the beams and reeds of the roof rottedand collapsed mudor wattleoftheupperwallsthen downa massofrooftiles.The unprotected inwards, bringing the stone socles leavingonly standing. disintegrated, thedescription ofa cottageat theKaliviaofFeniki it concernsa single-storied structure, Although in in for one is which Leake (modernAsopos), lodged night 1805, enlightening: intheusualmanner, ofmud,witha coatingofplaster; theroofis thatched, The houseis constructed, whichis nota verycommonmodeofcoveringthecottagesofGreece.Thereis a raisedearthen at one endforthefire,without semicircle towardstheother,a lowpartition, formed anychimney; as thewalls,separates ofthesamematerial thepartofthebuilding destined forthefamily fromthat whichis occupiedby theoxenand assesusedon thefarm,one doorserving forbothapartments. The usualarticlesoffurniture ofa Greekcottageare ranged,or hung,around,namely,a loom, wickerbaskets, withmud,forholdingcorn,a sieve,spindles, somecopper barrel-shaped plastered and two The floor is bareearthcovered,likethewalls,witha coatofdried cooking-vessels, lyres. mud.An oven[is]attachedto theoutsideofthebuilding. . .3 In a laterpassage Leake remarksthatthe houses at Leimonas, southof Skala, are made of mud and wicker.4 1 See Chapter s §4 above. 2 Armstrong1996, n. 90.

3 Leake 1830, 1 222-3. 4 Leake 1830, 1 232.

389

G. D. R. SANDERS

39O

The construction of StructureLambda VII can be dated by the potteryin the foundationtrenches Its of the piers.This is all late 13thcentury,as the associated coin of Charles I of Anjou confirms.5 destructioncan be dated by potteryand coins on the floorinside,sealed under the fallenroof-tiles. The potteryprobablyfellwiththe floorof the room above, althoughthe coins perhaps fellthrough cracksin the floorboards.Both potteryand coins6date the abandonmentto c. 1325-35. There is no archaeologicalindicationof what caused the desertion,but these were violent times.The Catalan mercenaries,who had based themselvesin Athens,raided widely in the Aegean and along the coasts of the Péloponnèse in the 1320s, and the Turkishadmiral Umur of Aydin attacked the settlements oftheLaconian gulfand the Spartaplain in 1334.7If the Catalan raidssparedsegmentsof thepopulationin thecoastal area, manyofthe survivorsdoubtlessfellvictimto malariaand theBlack Death, or fled,neverto return.8 The findsfromAyios Stephanosare interesting forvariousreasons.The locally-producedceramics are limitedto plain wares,and it seems thatthe productionof glazed potteryhad become a specialty of centralisedworkshops,perhaps foreignratherthan regional.A similarpatternhas been noted at Corinth,where,in the later 13th centurycontexts,a majorityof the potteryconsistsof Italian and otherimports.9 The glazed potteryis veryfine,and most,ifnot all, is of Italian origin.There is some of sgraffito typescorrespondingto thatbuiltinto the late 13thcenturychurchof Ayios Demetriosat Krokeai.10Other sgraffito was importedfromnorthernItaly.A most importantfindis an Archaic from Majolica jug Tuscany in centralItaly. Local stamnoiare very common in local and Spartan while some small importedamphorae forwine or oil are ratherless common; one of the fabrics, in a marl latter, fabric,may have come fromthe northernor westernPéloponnèse. The ceramic is similar to those of Sparta and Methone but very different fromthatof Corinth.This assemblage lattermaterialalso showsstrongItaliancontacts,butwithVenice and theKingdomofNaples,whereas thematerialfromAyios Stephanosseems to reflectcontactwiththecentralItalianstates.As at Sparta, the cookingpots do not conformto centralGreek fashionssuch as those at Corinth.Instead of the usual standardisedwheel-madeforms,Laconians seem to have preferredhandmade cooking pots witha verycoarse fabric,perhaps because theydid not break so easily in the fire.The shapes are reminiscent ofearlier'Slavic' styles,perhapsstillbeingmade and tradedby theHellenizeddescendants of the Melingsand Ezeritoi.11 2. POTTERY

STUDIES

IN THE PELOPONNESE

Untilcomparativelyrecently,much of the existingliteratureon Medieval potteryin southernGreece was provided by the publication of finds at Corinth.12This material was supplementedby less and the Argolid,15 and by small but valuable comprehensivesources,includingSparta,13Kythera14 from Nichoria16 and in both Messenia. Since the late Methone,17 assemblages 1980s therehas been a of new material from as well as from in excavations and Laconia.19In addition, Corinth,18 spate Sparta data has been publishedfromsurfacesurveysin Laconia,20centralArcadia21and westernCorinthia.22 and erroneouschronology,whichrequireurgent Many problemsexistwithincorrectidentifications attention.New publicationson Corinthiancontextsshould help resolve chronologicalproblems formany 9Ü1 to 14th centuryceramics,23 and planned publicationswill redressthe heavy bias in favourof glazed over unglazed ceramics. As it stands,however, much of the surveydata being producedis givinga distortedor erroneouspictureof the developmentof settlement patternsand of the rural economy, partly throughthe misidentificationof finds and partly throughpossible of theirrelevance.It is generallyheld thatsettlements and populationincreasedin misinterpretation the middle Byzantineperiod but, followingBlake,24one may suggestthatwe are merelyseeing an increase in wares thatwere cheaply produced and marketedin the countrysidefor the firsttime. Corinthiancontextssuggestthat,in thatregionallyimportantcity,glazed potterymakes up no more Manko 1982, 188. 6 See Chapter 1 1 § 1 1 below. 7 Zakythinos107*, ι 181. 8 See furtherChapter 14.§fl (ii) below. 9 Sanders 1087. 10Sanders 1080. 11Sanders 'QQ^b 12Morgan 1042; MacKay 1067. 13Dawkins and Droop 1q 1 1b. 14Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 175-7. 15Pierartand Thalmann 1080. 16Rosser 1983.

17Pallas 1068. 18Sanders 1987, 1995a and 2000; Williamsand Zervos 1987, 1-46; 1988, 95-146; 1990, 285-369; 1991, 1-58; 1992, 13301; 1QQ3, 1-52; 1QQ4-,i-*6; loo*, 1-60; iqq6, 1-56. 19 Armstrong 1992; Etzeoglou 1989; Sanders 1989, 1993, 1995^; Vassi 1993. 20 Armstrongiq8q and iqq6. 21 Pikoulas 19880; Forsén,Forsén and Lavento 1996. 22 Sutton 1QQ0. 23 Sanders 1QQ50,2000. 24 Blake 1978.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §4

391

than0.7% byweightof 10thand nth century contexts, risingto about2% in theearly12thcentury, 6% in themid-tolate 12thcentury and about20% in mid-13thcentury Sincesurveyrelies deposits.25 on it the record of stratified for identifies published heavily pottery dating, necessarily manymore latersitesthanearlyones. Documentation of pottery fromruralsettlements likeAyiosStephanosis rare.The siteseemsto havebeena smallhamlet,isolatedfarmstead in orwaysideinn,similarin somerespects to a structure The discovery ofearly14thcentury strataat Elis,datingto the 12thor perhapsearly13thcentury.26 findsfromsurvey, AyiosStephanosprovidesus withan assemblagetowhichwe can comparesurface and witha usefulcorpusofcoarsewareshapesand fabrics. 3. THE EXCAVATIONS Evidenceforpost-Romanoccupationat AyiosStephanoscame to lightin the firstseason of the In 1959 twotrenches excavation. wereopenedon thetopofthehillin AreaGamma.In one a drain, twowallsand twopitswereuncovered, whilein theothera rubble-covered floorand thewallsofa structure werefound.Thesefeatures weretentatively datedtothe19thcentury, theTurkish period,or In 1963, in TrialTrenchIV on the Ε side of the hill,a remarkable numberof perhapsearlier.27 of'modern'pottery werefoundin thesurface AreaAlphaand TrialTrenchVII on fragments layers;28 Fromtheseearlierexcavationsonlya small,three-quarters top of the hill also containedpottery. becauseofitsapparently latedate,practically preserved jug and somesmallfindswerepublished;29 no pottery was kept. The resumption ofexcavations in 1973-77 fedto thediscovery ofmoresherdmaterialand ofthe remainsofa substantial whichtogether have clarified thenatureofthelateroccupationof structure, thesite.In 1973 an almostcompleteamphora(4017,fig.7.10) wasuncoveredin AreaZeta.Thiswas datedto the7thcentury, witha numberofglazedsherdswitha red tentatively despiteitsassociation fabricthatsuggested a dateofat leastthelate 10thcentury or probablylater.30 In 1977,excavation in AreaLambda3/4revealedtheremainsofthebuildingwithwhichtherubble,surfaceand pitsin the a second adjacentAreaNu / Gammawereassociated.In therubblefromthecollapseofthisstructure fig. which is similar to that from an Archaic Zeta, 7.10), amphora(4073, Majolicajug (4053,fig.7.2), andmanysherdsoflocallyproducedTaffy Warewerefound.Sherdsofbothtypesofamphoraand of Warewerefoundin all themajordepositsoflatermaterial on thesite;thissupports theevidence Taffy oftheglazedwaresthatthesedepositswereroughly and that the Medieval contemporary occupation was ofshortduration.

4. CHRONOLOGY Thereis considerable evidencefordatingthebulk,ifnotall,ofthematerialverylatein the 13thor in the in and aroundStructure LambdaVII. Thereare a numberof 14thcentury, early particularly sherdsreminiscent ofZeuxippusWare(4025, 4027, 4049, 4055, 4057, 4064 and 4080, fig.7.1),of whichonlyrareexamplesmaysafelybe calledsuch.Although theZeuxippusWarefamily wasthought to have been foundexclusively in early13thcentury of certainvarietieshave contexts,31 fragments been foundin securelate 13thcentury wheretheyare calledLate Sgraffito or depositsat Corinth, and builtintolate 13thcentury In additionto these13thcentury churches.33 wares,a GlossyWare,32 wornbillondenierofCharlesI ofAnjou,PrinceofAchaiafrom1278 to 1285,wasfoundin a slightly context orperhapscontemporary theconstruction ofthebuilding. Numismatic evidence with, predating, fortheperiodofoccupationofthestructure was also recoveredfromnearbyAreaBeta.Threebillon deniersmintedin thereignsofIsabellade Villehardouin (1297-1301),PhilipofTaranto(1307-13) and Maud of Hainault(1313-21) werefoundin theupperlayersofArea Beta,in associationwith muchpoorlystratified ofthesametypeas thatfoundin AreaLambda.34 pottery Earlieroccupation on thesitemaybe attested thatbelowthefloorofStructure bytwosmalldeposits, LambdaVII andthefloordepositin AreaZeta,as wellas bysherdssurviving intolaterdeposits.Late Greenand BrownPaintedWaresherds(4050, 4059) foundbelowFloor2 and another(4088, fig. 25 Sanders iqqkû. 2000. 26 Coleman 1086. 27 Tavlour 1072. 2^2. 28 Tavlour 1072. 2aq.

29 Taylour1972, 242, HS 48, withthesmallfindsHS 250, 253, 260, 299 and 301.

30Morgan1042,72. 31Megaw 1968, 1989; Armstrong 1992. 32MacKay 1067, 252. 33Sanders 198g. 34 Janko1982, 187-8.

392

G. D. R. SANDERS

Fig.7.1. Medievalpottery. GlazedWares:bowls4004, 4008, 4011, 4023-4027,4046, 4049, 4055-4057,4064, 4078, 4080,4082. Scale 1:3.

Lambda VII resembleMorgan's 7.2) fromwithinthelayerofsoil below thepartitionwalls ofStructure fifthtype,datable to the later 13th century,in thattheyhave a whiteslip and apparentlyno overglaze.35However, althoughthe shape and decorationare perhaps more suggestiveof a late 12th centurydate,testson thistypeof potteryin the museumof the BritishSchool at Athensindicatethat an almostinvisibletinglaze was employedratherthana lead glaze.36This facttendsto supportat least a mid-i3thor even 14thcenturydate. Strayfinds(4051, 4101, fig. 7.5) ofa mattpaintedclosed vessel but at Spartathistypecertainly type,called GeometricWare,may also belong to thelate 12thcentury, This ware, frommacroscopic examinationof importsof known lasts well into the 13th century.37 Adriatic. Ware,appearsto have been importedfromthenorthern provenancesuchas Rouletted/Veneto 35 Morgan 1042, 8*.

36 workby Dr W. Newton,199 1. Unpublished

37Sanders 1993, 275.


393

Fig. 7.2. Medieval pottery.Glazed Wares: bowls 4005, 4047, 4050, 4088; jugs 4010, 4053, 4063, 4093. Scale 1:3.

The mattpaintedjug 4002 (fig.7.6) fromthefloorin AreaZetais conceivably late 12thcentury, but betterparallelsexistwiththelate 13thcentury at Corinth.38 pieces Thustheevidenceofboththepottery and thecoinsindicatesthatStructure LambdaVII was built and occupiedfora shortperiod,perhapsonlyforthefirst thirdofthe 14thcentury. The othermajor in that Area can be dated similarities between the wares common toboth. Zeta, deposit, onlyby plain In boththereare numeroussherdsofmatt-decorated a Ware ware found stamnoi, Taffy onlyin the latest of the to at In Area substantial of 12th Lambda, 14thcentury very deposits Sparta.39 fragments an amphora(4040) ofthesametypeas thosefoundin Zetawerefoundin thetumble.It is reasonable to assumefromthesecommonelements, and fromtheshapeof4017 (fig.7.10),thatthepitin Zeta also datesto theearly14thcentury and followeda late 13thcentury phase. 38Williams andZervos1992,no.32 and 145-9,pi·3^ί>g andh.

39Sanders 2002,1051and2008. 1993,268 and283-4,contexts

394

G· D· R· SANDERS

fromthe The mostimportant depositsexcavatedwerein AreasLambda,Gammaand Nu,deriving remainsoftherectangular Structure LambdaVII withitsassociatedwalledyard.The yardand the as found,was belowthe floorofthebuildingwereso compactedand erodedby use thatthesurface, walls.Intothissurface leveloftheoriginalgroundsurface markedby thebottomofthepartition pits and post-holes had been excavated, interface whereasaboveittherewas a disturbed layercontaining was material bothtotheoccupation belonging periodandtothepreceding period.Whenthestructure washed from the surface of the and white lime tiles from the roof onto plaster yard, destroyed, slipped thewallsontothesurface insidethestructure, on topofwhichmoretilesfell.Finallythewallscollapsed, levelcan be area withbouldersmixedwithbrokentiles.The pre-structure coveringtheimmediate and Greenand Brownpaintedwareto no earlierthan datedbyfragments ofGeometric Warepottery The occupation, datedby thecoin of CharlesI of thelatterpartofthe 12thto early13thcentury. that in of the was found the disturbed interface layer yard,perhapsbeganbeforethethird Anjou 1 to the of the and 3thcentury ended, judge by amphoraand ArchaicMajolicajug in the quarter soon afterthefirst as well as the concentration of later tumble, coins, quarterofthe14thcentury. by In AreaZeta,stubsofwallsofa late 13thcentury structure wereuncovered.Associatedwiththese was a floor,on whichfragments ofa matt-painted jug werefound.Intothefloorwas cuta deep pit, inAreaLambda. ornearlyso,withtheoccupation of whichcontained fragmentspottery contemporary, which musthave but at least some of the In Area Betano stratified were walls, deposits apparent; fill in thisArea The be Medieval. stoodabove groundlevel duringtheperiodof occupation, may the as well as coins of of and contained early14thcentury. largequantities glazed plainwares, The amphoraeand theimported jug typescan bothbe closelyparalleledand dated.The amphora Lambda VII is of similarshapebut of different (4073, fig. 7.10) foundin thedebrisof Structure fig. The former fabricfromthatfromAreaZeta (4017, 7.10). closelyresemblesamphoraefoundin underwater contextsoffthe Adriaticcoast,whichhave been dated to betweenthe gthand 12th One amphorawas foundwithballaststonesin a fewmetresofwaterofftheeastcoastof centuries.40 it has an theislandof Vela Artaclose to theislandof Murter.A littlemorethanhalf-preserved, handlesthatjoin theshortneckjustbelow wheel-ridged elongated, cylindrical bodyand high-swung ofKrapani,an islet The secondamphorais in thecollectionoftheFranciscan therim.41 monastery theprovenance closeto theislandofHvar.It was givento themonastery by spongedivers;although Thisalmostcompleteamphora intheeastern Adriatic. itprobably isunknown, comesfromsomewhere handles narrowcylindrical standsc. 45 cm tall and has a wheel-ridged, body withhigh-swung from the is too for Brusic at the The date Ayios examples assignedby certainly early lip.42 joining and This Mistra near in Museum of a twin these the Better dated is of piece, Sparta. Stephanos. likeit,werefoundbuiltintotheangleofthedomeandintoan archofthechurchofAfendiko another withthe at Mistra.43 The amphora,c. 35 cm tall,is contemporary of the Brontochion Monastery ofthechurch, whichbeganbefore1311,probablyin 1310.44Five identicalamphorae construction theseweredatedbytheexcavatortotheseconddecadeofthe foundin a pitat Corinth; wererecently and a typologically from Corinthmay be late 13thcentury,46 Another 14thcentury.45 specimen rimfroma wellin theAthenianAgoramay,tojudgefromthe similaramphorawitha pronounced associatedglazedware,be mid-12thcentury.47 all of whichhave bichrome The jug 4053 (fig.7.2) is verysimilarto threepiecesin Corinth,48 Thejug catalogued a blue on and a decoration ofmanganese background. tin-glaze copper-based purple It has a of that in to from is design dottedscalesand AyiosStephanos. byMorgan comparable shape definedby verticallines,all executedin manganese;the decorationis chevronswithinregisters withaddedbluecircles.Unfortunately it,nordidhe assignitto Morgandidnotillustrate highlighted Archaic his it to Majolica.Morgandatesthepieceby belongs GroupII, anyclass,though properly beforethe whileWilliamsdatesall threeto immediately contextto no laterthanthe 14thcentury,49 and centralItaly.In theCivic CatalansackofCorinthin 1312.50All threehaveparallelsin northern therearea numberoftin-glazed forinstance, Museumin Montalcino, jugsdecoratedwithmanganese fabric.Theirformis identicalto thatofthejugsfrom andblueorgreen,andwithbuffto salmon-pink mouth sincetheyhavea globularbodyon a pedestalbase witha trefoil andAyiosStephanos, Corinth Moststandbetween19 cmand 27 cmtall.Thesepotswerebuiltintothevaultsof anda strap-handle. 40 BrUSiC IO76. A2-9>.

41 Brusic 1076, pls. VI.4 and x.6. 42 Brusic 1076, pls. v.* and xi.s; Bakirtzisiq8q, fie. 22.2. 43 Orlandos 1035, 204 pl. 61. 44 Sotiriou IQ.56, .s.S. 45 Williams and Zervos 1992, 163-4, no· 3^·

46 Williams and Zervos 1088, no. iq. 47 Shear 1084, pl. i6d. 48 Morgan 1942, no. 944, C-63~546a; Williams and Zervos 1992, no. 10. 49 Morgan 1042, 113-14. 50 Williams and Zervos 1992, 150.


395

oftheadditionto theexisting thetownhall ofMontalcino, building; probablyintothesubstructure in 1285, and the additionis datedto thefirsthalfof the 14thcentury, thelatterwas constructed perhapsas earlyas 1300.51Further parallelscomefromthebell towerat Aquileia,datedto thefirst halfofthe14thcentury,52 andfromthemonastery ofStMaryofCarmelnorthofAtlit53 Thejug from can thus be dated to the decades of the 14thcentury. AyiosStephanos early 5. FABRICS (i) Glazed Wares The fragmentary condition oftheglazedpottery limitsthediscussion offormsand wares.In addition to smallfragments ofMetallicWare,theremainsofa numberofbowlsofLate Sgraffito/Zeuxippus Class Ib/GlossyWarewerefound.These generally have a red or reddish-yellow fabric(oftenwith a and white or and are covered with a thick, inclusions) sparkling pale pinkslip, glossyyellowor pale The and never cover much of the outside of the and thedecoration is vessel, greenglaze. slip glaze limited to a incised at line inside the centre of the bowl or on its This ware is typically simple lip. common in late and at A Corinth.54 bowl from in the 13th relatively early14thcentury deposits pit AreaZeta (4004,fig.7.1) is similarin manyrespectsto GlossyWarebutlackstheinciseddecoration and has a relatively angularshape.It has a parallelfromMethone.55 There are a numberof unusualwares at Ayios Stephanos.The ArchaicMajolica jug 4053 (fig.7.2), importedfromcentralor northern Italy,is paralleledin Greeceonlyat Corinth,as is a sherd of Olive-Brown of waresthathave Ware,4078 (fig.7.1).56There are also fragments single notbeen reportedat othersites.These includethreesherdswitha darkgrey,almostblackglaze on a background ofredslip(4026, 4046 and (4023,fig.7.1),threerimswitha duskyreddecoration fig. some incised and fig. 4082, 7.1), (4027 slip-painted 4065, 7.1), varietiesof Green body-sherds and BrownPaintedWare(e.g.4006, 4047 and 4088, fig.7.2) notdescribedby Morgan,57 and two a of character and fig. (4008 fragments unique 4011, 7.1). The commonest shapesare finelypottedbowlswithalmostverticalwallsand verynarrowoffset lipsora slopingbodywithplainrimandroundedlip.Basestendtobe low,simplering-bases. Fragments ofplainglazedjugswerealso found. (ii) Plain Wares (a) TAFFY WARE (FABRIC l)

This fabricwas christened TaffyWare'byJohnYoungerbecause of itsresemblanceto 'salt-water a confection 'rock'.The fabricis fine, taffy',soft,silky popularin New Englandand similarto British witha distinct to the thatrunsparallelto thesurface. core The surface, smoothand soapytothe grain inclusionsin theclay.Generallythebiscuitis touch,has a silkysheencausedby minutesparkling fired,and thelaminarbreaksare easilyworn.The colourvariesgreatlyfrompot to pot,and softly evenfromplacetoplaceon thesamevessel,depending on theextentand evennessoffiring. It ranges frompink(Munsell5YR 7/4)through (7.5YR 7/6)to verypale brown(10YR 8/4), reddish-yellow withhigherhuevaluesbelonging to harder-fired examples. Thisfabricis knownin smallquantities fromrecentexcavationsat Sparta,whereit has notbeen foundinstrata earlierthanthoseofthemid-13thtoearly14thcentury;58 1 havenoteda singlefragment fromthelate13thtoearly14thcentury complexexcavatedbyCharlesWilliamsat Corinth. Although does not describethe fabric,it is clear fromher discussionthatshe equatesit with Armstrong WhiteWare.On thestrength ofthisassociation, sheassumesthatAyiosStephanos Constantinopolitan wasimporting thecolourrangeofthis Constantinopolitan plainwaresin the1ithcentury.59 Although WhiteWares,colouraloneis a poormeasure, typeoffabricoverlapswiththatofConstantinopolitan since it varieswithfiringtemperature and atmosphere.Table 7.1, derivedfromfairlydetailed ofWhiteWares60 andofTaffy macroscopic Ware,showsthattheConstantinopolitan descriptions products areharder, lackthecharacteristic laminar breakandhavea smallnumberofa variety oflargeinclusions, 51Blake iq8o» 02-* fies.2-*. 52Bertacci107s. ol. 4. fies.1-2. 53Prinele1084.,100 fie.o no. 87. 54MacKay 1067,2*2-4; Sanders1087, 10s. 55Pallas 1068,no. 10*. 56Cf. MacKay 1967,256.

57Morgan1042,72-83. 58Sanders 1993, 255 fabric17, 283-4, contexts2008, 1051 and 2002. 59 1996, 134-5,nn. 89-91, nos. 36a and 36b. 60Armstrong Sanders1995^; 1999,477-8; and 2001, 91.

G. D. R. SANDERS

396

/

^^

I

^ZrJL^

' '

I

-^^ W 4036

'

'

4012

ι

4060

ι

'- If4070//^^^l^ 4°69 '^_JHBi

Fig.7.3. Medievalpottery. Ware:lid4012; stamnoi4036, 4060, 4069. Scale 1:3. Taffy

whereasTaffyWare has a lustroussheengeneratedby thetinysparklinginclusionsin it.Except forthe excavationsthat in appearance,thereis no evidencefromcontrolled,stratigraphie obvious differences In there is hard evidence to the Ware the mid13thcentury. fact, contrary. Taffy predates halfofall sherdssaved fromtheMedieval levelswereTaffyWare,and mostofthese Approximately belonged to a distinctive'stamnos'shape. Rims of simplebowls (e.g. 4028-4030 and 4068, fig. 7.4) of glazed vessels are also represented(e.g. 4009 and 4010, fig. 7.2). The and, more rarely,fragments fabricis generallyso softand the breaks so worn thatno whole shapes could be assembled. The appearance of the predominantformcan be approximated,and is illustratedin a pasticheof large sherdsfromdifferent partsof the site (fig. 7.3). A typicalTaffyWare stamnosis piriformand standsabout 40 cm tall. The neck is shortand the mouthoval witha plain verticalrim.From the numberof handles found,two broad, verticalstraphandles attachedto the shoulderand at or just below the lip are assumed. The plain, flatbase has verticalsides and is usuallyheavilyconstructed.The outsidesurfaceis smoothand is eithercovered witha thinmattgreyor mattred wash, or decoratedwithbroad, randomlyapplied lines of wash. Sometimesthehandlesare incisedwithzigzaglines (e.g. 4069, fig. 7.3), and occasionallytheneckhas a plasticallyrenderedzigzag runningvertically(e.g. 4035). Inside thereare pronouncedwheel-ridges, small and narrowat the neck but becomingbroaderand heaviertowardsthe base. Stamnoihave not yetbeen identifiedin printat Corinth,thoughdoubtlesstheyexist.At Nichoria, bases identifiedas possiblybelongingtojugs, and an amphora-neckand handle,may conceivablybe An early 14thcenturystamnoswithan ovoid body and fromstamnoiof the 12thor 13thcenturies.61 61Rosser 1983,fig.10.18, 19, 23 and 75.


jÁ'

/

IP

397

4062

'.

1

te' 4013

1

[j^f

'

4061 V__L^4067

^'

^

'___MEM4032 L___IBI^B4070 I '

-M

'

^V«33

'

-J

^

I

^ ^

I JJ 4083 /4028

I -J™ I

/4O3O

Fig.7.4. Medievalpottery. Ware:stamnoi4013, 4032-4034,4061-4062,4067, 4070,4083; bowls4028-4030, Taffy 4068. Scale 1:3.

the shape seemsto be singleloop-handlewas foundat Mistra,builtintothe walls of a church;62 commonin 12thand 13thcentury levelsat Sparta,and thereare Taffy Wareexamplesin the 14th stamnoiwithovoidor spheroidbodieshave OutsidethePéloponnèse, century deposits.63 Byzantine at Dinogetiaand GratiniRodopis,and withplasticand beenfoundin 1ith to 13thcentury contexts atTargoviste.64 inciseddecoration The shapesurvives to thisday:similarnewly-made potscan stillbe purchasedin Sparta. Stamnoiwereprobablyused exclusively forthestorageand portageofliquids,particularly wine, waterandoliveoil.It is conceivablethattheyalso servedas transport the vessels,eventually replacing 62 Orlandos ιοακ. 2O4 ni. 6. 63 Sanders 1993.

64 Bakirtzis

1989, 138-45 pls. 25-6.

398

G. D. R. SANDERS

Fig.7.5. Medievalpottery. PlainWares:jugs4014-4015,4051, 4091; bowls4042, 4086, 4089-4090.Scale 1:3.

traditional amphorashape. The fabricis so commonat AyiosStephanosthatit may have been silt, locallyproduced.The riverinedepositsof the Eurotashave a highcontentof finesparkling at of the stamnos to the of Ware. The AyiosStephanossuggests comparable prevalence clay Taffy of various thatthe sitemayhave been somehowinvolvedin theproduction, storageor transport wine and oil. liquids,probably (b) fabric 2 The secondmostcommonfabricis thatoftheamphorafoundin Area Zeta (4017, fig.7.10). This common accountsforabout20% ofall thesherdskeptfromtheMedievallevelsand was particularly are also and bowls to in AreasBetaand Zeta.Although muchofthematerial belongs amphorae jugs, or it has inclusions with a smooth and fabric is The surface; onlyrarely fine,hard-fired, represented. but or 6/6 to voids.The colouris usuallyreddish-yellow (Munsell5YR 7/6) pink(7.5YR 7/4), many in colour,closeto verypale brown(10YR 7/3).The rangeof oftheamphorafragments werelighter thattheseweremadefroma marlclay.Suchclaysareextremely coloursandgeneralappearance suggests the Péloponnèse,includingLaconia. Althoughno firmprovenancecan be commonthroughout itis likelythattheseare local.Indeed,isolatedhillocksofmarlare to be foundalongthe suggested, beds bordertheε sideof of the Helos plainbetweenSkalaand Stephaniá,and moreextensive edge theplainfromPhlisio(see fig.13.1) to wellsouthofAsterio. The ridgeson the and exterior. on boththeinterior The amphoraehavepronounced wheel-ridges decoration thesurface orparedwitha sharptool.Wherepresent, beenflattened outsidehavesometimes oftheamphoraeis ofmattredorgreywashlines.The amphoraeareovoid,witha shortneckandflat


y^

^'

a

b

11

399

ab

Fig. 7.6. Medieval pottery.Matt-painted Ware: pitcher4002. Scale 1:3.

attachedat theshoulderand lip. The mouthis oval,and thereis no base; rather, the loop-handles in a terminated as does 4073 (fig.7.10). point, bodyprobably A finely pottedjug (4015,fig.7.5) has a flaring pedestalbase,an ovoidbodysmoothon theoutside A andpronounced on the inside. decorated ofthisfabric, wheel-ridges jug (4002,fig.7.6),apparently has a plainflatbase withan ovoidbodycomingup to a shortneckand trefoil mouth.The exterior is and there are It with a on the inside. is decorated linear smooth, again pronouncedwheel-ridges surface.Piece 4001 (fig.7.9) has a floral(?)design,renderedin mattbrownon a pale self-slipped similarfabricto Fabric2, butwithconsiderably moreinclusions. (c) SPONGY WARE

ofitaccountforapproximately It was 13% ofthekeptMedievalmaterial. SpongyWareand varieties foundmainlyin AreasBeta and Zeta,usuallyin the lowerlevels,whichcontainMedievalglazed - withandwithout sherds.The fabricis coarseand comesin twovarieties The largewhiteinclusions. colour,whennotaffected (Munsell5YR 6/4) or pink by contactwithfire,is a lightreddish-brown darkgrey(10YR 4/1).The first (7.5YR 7/4);whenburnt,itis generally varietyhas numerous large whitegrits, from0.02 to 0.2 cmin size.The secondtypehas a largenumberofvoids,ranging varying in sizefromsmallpin-holes to c.0.2 cmin diameter. Sometimes thisvariety has smallwhiteinclusions,

G. D. R. SANDERS

4OO

V

-I

mmAo'9

'

1

^^4020

'

^^ma^m^^^mmmJ

4077

Fig. 7.7. Medieval pottery.CookingWares:casseroles4019-4020, 4077. Scale 1:3.

leadingto the conjecturethatcleaningin an acid-bath(theexcavators'usual practice)may have ofthe createdsomeofthevoids.The qualityofthefabricdependsto someextenton thefunction withhandles(e.g.4022, fig.7.8) arerather finerthantheglobularbowls(e.g.4037vessel.Stewpots 4039,fig.7.8) and casseroles(4019-4020,fig.7.7). A variety The casseroles, between4 and 7 cmtall,areflat-bottomed, ofshapesis madeinthisfabric. the withflaring sidescomingto a roundedlip.The bodiesof4019 and 4020 haveirregular surfaces; is better made and and both have latterhas pronounced irregular deeper. ridges, lips.4077 (fig.7.7) A typeofhand-made wascommoninAreaBeta(e.g.4037-4039, 4044 and4098,fig. baggystewpot The 7.8).Thereis no evidencethatthesehadbases,anditis assumedthattheywereround-bottomed. In in an rounded is and towards thickened, irregular, lip. manyexamples body spherical thin,turning andmay thereis a mouldedridgejustbelowthelip on theoutside.Tracesofhandlesareexceptional, with are also Ware handles bowls of as easilybe tracesoflugsorledges.Wheel-made present. Spongy A attachedtorimand shoulder. rimand a broadstrap-handle Theyhavea spherical body,out-turned and the foundin AreaBetain i960 seems,from description three-quarters preserved jug,HS 125,65 to be ofSpongyWare.It has a splayingrim,globularbody,flatbase and broadstrapphotograph, handle.It has a coarseblackto pink-brown bodywitha pittedsurface. at Nichoria,in twoforms:greyin colourwithpinholes,and SpongyWarehas also beenidentified a similarred warewithoutpinholes.These are assumedby Rosserto date fromthe late 10thto and to have survivedinto the 13thcentury.66 12thcenturySpongyWare early 11thcenturies, A sherdidenticalto thosefromArea sherdswerefoundin depositPsi in TombH on Kythera.67 Thisvesselis one ofmany excavated14thcentury Betawas foundin recently depositsat Sparta.68 fromthe1923 excavations handmadepiecesfromthesite.69 SpongyWaresherdswerealso recovered in thearea ofthetheatreat Sparta;althoughthesehave notbeen published, theyare stillstoredin at Museum. Delta Sparta Apotheke at Sparta,I have statedthatitsformsand tradition ofLaconianhandmadepottery In discussions I have regrettably thisview,whichI have not changedsubsequently, are 'Slavic'. In justifying handmade ceramic her she considers the on Dr Ε. question;70 Etzeoglou's position misrepresented andcitesparallels in a Romanandnota 'Slavic'tradition, tobe mostdefinitely findsfromKaryoupolis fromAthensto supportherargument.71 65 Taylour 1072, 260, pl. 50e. 66 Rosser 1083, 370, 383. 67 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 176 nos. 16-18, pl. 50. 68 Sanders 1993, no. 62.

69 Sanders 1003, 277-81; iqqk£. 70 Sanders iqqsi. 27o; and loopik 4.^6.

71 Etzeoglou1989, 151-6. %J *J %J *

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KS

'

M.%^


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" 4037

Γ ~^^~

Û

X'/

401

vV4039

m

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,f 4022

'

•ft 4098

Fig.7.8. Medievalpottery. 4003, 4022, 4037, 4039, 4044, 4098. Scale 1:3. CookingWares:stewpots

v

I J '

mr

4001

Fig.7.9. Medievalpottery. PlainWare:lekane4001; storage jars 4071, 4081. Scale 1:3.

G. D. R. SANDERS

4O2

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4073

Fig. 710. Medieval pottery.Amphorae4O17» 4Ο73· Scale 1:3. (d) OTHER FABRICS

Of theremaining fabricsonlytwomeritmentionin termsoftheirfrequency. thefabricturns One is fine,red (Munsell2.5YR 5/6)withsmallsparkling (micaceous)inclusions; in Area Zeta in is a from the this fabric when burnt. The most vessel (4014,fig. pit complete jug grey has been distorted The flat base and a vertical It has an ovoid during 7.5). strap-handle. body body, and greyin thecoreand on theinnersurface. and thefabricburnttoredon thesurface manufacture, LambdaVII (4073,fig. The secondfabricis thatoftheamphorafoundin therubbleofStructure the all from are small Elsewhere amphorashape,and these 7.10). fragments found, apparently only withnumerous, hard-fired is The fabric for thus valuable evidence dating. fairlyfine, provide may is The colour lime inclusions. (Munsell5YR 7/ reddish-yellow generally yellow-white verysmall,soft, The amphoraresembles 6 to 6/6),firedtopink(5YR 8/4)orgreyon thesurface. 4017 (fig.7.10) but insideand out,exceptin theupperpartsand at has a thinner wheel-ridges body.It has pronounced thetipofthebottom. 6. CATALOGUE oftheMedievallevelsexcavated The catalogueis arranged byArea.ForeachAreathereis a summary theplainwaresafter, and thebasketsused. Withineach Area theglazedwaresare presented first, and followed the excavation with vessels by cataloguedsherds.For each during registered starting in which the the basket a reference to there is also (#) piecewasfoundand,ifillustrated, catalogueentry unlessstated.Wherever arein centimeters Dimensions number. thefigure possible,Munsellsoilcolour to describe have been chartreferences fabric, slip,washand glaze colours,to given (e.g. 5YR 6/4)


403

ensurea standardised As no analyseswereundertaken, has been used in description.72 'sparkling' in to 'micaceous' when reflective the fabrics. For describing particles glazedsherds,the preference extentoftheslipand theglaze on theoutsideof thevesselis shownin thefigures by brokenand dottedlinesrespectively. Conventions used to represent different willbe found and washes glazes underindividual entries. catalogue (i) Area Zeta 1973 In Area Zeta theremainsof a pitand ofa surface, lyingbetweenthestubsofwallsbuilton earlier were uncovered.73 The material on the floor includeda numberofalmostwholevessels. walls, lying The almosttotallackofglazedsherdsand Taffy Warein thekeptmaterial fromthefloordeposit,and theexactnatureofitsrelationship to thepit,makesitdifficult to date.The pitcontainedbothglazed waresandTaffy withtheoccupation inAreaLambda. Ware,andmusthavebeenroughly contemporary Substantial of vessels were above the found,confinedto thearea of thepit and slightly fragments levelofthesurface, and are probablypartofthesamedepositas thepit.Theseincludean amphora (4017,fig.7.10) similarin formtotheearly14thcentury amphorain AreaLambda(4073,fig.7.10), anda matt-painted jug (4002,fig.7.6). Sherdsofthejug werealso recoveredfromthemake-upofthe surface. The formand decoration are similarto late 13th-century jugs fromCorinth.74 No tileor tumbledstoneswerereported in theArea.It seemsthattheMedievalmaterialin Area Zetawas depositedoutsidean as yetunexcavated structure. The dateofthestub-walls is notclear,but theyseemto havebeen in use at thesametimeas thesurfaceand perhapswentoutofuse withthe diggingofthepit. Basketswereremovedas follows:earthabove floor:# 25; floordeposit:# 29, 30, 32; make-upof hearth:#31; make-upoffloor:#33; contents ofpit:#34-6; earthbelowfloor:# 38. (a) FLOOR AND MAKE-UP

Phin wares 4001. Lekane. D. (rim)35.4, (base) 17.7. H. 14.2. Medium-fine fabricwithnumerouslargered,greenand browninclusions (o.oi to0.3). Firedtoyellowish-red (5YR 5/8)atcore,reddish-yellow (7.5YR7/6)on theoutsideand verypale brown(10YR 7/4) on the inside.Self-slipped Profile frombase inside;outsideroughinclusions protrude. torim.Slightly raisedbase withflatresting surface, flaring convexbodycurving in to everted,squaredrimwithflat # 29. 73-305.fig.7.9. lip.Foundon floorsurface. medium [4001a. Hydria.H. (max.ex.)27.5.Orangefabric, finewithsomefinegrit;hardfired.15 sherdswithhandle. # 29. 73-302.Notillustrated.] 4002. Jug.D. (base)9. H. (est.)24. Fabric2 withseveral voids and a fewinclusions.Numerousjoiningand nonalmostcompleteprofile. Flatbase, joiningsherdspreserve ovoid body,conicalneckflaringup to pinchedmouth. Tracesof handle-attachment at lip. Pronouncedwheelinside.Threeincisedlineson body.Outsidesurface ridging coveredwithpinkwash(7.5YR 8/2),and decoratedwith pendent loopson outsideofrimanda largeabstract floral(?) motifon shoulderand body.Decorationexecutedin matt darkreddish-brown inshape (5YR 5/3to3/2)wash.Similar

toa late13th-orearly14th-century decorated jugatCorinth withmattredpaint(MacKay1967,285 no. 84). Foundat in floormake-up.Early 14th top of pit withfragments # 29, 31, 32. 73-312.fig.7.6. century. Dimensions notdetermined. Mediumto [4002a. Stewpot. finebrownclay withgritinclusions;smoothed.Slightly rim,opposedloop handlesand flatbase. #29. 73flaring 331. Notillustrated.] [4002b. Stewpot.D. (rim)17, (handle)2. Orange-brown coarsefabric.Rim and shortverticalloop handle.# 29. 73-304.Notillustrated.] D. (rim)13.5.H. (ex.) 16.7.Hardfabric 4003. Stewpot. withoccasional large grittyparticles(up to 0.35) and numeroussmallvoids.Reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/6)burnt to greyin patcheson surface.Almostcompleteprofile. Globularbodywithslopingshouldercurving up toeverted rim.Flattened oval handlesattachat shoulderand lip.On floorsurface. # 29. 73-303.fig.7.8. D. 7.5.H. (handle)1.6. [4003a. Lid.Twothirds preserved. Th. 0.7. Orange-buff clay.Circular planwithhandleformed onceon eachside.LH bytwo'horns'.Piercedbeforefiring or Medieval.#64. 73-320.Notillustrated.]

(b) pit Gh&d wares

4004. Bowl.D. 19.3. H. (ex.) 7.3. Hard,fine,lightred (2.5YR 6/6)fabricwithoccasionalsmallvoidsand a few inclusions. Profilefromabovefootto sandyand sparkling rim.Flaring bodycurving sharply up tobroadevertedrim. Pale pinkslipinsideand outsideto belowangleofbody. Thick,glossylightgreenglazeinsideand outsidenotquite 72 See Munsell Products 1071. 73 See Chapter 3 §2 above.

coveringthe slip. In places glaze drawnin streaksover inside.# unslippedportionofbody.Tracesoffiring-tripod 34»36· 73-334·fig.7.1. 4005. Bowl.D. (est.)24. H. (ex.) 1.7.Hard,pink(7.5YR rimwithroundedlip.White 7/4)fabric.Rim.Out-turned linesofpinkish(10YR 8/2)slipin and out,withradiating 74 Williams and Zervos 1992.

4O4

G. D. R. SANDERS

grey (7.5YR 6/2) slip and green glaze inside. Illustration showsgreyslip as solid black,greenglaze as dotted.#31. fig. 7.2. Bowl. Hard, finepink(7.5YR 7/4) fabricwithtiny 4006. voids. Body-sherd.White(10YR 8/1) slipinsidewithlinear (5YR 4/4) and greenglaze. Green designofreddish-brown and BrownPaintedWare. # 35. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. indeterminate.H. (ex.) 1.7. Fine, pink 4007. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim withroundedlip. Whiteslipinside. (5YR 3/2) on Tripleconcentricloop ofdarkreddish-brown rim,definedby lines of same colour at angle of rim and body and on lip. Decoration covered by glossypale green glaze. # 36. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. c. 20. H. (ex. est.) 1.1. Hard fired,pink 4008. Whiteslipinside,incisedwith (5YR 7/4)fabric.Body-sherd. wavy line betweentwo pairs of parallel lines. Incised line at junction of body and rim. Whole covered withyellow (2.6Y 7/8) glaze. Outside, glaze reaches to just below junctionof rim and body, withstreakof glaze continuing

onto body. # 36. fig. 7.1. 4009. Jug(?). TaffyWare. Body fragment.Plain inside, whiteslipoutsidecoveredwiththick,dull greenglaze. Local glazed ware. #31. Not illustrated. 4010. Jug. D. (max. est.) 14. H. (ex.) 7.4. TaffyWare. Body-sherdwith handle-attachment.Pronounced wheelridgesinside. Outside, incised withthreehorizontallines bracketinga zigzag groovedline. Greyishslip applied after incision,and surfacecovered with a shinyopaque green glaze, now spalling.#32. fig. 7.2. 4011. Shape uncertain.D. 7. H. (ex.) 4. Fine,hard,light brown (7.5YT 6/4) fabric.Base. Flat base, flaringbody. Brown (7.5YR 5/2) slip outside covered with thickolive (5Y 4/3) glaze below a zone withthick,whiteopaque glaze, now chippingoff.Inside, wheel-ridgedwith thick,white opaque glaze applied directlyto biscuit.Fragmentsoffiringtripodinside. Illustrationshows green glaze as dotted. # 34. fig. 7.1.

Plain wares Stamnos lid. D. (base) 4. H. 3.5. TaffyWare. 4012. Complete profile.Flat base, shortflaringwall to flattened lip. Truncatedcone inside,indentedon eitherside by thumb of righthand. # 34. 73-313. fig. 7.3. and forefinger [4012a. Stamnos.D. (neck)5, (body) 16. TaffyWare. Half of neck and body in many fragments.Outside, three horizontalgrooveson neck.Thick dull brownpaint;broad curvingbands. # 29, 31, 32, 36. 73-307. Not illustrated.] Stamnos. H. (ex.) 14. TaffyWare. Body and 4013. Pronouncedwheel-ridges shoulder. inside,incisedlineoutside. Decorated with curvilineardesign executed in mattlight reddish-brown (2.5YR 6/4) wash. # 36. 73-336. Fig. 7.4. [4013a. Stamnos.D. (body, max.) 25. H. (ex.) 65. Taffy Ware.About one fifth preserved.Decorationnot recorded. # 36. 73-335. Not illustrated.] 4014. Jug.D. (base) 8. H. (ex.) 17.6. Hard medium-fine fabric, with numerous small sparkling inclusions and occasional large voids. Fired to lightreddish-brown(5YR 6/4) on partsof surface,and grey(5YR 5/1) elsewhereon outside.Core and innersurfaceare grey(2.5YR 5/0). Flat base, ovoidal body. Single verticalstrap-handleattachesat shoulder.Irregularbutsmoothexternalsurface;pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Three incised lines on body below shoulder.#32. 73-308. fig. 7.5. 4015. Jug. D. (base) 8, (body, max.) 12. H. (ex.) 7.8. Fabric 2. Fine, hard,reddish-yellow(5YR 7/6) fabric.Flat base, slightlyflaring,rounded body. Pronounced wheelridgesinside.# 36. fig. 7.5. Bowl. D. (rim,est.) 16. H. (ex.) 2.1. Fabric2. Rim. 4016. flattened lip. Traces Flaringbody to verticalrimwithslightly of white(5YR 8/1) slip outside.# 36. Not illustrated. 4017. Amphora. D. (mouth) 4.8-6.2. H. (ex.) 33.1. Fabric 2. Profilefromlower body to rim.Elongated ovoid body,withshoulderslopingto evertedrimwithoval mouth. Broad, flat loop-handles attach at shoulder and rim. insideand outside.On lowerparts Pronouncedwheel-ridges of outside,ridgeshave been smoothedor pared withsharp

implement.Traces of large 'theta' executed in mattlight red (2.5YR 6/6) wash extendingfromshoulder towards bottom of vessel. Bottom not preserved but probably pointed.Similarshape to 4073 and to amphorae foundat Mistra (Orlandos 1935, 204 pl. 6) and offthe Yugoslav coast (Brusic1976 pls. v.3 and XI.3). Large sherd(4075) of thisformand fabricfoundin tumblelayerin Area Lambda. Found at top of pit,level withsurfaceof floor.Late 13th to early 14th century.# 29, (?)3i, 32, (?)37- 73-306. plate 43, fig. 7.10. 4018. Amphora. H. (ex.) 9.4. Hard, finefabricwith a reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) core and pink (7.5YR) surface. Handle. Verticalflatstrap-handleattachingto neck below lip of vessel. As 4017. # 34. Not illustrated. Casserole. D. (rim,est.) 35, (base, est.) 29. H. 6. 4019. Fabric similarto 4030, withsparklingand whiteinclusions and manysmallvoids.Profilefrombase to rim.Flatbottom, flaringconcave wall to roundedlip. # 35. 73-332. fig. 7.7. Casserole. D. (rim,est.) 35, (base, est.) 27. H. 4.4. 4020. Reddish-brown(2.5YR 5/4) inside,and burntdarkreddishbrown (5YR 3/2) in places outside.Fabric,withnumerous small sparklinginclusionsand highlyreflectiveon surface, voids or resembles Spongy Ware but lacks characteristic whitegrits.Profilefrombase to rim.Flat base, flaringwall to slightlyout-turned lip. # 34. 73-333. fig. 7.7. D. (est.) 18. H. (ex.) 2.8. Hard, light 4021. Stewpot. brown(7.5YR 6/4) fabric,withmanylargelime inclusions. Rim and handle. Sloping shoulder to everted rim with rounded lip. Broad, flatloop-handle attachesat lip. From round-belliedvessel similarto 4003. #31. Not illustrated. 4022. Stewpot.D. 14. H. (ex.) 9.2. Reddish-yellow(5YR 7/6) fabric,withseveralvoids and largesparklinginclusions. Profilefromshoulderto rim.Ovoidal body risingto slightly evertedrimwithrounded lip. Vertical,broad strap-handle attaches at maximum diameter, rising verticallybefore sharplyanglingin to rimat lip. Incised 'S' on top ofhandle. FIG.7.8.

(ii) Area Beta 3, 8, 9 and 10, 1974-77 The Medievalmaterialin AreaBetais mixedand comespartlyfromstrataoftopsoil.Therewas an In theselayers someofwhichhasbeencataloguedforthesakeofcomparison. abundanceofmaterial, as wellas numerous werefound,75 twodecadesofthe14thcentury threecoinsofthefirst glazedand wasfoundbelowthelevelofthetops Waresherds.No floorswerefound,butMedievalmaterial Taffy 75 Janko1982, 187-8.


405

ofthewalls.76 in thisArea see Chapter3 §3 withfigs.1.24-1.26. Foran analysisofthestratification Itemsarefrom1974 unlessotherwise stated. Glazßd wares(fig. 7. 1) Bowl. D. (est.) 16. H. (ex.) 2.9. Hard, fine,pink 4023. to lightreddish-brown(5YR 7/4 to 6/4) fabric.Two rims and a body-sherd, non-joining.Flaringbody to tall,vertical, concave rimwithtaperinglip. Pinkish-grey (7.5YR 7/2) slip covered withvery dark grey (5YR 3/1) glaze inside, and outsideto angle of rimand body. # 1. Bowl. D. 16. H. (ex., est.)3.9. Fine,medium-hard, 4024. nonlightred (2.5YR 6/8) fabric.Rim-and body-fragment, joining. Flaringbody anglingsharplyup to tall flaringrim withthickened,flattenedlip. Pink (2.5YR 8/4) slip inside, and outside to angle of body. Thick yellow-brownglaze inside and irregularlyover lip. Glaze allowed to drip on outsideof rimto angle in places. Glossy Ware? # 4. Bowl. D. (est.)20. H. (ex.) 3.4. Fine,hard,reddish4025. yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall curvingin to short flaringrim. Off-whiteslip inside, and painted in semicircularblobs on exteriorbelow lip. Three incised horizontallines on inside of lip, incised line outside at junction of lip and rim. Thick, lustrous reddish-yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) glaze overslip;showsas greenishoutsidewhere applied directlyto biscuit.GlossyWare,similarto MacKay 1967, no. 8. # 11.

Bowl. D. (est.)22. H. (ex.) 2.4. Fine,hard,reddish4026. yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall turningup to slightlyflaringrim,with evertedflattenedlip. Matt weak red (10R 5/4) slip inside,and outsidetojust below lip. Two dusky red (10R 3/2) slip-paintedlines on top and outer edges of lip. Thin colourlesstin(?)glaze in and outsideto below lip. Similarto 4046 and 4082. # 20. Bowl. H. (ex.) 2.44. Fine, hard pink (5YR 7/4) 4027. fabric.Body-sherd.Flaringconvex wall. Whiteslip incised withfourhatchedlozenges and two incised spiralsinside. Slip-paintedin verticallines bracketingrows of dots.Thick lustrousyellowglaze applied insideand out; appearsbrown where directlyon biscuit. Same pot as 4065? In figure, outsidesurfaceon right;diagonal lines whereglaze applied directlyto fabric.#27, 30.

Plain wares Bowl. D. (est.) 18. H. (ex.) 1.5. TaffyWare. Rim. 4028. Flaring body to thickenedrim with flattenedlip. # 29. fig. 7.4. Bowl. D. (est.) 14. H. (ex.) 2.7. TaffyWare. Rim. 4029. Flaringbody to vertical,thickenedrimwithflatlip. Traces of mattred wash inside and out. #32. fig. 7.4. Bowl. D. 18. H. (ex.) 1.9. TaffyWare.Rim. Flaring 4030. body to plain rimwithrounded lip. #32. fig. 7.4. 4031. Jug. TaffyWare. Body-sherd. Fragment from shoulderofvessel. Incised zigzag decorationoutside.# 29. Not illustrated. 4032. Jug. D. 7.5. H. (ex.) 4.9. TaffyWare. Base. Flat base, flaringwall. Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Traces of mattgreywash outside.#22. fig. 7.4. Stamnos.D. 11.5. H. (ex.) 7.6. TaffyWare. Base. 4033. Thickly-pottedflat base with flaringbody. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. # 4. fig. 7.4.

Stamnos. D. 7.5. H. (ex.) 9.7. TaffyWare. Base. 4034. Flat, slightlyraised base, flaring wall of ovoid body. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Traces of mattlightred (2.5YR 6/6) wash outside.# 4. fig. 7.4. Stamnos.D. 4. H. (ex.) 2.9. TaffyWare. Soft,pink 4035. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Body-sherd.Verticalneck narrowingto rim.Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Raised verticalridge with grooved zigzag design outside. Matt light reddishbrown (2.5YR 7/4) wash outside.# 26. Not illustrated. Stamnos.D. (rim)4.5, D. (belly) 20, D. (base) 9. 4036. H. (ex.,upper part)30.8, H. (ex.,base), 7.7, H. (as restored) 38.5. TaffyWare. Reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) fabric.Rim and handle. Verticalneck,slightlyflaringrimwithrounded lip. Verticalstrap-handleattachingjust below lip. Parallel incisedzigzag lineson upper surfaceofhandle.Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Traces of mattlightred (2.5YR 6/6) wash outside.Joinswith4070 (base). # 29. fig. 7.3.

Thereare a numberofrimfragments ofcookingwaresimilarto 4037-4039 below: 4037. Stewpot.D. (est.) 30. H. (ex.) 4.5. Pinkish-grey (7.5YR 6/4) medium-coarsefabric,with numeroussmall voids and white lime inclusions.Rim. Verticalthickened rim with rounded lip fromhandmade, round-bottomed vessel. Raised band outsidebelow lip. # 3. fig. 7.8. 4038. Stewpot.D. (est.) 19. H. (ex.) 3.4. Pinkish-grey (7.5YR 6/2) fabricwith white inclusions. Rim. Vertical, thickenedrimwithroundedlip. Hand-made roundslightly bottomedvessel. #17. Not illustrated. 4039. Stewpot.D. (est.) 28. H. (ex.) 3.1. Lightreddishbrown (5YR 6/4) fabric,with numerouswhite inclusions and voids. Rim. Slightlyin-turnedthickened rim with rounded lip. Pronounced raised ridge below lip outside. Handmade. #29. Fig. 7.8. some 4040. Amphora. Fabric 2. 27 body-fragments, joining. Pronounced wheel-ridgesoutside. As 4017. # 4. Not illustrated. Stamnos.H. (ex.) 16. TaffyWare.Handle. Vertical 4041. 76 See

Tracesofbroad,mattred wash stripeon upper strap-handle. surface.Shape as 4069. 1977, #12. Not illustrated. 4042. Stand(?). D. (rim) 14, (base) 11.9. H. 2.4. Hard, finefabric,withtinywhite,greyand browninclusions.Fired to grey (7.5YR 6/0) at core and lightbrown (7.5YR 6/4) on surface.Profilefrombottomto lip. Flat bottom,flaring, concave body to plain rim.Surfaceapparentlyself-slipped. Plastic,finger-impressed 'pie-crust'design around bottom of wall. 1977, # 23. 77-332. fig. 7.5. H. (ex.) 1.9. Pinkish-grey 4043. Stewpot.D. indeterminate. fabricwithmanyvoids. Rim. Slopingshoulderto thickened rim.Raised band below lip outside.Fromhand-maderoundbottomedvessel.Handmade as 4039. #4. Not illustrated. 4044. Stewpot. D. (est.) 28. H. (ex.) 3.2. Pinkish-grey fabric, with many white lime inclusions. Rim. Sloping shoulderto thickenedrim withrounded lip. Raised band below lip, and joined to lip by a verticalridge.Fromhandvessel. 1977, # 8. fig. 7.8. made, round-bottomed

Chapter 3 §3 above.

4θ6

G. D. R. SANDERS

(iii) Area Lambda 3/4, 1977 The remainsofa substantial LambdaVII) werefoundbelowa layerofcollapsed building(Structure stonesand tiles.Thisstructure was associatedwithfeatures foundin AreasGamma,Nu and Lambda a a a and a hardsurface.77 Foundation trenches for walled stone-lined 2,including enclosure, drain, pit Late weredugintoa layercontaining earlierMedievalmaterial, thepiersofthestructure including wallswere Greenand BrownPaintedWareand a coinofCharlesI ofAnjou(1278-85). Connecting builtbetweenthesepiers.Inside,thefloorwas mucherodedto below thelevel of theconnecting of thebuilding, lime walls.It is possiblethatthelowerstoreyservedas a stable.On thedesertion surface. coveredtheeartheninterior mortar washedfromthewallsand irregularly insideand abovethesurfaces oftheArchaicMajolicajug 4053 werefoundimmediately Fragments that before the in earth accumulated in mortar and fine the structure the outside collapse. immediately werefoundin the thisvesselhad fallenfroman upperstorey. Manymoretilefragments Presumably ofa pitchedroof.Withinthetumble,perhaps tumbleoutsidethewallsthaninside,a factsuggestive datedtotheearly was an amphora(4073) ofa typethatcan be securely oncebuiltintothewallitself, yearsofthe14thcentury. Basketswereremovedas follows:tumbleand tile:baskets10-13, 15, 18-19, 76, 77; earthunder baskets16-18,21, 22, 78, 79; surface tumblebutabovethesurface: make-up:baskets25, 26, 31, 81; ofpiers:baskets29,30,42,82. trenches baskets32,33,36,37,47,48, 85,87; foundation belowsurface: (a) UNDER FLOOR

Gla&d wares H. (ex.) 1.5. Fine, pink 4045. Lamp. D. indeterminate. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim. Slightlyflaringrimto roundedlip. Rim withdouble curvewherepinchedto formspout.White slip outside,shinyolive-yellow(2.5YR 6/8) glaze withdabs of darkreddish-brown (2.5YR 3/4) glaze on lip. # 30, 33. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. 24. H. (ex.) 2. Fine, mediumhard,pink 4046. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall to slightlyup-turned out-turned thickenedrimwithflattened lip. Reddish-brown (2.5YR 5/4) slip insideand outsideto below lip. Verydark decorationofloops on top oflip grey(5YR 3/1) slip-painted only.Thin colourlesstin(?)glaze inside and extendingjust overlip. Similarto 4026 and 4082. #31 and 42. fig. 7.1.

Bowl. D. (max. ex.) 21. H. (ex.) 3.5. Fine pink 4047. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Body-sherdfrombelow rim. Flaring body turningup to flaringrim.Whiteslip inside.Black and brown(7.5YR 5/2) curvilinear lines,withlinesofgreenglaze inside. Whole surfacecovered witha thin,colourlesstin(?) glaze. Pronounced angle outside at junction of body and rim.Late Greenand BrownPaintedWare.Late 13thcentury (Morgan 1942, 80-3). In figure,black and brownlines are in solid black; greenglaze is dotted.# 36. fig. 7.2. Bowl. D. (est.) 24. H. (ex.) 1.2. Rim. Similarto or 4048. same as 4050, 4059 and 4088 (see fig. 7.2). Late Green and BrownPaintedWare. # 40. Not illustrated.

Plain wares [4048a. Amphora.D. (rim) 12.7, (neck) 8.7. H. (ex.) 11.3. Fabric 2. Reddish brown coarse clay; wheel-ridgesinside neck. Rim, neck and handle. Horizontal rim on concave

neck; flattenedverticalstrap handle. # 48. 77-909. Not illustrated.]

(b) FLOOR MAKE-UP

Glazßd wares

Bowl. D. (est.) 17. H. (ex.) 1.2. Hard, fine,orange4049. red fabric.Rim. Flaringwall to thickenedrimwithflatlip. Lip broken,originallyout-turned.White slip incised with twoparallellines.Green glaze insideand out. GlossyWare (MacKay 1967, 252). # 25. fig. 7.1. Bowl. D. (est.) 2. H. (ex.) 2. Fine pink (7.5YR 7/ 4050. Rim. Flaringconvex wall curvingup to plain rim fabric. 4)

Plain wares Stamnos. D. (rim) 30. H. (max. ex.) 6.5. Th. 4051. pink(7.5YR 7/4) fabric. (shoulder)0.4. Fabric2. Hard-fired, Verticalrimwithflattenedlip and slopingshoulder.Wheelridgesinside.Numerousparallelincisedlinesoutside,below incisedzigzagdecorationand coveredby a matt an irregular lineardecoration(2.5YR 5/4). Smallerthan red slip-painted

withroundedlip. Whiteslip insideand outsideto c. 1.5 cm below lip. Two black painted diagonal lines run fromlip inside withdab of green glaze. Same pot as, or similarto, 4048, 4059 and 4088. Late Greenand BrownPaintedWare. Late 13th century(Morgan 1942, 80-3 fig.59). In figure, black is solid black,greenis dotted.# 25. fig. 7.2.

but similarto 4071. Perhaps 4097 is fromthe same pot. Found widelyscattered:(a) 4051, body-sherd joining4101, fromLambda 3, 1977, # 31; (b) 4081, rim,fromBeta 12/ Lambda 1 baulk, 1974, # 20; (c) 4085, two body-sherds, fromLambda 3, 1977, # 29; (d) 4101, body-sherdjoining 4051, fromNu 2, 1974, # 26. figs.7.5 (4051 joining4101),

77See Chapter3 §4 above.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §6 7.9 (4081);4085 notillustrated. D. 30. H. (ex.)4. Lightredfabric(2.5YR 4052. Stewpot. 6/6) withwhitelime inclusions.Rim. In-turnedbody,

407

wash verticalrimwithrolledlip. Tracesof grey-brown outside.Inciseddiagonallinesbelowlip outside.Spongy Ware.#31. Notillustrated.

(c) OVER FLOOR

Gfa&dwares

4053. Jug.D. (base) 9.7. H. (ex.) 14. W. (handle)2.7. Th. (handle)1.5. Fine,hard,pink(5YR 7/4) fabricwith to shoulderand someyellowlimeinclusions. Base,profile one handle. Slightlyraised flat,flaring,pedestalbase, oval-sectioned handleattachedat globularbody.Vertical, maximumdiameter.Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside, smoothfinishoutside. Veryduskyred (2.5YR 2/2), with lineardecorationhighlighted manganese-derived, bands greenglaze.Bodydividedintofourzonesbyvertical ofthreelinesand a doublebase-line.Handlezoneflanked by vertical'S' patternand centralzone decoratedwith and is dottedscales.Greenglaze highlights scale-pattern bandstohandle.Thinwhitetinglaze appliedinhorizontal outsideto ground-line; thin,transparent, verypale yellow glazeinsideandinspotsonthefoot.ArchaicMajolica.Early Parallelsat Montalcino(Blake 1980, 92-3 14thcentury. and figs.4-6) Aquilea(Bertacci1973 pl. 4, figs.1-2) date AtCorinth three from theearlydecadesofthe14thcentury. in these date to c. form and are similar decoration; jugs 1310 (Williamsand Zervos1992). # 16, 17, 18, 21. 7743, FIG.7.2. 905. PLATE 4054. Bowl.Hard pale red (10R 6/4) fabricwithfew limeinclusions. Thick,shiny, opaque, Body-sherd. yellowish to fabricinsideand out. darkgreenglazeapplieddirectly ProbablyMetallicWaredatingto thelast quarterof the or firstquarterof the 14th(Morgan1942, 13th century

Plain wares

4060. Stamnos.D. (rim)4. H. (ex.)4.1. W. (handle)3.3. Th. (handle)1.4. Taffy Ware.Fabricpink(7.5YR 8/4)to (7.5YR 7/6) on surface.Rim and handle. reddish-yellow Verticalneckwithplainrim.Flattenedoval strap-handle attachedto neck below rim.Pronouncedwheel-ridging inside.Tracesofmattlightred(2.5YR6/6)washdecoration on topofhandleandneck.#17. fig.7.3. D. 8. H. (ex.)4.8. Taffy Ware.Pink(5YR 4061. Stamnos. ovoidal 7/4)fabric.Base. Flat,raisedbase risingto flaring with outside surface inside, lightgrey body.Wheel-ridges

62-3; MacKay 1967,252). # 16. Notillustrated. 4055. Bowl.D. (est.)18.H. (ex.)1.2.Soft-fired yellowishred (5YR 5/8)fabric.Rim.Flaringconvexbodyto plain rimwithpointedlip. Whiteslipin and out.Twoparallel incisedlinesinsidejustbelowlip.Yellow(5YR 7/6)glaze insideandoutside.GlossyWarevariant, datingtolate13th or early14thcentury (MacKay1967,252). #17. fig.7.1. 4056. Bowl.D. (est.)18. H. (ex.) 1. Finefabricfiredto greycolour.Rim.Flaringwall to plainrimwithrounded lip.Whiteslipinsideandoutsidetobelowlip.Slipcovered withdirty greencrackledglaze.#22. Fig.7.1. fine 4057. Bowl.D. (est.)15. H. (ex.) 2.1. Hard-fired, Rim.Flaring convexwall withyellowlimeinclusions. fabric rimwithflattened to thickened lip. Lip broken,originally Whiteslipin and out.Darklineinsidebelow out-turned. lip.Highlyglossy,crackedpale olive(5Y 6/4)glazeinside and outside.#22. fig.7.1. 4058. Bowl.D. (inside,est.)19. H. (ex.) 2.9.Mediumto withsomeinclusions andvoids. finered(2.5YR6/8)fabric rimwithbrokenlip.White Rim.Flaringbody,horizontal (10YR 8/2) slipinsidecoveredwitha thickopaque dark greenglaze.MetallicWare?#79. Notillustrated. Rimandtwonon4059. Bowl.Pink(7.5YR 7/4)fabric. Similar toorsamevesselas 4048,4050 joiningbody-sherds. and 4088 (see fig.7.2). #79, 81. Notillustrated.

(5YR 6/0)wash.# 18. fig.7.4. 4062. Stamnos.D. (rim)4. H. (ex.) 2.3.W. (handle)2.8. Th. (handle)1.4. Taffy Ware.Pink(5YR 7/4)fabric.Rim and handle.Vertical, convexneckto plainrim,bevelled attachesbelow rim. inside.Flattenedoval strap-handle Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Matt reddish-brown (2.5YR 5/4) wash on top of handle,outsideof rimand ofhandle.Zoneofgrey(5YR 6/1)washseparates underside areasofred.#18. Fig.7.4.

