Archaeological Reports for 2008-2009

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ISSN 0570-6084

ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS

FOR

2008-2009

CONTENTS ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Catherine Morgan withRobert K. Pitt and Todd Whitelaw

ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009 Margarita Gleba

WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN. IMAGES INTHE ARCHIVES OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTIONOF HELLENIC STUDIES Deborah Harlan PUBLISHED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF HELLENIC STUDIES AND THE COUNCIL OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2009

Cover

illustration: Kalapodi,

Syriac LHittite bowl fromtheGeo S temple

Archaeological Reports is published by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and the British School atAthens, for theirsubscribers. It is now also available to subscribers to theAmerican Journal of Archaeology (see back cover) and to members of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies under similar terms. Members of the public can purchase copies from the Secretary, The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, UK.

'Archaeology inGreece', compiled annually by theDirector of theBritish School atAthens, is the only account of recent archaeological work inGreece published in English. It is usually supple mented each year by reports from other parts of the ancient Greek and Byzantine world: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Albania, Cyprus, Asia Minor and theBlack Sea are covered regularly.

Executive Editor Richella Doyle Production Editor Gina Coulthard

Archaeological

Reports is very grateful for the support of theA.G. LEVENTIS

FOUNDATION

? Authors, the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and theBritish School atAthens

2009

Printed inEngland by Stephen Austin and Sons Ltd, Hertford

CONTENTS

Archaeology inGreece 2008-2009 Introduction.1 Museums.2

Athens byRobertK. Pitt.3 Attica byRobertK.Pitt.5 Islands of theSaronic Gulf withKythera.6 Corinthia.11 Argolid.18

1

Thessaly with theNorthernSporades.54 Epirus.55 Western

Eastern Macedonia

with Mount

Athos.63

Thasos.65 Thrace.67

Arcadia.26

Islands

Laconia.29

Cyclades

Messenia.32

of the Northeast

Aegean.68

and Samos.70

Dodecanese.75

Eleia includingTriphylia.37

Crete byToddWhitelaw and Catherine

Achaia.38

Ionian Islands excludingKythera.42 Aitolia

Macedonia.57

Central Macedonia.59

and Akarnania.43

Phokis andWest Lokris.43 Boeotia byRobertK. Pitt.45

Sources

Euboia.47

Morgan.79

EasternCrete (Nomos ofLasithi).79 CentralCrete (Nomos ofHerakleion).90 Western Crete (Nomos ofRethymnon).97 Western Crete (Nomos of Chania).99 of illustrations.101

Phthiotisand East Lokris.51

Archaeology inEtruria 2003-2009. Introduction.103 Resources Site

and publications.103

reports.106 Excavations.106

.103 Museums.119

The CapitolineWolf.120 Acknowledgements.121 Sources of illustrations.121

William James Stillman Images in theArchives of the Society for thePromotion ofHellenic Studies

123

IN GREECE 2008-2009

ARCHAEOLOGY

INTRODUCTION The major storyof 2008-2009 was undoubtedlytheopening of theNew Acropolis Museum, which occupied theheadlines on

before occasions many June. As the culmination

on 20th ceremony of major museum,

the final

opening of the programme

site and archiveprojects reportedin 2007-2008, theAcropolis

and of a fundamental is the most spectacular example now far-reaching change in the range and quality of information to Greece, and in the research facilities to visitors accessible it is certainly not the only contribu to scholars. And available return to over the past year. We will tion of such magnitude

Museum

museums

note

and presently, and presented

landscaped

Kea, Phylakopi on Melos

and Petres in the prefecture of

of these impact of many projects has been considerable:

conservation

and/or

sites newly on Karthaia

the many anc. Kos,

academic

The

Fiorina.

among to the public,

restoration

the new

the most 2 years of intensive study, is perhaps in December the inauguration For researchers,

case.

striking

in restored neoclassical archive of monuments) (the national resource a significant for more in Thissio promises will be archive studies: this cultural-historical contemporary

premises

online

at http://nam.culture.gr.

The archaeological story in 2008-2009 inevitably

perhaps

so in the present

economic

is more mixed climate.

is

There

no doubting the variety and significance of the discoveries

which

we

have

In terms of period,

to report.

our understanding

of theEBA isgreatlyenrichedby thedetailed documentationof important

on Dhaskalio, where in the Cyclades, the for early bronzeworking complements

settlement

the largest

evidence

hoard of tools found in the sea offGlyfada Mesi inThrace. Spectacular individualfinds include thepublic archive of the cityof Pella fromtheL4th-lstCt BC, theVergina gold wreath, of Myc

the remains

and frescoes

architecture

palatial

in Thebes

and the pedimental sculpture (a gigantomachy) from a

monumental

on

temple

the hill

of Trapeza

near Aigion

in

Achaia. With its stylisticaffinitiesto thefirst,LAr, pediments of

the Temple

on Aigina,

of Aphaia

the Trapeza

sculpture

strengthensthegrowingpictureof early prosperityaround the CorinthianGulf (furtherechoed in this year's reportof the sanctuary

at Mamousia), about

which

the

dominant

in turn challenges long-held role of the NE artistic

assumptions trade and ports of connections, Long-distance P?loponn?se. the for example, form another theme, noting, important entry Research Harbors of the Saronic Archaeological findings

Project atMyc Kalamianos, and thework of theKythera Island Project on shiftingpatternsof LRom settlementon the island. current

Under

surprising

economic

to see slightly

fewer

it is circumstances, excavations large-scale

hardly than in

recent years, other than those funded throughmajor public works.

But

the cumulative

effect of an

increasing

number

of

topographical projects, documenting the location of urban centres of all periods and reconstructingchanges in their or physical form (as, for example, inTriphylia or at Kleonai more firmly remote is both for notable regions putting Kirrha), on themap and for challenging assumptions about sites and areas thoughtto be well-understood (Knossos being a case in rescue point). The major gap in thisyear's account is again the of absence the continuing archaeology, given Archaiologikon

Deltion.

The

syntheses

of rescue

excavations

have

of Ephorias

small

organized

one-

or two-day

but

Ithaca),

are

these

for publication.

intended

rarely

Our

inabilityat present fully to reportthe- vital rescuework of the

Archaeological for those who

and must be doubly so is frustrating conduct the excavations concerned,

Service

actually in extremely difficult conditions. include On a more note, we positive

often

and

reports of fieldwork

research

this year extensive from 2 of the 6

programmes

Archaeological Institutes(of Epirotic Studies and ofAegean Studies

-

the remaining

Studies

Studies, and of Cretan

four being of Thessalian Studies).

the Institutes of Macedonian

of Peloponnesian Studies, Institutes are separate These

branches of theMinistry of Culturewith thebrief to conduct from old excavations programmes, publish material events. and cultural conferences exhibitions, organize of long standing and with very are cultural foundations Several of the the origins for example, varied histories. Thus, research

2008 of thehistorical archives of theArchaeological Service

available

a number

workshops (in 2009, we note suchmeetings organized by the 7thEPCA on Elis and the 35thEPCA on Kephallonia and

and Thracian

reconstructionof thepalace of Philip II atVergina, achieved

after a mere

chapter, illustrate the way inwhich Sparta, cited in the Laconia Service in the Archaeological of colleagues the work of themajor anc. urban transforms our understanding especially their work chiefly to local audiences, centres. To communicate

in

and

Archaeological InstituteofAegean Studies lie in the FERT Institute,founded under the Italian occupation in 1927 to support the work the incorporation Institute operated the Dodecanese

After Mission. of the Italian Archaeological into the Greek State, the of the Dodecanese for Service as a branch of theArchaeological until

it was

when

1977,

established

as

a

regional unit of theMinistry of Culture and renamed the Archaeological and Historical Foundation of Rhodes. The Institute in 2002 as the Archaeological refounded and of the Aegean, Studies, with regional coverage the in recent years has collaborated closely with particularly of the archaeo in projects such as the unification 22nd EPCA Institute was

of Aegean

logical areas of the city of Kos, describedmore fully in our

reports below. Certain major will

conferences

held

be of interest to readers

of AR.

over the past year these are For convenience, of where primary material in Greece

into regional conferences, and will be reported fully when to AR was presented are published, and archaeological the conference proceedings on particular themes or periods. conferences Derne and the Ancient The Battle Marathon. Regional:

divided

relevance

(Marathon,demos ofMarathon, September2008); Cyprus and the East

Aegean.

Intercultural

Contacts

3000-500

from

BC

(Samos, DAI andAG Leventis Foundation,October 2008); 8th Symposium on Trikala Studies (Trikala, Philos Trikalinon, October/November 2008); First Pancretan Archaeological Congress:

Archaeological

Research

in Crete

University of Crete and 28th EBA, 3rdArchaeological

Meeting

on Thessaly

(Rethymnon,

November and

Central

2008);

Greece

(Volos, UniversityofThessaly andMinistry of Culture,March 2009); The Corinthia and the Northeast P?loponn?se: TopographyandHistoryfromPrehistoricTimes until theEnd of Antiquity (Loutraki, 37th EPCA, DAI and the General Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, March 2009); 2Td Annual Meeting on Archaeological Research in Macedonia and Thrace (Thessaloniki,Ministry of Culture, and Thrace, and Aristotelian Ministry for Macedonia University,Thessaloniki,April 2009); Honouring theDead in theP?loponn?se (Sparta,UniversityofNottinghamCentre for

2

CATHERINEMORGAN

Peloponnesian Studies, April 2009); Euboea and Athens: a Colloquium inMemory ofMalcolm B. Wallace (Athens, Institute, June 2009);

Canadian

Unknown

Treasures

of Venetian

Chalkis (Chalkis, 23rdEBA and Society forEuboian Studies, January2009); Thasos ? ?poque classique: fronti?res,institu tions,?pigraphie (Athens,EfA,April 2009). Thematic:

(Volos,

2n

on Prehistoric

Symposium

Aristotelian

Archaeology

Thessaloniki,

University,

of

University

Thessaly and 13thEPCA, December 2008), 8th Scientific on Hellenistic

Meeting

Pottery

of Culture,

Ministry

(Ioannina,

12thEPCA and Archaeological Instituteof Epirotic Studies,

May

Les

2009);

arts

de

en Gr?ce

la couleur

the Celestial

Earthly,

and

the Underworld

et

ancienne...

ailleurs (Athens, EfA, April 2009); IMMORTALITY:

the

in theMediterranean

from theLate Bronze Age and theEarly IronAge (Rhodes,

University

of Crete,

Institute for Cretan

and Institute for

Studies

Aegean Studies, May 2009); Markets, Festivals and Feasts Tout June 2009); Homilos, et ?quipements des march?s

Monemvasiotikos (Monemvasia, tout acheter. Structures

vendre,

antiques (Athens,EfA andASA, June2009). saw 2 significant

2008-2009

anniversaries.

First,

the start

of thecentenaryyear (2009-2010) of theScuola Archeologica Italiana diAtene, marked inJune2009 by a conferenceentitled the Archaeology from a Greek Perspective. Secondly, of the National Research Foundation and the 50th anniversary an extraor 30th of its Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity and productive group of scholars who have dinarily dynamic Italian

been

exceptional

colleagues

to all

here

in

the Athenian

community. On behalf of theBSA and the Society for the

Promotion

of Hellenic

Studies,

we

offer our warmest

congrat

ulations to both institutionsand every good wish for a successful

future.

of AR. ever, a brief note is due here on the production of Archaiologikon absence Deltion has already continuing been noted, and this year too, the proceedings of the previous As

The

AEMTh were notpublished (althoughwe are assured thatthisis a temporary The most hiatus). the Ergon of the Archaeological

up-to-date

source is published and we are particu

Society, Dr and to its Secretary General, larly grateful to the Society for the supply of many of the images used Vasileios Petrakos, in this year's reports. DeltChAE this 2008 has also appeared year. press

a particular and prepared illustrations. However, to the School Helen who took Clark, Secretary, a deserved retirement in July 2009. Helen has been

contributors tribute

is due

richly

stalwartofAR (as of all BSA activities)for some 30 years, and

I join all of our colleagues of her work appreciation the years to come. with We conclude

a

look

releases

are

consultable

online

since

in a historyof collaborativepublicationwhich dates back to the foundationof theBritishSchool. This long traditionof dissem

the results of archaeological inating to the scholarly community in Greece fieldwork conducted is shared by the Ecole fran?aise

d'Ath?nes,which since 1920 has devoted a part of theBulletin

account to a wide of archaeo de Correspondance hell?nique research in second Greece, and, every year, the logical Cyprus this tradition, and Cimmerian upon Bosphorus. Building to benefit most of scholars future generations of information available, effectively from the growing volume and lies at the heart of the academic mission of both Schools, enabling

for somewhile we have contemplatedways inwhich we might work togetherto improve the servicewhich we offer to the An electronic draws resource, which scholarly community. the strengths of both of our publications, is an essential to this end. The British School therefore had no

upon means

hesitation in accepting the invitationextended by theEcole in October

d'Ath?nes fran?aise creation of a wholly

new

languages, Chronique This Greece Online. respective websites not the replace

In such cases, the reports are referenced by date. reports below of the press related press edited translations release, with are also grateful to our many citations noted. We Greek who have taken time to provide short reports or to colleagues

are, as verify details of their work as reported in the press. We to present unpublished site reports and ever, mostly concerned

work originallypublished inGreek, and so foreign language reportshave been includedwhere theyare primarynotices of We

are grateful

time and effort to prepare

to all our contributors

for taking

reports for AR.

This editionofAR has been translatedand compiled by the BSA Director, theAssistant Director (Robert Pitt) and the Knossos Curatorial Fellow (ToddWhitelaw). We would also like to thank HeinrichHall forGerman translationand forkeen for final proof-reading John Hayes assistance, eyed editorial our production us on and Gina Coulthard, editor, for keeping course despite our worst endeavours. team of As ever, the BSA Penny Wilson

Zarganis,

Tania

Gerousi,

George

Bruseker

last

from

late autumn

Archaeology and will Reports,

Archaeological audience worldwide best

suited

to collaborate

in

the

in our respective tool named, en ligne and Archaeology in des fouilles via our resource, which will be accessible research

to access

our

in

2009, will Greece

enable

but

section

of

a wider

scholarly in the medium

information

It is an exciting

to their needs.

enhance

prospect,

on

and

behalf of theBSA team, I thankmy colleague, EfA director Dominique tolerance

Mulliez, and good

and for his

for initiating this collaboration humour throughout the ensuing

process.

Catherine

Morgan

The British School atAthens

at

following the link to deltia typouwhere http://www.yppo.gr, they are listed by date: individual citations thus appear in

new material.

in

Archaeology

as part of Archaeological of Hellenic Studies 1954 and these 55 years are but the latest step

Promotion

Reports

pendentlyverified or linked to a Ministry of Culture Press These

to the future.

for

Greece has been published jointlywith the Society for the

sources remain the most up-to-date published Otherwise, reports, and these have been cited where they can be inde

release.

our

and readers of AR in expressing and offering our very best wishes

and

Vicki Tzavara collected and collated material, liaised with

MUSEUMS As

the extensive

construction

noted

of museum and programme redesign a useful handbook last year continues,

new has

been published listing all archaeological museums and collections inGreece by region,with a brief review of their a ea a main holdings. A a E a a (Athens,Ministry ofCulture 2008) also appears in a pocket edition inEnglish. Among Acropolis

the new museums

Museum

attracted

in 2008-2009, the inaugurated the greatest attention worldwide.

Having been partiallyopen to thepublic forover a year, latterly for the temporary

exhibition

Nostoi:

Repatriated

Masterpieces

(September-December 2008), itwas formallyopened on 20th June2009. Displays in an exhibitionspace of over 14,000m2, some

10 times

larger than that of its predecessor,

now

include

findsfromthesanctuarieson theAcropolis slopes aswell as the major shrinesandmonuments of theAcropolis itself(notably theTemple ofAthena Nike), with a richcollection ofAr-Rom votive

material.

Further

www.theacropolismuseum.gr.

information

is presented

at http://

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 and extensive of too, new building remodelling can be at the for example exhibitions reported, in November Museums of Ioannina (reopened Archaeological Elsewhere

existing

2008), Kalymnos (April2009) andChaironeia (May 2009). The

new Archaeological

of Patras,

Museum

in July

inaugurated

2009, just a month after theAcropolis Museum, is one of the

museums in Greece and by far the most largest archaeological adventurous architecturally (the work of the architect Theophanis material from across Achaia, It houses Myc-LRom Bobotis).

from Rom Patras. of mosaics notably the rich collection is also a new of Messenia Museum The Archaeological of Kalamata the site of the old market construction (on

most

destroyed in the 1986 earthquake), enabling a full and repre sentative

to be

from Messenia

of the rich discoveries

collection

on the has focused for the first time. Attention displayed on innovative, geographically-organized layout of exhibitions and Kalamata the Triphylia, regions, which are Pylia, Messene on as the such set alongside thematic subjects displays and the Villehardouins of the of Nestor, palace 'kingdom' Messenia, The

and Pylia renaissance

National

Museum, dedicated

galleries

rule (1206-1500). exhibitions permanent

under Venetian in

the

Athens

with

also

continues, to the minor arts and

in

the

the opening

of

the Vlastos-Serpieri

collection in February 2009, and to the collection of Cypriot antiquities inMarch 2009. 2009 is the 180thanniversaryof the

and the of the National Archaeological Museum, As of the present building. of the opening 120th anniversary the temporary hosted the Museum part of the celebrations, in Classical Women. Ritual and Reality exhibition Worshipping establishment

in collaboration organized Public Benefit Foundation.

Athens, Onassis

with

the Alexander

S.

reports on the 2008

J.M. Camp (ASCSA)

season.

excavation

In section BH (plan: AR 54 [2007-2008], 6) excavations continued below theMByz walls in, over and behind the

Painted

Both

Stoa.

the stoa were

the back wall

and

the interior colonnade

of

at its E end. preserved Largely the workmanship of the superstructure is of

limestone,

in

found well

the

which highestquality.The back wall has limestonefoundations

the inner face of the toichobate. Above, project 0.24m beyond 3 toichobate blocks and part of a 4th remain in situ, 1.205m /., 0.935m w., 0.26m h. The tops are finished with a claw chisel there are 2 pry-holes preserved. Resting of the outer run of orthostates

and

are 2 blocks 0.325m

were

h., which

0.915m

w.,

on the toichobate

in situ,

1.205m

originally joined with tops are finished with

/., a

a The clamp, now missing. chisel; the backs are well dressed with a drove and there is a rebate along the bottom, 0.09m h. and 0.01m d.; each block

double-T claw also

has a lifting boss preserved. the back wall was

terracotta

with

associated

pipe

a fragment of the pipeline found

found

Behind

a

large in situ

W, usually associatedwith runningbehind thebuilding further the Kimonian

bringing water

aqueduct

out to theAcademy.

The

was found inMByz fill, suggesting thatat theE end fragment of thebuilding the aqueduct had been disturbed. Behind the stoa, generally the fill exploredwas rubble of theMByz and and so remains have periods, are contemporary with the stoa.

LRom

not yet been

reached

that

Within the line of the back wall inside the building is a second heavy foundationof soft limestone (Fig. 1) running from the inner face of the foundations

0.30-0.35m wall

and measuring found in a similar

1.04m w. This situation

at

same

the W.

of the back

run of limestone Possibilities

was

include

version support for an inner bench or installation; a pre-Persian toAelius Aristeides attested in a scholion of the Stoa Peisianax,

ATHENS by RobertK. Pitt

case remains above would the better-preserved (in which or a remnant of the Ar city represent a post-Persian rebuilding); no trace of which has yet been identified. wall of Athens,

Athens

Central

Anc. Agora.

3

Within thebuildingwere exposed parts of the2 E interior

(1stEPCA: 1stEBA) An important and lavishly illustrated doctoral disser City Walls. tation on the literary, epigraphic, topographic and archaeological of the anc. city has been for the fortification walls evidence

a a A A produced by A. Theocharakis, e ? a (3 vols,UniversityofAthens 2007).

