Asm Ready Reference Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals

© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. ASM Ready Reference: Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals Data Bo...

Author: J. Gilbert Kaufman | Stephen R. Crosby | Paul J. Sikorsky | Howard W. Sizek

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© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. ASM Ready Reference: Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals Data Book (#06333G)

www.asminternational.org

ASM Ready Reference

Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor Fran Cverna, Manager, Center for Materials Data

ASM International® Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org



Copyright  2000 by ASM International® All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

First printing, December 2000

Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of ASM’s control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions is recommended. Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent, copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement. Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ASM ready reference electrical and magnetic properties of metals / prepared under the direction of the ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee; ASM International staff, Charles Moosbrugger, technical editor; Fran Cverna, manager, Center for Material Data. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Metals—Electric properties. 2. Metals—Magnetic properties. I. Title: Electrical and magnetic properties of metals. II. ASM International. Materials Properties Database Committee. TA459.A79 2000 620.1’697—dc21 00-046881

ISBN: 0-87170-690-3 SAN: 204-7586

ASM International® Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org

Printed in the United States of America


Contributors and Reviewers J. Gilbert Kaufman Kaufman Associates, Ltd.

Paul J. Sikorsky The Trane Company

Stephen R. Crosby Stanley Tools

Howard W. Sizek Special Metals Corporation

ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee, 2000–2001 Bruce E. Boardman, Chair Deere & Company

Barry Hindin Battelle Memorial Institute

Paul J. Sikorsky, Vice Chair The Trane Company

Gorden Lippa North Star Casteel

J. Gilbert Kaufman, Past Chair Kaufman Associates, Ltd.

Guiri L. Nash Electromotive Division General Motors Corporation

Samir K. Banerji Caterpillar, Inc.

Charles A. Parker Honeywell Aircraft Landing Systems

David L. Bourell University of Texas at Austin

Howard W. Sizek Special Metals Corporation

Steven A. Bradley UOP

Jason M. Smith University of Kentucky

Bryan R. Cope American Spring Wire Corporation

John E. Smugeresky Sandia National Laboratories

Stephen R. Crosby Stanley Tools

Gary A. Volk Illinois Central College

Earl (Bob) Eaton GM Powertrain General Motors Corporation

Jack H. Westbrook Brookline Technologie

iii




Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4

Materials Groups in Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Part 1

Electrical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part 2

Chapter 1 Introduction to Electrical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 2 High Conductivity Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 2.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 2.3a Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Aluminum Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Table 2.3b Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Copper Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 2.4 Weight Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 2.5 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of High Conductivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Table 2.6 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Table 2.7 Relative Resistivity at Extreme Temperatures of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Chapter 3 Higher Resistivity Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Table 3.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Table 3.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Table 3.3 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Table 3.4 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Chapter 4 Solders and Fusible Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Table 4.1 Volume Conductivity of Solders and Fusible Links . 147 Table 4.2 Volume Resistivity of Solders and Fusible Links. . . 150 Table 4.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Solders and Fusible Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Chapter 5 Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Table 5.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Table 5.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Table 5.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Chapter 6 Superconductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Table 6.1 Volume Resistivity at Low and Superconducting Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Critical Temperature for Superconductors . . . . . . . . 186 Critical Fields of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Critical Current Density for Superconductors . . . . . 190

Magnetic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Chapter 7 Introduction to Magnetic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 8 Magnetically Soft Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Table 8.1 Relative Permeability (µr) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Table 8.2 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Table 8.3 Peak Induction (Bm, Bmax) Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Table 8.4 Residual Induction (Br) Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Table 8.5 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Table 8.6 Core Loss (Pc) of Magnetically Soft Materials Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Table 8.7 Hysteresis Loss (Wh) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Chapter 9 Magnetically Hard Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Table 9.1 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Table 9.2 Peak Induction (Bm, Bmax) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Table 9.3 Residual Induction (Br) of Magnetically Hard Materials Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Table 9.4 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Table 9.5 Energy Product (BdHd) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Chapter 10 Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Table 10.1 Relative Permeability (µr) of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Table 10.2 Susceptibility (κ) of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Table 10.3 Mass Susceptibility (χ) of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Part 3

Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Table A.1 Material Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Table A.2 Abbreviations Used in Qualifiers and Notes . . . . . . 280 Table A.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Table A.4 Sizes of round wire in the American Gauge (AWG) system and the properties of solid annealed copper wire (ASTM B 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

iv



Preface because there is no documented quality control process in place. It is, therefore, not listed on each record. If the value was derived from the information given in the source, such as conductivity is derived from resistivity, or if units were converted, a “d” follows the value. Unit conversions that are merely a change in the value by a power of 10 are not labeled as derived. Values without the “d” are those most directly attributable to the source. A value can be established by definition or by specification. There is still latitude as to how strictly the standard controls the material. It may be a mandatory or nonmandatory requirement, or one that is at the mutual consent of the buyer and seller.

This book is designed to serve the needs of the engineering and technical communities for high-quality and comprehensive information regarding specific electrical and magnetic properties of metals. In 1997, the ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee sponsored and reviewed the ASM Ready Reference: Properties & Units for Engineering Alloys. The Committee recognized the need for consistency and equivalency when integrating materials properties data from multiple sources into printed or electronic reference publications. This second book in the Ready Reference series applies the principles of the first book to selected electrical and magnetic properties of metals. The materials are sorted by a common materials hierarchy, and their property values are given in a consistent system of International Standard (SI) and customary units. The quality of the data and source of the data also are listed to enable the user to assess the data. The book chapters are broad categories of materials application: conductors, higher-resistance materials, permanent magnet materials, and so on. Materials properties significant to a specific application are listed in each chapter. Each chapter begins with a brief explanation of the related properties, derivation, and conversion of the units used within, along with a discussion of other units that the reader may encounter. We trust this will be of benefit to the reader already familiar with the basics of electricity and magnetism. We do not attempt to present a textbook on electricity and magnetism in these brief introductions but seek to clarify possibly confusing terminology. The chapters naturally lend themselves to a division according to materials groups as well. Materials commonly used for the application are found in the appropriate chapter. The data tables in each chapter have the materials sorted by the material hierarchy. The complete hierarchy for materials found in this book is given in Table A.1 of the Appendix. The Materials Groups in Tables, which follows, lists the materials groups found in each chapter. As with the classification systems for materials in general use, the hierarchy is predominantly based on composition, but there are subdivisions that are application based.

• The parameter for which the value is valid is listed: Some properties •

Limitations on the Use and Interpretation of Data This book is intended to provide the materials engineer, scientist, or other specialist with a comparative listing of materials and their magnetic and electrical properties, to aid in the materials selection process. Just as most of the sources listed bear the caveat “not for design,” the compilation of this data requires the same warning. Great effort has been expended to ensure that the source material has been faithfully duplicated, but ASM International has no formal program whereby the validity of the data can be ensured. The source references allow further investigation by the reader. It is the reader’s responsibility to take the prudent engineering and quality assurance steps necessary to ensure that any material selected meets the design requirements.

Significant Figures

Data Format

Individual sources have listed values to varied significant figures in the same data sets. The significant figures in values with trailing zeros (50,000), cannot be determined without more information. ASTM standards list sufficient decimal places to improve the accuracy of conversion and reconversion of the data. They stress that this does not imply the need to test the material to an accuracy beyond what the specification or the referenced test specification demands. For this reason, although the value has been listed to the same number of significant figures as the original when no derivation was required, no comparison should be made as to the precision of the values based on the significant figures shown. Values shown as “derived” have at least as many significant figures as the original source. Because the conversion calculations were done in mass, significant figures were added to some values to ensure that all had sufficient significant figures to preserve the original accuracy.

Data entries include the following:

• Material name: Trade name, generic alloy, element, or description as assigned by a standards organization

• Temper: As stated • UNS number: If assigned • Property values in the preferred (SI) and alternate (customary) units:

•

have multiple parameters, such as magnetic properties having both field strength and frequency. Notes: May include product forms, sizes, or processing information for which the value applies. Common uses of the alloy may be listed.

The units used are those designated in ASM Ready Reference: Properties & Units for Engineering Alloys. SI is the International System of Units (modernized metric system). The customary units are either English (lb, in.) units, or cgs-emu (gauss, oersted), depending which is the most prevalent alternative to the International Standard. Qualifier for the value: This is the qualifier as stated in the source of the data, such as typical, nominal, or maximum. The most often used abbreviations are listed on the bottom of the page. The complete list is given in Table A.2 in the Appendix.

Availability of Materials Because it is often useful to have a source of data for historical materials, obsolete materials and materials listed by former trade names are included in the alloy field. No attempt was made to verify the commercial availability of materials. If a source has identified a

Often, the source document will list the data as “not for design, for information only.” “Not for design” is applicable to all values listed v



be a dynamic creation, under constant revision. We at ASM International, who have the dissemination of materials information at the core of our vision statement, would ask that qualified parties contribute material data to the Society for the betterment of the technical community. Your suggestions, corrections, and comments are also welcome. They can be directed to the addresses found on the title page.

designation as “obsolete,” this has been noted (Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th ed., ASM International, 2000, offers this information).