(d) TUMBLE LAYER

Glazedwares

witha 4063. Jug(?).D. 8. H. (ex.)5.3. Fine,hardfabric, Pinkcore fewsmallgrey,whiteand sparkling inclusions. Base.Flatbottom with withyellowish-red (5YR 7/6)surface. wheeltorus-ring. Flaringglobularbodywithpronounced (2.5Y 6/4)glaze ridgesinside.Thin,lightyellowish-brown on fabricon insideonly.#10. fig.7.2. directly 4064. Bowl.D. (est.)19. H. (ex.)3.9. Hard,red(2.5YR Rimandnon-joining 5/8)fabricwithfewinclusions. bodywall to plainrimwithpointedlip. sherd.Straight flaring Pink(7.5YR 8/4)slipinside,and outsideto c. 3 cmbelow area lip.Inside,slipincisedwithfourparallellinesdividing into two registers.Upper registerhas on rim incised guillochedesign.Base linesplitsintotwopartsjoinedby

incisedhatch-marks. Olive-yellow(5Y 6/8) glaze over inside,and outsideto c. 1.2 cm belowlip wherediagonal linesof glaze enhancedwithgreenglaze are drawnover slip. Perhapsa derivativeof ShinyOlive IncisedWare (MacKay1967,259-61 and 304). #77 and 78. fig.7.1. 4065. Bowl.Fine,mediumhardpink(7.5YR7/4)fabric. Body-sherds.White slip inside, incised withhatched lineandfivedotsofwhite lozengemotive.Outside,vertical slip.Thickglaze appearsyellow(5Y 7/8) over slip and brown(7.5YR 5/8)overbiscuit.Similarifnotsame strong pot as 4027 (fig.7.1). Incised,Slip PaintedWare.# 78. Notillustrated.

Pfoinwares Ware. 4066. Stamnos.D. (base)8.7. H. (ex.) 12.2.Taffy Softpinkfabricwithgroginclusions. Base andlowerbody.

Flatbasewithflaring inside. wheel-ridges body.Pronounced Fromtumble. #11. 77-901.Notdrawn; Early14thcentury.

G. D. R. SANDERS

4o8

shownin plate 27 a. Stamnos. D. 6. H. (ex.) 4.9. TaffyWare. Pink 4067. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Base. Flatbase withstraight flaringwall. Pronouncedwheel-ridges inside,formingcone in middleof bottom.Tracesof mattred wash on exterior.#11. fig. 7.4. Bowl. D. 17. H. (ex.) 2.9. TaffyWare. Pink (5YR 4068. 7/4)fabricwithoccasionallargeinclusionsoflimeand grog. Rim. Flaring convex wall to upturnedverticalrim with roundedlip. Undecorated.# 11, 15. fig. 7.4. Stamnos. D. (inside of rim) 4. H. (ex.) 5.1. W. 4069. (handle) 6. Th. (handle) 1.2. TaffyWare. Fabric reddishyellow(5YR 6/6) on surfaceto verypale brown (10YR 6/ thickened 6) at core.Rim and handle.Verticalneckto slightly attachesto rim plain rimwithsquaredlip. Flat strap-handle inside.Two vertical justbelow lip. Pronouncedwheel-ridges incisedwavy lines on upper surfaceof handle. Traces of a mattbrownwash outside.#13. fig. 7.3. Stamnos.D. 9. H. (ex.) 7.7. TaffyWare.Base. Flat 4070. base withflaringwall.Joinswith4036, q. v. # 13. fig. 7.3. 4071. Storagejar. D. 28. H. (ex.) 10.1. Coarse reddishyellowfabric,witha fewgritty, greyinclusions.Rim. Sloping shoulderto verticalrimwithflattenedlip. # 77. fig. 7.9. Lid or stand(?).D. (rim)7.5, (base) 9. H. 1.9. Soft4072. firedred fabric.Profilefrombase to lip. Flaringring-base with two mouldings.Everted rim with rounded lip. See 4042. # 79. Not illustrated. 4073. Amphora.D. (rim,max.) 7.5. H. 38.7. W. (handle) fabric,withgritty 4.4. Th. (handle) 1.3. Hard, medium-fine whiteand sparklinginclusions.Fabricreddish-yellow (5YR 7/6) at core,lightred (2.5YR 6/6) on insideand pink(5YR

8/4) withgreypatcheson outside.Completeprofile.Pointed toe, ovoid body, shoulderslopingto very shortneck with evertedrim. Flat strap-handlesattachat shoulderand lip. Wheel-ridges inside, pronounced wheel-ridges outside except on shoulderand at bottom.Amphorae of thistype have been foundbuilt into the churchof Afendikoin the Brontochion monastery at Mistra. Constructionof the churchbegan in 1310 (Orlandos 1935, 204 pl. 6; Sotiriou 1956, 33). Examples have also been recovered fromoff the Yugoslav coast (Brusic 1976, pls. v.3 and XI.3). Early 14thcentury.#9, 11, 14, 15. 77-902. fig. 7.10. 4074. Amphora. H. (ex.) 7.7. W. 2.3. Th. 1. Yellowishred (5YR 6/6) fabricwith a number of small sparkling inclusions.Handle. Flattenedoval strap-handle.Similarto 4073. # 9. Not illustrated. 4075. Amphora. Fabric 2. Body-sherd. Pronounced wash. outside,withdecorationofbuff-coloured wheel-ridges As 4017. # 11. Not illustrated. 4076. Amphora.D. 8. H. (ex.) 11.7. Fabric 2. Lightgrey fabric,withfewlarge inclusions (2.5Y 7/2) fine,hard-fired and voids. Rim and shoulder.Surfaceself-slippedto white colour (2. 5Y 8/2). Heavy wheel-ridgingoutside. Oval mouth.Rim evertedand thickened.Traces of red (2.5YR 5/8) motiveon shoulder.As 4017. # 15, 16. Not illustrated. Casserole. D. (rim,est.) 34, (base, est.) 27. H. 6.1. 4077. Reddish-yellowfabricwithsparklingand whiteinclusions, burntand blackenedon surfaces.Cooking ware. Complete profile.Flat bottom,flaringconcave wall to plain rimwith rounded lip. Similar shape to 4019 and 4020. # 11, 18. 77-903. FIG.7.7.

(iv) Areas Beta 6, Lambda / Beta 12 and Lambda 2, 1960-74 Only a small amountofmaterialwas recoveredfromtheseAreas.78The singlecataloguedsherdfrom Lambda 1, well s of StructureLambda VII, was foundin topsoil.Lambda 2 uncoveredthe sw angle of the yard wall associated withthe structure. To the Ν of the wall, withinthe yard,stonesfromits collapse were foundabove the yard surface. Basketsof TrenchesLambda 1 and Lambda 2 were removed as follows:topsoil: baskets 1, 20; tumblefromthe yardwall: basket33; earthbelow tumble,perhapsyard surface:basket46. (a) TOPSOIL, AREA LAMBDA 1, I973 Gla&d wares Bowl. D. (max.) 12.5. H. (ex.) 3.3. Fine,veryhard4078. firedbrown (10YR 5/3) fabric,with some small gritty inclusions.Body-sherd.Flaringconvex wall. Greyishslip inside,incisedwiththreeconcentricparallel lines defining the tondo. Tondo with cross-hatchedlozenge decoration.

scar. Agrees in Olive glaze inside (5Y 5/3). Firing-tripod most points with MacKay's descriptionof Olive-Brown Ware (MacKay 1967, 256). Late 13thor early14thcentury. # 1. fig. 7.1.

(b) TUMBLE AND ABOVE SURFACE, AREA LAMBDA 2, 1974

Glazßd wares

Bowl. H. (ex.) 2.2. TaffyWare. Soft,pink (7.5YR 4079. (5YR 6/ 7/4) fabric.Body-sherd.Mattlightreddish-brown 4) slipinsideand partway down outside.Two lightlyincised parallel lines inside, with covering of yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) glaze. # 33. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. (max. ex.) 17. H. (ex.) 3.6. Veryhard, 4080. (c) TOPSOIL,

fine,reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) fabric. Body-sherd.Pale yellow(2.5Y 8/4) slipinside,and dabs ofslip outside.Single incised line inside. Interior covered with thick, highly scar. lustrousyellow (close to 2.5Y 7/8) glaze. Firing-tripod Glossy Ware variant?# 33, 46. fig. 7.1.

AREA LAMBDA i/BETA 12 BAULK, 1974

Plain wares Stamnos.Fabric 2. Rim of same pot as 4051, q. v. 4081. # 20. fig. 7.9. 78See Chapter3 §§4-5 above.


409

(d) TRENCH BETA 6, i960

Plain wares [4081a. Stamnos. D. (base) 17.5. H. (ex.) 4. TaffyWare. Greyishpink fabric.Base only.Flat base withpronounced wheel-ridges.#10. 60-017. Not illustrated.] [4081b. Cookingjug orjar. D. (rim)c. 20. Greyfabricwith manyfine,mediumand large grits,especiallylarge pieces of whitegrit;smoothedinside and out. Wide mouthwith

slightlyeverted lip; incurvingupper profilewith broad verticalstraphandle fromrim to shoulderand thinwalls; flattenedbase. Area Beta 1/12,Room 4 (cleaningin 1973, probably eroded fromtrenchBeta 6). 73-902(?). Possibly LH. Not illustrated.]

(v) Area Nu / Gamma i, 1974 LambdaVII. In 1973 baskets1 The wholeofArea Nu/Gamma1 was withintheyardofStructure and 14 were used to removethe Medievallevels. In 1974 theselevels were betterunderstood and weremorecarefully differentiated. The Ν partof thetrench,excavatedin 1974, borderedon features associatedwiththehouse,including Gamma1,excavatedin 1959,whichcontainedexternal a pitand a drain.79 Basketswereremovedas follows:topsoilabove tumble:1974 #1,2 and 7; debrisfromthehouse and yardwall,stones,mudbrick and tiles:1974 # 3, 22 and 26; pitin yard:1974 #30; make-upof rim under tumble: 1974 #4, 6, 28, 29 and 31. [2302a,a micaceousbasinwithpie-crust yard-surface fromGamma1, 1959,#4, mayalso be Medieval.] (a) SURFACE MAKE-UP

Ghzed wares Bowl. D. 20. H. (ex.) 2.4. Fine,medium-hard, 4082. very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall curving up to inwardlythickenedrimwithflatlip. Mattred (10YR 5/6) slip insideand outsideto below lip. Broad,verydusky

red (10YR 2/2) wavyline designon top oflip only.Patches of very thintin(?)glaze. Similarto 4026 and 4046. #31. fig. 7.1.

Plain wares Ware.SoftStamnos.D. (base) 8. H. (ex.) 7.8. Taffy 4083. fired,reddish-yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric.Base. Flatbase rising verticallyto flaringwall. Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Thin mattverypale brown (10YR 7/3) wash outside.# 4. fig. 7.4. Stamnos.D. 8.5. H. (ex.) 4.1. TaffyWare.Pinkish4084. grey(5YR 7/2) fabric.Base. Flat base risingto flaringbody. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Traces of burning on outside.Thin mattgrey(5YR 6/1) wash outside.# 6. Not illustrated. Stamnos.Fabric 2. Two body-sherdsof same pot 4085. as 4051, q. v. # 29. Not illustrated.

Bowl. D. 17. H. (ex.) 2.8. Fabric 2. Fine, hard, 4086. verypale brown(10YR 7/3)fabricappearingas pink(7.5YR 7/4) on surface.Rim. Flaringconvex wall risingto plain rimwithflatlip. Broad groove outside below lip. Vertical, parallel, slip-paintedweak red (10YR 5/4) lines inside. # 28. FIG.7.5. 4087. Amphora. H. (ex.) 5.3. Th. (max.) 0.7. Fabric 2. Hard-firedlight reddish-brownfabric (5YR 6/4). Bodysherd. Wheel-ridginginside; pronounced wheel-ridging outside,covered with lightgrey (10YR 7/2) to weak red (10YR 5/4) slip. As 4017. # 4. Not illustrated.

(b) PIT

Gla&d wares

Bowl. D. (est.)20. H. (ex.) 5.2. Fine,medium-hard4088. fired,pink(7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim. Flaringbody,upturned rim,withroundedlip. Whiteslipinsideand outsideto below lip. Black linear design inside on rim and in tondo,

highlightedwithblobs ofgreenglaze. No coveringglaze or tin glaze? From same pot as 4048, 4050 and 4059? Late Green and Brown PaintedWare; late 13thcentury.Figure has dots wheregreenglaze applied. # 30. fig. 7.2.

Plain wares Bowl. D. (rim) 15, (base) 9. H. (rim) 4.9, (base) 4089. 2.1. Fine, hard reddish-yellow(5YR 7/6) fabric.Rim and base, non-joining.Flat bottom,flaringconvex wall tapering to roundedlip. Surfaceself-slippedto lightred (2.5YR 6/6) colour.# 30. fig. 7.5. Bowl.D. 17. H. (ex.) 2.2. Fabric2. Pink(7.5YR 7/4) 4090. 79 See

fabric.Bowl. Flaringwall to plain rimwithrounded,slightly out-turned linear (2.5YR 5/4)abstract lip.Mattreddish-brown designoutsideand on top oflip. # 30. fig. 7.5. Stamnos.D. 9. H. (ex.) 5.2. W. (handle) 2.6. Th. 4091. 1.3. Fabric 2. Fine reddish-yellow(7.5YR 8/6) fabricwith some largevoids and grog.Rim and handle.Steeplysloping

Chapter 3 §4 above.

41O

G. D. R. SANDERS

shoulderto verticalneck risingto inwardlythickenedrim withroundedlip. Oval handle attachesto neck. Four matt (2.5YR 5/4) parallel stripeson slip-paintedreddish-brown surface of handle. Two parallellines on eitherside of upper handle. # 30. fig. 7.5. 4092. Amphora. D. (max. est.) 17.5. H. (ex.) 19.3. W.

(handle frag.,est.) 6.6. Fabric 2. Fine hard reddish-yellow (7.5YR 8/6) fabric.Body and two handles. Ovoidal body, verticalstrap-handlesattach at shoulder.Exteriorsurface smooth but pittedfromwear. Traces of a brown to dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) linear decoration outside. Similar to 4017. # 26, 30. Not illustrated.

(c) TUMBLE

Gla&d wares Pitcher.D. (base) 11.7. H. (ex.) 12.2. Hard, fine 4093. red ( 1oR 5/6) fabric,withsome voids and occasional small inclusions.Base and body.Slightly yellowlimeand sparkling raised pedestal-footand rounded body. Smooth outside,

pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Thin pale yellowish-red (close to 5YR 5/8) glaze applied directlyto fabricoutside and on undersideof foot.Base similarto 4053. # 4, 26. 74-606. fig. 7.2.

Plain wares c. 4(?). H. (ex.) Stamnos.D. (rim)indeterminate, 4094. 12.4. W. 3.2. Th. 1.2. TaffyWare. Reddish-yellow(5YR 7/ 6) fabric.Rim and handle. Verticalneck to rounded lip. Vertical,flattenedoval strap-handlewithlow raised ridge on uppersurfaceattachesto neckbelow lip. Thin,mattlight brown(7.5YR 6/4) wash. Verticalroundedlip. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. #26. Not illustrated. Stamnos. H. (ex.) 10.9. TaffyWare. Reddish4095. yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric.Handle and body-sherd.Vertical (7.5YR 6/2) wash strap-handlestump.Matt pinkish-grey outside.Traces of burninginside. Similar to 4036. # 26. Not illustrated. Stamnos.. H. (ex.) 4.8. TaffyWare. Body-sherd. 4096. Verticalneck with raised ridge with grooved wavy line outside.Wheel-ridgesinside. Shape similarto 4036. # 26.

Not illustrated. Stamnos.Fabric2. Pink(7.5YR 7/4)fabric.Incised 4097. zigzag line withlinear matt-painteddecoration.Same pot as 4051 (fig. 7.5), 4081 (fig. 7.9), 4085 and 4101? # 26. Not illustrated. 4098. Stewpot.D. (est.) 18. H. (ex.) 5.9. Coarse fabric, withlarge voids and some large lime inclusions.Burntto reddish-greycolour (2.5YR 6/8). Rim. Rounded body, shoulder sloping to slightlyeverted,thickenedrim with rounded lip. #22. Fig. 7.8. 4099. Stewpot.D. (est.) 22. H. (ex.) 2.9. Coarse fabric withmediumto largeinclusions.Surfacelightbrown(7.5YR 6/4), burnt to grey-browninside. Rim. Rounded body, slightlyin-turnedrimwiththickened,rounded lip. Similar to 4098. #22. Not illustrated.

(d) TOPSOIL

Gla&d wares Bowl. D. (est.) 19. H. (ex.) 1.9. Th. 0.4. Medium4100. hard-fired, reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) fabric.Rim. Straight wall to down-foldedrim.Verticalline of whiteslip flaring startsat thebottomof the outsideof the rimand continues

over the lip diagonallydown into the vessel. Thick green glaze inside and outside to the bottom of the rim. SlipPaintedWare. 14th century.Nu/Gamma 1 baulk 1974, # 2. Not illustrated.

Plain wares Stamnos.Fabric 2. Body-sherdjoining4051, q. v. 4101. Nu 2 1974, # 26. fig. 7.5.

[(vi) Trench Alpha 3, 1959 [A piecefoundin thistrenchcamefromone oftwoprobablepitsofthisperiod;itwas foundjustΕ of theend ofwallah, whichwas cutby theMedievaldisturbance. Plain wares [4102. Lid or lamp. D. (mouth,est.) 9, (base) 4. H. 3.1. Coarse pink clay withgrits.Complete. Handmade. Shape ofshallowcup withknob projectionat centreofbase inside. on inside;rough Blackmattpaint.Stripespaintedirregularly

band on outsideof rim.Alpha 3, 1959, Level IV. Context Pit 1, withlate (?Classical)' sherds,i.e. Medieval. 59-006. Not illustrated.] 4103-5000. Numbersnot used.

Chapter8 The EarlyHelladic smallfinds E. C. Banks,E. B. French andR.Janko in 2003,includesall theEH smallfindsfromtheexcavations note:thischapter, finalised of [Editor's with the from those of The latter to 1959-63. 1973-77,together figurines thought group,originally be Mycenaean,was to have been thetopicofan articleby W. D. Taylourand Ε. Β. French,as was Ε. Β. French'spresentpublication whentheexcavations of 1959-63 werepublished.1 fulfils promised thatpromise.The entirecorpusofEH smallfindsis in factmuchlarger,and less heavilyweighted than appears here. This is because the later excavationscleared only very towardsfigurines, limitedareasoftheEH settlement, whereasconsiderable partsofitweredugin 1959-63,whenthe the editorhas heavilyerodedAreas Alpha and Delta on the hill-topwere cleared.Accordingly, ofthe added references to thefindsfromtheearlierseasons,to conveya moreaccurateimpression rangeofobjectsthatwerein use at AyiosStephanosduringthisperiod.No EH metalobjectswere foundin the laterexcavations,but amongthe findsof 1959-63 the bronzetweezersHS 2032 fromAlphaburial10 arefroma contextthatwas probablyEH II Early,sinceithad bothBurnished and YellowMottledsherds.] 1. TERRACOTTA WHORLS AND BASKET IMPRESSION IN CLAY (5001-5003,fig.8.1) E. C. Banks smallobjects ofEH II, weretheprimary ofa formcharacteristic Twoterracotta convexconicalwhorls, oftheEH settlement. Alsoincludedhereisthebaseofa potwithanimpression from thelaterexcavations on itofthereedmatortextileon whichthevesselwasplacedfordrying. 5001. Whorl. H. 2.9. D. (proximal,max.) 5.0, (distal)c. c. 1.0. Zeta 1973, # 57. Surfacecontextwith 2.7, perforation Medieval,LH and MH II- III. 73-020. plate 44, fig. 8.1. 5002. Whorl. Intact, with slight chipping around top edge. H. 3.3. D. (proximal, max.) 5.07, (distal) 4.8, perforation(proximal, max.) 1.12. Wt. 73 g. Convex conical,somewhatflattenedat distalend; large perforation

of irregularly-depressed circularcontourat slightdiagonal withverticalaxis. Coarse clay loaded withgrits,mostlyto 1 mm, some to 2 mm, heavily micaceous. Burntto 7.5R withsurfacessmoothed N3/ (verydarkgrey).Well-finished but grittyto the touch; never polished. Beta 1974, #16 (over Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I- II. 74020. PLATE44, FIG. 8. 1.

fromtheirshapeas EH II: largeconvex The whorlsareexamplesofa typeimmediately recognisable at thedistalend,wherethereis sidesand varyingdegreesof truncation conicalwithwell-rounded withsurfaces wellfinished, smoothed a depression aroundtheperforation. Theyarenormally frequently In contrast to Neolithic and EH III whorls, theseappearto conform butneverpolishedorburnished. standard. oftheLernaIII whorlsare ofthisclass.3Two to a widelydisseminated Byfarthemajority as a characteristic variations ofthetypeareillustrated fromAsea;4Holmberg notesthedistaldepression ofthegroup.Whentheexcavationsat Akovitika are fullypublished,one wouldexpectto findthe there. typewellrepresented terracotta whorls(6033, 6035 and 6036 below),of convexconicalshape,maybe [Threefurther EH cast-ups in lateMH levels.Anotherconvexconicalwhorldatedto EH was foundin TrialTrench VA,namelyHS 293B;5thishas orangefabricand tracesofblackpaint.The convexconicaldiscoid whorlpublishedbelowas 7040 maybe EH, sincea parallelconsidered probablyEH (HS 224)6came fromDelta burial1; itscontextcontainedEH and MH sherdsand theceltHS 223 of darkgreen

1 Taylour 1072, 208. 2 Taylour 1972, 211; AD 16 (i960) Bi pl. 83a. 3 Banks 1967, 487-92, pl. 16.1230, 1238, 1250.

4 Holmberg 1044, 118-10, fig. 1 13.6 and esp. 7. 5 Taylour 1972, 249. 6 Taylour 1972, 221. 411

4ΐ2

Ε. C. BANKS, Ε. Β. FRENCH AND R. JANKO

Fig. 8.1. EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls5001-5002; base withtextileimpression5003. Scale 1:2.

stone,whichis probablyMH.7 The similarwhorlHS 256 came froman EH context.8Furtherwhorls thatmay be EH are HS 255, froma contextthatincludedEH II, and HS 257 froma mixed context buttonsor smallwhorlsHS 20 1,10froma contextcontainingEH II and includingEH.9 The terracotta MH material,and HS 253, n froma contextthatincludedEH II, are certainlyEH in date. Specimens HS 258-26012 all came fromcontextsthatincluded EH II sherds,while HS 25413 came froma contextthatmixed EH withMH sherds;all may be of thisdate.] 5003. Base withtextileimpression.Base onlypreserved. D. 7. Th. (max.) 1.3. H. (max.) 2. Flat base of large closed vessel. Fine buffclay withsmall grits.Impressionon base

exteriorof reed mat or textile.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 89. ContextLH MIA (make-upof Floor 6). 77-858. fig. 8.1.

AnothercommonEH II artefactis the pot base withthe impressionsof the mat or piece of fabricon whichthe pot was set to dry.It is anotherexample of the commonalityof featuresof the culture,as are the whorlsjust discussed.There are parallelsforthisfeaturein EH II vessels of plain ware,14and bases similarlyimpressedhave also been noted on vessels fromLerna.15[Threejar bases withmat impressionscomparableto 5003 were foundin the earlierexcavations,namelyHS 15 (contextEH and MH), HS 62 (contextundiagnostic)and HS 63 (contextEH II).16Beforethe potter'swheel was A more unusualterracotta introduced,matswereused not onlyfordryingbut as turntables.17 objectis the possible fire-dogterminalor leg of a zoomorphicstand HS 252. 18Its contextwas EH II. The conical terracottaseal HS 278 may also be EH.19] 2. TERRACOTTA

FIGURINES

(5004-5024, Ε. Β. French

fig. 8.2)

The EH figurines fromAyios Stephanosare the mostintriguing group of figurinesto come fromthe site.Three typesnot previouslyrecordedfromthatperiod (thePhi body, the polos hat and the bird) appear here in what seem to be good EH or EH/ΜΗ contexts.All would by shape be happy in a Mycenaean context,but the fabricis distinctiveand the contextsare sure. Birds of similartype are otherwiseknownonlyin LH III contexts,including7116 fromAyiosStephanos,an elaborateexample of LH IIIAi fromMycenae, and close parallels of LH IHB fromTirynsand LH IIIC fromthe [A possible EH bird's head has now been foundat Kouphovouno.21 Amyklaion.20

7 See Chapter q §5 below. 8 Taylour 1072, 242, pl. 42C.3. 9 Taylour 1072, 242. 10Tavlour 1072, 211, ol. 4.2a, left. 11Tavlour 1072, 242. 12 Taylour 1072, 243. 13Taylour 1072, 242, pl. 42a, rieht. 14 Holmberg 1944, 81, fig.82J-k.

15 Wienrke -

2000. _ - - -

7

κτο.

κ8ο.

*

rot.

16See Taylour 1072, 21s fig·4-3, pi· 41b. 17Zachos 1987, 210. 18 Taylour 1972, 242, pl. 51J,bottom. 19See CMSV Suppl. ιΒ no. 342, withPini 1993, 335. 20French 1071, 160. 21Renard 1989, 158 (no. 478 = Κ 2485), pl. 46:2. kJ β ZJ7

%J

%J ïJ #

THE EARLY HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §2

413

Fig.8.2. EarlyHelladicsmallfinds.Terracotta: femalefigurines 5004, 5008-5009; animals5010, 5014-5020; incised handle5021; birdfigurines 5022-5023.Scale 1:2.

(i) Female Figurines (5004-5009, 5004. Upperbodyonly.H. (ex.)3.4. W. (body)4.8. Red ; no paint.Phishape claywithgreycore(coarsewarefabric) withhighplasticbreasts.EH? Alpha 10, 1963, #17. Contextfill(?)fromEH burial area, includingEH II, withsomeMH butno Mycenaean.63-510.plate 44 (two views),fig.8.2. 5005. Torsoonly.H. (ex.)2.2.W. (ex.)3.1. D. (stem)1.5. Red clay;no paint.Lowerbody and waistof phi shape withlarge blob on rightside, breast(?);rough.Date uncertain. Alpha 11, 1963,#15. ContextEH, including EH II Late,withearlyMH; possibly andassociated primary withAlphaburial1. 63-635.Not drawn;shownin plate 44 (twoviews). 5006. Torsoonly.H. (ex.) 3.6. W. (body)2.9. Pinkishbuffclay;no paint.Flaringstemwithshortpointedarms; marks front andback;piercedfrom enigmatic toptobottom. nota figurine. Date uncertain. Gamma1, 1959, # Possibly

fig. 8.2)

4. ContextLH ILA to LH III withsomeEH II. 59-546. Notdrawn;shownin plate 44. 5007. Head and shoulder,possiblyof female.H. (ex.) 4.6. W. (ex.)3.2. Buffclay,burnt;no paint.Bareheadwith leftarm,right longneck,shortoutstretched pinchedfeatures, a birdbytheexcavator. Considered missing. Alpha7, i960, #2. EH II secondary withsomeMH andLH III. context, Not in plate shown drawn; 60-506. 44. 5008. Head. H. 2.6. D. 1.6. Coarsered clay;no paint. VaguelylikefatversionofMycenaeanmanin shortconical hat. Alpha 8 Ext. i960, # 30. Surfacelevel; EH II withnothing laterrecognisable. context, 60-533. secondary PLATE 44, FIG. 8.2.

5009. Polosonly.H. (ex.) 1.6.D. 1.9.Pinkclay;no paint. Polosonly,small.Alpha 10, i960, #12. EH II secondary context, perhapswithEH II Lateand someMH material. 60-564.FIG.8.2.

414

Ε· C. BANKS, Ε. Β. FRENCH AND R. JANKO

(ii) Animal Figurines (koio-ko2i) 5010. Completeexceptforheadandtail.H. (ex.)2.6.L. (ex.) 5.1. W. (body) 2. Pinkclay; no paint.Shortvery pointedlegs;thickroughbody.Alpha8/1Baulki960, # 23. Contextmixed, includingEH II, MH, LH and Medieval.60-534.plate 44, fig.8.2. 5011. Forequarters only.H. (ex.)4.5. L. (ex.)7.7. W. 2.5. Buff modelledfigurine clay;no paint.Largeandelaborately withappliedstrip(yoke(?)or rider'sleg) at backofneck. LH including EH(?). Beta4, i960, #6. Contextapparently LH IIIB. 60-594.Notdrawn;shownin plate 44. 5012. Forequarters only.H. (ex.) 3.5. L. (ex.) 3.2. W. (body)1.7.Grey-buff clay;no paint.Smallwithshortlegs, hornsor ears,muzzle;something perhapsonceappliedon backofhead.TrialTrench VII, 1963,trench A, # 1. Surface contextwithEH, MH, LH and Medieval.63-595. Not drawn;shownin plate 44. 5013. Hindquarters only.L. (ex.)4.1. D. (body)1.8.Buff clay;no paint.Cylinderwithsplayinglegs,now broken; of pinchedon rumpintocrest;unusualmarkon underside mainsurface. EH(?). Beta 2, 1959,# 2. Contextincluded LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval.59-532.Notdrawn;shown in plate44. 5014. Hindquarters only.L. (ex.) 4. L. (body)1.7. Buff no paint. surface; grey;well-smoothed/burnished clay,burnt legs. Roughly-made cylindrical body,archedtail,splaying EH(?). Alpha11, 1963,#34. ContextMH, probablyMH EH II Late,and possibly III, withsomeEH II including someMycenaean.63-626.plate 44, fig.8.2. red 5015. Head only.H. (ex.) 1.6.W.(atears)1.7.Gritty clay;no paint.Smallwithpointednoseand ears.Probably

EH. Alpha 7, 1963, # 24. Contextmixed(backfill from i960). 63-509. PLATE44, FIG.8.2.

5016. Head only.H. (ex.)2.8.D. (ofhead)2. Cylindrical neck,pinchednose and ears.Alpha8, i960, # 2. Surface withEH II, MH, LH and Medieval.60-513.plate context 44, fig.8.2. 5017. Head, fragment only.L. (ex.) 2.6. Pinkclay;no paint.Halfofanimalhead withearsnothorns.Alpha 10, EH II Late),perhaps i960, #12. ContextEH (including withsomeMH material. 60-565.fig.8.2. 5018. Hornonly.L. 3.3.D. 1.6.Coarseredclay;nopaint. Long thickcurvingcone. EH(?). Alpha 10, i960, # 6. ContextmostlyEH II, butwithsomeMH material.6044, FIG.8.2. 549. PLATE 5019. Leg(?)only.H. (ex.) 2.4. D. 1.3. Coarseredclay; at end,lookinglike no paint.Conicalwithtwoprojections a fishtail.Alpha 10, i960, # 8. ContextEH II, probably pureEH II Late.60-558.plate 44, fig.8.2. 5020. Leg(?) only.H. 2.4. D. 1.1. Coarsered clay;no paint. Similarto 5019 but slimmer.Alpha 10, i960, # 8. ContextEH II, probablypureEH II Late. 60-560. FIG.8.2.

identified as animalprotome [5021. Handle,originally head. Brokenat bothends.H. (ext.)2.6. L. (ext.)2.7. W. (ext.)2.8.D. (body,est.)1.7,(neck,est.)1.7.Greyish, gritty fabric;wornbrownish-red slip,blackin patches(burnt?). Incisedlinesin V-pattern on front;tracesof twoincised linesaroundjoin. Alpha 10, 1963,#19. ContextEH II withMH (probably MH I). 63-617.plate44, fig.8.2.]

(iii) Bird Figurines (5022-5024; 5022. Bird,head and tailbroken.H. (ex.) 3.2. L. (ex.) 4.3. Pink clay withbuffslip; brownpaint.Stand with flattened body,shapedwingsand tail(nowbroken);head bandon back,edgelinesto missing. Ringon stem,central wings.EH(?). Alpha9, i960, # 2. ContextMH, perhaps MH III, withEH II. 60-538.plate 44, fig.8.2. including H. (ex.)4.2. L. (ex.)3.6. battered. 5023. Bird,extremities Softpinkclay;tracesofredpaint.As 5022 butfatter. EH(?).

cf. 7116 below)

Alpha7, i960, #4. ContextearlyMH withmuchEH II. 60-508. PLATE44, FIG.8.2.

5024. Birdhead(?).H. (ex.) 2.8. W. (head) 1. Buffclay; no paintpreserved. Long neckwithbeak at right-angles; appliedbulbouseyes.EH(?). Delta15,1963,#110.Surface contextwithLH IIIC Early,MH, one EH II and one Medievalsherd.63-638.Notdrawn;shownin plate 44.

3. GROUND STONE (5025, fig. 8.3) E. C. Banks disc.Intact.D. 2.5-2.6,perforation 0.45025. Phyllite disc 0.5. Th. 0.3-0.4. Greyphyllite. Fairlyregularcircular in centreroughly withevenlygroundedge; perforation

drilledfrombothfaces.Eta 1973,#65. Context circular, EH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-531.plate44, fig. 8.3.

sealed by wall dh, is otherwiseindistinguishable [Thisitem,foundin an almostpureEH II Earlystratum fromthephyllitediscs foundin theMH strataat the site(see below, 6115-6121). It was studiedby H. Blitzer,who has kindlyallowed us to benefitfromher notes.Groundstoneobjectsofthisperiod from theearlierexcavationsincludetwopestlesmade ofblack and whitemarble,namelyHS 262, probably froma pure EH II context,and HS 263 froma layerthatmixed EH II withMH.22The smallceltHS 264, made of blue-blackhaematite,was foundin a contextdatable to EH II Late.23The limestone pestleHS 204, whichhas been consideredEH,24came froma mixed surfacelevel. The flatcup-base HS 273, probablyof darkgreenserpentineratherthangabbro,came froma contextthatmixed EH II Late with MH, but should be MH ratherthan EH. 25Two drill cores of gabbro (6091-6092) apparentlyfromEH levels are probablyMH in date.26] 22 1972,243, 42b, right 23Taylour1972,243, pl. 51c. pl. Taylour 24 Taylour1972,212, pl. 42b, left.

25PaceTaylour1972, 243. 26See Chapter9 §5 below.

THE EARLY HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §4

415

Fig.8.3. EarlyHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:phyllite disc5025. Chippedstone(obsidian): unretouched blades5032, cortical flake 1:1. retouched blades Scale 5°35> 5o4°-5°4oaî 5041; 5042-5045.

4. CHIPPED STONE (5026-5045, fig. 8.3) R.Janko,usingtherecordsofJ. B. Rutter Thissectioncomprises all 20 chippedobsidianpiecesfoundin thepureEH levelsin AreaEta.These and carefully recordedbyJ. B. Rutterduringtheexcavation. In somecasesI pieceswereinventoried haveidentified fromtherecordsthedifferent in Appendix6, whichoffers a typesoftoolrecognised synthetic analysisof thechippedstonefromall periodsof theBronzeAge. Severalmoreobsidian blades(all giventhesingleinventory number73-032),whosequantity and typeswerenotrecorded, werefoundinAreaZeta 1973,baskets109 and 110,contexts whichwere,respectively, (i) EH II Late withsomeMH I, and (ii) EH II Late. Giventheinadequacyoftheirrecording, theseare notlisted countedforthestatistical tablesofAppendix6. No otherEH levels here,buttheywerepresumably werereachedduringthelaterexcavations. Otherchippedobsidianpiecesofthisperiodwerefound of 1959-63; theyarementioned in Taylour1972 butnotincludedhere,as the duringtheexcavations relevant Areashavenotbeen reinterpreted forthepresentstudy. Since theitemsare cataloguedaccordingto the latestchronological in their periodrepresented thequantities ofEH piecesare certainly as therearelikelyto havebeenmany contexts, understated, in laterlevels,especiallythosethatmixEH withMH I. cast-ups (i) Obsidian Blades (5026-5040) 5026. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 1.5.W. 1.2.Th. flattened (max.ex.)0.3.Bladewiththin, roughly ridgedown centre ofback.Front convex.No evidenceofretouch. slightly Eta 1973,#27. Context EH II Latewitha little MH I Early. 73-512.Notillustrated. 5027. Brokenatone end(?).L. (max.ex.) 3.05.W. (max.) 1.2.Th. (max.)0.35. Backedbladewiththinflattened ridge downcentreofback.Percussion bulbend preserved with facetedplatform. No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973,# 28. Context EH I withEH II Late.73-513.Notillustrated. 5028. Brokenat bothends.L. (max.ex.) 0.95. W. (max. ex.)0.6.Th.(max.ex.)o.1. Backedbladewithbroadflattened ofback.No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973, ridgedowncentre EH I withEH II Late.73-515.Notillustrated. #31.Context 5029. Brokenatbothends.L. 2.0. W.0.6. Th. 0.2. Thin, bladewiththinflattened parallel-sided ridgedowncentreof back.No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973,#66. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-534.Notillustrated. 5030. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 1.7.W. 1.0.Th.

0.2. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade. Irregular,tapering, concaveridgedownback,slightly offtriangular, slightly centreand projecting at preserved end in small'tang'.No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973,#66. ContextEH II Early witha littleEH II Late.73-535.Notillustrated. 5031. Brokenat one end. L. 1.15. W. 0.65, Th. 0.15. blade withpercussion bulb at one Roughlyparallel-sided concaveridgedownbackslightly off-centre. end;shallowly No evidenceof retouch.Eta 1973,# 66. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-536.Notillustrated. 5032. Brokenat one end. L. 2.15. W. 0.9. Th. 0.3. blade withpercussion bulb at one Roughlyparallel-sided at end; flattened ridgedowncentreofbackand projecting endas thin*tang'No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973, opposite #66. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-537. Fig.8.3. 5033. Brokenat distalend. L. 2.1. W. 0.75. Th. 0.25. bladewithsharpridgedowncentre Roughlyparallel-sided ofbackforabouttwo-thirds ofitslength.No evidenceof

4ΐ6

Ε. C. BANKS, Ε. Β. FRENCH AND R. JANKO

retouch.Eta 1973, # 66. ContextEH II Early witha little EH II Late. 73-538. Not illustrated. 5034. Broken at both ends. L. (max. ex.) 0.8. W. 0.85. Th. 0.25. Fragment of parallel-sided blade from near percussionbulb end. Flattenedridgeofmediumwidthdown approximatecentre.No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. ContextEH I. 73-539. Not illustrated. 5035. Broken at one end. L. 2.6. W. 1.5. Th. 0.3. Relativelybroad, roughlyparallel-sidedblade preserving smallpartofcortexon back near percussionbulb end. One end rounded withpronounced percussionbulb on front; distalend terminatesabruptlyin steep face. Back has four facets,twoofwhichby edges are steepand threeare narrow. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73"54°· FIG·8·3· 5036. Brokenat one end. L. (max. ex.) 1.4. W. 0.55. Th. 0.15. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withpercussionbulb end preservedand opposite end apparentlybroken off.Sharp No evidence ridgedown centreof back, slightlyoff-centre. of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73-541. Not illustrated. 5037. Broken at one end. L. (max. ex.) 2.05. W. 0.85. Th. 0.3. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withpercussionbulb end preserved.Narrowingflattenedridge down centreof

back to halfwayalong preserved length,then becoming sharp ridge. No evidence of retouch. Eta 1973, # 68. ContextEH I. 73-543. Not illustrated. 5038. Broken at one end. L. 1.0. W. 0.5. Th. 0.15. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade with percussionbulb at one end; narrowflattened ridgedowncentreofback.No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 69. ContextEH II Early.73-544. Not illustrated. 5039. Brokenat both ends. L. (max. ex.) 2.1. W. 0.7. Th. 0.2. Parallel-sidedblade with sharp ridge down centreof back becominga narrowflattenedtriangleabout one-third along back. No evidence of retouch. Eta 1973, # 66. ContextEH II Early.73-545. Not illustrated. 5040. Complete.L. 4. 15. W. 1.4. Th. 0.4. Relativelylarge parallel-sidedblade withprominentpercussionbulb at one end; broad, slightlyconcave ridgedown centreofback. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73546. fig. 8.3. 5040a. Broken at both ends. L. 1.7. W. 0.75. Th. 0.2. Roughly parallel-sidedblade with narrowflattenedridge down centreof back thatprojectsas 'tang' at oppositeend. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 65. Context EH II Early witha littleEH II Late. 73-533. fig. 8.3.

(ii) Obsidian Cortical Flake (5041) 5041. Complete.L. 1.2. W. 1.2. Th. 0.2. Secondaryflake, preservingpart of cortex of original pebble. Roughly triangularoutline. Plain cortical platform.Described by

P. N. Kardulias. Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73-542. plate 44, fig. 8.3.

(iii) Obsidian Blades, Retouched (5042-5044) 5042. Broken at one end. L. 1.9. W. 1.0. Th. 0.3. Triangular,with plain slightlyconcave frontand back divided into three by narrow,flattenedtriangularridge down centre, turninginto sharp ridge about 0.5 from pointedtip. Almostverticalface at buttend appears to be original.Both edges have steepretouchon back. Eta 1973, # 65. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late. 73-529. FIG.8.3. 5043. Completeexceptforchip offretouchedtip.L. 2.5. W. 0.7. Th. 0.2. Long, parallel-sidedblade withsharpridge down centre of back and squared distal end formedby

direct,flat,mediumretouch.Eta 1973, # 65. ContextEH II Early witha littleEH II Late. 73-530. fig. 8.3. 5044. Truncatedat one end. L. (max. ex.) 2.3. W. 0.8. Th. 0.25. Roughly parallel-sidedblade with sharp ridge down centreof back. Percussionbulb end fullypreserved. formedby smalldirectand inverseflaking. Distal truncation 'Nibbling' along one edge; lesser amountof retouchalong theother.Eta 1973, # 65. ContextEH II Earlywitha little EH II Late. 73-532. fig. 8.3. 5045-6000. Numbersnot used.

This lithicmaterialappears to be typicalofa siteofthisperiod.That thefindsare notmorenumerous is owed to the small extentof the EH layersuncoveredduringthe excavationsof 1973-77· The only chipped stone tool definitelyof EH date published fromthe earlier excavations seems to be HS *75,27an unusual obsidian 'chisel',probablyan end scraper;its contextincluded EH II Late. There may well be more. That thereare no findsof workedchert,whichapparentlyoccurredlocally,may not be coincidental;in laterperiods,thiswas used forsickle elementsin particular.The absence of hollow-basedprojectile-points may also be no accident28

27 Taylour 1072, 243. 28I thankP. N. Kardulias forcatchingsome serious errorsin

this section. For furthercommentaryon the whole assemblage see Appendix 6.

Chapter9 The MiddleHelladicsmallfinds, including theLinearA inscription E. C. Banks, withR.Janko note:thisChapterwas completedin 1994. GiventheoverlapbetweenMH and LH at the [Editor's MH III/LH I phase,E. C. Banks'descriptions ofa numberof site,withthepresenceofa transitional have in been included 10 Ε. Β. French's observations below, and, objects ultimately Chapter conversely, aboutseveralobjectsthatE. C. Bankswas unableto studyhave been utilisedhere.These are not and separatelyindicated.A numberof shellsof the species Glycymeris (dog cockle),Cerastoderma Acanthocardia wereprobablyusedas ornaments; (cockle),foundin Middleand LateHelladiccontexts, theseare cataloguedas 9255-9274 below.] 1. BONE (6001-6009, fig. 9.1) Withtheexceptionofthefinebonepin (6008),theboneobjectsfromMH AyiosStephanoscomprise a smallgroupoflargelyfragmentary awlsandpins.Thesearedivisibleintotwogroups:awlsdesigned forutilitarian functions and pinsthatwereat leastin partdecorative. Awlsweremadeofsplinters of or Bos bones worked into shafts to in ovicaprid leg tapering triangular elliptical section,butusually circular justat thetipofthepoint,and smallwholebonestaperedto a pointat one end.Thereis little or no polishexceptat thepointedend. Pinswerecrafted of splinters of ovicapridor Bosleg bones workedintoapproximately with a slighttaperthroughout; thistaperis shafts, cylindrical usually accelerated at thepoint,whichhas a fairly bluntedtip;theproximalend is plain sharpto somewhat or finished witha conicalor segmented head. Surfacesare usuallywellpolishedall over. 6001. Pin. Intact in finaluse; head end broken off.L. (max. ex.) 7.5. D. (max. ex.) 0.45. Shaftof approximately cylindricalsection with taper throughout,accelerated in distal 1 cm to tip,whichis bluntedfromwear to irregularly flatteneddiagonal facet.At proximal end about half the shaftis split offdiagonally for c. 1.5 cm and has been re-groundand polished forcontinueduse. Nu irregularly 1973, # 32. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf). 73-211. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6002. Pin.Proximalend onlypreserved.L. (max.ex.) 2.97. D. shaft(max. ex.) 0.55, end ofhead (proximal)0.7 x 0.72. Shaft of depressed circular section separated by broad, poorly-articulatedconcavity from asymmetricalhead of invertedstrongly truncated convexconicalformand rounded triangularplan with flatproximal surfaceand somewhat rounded angular edge. Fairlywell finishedand polished, thoughworn.Eta 1973, #17. Found 1.05 m Ε ofpot 1255. ContextMH I Late, witha littleLH I or LH IIIA2 (from Eta burial5 or 12?). 73-505. fig. 9.1. 6003. Pin or awl. Complete;mendedfromtwofragments. L. 9. D. at about midshaft(max.) 0.55. Shaftof irregularly circularsectiontaperingtowardboth ends withcancellous tissueat proximalend, where sectionis plano-convexand end surfaceis slightlyconvex withrounded angularedge; irregular pyramidalpointwithsturdysharpbluntedtip.Fairly well finishedand polished, with longitudinalfabrication striations.Shaftis as well-finished as thatof pin, but head end is irregularand more awl-like.Eta 1973, # 20. Context MH I Late, withsome EH I, EH II Late and LH IIA and one Medieval sherd.73-507. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 417

6004. Pin. Distal end broken off.L. (max. ex.) 7.75. D. shaft(medial,max.) 0.43, head 0.57 x 0.47. Slightly tapering shaft separated from which, by slight constriction at proximalend,is an invertedtruncatedconicalhead ofovoid section with flat proximal end surface tipped at strong diagonal withshaft.Fairlywell finishedand polished,with longitudinalparing marksand striations.Eta 1973, # 63. Context MH I Early with some EH II Late. 73-527. PLATE 45, FIG. 9.1.

of 6005. Pin. Three fragments:(a) twojoining fragments shaftand (b) distal fragmentwith point, (a) L. (max. ex.) 4.6. W (max. ex.) 0.32. Th. (ex.) 0.19. (b) L. (max. ex.) 2.9. W. (max. ex.) 0.28. Th. (max. ex.) 0.25. Varianttype. Small whole bone of triangularsection (ulna of uncertain animal) withfinesharp point whittledirregularlyat distal end. Well polished surface,now worn. Nu 1977, #13. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf) with a littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77-205. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6006. Awl. Mended from two fragments;tip of point batteredoff.L. (max. ex.) 7.66. W. (proximalend) 0.85. Th. (proximalend) 0.35. W. shaft(medial) 0.5 x 0.63. Sus fibulawithproximalend retainedas grip.Fromabout midlengthitis workedintoan irregularly rectangularshaftwith pointtaperedjust at the end, mostlyfromthe sides. Tip of pointbattereddown diagonallyfromone faceto other.Some grinding and polishing of surface with longitudinal fabricationstriations, but now badly worn.Nu 1977, #32. Context MH III/LH I (robber trenchof wall nu) witha littleEH II. 77-208. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6007. Pin. Head and c. one thirdof shaft(proximalend)

4ΐ8

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

Fig.9.1. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Bone:pins6001-6008. Copper:punch6010. Bronze:pin 6012a. Lead: rivet6015. Scale 1:2. L. (max.ex.) 3.4. D. (max.ex.) 0.65. Shaftof preserved. sectionwithonlyslight roughly elliptical taperinpreserved 0.5 cm fromtheproximalend is portion. Approximately an irregular groove,0.2-0.35cmwide,whichsets V-shaped offthe slightly head. Probably cylindrical asymmetrical butsurface burntdullwhiteandbadly originally polished, root-damaged.Nu 1977, #41. ContextMH I Late witha gooddeal ofEH II ofapsidalbuilding) (destruction Early.77-214.plate45, fig.9.1. 6008. Pin.Sevenfragments (a) threejoining preserved: ofproximalendwithhead,and (b) fourjoining fragments of distalend withpoint,thetwoportionsnot fragments mostofpin.Treatedwithpolyvinyl butconstituting joining, acetate,(a) L. (max.ex.) 9.63. H. head c. 3. D. head (at proximalend) 0.69-0.72.D. shaft(atbreak)0.57 x 0.59. (b) L. (max.ex.) 11.9. D. shaft(proximal)0.59, (medial) circularsectionwithtaper 0.55. Shaftof irregularly

concentratedin final 5.5 cm to finepoint of poorly articulated section;deliberatebevellingon plano-convex convexsurface, whichhas ground-over paringmarkson final1 cm to slightly bluntedsharptip.Elaboratehead elements:proximal composedof fiveclearlyarticulated discofdepressedcircular plan,oblatedisc,tall cylindrical shaft from twoirregular oblatediscsseparated central barrel, by V-shapedgroove.Groundand well polished,with striations vertical vertical grinding paringfacetsandmostly striations around fabrication on shaftandheavyhorizontal head. Nu 1977, # 52. ΜΗ I Late (floorof apse) witha littleEH II Early.77-217.plate45, fig.9.1. 6009. Awl.Tip onlypreserved.L. (max.ex.) 1.5. Th. (max. ex.) 0.1. Segmentof bone taperedto point of cylindricalsection.Surfacepolished.Nu 1977, #13· trenchofwallnf)with ContextMH III/LH I (foundation a littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77-221.Notillustrated.

awlsand crudepinsofMH AyiosStephanos. Littlecan be saidabouttheextremity-bone Theyare a finished is the well More distinctive the MH EH and sites of pin very throughout Aegean. staple head.Thisgeneraltypeofpinbeginsto appearearlyin theMH of articulated 6008,withitselegantly offinepins iftheexamplesfromLernamaybe considered themainland, typical.A richassortment to be continued in theearlypartoftheperiod.1 thebestconcentrated wasfoundthere, produced They The pinfromAyiosStephanosis one ofa groupwitha longbarrelelementas its intotheLH period.2 whichis flankedby one or a pair of smallerreel-likeelements.One of thethreecentralfeature, FromLernacamecomparable atMalthi.3 datedas EH, wasreported element erroneously pins,probably 1 Banks 1967, 378-92; Zerner 1978, 194. 2 See for exampletheMycenaeShaftGraves,Mylonas1973 passim.

3 Valmin

1938, 362, pl. XXIX, A 3.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

SMALL FINDS §2

419

MH pins 1009 and 1064.4Closestto thepin fromAyiosStephanosis theunpublished specimen a smallerversionof6008,witha pair LernaL5.48,whichdatestoLernaVI (LH I- II); itis essentially ofreelsaboveand belowthetallcentralelement. 2. METAL (6010-6015, fig. 9.1) intotheinventory ofMH smallobjectsfromthelaterexcavations Onlysixobjectsofmetalareentered at AyiosStephanos. Twowerecopperor bronzepunchesand borersoftypescommonin theBronze ofsquareor circular sectionpointedat one end.Another was a fragment of AgeAegean,simpleshafts a lead mending-clamp foundstillattachedto a sherdofa plainvesselmendedin antiquity. The last oflead. Forresiduesfrommetal-working object,a rivet,probablyfroma clamp,was also apparently see items6067-6069 below.[A pin and a wirefromtheearlyexcavations are added,sincetheseare in and so is the fine W. D. which intended torepublish here.] analysed Appendix5, pin6012a Taylour 6010. Arsenicalcopper punch. Distal end brokenoff(?); heavily corroded. L. (max. ex.) 6.9. W. (max.) 0.35. Th. (max.) 0.32. Shaft of square section, tapered from two opposing sides for about one third of its length from maximumwidthto plain proximalend, withstraightedge at diagonalwithlongitudinalaxis; slighttapertowarddistal end, which is broken off at rounded diagonal with longitudinalaxis. Contains 2% arsenic and hardlyany tin (see analysisin Appendix 5). Nu 1974, #41. ContextLH I Early witha littleEH II. 74-215. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6011. Bronze or copper borer.Intact.L. 1.85. D. (max.) 0.1. Shaftof circularsection withtaper to point in distal two thirds. Nu 1974, # 10. Context MH III/LH I trenchof wall nf). 74-244. Not drawn; shown (foundationin plate 45. [60 12. Arsenical copper pin. Two fragments;head not preserved,(a) L. (ex.) 0.53. D. 0.015. 03) L. (ex.) 0.42. D. 0.02. Roughlycircularcross-section.Contains hardlyany tin(see Appendix 5). Alpha 2, 1963, # 83 (underburial 1). ApparentlyM H context.For othersmall findsand pottery fromburial 1 see Taylour 1972, 219-20. 63-623. Not illustrated. [6012a. Bronze pin. Complete; head slightlycorroded.L. 15.2. D. head 1.7. D. shaft(max.) 0.52. Flattened,conical head with three swellingsbelow it in diminishingorder. Long pin, circularcross-section,taperingalmost to point.

MH. ContextAlpha burial 23 (MH III Late-MH III/LH I). HS 208 (Taylour1972, 217); AD 19 (1964) Bi pl. 148a. 63-585. plate 45, withbeads HS 209, earringsHS 210211 and ringHS 212 fromthe same burial,fig. 9.1. [6013. Bronze wire. Fragmentbent in two places. L. 7.3. D. 0.2. Roughlycircularsection.Containsarsenicbut little tin (see Appendix 5). Delta 7, i960, #11. ContextMH, perhapswithLH. 60-616. Not illustrated.] 6014. Lead mending clamp. One end of one side preserved in sherd. Sherd: L. 3.32. W. 3.13. Th. 0.56. Clamp: L. (ex.) 2.14. W. (ex.) 1.21. Sherd a body fragment of trapeziumshape of micaceous fabric,fairlywell loaded withred gritsrarelyover 5 mm: exterior7.5YR 8/4 (pink), interior7.5YR 7/4 (pink), core 7.5YR N7/ light grey); exteriorsurfacesmooth,interiorsmooth,but with crisscrossingwipingmarks.Lead bar 5B 4/1 (darkbluish-grey). Originallyrectangularwithshortends rounded,flatplanoconvex transversesection; conical riveton flatside near preservedend pushed into perforationin sherd c. 0.35 cm in diameter.Lambda 3, 1977, # unknown(from# 56, 59, 61, 62 or 64). ContextLH I-IIA. 77-859. Not illustrated. 6015. Lead(?) rivet(?).H. (max. ex.) 0.56. D. (top) 0.5, (bottom)1.19. Flattenedcone withtop truncated.Circular indentations (D. 0.41) at top and bottom. Fairly well preserved.Beta 1977, # 60. Context MH III/LH I with LH I-IIA. 77-022. plate 45, fig. 9.1.

Bothpunch6010 and borer6011 aretoolsoftypesfoundfromEB I onwardsin theAegeanand are wellknownthroughout theBronzeAge on Crete,in theislandsand on themainland.5 Nichoria6 and Malthi7 eachyieldedone fragmentary punchofMH date.AtLernaseveralborersand puncheswere foundinMH contexts andhavebeencatalogued as awlsandpins.8The examplesfromAyiosStephanos areabsolutely and a minor addition to a well-known andlargegroupofimplements. typical represent Likewisethelead bar-and-rivet mendingclamp6015 belongsto a classofobjectswellknownin MH bothNichoria9and Malthi10 contexts; producedexamplesin MH or mixedMiddle/LateHelladic contexts. To thenorth-east, at Asea,one fragmentary MH clampwas found,11 and therewereseveral fromMH Lerna.12 It is perhapsworthnotingthatno parallelsforthesemetalobjectshave been or preserved, were publishedfromnearbyKythera.[Pinssimilarto 6012a, butnotso wellfinished foundatThermi,13 inMessenia.16] Eutresis,14 Sesklo,15 and,thebestexample,ina tombatKephalovryson

4 Caskey 1956, 160, pl. 47a = 1009; Banks 1967, 388-9 and397. 5 Branieran 1074. 26-7. 6 McDonaldand Wilkie1002,610. 6i*7.no. 1707. ol. 10-2. 7 Valminiq*8. 570. ol. XXX.21. 8 Banks1067,32-^7. 9 McDonaldandWilkie1002,6κο,nos.104^-7,iQ4Q.fier. 10-κ. 10Valmin 1938,373, pl. XXX.21 middle.

11 Holmberg 1044, i«i, fie. 122.3. 12Banks 1067, 81-3.

13Lamb 1936, pl. 25.32.3 and 167 fig.48b - froma mixed deposit. 14Goldman inai. 218 f'e. 280.1.

15Tsountasiqo8, pl. r.2. 16AD 21 (1966) Bi pl. ι68β.


42O

3. TERRACOTTA, REUSED

POTTERY AND CLAY

(i) Whorls (6016-6036, fig. 9.2) MH datepresentno The fewspindlewhorlsfromAyiosStephanosofreasonably welldocumented unusualfeatures whentheyare comparedwiththosefromsimilarcontexts at othersites.The whorls wereproducedin simplegeometric coarsefabrics, formsand wereexecutedin mostlydark-faced burnished and unburnished, likethoseoftheordinary cookingpotsfromthesite.Occasionalbitsof The whorls observedamongthenon-plastic inclusions lapislacedaemonius suggestlocal manufacture. withtheverticalperforation wellformed, are usuallyfairly placed and thesurfaceseven, centrally regularand undecorated. The whorlsin thecataloguebeloware dividedintotypeby shape.FollowingCarington Smith,17 ofat least2 as whorlshavea weightof 10 gramsand aboveand/ora diameter thoseobjectsclassified ofvery fortheproduction thatevena whorlof5 gramsis serviceable cm.It has been demonstrated or 'clothing called'buttons' and itis evidentthatmanysmallobjectsfrequently finethread,18 weights' are probablywhorls.Mostofthewhorlsfromthesiteweighbetween30 and 60 grams.Twoweigh has observedthat Smith19 butsinceCarington morethan100 gramsand perhapsservedas weights, on thespindle,theyare listedhere. whorlsas heavyas 160 gramsmaybe usedeffectively (a) TYPE l: CYLINDRICAL

endsandwell-rounded convexsides,slightly toslightly Whorlwithstraight articulations; angular bulging diameterc 1.0,weightc. 46 grams. ratioofheightto maximum 6016. Intact,but crackedand worn.H. 3.6. D. (max.) 0.55-0.6.Wt.46 g. Micaceousclayloaded 3.2,(perforation) withmostlydarkgrits,some 1-2 mmand an occasional 7.5YR 6/4(lightbrown) pebbleto 5 mm.Fairlyuniformly Surface to 7.5YR 6/2(pinkish-grey). withsurface mottling

somewhatuneven;aroundsmallerend of perforation, collarof clay.Beta 1977, # 89. integrated incompletely Floor1 orBetaburial28) withsome ContextLH IIA (from MH III and a littleEH II. 77-037.fig.9.2.

(b) TYPE 2: TALL TRUNCATED CONICAL

to shallowlyconvex,flatproximalend, slightly Whorlwithsidesstraight bulgingdistalend,wellratioof heightto maximumdiameterc. 0.95-1.0. Two variants:(a) average, roundedarticulations; withweightc. 75 grams;(b) small,withweightof 17 grams. 6017. Abouttwo fifths preserved,mendedfromfour and worn.H. (max.ex.) 3.8. D. fragments; badlybattered c. 0.7. Wt. (ex.) 33 g. Type2a. (max.est.)4, (perforation) Micaceousclayloadedwithmostlydarkgrits,manyto 1 to darkened mm.Biscuitc.2.5YR 5/8(red),surface mostly wellsmoothed, 2.5YR N3/(verydarkgrey).Surfacefairly Nu 1974,#7. Context withno traceofpolishor burnish. LH I Early.74-202.Notdrawn;shownin plate 46. 6018. Intact.H. 4. D. (max.)4.4, (perforation) 0.8-0.9. Wt. (ex.) 69 g. Type2a. Micaceousclaywithred,white and schistose inclusions, many2-4 mm.Biscuitc. 2.5YR mottled surface 6/8(light red),core5Y 6/1(grey/light grey), with10R 5/6 (red)and 2.5YR N5/ (grey).Wellfinished

strokes onwornsides. withfaint tracesofvertical burnishing Beta 1974,# 24. ProbablyMH. ContextLH IIIC Early (floordeposit)withsomeMH. 74-029.Notdrawn;shown in plate 46. 6019. Numbernotused. 6020. Intact,thoughworn.H. 2.68.D. (proximal, max.) 0.5. Wt. 17 g. Type 2b. 2.75, (distal)1.5, (perforation) a fewto 1 mm,visible darkgrits, Micaceousclaywithmostly Surfacec. 10YR 7/3(verypalebrown)with on thesurface. to 10YR 4/1 (darkgrey).Fairlywell considerable mottling Nu 1973,#23. of trace no but finished, polishorburnish. ContextMH III Earlywitha littleEH. 73-201.fig.9.2.

(c) TYPE 3: STRONGLY TRUNCATED CONICAL

Two Whorlwithstraight sides,flatproximaland distalsurfacesand roundedangulararticulations. and a c. of diameter maximum variants: 0.9, sides,a ratioofheightto (a) tallwithshallowly tapering maximum to of a ratio height taperingsides, weightof c. 100-150 grams;(b) squatwithstrongly ofc.0.7, and a weightofc. 50 grams. diameter 1.1.Wt.(ex.)49 g,(est.original)150g. Type3a. Micaceous to fullheight.H. 4.6. 6021. Aboutone thirdpreserved redgrits, max. D. (proximal, many2-4 mm.Biscuit2.5YR est.)5, (distal,est.)2.75, (perforation) claywithchunky 17 CaringtonSmith 1975, 80-1. 18Andersson and Nosch 2003.

19

CaringtonSmith 1975, 81.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

SMALL FINDS §3

421

Fig. 9.2. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls.Type 1, cylindrical6016; Type 2, talltruncatedconical 6020; truncatedconical 6023; Type 4, low truncatedconical 6025; Type 5, spherical6027; Type 6, convex Type 3, strongly biconical 6028; Type 7, convex biconicalwithmedial ridge 6031; Type 8, stronglydepressedspherical60321;Type 9, low convex conical 6033; Type 10, cylindricaldisc withbulgingends 6034; Type 11, convex conical disc 6035; Type 12, low concave conical 6036. Scale 1:2.

withsurfacemottled2.5YR 6/6 (light 4/4 (reddish-brown) red) and 7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown) withproximalend to c. 7.5YR N5/ (grey).Well finishedwithno trace of polish or burnish. Nu 1974, # 16. Context pure MH III/LH I of nf). 74-211. Not illustrated. (foundation-trench about halfof proximaledge only. 6022. Small fragment, H. (max. ex.) 2.25. D. (max. est.) 5, (perforation)1.4. Wt. (ex.) 20 g. Type 3a(?). Micaceous sandy clay loaded with lightand dark gritsmostlyunder 1 mm, occasionallyto 2 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 5/8 (red) withsurfacemottled5YR 6/ but largelydarkenedto 5YR 4/1 4 (lightreddish-brown), horizontal (darkgrey).Evenlyfinished,withwiping-marks: on sides, circular on proximal surface.Nu 1977, #41. ContextMH I Late (destruction of apsidal building)witha good deal of EH II Early.77-213. Not illustrated. 6023. Slightlyless than half preserved to full height,

mended fromtwo fragments.H. 4.1. D. (proximal,max. est.) 4.5, (distal,est.) 3, (perforation)0.65. Wt. (ex.) 28 g. Type3a. Micaceous claywithmostlydark,widely-dispersed grits,rarely to 1 mm. Burnt throughoutto 10YR 5/2 Wellfinished, burnished, (greyish-brown). possiblyoriginally but now badly worn.Nu 1977, #13. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf) with a littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77-211. fig. 9.2. 6024. About one quarterpreservedto almostfullheight. H. (max. ex.) 2.7; D. (proximal,max. est.) 3.5, (distal,est.) 2.3. Wt. (ex.) 12 g. Type 3b. Micaceous clay loaded with mostly dark grits,many to 1 mm. Biscuit c. 5YR 5/4 (reddish-brown),now heavily incrusted 5YR 4/1 (dark grey). Probably originally burnished. Nu 1977, # 43. ContextMH III Early (Lower Pebbled Road) witha little LH I. 77-219. Not illustrated.

(d) TYPE 4: LOW TRUNCATED CONICAL

Whorlwithstraight convexproximalendand slightly truncated distalend,in two sides,flator slightly variants: with ratio of to maximum diameter of c. and (a) height 0.7 weight29 grams;(b) withratioof to maximum diameter of c. and of 10 height 0.35 weight grams. H. 6025. Chipped,especiallyaroundends ofperforation. 2.5. D. (proximal,max.) 3.75, (distal) 0.9, (perforation) 0.60-0.65. Wt 29 g. Type 4a. Micaceous clay loaded with light and dark grits,many 1-2 mm. 5YR 4/3 (reddishbrown). Even, well-finishedsurface,possibly originally burnished.Zeta 1973, # 64. MH II-III withsome LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval (fromMedieval floor1). 73-021. plate 46, fig. 9.2. 6026. Intact,wear-chippedon proximaledge. H. 1.2. D. (max.) 3.5, (perforation) 0.4. Wt. 10 g. Type 4b. Micaceous whiteand some darkgrits,many clayloaded withprominent

1-2 mm.Mottledover surfaceprimarily10R 6/8 (lightred), and 7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Well 7.5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow) formedand finished,sandysurfaceprobablyneverpolished or burnished.Conical withwidely flaringsides, separated fromflatproximalsurfaceby sharplyarticulated,vertically chamferededge. Two small triangulardepressionswornon proximalsurfaceon opposite sides of perforation;narrow, irregularchannelworn across distalend. Zeta 1973, # 76. ContextMH I Late (thirdphase) witha littleMH III from burial 3 above. 73-022. Not drawn; shown in plate 46.

