Assessing Climate Change: Temperatures, Solar Radiation and Heat Balance (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences) (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences)

Assessing Climate Change Temperatures, Solar Radiation, and Heat Balance Donald Rapp Assessing Climate Change Tempe...

Author: Donald Rapp

49 downloads 858 Views 7MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

Assessing Climate Change

Temperatures, Solar Radiation, and Heat Balance

Donald Rapp

Assessing Climate Change Temperatures, Solar Radiation, and Heat Balance

Published in association with

Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK

Dr Donald Rapp Independent Contractor South Pasadena California USA

SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

ISBN 978-3-540-76586-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2007938495 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2008 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper

! " % "

' ( ) * " % + , - *

# $ $ & # # .

/ + 0 " * * 1 , 2% 3 * 4 5 65 % 7

!

8 + - 9 + -9 8+ - 9 " -9: ; % % 8 + , , , % " ! + < + *

< ==-!)) " -! -% -> 1 !? "* 9 @ ( , ! A , . < # 6 * % B * " * @ * "

%

. . # # & & & & # $ $ . . . .$ # # # # # ## $& $& $ $

/ , % ==, - %)) C - % , " 2 , * @ , 0

5

5 6 6 % 1 5 *

5 2 E * % + 5 * % * % % % 6 % 5 6

% * F 5 % 6 36 %4 6 !%

5 6 5 6 ; *% 36 * %5 %5 65 5 "

U"

5 5 4 5 3 5 4 +

6: . . . . . .

365 %5 * 4 3 % 5 *** 4

! "

1.1.1.1

Tree rings

+ 6 1

*

% * <

; ( 65 $$4 *% @ * 5 @ * 5 , 3&&.4

, V

; ( / 6 5

# + 6 * 6 6 * && % 3.&&D&&&4 6 " +

6 * && -9

% * 6 *% 65 6 * % 2 8+ 6 " + % -9 8+ 6 # * *6 #&& &&&5 6 6 0 . % A 3&&4 52" (7 /" 6( 77(>6 @@63

@ K % 5 5 5 6 * 5 - 5 ! %5 3$$#5 $$$4 % % * < % 6 1 ==6 % * <E % < % 5

%

% %K *% % < )) 6 1 < 5 5 5 % * 5 * 6 5 5 < 5 6 % % * 6 6 * 3 / 4

+ * *E * * *% 5 6

0

/ * 6

6 <

: 2 0

5 & %5 6 0 & % + %5 - 5 ! %5 3$$#4 < % % * 1 3&& 4 K "+

6: == % 6 6 5 6 6 6 3

"4 * 5 * * " 6

"

0 " 3"45 "

"5 " + 6

* 5 % "5 "5 *

"5 " 5 " % 5 % * * K 6 % 6 ")) 6 "+ W % 6 5 "+ * %5 - 5 ! %5 3$$#5 $$$4 0 - 5 ! %5 3$$#4 6 F / % $&D$#&5 3&&D$&4 * 6 9 6

% *

6 0 0 <

0 6 % 2 0 $&&

$&& 0 - 5 ! %5 3$$$4 6 F 3$$#4 * 1 &&& - H 3&&4 6 1 - 5 ! %5 3$$#5 $$$4 * 1 && 6 F 0 34 6 6 5 34 6 % % 5 34 ( * 1 * % * 5&&& % 5 34 % 0 ( 1 & % 6 $&& %5 - H 3&&4 , ! 3&& 5 *4 6 ==2 6 %))5 6 % , ! 3&& 5 *4

- H 3&&4 6 J ; *6 6 - H 3&&4 *<

5 6 * *

5 2 5 & % !% 5 , ! 3&& 5 *4 %

5 65 % 5 < *

6 6

.

U"

- ;; + - 5 ! %5 3$$#4 / $&D$#& +

* 6 % % *

- ;; F % % &&& + - 5 ! %5 3$$$4 T $$# / $&D$#& % *

*

, V

; /

.