Acropolis.

M.

Parthenon:

structural

of the 2 survives only in its foundations, set side-by-side. The E is better preserved, on a side, limestone base, ca. 0.88m of a square

Ionic columns.

Ioannidou

consisting

The W

blocks

supportinga largecylinderof marble 0.18m h and 0.79m di. (Fig. 2). On topof this is the unflutedlimestoneshaftof the

column

itself, 0.59m

di., preserved

to a h. of 0.5m.

The

closest

Restoration

Acropolis

(Director,

2 limestone

Service) reportson thework of theService in2007 and 2008 (The Acropolis Restoration News [July 2008], 2-4). the

work

colonnade begun

on

restoration

with

continued,

members

of the dismantled 8 columns

resetting

the entablature

initiated.

Propylaia:

reset at

in place,

the

level

of

of

and the

W end of the colonnade thedismantlingof architrave.At the the metopes

was

restoration work

on

the

W hall has been completedwith the resettingof ceilings of the restored

Restoration

of

members

architectural

of the E portico

has

reached

the superstructure. the level of the frieze.

Temple ofAthena Nike: resettingof restoredblocks of the architrave

and

restoration

of the intervening

column

bases

continued,

alongside

structural

layers.

and To Vima (15/01/09)reportthefindingsof a Eleftherotypia

conservation

and excavation

project at the back wall

of the Stoa

of

Eumenes II on theS slope of theAcropolis. This wall appears tohave been constructedin the4thCt BC as partof an athletics

were facility, and also supported the peripatos above. Many graffiti discovered on the faces of the blocks, indicating that the structure was part of the first Panathenaic Stadium of theAthenians.

1.Athens, limestone.

agora:

Painted

Stoa,

foundation

and orthostats

of soft

4

.PITT

ROBERT

parallel is theL5l Ct Pompeion at theKerameikos. A rubble

column, 0.6m d. and running SW from the easternmost to 0.6m rests at about the level of the original stoa preserved floor and may represent a later blocking of the interior colonnade. section in a new created The excavation, by the

wall

demolitionof 2 buildings alongAg. Philippos Street, revealed latefill down to0.75m below thedemolition surface.At theE were reached the topsof rubblewalls of theByz period; to the the foundations

W,

of

the mod.

building

are more

extensive.

Several largeworked blocks in limestone and marble with anathyrosis

and double-T

clamps

suggest

they come

from more

thanone substantialCl building. The lowerpart of a marble was found reliefof theMother of theGods seated on a throne built intoa Byz wall. The head of a terracottahorse (Fig. 3) matches others found in thisarea, remindingus thatthisNW corner of theAgora and Hel times. In section

was

a centre for theAthenian

, excavation

cavalry

agora:

2 fractional

5. Athens,

agora:

amphora

silver coins

from section

.

in Cl

in an area of a cluster

took place

4. Athens,

of

small buildings of theCl period, immediatelyS of theTholos, which were put out of use in theHel period by the shiftingof thecourse of a road. To theE of thesebuildings is theshop of excavation

and irregular if private, whether

crowded and,

The aim of the the 'Strategeion'. whether these buildings small, were public or private in their plans function. The they had a commercial

to theW the cobbler, was to determine

Simon

discoveryof a tile-linedwell should confirmthe interpretation of

the area

as an open

courtyard.

A

the well

bg

lamp

from

floor

levels

and pits were

suggests thatitwent out of use close to the2ndquarterof the4th

Ct.

Elsewhere

in the area,

various

dug, mostly dating to the4thCt. Two fractionalsilver coins (Fig. 4) were found,plus a largefragmentof an amphorawith In many instances the fill contained a graffito (Fig. 5). numeroussherdsof the8thand 7thCts BC, perhaps indicativeof earlier houses

or disturbed

burials.

fragment with graffito from section

.

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Publications:

M.B.

Walbank,

Decrees

Fragmentary

the

from

AthenianAgora {Hesperia Supplement 38) (Princeton, ASCSA J.W.

2008); Pottery:

The Athenian XXXII. Hayes, Agora Fine-Ware Imports (Princeton, ASCSA 2008).

Roman

Vouliagmeni, Cape Zoster. To Vima (03/08/08) reportson excavations conductedby the26thEPCA in thegroundsof the

Asteras

Hotel.

stone

Athens

(2ndEPCA: 1stEBA)

Pounda

Kaisariani. Rizospastis (15/04/08)reportsthediscoveryby the 2ndEPCA, duringconstructionof a naturalgas line on Ethnikis Street, of a tomb dating to the 4* -3rd Ct, containing a skeleton, from the waist down, and a fragment well-preserved of a copper mirror.

Antistaseos

Western

upper Pal throughto theMes. and EBA

and

various

A 2ndphase of occupation

has produced tools manufactured forms of flint. Animals found

horse. Plant hare, deer and a species of now-extinct included wild cereals and pulses. Terracotta figurines from the LAr-Hel indicate later religious use. periods included

remains

The SacredWay. A studyof thehistory,topography, epigraphy, numismaticsand smallfinds of theSanctuaryofAphrodite and on

as well to Eleusis, Way other Attic Aphrodite sanctuaries

the Sacred

studies with

chamber encloses

Attica

In 2008 a topographicalsurvey of the industrial

and

the

theatre

area was

by R.

undertaken

Docter

(Belgian School/Ghent) in order toproduce a digitalbase map

in the course of excavations in 2006. Evidence Aigaleo begun has been discovered for hunter-gathers at the cave site from the

Eros

Clusters of small peninsula. cut into the hard limestone and a long wall the cemetery on the side facing the sea.

tombs were

quarter

Keratsini, Aigaleo. Ethnos (27/02/09) cites a reportby F. Mavridis (EPSNE) and L. Kormazopoulou of thediscovery of tracesof thevery earliest inhabitantsofAttica, dated by C to the 11th millennium, in a cave inKeratsini on theSW ofMt

radiolarite

(AAA 39

on the Pounda

of Asteria

Thorikos.

(3rdEPCA: 1stEBA)

the MNeo

K. Kaza-Papageorgiou

Glyfada.

(2ndEPCA: 1stEBA)

Attica

between

peninsula,

[2006], 45-60) reports the discovery of an extensive EH cemeteryon theside of a lowhill a fewmetres fromthe lastbay

Southern

ATTICA by RobertK. Pitt

from

were of the 3rd millennium phallic figurines, a tiny axe of green and abundant blades tools, obsidian

Structures

finds included

discovered;

stone, multiple ceramics. Central

5

as

comparative and shrines, has

now has been published:V. Machaira, To e A e a "E (Athens,ASA 2008).

a

of all excavated

architectural

remains

of the urban

settlement.

Documentation of all visible remainsbroughtto lighta hitherto unknown

cistern

in the industrial

quarter.

Attica

Central

E. Salavoura reports(AAA39 [2006], 61-82) the

Markopoulo.

of a cluster of 4 small Myc

excavation

chamber

tombs with

long

dromoi on the SE edge of theplain ofMerenda. The tombs contained 10 burials accompanied by much local pottery;of particular excavator

interest are a bovine interprets

figurine and a bronze razor. The the site as a small family cemetery which

began inLHIILA2 and continued inuse untilLHIIIB-LHIIIC. Excavations

Cholargos.

associated

with

the construction

of

themetro (To Vima [23/22/08])have brought to lighta stretch of a 5thCt BC roadwith drainage pipes 0.4m di. A roadside cemetery,

also

of the 5th Ct,

contained

the larnax burial

with grave goods includinga bg cup. infant,

of an

Eleusis . Clinton,

Publication:

The

Eleusis.

Inscriptions

on Stone:

Documents of theSanctuary of theTwo Goddesses and Public Documents

of theDerne.

Volume

II: Commentary

2008).

(Athens, ASA

Northern

and Northwestern

Halandri.

Eleftherotypia,

and

Southwestern

Attica

Avenue

from the Penteli

quarries

into central Athens.

revealed

a 19.7m

/. stretch of the road, 3.3m

w. with

wheel rutspreserved. Small finds included a leadweight and

Moschato, Piraeus. To Vima (18/03/09)reportsthatexcavations carriedout on a plot at 7 P?reos StreetbyM. Raftopoulou (26th EPCA) revealed 2 phases of a structureidentifiedas a shrine. The olderphase (5.5m 8.6m) dates to theLAr period; the later (7.35m 5.5m) to the4thCt BC. Both buildingshad gates at the entrance,in frontofwhich was foundan altar (1.55m Im). In Street, excavations

uncovered

hydraulic

installations of the5thCt BC with tanks,awell and clay pipes.

Voula.

and Ta Nea

The excavation by the 2ndEPCA of a plot at 133 Pentelis

(26thEPCA: 1stEBA)

another plot, at 30 P?reos

To Vima, Apogevmatini

(30/01/09) reportthediscovery of a section of the roadwhich

brought marble

Central

Attica

To Vima (25/02/09) reportsthediscoveryby K. Kyliti (26thEPCA) of a largeGeo tombonKapodistriou Street,during the installationof gas pipelines. The cover slabwas broken,but the tombcontained 6 vessels (skyphoiand prochoes) including a skyphosbearing figure-of-8shields.

Fr coins.

Nea Erythrea. To Vima (04/06/08) reportsthe excavation by the 2nd EPCA of a 0.2ha plot at the junction of Ethnikis

Antistaseos

Street and Lemnou

Street. A Neo

settlement

dating

to 3,500 BC was discovered alongside an anc. tributary of the Kifissos river. Postholes of hutswere found,with successive floorsof packed earth and gravel,which included stone tools, obsidian blades and small shallow storagepits containingpots. Marathon, Tsepi. M. Pantelidou-Gofas (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 13-23) on continued excavation of theEH cemetery. The fa?ade of tomb53was carefullyconstructedof stones from thenearbyScorpios riverand is significantlysmaller than the other

tombs

(1.3m

1.4m,

instead

of the more

usual

1.5m

CATHERINEMORGAN

6

0.8m, 0.81m d.) is

2.5m). The apsidal pit of the tomb(0.94m

The the floors paved with small stones. entrance on the E has 2 steps carved into the ground. The grave was full of bones, 14 skulls scattered without order. including lined with

slate

and

The skeleton of the last burial to theE side was found lying a mass

above

of bones.

is not that of the

form of the tomb

The

original; theburial pitwas lined and coveredwith slabs, but later converted

of steps,

an entrance

structure

surrounded

the construction

by

and

thresholdinkeepingwith burial habitsof theperiod. In itsfinal the tomb was

form,

a rectangular stones.

of small

per?bolos Tomb Irregular and itwas

a stone mound and lacks a per?bolos. the tomb at the level of the anc. surface

lies beside

54 slabs

covered

on 3 sides by river stones.

surrounded

by a

entrance

The

area was full of large closely packed uprightcobbles. Two stelai were

placed at the sides of the tomb, cut off above ground entrance slab was found in situ. The entrance has a

level.

The

stone

threshold; a large arch-shaped The tomb was full of bones,

above.

the

of

last

were

skeleton

broken

and

the jaw was

as a lintel

used

7 skulls.

including right beside fragments from in the tomb.

found

Bones

the entrance,

found

together with small stones and which were not found elsewhere been

stone was

large vessels, The skull had

from it; a large

separated

pebble had been placed in themouth, as had previouslybeen that the tomb was

It appears

in tombs 42, 45 and 68.

discovered

deliberately put out of use, judging from the absence of a per?bolos, the stones of which had been thrownin to fill the entrance

and

further use.

the tomb's

thus impede

Skala Oropou. A. Mazarakis Ainian (ASA) reports(Ergon In 2008, the [2008], 24-34) on continued excavation. section

remaining

was

of building

excavated

and proved

to

be elliptical (4.3m 7.3m) with an entranceat theS side and walls 0.5m d. (Fig. 6). To theE of the stone hearthfound in 2007

a pit full of ashes was

revealed.

From

two hearths

these

ISLANDS OF THE SARONIC GULF with KYTHERA (26thEPCA: 1stEBA) Salamis

Kanakia Y. Lolos (Ioannina) reports(Akamas 3 [2009], 2-8; cf. Ta Nea and Ethnos [10/03/09]) on the 2008 season of excavation

which

acropolis

and

focused

the

on

the Myc

neighbouring

Myc

?lite

on

residence

On

cemetery.

the

the

acropolis,building , thecentralresidence (ofwhich 45 rooms

an area of at have so far been revealed, spaces covering of one room least 750m2), was further investigated. Excavation of the this was attached to the so called wing was completed: entrance to the building, House' of the One-roomed (A2). area was a reception or waiting revealed. This was probably and

roofed from the beginning, and was set at a lower level than the rooms to the S of it: the main approach was through a wide entrance way on theW side with a built threshold. On theW

side of this area, stone steps (oriented N-S, 2.75m w.) led down A stone bench (2.5m /.,0.55m into the interior of the building. average d. and 0.4m h.), along the S wall, could seat 6 people. terracotta bath-tub (1.5m An undecorated /., 0.6m w. at centre and 0.5m

h.) was

set into the floor almost

touching

the

wall.

The area produced a large quantity of LHIIIB-LHIIIC

E

pottery, 2 tripod chytres, 50 stone tools and small objects, and fragments of a terracotta figurine. In the cemetery, an oval tumulus (20m 25m, over 2m h.) was discovered, set on bedrock within a stone kerb on theW side, and with a per?bolos wall of large, unworked set around and at some distance from it. The tumulus

SW

contain

burials.

It was

of an

likely marked

by

a stele,

stones did not

given

the

discovery approximately rectangular, roughly worked, thick stone slab, now set aside on its E side. A few Myc sherds were included in the tumulus fill; a clear Myc stratum discerned

a fewmetres from theW side provides good relativedating

ash had spread all over thefloor of thebuilding. Sherds of the 2nd half of the 8thCt were found,with loomweightsand a a bird.

seal depicting

serpentine

of thebuilding, two 12m /.stretchesof per?boloswalls,

one

the other

with the elliptical contemporaneous building, later, perhaps defined the S section of an anc. road. A few meters away to the NW two other elliptical

structures,

and E, came to lightbuilt one on topof theother,along with remainsof otherbuildings and periboloi. /. and 5.4m

, 8.6m

Building

w., built partially

on

top of

theolder E, belongs toa transitional period fromtheGeo to the was pavedwith EAr andwas inuse until the6thCt. The interior large stones and contained

much

ash and carbonized

fruit. In the

of S partof thebuildinga hearthwas foundbuiltwith fragments a circle of small

large pots within

door, on the S side,

stones. The

had a threshold of largestones.The NE quarterof the interioris separatedfromtherestby a wall. Inside thebuilding and along the wall

metal

were

found

Outside building

ash, which

may

be

stone weights,

beads, loomweights, iron, and EAr sherds.

clay

objects, mainly

to theSE was found a pit filledwith

the remains

of a posthole

to be associated

with anotherparallel to thebuilding'sW wall, which may have a roof to protect the building supported structure. to a 3rd elliptical

belong

Of the older building

section was

rain, or may

E (9m /.,5.5m w.) only a small

Pottery

investigated.

from

from the structure dates

to the

end of the8thCt., while outside thebuildingpartof theneck of a LGeo

Attic

amphora

was

discovered.

The

per?bolos,

outside

and E, was lm thick,remarkablefor andW of buildings thesite. E of the2 ellipticalbuildings,3 otherwalls (2 Geo, 1

Ar) were

exposed.

o ^Som 6. Skala

Oropou:

oval building

\g) AB'.

"e

.ron*** sooe

IN GREECE

ARCHAEOLOGY evidence

Two cut into the large openings empty of finds, are open to various of tomb robbing, unfinished graves,

for the construction.

bedrock

in antiquity, both interpretations (as remains

looted cenotaphs or bothroi for cult offerings). A LCl-Hel t?menos

is located

tumulus

is reinforced

by. The likely ritual function of the a few metres from itsW by the presence round exedra. pottery approximately LMyc close

of a paved, on its surface, along with and a few animal bones. figurines side

was

found

2 fragments of terracotta are The pottery shapes

mostly open (kylikes, skyphoi and chytres)and are similar to in use

in the last phase of activity in the residence. of a limited part of Finally, surface survey was undertaken An anc. (possibly Hel) round the area surrounding Kanakia. those

was cut into the limestone bedrock, (di. 1.2-1.3m), the recorded on the site of the mod. coastal well, directly below

well

W side of theMyc acropolis. The quarryfor thegrey limestone used

for the Myc

residence

was

located

close

to the acropolis

towardstheSE (towardsPyrgiakoni),where todayquarries are in use

as refuse dumps.

Other

focuses

of survey were

the

boundary of theMyc cemetery;documentationof a later(Hel) ca. 50m on the SE /. and side of the acropolis, of and evaluation oriented E-W; and documentation generally t?menos noted above. features inside the LCl-Hel

per?bolos

buckles.

G.

Kakava

and

S.

Zyrba

report

(Akamas

3

[2009], 19-22) on rescue excavationofLCh and EByz remains on the Sousti property,200m from theGulf ofAianteio and 350m

from

excavated.

of that name. Three tombs were the village I is a vaulted Tomb cist, built of rubble masonry

2 successive burial deposits. lime plaster, which contained the scattered bones of 6 adults, was upper, which contained and probably almost represents goods, entirely without 2 disintegrating adult reburial. The lower contained secondary

with The

a bronze pin and a bronze vessels, skeletons, with 7 plainware had Bronze indicate that the deceased and iron nails probe. the 5th bier. The tomb dates between been buried on a wooden

and 6thCtAD. Tomb II lies SW of tombI, and is awide, rectangularcist of masonry (0.4-0.5m thick)with lime roughlyworked irregular

a to a maximum h. of 0.65m, and with plaster, preserved It was entered from the E; the steps down into rounded vault. of bricks with wavy-line in situ, are made the tomb, preserved

In in 2 episodes. burials were made Many finger impressions. the upper, the skeletal material was scattered, with the remains

of at least 8 crania in theNW part of thechamber,with many fewer bones, chiefly from the lower limbs, over the remaining area. There were almost no grave goods merely parts of a pair of bronze earrings, a silver earring, 2 small iron nails and a vase

at theE side of the tomb. The presence of this jewellery is

to imply that at least 2 of the deceased taken by the excavators were women. In the lower level, 3 skeletons were uncovered

close to the S long wall of the tomb, in extended, supine position,directlyon theground. Three adult crania and one of a small childwere foundat theNW corner,while a quantityof lower limbboneswas foundalong the side. Despite thepoor condition of the skeletal material, 7 burials could be

A vessel was found accompanied by rich goods. recognized, ornament included broken at the entrance of the tomb: personal

a silverand a bronze pin, 4 bronze buckles (includingone of the de Bolgota type),a pair of bronze earrings,a bronze ringand a In bell, as well as one silver and 2 bronze probes. sizes and 2 iron rings. iron nails of various this level also were

small bronze

The goods assist in identifyingthe gender and age of the deceased: 6 were adults and one a child (to whom the bell belonged), and at least 3 of the adultswere men, perhaps of military or other official rank to judge from the formof the

large quantity that the victims

in an existing

together

of lime in the upper of some epidemic

and spacious

The

grave.

level supports were buried tomb generally

dates to the6thand 7S CtsAD. Tomb III,which ispartiallydestroyed,liesSE of tombII and parallel to tomb I. It is a built family tomb, of the same as tomb 1. It was and orientation construction dimensions, for tomb, but there is insufficient evidence probably a chamber burials. It contained 5 contemporary the form of the roof.

