Arqueologia De La Muerte

      




           



               

 ‹)UDQFLVFR-DYLHU-RYHU0DHVWUH -XDQ$QWRQLR/ySH]3DGLOOD ‹8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH 6HFUHWDULDGRGH3XEOLFDFLRQHV 3RUWDGD*DELQHWHGH'LVHxR 8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH ,PSULPH $UWHV*Ui¿FDV6ROHU6$ ,6%1 'HSyVLWR/HJDO9 ,PSUHVRHQ(VSDxD

5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV1RVHSHUPLWH UHSURGXFLUDOPDFHQDUHQVLVWHPDVGHUHFXSHUDFLyQ GHODLQIRUPDFLyQQLWUDQVPLWLUDOJXQDSDUWHGHHVWD SXEOLFDFLyQFXDOTXLHUDTXHVHDHOPHGLRHPSOHDGR ±HOHFWUyQLFRPHFiQLFRIRWRFRSLDJUDEDFLyQHWF± VLQHOSHUPLVRSUHYLRGHORVWLWXODUHVGHORVGHUHFKRV GHODSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDO (VWRVFUpGLWRVSHUWHQHFHQDODHGLFLyQLPSUHVD GHODREUD

(GLFLyQHOHFWUyQLFD

)UDQFLVFR-DYLHU-RYHU0DHVWUH -XDQ$QWRQLR/ySH]3DGLOOD

$UTXHRORJtDGHODPXHUWH 3UiFWLFDVIXQHUDULDV HQORVOtPLWHVGH(O$UJDU

ËQGLFH

3RUWDGD &UpGLWRV  , 3ODQWHDPLHQWRVHKLSyWHVLV    ,, /DGLPHQVLyQHVSDFLDO   ,,, /DEDVHHPStULFD   ,9 (YDOXDFLyQGHORVGDWRV     3UiFWLFDVIXQHUDULDVIXHUDGHODV]RQDV   GHKiELWDW     3UiFWLFDVIXQHUDULDVGHQWURGHODV]RQDV   GHKiELWDW     3UiFWLFDVIXQHUDULDVFRVWH\YDORUVRFLDO   9 (YDOXDFLyQGHODVKLSyWHVLV   9, ©$UTXHRORJtDGHOD0XHUWHª$OJXQDVUHÀH[LRQHV  9,,%LEOLRJUDItD 

,3ODQWHDPLHQWRVHKLSyWHVLV

,3ODQWHDPLHQWRVHKLSyWHVLV

&

RQHOWtWXORGHHVWHOLEURDXQTXHFLHUWDPHQWHSUHWHQFLR VRSUHWHQGHPRVDQDOL]DU\GRWDUGHPD\RUFRQWHQLGR DWRGDXQDVHULHGHGDWRVGLVSHUVRVVREUHODVSUiF WLFDV IXQHUDULDV UHDOL]DGDV GXUDQWH HO ,, PLOHQLR %& SRU ODV VRFLHGDGHVTXHKDELWDURQODVWLHUUDVGHO'RPLQLR%pWLFRYD OHQFLDQR±%pWLFR6XEEpWLFR\3UHEpWLFR0HULGLRQDO±HYDOXDU XQDVHULHGHKLSyWHVLVTXHKDQVLGRPRWLYRGHGLVFXVLyQHQ GLYHUVRVIRURVHLQFRUSRUDUQXHYRVSODQWHDPLHQWRV\UHÀH[LR QHVDODWUD\HFWRULDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHVWDVWLHUUDVFRQODV TXHDIURQWDUHOIXWXUR (VWH PDQXVFULWR HV HO UHVXOWDGR GH XQD WDUHD DUGXD \ FRV WRVD TXH DO LJXDO TXH PXFKRV RWURV HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ODV RFDVLRQHVQRGLVSRQHQGHODVXHUWHDGHFXDGDSDUDVHUHGLWD GRV(OORVHGHEHQRVRODPHQWHDODHVFDVH]GHPHGLRVHFR QyPLFRVSDUDFRQVHJXLUVXSXEOLFDFLyQHVSHFLDOPHQWHVLVH WUDWD GH WUDEDMRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ UHIHUHQWHV D DVSHFWRV GH ODV FLHQFLDV KLVWyULFRVRFLDOHV VLQR WDPELpQ D TXH HQ JUDQ