422


(e) TYPE 5: SPHERICAL

Sphericalwhorlwitha ratioof heightto maximumdiameterof 1.0, weightc. 35 grams. H. (max.ex.) 3.1. lessthanhalfpreserved. 6027. Slightly D. (max.ex.) 3.12, (perforation) c. 0.55. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. Micaceousclayloaded withchunkylightand darkgrits, someto 4 mm.Biscuit7.5YR N5/-N4/(greyto darkgrey) withsurface mottled 10R6/8(light 7.5YR6/2(pinkish-grey)

withtracesofa lightpolish;coupleof red).Evenlyfinished Beta 1977, # 96 (SW Sector). lightfinger-impressions. ContextMH III Late withsomeLH IIA and a littleEH. 77-041.FIG.9.2.

(f) TYPE 6: CONVEX BICONICAL

Slightlyasymmetricalbiconical whorl with sides of both ends stronglyconvex and well-rounded at maximumdiameterslightlyabove the median; a ratioof heightto maximumdiameter articulation c 1.0, estimatedweight45 grams. H. (max.ex.) 3.2. D. 6028. Abouttwofifths preserved. c.0.6. Th. (max.ex.) 2.15.Wt. (max.ex.) 3.3, (perforation) red,rather (ex.) 17 g. Claywithmuchfinemicaandmostly 1 mm. to Biscuit 2.5YR 4/4 widelydispersedgritsrarely withsurface7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown)to (reddish-brown) LH I Early 7.5YRN4/(darkgrey).Nu 1974,#44. Context witha littleEH II. 74-217.fig.9.2. mendedfrom less thanhalfpreserved, 6029. Slightly

H. (max.ex.) 2.8. D. (max.ex.) c. 3.95, threefragments. c. 0.85. Wt. (ex.) 17 g. Moderately coarse, (perforation) a few2-4 mm.Biscuit darkgrits, micaceous claywithmostly withsurface5YR 6/4 (light 5YR 6/6 (reddish-yellow) Well finished, but no traceof polishor reddish-brown). burnish.Beta 1977, # 85. ContextMH III-LH I with Medieval.77-035.Notillustrated.

(g) TYPE 7: CONVEX BICONICAL WITH MEDIAL RIDGE

convexbiconicalwhorlwithwell-roundedends,whichcurveintothickprojecting Slightly asymmetrical halves which is slightlyabove the median; a ratio of heightto maximum at of two ridge juncture diameterc. 1.0, weightc. 15-40 grams. morethanhalfpreserved, largechipped 6030. Slightly areas diagonallyoppositeone anotherat eitherend. H. c. 0.7. Wt. (max.ex.) 3.1. D. (max.ex.) 3.7, (perforation) coarseclaywithlight micaceous,fairly (ex.) 23 g. Slightly someofthelatter2-4 mm.Biscuitc. 10R4/ anddarkgrits, 6 (red)withcore10R3/1(darkreddish-grey). Verycrudely Nu 1973,#20. withsurfaces formed lumpyandirregular. ContextMH III washwithLH I Early(above Floorof Room 1). 73-208.Notillustrated.

chipped 6031. Complete;mendedfromfivefragments; on onesectionofmedialridge. atbreaksandbadlybattered H. 2.75.D. (max.)2.65,(perforation) 0.35-0.5.Wt.(ex.) 12 a visible with few micaceous Fine, lightand dark clay g. on grits.Biscuit7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown)withsome mottling formed and surface. Irregularly 7.5YR N4/ (dark grey) finishedwithno traceofpolishor burnish.Lambda 2, 1974, # 54. ProbablyMH object in LH IIIA2-IIIB contextwith some MH to LH I- II and a littleMedieval. 74-837. fig.9.2.

(h) TYPE 8: STRONGLY DEPRESSED SPHERICAL

Squat whorlwith convex proximal and distal ends and well-roundedmedian; a ratio of heightto maximumdiameterc. 0.6-0.7, estimatedweight30-40 grams. especially badlybattered, 6032. Abouthalfpreserved, H. (max.ex.) 2.15. D. (max.ex.) 3.55, on max.diameter. 0.6. Wt. (ex.) 14 g. Type8. Micaceousclay (perforation) loaded withchunky,mostlydarkgrits,many2-4 mm,

occasionallyto 5 mm. Surface,c. 2.5YR 5/4 (reddishbrown),nowsomewhat roughand uneven.Eta 1973,#3. Context pureMH I LatewithtwoLH sherds.73-502.plate 46 (twoviews),fig.9.2.

(i) TYPE 9: LOW CONVEX CONICAL

well-rounded,concave proximalsurfaceand flatteneddistal Squat whorlwithsides and articulations surface;a ratioof heightto maximumdiameter0.6, weightc. 35 grams.PossiblyEH II. to fullheight.H. 2.3. 6033. Aboutone thirdpreserved c. 0.8. Wt. (ex.) 12 g. D. (max. est.) 3.8, (perforation) someover Micaceousclayloadedwithdarkandlightgrits, 1 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/8 (red)mottledon surfaceand to 5YR 7/1(light through body5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) and worn.On grey).Surfacefairlyeven,butnow gritty

proximalend shallowchannelwornacrosssurfacefrom Nu 1977,#40. ContextMH III Early edgetoperforation. withsomeEH II Earlyand a littleLH I/IIA fromshaft graveburial13; possiblyan EH cast-up(see commentary fig.9.2. below).77-5510.

(j) TYPE ΙΟΙ CYLINDRICAL DISC WITH BULGING ENDS

Cylindricaldiscoid whorlwithbulgingconvex ends, the distalfullerthanproximal;roundedangular ratioof heightto maximumdiameterc. 5, weight(est) 100 grams. articulations;

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §3 H. 2.5. D. (est.) tofullheight. 6034. One fifth preserved, 0.6. Wt. Micaceous est.) (ex.) 5.2, (perforation, 21g. clay withlightanddarkgrits, a few1-2 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/6 surface7.5YR (red)withcore 10YR 6/1 (lightgrey/grey), (k) TYPE li:

CONVEX CONICAL

423

withsome 6/6(reddish-yellow). Surfacefairly wellfinished # MH III visible. Beta Context marks 1977, 115. wiping Earlyto LH I. 77-049.fig.9.2.

DISC

Low spreadingdiscoidwhorlwithwell-rounded sidesand proximalarticulation, shallowlyconvex distalend and veryshallowly concaveproximalend; a ratioofheightto maximumdiameterc.0.33, weightciio grams.PossiblyEH II. withsomechipping, aroundends 6035. Intact, primarily H. 2.25. D. (max.)6.8, (perforation) ofperforation. 0.850.9. Wt. 106 g. Micaceousclayloadedwithlightand dark a few1-2 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 6/8 (lightred),surface grits, uneven,lumpy 7.5YR 6/4(lightbrown).Somewhat mostly no traceofpolishor burnish. Beta 1977,# 134. surfaces,

below).Context Possiblyan EH cast-up(see commentary MH III Earlywitha littleEH. 77-052.plate 46, fig.9.2. fabric.No otherdetailsrecorded; [6035a. DarkBurnished mightbe Type10 ratherthanType11. Zeta 1973,# 73. Context MH II with LH IIIA2 fromburial 2. Not illustrated.]

(1) TYPE 12: LOW CONCAVE CONICAL

truncated whorlwithlow,shallowly concavesidesspreading tothickly roundedvertical Heavy,distally chamfer and flatproximalsurfacethatslopesup slightly to perforation; ratioofheightto maximum diameterc.0.55,weight(est.)110 grams. of circumference 6036. Heavilybatteredon one-third fromproximal todistalend.H. (ex.)3.3. D. (max.est.)6.3, c. 1.2.Wt.(ex.) 97 g. Micaceousclayloaded (perforation) withlightand darkgrits,some 1-2 mm,a fewto 6 mm. Biscuitand surface10 R 5/8 (red)withsomemottling of

latterto 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Fairlywellfinished, but no traceofpolishor burnish. TrenchLambda 1, cleaning (dug withLambda 1977, # 8). ProbablyMH objectin mixedcontext;possiblyEH. 77-802.plate46, fig.9.2.

Sincethereis rarelymorethana singlerepresentative ofeach type,no statistical can be significance extracted fromthedistribution ofthewhorlsin MH AyiosStephanos. withso littlestratified Moreover, MH materialpublished, it is difficult to saywhatwhorltypesare diagnostically ofthatperiod.The material fromLernasuggests, conicalwhorlswithvariousdegreesof however,thatthestraight-sided truncation mayemergeas themostcharacteristic typesofMH whorl.20 Types2-4 fromAyiosStephanos areofthisform. thegroupin MH,21thebulkofthe ThoughatNichoriaonlyType10 reallyrepresents whorlsfromthesiteareLH, and at thattimethestraight-sided biconicalwhorlis prominent and may a development fromthetruncated conical The truncated represent straight-sided type. straight-sided conicalwhorlwasapparently commonatMalthi,butno datesweresuppliedforthoseillustrated.22 fairly Smithprovidesa generallistingofplaces ExamplesofMH dateare knownfromAsea.23Carington wheretheconicalwhorlwas foundin probableMH contexts.24 The cylindrical in theMH period.It is whorl,hereType1, appearsto have had some currency foundatNichoriain a largeversion,25 andatMalthia formwithshallowly concavesidesis illustrated;26 a similar formappearsatAsea,27 andthereis a singleexample,alsowithveryshallowly concavesides, fromMH Lerna.28 fulland depressed, had a longlifein theprehistoric Sphericalwhorls, Aegean,as didvariousforms of biconicalwhorl.29 Of thebiconicalspecimensat AyiosStephanosonlyType7 (6030) is worth mentioning. Distinguished byitsmedialrib,thewhorlfindsa closeparallelin theMH/LH specimen no. 2585 at Nichoria.30 here. Perhapswe have a southern Peloponnesian speciality Whorlswithroundedcontours likethoselistedin types9, 11 and 12 arecommonin EH contexts,31 so thatan absenceofgood MH parallelsis notsurprising. Quitepossiblythesewhorlsare cast-ups fromtheEH settlement documented at thesite.Genericcylindrical disc6034, ofType10, couldbe eitherEH or MH; variants ofthetypewerefoundin bothEH and MH contexts at Asea.32 20Banks 1967,e.g. pl. 16.1401,1417, 1422; also McDonald and Wilkie1002,682. 21McDonaldand Wilkie1002,680 fie;.11.2. 22Valmin1038,33s, fie:.71. especiallyTvDesA and D. 23 1944, 119,fig.113,especially15 and 17. 24Holmberg Smith107?;,30,2-3. Carinerton 25 McDonald

and Wilkie 1992, 679, fig. 11.1, Type VI.

26Valmin1038,fie.71, F 1. 27Holmberg1044,fie.113.22. 28Banks1067, 518, no. 1430. 29McDonaldand Wilkie1002,681-2. 30McDonaldand Wilkie1002,700 fie:.11.2,Type3. 31CarinetonSmith107*. 100-208. 32 1Οand 21. Holmberg1944, 118-19,%· λχ·%

424


whorlsof MH typewere recoveredfromEarly Mycenaean contexts(7023-7029). [Seven further Their date of manufacture could be eitherMH or Early Mycenaean.] fig. 9.3) The distinctiveflaring-ended, spool or reel of terracotta,associated primarily longitudinally-pierced withthe MH period,is well representedat Ayios Stephanos.Produced primarilyin Dark Burnished and dark-facedcoarse fabricsof MH date, the spools were formedand finishedwith some care, attentionbeing given to balanced proportions,finelyarticulatededges and surfaceswell-smoothed and oftenpolished or burnished.Found primarilyin domesticcontexts,they show signs of heavy wear and were oftenreduced to mere shankswithlittleor nothingof the ends preserved. No completelycompellingexplanationfor the use of the reels has yet been offered.Carington Smithhas suggestedthattheymighthave servedto hold threadon warpingframeson whichwarps frombothmodernGreekand ancient werepreparedforhorizontallooms,and she providesillustrations methodknown Barber has offered Elizabeth More ajapanese cord-making recently, Egyptianpractice.33 as a possible explanationforthe use of some concave cylindricalweightsfoundin the as kumihimo Aegean.34Here the weightsare used witha small table and serveto tensionthe threadin the cording process.The weightsswingfreeoffthe edge of the table and are subjectto the kind of edge damage seen on theflaringended spools fromAyios Stephanos.Moreover,theJapanese weightshave a range of c. 28-1 13 grams,comparableto thatof our spools. Though none of the Ayios Stephanosspools is complete,a well preservedLerna example foundin a MH (Lerna V) graveweighed63 grams.35 A primarydivisionof the reels into threetypesis based on the formof the shank: shortconvex (Type 1), tall convex (Type 2) and cylindrical(Type 3). The depth of the concavityof the ends is subdivisionswithinthe primarytypes. employedas a secondarycriterionforfurther (ii) Spools

(6037-6057,

(a) type 1 Spool of medium size, generallyfairlyshortconcave shankwithsides thateither(a) flarewidelyto moderatelyconcave ends; or (b) rise up sharplyto fairlydeep concave ends. 6037. Shank only preserved.H. (max. ex.) 3.15. D. of shank (medial) 2.45, ends (max. ex.) 2.75 and 3.25, perforation0.65-0.75. Wt. (ex.) 23 g. Type ia(?). Finely micaceous clay loaded withlightand dark grits,some 2-3 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 5/6 (red) withcore 7.5YR N5/ (grey); surfacec. 7.5YR 5/2 (brown)withconsiderablemottlingto 7.5YR N5/ (grey).Probablyoriginallywell burnished,but now worn with prominentverticalparing or burnishing marksvisible;incompletelyintegratedcollarat smallerend ofperforation. Epsilon 1973, # 84. ContextLH IIIC Early, but withsome MH I Late and LH IIIA2. 7318ο. fig. 9.3. 6038. Most ofshaftand about halfofone end preserved. H. (max ex.) 3.2. D. of shaft(medial) 2.1, preservedend 0.7-0.75. Wt. (ex.) 25.5 g. Type ia. Clay 4.65, perforation withmuch finemica and some dark gritsrarelyover 0.5 mm.and a fewprominentlightgrits2-3 mm.Biscuit2.5YR but N5/ (grey);surface2.5YR 6/4 (lightreddish-brown), mostlydarkenedto 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Well finished with neatly chamferededge on preserved end, which is chipped fromuse on exteriorsurface.Beta 1974, # 42. ContextLH II withlate MH. 74-041. plate 46, fig. 9.3. 6039. All of shank and about one quarterof one end preserved.H. (max. ex.) 4. D. ofshank(medial) 1.95, better 0.55-0.6. Wt. (ex.) 22 g. preservedend (est.)5, perforation Type ia. Micaceous clay fairlywell loaded withdark and lightgrits,many 1-2 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 3/6 (dark red)

withsurface7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown).Fairlywell finished, withthicklyroundededge on preservedend; verticalparing marks; probably originally burnished. Nu 1974, # 9. ContextMH III EarlywithLH IIA fromburials7-10 and a littleEH. 74-207. plate 46, fig. 9.3. 6040. Shank and small segmentof one end preserved. H. (max. ex.) 3. D. shank (medial) 2.2, ends (max. ex.) 3.7 and 2.5, perforation0.7 and 0.5. Wt. (ex.) 18 g. Type ib. dark,chunkygrits, Clay loaded withfinemica and primarily many 1-2 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 5/6 (red) withcore 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey);surfacemottledmostly2.5YR N3/ (very dark grey). Surfacewell finished,but grittyto touch and probably never polished or burnished.Beta 1974, # 37. ContextLH I-IIB withlate MH. 74-037. fig. 9.3. 6041. Shank and smallportionof one end preserved.H. (max. ex.) 3.6. D. of shank (medial) 2.35, ends (max. ex.) 3.65 and 3.17, perforation0.70-0.75. Wt. (ex.) 25 g. Type ib. Micaceous clay loaded withmostlydark grits,mostly to 0.5 mm, occasionally 1-2 mm. Exteriorsurface7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown),bowl surface5YR 6/6 (reddish-yellow), Prominentverticalparing core 5YR N6/ (lightgrey/grey). markson shank;surfacesevenlyfinishedbut probablynot burnishedor polished; finger-nailimpressionson better preservedend associated with circularwiping marks.Nu 1977, # 35. Context MH II with a littleEH II. 77-225. fig. 9.3.

(b) TYPE 2

flarewidely Spool ofmediumto largesize withtall,slenderconcave shankfromwhichsides either(a) to shallowlyor moderatelyconcave ends; or (b) rise steeplyto deep ends to produce a formof 33 CaringtonSmith 1975, 408-10, pls. VIb, Lb and c. 34 Barber 1997, 516, pl. CXCIIc.

35 Banks

1967, 555, no. 1477.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §3

425

^r V MT*· IK 31 6038

6037

6042

6039

6041

6040

w U( flf 6043a

6043b

6044

6045

6046

κ qr or ar ^ ^1 6048

6047

6050

6051

6052

6053

6054

6049

6055

Fig.9.3. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: spools,Type1,withshortconvexshank6037-6041;Type2, withtall convexshank6042-6049;Type3, withcylindrical shank6050-6055.Scale 1:2.

elegance.A variationof thisform(6050) has a slightnickin theprofileat mid-shaft, sophisticated the giving spoola vaguelybiconicalappearance;no endsare preserved. ofshankandsmallsectionofone 6042. Abouttwothirds H. (max.ex.)3.6. D. ofshank(medial)1.95, endpreserved. ends(max.ex.) 4 and 1.8,perforation 0.7. Wt.(ex.) 16 g. ofmostly Type2a. Micaceousclaywithmoderatequantity redgrits, to 2 mm.Biscuitc. 7.5YR 6/4(light occasionally brown),butlargelymottled 7.5YR N5/(grey). throughout but badlyworn.Nu 1973, #32. Originallyburnished, ContextMH III/LH I (foundation trenchof wall nf). 73-213.fig.9.3. 6043. Two non-joining fragments comprising partsof bothendsand shank.Fragment (a): aboutone quarterof one endpreserved. H. (max.ex.) 1.8.D. ofend (max.est.) (b): shankwithshortsegments 5. Wt.(ex.) 10 g. Fragment of bothends preserved.H. (max. ex.) 4.6. D. of shank (medial)2.1,ends(max.ex.) 3.2 and3.12,perforation 0.65 x 0.75. Wt. (ex.) 23.5 g. Type2a. Fragment (a) has very

shallowendwiththick roundededge.Micaceousclayloaded withmostlydarkred,oftenchunkygrits,a few1-2 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 6/8(lightred)withcore 10YR 5/2(greyishbrown)and surfacemottled, mostly10YR 7/3 (verypale ofsurfaceon exterior; tracesof brown).Someunevenness (b) originalpolishor burnishmostlywornoff.Fragment has almostcylindrical shank.Micaceousclay,fairlywell loadedwithmostlydarkgrits, rarelyover0.5 mm.Biscuit withsurface 5YR 6/6(reddish-yellow) 7/5YR 7/2 mottling Well finished, but no traceof polishor (pinkish-grey). burnishpreserved.Nu 1973, #13. ContextLH I Early witha littleEH II. (a) 73-214and (b) 73-215.fig.9.3. 6044. Two non-joining fragmentsfrom one end H. (max.ex.) 1.15.D. ofend (est.)6. Fragment preserved. (a): L. (max.ex.) 3.25. W. (max.ex.) 3.55. Fragment (b): L. (max.ex.) 3.75. W. (max.ex.) 2.9. Type2a(?).Moderately

426

E. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

6048. Shank and about one thirdof one end, badly H. (max.ex.) 5. D. ofshank(medial) battered, preserved. end (est.)5.4,perforation 2.6,preserved 0.6-0.7.Wt.(ex) withmostly Micaceous well loaded 2b. 37 g.Type clayfairly darkgrits, many1-2 mm,some2-3 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/ PLATE 46, FIG. 9.3. 8 (red)withcore 7.5YR N5/ (grey);surface7.5YR 5/4 infinalusewithedgesofendsbadly withmottling to 7.5YR N4/(darkgrey).Fairlywell intact (brown) 6045. Probably H. (max.ex.) 4.7. D. of shank(medial)2, ends withtracesofburnishing on shank, battered. marksvertical finished, one end 0.5, other Circumference (max.ex.) 4.05 and 3.93, perforation diagonalinbowlwhichis lesswellfinished. ofendwear-battered tofairly end0.5 x 0.65. Wt.(ex.)32 g. Type2a; shallowends.Clay sharpedge.Lambda1974,# LH IIIA2. LH I-IIA withsomeMH anda little redgrits, loadedwithfinemicaandmostly 75. Context many1-2 mm. withcore5YR 4/1 Biscuit5YR 6/4 (lightreddish-brown) 74-839.fig.9.3. of one end of (darkgrey);surfacec. 10YR 7/4 (verypale brown)with 6049. Aboutone thirdof circumference H. (max.ex.) 2.2.W. (max.ex.) 2.64.Th. shankpreserved. mottlingmostly5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow). Verywell withno traceof polishor burnishpreserved. finished, (max.ex.) 1.41.D. perforation 0.7. Wt.(ex.)8 g. Type2b. Micaceousclayloadedwithlightanddarkgrits, manyto 1 Incompletelyintegratedcollar of clay at each end of mm.Biscuit2.5YR 4/6 (red)withwell-finished burnished Lambda1, 1973,# 26. ContextMH III Late perforation. surface2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Lambda 1974, # 74. withLH IIIA2 fromburial1. 73-820.fig.9.3. ContextLH I-IIA withsomeMH. 74-841.Fig.9.3. 6046. Abouthalfof shankand one quarterof one end H. (max.ex.)4.65. D. of 6050. Mostofshankpreserved. preserved.H. (max. ex.) 3.5. D. of shank(medial)2.1, and 3.07,perforation shank ends Wt. c. end (ex.) (medial) (ex.) 2.94 (est.) 2.15, 25 0.55. 5.4,perforation g. preserved biconical variant). 0.65-0.7.Wt.(ex.)23 g.Type2b (vaguely Type2a. Micaceousclayheavilyloadedwithlightanddark with fine mica and much 1 mm. Biscuit over (reddish-brown), lightgritsrarelyto 0.5 mm, 2.5YR4/4 Clay grits, many a fewdarkgritsto 1 mm.Biscuit5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) butburntthroughout 7.5YR N/3 (verydarkgrey).Well with core 5Y 6/1 (greyto darkgrey).Wellformedand withparingmarkson shank;thickly finished, taperededge finishedwithverticalparingmarks,probablyoriginally on preservedend; probably originallypolished or Nu 1974,#12. ContextMH II witha littleEH burnished. polished.Lambda3/4 1977,# 50. ContextLH I-IIA fill withtwoLH ΠΙΑ sherds.77-847.fig.9.3. II. 74-208.fig.9.3. 6047. All ofshankand stumpsofbothendspreserved. 6051. Abouthalfofshankandhalfofoneendpreserved. H. (max.ex) 4.2. D. of shank(max.ex.) 2.45,end (max. H. (max.ex.) 5. D. ofshank(medial)2.55,ends(max.ex.) ex.)4.9,perforation 0.7. Wt.(ex.)27 g. Type2b.Micaceous 0.8-0.85. Wt. (ex.) 35 g. Type2b. 4 and 3.4, perforation wellloadedwithmostlydark fabricfairly DarkBurnished redand Fineclaywithveryfinemicaandwidelydispersed whitegrits to 1 mm.Mostly5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) grits, mostlyto 0.5 mm.Biscuit5YR 7/8 (reddish-yellow) rarely withcore2.5YR N5/(grey);surface10YR 7/2(lightgrey) withcoreinplaces10YR 7/3(verypale yellow).Verywell and probably to 10YR 5.1 (grey).Fairlywell finished, finishedwithtracesof verticalparingmarks;possibly # 29 (floor Beta or burnished MH III # Context Nu burnished. Late, 1977, polished. originally 5. 1974, originally withone LH ILA piece fromburials7-10 and one EH deposit).ContextLH IIIC Earlywitha littleLH ILA.77sherd.74-206.plate 46, fig.9.3. Ο57.FIG.9.3. concaveend withthick,squared-offedge. Heavilymicaceous loaded with dark and light grits, clay rarelyover ι mm. Burntthroughout5YR 4/1 (darkgrey).Traces of diagonal marksacrossexterioroffragment (b). Eta 1973, burnishing # 3. Contextpure MH I Late, withtwoLH sherds.73-547.

(c) TYPE 3

shaftusuallyembellished on large(6052),withcylindrical verging Spoolofmediumsize,occasionally to and sidesthatriseup fairly ribat mid-point withlow,horizontal steeply deeplyconcaveends. 1974,#41. ContextLH I-II withlateMH anda littleEH 605«. Shankonlypreserved.H. (max.ex.) 4.0. D. of II. 74-040.PLATE shank (medial) 2.15, ends (max. ex.) 3.27 and 2.8, 46, FIG.9.3. H. (max. of one end preserved. 6054. Aboutone fifth 0.65 and0.7. Wt.(ex.)25.5g. Type3 withmidperforation micaceousclay,loadedwithdarkandlight rib.Veryslightly ex.) 2.9. W. (max.ex.) 1.8. Th. (max.ex.) 2.2. Wt. (ex.) 6 g. Type3. Clay withmuchfinemica and whiteand red grits,some 1-2 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/6 (red)withcore darkened surface N4/ grits,mostlyunder1 mm,but occasionallyover 2 mm. mostly2.5YR 2.5YR N5/ (grey); withprominent Wellfinished burnishing-strokes.Mostly2.5YR 6/6 (lightred)withcore2.5YR N5/ (grey). (darkgrey). but no traceof polishor burnish Verticalparing-marks, Lambda1, 1973,#31. ContextMH III EarlywithMH LH I Early.74-203.plate Nu 1974,#7. Context III Latefromburial2 and someEH II. 73-822.fig.9.3. preserved. FIG. end of one and small Shank 9.3. preserved. 46, segment 6053. H. (max.ex.) 3.2. D. shank(medial)2.5, ends (max.ex.) 6055. Shankonlypreserved.H. (max.ex.) 2.5. D. of shank(medial)2.1,ends(max.ex.) 2.2 and 2.7,perforation 0.65-0.75and0.60-0.65.Wt.(ex.) 3.8 and2.6,perforation mid-rib. 0.50-0.55.Wt.(ex.)14 g.Type3 withlowplasticrib.Finely Clay 13.5g. Type3 withverylow,discontinuous micaceousclaywithfewvisiblegrits, and and fine mica with much loaded well 2.5YRN3/(verydark dark, light fairly Nu 1977, # 50 (floorof main surfaces. under1 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/ red,grits, grey).Burnished mostly especially mottled 6 (red)withcore2.5YRN5/(grey);surface mostly roomof apsidalbuilding).ContextpureMH I Late with butgritty verylittleEH. 77-227.fig.9.3. wellfinished, 2.5YRN3/(verydarkgrey).Surface Beta to touchand probablyneverpolishedor burnished. (d) TYPE UNCERTAIN H. (max.ex.) ofshankpreserved. 6056. Smallfragment 2.5. W. (max.ex.) 2.35. Th. (max.ex) 1.4.Typeuncertain. Micaceousclayfairlywellloaded withmostlydarkgrits core over0.5 mm.Biscuit 7.5YR 7/8(reddish-yellow); rarely 7.5YR N7/ (lightgrey).Somewhatunevenand lumpy

Lambda3/4 1977,#83 (overFloor6). LH I-IIA surface. context. 77-860.Notillustrated. No detailsrecorded.Nu 1977,# 13. ContextMH [6057. trenchofwallnf)witha littleLH I III/LH I (foundation and a littleEH II. 77-223.Notillustrated.]


427

These distinctive spools appearedearlyin the MH period at Ayios Stephanosand were found MBA the and on intoMycenaeantimes.Becausetheywereproducedin characteristic throughout 1 includehereall thosefoundin MH wares,particularly Dark Burnished and local orangefabrics,36 bothMH and LH contextsand suggestthatthe shankswerereusedas spindlewhorlsin theLH Smith.37 period.The MH dateoftheseobjectshas alreadybeen suggested by Carington Becauseofthereuseofthespools,anyconclusions aboutthedistribution ofthetypesin theMH periodare ofno greatcogency.Butitis perhapsworthnotingthatType2a was clearlyin use early, in MH II/III Early,and all thetypesand sub-types werein use by MH III. Type3 was represented The quantity of spoolsfoundat AyiosStephanosis remarkable, the small given comparatively extentoftheMH excavations atthesite;itmaysuggest a localindustry. The numberis comparable to thatfromMH Lerna,whichyieldedover30 spools.38 Twovarieties werefoundatAsineintheArgolid.39 It is surprising thatnonehas beenfoundon Kythera or at Nichoria,MalthiorAsea,theneighbouring sites.Theyareknown,however, in theCycladesat Phylakopi andAyiaIrinion Kea, atbothplacesin and MH scattered are known from quantity, probable examples Olympia,Ithaca,LevkasandDodona in thewestand at Eutresisand scattered Thessaliansitesin theeast.40 The primary use ofthespoolsmust,fornow,be viewedas uncertain. Theyhavenotbeenfoundin as one would if were in used or for groups, expect they weaving plaiting.Wellpreservedexamples come singlyand primarily fromgraves.In the 1963 excavationsat AyiosStephanosa spool41was foundin burialAlpha23, saidto be probablythatofa woman,whichalso containedan incisedpyxis withCycladicaffinities. At Lernaa spoolwas an offering in anotherwoman'sgrave.42 Sincewomen weretheprimary this kind of burial is notsurprising, ifwe assumethatthe fabric-makers, offering moreover,the practiceof buryingspoolsin spoolswereused in some kindof textileproduction; females'gravesis paralleledbeyondtheAegean.43 Othergravespools,oftypesgenerally comparable tothosefromAyiosStephanos, werefoundon Kea in gravesatAyiaIrini,44 in Thessalyat Petra45 and and on Levkas.47 Lernaspoolno. 1483 was foundon a floor,butnothing in theassociated Sesklo,46 material gavea clueto itsuse.48 (iii) Weights and Loomweights (6058-6059, fig. 9.4) as a weightwasfoundatAyiosStephanos, Onlyone object(6058)thatcanwithassurancebe classified in a mixed context. It of the commondiscoidvarietyknownin Crete was, however, unfortunately and theAegeanfromEM II timesand commonin MM contexts,49 so thata MH or earlyLH dateis for our If these were used in likely example. objects loomweights groups,as is generally accepted,itis difficult to understand one turned at it was whyonly up AyiosStephanos.Perhaps broughtin as a item of future a trade Minoan or local merchant. a source forweights of possible by Certainlypossible thisformwas at handin nearbyKythera, wheretheyweredescribedas being'especiallynumerous in theLM IA toΒ Depositkappa'50 andwherelateMM depositsareknown.TwowerefoundatNichoria, ovoidandwitha groovedtopliketheAyiosStephanospiece,froma mixeddepositcontaining MH.51 Not surprisingly, none was reportedfrominlandMalthiand Asea, but on thecoastat Lernathree werefound,twoofthemin earlyMH contexts at a timewhenMinoanpottery was beingimported, from western Crete.52 A Classical possibly pyramidal loomweight resembling typeswas foundin a context and be an indication of the of this good prehistoric may appearance typeat theend ofthe MH or thebeginning oftheLH period. Intactbutbadlychipped, 6058. Discoidweight. especially on the distalportionof the circumference. H. 8.05. W. (max.)6.8. Th. of proximaledge (max.) 2.3, distaledge 1.2. D. perforation 0.95-1.15. Wt. 122 g. Discoidweight of irregularly ovoid plan withbiconvexfacesjoined by

roundededge; horizontal at narrower thickly perforation endnearedge,alongwhichis a broad,U-shapedchannel. Verycoarsefabricloadedwithmicaand whitegrits, many 2-4 mm.Surface2.5YR 5/8 (red)withthickcore 7.5YR surface.Lambda 2, 1974, N4/ (darkgrey).Worn,gritty

36 C. Zerner,pers. comm. 37 Carineton Smith 107*. *o7. 38 Banks 1067, RR4-60. 39 Nordquist 1087, f,7,fig.6s. 40 Banks 1967, 563-4; forAyia Irini see Davis 1986, 7, 97-8, pl. 38c, withOverbeck and Overbeck 1989, 199 no. 24-10, pl. 104e and passim;forPefkakiasee Maran 1992, 388, pl. 155.34, 6-8. 41 HS 19 in Taylour 1972, 214-17 withfig.9. [This grave is dated MH III Late-MH III/LH I.] 42 Angel IQ71, 60, burial 201, withBanks 1067, κκκ, no. 1477. 43 Barber 1997, 515.

44 Overbeck and Overbeck 1989, 199, no. 24-10, pl. 104e, in a girl's(?) grave. 45 Milojcic i960, 160, fig.8c. 46 Tsountas iqo8, 146 and 350, fie. «1. 47 Dörpfeld 1027, I, 3 13, ^18; II, beil. 73.12. 48 Banks 1067, **6, *6i. 49 Davis 1986, 98. 50 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 217-18, fig.59.K 12 and 17, fig.60.U 65. 51 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 687-8, pls. 11-36 and 11-37, nos. 2788-Q. 52 Banks 1967, 566 and 569, nos. 1504-6; Zerner1978, 170-8.


428

I

-(y I/I 1

^^^^

6058

6059

_S _

Fig. 9.4. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:weight6058; loomweight6059. Scale 1:2. # 18. SurfacecontextcontainingLH IIIB to LH IIIC Early and some MH sherds.74-807. plate 46, fig. 9.4. 6059. Pyramidalloomweight.Intact with chipping on base and suspensioncordwearfromperforation to proximal end. H. 6.42. D. (distal) 4.35 x 4.5, (proximal) 1.8, (perforation)1.8. Wt. 102 g. Micaceous clay loaded with lightand darkgrits,manyto 1 mm,a few2-4 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) withsurfacelargely7.5YR 7/4 (pink)

withsome mottling2.5YR 6/8 (lightred).Truncatedconical with slightlydepressed circularsection,withsides flaring out just beforedistal end to shallowlyconvex base which bears parallel wear striationat slightdiagonal to axis of as ifused as rubber.Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # perforation 51 (Floor 4). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74832. PLATE46, FIG. 9.4.

Residue (6060-6069, fig. 9.5) (iv) Crucibles and Metallurgical as objectsservingthe cruciblesoftwo typeswere readilyidentifiable Fragmentsofat leastsix different and workofthemetallurgist, fromboththecopperresiduethattheycontainedand thefire-blackening of theirsurfaces(formetallurgicalanalyses see Appendix 4). One cruciblewas partialvitrification oftheoriginalform(Type1),butfragments well preservedto allow a reasonablerestoration sufficiently of die shape. Both types of a second variety(Type2) were inadequateto permita clear understanding whichwere weremade by hand in a porous,coarsefabricwiththickwallsand roughlyfinishedsurfaces, and Three than the sides interior. the base on the underside of more uneven on dropletsof usually residuewereretrievedby water-sieving (none ofthesewas subjectedto chemicalanalysis). metallurgical (a) CRUCIBLE

TYPE 1

A veryshallow,scoop-likevesselofpossiblyoblongplan withthickwallsthatcurveup froma biconvex base and taperonly slightlyto a squared-off rim;towardone end, a heavy basket-handleof rounded rim witha distinctslope towardtheback ofthecrucible;the from the section rises directly rectangular otherend probablyopened intobroad, trough-like spoutforpouringmoltenbronze intomoulds. 6060. Rim sherdofcrucible(?).H. (max.ex.) 4.1. L. (max. ex·) 3-55- Th. (max. ex.) 2.55. Type i(?). Micaceous clay loaded withchunkygrits,many 1-2 mm. Biscuitc. 2.5YR 5/6 (red),withsurfacemostly2.5YR 5/2 (weak red) and core 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Thickroundedrim.Eta 1973, # 63. ContextMH I Earlywithsome EH II Late. 73-549. FIG.9.5. 606 1. Fragmentswithresiduefrommeltingoftinbronze. (a) Four joining fragmentspreservingportion of badly crackedbowl and stumpof handle/bridgespout: L. (max. ex.) 9.3. W. (max. ex.) 7.02. H. (max. ex.) 5.5. End of L. (max. L. 2.95. W. 1.85. (b) Base fragment: handle-stump: ex.) 5.1. W. (max. ex.) 3.3. Th. (max. ex.) 2.3. Micaceous clay withdarkgritsmostlyto 1 mm,occasionallyto 4 mm; porous,probablyfromthe burning-outof gritsas a result

ofexposureto extremeheat.Exteriorof (a) exhibitsdistinct changeof colourat pointwheresides risefrombase: below 10YR 6/4 (light yellowish-brown)to 10YR 6/2 (light over biscuit7.5YR 5/4 (brown);above and brownish-grey) interior to 7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey)over biscuit continuing 2.5YR 4/8 (red); core 2.5YR N5-N4/ (greyto dark grey). Surfaceofhandle bubbled and honeycombedfromintense heat,likethemetallicresiduebelow it.Exteriorof (b) 10YR 8/2 (white) over biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred); interior 2.5YR N3/ (verydark grey).Lambda 1, 1973, # 31, 33. ContextMH III EarlywithMH III Late fromburial2. 73821. plate 47 (twoviews),fig. 9.5. 6062. Two non-joiningbase fragments, (a) H. (max. ex.) 4.5. W. (max. ex.) 6.45. Th. (max. ex.) 3.15. (b) H. (max. ex.) 2.75. W. (max. ex.) 3.1. Th. (max. ex.) 2.75. Micaceous


6060

6061

429

6062

6064 Fig.9.5. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: crucibles 6060-6064.Scale 1:2. wellloadedwithdarkand lightgrits, some 1-2 clayfairly mm.Biscuit5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow); interior burntwell intocore5B 5/1(bluish-grey). Curesidue(tinbronzewith arsenicand someiron)5G 4/2 (greyish-green) over5G 7/ 2 (palegreen).Roundedbasefromwhichrisesshort, thick,

taperedrim,whichappearstobe slopingdownon oneend, possiblyto trough-like pouringend ofcrucible.Nu 1977, # 48. ContextMH III Late mixedwithLH I/IIA (fillof shaftof burial13) withsomeEH II Earlyand MH I- II. 77-2l8. PLATE47, FIG. 9.5.

(b) CRUCIBLE TYPE 2

A shallow,basin-likevessel of possiblyovoid plan witha thickbiconvex base, fromwhichlow sides riseto a rimwhichis taperedprimarilyfrominteriorto fairlyacute edge. No traceof handle or spout is preserved. L. (max.ex.) 6.1. W. (max.ex.) 6063. Bodyfragment. 5.1. Th. (max.ex.) 2.1. Type2(?). Shallowlycurving body withmetallurgical residue5Y 7/1 (lightgrey) fragment surfacein whichis a traceof greenCu coatinginterior (arsenicaltinbronze).Micaceousclaywithlightand dark someto 4 mm.Mostlyburntthroughout grits, 7.5YR N5/ withonly (grey).Beta 1977,#71. ContextLH IIA (forge) MH III sherdsrecognisable. 77-060.Plate 47, fig.9.5. rimand bodyfragments, 6064. Six non-joining (a) Five joiningsherdsofrimandbody:H. (max.ex.) 5.5. D. (max. est.)1.8.Th. (max.ex.) 1.5.(b) Threejoiningsherdsofrim and body:L. (max.ex.) 8.8. H. (max.ex.) 4.6. Th. (max. ex.) 1.1. (c) Twojoiningsherdsofrimand body:L. (max. ex.) 6.6. H. (max.ex.) 3.25. Th. (max.ex.) 1.1. (d) Single rimsherd:H. (max.ex.) 2.6. L. (max.ex.) 3.15. Th. (max. ex.) 1.3. (e) Singlebodysherd:L. (max.ex.) 4.6. W. (max.

ex.)4.15. H. (max.ex.) 1.65.(f)Singlebodysherd:L. (max. ex.) 2.6. W. (max.ex.) 1.8.Th. (max.ex.) 1.65.Micaceous darkgrits, some1-2 mm.Exterior surface claywithmostly mottled 7.5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) 7.5YR N7/(light grey) on bottom, to,at rim,7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey);interior, 5B 6/1(bluish-grey) torim5BG 4/1(darkgreenish-grey) with spots5R 3/8(darkred).Biscuitlayeredfromcore5YR 7/1 5YR 6/4(lightreddish-brown), (lightgrey)towardinterior towardexterior7.5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow). Rim profile variesconsiderably fromacutetobluntly Lower squared-off. interior a limeyincrustation carries (iron)withsidesbubbled and honeycombed above. Nu 1977, # 5, 24, 28, 31, 48, andwalls 55. ContextMH III mixedwithLH I/IIA (shaft ofLH I/IIA burial13) withsomeEH II EarlyandMH III. 77-602.plate 47, fig.9.5 (threeprofiles).

(c) CRUCIBLE, TYPE UNCERTAIN Particulars notrecorded.Notsubjected 6065. Fragment. to metallurgical Nu 1977, #41. ContextMH I analysis. Late (destruction of apsidalbuilding)witha good deal of EH II Early.77-226.Notillustrated. 6066. Rim fragment. L. (max.ex.) 2.75. H. (max.ex.) 1.8. Th. (max. ex.) 1. Typeuncertain. Micaceousfabric

loaded withchunkylightand darkgrits1-2 mm.Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred); core c. 2.5YR N5/ (grey).Not tometallurgical Nu 1977,#60. Context subjected analysis. MH I Late(partition-wall ofapsidalbuilding) withverylittle EH. 77-235.Notillustrated.

43O


(d) METALLURGICAL RESIDUE D. (max.) c.0.4. Roughlyspherical. 6067. Smallfragment. Nu 1977, #22. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrench ofwall nf)withtwo LH I sherdsand a littleEH II. 77-229. Not illustrated. 6068. Smallfragment. D. (max.) c.0.5. Roughlyspherical. Nu 1977, #22. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrench

ofwall nf)withtwo LH I sherdsand a littleEH II. 77-230. Not illustrated. D. (max.) c.0.5. Roughlyspherical. 6069. Small fragment. Nu 1977, # 43. Context MH III Early (Lower Pebbled Road) witha littleLH I. 77-232. Not illustrated.

Even at a villagelike Ayios Stephanos,metallurgicalactivitieswere carriedon, eitherby membersof thecommunity itselfor by itinerant specialistswho came in by sea. Analysisoftheresiduein crucibles that indicates the crucibles were being used forthe meltingof bronze,eitherarsenicaltin 6061-6064 tin bronze or bronze withlow arsenicalcontent(see Appendix 4); thereappears to be no correlation betweenthe compositionof the bronze and the formof the crucible.Since only a veryfewbronze objectsand no mouldswerefoundin theexcavations,we have no way oftellingwhatkindsand range of implementswere being produced here. The stateofpreservation ofthecruciblesfromAyiosStephanosis so poor thatis hazardousto attempt comparisonswithcruciblesfromothersites.It would appear,however,thattheType 1 cruciblewithits and at baskethandle (or bridgespout?)was unlikethemore commonvarietyknownat MH Nichoria53 These crucibleswere heavy,round-bottomed, Lerna fromEH III times.54 broad-spoutedbowls,from or square openingfortheinsertion whichprojecteda heavyoval or squared-off tangwitha rectangular ofa woodenhandle,whichallowedforthesafetippingand pouringofthehotmetal.The AyiosStephanos Crucible6061 mostresembles Type1 crucible,on theotherhand,appearstobe in theMinoantradition.55 thoseofEvely'sType 2,56eitherspoutedType 2a, especiallyno. 6, or Type 2b, especiallyno. 12, witha fromAyiosStephanosmayalso belong basketratherthana solidhandle.The Type2 cruciblefragments to one oftheMinoan types,buttoo littleis preservedto allow seriousspeculation. How theAyios Stephanoscrucibleswere manipulatedcan onlybe conjectured.Evely suggeststhat the Minoan round-basedcrucibleswere tippedwithwithies,a practicerepresentedin Egyptianwall painting,or grippedby tongson the rimor by a hook on a handle or spout.57 (v) Reused Pottery (6070-6076, fig. 9.6) and mighthave servedas rough A fewsherdsof potterywere providedwithsecondaryperforations a from fashioned a whorls;6070, heavy triangularfragment mighthave been used as a pithos-rim, weight. 6070. Pithosrim sherdperforatedforuse, possiblyas a weight;intactin finaluse. H. 11.15. W. 11-^· Th. at rim (max.) 4.4. D. perforationboring c. 3.1, perforationhole 0.8. Wt. 430 g. Micaceous clay loaded withdark and light grits,some 1-2 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) with bothsurfacessmoothed. surface7.5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow); Fragmentof pithosroughlychipped to shape of isosceles triangle,one side of which is formedby thickenedrim of bored pithos.The sherdhas a fairlywell centredperforation frombothfaces,so thata well-balancedweightis produced if the pithos rim is orienteddownward.Eta 1973, # 38. ContextMH I Earlywitha littleEH I and EH II Late. 73550. fig. 9.6. [6070a (not seen). Sherd of Dark Burnished ware, foruse; conditionnotrecorded.Dimensionsand perforated fabricnot recorded. Circular,perforatedin middle. Zeta 1973, # 73. ContextMH II withsome LH IIIA2. 73-031. Not illustrated.] 6071. About five sixthspreserved; mended fromtwo L. (max. ex.) 7.55. W. (max. ex.) 5.5. Th. (max. fragments. ex.) 0.75. D. of perforation0.9. Body fragmentof Dark Burnishedvessel with micaceous biscuit showing lightly scatteredgritsrarelyto 1 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 6/6 (lightred) with surfaces 2.5YR N4/ (dark grey) well-finishedand 53 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 23, withMcDonald 1975, 109, pl. 27K54 Caskey 1955, 42, pl. 14t

polished. Probably originallypentagonal, with one side convex and undulatingfromapparentuse as a irregularly scraper. Perforationirregularlygouged, primarilyfrom interior.Zeta 1973, # 39. ContextMH II witha littleLH I- II(?) and Medieval. 73-033. fig. 9.6. 6072. Damaged around perforation.L. 3.5. W. 2.6. Th. of vessel of 1.5. D. of perforation(est.)0.6. Body fragment coarse, heavily grittedred-brownclay. Irregularlysquare contour.Nu 1974, # 7. ContextLH I Early. 74-240. Not drawn;shownin plate 47. 6073. Damaged around perforation.L. 3. W. 2.2. Th. (est.) 1.3. Fragmentofhole-mouthed 0.85. D. ofperforation jar(?) of fineclay; tracesof dark paint on exteriorsurface. close to longestside. triangularwithperforation Irregularly Nu 1974, # 7. Context LH I Early. 74-241. Not drawn; shownin plate 47 . foruse. [6074 (notseen). Sherdofcoarseware,perforated Particularsnotrecorded.MH/LH. Nu 1977, # 13. Context MH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf) with a little LH I and a littleEH II. 77-222. Not illustrated.] 6075. Intactin finaluse. D. 6.5 x 7.5. Th. (max.) 1.3. D. perforation(boring)c. 1.62, (hole) 0.65. Body fragmentof vessel of micaceous clay loaded withlightand dark grits many 1-2 mm, some 2-4 mm. Biscuit5YR 6/8 (reddish55Evelv2000. sj.6-^2. 56Evely2000,fie.i*q. 57 Evely2000,351; see Tylecote1982,fig.4, foruse ofhook.


431

'

1

1

'

*»

6070

/

^^^^^Ê

Η- Η- Μ

Α

6071

^Α

^^^B^^^

6077

Fig.9.6. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: reusedpottery anvil6077. Scale 1:2. 6070-6071; (?) pottery yellow),surface5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow). Depressed circular planwithedgeschippedapproximately vertically, extends exceptin one sectionwhere,on interior, chipping almostto perforation, whichwas boredfrombothsides somewhat off-centre. Nu 1974,#34. Context MH III Early witha littleLH I and a littleEH II (make-upof Upper PebbledRoad).77-224.Notillustrated. L. (max.ex.) 3.7. W. (max. 6076. Abouthalfpreserved.

ex.) 2.17. Th. (max.ex.) 0.95. D. ofperforation 0.3. Flat with of vessel biscuit 5YR 7/6 (reddishbody fragment 7.5R 5/8(red).Possibly yellow)withdullpainton exterior in form,withsidesroughlychipped originally triangular moreorlessvertically andperforation gougednear roughly centre.Nu 1977,# 48. ContextLH I/IIA (fillofshaftof burial13) withEH II Earlyand MH I- II downto MH III/LH I. 77-234.Notillustrated.

The perforated reusedsherdis ubiquitous at sitesin theNeolithicand BronzeAge Aegean.Thatitat leastsometimesfunctioned as a whorlhas been suggestedby, amongothers,CaringtonSmith.58 However,6070 is muchtoo heavyand unbalancedto have servedas a whorland probablywas eitherfora loomor fora net.Forthemarkedsherdssee Chapter5 §6 above. employedas a weight, (vi) Miscellaneous

(6077-6083, figs. 9.6-9.7)

(a) pottery anvil(?) An enigmatic terracotta 'sombrero'mightpossiblyhave servedas an anvilin the'paddleand anvil' in the manufacture ofpottery. procedure

58

CaringtonSmith 1975, 119-20.


432

6077. Almost complete; one side of proximal end of handle chipped away. L. (max.) 12.25. W. (max.) 7.25. H. (max. ex.) 5.85. Micaceous clay loaded withlightand dark grits,many 1-2 mm, some to 4 mm. Biscuit 7.5YR 7/4 (pink)withcore 7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Ellipticalslab with long sides and one end turnedup like sombrerorim,in

centreofwhich,set on longitudinalaxis, is a broad lug-like handle of elliptical section with bluntly rounded top. Somewhatunevenlyfashionedwithsurfacessmoothed,but never polished or burnished. Undulating underside somewhatmore wornthanrest.Beta 1977, #121. Context MH II (?). 77-051. plate 48 (twoviews),fig. 9.6.

ofthethreeupturned The wearoftheflatundersideand thepotential edgesofthe manoeuvrability The as an anvil in use what the of its are production. pottercould pottery suggested possibility piece now a inside of the the the handle and move largevessel,usingnowtheflatsurface, piecealong grasp the documented with a the exterior as she beat one oftheupturned paddle.ThoughShepard59 edges, thispiecemightalso have servedthepurpose.It is anvilsethnographically, use ofmushroom-shaped thatitwas usedto closetheoval mouthofa jar. quitepossible,however, (b) NAVIFORM CRUCIBLES(?),

LAMPS(?)

OR MODEL BOATS(?)

is a smallgroupof shallownaviform function Of uncertain vessels,one of which(6081) is almost ofthelow open vesselis thatofan The on the information and full plan shape. complete provides biconvex with a somewhat base, fromwhichthe short,thick shallowly irregular ellipse elongated, The sides roundedandtaperedtobluntly sidesrisetoa plainrimthatvariesfromslightly squared-off. outto forma broad are highestat thecentralpartofthevessel,and at one end theyare stretched The handmadevesselsare executedin a coarsefabric;thefinishis uneven, termination. trough-like are more surfaces withprominent wallslumpyand irregular theexterior wipingmarks.The interior of evidence The vesselscontainno metallicresidue,nordo thesurfaces evenand regular. giveany for these in No fire use. to been receptacles enigmatic parallels preciseprehistoric having exposed have been found.Whileit is possiblethattheywerecrucibleswhichwerenotyetputto use, the thattheywerecrudelocal It is notimpossible makesthisunlikely. absenceofanypouringmechanism versionsof thekindof boat modelsproducedin variousmaterialsfoundin BronzeAge contexts, in Creteand theCyclades.60 particularly 6078. Fragment from higher end, composed of two joiningsherdsand seven scrappybody sherds.H. oflargest fragment(max. ex.) 4.25. L. (max. ex.) 9.0. W. (max. ex.) 6.55. Micaceous clay loaded withdarkand lightgrits,many 1-2 mm, max. 4 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) with and on base some surfacemottling 5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow) 5YR 6/1 (lightgreyto grey).Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context. 77-914. plate 48 (two views),fig.9.7. 6079. Single rim and body sherd, possibly fromsame vessel as 6078. H. (max. ex.) 4.7. L. (max. ex.) 6.8. Th. (max. ex.) 1.45. Fabric as 6078. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context.77914a. fig. 9.7. 6080. Sherd retainingalmost fullprofile.H. (max. ex.)

2.7. L. (max. ex.) 6.9. W. (max. ex.) 4.7. Th. (max. ex.) 1.5. Micaceous clay withmoderate quantityof lightand dark grits,mostly2-4 mm. Surfaceand biscuit2.5YR N4/ (dark grey),core 2.5YR N3/ (verydark grey).Rounded angular articulationbetween sides and base on exterior.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context.77914b. FIG.9.7. 6081. Mended fromabout six large sherds; about one sixthofrimmissing,and some chippingofrimat narrower end. L. 18.6. W. (max.) 6.5. H. (max.) 4.6. Micaceous clay loaded withmostlydark red grits,occasionally 1-2 mm, rarelylarger.Surface and biscuit 2.5YR 6/6 (lightred). Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context.77-915. plate 48 (twoviews),fig. 9.7.

(c) BOVID PROTOME HEAD

was deemedMycenaeanbyΕ. Β. Frenchand is context, [Thebovidprotomehead 7118,ofuncertain to reassignitto theMH period,and publishedin Chapter10 below.However,shewas latertempted thatitis EH seemsnotto be excludedeither.] thepossibility (d) CLAY NODULES

each bearingan incised'sign',which afterwater-sieving, Two small'nodules'ofclaywereretrieved as artefacts to includethemin theinventory led theexcavators comparableto Minoanclaynodules. orlumpsofclaythatbyrollingand to sayiftheseweredeliberately Itis impossible producedartefacts weartookon theshapeand themarkings theypossess.The clayis too softforwattleand daub. 6082. Intact.L. 1.4. W. 1.3. Th. 0.7. Fine clay,firedredsurfaceon flattened brown.Irregular lumpwithone distinctly whichare impressedtwonon-contiguous legs ofa V; on the 59

Shepard 1956, 59-60.

Nu 1974, # 5. surfaceopposite,possible straw-impressions. ContextMH III Late,withone LH IIA piece fromburials710 and one EH sherd.74-233. Notdrawn;showninplate 48. 60Wedde 2000,

see Marangou199 1. 307- 12; fortheirantecedents


433

Fig.9.7. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: (?) modelboats6078-6081.Scale 1:2.

L. 6083. Brokenall around,unknown portion preserved. 2.25. W. 2.25. Th. 1. Fineclay,firedred-brown. Lumpof surfaceon irregularly squarecontourwithone flattened

whichlinesdeeplyimpressed withbluntinstrument; possible strawmarkson surfaceopposite.Nu 1974,# 7. Context LH I Early.74-2455. Notdrawn;shownin plate 48.

4. PERSONAL ORNAMENTS OF VARIOUS FABRICS (6084-6089, fig. 9.8) Withtheexceptionofa smallpendantofschist(6089),theobjectsofpersonalornament foundin the excavation werebeadsmadeofstone,paste,bone(?)and terracotta. [See also 9255-9267,9271.] 6084. Stone bead. Intact, but with wear-chipping atoneend.L. (max.ex.)3.63. removing edgeofperforation D. (max.)1.7,perforation 0.4. Carnelian2.5YR 2.5/4(dark biconical,withwell reddish-brown). Long symmetrical roundedarticulation; biconicalperforation (cf.Biegen1937, II: pl. I, fig.408.2,540.2).Wellgroundandonceprobably highlypolished,butnowworn.Zeta 1973,#81. Context MH I Late withMH II and a littleLH (presumably LH IIIC Early).73-023.plate 49, fig.9.8. [6085. Stonebead (notseen).Intact.H. 0.1. D. 0.3, (hole) 0.1. Greystone.Circulardiscwithcentrally placedhole. 1 baulk,1974,#13. ContextMH II withMH Nu/Gamma III Early.74-247.Notillustrated.] 6086. Stone bead. Abouttwo fifths preserved,badly battered. L. (max.ex.)0.9. D. (max.ex.)0.95,perforation c. o.15. Carnelian, mottled redto 2.5YR6/8-2.5YR5/8(light biconical red).Depressedspherical;slightly asymmetrical (cf.Biegen1937, II: pl. I). Wellgroundand perforation wellpolished,now dulland worn.Nu probablyoriginally MH III/LH I (foundation trench ofwall 1977,#22.Context nf)withtwoLH I sherdsanda littleEH II. 77-220.fig.9.8. 6087. Stone or bone bead. Intact. L. 0.4. D. 0.1, Surface 0.15. Brown.Flattenedcylindrical. perforation

Nu 1977,#13.Context MH III/LH I (foundation polished. trenchofwallnf)witha littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77228. Notillustrated. 6088. Schist Proximal pendant. edgefrom mid-perforation brokenoffand one facesplitaway.H. (max.ex.) 1.94. W. c. 0.6. (max.ex.) 1.6. Th. (max.ex.) 0.34. D. perforation 5B 4/1 (darkbluish-grey). Phyllite rectangular, Irregularly withone sideanddistaledgeconvexand corners rounded. nearone shortedge slightly off Largecircularperforation below.Nu 1974,# 7. axis; see commentary longitudinal ContextLH I Early.74-204.plate49, fig.9.8. bead. Intact,slightly 6089. Terracotta chippedat both ends.H. 1.35.D. (max.)1.2,perforation 0.35-0.40.Wt.c. 1.5 g. Fine,micaceousclaywithlightand darkgritsto 0.5 uniform withsurface mm;fairly 5YR 6/6 (reddish-yellow) 10YR6/2(light wellfinished, with mottling brownish-grey); no traceof polish or burnish.Distinctlyasymmetrical, doubly truncatedbiconical, convex proximal end c. one-quarter totalheight,and straight distal constituting end constituting c. three-quarters totalheight,rounded articulation. Perforation through height.Beta 1977,# 60. ContextMH III/LH I withLH I-IIA. 77-024.fig.9.8.

434

Ε· c· BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

Fig. 9.8. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Personalornamentsof variousfabrics:carnelianbeads 6084, 6086; schistpendant bead 6089. Scale 2:1. 6088; terracotta

StoneandpastebeadslikethosefromAyiosStephanosarewellknownin theEBA andMBA Aegean. numerousin a The sourceofthesetypesofbeads was probablyCrete,wheretheyare particularly MM date.61 EM and of beads of of materials and the Mesara tholoi forms; yieldedquantities variety ofthetradition fromlateMH to earlyLH at Mycenae,in the On themainlandwe see thecontinuity in thewayofMH ShaftGravesofCirclesA and B.62Malthi,Asea and Nichoriahave littleto offer MH in at Lerna both stone and beads were found,primarily graves.63 Claybeadswere paste parallels; A a V floor.65 was found on Lerna beads and a necklace of from Malthi,64 pear-shaped clay reported wellformed collaredbead froma LernaV graveprovidesa loose parallelfor6089.66[Thecarnelian stoneswerenotworkedon CreteuntilMM bead 6084 is MH II or later,sincehardsemi-precious IIB.67The othercarnelianbeads (6086,7147, 7214-7216 and 7219) derivefromlatercontexts.] weartook whichby accidental ofa perforated The phyllite disc,68 pendant6088 maybe a remnant H. who to is drilledfromone edgeonlyaccording on theformofa pendant.[Theperforation Blitzer, circulardisc] ofan originally thisprobablya fragment considered 5. GROUND STONE (6090-6121, figs. 9.9-9.10) of fromtheexcavations withthoseretained ingroundstonefoundin 1973-74,together [Theartefacts for Lord a on them drafted H. who in site at the were examined Blitzer, report 1974 by 1959-63, thispublication. inpreparing fromherobservations us tobenefit Shekindly WilliamTaylour. permitted havebeen addedby theeditor.] Somepieces(insquarebrackets) at AyiosStephanos.The majority Onlya fewobjectsofgroundstonewerefoundin MH contexts cobbles.Mostdistinctive modified made on ofbasicgeometric orrubbers werepounders slightly shapes celt6103, bothof well-finished and the axe shaft-hole were the stones the small, 6090 large among to thesite,thoughthepresenceofdrillcoresmadeby a cylindrical whichmayhavebeen imported thatthis and 6100-6101 fromthelaterones,indicates borer,6091-6099 fromtheearlierexcavations discs The perforated at thesite.69 stoneaxe was manufactured classofshaft-hole 6115-6121 phyllite use as spindlewhorlsor lids. possiblysawprimary (i) Shaft-Hole Axe (6090)

6090. About halfpreserved,the buttsplitoffacross the middle of boring.L. (max. ex.) 6.9. W. (max. ex.) 5.95. H. at bit 7.1, at break (max. ex.) 7.23. D. perforation2.3. with large and Gabbro(?), 5GY 4/1 (dark greenish-grey) smalldarkinclusions,most5R 2.5/2 (veryduskyred),some 5R 3/6 (darkred). Shortbroad typewithlarge boring,the surfaceof whichis smoothforabout halfthe height,with

61 Xanthoudides 1024 passim. 62 Karo 1930 and 1933 passim;Mylonas 1973 passim. 63 Banks 1067, 2 30,-^, 673-84. 64 Valmin 1038, 338 pl. XXV.44. 65 Banks 1967, 658-9, no. 1745.

made on remainder.Perforation horizontalboringstriations fromone face only.Surfacesprobablyall originallyground smooth and lightly polished, but now worn with considerablepittingon top and bottom,strongestaround ends of boring;sporadic pittingon sides. Convex bit-edge blunted from use, corners rounded offwith worn-over chipping.At mid-heighton sides at break are pittedand

66 Banks 1067. 6&Q-60. no. 1746. 67 Krzyszkowska2005, 81-3. 68 See §5 (v) below. 69 See also Chapter 8 §3 above and Chapter 14 §3 (i) below.


435

axe 6090; celts6103-6104.Scale 1:2. Fig.9.9. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:shaft-hole insomewayassociated wornshallowdepressions, probably Eta 1973, # 47 (fromburial12?). Context withhafting.

pureMH I Late.73-516.plate 49 (threeviews),fig.9.9.

(ii) Drill Cores H. D. (max.) 1.8, (min.) 1.3. 2.3. [6091. Complete. conicalwithapexrounded,slightly Greenstone. Truncated wheresplit lippedatbase,whichis roughandasymmetrical offfrommatrix;horizontal oversurface. boringstriations Alpha4, 1959,#10. ContextEH II possiblywithsome MH (burial2). 59-505.Taylour1972,243,pl. 51J,top. [6092. Complete. H. 1.4. D. (max.) 1.6, (min.) 1.0. Greenstone. as previous.Delta 3, 1959,# 7. Description ContextEH possiblywithLH and someMH. 59-513.Not illustrated. [6093. Complete. H. 2.4. D. (max.) 1.2, (min.) 0.9. Greenstone. as previous.Delta 3, 1959, # 5. Description MH possibly withsomeLH. 59-512.Notillustrated. Context [6094. Complete. H. 2.6. D. (max.) 1.5, (min.) 1.2. Greenstone. as previous.Alpha7, i960, # 3. Description ContextMH withsomeEH II. 60-502.Notillustrated. [6095. Complete.H. 1.5. D. (max.) 1.5. Greenstone. as previous. Beta11, 1963,#45. ContextMH, Description withsomeLH. 63-535.Notillustrated. 6096. Complete. H. 1.9. D. (max.) 1.5, (min.) 1.3. Greenstone. as previous.Delta 8, 1963,# 1. Description

(6091-6101) Unstratified (removalofbackfill). 63-560.Notillustrated. [6097. Complete. H. 3.3. D. (max.) 1.7, (min.) 1.3. as previous.Alpha 1, 1963,# 2. Greenstone. Description ContextEH I to Medieval.63-610.Notillustrated. as [6098. Broken.H. 1.8.D. 1.4.Greenstone. Description EH 1 #81. context with Surface 11/12/14, 963, previous. Alpha toMedieval.63-616.Notillustrated. [6099. Complete.H. 3.6. D. (max.) 1.4. Greenstone. as previous. TrialTrench III, 1963,#4. Context Description EH II to LH. 63-636.Notillustrated. 6100. Smallerendsomewhat H. 1.6.D. (max.) battered. 1, (min.) 1.5. Greenstone.Truncatedconicalwithapex rounded,slightlylipped at base, whichis roughand wheresplitofffrommatrix; horizontal asymmetrical boring striations oversurface. Lambda3/4,1977,# 97. Context MH III/LH I withLH I Earlyanda fewEH II sherds(use ofFloor9). 77-853.Notdrawn;shownin plate49. 6101. Undamaged.L. 2.88. D. 1.73. Greenstone; signs ofcylinder drillclearlyvisible;peckedbases.Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, #32 (Floor3). ContextLH ILA. 74-819.Not drawn;shownin plate 49.

(iii) Celts (6102-6104) 6102. Slightlychipped.L. 3.4. W. 3. Th. (max.) 0.9. rounded. Flattened transverse section. Bothsurfaces elliptical Greenstone. inplanwithbuttandsidesstraight, groundsmoothandpolished.Alpha10, i960, # 1. Surface Trapezium contextwithEH II, MH, LH and Medieval.60-539.FIG· convex; flattenedelliptical bit-edgeasymmetrically transverse Allsurfaces section. andpolished. groundsmooth 9-9·] Nu 1977,# 3. ContextMH III/LH I witha littleEH II 6104. Good condition, thoughslightly chipped;possibly and one LH I/IIA sherdfromshaftgraveburial13. 77unfinished (so H. Blitzer).L. 6.53. W. 3.8-2.8. Th. 2.64. Greenstone(5BG 4/1); irregular 204. Notdrawn;shownin plate 49. shape withpeckedand Lambda/Beta12, 1974, #51 (Room2, [6103. Brokenat one end. L. 7.0. W. (max.ex.) 3.5. Th. groundsurfaces. Floor4 e). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74veined,darkgreen(5GY 5/1).Squarein 2.5. Greenstone; andotherside planwithbuttandone sidestraight; bit-edge 830. PLATE 4Q, FIG. Q.Q. (iv) Pounders/Rubbers (6105-6114) faceted.Two opposite 6105. D. (max.)4.1. Th. 2.1.Irregular pentagonal pebble regularfaces,sixthfaceirregularly ofverydarkgreystone(10YR 3/1),highlypolishedwith facesshallowly concave;fingerholds (?). Ofotherfaces,two andpartofthirdbattered fromuse.Eta 1973,#6. Surface signsofwearat bothends;cf.Nichoria3328 (McDonald and Wilkie1992,752). Good condition. Zeta 1973,#21. context withMycenaean LH IIIC Earlyandsome including Contextmostly MH. 73-503.Notdrawn;shownin Plate 50. MycenaeanwithsomeMH and Medieval. cobble. 73-009.Notillustrated. 6107. Intact.H. 8.3. D. 5.4. Lapislacedaemonius 6106. Intact.L. 6. W. 5. H. 4.5. Greenishstonewith withends fairlyevenlyroundedoff.Surfaces Cylindrical blackishtinge;basalt(?).Roughlycubic,withfivefairly roughlyflaked;no certainsignsof use, possiblya blank.