Three skeletonswere foundalong theS long side; tracesof a 4th

it,were observed cranium, with part of a bronze earring above in the NW corner. This skeleton must have been laid along the the tomb was damaged. wall and was mostly destroyed when A 5th, smaller and more delicate cranium was found at roughly

the level of thewaist of the2ndskeleton; itappears tobelong to a small child buried beside itsmother. The grave goods were mostly foundburiedbeneath thecollapsed tombwalls on theN, items inside or around the crania. and S sides, with personal vessels were from 7 plainware collected, along with bronze and silver jewellery (one silver and 4 bronze earrings,

W

Sherds

and 2 silver pins, part of a bronze necklace, 2 bronze probes, a small bronze

one bronze

as a pendant,

coin used

a silver

bell

and

many small ironringsprobably froma belt). Inside cranium2 a bronze

was Mavrovouni.

The

the view

7

2008-2009

20

nummus

coin

of the reign of

the Emperor

Phokas (602-610) from themint of Constantinople,which gives a secure tpqof theE7thCt AD for the tomb itself. I and

Tombs

at the same

III were

other, 0.3m apart. They are simple Tomb the same dimensions. mately

to each d., and set parallel of approxi constructions is larger and II, however,

to a particular of vaulted tomb with steps category belongs in the 6thCt. It is a more down from the entrance which appears elaborate notable

members

the and costly structure, and this, together with there were indicates that those buried grave goods, local family. of a prominent

E of tomb III, a wall may be part of a destroyed4thtomb, since thereis a largequantityof brick and tile (much ofwhich

has

wall

lime plaster, sherds of combed finger impressions), area part of a curved stone In the surrounding and bone.

similar

ware

was

excavated, plus sections of road of different periods. an extensive finds revealed, with portable pyre was

Finally,

which seem to date itearlier thantheECh period. The discovery of at least 3 family tombs at this site reinforces

somewhere

a permanent settlement the times. It complements

that there was

the hypothesis in the wider

area

in ECh

discovery of a 6thCt vaulted tomb at Pyrgiakoni, an E7thCt

vaulted

tomb at Perani

Saronic

and ECh

near Aianteio.

Athanasios,

Harbors

(SHARP)

tombs atAg.

Archaeological

Dimitrios

Research

and Ag.

Project

Tartaron and T. Pullen (AS CSA/Florida) (ASCSA/Pennsylvania) reporton a 2ndseason of fieldwork. In 2008, as in 2007, research focused on theMyc settlementat

D.

on the surrounding and territory. Korphos-Kalamianos was a major harbour settlement of theMyc palatial Kalamianos a focus of Myc a large urban centre that was period, with

activityextendingwell beyond the site itself. Work

Survey

continued

and

drawing

on

the mapping

of

structures

of architectural

continued

features.

at Kalamianos:

sectors 5 and 9 were targeted,in addition to the fortification wall. While over much of the site buildings are set some distance

apart, sector 5 has produced

the densest

concentration

of architecture(Fig. 7). Two streetsor alleys allow access

between

structures.

a major

organizational

One

seems to be of these, structure 5-1223, feature of sector 5, and can be traced for

nearly 60m N-S in 3 segmentswhich are continuous although

8

CATHERINEMORGAN little earlier or later Myc. Almost half of the site was a significant percentage of the survey area covered, although could not be walked due to steep slopes or dense vegetation. the survey identified FNeo, EBA, Beyond Kalamianos, LBA,

with very

Cl/Hel

and Emod.

sites. There

iswidespread evidence for small of which have had associated may these enclosures have clear views over

some enclosures, Myc towers. In all instances

the surrounding into the territory and control natural passages E of Korphos the mod. and region. bay, between village a series of stone cairns Kalamianos, previously interpreted as Hel boundary markers was on their form re-examined. Based and the ceramics remains Vassa,

contained

of another

EBA

they may

although

in them, they probably represent the fortified site, as nearby Vayia and have been reused in later periods.

On a low ridge between 2 hilltops atAkrotirio Stiri, high

a 2nd large above Kalamianos, settlement was discovered, Myc a steep cliff and with an view of the overlooking expansive Saronic Gulf to the E. This is smaller than that at settlement Kalamianos

(the main

is ca. 200m

part of the complex

70m),

but thearchitectureand chronologyare similar (Fig. 9). From the small hill S of the site,Kalamianos and theSaronic Gulf stretchingout to theS are in plain view,while from the cliff the settlement to the E, there is a much broader view delimiting of the Saronic and Salamis. the coasts, Thus, including Attica at Stiri could monitor maritime traffic on the community Saronic

as well

Gulf,

and

Geological Norwich,

Vermont)

as the land passes

above

Kalamianos.

research

geomorphological focused on problems

of erosion

(R. Dunn: and sedi

over and coastline time, and hydrology change on karstic features and the especially hydrology of the region. The lines of the bedrock across the site. joints were mapped These in fissures which occur joints often split into so-called

mentation,

7. SHARP,

sector 5 features.

Korphos-Kalamianos:

association

fresh water,

notperfectlyaligned. E of the partof thisstreetliesbuilding a very numerous 5-II, large structure with entrance on theW and several inbuilt features

rooms, (perhaps

a

clear

bins or

lies building 5-VIII, a structure with 6

platforms). To theW

units oriented N-S, each of which has 3 to 4 rooms The structure is thus an insula like those seen running N-S. was elsewhere in the Aegean. of the units, B2-B3, One

parallel

apparentlyrebuiltat a slightlyhigher level andwith somewhat some of the clearest 9 has produced Sector larger stones. reuse at Kalamianos. evidence for post-Myc 9-IV Building contains a (Fig. 8), a large Myc structure of canonical masonry,

possible kiln, the stone packing of which is associated with

finger impressed Rom in the vicinity, LRom

had a fortification

Kalamianos architecture

tiles and spiral grooved ware. Elsewhere 1 and 2 amphora rims were found.

(ca. 4ha),

as well

as

circuit

that enclosed

large areas

of open

all of the land (ca.

3ha). Two probable gates have been identified.A longwall (Fig. 8) runs from the E shore to theW, cutting off the

Kalamianos

Near the middle 2 of the wall, peninsula. 7-XXIV and 7-XIX, funnel access past a well parallel walls, tower (7-XV) to the narrow entrance to the site. To constructed the SE,

another

possible

gate

complex,

9-V,

controlled

access

between the lower,built-upportion of the site and thehigher, W and SW, thewall is unoccupied but fortified, hilltop. To the identifiedonly in small sections.Any wall along theS edge of the site would Intensive completed.

the mod. sea level. lie below probably site was survey of the Kalamianos archaeological Finds from individual collected rooms, within

walls and between buildings allowed thebuildings tobe dated

with

varying

degrees

of

precision.

Preliminary

suggests that thematerial is almost entirelyLHIIIB

analysis

in date,

as architecture; their distribution may Coring was undertaken with

buildings. in the region.

One

core, within

they seem to be sources be a factor in the location on

the Kalamianos

of of

site and

7-1, had a few particles

building

of partially burnt clay (perhaps burntmud-brick or daub), indicating

the presence

of cultural

deposits.

Kea Karthaia. E.

Publication: Panagou,

A

Simantoni-Bournia, ... a A A

L.G.

Mendoni

and T.-M. ...

(Athens,TAPA 2009; inGreek, English and French).

Kythera

Kythera Island Project. C. Broodbank (BSA/London) and E. Kiriatzi (BSA) reporton the2008 studyseason. was a principalobjective: theRom Study of theRom pottery component the absence

at Kastri

and at 26

of Rom material

further sites was

at many

more

examined

sites verified

and

(Fig.

10). Sites selected included large coastal establishments(for

site 129) and inland sites that range example, size (for example, sites 020 and 108). Overall,

in substantially LRom is most

common (17 siteswith substantialquantitiesof sherdsplus 6 but a substantial amount of MRom is also tiny amounts), are notable: distinct ERom small, coastal sites rich phenomena in finewares and a major Hel at and/or ERom presence

with

the alternative to Kastri, at a period when harbour are strong indications is reduced. There of activity at Kastri distinctions between assemblages at different kinds of sites, and much evidence for shifting patterns of off-island contacts and Diakofti,

activitywell into theL7thCt AD.

One further Cl site (082)

A to E/MVen emerged. large amount of MByz pottery (ca. fruitful comparison 12th-16th Ct AD) was studied: a particularly was made between 2 large inland sites, the slightly earlier site

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009

9. SHARP, Stiri: architectureat theMyc settlement.

9

CATHERINEMORGAN

10

108 and site 174, the latephase atwhich overlapswith the 18th

Ct AD

MByz chemical

start of regular census records. Two hundred samples of wares were and for p?trographie to E/MVen selected

the largest-scale analysis, in the undertaken yet Aegean.

sampling

of such material

Analysis of theCl-Rom metallurgical debris collected by the survey (primarilyca. 45kg of slag, mostly from23 sites)

continues of

occurrence The widespread contrasts the strikingly with of PH distribution copper metallurgy,

(M. Georgakopoulou). debris Cl-Rom small-scale restricted

extremely

thoughitremainsfarfromubiquitous. Specific instancesofCl

can be identified, and in the case of multi and Rom metallurgy sufficient is sometimes internal sites, spatial resolution period to indicate an earlier or later date for such activity. All slags a distinction have been examined revealing macroscopically, a group with a flow texture on their upper surface, between with associated sometimes with iron ore fragments, commonly

a

Kytheran or S Laconian

smelting excavation

has

been

material)

inferred and

smelting origin (bloomery

from Cl

another

fragments

group

in the Kastri

comprising

residues

fromsmall smithinghearths. On pureCl sites, the2 typesdo

not coincide,

10. Kythera:

perhaps

suggesting

site location map,

specialized

showing

production

all sites. Those

areas.

processed

are currently being observations tested preliminary and microstructural) examination (chemical through analytical to cover both slag-type and inter-site of a large sample selected variation.

These

Sklere. T. Gregory (Ohio) reports(DeltChAE 39 [2008], 259 with the 68) on a surveyof thefortifiedsite at Sklere, identified fortress of Ag.

conducted

Dimitrios,

Archaeological

Palaiochora-Kythera

as part of the Australian of the Australian

Project

Institute in Athens. Sklere is a ridge runningNW-SE immediatelyW of Aroniadika, which dominates the plain

between

Aroniadika

and

Potamos.

There

is a

significant

Ct potteryon thecentralpartof the ridge concentrationof 16th and in the immediatevicinityof thechurchofAg. Dimitrios, as

well

as well-preserved

walls

and

large

stone

piles

E

of

the

churchand just below (W of) thehigh point of the ridge. The stone piles stand out for theirsize and for the fact that they

two large features. Thus shapes of collapsed the N, each over lm h. (that on theW being ca. 1.5m 15m /. and ca. 5m w.), have clearly defined E-W walls ca. 2.5m w. w. The walls are broken by a probable passageway similar stone pile is the stone piles. Another between mid-way retain the distinct

stone

in 2008

features

on

are marked

by labels.

IN GREECE

ARCHAEOLOGY the SW, ca. 12m 5m and up to 1.5m h., with a in the top. To the E of this is an elongated feature in the E with a distinct circular depression SW-NE,

on

located

depression running

side: thisfeaturereaches thehigh point of the ridge andmeets the stone feature on the E

part of the site. Taken to see these stone features as towers and

it is possible

together,

end of the

into a rudimentary defensive circuit, ca. strong points joined 40m2. This cannot have been a true castle, as the high point of

theridge is leftoutside anythingthatcan be consideredpart of

the fortifications.

all the construction is in dry Furthermore, stone technique, which is not appropriate for any significant Ven fortification. Itmay rather be a local attempt to provide a of concealment

place

and safety from Ot

raids after the sack of

Palaiochora in 1537 (noting the local petition toVenice for in 1543).

assistance

fortifications.

CORINTHIA (37thEPCA: 25thEBA) Isthmia. E. Gebhard (ASCSA/Chicago) reports. Further studyof theAr temple (F. Hemans) confirmed the elevationof thefloors of thepteronand the topof thestylobate. What had been considered tobe a step at theSE cornerof the to a foundation in fact belongs for the sty lobate. The fa?ade the marble circular base perirrhante interpreted as supporting rion at the NE pteron bears evidence of being set into the floor

before being finished,and thefloorwas evidently laid at the same

architectural

the same

building.

time against it. The monument is contemporary with the of the temple. The same may be true of an iron

blocks were identified, bringing the totalof blocks of this type to 10.

of soil and landscaping of the area of the the Rom bath and the Byz between outworks, fortress, along the S side of the large ravine that runs from the centre of the Isthmus to the Saronic resulted in the Gulf, The

removal

Hexamilion

levelling of much of the soil E of the bath and S of the the lst-2nd Ct AD

and was

base.

and E. Michael)

Cheney

shows

that roasting

and

parts boiling of sacrificialmeat generally tookplace indifferent with

some meat

at the altar and

roasted

the

to the communal in proximity feast. Some and covered serving platters from the reservoir (Large are unusually used for vessels large, while Pit)

servings are slightly smaller than similar examples contexts from domestic in Corinth. Kotylai, skyphoi and one handled cups may have fulfilled a dual function at the feast, used both as bowls for food and cups for wine. individual

Study of worked completion:

objects

grinding

stones) and also

hammers),

discovered.

This

was

building

entered

in some way with

connected

the large E-W

building(s)

that lie essentially unexplored between the bath and the E.

Kenchreai.

nears tools (I. Gatsov, P. Nadelzheva) and other relate to food production (querns and construction floats and (masons' stone

include

gaming

boards

and a sun dial.

Korka

of

(Ministry

(ASCSA/Macalester College)

report on a further season of the anc. harbour ridge

J. Rife

Culture),

and P. Kasimi

(37thEPCA)

on the Koutsongila areas begun in 2007.

of excavation

in the 3 major

Nine new trencheswere opened and 5 distinct buildings explored (Fig. 11). Area A is theopen slope at theS end ofKoutsongila, with a commanding view of the harbour (Fig. 12). Exploration on a substantial

focused

and a rectangular

long wall

building,

firstuncovered in2007 (Fig. 13). A 6m /.stretchof a massive

wall

was

uncovered, with a foundation of blocks and overlying in irregular courses. Its purpose and date are uncertain, a W its face dense of large E-MRom is against deposit

rubble but

was

thus the wall

sherds:

constructed

no

later than the ERom

Its plan, the associated period (lst-2nd Ct AD). stratigraphy and the absence all suggest of nearby walls that the structure was neither part of an enclosed building nor served to retain soil. It

building

to the perirrhanterion

Study of thedistributionof LAr and Cl cookingwares (M.

stewpots Circular

were

to

16m) of

througha doorway leading fromtheareaNE of theRom bath,

adjacent

of the sanctuary, remainder boiled

the area

to open

designed

visitors,thefoundationsof a largebuilding (ca. 10m

may have settlement

.

In this operation,

Hexamilion.

tripodof the7thCt BC, the feet ofwhich were found in situ

construction

Risser,

all from identified, perhaps pieces were 2 additional Doric Thus epistyle-frieze

fortress.

Antikythera Anc. Aigilia. Ethnos (20/11/08) cites a report by A. Tsaravopoulos (26thEPCA) of excavation and cleaning of the Hel

unknown

11

2008-2009

prominent

a significant or trace a precinct. was (ca. 7.9m 5.8m) defined

to delimit space, for example of the rectangular Excavation on a Three walls completed.

survive. These consist of a few outcrop and dense rubble set in a coarse mortar blocks

bedrock

recycled

ashlar

is poorly

preserved,

and finishedon the interior with a finewhite plaster.The S wall seems

but the entrance

to have been

located

in theSE corner,where 2 adjacent steps (one paved) were cut intothebedrock. This building had 3 main phases of use from the ERom

to EByz

1st Ct AD,

it had

periods. a circular

In its original form, starting pit at its centre (ca. 0.91m

in the di.

0.33m d.) and a lowbench or platformalong theback (N) wall. The pitmight have held a large vessel or basin supportedby struts in the manner

for a brazier

of a tripod, or itmight out. later cleaned

that was

it seems facing bench, or sacrifices. ablutions series

of 5 low, parallel

to indicate

some

have been a firepit with the Together ritual activity, such as

in the 4th-5th Ct, a this, perhaps oriented N-S compartments (ca. 0.75

After

0.85m w.) were made across themiddle of thebuilding from

T. Gregory (ASCSA/Ohio) reportson a furtherstudyseason on finds fromtheRom bath, theareaE of the t?menos(East Field),

bones,

bath continued,especially those in roomsVI andXII, as did the cleaning and stabilizationof old trenchesin the areas S of the Rom bath and E of the t?menos. In thearea of theRom bath, a

In the6th-7th Ct, cist graves (G46-48, G55, G56, G59) were dug around theedges of thedilapidated and plunderedbuilding. It is noteworthythata conspicuous ERom buildingwith a ritual

and

the Byz

new

fortress.

series of doorways

Conservation

of the mosaics

to the Cl bath was

discovered,

in the Rom

and a dry

stonewall constructedalong thewhole S side of theRom bath. Study

of the anc.

architectural

blocks

in the area of the so

called Hexamilion outworks,NE of theRom bath, continued, with a pilot study for the use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology for the location and detailed recording of these blocks in the field. Many previously

of numerous human and rubble. The presence intermingled by later disturbance, lamps and coins, that these compartments contained multiple burials. suggests strips of mortar

function was

converted

to funerary

use

in LAntiquity,

as

the

major cemeteryto the was apparentlyexpandingS towardthe harbour.

Area is the low-lyingarea near theSE edge ofKoutsongila where abundantstructural remainswere found in2007 (Fig. 14). Two ERom buildings can be identified,or perhaps one large complex with 2 distinct wings, separated by a narrow

12

CATHERINEMORGAN

11.Kenchreai,Koutsongila ridge.


12. Kenchreai,

Koutsongila

ridge: area A.

13

14

CATHERINEMORGAN

passageway.

the same

are situateci on roughly

They

axis

as the

complex (probablya seaside villa) which was excavated at the base of the mole in the 1960s and sharemany structural with it.Only thebacks of thebuildingshave so farbeen features so their size

excavated, measured

as much

all the way

extended

was

the

To

unknown, but they might have that they front to back, assuming to the anc. cliff edge. remains

as 25-30m a

large

structure with

rectangular

irregular

rubblewalls, founded directlyonto thebedrock outcrop and pavedwith uneven terracottatiles(Fig. 15). Itsmost distinctive feature is a series of 5 almost conical pits thinlylinedwith (ca.

plaster

0.86m

di. and ca. 0.3m

d.).

These

were

probably

eithercuttingsfor largevessels (pithoi) or bothroi for storage.

of the structure, pits, together with the overall appearance a or small-scale industrial function, such as point to utilitarian or storage space. a workshop between this The relationship

The

building and theone to theS is uncertain,but theirproximity suggests thattheywere linked.The building seems to have unclear but it remains the ERom period, during In contrast, the itwas first used in the 1st or 2nd Ct.

operated whether

building to theS was opulent (Figs 14, 16). The walls were built from a mixture

Fragments

of painted

and irregular rubble. revetment in marble

of fine brick masonry plaster and moulded

variegated colours and textures(Fig. 17) found throughoutthe building show that thewalls had a decorative finish,while small

tesserae

Three

rooms

in diverse

have

been

come

colours

excavated.

from

The

the paved northernmost

floor.

is a

narrowcorridorwith a well at theback. This well was filled to a d. of ca.

5m with

structural

and

domestic

debris,

such

as

kitchen

vessels

and

animal

bones,

was

which

apparently

dumpedwhen thebuildingwas cleaned aftereithera period of total disuse

or

an

event

of destruction,

such

as

the major

earthquake(s) thatstruckthe region in theL4thCt. To theS is a finely constructedwater tankwith a lead pipe in the SW cornerdraining into the3rdspace to theS, which has a central

basin

The small scale of these by a channel. and the frequent presence of kitchen vessels remains, indicate that this is a private, rather than a

surrounded

hydraulic and faunal

features,

within a largerhouse. It appears largepublic, bathing facility, to have been built and firstused during theE-MRom periods

(ca.

lst-3rd Ct), but may

had a LRom

have

also

phase.