Call for Future Action Gil Kaufman, committee member, stated that the lack of comprehensive sources of accurate data that make this book valuable makes compiling the data for the book difficult. A material database must

Charles Moosbrugger August 2000

vi



Materials Groups in Tables Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 2.4 Weight Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sintered Powder Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Welding filler copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Thermostat Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 2.5 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of High Conductivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Table 2.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Thermostat Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Table 2.6 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Table 2.3a Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Aluminum Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Table 2.3b Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Copper Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Table 3.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher Resistivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Table 2.7 Relative Resistivity at Extreme Temperatures of High Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

vii

© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. ASM Ready Reference: Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals Data Book (#06333G) Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Electrical Resistance Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Cast Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Table 3.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher Resistivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Plutonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Ductile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Dysprosium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Erbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Europium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Gadolinium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Holmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Lutetium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Neodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Praseodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Samarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Terbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Thulium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Ytterbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108


Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Scandium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Strontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Technetium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Thallium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Electrical Resistance Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Miscellaneous Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Cerium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Carbide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Cast Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Table 3.3 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Neptunium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Plutonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Dysprosium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Erbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Europium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Holmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Lutetium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Neodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Praseodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Samarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Terbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 viii



Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Thulium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Scandium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Strontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Technetium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Cerium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Table 4.1 Volume Conductivity of Solders and Fusible Links. . . . 147 Low melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Table 4.2 Volume Resistivity of Solders and Fusible Links . . . . . 151 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Gallium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Table 3.4 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Thallium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Electrical Resistance Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Table 4.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Solders and Fusible Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Table 5.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 ix



Table 6.1 Volume Resistivity at Low and Superconducting Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Strontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Cerium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Table 5.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Contact Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Table 5.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Contact Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Table 6.2 Critical Temperature for Superconductors . . . . . . . . . 186

Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Protactinium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Lutetium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Gallium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Germanium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Technetium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 x



Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Thallium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Rehenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Table 8.3 Peak Induction (Bm, B max) Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Table 8.4 Residual Induction (Br) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Table 6.3 Critical Fields of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Table 6.4 Critical Current Density for Superconductors. . . . . . . 190 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Table 8.5 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Table 8.1 Relative Permeability (µr) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Miscellaneous Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Cast Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Table 8.6 Core Loss (Pc) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Table 8.2 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Table 8.7 Hysteresis Loss (Wh) of Magnetically Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 xi



Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Table 9.1 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Table 10.2 Susceptibility (κ) Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Neodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Praseodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Table 9.2 Peak Induction (B m , B max) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Table 9.3 Residual Induction (Br) of Magnetically Hard Materials Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Table 9.4 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Table 9.5 Energy Product (BdHd) of Magnetically Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Table 10.1 Relative Permeability (µr) Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

xii

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ASM Ready Reference Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals Charles Moosbrugger, editor, p3-5 DOI: 10.1361/empm2000p003

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Electrical Properties ONE OF THE PRIME CHARACTERISTICS of a material that distinguishes it as a metal is its ability to conduct heat and electricity. A majority of the elements are classified as metals. These elements are found on the left side of the periodic table (Fig. 1.1). The elements on the border, such as carbon, have metal-like and nonmetal-like properties. Graphite and graphite composites have been included in this book because of their significant roles as contact materials. Metallic atoms tend to lose electrons in their outer shell, so the substance can be thought to exist as a matrix of positive ions in an electron gas. These free electrons have the ability to move in an ordered manner, which we perceive as an electrical current. The greater the mean free path of the electrons is, the more conductive the substance will be. An increase in the motion of the atoms is indicated by its temperature increase. Typically, metallic solids have a diminished ability to carry current as their temperature increases. Their resistance is said to have increased. In this book, conductance and resistance refer to the electrical conductance and resistance, unless specifically stated as thermal resistance and thermal conductance. The tables in Part 1 use the following units:

Property

International Standard (SI) Abbreviation unit

Volume conductivity Weight conductivity

σv σw

Volume resistivity Weight resistivity Thermal coefficient of resistivity

ρv ρw ∆ρ/ρ

Customary unit

106 /m %IACS S · m2/g Ω · mile2/lb, %IACSweight µΩ · m Ω circular-mil/ft Ωg/m2 Ω lb/mile2 °C–1 °F–1

Definitions Circular Mil. As round wire was so important to the electrical and communications industries at their inception, it is natural that units reflecting them were adopted in the customary system. Because the radial dimension of a wire

is much smaller than its axial dimension, unit of resistivity used the circular mil to press the cross-sectional area and feet to press length. A circular mil is the area of a circle 1 (0.001 in.) in diameter (d). This area is:

the exexmil

1 circular mil = πr2 = π(0.001/2)2 = 7.854 × 10–7 in.2

where the radius (r) = d/2. Circular mils were considered convenient because the area in circular mils equals the square of the diameter in mils. Conductance (G) is defined as the reciprocal of resistance: G = 1/R. The reciprocal of an ohm (Ω) had been called a mho, but is now called a siemen (S). A specimen with 1 Ω resistance has a conductance of 1 S. Conductivity. All readers of this book have the concept of what resistivity and conductivity are. Resistivity and conductivity are inverses of each other. Definitions of such basic terms tend to be self reflexive, often using the terms of resistance and impedance in the definition. Material conductivity is a factor such that the conduction-current density is equal to the electric-field intensity in the material multiplied by the conductivity (Ref 1). Implicit in this definition is the fact that material conductivity is a property of the material itself; it is a constant multiplier relating the electric field (voltage) to the current density (current per unit area), and it is independent of the shape of the material. The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity: γ = 1/ρ

The conductivity, as with resistivity, can be either volume or weight based. The preferred SI units of conductivity are 106 S/m. In customary units, the conductivity of a metal is commonly compared with that of the International Annealed Copper Standard (%IACS), and its conductivity is then expressed as %IACS (Ref 2). This comparison is made at 20 °C (68 °F).

Conductivity, ac. For time-varying electric fields, the current will vary as well. The ability of materials to conduct alternating current (ac) is dependent on the frequency of that current, the shape of the conductor, and its proximity to other conductors. In this book, the conductivity and resistivity are non-time-varying direct current (dc). An ohm (Ω) is the unit of resistance (and impedance) in the SI system and the customary system such that a conductor with 1 Ω resistance and a constant current of 1 ampere (A) will have a potential of 1 V between its ends. Resistance is the more tangible unit than resistivity. Resistance can be measured in ohms directly with instruments. It is also what is observable through physical effects such as the temperature rise of the conductor or voltage drop through the conductor. %IACS. In customary units, the conductivity of a metal is commonly compared with that of the IACS (100% soft copper), and its conductivity is then expressed as %IACS (Ref 2). This comparison is made at 20 °C (68 °F). A 100.0% conductivity sample has a resistivity of 0.017241 µΩ · m (10.371 Ω circular-mil/ft) at 20 °C (68 °F). Resistivity is an intrinsic property of the material itself, independent of the size and shape of the conductor. The resistivity can be expressed on a volume basis or a weight (mass) basis. This allows for a direct comparison of materials. Resistivity, Volume. In ASTM B 193-95, “Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials” (Ref 3), resistivity is defined as the electrical resistance of a body of unit length and unit cross-sectional area or unit weight. Resistance is expressed in ohms (Ω). Volume resistivity is expressed in ohms for a theoretical conductor of unit length and crosssectional area, in units of Ω · mm2/m in SI units, and in Ω circular-mil/ft in customary units:

ρv = (A/L)R

(Eq 1.1)

Fig. 1.1

Periodic table of the elements

4 / Electrical Properties

Introduction to Electrical Properties / 5 where ρv is volume resistivity, A is the unit cross section, L is the unit length, and R is the resistance in ohms. The units of length squared over length can be simplified so the volume resistivity is expressed as Ω · mm2/m equals 10–6 Ωm or µΩ · m in the SI system. An expression of resistivity that is sometimes encountered is Ω or µΩ of a cubic centimeter, abbreviated as Ω/cm3. It actually represents a cube of the material having edges 1 cm long. The cross-sectional area of the cube face is 1 cm2. An electrical potential (V) is set up between two opposite faces. The resistance is measured across the 1 cm length so the resistivity is: ρv = (A/L)R

The values of the thermal coefficient (αA) can be used to determine the resistivity (ρB) of a material at temperature TB, given the resistivity (ρA) at temperature TA using the formula: ρB = ρA [1 + αA (TB – TA)]

The thermal coefficient (αA) is defined over a temperature range for which the linear approximation is valid. Care must be taken not to use a value of a thermal coefficient beyond its region of validity. Using Volume Resistivity Values to Determine Resistance. The volume resistivity values found in the tables can be used to find the resistance of an object with known volume in the following manner. Solving Eq 1.1 for R:

ρv = (1 cm2/1 cm)Ω R = (L/A)ρv

ρv = cm ⋅ Ω = 0.01 mΩ

Resistivity, Weight. Weight resistivity (ρw) can be expressed as:

Following are two examples of determining resistance:

• Example 1. Given a 9 m length of wire with 2 ρw = (W/L1L2)R

(Eq 1.2)

where W is weight (or mass) of the test specimen in grams for SI and pounds for customary units; L1 is the gage length used to determine the resistance, R, in meters or miles; L2 is the specimen length in meters or miles; and R is the resistance in ohms. For weight resistivity, it was natural to think in terms of the pounds of metal per mile of cable, so the units are Ω lb/mile2 (Ref 2). This leads to a large difference between the magnitude of the values in the SI and customary systems. Weight resistivity is useful to compare materials for applications where weight is a factor, such as transmission lines and in aircraft. The thermal coefficient of resistivity (α) given in the tables is defined as the slope or fractional change in resistivity per unit change in temperature: α = ∆ρ/ρ per °C or °F

The units of α are °C–1 in the SI system and °F–1 in the alternate system.

mm2 cross-sectional area, for a material at 20 °C with ρ = 0.05 Ωm, the resistance at 20 °C is: R = [(9 m)/(2 mm2 · 10–6 m2/mm2)] · 0.05 µΩ · m

Using unit analysis, the length units cancel and

Common wire gages and areas are given in Table A.3 in the Appendix. Note that these are dc resistances at specific temperatures. Alternating current resistances depend on the geometry of the conductor, proximity to other conductors, and the frequency of the alternating current. This book focuses on materials properties; an engineering textbook should be consulted for ac resistances. The data tables are constructed starting with the units as given by the source. If the source units correspond to the units presented previously, the qualifier of the source, if given, is noted behind the value. If a conversion more complex than a change in the power of 10 was needed, the value is followed by a “d” to indicate that the value was derived from the source in addition to any other qualifier. In the tables, conductivities have been derived from sources where only the resistivity is given. The reverse has not been done; that is, resistivity has not been derived from conductivity. Another temperature coefficient of resistance is found in literature that has units of Ω per degree K or R. This allows for the resistance to be found by multiplying the factor by the absolute temperature. Again, the factor is given for a particular temperature or temperature range. This coefficient is not reported in this book. Checking the units of the coefficients will ensure that the desired coefficient is being used.