Ì1',&(



)UDQFLVFR-DYLHU-RYHU0DHVWUH±-XDQ$QWRQLR/ySH]3DGLOOD $UTXHRORJtDGHODPXHUWH

PHGLGDHOHVIXHU]RUHDOL]DGRGHUHFRSLODFLyQGHVFULSFLyQHLQ WHUSUHWDFLyQGHODGRFXPHQWDFLyQJHQHUDGDGXUDQWHFDVLFLHQ DxRVVXSRQHXQDDSRUWDFLyQHQRUPHPHQWHYROXPLQRVDTXH SRFDVYHFHVSHUPLWHH[WUDHUUHVXOWDGRVTXHYD\DQPiVDOOi GHODSURSLDODERUFUtWLFD $O PLVPR WLHPSR \ HVWH HUD QXHVWUR FDVR WDPSRFR SHQ ViEDPRVHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHSXEOLFDUHVWHWLSRGHWUDEDMRVDO HQFRQWUDUVHLPEULFDGRVHQXQSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQPiV DPSOLR FRPR HV HO DQiOLVLV KLVWyULFR GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV GHO ÈUHD%pWLFD9DOHQFLDQDGXUDQWHHO,,PLOHQLR%&1RREVWDQWH FRPRHQWRGRWUDEDMRHOSULPHUSDVRTXHSODQWHDPRVDQWHV GHLQLFLDUFXDOTXLHUDFWLYLGDGDUTXHROyJLFDGHSURVSHFFLyQR H[FDYDFLyQIXHODUHFRSLODFLyQ\DQiOLVLVGHWRGDODLQIRUPD FLyQJHQHUDGDSDUDOD]RQDGHVGHODVPiVDQWLJXDVQRWLFLDV GRQGHVHFRPHQWDEDODSUHVHQFLDGHUHVWRVFHUiPLFRVRGH DVHQWDPLHQWRVKDVWDODV~OWLPDVSXEOLFDFLRQHVVREUHODVUH FLHQWHV FDPSDxDV GH H[FDYDFLyQ VLQ ROYLGDU HO HVWXGLR GH ORV IRQGRV DQWLJXRV GHSRVLWDGRV HQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV PXVHRV ORFDOHV\FRPDUFDOHV&RQWRGRHOREMHWLYRHUDODFUHDFLyQGH XQFXHUSRGHGDWRVORVX¿FLHQWHPHQWHDPSOLR\FRQVLGHUDEOH TXHD\XGDUDDFHQWUDUODHVWUDWHJLDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQIXQ FLyQGHODVKLSyWHVLVGHSDUWLGD Ì1',&(



,3ODQWHDPLHQWRVHKLSyWHVLV

$ SDUWLU GH DTXt VH HPSUHQGLHURQ SURVSHFFLRQHV DUTXHR OyJLFDV HQ XQ WHUULWRULR PX\ FRQFUHWR ±&RUUHGRU GH 9LOOHQD -RYHU/ySH]\/ySH] \HQIXQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRV VHLQLFLyXQDQXHYDHWDSDGHDFWXDFLRQHVDUTXHROyJLFDVFRQ VLVWHQWHHQODH[FDYDFLyQHQGRVDVHQWDPLHQWRVXQDGHODV FXDOHV±%DUUDQFR7XHUWR9LOOHQD ±\DVHKDOOHYDGRDWpUPLQR -RYHU\/ySH]  (VRV SULPHURV SDVRV GH DFHUFDPLHQWR FRQVWLWXtDQ OD EDVH GHVGHODTXHHVWDEOHFHUODHVWUDWHJLDGHDFWXDFLyQDVHJXLU HQODREWHQFLyQGHGDWRV~WLOHVSDUDORVREMHWLYRVSURSXHVWRV \QXQFDHQHO¿QHQVtPLVPR'HDKtTXHQXHVWUDDUJXPHQWD FLyQLQLFLDOH[SUHVHODVRUSUHVDGHFRPSUREDUFyPRWUDEDMRV TXH QR HVWiQ SHQVDGRV SDUD VHU SXEOLFDGRV DOFDQ]DQ HVD FRQGLFLyQ 3HURDOPLVPRWLHPSRVRPRVFRQVFLHQWHVGHODQHFHVLGDG GH SXEOLFDU HVWD VHULH GH HVWXGLRV HQ ORV TXH XWLOL]DPRV OD WHRUtDPHGLDGRUDGHOD+LVWRULDGHODLQIRUPDFLyQSURGXFLGD %DWH SDUDSURFHVDU\GDUVHQWLGRDXQYROXPHQGH GDWRVPX\GLVSHUVRVJHQHUDGRVDWUDYpVGHSURFHGLPLHQWRV PX\YDULDGRV(VHYLGHQWHTXHQRVyORSRGHPRVHPSOHDUOD LQIRUPDFLyQ SURGXFLGD SRU QRVRWURV PLVPRV HQ OD GHVFULS FLyQLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\H[SOLFDFLyQGHXQDVRFLHGDGFRQFUHWD VLQR TXH WDPELpQ GHEHPRV XWLOL]DU OD JHQHUDGD SRU RWURV Ì1',&(