Area C is located in theheartof thecemetery, W of tombs3 and 23,where 2 wheelruts and 16 LRom-EByz cist graves had

been

uncovered.

ERom

Excavation

above-ground

of

chamber

building

(ca. 6.2m

the presence

of altars.

rectangular

the Southwest

tomb, was 5.8m) had

Building,

an

This

completed. ashlar foundations

set intobedrock andwalls of brick ineven coursesfinishedwith white plaster. Inside, the wall had a bench cut frombedrock and theS wall a bench built from largeslabs. In themiddleW area of thefloor,which was finishedwithmortar,cuttingsmay indicate

The

rock-cut cist in the

bench

(G50) reveals thatthebuildingwas used forburial. However, theSouthwestBuilding had collapsed in a single event during theM2nd Ct (or later)before itwas filled with burials. The tomb was

never

rebuilt and

the ashlar

foundations

were

robbed,

but duringLAntiquity (as late as the6thCt) simple cist graves were created in the destruction debris and the robbed foundationtrenches(G53, G58, G60).

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 of

Investigation

the loculi

inside

tomb 7 was

15

justW of thewheelruts shows that thismain road into the

completed.

These contained the remainsof at least 37 individualsof all ages who had been buried during the Llst-3rd Ct. The

harbour was

tombs.

flanked by impressive

Finally,

evidence

for

burial activityacross theridgeuntil theL6thor 7thCt proves that times, but apparently

from other

into EByz survived the port settlement contracted S toward the harbour.

chambers on Koutsongila, itwill provide especially good

Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS). T. Gregory (ASCSA/Ohio) and D. Pullen (ASCSA/Florida)

funerary derive

fication in the immediatevicinityofLychnaribay,E ofAlmyri.

numerous

types well-known represented funerary artefacts tombs on Koutsongila: coins, earrings vessels, glass tomb 7 seems to and finger rings, bone pins and lamps. Since other than many from looters received less attention have evidence

for reconstructing observations

Important

social concerning at Rom Kenchreai.

from

these

discoveries

structure, topography and settlement history art First, the wealth implied by decorative

Anc.

in the buildings of area B, as well as in the richestof the

tombs, reflects the great prosperity of local ?lites. The marble sculpture and mosaic high quality of the wall-painting, compares with the finest instances from paving on Koutsongila chamber

Rom

Corinth.

ularly

vessels

Moreover, and coins,

we

continue

that reveal

to find artefacts, partic the port's E connections.

Secondly, the small ERom buildingwith a ritual function in area A might

indicate

the presence

of a sanctuary

or demarcate

theS limitof thecemetery.Thirdly, theabove-ground tomb in

area C

is the first of its type found on Koutsongila.

15. Kenchreai,

Koutsongila

ridge:

building

Its situation

in area B,

of 2 LCl-Hel

report the documentation

rituals.

from

G. Sanders reports (ASCSA) in the area S of the South Stoa where

Corinth.

excavation had

revealed

a complex

early 1960s (Fig. 18). Work

house,

concentrated

inwhich

on 7 rooms

successive

iwwvyi

beaten

rooms flank The

South complex

a corridor

leading to the court. The was

supplied

continued

H. Robinson in the

and the courtyard of a Byz earth floors were removed to

trenches of the original the foundation expose The house consists of 9 rooms and a central Road

on

houses

and post-Med

of Med

walls

(Fig.

19).

Two courtyard. from the entrance on Lechaion remainder

with water

flank

from a well

the courtyard. in the court.

16. Kenchreai, Koutsongila ridge: S building in area B, from

NW.

NW.

towers and a rubble forti

with pilaster capitals fromtheS building. 17.Kenchreai, Koutsongila ridge:marble revetment

16

CATHERINEMORGAN

iL

18. Corinth:Med and post-Med houses S of theSouth Stoa.

On

the S side of the courtyard,

a stair ascended

to a veranda

and

upperstoreyover theSE 3 rooms.The housewas built in the2nd halfof the11th Ct and remainedoccupied for2 centuries. In the 13thCt, theW rangeof roomswas assimilated intoa property standing to theW, while theE part of thehouse continued in metal finds independentuse. Three spaces produced significant

had an assemblage (Fig. 20). The SW room, a semi-basement, of Fr tools including a scythe, a knife, an axe-hammer and a the stair ascending to the 2nd storey were a spear point. Beneath ladle or lamp, an adze-hammer and a keyhole Byz plaque.

Outside and to theNW was a dump of iron door fittings, includingpartsof lockmechanisms and keyholeplaques. The house provides a valuable complement to the Fr complex excavated by C.K. Williams S of themuseum in the 1990s and has parallels in theupper strataof theStoa Poikile in theAthenianAgora. The Med housewill be conserved andwill remain

exposed

as an

example

of a Byz

domicile

at Corinth.

Stymphalos. H. Williams (Canadian Institute/British Columbia) reportson continuing studyof thepottery,lamps and figurines from the 1994-2005 excavations, and on the preparation of an exhibition for the new 19thCt folk-life museum being built by thePiraeus Bank Foundation near the lake. In June2009, deep coreswere drilled in and around the lake as part of a project to study thegeomorphological history of the area.

19. Corinth:

2008

excavations,

Byz

house.

Taken

with

smaller

cores

recovered

in 2007,

these

offermuch promisingmaterial on theenvironmentalhistoryof thesite throughthepastmillennia.

17

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Nemea,

Sotira

Agia

R.A.K.

cemetery.

Smith

(Canadian

M.K. Dabney and J.C.Wright (BrynMawr Institute/Brock), College) reporton the2008 season of excavation in theLBA chamber-tombcemeteryon thehillside ofAg. Sotira, outside near anc. Nemea.

of Koutsomadi

the village

Newly-acquired land of thefield investigatedin2006 and 2007 (Fig. 22) was explored using ground-penetratingradar and magnetometry,

test trenches

with

to investigate

anomalies.

No tombswere found. This was followed by an extensive programme

of test trenching.

Trenches

were

excavated

E-W

at

ca. 4m intervals.A fissure at theNW limitof thisarea proved to be the collapsed chamber of tomb6, making itpossible to excavate

both

21. Nemea,

the chamber

Sanctuary

and

of Zeus:

the dromos

block with guttae

paint fromthe4thCt BC Temple of Zeus.

20. Corinth,Byz house: Fr tools from theSW room and lock mechanisms and keyhole plaques fromthedump outside.

Nemea. season

K. Shelton (ASCSA/Berkeley) reportson the 2008

of study and conservation

at the Sanctuary

of Zeus.

Work continued in thepreparationofNemea IV: The Shrine ofOpheltey.a separatepublicationon theearly stadiumand the hippodrome is expected. Study continued for Nemea X: Chronologywith the ongoing analysis and cataloguing of the major ceramic deposits. Sherds fromdeposits ingrid squares, M12, N17, K14/15, L17, F18 and G18 were examined. An additional studywas conducted on pottery from a votive deposit excavatedby Biegen in 1925 to theE of the site. At theTemple of Zeus, work continuedon the foundations and krepidoma at theE end, especially theNE corner,and on restoration

of the columns.

Classification

and

registration

of

fragmentsof architecturalsculpturecontinued,mostly fromthe with Ar and LCI Temples of Zeus. Several largerfragments some the of retain mutules and original guttae preserved painted decorationon theworn marble surface (Fig. 21).

22. Nemea,

Ag.

Sotira:

simultaneously.

trench plan.

and preserved

CATHERINEMORGAN

18

The tombhad undergonemultiple openings. Since inmost

cases

was

the dromos

Pottery Excavation

are fill episodes carinated included

only 2 major the dromos

use,

previous

from of

the stomion

well

correlated The

in the dromos.

levels observed

to the floor

down

excavated

lowest

level of its visible.

clearly

with

the

taken for micromorpholog levels, from which samples were it is apparent that the Above these levels, ical analysis. use of the tomb. The rebuilt during a secondary stomion was

S side, facing the dromos, was set back, and the top of the E This reconstructed with rubble masonry. face of the doorway It E of the stomion. into the chamber continued masonry

seems thatduring an opening of the tomb, theE side of the silt

and layers of humus from S to N. chamber

of

Excavation of 9

minimum was

a

period,

individuals

the

revealed

the chamber

14 ceramic

with

vessels.

a

of

interment

the

On

2 including a was pit

discovered in the SW area of the chamber justW of the in burials. The bones this contained 4 or 5 secondary stomion; and included 2 adults and 2 or 3 this pit were better preserved, or children. vessels in the chamber The ceramic sub-adults

were

the burials

with

associated

outside

preliminarilydated fromLHIIIA2

of the pit, and can be

to LHIIIB2.

They include

and a flask dated to LHIIIB1. stirrup jars, jugs, an alabastron as is phytolith analysis in is residue process, analysis Organic and stomion taken from the dromos, from soil samples

reports

(ASCSA)

on

and conservation is underway from the fills of the shaft graves A storeroom in the Lerna the metal has begun. objects

of

conservation

plan

for the walls

been

undertaken:

of

the House

Museum

has

creation

of a digital

plan of Lerna.

the first phase

The

are

very modest was most

cemetery

in terms heavily

dated

walls

of the central was

and cleaning

area of house

undertaken

in various

in use

it continued

cemetery was Tsoungiza, generations.

a

on

to reconstruct

of use. T. Mattern

Kleonai.

scale

a tomb that had collapsed

(DAI/Marburg)

and K. Kissas

suffering

from congenital

anaemia

and

an 8/9-year-old

a project

was

developed

to assess

the Cl-Hel

Sanctuary

of Apollo

Deiradiotis,

with

a view

antiquities

and

to enhance

the environment

Argos.

The

during

(Director,

of the in the immediate surroundings inventory of remains a combination of field survey of the area city, through known sites and to the S, recording of previously immediately

anc.

of

assist

EPCA

records.

be of value

in coordinating Results

monuments.

An

initial

overview

of

this

as a tool to right, as well of archaeological the protection of anc. the identification include in its own

in the immediate vicinity of the city, some flanked roadways extramural sanctuaries were Several by funerary monuments.

located; theyprobably includeKhan Kourtesa, S of the city, of of a spring, a mod. church and several members Doric structure, part of a geison. including in the of grave material with earlier discoveries

the location

a monumental Together immediate settlement

vicinity here. To

of

this the Khan, of the Temple

the NE

a suggests of Herakles,

locus

of

several

a further extramural members may suggest of dispersed sanctuary, and S of the city wall there is evidence settlement.

remains

on

the

to creating

an

archaeological park for thebetterprotectionand display of the

an

will

child.

hill of Profitis Ilias, theMyc cemeteryon theDeiras and the

37thEPCA) reporton a collaborative pilot project to produce

analysis evidence

consoli

parts of the site

At the requestof the4thEPCA and themunicipality ofArgos,

in LHIIIA2

into LHIIIB2.

O were

(probablymale) adolescent 16/17 years old, a newborn baby

with the nearby settlement at probably associated over reused tombs and contained family is of continuity In tomb 6, the importance burials here by the fact that those who conducted

emphasized felt it important its period

lesser

the

comprises

study of the pottery and human bone remains Preliminary in the area of Vollgraff's from the 2007 recovered cleaning to a uncovered shows that the 3 skeletons excavation belong

and LHIIIB1, with some evidence forearlyactivityinLHIIIA1, and

is

(Fig. 23).

the wealth

of

used

the Tiles

Argos, Aspis. G. Touchais (EfA/Paris 1) and A. Philippa Touchais (EfA) reporton the2008 campaign.

Tomb 6 is similar to the other tombs discovered in this which

of

being developed and studyfor a revised site display inArgos

chamber.

cemetery, contained.

a further study

Further to theongoing studies and publications reportedin 2007 (AR 54 [2007-2008], 25), C14 analysisof 10 bone samples

The MH

levels, 2 vessels, prelimi were above the discovered

burials, layer of poorly preserved In addition, burials. 3 secondary

and

primary

In associated

to the Geo

narily dated stomion.

floor

collapsed portion of the chamber in stratified for this was preserved into the collapsed down sloping

and part of the SE rebuilt. Evidence

stomion

Weincke

season.

blocking wall, contained multiple thinlycompressed floor

and were

M.H.

Lerna.

kylix sherds. the various

level, beneath

ARGOLID (4,hEPCA: 5thEBA)

architectural

23. Argos,

Aspis:

SE

sector after landscaping.

of

the city

of


19

Argos, Nannopoulos plot. A. Pariente (EfA/Lyon) and C. Piteros (4thEPCA) reporton the6thexcavationcampaign in this focused on the structures of the agora. Thirty six further tombs were excavated, mostly dug into the fill associated of the anc. agora. with the general abandonment Twenty held the remains of adults, 12 the remains of children area,

2

and

those

of babies.

Two

of a secondary

remains

had

and

burial,

primary burials plus one grave contained

the

the

double burial of an adult and a child (Fig. 24). All were pit graves complete

covered with planks possibly of grave goods, absence

In the almost

of wood.

the burials

not be

could

dated; theexception is a double burialwhere a tpq is provided by thefact thatthebottomof thepit restsonwhat isprobablya road.

By

Excavation

the E

of

exedra part of the monumental the interest is the junction between remains of the and the collapsed

Of

continued.

particular still in place

foundation

24. Argos,

Nannopoulos

plot: double

25. Argos,

Nannopoulos

plot:

burial.

seating,buried infill inwhich the latestitemsdate to the6thand 7thCts AD (Fig. 25). This impressivecollection of blocks from the lowest

level of the exedra

as collapse, disturbance.

indicated

foundations

for the seating

from sudden

resulted

and uniform

by the marked angle of the edges of the In total, 12 blocks have been revealed from 3 interior and

foundations,

(limestone

exteriorstepsplaced side by side, and a limestonebench) lying in the same relative order which they occupied within the structure

causes

itself. The

destruction

Mycenae. continued

before

no

suffered

previous

this collapse.

S. Iakovides (ASA) reports{Ergon [2008], 35-45)

excavation

the area of Petsas

on

in the lower city and

the acropolis,

in

House.

the acropolis,

On

remain to collapse are intact indicates that

of this massive

investigated. The fact that the blocks had level of the exedra the lowest

be

was

of building

excavation

completed

(Fig. 26). The oblong building had on theE side 3 rooms at level

ground

and

a staircase:

a courtyard

at

the edge

of

the

W of the complex isdelimitedby the Cyclopean wall. To the is an inclined passageway

rooms

with

an earthen

surface, which

leads intothecourtyard.The roomsdate to the 13thCt BC and

were

from earlier structures. They remained built using materials in use for quite a short period and were destroyed ca. 1200 BC.

The 2008 excavationwas limitedto thearea of the inclined

over which were passageway, round sockets for connection

4 dressed with

round structure built of unworked

blocks with square and as well as a other blocks, with a few stones, associated

The LHIIIB2 destruction and bones. level, which bore traces of fire, contained sherds, tile fragments, animal bone and many small finds (mainly fragments of wall-painting, figurines, blades and flakes, lead and iron beads, stone grinders, obsidian sherds

loomweights, objects, a half-worked were

strainers

sealstone

and spools). Among no decoration

with

these finds

and

a clay

sealing baked in thefirewhich destroyedthebuilding. Itbears a depictionwhich can with difficultybe read as theLinear for oil.

ideogram

Excavation continued in the lower city (Fig. 27). As in 2007, the topmost level dated to theHel period: in theNW

and remains of a potter's workshop square, an apsidal building were found. There may have been a kiln here. S Immediately

of theapsidal buildingwas theexternalwall of a largebuilding, and beneath itan orthogonal cist tombwith the skeletonof a mature individual,probably female, accompanied by 5 Geo vessels, a pin and an ironring,all dating to the9thCt BC (Fig. 28). In theSE sector layan apsidal buildingofwhich the2 end walls

were

preserved

along with

the interior cross walls.

The

building appears to be Myc and is partially covered by Hel remains

and part of a cobbled

road.

collapsed

seating

in the exedra.

small finds were discovered, including obsidian, of animal bones, sherds, wall-painting, pigments, fragments and coins, which date to the Myc, Geo and Hel metal objects are separated The remains of historical periods from periods. Various

earth thoseof theMyc period by a thicklevelof reddish-brown

down from the slopes of the surrounding hills and from the site of Mycenae. Sara, which dominates was Petsas House, of area At the so-called examination in 2008. On its floor, which was strewn with earth completed

washed Mt

and sherds, were

traces of fire and burnt bricks

from the super

20

CATHERINEMORGAN

26. Mycenae, acropolis: building

.


structure which was inpartwooden. The S and room were

not found,

and

it is suggested

walls of the

that the room was

unroofed. Area 10 was partially investigatedin 2007, with work completed in2008. Neither theS wall nor a normal floor were

found.

Itwas

filled with

destruction

debris, with

a layer

of fire debris on thebedrock. Among finds from thisfill are figurinefragmentsand sherdsof at least6 LHIIIA2 stirrupjars In roomT, 2 similar to those found in 1950 in roomA. sandstone

rectangular

bases

each

had

a rectangular

cutting

in

the centre and other smaller cuttings around (Fig. 29) to wooden

accommodate upper

floor.

in the

In 2007,

partof the room: in theS part are fragmentsofwall

from room important information provide indicate Pithoi floor, which was decorated. a to maintain necessary storage of the commodities

Finds painting. about the upper organized

supports either for the roof or for an beam was discovered part of a carbonized

21

and workshops. It appears that the space was large household or at least the storage, of vessels and used for the manufacture, The pottery confirms that the area was destroyed figurines.

towardstheend ofLHIIIA2.

found

in Room

and mud. without

Y,

In2007, thebases of 6 pithoiwere

in situ on stone

slabs

In 2008, 4 further bases were a base. Thus the room contained

sitting

in small

stones

found, plus one slab at least 11 pithoi.

Hundreds of sherdswere found in the course of the 2008

excavations vessels,

in the Petsas

and an abundance

or restored House, plus 17 complete of small finds, mainly fragments of fragments were also found, as well as 2

Figurine wall-painting. a piece of repouss?e sealstones, gold and objects of stone and glass paste.

leaf, fragments

Publication: D. Danielidou, A a a a ? ?e (Athens,ASA 2008)

of

ivory

II. To

22

CATHERINEMORGAN

interior of the gallery was

The with

to a /.of ca. 3.5m investigated almost of a deposit about 0.9m d, which or the roof. The gallery is an underground passageway

the removal

reached

wall, which at thispoint is 5.7m syrinxthroughthefortification thick. Its side walls are built of boulders and curve slightly inward

towards

the top, while

the ceiling

is mostly

made

of

horizontalstone slabs (Fig. 30). The floor,of levelledbedrock, a slight inclination with low steps at several points. The is 1.4m h. and 0.6m w., runs straight through the syrinx, which

has

wall to the investigatedlengthof 3.5m. At thispoint itseems to turn to the

an exit. was

29. Mycenae,

Petsas

House:

Gr-Swedish

sandstone

excavations

Midea.

The

Midea

continued in 2008

bases

on

to run obliquely to emerge at and consequently to find the exit of the syrinx, the excavation outside the fortification wall.

In order

extended

in room T.

the Myc

acropolis

of

under the direction of K.

with the (Director Emerita, National Museum) Swedish of A.-L. Schallin Institute) (Director, in The Gr team excavated and N. Divari-Valakou (3rd EPCA).

Demakopoulou collaboration

theSW partof the loweracropolis and theSwedish team in the

area E of the east gate. The Gr team worked

on the lower W

terrace of the acropolis,

continuingthe investigationof thegallery discovered in 2007 wall. W sectionof thefortification throughthe thicknessof the

in the inner face of the wall, as well of the gallery is The entrance in front of it,were further cleared. construction. Bedrock was flanked by wall 3 and a megalithic in a large part of this area, sloping down towards the revealed via steps. entrance to the gallery, which was accessed

The

entrance

as the area

30. Midea:

interiorof thegallery throughtheW section of the

fortification wall.

in greece

archaeology

2008-2009

23

A largepart of theouter face of thewall was exposed fora

10m and a h. of 2.8m maximum. The wall, founded on bedrock, is very well preserved, built of boulders directly and large and medium-sized stones. The exit of the syrinx was /. of

located about 3.5m

of theaxis of the entrance in theother

Itwas

side of the wall.

found blocked

small

clear.