R = 0.225 Ω

• Example 2. Given a 12 gage wire (80.81 mils diam and 6530 circular-mil area), 50 ft long, made of a material with ρ = 50 Ω circular-mil/ft at 68 °F, the resistance can be estimated as: R = (50 ft/6530 circular-mil) · 50 Ω circular-mil/ft R = 0.383 Ω

Since ρ and the length are known to only one significant figure, R = 0.4 Ω is sufficiently accurate.

REFERENCES 1. IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms, Std 100-1977, American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ANSI/IEEE), 1977 2. ASM Ready Reference: Properties & Units for Engineering Alloys, ASM International, 1997, p 100 3. “Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials,” B 193-95, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, 1995

ASM Ready Reference Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals Charles Moosbrugger, editor, p6-92 DOI: 10.1361/empm2000p006

Copyright © 2000 ASM International® All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org

Chapter 2

High Conductivity Materials THE MATERIALS MOST OFTEN SELECTED for their ability to conduct electricity are found in this chapter. Aluminum alloys and copper alloys are used for the bulk of conductor applications. Most electric power transmissions use copper or aluminum because of their combination of conductivity and low cost. On applications where other concerns predominate, noble metals are the conductors of choice. For the sake of consistency, all noble metals are

listed in this section, even though they vary in resistivity by a factor of over six, from palladium to silver. Silver is the highest-conductivity material. Because of its cost, it can be used in small quantities in the form of conductive coatings on glass and plastic as well as plating on copper to take advantage of its high conductivity. Gold likewise is selected as a plating material for connectors and contacts.

Rhodium and palladium are used as conductors on printed circuit boards. Platinum has uses in spark plugs, resistance temperature detectors, high-temperature resistors, and high-temperature wiring. Of the noble metals, osmium forms a toxic oxide at room temperature in an atmosphere containing oxygen, so it is not readily usable. Because of its hardness, it can be used for electrical contacts.

High Conductivity Materials / 7

Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families % IACS

Temperature oC oF

Aluminum, Cast, 1xx.x Commercially Pure Aluminum 100.1 (A01001) 31 min,d 100.1 (A01001) 32 t,d 150.1 (A01501) 33 min,d 150.1 (A01501) 34 t,d 170.1 (A01701) 34 min,d 170.1 (A01701) 35 t,d

54 min 56 t 57 min 59 t 59 min 60 t

RT RT RT RT RT RT

Aluminum, Cast, 2xx.x Aluminum Copper 201.0-T43 (A02010) 19 to 20 t,d 201.0-T6 (A02010) 19 to 20 t,d 201.0-T6 (A02010) 16 to 19 t,d 201.0-T6 (A02010) 16 to 19 t,d 201.0-T7 (A02010) 19 to 20 t,d 204.0-T4 (A02040) 17 t,d 204.0-T6 (A02040) 19.7 t,d 204.0-T6 (A02040) 19.7 t,d 206.0-T4 (A02060) 17 t,d 208.0-F (A02080) 18 t,d 208.0-O (A02080) 22 t,d 208.0-T6 (A02080) 18 t,d 208.0-T7 (A02080) 18 t,d 222.0-F (A02220) 19.7 t,d 222.0-O (A02220) 24 t,d 222.0-T61 (A02220) 19 t,d 224.0-T62 (A02240) 17 t,d 224.0-T72 (A02240) 17 t,d 238.0-F (A02380) 15 t,d 238.0-F (A02380) 15 t,d 240.0-F (A02400) 13 t,d 242.0-O (A02420) 26 t,d 242.0-T21 (A02420) 26 t,d 242.0-T571 (A02420) 19.7 t,d 242.0-T571 (A02420) 19.7 t,d 242.0-T571 (A02420) 19.7 t,d 242.0-T61 (A02420) 19 t,d 242.0-T61 (A02420) 19.7 t,d 242.0-T77 (A02420) 22 t,d 242.0-T77 (A02420) 22 t,d 295.0-T4 (A02950) 20.3 t,d 295.0-T4 (A02950) 20.3 t,d 295.0-T6 (A02950) 20.3 t,d 295.0-T6 (A02950) 20.3 t,d 295.0-T62 (A02950) 21 t,d 295.0-T62 (A02950) 20.3 t,d 296.0-T4 (A02960) 19 t,d 296.0-T6 (A02960) 19 t,d 296.0-T62 (A02960) 19 t,d 296.0-T7 (A02960) 19 t,d

32 to 34 t 32 to 34 t 27 to 32 t 27 to 32 t 32 to 34 t 29 t 34 t 34 t 30 t 31 t 38 t 31 t 31 t 34 t 41 t 33 t 30 t 30 t 25 t 25 t 23 t 44 t 44 t 34 t 34 t 34 t 33 t 34 t 38 t 38 t 35 t 35 t 35 t 35 t 37 t 35 t 33 t 33 t 33 t 33 t

RT RT RT

Alloy-temper (UNS number)

10

6

S/m

20

Notes

Reference

9 9 9 9 9 9 Permanent mold Permanent mold Sand cast 68

RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT 20

68 RT

20

68 RT RT RT RT RT RT

20

Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Obsolete Obsolete Permanent mold Permanent mold Obsolete Obsolete Obsolete Sand cast, obsolete Sand cast Permanent mold Permanent mold, obsolete Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast

68 RT RT

20

Sand cast Sand cast 68

RT RT RT RT RT

Sand cast Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold

RT, room temperature; t, typical; d, derived; u, unstated; min, minimum; max, maximum. See Appendix for other abbreviations and References.

7 7 5 10 5 9 9 9 9 5 5 7 7 5 5 5 5 7 7 5 5 5 10 5 10 2 5 7 5 5 5 10 6 7 10 5 5 5 5 7


Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families Alloy-temper (UNS number)

10

6

S/m

% IACS

Aluminum, Cast, 3xx.x Aluminum Silicon plus Copper or Magnesium Alcan 143 16 u,d 27 u Alcan 164 13 u,d 23 u 308.0 (A03080) 21 t,d 37 t 308.0-F (A03080) 21 t,d 37 t 308.0-F (A03080) 21 t,d 37 t 319.0-F (A03190) 16 t,d 27 t 319.0-F (A03190) 16 t,d 28 t 324.0-F (A03240) 19.7 t,d 34 t 328.0-F (A03280) 17 t,d 30 t 332.0-T5 (A03320) 15 t,d 26 t 333.0-F (A03330) 15 t,d 26 t 333.0-T5 (A03330) 17 t,d 29 t 333.0-T6 (A03330) 17 t,d 29 t 333.0-T7 (A03330) 20.3 t,d 35 t 336.0-T551 (A03360) 17 t,d 29 t 336.0-T551 (A03360) 17 t,d 29 t 354.0-F (A03540) 19 t,d 32 t 354.0-T61 (A03540) 19 t,d 32 t 354.0-T61 (A03540) 19 t,d 32 t 355.0-T51 (A03550) 25 t,d 43 t 355.0-T6 (A03550) 23 t,d 39 t 355.0-T6 (A03550) 21 t,d 36 t 355.0-T61 (A03550) 23 t,d 39 t 355.0-T61 (A03550) 21 t,d 37 t 355.0-T62 (A03550) 22 t,d 38 t 355.0-T7 (A03550) 24 t,d 42 t 355.0-T7 (A03550) 24 t,d 42 t 355.0-T71 (A03550) 23 t,d 39 t 355.0-T71 (A03550) 23 t,d 39 t 355.0-T71 (A03550) 23 t,d 39 t 356.0-T51 (A03560) 25 t,d 43 t 356.0-T51 (A03560) 25 t,d 43 t 356.0-T6 (A03560) 24 t,d 41 t 356.0-T6 (A03560) 23 t,d 39 t 356.0-T7 (A03560) 23 t,d 40 t 356.0-T7 (A03560) 23 t,d 40 t 356.0-T7 (A03560) 25 t,d 43 t 357.0-F (A03570) 23 t,d 39 t 357.0-F (A03570) 23 t,d 39 t 357.0-T6 (A03570) 23 t,d 39 t 358.0-T6 (A03580) 23 t,d 39 t 359.0-T6 (A03590) 20.3 t,d 35 t 359.0-T61 (A03590) 20.3 t,d 35 t 360.0 (A03600) 16 t,d 28 t 360.0 (A03600) 17 t,d 30 t 360.0-F (A03600) 21 t,d 37 t 364.0-F (A03640) 17 t,d 30 t 380.0 (A03800) 16 t,d 27 t

Temperature oC oF

20 20 20

68 68 68 RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT

20

Notes

Reference

Die casting Die casting Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Permanent mold, obsolete Obsolete Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold

68 RT RT RT RT RT RT RT

20

68 RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT

20

Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast

68 RT RT RT RT

Die cast Die cast


66 66 10 5 9 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 7 6 5 5 5 10 5 6 5 7 2 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 7 6 7 6 5 5 5 2 10 4 5 5 4