- ; ; *

6 - 6 /

5 6 6 K * + - H 3&&4

;;

&

+ * * % 6 6

* H 5 * 5 ! ; 3&&45 5 -! 0: ==@ % 6 U V / 3/4 * 1 1 3&&4 : ==. . . 0 *

* %

U- 5 ! %5 3&&4V)) 6 5 0 5 6 - 5 ! %5 3&&4 * 5 6 5 3 , 4 6 H1 3&&4 J *% 1 2 6 * ; 1 3&& 4 : == * * 6 + * 2 6 %

0 ! * * 6 1 3&& 4 ) % 5

3 * 6 4 % 3 * 4 6

5 6 K 3 % 6 %4 -! E -S * * 1 +

5 % *

, V

; /

..

5 % J

-! * 6 K *% -> 1 3&& 4 % * 6 "+5 ; 3 *% * *% < 1 3&& 4

F # 4

* &< % 6 *

% 5 * 1 % * % " K 1 6 * *% 3 4 , 5 -S- < E -! & * 6

6

9 6 & % 5 -! J 1 " 5 6 D

6 5 6 * 5 2 6 -! 6

1 "(/,@(C - ) F + %5 % " 6 & * * 5 *% 2 6 , ! 6 1 5 % * , -% ) * ; Q5 - 0 6 5 -S- * 6 -! F

%5 -> 1 3&& 4 6 % 6 1 1 %

* 6

6 F $ + F $

6 0 6 & %5 6 % * % 5 --

, V

; /

.$

- ;,; " C -! ,

*% -S- ' % + -> 1 3&& 4

6 5 0 * % + 6

1 % -S- 3-% -> 15 &&4 ( *

* -!5 ; * * * % & %5 J0 % ( * *% * * * W6 1 6 0

2.2.3.2

BuÈrger and Cubasch

!? "* 3&& 4 N

J * % 0 1 % % 6 %
2

% 6 == )) 6 5 6 % & % % 6 5 8+5 ; %: 2 ! ! 2 *$ # 0 % * 6 3 4

% % % 6 $&& $ % 0 &&

; ;;

7/24">2-/ 6/">267" 6

C 15 + 3&&.4

% * 6 6 * % 5 % 6 % 6 5

% 36 4 6 F 65 0 == )) E % % E * (5 -> 15 + 3&&.4 < K
% J ; *% ( ) 0 5 6 * % %5 " * * 5 6 " 6 ; * * 5 <

==, (;)) ;;#

+ (% 3$.45 ;

* 1 * 6 %: 6 , % 5 5 < 6 1 2 6 + % 6 5 6 6 + % *% 1 % % * 1 " 0 ,5 6 6 % + 5 0 (% 6 34 * %5 * 5 6 - : K 5 5 6 5 % *6 ( , 34 + % E< 6 1 6 K (% 0 <% ,
*

2 6 , 25 5 2 ,5 *%

; ; 4.4.2.1

C " CQSM based on sunspot number

*6 .&& *

* 5 6 % %5 1 6 6 * 6 % 5 6 * 6 + % 6 , 5

% * 1 - - 3 D. 4 6

E ==* )) , 6 * 1 F 5 , *

7 , /* * E % * & , 6 * #. " * $ '

* * 1 * $ 5 8 F 1 3$##4 K , $ $# 6 5 , % 6 , *

3 5 5 4 6

* * *% * ,

* 1 . % 7 , /* 3F .D4

% : , % % 5 * %

% 6 6 ,

% 6 *% % , 3$$4

* % 5 5 % * , 6 F F .&&D#.5 6 : % 5 % % 5 % F #. D$.#5 6 6 %: * F $.$ $$5 % 0 /* . +

* J --5 F

, -- 6 & O 6 %

6 %

;

2 F"(G

#$

TSI (W/m 2 )