436


Eta 1973,#58. ContextMH I LatewithsomeEH II Late. 73-520.Notdrawn;shownin plate 50. 6108. Intact.D. (max.)3.92. Whitish stone, fine-grained Irregularly possiblygranularlimestoneor akonopetra. Usedas bola{ï).Lambda1, 1973,#34. MH III/ spherical. LH I context. 73-819.Notdrawn;shownin plate 50. L. (max.ex.) 9.4. 6109. One shortend onlypreserved. withlight W.(max.ex.) 7.2.Th. (max.ex.)0.7. Greenstone and dark greenand black inclusions,5GY 4/1 (dark in of tool probablyrectangular Fragment greenish-grey). atshortendtowedge-shaped planwithbroadfacestapering and trapezoidaltransverse longitudinal edge; rectangular section.End batteredand worn.Nu 1974, # 5. Context MH III Late,withone LH IIA piece fromburials7-10 andone EH sherd.74-205.Notillustrated. 6110. Intact.D. 3.2. H. 2. Greylimestone(?). Spheroid, at oppositepoles.Nu 1974,# 10. ContextMH flattened ofwallnf).74-243.Notdrawn; III/LH I (foundation-trench shownin plate 50. L. 2.5. W. 2.5. Th. 1. Speckled 6111. Wellpreserved.

pebbleused as tool.Beta 1977, greenlapislacedaemonius cutintoLH IIB #8. ContextMedieval(decayedmudbrick level).77-003.Notillustrated. 6112. Apexchipped.H. 7.5.W. (max.)6. Th. (max.)4.2. section. Conicalwithfatellipticaltransverse Greenstone. Beta 1977,#91 (CentralSector).ContextMH II-III with LH I. 77-039.Notdrawn;shownin Plate 50. at bothendsand on sides.H. (max.ex.) 6113. Battered light 8.4. W. (max.ex.) 5.3. Th. (max.ex.)4.1. Greenstone; Truncated withdarkergreeninclusions. conical, blue-green fatellipticaltransversesection.Surfacesrough-pecked exceptforbase,whichis groundsmoothandpolishedfrom use. Nu 1977, # 18. ContextMH III/LH I (removalof EH II andLH I. 77-206.Notillustrated. wallnf)witha little Th. (max.)3.8. D. (max.) notreported. [6114. Condition withroundedcorners Greenstone. Roughlytriangular 5.2. and uppersurface;flatunderside.Beta 3, 1959, # 36. ContextLH IIA (forge)withMH I Late. 59-544· Not illustrated.]

(v) Phyllite Discs (6115-6121, fig. 9.10) 0.6.Th. 1.1. GreyD. 4.6-4.8,perforation 6115. Intact(?). finished circular disc, edgesunevenly Roughly greenphyllite. both from drilled andapproximately perforation pentagonal; withMedieval,LH sides.Zeta 1973,#49. Surfacecontext andsomeMH I-II. 73-019.plate50, fig.9.10. D. 5.2-5.6.Th. 0.2unfinished. 6116. Intact, apparently 2.5YR N/3.Regularcirculardisc 0.4. Darkgreyphyllite, drilled0.9 at perforation withwellgroundedges;attempt cm.awayfromcentreon one side.No signsofsmoothing Nu 1973,# 5. PureLH 1/ on flatfaces.Good condition. IIA context. 73-203.plate 50, fig.9.10. 0.8-1.0. Th. 0.46117. Intact.D. 6.7-6.9, perforation discwithevenly circular regular Fairly 0.75. Greyphyllite. centralovoidperforation irregular; groundedge;thickness drilledfrombothsides.Eta 1973,#21. FromEta burial4 contextEH II Late withsome (MH I Late); surrounding MH I Early.73-508.plate 50 (twoviews),fig.9.10. D. (max. 6118. Abouthalfcircumference badlybattered. Reddish-brown Th. phyllite. 0.7. 0.6-0.7. ex.)9.6,perforation

inplanwithevenly circular edge,butabout ground Originally use as pounder fromsecondary battered halfcircumference MH III/LH I witha little Nu 1977,#5. Context orscraper. shaft LH I/IIAfrom a little EH II andconceivably graveburial 13. 77-203. PLATE50 (tWOViews), FIG. 9.IO.

L. [6119. Brokenon threesidesand acrossperforation. 0.6. Th. W. 0.8, perforation (max.ex.) 2.7. (max.ex.) 3.1. inplanwithgroundedge. circular Originally Greyphyllite. Alpha7, i960, # 2. ContextmostlyEH withsomeMH and a littleMycenaean.60-512.Notillustrated. 0.8. [6120. Complete.Th. 0.8. D. 3.9-4.2, perforation # 10. Beta centre. off Hole 6, i960, phyllite. Grey-green ContextLH I-IIA withMH. Taylour1972,261 HS 320. 60-582.Notillustrated. Th. 0.3-0.8. D. [6121. Probablycompletebutbattered. Hole off phyllite. 0.4. Grey-green 3.2-3.8, perforation some with MH Context # 18. Beta centre. 6, i960, Not HS 261 60-591. 322. 1972, Mycenaean.Taylour illustrated.]

axes like6090 and theceltslike ofthepolishedstonetoolsare theshaft-hole The mostdistinctive thetoolhavingbeenconsidered much of discussion, hasbeenthesubject 6102. The classoftheformer fromsome homelandin the Greeks the of advent the and a markerof artefact an Indo-European of has Forsén Dalmatia. Balkansor theeasternornorthern provideda briefoverview Russiansteppes, treatment extensive his in tool the on comments and Maran thequestionwithrelevant bibliography, ofthetoolin thisarea of betweenEH II and EH III.70Forsénnotestheoccurrences ofthetransition and Asea at Malthi,as wellas axes solidEH ΠΙ/MH contexts Lerna, in reasonably thePéloponnèse on the at Palaiopyrgi and in contextsat Pylosand Leuktras Messenia, fromless well documented is as EH/ΜΗ, One fromthe earlierexcavationsat AyiosStephanos,published Spartanplain.71 surface mixed a from came MH datesitto the period.[This includedin herlist,whereshecorrectly and is large,withan oblongshape is likewiseof'greenstone' Anotherspecimen,HS Í567,73 context. EH II Late,MH andLH material.] contained thebutt;thebitis brokenoff.Itscontext towards tapering these Nichoria.74 from Unfortunately axeswe mayadd thethreeMH examples To theseshaft-hole bit »the to closer or about at bore broadoutlineandlarge mid-length Withitsshort, arenotillustrated. from axes MH two Maltha resemble thanto thebutt,theaxes fromAyiosStephanosclosely aMtJ and in bothEH III The sametypeis represented axe fromAsea also appearsto be ofthisshape.76 both from known also now are axes at Lerna,whereit is designated MH contexts 'typea'.77[Such 70Forsén1992,227-32; Maran1998,286-8. 71 Forsén 1QQ2,220-30.

72Taylour1972,247, HS «84. 73Taylour1072,243. 74McDonaldand Wilkie1992,729, 752-3, nos. 3337, 3341

75Valmin1938,346, fig.73.2 and 3, pl. λλνΐ.Α.3 ana 4. 76Holmberg1944, 123,fig.115.14· 77Banks1967, 100-110. %J %J X *J

_

_

«

·ν-^"«^Υ

W

Α

1

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

SMALL FINDS §5

437

Fig. 9.10. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Ground stone:phyllitediscs 6115-6118. Scale 1:2.

Geraki78 and thearea oftheLaconiaSurveynorth-east ofSparta.79 Anotherwas foundat theEH III siteofDeriziotis AloninearPylos.80] The small,wellfinished celt,suchas 6102, has a longlifein theAegean,appearing woodworking in Greecein theNeolithicperiod.The formrepresented by 6102 fallsin class Delta of theWacein and is our area Thompsontypology81 represented amongtheNeolithicfindsfromKouphovouno, outside When of the just Sparta.82 examples typeappearin MH contextsat sitessuchas Lernaor can be as a fromlowerNeolithicdeposits.Butwherethere Asea,theyeasily explainedaway cast-ups areno significant Neolithic we can assumetheywereproducts ofMH remains, underlying reasonably in as our at and other from Malthi.83 toolmakers, [Othergreenstone examples AyiosStephanos examples examplesfromAyiosStephanosare HS 223,84froma mixedEH/ΜΗ context,and the pierced is specimenHS 285,^ foundin a surfacelevel.The adze HS 286,86froma MH III to LH I context, made ofa darkblue-green schist. Another HS made of black with stone stone,perhaps celt, 266,87 someredspecks,camefroma surfacecontextwithMH and EH sherds.However,Taylourregarded thegreenstone celtHS 264 is definitely EH II.89] cup HS 273 as possiblyEH,88and thehaematite The poundersor rubbersrepresented in thecorpusfromAyiosStephanosare oftypesubiquitous in Neolithicand BronzeAge contextsin Greece.At Lerna,forexample,six typesof poundersor rubbersand twotypesofrubberwereidentified in EH III and MH contexts, witha distribution that was not chronologically The to our significant.90 objectspresentedhere add nothingsignificant ofthissortofutilitarian, tool,exceptthefactthattheywereused knowledge probablymulti-purpose hereas well. Perforated discsare typicalofthesortofobjectnotwellreported in theliterature. So they phyllite arementioned, without indication ofdate,atMalthi.91 AtLernatheywerenumerous inEH III contexts, 78 Crouwel et al 1996, 103, pl. IV. 79 Cavanagh et al 1996, 174, pl. 5a, upper right.

80Stocker 2003, 355, figs.11-12. 81Wace and ThomDson1012. 29.. 82Renard1080,88-q, e.g. pl. XIX.1, 2 and 4. 83Valmin 1938,351, fig.74.17-19,pl. XXVI.I 2, 4 and 7. 84 Taylour 1972, 221.

85 Taylour 1072, 247. 86 Taylour 1072, 247, pl. PUff. 87 See Taylour 1072, 24^. 88 Taylour 1072, 243.

89Taylour1072,24s, pl. îf, see Chapter8 §s above.

90 Banks 1067, 113-f^. 91 Valmin 1938, 355, pl. XXV.21 and 22.

438


wheretherawmaterialforthemwas readilyavailablein thephylliteslabsfromthedebrisof the whatrelationship exists It is impossibleto determine House of theTiles,whichlay rightbelow.92 finishedones of MH date executedin other betweentheseoftenroughdiscsand morecarefully foruse as spindlewhorlsthantheformer. thelatterseemmoreappropriate stones;93 [One specimen EH II in an almost was found fromAyiosStephanos, level.] 5025, Early pure 6. CHIPPED STONE (6122-6153, fig. 9.11) R.Janko,usingtherecordsofJ. B. Rutter Thissectionincludesall 29 chippedstonepiecesfrompureMH levelsthatwereinventoried during of 1973-77.Sinceonlya selectionofthechippedstoneis cataloguedin Appendix6, theexcavations andE. C. Bankscouldnotstudytheobjectsin Sparta,thissectionhasbeencompiledbytheeditoron fromthemwherepossiblethedifferent thebasisoftherecordsmadeat thetime,identifying typesof the work ofJ. B. are these records detailed of and most clearest in 6. The toolrecognised Appendix I had to have where from not derive that do all I have bracketed descriptions him, Rutter; develop a synthetic themmyselffromnotesmade by others.94 analysisof all the Appendix6 below offers chippedstonefromall periodsoftheBronzeAge;thiswasbasedon a hands-onstudyofall thepieces and ofthemanyotheritemsthatwererecoveredaftertheexcavations thatwereinventoried during bone and shellremains.Some pieceslistedin Appendix6 thatin fact theanalysisof thepottery, that information derivefromMH contextsmay have been omittedhere,because the contextual and chert the obsidian to thisappliesin particular tothemwasnotavailable.Unfortunately, pertained in cores,thefindspotsofwhicharenotusuallyrecorded.Chippedstoneofthisperiodwasrecovered thanis cataloguedhere.(7284 is also MH.) fargreater quantity some in theircontexts, Since itemsare listedunderthelatestchronological periodrepresented EH some have been must There here. EH are date of certainly probablypublished piecesactually inAreasEta,ZetaandNu,whereEH levelsunderliethoseofMH in MH contexts, especially cast-ups them. used at presentdo notpermitus to identify I. However,themethodologies (i) Obsidian Cores (6122-6123) 6122. Details not recorded.Nu 1973, # 27. MH III/LH I (floorof Room 1). Not illustrated.

6123. Details not recorded.Nu 1973, # 32. MH III/LH I context(foundationtrenchof wall nf).Not illustrated.

Blades (ii) Obsidian [6124. Broken at both ends and at one corner.L. (max. ex.) 1.9. W. 1.0. Th. (max. ex.) 0.3. Taperingblade with Frontslightly thin,flattenedridge down back, off-centre. convex. Trapezoidal section.No evidence of retouch.Zeta 1973, # 104. Context MH I Early (MH I phase 2) with some EH II Late. 73-025. Not illustrated.] 6125. Worn;brokenat bothends.L. (max.) 1.8. W. (max.) 0.8. Th. 0.2. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withwide slightly concave ridgedown centreof back. Frontslightlyconvex. Trapezoidal section.No evidence of retouch.Nu 1973, # 20. ContextMH III wash withLH I Early (above floorof Room 1). 73-209. fig. 9.11. 6126. Broken at both ends. L. (max.) 2.15. W. (max.) 0.75. Th. 0.3. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withsharpridge down centreof back to just beyond mid-point,where it becomes flatand widens towardsend. Triangularsection. No evidence of retouch.Nu 1973, # 22. ContextMH III wash withLH I Earlyand a littleEH II. 73-210. fig. 9.1 1. 6127. Brokenbelow percussionbulb. L. (max. ex.) 2.4. W. 1.1. Th. 0.35. Blade withcurvedend and thinflattened convex.Triangular ridgedown centreofback. Frontslightly section.No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 25. Context

(6i24-6i32a) EH II Late withsome MH I Early.73-511. Not illustrated. 6128. Complete. L. 1.85. W. 0.75. Th. 0.2. Thin blade withsharpridgedown centreofback frompercussionbulb end to approximate mid-point of its length, and thin flattenedridge frommid-pointof other end, where very slight'tang'is preserved.No evidenceofretouch.Eta 1973, # 29. Context EH II Late with a littleMH I, LH and Medieval. 73-514. Not illustrated. 6129. Chipped at one end and along one edge. L. 2.7. W. 0.75. Th. 0.3. Roughly parallel-sided blade with percussionbulb and roundedoutlineat one end and squared outlineat the other;sharpridgedown centreof back, with one of the two resultingfaces itselfdivided in two by a second more irregularlongitudinalridge. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 55. ContextMH II, althoughbasket includedLH IIIC Earlyburial 13. 73-519. Not illustrated. 6130. Tip brokenoff.L. (max. ex.) 1.5. W. 0.85. Th. 0.25. Parallel-sided,backed blade with broad slightlyconcave ridge about 0.4 in width down centreof back. Butt end in unbrokensteepface.Eta 1973, # 58. Context terminates MH I Late withsome EH II Late. 73-521. fig. 9.1 1. 6131. Complete^). L. (max. ex.) 1.2. W. (max.) 0.6. Th.

92 Banks 1967, 200-11. 93 E.g. McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 744, no. 3186, pl. 12-203. 94 Here and in Chapter 10 §7 I have gratefullydrawn on

Appendix 6 fordescriptionsof those itemsthatalso apear there. I thankNick Kardulias forsaving me fromserious errorsin both sections.


439

Fig.9.11. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Chippedstone:obsidianblades6125-6126,6130,6132a; obsidianflake6134; denticulate blade 6142; obsidianendscrapers6143-6144; chertflake6134c; chertsickle-element 6135; lapisfocedaemonius obsidianhollow-based 6145-6149;obsidiantangedprojectile projectile-points point6150. Scale 1:1.

blade withnarrowflattened 0.15. Roughlyparallel-sided ofback.Trapezoidal section. No evidence ridgedowncentre ofretouch. Eta 1973,#63. ContextMH I Earlywithsome EH II Late.73-525.Notillustrated. 6132. Brokenat one end.L. (max.ex.) 1.65. W. (max.) 0.8. Th. 0.25. Blade tapering to 0.6 in widthwithnarrow flattened ridgedowncentreof back and concavefacets. Frontslightly convex.Trapezoidalsection.No evidenceof

retouch.Eta 1973,# 63. ContextMH I Earlywithsome EH II Late.73-526.Notillustrated. 6132a. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 1.3.W.0.75.Th. to0.6 inwidthwithstraight, (max.ex.)0.25. Bladetapering ridgerunning sharpridgedowncentreofbackand slighter obliquelyacrossbroaderof two back faces.Accidental on edgeofthissameface.Eta 1973,#58. Context crushing MH I LatewithsomeEH II Late.73-522.fig.9.11.

(iii) Obsidian Flakes (6133-61340, [6133. L. (max.) 3.2. W. (max.) 1.6. Th. (max.) 1.1. Complete.Primarycorticalflake,trapezoidalin plan, isoscelestriangular in section;platform and slightbulb present; highface.No evidenceforuse as tool. unusually Lambda 1, 1973, # 28. ContextMH III Early.73-817. Notillustrated.] 6134. Broken.L. 2.4. W. 1.3.Th. (max.)0.4. Secondary flake.Roughlytrapezoidal withpercussion bulbon front, tobluntpointatone end.Eta 1973,#63. Context tapering MH I EarlywithsomeEH II Late.73-528.fig.9.11. 6134a. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 0.85. W. (max.) bulbvisiblewithsome 1.05.Th. 0.3. On back,percussion

fig. 9.11)

retouch bothedgesandmiddle alongbothedges;on front, of face secondarilyworked.73-524. Eta 1973, # 58. ContextMH I LatewithsomeEH II Late.fig.9.11. 6134b. Brokenat one end. L. (max.ex.) 1.2. W. (max.) flakewithshort 1.15. Th. 0.25. Secondarynon-cortical on base tapering towardspoint. stubbytangat percussion On back,broadshallowflakeshavebeentakenoffat and nearcentreofblade,withfinernibbledretouchalongone evidenceofsteepretouch edge;on front, alongotheredge. 73-523. Eta 1973, # 58. ContextMH I Late withsome EH II Late.Notillustrated.

44O


(iv) Chert Flake (6134c)

[6134c. Complete^). L. 3.4. W. 2.7. Th. 0.14. Reddish brownchert.Flake roughlytrapezoidalin outline,triangular in section,withfrontrelativelyflatand steep ridge down back two-thirds of way across fromlongestside, whichhas

been utilised.Zeta 1973, # 76. ContextMH I Late (third phase) witha littleMH III fromburial 3 above. 73-026. fig. 9.11.

(v) Chert Sickle Element (6135)

6135. Complete^). L. 3.0. W. 1.4. Th. (max.) 0.6. Reddishbrownchert.Roughlytrapezoidal,withright,distal and proximaledges bifaciallyworked.Rightedge serrated, withseven teethformedby carefulbifacialretouch;heavy

sicklegloss visible on both faces of edge. Eta 1973, # 20. ContextMH I Late, withsome EH I, EH II Late and LH IIA and one Medieval sherd.73-509. plate 5 1, fig. 9.11. 6136-6137. Numbersnot used.

(vi) Chert and Lapis Lacedaemonius Denticulate Blades (6138-6142) The chertsaw 6141 could be a sickle elementon which silica gloss went unrecognisedwhen the descriptionwas made. Anotherexample, HS 243, was foundduringthe earlierexcavationsin the MH III or MH III/LH I graveBeta 6, withthetwo obsidianarrowheadsHS 242.95Withthe cobbles knownfromthe MBA, but 6107 and 6111, the saw 6142 is the sole implementof fopisfocedaemonius itscontextalso containedsherdsdated to LH IIA, a timewhen the stonewas definitely beingworked. 6138. Complete.L. 2.7. W. 1.4. Th. (max.)0.6. Red chert. Roughlytriangularoutlinewitha bluntroundedend; most ofone longedge serrated,theotherserratedonlynearbase. Triangularsection.No sicklegloss present.Nu 1977, # 3. ContextMH III/LH I witha littleEH II and one LH 1/ IIA sherdfromshaftgrave burial 13. 77-201. Not drawn; shownin plate 5 1. 6139. Complete. L. 2.5. W. 1.45. Th. (max.) 0.3. Grey chert.Roughly semicircularoutline,with 'diameter' side serrated;'circumference'side finelyretouched.Very thin section,concave on one side and convex on the other.No sicklegloss present.Nu 1977, # 34. ContextMH III Early with a littleLH I and a littleEH II (make-upof Upper Pebbled Road). 77-209. Not drawn;shownin plate 51. 6140. Complete. L. 2.5. W. (max.) 1.8. Th. (max.) 0.55. Red chertwithblue-greyvein. Roughlypentagonaloutline, with longest side serrated;two of remainingshort sides retouched.Very thin section, concave on one side and

convex on the other.No sicklegloss present.Nu 1977, # 43. Context MH III Early (Lower Pebbled Road) witha littleLH I. 77-212. Not drawn; shownin plate 51. 6141. Complete. L. 4.3. W. 2.55. Th. 0.9. Green chert. Tertiarynon-corticaltrapezoidalflakeoftriangularsection, with narrow side of the triangleformingunworkedand irregularcurvingedge, but opposite longer straightedge convex.Beta 1977, workedintotwelve'teeth'.Sides slightly # 106. ContextMH III Early,perhaps witha littleLH I. 77-048. Not drawn;shownin plate 51. [6142. Complete. L. 3.7. W. 2.7. Th. 0.9. Lapis Thick flake with rectangularoutline and lacedaemonius. wedge-shapedsection. Distal end roughlytruncated.Left six teeth. edge exhibitslow,medium,scalarretouchforming Beta 1977, # 89. Context LH IIA (fromFloor 1 or Beta burial 28) withsome MH III and a littleEH II. 77-040. PLATE 5 1 , FIG. 9. 1 1 .]

(vii) Obsidian End-Scrapers (6143-6144) 6143. Complete. L. 2.0. W. 1.4. Th. 0.3. Roughly triangularflake,concave on one side and convex on the other.The two long edges on convex side have relatively use as scraper. steepand dense secondaryretouchsuggesting Eta 1973, # 55. ContextMH II, althoughbasketincluded LH IIIC Earlyburial 13. 73-518. fig. 9.11.

[6144. Chipped at edges and brokenat one end(?j. L. 2.3. W. (max.) 1.4. Th. 0.4. D-shaped blade curvedat one end and one edge, with broad ridge runningapproximately down centre of back; trapezoidal section. No retouch reported.Beta 1977, # 120. ContextMH I Late. 77-050. fig. 9.11.]

(viii) Obsidian Hollow-Based Projectile Points (6145-6149) [6145. One barb broken.L. (max. ex.) 1.7. W. (max.) 0.9. Th. 0.3. Coveringretouchon dorsal surface,unretouched section on ventralface. Zeta 1973, # 87. Context MH I Late or MH II, with one Medieval sherd. 73-024. plate 51, FIG. 9.II.

[6146. Tip of pointmissing.L. (max. ex.) 1.1. W. (max.) withdeep (0.4),roughlysemicircular 1.05. Th. 0.2. Triangular indentationat base; veryslightlylunatein section(back is convex, frontis concave). Pressureflakedalong all three edgeson bothsides.H. Blitzernotedthatitis pressureflaked, completelyon dorsalsurfaceand on edgesofventralsurface, technique(notparalleledat Nichoria) notching usingalternate withfairlyregularcontrolledflaking.Nu/Gamma1 1974, #

95

9. ContextMH III Early,withLH IIA fromburials7-10 and a littleEH. 74-209. plate 51, fig. 9.1 1. [6147. Pointand bothbarbsbrokenoff.L. (max.ex.) 1.45. W. (max.) 0.9. Th. 0.4. Narrowtriangular outline;triangular section(one side is flat,otherridged).Retouchnotdescribed. Beta 1977, # 88. Context MH III Early (road s of wall en). 77-036. plate 51, fig. 9.1 1. [6148. Tip of one barb broken off.L. 1.9. W. 1.2. Th. 0.4. Triangularoutline.Invasive but not coveringretouch on both surfaces.High keel on one surface.Nu 1977, # 5. ContextMH III/LH I witha littleEH II and conceivably a littleLH I/IIA fromshaftgraveburial 13. 77-202. plate 51, fig. 9.11.

Taylour 1972, 233, pl. 42I1.7.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §7 [6149. Leftedgesheared.L. 1.2. W. 1.0. Th. (max.)0.2. flake. is smallandmarginal Madeonbroken Retouch tertiary to invasiveon bothsurfaces. Nu 1977,#22. ContextMH

441

III/LH I (foundation trench ofwallnf)withtwoLH I sherds anda littleEH II. 77-207.plate51, fig.9.11.]

in theMH Two similararrowheads, HS 242a and 242b, werefoundduringtheearlierexcavations III or MH III/LH I graveBeta6, together withthechertdenticulate HS 243·96 piece (ix) Obsidian Tanged Projectile Point (6150, fig. 9.11) one oflongedgespartially 6150. Tip and base missing, L. (max.ex.) 1.3.W. (max.ex.) 1.05.Th. (max.) shattered. workedalongbothlong outline, 0.05. Triangular bifacially

sides.Nu 1977, # 45 (fillbelow LowerPebbledRoad). ContextMH II-MH III Early.77-215.plate 51, fig.9.11. 6151-6152. Numbersnotused.

(x) Obsidian Retouched Blade (6153) [6153. Brokenat one end.L. (max.ex.) 0.85. W. 0.9. Th. blade withsharpridgedown 0.25. Roughlyparallel-sided centre ofback.Possibleevidenceofnibbledretouch on both

edges.Nu 1977,# 22. ContextMH III/LH I (foundation trenchofwallnf)withtwoLH I sherdsand a littleEH II. 77-231.Notillustrated.]

In thisassemblage, whichis usedfor objectsin obsidianaremuchmorecommonthanthosein chert, in sickle elements and denticulates. This distribution is the reverse of thesituation preference only thatprevailsatNichoria.97 No doubtitreflects thegreater of proximity AyiosStephanostothesources of obsidianon Melos. Lapis lacedaemonius was perhapsfirstused forsaw blades in LH I- II;98 the contextof 6142 is suspect.The only otherobjectsfroma MH contextin thisstone,the cobbles6107 and 6111, are probablyraw material.That thisstonewas not workedlocallyuntil LH I- II is a remarkable conclusion, giventhatitssourceis so closeto thesite,butone thataccords withfindsof the stone fromelsewherein the Aegean, whichare limitedto the LBA." The of hollow-based greaterfrequency projectilepointsrelativeto thatof barbedand tangedpointsis with MH Lerna.100 comparable 7. THE LINEAR A INSCRIPTION R.Janko

(6154, fig. 9.12)

Duringtheexcavationof 1973 therecame to lightin a surfacelevel the smallstoneobject6154, whichbears two incised signsthatappear to be Linear A. Accordingto the standardsystem of numeration,101 whereHS standsfor'Hagios Stephanos',thistextis numberedHS Zg 1.102 The schisttabmentioned in publications soon afteritsdiscovery103 as possiblyinscribedin LinearΒ is thissame object.Studyof the stratigraphy revealsthatthisfindis likelyto have originated in MH III-LH I levels.104 1 remainmostgrateful to thelateJohnChadwickforadviceabouttheoriginal ofthispiece. publication (i) Description and Context

6154. Probablyintactin finaluse,thoughendsbroken offacrossthegrainof thestone.Faintrandomscratches fromwear,frontand back.Some concretion on front. L. (ex.) 4.21. W. (max.)1.9, (min.)1.8. Th. 0.62. Wt.9.8 g. tab of horizontally-grained Small,sub-rectangular greymicaceousstone,mostprobably localphyllite black,slightly schist. backandsidespolishedsmoothwithrounded Front, brokenand nototherwise finished. corners;endsroughly Sidesslightly sectionsub-rectangular. Twosigns, convergent,

96 Taylour 1Q72, 233, pl. 42h.!, 3. 97 Blitzer 1QQ2,727.

98See Chapter10 §7 (xv)below. 99See Chapter14 §§3 (vi) (c) and 4 (iii)below. 100Runnels on the 1985, 368-9. For further commentary assemblagesee Appendix6.

(a) and (b), are inciseddiagonallyacrossthewidthofthe stone.Sign(a): H. 1.1.W. 0.5. Sign(b): H. 1.3.W. 0.5. D. (inner)of circle0.29. Strokesveryfirmly incised,except forthe cross-barof sign(a), whichis a littlefainter but definitely present.Lambda 1, 1973,# 5. Surfacecontext LH HI. including earlyMH toLH IIIC Early,butmostly 73-803.PLATE 51, FIG.9.12. 6155-7000. Numbersnotused.

101Godartand Olivier1076. 102First publishedinJanko1982ο, it also appearsin Godart and Olivieriq8f;,16. 103Michaud1074,613: Cartledere iq7q. ro. 104See Chapter 1 §5 (v) above.


442

Fig. 9.12. Middle Helladic small finds. Carved stone: tab with linear A inscription 6154. Scale 1:1.

It is difficult has been lostat theends; is mysterious. to believe thatanything The purposeofthisartefact thenatureofthestoneexplainswhytheseends are notneatlyfinishedliketheothersurfaces.Thereis no and unless such traceshave been completelybrokenaway,the stonecannot traceof any perforation, have been any kindof label. To suggestthatit is an amuletis a counsel of despair.There is no similar are somewhat countersfromAyia Tríada105 inscribedobjectin Brice 1961, but theinscribedterracotta tab An broken terracotta that is a inscribed in and is the similar shape size. One possibility weight. object A L 1 1 has Linear 1 1 1 a MM IIIB which bears Ε o (KY W , from fromKythera, o, stratum), sign tentatively been describedas a weight,but it is pierced at the survivingcorners;the clay bars fromMallia and bear no resemblanceto 6154. The natureoftheartefact to whichthishas been compared,106 Palaikastro, is in LinearΒ thanin LinearA: to date,LinearΒ texts makesitmuchless probablethattheinscription are almostexclusivelylimitedto clay tabletsand inscribedstirrup jars. The tab was foundin trenchLambda 1, dug in 1973. The top of the hill upon whichthe Bronze stood has been heavilyeroded. Lambda 1 is situatedon itssw slope, and the modern Age settlement surfacehad a steepgradient(fig. 1.39).Joinsin sherdsbetweenthe top (n) and bottom(s) ends of the trenchshow thatthe slope was itselfundergoingerosion.The tab was foundin the mixed greysoil thatconstituted the surfacelevel,near thes end ofthetrench.The associatedpotteryconsistedmainly ofEarlyMycenaeanwash (LH I-IIA), witha certainamountof LH IIIA-IIIC Early.There were two buildingphases in thissector,MH III Late-LH ILA and LH IIIC Early; the latterhas been largely eroded away, and the walls and floorlevels of the formerwere close to the surface.All the floorsof thisearlierphase had been eroded to some extent.While it is conceivable thatthe object belongs to LH III, a late MH or EarlyMycenaean originis more probable. (ii) The Signs as LinearA: (a) as the'double-axe' sign(L 52 in thetranscription The twosignsare readilyidentifiable of Pope and Raison 1977 and 08 in thatof Godartand Olivier 1976), and (b) as the 'cat's head' sign (L 95 Pope/Raison and 80 Godart/Olivier).The formof the 'double-axe' would be acceptable as Linear B, but thatof the 'cat's head' is not foundin the latterscript.This type of the 'double-axe',

105Brice 1961, pl. XV.

106Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 205.


443

wherethereis no cross-pieceat thetop and the centraluprightdoes not crossthehorizontal,is known at Zakros (ZA 7a.2) and possiblyat Khania and Thera (KH 5.1, TE Z 2). Pope and Raison classifyit as theirType L 52d.107This type of 'cat's head', with single lines representingthe cat's 'ears' and no attemptwithinthecircleto representtheanimal's'eyes' or 'nose', is knownfromAyia Tríada,Phaistos and perhapsGournia (HT 6b.2, 31.3, 1 i6a6, etc.). Pope and Raison classifythisas typesL 95c or L 95d. Both signsare reducedto thebarestessentials.The hardnessofthe stoneused forthe inscription but I would suspectalso thatthe signsare late and may partlyaccountforthisextremesimplification, to the final of the The belong stages script. inscriptionthusreads: .1

08-80

Transcribedaccordingto theirLinear Β equivalents,the signsread: .1

a-ma

This signgroupis commonenoughin the Linear Β tabletsát Knossos,whereit oftenprecedes a large in thenominative. quantityofgrain.108 MorpurgoDavies109suggestedthatitmighttherebe a substantive But its incidence in Linear Β is irrelevant,especially since the group is frequentin Linear A.110It occursas firstgroupon a clay bar fromMallia, wherethe formsofthe signsare both more archaic.A tabletfromZakros has thesesignsat the startof a badly damaged text: 08-80 o8-8o[

Mallia, MA lb.i (firstsigngroup) Zakros,ZA 7b. 1 (firstsigngroup)

The two signsalso occur withdifferent as follows: 'suffixes',111 08-80-57 o8-8o-6o-24-[ 09-80-54-41

Khania, KH 14.1 (firstsigngroup) Skhinia,SK Zb 1 (startof inscription) gold pin, originunknown,CR(?) Zf 1 (firstsigngroup)

These are rightlytransliterated accordingto the systemof Pope and Raison 1977 as α-ma(twice),ama-ja,a-ma-ra-?[,and a-ma-wa-siluThe use of 57 (L 32), i.e. ja, as a 'suffix'is particularlywell established. (iii) Conclusion Boththeformofthisinscriptionand thefactthatit is incisedon a stoneobject supportthehypothesis thatits scriptis Linear A ratherthanLinear B. It is a pitythatit lacks a clear archaeologicalcontext, but its discoveryis a furthervaluable indicationof the close links between this part of southern Laconia and Minoan Crete. Linear A is alreadyknownfromKythera,and studyof the potteryfrom Ayios Stephanos has revealed early and prolonged Minoan influence,mediated via Kythera.The veryexistenceof thisfirstscrap of Linear A fromthe Laconian coast is itselfinformative.113

107 Pope and Raison 1077, 40. 108E.ff.KN Ε 8*ο. ίο**. 109 Morpurgo 1063, s.v. a-ma. 110Godart and Olivier 1985, 163.

111Godart and Olivier iq8r. 16s. 26^. 112On thefreauencvofthese'suffixes'see Packard 'c'â 1αλ-a 113For furtherdiscussion see Chapter 14 §3 (vi) below.

Chapterίο The Late BronzeAge smallfinds E. B. French, withR.Janko itemsfromrelated [Editor'snote:thisChapterwas largelycompletedin 1995. A fewunpublished in theearlierexcavationshave been added in cases wherethestratigraphy contexts is re-examined in thepresentvolume,or metallurgical has been done their (see Appendix5); analysis descriptions dependon theexcavationrecordsonly,and theyhave notbeen studiedby theauthor.I have also In addition, a fragment providedan accountoftheobjectsin chippedstonefromMycenaeancontexts. ofan ostrich from a an exotic item used as or destined for context, eggshell Mycenaean presumably a luxuryobject,is publishedas 9214. A numberof shellsof the species Glycymeris (dog cockle), Cerastoderma and Acanthocardia (cockle),foundin MH and LH contexts,were probablyused as ornaments (9255-9274)·1] Author's note:theMycenaeansmallfindsfromAyiosStephanoswereto havebeen thecontribution ofBillyTaylourhimself, butthischapterwas notevendrafted, apartfromsomenoteson thebeads, he commissioned from Anna and although drawings Poelstra-Tragá othersand discussedthechapter withcolleagues,including After his death I offered to deal withtheseitems,becauseI was in myself. the bestpositionto visitSpartaand cope withthe problemsof access to the objectsfora basic In completing thetask,I realisehow muchI do notknowaboutthevariouscategories of restudy. to importspecialists forthissmallquantity find,butitwouldhavebeen unrealistic ofmaterial, even had repeatedaccessto it been possible.For some entriesthecatalogueis based on notesmade by BettyBanks,whohas kindlyallowedme to makeuse ofheroriginalcatalogueand has added notes fromwhichI have benefited. Helen Hughes-Brock wentthroughthe originalrecordsand added notesfromwhichI have also benefited. I also thankJane Cocking,RosemaryPayne and John Youngerforbeingpreparedto answerquestions. The rangeofsmallfindsthatcan be consideredto have been manufactured in Mycenaeantimesis similarto,butnotidenticalwith,thatfromothercomparablesites,particularly whichwas Nichoria,2 excavatedat a similarperiod.The accountof MycenaeanLerna,3whichhas appearedsincethis also providesan important reference base forthe AyiosStephanosmaterial. chapterwas written, Thisreportconcernsonlythefindsof 1973, 1974 and 1977,as thoseofpreviousseasonshavebeen dealtwithadequatelyin Taylour1972. The findsconsistof itemsin bone, metal (bronzeand lead), clay (including'terracotta') and stone.Theyare all practicalitemsof dailyuse, exceptperhapsfora seal and fortheconsiderable numberofbeadsthataccompaniedthemanyinfant and childburialsfoundon thesite.Some ofthe beads in faienceand glasshave suffered to whichtheyhave been badlyin the storageconditions in spiteof seeing subjected.In some cases it has been necessaryto use the originaldescription, the object.The divisionbetweenfaienceand glass has been made witha X30 hand-lens and withthe help of the commentsof Helen Hughes-Brock. A fewitemseithercannotbe locatedat presentor were not retrievedwhen the studywas made (autumn1992). The apparentdate of and not of thefind'scontext, has been used throughout manufacture, thereportin orderto allow morecoordinated discussions. The numberof findsis small,butthismustbe relatedto thearea of the Mycenaeansettlement exposed,c. 945 sq. m., comparedwithabout4600 sq. m at Nichoria.4 littlecan be Unfortunately, said aboutthefunctional withtheexceptionofthefloordepositsand theburials.Fewgive contexts, 1 See Chapter 12 §* (ii) below. 2 McDonald and Wilkie 1992.

3 Wiencke iqq8. 4 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 675.

445

446

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

some of the much help in interpretingthe areas from which they came. Also, unfortunately, in for this available to me time sections could not be made study. interpretative (7001-7009, fig. 10.1) The numberof bone objects is small,as at Nichoria,but thismay be an indicationof conditionsof fromthe earlier retrievalor of preservation.The chronologicalcoverage is fulland shows continuity interest is of of the of small number the (plate 52) and includes items, range types periods.Despite three tools (7006-7008) of a type that I cannot find noted elsewhere. These, like the complete point (7002), come from the good contexts of LH IIIC Early, while the short point (7004) is considerablyearlier.It may be noted thatthereis no ivoryor antlerfromthe Mycenaean levels. The one piece of unworkedboar's tusk9164 is more probablyMH I in date, althoughits context had slightLH contamination. 1. BONE

L. (max.)2.3. [7001. Point;notseen.Pointonlypreserved. Th. (max.)0.6. Highlypolishedsurface.Beta 3, 1959, # 15. ContextLH IIIC EarlywithsomeMH and perhaps Medieval.59-535.Notillustrated.] 7002. Point.Good condition.L. 13.8. W. (max) 1.9. intopointandwellused.Zeta Animallongbonesharpened 1973, # 10. Surfacecontextwithmuch Mycenaean, also with LH IIIA, and someMH, presumably including LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval.73-003.plate 52, fig.10.1. L. 1.5. D. 0.9. Thick 7003. Point.Brokenfragment. end.Beta1974,#41.Context brokenateither conicalshaft, LH I-II withsomeΜΗ Ι-ΙΙ and a littleEH II. 74-035. Notillustrated. L. 4.5.Th. 1.35.Shorttool,tapering 7004. Point.Broken. animal from longbone.Beta 1977,#82. Context sharply, LH IIA witha littleEH, MH and Medieval.77-053.Not drawn;shownin plate 52. 7005. Pin or awl. Good condition,pointedend only to L. (max.ex.) 3.5. D. (max.ex.) 0.3. Tapering preserved. on oppositesides. flattened bluntpoint;slightly a somewhat Polished.Nu/Gamma1, 1974, # 10. ContextMH HI/

of wall nf).74-245.Not drawn; LH I (foundation-trench shownin plate 52. workedflange.Flangeend only.L. 7006. Burnisher(?), at angleto shaftwithnarrowed cut W. 2.3. Flange 3.4. handleabove; brokenwithwear.Epsilon1973,# 5. LH withsomeMH I-II andLH IIIA2. 73IIIC Earlycontext, 104. PLATE 52, FIG. 1O.1.

L. 3.7. W. 0.8 x 1. Brokenfragment. 7007. Burnisher. polishedtool;at one end thetwobroad Long four-sided sidesconverge.Beta 1974, #14 (floordeposit).Context LH IIIC Early.74014a. plate 52, fig.10.1. L. 1.2. W. 0.8 x 1. Brokenfragment. 7008. Burnisher. Shaftsimilarto 7007 but smaller.Beta 1974, # 14. LH IIIC Earlycontext. 74-014b. Notillustrated. brokenat one end. 7009. Boneobject;notseen.Slightly shaftwithroundedangles;one L. 5.7. Th. 0.9. Trifaceted end workedto a point.Beta 1974,# 42. ContextLH II. 74-039.Notillustrated. W. 1.2 x 0.5. L. notseen.Broken. 7010. Boneobject; *workedon bothsides3.3. a saw'. Beta like tapering; Slightly LH IIA-IIIAi. 74-042.Notillustrated. 1974,#33. Context

7013. smallfinds.Bone:points7002, 7006-7007.Copper:rings7011-7012.Bronze:tweezers Fig. 10.1.Mycenaean Lead: rivets7018-7019.Scale 1:2.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §2 2. METAL

(7011-7022,

447

fig. 10.1)

a picturesimilarto thepreviouscategory. The copperor bronzeobjectsoffer Theirnumberis small, but thisis a commonsituation; therangeof interest, is all but theearliest Almost however, high. come fromdestruction and this is doubtless for their in antiquity.5 non-retrieval levels, responsible The ringwithexternal is said to date to but it is elaborate (7011) hatching EarlyMycenaean, unusually and apparently it in does not stand out the though unparalleled, metallurgical analyses(seeAppendix 5). The ringwithattachment (7012) and the simpletweezers(7013) are quite at home in their LH IIIAi context,as are theotheritemsfromtheLH IIIC Earlycontexts. Threecruciblescraps and a of residue in a were found (7053) piece metallurgical (7053a) Mycenaeancontext(theLH IIIC Floor see 5); Early Appendix4. Lead is extremely commonin Mycenaeancontexts,6 buttherecoveredremainsare oftendifficult to interpret, and therangeofuses is notyetfullyunderstood. All fiveobjectsfromthissite(7018are The date of the rivet should be noted,7and one maywonderwhether 7022) 7018 typical. early was morecommonat timeswhenpotsrepresented a greaterinputofeffort thanlater,when riveting theywere mass produced.Certainlyin subsequentperiodsrivetsare most commonon large storagepots,whereno doubttheywereusedtorepaira vesseluntilitscontents (presumably dry!)had beenusedup or emptiedout.[See also 8049.] (i) Copper or Bronze (7011-7017) 7011. Copper ring.About threequarterspreserved. W. 0.35. D. 2.2. Th. 0.1. Thinstripbentto forma ring; verticalhatchingon outerface. Containsno tin (see Appendix5). Beta1974,#37. ContextLH I-IIB withlate ΜΗ. 74-Ο32. PLATE52, FIG. 1O.1.

W.0.6. 7012. Copperringwithattachment. Complete(?). D. 2.1. Th. 0.1. Thinbroadstripbentintoa circlewith endsoverlapping; secondstriptwistedoverringto form knot.Containsno tin(see Appendix5). Beta 1974,#16 (overFloor1). ContextLH IIIAi withsomeLH I- II. 74022. Plate 52, fig.10.1. [7012a. Copperfillet(?) (notseen).Threefragments: (a) and (b) brokenon all edgesexceptone,(c) brokenon all edges. (a) L. (max.)2.2.W. (max.)1.1.Th. 0.1. (b) L. (ex.)0.6. W. (ex.)0.7. Th. 0.08. (c) L. (max.)2.0. W. (ex.) 1.0.Th. 0.08. Contains no tinbutsomearsenic, so probably MH orearly LH (see Appendix5). Beta 11, 1963,#6. Sectorgamma, i.e.s endoftrench; foundnearbuckle8001.Context mostly LH IIIC Early,withsomeMH andMedieval LH, including in 8001. 63-538.Notillustrated.] 7013. Bronzetweezers. Completebutbroken.L. 6.9. W. ends.Very 0.7. Th. 0.2. Open'-spring typewithflattened hightincontent(seeAppendix5). Beta 1974,# 21 (Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withsomeLH I- II. 74-026. plate 52, fig.10.1. 7014. Bronze pin or tool. Part only. Overall measurements as bent:L. 3.5. H. 3. D. shaft0.3. Curveas

ofarcfibulabutwithout ateither coil;flattening end, spring morebroadlyat top. Epsilon1973, # 3. LH IIIC Early context withsomeMH I- II. 73-103.Notdrawn;shownin PLATE 52.

7015. Bronzepin or needle.Brokenat bothends.L. 7. D. 0.2. Longstraight shaft. Beta 1974,# 14 (floordeposit). ContextLH IIIC Early.74-016. Not drawn;shownin

PLATE 52.

7016. Bronzesheet(knifeblade?).Triangular fragment. L. 3. W. 1.3. Th. 0.14. Flatsheetwithno originaledges; cannotbelongto 7017 belowbecauseofhighertincontent (seeAppendix5). Lambda/Beta12, 1974,#45 (Room4, Floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-820. Notillustrated. of blade and 7017. Bronzeknifeblade. Two fragments fourmiscellaneous L. W. (min.) fragments. 7.5. 2.5. Type broadbladewithone straight indeterminate; edgeandone (seeAppendix5). Lambda/Beta sloping.Hightincontent 12, 1974,#45 (Room4, Floor5). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash.74-821.Notdrawn;shownin plate 52. [7017a. Bronzefillet(?)(not seen). Probablybrokenall round.L. (max.)4.7.W.(max.)1.8.Th.0.1.Thinrectangular strip.Containsverylittletinbutsomearsenic,so probably MH or earlyLH (see Appendix5). Beta 10, 1974,#32. Surfacecontext,mostlyMedievalwithsome Mycenaean and a littleMH. 74-030.Notillustrated.]

(ii) Lead (7018-7022) SurfacecontextwithMH to 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC 7018. Rivet.Brokenand corroded.L. 3.72. W. 0.8. Th. 0.6. Twolongstrips joinedbytwobridges.Lambda/ Beta Early)and Medieval.63-555.Notillustrated.] 12, 1974,#71. ContextLH I-IIA. 74-838.fig.10.1. brokenand corroded.L. 7021. Sheet,threefragments, L. (max.ex.) 1.92.W.0.95. Th. 7019. Rivet(?)fragment. bend 4.7, 2.6, 1.5.Th.0.2. Box(?);flatsheetwithright-angle at one side.Beta 1974,# 14 (floordeposit).ContextLH 0.09. H. (withrivet)0.92. D. (max.ex. ofrivet)0.51. Thin and remainsof IIIC Early.74-015.Notillustrated. rectangular stripwithone rivetpreserved secondrivet.Bentandbrokenat bothends.Epsilon1973, 7022. Base(?).Brokenabovebasenodule.D. 2.1. Th.0.8. #24. LH IIIC Earlycontext, withsomeMH I-II, LH IIB Lowersurface withconicaldepression andcentral irregular, and LH IIIA2. 73-109.fig.10.1. withbrokensides.Lambda2, lump;smoothuppersurface [7020. Strip(notseen). Complete,foldedrightover.L. 1974,# 4. ContextLH IIIA2-B fill,withsomeMH and LH I-II and one Medievalsherd.74-802.Notillustrated. (folded)2.6, (unfolded, est.)6.1. W. 2.5. Th. 0.4-2.5. Flat Beta 12, 1963,# 76. rectangular shape,uneventhickness. 5

6iQ,

Catling 1992, 624. 6 Mossman in preparation.

7 Cf. the 1992, 624.

examplefromNichoriain McDonald and Wilkie

448


3. TERRACOTTA, CLAY AND RE-USED POTTERY (i) Whorls and Conuli (7023-7052, fig. 10.2) The clay'whorls'(I includeall sizes)foundin theLBA and laterlevelspresenta problem.In the tothesmallconicalandbiconical theexamplesfoundinEarlyMycenaeanlevelsareconfined Argolid, LH II and LH III.8 The fromthearea oftheCitadel to between evidence stone types;claygivesway have also been foundtherein LH but unusual terracotta House at Mycenaeconfirms this, examples the At Nichoria,theclaytypeswererecoveredfromlevelsdatingthroughout IIIC Late contexts.9 we for the If of the is similar.10 we had details but the overall contexts, ranges pottery period, pattern at residual. To me the scenario are that some of the scattered be able to suggest Ayios examples might somemayhavecontinued The large,coarserwhorlsareofMH manufacture; seemssimilar. Stephanos in use and possiblymanufacture intotheEarlyMycenaeanperiod(as lateas LH IIIAi), butby then thesmallertypesoffinerclayare produced.Thesebecomerarein theMycenaeanperiod,butthere thealmostcompleteabsence maybe a revivalofclaywhorlsin LH IIIC. Whatis notclearis whether the ofclayexamplesin Mycenaeantimesin theArgolidis also trueoftheprovinces. Unfortunately, behindthesechangesin usageis evidencefromAyiosStephanosdoes nothelp.The socialstructure and noneofweavingfromAyios evidenceofspinning Thereis littledistinctive tointerpret.11 difficult fromtheearlierperiod(6058little of and in the weaving surprisingly period, Mycenaean Stephanos on themainlandofGreece,a is found such evidence it be noted how But above). rarely 6059 may ofthesettlement, factthatprobablyindicatesthatweavingtookplace awayfromthemajorbuildings withtheaddition even evidence.12 in the textual conditions undertheindustrial Unfortunately, apparent in a primary context we haveas yetno examplesofMycenaeanloomweights ofrecentfinds, (including a groove). twoexampleswerefoundthere,one withand one without at Lerna,although The clay whorlsfromAyiosStephanoscan be dividedintofourchronological groups:EH II, MH, EarlyMycenaeanand LH IIIC, withone outlier.Of the39 examplesfoundin LH and later levels,thetwoEH objects(5001 and 5002) and fourin the MH group(6018, 6019, 6031 and 6036) are cataloguedin Chapters8-9 above. The MH whorlsare of types,fabricsand surface knownfromthewhorlsfoundin actualMH levelsand describedin Chapter9 §3 above treatment and surfaceare particularly fig. noticeable;bothburnished (see 9.2). The flattopsand theirregular are hand-smoothed examples present. In the EarlyMycenaeangroupI have placed six further examplesof MH types(7023-7028). butthereis no wayofknowingwhentheywereproduced. ThesecomefromLH I-IIIAi contexts, whichis a Anotherexample(7029, fig. 10.2) shouldbe linkedto these,thoughitsroundedprofile, Also from MH in the is not MH from the Early group. actuallyparalleled types2-3, development arefivebiconical(7030-7034)andthreeconical(7040-7042)examples.Another Mycenaeancontexts fivearebiconical(7035-7039) and two sevenEarlyMycenaeanexamplescomefromlatercontexts: conical(7043-7044). Two types(7046-7052) probablybelongto theLH IIIC periodratherthan doesnothelpthishypothesis. theirpoorcondition Theyaredifferentiated Unfortunately, beingresidual. left or a dark colour to burnished are either since untreated, the surface completely treatment, they by but contexts in ware as known the of red friable a fine is fabric the but Mycenaean cooking type clay, it I think that made well is so One conical of schist. clear hereshowing may example(7045) glints andbe a clayexampleofthenormalLH IIIA-IIIB stoneconulus. antedateitsLH IIIC Earlycontext (a) MIDDLE HELLADIC TYPES OF WHORL FROM EARLY MYCENAEAN CONTEXTS aroundhole at top truncated H. 4.1. D. (max.)4.2. conical,unusuallyirregular 7023. Brokenbutnearlycomplete. andbottom.Lambda1, 1973,# 21 (Floor3). ContextLH Wt. (ex.) 71 g. MH Type2. Red coarseclaywithmany IIIAi withmuchLH I-II. 73-810.fig.10.2. smoothed; inclusions; veryflattop.Beta1974,# 16. lightly ContextLH IIIAi withsomeLH I-II. 74-018.fig.10.2. 7026. Almostcomplete.H. 3.5. D. (max.)4.2. Wt.(ex.) Wt. D. H. break. surface 54 g. MH Type3. Coarsedarkred claywithinclusions; (max.)3.3. 3.6. 7024. Large flattened outer with Fine core MH hand-smoothed; top and bottom.Beta 1974, # grey gritty 3. (ex.) 46 g. Type IIIAi withsomeLH I-II. 74LH Context 21 Nu surface. but hand-smoothed (Floor1). 1973, irregular layer;fine 028. Notdrawn;shownin plate 52. #6. ContextLH I/IIA,cutbyLH IIIAi burial4. 73-204. FIG. 1O.2. 7027. Whorlorconulus.Broken.H. (est.)4. D. (max.)4, MH D. H. Battered. (hole) 1.2. MH Type 3. Fine reddishclay; traces of 3. (max.) 3.29. Type 3.32. 7025. tall fired with some fine Darkbrownclay, secondaryburning(twoverticallines).Lambda 3, 1977, veryhard; grits; 8 Wace 1932,218-19, withBiegen1937,312-14. 9 Hughes-Brock, in preparation. 10 Smith1992,675-84. Carington

11Cf. Carington Smith1002,675-84. 12Chadwick1976, 150-2.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §3

449

Fig. 10.2. Mycenaean small finds.Terracottawhorlsand conuli: MH types7023-7025, 7027-7029; EarlyMycenaean biconical 7031, 7033-7034, 7036, 7038-7039; Early Mycenaean conical 7040-7045; LH IIIC types7047, 7049, 7051. Scale 1:2.

# 57. Context MH III/LH I-LH I/IIA fill with a little Medieval. 77-848. fig. 10.2. 7028. About one fifthpreserved, proximal and distal edges chipped. H. 3.72. D. (max. est.) 4, (perforation) 0.7. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. MH Type3 withslightly concave sides.Fine, well integratedmicaceous clay withmostlydark gritsto 1 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) withcore 5Y 6/1 (grey/ lightgrey)and surface5Y 5/1 (grey).Wellsmoothedsurface, (b) EARLY MYCENAEAN BICONICAL

probably originally polished. Lambda 2, 1974, #18. SurfacecontextcontainingLH I II Β to LH IIIC Early and some MH sherds.74-808. fig. 10.2. 7029. Nearlyintact.H. 4. D. (max.) 3.9. Wt. (ex.) 66 g. Red coarse clay, burnished;tall convex conical with flat top. Beta 1974, #16 (over Floor 1). MH or Early Mycenaean.ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I- II. 74-019. fig. 10.2.

WHORLS

[7030. (Not seen). Chipped. H. (max.) 2.0. D. (top) 1.0, (max.) 2.2, (base) 0.9, (hole) 0.3. Lightbrown clay, hardfired;smallbiconical.Beta 1, 1959, #13. LH I- II context. 59-523. Not illustrated.] 7031. Intact.H. 3.2. D. (max.) 4.5, (hole) 1.4. Wt. 63 g. Red clay withlarge grits(fabricnot clearlyvisible); black to brown lightlyburnishedsurface;angular asymmetrical biconical,withunusuallylargehole and veryflatbase. Beta 1974, #16 (over Floor 1). Early Mycenaean. ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I- II. 74-021. fig. 10.2. 7032. Less thanhalfpreserved.Badly worn.H. (ex.) 2.8. D. (max. est.) 4.3. Wt. (ex.) 8 g. Fine paie buffgrittyclay; no surfacepreserved;rounded biconical. Nu 2, 1974, # 25. Context LH IIA with a little EH II, LH III and Medieval. 74-214. Not drawn; shown in plate 52. 7033. Wornsurface.H. (ex.) 1.7. D. (max.) 3.1. Wt. (ex.) 13.5 g. Soft,veryfine,pale brownclay withoccasionallarge grits; asymmetricalbiconical with rounded carination; brokenat base and thenused thus.Beta 1977, # 68 (Floor

1). Early Mycenaean. Context LH IIIAi with LH I-II material.77-029. fig. 10.2. 7034. One quartermissing.H. 8.9. D. (max.) 3.5. Wt. (ex.) 25 g. Very poorly worked fine clay fired pink; smoothedmottledbuffsurface;biconicalwithflattened ends (more at top). Lambda 3, 1977, # 59. Early Mycenaean object in LH I-IIA context.77-846. fig. 10.2. 7035. Half preserved.H. 2.2. D. (ex.) 3. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. Coarse red clay,notwellworked;hand-smoothed; biconical. Beta 1974, #13 (floordeposit).PossiblyEarlyMycenaean. ContextLH IIIC Early witha littleEH II, MH III-LH II and perhaps Medieval. 74-011. Not illustrated. 7036. Almostintact.H. 1.5. D. (max.) 1.5. Fine red clay; well smoothed;biconical withconcave upper surface.Beta 1974, #15. ProbablyEarlyMycenaean.ContextLH IIIA2 withMedieval. 74-017. fig. 10.2. 7037. Fragment.H. (ex.) 1.5. D. (est.) 3. Wt. (ex.) 3 g. Fine greyclay;well smoothed;smallroundedbiconical.Beta λ9ΊΊι # 5· ProbablyEarly Mycenaean. ContextMedieval

45O


witha littleMycenaeanand MH. 77-002. Not illustrated. 7038. Almostcomplete.H. 3.8. D. (max.)4.5. Wt. (ex.) 57 biconical g. Finegritty clayfiredblotchyblacktobrownish-red; withflattop. Beta 1977, #13. ProbablyEarlyMycenaean. ContextMedievalwithMycenaean.77-006. fig. 10.2. (c) EARLY MYCENAEAN CONICAL WHORLS (FIG. 7040. Intact.H. 2.9. D. (max.) 3.1. Wt. 30 g. Reddishbrowngrittyclay of sandy texturewithfewinclusions;no visible surfacetreatment;truncatedconical with flattop; slightprotrusionaround hole at base. Beta 1974, # 38. ContextLH I withLH IIB. 74-031. fig. 10.2. H. 3.2. D. (max.) 4.1. Wt. (ex.) 28 g. 7041. Fragmentary. Fine red clay; burnishedsurface;irregulartruncatedcone with concave sides. Beta 1977, # 63 (Floor 1). Early Mycenaean. ContextLH IIIAi withLH I- II material.77028. fig. 10.2. 7042. Chipped at top. H. 2.2. D. (max.) 2.7. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. Red coarse clay notwell worked;well smoothed;burnish tool markson top only; truncatedcone withconcave sides and concave top; small hole; no wear on base. Beta 1977, # 82. ContextLH ILA witha littleEH, MH and Medieval. 77-034. FIG.1Ο.2.

7039. Slightlychippedat base. H. 1.7. D. (max.) 1.4. Wt. (ex.) 8 g. Fine red clay; well handled/smoothedsurface; biconical.Beta 1977, #22. Probably roundedasymmetrical Context Medieval, perhapswithone LH EarlyMycenaean. sherd.77-013. fig. 10.2. IO.2) 7043. Half preserved;chipped.H. 2.5. D. (max.) 3.3. Wt. (ex.) 12 g. Grey heavily-grittedclay; hand-smoothed; truncatedconical. Epsilon 1973, # 77. Probably Early Mycenaean. ContextLH IIIA2, but mostlyLH I- II witha littleMH I- III. 73-124. fig. 10.2. 7044. Good condition.H. 3. D. 2.9. Wt. 27 g. Well fired, pale sandy clay; no surfacetreatment;slightlyirregular truncatedconical withhole rough (notworn)at base. Beta 1977, # 20. Probably Early Mycenaean. Surfacecontext withMedieval and a littleMH and LH. 77-012. fig. 10.2. 7045. Whorl or conulus. Chipped in two places. H. 2.2. D. (max.) 3. Wt. 17 g. Soft yellow-red fabric, lightlyburnished or well-smoothed; of fine quality; truncated conical. Epsilon 1973, # 26. ContextLH IIIC Early (with a littleMH I- III), but possiblyof earliermanufacture(LH IIIA-B conulus?). 73-113. fig. 10.2.

(d) LATE MYCENAEAN TYPES OF WHORL

Burnished 7046. Verybatteredfragment.H. (ex.) 1.7. D. (ex.) 3.2. Very fine red clay with micaceous glints; surface dark burnished (preserved only in hole); probably conical. Epsilon 1973, # 18. LH IIIC Early context,with a little MH III and some LH IIIA2. 73-106. Not drawn; shown in plate 52.

7047. Broken,worn at base. H. (ex.) 1.94. D. (ex.) 2.2. Fine red clay with mica; hard fired;burnishedout; fired verydarkgrey;truncatedconical. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 39 (Room 2, Floor 4). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I- II wash. 74-817. fig. 10.2.

Plain 7048. One thirdonly preserved.H. (ex.) 3. D. 3.2. Fine friable red clay with mica, surface roughly finished; truncatedconical. Epsilon 1973, # 18. LH IIIC Early context,witha littleMH III and some LH IIIA2. 73-112. Not drawn;shownin plate 52. 7049. Chipped around string-holeat top and bottom; battered.H. 1.4. D. (max.) 2. Wt. (ex.) 4 g. Coarse grey micaceous clay; well-smoothedsurface; small truncated conical. Nu 1973, # 1, w of wall na. Probably LH IIIC Early. Surfacecontextwith MH-LH ΠΙΑ and Medieval. 73-202. fig. 10.2. 7050. Whorl or conulus. Half only. H. 1.34. D. (max.) 2.8. Grey-brownclay withroughsurface(burnt?);conical. Beta 1974, # 9. ContextLH IIIC Early (floordeposit),but

pot rangeLH I-LH IIIC Early.74-009. Not illustrated. 7051. Intact but worn. H. 4.5. D. (max.) 4.9, (hole at top) 1.2. Wt. 68 g. Fine brown-greyclay with some grit; not well treated;no surfacefinish;truncatedconical with very large hole. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 51 (Room 2, Floor 4, e). Context LH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74828. fig. 10.2. [7052. (Not seen). Only veryslightlychipped near hole. H. 1.8. D. (max.) 2.7, (hole) 0.4. Pink, slightlymicaceous clay withgreysurface;conical. Beta 12, 1963, # 74 (Room 4, Floor 5, e). Context includes MH, LH I- II, LH ΠΙΑ and 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early withLH I-II wash); possibly of late type, given its context. 63-529. Not illustrated.]

(ii) Tuyère(?), Crucible and Metallurgical Residue (7O52A-7O53a, fig. 10.3) continued thatmetal-working 7053 andresidue7053a,attest crucible-fragments including [Afewfinds, reed a canna of nozzle the i.e. blowpipe atthesiteduringthisperiod.Withtheprobabletuyère7052a, one maycomparethealmostidenticalobjectHS 311;13thelatterwas or bellowsusedin metallurgy, foundin a surfacelevel (basket63) ofTrenchBeta 12A, 1963, and mayderivefromthesameLH IIIC Earlycontextas 7053-7053^ viz.Floors4 and 5 of 1974.14] [7052a. Tuyère,spindle whorl,bead, pinhead or part of vessel(?). L. (max. ex.) 2.75. D. (max. ex.) 2.5, (hole) 0.5. Ovoid with remains of articulationat broken end. Hole 13 Taylour 1972, 260, pl. 51b, where it is called a 'nozzle(?)'

throughlong axis. Grey (10YR 6/1), rathercoarse fabric. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. ContextLH I-IIA fillwitha few Medieval sherds.77-822. plate 52 (twoviews),fig. 10.3.] 14See

Chapter 1 §5 (ii) withfig. 1.37.


451

Fig. 10.3. Mycenaean smallfinds.Terracotta:tuyère(?) 7052a; reused pottery7054-7057, 7059. Scale 1:2. (a) L. 2.3. W. 2.2. Th. 7°53- Three(?) cruciblefragments, 1.1. Gritty clayfiredbrown,badlycrackedon uppersurface. Square, brokenunderneath.74-847. (b) L. 3.5. W. 1.9. Th. 1.1. Clay fired red-brown, cracked on upper surface, flattenedabove and below and on one edge. 74-848. (c) L. 1.6. W. 1.2. Th. 0.8. Grittyclay firedred-brown,flattened and crackedon uppersurface,otherwiseirregular. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). Exact find-spots

unknown;fromwater-sieveresidue.ContextLH IIIC Early with LH I wash. 74-849. Not drawn; shown in plate 52 (two views, interiorsfromleftto right,and exteriorsfrom leftto right). [7053a. (Not seen). Metallurgical residue. One lump. Greenish;no otherdetailsrecorded.Not analysed.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. Sample 3. Not illustrated.]

(iii) Pottery, Probably in Re-use (7054-7060) The piercedpatterned base (7055) was foundin a LH IIIC Earlycontext, butthepotfromwhichthe base comesis earlier(LH II). Otherpiercedsherds(7056-7057)also indicateearlymaterial foundon thesiteandreusedinlatercontexts. Thesepiercedsherds, whichalsoappearwidelyinpureMycenaean are one ofthemostenigmatic findsknown.15 One LH IIIAi kylixbase (7059) had beenrecontexts, cutforuseas a stopper inthesameperiod,another commonusagethatis notalwaysreported. relatively [7054. Pierced rimsherd (missing,not seen). Apparently intactin finaluse. H. 8.1. W. (max.) 9.8. Th. (max) 1.8. D. (hole) 0.6. Fabricnotrecorded.Roughlytriangular sherd withrim at top. Startof drill-holeasymmetrically placed near bottom centre; drawing suggests that boring is unfinished.Possible attemptedmend or reuse. Beta 1977, # 72 (Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withLH I-II. 77-058. FIG. IO.3.]

15Cf.

7055. Piercedbase. Battered.D. (top)8, (bottom)9, (hole) 0.7. Th. 1.5. Pot base pierced and trimmed;reused as disk or lid. Hard orange-pinkclay,well fired;red-brownpaint; monochrome outside, 8-petalled rosette (some petals double) on base. Beta 1977, # 29 (floordeposit). LH II, reused in LH IIIC Early. Context LH IIIC Early witha littleLH IIA. 77-020. plate 52 (twoviews),fig. 10.3. 7056. Pierced sherd. Fragmentary.Overall dimensions

Hughes-Brock 1992, 663.