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Aluminum, Cast, 3xx.x Aluminum Silicon plus Copper or Magnesium 380.0-F (A03800) 13 t,d 23 t 380.0-F (A03800) 16 t,d 27 t 383.0 (A03830) 13 t,d 23 t 383.0-F (A03830) 13 t,d 23 t 384.0 (A03840) 13 t,d 22 t 384.0-F (A03840) 13 t,d 23 t 384.0-F (A03840) 13 t,d 23 t 390.0-F (A03900) 15 t,d 25 t 390.0-T5 (A03900) 14 t,d 24 t 392.0-F (A03920) 13 t,d 22 t A356.0-T51 (A13560) 25 t,d 43 t A356.0-T6 (A13560) 23 t,d 39 t A356.0-T6 (A13560) 23 t,d 40 t A356.0-T6 (A13560) 24 t,d 41 t A356.0-T61 (A13560) 23 t,d 39 t A356.0-T61 (A13560) 23 t,d 39 t A356.0-T7 (A13560) 23 t,d 40 t A357.0-T6 (A13570) 23 t,d 40 t A357.0-T61 (A13570) 23 t,d 39 t A360.0 (A13600) 17 t,d 29 t A360.0 (A13600) 17 t,d 30 t A360.0-F (A13600) 17 t,d 29 t A360.0-F (A13600) 21 t,d 37 t A380.0 (A13800) 13 t,d 23 t A380.0-F (A13800) 16 t,d 27 t A390.0-F (A13900) 16 t,d 27 t A390.0-T5 (A13900) 15 t,d 25 t A390.0-T5 (A13900) 15 t,d 25 t B390.0 (A23900) 16 t,d 27 t C355.0-T6 (A33550) 21 t,d 36 t C355.0-T61 (A33550) 23 t,d 39 t C355.0-T61 (A33550) 21 t,d 37 t C355.0-T61 (A33550) 23 t,d 39 t Aluminum, Cast, 4xx.x Aluminum Silicon Alcan 135 22.6 to 24.9 u,d 413.0 (A04130) 18 t,d 413.0-F (A04130) 23 t,d 413.0-F (A04130) 39 t,d 443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 443.0-F (A04430) 24 t,d 443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 443.0-O (A04430) 24 t,d A413.0 (A14130) 18 t,d A413.0-F (A14130) 18 t,d

39 to 43 u 31 t 39 t 68 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 41 t 37 t 42 t 31 t 31 t

Temperature oC oF

RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT 20 20

Sand cast

RT 68 RT RT 20

68 RT RT RT

20

Reference

Sand cast Die cast

68 68

20

Notes

Sand cast Die cast Die cast Die cast Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast

68 RT RT RT RT

20 20

Sand cast Die cast Die cast 68 68

RT RT RT RT RT RT 20

Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast 68

RT RT RT 20

68 RT

20

68 RT

20

68 RT RT RT RT RT

Sand, permanent mold casting Die cast Die cast Sand cast Die cast Die cast Sand cast Permanent mold Permanent mold Permanent mold Sand cast Sand cast


2 5 4 2 4 2 5 5 5 5 10 10 5 10 7 6 10 5 6 4 10 2 5 4 5 10 10 2 4 2 7 2 5 66 4 9 5 10 5 10 5 10 9 7 5 4 2



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Aluminum, Cast, 4xx.x Aluminum Silicon A413.0-F (A14130) 23 t,d A443.0-F (A14430) 21 t,d A443.0-F (A14430) 21 t,d A443.0-F (A14430) 21 t,d A444.0-F (A14440) 24 t,d A444.0-F (A14440) 24 t,d A444.0-T4 (A14440) 24 t,d B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d C443.0 (A34430) 21 t,d C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d

39 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 41 t 41 t 41 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t

Aluminum, Cast, 5xx.x Aluminum Magnesium 511.0-F (A05110) 21 t,d 512.0-F (A05120) 22 t,d 513.0-F (A05130) 19.7 t,d 514.0-F (A05140) 20.3 t,d 518.0 (A05180) 14 t,d 518.0 (A05180) 15 t,d 518.0-F (A05180) 14 t,d 520.0-T4 (A05200) 12 t,d 520.0-T4 (A05200) 12 t,d 535.0 (A05350) 13 t,d 535.0-F (A05350) 13 t,d 535.0-F (A05350) 13 t,d 535.0-T5 (A05350) 13 t,d A535.0 (A15350) 13 t,d A535.0-F (A15350) 13 t,d B535.0 (A25350) 13 t,d B535.0-F (A25350) 14 t,d

36 t 38 t 34 t 35 t 24 t 25 t 24 t 21 t 21 t 23 t 23 t 23 t 23 t 23 t 23 t 23 t 24 t

Aluminum, Cast, 7xx.x Aluminum Zinc Alcan 432 20.3 u,d 705.0-F (A07050) 15 t,d 705.0-T5 (A07050) 15 t,d 707.0-F (A07070) 15 t,d 707.0-T5 (A07070) 15 t,d 710.0-F (A07100) 20.3 t,d 710.0-T5 (A07100) 20.3 t,d 711.0-F (A07100) 23 t,d 712.0 (A07120) 20.3 t,d 712.0-F (A07120) 23 t,d 712.0-T5 (A07120) 23 t,d

35 u 25 t 25 t 25 t 25 t 35 t 35 t 40 t 35 t 40 t 40 t

Temperature oC oF

RT 20 20 20

68

Die cast Sand cast Permanent mold Die cast Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Die cast Sand cast Permanent mold

68 68 68

Sand cast Die cast Permanent mold Sand cast

68 68 68 RT RT RT

20

68 RT RT

20

68 RT

20 RT RT 20 20 20 RT RT RT RT RT 20

Notes

Reference

Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast 68

RT RT 20 20

Die cast Sand cast 68 68

RT RT RT 20

Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast 68

RT 20

Die cast 68

RT 20

Sand cast 68

RT RT RT RT RT RT RT 20

Sand casting Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Permanent mold

68 RT RT

Sand cast Sand cast


5 10 10 10 5 2 7 10 7 2 10 6 10 4 2 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 4 10 5 5 10 10 5 7 7 10 5 10 5 66 5 2 5 2 5 7 5 10 5 7



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Aluminum, Cast, 7xx.x Aluminum Zinc 713.0 (A07130) 20.3 t,d 713.0-F (A07130) 21 t,d 713.0-T5 (A07130) 21 t,d 771.0 (A07710) 16 t,d 771.0-F (A07710) 21 t,d 771.0-T5 (A07710) 21 t,d 771.0-T51 (A07710) 21 t,d 771.0-T52 (A07710) 21 t,d 771.0-T53 (A07710) 21 t,d 771.0-T6 (A07710) 21 t,d 771.0-T71 (A07710) 21 t,d

35 t 37 t 37 t 27 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t 37 t

Aluminum, Cast, 8xx.x Aluminum Tin 850.0-T5 (A0850) 850.0-T5 (A08500) 851.0-T5 (A08510) 851.0-T5 (A08510) 852.0-T5 (A08520) 852.0-T5 (A08520)

47 t 47 t 43 t 43 t 45 t 45 t

27 t,d 27 t,d 25 t,d 25 t,d 26 t,d 26 t,d

Aluminum, Sintered Powder Aluminum, 2xx.x Aluminum Copper 201AB-T4 19 t,d 32 e

Temperature oC oF

20

20

Sand cast Sand cast 68

RT RT RT RT RT RT RT

Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast Sand cast

RT RT RT RT RT RT

Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast Permanent mold Sand cast

20

68

20.3 t,d

35 e

20

68

201AB-T61

22 t,d

38 e

20

68

MD-22-T6 MD-24-T6

21 t,d 19 t,d

36 t 32 t

RT RT 20

68

601AB-T6

24 t,d

41 e

20

68

601AB-T61

26 t,d

44 e

20

68

602AB-T4

26 t,d

44 e

20

68

602AB-T6

27 t,d

47 e

20

68

602AB-T61

28 t,d

49 e

20

68

MD-69-T6 MD-76-T6

23 t,d 15 t,d

39 t 25 t

Aluminum, Wrought, 1xxx Commercially Pure Aluminum Al (99.996%) 37.67 u,d 64.95 u EC-H19 36 u,d 62 u EC-O 36 u,d 62 u 1050-O (A91050) 35.6 t,d 61.3 t 1050-O (A91050) 35.6 t,d 61.3 t 1060-H18 (A91060) 35 t,d 61 t

RT RT 20 20 20 20 20 20

Reference

68 RT RT

201AB-T6

Aluminum, Sintered Powder Aluminum, 6xx.x Aluminum Magnesium 601AB-T4 22 t,d 38 e

Notes

Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M Sintered P/M Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 Magnatester Sintered P/M Sintered P/M

68 68 68 68 68 68


10 5 7 10 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 5 6 5 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 65 65 65 8 8 1



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Aluminum, Wrought, 1xxx Commercially Pure Aluminum 1060-H18 (A91060) 35 t 60 t,d 1060-O (A91060) 36 t,d 62 t 1060-O (A91060) 36 t 62 t,d 1100 (A91100) 5.2 t,d 9t 1100-H18 (A91100) 33 t 57 t,d 1100-H18 (A91100) 33 t,d 57 t 1100-O (A91100) 34 t 59 t,d 1100-O (A91100) 34 t,d 59 t 1145-H18 (A91145) 35 t,d 60 t 1145-O (A91145) 35 t,d 61 t 1199-O (A91199) 37.4 t,d 64.5 t 1350-All (A91350) 36 t 62 t,d 1350-All (A91350) 36 t,d 62 t 1350-H1x (A91350) 35.4 t,d 61.0 t 1350-O (A91350) 35.8 t,d 61.8 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Aluminum, Wrought, 2xxx Aluminum Copper Alcoa 2090 10 to 11 t,d 2011-T3 (A92011) 23 t,d 2011-T3 (A92011) 23 t 2011-T4 (A92011) 23 t,d 2011-T8 (A92011) 26 t,d 2011-T8 (A92011) 26 t,d 2011-T8 (A92011) 26 t 2014-O (A92014) 29 t 2014-O (A92014) 29 t,d 2014-T3 (A92014) 19.7 t,d 2014-T4 (A92014) 20 t 2014-T4 (A92014) 19.7 t,d 2014-T451 (A92014) 19.7 t,d 2014-T6 (A92014) 23 t,d 2014-T6 (A92014) 23 t 2014-T651 (A92014) 23 t,d 2014-T652 (A92014) 23 t,d 2017-O (A92017) 29 t,d 2017-O (A92017) 29 t 2017-T4 (A92017) 20 t 2017-T4 (A92017) 19.7 t,d 2018-T61 (A92018) 23 t 2018-T61 (A92018) 23 t,d 2024-O (A92024) 29 t,d 2024-O (A92024) 29 t 2024-T3 (A92024) 17 t 2024-T3 (A92024) 17 t,d 2024-T361 (A92024) 17 t,d 2024-T361 (A92024) 17 t 2024-T4 (A92024) 17 t 2024-T4 (A92024) 17 t,d 2024-T6 (A92024) 22 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