, V

Year - ;; -

* % ,

6 6 0 +"@ + % , 3$$4

, 3$$4 5 * 0 ; ( % 6 E 34 ( 6 B 34 C ( ) ,

6 B + 6

6 ( %

6

; * 6 ; * % , 3$$4 / , 5 % % / 6 * , % 6 F G 0

, 6 , % 6 5 < % ( 5 % *

% < / % , 3$$4 5 , .O , && % &O .&& % : == * 2 /7+" 82(!7 3? ">7 +

, ( * * % + * * %K ; 35 - 5 &&G C 5 &&G 5 && 4 %

% 6 5 5

5 6

&

&&

! "

U"

% %

%5 % 6 " * % %5 * , *% ; * K , . + 3&&.4 % * ( ) % 5 & % , 6 0 *% + & ! 6 5 6 K * , 1 6 6 6 , 6 --

B + 3&&.4

% 6 6 , -- 6 6 *% & O 345 & O 345 &O 3 64 3 F #5 4 + 6 1 , 1 % 35 #5 5 # 4 6 # 6 6 * * % 6 % 7 6 * " E * . && 5 , 5 9L ,-/ 6 % 6 3 F 45 , * 5 * , 5 , * 6 5 9L *

& 5 6 * , 05 , % * % * , * %5
6 ! 5 A 3&&4 3C@4 *% & "L 6 " 3 4 - " C@

% 6 * K "

% * * %5 5 C@ 6

% 9

% " E %5 % * D * K + 6 * 6

C@

#; $

, V

- #;'; ,

C +

3&&4 0 ; * K , & %5

%

% 6 1 3&&4 % 6 6 & % 6

65 0 ; 6 6% 6 , 6 ; * ; *% 65 1 ; *6 6% * 6 $ & &&& % * * 1 3&&4 6 0 : == 6 6 5 *

%5 6% 5 *

6 E * )) ! 1 3&&4 6 : ==, 5 * K %

% * * 6 *

&

$

U"

;5 6 6 6

)) 9 % % * % * J * 6 5 < 9 6 * * ;

* %5 ; % * K F 5 E % * *% 1 3&&4 * % " % : == % *
% 6

6 < 0 , * 6
* & 5 6 * & % * ' J 0 % + K K 1 5 % ' < *% 6 3#&O45 " 3&O45 / 5 , 5 ,5 "5 5 " 5 ! ' 5 *% J W W ; ; * *% * * * 1 1

& 1

> 1 5 5 ## -

% 5 5 && * 5 5 $$

.

, <

>& 1

&& 1

* 5 5 #

#

- <

>& 1

5&&& 1

&

/ \ 5 6

* 5 5 .5&&&

#;%; & % F @ * 1 3&&&4 ,

- 2

,:

7 U8 1 V5

.#

* 5 ,* 6 5

#

.

" 5 /

#

+1J 5

#.

> 1 5

##

1 U 6 V5 / 5 /6 A

##

, - 5 7

$&

> 5 > 1 5 @

$&.

/ U> V5 + 1 5 ,

$

+5 ! 5

$

- , 5 9 5 ,

$#&

( " ]5 " 5 -

$#

- * 5 8K 5

$$

#

$

U"

- 5 6 * 1 " * % 5 61 *% E 3 , 5 &&4 ' J

% 3&& 4 3 * & % 4 %

3 *

% % & "L39L 4 @ * 1 3&& 4 6 K & "L39L 4 6 3 * % 4 , *% * % 6 5 6 F , 3 4 *% J

%

, 3 4 * 0 % % % 5 ( 6 % F %5 % ( * *% * 3'( 4 % * & " 6 5 * * # ==% 6 )) # /

&

$

U"

- #;; +

6 $$ * 0 +C &$. L& 6 % + C > 3&& 4

- #; ; *6 J ' 0 *% * * . 0 6 *%

0 8 3&& 4

#; !