452


3.5 x 2.5. D. (hole)0.35-0.7.Th. 0.5. Unpainted gritty jar withhole piercedfromoutside;possibleattempted mend or reuse.Lambda3, 1977,# 29. EarlyMycenaeansherd in Medievalcontext(foundation withMH and LH trench) I- II material. 77-855.fig.10.3. Overall 7057. Piercedsherd.Apparently goodcondition. dimensions 5.2 x 6. D. (hole)0.5.Th. 0.5. Rhomboidsherd of darkbuffburnished intentional) (shapenotnecessarily jar (handmade),withstartof drill-holeasymmetrically mendorreuse. placednearone corner;possibleattempted Lambda3, 1977,#37. EarlyMycenaeansherdin LH ILA fillwitha fewLH IIIC Earlyand Medievalsherds(makeup ofFloor2). 77-856.fig.10.3. Wornfromuse. H. 7058. Kylixbase reusedas stopper. 1.6.D. 5.6.Flangeddiskbasebrokenoffandwellsmoothed. Beta 1974,# 16 (overFloor 1). ContextLH IIIAi with someLH I-II. 74-025.Notillustrated. 4.4 x 5.3. 7059. Piercedsherd.Worn.Overalldimensions

Th.0.4. Shoulder ofjarwithknob;aboveknob,holepierced beforefiring;wavyline decorationrunningfromsolidpaintedknob.Epsilon1973,# 10. LH III sherd,possibly reused,fromMedievalpitwithmuchLH IIIA2 and LH IIIC Earlymaterial. 73-114.fig.10.3. Sawn sherd. [7060. Upper cornerbrokenoff.Overall dimensions (max.)0.025. 2.4 x 2.3. Th. 0.7. W.ofsaw-cut fabric,well polished; Finelylevigatedgreyish-yellow Flaringrimsherd perhapsYellowMinyan.No decoration. at one edge, ofopenshape,e.g.goblet.Sawnoffvertically withnumerousstriations angleddiagonallydownwards; same edge bisectedat mid-height by cut thatalso runs to wheresherdis along sherd,narrowing horizontally brokenoffat right.Above thiscut,twosmallercutsrun fromtopofsawnedgetomeetbroadhorizontal diagonally cut.Nu 2, 1974,#32.PerhapsMH III orEarlyMycenaean sherdin LH ILAcontext. 74-220.Notillustrated.]

4. TERRACOTTA MINOAN AND MYCENAEAN FIGURINES, 1959-77, INCLUDING THOSE FROM ASTERI (7061-7125, fig. 10.4) fromAyiosStephanosare peculiar.This was apparentas soon as thefirstseasonin The figurines 1959.LordWilliamTaylourallowedme to studythosefromtheearlyseasonsbeforethepublication afterthis,he invitedme ofmythesis,16 thoughtheywerenotincludedin theoriginalversion.Shortly Becauseofthe withhim.17 in collaboration oftheLBA figurines a separatepublication to undertake thoseof the include asked to later I was LBA EBA and between the confusion examples, possible to the to formmy sole contribution earlierperiodtoo. This presentaccount,whichwas originally and thus and considerable to visits several of is the result study, Sparta AyiosStephanospublication, oftheothersmallfindsin thisChapter. treatment fromthemoresummary differs herein somedetailbecause arepresented thosefromtheearlierexcavations, The figurines, including and in the hope thattheirrelationto othergroupsand areas may later of theirintrinsic interest, becomeapparent. relationto LBA groupis theEH, becauseof theirpossiblestylistic Perhapsthemostintriguing Minoan be actual to what seem for evidence the in interest comes Second figurines imported types.18 influence ofMM III (7092-7093),as wellas 7086,a possiblelocalcopyofa LM type.The typological theexamples in thesouthern ofMinoanfigurines e.g.regarding Péloponnèsehas longbeenadmitted, fromthe lack of The few. are fromthe Menelaion.19 However,publishedexamples any figurines The examplesfromNichoria,20 on Kytheraseemsveryodd in thissituation. excavations thoughnot add to thisgeneralpicture.21 as ofCretantypein thepublication, identified thatperhapswe at thesiteleadsto thesuggestion The presenceofbothEH and Minoanfigurines in a crossbetweena residualuse of,or at ofMycenaeanfigurines shouldbe lookingforthebeginning fromCrete.The idea ofcontemporary andknowledge leastacquaintance figurines with,EH figurines itbecauseof discounted I had but forward was EH an of previously byBiegen,22 put origin originally fromthe different rather here is Laconia But MH austere the thedeep dividerepresented period. by EH as classic from was there that and one mightsuggest greatercontinuity EH, particularly Argolid, the to in of does This area.23 the from absent III stillseemsto be not, course,help anyway identify which Their still elusive. is which functional developsin popularity, impulseforMycenaeanfigurines, the to and influence Eastern to Near still would LH ΠΙΑ, I personally rapidlyexpanding assign contactthatis nowevenmoreevident. offigurines fromAyiosStephanosare also odd in thattheproportions The Mycenaeanfigurines volume. in this discussed the of those echo to seem not LH does in fromphase to phase pottery a considerable IIIAi LH of number the noticeableis pieces,accompaniedby important Particularly LH IIIA2 and IIIB types.Whatlittleevidencethereis ofthese andusuallyprolific, ofordinary, rarity So theproblemmaybe one ofdifferent wornand fragmentary. occupationand phasesis particularly is IIIC LH of abundance The site. the Earlypottery echoedin the usage of thevariousareas of 16French 1071. 17Tavlour 1Q72. 208. 18See above, Chapter 8 §2. 19See Dawkins 1910, pl. II; Catling 1977, fig.13; and Catling 1995, who does not discuss the possibilitythatthisfiguremight

belong to the Cretan group. 20 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, nos. 2031 and 2042. 21 See also Hägg 1982. 22 Biegen 1028, 185. 23 Dickinson 1992.


453

ofrelations to otherperiodsand places,whichcouldbe evidence.Thereare also indications figurine and but are difficult to substantiate bothon theactualevidencefromthe important intriguing, they siteitselfand on our presentknowledgeof therestof Laconia and Messenia(whilewe awaitthe oftheMenelaion).The evidencefromNichoriahas thesameearlyweighting and relative publication absenceofordinary but it LH lacks the IIIC material. types, Early Twofragments seemto comefromlargefigurines or figures (7068 and 7090) ratherthanfromthe usualsmallexamples.Bothofthesecan be paralleledfromtheknowngroupsat Mycenae24 and at and of human as well as animal have now been identified from Phylakopi,25 fragments figures Amyklai.26 The protomehead 7118 parallelstheanimalsfromtherewell,though7117 is morenaturalistic. unusual.One exampleis Amongthe animalsthe stags(7114-7115, plate 55) are extremely in mentioned Karo27 as the Vlastos collection. Other are found on the contemporary by parallels from in LH Volimidia28 and It IIIC Perati.29 is that noticeable there are of rhyton onlythreefragments chariotgroups(7120-7122)and one othergrouppiece,7123, thoughthefemale7063 was originally to a throne.The decoratedwheel(7122) comparesin shapeverycloselyto the applied,presumably, wheelsofthechariotgroupfromMega Monastiri.30 As withtheLefkandicentaur,31 a singleterracotta have been broken for in use several tombs. piecemay up A fewotherpiecesfromthesite,whichare notfigurines, are relatedto thismaterial.The askoid is in LH its IIB-IIIAi It can, however,be relatedto context. rhyton3289 unique,particularly and to bovid head 7117 below, possibly 7091. (The 7118, possiblyevenMH, is published protome fromAyiosStephanosillustrate, as do theothermaterials, theelusive here.)Overall,thefigurines of the siteand serveto emphasisethe value of the relatively extensiveexcavationof importance centresofthistype. provincial (i) Human Figurines (7061-7093) (a) MYCENAEAN (FEMALE) Naturalistictype 7061. Upperbodyonly.H. (ex.) 4.5. W. 4.6. Reddishyellowfineclay;thinshinybrownpaint;verywornon front. Smallappliedbreastsandarms;thickwaist;no evidenceof stemshape.Bandon neckand (?)downshoulders; lineson back.LH IIIAi. Beta 1974, # 9 (floordeposit).Context LH IIIC Early(floordeposit), butpotrangeLH I-LH IIIC Early.74-007.Notdrawn;shownin plate 53. 7062. Upperbodyonly.H. (ex.)5.1. W.(bodyandarms) Proto-Phitype 7063. Upper body only of figurineapparentlyonce appliedto throne.H. (ex.) 2.54. W. (ex.) 4.75. Reddishlustrous. yellowclay;blackto purple-brown paint,slightly behindandprobably to with head chair, Unpainted applied at top and shouldersslightly projecting lapped over the corners;appliedbreastsand appliedhandbetweenthem. Breastscircledwithdots at centre;long necklace of LH IIIAi. Nu 1, 1973, # 6. pendants;paintedfingers. ContextLH I/IIA fillcutintoby burials3 and 4, from whichthisfigurine derives.73-206.Notdrawn;shownin plate 53. 7064. Torsoonly.H. (ex.) 4. W. 3.2. Hard buffclay, lightly polished;blacksemi-lustrous paint.Appliedarms withlargehands,rightat waistand leftat centreofchest; stem;no breasts.Wavylineson elongated body;columnar on stem;wavylines back;low waistband;wavyverticals acrossneckat front; LH IIIAi paintedarmsand fingers. or earlier.Beta 1977,# 59 (Floor1). ContextLH IIIAi withLH I- II andsomeMH. 77-023.Notdrawn;shownin PLATE53.

24 Moore and Taylour iqqq. 25 French 108*. 26 Demakopoulou 1082. 27 Karo 1935, 600.

3.75. Pinkclay,buffslip;redpaint.Tallneck;armscurve roundto restbelowbreasts(once applied,now missing); slopingshoulders;thinwaist.Waistband; solid-painted arms;ringedbreasts;thinwavylineson back.LH IIIAi. Beta 1963,#110 (Room4, Floor5, 1974). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I- II wash.63-556.Notdrawn;shown in plate 53.

7065. Complete,unusual.H. 7.1. W. 4. Reddish-yellow medium-fine clay,smoothed only;thinshinybrownpaint. Plasticarmsreachingto base of neck; applied breasts; Solidappliedeyes;hollowbelowbase; squaredshoulders. paintedtop of head and eyes; neckband withthinline ofheavy above;solid-painted arms;diagonalcross-hatching bandson backcontinuing roundto meetas chevrons with dotfillon front; bandatbase.Stylistic dateuncertain (either veryearlyor verylate).Beta 1974,#9. ContextLH IIIC Early(floordeposit),butpot rangeLH I-LH IIIC Early. 74-008.Notdrawn;shownin plate 53. 7066. Complete.H. 10.8. W. (body)4.8. Pinkish-buff clay;brownpaint.Armsplacedevenlyatwaist;smallplastic thinwavylines breasts;armsalso visiblebehind.Irregular on frontand back,including back of head; paintedarms and eyes.LH ΠΙΑ, probablyLH IIIAi. Beta 11B, 1963, foundin # 8, removedwith# 12. Primarycontext, associatedwithLH IIIA Betaburial9. Taylour1972,234, pl. 42g-5,HS 245. 63-549.Notdrawn;shownin plate53. 28 Marinatos iqfss> fig-%· 29 Iakovidis no. 1969, 30 Megaw iq6r, cover.506. 31 Themelis 1980, 215.

454

Ε· Β· FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

rsi type

7067. Torso only.H. (ex.) 5. W. (ex.) 5.4. D. (stem) 1.2. Pink clay withbuffslip; red paint. Slightlylopsided body; applied breasts;thinverticallines frontand back. Late Psi A type of LH IIIB-C. Trial TrenchI, 1963, # 2. Mixed context(clearingmodern terracewall); pot range EH to LH IIIC Early(?).63-637. Not drawn;shownin plate 53.

and stems Bodyfragments

7069. Neck only. H. (ex.) 1.9. Th. 0.5. Pinkish-orange clay; red to brownlustrouspaint.Applied plait; body type uncertain.Verticallines frontand back; horizontallines on plaitover dress;body edged. LH IIIA-B. Epsilon 1973, # 38 (layerofwash). ContextLH IIIA2 witha littleMH III/ LH. 73-115. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7070. Lower body and stemonly.H. (ex.) 6.2. W. (body) 3.6. D. (stem) 1.3, (base) 3. Pink clay withbuffslip; red paint.Normal,probablyPhi,body withstandardcolumnar stem.Waistband; six wide verticalson stem;wavylines on body frontand back. LH III Α-B. Beta 1963, # 63. Mixed context,including LH IIIC Early. 63-553. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7071. Waist area only. H. (ex.) 2.6. D. (stem) 1.3. Buff clay with brown paint. Typical waist; applied plait now missing.Waist band; three verticalbands on stem; lines (irregular)on body frontand back. LH IIIA-B. Beta 1, 1959, # 7 (Room 3). ContextLH I- II wash, presumably mixed withLH IIIC Early.59-522. Not illustrated. 7072. Waist area and upper stem only. H. (ex.) 3.3. D. (stem)1.5. Pinkish-buff clay; red paint.Columnarstemwith startofflattenedbody. Waistband; threeverticalson stem. LH IIIA-B. Beta 11 1963, # 128. Pot range to LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).63-600. Not illustrated. 7073. Stem only.H. (ex.) 4.2. D. (base) 3. Pinkclay with no slip; shaded black paint. Conical with slighthollow beneath;probablyfromnaturalistictype.Verticalbands at sides; irregulardots and lineardecorationall over; band at base; cross on bottom.LH IIIAi or earlier.Beta 3, 1959, # 21 (burial 1). Context LH IIA with LH IIIC Early. Taylour1972, 232, pls. 42d, 42e bottom,HS 231. 59-538. Not drawn;shownin plate 53. 7074. Stem only. H. (ex.) 4.7. D. (base) 3.2. Pink clay; red paint. Tall conical stem with deep hollow at base; probablyfromnaturalisticor otherearlytype.Wavy lines on all sides. LH IIIAi. Beta 6, i960, # 3. LH IIIA-B context.60-595. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7075. Partofstemonly.H. (ex.) 3.3. D. 2.4. Pinkish-grey clay,slightlypolished;black to brownlustrouspaint.Thick

Heads 7082. Unusual head. H. (ex.) 3.4. W. 2.3. Pinkclay,softfired;red-brownpaint; worn. Bulbous head withpinched nose; appliedeyes;incisedmouth.Tracesofpaintonly:locks at back of neck and probably ringed eye. Stylisticdate uncertain(BronzeAge). Zeta 1973, #14. Surfacecontext, includingMH, LH I-II, LH IIIC Early and Medieval. 73010. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7083. Bare head. H. (ex.) 2.9. W. 1.6. Red clay with traces of pale slip; red paint. Bulbous head; pinched nose; lefteye applied. Eyes and nose painted; nose line continuesover back of head and probablydown neck (but has been obscured by excavation marking); band up rightside of head and over top and (?)down other side. LH ΠΙΑ. Delta 11, 1963, # 26. ContextLH IIIB (really LH IIIC Early?),withMedieval. 63-564. Not drawn;shown in plate 54. 7084. Head and neckonly.H. (ex.) 2.2. W. (ex.) 2.5. Buffbrown sandy clay; brown lustrouspaint. Bare head with

7068. Arm only of large figurine.L. 3.9. W. 0.9. Buff clay; red paint.Typicalarm oflargergroupofPsi figurines. Wavy lines on front,two irregularlines on back. LH IIIBC. TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 3. Pot range to Medieval. 63542. Not drawn; shown in plate 53.

columnarstem; hollow beneath; probablyfromProto-Phi or Phi A type.Verticalwavy lines. LH ΠΙΑ. Epsilon 1973, # 72 (layerof wash). ContextLH IIIA2 witha littleMH. 73-125. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7076. Stem only. H. (ex.) 3.5. D. (stem) 1.7, (base) 2.1. Pinkish-buff clay; red paint.Columnarstembulgingbelow waist; flaringbase. Low waist-band;seven verticalbands on stem. LH IIIA-B(?). Beta 12B, 1963, # 60. Surface context including MH, LH I-II, LH IIIC Early and Medieval. Not associatedwithBeta burial 19. 63-537. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7077. Stem only. H. (ex.) 4.2. D. (stem) 1.3, (base) 3.6. Pinkclay,firedbuff;red-brownpaint.Thin stemwithwide flaringbase. Three irregularverticalbands on stem. LH IIIB(?). Beta 11, 1963, sectorgamma, # 50 and 54. LH IIIB-C Early context. 63-557. Not drawn; shown in PLATE53. 7078. Stem only. H. (ex.) 5.2. D. (stem) 1.4, (base) 3. Pinkish-buff clay; shaded brownpaint.Tall columnarstem withflaringbase. Waist-band;threeirregularverticalbands on stem.LH IIIB(?). TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. LH IIIC Early deposit.63-606. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7079. Stem only. H. (ex.) 3.9. D. (stem) 1.2, (base) 2.2. Pinkish-buff clay withgrey core; slipped(?); brown paint. Thin columnarstemwithflaringbase; flatbeneath;rough. Two irregularhorizontalbands of paint on stemonly.LH IIIB-C. Beta 2, 1959, # 3. Pot rangeto LH IIIC Early.59529. Not drawn; shown in plate 53. 7080. Base only.H. (ex.) 1.5. D. 3.1. Pink clay withbuff slip; black paint. Large flaringbase, hollowed beneath. Probably verticallines. LH III. Delta 3, 1959, # 2. LH IIIC Early context,contaminatedby baulk clearing.59514. Not drawn; shown in plate 53. 7081. Base only. H. (ex.) 3. D. (stem) 1.5, (base) 3.7. Pinkish-buff clay; red-brownpaint.Thin stem;thickflaring base, hollowedbeneath.Uneven band on edge ofbase; one verticalline up stem.TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. LH IIIC Early deposit.63-605. Not drawn; shownin plate 53.

plasticplait;pinchednose; shorthead; possible armsofPsi if so of rare group. Solid-paintedtop of typejust starting, head; paintedeyes and nose; neckband; barson plait;wavy linesfrontand back. LH IIIA2. Epsilon 1973, # 57. Context LH IIIA2 wash with some MH I-III and LH I-II and one LH IIIC Early sherd. 73-118. Not drawn; shown in PLATE54. 7085. Bare head. H. (ex.) 2.1. D. (top of head) 1.6. Orange to buffclay; well polished surface;black slightly lustrouspaint.Flat top; pinchednose; applied eyes. Top of head and eyes solid-painted;band at top of head and at neck; nose-line(?)on rightside; wavylines on back ofneck. Probably LH IIIC Early. Zeta 1973, # 25. Context Medieval,withMH, LH I-IIB and LH IIIC Early.73-012. Not drawn; shownin plate 54. 7086. Head only,unusual. H. (ex.) 3.5. W. (ex.) 2.4. D. (neck) 1.5. Dark buffclay; smoothed; thin brown paint; much worn. Head with flattenedback making 'halo';

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §4 pinchednose.Neckband;edgeband to head; faceworn; possibleothertracesof decoration.Possiblymainland Beta 1977, dateuncertain. versionofCretantype.Stylistic #82. ContextLH IIA witha littleEH, MH andMedieval. 77-033.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. 7087. Poloshead(?).H. (ex.) 3. D. (neck)1.5. Darkbuff to blacklustrous paint; sandyclay;smoothed;red-brown burnt. Thickneckwithpinchedfaceandshort polos(?).Band at neck;vertical linesup backofneckand at sidesofface; dateuncertain. on topofpolos(?).Stylistic pattern Epsilon 1973, # 8 (layerof wash).LH IIIC Earlycontext,with someLH I- II. 73-102.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. 7088. Poloshead. H. (ex.) 3. D. 2. Fine dullbuffclay; blacklustrous smoothed; paint.Tallthinheadwithpinched

455

nose;slopingpolos,nowbroken;appliedeyes;appliedplait, nowmissing. Lineson sidesofneck;ringedanddottedeyes; paintednose and mouth;two blobs at neck front(as LH IIIC. Epsilon1973, # 8 (layerof wash). preserved). withsomeLH I- II. 73-101.Not LH IIIC Earlycontext, drawn;shownin plate 54. 7089. Poloshead.H. (ex.) 2.9. W. (polos)2.8. Buffclay; smoothedonly;blackto brownpaint.Verywide polos; pinchednose;appliedeyes;thinneck.Crossontopofpolos; paintedband on edge;paintednose and eyes;neckband; LH IIIC. Beta 12, smalldashesbelowneckbandon front. 1963,# 119 (= Room4, Floor5, 1974).ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I- II wash.63-599. Not drawn;shownin PLATE 54.

Unusualpieces (fig. 10.4) H. (ex.) 6. D. (est.)6.5. 7090. Stemoffemalefigure(?). Buffclayfiredorange,buffslip;brownpaint.Coil-made cylinder, shapedatoneend.Groupofwavyvertical slightly lineswithedgeband.Cf.Mycenaeno. 69-68 (Mooreand findfrom Taylour1999,pl. 1id) andcomparable Tzoungiza thanks forshowingme (Catling1987, 17; my toj. Wright thispiece).LH ΠΙΑ. Beta 12, 1963,#62. Contextmixed, MH, LH HI, LH IIIC EarlyandMedieval,plate including and interior), fig.10.4. 54 (exterior

H. (ex.)4.5. W.3.1. Buff 7091. Spoutorfemalefigure(?). clay;red-brown paint.No head,onlyorifice;plasticarms on thighs; roundedchest;broadenstovesselbelow; resting an however,it mightbe theotherwayup and represent animalorhumanpenis.Neckband;blobsanddotsofpaint on bothsides.Beta 11, 1963,sectorgamma,#5. Context LH IIIA-B (really LH IIIC Early?).63-558.plate including FIG. 54, IO.4.

(b) MINOAN (FIG. IO.4) seated.H. (ex.)6.5. W. (ex.)3. Buff 7092. Male figurine, clay;brownand whitepaint.Seatedmale; genitáliawell markofapplication on seat;arms rendered; legsforward; Brownwash unevenly spread;headbrokenbutchinexisted. all over,withdetailsinwhite:curlson neck;broadbandat armsand at waist.Unusualpiece. A possibleMM IIB cat.no. MP/73/ parallelcomesfromPyrgosnearMyrtos, MM III(?). Gamma1, 1959, 79 (Cadoganin preparation).

# 29. ContextMH III Late (fillunderUpper Pebbled Road). 59-550.plate 54, fig. 10.4. 7093. Hat orfoot.H. (ex.) 2.5. L. 3.3. W. 2.7. Pinkclay; smoothed;blackall-overwash,muchworn.Flat on one withstemrising;possiblysortof surface;paddle-shaped 'Kamares'hat.MM III(?). Alpha8/1/9baulk,1963,#35. MH context, withno Mycenaean.63-614. Predominantly

PLATE 54, FIG. IO.4.

(ii) Animal Figurines (7094-7119) (a) BOVIDS 7094. Bodyonly.H. (ex.) 3.7. L. (ex.) 8. D. (body)2.7. Pink clay with(?)buffslip; brownpaint.Veryfatwith bulbousendsandeither orveryirregular incomprehensible modelling. Wavylinesalongtop of body;doubleladder underbelly.LH ΠΙΑ. Beta 5, i960, # 26. LH IIIA-B context. 60-596.Notdrawn;shownin plate54. secondary hornsandnosebroken.H. (ex.)5.2. 7095. Forequarters, L. (ex.)3.3. Orangetobrown-buff brown sandyclay;burnt; toblackpaint,perhapsoncelustrous. withshortthick Stocky linesall overchestand along legs;widemuzzle.Irregular underbelly.Linear1 type(?).Epsilon1973, bodyincluding #53 (layerofwash).PureLH IIIA2 context. 73-116.Not drawn;shownin plate 54. L. (ex.) 6. D. (body)2. Pinkclay, 7096. Hindquarters. buff slip;wornredpaint.Elongated cylindrical body;arched rearwithlongtail;talllegs.Ladderon backwithextralines alongbodybelowand underbelly;linesconvergeto run downlegs.LH IIIA-B. Beta2, 1959,# 2. Mixedcontext. 59-524.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. L. (ex.)3.5. D. (body)1.8.Buff 7097. Hindquarters. clay, slipped;wornbrownpaint.Cylindrical body,splaying legs, archedtail.Probablyspinedecoration;tailband and leg bandonlypreserved. LH IIIB. Beta2, 1959,#3. LH IIIB (or reallyIIIC Early?)secondarycontext.59-528. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7098. Bodyonly.L. (ex.) 5.8. D. (body)1.4. Pinkclay; blackpaint.Elongatedslightly flattened body;archedtail.

withborderlinesat bottom;roughbars Spinedecoration acrosschest;blobson insideoffrontlegs.LH IIIB. Beta 11, 1963,Ν baulk,# 96. LH IIIB (or reallyIIIC Early?) context. 63-552.Notdrawn;showninplate54. secondary H. (ex.)4. L. (ex.) 7099. Forequarters, poorlypreserved. 2.4. Pink clay, buffslip; worn red paint. Apparently shoulders ofbovine;backridged;muchbattered. Spine 1 on right sideofbody;ladder(?)on left.LH typedecoration IIIA-B. Delta 3/4,1959,#4. LH IIIA-B (orreallyIIIC context. Early?)secondary 59-515.Notillustrated. 7100. Head and legsbroken.L. (ex.) 6.5. H. (ex.) 3.2. Pinkclay;well-finished; redpaint.Elongated body;splaying legs; applied tail. Broad bands along body eitherside; possiblyLate Lineartype.LH IIIB-C. Beta 12B, 1963,# LH I to LH IIIC Early.6370. Contextmixedincluding 550. Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. L. (ex.) 2.7. H. 2.8. Pinkclay;black 7101. Forequarters. ofneck;oneconicallegcomplete. paint.Smallbodywithstart Bandsalongbodyanddownleg;possibly LateLineartype. LH IIIB-C. Beta5, i960, # 2. Mixedcontext, LH IIIB-C Early(?). 60-593.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. withhead.L. 4.1. H. (max.ex.)4.3.D. 7102. Forequarters (body)1.6. Fine orangeclay;red and brownwornpaint; wornon one sideonly.Stockywithshortconical extremely lineardecoration ofLateLineartype.LH IIIBlegs.Irregular C. Beta 1977,# 16 (floordeposit).ContextLH IIIC Early withsomeMedieval.77-009.Notdrawn;showninplate54.

456

Ε· Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

Fig. 10.4.Mycenaean smallfinds. Terracotta: femalefigure 7091; Minoanmalefigurine 7090; spoutorfemalefigure muzzle of orfigure Minoan hat or foot horn bovid handle 7119; chariot 7118; 7092; 7093; stag's 7115; protome rhyton horse7120; chariot wheel71221.Scale 1:2. L. (ex.)4. D. (body)1.75.Pinkclay, 7103. Hindquarters. buffslip;tracesofredpaint.Cylindrical body,archedtail, legs(stumps splaying only).Linesalongsideswithwidely on back.LH III B-C. Beta2, 1959,#3. spacedcross-bars Pot rangeto LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).59-533. Notillustrated. H. (ex.)1.5.L. (ex.)3.2.Pinkclay;traces 7104. Miniature. withhead ofredpaint,onceall over(?).Verysmallfigurine Once monochrome (?). LH IIIA-B. Beta6, i960, missing. # 1. Mixed context(surface), mostlyLH. 60-592. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7105. Head. H. (ex.) 3.5. W. (horns,ex.) 3.6. Pinkclay, red mattpaintall over.Thickneck; long muzzle (end date horns(endsbroken). broken); Stylistic forward-curving TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. LH IIIC Early uncertain. deposit.63-544.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. 7106. Head. H. (tobase ofneck)3.1. D. (neck)1.3. W. (head)2.3. Pinkish-buff clay,once slipped(?);blackpaint. Shortmuzzle;curving horns;longneck.Neckband;band up backofneck,betweenhornsand downmuzzle;bands

across muzzle and horns;paintedeyes. Stylisticdate ofre-opened Beta4, 1963,# 1 (backfill uncertain. trench). Medieval. Mixed context, 63-513. Not drawn; including shownin plate 54. 7107. Head(?).H. (ex.) 2. W. (neck)1. Buffclay;traces of red paint;veryworn.Cylindrical neck;long pointed tentative. muzzle;tall ears (now broken);identification dateuncertain. todetermine. Decoration Stylistic impossible Beta 12A, 1963, # 76. SurfacecontextwithMH to 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early)and Medieval.63-551. Not illustrated. sandyclay; 7108. Head. L. 2. D. (neck)1-1.5.Buff-pink redtoblacklustrous smoothed; paint.Longovalnose;ears broken. lines alongnoseandacrossbackofneckandunder dateuncertain. chin.Stylistic Epsilon1973,# 4 (layerof withsome MH I- II. 73wash).LH IIIC Earlycontext, plate in shown Not drawn; 54. 105. sandy 7109. Horn only.L. 2.5. D. 0.8. Fine buff-pink withcurving paint.Straight clay;browntoblacklustrous(?) bandatbase.LH III. transverse stripes; tip.Threeirregular


457

context(cleaning).73-123. Not drawn; shownin plate 54. 7112. Leg. L. 4. D. (at top) 2. Fine buffclay, wellsmoothed; red-brownpaint. Tall conical. Three vertical lines. LH III. Delta 7, i960, # 7 (area of burial 14). Pot range EH to LH III. 60-6 16a. Not drawn; shown in

Epsilon 1973, # 23. LH IIIC Early context,with a little MH I- II and some LH IIIA2. 73-110. Not drawn; shown in plate 54. 7110. Horn only.L. 2.24. W. 0.84. Fine orange-buff clay; lustrousdarkpaint;worn.Slightlycurved.Line along horn; one side veryworn.LH III. Lambda 2, 1974, # 25. Context pure LH IIIA2 fill.74-816. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7111. Leg. L. (ex.) 2.2. D. 1.2. Orange to brown well firedclay; red-brownlustrouspaint. Short; squashed oval in section.Verticalband on frontand transverseblobs on eitherside. LH III. Epsilon 1973, # 78. Mixed MH/LH

7113. Horn or leg. L. (ex.) 2. D. 1. Softorange-pinkclay. Conical, slightlycurving.Unpainted as preserved.LH III. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 28. Context LH I-II filldisturbed by Medieval foundationtrench.77-820. Not drawn;shown in plate 54.

(b) OTHER SPECIES (FIG. IO.4) 7114. Stag,head only.H. (ex.) 5.5. L. (ofhead/nose)5.5. Pinkish-grey clay, firedyellow; smoothed only with clear fingermarkson head; black to brownlustrouspaint. Oval neck;longmuzzle; ears broken;startofantlerswithforward projections.Blobs all over except on back of head; blobs across muzzle; painted eyes. Stylisticdate uncertain.Beta !977> * 63 (Floor 1). Context LH IIIAi with LH I-II material.77-026. Not drawn; shownin plate 55. 7115. Stag, antleronly. L. (ex.) 5.3. D. (max. at base) 2.7. Grey-blacksandy clay; black lustrous(?)paint; worn; heavily burnt. Square section at base; three triangular

projections;applied to hollow head. One long stripealong each side; monochromeoutsideon projections.Stylistic date uncertain.Epsilon 1973, # 26 (layerof wash). ContextLH IIIC Early, with a little MH I- III. 73-111. plate 55, fig. 10.4. 7116. Birdon stand,nearlycomplete.H. 5.4. L. 5.9. Fine reddish-yellowclay witha fewinclusions.Columnar stem withflaringbase; modelledwingsand tail;head lifted;beak. No decoration preserved. Beta 1974, # 7 (over Floor deposit).ContextLH IIIC Early.74-005. Not drawn;shown in plate 55.

PLATE 54.

(c) RELATED TYPES (FIG.

IO.4) Animal or 7117. protome rhyton.Head only.H. (ex.) 3.9. W. (ex.) 3.5. Pinkish-buff clay; lustrousred paint. Simple head withdewlap,hornsand pierced mouth.Paintall over. LH IIIA(?). Delta 5, i960, # 4. Context LH IIIA-B or earlier.60-609. Not drawn; shown in plate 55. 7118. Bovid protomehandle (not seen). Head only,one horn lost, otherbroken,worn. L. (nose to shoulder) 3.9, (nose to righthorn) 3.2. Medium coarse, somewhatgritty clay, grey to reddish-yellow,perhaps traces of paint. Triangularface; small part of inner face of pot visible on

under-surfaceof base of neck. Eyes and mouth incised. Described byJ.B. Rutter.Backfillof Gamma 1, 1959 (dug with Nu/Gamma 1, 1973, # 22). MH/LH(?) object in mixed context.73-601. plate 55, fig. 10.4. 7119. Animal figureor rhyton.Muzzle only.W. 3.81. D. 1.83. Fine pinkto greyclay; darkmonochromepaint.Heartshaped in plan with perforationsfor mouth and nostrils; to eitheredge. LH III. curvingline frommouth-perforation Lambda 2, 1974, # 48. Context Medieval withsome LH I-II and a littleLH IIIA. 74-825. plate 55, fig. 10.4.

(iii) Group Figurines (7120-7123, fig. 10.4) 7120. Hind leg of chariothorse(?). H. 4.5. L. 3. W. 2.5. Red claywithbuffslip; smoothed;lustrousred-brownpaint. Taperingcylindermeetingthreeconvergingothersat top; the largestis in the same plane and at rightangles to the mainlimb;theothersdivergeobliquely;oppositethelargest is a small conical protrusion.This appears to be the rear leftleg of an open/doublegroup,but thereis an odd extra protrusion rising diagonally back left; the less likely alternativeis thatthisis part of the head of a stag,as the bases of theears or hornsare veryheavy and thuspossibly antlers.Verticallines withdiagonals attachedon each side; lines along othersections.LH IIIAi. Lambda 1, 1973, # 13 (Floor 3). ContextLH IIIAi withmuch LH I-II. 73807. plate 55 (sides and back?), fig. 10.4. 7121. Nose ofhorse(?).L. (ex.) 2.8. D. 1.8. Fine red clay, firedgrey;shinyblack paint.Taperingand slightlycurving at thinend; groovedon upper surface.Barredon top; three linesalong; ringedeyes.LH IIIA2. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 39 (Room 2, Floor 4, exact findspotunknown).Context

LH IIIC Early with LH I-II wash. 74-842. Not drawn; shown in plate 55. 7122. Chariot wheel. D. 8.2, (hole) 1.5 Th. 2.3. Badly worn on one side. Fine clay with some grit;dark brown paint.Handmade disc withshaft-holewithmodelled collar at centre on both sides. Band at rim and centre,spokes between. Cf. the wheel of the chariotgroup fromMega Monastiri(Megaw 1965, cover.)LH III. Nu 2, 1974, # 29. ContextLH ILA, but withLH IIIAi fromburial 11 (as is proved by the presence of this wheel, which presumably derivesfromthisgrave). 74-213. plate 55 (twoviews),fig. 10.4. 7123. Leg ofthroneor table.H. (ex.) 2.1. W. 1.3. Slightly grittyclay firedred-brown;red-brownpaint. Taperingleg with rounded end; oval in section. One broad and one narrowstripeof paintfromtop to within0.4 of the tip.LH IIIA-B. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). Context LH IIIC Early with LH I wash. 74-850. Not illustrated.

(iv) Figurines from Asteri, 1959 (71554-7125) 7124. Female, columnarstemonly.H. (ex.) 5. D. (stem) 1.5. Pinkclay,probablyonce slipped;red paint;veryworn. Columnarstem;flaring base; flattened body; typeuncertain. Waistband; verticallineson stem;bars on body withringof dotsat centrefront.LH III. Lambda 3a, level II. Contextis LH withsome MH. 59-902. Not drawn;shownin plate 55.

7125. Animal, head missing.L. (ex.) 5.2. H. (without head) 2.7. Pink clay; tracesof brownpaint on back. Short with thick rear; small tail; splaying legs. Decoration no longerdistinguishable. Stylisticdate uncertain.Lambda 3a, level II. Contextis LH withsome MH. 59-901. Not drawn; shown in plate 55.


458

5. PERSONAL

(7126-7231, fig. 10.5) One steatiteseal (7126) was found in the later excavations.It probably comes froma burial (Eta burial 13) whichalso containedthe bead 7163. Youngerassignedit to the large groupof Mycenaean seals called the Mainland Popular Group.32[He classifiesits image as Animal Pose Type 2 R, with fillingmotifBranch 2 below.33This is the firstseal fromLaconia which can be attributedto the Mainland Popular Group.34The settlementat Nichoria yielded several examples.35Such seals were is in keepingwithits produced duringLH IIIA-B; the batteredconditionand abraded string-hole associationwitha LH IIIC burial. Of these,the steatite [The threeseals fromthe earlierexcavationshave recentlybeen republished.36 seal HS 249s7is a MM II/III import;38thispiece was foundby the feetof Beta burial 19, whichis as was once thought.39 The second,HS 26 1,40is probablyLH I- II; it is notmade of lapislacedaemonius in date.41 The a for bread and therefore to be third,HS 278, maybe EH.42] stamp holy Byzantine likely The beads ofvarioustypicalmaterials(bone,stone,faienceand glass)come mainlyfromtheburialsor fromcontextsthatare probablyrelatedto them.Two only,one of faience (7127) and one of stone (7214), seem to be accidentallosses fromthe siteitself.The latteris of some interestin itself,being a simpledropletof carnelian,probablyLH I-II in date but froma contextdated to LH IIIC Early.Its in thesecircumstances. carnelianbead, 6084, was foundin a MH [A further good conditionis surprising I- II contextwitha fewLH sherds,whileanother,6086, was froma MH III/LH I context] There are twoidentified The evidenceofbead usage in thevariousburialsis particularly important. Mycenaean female infants. One, Nu burial 4, had beads (7128-7134) forminga necklace, and the figurine(7063) is also of great interest.The typological development of the beads is unremarkable,withthe simple typesevolvinginto the more elaborate.The very rough segmented piece 7164, fromthe leftwristof the second femaleinfant(Beta burial 28), is earlierthan the more canonical examples and mightbe thoughtto be a local product.From the same grave eightbeads of unparalleled type (7200-7206) were on the rightwrist.This tomb showed individualityin its offeringsin other ways also, such as the terracotta'dinosaur' askos (3289). [Anothernotable intermentwith beads is Lambda burial 14. The absence of beads in hard stones other than The referencesin the is intriguing.43 carnelian, e.g. in agate, amethystor lapis lacedaemonius, H. Hughes-Brock from W. D. to are taken notes; catalogue parallelspublishedby Biegen Taylour's additional for 7168-7193.] provided parallels ORNAMENTS

OF VARIOUS

FABRICS

(i) Seal (7126) worn,motif 7126. Complete;edgesbattered, string-hole Lentoid abraded.D. 1.5,(hole)0.2. Th. 0.5. Blacksteatite. witha transverse verticalto the design.On string-hole a bull(?)runsright, head thrown impression up. Stylistic

dateLH III (MainlandPopularGroup).Eta 1973,# 55. ContextLH IIIC Early(amongbonesof burial13). 73517. PLATE56, FIG. IO.5.

(ii) Faience Beads (7127-7199) withglaze rubbedoff. 7127. Halfbead only,battered, H. 0.7. D. 0.9. W. of hole 0.3. Flattenedspherical, Xenaki-Sakellariou undecorated; (1985)Type2. Cf.Biegen 1937,II, figs.142.2,1435-7» 13~15^ X7;I» 3OO>TombL Epsilon1973, # 57. ContextLH IIIA2 washwithsome MH I-III and LH I-II and one LH IIIC Earlysherd. 73-117.Notillustrated. 7128-7134. Six and one-halfbeads. Conditionfair. Largest:H. 1.4. D. 1.5,(hole)0.38. Smallest:H. 0.49. D. 0.83, (hole) 0.18. Whitishfaience; traces of surface Largestis flattened sphere,others'doughnut' preserved. (1985)Type2. Cf.Biegen1937, shaped;Xenaki-Sakellariou II, figs.142.2,1435-7» 13~15^X7;!> P· 3OO>TombI· Nu

32Younger1087,6q, top. 33Younger1088,23. 34Cf. 2005,271-73 and 274 n. 4 forreferences Krzyszkowska to recentworkon theMainlandPopularGroup. 35 Wilkie 1QQ2,625-6.

36CMSY Suppl. iB nos. 344-346. 37CMSV Suppl. iBno. 346.

LH I/IIAfillcutbyLH IIIAi 1973,#12,burial4. Context burial,fromwhichthebeadsderive.73-205.fig.10.5. beadsof'melon'type.Condition 7135-7162.Twenty-eight good.Largest:H. 0.65. D. 0.7-0.8,(hole)0.2. Smallest:H. 0.4. D. 0.55-0.6, (hole) 0.2. Brownishpaste. Flattened ofvarying sizes,eachwithvertical groovesateven spherical intervals;Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type3. Cf. Biegen 1937,II, fig.339.8; I, 309, TombXLIX. Nu 1973,# 14, burial4. ContextMH III/LH I fillcutbyLH IIIAi burial, fromwhichthebeadsderive,withone Medievalsherd.73207. Notdrawn;shownin plate 56. 7163. One bead (missing).Brokenat bottom,surface wornoff.L. 0.8; diam.0.7. Ovoid truncated by thebreak

38 Pini 1003, 335.

39TaylouriQ72, 235-6 withpls. 421,42h.5. 40 CMSV SuddI. iB no. «14. 41See Chapter3 §4 above. 42 CMSV Suppl.iB no. 345; see Chapter8 §1. 43 G. pers.comm. J. Younger, K* V »_»-

«_r*-rV


459

Fig. 10.5.Mycenaean smallfinds.Personalornaments ofvariousfabrics: steatite seal 7126 (withimpression); faiencebeads bead 7215; stonebead 7217. Scale 2:1. 7128-7134,7164-7199;glassbeads7200-7213; carnelian atthemoreslender end.Eta 1973,#55 (burial13).Context LH IIIC Early(amongbonesof burial13). 73-548.Not illustrated. onefragment now 7164-7165. Twobeads,one complete, shattered. totally Probablyfaience.L. 1.8. D. (max.)0.55, atends,markedwith thinner (hole)0.2. Bluepaste.Tubular, effect; groovestogivesegmented roughversionofXenakiSakellariou (1985)Type23. Cf.Biegen1937,II, fig.143.10; I, 309, TombI. Beta 1977,# 107,leftwristofburial28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77-047.fig.10.5.

7166-7167. Twobeadsof'melon'type.Condition good. H. 0.5-0.6.D. 0.7-0.8,(hole)0.2-0.25.Bluepaste.Flattened different sizeswithevenlyspacedvertical spheresofslightly Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985)Type3. Cf.Biegen1937, grooves; II, fig.339.8; I, 309, TombXLIX. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-826.fig.10.5. Condition 26 beads,segmented. 7168-7193. Originally L. ofeach segment 0.3. D. 0.4, poor,mainlyfragmentary. (hole)0.1. Blue paste.Single,doubleand triplespherical segments;Xenaki-Sakellariou(1985) Type 23/24. Cf.

460


Biegen1937,II, fig.407.2;I, 310,TombVIII; Rudolf1973, 32, pl. 14.3 bottom;Harding1984, 87ff.,especially92. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77829. fig.10.5. 7194. One bead. Conditiongood.L. 1.5. D. 0.5, (hole) Xenaki-Sakellariou 0.1. Bluepaste.Cylinder; (1985) Type 22. Cf. Biegen 1937, II, fig.464.5; I, 310, Tomb III. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77830. fig.10.5. 7195-7196. Two beads, probablyfaience. Smashed.

H. 0.3. D. 0.5, (hole)0.1. White Originalmeasurements: Xenaki-Sakellariou Flattened (1985) Type spherical; paste. 2. Cf.Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2,ΐ43·5"7>13~1^ ιΊ' l· 300, TombI. Lambda3, 1977,# 34, burial14. Context LH IIIA2. 77-835.fig.10.5. good.H. 0.4. D. 0.5, 7197-7199. Threebeads.Condition (hole) 0.1. Blue paste. Veryslightlyflattenedspheres; Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type1/2.Cf.Biegen1937,Π, pl. I, fig.464.8. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. Context LH IIIA2. 77-836.fig.10.5.

(iii) Glass Beads (7200-7213, fig. 10.5)

good.H. 7200-7205a. Sevenbeads,onelost.Condition 1. D. (max.)0.7, (hole)0.2. Pastenowgrey.Sphericalwith collarateitherend;doublepomegranate'; neckandflaring no Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) type.Cf. Biegen1937, Π, shape,butmade fig.285.7; I, 308, TombXXXVI (similar of faience).Beta 1977, # 107, rightwristof burial28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77-043.fig.10.5. 7206. Conditionpoor,probablydecayedfromblue to white.H. 0.35. D. 0.7, (hole) 0.25. Whitepaste.Much flattened (1985) sphereor doughnut';Xenaki-Sakellariou Type2. Cf.Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2, 143-5-7»^S^ö» 17; I, 300,TombI. Beta 1977,# 107,rightwristofburial 28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77-044.fig.10.5. fair,butprobably decayedfromblueto 7207. Condition white.H. 0.7; diam.0.8, (hole)0.3. Whitepaste.Flattened (1985) Type2. Cf. Biegen spherical;Xenaki-Sakellariou 1937,II, figs.142.2,143-5-7»l3~l5> ^ !> 3OO>TombL Beta1977,# 107,leftwristofburial28. ContextLH IIBIIIAi. 77-045.fig.10.5. 7208-7210. Two complete in fair condition, one H. 0.71. D. 0.65, (hole) 0.1. White'paste' fragmentary.

blue). Spherical;Xenaki-Sakellariou (probablyoriginally (1985) Type1. Cf. Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2, ΐ43·5"7> 13-15, 17 and 146.3;I, 300 and 315,TombsI andXXX. Beta 1977,# 107,leftwristofburial28. ContextLH IIBIIIAi. 77-046.fig.10.5. 7211. Conditionfair.H. 0.7. D. 0.8, (hole)0.2. White flattened sphere;Xenaki-Sakellariou 'paste'.Veryslightly (1985) Type2. Cf. Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2, ΐ43·5"7> 13-15, 17; I, 300, TombI. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial 14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-832.fig.10.5. 7212. Conditionpoor.L. 1.7. D. (max.)0.8, (hole)0.1. ateither a spiralofglass,narrowing Bulboustubemadefrom end;Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type35. Cf.Biegen1937, II, figs.284.6, 339.13; I, 303 withn. 1, TombXXXVI. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77833. fig.10.5. poor.L. 0.8. D. 0.5, (hole)0.1. Whitish 7213. Condition lozenge;possibly paste. Elongatedsphereor truncated Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type35. Cf. Biegen1937, Π, figs.406.2,408.8; I, 302, TombVIII. Lambda3, 1977,# 34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-834.fig.10.5.

(iv) Carnelian Beads (7214-7216) L. 2.2. D. (max.)1.1,(hole)0.3. 7214. Good condition. flattened ends;no Simpledropletpiercedlongitudinally, Cf. Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) type. Biegen1937,II, pl. I, LH IIIC Early. figs.444.6,460.15.Beta1974,#7. Context 74-006.Notdrawn;shownin plate 56. 7215. Good condition.H. 0.6. D. 0.6, (hole) 0.2. fromone end,withhole at thatend Spherical.Perforated nearlydoublethesizeofthatattheother.Cf.Biegen1937, II, pl. 1,figs.128.3,199.6-7,362.5,8; I, 289,TombsXXI, XXV,XXVII-XXVIII,XLI. Lambda3, 1977,#34,burial

14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-831.fig.10.5. atbothendsofhole.L. 7216. Intactwithslightchipping 5.1. D. 5.5, (hole) 0.1. Colour2.5Y 6/6 (lightred) with depressedspherical; veiningto 2.5YR 4/6 (red).Slightly biconical hole. Well groundand polished; two short onenearend horizontal diameter, gouges,one atmaximum Cf.Biegen withfabrication. tobe associated ofhole,possibly 1937,II, pl. 1. Nu 1974,#9. ContextLH ILAfromburials sherdsare LH IIA and MH III Early 7-10; surrounding witha littleEH. 74-210.Notillustrated.

(v) Stone Beads (7217-7230) L. 2.2.D. 0.8, stone.Battered. 7217. One bead,probably totwo holenotpreserved. shaft, narrowing Longcylindrical end. Beta 1974,# 13 (floordeposit). facetsand flattened ContextLH IIIC Earlywitha littleEH II, MH III and perhapsMedieval.74-013.fig.10.5. H. 0.15. stone.Faircondition. 7218. One bead,probably D. 0.3,(hole)0.1. Disc;Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985)Type31. Beta 1977,# 107,burial28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77059. Notillustrated. intact(one beads.Originally 7219-7228.Tenstoneandfrit L. 0.15-0.2.D. 0.15-0.25,(hole)0.05nowfragmentary). twoblood0.08.Fourwhiteandfourorangish, frit, probably ofthegroup,carnelian. thelargest red,atleastoneofwhich, now annular discsexceptforone orangish All cylindrical disc, possibly as a resultof wear or disintegration. Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type 31. Helen Presumably andnotbone,as the thinks theyarevitreous Hughes-Brock Cf.Biegen1937,Π, had suggested. excavator, J.B. Rutter,

figs.142.2-3,143.5,7, 13-15,17;!> 3°°> TombI. Nu 1974, # 9. ContextreallyLH IIIAi fromburials7-10, but sherdsare LH IIA and MH III Earlywitha surrounding littleEH. 74-218.Notillustrated. L. 2. W. 0.8. Th. 7229. Stonebead. Intactbutbattered. ovoidofgrey flattened (max.)0.5. D. (hole)0.1. Elongated, cutmarkson bothsides; mottled stone;piercedlengthwise; no Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985)type.Nu/Gamma1, 1974,# sherds 5. ContextLH IIA fromburials7-10; surrounding are MH III Latewithone LH IIA pieceand one EH. 74234. Notillustrated. 7230. Stonebead. Intact.L. 0.35. D. 0.1, (hole) 0.15. (1985) Type Tinydisc ofblackstone.Xenaki-Sakellariou 31. Nu/Gamma1, 1974,#5. ContextreallyLH IIA from sherdsareMH III Latewith burials7-10, butsurrounding one LH IIA pieceand one EH. 74-235.Notillustrated. 7231. Numbernotused.


461

6. GROUND STONE (i) CONULI

(7232-7241)

FromtheMycenaeanlevelsin thelaterexcavations thereare sevenconuliofthestoneoftencasually as steatite; in theearlierexcavations. identified twofurther are added fromrelatedcontexts specimens All are conical;fiveare darkin colour(7232-7236) and fiveofthepalergrey-green variety(7237at thetop. (plate56) to showthestring-wear 7241). One ofeach type,7234 and 7240, is illustrated Smith44 summarises the latest information on this of her views are not item, Carington though type To other recent I and belt would like to add (dress universally accepted. weights) interpretations curtain the ends of beaded at an door almost weights, including hangings, present furnishing ubiquitous in thevillagesofMountPelion. [7232. (Not seen). Top probably broken offdiagonally; wear not described.H. 0.2. D. (base) 2.7, (hole) 0.5. Purple truncatedconical. Beta 3, 1959, #16. steatite;irregularly ContextLH III (over Floor 1), probably LH IIIC Early. 59-534. Not illustrated. [7233. (Not seen). Slightlychipped on base and around hole. H. 1.5. D. 2.1, (hole) 0.3. Purple steatitewithwhite flecks;conical. Beta 12, 1963, # 76. Surfacecontextwith MH to 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early) and Medieval. 63526. Not illustrated.] 7234. Heavily worn. H. 1.5. D. (base) 2.4, (hole) 0.6. Black steatite;conical. Top veryworn; stringmarkto one side. Beta 1974, # 7 (over floordeposit).ContextLH IIIC Early.74-004. Not drawn; shown in plate 56. 7235. Wornat top, batteredon edges. H. 1.6. D. (base) 2.6, (hole) 0.55. Black steatitewithgreenishtinge.Conical; heavilyworn at top. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74833. Not illustrated. 7236. Batteredwithdiagonalwear markson side. H. 1.8. D. (base) 2.7, (hole) 0.55. Purple steatitewithwhiteflecks; conical. Verybatteredat top and sides; marksof rubbing. Nu 2, 1974, # 27. LH III object in Medieval context(yard surface)withfew Medieval sherdsbut much worn LH IIIA. 74-212. Not illustrated.

7237. Batteredat top; otherwisein good condition.H. 1.6. D. (base) 2.3, (hole) 0.4. Light olive-green stone; conical. Lambda 2, 1974, # 2. LH III object in surface contextcontainingMedieval, LH III (includingLH IIIC Early) and some MH sherds.74-801. Not illustrated. 7238. (Not seen). Complete except forchip. H. 1.5. D. (base) 2.7. Grey stone; conical. Beta 1974, #21 (Floor 1). Context LH IIIAi with some LH I- II. 74-027. Not illustrated. 7239. Slightlyworn at top. H. 1.5. D. (base) 2.3, (hole) 0.6. Pale grey-greenfleckedstone; conical. Beta 1977, # 29 (floordeposit). ContextLH IIIC Early witha littleLH IIA. 77-016. Not illustrated. 7240. Deeply worn at top; broken on one side. H. 1.4. D. (base) 1.8, (hole) 0.5. Pale green stone; conical. String wear at top and wear-polishedon side by stringgroove. Beta 1977, # 63 (Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withLH I-II material.77-025. plate 56. 7241. Heavilybattered.H. 1.7. D. (base) 1.6, (hole) 0.25. Pale greystone;conical. Some batteringmay be fromwear. Lambda 3, 1977, #16. LH III object in Medieval context (destruction)with some late MH to LH II. 77-812. Not illustrated. 7242-7243. Numbersnot used.

(ii) Tools (7244-7279, figs. 10.6-10.7) in groundstonefoundin 1973-74,alongwiththosekeptfromtheearlierexcavations, [Theartefacts wereexaminedon sitein 1974 by Dr H. Blitzer,who drafteda reporton themforLord William thischapter;thishas been of Taylour.She kindlyallowedus to makeuse ofherreportin preparing with LH value to the IIIAi LH and IIIC particular regard Earlygroups,whichtheauthorhas not examinedherselfin detail.Working fromDr Blitzer'srecords,the editorhas added severalpieces in theearlierexcavations. fromrelatedcontexts Theseare enclosedin squarebrackets.] Plate 56 showsthelargergroundstoneitemsfrom1977 and servesto illustrate thetoolrangein thismaterial, in usefulcomplement to theothermaterials. The stonesin use, as in earlierperiods, and hardgreenstones used widely itself), comprisethelocal limestones lapislacedaemonius (including as cobblesand forpestles,as well as one piece of haematite, a hardblack'pebble',and twotypes towhetstones and querns.The tooltypesillustrated specific (to comprisepestle,cobbleandwhetstone use theterminology The differential wearis veryclearon theplaincobble employedat Nichoria45). (7273), but one wonderswhetherthelumpof hpis lacedaemonius (7279) may not be raw material rather thana tool(evena temporary one). A highproportion oftheartefacts in groundstonefromtheLBA levelscomefromclearcontexts, werein factmanufactured at the thoughdoubtmustalwaysremainwhether objectsso long-lasting timeof thecontextsin whichtheywerefound.The EarlyMycenaeanlevelsseemto continuethe pictureoftheMH levels,thelatestdrill-core beingfroma LH IIA context;thelatestpierceddisc, 6116,is also ofthisdate.Thereis,however,one possiblewhetstone (7249). A group(7257-7262)of fromovertheLH IIIAi Floor1 is ofinterest forthevariety ofmaterial pebbles/cobbles represented; 44

CaringtonSmith 1992, 685-6.

45 Blitzer

1992.

462


is ofnote.It is,however, thepresenceofhaematite possiblethatthis'group'and theLH IIIC Early context. TwoLH IIIC Earlyfloor onesowe moreto thezeal oftheexcavatorthanto anyfunctional andpestlesofgreenstone cobbles levels(Floors4 and 5 of 1974)producedgroupsofartefacts, mainly and limestone butwitha fragment of a schistquern(7276) fromFloor4. [In additionto theitems numberofroundedcobblesfromthesetwofloorswerenotkept.The publishedhere,a considerable A stonesocketfor with be HS 265 and HS 312 fromtheearlierexcavations.46 quernmay compared has a doorpost, been added.] 7277a, raw material, Amongthe otherstoneobjectsthe smalllumpof rockcrystal(7278) is certainly in the that it did not in a late context indicate its battered state originate periodofits though may arefew serveforpersonaladornment as itemsthatmightpotentially The pieceis ofinterest, context. on thesitein theMycenaeanperiod. (a) pestles (fig. 10.6) (5GY 7244. Chipped.L. 7.12.W.(max.)4.07.Greenstone 4/1to5G 4/1);conicalwithheavilyusedbasegroundvery sideslessso. Lambda/Beta smooth, 12, 1974,#30 (Floor 3). ContextLH IIA. 74-815.fig.10.6. L. 5.21. D. 3.827245. Probably pestle.Goodcondition. with (5BG 4/1pluswhite);squatcylinder 3.43.Greenstone base groundsmooth,peckingon oppositeend. Lambda/ Beta12,#50 (Room2, Floor4 w).ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash.74-824.fig.10.6. but slightly 7246. Good condition, chippedat base. L. 4.9. D. (base) 3.81-3.57. Greenstonewithdark green of (5GY 4/1); conicalwithsomeroughening phenocrysts

base. Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-826.fig.10.6. 7247. Fair condition.L. 7.4. D. (base) 3.4, (max.) 4. at one endwhereitshows flattened Greenstone; cylinder, marksof use as a rubber;otherend has peckingmarks wearon sides.Beta 1977,#13. frompounding;handling LH IIIC Early(?)context.77-007.Not drawn;shownin plate 56. H. 6.7. W. 4.5. Th. 3. Pale greenstone; 7248. Battered. fromhandling; base peckedfrom conical,sidessmoothed LH I Early Lambda3, 1977,#68. Context usageas pounder. fill(overFloor8). 77-852.Notdrawn;showninplate56.

(b) WHETSTONES 7249. One end only.L. 4.7. W. 2.7. Th. 0.8. Finegrey stone(5Y 5/1);wellused on edgesand aroundend; one sideheavilyworn.Lambda3, 1977,#31. PossiblyLH I-

ofyardsurface) IIA objectin Medievalcontext(make-up withmuchLH I-II material. 77-817.Notdrawn;shownin plate 56.

(c) pounders/rubbers [7250. Cobble (notseen). Complete;signsof wear.H. (max.)6.0. D. (max.)7.3. Probably'greenstone', although Beta 1, saidto be oflapislacedaemonius. Roughlyspherical. 1959,#9. Context'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early)with LH I- II wash.59-519.Notillustrated. H. (max.)6.0. L. (max.)4.6. W. [7251. Pebble/cobble. (max.) 4.0. 'Greenstone';squat cylindricalshape,with smoothed groundedgesandpeckedroughbandsneareach Beta1, 1959,#9. Contextas previous. oftheterminations. Not illustrated. 59-520. [7252. Cobble.H. (max.)2.0.D. (max.)5.0. 'Greenstone'; atoneend,whichis concave. butflattened roughly spherical, surface. Beta1, 1959,#4. Context'LH IIIA-B' Smoothed (reallyLH IIIC Early)withLH I-II wash.59-521. Not illustrated. [7253. Cobble.H. (max.)7.5. W. (max.)8.6, (min.)6.8. 'Greenstone'; irregular shape.Beta 1, 1959,#4. spherical ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I-II wash.59-527.Not illustrated. L. (max.)11.0.W. (max.)7.0. Th. [7254. Pebble/cobble. (max.) 3.5. 'Greenstone';irregularoblong,trapezoidal roundedshape in plan; wedge-shaped section;polished Beta3, 1959,#18. ContextLH IIIC Early.59surfaces. 536. Notillustrated. (notseen).L. 3.1.W.(max.)1.5.Th. [7254a. Pebble/cobble Zeta stone. Black 1.3. shape.Wearnotdescribed. Elliptical 1973, #18. Context Medieval/mixed.73-006. Not illustrated.] one edgeand most preserving 7«55- Cobble.Fragment 46

of bothfaces;ovoid section.L. (max.ex.) 4.7. W. (max. ex.) 6.5. Th. (max.)3.5. Whitelimestone; possiblyentirely thebreaks).Eta 1973,# 2. naturaloccurrence (including withMedievalandMH I toLH IIIC Early. context Surface 73-501.Notillustrated. 7256. Cobble. Good condition.L. (max. ex.) 9.4. W. 5GY 5/1 (max.ex.) 7.2. Th. (max.ex.) 0.7. Greenstone, to5GY 4/1(darkgreenish-grey). Irregularly (greenish-grey) offaces;threefaces cuboidwithroundedanglesatjunctures Nu 1974,# smoothwithlightpolish,threerough-pecked. reused). 43 (cairnoverburial12,forwhichitwasevidently ContextLH IIA burialwithMH and a littleEH II. 74216. Notillustrated. 7257-7262. Six pebbles or cobbles. Good condition. pebble(5GY 4/1)withno LargestD. 9 X7.(a) Greenstone and smoothfacets;(b) haematite darkphenocrysts pebble (non-magnetic), verydarkgrey(7.5R N/3),squatconical scratch withone flatsurface marks;(c) greenstone showing (5GY 4/1to 5G 4/ pebblewithdarkergreenphenocrysts showing 1); circularwithtwosmoothedfaces(scratched), scratchmarksand roughpittededges,apparently pecked; (d) hardblackpebble(10YR 2/1)withpolishedsurfaces butsomeareasroughand unpolished; showingscratches (e) greenstone pebble or cobble (5GY 4/1) withdarker oblongwithpolishedsurfaceshowingsome phenocrysts; limestonecobble, (f) veinedmetamorphosed scratching; pinkishgrey(7.5YR 6/2),withsmoothedsurfaces.Beta 1974,# 16 (overFloor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I-II. 74-024.Notillustrated.

Taylour 1972, 243, 260.


463

Fig. 10.6.Mycenaeansmallfinds.Groundstone:pestles7244-7246; pounder7267. Scale 1:2. 7263. Cobble. Good condition,slightlychipped. D. withsigns shortcylinder (max.)8.27. Th. 4.64. Limestone; ofwear.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#40. ContextLH I/IIA wash.74-818.Notillustrated. 7264. Cobble. Faircondition.D. 13.3 x 6.86 x 6.38. Greenstone; largeoblongcobblewithpeckedand ground surfaces butsomeoriginalsurface;wornto highpolishat one end.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#50 (Room2, Floor4 w). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74-822. Notillustrated. 7265. Cobble.Wornsmooth.Diam. 8.77 x 5.18 x 3.89. Limestone; oblongshape.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,# 50 (Room2, Floor4 W). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-827.Notillustrated. Dimensionsnotrecorded. [7266. Cobble.Faircondition. Greenstone, verydarkgrey(5Y 3/1);largecobble,oblong inshape,withpeckedandground surfaces andsomeoriginal cobblesurface as well;highly polishedatone end.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974,#50(Room2, Floor4 w). LH IIIC Early context. Notillustrated.] 7267. Cobble. Some wear at ends.L. 8.31. W. (max.) 4.19.Th. (max.)3.49.Greenstone (5BG4/1);oblongshape, peckedandground.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#51 (Room 2, Floor4 e). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74829. FIG. 1O.6.

L. 5.62.W.3.44.Th.3.19. 7268. Pebble.Goodcondition. stone(5GY 4/1); smoothedirregular Grey-green oblong withroughedgesintwoplaces;possiblypecked.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#51 (Room2, Floor4 e). ContextLH IIIC (d) SADDLE QUERNS (FIG. IO.7) [7275. Complete;chippedat one edge.L. 31.5. W. 25.5. Th. 2.5-4.7. Colourand materialnotrecorded.Roughly in plan; smoothuppersurfacewithconcavity triangular in middle;rubbingmarksvisiblein center.Underside flattened withcircular wearpattern. roughly Edgesrounded. H. Blitzer notedthattherearemorphological parallelsfrom Nichoria,but none in thismaterial;the centreof the butits outer quernwas used forpoundingand crushing froma rubbing motion.Epsilon edgesweremoresmoothed X973»#68. LH IIIA2 Early (wash level). 73-128 (not kept),fig.10.7.]

EarlywithLH I wash.74-831.Notillustrated. 7269. Cobble.Chippedat one end.Diam. 7.54 x 6.3 x 6.1. Greenstone(5G 4/1); irregular withsmoothedand Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#52 (Room4, groundsurfaces. floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-834. Notillustrated. 7270. Cobble. Largechipmissing.L. (max.)6.88. Th. 4.18. Limestone; irregular shape.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974, #52 (Room4, Floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-835.Notillustrated. 7271. Pebble/cobble. Undamaged.L. 5.97. W.4.84. Th. 3.62. Greenstone;irregularovoid withsmoothedand Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 52 (Room4, groundsurfaces. Floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-836. Notillustrated. surface. Diam.7.3. 7272. Cobble.Chippedon pounding Greenstone(5G 4/1); spherical;smoothedand pecked. Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 76 (cleaningwall he). LH III(?) context.74-840.Notillustrated. H. 5.3.L. 6. W.5.3. Green7273. Cobble.Faircondition. and stone;roughly spherical;twooppositefacesflattened smoothed twootheradjacentsurfaces byhandling; pecked frompounding. Beta 1977,#74 (Floor1). Contextshould be LH IIA-IIIAi, butonlythreesherdsfound,including one ofYellowMinyan.77-030.plate 56. [7274. Pebble (notseen). Broken,partof originallarger pebble.Dimensionsnotrecorded.Haematite.Beta 1974, #9 (rubblefloor).LH IIIC Earlycontext. Notillustrated.]

brokenatedges.L. (max.)24.2.W. 17.6. 7276. Fragment, Th. 4.14. Hard greyschist.Irregular flatslab withcentral Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#50 (Room2, Floor depression. 4 w). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-823. fig.10.7. L. (max.)11.0.W. (max.)7.0. Th. (max.) [7277.Fragment. sandstone slab.Oblongfragment; 3.5. Brownish-red upper surfacepreserved,polished. Originallydescribedas whetstone. Beta3, 1959,# 19. Floor1, 1977.ContextLH IIIAi. 59-537.Notillustrated.]

464


Fig. 10.7.Mycenaean smallfinds.Groundstone:saddle-querns 7275-7276.Scale 1:4. (e) STONE SOCKET FOR DOORPOST infinaluse.L. 31.0. [7277a(notseen).Apparently complete W.32.0.Th. 14.0.D. ofhollowinuppersurface 14.0;depth of hollow6.0. Colourand materialnot recorded.Large stonewithflatuppersurfaceofroughly circular planwith hollowatcentre; underside rounded. groundhemispherical

of charcoaladheringto interior of Manysmallfragments Foundupsidei.e.remainsofburneddoorpost. depression, tobe mortar. Lambda1, 1973,# down.Originally thought 14. ContextLH II-IIIAi. Notkept.Notillustrated.]

(f) RAW MATERIALS(?) nodule.Battered. Overalldimensions 7278. Rockcrystal 3.3 x 3. Fourpolishedfacetsin no obviousrelationship; Transitional rawmaterial. Beta1974,#12.Context possibly withLH IIIC Early(over LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early,perhaps floor).74-010.Notillustrated.