17 to 19 t 39 t 40 t,d 39 t 45 t 45 t 45 t,d 50 t,d 50 t 34 t 34 t,d 34 t 34 t 40 t 40 t,d 40 t 40 t 50 t 50 t,d 34 t,d 34 t 40 t,d 40 t 50 t 50 t,d 29 t,d 30 t 30 t 29 t,d 29 t,d 30 t 38 t,d

Notes

Reference

Obsolete, EC Grade Obsolete, EC Grade Obsolete, EC Grade Obsolete, EC Grade Aerospace sheet plate extrusion


3 1 3 59 3 1 3 1 8 8 8 3 1 8 8 66 1 3 8 8 1 3 3 1 8 3 1 8 1 3 8 8 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 3



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Aluminum, Wrought, 2xxx Aluminum Copper 2024-T6 (A92024) 22 t,d 2024-T81 (A92024) 22 t 2024-T81 (A92024) 22 t,d 2024-T861 (A92024) 22 t 2024-T861 (A92024) 22 t,d 2025-T6 (A92025) 23 t,d 2025-T6 (A92025) 23 t 2036-O (A92036) 30.2 t,d 2036-T4 (A92036) 24 t,d 2036-T4 (A92036) 24 t Alcoa 2036-T4 (A92036) 23.8 u,d 2038-T4 (A92038) 23 t,d 2048-T851 (A92048) 24 t,d 2090 (A92090) 10 to 11 t,d 2091 (A92091) 10 to 11 t,d 2117-T4 (A92117) 23 t,d 2117-T4 (A92117) 23 t 2124-O (A92124) 29 t,d 2124-T851 (A92124) 22 t 2124-T851 (A92124) 22 t,d 2218-T61 (A92218) 22 t,d 2218-T72 (A92218) 23 t 2218-T72 (A92218) 23 t,d 2219-O (A92219) 26 t 2219-O (A92219) 26 t,d 2219-T31 (A92219) 16 t 2219-T31 (A92219) 16 t,d 2219-T351 (A92219) 16 t,d 2219-T37 (A92219) 16 t,d 2219-T37 (A92219) 16 t 2219-T6 (A92219) 17 t 2219-T6 (A92219) 17 t,d 2219-T62 (A92219) 17 t,d 2219-T81 (A92219) 17 t 2219-T81 (A92219) 17 t,d 2219-T851 (A92219) 17 t,d 2219-T87 (A92219) 17 t,d 2219-T87 (A92219) 17 t 2319-O (A92319) 26 t,d 2618-T6 (A92618) 21 t,d 2618-T6 (A92618) 21 t 2618-T61 (A92618) 21 t,d

38 t 38 t,d 38 t 38 t,d 38 t 40 t 40 t,d 52 t 41 t 41 t,d 41.0 u,d 40 t 42 t 17 to 19 t 17 to 19 t 40 t 40 t,d 50 t 38 t,d 38 t 38 t 40 t,d 40 t 45 t,d 44 t 28 t,d 28 t 28 t 28 t 28 t,d 29 t,d 30 t 30 t 29 t,d 30 t 30 t 30 t 29 t,d 44 t 37 t 36 t,d 37 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Aluminum, Wrought, 3xxx Aluminum Manganese 3003 (A93003) 29 t,d 3003-H12 (A93003) 24 t 3003-H12 (A93003) 24 t,d 3003-H14 (A93003) 24 t 3003-H14 (A93003) 24 t,d

50 t 41 t,d 42 t 41 t,d 41 t

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

Notes

Reference

Auto body sheet

Al-Li alloy Al-Li alloy


1 3 1 3 1 1 3 8 1 3 66 54 8 11 11 1 3 8 3 1 8 3 1 3 1 3 1 8 1 3 3 1 8 3 1 8 1 3 8 1 3 8 59 3 1 3 1



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Notes

Reference

Aluminum, Wrought, 3xxx Aluminum Manganese 3003-H18 (A93003) 23 t 3003-H18 (A93003) 23 t,d 3003-O (A93003) 29 t,d 3003-O (A93003) 29 t 3004-All (A93004) 24 t,d 3004-All (A93004) 24 t 3004-O (A93004) 24 t,d 3105-All (A93105) 26 t,d 3105-All (A93105) 26 t 3105-O (A93105) 26 t,d

40 t,d 40 t 50 t 50 t,d 42 t 41 t,d 42 t 45 t 45 t,d 45 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Aluminum, Wrought, 4xxx Aluminum Silicon Alcan B33S 21.5 to 27.8 u,d 4032-O (A94032) 23 t 4032-O (A94032) 23 t,d 4032-T6 (A94032) 20.3 t,d 4032-T6 (A94032) 20 t 4043-O (A94043) 24 t,d 4043-O (A94043) 24 t 4045-All (A94045) 26 t 4045-All (A94045) 26 t,d 4343-All (A94343) 24 t,d 4343-All (A94343) 27 t

37 to 48 u 40 t,d 40 t 35 t 34 t,d 42 t 41 t,d 45 t,d 45 t 42 t 47 t,d

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Extrusion ingots

66 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 3

Aluminum, Wrought, 5xxx Aluminum Magnesium Alcan 57S-Annealed 20.3 u,d 5005-All (A95005) 30.2 t,d 5005-All (A95005) 30 t 5005-H38 (A95005) 30.2 t,d 5005-O (A95005) 30.2 t,d 5050-All (A95050) 29 t 5050-All (A95050) 29 t,d 5050-H38 (A95050) 29 t,d 5050-O (A95050) 29 t,d 5052 (A95052) 34.2 t,d 5052-All (A95052) 20 t 5052-All (A95052) 20.3 t,d 5052-H38 (A95052) 20.3 u,d 5052-H38 (A95052) 20.3 t,d 5052-O (A95052) 20.3 u,d 5052-O (A95052) 20.3 t,d 5056-H38 (A95056) 15.7 u,d 5056-H38 (A95056) 16 t,d 5056-H38 (A95056) 16 t 5056-O (A95056) 17 t 5056-O (A95056) 17 t,d 5083-All (A95083) 17 t,d 5083-O (A95083) 17 t 5083-O (A95083) 17 t,d 5086-All (A95086) 18 t

35 u 52 t 52 t,d 52 t 52 t 50 t,d 50 t 50 t 50 t 59 t 34 t,d 35 t 35 u 35 t 35 u 35 t 27 u 27 t 28 t,d 29 t,d 29 t 29 t 29 t,d 29 t 31 t,d

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Sheet, plate, tube, wire, rod, bar

66 1 3 8 8 3 1 8 8 59 3 1 65 8 65 8 65 1 3 3 1 8 3 1 3

3 1 1 3 1 3 8 1 3 8

Obsolete Obsolete Obsolete Obsolete

Obsolete Obsolete Obsolete Obsolete Obsolete




10

6

S/m

Aluminum, Wrought, 5xxx Aluminum Magnesium 5086-All (A95086) 18 t,d 5154-All (A95154) 19 t 5154-All (A95154) 19 t,d 5182 (A95182) 18 t,d Alcoa 5182 (A95182) 18 u,d 5252-All (A95252) 20 t 5252-All (A95252) 20.3 t,d 5254-All (A95254) 19 t 5254-All (A95254) 19 t,d 5356-O (A95356) 17 t 5356-O (A95356) 17 t,d 5454-All (A95454) 19.7 t,d 5454-O (A95454) 20 t 5454-O (A95454) 19.7 t,d Alcoa 5454-All (A95454) 19.7 t,ave,d 5454-H38 (A95456) 19.7 t,d 5454-H38 (A95456) 20 t 5456-All (A95456) 17 t,d 5456-O (A95456) 17 t 5456-O (A95456) 17 t,d 5457-All (A95457) 27 t,d 5457-All (A95457) 27 t 5652-All (A95652) 20 t 5652-All (A95652) 20.3 t,d 5657-All (A95657) 31 t 5657-All (A95657) 31 t,d

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

31 t 33 t,d 32 t 31 t 31 u 34 t,d 35 t 33 t,d 32 t 29 t,d 29 t 34 t 34 t,d 34 t 34 t,ave 34 t 34 t,d 29 t 29 t,d 29 t 46 t 47 t,d 34 t,d 35 t 53 t,d 54 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Aluminum, Wrought, 6xxx Aluminum Magnesium Silicon 6005-T1 (A96005) 27 t,d 47 t 6005-T1 (A96005) 27 t 47 t,d 6005-T5 (A96005) 28 t,d 49 t 6005-T5 (A96005) 28 t 48 t,d 6009-All (A96009) 26 t,d 44 t 6009-O (A96009) 31 t,d 54 t 6009-T4 (A96009) 26 t,d 44 t 6009-T6 (A96009) 27 t,d 47 t Alcoa 6009-O (A96009) 25.6 u,d 44.1 u,d Alcoa 6009-T4 (A96009) 25.4 u,d 43.8 u,d Alcoa 6009-T6 (A96009) 27.5 u,d 47.5 u,d 6010-All (A96010) 23 t,d 39 t 6010-O (A96010) 31 t,d 53 t 6010-T4 (A96010) 23 t,d 39 t 6010-T6 (A96010) 26 t,d 44 t Alcoa 6010-O (A96010) 30.8 u,d 53.0 u,d Alcoa 6010-T4 (A96010) 22.6 u,d 39.0 u,d Alcoa 6010-T6 (A96010) 25.5 u,d 44.0 u,d 6053-O (A96053) 26 t 45 t,d 6053-O (A96053) 26 t,d 45 t 6053-T4 (A96053) 23 t 40 t,d

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Notes

Reference

Auto body sheet

Obsolete Obsolete

Auto

Obsolete Obsolete

Auto body sheet Auto body sheet Auto body sheet

Auto body sheet Auto body sheet Auto body sheet


1 3 1 8 66 3 1 3 1 3 1 8 3 1 66 1 3 8 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 54 8 8 8 66 66 66 54 8 8 8 66 66 66 3 1 3