)UDQFLVFR-DYLHU-RYHU0DHVWUH±-XDQ$QWRQLR/ySH]3DGLOOD $UTXHRORJtDGHODPXHUWH

FROHJDV DXQTXH VXV SRVLELOLGDGHV WpFQLFDV SODQWHDPLHQWRV PHWRGROyJLFRV\SRVLFLyQWHyULFDVHDQGLIHUHQWHV (QODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVQRVHQIUHQWDPRVDODUHFRJLGD\ DQiOLVLVGHXQEXHQQ~PHURGHGDWRVGLVSHUVRVIUXWRGHP~OWL SOHVSURFHVRVHQORVTXHHQQLQJ~QPRPHQWRKDH[LVWLGRXQD LQWHQFLRQDOLGDG GH SURGXFLU LQIRUPDFLyQ VLVWHPDWL]DGD /RV HMHPSORVPiVKDELWXDOHVVRQORVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQVDTXHRV KDOOD]JRVIRUWXLWRVH[SORWDFLRQHVGHFDQWHUDVRURWXUDFLyQGH WHUUHQRVFRQODFRQVLJXLHQWHSpUGLGDGHLPSRUWDQWHVGRVLVGH LQIRUPDFLyQ7DPELpQH[LVWHQSURFHVRVHQORVTXHKDH[LVWLGR XQD LQWHQFLRQDOLGDG GH REWHQHU GDWRV DUTXHROyJLFRV R PiV ELHQ REMHWRV HQ XQ DIiQ GH FROHFFLRQLVPR FRQ XQRV SODQ WHDPLHQWRVPX\GLIHUHQWHVDORVDFWXDOHV\HQRWURVFDVRV ORVPHQRVSRUGHVJUDFLDSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQ HVWi EDVWDQWH PiV VLVWHPDWL]DGD SXGLHQGR FRQRFHU GDWRV UHIHUHQWHVDORVFRQWH[WRVGRQGHVHKDOODURQODVLQKXPDFLR QHV DVt FRPR VL FRUUHVSRQGHQ D GHSRVLFLRQHV SULPDULDV R VHFXQGDULDVHQFRQVRQDQFLDFRQODVH[LJHQFLDVDFWXDOHV(Q FXDOTXLHUFDVRHVWDPRVREOLJDGRVDWUDEDMDUFRQHVWHWULSOH QLYHO GH DQiOLVLV XWLOL]DQGR ODLQIRUPDFLyQ QRLQWHQFLRQDO OD LQWHQFLRQDO \ OD LQWHQFLRQDO VLVWHPDWL]DGD GH RWURV FROHJDV VREUHODTXHHVQHFHVDULRUHDOL]DUXQDODERUFUtWLFD Ì1',&(