H. 5.2. cobble.Faircondition. 7279. Lapislacedaemonius L. 7.5.W.6.5.Veryroughspherical lumpwithlittleobvious signof usage.Beta 1977, # 82. ContextLH ILA witha littleEH, MH andMedieval.77-031.Notdrawn;shownin PLATE 56.

7. CHIPPED STONE R.Janko thanappearsfromthiscatalogue.Appendix6 Chippedstonewas recoveredin fargreaterquantity from thesite,basedon a hands-on stone all the a of studyofall the chipped analysis provides synthetic the excavations after recovered that were items other and of the that were inventoried many pieces the63 itemsknownto Thissectioncatalogues boneandshellremains. fromtheanalysisofthepottery, of 1973contexts havebeenfoundin LH and later(i.e.Medievalor surface) duringtheexcavations her had Ε. Β. French and in is a of these selection Since completed study given Appendix6, 77. only of the otherfinds,I compiledthissectionusingthe excavationrecordsand drawingsthenmade, thosepieces describedin Appendix6 whosecontextsare known.At the last minute cross-listing withhis own notesand rescuedme fromsome serious P. N. Karduliascomparedmy descriptions thenumberof errors.Sincepiecesare listedunderdie latestchronological periodoftheircontexts, becausetheremustbe many itemsfromperiodsearlierin theBronzeAge is probablyunderstated, thoseoftheMedievalperiod. in laterlevels,including cast-ups (i) Obsidian Cores (728o-7s8oa, tabular. 7280. Broken.L. 1.0.W.0.9. Th. 0.2. Fragment, tool.Beta reusedasa notched bladescars, Bladecorewithfour LH I-IIB withlateMH. fig.10.8. 9, 1974,#37. Context

fig. 10.8)

7280a. Broken.L. 3.79. W. 2.9. Th. 2.3. Fragment, inthreedirections. removed Flakecorewithflakes irregular. Notillustrated. Eta 1973,#notrecorded.Surfacecontext.


(Ti|

9l63?· (v) Medieval

Skeletons Skeleton9067 is Medieval.11 9069, 9075-9076, 9078, 9122 and 9129 maybe Medieval. (vi) Perioduncertain

date.Numbers9011-9012 and 9014-9015 are EH or MH. 9037 skeletons are ofuncertain Twenty is MH or MH/LH transitional; 9111, 9021, 9037, 9120, 9127 and 9148 are MH or LH. 9069, 9075-9076 and 9078 areMH orMedieval.9122 and 9129 areLH orMedieval.9042 and9065 are unknowndate. ofcompletely (b) DEMOGRAPHY

ratios (i) Age/sex

evenwhenthemethod individuals are aged accurately, In generalI haveassumedthattheimmature in some ofhisnotesthathe indicated Forveryyoungindividuals, usedhasnotbeendescribed. Angel oftheskull,the bones and usedthestateoffusionofvariousareasofthesphenoid, temporal occipital when I have made someamendments, however, Angelnoted timingofwhichis wellunderstood.12 standards13 favoured as thecurrently and eruption, thestateofdentaldevelopment produceslightly are minimal, results fromhis.The differences different however, usuallyonlya monthor twoexcept in thecase ofskeletons 9005 (1 year)and 9113 (1.5 years),andnonearesignificant 9004 (6 months), 11See Chapter 3 §6 above. 12Redfield 1970; Weaver1979; Scheuerand MacLaughlin-Black 1994·

13Moorrees,

Fanning and Hunt 1963.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §1

Fig. 12.1. Age at death: all Bronze Age burials(total154).

Fig. 12.2. Age at death: EH burials(total16).

489

49O

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

Fig. 12.3. Age at death: MH and MH III/LH I burials(total62).

Fig. 12.4. Age at death: LH burials(total66).


491

Biselreports thatsheusedthedentaldevelopment method giventhelargerproblemsofdemography. ofSchourand Poncher, whichis a variantoftheSchourand Masslerstandard.14 Skeleton9112 isrecordedas 13+ yearsofagebecauseofthecompleteeruption ofthesecondmolars, whichare commonly calledthe' 12-yearmolars';butbecausetheacetabulum is unfusedtheage can thanthis,and I haverecordedthisindividual be greater as 12 to 13 yearsofage at death. scarcely The preciseages givenforthe adultswere obtainedby methodsno longerin use: the Todd methodof pubic symphysis and a systemof scoringthe skullsuturesfortheirdegreeof ageing15 fusion,probablythatof the AmericansTodd and Lyon16ratherthana Europeansystem.Suchey, Wiseleyand Katz17have modifiedthe Todd symphysissystem,and I have followedthemin reconsidering ages thatclearlyhave been determined by thismethod.Thereare onlytwo:skeleton which is as recorded and would fall intothenewcategory ToddΆ' (< 24 years), 9100, aged 24 years and 9137, whichis recordedas aged 52 yearsand wouldnow be in theTodd Έ' category(> 45 betweenthesystems is negligible, years).For thesetwocases,then,theage differences althoughit wouldnotnecessarily be so forotherexamples. As mentioned above,manyoftheagesare simplyrecordedas an age band,forexample'neonate', adult'. Someofthesebands,suchas 'neonate',arenarrowenoughto be informative in 'child','young I have out above that there is some confusion as to the actual themselves, although pointed ages indicatedby 'infant'and 'child'.Others,suchas 'adult',could coverseveraldecades,and veryfew haveagesgivenin years;butthisis all thedatathereis,and itis extremely thatmoreprecise unlikely could have been determined the condition of much of thematerial.I have consequently ages given thematerial intogroups:foetal/neonate, withall assumedto categorised up to one monthafterbirth, be atleast8/9foetalmonths(becauseAngelwouldundoubtedly haveidentified foetuses), anyyounger and thusall normalfull-term or slightly infants ratherthanmiscarried or abortedfoetuses; premature fromone monthto one year;child,up to adolescence(therewerenotenoughwithpreciseages infant, to justify separationintoearlyand late childhood);adolescent,frompubertyat approximately 13 to ofthethirdmolarandfusionoflong-bone at around18-20 years;adult1, years eruption epiphyses In tables up to 25 years;adult2, 25-35 years;adult3, 35-45 years;and adult4, over45 years.18 of thetotal,and thenumbersand 12.1-12.4,I showthenumbersin each group,theirpercentage forall immature individuals and all adults;thegraphs(figs.12.1-12.4) percentages groupedtogether as stackedcolumns.The Medievalburialsand thoseofcompletely unknown presentthepercentages dateare excluded.Becauseofthesmallsize oftheperiodsamples,onlythetotalsofthepercentages in eachgrouparegiven,and in thissectionI willonlydiscussthewholecemetery findings. in sixcasesfrom Amongthe54 adults,23 weresexed,eitherby theanthropologists or,apparently theearliest the excavator. Nineteen were and in these two excavations, by aged, general groupsoverlap: thosethatcouldnotbe sexedcouldnotbe aged either.I haveindicatedthesex ofall unsurprisingly, immature skeletonsas 'not applicable',as use of the rimsegmentratiosforsex determination of immatures is nowdiscredited. ofsexingimmature skeletons hasbeendeniedby Indeed,thefeasibility mostanthropologists in thelastcoupleofdecades,althoughMolleson19 has appliedtheFazekasand Kósa sciatic-notch method20 to infants, and Rösing'stoothdimensionmethod21 to childrenand withsomesuccessful results. adolescents, I emphasiseagainthattheskeletalpopulations tabulatedhereprobablyhave verydissimilar age/ sex proportions fromthe livingpopulations.The sex ratioof 11:12 male to femaleadultsis, closeto unity. unsurprisingly, The age distribution is also problematic, fromthecemetery giventheneedto extrapolate sampleto thelivingpopulation, butthereareage distribution tablesfordead populations, derivedfrommodern fromancientcemeteries.22 A normaldistribution data,whichcan be comparedwiththepatterns for an undevelopedcountry, whichwe wouldexpectto be mostcloselycomparableto oursample,is Unumberofdeathsin theyoungest and oldestage categories shaped,withthemaximum (as countries the curve to the as infant and child deaths decreaseand longevity It develop, swings right increases). is notpossibletoobservetheright-hand endofthecurveatAyiosStephanosbecauseofthedifficulties in ageingofadults,whichleads to thedominanceofthecategory The 'adult,age not-determinable'. absenceofolderadultsis partlyan artefact ofthemethodsused;itis also possiblethattheremainsof 14Schour and Massler 1044. 15Todd 1920; 1921. 16Todd and Lyon 1024; 102 κ. 17 Suchey, Wiseley and Katz 1086. 18This is based on Brothwell 1981; Steele and Bramblett1988,

6-7; S. Black, pers. comm. 19Molleson 199s 20 Fazekas and Kósa 1978. 21 Rösing 1983. 22 Waldron 1994, 16-21.

492


A. NICODEMUS,


and consequently less old persons,especiallywomen,willbe morefragilebecauseof osteoporosis likelyto be found.Even takingthesepointsintoaccount,however,the fullcemeterysampleis thanLernaora moderncemetery toa greater extent dominated neonate)skeletons (including byinfant Table 12.5 presentsthe age balance of thesethree Peru.23 samplefroman undevelopedcountry, 13 groups,fromthePalaeolithic andratio.BrothwelPs tablepresents 'deadpopulations' bypercentage and theonlypopulationthat of adultand childmortality to moderntimes,forcomparison rates,24 is recentEgypt. exceedstheAyiosStephanoschildmortality or weremoreofthemburiedat thesite? die at AyiosStephanos, moreinfants Did proportionately excavationofthe which can The latteris an archaeological scarcelybe answeredwithout question, is thecase,possiblereasonsare discussedbelow.25 wholesite,butiftheformer werein the theLH humanremainsfromNichoria26 withLernaand AyiosStephanos, Bycontrast is common skeletons and 2.7 children to every10 adults.Thispaucityofsub-adult ratioof 1.7 infants burial as mentionedabove,and is morelikelyto be due to differential in archaeological material, than unusual immature bones and loss of small, mortality patterns. fragile practices (it)Height (table 12.6) as 159.59and 152.72cmrespectively. theheight ofskeletons Biselestimated 9161 and9162,twofemales, and Gleser,27 was thatofTrotter oflivingstature She notesthatthemethodshe used forestimation ± 3.55 and results: different inusetoday,butmycalculations whichis commonly 158.673 giveslightly made for a is reduction for the into account ± cm, everyyearan 152.63 3.66 taking adjustment age skeleton9161 as tallfortheperiodandskeleton9162 as average. is over30. Biseldescribes individual at Lernaas 154.2cm. whogivesthemeanforfemaleheights Thisis confirmed byAngel,28 itwouldbe measurements butwithout Skeleton9086,unsexed, is of'exceptional size',29 long-bone Numbers norms. female use male or to whether if we knew even to 9100 and impossible quantify oftheir calculation From notes. to 'tall' tall' and are both males, 'very my according Angel's 9125, cm and as measurements and tibial femoral recorded (± 177.6 2.99) respectively, 164.17 using heights, femoral as maximum thetallerofthetwo,particularly itcan be seenthat9125 is considerably length while number be used. had to was notrecordedand thelesser,bicondylar Thus, 9125 could length number9100 wouldbe average, be consideredtallfora manin mostlivingpopulations, certainly and probablywas so forhistime:maleheightsat Lernavaryaround166.8 cm. Skeleton9043 is thatofa femalewhoselivingheightwouldhavebeen 148.69± 4.45 cm,although onlythehuméruswas measuredand thebones of theupperlimbare knownto giveless reliable thanthoseofthelowerlimb;thisis shownby thegreater estimates stature rangeforthis plus/minus Number9051 is thatof a male of 163.75 - 2·99 cm>butthefactthatage couldnotbe estimate. couldnotbe made.Number9137 is thatofan meansthatanynecessary determined age adjustments resultsare givenin table 12.6,and those These ± cm. was whose olderfemale height 151.265 3.55 in are shown determined withheights (fig.12.5). diagrammaticallygraphformat fromsucha smallsamplewouldbe risible:thethree conclusions to draw Obviously,anyattempt The averageheightsofthewomen menare tallerthanthefourwomen,whichis scarcelysurprising. thanthosefromLerna are shorter men the and and menfromAyiosStephanosare 152.8 168.5 cm#> taller are the women and and LH Athens30 by 1.7 and 1.1 cm,quite by 1.5 and 2.6 cm respectively, in thegreatheightof EH to from in The apparentincrease height LH, culminating slightdifferences. The skeleton9125,is tantalising but,sadly,completely statistically. LH Nichoriapeople, insignificant and formen i7°-33 cm.31 cm werealso tall:theaverageforwomenwas 165.84 however, at least5 cm tallerthanthepeople of were thattherulingfamilyat Mycenae comments Angel32 musthavebeenenvironmentally oftheLernapopulation shortness thattherelative Lernaandsuggests differences at class social height Mycenae.Certainly, caused,ifa gainof5 cmcouldbe madebya higher to a attributed are and world classesin themoderndeveloped are evidentbetweensocio-economic that of as such In a Lerna, butnotdominated by,nutrition.33 population including, rangeoffactors deficiencies nutritional withseveralsignsofgrowth-disturbance, reducing probablyweresignificantly as is discussedbelow,nutrition butatAyiosStephanos, appearstohavebeenadequate.We do stature, 23 The latteris in Waldron 1994, 18. 24 Brothwell 1972, fig.29. 25 See§i (iii) (c). 26 Bisel 1992. 27 Trotterand Gleser 1952. 28 Angel 1971,87.

29 Taylour 1972, 233. 30 Bisel and Angel 1085. 31 Bisel 1992. 32 Angel 1971, 85. 33 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicot 1977, 346"7·


493

Fig. 12.5. Adultheightsof Bronze Age burials(total7).

notknowtheheightsofthe ordinarypeople at Mycenae,so we cannotcomparethewhole population withLerna or othercontemporarysites.Perhaps,followingthe patternat Ayios Stephanos,it is their relativelatenessratherthantheirsocial statusthatcaused the Mycenaean rulersto be tall. Since only threeimmatureskeletonshave long-bonelengthsless than 100% of US means forage (number9127, seven yearsold: 80%; 9128, seven monthsold: >88%; 9149, eightmonthsold: 90%), thepopulation'srelativeshortnesscomparedwiththatof a moderndeveloped countryappeared only afterchildhood. However, modern US (or, indeed, European) norms are probably unsuitable comparisonsfor any ancient human remainsbecause of the secular trend,which has produced a heightincrease of about 2.5 cm per generationin Europe and NorthAmerica over the last 150 years;34it is more usefulto compare ancientpopulationswitheach otherby referenceto theirrelative nutritional Withoutfurther deviationfroma standard.35 evidence,and withoutinvokingan extraordinary that the curve of the we should assume growth people of Ayios only adolescents, deficiencyaffecting their was normal for geneticcomposition. Stephanos (c) PATHOLOGICAL

CONDITIONS

AND NON-METRIC

TRAITS

(i)J. LawrenceAngeland thalassaemia

Angel made a significantcontributionto palaeopathology with his work on ancient thalassaemia. The clinical and palaeoanthropological pictures of the disease are described below, as well as Angel'sapplicationoftheseto ancientEast Mediterraneanpopulations,beforewe considerthecase of Ayios Stephanos. The hereditary haemolyticanaemias The large numberof anaemic conditionscan be categorisedinto two groups,accordingto whether theyare hereditaryor acquired. The commonestacquired anaemia, and the commonestanaemia in the world today,is iron-deficiency anaemia,36caused by dietaryiron deficiencyand/orparasitism. The hereditaryanaemias include many disordersof haemoglobinsynthesisin whichred blood cells have a shortlifespan,eitherbecause they have a structureliable to collapse or burstin specific 34 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicot 1977, 348-51. 35 Goode, Waldron and Rogers 1993, 321.

36 Davidson and Passmore 1969.

494

c· DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,


unfavourableconditions,forexample sickle-cellanaemia, or because theyare of abnormalsize and shape, forexample thalassaemiaand glucose 6-phosphatedehydrogenasedeficiency('favism').They are called haemolyticanaemias,and itis theirimpairedcapacityto hold oxygen,sometimescombined withthe harmfuleffectsof a debris of dead cells in the blood, which causes the symptomsof this disease. Sickle-cellanaemia is probablythebestknown,affecting people ofblack Africanor American with with crises severe and when advanced medical care is fever and, heritage fatigue,periodic pain itfrombothparents(homozygotes), thoseinheriting unavailable,earlydeath.The severestformaffects while those inheritingfromonly one parent (hétérozygotes)usually have a less severe disorder. Thalassaemiais commonlyfoundin people ofMediterraneanorigin,hence thename,and is somewhat similarto sickle-celldisease clinically.There are severalformsof the disease withdifferent degreesof and can be or severity, hétérozygotes asymptomatic only slightlyaffected,althoughthey are still carriers- a key pointrelatingto Angel's work. Skeletalmanifestations The physiologyof the bone changesof the anaemias is well understoodthroughhaematologicaland clinical studies.37 Red blood cells are produced by bone marrow,which in childhood occupies the whole skeletonbut in adulthood is restrictedin distribution. When thereis a severe anaemia, the marrowspace expands at the expense of the otherbone layers,thinningthemby pressureatrophy, and eventuallybreaks through.In life,the thickened,radially-arranged bone columns (trabeculae) that comprise the central marrow-containing of the skull (the diploë) surroundislands of layer marrow. These trabeculae the distinctive 'hair-on-end' overdeveloped give appearanceradiographically, whichis valuable in the diagnosisof anaemia. In the dryskull,the diploë is visiblewherethe outer table has been destroyed,producingthe 'spongy' or 'sieve-like'appearance of cribraorbitaliain the orbitsand porotichyperostosis on thevault.Otherbones can appear on grossinspectionto be 'netted' or 'lacy', withloss of outer,corticalbone.38 Archaeologically,differential diagnosisis rarelycertain,but thereare certaindistinctive patternsof distribution and formof bone changes.Bone changes of all the anaemias especiallyaffectthe skull vault. In thalassaemiathe facialbones and those of the facial sinusesare also affected,producinga swollen appearance to the face,malocclusionof the teethand inhibitionof sinus development,and manyotherpartsof the skeletoncan be involved,sometimeswithdistortionof the bone contourand even prematurecessation of growth.39Sickle-cell anaemia causes lesser changes than those of thalassaemia:the thickeneddiploë rarelyshows throughthe outertable of the skull,but much of the withexpansionof marrowcavitiesand areas of infarction postcranialskeletoncan be affected, (death ofbone cells) followingobstruction ofblood vesselsby collapsed red cells.40Infarctions do not appear in thalassaemia.The signsof iron-deficiency anaemia are slightby comparisonwiththalassaemia:the vaultchangesare rarelyas extremeand do not involve the facialregion,41 and long-bonealterations are usuallyabsent.Other,less commonhaematologicdiseasesalso producethe'hair-on-end' appearance in the skullvaultand shouldbe consideredforindividualcases, but theyare less likelyto be relevant when significant numbersof cases are foundin a population. Angel's contribution It is knownthatthe defectivered blood cells presentin thalassaemiaand sickle-cellanaemia provide and thusthereis poor hostsformalariaparasites(ofwhichthemostvirulentis Plasmodium falciparurri), some adaptiveadvantagein havingthem.In pre-modern times,in areas wherethediseasewas endemic, the homozygoteswould probably all have died young, those who had not inheritedgenes for thalassaemiawould be likelyto succumbto malaria,but resistanceto malaria would have favoured the slightlyanaemic hétérozygotes. The moderndistributions of severalhaemolyticanaemias show a close correlation withmalariadistribution.42 theporotichyperostosis and aibra orbitalia Angelattributed he foundin prehistoricEast Mediterraneanskullsprimarilyto thaiassaemiaforthese reasons43and also because itsincidencedecreasedfromtheNeolithicperiodonwardsas irrigation practicesimproved, the assumptionbeing thatswampsand otherareas thatfavouredthe breedingof mosquitovectorsof

37 Caffey1937; Moseley 1965; Hengen 1971; Stuart-Macadam 1082, 10,85, 1087, summarised 10,0,4. 38 Steinbock 1076, 217-q; Ortnerand Putschar1085, 252-4. 39 Steinbock 1076, 220-25; Ortnerand Putschar1085, 252-4. 40 Diggs, Pullian and King 1937.

41 Except in one study:Aksoy, Çamli and Erdem 1066. 42 Lambrecht 1967, 143; Harrison, Weiner, Tanner and Barnicot 1977, 230-4, fig. 16.5. 43 for example, to Fessas Angel 1964a and 19660, referring, 1959 and Neel 1951.


495

the diseasewerereduced.He preferred thalassaemiaas a diagnosisto sickle-cell anaemia,as the former is endemictodayin thearea of study.In addition,he speculatedthatthered blood cellsof thalassaemiasufferers were equallyinhospitable to the parasitesof amoebicdysentery, Entamoeba in a cause of death the histolytica, major young.44 AnaemiasatAyiosStephanos toomitdetaileddescription in hisrecords, so itis noteasytointerpret hisnotes Angelhad a tendency on pathological like eminent his excellent intuitive conditions, although many physicalanthropologists would have been more at the I have relied on diagnostic ability justified objectively publication stage. thedescription ofhisdiagnostic criteria.45 of cribra orbitalia, Onlyeightexamples porotichyperostosis, anaemiaor thalassaemia arerecordedforthesite.Theyare skeletons 9052-9053, 9112-9114, 9117, 9136 and 9157. Skeletons9052-9053 and 9157 are describedas having'hyperostotic diploë:this be and cribra anaemia, thalassaemia'; orbitalia'; may probably 'hyperostosis 'porotichyperostosis: ?thalassaemia' As mentioned to distinguish thalassaemia fromotheranaemiasin above,itis difficult skeletalmaterial, andtheskullchanges,foundalone,couldbe due toa numberofdisorders ofredcell or blood the commonest have been discussed production inadequate oxygénation (althoughonly so one of the anaemias could be for these cases. The first two individuals were above), any responsible that in their in limb bones adults,however,and it is possiblethatthalassaemic changes developed childhoodwereremodelledduringlifeas theredmarrowrecededto theskull,leavingonlythisarea affected. Skeleton9136 has 'porotichyperostosis (skullvaultbossing,"bonewithinbone"on femur): thalassaemia'. that mentions from Bamboulaand Nea Nikomedeia47 have Lerna,46 Examples Angel that have become thickened of the bone marrow in the central long-bones by over-development marrowcavity, withremnants oftheold bone cortexinsideproducing the'bone withinbone' effect. Thismakesa diagnosisofiron-deficiency anaemiaforskeleton9136 unlikely, butsickle-cell disease wouldnotbe excludedwereit notforitsmodernabsencefromthePéloponnèse;skeleton9136 is thusthemostlikelycase ofthalassaemia fromthesite.The threeremaining examplesare enigmatic: number9112, an olderchild,has 'traceofporosity', infant is 9114 simplydescribedas having'trace [of]anaemia',whileinfant 9113 has 'no porosity [ontheskullvault]buttrace[of]anaemia'.Thereis no indication ofwhatAngelsawon thebonesofthetwoinfants, thefirst is onlyrepresented although a skull and so presumably had porotichyperostosis or cribra orbitalia. In discussing theseseven by casesin thelightofAngel'swork,I shallbeginby assuming thatall are casesofthalassaemia. Skeleton9117, an infantof onlyone to twomonthsof age, had 'internalraying+ [oftheskull thatAngellookedforas a diagnostic vault]',whichis a feature signofanaemia,butitwas combined with'nutritional failure?: kneejointmayhavesharpbeadwithflare', whichdoesnotsuggest thalassaemia or anyotheranaemia.The flaring of thegrowingends ofbones,whichin some cases is combined withskullvaultporosity, is a markof rickets, but thisis an unusualdisorderin infants underfour months vitamin D frombeforebirth;itis alsouncommon old,becausetheystillhavea storeofmaternal in thispartof theworld,becausevitaminD is made in theskinby exposureto sunlight. Further, rachitic 'beading'('therachitic rosary')is foundon theribsand notat theendsofthelongbones.48 The noteis inscrutable. Skeleton9113 is also describedas havinga metacarpal witha 'flaring edge' with'traceof"bead"',butthepossibleevidenceofanaemiaon theskull,whatever thiswas,is mentioned as a separateentity, so once againanothernutritional or disorderis implied. deficiency It is clearfromAngel'stabulationof ten sitesfromAnatolia,Cyprusand Greece thatporotic decreasedfromthe EBA to the Classicalperiodand thenincreasedagain,49 but the hyperostosis locationofsitesis also takenintoaccount.The maximaforincidenceare over50% at Neolithic Çatal whichis marshy, theminimabetween5% and 10%atlatest Hüyükandover60% atNea Nikomedeia, Neolithic/EBA Karataçand Kephala,whichare drysitesthatwouldnotfavourthemalariamosquito and wouldnot,therefore, favourthemaintenance ofthethalassaemia About genein thepopulation. 20% ofindividuals fromthemarshy MBA siteofLernawereaffected. An elaboratestudy50 ofporotic in different 'families' at Lernain relationto theirfertility, thegeneticand hyperostosis demonstrating environmental mechanisms a thalassaemic in a is not considered further maintaining gene population, thathas sincebeenshowntobe weaklycorrelated here,as itis basedon an indexofparturition51 with 44 He cited Motulsky 1060. 45 Angel 1967. 46 Angel 19640; 19660; 1971. 47 Angel 19640; 19660.

48 Steinbock 1976, 265-70; Ortnerand Putscharιο8κ, 273-8. 49 Angel 19660. 50 Angel 1067; iQ7i. 51 Described in Angel 1967.

496


A. NICODEMUS,


knownparity.52 Bisel describes30% of the skullsat Nichoriaas 'thickened',53 to Angel's referring criteria foranaemicchange. Our sampleis too smallto makea significant butinitially itappearsthatouranaemic comparison, or thalassaemic individualscomprisean extremely smallproportion of the cemetery population: affected overall.Takingonlythoseburialsclearlyattributed toa siteperiod,anaemia/thalassaemia 4.9 °/o noneoftheEH burials,6.5% (4/62)oftheMH burialsand 6.1% (4/66)oftheLH burials.Theseare comparedwithLerna,whichis comparableto AyiosStephanosin bothtime verylow percentages of foetaland neonate is thattheveryhighproportion and environment. One possibleexplanation statesthatthebony disorders. Baker54 of anaemic remainsare notyetshowingcharacteristic signs to a 'curious in first referred marked the six months. of thalassaemia are not however, Angel, changes that from within frontal bone of some neonates the Lerna,55 suggesting thisis the rayedappearance' skullsby Williams,56 in ancient and modern as described manifestation of porotichyperostosis early and thathe lookedforthisappearancewhenexamininginfantskulls.Skeleton9117, mentioned withotherbone changesthatdo notindicatean anaemia. butin combination above,had thisraying, in all other absent' noted cases,includingthesupposedlyanaemicskull9114. If we Angel 'raying andexcludeinfants assumethatchangesdue toanaemiaonlyexceptionally appearbeforesixmonths, form10%ofthetotal(8/80).Brokendown individuals affected unlesstheyshowsignsofthedisorder, are still are: EH 0%, MH 9.5% (4/42),LH 14.3% (4/28).These figures by periodthepercentages and those from exceeds muchlowerthanLerna,and theLH percentage Karataç Kephala. barely in antiquity, One is thatAyiosStephanoswas malaria-free Two explanations suggestthemselves. but not in modern of the condition the whichwouldbe surprising, winters,57 plain given marshy not and would be would not that the thalassaemia This would mean advantageous gene impossible. the most and therefore malaria-free also be would non-thalassaemics be selectedfor(because healthy than in thispopulation so thatitwouldappearat a muchlowerproportion sectorofthepopulation), it find for than we a at need to be in othersfrommalarialareas.It would,however, higherproportion it.58 without selection in thepopulationat all favouring pressures simplyto be maintained didnot thispopulation ornottheareawasmalarial, It is morereasonabletoconcludethat,whether be to that skeleton thalassaemia, 9136 is theonlycase appearslikely carrythegeneforthalassaemia; If thischildmighthavebeenan incomer. so ifthegenereallywas absentfromthegeneralpopulation far most the thebonychangesofall or anyofthecasesare due to anotherhaematologic disorder, by and/ that incidence its low if and is so, anaemia, deficiency dietary suggests very likely iron-deficiency below. In mainlyagricultural were negligible,whichis confirmed or parasitism by the findings so theseneedtobe consumed from meat but from obtained iron is not cereals, primarily populations, ofAyiosStephanos, The and meat unlesssupplemented inlargequantities population vegetables.59 by wormsand flukes and otherinternal musthavehad a good mixeddiet.Intestinal parasitic therefore, fromthegut, anaemia and deathworldwide, area majorcauseofdebility bleeding through producing that hookworms states WaJdron of from and or food; (Ancylostoma bladder, malabsorption kidneys that then It is iron most the are endoparasites, likely deficiency.60 causing duodenale) parasites important wererareat AyiosStephanos. and in particular hookworms, (it) Dentalenamelhypoplasia

thelocationof is shownby surfaceand internal oftoothenamelformation irregularities,61 Disruption Enamel does not and thesize ofwhichcan indicateduration.63 whichcan indicateage at formation62 as to arereferred enamel manifestations life.The external remainthroughout remodel,so thedefects defects,or enamelsurfacedefects.Pindborghas reviewedthe hypoplasia,enameldevelopmental and severefebrileillnessare themostcommon.64 Angeldid not rangeofcauses,ofwhichstarvation causedby suchas porotichyperostosis, betweenhypoplasiaand otherconditions, findanycorrelation defects exhibit canines Incisorsand noris thisfoundin British environmental stresses;65 populations.66 material in teethare oftenlost archaeological thesesingle-rooted butunfortunately moststrongly,67 52 Suchey,Wiseley, Green and Noguchi 1979. 53 Bisel 1992. 54 Baker 1064. 55 Angel 1067. 56 H. U. Williams 1929. 57 LetterfromTaylourto Bisel, 1 1June 1907. 58 On theancientenvironment see further Chapter 14 §1 below. 59 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicott1Q77. 60 Waldron 1989.

61 Dean 1087; Goodman and Rose 1990. 62 Moorrees, Fanningand Hunt 1963; recentsurveyby Dean, Benyon, Reid and Whittaker1993. 63 E.g. Hutchinsonand Larsen 1988. 64 Pindborg 1970. 65 Angel 1971. 66 E.g. Wiggins 1991; Duhig 1998, 176; 2000. 67 Condon and Rose 1992.


497

and otherteethmustbe utilised;thisis also necessary becausedefects aremoreevidenton themiddle and cervicalthirdsof a tooth,so thatseveralteethare needed to coverthewholedevelopmental Althoughit is not possibleto establishthe exact cause of the defects, periodin one individual.68 cause. can suggesta likeliest combinedarchaeological evidenceand otherstressindicators at the site: skeleton have been found three cases of dental 9112, an olderchildof Only hypoplasia at abouttheage ofsix lineswereformed 12 to 13 yearsfromtheMH periodwhoseslighthypoplastic an male of theLH period(lines is adult skull skeleton which and who also had 9125, porosity; years an MH of the an adult female at abouttwoyears);and skeleton formed 9162, period.Theserepresent incidenceof 1.9%(3/154)overall,3.2% fortheMH period(2/62)and 1.5%(1/66)fortheLH period, lowwhencomparedwiththe61% incidenceofslightand markedcasescombined figures ridiculously As all threesiteswereexaminedby Angelor his student, at Lerna69 or the47% at Nichoria.70 Bisel, The unusually variation. arenotlikelytobe explicableas inter-observer thedifferences goodconditions ofteeth,butteethtendto remaineven at Lerna71 ofpreservation mighthaveled to greaterrecovery infant skullsare crushedirrecoverably. whensmall,fragile and adult enamelin bothimmature It seemsreasonableto suggestthattheabsenceof defective diet had a at that the was said above: what teethconfirms throughout good population AyiosStephanos theyearand did nothave anyepisodesof severeillnesswithfeverduringthetimewhentheteeth discussedbelow.This is quitesurprising weredeveloping, giventhe perhaps,theinfants excepting, an absence and resources food in of terms andimpliesa benignenvironment timeperiodrepresented, ofthatenvironment. controls ofinfective agents,or excellentcultural (Hi) Deathsofinfants

Far moreof the 'dead population'consistedof neonatesand infantsat Ayios Stephanosthanat someage-specific thewholeperiodofsiteuse. Severalcausativefactors, comparablesitesthroughout be considered. to need and interrelated multiplicative, butmostpotentially ornaturaldeathofneonates Infanticide based on the infanticide thatcan be usedto identify threefactors has defined archaeologically, Mays istherefore that their full social not are newborns that killing persons, premises ethnographically-derived thoseof from is differentiated burial that their and without and immediate undertaken delay, family by a neonate of location a differential are factors These burials, the othermembersof community.72 The weeks at to deaths of number in the a and offemalebabies, gestation. 38 40 peak predominance whereburialsofall agesaredispersed doesnotseemtoapplyatAyiosStephanos, first factor throughout carriedoutbyAngelandBiselon theimmature theexcavatedarea.Sex determination pelvessuggested thatthereweredoublethenumberofmaletofemalechildren which,evengiventhemodern interred, ofage at Whenthepattern situation. reverse the torepresent ofthemethods used,is unlikely rejection foetal/neonate the of the dominance is under12 months plotted, deathforthose76 individuals however, thana specific an agerangerather whom for 1 in fig. as shown 2.6. is agewere (Infants marked, category between' 'divided or recordedhavebeenplacedatthemedianpointoftherange ages.) the so not were neonates the of the determined, graphcannotbe ages gestational Unfortunately, theages 23 to which covered and Medievalsites, forRomano-British comparedwiththoseofMays73 It is onlypossibleto considerthebroadermortality infancy. throughout pattern 47 weeksgestation. The initialpeak ofneonatedeathsis followedby a steepdecline,withanothersmallpeak at seven becausenotprecisely wereuninformative Mostoftheinfants months. 'adjusted aged,so an alternative number'has been producedby dividingthemequallybetweenthespecificage bandsfromone to thatreducestheabruptneonatepeakat thelowerend ofthegraph; a pattern twelvemonths, forming theapparentpeakwouldbe reducedstillfurther. weretheyto be dividedproportionately, siteshas been mentioned skeletonsat manyarchaeological The shortageof immature funerary to thatwhichmightbe closer infant an does so pattern mortality AyiosStephanosrepresent already; and whichmighthave been normalforthepast?Data for foundin modernundevelopedcountries, butan infant mostofthemodernworldandfor19thcentury mortality EuropeandAmericais plentiful, to whichis impossible oflivebirths, rateis usuallyexpressedas deathsat a givenage as a proportion lack of at this site is and calculateforanyarchaeological contemporaneity by compounded population havealwaysdominated) deathsdominate(and,presumably, itis clearthatinfant ofburials.Nonetheless, 68 Goodman and Armelagos 1085. 69 Angel 1971, 84. 70 Bisel 1992.

71 72

73

Angel 1971, 1. Mays 10,0,5.

Mays 1993.

4g8


A. NICODEMUS,


Fig. i2.6.'Age at deathup to end of infancy,all Bronze Age periods (total76).

the mortality patternsin all but moderndeveloped countries,and even in those countriesare higher in lower-incomegroups.74 ratewithincomethatitprovides Indeed, so correlatedis theinfantmortality an indicatorof the level of socio-economicdevelopmentof a countryor community.75 For example, in 19thcenturyLondon 50% ofall deathswere ofneonates,whereasthemodernproportionis 2·5°/ο,76 and themortality rateofnewbornsin modernBrazilis nearly20 timesgreaterthanin modernSweden.77 Thus I concludethatit is not necessaryto invokeinfanticide as an explanationfortheinfantmortality natal and we should rather consider and high pattern, post-natalhazards dwindlingto the age of five to six months.Maternaland perinatalcauses and infectionproduce approximatelyhalfof all deaths in the Third World.78Deaths of newbornstend to be dominatedby birthasphyxia,only fatalwhen resuscitation methodsare not used, and low birth-weight, closelycorrelatedwithmaternalhealthand at Ayios Stephanos. in as elsewhere the ancient these were workload;79 world, probablysignificant Infection dominatedby diarrhoea!diseases,malaria and measles80 Infectionsin the Third Worldare currently and the sequelae of HIV. The firstwill be discussedbelow under 'nutritional hazards'; measles tends to affectolder childrenin industrialsocietiesand forunknownreasonsfavoursinfantsin undeveloped countries,but the antiquityof the disease is not knownotherthanfromreferencesin theArab writers of the Christianera.81 If thepopulationat Ayios Stephanoswere thalassaemic,a largenumberof homozygousindividuals to live on, butskeletal hétérozygotes mighthave died beforeone year,leavingtheless severelyaffected morethanwere in of the at least some to be found be hétérozygotes certainly changesmight expected found.Was therean infectiveagentoperatingregularlythatproducedan illnessof such shortduration Such mightbe thatthoseinfectedeitherrecoveredwithoutskeletalsignsofthedisease or died outright? thecase withmalariaitself.The disease takesmanyforms,dependingon thenumbersofgenerationsof plasmodia presentin the blood at any time,and these formsare well describedin the Hippocratic collectionand by Galen as quotidian,tertianand quartanfevers.Malaria itselfproducesanaemia by itshost'sredblood cells (althoughitdoes notproduceskeletalchanges),and in moderntimes destroying 74 Stockwell 1993, 225. 75 Gray and Payne 1993, 13. 76 Davey 1985,%. 7.1. 77 Gray and Payne 1993, fig.2.3.

78 Gray and Payne 1093, fig.3.1. 79 Cooke and Davies 1988, 51-2, 69. 80 Gray and Payne 1993, fig.3.2. 81 Hare 1967, 122.


499

to as thehemitritaion, is fatal necessitates blood transfusions. The subtertian referred form,anciently A due to thrombosis of the brain and other virulent organs.82 particularly multiple primarily capillary could form, (ancientwriters fevers), recurring speakofautumnbeingtheseasonofrelapsing regularly in theabsenceofmodernmedicalsupport. havecarriedofflargenumbers ofinfants Malnutrition actssynergistically withinfection inhibits certain infectious but,ifsevereenough, diseases, malaria.83 Other evidence from the human remains that was notmarkedly nutrition including suggests so thepopulation was probablynotprotected inadequateat AyiosStephanos, againstsuchdiseases. Nutritional hazards Infants a nutritional suffer crisison weaning, becausetheirnutritional needsareparticularly frequently and the adult diet is reduced to foods of high weaning especiallypoor quality,usuallyweakcereal are also to new in the 20% of annualmortality gruels.They exposed pathogens.84 Approximately was of infants under one and the main known cause was diarrhoeal disease 1900s yearold, consequent on unhygienic foodpreparation andgeneralunsanitary conditions.85 Evenifthechildis notcompletely weaned but is obtainingadequate nutritionfrombreastmilk and additionalsolid foods,the to introduce infectious of supplementary feedingis sufficient agents.This mightbe theexplanation thesmallpeakin AyiosStephanosinfant deathsat aboutsevenmonths. Childrensurviving thedualhazardsofweaningcan exhibitseveredevelopmental defects, including dentalenamelhypoplasias as describedabove.The hypoplastic lineson thedentalenamelofskeleton wereformed at abouttheage oftwo,and thoseof9112 at aroundsixyears,so do not 9125,however, coincidewiththepeakofdeathsin thispopulationat or belowone yearofage. Theyare also widely spreadin termsof age of appearance,unlessweaningage had decreasedfromtheMH to theLH lateforweaning.Further, period;sixyearswouldalsobe exceptionally onlyone othercase wasfound, one would more defects although expectmany producedby weaningstressifthiswerea particular hazardin thepopulation. A similarobservation can be made regarding anaemia,to iron-deficiency whichtheinfant ofaboutfivetotwelvemonthsofage becomesparticularly as poor-quality susceptible It has alreadybeen weaningfoodscome to dominatethedietat thesametimeas a growthspurt.86 shownthattheincidenceofanaemia,ofwhatever low at AyiosStephanos. kind,is extremely Timevariation In theEH and MH periods,theimmature individuals makeup about56% and 50% ofthepopulation whereas LH the are respectively, during periodthey nearly77%. I wishto emphasiseagainthatthe are if but are of thereal 'dead population'of thesite,this samples verysmall, they representative indicate that there were disease hazards to theinfants and children in thelaterperiod. might greater (iv) Otherpathologicalconditions

otherpathological conditions aredescribed, in 15 individuals. Thesefallintovariousgroups. Twenty-one Arthropathies The terms'arthritis', andmanyothersofgreater 'degenerative jointdisease','osteophytosis' complexity and obscurity havebeen used in thepastto indicatea rangeofpathological changesin thejointsof thelimbsandspine,whichwe wouldnowattempt toidentify moreprecisely andclassify morelogically. For example,osteoarthritis, rheumatoidarthritis and gout all affectthejointsbut are unrelated thefirst ortrauma, thesecondtoan auto-immune aetiologically, beingduetoage degeneration response and thelastbeingin parta metabolicdisorder withdietimplicated. A schemefortheclassification of thearthropathies, to aid diagnosisand providea standardoperational has been definition, produced thisis theschemethatI follow. by Rogers,Waldron, Dieppe and Watt;87 Allskeletal material lacksthemedicalhistory andsofttissuechangesusedfordiagnosis byclinicians, butforjointdiseasethereis somecompensation in theaccessibility ofthejointitself.88 Angelusedthe term'arthritis' in thecase of fiveindividuals withjointchange,of whichfourhave changesin the skeletons male of spine: 9006 (MH 34 years),9010 (EH male of40 years),9043 (EH femaleof30 and male of 28 9044 (EH years) years).The commonestof all diseasesfoundon the skeletonis 82 Patrick 1967, 242-3. 83 1989, 50; 1999, 49, 146. Garnsey 84 E.g. Scrimshaw 1975; Rowland 1086. 85 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicott 1977; Brahin and

Fleming 1082. 86 Garnsey 1989, 52; iqqq, 40 and passim. 87 Rogers, Waldron,Dieppe and Watt 1087. 88 Waldron 1994, 38.

5OO


A. NICODEMUS,


whichdevelops withage, tendsto favourmales and femalesequally and is mostclearly osteoarthritis, is whathas seen in the spine and thejointsof the hip and knee; so the likelihoodis thatosteoarthritis been observed,probably in the formof osteophytedevelopment,new bone 'lipping' around the cannot be marginsof the vertebralbodies, as noted at Lerna.89Other,less common,arthropathies excluded, however,and if re-examinationof the bones were possible I would especially consider which have some bone diffuseidiopathicskeletalhyperostosisand the sero-negativearthropathies, in with osteoarthritis. common changes in thevertebralcolumnis 63%.90The percentage The percentageofadultsat Lernawithosteoarthritis at AyiosStephanosappears to be less thanone-tenthofthis,but it mustbe borne in mindthatmostof the spine is relativelyvulnerablewhen preservationis poor: only 70% of the large lumbarvertebrae and not morethan20% and 30% Britishinhumationcemetery91 wererecoveredfroma well-preserved Withoutany record of how froma Mediterraneanand westernFrenchNeolithicsite respectively.92 If it appears surprising be estimated. cannot at the real the vertebrae were site, figure preserved many thatthreeof the fourskeletonsmentionedabove are of EH date,I would suggestthatthisis no more in thisperiod than of a proportionately likelyto be indicativeof a higherincidenceof osteoarthritis in the whom number of well spinal changeshad had timeto develop and in preservedadults, greater whose skeletonstheycould be observed.The EH and MH periodshad a greaterpercentageof adults. ofthisis discussedabove. Ifgood preservationcan be roughlyindicatedby the The healthsignificance thatcan be aged and sexed, EH burialsare betterpreservedthanthe others, of individuals proportion as a glance at the age graphswill show: about one-thirdof EH adultscould not be aged or sexed,but forMH and halfforLH. forthe otherperiodsthe fractionis about two-thirds whichcould be a partof a systemic had toe LH Skeleton9025, a arthritis', 'big 38 year-oldmale, to the an use or disorderor simplythe resultof recurrent joint. injury Dental disease Five individualshad some evidencefordentaldisease,ofwhom one is theEH woman,number9043, One of her six remainingteethwas carious. Two LH individuals,skeletons who also had arthritis. also had dentalcariesin one molar,but the totalnumberof teethpresentat deathis and 9142, 9046 'skeleton' notknown;indeed, 9142 is onlyrepresentedby thisone tooth!Two well preservedskeletons LH fromthe MH and periods,numbers9019 and 9161, both women,had considerableantemortem toothloss. Number9019 onlyretainedthemandibularincisors,buta noteby Angel questionswhether thisjaw belongswiththe skull(althoughit musthave belonged to someone buried at the site,and is stillusefulas an indicatoroftoothloss). Number9161 (plate A7.1), one ofthetwocomplete therefore skeletonsrecordedby Bisel,had verypoor dentalhealth,withsevere antemortemtoothloss (26/32), one carioustoothand fourabscess cavitiesin the six remainingteethand theirsockets,and marked alveolarrésorptionand periodontaldisease. It is impossibleto comparedentalhealthat AyiosStephanoswiththatat Lerna,or withthepopulations as the data is expressedas percentagesof available whose dentaldisease is summarisedin Brothwell,93 teethor sockets,whereaswe have scarcelyany knowledgeof how much of anyjaw is presentat our site.Dental cariesis presentin approximately7% of adultdentitionsand abscesses in about 2%. Trauma

wounds or Twentyper cent of individualsat Lerna had evidence fortrauma,halfhavingpenetrating from skeletons of the three and halfhavingotherfractures.94 skullfractures AyiosStephanos (1.9%) Only above, by the had any evidence of trauma.This is in partaccountedfor,as withthe cases of arthritis fracture not do bones readily largelycartilaginous greatnumberofinfantsand children,whose springy, and who have had littletimeto be exposed to hazards. Individualswho died immediatelyor shortly afteran injurywould not have sufficient developmentof fracturecallus forus to distinguishtheir frompost-mortem fractures damage. This said, however,the proportionis stillverylow. A tantalisingnote by Angel, most of which is lost at the top of the carbon-copyrecord sheet, describesan injuryto individual9100, a youngman fromtheMH period: '[...] wound hole [inhead]: not [?] _ club ?by r[igh]t-handed opp[onent].'This is presumablya head wound of the typeAngel found at Lerna, which he attributedto clubs or bronze swords because of theircrushed form,in

89 Angel 1971, 86-7. 90 Angel 1071, 86. 91 Duhig 1993.

92 Duhig 1995, 63-72. 93 Brothwell 1972, fig.56. 94 Angel 1971, 91-2.


501

The locationofinjuriescan indicate to theclean-cut lesionsproducedby IronAge swords.95 contrast thehandednessof theopponent,and I assumethatskeleton9100 showsa crushedor depressed to theleftfrontal or parietal, whichwouldbe themostaccessiblearea oftheskullvaultto a fracture It is violencefromthesite,butit right-handed opponent. probablyouronlyexampleofinterpersonal to confirm thediagnosisand to determine thetypeofweaponused. wouldneedre-examination A ribfragment fromskeleton9017, a 30 year-oldwomanfromtheEH period,showsa 'diagonal and causedby violenceor whichcouldbe a well healedribfracture, depression slightconvexity', accident.The briskcomment skeleton 'fineinflammation' 9125, an olderLH male,but accompanies a further inflamedarea in partthrough cortex noteon therecordsheetexplainsit as a 'triangular at originreflected head rectus'.Angelis referring to therectus muscle abover[ight] acetabulum femoris thatstabilises whichin itsupperparthas twodivisions, thestraight thebodyuponthethigh, (anterior) and thereflected whicharisesfromjustabove thehip socket.It is one partofthelarge (posterior), musclethatformsthefleshofthethigh.Abruptseverestraincan causea rupture extensor quadriceps whichmight whichexplainsthekindofmovement oftherectus(sometimes knownas 'cricket thigh', but thiswouldbe expectedto producenew bone in the area of intra-muscular cause thestrain96), the partlythrough bleeding.It is clearthatAngelobservedan erosivechangethathad penetrated softtissuedamage,whichis not had enteredthrough outercortexofthebone,so eitheran infection if one partofa systemic or thebonychangesrepresent as themuscleis superficial, disorder; unlikely otherskeletalsigns. thedisorderwithout thelatter, thereis no wayofidentifying Gaitand activity ofthe ofthelowerlimbbonesas indicative a rangeofchangesin themorphology Angelconsidered the femur of The include or similar terrain.97 Greek flattening upper (platymeria) changes gaitrequired by thehip,straightening anduppertibia(platycnemia), producedbyincreasedmusclestressin steadying thefoot,and facetson thebonesoftheanklejoint('squatting theleg and flexing facets')producedby numbers on twowomenfromtheLH and MH periodsrespectively, extreme flexion.Bisel'sreport98 and to 'much which she attributes notes these and walking running', 9161 916« (plates63-64), changes, thatshebelieved withstrong deltoidcrestson theupperarmsand othermuscledevelopments together that there are other It must be ofheavywork. wereindicative said,however, possiblecausesforthe in from areaswherethereis are found populations changesin thelegs,and thatthesame changes summarised have been stress markers by scarcelya hillworththename.99Studiesof occupational as well as of and platycnemia as a possiblecause of platymeria and includesquatting Kennedy100 betweenmusculo-skeletal andWaldron103 Stirland102 facets.101 emphasisethepoorcorrelation squatting to theover-optimistic as a warning palaeopathologist. changesand modern,knownoccupations relatestothetracesofactivity-produced fromAngeltoTaylour104 A fascinating letter (parafunctional) wearon theteethof skeleton9017, a 30 year-oldwomanfromtheEH period.She 'has intriguing or process,likeholdinga bow-drill specialexcessivewearofthecentralincisorsfromsomeindustrial a on but more show similar from The wear,105 Karataç single special people spinning. contemporary TammieWheelerreports frompullingwool betweentheteethin spinning. incisor-pair, apparently thecauseof in theElmaharea ofLycia.'It is notalwayspossibleto determine thisforoldervillagers in this is case. It is thiskindof wearin ancientteeth,but Angel'sethnographic example helpful to that tend to be common that were no other found, given spinningpractices examples puzzling was thecause,unlessthisone womanhad a womenin thesamegroup,so perhapsanotheractivity uniquemethodofherownor one learnedfromhernatalgroup.106 Miscellaneous because theirpathologicalchangesare Threeremaining individualshave been groupedtogether EH classification. skeleton inscrutable to 9003 is a neonate with the prevent sufficiently ofseventoeight disorder of'thinjaw'. The skulloftheLH skeleton 9081, an infant incomprehensible whichmightbe indicative ofraised has a 'thinvaultwithbrainimpressions on innersurface', months, ofthebrain intracranial causedbya rangeofdisorders, theconvolutional markings although pressure 95 Aneel 10.71,Q2. 96 Pick and Howden 1088, 423. 97 This is described in, for example, Angel i960; 1964Ã; 1966& 98 See Appendix 7 § 1. 99 E.g. Duhig 1998. 100 Kennedy 1994, 148-51.

101 E.g. Turner 1887; Cameron 1934; Das 1959; Singh 1959. 102Stirland 1993. 103Waldron 1994, 92-101. 10421 ïune 1Q72. 105 Angel 1968, 262 withpl. 86.2. 106Cf. Duhig 1998, 188 and fig.4.26.

5O2


A. NICODEMUS,


is normal;thisfeature whoseintracranial arealsofoundon theskullx-raysoflivingchildren pressure An olderwoman,number9137 ofa pathological condition.107 shouldnotbe used as sole indicator on thepubicsymphysis, (MH), is supposedto have had six to eightbirths, judgedfromthepitting It has been mentioned withpregnancies.108 whichAngelcorrelated above,however,thatthereis no in withsomepitting and extentofpitting, betweenthenumberoffull-term correlation pregnancies with of in and an increase no known mothers women, age independent parity.109 changes nulliparous All thebone fragments ofskeleton Thus'scarsofparturition' are no longerusedby anthropologists. mm which is with ramus and the left show bone loss thick, 9137 compatible pubic only3 atrophy, withtheosteoporosis rarefaction ofold age. and pubicsymphysis traits (v) Non-metric

foundin theskeletonthatare notindicative ofany Non-metric or epigeneüctraitsare thosevariants ofthetraitmightbe disorderand have,mostly, someheritable element,althoughthemanifestation encouragedor suppressed by theenvironment. Theytendto be rathersmallchangesthathave no deleterious suchas additional canalsforsomebloodvesselsandnervesoftheskull;inlife,fewcan effect, be observedotherthantori(bonyridges)on thepalateandinternal additional mandible, cuspsonmolar at teethor 'shovelled'incisors(havingmarginal were found ridges).Eightexamples AyiosStephanos. thesecond, Carabelli'scuspsare additionalcuspsfoundmesio-lingually on thefirst, occasionally in this variant: molars and are common Three children had maxillary Europeanpopulations. fairly skeleton9005 (EH) and skeletons9112 and 9113 (MH and LH respectively), who bothhad the 'growtharrests'discussedabove. Skeletons9044 and 9059 (EH and MH respectively) mysterious haveincisorshovelling, and 9044 shareswith9053 (LH) wrinkled enamelon themolars. A patentmetopicsuture,the suturebetweentheleftand rightsides of thefrontal bone,which closesnormally in a EH two of is mature adult male of the by years age, present period,number Skeleton mentioned as a has head the namedInca wound, 9010. 9100,previously having charmingly bone.Thisis an additional bone oftheposterior skullvault,formed the unfused by upperpartofthe remains in which because of its cells andfusing occipital, separate delay embryonic precursor meeting withthoseof the mainoccipitalbone ('failureto coalesce'110). It is particularly commonin South Americanskullsbut appearsoccasionallyin mostpopulations, and itsheritability can be usefulin a noted that there is trace of artificial deformation on thisoccipital, populationcomparisons. Angel butas he also saysthatthereis a moderateamountof naturalasymmetry on thesame bone,it is difficult tounderstand howtheartificial elementcouldhavebeendistinguished. Ifthiswerea cultural its in than individual I one wouldbe expected,so regretfully discountit. practice presence more (iv) Summary 1800 years,theBronzeAge 'dead population'atAyiosStephanos Coveringa rangeofapproximately ofthesite'suse.The small consists ofonly154 skeletons, scarcelymorethanone foreachgeneration breakdown size ofthesampleand itswidechronological render span by periodsdangerousand all findings speculative. is roughly ofmalesandfemales, butitsproportion ofimmature The population equalinthenumbers is to other ancient or even modern when individuals, infants, large compared especially exceptionally I in evident that common the Mediterranean the blood disorder area, thalassaemia, populations.suggest at was absent from the in prehistoric andparticularly skeletalmaterial Lerna, prevalent contemporary those infant and child deaths are dominated It that the is by livingpopulation. tentatively proposed rifein and whichis otherwise frommalaria,againstwhichthalassaemia providessome protection in infant deaths time. is a rise the number of areas. There through possible damp and disease,andin thistheycontrast The groupis otherwise freeofmostsignsofdietary deficiency must ofimmature skeletons and predominance withthatfromLerna,although thepoorpreservation thatcan be calculatedare averagefor The fewheights to someextentmaskrealdiseasefrequencies. children's theirtimeandshowtheusualsexualdimorphism, heights appearto although, perplexingly, adulthood. their before must have slowed that some factor so be proportionately growth greater, intolifestyle, thereis onlyone exampleof a woundthatcould have been caused For insights wearproducedby a habitual violenceand one exampleof dentalparafunctional by inter-personal as such spinning. activity 107Hawkins 1983, 79-80. 108 Angel 1969.

109E.g. Suchey, Wiseley, Green and Noguchi iq7q. 110Barnes 1994, 140-3.


503

(v) Catalogue C. Duhig,transcribing therecordsofJ. L . Angeland S. C. Bisel of theburialsand datingsare preservedbelow.For current information [The originalnumberings to inventory numbersand otherdetailssee table 12.7.] pertaining 9001. Fragmentsof vault and l[eft]molar; most of a postcranial skeleton. 9-12 years old. MH. Comments: postcranialskeletonc. 11 years,no reasonto supposedistinct fromskull.Alpha 4(2), 1959. 9002. Much disturbed,particularlylimbs. 8-9 f[oetal] m[onths](apparentlynormal full-terminfant,perhaps 8 ffoetal]m[onths]sincejaw is mere shell).MH. Pathological conditions:long-bonelengths85-90% ofUS mean forage. Alpha 3, 1959. l[eft]petrousand unmeasurable 9003. Vault fragments, of fragments long-bones. Neonate. EH. Pathological conditions:thinjaw. Comments:also adult rib fragments. Alpha 4(3) II, 1959. rib 9004. Verybadly preserved:many vault fragments, vertebralarchesand long-bones.3-6 monthsold fragments, (vert[ebral] arches unfused in midline, b roots almost complete, e crowns only [c. 1 year]). EH(?). Alpha 4 extension(1-2) III, 1959. 9005. Much-broken skull fragments, teeth, small fragments of long-bones and ribs. 6-7 years old (changing dentition, 6s roots partly formed, upper is and 2S roots begun [c. 5 years]. EH. Pathological conditions:huge Carabelli's cusps on upper 6s. Alpha 4 extension(2), 1959. 9006. Well preserved. 34 years old. Male. MH(?). lumbarregion.Alpha Pathologicalconditions:slightarthritis 6 cist,1959. 9007. Skull very poorly preserved,[postcranial]bones also in bad condition,hands and feet had not survived. Child. MH. Alpha 7, Burial 1, i960. 9008. Notwellpreserved,some bones out ofplace. Adult. EH. Alpha 7, Burial 2, i960. 9009. Not well preserved.Adult.EH(?). Alpha 8, Burial 1, i960. 9010. Fairpreservationexceptdisturbedlowerlimbs.40 years old. Male. EH. Pathological conditions:metopism. Slight vertebral arthritisin Cs to mid-Ts, medium in lower Ts, severe in C3-4. Comments: slight possible resemblanceto 9049 [skullform?;N.B. different period]. Alpha 8, Burial 2, i960. 9011. Poorlypreserved,skull only. Infant.EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016, close to 9012. Alpha 8, Burial 3, i960. 9012. Poorlypreserved,skulland a fewribsonly.Infant. EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016, close to 9011. Alpha 8, Burial 4, i960. 9013. Best preservedof 901 1-9016, but stillonly badly preservedskull,rib and leg bones. Infant.EH. Comments: in area of3 sq. m thatincludes901 1-9016. Alpha 8, Burial 5, i960. 9014. Poorly preserved,whole skeleton.Infant.EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 90119016. Alpha 8, Burial 6, i960. 9015. Poorlypreserved,skull only. Infant.EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016. Alpha 8, Burial 7, i960. 9016. Poorlypreserved,skulland ribs only.Infant.EH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016. Alpha 8, Burial 8, i960. 9017. Well preserved. 30 years old. Female(?). EH. Pathological conditions: parafunctional wear of is (?max[illary] or mand[ibular]) from e.g. bow-drill or showsdiagonaldepressionand slight spinning.Rib fragment

convexity.Comments:very long-headed.Alpha 9, Burial 1, i960. 9018. Very badly preserved.Adult. MH(?). Alpha 10, Burial 1, i960. 9019. Skull crushed. 20 years old. Female(?). MH. Pathologicalconditions:much toothloss, apparentlyonly incisorsremained.Comments:does thejaw fragment belong withthe skull?Alpha 10, Burial 2, i960. 9020. Good preservation.Adult.EH(?). Alpha 10, Burial 3, 1960-63. skeleton,but some teethquite 9021. Very fragmentary well preserved.Infant.MH(?). Comments: close to 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, Burial 4, i960. skull.Infant.MH(?). Comments: 9022. Veryfragmentary close to 9021 and 9023. Alpha 10, Burial 4, i960. skull.Infant.MH III. Comments: 9023. Veryfragmentary close to 9021 and 9022. Alpha 10, Burial 4, i960. 9024. No spine or ribs,otherbones in poor state.Adult. MH(?). Comments:trussed(??). Alpha 10, Burial 5, i960. 9025. Very badly preserved:middle part disintegrated, limbsa greatdeal weathered.Adult.Female(?). MH. Alpha 11 cist, 1963. 9026. Verypoorly preserved:legs, one arm and partof anothermissing,skull disturbed.Adult. MH(?). Alpha 11 cist(?),1963. 9027. Not verywell preserved.Adult.MH(?). Alpha 12 cist, 1963. 9028. Legs only.Adult(?).MH(?). Comments:legs only excavated,remainderin baulk. Alpha 12, 1963. 9029. Badly preserved.Adult. MH/LH. Comments:in cistwith9030. Alpha 12 cist,1963. than9029: fewribs,pelvis 9030. Even worsepreservation and rightleg only,in disorder.Child. MH(?). Comments: in cistwith9029. Alpha 12 cist,1963. 903 1. Poorlypreserved.Adult(?). MH/LH(?) . Comments: empty(child's?)cistto N. Alpha 13 cist, 1963. 9032. Fair condition. Adult. MH(?). Alpha 11/12 cist, 1963· 9033. Skullin bad condition,remaindernotmuchbetter. Adult. MH. Comments:took over cist of 9034. Alpha 2/ 14 cist, 1959-63. 9034. No skull. Adult. MH. Comments: discarded for 9033. Alpha 2/14 cist, 1959-63. 9°35- Very poorly preserved.Child. MH(?). Alpha 14, 1963· 9036. Skull fragmentsand a few otherbones. Adult(?). MH. Comments:discardedfor9037. Alpha 11/12cist,1963. 9037. Reasonably good preservation, no lower legs. Adult.Female. MH(?). Comments:took over cistof 9036. Alpha 11/12/14cist,1963. 9038. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan,butclose to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, 1963. 9039. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan,butclose to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, i960. 9040. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments:not shown on plan,butclose to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, i960. 9041. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan, but close to 9021, 9022 and 23. Alpha 10, i960. 9042. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan, but close to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 7, i960. 9043. In rather poor state, skull too fragmentaryto restore, six loose teeth. 30 years old. Female. Height: [148.69 ± 4.5 cm]. EH(?). Pathologicalconditions:fractures

504

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

ofulna and clavicle.Slightarthritis of cervicalvertebrae. in tooth caries one tooth. of wear, Slight Slightasymmetry occipital.Comments:9043-9045 are close to theAlpha burials.Delta 1(3),BurialA, 1959. condition. 28 yearsold (skullsutures 9044. In moderate of open). Male. Pathologicalconditions:slightarthritis thoracicand lumbarvertebrae. Slighttoothwear;lower molarcusps5, 4 (wrinkled), shovelled; 4: incisorsslightly no caries.EH(?). Delta 1(7) BurialB, 1959. 9045. Skullfragments only,with26 loose teeth.3o(?) to close).Female.EH(?). beginning yearsold (skullsutures Pathologicalconditions:slighttoothwear, no caries. as end of remainder of skeletonunexcavated Comments: seasonreached.Delta 1(4),BurialC, 1959. fewpostcranial bonessurvived. 9046. Skullsquashedflat, 49 yearsold (skullsuturesclosed endocranially, visibly conditions: lower Male. LH I. Pathological ectocranially). discarded, 7 carious.Comments: probablyfor9053. Skull 9048 in samebag.Delta5, BurialA, 1960. bonesonly.30 yearsold 9047. Skullanda fewpostcranial LH I(?).Pathological to Male. close). (skullsutures beginning conditions:slighttoothwear. Comments:apparently discarded, perhapsfor9053. Delta5, BurialB, i960. 9048. Skullonly.5-8 monthsold. LH I(?). Comments: Delta5, BurialA, 1960. baggedwith9046 postcranial. 9049. Some warped skull fragmentsbut otherwise 25 yearsold. Female.MH III. goodcondition. reasonably conditions:maxillaryteethmoderatewear, Pathological mandibular teethslightwear;cusps5, 4, 4. Comments: to 9010 [skull stoneson skull.Slightpossibleresemblance Delta5, BurialD, i960. form?]. head 9050. Skulldisplaced.Adult.MH(?). Comments: no closeto femur, mutilated (jawin place,skullfragments otherdisturbance) [?].Delta6, BurialE, i960. lefttibiaandfibulaonly.Adult.Male. 9051. Rightfemur, ± cm].MH(?).Delta6, BurialF, i960. 2.99 [163.75 Height: 9052. Skull,femoraand armbonesonly.44 yearsold. conditions: Male.MH(?). Pathological diploë: hyperostotic Comments: thismaybe anaemia,probablythalassaemia. discarded, perhapsfor9055 or 9056. Delta 7, apparently BurialG, i960. distorted.28 9053. Poorlypreserved,skullfragments to close).Male. LH I(?). beginning yearsold (skullsutures and cribra conditions: [porotic]hyperostosis Pathological lowers orbitalia. Uppermolarcusps4, 4, 3 (all wrinkled), Comments: perhapstook 4, 4, ?; probablyslightoverbite. ofbones overgraveof9046 and 9047; someduplication belongto 9046]. Delta5, BurialH, i960. [probably 9054. Quite well preservedexceptface. 25 yearsold. Female.LH I(?). Delta 7, BurialI, i960. 9055. Fair condition.40 years old. Male. LH I(?). tookovergraveof9058.Delta7,Burial Comments: perhaps i960. J, and teeth 9056. Skullbadlydamaged,somefragments skeletonin foundhigherup maybelongto it,postcranial Adult.LH I. Comments: perhapstookover goodcondition. graveof9058. Delta7, BurialK, i960. 9057. Skullonly.Child.MH(?). Delta7, BurialL, i960. 9058. Skull and a fewpostcranialbones in disorder. Child.LH I(?). Comments: discarded, perhapsfor9055 or 9056. Delta7, BurialM, i960. fragment only.7 yearsold(1s 9059. Skullandonevertebral in crypt). is root 2s formed, MH(?). 1/3 maxillary erupted, shovel.Comments: conditions: discarded, slight Pathological onplan.Delta11,1963. for9067.Notrecorded perhaps MH. Delta11jar, Infant/child. 9060. Muchdisintegrated. i963· 9061. Completeskull,althoughbroken;postcranial skeletonmostlyin a good state.Adult.MH(?). Delta 15 cist,1963.

thetrunk;no feet. 9062. Poorlypreserved, particularly Adult.MH(?). Delta 11 cist,1963. column,some ribs,a clavicle, 9063. Partsof vertebral leftulna and radiusonly.Adult.LH I(?). righthumérus, Delta 15 cist(?j,1963. LH I(?). Comments: withsheep/ 9064. Skullonly.Infant. goatbones.Delta 11, 1963. 9065. Mandible and upper surfaceof skullmissing; skeletonpoorlypreserved exceptforlegsand postcranial somearmbones;pelviscrushed.Adult.Perioduncertain. Comments:hands and feetappear to have been tied: Delta 11, 1963. execution [CD: doesnotfollow]. suggested 9066. Quite well preserved.Adult. Female. MH(?). Comments: headpropped.Delta 11/7cist,1963. Adult.Male.Medieval.Comments: 9067. Goodcondition. perhapstookovercistof9059. Delta 11 cist,1963. 9068. Skull,limband someotherbones.Adult.MH(?). discardedfor9069. Delta 13, 1963. Comments: 9069. Goodpreservation exceptforskullandupperbody, tookover destroyed by roots.Child.MH(?). Comments: of Delta 9068. 13, 1963. grave 9070. Conditionnotrecorded.Adult.MH. Comments: as endofseason.Delta 14, 1963. excavation notcompleted Delta 14 pithos, 9071. Few bonesonly.MH. Infant(?). 1963· bones.Adult.MH. 9072. Skulland a few[postcranial] discardedfor9076. TrialTrenchVII, 1963. Comments: 9073. Lower limbs and leftarm only. Adult. MH. with9074 and 9075,whichwere Comments: commingled ofgrave.TrialTrenchVII, 1963. previousincumbents commingled 9074. Skullonly.Adult.MH. Comments: ofthegrave,and9075. Trial with9073,thelastincumbent TrenchVII, 1963. commingled 9075. Skullonly.Child.MH. Comments: ofthegrave,and9074. Trial with9073,thelastincumbent TrenchVII, 1963. upper 9076. Lowerhalfof skeletonin good condition, halfnot good, probablythroughwaterdamage.Adult. Female. Height: very tall: nearly 6 feet [long-bone tookovercistof measurements absent].MH. Comments: 9072. TrialTrenchVII cist,1963. skeleton 9077. Postcranial only.Adult.MH. Comments: discardedfor9078. TrialTrenchVII, 1963. 9078. Poorlypreserved,especiallythe skull.Adult. Female.MH. Comments:took over cistof 9077. Trial TrenchVII cist,1963. andseveralchild[?also ofan infant 9079. Skullfragments bones.Infant the or to infant, older] postcranial belonging or child.LH IIIA(?). Gamma1, 1959. LH IIIA(?). boneslost.Infant. unknown; 9080. Condition Gamma1, 1959. vaultfragments, r[ight] scapulaandhumérus. 9081. Skull7-8 monthsold. LH IIIA2-IIIC Early. Pathological on inner conditions:thinvaultwithbrainimpressions Comments: surface. possiblydiscardedfroma cistusedfor 9126 [but9126 was below,so couldnothavetakenover cist?].A fewribsof anotherindividual[couldtheybe of 9126?].Beta3(7) I, 1959. the andinverybad condition, especially 9082. Disturbed LH III. Beta4, i960. skull.Infant. Infant.LH and in poorcondition. 9083. Some disarray beside9084. Beta6, i960. III. Comments: Infant.LH and in poorcondition. 9084. Some disarray beside9083. Beta6, i960. III. Comments: theskulland legs. particularly 9085. Poorlypreserved, Child.LH III. Beta 11, 1963. 9086. No skull,upper part of skeletonvery badly preserved,lower limbs quite good. Adult. Height: forwhich size [CD: no sizegiven,exceptional exceptional I. Beta III/LH MH MH III or 11, 1963. sex?].