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Aluminum, Wrought, 6xxx Aluminum Magnesium Silicon 6053-T4 (A96053) 23 t,d 40 t 6053-T6 (A96053) 24 t 41 t,d 6053-T6 (A96053) 24 t,d 42 t 6061-O (A96061) 27 t 47 t,d 6061-O (A96061) 27 t,d 47 t 6061-T4 (A96061) 23 t 40 t,d 6061-T4 (A96061) 23 t,d 40 t 6061-T6 (A96061) 25 t,d 43 t 6061-T6 (A96061) 25 t 43 t,d 6063-O (A96063) 34 t 59 t,d 6063-O (A96063) 34 t,d 58 t 6063-T1 (A96063) 29 t 50 t,d 6063-T1 (A96063) 29 t,d 50 t 6063-T5 (A96063) 32 t 55 t,d 6063-T5 (A96063) 32 t,d 55 t 6063-T6 (A96063) 31 t 53 t,d 6063-T6 (A96063) 31 t,d 53 t 6063-T83 (A96063) 31 t 53 t,d 6063-T83 (A96063) 31 t,d 53 t 6066-O (A96066) 23 t 40 t,d 6066-O (A96066) 23 t,d 40 t 6066-T6 (A96066) 21 t 36 t,d 6066-T6 (A96066) 21 t,d 37 t 6070-T6 (A96070) 26 t,d 44 t 6070-T6 (A96070) 26 t 45 t,d 6101-T6 (A96101) 32 u,d 56 u 6101-T6 (A96101) 33 t 57 t,d 6101-T6 (A96101) 33 t,d 57 t 6101-T61 (A96101) 34 t 59 t,d 6101-T61 (A96101) 34 t,d 59 t 6101-T63 (A96101) 34 t,d 58 t 6101-T63 (A96101) 34 t 59 t,d 6101-T64 (A96101) 35 t 60 t,d 6101-T64 (A96101) 35 t,d 60 t 6101-T65 (A96101) 34 t,d 58 t 6101-T65 (A96101) 34 t 59 t,d 6105-T1 (A96105) 27 t 47 t,d 6105-T1 (A96105) 27 t,d 46 t 6105-T5 (A96105) 29 t 50 t,d 6105-T5 (A96105) 29 t,d 50 t 6111-T4 (A96111) 23 t,d 40 t 6111-T6 (A96111) 26 t,d 45 t 6151-O (A96151) 31 t,d 54 t 6151-O (A96151) 31 t 53 t,d 6151-T4 (A96151) 24 t 41 t,d 6151-T4 (A96151) 24 t,d 42 t 6151-T6 (A96151) 26 t 45 t,d 6151-T6 (A96151) 26 t,d 45 t

Temperature oC oF

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Notes

Reference

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68


1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 65 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 54 54 1 3 3 1 3 1



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Aluminum, Wrought, 6xxx Aluminum Magnesium Silicon 6201-T81 (A96201) 31 t 53 t,d 6201-T81 (A96201) 31 t,d 54 t 6205-T1 (A96205) 26 t,d 45 t 6205-T5 (A96205) 28 t,d 49 t 6262-T9 (A96262) 26 t 45 t,d 6262-T9 (A96262) 26 t,d 44 t 6351-T6 (A96351) 27 t,d 46 t 6351-T6 (A96351) 27 t 47 t,d 6463-T1 (A96463) 29 t 50 t,d 6463-T1 (A96463) 29 t,d 50 t 6463-T5 (A96463) 32 t 55 t,d 6463-T5 (A96463) 32 t,d 55 t 6463-T6 (A96463) 31 t 53 t,d 6463-T6 (A96463) 31 t,d 53 t 6951-O (A96951) 32 t 55 t,d 6951-O (A96951) 32 t,d 56 t 6951-T6 (A96951) 30 t 52 t,d 6951-T6 (A96951) 30.2 t,d 52 t Aluminum, Wrought, 7xxx Aluminum Zinc Alcan 74S-T4 19.01 u,d Alcan 74S-T6 20.82 u,d Alcoa 7021-T61 25 u,d Alcoa 7029-T5 24 u,d Alcoa 7029-T6 24 u,d Alcoa 7129-T5 24 u,d Alcoa 7129-T6 24 u,d Aluminum X7005-Annealed 25 u,d Aluminum X7005-Annealed and age 22 u,d Hardened 7005-O (A97005) 25 t,d 7005-T53 (A97005) 22 t,d 7005-T5351 (A97005) 22 t,d 7005-T6 (A97005) 20.3 t,d 7005-T63 (A97005) 22 t,d 7005-T6351 (A97005) 22 t,d 7021-T61 (A97021) 25 t,d 7029-T5 (A97029) 24 t,d 7029-T6 (A97029) 24 t,d 7039 (A97039) 19 to 23 t,d 7049 (A97049) 23 t,d 7049-T73 (A97049) 23 t,d 7049-T73 (A97049) 23 t 7050-O (A97050) 27 t,d 7050-T736 (A97050) 23.5 t,d 7050-T73651 (A97050) 23.5 t,d 7050-T74 (A97050) 24 t 7050-T74 (A97050) 24 t,d 7050-T76 (A97050) 22.9 t,d

Temperature oC oF

Notes

Reference

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

3 1 8 8 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1

32.77 u 35.90 u 43 u 42 u 42 u 42 u 42 u 43 u 38 u

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66

43 t 38 38 t 35 t 38 t 38 t 43 t 42 t 42 t 32 to 40 t 40 t 40 t 40 t,d 47 t 40.5 t 40.5 t 41 t,d 41 t 39.5 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Auto bumper Auto bumper Auto bumper Auto bumper Auto bumper Sheet, extrusion, plate, tube Sheet, extrusion, plate, tube

T74 previously T73 and T736 T74 previously T73 and T736

T74 previously T73 and T736 T74 previously T73 and T736


8 8 8 8 8 8 54 54 54 8 8 1 3 8 8 8 3 1 8



10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Notes

Reference

Aluminum, Wrought, 7xxx Aluminum Zinc 7050-T7651 (A97050) 22.9 t,d 7072-O (A97072) 34 t,d 7072-O (A97072) 34 t 7075-T6 (A97075) 19 t 7075-T6 (A97075) 19 t,d 7075-T62 (A97075) 19 t,d 7075-T651 (A97075) 19 t,d 7075-T652 (A97075) 19 t,d 7075-T73 (A97075) 23 t,d 7075-T7351 (A97075) 23 t,d 7075-T7352 (A97075) 23 t,d 7075-T76 (A97075) 22.3 t,d 7075-T7651 (A97075) 22.3 t,d 7076 (A97076) 20.3 t,d 7116-T5 (A97116) 27 t,d 7129-T5 (A97129) 24 t,d 7129-T6 (A97129) 24 t,d 7175-O (A97175) 27 t,d 7175-T66 (A97175) 21 t,d 7175-T736 (A97175) 23 t,d 7175-T74 (A97175) 23 t 7175-T7652 (A97175) 23 t,d 7178-O (A97178) 27 t,d 7178-T6 (A97178) 18 t,d 7178-T6 (A97178) 19 t,d 7178-T6 (A97178) 18 t 7178-T651 (A97178) 19 t,d 7178-T76 (A97178) 23 t,d 7178-T7651 (A97178) 23 t,d 7475-O (A97475) 27 t,d 7475-T61 (A97475) 21 t,d 7475-T61 (A97475) 20 t 7475-T651 (A97475) 21 t,d 7475-T651 (A97475) 20 t 7475-T7351 (A97475) 24 t 7475-T7351 (A97475) 24 t,d 7475-T76 (A97475) 23 t 7475-T761 (A97475) 23 t,d 7475-T761 (A97475) 23 t 7475-T7651 (A97475) 23 t,d

39.5 t 59 t 59 t,d 33 t,d 33 t 33 t 33 t 33 t 40 t 40 t 40 t 38.5 t 38.5 t 35 t 46 t 42 t 42 t 46 t 36 t 40 t 40 t,d 40 t 46 t 31 t 32 t 31 t,d 32 t 39 t 39 t 46 t 36 t 34 t,d 36 t 34 t,d 41 t,d 42 t 40 t,d 40 t 40 t,d 40 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

8 1 3 3 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 54 54 54 8 8 8 3 8 8 1 8 3 8 8 8 8 8 3 8 3 3 8 3 8 3 8

Aluminum, Wrought, 8xxx Aluminum-Other Elements 8017-H12 (A98017) 34 t 8017-H212 (A98017) 35 t 8017-H212 (A98017) 35 t,d 8017-H22 (A98017) 34 t 8030-H221 (A98030) 35 t,d 8030-H221 (A98030) 35 t 8090 (A98090) 10 to 11 t,d

59 t,d 60 t,d 61 t 59 t,d 61 t 60 t,d 17 to 19 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68

3 3 1 3 1 3 11

Al-Li alloy




10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Aluminum, Wrought, 8xxx Aluminum-Other Elements 8176-H24 (A98176) 35 t,d 61 t 8176-H24 (A98176) 35 t 60 t,d

20 20

68 68

Copper, Cast, Aluminum Bronze Ampco Metal 12 Ampco Metal 16 Ampco Metal 18 Ampco Metal 20 Ampco Metal 21

Notes

Reference

1 3

7.5 u,d 7.5 u,d 7.5 u,d 6.4 u,d 5.8 u,d

13 u 13 u 13 u 11 u 10.0 u

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

Ampcoloy 495

2 u,d

3u

20

68

Atlantic 25 Aur-O-Met 57-Annealed Elkaloy D Elkaloy D110 Elkaloy D120 Elkaloy D130 ASTM B148 C95200 (C95200) C95200 (C95200) ASTM B148 C95300 (C95300) C95300 (C95300) ASTM B148 C95400 (C95400) ASTM B148 C95400HT (C95400) C95400-As cast (C95400) C95400-TQ50 (C95400) Continuous Cast Aluminum Bronze (C95400) ASTM B148 C95410 (C95410) ASTM B148 C95410HT (C95410) ASTM B148 C95500 (C95500) ASTM B148 C95500HT (C95500) C95500-As cast (C95500) C95500-TQ50 (C95500) ASTM B148 C95600 (C95600) ASTM B148 C95700 (C95700) C95700-Annealed, fast cooled (C95700) C95700-As cast (C95700) ASTM B148 C95800 (C95800) C95800 (C95800)