,3ODQWHDPLHQWRVHKLSyWHVLV

3RU HOOR ODV UHÀH[LRQHV YHUWLGDV HQ HVWDV SiJLQDV VRQ HO UHVXOWDGRGHOSURFHVDGRGHWRGDHVWDDPDOJDPDGHLQIRUPD FLyQHQQLQJ~QFDVRJHQHUDGDSRUQRVRWURVVLQRIXQGDPHQ WDOPHQWH SRU XQD DPSOLD WUDGLFLyQ LQYHVWLJDGRUD (O XVR D TXH HQ SULPHUD LQVWDQFLD HVWi HQFDPLQDGD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HPStULFDSURFHVDGDHVODHYDOXDFLyQGHXQDVHULHGHKLSyWH VLVTXHGXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSRKDVLGRPRWLYRGHGLVFXVLyQ 1RVHVWDPRVUH¿ULHQGRDODFXHVWLyQSODQWHDGDSRUODDUTXHR ORJtD WUDGLFLRQDO GH ORV OtPLWHV WHUULWRULDOHV R IURQWHUD HQWUH HO iUHD DUJiULFD 6LUHW  7DUUDGHOO   \ HO ©%URQFH 9DOHQFLDQRª7DUUDGHOOD TXHGHVGHQXHVWUDSR VLFLyQWHyULFD±$UTXHRORJtD6RFLDO±VHWUDGXFHHQHOHVWDEOH FLPLHQWR GH ORV OtPLWHV WHUULWRULDOHV HQWUH GRV VRFLHGDGHV FRQFUHWDVTXHHVWXYLHURQFRQYLYLHQGR\HQWUDURQHQFRQWDFWR GXUDQWHJUDQSDUWHGHO,,PLOHQLR%&FRPRVRQODVRFLHGDG DUJiULFD/XOO$UWHDJD \ODTXHDSDUWLUGHHVWH PRPHQWR\PLHQWUDVQRGLVSRQJDPRVGHRWURVFULWHULRVSDUD VX GHOLPLWDFLyQ \ FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GHQRPLQDUHPRV VRFLHGDG QRDUJiULFDGHO'RPLQLR%pWLFRYDOHQFLDQR 3HUR QR VH WUDWD GH FUHDU IURQWHUDV DUTXHROyJLFDV FRPR SUHWHQGHUtDUHDOL]DUHO3DUWLFXODULVPR+LVWyULFRQLGHOtPLWHV JHRHFROyJLFRVTXHGHWHUPLQHQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHXQJUXSR KXPDQRVLQRGH©LQIHULUODH[LVWHQFLD\HODOFDQFHHVSDFLR Ì1',&(



)UDQFLVFR-DYLHU-RYHU0DHVWUH±-XDQ$QWRQLR/ySH]3DGLOOD $UTXHRORJtDGHODPXHUWH

WHPSRUDOGHFLHUWDVSUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHVHQVXH[SUHVLyQFRPR LPSRVLFLRQHVSURGXFWLYDV\ULWXDOHVª*RQ]iOH] /D VRFLHGDG DUJiULFD \ OD QR DUJiULFD HVWDEOHFLHURQ XQD VHULH GHSUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHVVLQJXODUHVJHQHUDGDVHQHOPDUFRGH XQDV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH WHQGLHURQ D UHSURGXFLUVH GHO PLVPRPRGR3HURHVRVSURFHVRVUHFXUUHQWHV\KRPRJpQHRV TXHQRVRWURVREVHUYDPRVHQVLWXDFLRQHV\OXJDUHVPX\KHWH URJpQHRVQRVRQODH[SUHVLyQGHXQPRPHQWR~QLFRVLQRHO UHVXOWDGRGHVLWXDFLRQHVFDPELDQWHVHQHOVHQRGHXQWRGR VRFLDORUJiQLFR\GLQiPLFR +DQ VLGR YDULDV ODV KLSyWHVLV TXH VH KDQ IRUPXODGR FRQ UHVSHFWR D ORV OtPLWHV IURQWHUL]RV HQWUH DPEDV VRFLHGDGHV ±iUHDVFXOWXUDOHVHQODDUTXHRORJtDWUDGLFLRQDO±$LQLFLRVGH ODGpFDGDGHORVDxRVVHVHQWDHQXQPRPHQWRHQHOTXHVH HVWDEDDVHQWDQGRODGH¿QLFLyQGHO©%URQFH9DOHQFLDQRª0 7DUUDGHOOD WUD]DEDODGLYLVRULDFRQUHVSHFWRD(O $UJDUHQODFXHQFDGHO6HJXUDVLHQGR6DQ$QWyQ2ULKXHOD  \ ODV /DGHUDV GHO &DVWLOOR &DOORVD GH 6HJXUD  ORV DVHQWD PLHQWRV PiV VHSWHQWULRQDOHV GHO iPELWR DUJiULFR 6L OD SUH VHQFLDHQORV\DFLPLHQWRVUHVHxDGRVGHQXPHURVDVWXPEDV TXHVHDMXVWDEDQDODV©QRUPDVDUJiULFDVª\VXDXVHQFLDHQ ]RQDVPiVVHSWHQWULRQDOHV±GRQGHVHLQKXPDEDDSURYHFKDQ GRJULHWDV\FRYDFKDVIXHUDGHOD]RQDGHKiELWDW±HUDODEDVH Ì1',&(