, V

#;'; 8 F 0

,:

, 67 $&: , - 37 45 - ] 3- E45 , ^ 37 4 $&.: > 3> 1 4

$: > 3+ 1 4

$#: 6 3 4

$$: @ 3( 4

$: "

+K 3+ 4

.

$D$.: 1 3 4

#

$ : - ,

3+ 1 4

$

&

$: 7 + 3 4

$: +6 3 4

$.: 1 3 4

$.: F 37 4

$ : !K% % 3> 1 4

$#&: - , 3,4

$#: ( " ] 3- 4

$# : / @K 3" * 4

.

$$: * 3 4

#

$$: - ,

3+ 1 4

$

&&&: -

* ) % 1 + &D5 # == * ) % 1 ( &5&&& % 6 6 *

% 5 5&& 5# & * ) && 5 15 5 6 * 6 1 & 6

F

$

U"

*% . . . +

( + %)) 3, Q 1

5 &&.4 ! + 6 ; % 6 % 6 6 1 6 &&5&&& % 6 * * .5&&& % 9 ; * * 6 % 5 * * ; * * % % * 6 % + F 65 ( %

% * * %

% J 6 5 @ * 1 3&&&4 E 6 * *% 3 4 % 35 * 3'( #445

3*4 ; 3'( 4 , 6 .5&&& . 5&&& 6 6 == )) ==

6

)) " * * B *

#; #; ;

+ &3/ (6/ 6&8 " 8 +6

7 * %

+6

== , 6

6 % J 6 5 %

% 5 ; 6 % * G *

< %

% 6 * *6 5 5 * * * * 5 , * . * 6 5 > ) 5 , * 7 * % 5 *

6 <

* 5 * % * % 5 * * 3 *4 1 " F 5 , 3&&4 6

1 6 * * *%

% 6 ; , * 3&&4 , 3&&4 * 6 % 7 * % $$& 3 6 * 4 + , 3&&4 * 5 * .O 5 * O 7 * % $$& 6 6 * .& 7 * * " ** * * % 3" 4 & &

+ * " * 6 % 6 % * 2?

; 3$$#4 %K E 6

6 % 6 1 " 5 * " 34 9

34 7 37C4 6

, V

%;

#

- %;; J 6

*% ,$ + ; 3$$#4

34 ( % E *% 6

7C 34 - * % % K * <

==,$ )) J *% "" $$ ==* )) 5 " ,$ J 6

6 F 6 6

*

$$&5 *

&&5 *

% 7C 6 *% ,$ * ,_5&& $$& 6 J O % % % 7C 6 *% ,$ * &$ 9 (&7 (6&"8 3? (6(" &- -&""( -> "

"
5 6 1 6

% *% )) ( == 5 % 6

* ; . . . )) 9 == 0 6 % " %

% * . . . 9 1 < * . . . )) 3&&.4 6 % % E 3 , .4

';

+ &3/ 45/26(7+ 7/?"/?2"

,

* < 6 , + % 3&&.4 - 1 3&&4 < * *

6 6 0 , % 0 * 6 5 N 0

*J + J 6% 1 * *% ) 5 % % 6 < * 6 0 / " * % @ J K * 6 3 - 5 &&5 4 * % % *% 34

% 6 5 34 6 * * % 5 34

% >% , + % 3&&.4 % % % * 1 ( 5 &&
- ';;

+ ! 3&&4

8 3&& 4 J 6 15 * && * 6

6 5 *% 5 K 6 5 *J% * 1 ; E H ) % *% 3&&.4 , * E ) % , . 3&&.4 6 *% : 34 5 34 5 34 5 34 5 3 4 6 5 ! ;5 @ 3&&.4

$$&

F . < 5 == * 6 6

K 5)) == E * 6 % )) 3> 5 ! ;5 @ 5 &&.4 3&&.4 K *

7 3&&4 * % + < D + / + *% & 5 ! ;5 @ 3&&.4 J *% 3&&4 6 : ==. . . 6 "" 6 6 E "" 6 E E % 6 * & % 6

G * ) ( ) * % ; 6 % 5 *% == ))