5.2 approx,d 7.0 u,d 10 t,d 7 t,d 6 t,d 5 t,d 7.07 t,d 7.0 u,d 8.9 t,d 7.5 u,d 7.54 t,d 7.19 t,d 7.5 u,d 7.5 u,d 7.5 nom,d

9 approx 12 u 18 t 12 t 10 t 9t 12.2 t 12 u 15.3 t 13 u 13.0 t 12.4 t 13 u 13 u 13 nom

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Sand casting Casting Sand casting Casting Sand casting Sand casting Casting Casting Continuous cast

66 66 58 58 58 58 22 16 22 16 22 22 16 16 66

7.54 t,d 5.9 t,d 5.1 t,d 4.9 t,d 4.93 u,d 4.93 u,d 4.9 t,d 1.8 t,d 1.8 u,d

13.0 t 10.2 t 8.8 t 8.4 t 8.5 u 8.5 u 8.5 t 3.1 t 3.1 u

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting

22 22 22 22 16 16 22 22 16

1.8 u,d 4.1 t,d 4.1 u,d

3.1 u 7.0 t 7.1 u

20 20 20

68 68 68

Sand casting Sand casting Sand casting

16 22 16

10.4 u,d 26 to 29 u,d 26 to 29 u,d 26 to 29 u,d 12 to 14.5 u,d

18 u 45 to 50 u 45 to 50 u 45 to 50 u 20 to 25 u

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

Contact blades, switches, soldering iron tips Switches, contacts Switches, contacts

66 66 66 66 66

12 to 14.5 u,d

20 to 25 u

20

68

Copper, Cast, Beryllium Copper Belmont 4977-Heat treated Berylco 10Cr-Annealed and hardened Brush Casting 10C (C82000) Brush Casting 3C (C82000) Brush Casting 165C-Age hardened (C82400) Brush Casting 165CT-Age hardened (C82400)

Sand and centrifugal casting Sand and centrifugal casting Sand and centrifugal casting, extrusions Sand and centrifugal casting Sand casting, centrifugal casting, and wrought stock Sand and centrifugal casting, bar, rod, forging, sheet, strip, plate, and welding wire Plaster-mold and planar investment castings Die casting


66 66 66 66 66 66

66


Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families Alloy-temper (UNS number) Copper, Cast, Beryllium Copper C82400-Age hardened (C82400) Brush Casting 20CT (C82500) Brush Casting 20C (C82500) Brush Casting 21C-Age hardened (C82510) Brush Casting 245C-Age hardened (C82600) Brush Casting 245CT-Age hardened (C82600) C82600-Age hardened (C82600) Brush Casting 275C (C82800) Brush Casting 275CT (C82800)

10

6

S/m

Notes

Reference

14.5 u,d 10.4 to 14.5 u,d 10.4 to 14.5 u,d 10.4 to 14.5 u,d

25 u 18 to 25 u 18 to 25 u 18 to 25 u

20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68

16 66 66 66

10.4 to 13 u,d

18 to 23 u

20

68

66

10.4 to 13 u,d

18 to 23 u

20

68

66

11 u,d 10 to 13 u,d 10 to 13 u,d

19 u 17 to 23 u 17 to 23 u

20 20 20

68 68 68

92 u

20

68

12 t,d 41 t,d 49 t,d 23 to 29 u,d 46 u,d

20 t 70 t 85 t 40 to 50 u 80 u

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

24 to 28 u,d

42 to 48 u

20

68

27.8 t,d 27.8 u,d 27.8 u,d 27.8 t,d 27.8 u,d 27.8 t,d 11.6 u,d 11.6 t,d 10.4 t,d 10 u,d

48 t 48 u 48 u 48 t 48 u 48 t 20 u 20 t 18 t 18 u

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy

81 16 16 81 16 81 16 81 81 16

12.4 t 15.0 t 15 u 10.1 t 10.1 u 11.6 t 11.6 t 11.5 u 9.0 t 9.0 t 9u 10.0 t 10 u 10.0 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Casting Sand Casting Casting Casting Sand Casting Casting Casting Casting Casting Casting

22 22 16 22 16 22 22 16 22 22 16 22 16 22

Copper, Cast, Commercially Pure Copper C81100 (C81100) 53.4 u,d Copper, Cast, High Copper CMW 73 C81400-Heat treated (C81400) C81500-Heat treated (C81500) C81500-Heat treated (C81500) C81500-Precipitation hardened (C81500) C81540-Precipitation hardened (C81540) C81800-Heat treated (C81800) C81800-Heat treated (C81800) C82000-Heat treated (C82000) C82000-Heat treated (C82000) C82200-Heat treated (C82200) C82200-Heat treated (C82200) C82500-Heat treated (C82500) C82500-Heat treated (C82500) C82800-Heat treated (C82800) C82800-Heat treated (C82800)

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Copper, Cast, High Leaded Tin Bronze Copper ASTM B584 C93200 (C93200) 7.19 t,d ASTM B584 C93500 (C93500) 8.70 t,d C93500 (C93500) 8.7 u,d ASTM B584 C93700 (C93700) 5.9 t,d C93700 (C93700) 5.9 u,d ASTM B584 C93800 (C93800) 6.73 t,d ASTM B66 C93800 (C93800) 6.73 t,d C93800 (C93800) 6.67 u,d ASTM B584 C94300 (C94300) 5.2 t,d ASTM B66 C94300 (C94300) 5.2 t,d C94300 (C94300) 5.2 u,d ASTM B66 C94400 (C94400) 5.8 t,d C94400 (C94400) 5.8 u,d ASTM B66 C94500 (C94500) 5.8 t,d

Castings Castings

16 66 66 16

Cu-Be Casting alloy Casting alloy Casting alloy. Solution heat treated

58 81 81 16 65 65




10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Notes

Reference

Copper, Cast, Leaded Manganese Bronze ASTM B584 C86400 (C86400) 11.2 t,d ASTM B584 C86700 (C86700) 9.7 t,d

19.3 t 16.7 t

20 20

68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting

22 22

Copper, Cast, Leaded Red Brass ASTM B584 C83450 (C83450) ASTM B584 C83600 (C83600) ASTM B62 C83600 (C83600) C83600 (C83600) ASTM B584 C83800 (C83800) C83800 (C83800)

11.6 t,d 8.8 t,d 8.70 t,d 8.7 u,d 8.9 t,d 8.7 u,d

20.0 t 15.1 t 15.0 t 15 u 15.3 t 15 u

20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting Casting Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting

22 22 22 16 22 16

Copper, Cast, Leaded Tin Bronze ASTM B584 C87610 (C87610) ASTM B584 C92200 (C92200) C92200 (C92200) ASTM B584 C92300 (C92300) ASTM B584 C92600 (C92600) C93900 (C93900)

3.5 t,d 8.29 t,d 8.29 u,d 7.13 t,d 5.8 t,d 6.67 u,d

6.1 t 14.3 t 14.3 u 12.3 t 10.0 t 11.5 u

20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting

22 22 16 22 22 16

Copper, Cast, Leaded Tin Bronze Copper Bearium Metal B-10 5.3 ave,d Bearium Metal B-4 8.56 ave,d Bearium Metal B-8 6.03 ave,d Bunting Alloy 72 6.3 to 7.0 approx,d ASTM B61 C92200 (C92200) 8.29 t,d

9.1 ave 14.8 ave 10.4 ave 11 to 12 approx 14.3 t

20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68

66 66 66 66

20

68

Sand and centrifugal castings Sand and centrifugal castings Sand and centrifugal castings Sand, centrifugal, continous and investment castings Casting

Copper, Cast, Leaded Yellow Brass ASTM B584 C85200 (C85200) C85200 (C85200) ASTM B584 C85400 (C85400) C85400 (C85400) ASTM B584 C85700 (C85700) C85700 (C85700) ASTM B176 C85800 (C85800) C85800 (C85800)

10.8 t,d 10.8 u,d 11.4 t,d 11.4 u,d 12.6 t,d 12.8 u,d 12.8 t,d 12.8 u,d

18.6 t 18.6 u 19.6 t 19.6 u 21.8 t 22 u 22.0 t 22 u

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Die casting Die casting

22 16 22 16 22 16 22 16

Copper, Cast, Manganese Bronze Atlantic 31 Atlantic 8A C86100 (C86100) ASTM B584 C86200 (C86200) C86200 (C86200) ASTM B22 C86300 (C86300) ASTM B584 C86300 (C86300) C86300 (C86300) ASTM B584 C86500 (C86500) C86500 (C86500)

5 approx,d 15 approx,d 4.35 u,d 4.3 t,d 4.35 u,d 4.6 t,d 4.6 t,d 5.2 u,d 11.9 t,d 11.9 u,d

8 approx 25 approx 7.5 u 7.4 t 7.5 u 8.0 t 8.0 t 9u 20.5 t 20.5 u

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Plaster-mold and planar investment castings Plaster-mold and planar investment castings Sand Casting Sand Casting Casting Sand Casting Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting

66 66 16 22 16 22 22 16 22 16

Copper, Cast, Nickel Silver ASTM B584 C97300 (C97300) ASTM B584 C97600 (C97600) ASTM B584 C97800 (C97800)

3.4 t,d 2.8 t,d 2.6 t,d

5.9 t 4.8 t 4.5 t

20 20 20

68 68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting

22 22 22


22


Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families Alloy-temper (UNS number) Copper, Cast, Nickel Tin Bronze ASTM B584 C94700 (C94700) ASTM B584 C94700(HT) (C94700) C94700-Precipitation hardened (C94700) ASTM B584 C94800 (C94800)