The

The

side walls

dimensions

consistent

with

of

the exit,

and

themselves. construction

to form a corbel w.

0.6-0.8m

is

arch. /?., are

lm

and

sally port, rather than a tunnel cistern.

to an underground

down

curve

of the opening

a secret

with medium-sized

the Mycenaeans its corbel-vault

stones, apparently by the exit is blocked, Although

leading

The excavated part of the syrinxcontained a fill of dark

LHIIIB2 sherds were stony soil. Abundant E sherds indicate that the entrance LHIIIC

recovered.

A

remained

open

few in

the firsthalf of the 12thCt BC, although the syrinxwas no

the LHIIIC E krater recon longer in use. Four sherds joined structed from fragments found in the upper layers of trench C

during the2006 and 2007 excavations (Fig. 31). Part of the lowerbody of a Group A deep bowl decoratedwith antithetic spiralsmay be dated toLHIIIB2 L or LHIIIC E. The LHIIIB2 pottery includes mainly deep bowls of Groups A and B, stemmed

bowls,

as well

and bowls,

cups

as

and

jugs

stirrup

jars. There are 2 sherdswith pictorialmotifs, one with a bull

The commonest fine plainware protome. shapes and dippers. There are many fragments of coarse

are kylikes storage and

such as pithoi, vats and a bowl. of cooking vessels, Fragments of Handmade Burnished Ware and some small large bowls

EMyc some

sherds were

(LHIIA-B) fragmentary

recovered.

human

clay

and

found were

Also

animal

figurines,

tools,

as millstones

such

and

notably

bronze

pounders,

scraps

including a small rivet from a knife or dagger, pieces of fluorite, mother-of-pearl small fragment of painted The

deposits

removed

and

ochre,

sea

plaster. from the area

shells, adjacent

as well

as

a

to the outer

faceof thefortification wall containeda largequantityofmixed and worn sherds. These mostly date to LHIIIB2 with a few LHIIIC E and PGeo sherds. There are also many MH and EMyc sherds,as well as potteryof theLRom and Byz periods. The LHIIIB2 potteryrecoveredfromthisarea includesa small is a large part stirrup jar now partly restored. Also noteworthy of a stone tripod mortar. The deposit below the floor of room I was also examined:

according to thepotteryfound in2007, thisdates toLHIIIC E.

to the inner face of the fortification wall was trench adjacent to a d. of 0.8m. The deposit excavated removed was clearly a debris layer containing many stones fallen from the fortification

A

wall.

The

LHIIIB2 L. constructed

pottery

fragmentary

from

this

layer

is dated

The

E krater from the gallery,

LHIIIC

trench C.

work

of the Swedish team concentrated on the upper of the east gate. Two areas E of the east gate were trench 12 and the baulk between trenches 3 and 9 investigated: SE

plateau,

(see AR 54 [2007-2008], 30 forwork in these trenchesfrom

2004

onwards). 12 is situated Trench

next to trench 3, along a row of wall, where buildings The outline of the structure within

the citadel unearthed. was

revealed.

the inner face of was

previously the citadel wall

The

first wall encountered, along the S scarp, is of that found in trench 3; it stretches towards the E and forms a right-angled corner with the other wall. The the continuation

thebody of a bovid decorated with rock pattern. The other small findsfromthe interior of thesyrinxinclude fragmentsof

stone

31. Midea:

latter wall, lower

level.

towards

running The

the citadel

complete perimeter in trench 3 is now exposed.

excavated

of

majority fragments,

LH

finewares

a bronze

pin

and

wall, of

is preserved to a the room partly Finds a comprise

coarsewares, Myc 3 obsidian arrowheads.

and

figurine Green

glazed sherdsfound ina pit provide evidence ofMed activity. Work

was

resumed

between

layout of rooms

architectural

trenches

encircling

9 and 3 to clarify the the citadel wall. Most

of theNW part of this baulk had been excavated down to bedrock in2007. Work in2008 provided evidence fora wall rested on bedrock and was preserved to a running E-W, which h. of 3 courses. The whole E part of the baulk was excavated

down to bedrock. The dark brown soil (layer 2) contained and an obsidian

pottery, bones

arrowhead.

Close

to the bedrock

in theSE corner of thispart of thebaulk, a cylinder seal of

black

stone

was

found,

depicting

quadrupeds

and

chevron

fillingmotifs (Fig. 32). The seal most probablybelongs to the LMyc

Mainland

Popular

Group.

to

This supports the conclusion that room I was

above

the destruction

debris

caused

the

by

Ct BC. The earthquake thatstruckMidea at theend of the 13th

pottery from the debris layer contained many fragments of deep bowls of Groups A and B, of a small bowl with an internal

pattern in added white paint, of jugs and of a miniature vase.

handmade

Other

figurine,

2

pearl. Work

continued

steatite

seasons.

finds

include

spindle-whorls on

a fragmentary clay human and pieces of mother-of

the conservation

of

ceramics

from

restored

from fragments, Huge pithoi, for the storage of agricultural inside provide evidence products In furtherance of the project the acropolis. to conserve the and arrangement of the and acropolis, with the maintenance previous

part of the site, a photographic survey was section of the fortification wall in this area.

SW

made

of

the

32.Midea: LMyc cylinderseal fromthebaulk between trenches 3 and 9, E of theE gate.

24

CATHERINEMORGAN

Publication: Shrine

G. Walberg, Excavations

Area.

Midea: on

the Megaron and Complex the Lower Terraces 1994-1997

(Philadelphia, INSTAP 2007).

thought to be linked to pottery production, was not a roofed space, but rather a courtyard associated with a building outside the S boundary of the excavation area. It is likely thatmost of the

Tiryns. J.Maran (DAI/Heidelberg) reportson the3rdseason of

examples of painted plaster found in 2007 and 2008 had decorated thewalls of thisbuilding. A Myc sealingwith an

Investigationof grid squares L51 and L52 focused on the

itcame to lightinsidethefabricof itsfloor.The ceramicevidence

in theW

excavation

hitherto

town.

lower

little-known

of the site during

occupation

the pre-Myc,

EMyc and EPalatial (LHIIIA) periods, as well as during the and EMyc levels have not yet been Although Pre-Myc course of occupation the basic is reflected in finds reached, as earlier admixtures in later levels. Another EH appearing

EIA.

sealing

the group

supplements

of such objects

known

already

from2007. An unusual object of likelyMBA date is a steatite the form and decoration

stamp seal,

inMinoan seals ofMMII-III The

earliest

confirmed

of which

date (Fig. 33). architectural

has close

parallels

remains

date

to

LHIIIA2 and belong toa buildingdistinguishedby itsrelatively large size

and massive

the LHIIIA wall, resembling building between 1969 and in the zone 1974

uncovered

complexes immediately

S of

the current

excavation.

Until

now,

only

deposits, surface

associated

which in an

had

floors have

been

accumulated area

open

above

exposed. the former

ground a 0.037m /.

the building,

outside

In refuse

tabletof very fineclaywas found (Fig. fragmentof a Linear a short segmentof one original straightedge of the 34). Only tablet

broken and

is preserved, and heavily

on

whereas

worn.

The

traces of a 4th, as well

all

other

surface

as one

sides

shows

partially

the piece is 3 parallel lines

preserved

sign.

Although thesize of theobject and itsbad stateof preservation as a textual source, its significance lies in the fact that it comes from a chronologically context, homogenous and it is the earliest example of such a tablet inTiryns. render

it useless

Stillwithin the sub-phaseLHIIIA2, theabove buildingwas

replaced

by

the room

uncovered

in 2007

and

interpreted

as a

probably

last year's

W by a row of at least 3 large stone blocks. Cut into the boundary

wall

stamp

seal.

at an approximate

and arranged

right angle

to it,

a Geo amphora layobliquely on itsbelly,with itsmouth toward the interior of the enclosed

Parts of another large vessel space. as a cover. theW side probably served Along an undecorated 2 small trefoil vessels, amphora, in jug and a decorated skyphos, were found standing

found at itsmouth the

mouthed

an uprightposition. Linked to thedepositionof theamphora is a pavement of broken limestone slabs which followed the inner side of the in a bow outwards in boundary wall and curved front of the mouth of the amphora. The amphora was removed en bloc

to allow investigation of the contents. In light of these the possibility arises that the pavement of large discoveries, limestone slabs uncovered in 2006, and first interpreted as the covering precinct. elaborate

of a cist

grave, a case

In such

construction.

served

we

A

as

would

remarkable

an

access

to the burial

dealing with a very stray find from an EIA

be

level is a golden spacer bead (0.0085m /.)consistingof 4 thin tubesofwhich the2 in themiddle are slightlyshorterthanthe ones on theoutside (Fig. 36). This is likely to come froma disturbedrichgrave of theGeo period. In grid square L51, the uppermost part of a curved with stones small This to. appear. began represents a PGeo house. Restoration

and

found

analysis between

of 1999

the and

structure possibly

of wall large complex in excavations 2001

3cm

3cm steatite

of the

and a subsequent

of the area during most of LHIIIB and LHIIIC. is a structure interpreted significant EIA discovery as a Geo burial situated inside the precinct, only partly area (Fig. 35). To the excavation the precinct was enclosed by a reused earlier terrace wall probably of Myc date, and to the

paintings

town: MBA

overlap

as

The most

which yieldedmost of the unusual objects, plus installations

lower

of only a minor

assessment

abandonment

built

33. Tiryns, W

the use of the courtyard,

predates

latestMyc building phase with LHIIIB1

potter'sworkshop. The walls of thislatestattested Myc building

and phase were not founded on top of those of its predecessor were built in a different technique. It is now clear that the room,

impression

confirmed

of a

segmentof theS exteriorwall of thisnew building and partsof

2 rooms with

unclear

34. Tiryns, W

lower

town: fragment of a Linear

tablet.


25

36. Tiryns,W lower town:gold spacer bead probably of Geo

date.

Franchthi Cave. K.D. Vitelli (ASCSA) reportson continuing programmes. study and analytical of the Pal and Mes Study

was ornaments completed, rustica. from Columbella Study of the focusing on those made abundant shell ornaments Neo material was begun, revealing The Initial the overall picture of Neo ornaments. which change

Neo and ENeo are dominated by Columbella and Cyclope an element of continuity with the Mes. establish beads, which i.e. geometric beads In parallel, more 'typical' Neo ornaments, The rate of and pendants, appear as early as the Initial Neo.

andW boundaryof theEIA burial

35. Tiryns,W lower town: precinct slabs.

with

and

amphora

deposited

of

pavement

limestone

both

in terms of the composition

of the ornaments

and

the techniquesof production,is considerablyhigher in theNeo than the Pal and Mes

periods. to focus on trench Hl-B: analysis analysis continued from periods of material 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2, 3 and 4 is now at Franchthi Cave is unusual Taxonomic abundance complete. Faunal

conducted by theGreek Archaeological Service in thearea of the western

staircase

was

in cooperation

continued

with A.

Papadimitriou (4thEPCA) and U. Thaler. An intensivesearch for joins between the fragmentsled to significantprogress in fresco compositions reconstructing range of Tirynthian palatial frescoes, the religious sphere.

Publication:

L. Rahmstorf,

which

add

especially

Tiryns XVI.

(Wiesbaden,Reichert 2008).

to the known

scenes

Kleinfunde

to

linked

aus Tiryns

Asine Publication: Supplementary

A. Studies

Asine Ingvarsson-Sundstr?m, on the Swedish Excavations

III. 1922

1930, 2: Children Lost and Found. A Bioarchaeological Study ofMiddle Helladic Children inAsine with a Comparison to Lerna (Stockholm,Swedish Institute, 2008).

Epidauros. Eleftherotypia (23/04/08) cites a reportby V. Lambrinoudakis (President of the Committee for the Conservation

the

change,

of the Monuments

of Epidauros)

of excavation

of

parodos and part of the koilon of the little theatre.

Continuing study of the ca. 1,000 inscriptions from the theatre is noted, with particular reference to those on Petrounakos S. by

ca. 252 4thCt figurines,all of which were inscribedby their

dedicators.

in several

the anc.

respects, and provides important information about environment and subsistence. First, in all periods

taxa (birds, small mammals and period 2, small game In period in absolute abundance. reptiles) outnumber ungulates are more 2, the numbers of ungulate and small game specimens or less equal. Although small game have been shown to be an at Franchthi economies, they are important part of LPal across their consistency interesting for their early appearance, except

relative stability and their sheer numbers. Despite the sequence of small game versus ungulate in the representation taxa, there the small game and is substantial taxonomic change within

In the early part of the themselves. categories the ungulate dominates wild ass (Equus hydrantinus) red deer (Cervus However, steadily elaphus) assemblage. in period 3. in number until they surpass the equids increase ungulate

sequence,

Wild boar (Sus scrofa), wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and aurochs (Bos primigenius) never play more than distinctly secondary

roles.

The

small

game

assemblage

is comprised

primarily of hare (Lepus europaeus) and birds (namely partridgeand pigeon). The exception is a pronouncedpeak in period 3, when fish (primarilygilthead sea bream; Sparus aurata)

become

common

in the group given that pronounced until period 2 when from the sequence

the most

This peak assemblage. fish are virtually absent

is all

taxonomic

the more

less than 15% of small game they comprise in period 4. to this same low frequency

taxa. They

return

CATHERINEMORGAN

26

ARCADIA (39thEPCA: 5thEBA)

instead of fragmentary

A A A E A Y. Pikoulas (ed.), A A A. Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honour ofJamesRoy (Stemnitsa,UniversityofThessaly 2008) and history of the a range of papers on the archaeology articles are noted interest. Specific is of wide region which or signifi below they present new data only when (Istories) contains

cantly

previous

expand

site reports.

Kynouria, Villa of Herodes Atticus (Loukou). Kathimerini one of (02/05/09) reportsthediscovery by G. Spyropoulos of dead stelai set up over the Athenian the 10 tribal casualty the Villa The stele had been taken to decorate

at

of

Marathon.

Atticus

Herodes

The

antiquities.

a number

along with stele bears

an epigram,

and other of sculptures and lists 22 names of

thedead of the tribeErechtheis.

B.

Arachamitai.

Paraskevi

Agia

reports on work conducted trial trenches Further

Fors?n

roof tiles. The

finds, made

earliest

in the

S partof the trench,includepartsof a M5thCt local rfvase and Ct BC. Most finds date to the3rdand bg potteryof the4th-3rd 2nd Cts

and

BC,

include

Megarian

bowls

and

bronze

coins.

Several coins were found in the pit, including one of recovered

Kassandros,

at a d. of 1.55m.

The

composition

of the

finds is thus rather similar to that presented in the 2007

for the early phases excavations, although with more evidence a better picture of the as providing of cult activity as well stratigraphy of the dark soil layer. Gourtsouli

Th. Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou of the results of

(anc. Mantineia).

a synthetic account 125-43) presents (Istories, in 1962 and 1989-1990, conducted excavations

with

extensive

illustrationand discussion of the largelyunpublishedportable

finds from the Ar

shrine

(which was

established,

BA hiatus, towardstheend of the8thCt BC).

after a post

Institute)

(Finnish

in 2008. were

opened

around

function

of

the

large

courtyardstructureand Hei stoa (AR 54 [2007-2008], 32), in to define

order

to gain

structure,

and

the date

about

information

the

the relationship

courtyard between

these buildings, which are differentlyaligned and thus

of different date, perhaps activities currently known 2007. The

and

to obtain

only

through

of the monumental

plan

data on the pre-Hel in the few finds made

courtyard

structure

obtained

from the2007 magnetometer survey (Fig. 37) shows a series 6m

of 5m survey

rooms

suggested

sides

all

around

of

The the courtyard. in the centre of

of a round pit

the presence

thecourt, and 2 entrances in themiddle of theE andW sides A trial trench(E) at the location of thepossible respectively.

to confirm the information insufficient pit produced feature here. A 2nd trial (F) revealed of a man-made of one of the rooms of 3 of the walls location the exact are built of small walls These the courtyard. flanking stones with no mortar, are ca. 0.6m w. and stand ca. unworked

central

existence

h. beneath

0.6-0.7m was

mass

burned

ca. 0.2m

by a 0.1-0.2m of red clay,

covered

d.

room of top soil. The layer of roof tile mixed

possibly

the remains

interior with

a

of sun-dried

bricks from theupper part of thewalls. Very few findswere -

roof the collapsed in the layer below only some with sherds mixed and a few non-diagnostic of the and so the date and function and ash

recorded iron

nails

charcoal

However, many of the courtyard structure remain unresolved. in the typical with finger strokes decorated roof tiles were an approximate or LRom thus giving MRom manner,

indicationof datewhich is furthersupportedby a C14 sample takenbelow thecollapsed roof,which gives a date of the3r or 4thCt AD. A further objective of 2008 was todetermine thebordersof theshallow pit filledwith dark soil, largequantitiesof pottery and other small finds revealed in2007. The 2007 trench(A)

was 0.5m

its area a 0.3 to the S and W, revealing across roof of with mixed tiles, large fragments layer of pottery (including miniature vessels), fragmentary

extended

d. dark

amounts

terracotta figurines,

various

small

finds, charcoal

and ash.

The

layer is thickerand slightlydeeper in the towards the stoa like structure.Sterile soil laybelow thisdark layerexcept ina

of the trench, where more dark soil mixed small finds and ash of pottery, various large quantities surface. This dark soil, most at least to 1.7m below continues small

area

in the

with

likelyfroma pit, differs in that itcontains some large stones

37. Arachamitai: the courtyard

results of the magnetometer structure

and possible

the2007 and 2008 trenches.

stoa, with

survey showing the location of

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 E.

Gyros.

Kourinou

(National

Archaeological

27

Museum)

presents archival evidence (Istories 163-87) which indicates thatthe7thCt BC seated statue (ANM 57) longassigned to the came

near Agiorgitika instead probably of Demeter Sanctuary near Mouchli, at Gyros, of Artemis from the Sanctuary

E

of

W foothillsofMt Ktenias, partiallyexcavated Agiorgitika in the in 1889. Documents here reproduced by V. B?rard of B?rard's finds and of items from the sanctuary

lists

include

confiscated

from a local smuggler.

Leondari. Elefthews Typos (03/09/08) cites a reportby D. Athanasoulis (now Director, 25thEBA) of the discovery of and sherds at the Med Kastro, fragments of LByz wall-painting as part of cleaning conducted operations during excavation 2008 had destroyed dense after the forest fires of summer around

vegetation

during

period, Thomas

the monument.

the 15th Ct, when

relate

finds

was

of Constantine,

brother

Palaiologos,

The

the Kastro

to the

the seat the

of

last Byz

emperor. Mt.

M.

of Zeus.

Sanctuary

Lykaion,

Petropoulos

(39th

EPCA), M.E. Voyatzis (ASCSA/Arizona) and D.G Romano (ASCSA/Pennsylvania) report on the 2008 season of excavation and survey(Figs 38, 39).

38. Mt Lykaion:

upper

sanctuary.

revealed stratigraphie sequences which probably a first use of the altar in the Myc period, characterized

Excavation

indicate

by dozens ofMyc kylikes and other small finds. Above this lowest

level,

the stratigraphy

includes

as well

EIA material,

as

Geo, Ar, Cl and Hel potteryand otherobjects apparentlyin a miniature sequence. Many as well as silver coins, metal

continuous

recovered, dedications

bronze

tripods were and miniature

objects EH and MH

sherds, as were uncovered amounts of FNeo, again this year large Masses of animal bones in nearly all layers of the altar. of various

kinds.