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §1 with Infant. LH III. Comments: 9087. In greatdisorder. Beta 11, 1963. 9088. with Infant. LH III. Comments: 9088. In greatdisorder. 9087. Beta11, 1963. 9089. Part of skull and rib cage in good condition, LH IIIAi. Beta 11, 1963. otherwise poor.Infant. Infant. MH. Beta11, 1963. 9090. Verypoorlypreserved. MH. bones.Infant. 9091. No skull,onlya fewpostcranial Comments: 1963. maybelongwithskull9096.Beta11cist(?), bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9092. Skulland postcranial Comments:with9093, 9094 and 9095. Beta 11 cist(?), 1963· bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9093. Skullandpostcranial Comments:with9092, 9094 and 9095. Beta 11 cist(?), 1963· bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9094. Skullandpostcranial Comments:with9092, 9093 and 9095. Beta 11 cist(?), i963· bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9095. Skullandpostcranial Comments:with9092, 9093 and 9094. Beta 11 cist(?), i963· MH. Comments: 9096. Skullonly.Infant. mightbelong topostcranial bones9091. Beta 11, 1963. 9097. Skullonly.Child.LH I/II(?). Beta 11, 1963. MH. bonesonly.Infant. 9098. Skullanda fewpostcranial Beta 11, 1963. [bones]verybadlypreserved; 9099. No skull,postcranial nolowerlegsorfeet.12 yearsold.LH IIIC Early.Comments: skullreplacedbyintrusive pithos.Beta12B cist,1963. condition. 9100. Excellent 24 yearsold (Toddsymphysis) [± 24 years].Male. Height:verytall[164.17± 2.99 cm]. MH III Late. Pathological conditions: head wound.Inca bone.Epsilon1973. of limb bones, 9101. Crushedskullvault,fragments - neonate.LH ILA?. m[onths] scapulaandpelvis.7/8f[oetal] ZetaW extension, 1973. skeleton 9102. Crushedskullvault,mostofpostcranial butno complete old (incisors in long-bones. 13-15 months place, canines and molars erupting).LH IIIA2(?). conditions: unusualchinshape- Δ-shape with Pathological underalveolaeofsecondincisorsand deepfossaelaterally canines.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. most of postcranial 9103. Veryfewvaultfragments; skeleton. Neonate.LH IIIC Early.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. andsomepostcranial 9 104. Vaultfragments fragments only. MH I Late.Zeta2/2A, 1973. m[onths]-neonate. 7 f[oetal] vertebrae and mostlong-bones. 9105. Vaultfragments, Perinatal. MH I Late.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. oflegbonesonly,badlyburnt.1 week9106. Fragments 1 monthold. MH I Early.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. and some postcranialbones. 9107. Skull fragments Neonate.MH (MH I Late?).Eta 2 (S), 1973. 9108. Two petrousbones, two proximalulnae, one lefthumérus, old 2 months tibia,femur. proximal proximal than9107).MH (MH I Late?).Eta2 (S),1973. bigger (slightly 9109. One distalhumérus. Neonate(?).Comments:did notfitEta Burial3 (9111) whereitwas found.MH (MH I Late?).Eta 2 (S), 1973. of vault,most of 9110. Only one or two fragments skeleton. Neonate.MH I Late.Eta 2C, 1973. postcranial ofvaultand long-bones. Neonate.MH 9111. Fragments I Lateor LH IIA. Eta 2B, 1973. 9112. Skeletonalmostcomplete.13+ years (second molarserupted)[CD: butacetabulumunfused, so 12-13 conditions: trace years].MH. Pathological growtharrests, porosity[on vault]. Bilateralthirdoccipital condyle, Carabelli's cusp. Comments: trussed [CD: how Eta 2B, 1973. determined?]. 9113. HS 27c [see table 12.7] is a proximalleftulna. HS 31 is a crushed skullandmostofa postcranial skeleton.

505

c. 1 2-5 yearsold (secondmolarrootsstarting [younger, conditions: no [on vault] LH(?). Pathological porosity year]). has arrest as metacarpal buttraceanaemia.Possiblegrowth on traceof 'bead' on flaring Carabelli's edge. cusp upper first molar.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. r[ight] skullonly.1-2 monthsold. LH(?). 9114. Fragmented conditions: traceanaemia.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. Pathological 9115. Dozen piecesofvaultand radius(?).2-3 months old. MH I Late.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. of skulland pelvis,some rib, 9116. Severalfragments radius.Neonate.MH I Late.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. and somepostcranial bones.1-2 9117. Vaultfragments nutritional months old.MH I Early.Pathological conditions: failure(vault-raying absent,andknee-joint mayhavesharp bead,withflare).Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. 9118. Fewvaultfragments, scapula,ribsand somelongbones.Neonate.MH I Late.Eta 2D, 1973. 9119. Skulland muchbrokenl[eft]scapula,humérus, ischiumand pubis.6-9 monthsold (a roothalfformed). LH IIIC Early.Eta 3, 1973. humérus. Neonate.MH II- III. Eta3, 1973. 9120. R[ight] skeleton. 9121. Crushedskulland mostof postcranial molarin crypt, vertebral 5 yearsold (first Approximately archesabout to fuseto bodies). LH IIA. Pathological conditions: unusualchinshape- Δ shapewithdeepfossae underalveolaeofsecondincisors andcanines.Eta laterally 3» !973-

somelong-bones and part 9122. Manyvaultfragments, ofpelvis.Neonate.Medieval(?).Beta8, 1974. skullandmostofpostcranial skeleton. 9123. Fragmented 2-4 monthsold. ProbablyLH IIIAi. Beta9, 1974. 9124. Fragmentsof skull,pelvis and leg bones. 7-8 or neonate.LH I-IIB. Beta9, 1974. f[oetal] m[onths] 9125. Almostcomplete.38 yearsold. Male. Height:tall femoral LH I- II or [>ΐ77·6± 2.99 cm;bicondylar length]. LH IIIAi. Pathological conditions: muscleinflammation above hip. Trace of enamelgrowtharrests[hypoplastic defects]on incisors[at] ?age 2 [toothand positionnot Beta9, 1974. recorded]. Condition notrecorded.12 months old.LH IIIA2 9126. Early.Comments:[wasbeneath9081 so could nothave takenoveritscist?].BetaI, 1977. 9127. Conditionnot recorded.7 yearsold (upper6s lowersunerupted], MH erupted[presumably 3s unerupted. III/LH I. Pathological conditions: femoral length80% US meanforage.BetaI/II, 1977. 9128. Conditionnotrecorded.7 monthsold. LH IIBIIIAi. Pathological conditions: femoral lengthis US mean for6 months, 88% US meanfor8 months. BetaNE, 1977. notrecorded. 9129. Skullbadlypreserved;postcranial 1.5-3 vearsold·LH II-HIAi(?j. Beta9, 1977. notrecorded.Infant; LH I9130. Condition neonate(?). IIA. BetaSW, 1977. 9131. Skullfragments only.Neonate.MH III(?). Beta9, !9779132. No skull.Neonate-2monthsold. LH I-IIA. Beta SW, 1977. 9133. Skullonly.1 monthold.MH III/LH I(?).BetaSW, 1977· 9134. Skullfragments only.Neonate.MH III/LH I(?). BetaSW, 1977. leftischiumand somelong9135. Skullvaultfragments, bones.5-7 monthsold. LH IIIA2 Early.Lambda1, 1973. skeleton. 9136. Mostofskullandpostcranial 3 yearsold. MH III Late.Pathological conditions: porotichyperostosis (skull vault bossing, 'bone withinbone' on femur): thalassaemia chin.Lambda1,1973. ?homozygous. Δ-shaped and nothingabove pelvis.52 years 9137. Fragmentary old. Female.Height:[151.26 ± 3.55 cm]. MH III Late. conditions: 6-8 births. All fragments Pathological [CD: of

5θ6


Lambda1, 1973. pelvis?]showbonelossand atrophy. 1-2 months. skeleton. 9138. Mostofskullandpostcranial LH IIIAi. Comments: in pitwith9139. Lambda1 / Beta i2A(N), 1974. and muchof postcranial 9139. Large skullfragments inpitwith9138. Neonate.LH IIIAi. Comments: skeleton. Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. lefthumérusand radius. 9140. A fewskullfragments, Neonate.LH IIIAi. Comments:with9141 and 9142. Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. femurand ulna. 1-2 9141. Scatteredskullfragments, with9140 and 9142. monthsold. LH IIIAi. Comments: Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. halfofanupperfirst molaronly.Youngadult. 9142. Lingual conditions: caries. Comments: LH IIIAi orearlier. Pathological with9140 and 9141.Lambda1 /Beta12A(N), 1974. ribsand somelong-bones. 9143. Manyskullfragments, with9144 and9145 1 month old.LH IIIAi (?).Comments: of few combinations parts of three or more [why Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. individuals?]. ribsand somelong-bones. 9144. A fewskullfragments, with LH IIIAi (?). Comments: 6 f[oetal] m[onths]-neonate. offewpartsofthreeor 9143 and 9145 [whycombinations Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. moreindividuals?]. vertebrae. 6offrontal bone,mandible, 9145. Fragments 8 monthsold (deciduousincisorserupted[probably7-8 with9143 and 9144 LH IIIAi (?). Comments: months]. [why combinationsof few parts of three or more Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. individuals?]. calcaneus 9146. Some vaultand long-bonefragments, 1 yearold. LH IIA(?). Lambda 1 / Beta and metatarsals. 12A (N), 1974. someribs, 9147. Badlypreserved: manyskullfragments, old some of (second 2.5 long-bones. years part pelvis, deciduousmolaralmostinline[almostatocclusalplane?]). LH IIIC Early.Beta 12A, 1963-74. atendofseason. unexcavated 9148. Skullonly,skeleton Child.MH III-LH I. Beta 12A, 1963-74. old. 8 months notknown(SB reported). 9149. Condition femoral conditions: LH IIIA2. Pathological length90% of US meanforage.Lambda3, 1977. 9150. No skull or teeth,few postcranialbones (SB 1 monthold.LH I-IIA. Lambda3, 1977. reported).

2. THE MAMMAL

notknown(SB reported). Neonate.LH 9151. Condition ΠΙΑ (LH IIIA2?). Pathological femoral conditions: length US meanforage.Lambda3, 1977. and most postcranialbones. 9152. Vault fragments Neonate.LH IIIA(?). Nu ιΑ, 1973. and postcranialbones. 9153. Some skull fragments Neonate.LH IIIAi. Nu ιΑ, 1973. 9154. Largevaultfragments, upperlimbbones. 8-10 old (deciduousmolarcrownsfully months formed) [correct ifes, 5-7 months ifds].LH ΠΙΑ. Nu iß, 1973. bones. andsomepostcranial 9155. Smallskullfragments Neonate.LH IIIA(?) (orMedieval?).Nu / Gamma1, 1974. 9156. Leftarmbonesonly.Neonate.LH IIIA(?) (orLH with9157, 9158 and9159. Nu / Gamma II?). Comments: i> 1974· 12 anda fewlong-bone fragments. 9157. Skullfragments conditions: months old.LH IIIA(?) (orLH II?). Pathological - thalassaemia(?). Comments:with porotichyperostosis / Nu Gamma and 1, 1974. 9159. 9156, 9158 9158. Skullvaultonly.Neonate(?).LH IIIA(?) (or LH with9156, 9157 and 9159. Nu / Gamma II?). Comments: i> 1974· deciduousincisor 9159. Skullonly.16 monthsold (first LH IIIA(?) caninesalmosterupted). rootsalmostcomplete, and with LH Comments: 9158. Nu / II?). (or 9156, 9157 Gamma1, 1974. notknownexceptthatnoteethpreserved 9160. Condition (SB reported). 1-1.5yearsold.LH ILA.Nu 2, 1977. notknown(SB reported). 49 yearsold. 9161. Condition Female.Height:[158.673 ± 3.55 cm] (SB says 'tall for period').LH I/IIA. Pathologicalconditions:platymeria, facets.Verypoordentalhealth. and squatting platycnemia before Sr averagebut Mg high:SB suggests'immigrant Nu 2, 1977. [plateA7.1.J puberty'. notknown(SB reported). 39 yearsold. 9162. Condition Female.Height:152.63 ± 3.66 cm (SB saysaveragefor period). MH II Early.Pathologicalconditions:slight lineson 3s. facets.Two hypoplastic squatting platymeria, Nu/Gamma after Srhigh:SB suggests puberty'. 'immigrant 1, 1977.[plateA7.2.] [9163. Conditionnot known(skullonly,in baulk; not excavated).Infant?Skullmeasuredc. 7.5 cm across.LH IIA-LH IIIC Early,probablyLH ΠΙΑ. Nu 2, 1974.]

AND REPTILE

REMAINS,

1973-77

A. Nicodemus [Editor'snote: no surveyof the modernfauna and floraof the localitywas undertaken,but smaller wildlife,includingsnakesand tortoises,were certainlyabundantand therewerejackals (Canis aureus) too in 1974 (personalobservation).Most of the remainsanalysed here were retrievedby the use of waterdrysievingwitha 7 mm mesh,whichwas applied to all the earththatwas excavated.Where this is 1 mm a with seemed that indicated; mesh, especiallyimportant, sievingwas used on deposits the bones of rodentswere rarelyrecoveredunless thismethod of recoverywas used. The remains were studiedat Aphyssouin the 1970s by D. S. Reese, who used early reportsof the stratigraphie contextsto compilethecatalogue.However,Dr Reese combinedthedata intoaggregations('deposits') ofexcavationunits('baskets').Since 1992 we have managed to refine,and oftento correct,thedatings of thebaskets,but the data could no longerbe disaggregated.Even the broad headingscontainsome materialthatfallsoutsidethe correctchronologicalrange: forexample, two of the basketslistedin The aggregation Appendix8 (a) underΈΗ I to EH II Late' containedsmallamountsofMH material. the finds of the of in the of loss in some ofbasketshas resulted majordomestic interpretation precision the on are based which tables in ox and mammals sheep/goat,pig catalogue.111 12.8-12.14, 111 Appendix8 (a), (h)-(j).


507

Fig. 12.7. Abundance ofmammalianand reptilianfaunaby period.

The sameis trueofthebutchered and burnedbones analysedin tables 12.15-12.18.112 Moreover, sincebasketsofdifferent dateswerecombined,theMNI (minimum numberofindividuals) mustbe understated. broader trends still and finds of rarer were not emerge, species113 Fortunately many to the same extent The of this figs. and tables were 12.8-12.18 data, 12.7-13 aggregated analysis to whomI am mostgrateful. preparedby A. Nicodemus, to thecataloguecompiledbyE. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal,thefaunalremainsare [According nowstoredin SpartaMuseumas follows: AreaZeta 1973,box 84; AreaBeta 1977,boxes84-5; bone EH to and box bone MH, 86; assigned assignedto LH I-IIIAi, box 87; bone assignedto LH III, boxes88; andboneassignedto theMedievalperiod,box 89. Faunalremainsfromtheexcavations of are as stored follows: Area box trenches Beta and box Area box 80; 81; Delta, 82; i960 5 7, Alpha, sourcenotstated,box 83. No suchremainsseemto have been keptfromtheseasonsof 1959 and theitemsweretoonumerous tobe assignedcataloguenumbers, one particular find,a 1963.Although a was pig'stusk, given separatedescription: [9164. Pig's tusk,unworked.Broken across one end. L. (max. ext.) 4.3. W. (max. ext.) 1.6. Th. (max.) 0.3. The fragmentis spatulateand shows evidence of wear along

both long edges. Eta 1973, #17. Context MH I, with a little LH I or LH IIIA2 perhaps from burial 5 or 12. 73-506. Not illustrated.]

The excavations of1973-77producedalmost16,000animalbonesandfragments. The exactnumber is unclearsincetheNISP (numberofindividualspecimens)totalsforeach contextwereroundedto thenearestmultiple offive.D. S. Reeseanalysedthemammalian andreptilian the remains, providing is availableforthemajor largedatasetfromwhichthisstudywas completed.OnlyMNI information domesticspecies (sheep,goat,pig, and cattle),so thismeasurewill be used forall taxonomic see also theEditor'snoteabove.As MNI figures are substantially smallerthanNISP quantification: themajority ofindividual contextual unitsdo nothavean adequatesamplesizeforcomparative counts, 112These depend on Appendix 8 (k)-(l).

113See Appendix 8 (b)-(g).

5θ8


A. NICODEMUS,

Fig. 12.8. Ovicapridage-profileby period.

Fig. 12.9. Cattleage-profile by period.



509

Fig. 12.10.Pigage-profile byperiod.

individualcontextual unitshave been aggregated intolargerchronological purposes.Consequently, of periods(EH, MH, LH and Medieval),makingtheMNI samplesizessuitablefortheexamination trendsin animalexploitation. Unitswithprimary thatare mixedacrossthese long-term components broadertimeperiodsare notincludedin thesummary a numberofbaskets analyses.Additionally, werereassigned after initial MNI the calculations were made for the chronologically majordomesticates. The format oftheoriginaldataprevents therecalculation ofMNIs to reflect thesechanges. In theoriginaldataset,sheep(Ovisaries)and goat (Caprahircus) are classedtogether as ovicaprids There is no of domestic from their wild (sheep/goat). separation species (e.g.ovicaprids counterparts and pigs);thesetaxa are assumedto be domestic.Equids,deer,dogs,hares,and tortoises are not identified to speciesleveland remaingroupedin thesemoregeneraltaxonomiccategories. Because rodentsand insectivores burrowintoarchaeological frequently deposits,theywillbe excludedfrom thisstudyto avoid contextual This does not mean, however,thatthesetaxa werenot problems.114 commensal site during occupation. Therelative abundanceofmammalian andreptilian faunais remarkably stablethrough time(seefig. 115 and table The EH its in animal tolater 12.8). 12.7 period,despite generalsimilarity representation a has low size which tends to inflate the of taxa rare and (MNI=8), periods, very sample proportion statistical this is omitted from the discussion. precludes analysis.Consequently period subsequent thisperiod,thereisno statistically intaxonabundancebetweenperiods difference Excluding significant are themostfrequent (χ2=6.θ3ΐ,dß=8,p=o.64). The majordomesticates speciesin all periods,with and in and ovicaprids pigoccurring comparableproportions (25.o0/o-33.g%) cattleconsistently being lesscommon(12.8%-19.7%). Each taxondiffers in relativeabundancebylessthan10%through time, thelong-term in mammaland reptileexploitation at thesite.The proportion demonstrating similarity ofpigs,equids,dogs,hares,andtortoises arethemoststable,varying bylessthan5% betweenperiods. do not at until LH A singlespecimenappearsina times. Equids appearsecurely AyiosStephanos early mixedMH/LH context, butequidsarenotablyabsentfromunmixedMH levels,eventhough domestic 114See Appendix8 (f).

115These are based on Appendix8 (i)-(vii).

51O


Fig. 12.1i. Ovicapridbody-part byperiod. representation

Fig. 12.12.Cattlebody-part byperiod. representation


511

Fig. 12.13.Pigbody-part representation byperiod.

bc.116 horseswerecommonthroughout Equidsare Europeby thelatterhalfofthethirdmillennium abundance morecommonintheMedievalperiod(4.2%)thanintheBronzeAge(o°/o-i .8%).Therelative notsignificantly. Cattlearemost ofcattle, anddeeris morevariablethrough time,although ovicaprids, duringtheMH period(19.7%),becominglesscommonin theLH period(12.8%)butagain frequent infrequency increasing byMedievaltimes(16.7%).OvicapridabundancefallsbetweentheBronzeAge andMedievaloccupation(25.0%).Deer proportions time,from (30.o°/o-33.3%) nearlydoublethrough 6.i%-6.4% in theBronzeAgeto 12.5%in theMedievalperiod. Herdage profiles are constructed forthemajordomesticates fromepiphysial fusionstagesoflimb dataforeachperiodis elements(figs.12.8-12.10).Unfortunately, thesamplesizeofdentaleruption too smallto be utilized.Further, thereis no age assessment of axial elementsor toothwear,which wouldallowmorepreciseage estimates forlaterstagesoflife.AyiosStephanossurvivorship curves forovicaprids, andpigfromtheMH through theMedievalperiodarecomparedagainstPayne's cattle, in ordertointerpret animal theoretical herdprofiles forspecialisedmeat,milk,andwoolproduction117 time. management strategies through fromall periodsindicatesan emphasison secondaryproducts(i.e. milk, Ovicapridherdstructure or otheranimalresourcesthatcan be obtainedfroma live animaland are therefore wool,traction mostprobablywool production, as is demonstrated renewable), largenumberof by therelatively animalssurviving wellintoadulthood(fig.12.8,table 12.9).118 A meat-focused management strategy, in contrast, wouldhavethemajority ofanimalsculledduringthesubadultphase(c. 2 yearsofage),in orderto maximisethetrade-off betweeninvestment and energyreturn, as wellas producing higher A meat. mixed milk-wool a in that would similar to thewool profile, quality strategy yield pattern intoadulthood;accordingly, should manyanimalswouldbe maintained ovicapriddairyproduction notbe excluded.Age datadocumenting laterlifestageswouldfurther refineinterpretations, as wool can be maintained in ovicapridslongerthanhighmilkyields. production Cattleherdstructure fortheBronzeAge differs fromtheMedievalperiod(fig.12.9,table 12.10119). In MH andLH, 80-100% ofcattlesurvivepastreaching physicaladulthood(fouryearsofage),while 116Sherratt 1997. u/ rayne 1973.

118Thisis based on Appendix8 (a), (h). 119This dependson Appendix8 (a), (i).

5i2

C. DUHIG, G.JONES,

C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,


of animalsfromjuvenilesto adulthood, in theMedievalperiodthereis a relatively steadycull-rate is attained(22.2%).Thesepatterns withfewsurviving once physicalmaturity suggestthatsecondary forMedieval BA resources, wasmoreimportant whilemeatproduction cattleproducts weresignificant a conform to at The do not Bronze milk-specialisation Age cull-patterns populations AyiosStephanos. a mixedmilk/traction ofmaturecattlesuggests curve,buttheexceptionally strategy. largeproportion all exhibita veryhighcullrateofyoung In sharpcontrast and cattle,thepigprofiles to ovicaprids withunderone thirdsurviving animals, past3.5 years(fig. past2.5 yearsand atmost13.3%surviving thanexpectedfromthetheoretical meatprofile. Thiscull-rate is greater However, 12.10,table 12.11).120 it is consistent withexpectations forthisspecies,sincepigsare particularly fecund,becomingfertile around6 monthsold and havingsix to thirteen offspring per litterwithup to twolitters per year. have no utilizable pigs Additionally, products. secondary The proportion ofparticular skeletalelements in a faunalassemblagecan shedlighton represented thenatureofanimalutilisation and thelikelycontextfromwhichtheassemblagewas derived(e.g. consumer refuse versusprimary NISP element datais notavailable debris). Although butchery complete forthe majordomesticates, an approximation of body partutilisation can be gleanedfromlimb elementsdocumented foragingpurposes.Based on theMNI figures foreach periodper taxon,the number of individual is elements calculated and expected comparedagainsttheactualnumberof elements in the present AyiosStephanossample(figs.12.11-12.13,based on tables 12.12-12.14). Forovicaprids, and cattlein all periods,skeletalelementsthatare associatedwiththemeatiest pig, of the the aremostnumerous. Thisprobablyreflects therecovery animal, upperlimb-bones, portions ofanimalbonesassociatedprimarily withfoodconsumption debrisratherthandepositswithprimary whichwouldcontainmoremeat-poor elementssuchas headsand feet. refuse, butchery few animal bones show evidence of human modification. andburning (Notethatthebutchery Very data121 all animal fish and In taxa,including birds.) termsof specimenswithbutchery incorporates thesiteaverageforall periodsis 0.7% (77 outof 11,135bones),ranging from2.4%in theEH marks, to0.4% in theLH period(tables12.15-12.16).Cattle-bones exhibitthegreatest numberofbutcherybecausetheirverylargesizerequiresmoreextensive marks, presumably processing priorto cooking. Forthemajordomesticates, minus highutility bodyparts,i.e. theupperlimbsand theaxialskeleton, thecranium elementsare thelowerlimbsand thecranium), of (thelow utility displaythemajority evidence.5.6% of theanimalbones are burnt,withonlya verysmallrangeof variation butchery betweenperiods,from4.2% in theMH periodto 6.6% duringLH (tables12.17-12.18).The number ofburntbonespermammalian taxonis roughly to thespecies'overallrepresentation at proportional thesite,withtheexceptionoftheanomalously largenumberofhorsebonesthatderivefroma single Medievalcontext.Thereare no burnedequid bones in BronzeAge contexts.For ovicapridsand two-thirds ofidentifiable burntbones are high-utility thatthese cattle,roughly elements, suggesting bonesaremostlikelyderivedfromconsumption-debris, burned either being duringcookingitselfor in post-meal into a hearth or similar context. disposal In summary, theanimaleconomyofAyiosStephanosdemonstrates time. striking stability through there are some in differences the relative abundance of this variation is taxa, Although particular notstatistically and are the most followed taxa, significant. Ovicaprids pigs consistently frequent by cattle.Otherdomesticates and wildfaunaare relatively rare.In termsof management strategies, ovicaprids(mostlysheep presumably)are survivingwell into adulthood,suggestinga strong emphasison secondaryresources, Pigs are culled probablywool or mixedmilk-wool production. as is for this cattle differ time.In the young, expected species.However, practices through husbandry BronzeAgethereis a greater on and as is indicated (milk traction), emphasis secondary products bythe of a older but there is subadult in cull the Medieval animals, large proportion heavy period, characteristic ofprimary meatproduction. thesituation at Nichoria,wheretheoverallproportions ofanimalspresent [Itis worthcomparing weresimilar.Cattlecomprisedsome 15-20% of theanimalsin theMBA and LBA, witha regime intheDarkAgetoa system theuseofmilkproducts, ofearlier favouring changing butchering eventually thatis characteristic all ofmeat-ranching.122 meat at and were for Pigs periods, weresecondin kept numberonlyto ovicaprids. In theMiddleByzantine ofcattlewas higherand periodtheproportion milk and and formilk;deerwere came while and were for wool cows second, sheep goats kept pigs huntedandoccasionally tortoises wereeaten.AtAyiosStephanostheproportion ofcattlewasgreatest in cattle in MH and Medievaltimes,and in thelatterperiodtheywereraisedformeat;thereduction 120This is based on Appendix 8 (a), (j). 121 Appendix 8 (k)-(l).

122Sloan and Duncan 1978.


513

As at Nichoria,therewas a shift fromraising duringLH is paralleledat bothLernaand Nichoria.123 in MBA in LBA. in and the to the was the as is proved cattle EBA, Hunting significant ovicaprids pigs in the the of hares and and never ceased Hares increased somewhat deer, dogs, presence by entirely. LBA and Medievalperiods,and deerwereplentiful in the Medieval when their antlers again period, wereworked.Tojudgeby theburntand butchered wereeatenin theMBA bones,dogsand tortoises and LH I-IIA; likewise, MH I were eaten at and in LH and Medieval tortoises Nichoria, dogs during AtAyiosStephanostortoises Nichoria.124 werenoteatenin Medievaltimes,butchickenwereadded to thediet.Rabbitsare present, ifat all,onlyin theMedievalperiod.Although equidsseemto have beenknownat NichoriafromMH I, noneis attested at AyiosStephanosuntilLH I- II. The 45 burnt foundon thesurfaceoftheMedievalyardin Area Nu are best bones,all froma singleindividual, as a to horse that was caughtin thedestruction thata dead explained belonging by fire;itis unlikely horsewouldhavebeen leftthereundernormalcircumstances.] 3. THE BIRD REMAINS, 1959-77 C. Mourer-Chauviré, withD. S. Reese note:thissectionwas completed in 1992,and D. S. Reesesuppliedthecomparandain 2006. [Editor's Forthelocationoftheavianremainsin SpartaMuseumsee myintroductory noteto §2 above.] (i) Introduction and Commentary Thereare 71 birdremainsfromAyiosStephanos, with40 bonesof 27 individuals fromtheBronze and bones of individuals from the 28 Medieval Age 14 period.Therearealsotwounidentified eggshell fromthesitearelistedin §3 (ii)below; samplesfromtheMH II period.The 22 birdformsidentified thechronological distribution oftheremainsis presented in §3 (iii). The avifaunais mainlycomposedofbirdsthatlive in aquaticenvironments, i.e. wetlands, lakes, marshesand ponds;theseare white-fronted goose,variousducks,crane,crake,moorhen,coot and snipe.Theirpresencecanbe partly explainedbythefactthatthesiteis todayonlyabouttwokilometres fromtheMediterranean Sea; duringtheoccupationofthesiteitwas probablyon thecoast.125 somenestin Greecetoday,butnumerous othersnestfarther tothe Amongthespeciesrepresented, northand are presentin Greeceonlyas migrants or wintervisitors, the white-fronted namely goose and thesnipe.Thesebirdsmusthavebeen wintervisitors to AyiosStephanos. Whileall thebirdspresentmighthave been eaten,thisis thought fortheeagle,buzzard, unlikely hawk,kite,owland crowor rook.The cutmarkson thebonesofthedomesticfowland theMedieval LH IIA crane,and passerineand mallard,and theburntbones (MH II and Medievalpasserines, Medievalcoot),aregood evidenceto suggestthatthesebirdswereconsumed. Gallusgallus, thedomestic in BronzeAge levelsatAyiosStephanosbya fowl,mightbe represented cut marks(9167),froma basketthatproduced proximalpartofa femurwithnumerous, verydeep MH I, LH IIA butpossiblyalso Medievalsherds.The domesticfowlis otherwise notfoundin LH levelsbutis verycommonin Medievalcontexts at AyiosStephanos.Reesehas collectedevidencefor chickenin theBronzeAge Aegean.126 However,theisolatedBronzeAge bone fromAyiosStephanos comesfroma levelwithpossibleMedievalcontamination and maybe ofMedievaldate. The birdbones ofAyiosStephanosshowsome similarities withthoseof Neolithicto LH Lerna. Bothsiteshave in commonnumerousaquaticformsand possiblythedomesticfowl.127 MH Tiryns bird bones. From MH II 1 come 1 bones with one Gallus four Anas 17 produced gallus, platyrhynchos, oneAlectoris one Accipiter one Asioflammeus graeca, gentilis (goshawk), (short-eared owl),and one Corvus corax(raven).FromMH III come six boneswithtwo Gallusgallusand one Anasplatyrhynchos. From LH I- II comesonlyone Gallusgallus.FromLH IIIBi come 11 boneswithone Anasplatyrhynchos, four Alectoris and three Anser anser From LH come bones with IIIB2 nine Gallus graeca, goose). (greylag 32 fiveAnasplatyrhynchos, twoAnasquerquedula twoAnser twoAlectoris one gallus, anser, (garganey), graeca, Columba livia(rockdove),threeGrusgrus,one Larusargentatus one Buteo one buteo, (herring-gull), Athene noctua and one Corvus corone comix. From LH IIIC (littleowl),two Corvus corax, Earlylayers comeeightboneswithone Anasplatyrhynchos, one Anser one Alectoris one Grusgrus,one anser, graeca, Buteobuteo, and one Corvus FromLH IIIC Middlecome 14 bones,comprising one Gallus frugilegus. 123Sloan and Duncan 124Sloan and Duncan 1978,64. 1978,69, 72. 125See Chapter14 §1 (ii) below.

126Reese 19950,200-2. 127 Gejvall1969,47-9.

514


two Cygnusolor(mute swan), two Athenenoctua one Anas querquedula, gallus,fourAnasplatyrhynchos, (owl), one Fulica atra (coot), one Podicepssp. (grebe), one Aythya ferina(pochard),and one Alauda arvensis(skylark)or Galeridacristata(crestedlark). From LH IIIC Late come eightbones with six Gallus gallus, one Anseranser,and one Corvusfrugilegus.128

FrankishCorinthproduced 369 bird bones from22 MNI fromthe 1989-94 excavations: 319 fiveAnassp. (one MNI), Gallusgallus(tenMNI), 14 Alectoris graeca(threeMNI), one Anasplatyrynchos, olor(one MNI), one Corvussp., seven Otistarda(greatbustard, threeAnsersp. (one MNI), two Cygnus and one MNI), two Pavo cristatus (peafowl,one MNI), one Columbalivia,one Alcedoatthis(kingfisher), one Phasianidae (partridgeor pheasant).129 (ii) List of Species Present The followingformsare presentin the avifaunalremainsfromAyios Stephanos.Numbersin bold referto catalogueentriesin §3 below. nisus(L.), sparrowhawk.9171, 9181. Contexts:MH III Early-LH IIA; LH IIA respectively. Accipiter Alectoris graeca(Meisner),rockpartridge.9195. Context:LH III withMedieval(?). Anasclypeata L., shoveler(duck).9i8o(?), 9182. Contexts:LH; LH IIA respectively. MH I with Anasplatyrhynchos L., mallard (duck).9166, 9180(7), 9183, 9196. Contexts:respectively, LH IIA and Medieval(?); LH; LH IIA; Medieval. MH III Early-LH IIA; Anasquerquedula L., garganey(duck). 9172, 9i8o(?). Contexts:respectively, LH. cf.Anseralbifrons goose. 9165. Context:EH and MH. (Scop.), white-fronted (L.), golden eagle. 9197. Context:Medieval. Aquilachrysaëtos duck. 9 184-9 184a. Contexts:LH (Guld.), tuftedduck or ferruginous Aythya fuligula(L.) or A. nyroca IIA;LHII-(?)IIIAi. Buteobuteo(L.), buzzard. 9185. Context:LH IIA. comixL. or C.frugilegus Corvuscorone L., hooded crow or rook. 9191. Context:LH IIIA2-III B). MHIII/LH I; LH IIIC Early. coturnix Coturnix (L.), quail. 9173, 9193· Contexts:respectively, FulicaatraL., coot. 9198. Context:Medieval. Gallinagogallinago(L.), snipe. 9212. Context:undated. Gallinulachloropus (L.), moorhen.9213. Context:undated. Gallus gallus (L.), domestic fowl. 9167, 9199-9206. Contexts: (9167) MH I with LH IIA and Medieval(?); (9199-9206) Medieval (eightindividuals). MH III Early-LH IIA; Medieval. Garrulus (L), jay. 9174, 9207. Contexts:respectively, glandarius LH IIA. Grusgrus(L.), crane. 9186. Context: Milvusmigrans (Bodd.), black kite.9175. Context:MH III Early-LH IIA. Small passerines, song birds (six individuals). 9168, 9176-9177, 9187, 9194, 9208. Contexts: MH I; MH III Early-LH IIA; LH I/IIA; LH IIA; LH IIIC Early; Medieval. respectively, Porzanaporzana(L.), spottedcrake.9169. Context:MH II. turtur (L.), turtledove. 9188. Context:LH IIB-IIIAi. Streptopelia camelus(L.), ostrich.9214. Context:LH II-IIIA withMedieval. Struthio LH IIIB (LH IIIC Early?);Medieval. Tytoalba (Scop.), barn owl. 9192, 9209. Contexts:respectively, (iii) Catalogue

of Specimens (9165-9213)

(a) EARLY OR MIDDLE HELLADIC proximal right carpometacarpus, albifrons, 9165. cf.Anser part.Alpha7, i960, #4. EH withMH. (b) MIDDLE HELLADIC I II leftcarpometacarpus, proximal 9166. Anasplatyrhynchos, # burial 20. MH I withLH IIA and Eta 5, 1973, part. Medieval(?).

128Von den Driesch and Boessneck 1990, 114-6.

9167. Gallusgallus,leftfemur,proximalpart,with numerous deep cutmarks.ProbablyMedieval.Eta 1973, burial5, # 20. MH I, withLH IIA and Medieval(P).

129Lev-Tov 1999, 88.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §3 9168. Small passerine, ulna, distal part, burnt; Nu / Gamma1 baulk, passeriform, phalanx,incomplete. MH I. 1974,basketsnotspecified. 9169. Porzana porzana, rightcoracoid,upperpart.Nu /

515

Gamma1 baulk,1974,basketsnotspecified. MH II. Nu 2, 1977, bird,sternum 9170. Unidentified fragment. #57. MH I-II.

(c) MIDDLE HELLADIC III EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC I distalpart,large Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10.MH III Early-LHIIA. tarsometatarsus, nisus, 9171. Accipiter right 9176. Small passerine,righthumérus,proximalpart; (probablyfemale);claw, large (probablyfemale).Nu / ofdistalpart;lefthumérus, distal Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10. MH III Early-LHIIA. righthumérus, fragment leftscapula,anterior 91725. Anasquerquedula, part; righttibiotarsus,shaftand distal part; phalanx part.Nu / Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10.MH III Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10.MH III Early-LHIIA. fragment. leftscapula,anteriorpart.Nu coturnix, 9173. Coturnix Early-LHIIA. 9177. Small passerine, left tibiotarsus,distal part; 1977,# 13. MHIII/LHI. shaft. Nu 2, 1977,burial13, #51. LH I/IIA. distalpart. tibiotarsus 9174. Garrulus glandarius, righttibiotarsus, Nu 2, 1977, Nu / Gamma1, 1974,# 5, 7, 8, 9 or 10. MH III Earlybird,tibiotarsus fragment. 9178. Unidentified burial13, #51. LH I/IIA. LH IIA. anteriorpart.Beta and leftcarpometacarpus, bird,sternum, 9179. Unidentified 9175. Milvus migram, proximal distalparts;phalanxofalulardigit;leftulna,distalpart.Nu / 1977,#60. MHIII/LHI. (d) LATE HELLADIC humérus, part. incomplete proximal 9180. cf.Anas,right Beta4, i960, # 1 and 2.

bird(juvenile).Beta 6, i960, #22. 9180a. Unidentified LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).

(e) LATE HELLADIC I-II nisus,rightfemur,proximalpart,large 9181. Accipiter female).Lambda 1 / Beta 12, 1974, # 69 and (probably 71.LHIIA. shaftand distalpart. righthumérus, 9182. Anasclypeata, Lambda1 / Beta 12, 1974,#73 and 75. LH IIA. rightcoracoid,incomplete 9183. cf.Anasplatyrhynchos, upperpart.Beta 1977,# 125. LH IIA. or A. nyroca, rightcoracoid,almost 9184. Aythya fuligula II-?IIIAi. # LH Beta 1977, 75. complete. and shaft orA. nyroca, humérus, right 9184a. Aythya fiiligula distalpart.Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,# 73, 75-LH IIA. shaftand clawofdigit lefttibiotarsus, 9185. Buteobuteo,

I or II. Lambda1 / Beta 12, 1974,#73 and 75. LH IIA. proximalpart,burnt. 9186. Grusgrus,righttibiotarsus, Eta 1973,burial15, #59. LH IIA. proximal 9187. Small passerine,righttarsometatarsus, part.Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#6. LH IIA. distalpart.Beta lefttibiotarsus, turtur, 9188. Streptopelia 1977,burial28, # 107.LH IIB-IIIAi. bird,rightscapula.Lambda1 / Beta 9189. Unidentified 12, 1974,#69 and 71. LH IIA. birdor reptile.Beta 1977,burial28, 9190. Unidentified # 107.LHIIB-IIIAi.

(f) LATE HELLADIC II-IIIA WITH MEDIEVAL Beta camelus, eggshellfragment. 9214 (seebelow).Struthio 10, 1974,#34. (g) LATE HELLADIC IIIA-IIIB 9191. Corvuscoronecomix or C. frugilegus,right distalpart.Lambda 2, 1974,#11. LH carpometacarpus, IIIA2-IIIB.

distalpart;unidentified alba,lefttibiotarsus, 9192. Tyto bird(juvenile).Beta 6, i960, # 22. LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).

(h) LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY distalpart. coturnix, righttibiotarsus, 9193. Coturnix Lambda1 / Beta 12, 1974,#52; Room4, Floor5.

ulna,distalpart.Lambda1 /Beta 9194. Smallpasserine, 12, 1974,#50 and 51; Room 2, Floor4.

(i) LATE HELLADIC III WITH MEDIEVAl(?) leftulna,proximal part.Beta1977, 9195. Alectoris graeca, #54. (j) MEDIEVAL distalpart,with lefttibiotarsus, 9196. Anasplatyrhynchos, cutmarks.Lambda3, 1977,#7, 16, 21. claw.Zeta 1973,#31 (hearth). 9197. Aquilachrysaëtos, 9198. Fulica atra,rightulna, proximalpart,burnt.

Beta1977,#4. 9199. Gallusgallus,righthumérus,distalpart.Beta 6, i960, #12.

9200.

Gallusgallus,lefttarsometatarsus, proximaland

5i6


distalparts;tarsometatarsus shaft(juvenile).Beta 8, 1974, # 3 and 4. leftfemur, distalpart.Beta9, 1974, #22. 9201. Gallusgallus, Gallus fúrcula 9202. gallus, fragment;pelvis fragment; righttarsometatarsus, proximalpart.Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # 3, 4; yard. 9203. Gallus gallus,rightfemur,with cut marks; right withcut marks;rightfibula.Lambda 3, 1977, tibiotarsus, # 7, 16, 21. 9204. Gallusgallus,rightfemur,fragmentof distal part. Lambda 4, 1977, # 78 (Floor 2). 9205. Gallusgallus,mandiblefragment; rightulna, distal part;righttibiotarsus, proximaland distalparts(distalhas cutmarks);lefttibiotarsus,shaftfragment;fourfragments

A. NICODEMUS,


of rib. Zeta 1973, #31; hearth. 9206. Gallusgallus,lefthumérus; leftradius, shaftand distalpart.Zeta 1973, # 36; pit. 9207. Garrulusglandarius,premaxilla; two mandible halves. Lambda 3, 1977, # 7, 16, 21. 9208. Small passerine,leftcoracoid,fragment; rightulna, burnt;leftcarpometacarpus,proximalpart.Nu / fragment, Gamma 1, 1974, # 3 and 4; yard. 9209. Tytoalba, rightcarpometacarpus,proximal part. Zeta 1973, # 36; pit. 9210. Unidentifiedbird, pelvis fragment,Pburnt.Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # 3 and 4; yard. birdor mammalshaft(juvenile).Beta 92 11. Unidentified 8, 1974, # 3 and 4.

(k) UNDATED 9212. Gallinago gallinago, rightulna. Beta 5, 1960, Level 1. 92 13. Gallinulachloropus, rightcarpometacarpus, proximal partand shaft.Beta 5/2, i960, Level 3.

(iv) The Ostrich Eggshell (9214) D. S. Reese A mixedLH II-IIIA andMedievaldepositproduceda fragment ofostrich Thisis an imported eggshell. from either North Africa or the Levantine coast and as such confirms that object AyiosStephanoshad linkswiththeseareas.130 dimensionsnot 92 14. Ostricheggshell.Brokenfragment; recorded.No signsofuse detectable,butperhapsonce part

of a vessel. Beta 10, 1974, # 34. Mixed LH II-IIIA and Medieval context.Not illustrated.

Thisis notthefirst timethatostricheggshellshave been foundin theAegean.The evidencefrom and sites andfromNearEasterntombsandsanctuaries hasbeenrecorded elsewhere;131 Cypriot Aegean the known from the Greek mainland are considered here. only examplespresently In theArgolid,GraveCircleA at Mycenaeproducedexamplesfromtwoshaftgraves.ShaftGrave IV132and ShaftGraveV133each producedtwoeggshellscarefully made intovessels.Thereare also twospecimens fromtheacropolisat Mycenae.134 Theseareall fullydescribed, withfurther references, inSakellarakis Helleno-British in II excavations Room of the atMycenae 1990. (thebasement) megaron it measures18 x 13.5 mm.A pitin theLH IIBproduceda LH IIIB ostricheggshellfragment;135 III A 1 royaltholostombat DendranearMidea, also in theArgolid,producedan ostricheggshell made intoa vessel.136 A decoratedostricheggshellfragment, piercedwitha thinbronzewire,was foundin a LH IIIBi storeroom at Gla in Boeotia.137 Thereare a numberof post-Bronze Age examplesfromthePéloponnèse.The ArgiveHeraeum a 'bit of shell of bird's Twosamplesofostrich produced egg probablyostrich'.138 eggshell fragments, from the 6th and from the centuries were foundin theMiddleRoom(theTreasury) bc, dating 6th~5th of theunderwater of Apollo at Halieis in the Argolid.139 At leastone fragment in each sanctuary has a cut that it a have formed of vessel. Four ostrich sample edge,suggesting may part eggshell fromone or moreeggswerefoundin nearbyvotivefillsat TempleHill,Corinth,140 with fragments one fragment databletothelate7thto early6thcentury bc.AlsofromCorinth comesinglefragments froma shopin theLechaionRoad141 and fromtheGymnasium excavations.142 Delphialso produced in one broken ostrich was found at northern Greecebetween fragments.143 eggshell Lastly, Olynthus thethighsofan adultburialin Grave348; itdatesto thesecondhalfofthe5thcentury bc.144 130See further Chapter14 §§3 (vi)-(vii)and especially4 (iii) below. 131Reese 1985; 2000Γ,2008. 132Sakellarakis figs.24-30. 133Conwell 1990, 289, 1987, fig.10; Sakellarakis1990, 289, 295, figs. 31-9,57· 134Sakellarakis iqqo, 280, fies.41 and a# 36>Pit1· Beta8, 1974,#4. 9241. One fragment. bone ofPagrus pagrus(only 9242. One leftpremaxillary lesslikelybut thedistalendis preserved, Pagellus erythrinus possible).L. (est.)(Desseno. 1) 15 mm.Froma fishunder Nu / Gamma1 Baulk, and 150 g inweight. 20 cminlength 1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface. 9243. One rightpremaxillaof Pagruspagrus{Pagellus lesslikelybutpossible).L. (Desseno. 1) 19.9mm. erythrinus Froma fishunder20 cm in lengthand 150 g in weight. Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface. orPagellus boneofPagrus pagrus 9244. One right dentary 10 mm. L. no. 2) (est.) (Desse (distal erythrinus fragment). Froma fishprobablyunder15 cm and 100 g in weight. Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface. bone ofDiplodus 9245. One leftpremaxillary sp. (either L. (Desse no. 1) 8.1 mm.Froma D. sargus or D. vulgaris). fishunder10 cm in lengthand 100 g in weight.Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface.

Lambda1 / Beta12, 1974,#50, 52. Slabfloors 4 and5. 9235. One leftquadrate:W. (MR qu. gr.)3.0 mm.20 L. 2.1twouncertain vertebrae [oneburnt]): (eight precaudal, Lambdai/Beta12, 1974,#50, 52. 6.4 mm.36 fragments. Slabfloors 4 and5. (caudal).L. (approx.)9 mm.Lambda 9236. One vertebra 3, 1977,#37 (withMedieval).

boneofa wrasse, Labridae. 9246. One right premaxillary L. (Desseno. 1) 13.2 mm.Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,# 3 or 4. Yardsurface. L. (MR hyom.gr.)6.6 9247. One lefthyomandibular: mm. 17 vertebrae(fiveprecaudal[one burnt],12 caudal (threestained [fiveburnt]).L. 2.3-8.5 mm. 16 fragments Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or4. Yard darkorburnt). surface. W. (max.of 9248. One rightmaxillaof Dentexdentex. articular head) 8.9 mm.Froma fishover500 g in weight. Beta9/10Baulk,1977,# 20. Pit. ofa greymullet.L. 16.6mm. 9249. One caudalvertebra Froma fishwellover35 cmin lengthand 300 g inweight. Beta9/10Baulk,1977,# 20. Pit. L. (Desse bone ofPagrus pagrus: 9250. One leftdentary no. 2) 35.7 mm.Froma fishover30 cminlengthandover 500 g in weight.Lambda3, 1977,# 12, 21. Floor2. (fourprecaudal,threecaudal):L. 9250a. Sevenvertebrae Lambda3, 1977,# 12, 21. 8.6-16.1 mm.One fragment. Floor2. 9251. One precaudalvertebraof a greymullet.L. 9.9 mm.Froma fishover35 cminlengthand300 g inweight. Lambda4, 1977,#78, 79. Floor2. D. 9252. One basioccipitaleof Balistescarolinensis. 10.6mm,(vertical) (horizontal) 10.9mm.Lambda4, 1977, #78, 79. Floor2. Lambda4, 1977,#78, 79. 9253. One largefinsupport. Floor2.

(g) UNDATED 9254. One atlas vertebra(Sparidae?). D. (posterior horizontal) 7.6 mm.L. 7.2 mm.Beta1974,#notrecorded.

5. THE MARINE AND FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATES, D. S. Reese

1973-77

in 2000. According tothecataloguecompiledbyE. B. French note:thissectionwasfinalised [Editor's and Clarissade Waal,theremainsthatwererecoveredare storedin ApothekeB' ofSpartaMuseum as follows:Area Beta 1974,boxes 94-5; Area Beta 1977,box 91; Area Lambdaand Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,box 92; AreaLambda3/4 1977,box 93; AreaNu 1974,box 94; AreaNu 1977,box 93; sourcenotstated,box 90.]

52O


(i) Introduction The siteofAyiosStephanosis todayabouttwokmfromthesea; whenoccupieditmayhavebeenon thecoast.156 Onlyshellsampleswerecollectedin 1959 (45 shells)andin i960 (135 shells),withDonax collectionoffaunabeganin 1963,butthis bivalvesbeingthemajorformsaved.Careful,systematic was first examinedin 1975 by KarlPetruso, who material has notyetbeenfound.The 1973 material In all his raw data. and watermade available to me his and 1977 1974 verykindly unpublished paper Thismaterial wassortedby introduced wasperformed on selecteddeposits. Rutter, sieving, byJeremy student andin thepresent removedbyhand. volunteers, studyithasbeencombinedwiththematerial A wordaboutmethodis requiredhere.Each excavation unit('basket')fromeachtrench wasbagged in the field and has been For basket the were identified and each shells separately analysedseparately. theMinimum NumberofIndividuals(MNI) foreach specieswas calculated(basedon valvesideand sizeforbivalves,and on selectedfragments suchas apicesand distalcolumellasforgastropods). Every baskethas been datedby theassociatedpottery. For each trench, all materialof a singledatewas combined(on paper),and a totalMNI forthetrenchforthatperiodwas calculated.The MNI for eachperiodforeachtrench wasthencalculated, anda reckoning ofthecombinedMNI acrossthesite was thenmade.All countspresented hereare ofshellindividuals, notfragments or valves.Thereare in thesamplesavedand studied. marineinvertebrates 8062 individual The collectionof marineinvertebrates fromAyiosStephanosis thelargestBronzeAge or later so far from the Greek mainland.The nextlargestsampleis fromLernain the sample published which a total of about 8600 shellfragments Table 12.19liststhe (notindividuals). Argolid, produced with their and their common and Greek names.Table scientific, speciespresent, quantities English, 12.20recordsthespeciesand theirnumbers Over of the 99% byperiod. speciespresentare edible.I do notknowifa fewforms[Tonna, wereeaten;someof these cowries,Conus, Fasciolaria, Turritelld) werecertainly collecteddead on thebeachand/orutilised. Therefollowsa description ofthemostsignificant shellsfound.The Murex shellsand shellpurplearedescribed. Thisis followedby a discussion oftheshellsutilisedand ofthosefrom dyeproduction The conclusions discussthemolluscsas foodand theiruse in a reconstruction ofthe specialcontexts. ancientcoastline. (ii) Principal Classes of Shells (a) donax (wedge shells) Donaxbivalvesarebyfarthemostcommonspeciespresent, for71.5%oftheentire collection accounting and from57.1% to 83.7% of the shellsfoundin each period.Table 12.21 recordsthe major concentrations oftheseshells. Thisspeciesis todayfoundburiedinsandyandmuddybottoms fromthelowwater-mark tooff-shore andatdepthsfrom10 to 15 m.Atleastone sourcenotesthatit'colonizesinlargenumbers thebrackish ditches andlagoonsofsaltmarshes' andhasa 'predilection formud'.157 Thisspeciesiscommonly drainage eatentodayin theMediterranean; at themouthoftheNileitis themostimportant bivalvefood.The bivalvesareeatenraworin soupsandaresaidtobe 'thebestofthewholecategory ofbivalvesoups';158 as Dance reports, 'enormous arecollectedand eatenbyhumanseachyear'.159 quantities DonaxarenotoftenfoundatmostMediterranean sites.Theyarecommonat siteson archaeological at Iron in Tamassos central as a at ArchaicGreek Age Cyprus,notably Cyprus, offering funerary at Salamis in easternCyprus,and at theTempleofApolloHylatesat Kourionin thesouth.160 pyres and 12thcentury (Arab) Theyare also themostcommonshellat the4thto 7thcentury (Byzantine) SiteC atJerusalem.161 (b) GLYCYMERIS(DOG COCKLES) (9255-9270)

This bivalvemakesup 4.2% of theentirecollection.Manyof theshells(79, 21.3%) are definitely water-worn or beach-worn, meaningthattheyhavebeen collecteddead on thebeachand havebeen smoothed naturally bywaveand wateraction. havea holeat theumbo('beak'ofa bivalve),and severalothersareholed dog-cockles Twenty-five on theshell;all wereprobablyused as ornaments. Detailsofseveralofthesefollow. elsewhere 156See Chapter 14 §1 (ii) below. 157Lutherand Fiedler 1976, 200. 158A. Davidson 1972, 226.

159Dance 1971, 74. 160Reese 19870. 161Reese 1995^, 266.


(i) MiddleHelladicI Late

Holed umbo; detailsnot recorded. 9255. Glycymeris. Epsilon1973,#74. 73-121. andholedumbo.H. Fresh, 9256. Glycymeris. ground-down area4.5 χ 4.75 mm. 31.5mm.W.34.25mm;ground-down D. hole 1.25xi-75 mm.Nu 1, 1977,#56. Floorofapse. Water-worn, 9257. Glycymeris. hingeonly.D. hole 1.25 x 2.0 mm.Nu 1, 1977,#56. Floorofapse. and holedumbo. Worn,ground-down 9258. Glycymeris. H. 32 mm.W 33.75 mm;ground-down area 4.75 x 4.75 mm.D. hole 1.25mm.Nu 1, 1977,#62. Floorofapse. Waterworn,openumbo.H. 29 mm.W. 9259. Glycymeris.

(it) MiddleHelladicII

umbohole. Water-worn, 9263. Glycymeris. ground-down area 4.25 x 4.0 H. 28.25 mm.W. 29 mm;ground-down

(Hi) MiddleHelladicIll/LateHelladicI

holedumbo,brokenside. Water-worn, 9264. Glycymeris. H. 16.25 mm·D. hole 1.0 X0.75mm.Nu 2, 1977,# 22. trench ofwallnf. Foundation and holed Water-worn, ground-down 9265. Glycymeris. area umbo.H. 33.75 mm.W 34.25 mm; ground-down

521

30.75mm;opening 2.75mm.Nu 1,1977,#62.Floorofapse. holedumbo.H. 3 1 mm.W.33.75 Fresh, 9260. Glycymeris. mm.D. hole1.25x 1.5mm.Nu 1,1977,#62. Floorofapse. and holed Waterworn,ground-down 9261. Glycymeris. area umbo. H. 34.75 mm. W. 36.5 mm; ground-down 4.25 x 5.75 mm.D. hole 1.75 mm.Nu / Gamma1 and Gamma1, 1977,#49. Floorofapse. holedumbo.H. 3 1.75mm. Water-worn, 9262. Glycymeris. W. 31.25 mm.D. hole. 1.25 x 1.75 mm.Nu / Gamma1 and Gamma1, 1977,#49. Floorofapse.

mm.D. hole 1.5 x 1.75 mm.Nu / Gamma1 and Gamma 1, 1977,#54. Burial14. 5.0 x 5.5 mm.D. hole 1.75 x 2.25 mm.Beta,1977,#91. Holedumbo.H. 27 mm.W. 25.25mm. 9266. Glycymeris. D. hole 1.25 x 2.0 mm.Beta 1977,#91. D. hole Holed umbo,hingefragment. 9267. Glycymeris. 1.25 x 1.75 mm.Beta 1977,#91.

(iv) Late HelladicIIIA2-IIIB

and holed Waterworn,ground-down 9268. Glycymeris. area5.75 umbo.H. 24.75mm·W.27.75mm;ground-down x 6.75 mm.D. hole 1.5 x 1.75mm.Lambda2, 1974,#8.

(v) Late HelladicIIIB-IIIC EarlywithMedieval

umbohole (small Fresh,ground-down 9270. Glycymeris. area 3.25 hole).H. 43.25 mm.W. 47.5 mm;ground-down

Water-worn, 9269. Glycymeris. possiblyground-down umboandholed,brokendistal.W 27.25mm.D. hole.1.75 x 1.0 mm.Lambda2, 1974,#10. x 4.0 mm.D. hole0.75 mm.Beta9, 1974,# 26.

shellsdated to LH IutilisedGlycymeris In additionto the shellsdetailedabove, thereare two further each fromLH IIIB LH one II; twodatedto LH II-IIIA; one forwhichthecontextis exclusively ΠΙΑ; has been and IIIC; and twomore fromMedieval contexts.Anotherundatedshell grounddown at the in an ornamental used butunholedshellsmay have been umbo butis notholed there.The water-worn wornand oftenholed.162 sitestheyare foundwaterfashion.At mostcircum-Mediterranean or utilitarian This mollusclivesburiedin sand or mud fromthelittoralzone down intodeep waters.'Dead shells are oftenheaped in the thousandsalong the strandline and also forman importantconstituentof Lellák also notes that'the strongand durable shellsfar muddygraveldepositsin 20-50 m depth'.163 outlastthe animal thatinhabitsthem'.164 (c) COCKLES (9271-9274)

make up 3.9% of the total collection.Since and Acanthocardia) Two genera of cockles (Cerastoderma are not shells of these easily distinguishableand theylive in the same habitat,theyare fragments consideredtogetherhere. They live buriedin sand, mud and graveljust below the surface,fromthe mid-tidelevel down into deeper waters.They are todaycommonlyeaten in the Mediterranean,oftenraw,but may be cooked. Cockles are themostfrequentfoodbivalve at manyAegean sites:NeolithicNea Nikomedeia,Neolithic and LBA Neolithicand Bronze Age Pevkakia,Lerna, Asine166and Nichoria,167 and EM Knossos,165 and Iron Age AssirosToumba in Macedonia.168 Ten of the shells fromAyios Stephanos are ornaments,some naturallyholed at the umbo and holed there;fourare cataloguedhere. In additionto these,thereare two thatdate othersintentionally shell datingto MH I- II; two datingto LH IIA; and one undated.A numberof to MH II; a further otherAegean sitesalso have holed cockles.169 1(52 Reese, 1987^, 121-4; 1987^/202; 1992, 771. 1(53 Lutherand Fiedler 1975, 198. 164Lellák 1975, 156. 165Reese 19870.

166Reese 1082, 140. 167Reese 1992, 770-1. 168Reese, personal analysis. 169Reese 1987^, 124-5; 1992» 771·

522


(i) MiddleHelladicI Late

holed umbo,left.H. Water-worn, 9271. Cerastoderma. D. hole 3.75 x 3.0 mm.Nu 1, 26.25 mm.W. 25.75 n1111· 1977,#56. Floorofapse.

(it) Late HelladicI-II

Holed umbo, brokenside and 9272. Acanthocardia. H. c.32 mm.D. hole2 mm.Beta9, hascolour,right. distal, 1974,#42.

(in) Late HelladicIIA

9273. Cerastoderma. Open umbo. Dimensions not recorded. Epsilon1973,#75. 73-122.

(iv) Late HelladicIIIA2-IIIB

Ground-down umbo hole, fresh, 9274. Acanthocardia. H. mm. W. mm; 24 24.25 right. grounddownarea3.75 x 4.0 mm.D. hole 2.0 x 2.25 mm.Lambda2, 1974,#54· (d) PATELLAAND MONODONTA(LIMPETS AND TOPSHELLS)

These twoformsare foundhighup on rockyshoresin shallowwaterand occurtogetherat manysites. Togethertheyaccountfor6% ofthe collection.Both are a commonfood itemat manyMediterranean archaeologicalsites.Theywerenotnecessarilyalwayscollectedtogetherat AyiosStephanos,sinceonly withoutPatella,and 73 PatellabutnotMonodonta. 94 basketshave bothspecies,while124 have Monodonta Patellaare a commonfoodsourceat Upper PaleolithicFranchthi cave and are foundin largequantities at NeolithicKnossos, Saliagos, Myrtos,Kommos and Palaikastro.170 Monodonta(and the similarand relatedGibbula)are also a commonfood source at NeolithicKephala on Kea, Saliagos and Kommos. (iii) Murex Shells and Purple Dye Production in Laconia The hypobranchialgland fromthree species of related marine gastropods(Murextrunculus, Murex Thaishaemastomd) was used in the Mediterraneanbasin to produce a colour-fast brandaris, purpledye. Archaeologicalevidencesuggeststhatshellpurpledye productionbegan in Greece in thelate MBA.171 The Laconian Gulfwas famousin antiquityforshell purple dye production.172 This area is said to have producedthe best purpleafterthatfromthe Levant (Tyreand Sidon). It was Murexbrandaristhat was used in Laconia, and a midden of shells opened throughthe In the 1980s Murexbrandariswere upper spire was visible at Gythionduringthe last century.173 found at Gythionand around the littleisland of Kranaë, also known as Marathonisi,thoughno heaps are recorded.174 The totalnumberof purple dye producingshellsfromAyios Stephanosis only 618, and most of theseare Murextrunculus, not Murexbrandaris. Recentexperimentalworkhas shownthat12000 Murex brandaris shellsare needed to produce 1.5 gramsof pure dye, enoughto dye onlythe trimof a single garment.The numberofMurexfromAyios Stephanosdoes not suggestthatpurpledye was produced at the site,as Bintliff nor is thereany increase in the numberof Murexin the LH ΠΙΑ proposed,175 period,as he also suggested.The largestMurexsamples (percentageof these shellsby period) come fromthe MH/LH I (15.5%), LH II-IIIA (13.6%) and LH I-II (10.1%) periods. (iv) Discussion of Shells Utilised at Ayios Stephanos In additionto theholed Glycymeris and cocklesnotedabove, a numberof othershellsare ornamentals or were used in some otherutilitarian manner. One MH depositproducednine Helixland snailsholed in the lowestpartof the whorl.They may have been used as ornaments.Three Conusare holed at the apex and were probablypendants;in additionto the two cataloguedbelow, thereis one froma LH IIIC Early context. 17(1 Reese 1987^; 19950,252. 171Fordiscussion oftheactualdyeindustry see Reese 1980; 1987^; 20000.

172See Horace, Odesπ 1 ix 60. 125-42, xxi 8.7; Pliny,NaturalHistory 6, 45; Statius,Silvaei 2.150; Pausaniasin. 21.6; Athenaeusν 198F.

173See de Saulcy 1864; Wyse 1865, 54; Gaillardot 1873, 759; Lenormant 1881, 107; Tristram1882, 48;Jackson 1916, 12; 1Q77tf, Thompson1047, 2 12; A. Davidson 10,72,2 1o; Bintliff 4^4-6. 174N. S. Stavrolakis,pers. comm. 175Bintliff 19770, 454-6.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §5 L. 20 mm.W. 15 mm.D. hole. Water-worn. 9275. Conus. mm. MH III Beta 2.75 1977,# 134. Early.