9 * % / F 6 1 " " " 3/F"""4 " % * 0 5 % >% 6 & *

% O * 3774 + 5 >% *
% 6 *% *% * /) 7 6 e C 5

==+ )) 36 77 * * %4G e C 5

==/ % 1 6 :

% 6 >% * % + 3

% 5 H /

5 6 % 0< 5 6 77D

5 < 4 >%

6 @ @ 77

% % J * J * * * *% 5 % E % / D+

77 *% % 0 @ @ 6 6% % == )) 6 * 6

E

*;;

" : /

Signing % 6 >% 5 H C* $$.5 *% *% - 5 $$$ % 1 ; + O + F* % 5 &&

6 0 *% @ / * #5 && O + C* &&5 $ 0 3 < O + 4 ( D+ 6 / * , +

5 1 " 5 * + 5 0 * E * Details of the agreement >% 6 K 6

*% O 6 % $$& 3* $O 6 6 * && 6 >% 4

, #V

*; : $

6

3 * 5 5 5 2 5 F"5 F"4

0% % 6 < * K * *% * %) 6 % 6 5 >% " 5 5 6

* - %5 6 >% 5 6 * 6 < 5 6 * * F 5 ; " %6

6 / 1 % 5 * 6

" 6

* * *

5 " %5 * 6 % 6

& % >% * < % 6 : " + K , ( " 5 " ) 6

6

5 X Financial commitments N 6

% *

5 % % < J 6

% /F""" Emissions trading >% == )) % + 5 E O * 6 $$& * &&# & + < 5 6

* 5 6 *% @ @ E

6 / 5 6 %

* % >% * %5 0

6 5 % *% 6 , @ @ * 6 5 0 *% 1 6 *

%5 6 * 15 * 1 5 5 * 5

%

&

+

U" #

Enforcement ( ! + % 6 5 % E 1 ; &O 5 % 6

* 1 % + #O / 5 + % + + 34 + % 5 % 6

% 5 6 1 ,% 5 6 * ( % ; I 6 1% : %5 5 5 5 * 1 15 L * Germany H #5 &&5 7 6 % E >% United Kingdom % % >

% *

* > % >% >

% * >%

5 7 * * * *6 && &&#

% *% O $$. F 5 6 % 1 % 7 6

* *

* *% &O $$& *% % && France &&5 F 6 5 6 #&O % 6 ! 5 F 6 % K %5 % *

(

+

U" #

India + J 6

5 ) % %% $$& , $$&5 ,

5 ! 5 @ * < >% 5

*

% * 6

* * 6 @ 6

*0

>% United States ,5 % >% 5 0

6 6 %* 5 >% % 5 * * " ! % * * % 6 %G K

*;;

:

/ * * % % / , * % 6 1 * 6 >% 6 6 6

)

6 9

6 % * >% 6 *05 >% % E * N 6 * 5 % 9 % H 6 61 3&&.4 * 5 E *% < / ==9 % 6 % 6 % 6

6

*

K

))G *% , , C N ==9 * 6 ( % * 6 6 5 6 6

* % %)) ==+ * 6 % * 0 * 1 U V ;)) * / 6 6 6

%5 + %6 5 6

== 6 2 6))

% / 5 6 1 %5 *

% " 9 6 5 " 6

* % 6

) 5 * 6

) *% 6 ( " %

>% 0 !