Numerous

as

well

to be unearthed, but no human bones have yet been Part of what may be the anc. t?menos wall was cleared continued In the lower sanctuary, excavation the altar.

continue found. S of

immediately and S of the seats or steps and outside theNE

amounts of Hel pottery corner of the xenon, where considerable a were found. More of the 67m /. stoa building was cleared: to the of the stoa to recover information trench was opened from a stele that had been illicitly uncovered. Work blocks.

continued

to document

the location

of all extant stone

on completion of the docu study focused of the stoa, the E wall of the steps or seats to the

Architectural

mentation

of the xenon and the fountainhouse to the S andW of the xenon. G. Davis'

team continued

the geological

survey of the area

immediatelysurroundingthe southernpeak of Mt Lykaion, the structural

defining

geology

of

the region.

Y.

Pikoulas

continued the historical study of the Mt Lykaion area, identifying anc. roads and towns (see below, under Theisoa). is http://lykaionexcavation.org. The project website Y

Theisoa. gation

Pikoulas

of the defensive

251-60) system of Theisoa

(Istories,

reports on an investi conducted under the

aegis of theMt Lykaion project,which led to the identification of at least5 isolatedpatrol stations in theS partof the territory ofTheisoa. These are located at Elliniaki (ca. 500m NNW of the cemeteryof the village of Ano Kotilion), Pyrgouli (ca. 300m below and E of theroad, 1kmfromthevillage),Alonaki W of the road),Vrachos (2km of thevillage, immediately touVidi (almost 2.5m NNW of thevillage) andGourtsoules. They likelydate aftertheM4thCt BC, and it is argued thatthey formed

Megalopolis

a

network

controlling from theW.

access

to

the

basin

of

39. Mt Lykaion:

Palaikastro

lower sanctuary.

(Gortyn). A.-V. Karapanagiotou (39thEPCA)

reports (Istories,

231-50)

on excavation

of a roadside

cemetery

of theLCl-Hel period,on theSW slope of thehill of Skeplia or

the mod. road from of Palaiokastro, above 1km ENE Steplia, to Rizospelia. A monumental limestone Palaiokastro grave in 4 h. and undecorated), than 4.5m stele (more preserved sections,

has

long

been

known

from

the site.

It

is best

CATHERINEMORGAN

28

In the S part of the cemetery, in

paralleled in LCI Attica. to common

addition

to date has revealed

excavation

graves,

the

along the line of the road. following monuments the of which structure A Im), (2.3m rectangular are preserved: this is built of small and medium foundations and

local

to a total h. of 0.7m.

No

sized worked courses

limestone

stone blocks, preserved in 2 evidence for the superstruc

turesurvives. An empty elliptical pit was foundbehind and the level of the foundations.

below

of a funerary monument 1.3m), (2.6m of the (notably part euthynteria of limestone blocks preserving 1.1m /.,0.6m w. and 0.29m NE corner block, the well-worked a 0.41m 0.81m such further smaller block, h., plus 0.27m). The

foundations

sat on bedrock, were of these blocks, which the blocks were between and the spaces only roughly worked, of the packed with smaller stones. This may be the foundation

The

lower

faces

or a similar such marker. large stele long known from this site, cut into the bedrock inside the 1.1m A cavity 1.3m was this was its foundations: and below empty, but had this monument above looted. Surface cleaning likely been a BC. of 370-340 of Heraia bronze coin produced structure

An elliptical pit (0.4m

bedrock,

contained

5 bg

0.85m and 0.4m c/.),cut into the

vessels

(an

a krater,

oinochoe,

2

skyphoi and a kantharos) of theL4th-E3rdCt BC, carefully to rituals

relate

These

of the

in memory

may together. placed then covered with limestone slabs. A further dead. The pit was 4 LCl-EHel vessels (a krater, 2 skyphoi and a trefoil-mouthed

oinochoe) were found in a similarpit, 5m to theS of thestele

monument

detailed

above.

Finally, following reportsof tombs on theW

4 ca. 80m NW of the stele monument, Skeplia, of which 2 have so far been excavated. discovered,

slope of

tombs were Tomb

1 is

a pit grave 1.15m 0.35m, inwhich only the lowerpartof the skeleton was

the bones was

among

preserved;

a tear bottle

and,

by the righttibia,a lamp,findswhich date the tomb to the2nd half of the2ndCt BC. A tombexcavated to theW of the road dates to the end of the 2ndCt BC on the basis of the grave offerings(a tearbottle and a lamp). Tomb 4 is a cist, 2m

an extended skeleton, head to the N, but 0.5m, which contained no grave goods. While the anc. road has eroded away in the area of the major sections of itwere found to the E of these graves. monuments, The road here is 2.76m w., preserved for a /.of 6.5m and is built

of pieces of the local soft bedrock, unworked slab-like stones and of this general area revealed a further 11m /. pot sherds. Cleaning stretch running N: the road surface was not preserved here, merely

thecuttingfortheroadbed (2.55mw.) and the lowerlevelsof fill consistingof chips fromthequarryingof thebedrock.

Kakouraiika

A.-V.

(Heraia).

cited

Istories, (E. Salavoura, chamber-tomb further Myc

is Karapanagiotou (39th EPCA) 79) as reporting the discovery of 2 in the region of this cemeteries

terrace

On

with

associated

cult structure (5.7m 1, a small Hel an altar been studied since has

this so-called

Underneath

orthostat

indicate

finds

associated

lay the foundations

building

of a furtherrectangularbuilding (5m a cult use.

8.1m) 2004.

7m) of theLCI period;

Probably

in the E

Excavation

in 2008

Imperial

Rom period, the orthostatbuilding was enlarged with the of 2 rooms

addition

to the

and S.

concen

tratedon theNE of theorthostatbuilding and on the the enlarged phase. The 2.6m) were uncovered

architectural

hall of

of the altar (1.3m altar is located 2.7m

remains

The

completely.

E of theorthostatbuilding and symmetricallyalignedwith it. state

bad

The

of this structure results from of preservation Two further architectural members that can,

recent disturbance.

to the altar lay in recent fills be ascribed by their measurements, area The of the altar yielded in its immediate vicinity.

severelyfragmentedfindsdating fromtheCl period to theE2nd

Ct

BC,

similarly

sounding in the

to the adjacent

of stratified Geo

discovery at area:

some

foundations

cult

structures.

A

deep

hall of the orthostatbuilding led to the

distance

lay very small

for the first time

material

pottery

in this

edge of the Hel fragments, several sherds of

the

below

lower

a cooking pot and of a largehydria;forboth vessels, 8thCt BC

dates

are

proposed.

The Hel peripteraltemple(15.8m

42.35m) had a peristasis

From E-W, in its initial phase. the sekos of 2 large halls with internal consists of a pronaos, a succession The 2008 from the W. inaccessible supports and an adyton, in theW hall of the sekos and the concentrated excavations

of 6

15 columns

In both areas, deep soundings aimed results from the E hall of the sekos concerning

colonnade. 2007

use of the area.

It soon became

clear

to verify the the pre-Hel

that the 6 limestone

slabs

thatonce held supports subdividing theW hall into3 aisles were partof theoriginalbuildingphase: ina situationsimilar to that in the E hall, the slabs reston foundationsof multiple layers deeply

cut blocks. these foundations limestone Further, into the virtually sterile layer of green clay that was Hel here to provide stable support for the monumental

of

placed structure.

The deep sounding in the following into which

colonnade produced the

the clay packing underneath sequence: stratigraphie had been lowered, there is a lm the Hel foundations

of fills, consisting d. sequence entirely of secondary deposits of the foundation these fills (ca. 1.6m beneath Geo pottery. Under a 2 well of the sekos wall) was primary stratum containing were 2 the vessels Placed in cooking pots. carefully preserved on on their shape, and especially a cup and a small jug. Based on the shoulder of the hatched the characteristic jug, triangles

thiseating/drinking assemblage can be dated to theGeo period (Fig. 40).

village, along theE bank of theAlpheios river,close to the cemetery

at Loutra

Heraias

reported

Andriopoulo (AgiosAndreas). from Arcadia, reported, E. Eleutheriou remains

most

inAR 53 (2007-2008),

In a general reviewof EByz

of which

(Istories,

33.

266)

have

notes

been

EByz

previously sherds at

thissite,which liesWNW of Karytaina, on theS bank of the Alpheios river, immediatelyESE of themod. church of Ag. Andreas. Lousoi. excavation

It is characterized

G. Ladst?tter season,

as a probable

(Austrian concentrated

farmstead.

Institute) reports on on the area of

the 2008 the Hel

peripteraltempleand thecult complex justW of it(see AR 54 [2007-2008], 33-34).

40. Lousoi: colonnade

Geo pottery from a primary of the Hel peripteral temple.

deposit

beneath

the


29

overview

of ongoing research into the main quarry locations in and Laconia, sites briefly (Sparta 169-79). Quarry noted are: Gynaika, Vresthena, Platyvouni (Sochas), Chrysafa, Zarakas and Daimonia, Viglafia Ag. Marina, (Rom-ECh), Laconia

Tainaro. Fuller discussion is offered of Oitylo (including Rom-ECh cuttings) and especially Plytra (anc. Asopos), where 3 sandstone quarry sites (probably LHel-ECh) are identifiedand details of thequarry cuttingsand evidence for Rom

cult and Rom-ECh

burials

areas presented.

in the quarry

Anc.

Sparta E. Zavvou and A. Themos

Museum,

(Epigraphical

formerly 5th

EPCA) present(Sparta and Laconia, 105-22) a synthesisof the results of rescue

excavations in the mod. conducted city from their impact on our understanding of 1994-2005, analysing urban development from EH-ECh times. Significant changes to the existing

are provided,

picture

for example

by the presence

of EH activityon theSW edge of the city,and the extentof PGeo andGeo activityespecially in thearea of Limnai, S of the and at theW

acropolis, 41. Lousoi:

Geo

wall

the Hel

beneath

peripteral

Theatre.

Sparta

temple.

in theW

sekos

hall,

excavation

underneath

the sterileclay packing supportingtheHel temple revealed a stone

curved

setting built of broken-up

flysch and a few

local

pebbles (Fig. 41). Based on itselevation,building technique and stratigraphie

context,

this wall

can be associated

with

stone

settings recognized in the E sekos hall during the 2007 as an they can be reconstructed at least 7m /. This will have to be

in combination

campaign:

structure 4.5m w. apsidal further verified in future excavations.

The

deposit

of earth

within the suggested apse contained fragmentsof a jug with Geo

typical

band

decoration.

on

Based

the

information

the structure dates to the Geo period and is available, with the deep primary deposits under the peristasis. excavations in the area of the Hel urban centre of Although

currently associated Lousoi

revealed

evidence for earlier activities, only occasional to have been in use during the Geo period. this area also appears Finds so far indicate occasional activities, including eating and

drinking (feasting), perhaps with a cult background and

some with associated architecture. These simple results suggest that at the bottom of the Soudena preliminary plain lay a further Geo settlement or cult place, complementing the Sanctuary of Artemis about 1km to the NE, which can also probably

be tracedback to the8thCt BC. cases

there

structures

is evidence

in the Hel

It is further strikingthatinboth

for elaborate

rebuilding

of

Morgan

(Director, 5thEPCA) report on

In the sounding

C

the cult

period.

focusing Byz use

of the city.

edge

(Director,

the first season

of excavation in the anc. theatre, and investigation of the extent and nature of LRom new excavation of the space, and combining with

on

reappraisalof BSA work in the 1920s. was

Excavation

upper

A. Vasilogamvrou

BSA),

and K. Diamanti (Director, 5U EBA)

cavea

conducted

in order

to locate

in theW

and part of the middle edge of the LAntique

the SW

settlementon theacropolis and to establish the on

housing

theW

side of the orchestra,

partially

the 1990s (Fig. 42). Attention

settlement

limitsof the

excavated

in

on Byz between the main landscaping S of the lower retaining wall of the cavea, a

focused

areas.

M Byz (12thCt) terrace substantial wall preventederosionof the

onto structures downslope. This upper slope and hill-wash contains a quantity of architectural In spolia from the theatre. the easternmost of the upper cavea trenches, abutting the cavea

retainingwall, one of the radial paths which linked the 2 settlement In

areas was

the westernmost in the 2007

revealed

revealed, containing MByz pottery. an anomaly of the upper trenches, resistivity survey was found to be a mass

grave of theMByz period (Fig. 43). A largepit cut into the

a 2.5m 2m structure of clay fill of the theatre housed uncoursed architectural cobbles, with walls, containing spolia, which were well faced and plastered only on the interior. A lotus and acanthus reused within the lower composite capital

wall probably originated in theupper part of the theatre(Fig. 44). To the andW, theconstructionpitwas backfilledwith domestic refuse, includingEByz-MByz cooking and table and a quantity of severely burnt roof tile of Rom type, of a major fire nearby. It remains unclear whether the structure was entered from the side or from the top, and there to show how is no evidence it was covered. The chamber

wares, debris

LACONIA (5thEPCA: 5thEBA) W.

Cavanagh,

C. Gallou

contained and M.

Georgiadis

(eds),

Sparta

and

Laconia fromPrehistory toPremodern (London, BSA 2009)

the

offers an

invaluable

least one

are noted

below

in 4 episodes level contained

cantly

expand

of the region. overview articles Specific only when they present new data or signifi site reports. previous

in Laconia. G. Kokkorou-Alevras Quarries Chatziconstantinou (Athens), A. Efsathopoulos

Anc.

(Athens), A. E. (Athens),

Zavvou (Epigraphical Museum, formerly 5th EPCA), A. Themos (Epigraphical Museum, formerly 5th EPCA), K. Kopanias (Athens) and E. Poupaki (Athens) present an

remains

preliminary analysis adults of a wide age

the

child

of

suggests

more

than

both male

range, but with of 8-10 years. These

22

and

individuals;

female, a few sub-adults

mostly and at

remains were deposited The lowest featuring very different practices. an ossuary-like of crania against arrangement

wall with long bones together to the S (Fig. 45).

a low interior wall or bench was added on the Subsequently, W side of the chamber and a quantity of human bone was an inhumation which it. Over this was behind had packed

truncated. And finally, a large deposit of mixed heavily semi-articulated bone with badly broken bone overlaid it.

been

30

CATHERINEMORGAN

42. Sparta

theatre: 2008

excavation

43. Sparta

theatre: EByz

tomb structure.

plan.

'

^

f? ^^^^^^ 45 Sparta theatre:EByz multiple burial, phase 1.

~

"^^^^^^^liB

^"'^


31

Over the entiregrave interiorlay a mixed deposit of pottery and

animal

It seems

bone.

as an ossuary

intended

that the structure

but was

reused

rapidly

was initially as a tomb. All

4 episodes took place within the 12,h-E13thCt and were probablymostly reburialsof remainsoriginally deposited on for a religious There is as yet no evidence the acropolis. in this area, but these unusual circumstances have a

building

possible parallel in a multiple burial excavated in 1926 S of the theatre.

Debris fromtheLRom and (mostly)Byz settlementon the was

acropolis

in all

encountered

the upper

a

trenches;

little

LRom pottery(3rd-6th Ct), tile and brick,EByz cookware (ca. 9th-E10thCt) and MByz (mostly 12thCt) amphorae and confirm

tableware

of which,

of

the chronology group of EByz

A distinctive

phases. earliest

the main

settlement

isolated, the cookpots was on a slow wheel and hand

manufactured

dated in theL8thor 9thCt. All trenches finished,is tentatively down from the Sanctuary pottery and votives washed on the acropolis. interest Of particular Chalkioikos terracotta antefix and a partially fragments of an Ar

produced of Athena are

2

preservedstone jumpingweight of theL6th-E5thCt BC with an unusually long inscription(Fig. 46). The name of theSpartan

who

and was probably on the weight is not preserved, can be Games halter, but a victory at the Olympic

restored,theathleteofferingup his sportingequipment to the

goddess

on his return home.

Ct

L6th-E5th

halter

BC

an

recording

victory.

Sparta,

SW

Laconia,

A. Maltezou,

A. Themos,

cemetery. on

261-69)

the results of rescue

G. Pantou,

G.

report (Sparta and

excavations

between

1994 and 2005 (especially on theKatsaris-Mavridis and the plots) which

Dimitrakopoulos-Zachariadis

have

than 700 burials of LHel-5th Ct AD of

discussion

tomb

types,

burials

revealed

date.

customs

more

Preliminary

and

is

offerings

presented. in the city area are Bakourou 301-11) by A.

remains

MByz Laconia,

presented

(Sparta

(formerly

Director,

and 5th

EBA), focusingon 2 adjacent buildingplots,O.T. 126 and 127, a funerary chapel, a church, a bath and an olive press The triconch funerary chapel was discovered discovered.

where were

126. This is a

on theTheodosopoulou-Karydi propertyinO.T

structure, 12.4m total /. 6.1m w (narthex simple, one-roomed in secondary 9m h>.). The structure included building material stone use (large orthogonal smaller blocks with limestone

fillingbetween them,plastered in),a techniquemostly used in 10th-llth on

structures

one

paintings;

Ct, although the site. The

depicts

fragment

is no

there

interior was an

evidence

for earlier

decorated

with wall

inscribed

scroll.

Evidence

combines to indicatea date of the2ndhalf of the 10thCt AD. Inside themain chapelwere 3 cist tombs(one in theS apse and W aisle),with a further 6 in thenarthex,below thefloor 2 in the the marble

funerary

This

threshold.

in its original

conception,

indicates

but burial

that the chapel was continued after its

Ct. Small destruction,fromthe 12thto thefirsthalf of the 13th rectangular

enclosures

were

built

to the W

of

it in this later

period, probably to organize the large cemeterywhich then developed inside and around thebuilding (26 cist tombshave

burials, and 25 pit graves recovered, containing multiple included bracelets, of Grave rings, goods children). mostly From the fill across the area buckles. earrings, and many MByz been

come examples of glazed potteryof the 12thand 13thCts, with restorable

vessels

from

funerary

feasts within

the cemetery.

Ct, most of the 11th Thirtyeightcoinswere found,3 of the 10th to thefirsthalfof the 13th Ct, and 3 Fr coins of theCorinthmint of ca.

On thepropertyof E. Rigos, just to theW inO.T. 127, are to lm h.), resting on of a Byz church (preserved structure. The building, which of a Rom has an

the foundations the remains

Tsiangouris and C. Phlouris (5thEPCA)

and

theatre:

Sparta

dedicated

a second

the

46.

Olympic

1250.

almost

square

has

plan,

3 aisles

with

at the E end and a

apses

narthexat theW (themain entrance is in theW side of the

in the central apse There are traces of wall-painting narthex). as well as of (and loose fragments found scattered elsewhere), and a marble floor. The altar table was in situ. marble cladding

On thebasis of thebuilding itself,its sculpteddecoration and the coins found (especially 2 anonymous folles), an 11thCt constructiondate is indicated; therefollowed 3 or 4 building phases, and it is likely thatthebuilding continued in use into late

Comninan

and

times

earthquake. A further rescue

on

excavation

to allowing

in addition

Androutsou,

it was

that

destroyed

the property complete

by

of S.

exploration

an

and

P.

of the

whole of thechurch, revealedMByz cist and pit graves along theentireE side of thebuilding. A small distance to theE of of a bath, the the church lay the remains preserving The central room had caldarium and frigidarium. apodyterion, served as a cistern. Remains of 2 apses around, one of which water the building. tanks were discovered The outside

hypocaust is poorly preserved, although the floors of theW niche

and

the 3rd room

than a private 1100-1260. olive

The

survive. and

building, press

was

discovered

a public the architecture

bath was

The

is dated

by NE

of

the bath,

rather to ca.

on

the

Philippopoulou plot. The large collection basin was well preserved, with central wooden

beam, supported further press was

a large rotating trapetum, with the slot for the axle pole which, together with a horizontal 2 millstones found

just

A turned by animal power. This is the first well

to the N.

preservedworkshop of thisperiod found in Sparta, although partial

O.T

traces of others

(for example,

on the Katsou

in

property

125) are preserved within the mod. city and on the

acropolis. Magoula.