,3ODQWHDPLHQWRVHKLSyWHVLV

TXH VHUYtD SDUD VXVWHQWDU HVWD KLSyWHVLV OD GRFXPHQWDFLyQ GHYDULDVWXPEDVHQHOLQWHULRUGHODVXQLGDGHVKDELWDFLRQDOHV GH &DEH]R 5HGRQGR 9LOOHQD  6ROHU    SHUPLWLy VXELUGH¿QLWLYDPHQWHODOtQHDGLYLVRULDKDVWDODFXHQFDGHOUtR 9LQDORSy7DUUDGHOO  6LQHPEDUJRODFRQIXVLyQSHUVLVWtDDQWHODH[LJLGDGGHORV GDWRV\ODGRFXPHQWDFLyQGHDVHQWDPLHQWRVFRPR&DEH]RGH OD(VFRED7DUUDGHOOE6ROHU HQSOHQRFXUVRGHO UtR9LQDORSyHQORVTXHQRVHKDEtDGRFXPHQWDGRDUWHIDFWRV WtSLFDPHQWHDUJiULFRVDGHPiVGHFRQVWDWDUTXHVXVSUiFWLFDV IXQHUDULDVIXHURQUHDOL]DGDVHQJULHWDVIXHUDGHODV]RQDVGH KiELWDW(QHVWRVWpUPLQRVVHH[SUHVDED9/XOO DO SODQWHDUHODVXQWR©(OSUREOHPDQRSRUPiVUHVWULQJLGRPiV VHQFLOORHVHOGHHVWDEOHFHUXQDEDVHVyOLGDTXHJHRJUi¿FD PHQWH FRQVLJD GHOLPLWDU HO$UJDU \ TXH SRU GHVJUDFLD GHEH SDUWLU GH ORV HVFDVRV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV HQ OD SHULIHULD GHO HVSDFLRJHRJUi¿FRDUJiULFRª©1XHVWURREMHWRGHHVWXGLRKD VLGRGHVGHHOSULQFLSLRGHVFXEULUODGLQiPLFDLQWHUQDGHOHVSD FLRDUJiULFR\SRUHOORKHPRVGHVHFKDGR\DFLPLHQWRVTXHQR UHXQtDQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHVSHFt¿FDVGHQXHVWUDFXOWXUDª 'HHVWHPRGR9/XOO FRQVLGHUDEDFRPRVROXFLyQ OOHYDUODIURQWHUDQDWXUDOHQWUHDPERVDO6HJXUDDXQTXHFRQ FLHUWDVUHVHUYDVDQWHODSUHVHQFLDGHHYLGHQFLDVGHHQWHUUD Ì1',&(



)UDQFLVFR-DYLHU-RYHU0DHVWUH±-XDQ$QWRQLR/ySH]3DGLOOD $UTXHRORJtDGHODPXHUWH

PLHQWRHQFLVWDHQODV]RQDVGHKiELWDWGHYDULRVDVHQWDPLHQ WRVGHOD]RQDGH-XPLOOD