* 5 "

%

6

>% * 6 % 5 % * * 6 5 * >%

% 2 6 + : == $$& * % % 6 6 1 6 @ 5 ( ( 5 7 % 6 % " % 6

) d

"

;44

5 * 6

E &>

, #V

*; 1 5 M

$

1

+ * *6

* < 5 5 / 6 *

, == % K 5 6 % )) - %5 / *

* 6 / 1: == 6 5 6 6 U V 6 B 6 6 % ;"; 1

E

6 +

6 * * )) 6 6 " &OD#&O

J & & * *< "(&7"

(

6 6 5 *% % 6 1 &5&&&

3 4 * &5&&& 6 6

( ) * % * *6 6 % 6 * N % 5 % 6 5 6

0 6

) 6

*% 2

6 5 %5

5 5 * 6 9

%5 5 J * ,5 ( ) * * ,5

5 * % %5 N 6 &5&&& % 3 / 4 * % % * 6 2 " K ( ) % 5

6 34 * % % K * K ( 5 34 0 2 K J *

- .

U" $

6 * * % 34 34 5 % 6 6

* %5 % 2 6 5 E 5 6

1 I

%5 ,

#

- .

,;

7(7 N>"(&7"

U" $

F 6 * 15 E 6 5 % E 34 6 6

6

86 : == = 1) * * % 5 * 1 1 5 0 6 * %

% " 6 1 15 " *

/ 01 2 ) An Inconvenient Truth

%

%5 + "

5 7 )

< " = * 6

) "

)) ) 1 6 6%5 * "

" ) "

1 6 * 5 6 6 2 1 2 * 1 H 5 6 5 6 "

6 2 . . . " ; 6 * 1 6 2 6 : %

G X 6

6 *% ( 5 6

0

+ * 5 * "

5 * 6 5 6 6

% *

% " ; /5 6 E1 2 36 B 6 B 6B4

* 6 + 2 * * /

5 % " ; + 7 3

%4 6 < 1 % ( " #; + 7 ; * % 6

5 6 ; 6 6 * % 6 5

% 6 * * 1 15 == * 6 )) ==

)) F 6 N 5 5 * % * ; 2 ( 5 6

% * * @ %

/ 01 2 ) An Inconvenient Truth

2

%5 6

% 6 E % ! + 7 6 " ; 5 + 7 * %5 *
3$$$45 ==, I %5)) A 345 D +5 H G (6 H ! 1 3&&.45 ==+ " & 1 !5)) A ? 5 8&.& +

%5 @ !G " 1G %* G H 3&& 45 ==
G , ( ,6 KG @ >G

! G @ G H K* 3&&45 ==" *% : + K% 5))
5)) A ? @G * 5 HG ,6 * 5 F G

5 "G H 5 CG ,% 5 , 7G ' 5 ( + 3&&45 ==8 6

2

" *5 ,G " @KG 7 G ' % G - > % 3&&.45 ==/ < / D % 5)) @ 5 D. "

5 @ * G H F G H ' G H , 3&& 45 == * 5)) C*%G 7 8 3&&45 ==7 6 $&D$& $$ D && 5)) A ? 5 8.&. " 5 H 0 " 3&&&45 ==' * % +

5)) I 2 @ 5 .D$. " 6 %5 G ! 8

G 7 C G + - 7 G ( C 9 3$$$45 == < 9 + ,5)) *%5 #&D# " 6 %5 H 3&&45 =="% 5 % %6 5)) ,#5 .D. " 6 %5 HG , 8 6 % 3&&&45 == 6 6 6 - 9 B)) ,5 D "* 5 G ( A G F 7 K
5 / HG - ? G 7 > G > G > ,;G C @ % 3&&45 ==> J : @

6 * & % 5)) A ? 5 8 & C *%5 CG H ! G 7 " G + ' G "

3&&45 == " %

2 6 5)) A ? 5 8& & 8 5 + HG + / -

3&&45 ==( 2 6 5)) I 2 @ %5 #$.D$ , 5 , 1 8 3&&45 ==' ) 5)) ;
% 5)) 0 #5 .D & C 5 ! "G 9 @ 3&&45 == KK * < 5)) 5 - 5 ;
3&&45 == 8 8 7 - 5)) ? ! 5 $D (%5 H 3$.45 == - -5)) ,5 #$D& ( 5 H @G ( "

G - C C 3&& 45 / 2 @C :P % : 5 , 8 3$$45 ==8 , "% : +

% % 6 5)) 0 # 5 $#D.&&

2

.