E. Kourinou

(National

Museum)

and Y.

Pikoulas

(Thessaly) publish (Sparta and Laconia, 181-86) the remains

of an anc. bridge

over

the Skatias

river, on

theWSW

slopes

of

Magoula, which probablydates to theLCI orHel period (L4th 3rdCt BC).

CATHERINEMORGAN

32

Mistras. G. Marinou reports(AAA39 [2006], 211-28) on new the

be

of

niches

and

cleaning

on

the 1st floor

a ground

preserved),

traces

(only

floor

and

space

of successive

its 2nd storey are a stoa to the N. The

houses showing was Construction

of

mud-brick

A

Laskaris Metochitis, governor of the P?loponn?se), by Alexios with the addition of a large triclinium supported on a 2-storeyed This of the original house. to the E and vaulted extension additions windows

and of the seat by their sills, and

Especially

the form of the

The

pillar).

(2 openings

seen

is also

portico

arches, separated by a to be a 2-storeyed arcade on

semicircular

with

the E

On

the 2

fa?ade,

was also large arch on the ground floor beneath were installed on the balconies. Parapets with corbels The

replaced.

A date of the2ndhalf of the 14thCt is proposed for thisfinal and

reflect the new that the changes suggests rooms and westernizing features at the court of

the author

phase, taste for private Manuel the Despot

his wife

and

Kantakouzenos

S. Sinos

Isabelle

ea

a

(ed.),

de

H.W.

tools)

Catling,

Sparta:

Anthochori.

or impressed and stone

a palette

Messene.

P.Themelis (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 46-60) on excavation

of Isis and in the theatre, the Sanctuary stoa in the agora and at the in the

of 5

of a

bone

the human

and contained bodies accompanied constructions to a later, EByz and dated oinochoai, period. is the per?bolos of these cemeteries characteristic Particularly their in an ordered which encloses them arrangement,

remains

pottery

into unitary groups with the use of common partition separation on space and cost, and the fact in each row to economise walls a family. overall The that each group was likely used for of the burials confirms that they were contemporary appearance constructions.

from the site.

E. Zavvou (Epigraphical Museum) publishes from

finds

and Laconia, 29-42) (Sparta conducted by the former Director

the excavations

C. Christou,

of the 5th EPCA,

in the early 1960s, togetherwith the results of fieldwork conducted by theauthor (thenof the5thEPCA) in 2004. The

old excavation

finds

with LHIIA-LHIIIC. property

include much

and MH

EHII

pottery, along

A Myc burial discovered in 1970 on the

of V. Bourazelis

in the area of Anthochori

includes

2

LHIIA squat jugs. Sherds of Laconian PGeo skyphoi and closed

relate

vessels

are also

to the known

noted.

sanctuary:

Ar

and Cl

fragments

the 3rdCt BC preserve the stamp

showed in 2004 Survey over a large area around

one

contemporary

Alepotrypa Cave (Diros). A. Papathanasiou publishes (Sparta 21-28)

incised

had 3 tombs,the2nd7 and the3rd2 (Fig. 47). All were similar,

I. The Bronze

Menelaion

and R. Janko, Ayios Stephanos. fW.D. Taylour in Settlement at a Bronze and Medieval Age BSA Laconia 2008). (London,

and Laconia,

have

a mortar,

divided into4 groups; thesewere built fromtheworked stones

a

Agios Stephanos Southern

are noted.

finds (querns,

MESSENIA (38thEPCA: 26thE A)

by

Publication:

Stone

of the theatre, terracotta and stone slabs. The first group, tombs, included 4 found empty and one with the skeleton Of the other groups, young woman without grave goods,

Age (London,BSA 2009).

Excavations

or semi-coarsewares

finewares

in the EByz continued In the theatre area, excavation towards the Hel retaining cemetery reported in 2007, moving cist graves were excavated, Seventeen wall of the E parodos.

Menelaion Publication:

sometimes have an (oftenhigh) polish and/ora red slip, and

most

in the basilica, Sarapis, on Ithome. sanctuaries

a.

e

A a

E (Athens, A A 2009).

or semi-coarse, coarse with The pottery was mostly plans. saucers, deep rounded bowls, basins, pithoi and open jars being in coarser finer wares the most fabrics; shapes popular

continuing

Lusignan. Publication:

alterations.

at the level

large arches

beneath it were replaced by a wall with smaller pointed

windows.

and

Pottery from this lower layer dates early in EHII. the poor preserva in the E sector of the excavation,

decoration.

theE fa?ade. The 3rdphase saw theadditionof a special room with pointed door and window openings at the S of the triclinium.

superstructure

additions

in the herringbone technique, with a and probably roofing in schist slabs.

tionofwalls made it impossible to retrieveindividualbuilding

tympanumof the Byz arch on the E fa?ade beneath the triclinium

successive

in stone

large building was exposed in the NW sector of the

excavation.

of Ot Removal the site of earlier buildings. occupied its in the triclinium, masonry sealing (a cross-wall form of the triclinium the revealed floor, original etc.)

the windows

on of D. the property excavation EH to revealed architec the of the church, just over an area of 183m2. In a lower layer, remains were with rectilinear revealed, building phases Rescue

Katsoulakos, tural remains

Ct (possibly buildingwas extended in thefirsthalf of the 14th

extension

to the

probably was found.

building phases in detail. The original,

Ct AD, building is a rectangularstructure perpen possibly 13th dicular to the contours of the hill, with a small vaulted triclinium

di), with rectangular (1.7m h. and 2.38m and a short dromos, was and S of the chamber a storeroom rather than a tomb: no dating evidence

chamber

circular

in

house

Three

onwards.

are described

and

identified,

the course

in

town, revealed from 2002 work

lower

restoration can

and form of the Laskaris

for the architecture

evidence

e

pottery and votives tiles of of 4 stamped

a

/ a

.

finds concentrate that archaeological with the Church of theMetamorphosis,

material of thehistoricalperiod (bg sherds,pithoi and black painted tiles) especially to theS, and thatof PH periods (EH saucers, Myc kylikes, handmade of the church, on the property

100m W to the E. Ca. wares) an underground of P. Fraghis,

47. Messene:

groups

of EByz

cist tombs

in the theatre area.

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 In the course

of the cemetery

33

the retaining wall

excavation,

was also fullyrevealed; theE end of theE parodos of thetheatre of this is now visible, where it turns in a rightangle and to the S.

continues

The W

retaining wall

the same

shows

trait.

The E wall is exceptionallywell preserved. It is constructedin a variant of the isodomic systemwith toolingon thevisible surfaces of the blocks and small infillings,and in one case deviation fromtheverticalityof thejointing(Fig. 48). In thefill between thegroup of 5 graves and the retaining

wall was

found

the head

statue of a woman:

of a marble

the face

with only theeyes preserved.The hairstylecopies is destroyed,

that of statues older

head was a recutting of an attested by other sculptures of

II. The

of Faustina

statue of a man,

a practice

the4thCtAD made ina localworkshop atMessene, such as the head ofHermes (Fig. 49) and thatof theEmperorConstantine, both re?ut from statues of women

were

of the Hel period. of Isis and the Sanctuary an underground was of clarified The TT-shaped plan Sarapis. from it by a located S of the theatre and separated reservoir

which

was

Excavation

branchof thereservoiris46.5m /.and the

road (6m w.). The

E and W

35.5m

in

resumed

w. and covered

/. It is 3.25m

with

an arched

vault which has no openings for light. However, one high arched opening was located, approximately in themiddle of W branch, and 4 smaller ones in the branch. At theend the of the4thCt AD, the reservoir,thenapparentlyout of use and

49. Messene:

unroofed,

Hel

served

as

of Messene

the inhabitants

a dump

for

refuse,sculpture included. AR 50 (2003-2004), 29 reported fragmentsof a statue of Perseus holding thehead ofMedusa

and

a seated

statue

of

Isis nursing

Horus.

New

4l Ct AD

head

of Hermes

statue.

re?ut from an original

fragments

belonging to thisgroup, fromthebody ofHorus, were found in 2008 (Fig. 50). The rightside of a head of a marble statueof a male figureof the2ndCt AD was also found,plus the life sized marble head of a lioness and pieces of many marble statues.

These

of

Sanctuary

all

Isis,

come

probably and are

from

of

products

the theatre local

and

workshops

the at

Messene, mostly of the2ndCt AD. They were probablybroken and deposited in thedisused reservoirby fanaticalChristians In theW branch of the around the end of the 4thCt AD. reservoir were as

many pavements, fragments of mosaic came from the decoration which probably

tesserae

as well of

the

Isis shrine. The function of the underground TT-shaped

structure

as a reservoir was

clarified

by the discovery

of water

channels in theupper part of thewalls. The Sanctuary of Isis layE of the reservoir,along with the remainsof thebasilica.

On

one

of

secondary

the architectural

use, was

members

an inscription

[-- e]

of

the basilica,

in

$ (see PAE

[2001], 82).

48. Messene:

theatre, E parodos

wall.

50. Messene:

Isis nursing Horus,

restored

statue group.

34

CATHERINEMORGAN

51. Messene:

The

narthex

one monolithic

bronze

statue of Scylla-Medusa.

was and uncovered, completely from the S colonnade re-erected with its

of the basilica column

base and capital. outside the S nave revealed Investigation many Ch cist tombs. A capital from the base of a bronze statue was found in use: an inscription in secondary large letters reads .Also a A in secondary use, as a paving stone in the a catalogue central nave, was inscription . a a a$ stoa of the agora, stone blocks were re-erected and In the conservation undertaken of the 2 counters for withdrawing and solids for the agoranomeion. On their undersides, measuring these blocks preserved sockets and clamps for the suspension of the receptacles into which fell the solid goods being measured.

The bronze head ofMedusa previously reported(AR 54 [2007 thus confirming 2008], 38) was conserved, acteristic deranged snakes hair, crowning

its form with

and

(Fig. 51). P.

Publication:

A a

. To

e

Birtacha,

A

e

2008).

arresting

e

char

gaze

52.

Ithome, Sanctuary

of Artemis

Limnatis.

53.

Ithome, Sanctuary

of Artemis

Limnatis:

a

(Athens,ASA

Ithome. P.Themelis (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 61-63) on

continued

at

excavation

the Sanctuary

of Artemis

Limnatis

members in sandstone (Fig. 52), which produced architectural

and

terracotta Corinthian-style

roof tiles, as well

as

terracotta

sima fragments with lion-headspouts (Fig. 53). Three hundred

metres

NW

of the Sanctuary

of Artemis,

at a sanctuary

investi

gated in 1989 (AR 36 [1989-1990], 33; PAE [1989], 107-10), sections

of column

order were previous

found.

excavation

and geison capital, epistyle A 2nd line of the inscription was read, making the text:

of

terracotta sima.

the Ionic

found

in the

'

a a a (or a ). The excavator suggests that a herehas thesense of dedication to theKali Thea or to the Kaloi (Daimones), i.e. to theKouretes (Fig. 54). A

Ane.

Thouria.

(Director,

E. Greco and P. Arapogianni (Director, SAIA) 38th EPCA) report on a further season of research at anc. Thouria, on a sector of the anc. focused city

Ellenika, located on the northernmost Three

and best preserved wall. The

fication

hill.

trenches were

opened immediately behind the longest stretch of the inner circuit of the city's forti aim

was

to define

more

precisely

the

Ithome, NW sanctuary: the temple krepis.

54.

part of the dedication

inscription

on

35

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 chronologyof thewall, which is generally dated to the4l Ct

BC, and to reconstruct the structure and confirm the existence results are noted from of an inner curtain wall. Significant trenches 1 and 2.

In trench1 (close to the topof thewall) therewas a marked differencein findingsbetween the and S parts of the trench. a vault, which had been partially removed inmod. limestone blocks were the top of it, roughly worked this but not joined to, the arch centre. Over between, placed lenses of burning, within greyish stratum with lay a compact In the S was times; on

which were LCl-Hel sherds and a Cor coin of theE Imperial period. Trench

2 was

placed

at the foot of the curtain wall

in order

with the layersof fillpresentand the toconfirmtherelationship Over

rock beneath.

the entire area, a uniform

stratum of rather

soft clay lay directly upon the rock on which thewall was area there emerged collapsed relates to the supports and wall super probably in mod. formed structure; underneath it, a stratum probably of pieces of brick. almost exclusively times consisted In the northernmost

founded. material

Pylos. season. ical

which

reports on a further study (Director, ASCSA) of faunal remains and their archaeolog Examination

J.L. Davis

contexts

has

now

been

completed.

Some

13,000

specimens, fromtheend of theEBA until the finaldestruction

are of Nestor, have been studied; EMyc deposits remains and well Study of human represented. particularly LHIIIA is the principal is nearly finished. artefacts from graves with the palace, tombs associated period of use of chamber in LHIIIC. tombs in several burials there were although tombs at chamber from several of human remains Analysis on the SW edge of Chora, was begun in collabo Kato Rouga, of the Palace

rationwith the 38thEPCA. Analysis of pottery from the pantries continued; matching fingerprintsare helping to identifytheproductsof individualpotters. Systematicstudyof from the pantries

floor-plaster

of the palace

that here

suggests

themain buildinghad only a singleupper floor. Plasteroffering tables were

inventoried.

All

fragments

of wall-paintings

in the

Chora Museum have now been digitally photographed,with mending focusedon Hall 64 and Room 6; a surprisingnew find rendered running lion. A the latter is a naturalistically survey of nautilus representations (Fig. 55) reveals the stylistic to figures from New joins were made diversity of this motif. from

the large-scale

procession.

56.

Iklaina:

excavation

general

plan.

Iklaina. M. Cosmopoulos (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 64 80)

on excavation

in the BA

settlement.

In the S sector,

inves

tigationcontinuedof the layercontaining2 floorswhich bore

evidence

pebbles hardened

of destruction

by

fire.

beaten

burnt pig and ovicaprid

Both

floors

were

made

of

by a layer of fire and sherds, MHIII vessels various small finds, including an

earth, and earth which contained

and

covered

bones, and and 2 biconical spindle-whorls, anchor-shaped pendant small fragments of burnt plaster. The 2 floors were separated

55. Pylos,

Palace

wall-paintings.

of Nestor:

nautilus

representations

on restored

by a heap of stones formed by the disintegrationof wall foundations,

burnt mud-brick

and burnt MH

coarseware.

CATHERINEMORGAN

36

there were

In the S sector of the excavation

at least 2 rooms

occupied during the2ndhalfof theMH period and destroyedby

fire at the end of that period.

This

destruction

was

so extensive

that it is impossible to define the locationand directionof the

or the plan of the rooms. It remains unclear whether these In the upper levels 2 houses or 2 rooms in the same house. sherds mixed of both rooms were numerous LHIIIA2-LHIIIB

walls were

with MH

pottery, but there are no remains

excavated, function. exposing

of walls

In 2006, a long LHIIIA2-LHIIIB

with them.

associated

with

Excavation

of

parts of 4 houses

a

stone

this area and water

to associate

wall was

area of uncertain paved was to the E, extended channels, which probably

date toLHIIIA2-LHIIIB. (Fig. 56). House A has 3 rooms (Fig. 57). Room Al is rectangular (3.1m 2m), orientedNW-SW and enclosed by walls a, ?, and 5. The S half of wall a (up to 1.5m from its S end)

stones which one course of large and medium-sized preserved is half of the wall bear strong traces of fire. By contrast, the rows of medium-sized built of 3 horizontal stones, with no this part of the wall was the original construction. Wall

traces of fire: destroyed

built

after the fire had

?, which

is also burnt,

bonds and is contemporarywith the S part of wall a, while and N, are of and do not bear signs of fire. The S part a butterfly-shaped of which of the room contained construction, survive. The floor of the room, made of parts of 2 burned walls ,which y and different construction

walls

pebbles

and beaten

room Al

enclose

earth, was It is covered

built

to the E

over

a foundation

course

layer 0.1-0.2m by a destruction averaging 0.4m d. earth (with very strong signs d., which contained fire-hardened the butterfly-shaped of fire in the S part of the floor, around but only

structure, burnt pig, ovicaprid

sporadic and bovine

traces

bones,

in the

half), and numerous

stones

and

LHIIIA2

LHIIIB sherds. On thefloor and in contactwith the

arm of

structure, a large tripod vessel was found in lies to the E of Al, and is an irregular parallel and beaten earth The floor is made of pebbles

the butterfly-shaped

situ. Room ogram

A2

in shape. a foundation

upon room A2 was

the

also

level as that of room Al. identical

to that from Al.

pottery from lies to Room A3

The

of A2 and is separated from itby wall e. It is a small

room, perhaps used for storage; itwas full of stones which had above. House A fallen from the later water channel constructed

had 2 buildingphases. The earlierphase includes theS partof

Iklaina:

58.

house

B.

roomAl with theS part of wall a, wall ? and thebutterfly

were destroyed shaped structure inside the room, all of which the room took its final form with fire. After this destruction, construction

of the

same

The

extension

of wall

a, walls

y and

by the

,and the

unburnt part of thefloor. Rooms A2 and A3 belong to this pottery of the 2 phases does not differ signif in quick succession that they occurred it seems

phase. icantly, and

within theLHIIIA2-LHIIIB period. House lies to theE of house A. Room Bl, orientedNW

(Fig. 58), ismore recent than house A, and all its stones bear interior has not yet been fully The strong traces of burning. This floor is but part of a floor has been located. excavated,

SE

made

stone slabs

of medium-sized

animal

Room

bone.

earth, on which

in beaten

lay

sherdsmixed with burnt earth and burnt

LHIIIA2-LHIIIB

B2 has an E-W

/.of 5.4m;

S isnot yetestablished. In theE face ofwall

N

its dimension

,a rowof 5 large

/. 0.26m d. The stones forms a large rectangular bench 0.4m but the pottery from floor of room B2 has not been uncovered,

inside the room includesmany LHIIIA2-LHIIIB from burnt kylikes. House includes parts of 2 rectangular

sherds and

sherds

and S walls of room

The E,

E-W.

stone paving. to lay down the floor, made On found a large quantity beaten earth, was

removed pebbles

rooms oriented

survive,but theW wall was

and

LHIIIA2-LHIIIB

of of

pottery,includingsherdsof 2 rhytaand stems

of at least 60 kylikes, an animal figurine and a large number of The animal bones found in house animal bones. belong to pigs and ovicaprids, but there were also many bones mainly are evidence of extensive boar and hares, which shed set of deer antlers, on the verge of being was in the autumn. killed the animal indicates

of deer, wild A hunting. naturally,

Finally, thediscoveryof a forestspecies of snail (Lindholmiola corcyrensis) At house located

demonstrates

at the

the existence

, part of a building with edge of the excavation

of woodland

nearby. at least 2 rooms was area.

Room

1 was

the E-W long and narrow (1.3m internal w.) and oriented N-S; since the E part has yet to has not been established dimension An opening 0.5m w between the S end of wall y be excavated.

andwall ? of house

formstheentrance to thebuilding from

a courtyard, which opens to theW space, probably area. Room D2 was destroyed and leads to a paved by the are preserved. laying down of the paving and only 2 walls an exterior

Built water

these run E-SE

57.

Iklaina:

house A.

channels

and join

were

houses and ; placed between 1 is Channel the paved area in theW.

the largest; it is covered by 14 largeslabs, set ina straightline which follows the slope. At theW end of thechannel, by the


37

slab, is a hole 0.1m di. and 0.22m d., filled with very the roof. held a post to support fine gravel, which probably itself and the cover slabs by From channel 2, only the channel 1 and are preserved. It lies 1.4m from channel the outflow final cover

of roomA3

curves fromSE toNW. The NE cornerofwall

was

removed

of the outflow

for the construction

of the channel.