10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Notes

Reference

6.67 t,d 8.56 t,d 8.7 u,d

11.5 t 14.8 t 15 u

20 20 20

68 68 68


22 22 65

6.96 t,d

12.0 t

20

68

Sand Casting

22

Copper, Cast, Phosphor Bronze Bunting No. 156

5.9 u,d

10.1 u

20

68

Centrifugal, chill or sand casting

66

Copper, Cast, Semi-Red Brass ASTM B584 C84400 (C84400) C84400 (C84400) ASTM B584 C84800 (C84800) C84800 (C84800)

9.7 t,d 9.51 u,d 9.5 t,d 9.51 u,d

16.8 t 16.4 u 16.4 t 16.4 u

20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting

22 16 22 16

Copper, Cast, Silicon Brass ASTM B584 C87400 (C87400) ASTM B584 C87500 (C87500) C87500 (C87500) ASTM B584 C87600 (C87600)

3.9 t,d 3.5 t,d 3.89 u,d 4.6 t,d

6.7 t 6.1 t 6.7 u 8.0 t

20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68

Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting Sand Casting

22 22 16 22

Copper, Cast, Silicon Bronze Atlantic 13B ASTM B176 C87800 (C87800) C87800 (C87800)

3 approx,d 3.8 t,d 3.89 u,d

6 approx 6.5 t 6.7 u

20 20 20

68 68 68

Plaster-mold and planar investment castings Die casting Die casting

66 22 16

Copper, Cast, Silicon Copper ASTM B584 C87300 (C87300) C87300 (C87300)

3.5 t,d 3.89 u,d

6.1 t 6.7 u

20 20

68 68


22 16

Copper, Cast, Tin Bronze ASTM B584 C90300 (C90300) ASTM B22 C90500 (C90500) ASTM B584 C90500 (C90500) C90500 (C90500) C90700 (C90700) ASTM B22 C91100 (C91100) ASTM B22 C91300 (C91300) C91700 (C91700)

7.19 t,d 6.32 t,d 6.32 t,d 6.4 u,d 5.57 u,d 4.9 t,d 4.1 t,d 5.8 u,d

12.4 t 10.9 t 10.9 t 11 u 9.6 u 8.5 t 7.0 t 10 u

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Sand Casting Casting Sand Casting Casting

22 22 22 16 16 22 22 16

Casting Casting

Copper, Cast, Unclassified CMW 3 C99400-Precipitation hardened (C99400) ASTM B176 C99700 (C99700)

46 t,d 9.9 u,d

80 t 17 u

20 20

68 68

Cu-Cr

58 65

1.7 t,d

3.0 t

20

68

Die casting

22

Copper, Cast, Unclassified Bronze Asarco Bronwite

11.2 u,d

2.0 u

20

68

Sand casting, permanent mold casting, die casting, investment cast, and ingot

66

28 min,as spec 30 nom 61 nom 60 min,as spec

20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68

Cable shielding, CCS or CAS Cable shielding, CCS or CAS Cable shielding, CCS or CAS Cable shielding, CCS or CAS

51 51 51 51

Copper, Miscellaneous, Copper-Clad Steel ASTM B624 16/68/16 16 min,d ASTM B624 16/68/16 17 nom,d ASTM B624 33.3/33.3/33.3 35 nom,d ASTM B624 33.3/33.3/33.3 35 min,d




10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Notes

Reference

Copper, Miscellaneous, Instrument and Control 67Cu5Ni27Mn 1.04 u,d 70Cu20Ni10Mn 2.1 u,d 83Cu13Mn4Ni(manganin) 2.0 u,d 85Cu10Mn4Ni(shunt manganin) 2.6 u,d 87Cu13Mn(manganin) 2.0 u,d

1.8 u 3.6 u 3.5 u 4.5 u 3.5 u

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

65 65 65 65 65

Copper, Miscellaneous, Thermocouple 55Cu45Ni(constantan) 2.0 u,d 78Cu22Ni 3.3 u,d 89Cu11Ni 6.4 u,d 94Cu6Ni 9.9 u,d 98Cu2Ni 20.3 u,d

3.5 u 5.7 u 11 u 17 u 35 u

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

65 65 65 65 65

Copper, Welding filler copper Ampcotrode 182 Copper-trode

31 u,d 23 u,d

53 u 40 u

20 20

68 68

Weld filler for high conductivity

66 66

Copper, Wrought, Aluminum Bronze Alronze Ambraloy 901 Ambraloy 917 Ambraloy 928-Annealed Ampco Metal 8 Ampcoloy 45 Bridgeport 712-Soft Copper No. 630 Coronze 638

6.09 u,d 9.9 u,d 4.35 u,d 8.70 u,d 8.1 u,d 5.2 u,d 7.0 u,d 4.35 u,d 6 u,d

10.5 u 17.0 u 7.5 u 15.0 u 14 u 9u 12 u 7.5 u 10 u

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

Strip, electrical contacts Sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod, bar, and tube Rod, bar, plate, and die pressed forgings Sheet, strip, plate, rod, bar and wire Rolled plate, sheet, extrusion Extruded and forged bar Strip, tube, rod, and wire Bar, rod, plate, sheet, and tube Sheet, strip, wire, welded tube produced from strip

66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66

9.9 t,d 8.7 u,d 7.0 t,d 8.12 t,d 7.0 t,d 7.0 t,d 5.8 t,d 5.2 t,d 4.0 t,d 6 fio 8.7 t,d

17 t 15 u 12 t 14 t 12 t 12 t 10 t 9t 7t 10 fio 15 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

17 to 21 u 22 u 20 to 60 u

20 20 20

68 68 68

C60800 (C60800) Ambraloy 610-Annealed (C61000) C61300 (C61300) C61400 (C61400) C62300 (C62300) C62400 (C62400) C62500 (C62500) C63000 (C63000) C63200 (C63200) ASTM B422 C63800 (C63800) C63800 (C63800)

Copper, Wrought, Beryllium Copper 2Be + Ni or Co 9.9 to 12.2 u,d Berylco 33-25-Precipitation hardened 13 u,d Brush 10 11.6 to 25 u,d Brush 190 Brush M25-Precipitation hardened

11.6 to 16.2 u,d 12.8 to 14.5 u,d

20 to 28 u 22 to 25 u

20 20

68 68

CMW 100 CMW 73 Copper No. 170 Copper No. 172-Heat treated

28 t,d 13 t,d 12.8 to 17.4 u,d 16 to 19 u,d

48 t 23 t 22 to 30 u 28 to 33 u

20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68

Rod, wire

Sheet and strip

Contact material Rod, wire, tube Billet, forging, casting, ingot, rod, bar, plate, wire, strip, and fabricated shapes Strip Rod and bar, connectors, electrical and electronic components Cu-Be Strip Strip, wire, rod


15 66 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 44 59 65 66 66 66 66 58 58 66 66


Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families Alloy-temper (UNS number) Copper, Wrought, Beryllium Copper C17000-As cast (C17000) C17000-Cast and aged (C17000) C17000-Precipitation hardened (C17000) C17000-TB00 (C17000) C17000-TB00 (C17000) C17000-TB00 (C17000) C17000-TB00 (C17000) C17000-TD01 (C17000) C17000-TD02 (C17000) C17000-TD04 (C17000) C17000-TD04 (C17000) C17000-TD04 (C17000) C17000-TD04 (C17000)

10

6

S/m

% IACS

Temperature oC oF

Notes

Reference

9.3 to 13 t,d 10.4 to 13 t,d 12.8 u,d

16 to 22 t 18 to 23 t 22 u

20 20 20

68 68 68

Billet Billet

15 15 65

10 to 11 t,d 7.5 to 10 t,d 10 to 11 t,d 10 to 11 t,d 9.3 to 10.4 t,d 8.7 to 10 t,d 8.7 to 10 t,d 8.7 to 10 t,d 8.7 to 10 t,d 8.7 to 10 t,d

17 to 19 t 13 to 18 t 17 to 19 t 17 to 19 t 16 to 18 t 15 to 17 t 15 to 17 t 15 to 17 t 15 to 17 t 15 to 17 t

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

C17000-TF00 (C17000) C17000-TF00 (C17000) C17000-TF00 (C17000) C17000-TF00 (C17000) C17000-TH04 (C17000)

13 to 15 t,d 13 to 15 t,d 10.4 to 14.5 t,d 13 to 15 t,d 13 to 15 t,d

22 to 25 t 22 to 25 t 18 to 25 t 22 to 25 t 22 to 25 t

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

C17000-TH04 (C17000) C17000-TH04 (C17000) C17000-THxx (C17000) C17000-TMxx (C17000) Wellman Alloy 165HT-TH04 (C17000) Wellman Alloy 165A-TB00 (C17000) Wellman Alloy 165AT-TF00 (C17000) Wellman Alloy 165H-TD04 (C17000) Brushform 290 (C17200) C17200-Age hardened (C17200) C17200-As cast (C17200) C17200-Cast and aged (C17200) C17200-M20 (C17200) C17200-Precipitation hardened (C17200) C17200-TB00 (C17200) C17200-TB00 (C17200) C17200-TB00 (C17200) C17200-TB00 (C17200) C17200-TB00 (C17200) C17200-TD01 (C17200) C17200-TD02 (C17200) C17200-TD04 (C17200) C17200-TD04 (C17200) C17200-TD04 (C17200) C17200-TF00 (C17200) C17200-TF00 (C17200)

13 to 15 t,d 13 to 15 t,d 13 to 15 t,d 12 to 19 t,d 12.8 to 16.2 t,d

22 to 25 t 22 to 25 t 22 to 25 t 20 to 33 t 22 to 28 t

20 20 20 20 20

68 68 68 68 68

Forging Billet Strip Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes Strip Strip Rod, bar, plate, tubing, t < 10 mm (0.375 in.) Strip Rod, bar, plate, tubing, t > 25 mm (1 in.) Rod, bar, plate, tubing, 10 mm (0.375 in.)

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