715 H 3##45 A ? B 2 5 ;
G % 9 6G @ 8 3&&45 ==8 L ; , " / , 5)) A ? 5 8.&

5 + G ,%1 - * 3$$$45 == 6 * 1 * * % * 6 5)) I 2 @ 5 .D 5 (6 G H " 3&&45 ==@ 7 6 / +

5)) A ? " G + > H G ( 1 F G 8 C C % %G , C G - ( , G , , G @ * 7 9 G - 8 9 % 3$$#45 ==( % * K " 5)) 0 ,#5 ##D## ; 5 - G > " G 7 % ! G C @ " 6

G " 7 G 6 K G + > H G , >G > , 8 1 G H , 86 3&&45 ==+ % * * %: ( % 5)) ,*5 $# ; 5 H , 3$#45 : 2 ? 5 ; ( 3&&45 2 : 5 ; @ ! ; 3&&45 ==(

5)) ,5 D# H 5 CG > @ ! ; G ! G , F ! 3$$#45 ==< <

: 5 6 7 " - < 5)) / *5 D. H15 - /G - @ +

G > @ ! ; G H ( G 7 "

G + - * G H * G , 8 9* G ( A 3&&45 ==-

5)) @ . 5 &&D&$ > %5 (G - " 3&&45 == * K 5 @ F5 ==" = ,1 + " )5)) 5 H G > ( * 3$$.45 ==( ) * % *5)) 5 '*5 $.D&# > %5 > 3$$.45 @ 5 5 ; 3$$$45 @ 5 ;
3&&45 A @ @ ?5 ; 5 @G @ ( % 3&&45 == " 3$$#45 ==7 * 3$$$45 ==/

: 5 5 5)) A ? %5 . $D. - 5 - (G @ , ! %G - > 3&&45 =="

: 7 * H - G / 7

G - (*% 3&&45 ==/ : 5 % * * % 5)) @ . 5 D.$ - 65 H +G > @ ! ; 3&& 45 == =8 +): @
- 9 G - 8 9 %G H - + * G + C 3&&45 ==, 6 %5)) I 2 @ %5 D -5 1G H > 1 +% G @ * 1 G C 3&&45 ==" 5

5 5)) I 2 @ '5 .D# -6 5 >G + 6 ( C 3&&45 ==9 * 1 : - * 5)) I 2 @ '5 .D# -6 5 >G + 6 ( C G , 6 1 3&&45 ==- % 6 * 1 5)) I 2 @ ,5 D -

5 H F !G " H 3$$.45 == 0 * 6 *% 5)) I 2 @ G / - C 1 G 9 >

G , ( 8 K 3&& 45 == % * / 6< < % 5)) 0 5 D. - 1 5 " 3&&45 ==7 : +
2

- ? 5 / G C %G @ ! %G @ " G - C G ! F%G > 7 J61G 7 H *%G + H 3$$.45 ==+ < 5)) '*5 05 H -G ( ! * %G @ , G G > + !J G @ 7 " 1G C -+ G 8 -" G - H /6 G 7 3&&45 ==7 * J
, ' 3$$.45 ==+ 6 * % 6 1 * 5)) 5 2 '*5 #.D#$

2

5 "G + / ! G " / 9

G / " 7 % 3&&&45 ==+ *

D

Assessing Climate Change: Temperatures, Solar Radiation and Heat Balance (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences) (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences)

Space Weather (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences)

Biogeochemical Cycles in Globalization and Sustainable Development (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences) (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences)

Chernobyl: Catastrophe and Consequences (Springer Praxis Books Environmental Sciences)