523

9276. Conus.L. 21 mm.LH I- II withLH IIIAi. Beta burial1. Beta3, 1959?# 23. Taylour1972,232,HS 233.

A MH II Murextrunculus Apicallyholed Conusshellshave also been foundat otherAegeansites.176 as and theMurexbrandaris below(9277) each have a hole in thebodyand mayhavebeen pendants, LH III at There is one Fasciolaria holed the of these two the Medieval examples species. may single distalend,whichis also probablyan ornament. Fresh.H. 52 mm(brokendistal). 9277. Murexbrandaris. W.41 mm.D. holeon upperbody5.25 mm.Hole inbody; LH IIIC Early.Beta8, 1974,#12. possibleuseas pendant.

Semicircleringfragment, turbinata. 9278. Monodonta grounddown.Curving.L. 16.75 mm·W. 4.75 carefully mm.Th. 2.75-3.25mm.LH II-IIIA. Beta9, 1974,#39.

inpreliminary other similar to9278 areknownfrom Monodonta Aegeansitesandhavebeenpublished rings Thereare fourexamplesfrom is providedhere.178 additionaland moredetailedinformation form;177 and one from twoLate Neolithic180, Franchthi cave in thesouthern Argolid:one MiddleNeolithic,179 LH IIIB Room from the in two one comes From 19 (the ring joiningfragments topsoil.181 Mycenae the1979excavations TwoLH III examplescomefrom withtheIdols)intheCitadelHouse.182 storeroom Theremaybe one examplefromtheLM IIIA2 UnexploredMansionat on Paros.183 at Koukounaries theothernow Crete(one,datedLM IIIB2,185 Twomorewerefoundat Khaniain western Knossos.184 theRoyal as from Knossos the from a Monodonta in is incorrect Karali Kommos, ring lost). ring recording from in two than one two thantheUnexplored Road rather Mansion, rings(rather fragments) LH IIIC Khania.186 from than two rather and one LH than rings IIIB) Mycenae, (rather Two are knownfromCyprus.Thereis a completeringfromEnkomidatedLate CypriotIIIA2IIIBi187and anothercompleteexamplefromHala SultanTekke.188 Finally,halfofa largeMonodonta bc at Settlement189 in the was found 15th-14thcentury al-Qitaron theSyrianEuphrates, Upper ring coast. the Mediterranean km from 175 One LH II-IIIA PatellafromAyiosStephanoshas a holein thecentreoftheshell,butthismaybe naturalbreakageand notmanmade.Thereis a holedNaticafroma contextcoveringLH IIIC Early Betaburial22). Thereis one LH IIIC Early and Medieval(Beta8, 1974,basket11,fromdisturbed 190 with fivebeads ofglassand carnelianin Beta found was cowrieholedat one end (HS 244). [This burial7 or 8 (infants)]. the FromtheMedievalperiodthereare a Mactrawitha hole drilledfrominsidetheshellthrough a small container make to the centre cut down 60 umbo (Zeta 1973, # 36), and a Tonna(L. mm) (Lambda3, 1977,# 14,fromtheremovalofa terracewall). (v) Shells from Special Contexts and areworthspecific In additiontotheshellsnotedabove,severalotherscomefromspecialcontexts One MH I Late deposit(Nu 1, 1977,basket56, theflooroftheapse) producedfourholed mention. and one holedat theumbo(twowithgrounddownholesand twowater-worn) shells,threeGlycymeris holedattheumbo.The LH I- II or IIIAi Betaburial25 (Beta9, 1974,#41) Cerastoderma water-worn fromthesite. producedtheonlyTurritella (vi) Conclusions collectionconsistsofDonaxbivalves,and it oftheAyiosStephanosmarineinvertebrate The majority eatentoday. as in or were consumed that these is suggested soups stews, theyare commonly thatit was mainly indicate and the collection of 80% for account and cockles Donax,Glycymeris crabs sea urchins, Murex and Patella The beach. or a collectedfrom sandy muddy Monodonta, trunculus, 176Reese 1083,fig.2a; 1992,773-4· 177Reese 1984. 178See also Reese 20080. 179D. 23.3 mm,Th. 5.3 mm:fromtrenchH2A: 54; Nauphon Museum16387. 180 j) 2 2 x lg mm? Th. 7 mm, and D. 21 mm, Th. 2.0-3.9 mm, Nauplion Museum 16368 and 16391. 181D. 23.4 x 11.1 mm, Th. 5.8 mm): trench H:9; Nauplion Museum 16338. 182D. (max. external) 19 mm, (max. internal) 13 mm, Th. 2.53.0 mm): trench Γ/ΜΒ 178; nos. CH 68-1570 and 68-1651.

183Nos. C6 #8,C4 #8.

184 Evely 1984, 246, pl. 222.9, top right, no. C17. 185D. (max. external) 24 mm, W. 2.0 x 4.5 mm: 16-Pit Ε middle layer, no. 1980 misc. 24. 186Karali 1999, 31, 40, 59. 187D. 15 mm: Area I, Room 12, Γ-Δ16-18 s, in the debris overlying Floor III; see Dikaios 1969, 294, pl. 168:48; 1971, 717, inv. no. 108; Reese 20080.

188D. (max.external)21.75 x 20.75 mm,(max.internal), 16.5 x 14.0 mm,H. and Th. (max.) 5 mm: 1988 excavationof Corridor74, Layer^b. See Reese 20080. 189AreaΫ, Building10, Room 5 (the'Temple'),no. 90288. 190 Taylour1972, 234, pl. 42h.4, top.

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thata rockyshorewas also exploited, butthisshorewas eitherless and someothermolluscssuggest in visited or was less desirable terms of its food The ofthefishbones offerings. majority frequently fromtheexcavation191 consists ofsea-bream, foundin shallowwateroverrockyground,and supports thesuggested ofa rockyshore. availability The malacologyof thepresent-day beach southof the siteis closelycomparableto thatof the it collection: has withrockyshoreformsfound archaeological mainlyDonax,cocklesand Glycymeris, further south-west of themainsandybeach.The majordifference is thefrequency of razorclams which are found but in are rare the excavated collection. (Ensis/ Solen)and cuttlefish (Sepia), today A wordon thefoodvalueofthecollection be of It is relevance. that may suggested 150-200Donax individuals wouldyield0.5 kgofmeat.All the5776 Donaxfromthesitewouldyieldonly29-38.5 kg ofmeat,theequivalentof one sheepor goat.The foodvalue of themolluscsis therefore minimal, thanat othertimes. thoughat certainseasonstheymayhavebeen moreimportant Bintliff notesthatthegeomorphological datasuggests thatin theBronzeAge AyiosStephanoswas on thecoastand functioned as a fishing and tradestationand port.192 The evidenceof themarine invertebrates and fishbones certainly indicatesthattheseresourceswerefrequently exploited,but does notshowwhether thesitewas closerto thesea thanthe2 kmdistanceoftoday,thoughitdoes notdisproveiteither.193 thisevidencedoes notsupportor disproveBintliff 's suggestion that Similarly, thesitewas occupiedonlyduringthesummer.194 6. THE INSECT REMAINS, 1974-77 D. S. Reese The insectsfromAyiosStephanoswerekindlyidentified in 1980 by membersof theDepartment of Entomology, NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,thanksto the efforts of Michael C. Day of thatDepartment. (i) Introduction and Commentary no doubtbecausethewater-sieve was not [No insectswererecoveredfromtheearlierexcavations, introduced at the siteuntil1974; all of the cataloguedremainscome fromwater-sieved deposits. Since the antscould have enteredthe chamberof the LH I/IIA shaftgraveat some laterdate, theirpresenceis uninformative. thestorageofvegetable However,thepresenceofweevilssuggests whichis quiteprobablein the case of the LH IIIC Earlyslab floor4, on whichwere foodstuffs, founda stone saddle quern (7276) suitableforgrindinggrainand a carbonisedwheatgrain, probablyemmerwheat(9285).] on Thera,195 Kommosin Only threeotherAegeansiteshave producedinsectremains:Akrotiri southern Crete196 and NewHalos in Thessaly.197 (ii) Catalogue (9279-9281)

wasmanni Krauss(Formicidae, 9279. Messorci. ants).Five to sixindividuals. Nu 1977,#51 (chamber ofshaftgrave burial13). ContextLH I/IIA. 9280. Family Curculionidae(?) (weevils). One

Lambdai/Beta12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974, prosternum. #51 (slabFloor4). ContextLH IIIC Early. 9281. FamilyCurculionidae(weevils).One abdomen/ ContextMedieval. elytra.Nu 1974,#3 (yardsurface).

7. THE PLANT REMAINS, 1974-77 G.Jones note:Glynis to thecataloguecompiledby [Editor's Jonescompletedthissectionin 1978. According E. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal,theresiduefromflotation is nowstoredinbox 100 in ApothekeB' ofSpartaMuseum.]

191See Chapterι2 §4 above. 192Bintliff 1976,271; 1977a,467, 476, maps3, 4, 6; 1977ε, fies.2B, qC. 193See further Chapter14 §1 (ii) below. 194Bintliff 1977e,476.

195 and Buckland1991; Panagiotakopulu et Panagiotakopulu al. 1QQ7;Panayotakopoulou 1007-8; 2000a; 2000e. 196Reese iqqrû, 277-8; 2000^,642. 197Schelvis 2003.


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(i) Introduction and Commentary A smallnumberofsamplesfromthe1974 and 1977 excavations andthe wereprocessedbyflotation, In addition, a fewsmallsamplesofsuspected material were collected flotsortedforplantremains. plant forfurther examination. Most of the plantmaterialrecoveredwas of modernorigin;the ancient is listedin § (ii)below. charredmaterial distichon One grainofbarley(a straight L, or grainthatcouldbe ofeithertwo-row barley,Hordeum a MH III H. and one were recovered from six-row L.) L.) grapepip (Vitisvinifera Early barley, vulgäre levelthatwas contaminated withLH IIA. One indeterminate largepulseseed was found,in a LH IHA pit,andtwowheatgrains, cf.dicoccum Schübl.),wererecovered probablyofemmerwheat(Triticum withwhatis knownofBronzeAge fromLH IIIC Earlyfloordeposits.All thesefindsare consistent in Greece.198 plant-use ofolivestone( Oka europaea One fragment L.) wasfoundin theyardofthelargebuilding(Structure ad. LambdaVII) datingto thelate 13thto early14thcenturies (ii) Catalogue (9282-9287) distichon L. or H. vulgäre L.). One {Hordeum 9282. Hordeum straight grain.Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # 8. ContextMH III Early withsome LH IIA (Deposit D in Rutterand Rutter 1976)· Nu / 9283. Olea europaeaL. One stone, fragmentary. Gamma 1, 1974, # 3. Medieval context(yardsurface). 9284. Pulse, large, species indeterminate.One seed. Lambda 3, 1977, # 58 (pit).ContextLH I-IIA. Schübl. One grain.Beta 1974, cf.dicoccum 9285. Triticum

# 24 ('lightbrownfloor').ContextLH IIIC Early. cf. dicoccum Schübl. One grain.Lambda / 9286. Triticum Beta 12, 1974, #51 (slab Floor 4, Room 2). ContextLH IIIC Early. L. One pip. Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # Vitisvinifera 9287. 9 (Deposit D in Rutterand Rutter1976). ContextMH III Early withsome LH IIA. 9288-10000. Numbersnot used.

198Hansen 1988.

Chapter13 The regionalgeologyand earlysettlement oftheHelos Plain J.L. Bintliff Author's note,2005: In summer1973,I was invitedby LordWilliamTaylourto makea studyofthe hills. regionaroundhis excavationat AyiosStephanos,namelytheHelos Plainand itssurrounding then settlement Bronze the was to The purposeof my investigation being Age important place ofthesite ofthearea,and torelatethehistory features in thecontextoftheenvironmental uncovered I wouldlike to recordmy of humanoccupationin theHelos district. to thegeneraldevelopment and to othermembersof to thelateLordWilliamforhishelpand encouragement, sinceregratitude the excavationteam (especiallyBiffYounger)fortheirsupportduringmy studybased out of the site.The initialversionofthisreportwaspublishedin thebookwhicharosefrommyPhD excavation it seemedto me and to theeditor(to Ratherthanrewritethatchapterfromscratch, dissertation.1 that me intothefinalexcavationreport)moreappropriate whomI expresswarmthanksforbringing to reflect wherenecessary, I retaintheoriginaltext,completedin 1975,butadd updatedcomments theregion on manypoints.WhatI was notable to do was to revisit increasedknowledge ourgreatly and reanalyseits settlement historyto takeaccountof new sitesor the reviseddatingof already addedin 2005 areinbrackets.] see Chapter14. [Updatedcomments knownsites:forsuchinformation AND PREVIOUS STUDIES 1. METHODOLOGY in Greeceto forma basisformydoctoraldissertation. Thisstudywas one ofa seriesthatI undertook withparticular ofpastsettlement The generalaimwas theinterpretation emphasison local patterns, of each region field examination an exhaustive make was to factors. environmental My technique all natural all of and extent nature the on features, visiting significant studied,usually foot,plotting and land-use of on information and knownarchaeological patterns present-day find-spots gathering and Hope Simpsonpublishedtheirarchaeological SinceWaterhouse settlement. surveyofLaconia,2 the does zone. in the Helos been have finds no notable greatserviceof Hope Simpson reported sites more that doubt I have no site. for each exactlocations prehistoric can be found many providing itseems than intensive. rather and extensive was intheplain,sincehissurveying Certainly pioneering to be remain centres the even of that several LBA the of sites, larger likely,frommyexamination have tracts that the fact and known centres important intervening located,giventhedistancebetween wouldmaketheirknownnumbereven burials.The problemofpickingoutthesmallercommunities in detected as generalthesettlement-patterns In viewofthis,I wasunabletoverify lessrepresentative. Bronze of hierarchies theArgolidand SpartaValley,whereit was possibleto suggestregular Age fordispersedand fornucleatedsettlement. overtimeofpreference and an alternation communities, [Theabsenceofnew sitesheldtruetill1973,butin thesubsequentdecadesnew detailshave been theanalysisand maininterpretations affect It does notseriously sitepattern. addedto theprehistoric evidenceappearsin Chapter14 below.] whilstthelatestsettlement here,however, presented Die Griechischen of Philippson, as usual themasterpiece For thelocal environment, Landschaften? article in his and rural settlement. local for Bölte, 'Sparta',4 lengthy tackling geology provedindispensable butis mymainsourceforLaconian forgeography, researches drawsheavilyon Philippson's long-lasting andancienttopography. MymapsoftheHelos Plain,figs.13.1-2,arebasedon thegeological history WhiletheInstitute's inAthens.5 Institute for the at 1 of GeologicalandMineralExploration :50,00o map thesheetsare of each the of a useful for is formation, expanses major general picture mapping very that common It is small areas. of examination surface for inaccurate experience my large-scale quite 4 Bölte 1929. 5 Dimadis and Taktikos1989 (1969).

1 Bintliff 19770,451-82. 2 Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960; 1961. 3 Philippson1959. 527

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canbe absolutely vitaltotheunderstanding ofthelocational natural features ofsmallextent preferences aresometimes andoftenquitelackingon theι:50,00ο ofpastsettlements. Thesefeatures misinterpreted series.A helpful wasobtainedfroman otherwise notparticularly map,witha briefnoteofexplanation, relevant of the Plain N. soils of the Helos Memmou.6 His shows the study map generalrelationof by thesediments oftheplaintothewatercourses thatcreatedthem,and also theformer extentofthetwo in marshes the area fig. (see below). 13.4 major 2. THE REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY It is worthwhile to summarise the regionalgeography(cf.fig. i). The chieffeatureof the briefly geologyofthesouth-eastern Péloponnèseis theexistenceof a riftvalleywhichrunsdue south-east fromthecentreofthepeninsulato theLaconianGulf.Overmostofitslengthitforms thecoursefor themainriver,theperennial Eurotas.Besidesthisand itsmajortributary, theKelephina,all theother streamsof theregionare wintertorrent beds (theVasilopotamos is derivedfromtheEurotas).On eitherside,thistrench is flanked also due and continuing into mountains, bylofty running south-east, out into the Gulf. These inland are to the west and longrockypromontories jutting ranges Taygetos Parnontotheeast;theirrespective in the sea are Taenarum and Malea. There is far more to the capes tectonics ofthearea thana simpledownthrust of the total Eurotas but in faulting valley(fig.13.3), the mountainous flanks have risen relative an to general intervening depressedtrough. The sequenceoftherockscomposing themountains aroundthetrough, and appearingalso in the hill-lands betweenSpartaand theHelos Plain,is as follows(cf.fig. 13.1): at thebase, crystalline withlots of marblesembeddedwithinthem;above this,massivecrystalline schists, metamorphic 'hard'limestone oftwoseries.Betweentheschistsand thehardlimestone at severalplacesis found Labradorporphyrite, a stonecomposedfromlabradoric and diabasiclavasand quarriedin prehistory and Roman timesas lapislacedaemonius.

Ifwe leave asidethemountains, dividesup thesunkenEurotasTrenchintofourzones, Philippson takenfromnorthto south: withtherelatedMegalopolisbasinto thenorth-west to Spartain the (i) Fromthelow watershed hill-land of hard limestones and with some soft limestone of later date. south, schist, inlandsea, but withthesoftlimestoneor (ii) The SpartaPlain,once filledby an UpperTertiary created this sea eroded and alluviumand colluvium. 'Neogen' by largely replacedbyPleistocene A diverse of two To the the hill ofVardounochoria or (iii) west, regionconsisting parts,(a) country tied to the of since this reaches across totheeastrimofthe Vardounia, directly geology Taygetus; southcontinuation oftheSpartaPlain,iteffectively cutsthelatterofffromthesea,to whichthe hill-land itself runsin thesouth-east, To the east,a plateauofNeogenwhichextendssouthto (b) thecoastalplain,butwhichis setofffromtheremnant NeogenoftheSpartaPlainby a ridgeof hardlimestone. ThisblockofNeogenis likelyto be ofoceanicorigin,as opposedto theSparta Neogen whichis derivedfromthe formerinland sea. It is composed of mainlycoarse withstretches revealedoftheunderlying conglomerates, sandymarls. The of the Laconian Gulfand theHelos Plain,consisting of (a) to thewest,hill-land (iv) depression to theTaygetus and (c) in between,thebroad rocks,(b) to theeast,Neogenhill-land, relating alluvialplainoftheRiverEurotasand smallerwatercourses. Thiswholesequencetakesup an area 70 kmin length.It is clearthattheimportant sunkenzone timesbetweentherangesofolderrocks,andwastheonlypartflooded alreadyexistedinpre-Pliocene duringthePliocene;theMegalopolisPlainand theSpartaBasinweresubmerged by an inlandsea, andtheeasternpartofzone (iii)aboveand oftheHelos Plainbyan oceanictransgression. Thusarose theextensivelayersof Neogenshells,sandsand conglomerates. the main south-east Subsequently faultcontinued tooperate,andthecentral sankrelative totheoriginalsurface ofthe partofthetrough pre-Pliocene valley,whilethewholeregionemergedfromthesea upwardsby about500 m. In the earlyPleistocenea sinkingof theland and/orrisein sea-levelresultedin manyareasin a coastal ofmarinedeposits,oftenwithwellpreserved shell-beds, fringe locallycalledporos.The combination ofrecenttectonics, world-wide changesin sea-leveland thenormalprocessesoferosionon thesoft limestones oftheNeogenled,accordingto acceptedopinion,to theremovalofmuchoftheNeogen in thefurrow and toitsburialunderalluviumderiving fromthesteepmountains besidetherift. Thus was createdthefertile alluvialplainofSpartaand thatofitssouthern Helos. partner, 6 Memmou 1967.

THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE HELOS PLAIN §2

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of the [Far more workhas been done since 1973 on the marinecoastlinegeomorphology workwas alreadyavailable.7Formostofthelast 1 Mediterranean Sea, althoughmuchfundamental millionyears,theEarthhas succumbedto a longseriesofIce Ages,duringeach ofwhichsea-level sanktoa greatdepthas oceanwaterwasdrawnintotheexpanding globalice sheets.Correspondingly, that warm conditions of the time the ten (theInterglacial predominated during (on average) percent cycles),theseice sheetsshrank,and the oceans rose back to therelativeheightof previouswarm forcoastaldepositsofshells,corals, era wouldthenhavebeen responsible periods.Each Interglacial fauna evolvedover time,or speciesthe marine and since and sand around shorelines, pebbles eitherfora specificInterglacial can be distinctive coastal such former occurred, deposits replacement an or within a warm Glacial a sometimes Interstadial) evenfora partofit.Absolute (or episode ofsuch havenowallowedprecisepositioning measurements and other from radioactive dating decay a itis apparentthata givencoastlinewillhave accumulated in time.Fromthissummary formations as survival Their 1 last million the era of Pleistocene the sea-levels series of years. during high long ofthelandon which is ofcoursehighlydependenton thelong-term fossilcoastalformations stability As one and erosion thickness their own and on mightexpect,themost history. theyweredeposited, last of the Holocene own recenthighsea-levelsbeforeour 10,000years)are mostly (the Interglacial than more of fortheimmediately 100,000yearsago. Beachesfrom precedingInterglacial surviving backareextremely fromfurther and those are ofaround250,000bp thenextoldestInterglacial rarer, beach fossil Plain Pleistocene to myknowledgetheHelos rare.Although depositsor poroshave not ratherthan,as last to or next the last been dated,I wouldnow expectthemto be from Interglacial, in vital clues to statedabove,EarlyPleistocene. however, landscapechange ourregionon Theyform, as will and historic thatoftheprehistoric a muchsmallertime-scale, occupationofAyiosStephanos, be further explainedbelow.] arein order.The Vrondamasplateau,i.e. theeastern on theHelos district some particulars Finally, ofconglomerate sandymarls,and overlying consisting partofzone (iii)above,is a Plioceneformation is inclinedto these and to thew. Exceptin an areaby Geraki,itis mainlytheinfertile conglomerates thatdominate. However,to thesouth,as we enterzone (iv),theplateaubreaksoffwithan evenedge atabout150 m abovesea-levelandbyMyrtea(seefigs.13.1-13.2);outfromundertheconglomerate intotheHelos Plain, to thesouth-east thereappearsthesandymarl,whichformsa tongueprojecting in placesbeneath are hills hard limestone Some Asteri. near the sea-coast far as as exposed reaching whilea smallerone is exposedto its them.The mainplainis westofthistongueofPliocenedeposits, but at itsfootthererunsa east.On theΝ borderofthemainplainthehillsare ofhardlimestone, thereis someporoson the isles Trinisa the with seashells. smallseamoftheearlyPleistocene By poros towards marls the the west to afterwards and soon Gytheion. cropup coast, Neogen In theareaI hadpreviously ofa challenge. examined, The studyoftheHelosregionposedsomething and historic theSpartaValleyproper,i.e. zone (ii) above,thekeyto almosteveryknownprehistoric these ofsoilsderivedfromthesofter siteprovedto be thelocal availability Neogenmarls.In visiting removal of that the obvious become it soon had 'alluvial so-called in the degree locations, plain', mostly coverfromthesurrounding whilethesedimentai oftheNeogenhad been verymuchexaggerated, in theformofalluviumwas quiteslightin themainplain.Mostofthe'alluvium',e.g. in mountains ofIce Age morethanweatheredslope-wash thearea southofSpartain fig.i, provedto be nothing and depositedbetweenthesehillsonto a in mid-plain, date derivingfromthe Neogenhill-chain ifnotall,ofthe clearlyvisiblepedimentofNeogencoveringmostoftheplainproper.The majority, cameintoexistence mostprobably as suchalongthemainwatercourses thatI confirmed alluvium recent in and aftertheLate Romanperiod. notcreatedby itschief oftheSpartaPlainas essentially requireda reclassification [Myfieldwork outfromthestreamsat thewesternedge ofthe rivertheEurotas,or evenby alluvialfansradiating thehighTaygetosrange.Rather,a largepartof theCentraland East Plainwas Plainand draining hills and surrounding low of platformdepositsof the Neogen softlimestoneand composed hill the make which rangesat a higherlevelon theΕ edgesofthePlain.Onlyon up conglomerates in date,be Pleistocene of thew couldgiantpiedmont deposits alluvialand colluvialorigin,essentially and Keith Wilkinson carried out has been a detailed observed.8 by study geomorphological Recently alluvial and colluvial and Holocene Ice of Pleistocene in the extent which (mainly Age) colleagues9 hasbeenevaluatedat severalpointsoftheSpartaValley.Thisis considerable, sedimentation although fromthew at thesteep theroleoftheEurotasremainsnegligible, flowing comparedto thesediments 7 It is summarised in Bintliff 19770,35-58. 8 Bintliff 19770,371-450.

9

and Millington 2003. Pope,Wilkinson

53O

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footoftheTaygetos chain.Causationis mainlyclimatic andtectonic: has risenrelative tothe Taygetos basinfloorby 300 m overthelast2 millionyears,with,in addition, localisedareasoferosionin the Holoceneas a resultofanthropogenic and climaticpressures. In conformity, withresearch however, publishedsince 1977,Holocenealluviain Laconia are notjustconfinedto Late Roman-Byzantine and Classical-Hellenistic times.10 is The implication times,butappearto be tiedto laterprehistoric that our in for alluviation the Helos Plain should in be likewise broader as is time, clearly expectation discussedbelow.] A correlation ofknownarchaeological sitesin theHelos area withlocal geology,based purelyon showed that a number of wereclearlyon theNeogenhillsoftheeastand north-east maps, find-spots of the main but an number wereon thealluviumoftheplainitself.Finallytwo fringe plain, equal on schists. The challengelay in theapparentcontrast between sites,including AyiosStephanos, lay thetwoadjacentplains,especiallyas regardsthealluvium. 3. CUMULATIVE SURVEY OF THE SITES OF THE HELOS REGION I shallnow describethedevelopment ofmyfieldsurveyin theHelos region:see fig. 13.1 forthe results ofmyexamination ofnaturalfeatures and fig.13.2 fortopography. (i) Ayios Stephanos The siteitselfis a rockyschistpromontory, tiedin to thehillocksat thewesternend oftheplainby limestone and schistcontinuations ofthepromontory to thewest.It is surrounded on thenorth, south andeastbydarkalluvium, to in black colour. The sea is about km due south of the site. 2 While grey theappearanceoftheschistfrombeneaththehardlimestone is a commonsituation fora springline, andinfactsucha springwasinuse atthesitein 1963,thefarming ofthepromontory is very potential low.Hard limestone a relief and weathers but hence gives rugged slowly; verylittlesoil is created fromit,andthisis ofpoorquality. Schistose rocks,on theotherhand,weather veryeasilyand contain useful for a soil in terms ofminerals ofclays.In addition, whilethelimestone many components good is porousand all of thescantyMediterranean rainfallsoon disappearsintoitsdepths,theschistis and surface as was noticedabove,thecombination ofthetworocks thrives; impermeable vegetation makestheschistan aquifer. and allowssuch However,theschistproducesso manyerodedfragments thatitsnormalsurfaceis one ofan unstablescree,prohibiting thatfurther rapidincisionby streams comminution and chemicalweathering thatwould producea good soil fromthe promising rock andgivingno support toa densegrowth ofthelesstenaciousplants.Onlyin depressions components, and on plateausurfaces closeto thelocal water-table, whereschistresiduesare morestable,can the oftheschistbe brought to fruition. Now bothourpromontory and themixedschist/hard potential limestone toitswestlackconditions forextensive soildevelopment, theschisthillsbeingsteep,while thelimestone lacksthosesolution-hollows whereitsmeagreand in anycase poor-quality residuescan a clayeyredsoil. gatherto contribute fromtheEBA through to theLBA; in the However,theoccupationofthesiteis quitesignificant MH and LH periodsthe wealthof finds,the evidenceforimportsand the suspectedsize of the hitherto has pointto thesitebeingone ofthemajorcentresoftheplain.My experience community beenthatonlyveryrarely andtemporarily willa community a location remote from occupy agricultural landofhighquality. The obvioussolution is totaketheappearanceofthepresent landscapeas similar to theprehistoric, in whichcase our sitedominatesa good partof thewesternhalfof thealluvial we thatitlieson a defensible andis withineasyreach plain; mightsaytherefore ridgeabovea spring, of a largearea ofveryfertile and moistalluvium.The same interpretation couldbe appliedto the othersitesknownin thishalfoftheplain. However,frommy own workin the south-western Argolid,the ArgosPlain,the SpartaPlain, and fromtheMediterranean-wide workofVita-Finzi,12 itis nowalmost Melos,Crete,and Euboea,11 certainthatthevastbulkof 'recentalluvium'is postClassicalin date.Whilethisrecentsediment forms a terrace oftenseveralmetres inheightbesidelargeandsmallwater-courses, inthecoastalplain it mayreachfargreaterdepthsoffill.In thecase ofa majorriversuchas theEurotas,withitsrare Classicaldeposition to be expectedis 10 or even20 m. flow,theamountofpostqualityofperennial Sincesomehintas to theunderlying was other sitesneededto be visited. needed, landscape 10See Bintliff 2000 fora reviewofthefieldin a Greek context.

11Bintliff 19770,173-450,521-88, 605-66. lz Vita-rinzi 1909.


531

alluvialhistory is a vibrantfield,and thisis largelydue to thepioneering research [Mediterranean thelast and themanyprojectswhichhavefollowedhislead in takingseriously ofClaudioVita-Finzi, in 1973,I was entirely influenced thisfieldwork WhenI undertook 20,000yearsor so ofthishistory. recentand iconoclastic work,havinghad directexperienceofhis insights through by his relatively toMediterranean in andunchallenged contribution him Israel. Vita-Finzi's for lasting working previously butwas rare and unchanging feature alluvialhistory was to arguethaterosionwas nota permanent where to the model of 'Punctuated and violent,conforming long periodsof relative Equilibrium', and dramatic erosion of shorter are broken deposition.His further episodes landscapestability by weredue purelyto and slopedepositionoferodedsediments claimthattheshortcyclesofriverine or morerarelytectonicaction,has turnedoutto be fartoo simple.SinceVitaclimaticfluctuations, Finzi'swas themostrecentmodel,I triedin mythesisto fitall theevidenceI foundin Greekalluvial - an OlderFillfrom grandschemeoftwokindsofalluvialformation sequencestohisMediterranean times.Indeed,at manyplaces thelastIce Age,and a YoungerFillfromLate Romanand Byzantine Trinasoson thecoastwestofthe theinclusionofsherdsor buildingsofLate Antiquedate,including wellto thisprediction. Helos Plain,seemedto conform havetested as othergeoarchaeologists researchat regularintervals, [I havesummarised subsequent It remainsa hand.13 it of out in some cases Vita-Finzi's and modified scheme, rejecting unnecessarily Vita-Finzi's for as an cited14 I find that original apologist unrepentant myselffrequently curiosity in mypositionin mydecadal shift whohavenotfollowedthesubsequent scheme,by commentators revision. whichrequiredsubstantial revisits tothetopic,whereI madefulluse oflaterdetailedresearch the since is of alluvial of In thecontextofthisvolume,thequestion importance, history paramount coastal an alluvial three sides on surrounded ofthehilltopis one of a promontory plain, by setting of1973,itwasabundantly fieldwork In myoriginal formis clearlyofrecentorigin. whosecontemporary clearthatthemodernplainwas Holocenealluviumin itsupperlevels,witha previousstagewherea ofKraft, in beingalmostcertain.The drill-cores smallerplainexistedand thesea camemuchfurther ofthe and Rapp15confirmed Aschenbrenner this,withclearevidenceforthegradualencroachment onwards Eurotasdeltaintoa largersetofbaysovertheMiddletoLateHolocene,fromtheBronzeAge (see figs.13.5-13.6). I had assumedthatthisprocessof riverinealluviationwas largelyachievedin post[Naturally thedatingoftheYoungerFillto Late Antique-Byzantine Classicaltimes,following proposedin the that coastaldeltas scheme in Vita-Finzi the was also it Vita-Finzi However, well-argued chronology. formedan exceptionto his model and were activelyexpandingover the last 6,000 years,as an formation. river-terrace forhinterland alluvialfillspostulated to thetwo-phase formation independent been have to Thus theHelos Plainwas alreadypredictedby theVita-Finzi by represented theory oftheLate AntiqueYoungeralluvialFill,whichwould evenbeforethedeposition deltaicdeposition above theocean.16 further havelifteditssurface since has [What changed 1973 is thata seriesofmuchmoredetailedregionalstudiesthanVitathosein theArgolid,thePlainofArgos,Melos,Attica,Thessaly,eastern Finzi'sand mine,including haveclearlyshownthatthereoccurreda series Macedoniaand Euboea,to namethemostsignificant, betweenlonger as Vita-Finzi erosionalepisodesin Greece,sandwiched, ofshort-lived predicted, rightly erosional the more formation.17 and soil relative of important Amongst landscapestability phases in Late Classical another EBA is one of than in one more found times, Greece, during region periods, the other times. On in Roman to Late more and one or to EarlyHellenistic hand, times, Byzantine has there in human are that all such have claimed scholars some origin, episodes entirely although to be due more to are that a consensus to be consider what one likely they growing might developed fluctuations.18 and climatic human between interactions impact complex oftheHelos thealluvialhistory forrevising [Whataretheimplications regarding myearlierview19 Plain?In one respectI mustalterthe centralpostulateof post-Classicaldominance. Judgingfrom the Eurotas of in middle reaches the otherregionsof southern Greece,includingupstream Valley, is likelyto have occurredat morethan tributaries fromthatriverand itsTaygetus heavyalluviation one time,especiallyin theBronzeAge and Classical-Hellenistic times,as wellas in theLateAntique in documented. and I claimed as had toByzantine Exactlyhowthatmorecomplex part already period oftheBronzeAgesettlement wider environment the would have affected alluvialdepositional sequence 13Bintliff 1982; 1992; 2000; 2002. 14As Bintliff 10770. 15Kraft, and Rapp 1977. Aschenbrenner 16Cf.themodelriver 19770,497. sequence,map 6 in Bintliff

17Thesestudiesaresummarised anddiscussedinBintliff 2002. 18Cf. R. and Pope 2003 for J.J. Pope etal. 2003, Wilkinson theSpartaValley. 19Bintliff 19770,451-82.

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532

Fig. 13.1.Map ofthesurface EH andMH sites. geologyoftheHelosPlain,showing

at Ayios Stephanosrequiresus to factorin whatwere probablymore importantcontrollingvariables - namelysea-level change and deltaic coastal depositionalpatterns.I shall returnto considerthis totalinteractional nexus below.20] (ii) Skala: Ayios Nikolaos A shortdistancewest-north-west of the townof Skala is a sitethatgave evidence of occupationin the MBA and LBA. West of Skala a group of springsemergesfromthe interiorof the hard limestoneto forma river,the Vasilopotamos.This site,Ayios Nikolaos,is located betweenbranchesof itsstreams and on 'alluvium'. It should be noted that in practice two kinds of alluvium are met with in Mediterraneanvalleys.21 (a) First,and mostobvious to the eye, is the finebrownto black alluviumthataccompaniespresentday water-coursesas a terraceof several metresheight,and thatformsthe upper surfaceof all alluvialplains and depressions.In sectionit is well bedded and containslittlecoarse material.It is freshand the most importantland in the Mediterraneantoday,lyingclosestto the water-table, As was noted and horticulture all the lucrative to the centre of above,22 fruit-cropping. silty sandy, Fill. It as the in is known date. mostof it is definitely Classical Younger post(b) The otherkindof alluviumis reallyan alluvial-colluvialdeposition,i.e. much ofit stemsnot from red and ill-sorted, but frommassive slope-wash.This is characteristically regularstream-courses, and leaving of metres often tens hill and of at the vast thick, plain, junction forming pediments wide a and former terraces of remnant stream-beds above which,to valley-fill, deep high present 20 See

§4 (ii).

lx Ct. Vita-rinzi 196g and examples and discussions in

Bintliff1Q77Ö. 22See §3 (i).


533

Fig. 13.2.ReliefmapoftheHelosPlain,showing LH and Classicalsitesandmodernsettlements.

judgebysurviving examples,is oftenconvexin form.Thisfillcontainsmuchverycoarsematerial and seemsto be due to periglacial duringglacialperiods,especiallythefinal processesoperating It is knownas theOlderFill. Wurmglaciation. Wherea sequencecan be observed, theearlierand coarseralluvial-colluvial thedarker, fill,underlies fill.The necessary and intervening thetwo finer historic tracesofa disconformity between weathering fillshavebeenperceived(e.g.in Atticaby Paepe 1980) to fillthechronological of gap 8,000 years. In Greece,after rarevolcaniceruptives theUpperPlioceneNeogen,withtheexceptionoftheporos, and thepresent bed-loadofstreams, all laterdepositscan be separatedintothesetwogroups,i.e. the and the Fill. Older and ofthe Younger Althoughthealluviummarkedon themapsofPhilippson23 Institute forGeologicaland MineralExploration24 is undifferentiated, on observation thealluviumon theHelos Plainitself, as expected,showsall thefeatures oftheYoungerFill. and divisionis now required, [Aswas notedin thepreviousupdate,a morenuancedchronology 25 althoughtheessenceoftheolderschemeremains.The Older Fillhad been seen by Vita-Finzi as to attribute itto several essentially depositedduringthepeak ofthelastGlacial,whereasI preferred The Holocene alluviaor YoungerFill are now consideredto have been multiple glacialphases.26 in discrete concentrated fromaround depositions periodsoftheMiddleto Late Holocene,essentially didnotadd a thirdequallysignificant alluvial 4000-1000yearsago.Importantly, myoriginal summary in theVita-Finzi formation In retrospect, thisformation now scheme,theCoastalDelta Formation.27 tothelaterHolocenedevelopment oftheHelos Plainthaneitherofthe appearstobe moreimportant first twojustmentioned, as willbe shownbelow.] 23 Philippson 1959. 24Dimadis and Taktikos 1989 (1969). 25Vita-Finzi 1969.

26Bintliff 19770. 27However, thiswas emphasised in Bintliff19770.

534

J· L· BINTLIFF

The siteofAyiosNikolaos,to mysurprise, is on a hillockamidtheYoungerFill,noris themound markedon anyofthemapscited.The findswerecollectedon topofa knollc.6 m high.Belowitand to thewestis founda low plateau,whereI founda clueto thecomposition oftheeminence:yellow sandsandfossilshell-beds. to the and round toitseastend,I came knoll, Returning overgrown passing acrossa scarpfacerecently cutbackby thefarmer. This showeda sectionrightthrough theknoll: redand yellow,rarelywhite,sands,withplentyoffossilsofmarineplantsand shellfish. Mostofthis, then,is earlyPleistoceneporos;thoughabsentfromall publishedgeologicalmaps of the area, it on thenorthern However,some belongstothe'seam'ofporosnotedbyPhilippson edgeoftheplain.28 ofthelowerpartsofthehill,especiallythelow plateau,couldwellbe ofPlioceneNeogen.Since,in thatthe trueNeogen any case, theporoshas mostof the properties advantageousforagriculture we an have link to correlations of sites and soils.29 Butherethehill possesses, interesting myprevious is surrounded recent and the visible area of soil of marine is alluvium, by origin verysmall.Across the marshyYoungerFill to the edge of the hardlimestonehillsto the north,I noticedtracesof similardepositsof smallextentrunning intothealluvium;without doubttheylinkup to our knoll underneath. Further southintothealluviumanotherknollappeared,of aboutthesameheightand similarcomposition. shouldprobably [As was remarkedearlier,theporosmarinebeach-formation be attributed to themostrecenthighsea-levelsofthelastInterglacial and itsprecedingequivalent, rather thanto theEarlyPleistocene.] (iii) Ayios Ioannis and Xeronisi Further west,besidethemainroadbetweenSpartaand Skalaand on theedgeofthehardlimestone hillsabovethelevelsurfaceoftheplain,I foundthesiteofAyiosIoannis,describedby Waterhouse and Hope Simpsonas a 'smallterrace'witha fewMycenaeansherdsand someClassicalmaterial.30 The locationis a thinstripof yellowish-white the loweredge of the hard sandymarlsoverlying andagaindisappearing tothesouthunderthemarshy blacksoiloftheplain.A pattern was limestone, to this was a small area but on the and here beginning appear:again, ignored admittedly maps, just we getearlyoccupation. The remarkable siteofXeronisilies somewayoutintotheplains ofthelastsite.A considerable amountofEBA, MBA and LBA pottery is reported, withsomeClassicalsherds.As usual,it together wasnotpickedoutfromthealluvialplainon thegeologicalmaps.After I crossedtheseveralhundred metres ofintervening moistplainsoilwithitscountless a drainage-canals, longandlow'island'appeared toriseoutofthemuck:hencethenameXeronisior 'dryisland'.Of courseitscomposition turnedout to be yellowsandymarl.The moundis quiteextensivebutwas formerly a good deal higherthan beenartificially levelled.Thismaywellhavebeentoremove today,theuppersurface havingrecently theoriginal surface of that characterises thetopofmanyofthelesserodedmarly upper conglomerate hillsoftheeasternsideoftheHelos Plain.Atpresentthehighest sectionofthehillis only preserved a fewmetresabove themuckofthesurrounding and its axis plain, long mightmeasurec. 100 m. (iv) Lekas Panayiotis and Lekas South A numberofsitesare knownin a raisedarea thattakesup thenorth-west corneroftheplain,to the northof AyiosStephanosand separatedfromit by darkalluvium.The corneritselfis markedas 'alluvium'by Philippson31 butgroupedby theInstitute forGeologicaland MineralExploration as 1 spentsometimecriss-crossing etc.'.32 thiszone,whichconsists ofrolling 'slopewash,conglomerates hillsat themost15m abovetheflooroftheplain.An important naturalfeature foritsunderstanding is foundjustnorth-east ofit,where,by themainroad,a side-valley runsintotheplain.The deeply incisedstreamhereis accompaniedon eithersideby a heavilyconcreted redterraceoftypicalOlder at a steepishanglefromthehardlimestone hillsto theeastandwestofthevalley.This Fill,extending redalluvialterracecanbe followeda shortwaysouthbelowtheroad,tillitdisappears underthefresh darkYoungerFilloftheplain.Justbeforeitsdisappearance and on itswestern edge,whereitadjoins theLekashill-group, I founda well-shaft. The shafthadbeenfreshly redOlderFill, cutintothebright andthelatter wasvisibleforming thesidesoftheshaft fora depthof3-4 m intotheground.However, besidethewellwas theearthtipfromtheexcavationoftheshaft. The toplayerwas fineyellowmarl ofNeogentype;then,in reversestratigraphy, thereddepositsformed thebulkofthetip.Thoughthe itwas clear levelatwhichthemarlappearedwastoodarkto discernin thelowerreachesoftheshaft, 28 1959. 29Philippson See §2 above. 30Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 95.

31Philippson1959. 32Dimadisand Taktikos 1989 (1969).


535

thatit had been penetrated notfarbelowmyestimated depthof 3-4 m. Now theLekas area has a marls softclayey-sandy consistsofalternating butitsmainstructure surfacecoverofporosshell-beds, thelatterPlioceneNeogen. beds shouldbe earlyPleistocene, The former and pebblyconglomerate. thediscovery todifferentiate Sinceitis difficult byeyethesandierpartsofthesetwomarineformations, sinceheretheclayierNeogenwaswelldown,andthecombinedheightofthe ofthewellis important, withthenormally is inconsistent quitethincoverofporos.On eithersideofthereddeposits hill-group andriseup ontothehills,whichshowthecharacteristic themarlscometothesurface ledgesofharder in places covered area is weathered this raised 1 that the bulk of conclude hillocks, Neogen Neogen.33 in and itslower at the sides covered and later and a thin of layer porosconglomerate shell-beds, by and streams from which are red alluvial/colluvial derived,respectively, adjacent deposits partsby once morethe The numeroussherdsfoundall overthesehillocksreflect fromitsown slope-wash. fortheRendsinasiltsformedon Neogen.34 ofearlysettlers preference withEBA and MBA sherds settlement a considerable The mainsiteis LekasPanayiotis, prehistoric and plentiful a and majorfindsoftheMycenaeanperiod,e.g. a thickdefensive wall, figurine pottery, timeswillbe ofthesesitesin historic The reoccupation material. withsomeClassicaland Hellenistic and stillin the forNeogensoil.200 m south-west, discussedbelow;35 againtheyexhibitthepreference continues surface LBA and Classical MBA and site another yielded sherds; among hillocks, pottery thehillockstill,at the southernedge of theraisedarea,wherethehillsare at theirlowest,a low EBA to LBA, and definite moundcalled'LekasSouth'is found,withprobableNeolithicoccupation, sink underthe m marls or the within situated Thislastsiteis Classicaland Hellenistic. so, where, 50 ofAyiosStephanos. dark,evenplainthatrunssouthto thepromontory (v) TSASI, ROMAÏKA AND KOKKINADA

ofSkala and travelling north-east up thevalleyoftheEurotas,one leavestheflood-plain Proceeding Fill on eitherside,is soonshutin byhillsofhardlimestone. of terraces with but narrow and, Younger Thisvalleyis,on 1 km,wherethemainriverveerstothenw,wetakea tributary After valleynorthwards. thelowhillson down from Fill with Older red filled little and thesurface, incised, sloping clayey dry thatis intotherectangular eitherside.Afteronlya shortdistancewe are at thewatershed depression the at this and Tsasi of the boundedon thenorthand north-east point soil Just villages Myrtea. by Archaic dateon the or of Geometric I a notice and red to from colour krater-fragment yellow, changes is on the west this that bounds to south-east north-west The composedofa core side-plain ridge ground. withan overlayofmarlthatreaches,on theeastandnorth-east ofhardlimestone sides,almosttoitstop. fromtheridge.Thisis calledRomaïka infact,a hillstandsoutsomewhat corner, Righton thenorth-east constituted and Hope Simpson36 and thosecollectedby Waterhouse withreference to itsantiquities, on theNeogenareas. as usuallocallyconcentrated tilesand sherds, ClassicalandHellenistic FromheretheNeogensweepsto thenorth,in itssoftformas faras thehamletof Phlision,and aroundto the east throughthe villageof Tsasi and acrossto the largevillageof Myrtea.Several tonguesofNeogendescendfromthearea ofTsasiintothealluviatedside-basinto thesouth,and a withthe majortonguereachesfromMyrteato themainroadthatmarksthejunctionoftheside-plain is thatthenatural mainplain.All theNeogenin thisareais dottedwithsites.Whatis quiteimportant i.e. wheretheVrondamasplateauofNeogenlosesits at aboutthelevelofMyrteais respected, frontier sandsandclaysbeneathitarepresented, thefertile here southwards From infertile cap ofconglomerate. of have traces line do we and onlybelowthis occupation. Notfarsouthoftheborderjustnoted,and builtintotheconglomerate scarp,thereis a chamber hillsroundaboutEBA, the of Tsasi. On m the east of tombofLateMycenaeandate,about500 village the south. to is known,especially LBA, Classicaland Hellenistic pottery AlongthemarlytongueofMyrteathereis a largeredhillnamedforitscolour'Kokkinada',about ofVlachioti.Late Mycenaeansherdswerefoundon it,and twopossiblechamber 1 kmnorth-west tombsarelocatedon a low Neogenknollbelowitto thewest.EH and Classicalpottery appearedon not visited a hill200 m northofKokkinadaalongthetongueofmarl.Myrteaitself, by Waterhouse in this sidefertile and Hope Simpson,maybe theanswerto thelackofa majorBronzeAge centre and a basin;forwe have one definiteand two possiblechambertombsforsuch settlement, my in otherregionshas shownthatlocal administrative units,at leastin theLBA, appearat experience LekasPanayiotis, i.e. AyiosStephanos, intervals overthelandscape.The nearestmajorcentres, regular Eitherthe centre are too remotefromthisnaturalpocketof fertility. Asteriand AyiosStrategos, 33Cf. ofSpartain Bintliff 19770,371-450. 34Cf.mystudy 19770. myotherstudiesin Bintliff

35See (iv). §4 36Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 94.

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J. L. BINTLIFF

detailedsurveyofthelocalities underlies as Hope Simpsonhas suggested to me,37 or further Myrtea, wherefindshavebeenmademayreveala majorconcentration ofsettlement. (vi) Vlachioti, Asteri-Dragatsoula, Asteri-Karaousi and Ayios Strategos NearthetownofVlachiotitheBritish Schoolin theearly1900sfoundancientcolumn-drums,38 while Kahrstedt a Roman villa.39 Waterhouse and locate Classical and Hellenistic reports Hope Simpson on a hilla littlewestofthetowncentre.40 This corneroftheHelos Plainconsistsofalluvial pottery to theeastand south,witha giantridgeofNeogenmarlsand conglomerate flood-plain descending fromtheVrondamasplateaudue south-east as faras thecoastalmarshes.Withinthehillocksat the is similarly edgeofthelatternestlesVlachioti,and thehillwithantiquities placed.Betweenthishill and Kokkinadaon theparallelbutsmallertongueon thewestrunstheBourbastream.The whole betweenthesehillshas been mappedas alluvium,but againwe findthatmuchof it is depression witha thinveneerofalluvium. In thecentreofthedepression the marls,sometimes undulating gently riverhas incisedintoitsownbed to a depthof 2-3 m,and in itswell-bedded YoungerFillsectionI recovered fromover2 m down,regrettably undateablebutat leastshowinghowrecently the pottery fillaccumulated here.Doubtlessthemarlsextendat no greatdepthunderthealluviumtojoin up the twotongueson thewestand east. A numberof sitesare knownamongstthe Pliocenehill-chain which,as was noted,runsdown VlachiotipastAsterito thesea, and cutsoffthemainplainfromthesmallerone to theeast through endofthechain,somehardlimestone (thisis leftoutofthepresent study).Atthenorthern appearsas a cliff underthemarl,butsoondisappearsas thehillsdecreasein sizetothesouth-east. Up on thehillofVlachioti, thereis fineplateauland,and bya farm-house topshere,justsouth-east Mycenaeanand Classicalpottery. a gorgein thehardlimestone has a fanofOlderFill Below,at thefootofthecliff, wherethetorrent meetstheevenplain;thisfanis incisedandpartly filledwithdarkYoungerFill,and is nowbeingincisedagain.2 kmnorthofAsteriand also up on thefertile thereis a small hill-tops MycenaeansitewithClassicalfindsand also possibleMedievalbuildings. Only200 m northofthevillageofAsteriis a largehill,Karaousi,witha longand richrecordof intheNeolithic, intheEBA,MBA andLBA,andwithProtogeometric occupation, beginning continuing or Geometric, Classicaland Hellenistic whileof coursepresent-day Asteriis immediately material, Here some would see Homeric Helos. surface collection adjacent. Unfortunately provedmoresuccessful thantrialexcavations,41 sinceheavyerosionaccountedforthewealthofsurfacepottery buthad also causedtheloss of settlement features. To theeast,a scarpof conglomerate witha good scatterof DarkAge and Classicalpottery containsa numberofcollapsed'caves'thatquitepossibly Mycenaean, a series of chamber tombs. represent Mycenaean Notfarto thesouth-east ofthevillageofAsteriand on top of a hillabove themarshyplainlies This site has EBA to LBA sherdsand,alongthetopofthemarls,a good surface Asteri-Dragatsoula. coverofporosshell-beds. In addition, to thewestoftheroadentering Asterifromthenorth, thereis a low surrounded a on which of very marlypromontory good quantity pottery by alluvium, appeared, someofwhichI identified as Classical.In thehillsto theeastofAsteriWace and Hasluck42 reported findsof 'antiquemarbles',tilesand sherdsat 'Sto Manolaki'.The locals referred thisname to the wholeareafromAsteritotheridgein thecentreofthemarlyhillstotheeast,thoughWaterhouse and in their visit to the site an actual within In location this zone.43 fact Classical, Hope Simpson suggest Hellenistic and Romanmaterial is abundantall overthisarea,fromthehinterland ofAsteridownto thecoastat thesouthern end ofthehills. Attheveryendofthishill-chain theheights descendlowerandlower;finally themarlshavealmost under alluvium a the of the when meet small marsh coastal disappeared plain they onlyabout200 m fromthesea. Atthispointa numberoflowhillswitha chapelmarkthemajorsiteofAyiosStrategos, withimportant findsfromtheNeolithic, EH to LH and Classicalperiods.The Mycenaeanmaterial includesa smalltholostomb,alwaysa markoflocal royalty and theonlyone knownfromtheHelos area. The siteconsistsof twoparts.The westernpartconsistsof theridgewiththechapeland has EH and Classicalfinds, theremainsofan undatedbuilding. Neolithic, with,on thehillsto thenorth, is an with EBA LBA betweenthetwo,andnorthwards, The eastern eminence to sherds. Somewhat part a theuppermost of the tholos out of hillock. Againbetweenthesetwo,butto the tip appears marly 37Pers. comm. 38Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 1010-21, 150. 39Kahrstedt 1954, 212.

40Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 92.

41 Taylour iQ72, 262-^.

42Wace and Hasluck 1907-8, 161-2. 43Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 89.


537

tosea-level;a lagoonentersthesmalldepression south,thegroundis verylowindeed,themarlsinking northandnorth-east, here,todayonly150 m fromthesite.The locationhasNeogentothenorth-west, ofYounger and,ifitwas a port,twobeacheson eitherside,sincethesmallerε plainis half-composed centrein theMycenaeanperiod, FillwithNeogenhillockstotherear.Ifthiswas a localadministrative inArgosandSparta,44 wouldhaveincludeditsharbours inthelightofmyterritorial studies its'territory', witha goodportionoftheNeogenin theupperpartsoftheε plain andall theNeogenup toVlachioti, to oursites siteis knownat aboutthelevelofVlachiotiand to itseast,corresponding as well.Another and from and at theouterlimitoftheeffective nearVlachioti, exploitation AyiosStrategos Asteri. (vii) Trinasos and the Lagio Site to the theplainis roundedoffby rockyhillsbelonging ofAyiosStephanos, Westofthepromontory their As was noted and hard limestone. above,45 general porphyrite Taygetuscomplex,i.e. schists, inthesteepscree-filled islimited andsoildevelopment tosettlement isunfavourable valleys, appearance theonly wherein factmuchofthesoilis clearlydevelopedon theterraceofYoungerFill.Stephaniá, halfoftheplain,andthenearbyhamletofSouli,havethemainpartoftheirfields villageinthiswestern ofolderrocksforpastureand very in theplainitselfand in theLekasNeogen,usingthehinterland i.e. withwidelyspacedtrees.However,twositesareknownin thishinterland. extensive olive-culture, ofAyiosStephanos.Herewe havereports is on thecoastseveralkmsouth-west The first, Trinasos, said to be of Classicaldate,on theplateauabove thecoast;I was unableto ofa largefortification, lies notfarabove theremainsofan ancientharbourby butit certainly locateitsexactwhereabouts a theTrinisaislands.Thesethreeisletsarelinkedup at a shallowdepthunderwater,and onceformed aidedby sea-walls.The name'Trinasos'occursas forboats,apparently naturalbreakwater anciently who harbouroftheSpartans, i.e. a subservient in theClassicalperiod,46 thatofa Perioeciccommunity the Helos we knowto havepersonally plain. occupied In a underwater sitenotedby Kraft.47 to be seenin thisarea is a remarkable Butthemajorfeature with courses and its surface three-island of the west of the remnants but narrow inlet harbour, long just fromthebeachoftheinlet8 m abovethewaves,therecan be seena largecomplexofwallsrunning and concretethatseemsto and built of stone or so intothesea. Theyforma regularrectilinear plan, be oftheRomanratherthanthemoderntype.On myvisitthereI was able to gatherpottery (Late as identified them G. RomanCombedWareamphoraesherds)fromthechambers. J. Youngerkindly ad. in centuries i.e. Late Roman to date, 4th~7th being EarlyByzantine terraceof darkYoungerFill,whichis at as theinlethas a well-preserved This siteis ofinterest, This terracecontainsLateAntiquepottery the sea. its and eroded incised stream by being by present and formsan abruptscarpabout1 m highat thelandwardend ofthebeach,whichwouldbe c. 2 m aroundtheterrace.However,since Sand has accumulated abovesea-leveland thebuilding-complex. it is clearthatthesea has risenrelativeto theland in thisarea,and thatthedepositionoftheFill withthebrokenscarpwitha lowerbase-levelat theseawardend,takentogether shouldcorrespond theYoungerFillhere we can safelyconcludethat,at theend ofthedeposition, faceoftheFillitself, out thanit is today.The extendedforsome distanceintothepresentinletand thesea was further theangleofthe shore-line exactformer mightbe indicatedby theangleoftheFill:ifwe extrapolate thesea, evenat would have entered to the old which are shore-line, fill-beds, they obviouslygraded the well beyond building-complex. today'slevel, is this:an inletofthesea receivedfroma streamsediment ofthesituation which, Myinterpretation ofa substantial was Roman or times, thickenoughtoallowtheconstruction building. Byzantine byLate thecomplex,butthiswas removedby themorerecentmarine alluviumoverwhelmed Subsequently side.The structure, frombehindon thelandward andtoa lesserextent transgression, bystream-incision sea fromcontinuing sand accumulation the nowmainlyunderwater,wasrevealedagain,but prevents attacks. Theseeventsmaybe closelyparalleledby itserosionofthefillintothescarleftfromitsformer identicaleventsin the Classical harboursof Melos and Aegina,48and pointsto Aegean-wide as alsotointensive humanactivity andmarinetransgression, contemporary processesofsedimentation this and on thelocal occurrence ofporos possibleNeogen ruggedcoastline alongthecoast.Whether I I cannot since did not locate theruinsinland. ancientcommunity wasconnected tothereported say, but a marine Butthearea is hardlylikelyto have provideda livelihoodforanything community, unlessthemaincentreofTrinasos layinlandnearLagio,whencea valleydoesindeedlead tothisinlet. 44Bintliff10770, 271-450. 45See §3 (i). 46Bölte 1929.

47Kraft 1972, 98-101. 48Cf. on Melos Bintliff 19770, 521-88.

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The sitenearLagiois a good houron footfromAyiosStephanos, as one headsup intothehillsto thewest.It is mostlywretched and infertile withverylittlesoil hard country, alternately limestone indeedand schistthatis too steepand scree-like forfarming. to thesiteI However,abouthalf-way foundmyselfemerging fromtheroughcountryontoa highbut flatdepressionof schistbetween to south-east fromKrokeaito towering ridgesof hardlimestone, runningas expectednorth-west Trinisa.Above,on thewestern is the of while walk minutes' 20 ridge, village Lagio, alongthefertile to the south is a where Waterhouse and collected a good hill, plateau conspicuous Hope Simpson amountof EH and Mycenaeanpottery.49 As was notedabove,50 certain conditions schistose given formations can produceveryfertile are rarelymet.In thisdepression, soils,buttheseprerequisites controlled bothbydifferential erosionincomparison totheharderlimestones andbytectonic however, the the closeness to the local water-table and theabsence sinking along regionalfault-lines, necessary of erosiveincisionallowedthe stabledevelopment of a matureschistsoil. The plateauis notably withoutparallelin fertility, and is clearlythe centreof the food-supply and farmland of modern as it was for the The in which the site dominates this Lagio, patently prehistoric community. way early oasis ofgood land,theabsenceof otherlocal sites,thequantity offindsand thedistancefromthe nearestcontemporary centresarguesstrongly foritsstatusas a local centrein itsownright.Its easy linksdownstream tothesea bysheltered Trinisagaveititsownport-facilities, andwe maylookup on thisplateaufortheClassicalcommunity ofTrinasos. (viii) Concluding Observations To completethepictureofmajorfeatures, humanand natural,observedin theHelos region,three low risespeepingabove theevennessoftheplain,and entirely unnoticed to the by previousvisitors area,willbe ofaid to ouranalysis. The first can be foundto theeastofLekasSouth.100 m intotheplainfromthelow Neogenofthe werevisible,and the site,I observeda verylow rise;on it a fewcoarsesherds,possiblyprehistoric, hillockofmarl,strikingly amid the black of the is alluvium, yellow surrounding perhaps20 m longby 1.5 m high. about140msouthoftheroadbetween SkalaandVlachioti, between theKokkinada Secondly, midway and is a small but hillock several metres above the It is Vlachioti, ridge steep rising plain. composedof and white with at its on sands, base, conglomerates yellowishporos possibleNeogen probably especially a smallledgeatitsnorthern In it is a case remnant of eroded or sunken edge. any pre-alluvial certainly marinedeposits, andbelongstothetwotonguesofNeogenfurther northacrosstheroad. Finally,to thenorthof the same road and thistimebetweenKokkinadaand Skala,withinthe alluviumoftheTsasiside-basin, low undulations in a hillockabout 1 m above theplain, culminate withremains, as I was told,ofa chapel.These couldwellbe submerged 'marine'sandsand marls, into the side-basin from the west and since the torrents north, east, running feedingthisbasinare all and the Fill and Older are to be here. The tectoniceffects insignificant Younger unlikely verydeep whichcouldbe involved,witha patternof regulartroughsand lateralfaulting withintheregional in south-eastern are shown fig. trend, 13.3.

4. ANALYSIS:THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL LANDSCAPE (i) The Regional Soils Withtheexception ofthelocallyremarkable schist plateauofLagio,theas yetunexplained promontory ofAyiosStephanos, and theharboursiteofTrinasos, I hope to have demonstrated that,despitefirst allknownprehistoric andpre-Medieval areconfined toPlioceneandPleistocene appearances, findspots marinesandsand marls.One has onlyto consideron themaps (figs.13.1-13.2),howmuchofthe no traceofoccupation, to see thatoursampleis no randomone,butshowsa very landscapeexhibits in theSpartaValley,in the and one whichis to be foundequallystrongly clearlocationalpreference, PlainandPeninsula ofArgos,in theAyiopharango ofCrete,andon theislandsofAeginaandEuboea. As I haveshownelsewhere,51 soilscan be putintothreebroadgroups: Mediterranean whichare,exceptin karstdepressions, calledterra rossa, soils,sometimes (a) thehardlimestone poor in quantity and quality; 49Waterhouseand Hope Simpson i960, 105. 50See §3 (i).

51Bintliff 19770.


539

(b) the metamorphicand volcanic group,which generallyhave a high potentialin the parentrock but where favourableconditionsfor soil developmentand for the enteringinto availabilityof fertilepropertiesin the rock are veryrarelymet with,e.g. the schistdiscussedabove;52 (c) the softlimestonegroup,whichdeveloped on the sands and marlsformedin shallow seas, most commonlyofthePliocene period.This is highlyfertilesoil,the 'Rendsina' oftheold classification, and one whichveryeasilyweathersinto a favourablesoil, and is also verylightforthe purposes of cultivation.The Rendsinas have a particularabilityto retainmoistureand humus,i.e. the nitrogenso lackingin mostMediterraneansoils. [(d) a fourthgroupof soils mustof coursebe added, thosedeveloped on the older Pleistocenealluviacolluvia (theOlder Fill series)and on the Holocene alluvia (theYoungerFill series).] in the otherareas mentionedabove can obviouslybe shownto However,whilstthe earlysettlement fertilesoil,in concentrateon theRendsinas,because theretheyformextensivezones of easily-worked our area mostof the siteson the Neogen existmerelyas smallislandsof Rendsina amid the alluvium. I have alreadybegun above53to set out the evidence thatthisalluviumis, to a depthof manymetres in our plain, a post-Classical deposition.The potteryof the fillin the Bourba valley,the relationship betweenthe Late Roman or Byzantinebuildingat Trinisaand the fill2-3 m highbehind it, and the complete absence of any ancient or prehistoricfindsfromthe alluvium of the plain, are wholly predictable frommy own work on the Younger Fill elsewhere in Greece and fromthat of the citedabove.54[However,as was noted earlier,we now considerthe YoungerFill to geomorphologists have been depositedin discreteperiods duringthe last 4000 years,of which one, the Late RomanByzantine,may be evidenced at Trinasos.] ofthepre-Romanlandscape,essentialto set our sitesin theiroriginal The keyto thereconstruction environmental context,lies in regionaltectonics,whichis a long-termand fairlyconsistentmoulding force in landscape-evolutionall over Greece. The reader will no doubt have noticed, frommy geographicaldiscussionand perhaps fromthe maps (figs. 13.1-2), thatthereis a dominantsoutheasterlytrendto all the mountains,hill-chainsand valleysin Laconia. In thisdirectionsome areas are depressed,whereas othersare relativelyuplifted,i.e. experience relativeuplift.Again, consistently linethereis a consistent downwardfaulting towardsthesea. Although to south-east alongthisnorth-west in places the transitionbetween 'down' and 'up' areas is abruptand a cliffis found,e.g. where the Taygetusmassifmeets the Sparta valley,in most cases we can findexamples where the upliftedor remnantraisedzones are warped at the edges,i.e. to east and westthereare stepsleading down to the sunkenzones, fig. 13.30 illustratesthese threetendencies,and fig. 13.3ε shows schematicallytheir operationin the topographyof the Helos area. We knowthattheseprocesseshave consistently operatedfrompre-Pliocenetimes,and the factthat I foundPleistocenemarinedepositsonlyon thelowerhillocksoftheNeogen,namelythelowerLekas surfaces,Ayios Nikolaos, and Asteri-Dragatsoula,is a strongargumentthatalreadyby thattimethe patternof alternating'ridge and furrow'hill-chainsin a south-easternstrikehad been created by at the end ofthePliocene,a level plateau ofmarinebeds. faultingcontinuingfromwhatwas certainly, Now thelow Neogen featureson fig. 13.1 can be tiedintodown-warpingto east and westfromsoutheasterndipping and ordered ridges,and the bridgingsaddles and hillocksthat must connect the smallerto the largerhillsare certainlyto be foundat no greatdepth.We have alreadysuggestedthe necessityof picturingthe area minusthe top 5 to 15 m of recentalluvium,and thiswould definitely reveal these linkingdeposits.What I am puttingforward,then,on field data is the existenceof a buriedlandscape,whose formis in manyplaces barelyhiddenby latersedimentsof terrestrial origin. In the north-west, northand north-eastpartsof the plain, thislandscape was one of alternating high and low hill-groupsof fertileNeogen, which formedthe centre of all pre-Romanoccupation and agriculture, apartfromthe exceptionsnoted above. revision [The requiredhereis to expand more clearlymy originalcomments55 regardingtheEurotas Deltaic Fill. In the Vita-Finzischeme,duringInterglacialhigh-sea-levels, riversalwayshad bed-loads, and if the load was not very high,the bulk of it was deposited at the endpointof the riversystem all their concerned,i.e. thesea or a lake. But when erosionincreased,riversprovedunable to transport increasedload (technicallytheylost 'competence') and deposited this along theircourses,not least assistedin givingthe streamsmore energy.For increasingthe angle of downwardflow,whichfurther the 'normal' of Mediterranean streamsin an Interglacial Vita-Finzi, therefore, phase periodwas associated 52See §3 (vii). 53See §3.

54See §3 (i). 55Bintliff 19770.

J. L. BINTLIFF

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