The walls of the channel outflows are built of uprightslabs supportedby smaller stones. They are filledwith clayey earth of

outflows a very few undatable The sherds. come together at the NE edge of the paved

and

the 2

area.

channels

W of the longwall, at a d. of barely0.4m A burialwas found

the mod. ground surface. Only the cranium, parts of the a 12/15-year-old were excavated: right arm and 2 spinal discs female, buried in an upright, contracted position, with the head

below

markedly pushed down towards the chest and the righthand below

the jaw. The

young woman

suffered from porous

lesions

on the righteye socket and porotic hyperostosis in thecranial this case cannot be factors behind the precise While with are generally associated these symptoms determined, a result of lack of iron in the can be genetic, anaemia, which caused by parasites. Additionally, diet or of internal haemorrage is also show excess the 3rd molars enamel, something which

city wall.

59. Samikon:

vault.

This feature present on the crowns of the canines and incisors. illness or bodily harm one or 2 years before death. indicates The head rested on the neck and rim of a MH storage vessel. results of excavation

The

so far indicate

that the settlement

was firstoccupied in the2ndhalf of theMH period, and was destroyed by fire at the end of thatperiod. The site was in LHII-LHIIIA1,

reoccupied

as shown

by the walls

found

at

thedeepest points inhouse (walls and ) and house (walls 5 and e). Thereafter,in theLHIIIA2-LHIIIB period, theoldest partof house A was built (theS partof roomAl, with theS part ofwall a, wall ? and thebutterfly-shaped structure).Room Al was destroyedby fireduring this same period but was soon reused and extended to theN, with theadditions towall a and wall ?, while roomsA2 and A3 were added to thehouse and wall

was

built. The

next phase, which also dates to LHIIIA2 , the water channels and houses ,

LHIIIB, encompasses and A2. co-existed with rooms Al and the paved area, which is the long wall, which feature to appear The latest architectural

was built at a higher level thanwall of roomAl and above the was finallydestroyedby fireduring paved area. The settlement as is clear

LHIIIB,

from burnt pottery

in the destruction

layer.

the city In the anc. city (Fig. 60) above mod. Platiana, to structures within them and a complex outside, recorded. The upper town contains a theatre and

Platiana.

walls, visible the SW, were

as smaller as well buildings, large public are arranged along a rectilinear street These houses. remains of residential houses were also found on the grid. Many The upper town street grid is continuous very steep S slope. An isolated conditions. the difficult topographic here, despite several

other

residential

complex of buildings is located in thevalley, farbelow thecity. A towerhouse, built of largeblocks, probably controlled the path leadingup to the town.No findspredate theL5thCt BC. Lepreon. The 2008 campaign located thecitywalls and theS

are rooms Small of Demeter. the Temple as also its entire wall almost in the length, along city integrated A lower town. the wall the upper and within separating plateau

with

building in theW part of thewall, recentlyused as an animal a gate. Besides Geo have been shelter, must stray finds, such as include numerous Ar objects, artefacts from Lepreon sherds of plates, items (for example, lids, and many pyxis

footedcups and skyphoi)of the5thand especially the4thCt BC.

Vrestos. Only initialfieldworktookplace in 2008 at theanc. settlement

near Vrestos.

city wall in the N.

virtually a circular

circular

60. Anc.

Platiana.

one

ELEIA includingTRIPHYLIA (7thEPCA: 6thEBA) Triphylia.

J. Heiden (DAI) and C. R?hn (FH Wiesbaden)

netometry, at Skillous

radar and resistivity, took place ground-penetrating at excavations from older Finds and Babes.

Plans of of study of anc. Triphylia. report on the 3rd campaign at 1:2,000 and Vrestos were made Platiana, Samikon, Lepreon scale. A first series of geophysical using geomag prospections,

and Vrestos Platiana, Lepreon Samikon, (from both systematic before Service and cleaning excavation by the Archaeological

2002) were processed, and thosewhich provide evidence for site chronology

were

catalogued

and photographed.

Samikon. The citywall (Fig. 59) and all visible architectural remains

within

itwere

recorded.

The

residential

architecture

In the centre, S of the agora, phases. were apparently arranged unsystemati small in the E part of the city, residential houses were cally, whereas to have a rectilinear street grid. The city appears arranged along 2 chronological isolated buildings

indicates

been built in theE4thCt BC.

At

of a this stage, there is evidence towers and several rectangular

with

CATHERINEMORGAN

38

Agios Dimitrios Publication:

Settlement

. Zachos, A Prehistoric Ayios Dhimitrios. and The Neolithic in the Southwestern P?loponn?se.

Early Helladic Periods (Oxford,BAR 2008). Olympia. season

S

the

refuse

containing encountered.

So

where stadium, from sacrifices

far, excavation

anc.

undisturbed

and

has

broken

reached

votives

4th Ct BC

strata were

levels.

Examination of the tower E of the Leonidaion (Fig. 61) produced a coin ofMaximinus Thrax (AD 235-238) (Fig. 62) in its innerrubblefill: this is thefirstsecure tpq for thefortifi cation

of

the sanctuary's

central

area.

Geophysical

survey

conducted in collaborationwith the7thEPCA (AR 54 [2007 2008], 41) revealed several parallel linearanomalies E of the

to the location implied in anc. sources, they stadium. According to Work was hampered the by the may belong hippodrome. of the area into small plots, thus producing subdivision only for 2009. A results. Further studies are planned disconnected new

detailed

architectural

record

of

of Zeus the Temple 100 of the site's most

of over X-ray examination artefacts important provided important bronze about anc. metalworking techniques.

proceeded.

Preka-Alexandri

emerita,

(Director

and D. Athanasoulis

EMA)

(formerly6thEBA, now Director, 25thEBA) reporton a 2nd remains of an anc. naval of survey of the underwater and Fr harbour. The harbour had an important geostrategic and trade inW Greece location and a tactical role in warfare

season base

R. Senff (DAI) reportson the 2008 excavation

of

K. Kyllini Harbour Project. J. Pakkanen (Finnish Institute),

information

fromCl antiquitytoMed times,being theprincipalharbourof

anc. Elis.

The

existence

of Gr harbour

structures

below

those

of theFr periodwas verified in2007 and 2008.

features aim of the survey is to record all architectural area of ca. 350m 150m has so far been surveyed, and almost 16,000 topo points taken, mapping topographical The

in 3D.

An

and

graphical

features

archaeological studies

geomorphological

and

were

Marine

63). (Fig. undertaken marine

M.

G.

by

surveying side-scan

Geraga (Patras): include sub-bottom profiling, techniques employed sonar and magnetometry. Most walls and structures are in shallow water and relatively easy to record using a total station:

Papatheodorou

points

than 4m were

deeper

recorded

by a diver.

Fig. 63 presentsa preliminaryplan of thestudyarea in2007 and 2008 with a digital elevationmodel of themapped features The

in the background.

harbour

entrance

from the NE

is clear:

themouth may have been blocked by the destructionof the towers on both sides of the entrance

literary descrip

(matching

tionsof thedestructionof the installationsin 1428).

Fig. 64 is a more detailed preliminary plan of the structures at the E end of the study area: the darker areas are those parts is a typical Fr wall built inmixed currently above sea level. Wl

technique employing reused ashlar blocks and rubble set in

mortar.

Structure

Sia

is a Gr

platform

of

ashlar

blocks,

protected from thewaves by the Fr structureSib which is partiallybuilt on top of it. Sia clearly indicates the rise in to the present day: surfaces relative sea levels from antiquity set currently 0.6m below sea level have cuttings for iron dowels in antiquity. in lead, and thus must have been out of the water

ACHAIA (6thEPCA: 6thEBA) A.G.

Publications:

Vordos

and

E.-I.

61. Olympia:

tower E of the Leonidaion.

Kolia,

A

A

E A.

e a e a (Patras,Ministry of Culture a e a a A. A Gadolou, 2008); . e a e a a a a a

A

(Athens, Ach?ennes: Research

III. A.D. Acha?e A 2008); Rizakis, et histoire (Athens, National ?pigraphie Foundation 2008). A

Les

cites

Hellenic

on continuing G. Ladst?tter (Austrian Institute) reports Aigeira. on the Solon terrace in the of the so-called excavation since 1998, is building, excavated and the road. Its ground-plan side by a N-S rooms suggest fact that it contains several baths and banqueting

acropolis. accessed

an extensive

Here

on

itsW

that itwas a public guesthouse. The buildingwas built in the

use until the LHel, in continuous and remained period over time. It additions and modifications various undergoing use a the ERom in have had may Imperial partial secondary LCI

period (AR 54 [2007-2008], 43-44). concentrated

on the SW

dimensionsof 30m

The 2008 excavations

corner of the structure, enabling

28m tobe verified(Fig. 65).

the SW corner In spite of its poor state of preservation, as a peristyle courtyard, can be reconstructed guesthouse on 3 surviving placed plinths of local conglomerate, corners of a square 4m w. This open court is surrounded

62. Olympia: coin ofMaximinus Thrax (235-238).

its full of the based as

the

on all

4 sides by halls 3.3m d. To theE, itadjoins a roughlysquare 'central

room'

(6.6m

7m),

subdivided

by a N-S

wall

into 2


" Kvllene Harbour Protect 200fl lIBIIIl 0 15 30 60 90 120m M^BBWWfe^

^M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B

63. Kyllini Harbour Project: 2007-2008 studyarea (W = wall;

S = structure;

=

zone).

^mm^^^^maa^m

64. KylliniHarbour Project: structuresat theE end of thestudyarea. ?*\fl

1 ^^

^

^^

il^H

39

CATHERINEMORGAN

40

a preserved door compartments. Through roughly equal to the ensemble of antechamber this room gives access opening, in 2006 and 2007. Current understanding and andron excavated of the structure

indicates

that this S axis of rooms

is the result

of an E3rdCt BC modification,when theoriginalLCI building

was

to the S.

extended

to its later use, excavation the following has indicated in the peristyle and central room. Hel modifications advanced As

In the context

of the creation

of a small

bath

in the

wing

of

the peristyle,walls were placed between its pillars (2002, 2003 excavations); theS pillarswere probablywalled up at the same

Whether the peristyle remained excavation). an open courtyard at this time, or was roofed and integrated into cannot be ascertained. The earth the newly created complex, time (2008

deposits

that abutted

the walled-up

row of pillars contained of in the course placed

S

was which Hel material, levelling activity in connection with the architectural modifica and from very small fragments of coarsewares tions. Apart it included several substantially finewares, preserved plates, 2 copious

Of post-Hel use in theSW corner of thebuilding, a wall survives in thearea of theoriginalE wing of theperistyle.This stone setting follows the orientationof the building, but its foundation is at a notably higher level than theHel walls, and in conglomerate rubble. exclusively excavation of architectural remains

executed The

open-plan

in the SW

of theguesthousewas halted at the level of the loweredges of As already noted in 2007, underneath them packings. is a dark earth/clay packing 0.006m d. that contains exclusively PH pottery. A sounding in 2008 these results and supported the Hel

numerous

provided

of MNeo

fragments

and LNeo

vessels,

and

a fewLMyc specimens (Fig. 66). In thecontextof the2008 fieldwork, W. Gau? continued the study of finds the plateau SE

Alram-Stern

on from W. Alzinger's 1972-1981 excavations In parallel, S. Jalkotzy and E. of the acropolis. of Austrian Academy Commission, (Mycenaean

Sciences, Vienna) continued theirstudyof thePH finds from 1972-1981

Alzinger's

on the acropolis.

excavations

a bronze terracotta heads, coin of Sikyon and female sherds of a blue glass cup. In the 'central room', the floor was raised and a transverse small

wall placed in theE compartment,subdividing it into2 equal

is contempo 3m square rooms. The erection of this wall thus, we rary with the closure of the door to the antechamber; to the antechamber and must assume that a new, N, access to the evidence from andron was created at that time. Similar sized

the also

partof the 'centralroom' (2006), in2008 theS partwas

found

which

to contain

introduced deliberately for a new floor the substructure

clay

packings

level; in some These underfloor

formed

burnt clay floor levels had survived. numerous from heavily finds: contained apart coarsewares there were 2 and finewares, fragmented sherds of

places,

packings

carefullydeposited and fullypreserved filterjugs of advanced Hel date; a similarly carefully placed deposit in the same

66. Aigeira:

together with are connected with the symposi that these vessels suggested Another astic inventory of the andron to the SE. interesting

Profitis

context

of a largely preserved Hel plate of local clay, a well-preserved It can be Hel red-slipped juglet.

consisted

2008 find from theunderfloorpacking consists of 2 Hel clay

in the shape of female figures, roughly one-third life protomes arms. Several sized, and with outstretched fragments of them

had alreadybeen found in2006.

selection

of prehistoric

Ilias, Mamousia

ceramics.

Aigialeias

E. Kolia

(anc. Keryneia).

(6thEPCA) reportson systematicexcavations conducted at this

Ar-Cl

sanctuary

since 2004.

The colonnade of a largeDoric temple(36.4m 15.6m)of the end of the6thCt was revealed,alongwith an altar to theE. W of theAr templewas a smaller temple(13.3m 8.7m) of the4thCt BC (Fig. 67). In 2008, a layerwas excavatedNW of thesmall temple which

contained

stone

sherds

chips,

and

fragmentary

members fromtheAr temple(Fig. 68). Fragments architectural

of pedimental

sculpture were

found, as well

as pottery, figurines,

metal items(phialai, ringsand handles fromlargevessels) and a silver knob from a vessel (perhaps a pyxis). The finds date mostly to the6thand 5thCt, andwere placed at thisspot afterthe was destructionof the largetemplein the4thCt. Under thislayer a wall

of sandstone

height of one course.

to the blocks, oriented N-S and preserved This wall is 3.11m /.and 0.8-0.96m w., and

is likelypartof theAr per?bolosof thesanctuary.

Trapeza (Aigion). A. Vordos (6thEPCA) reportson 2 seasons of excavation, in2007 and 2008 (following trialsconducted in 1999 and 2000), of a Doric temple (31.56m 16.72m) dating fromthe lastquarterof the6thCt BC (ca. 530-510). The krepis are of grey sandstone, and superstructure members architectural preserved

of

and the large quantity drums and (column allows a secure recon

capitals, geison and epistyle blocks etc.) struction of the building. A quantity of architectural

65. Aigeira: guesthouse.

architectural

remains

in the SW

corner

of

the

terracottas

was found (simas, pedimentalgeison fragmentsetc.) on which the paint

is very well

preserved,

as well

as

fragments

of


67. Mamousia:

aerial

view

41

of the 2 temples.

W pediment (and sculpture,also of sandstone,belonging to the W frontof the temple). found togetherimmediatelyoutside the These include thetorsoof a figureofAthena (wearinga sleeved chiton and himation, and with her aegis), fragmentsof the bodies

and

heads

helmeted

of warriors,

and

heads,

legs

and

in the surrounding

area

has

trappingsof horses. This combination likely indicatesthatthe subjectof thepedimentalgroupwas a gigantomachy.While the base of thecult statuehas been found in situ in thecella, there of thedeity isno evidence as yetforthestatueor for the identity worshipped.

Surface

prospection

revealedwalls, indicatingthatthe templewas situatedwithin a

settlement

area.

The

G.

Gremoulias.

archaeological Ladst?tter

Alexopoulou (6thEPCA) excavations Since

several

(Austrian

Institute)

roofed. and

G.

reporton continuing collaborative

on the Gremoulias

2005,

site has now been

saddle, 3.5km SE of Kalavryta. on the small plateau have

soundings

of graduallyrevealeda Doric peripteraltemple.The substructure in situ, and several is almost entirely preserved the peristasis have been found, some still limestone architectural members

of 13.9m positioned as theyhad fallen. Above a euthynteria 34.75m,

68. Mamousia:

Ar

temple,

antefix.

a colonnade

of 6

14 can be reconstructed.

The

archi

tecturalmembers (and particularly the shape of the Doric capitals) indicatethatthis limestonetemplewas built no earlier was discovered thanthe4thCt BC. In2007, a parallel foundation had fallen to theW. 10.2m E of the temple; its superstructure

42

CATHERINEMORGAN

shafts and capitals Blocks, parts of column to a monumental limestone can be ascribed Doric

of crystalline structure of the

L6thCt BC andwere reusedas spolia (AR 54 [2007-2008], 44). The

2008

excavation

on

concentrated

the LCI

limestone

In theW part of the temple, temple and the structures to its E. as for the first time, the substructure of the sekos was exposed,

was part of the foundationof theS peristasis (Fig. 69). The fullypreserved toichobate in the SW corner of the sekos is of

made

without

limestone

mortises

on

Based

places. found

slabs

any foundation. for the blocks in the N-S

of varying sizes, laid on the ground In the carefully smoothed top surface, of the wall above it have survived in the stone settings orientation, to the sekos. in 2005 also belong

their axial section

the relationship between sekos and peristasis in the as follows. The sekos had building plan can be reconstructed an outer w. of 6.6m and an internal w. of ca. 4.5m. This sekos,

Thus,

set symmetrically

within

the peristasis,

is clearly

narrower

than

the calculated position of the 2nd and 4thcolumns on theW

fa?ade (axial sekos should opisthodomos

the W limit of the Therefore, 7.5m). to have been a closed wall, not an assumed with the peristasis. This is further harmonizing

distance

be

W part supportedby thefact thatwithin the6.5m stretchof the no internal traverse wall was excavated, did not contain a separate W room. of the limestone the ground-plan temple, with its

that was

of the sekos

the sekos

detected:

Generally, 14 columns and its strikingly narrow elongated peristasis of 6 at the for example, sekos, suggests LAr features, as known, at Alipheira. In this context, one should also of Athena Temple the numerous

note

limestone

architectural

elements

of the LAr

Doric order thathad been built intothewall E of the temple. It ismore thanlikelythattheybelonged toa LAr peripteraltemple, the ground-plan of which was reused for the LCI temple. To the E of the temple foundations, excavation was extended southwards in 2 soundings. This led to the discovery of the

to of the N-S foundation. The rock, cut away the placing of this foundation, has a right-angled W turn in the S, and exactly on that E-W axis, another limestone slab

continuation allow

still rests in situ. In all likelihood the2 in situ limestoneslabs to a W

to the Contrary as a wall, interpretation supporting it can now be assumed that they are part of a small-scale archi 4m by at least 7m and placed tectural structure measuring in in front of the limestone axial 6.6m symmetry temple.

discovered

in 2007

initial 2007

belong

foundation.

of the remains

Probably, this is thealtarof thesanctuary(Fig. 70).

as in 2007, several LAr architectural members made as they had fallen from the were discovered use. They in which in secondary include they were

In 2008

of

limestone

structure

one of Doric shaft columns, fragments capital fragment. surviving to a /.of 2.05m and a Doric It is noteworthy that the entire area of the altar so far

blocks,

numerous

was

excavated

characterized

a by packing of dark burnt earth. and scarce bones small chips of

a few fragmented this area contained finds suggesting votive activity: the an Ar female head with a clay included assemblage polos, iron lance or spear points. A Geo bronze pigeon and numerous

Besides

pottery,

bull/cow peristasis

was

in a secondary found, albeit of the limestone temple.

deposit,

at

the S

Although the deity towhom this sanctuarywas dedicated

it can be assumed that the identified, yet be clearly was on in the the Gremoulias saddle sanctuary already established

cannot

to the results so far, a limestone peripteral According the monumental erected in the LAr period, marking For reasons that remain unclear, a new ization of the sanctuary.

Geo

period. temple was

peripteral temple was erected, with direct reference to the original same time, an altar was plan, in the LCI period; probably at the built to its E, using numerous spolia from the old temple.

70. Gremoulias:

S part of the altar (?) with

spolia.

IONIAN ISLANDS excludingKythera Kerkyra

(8thEPCA: 21stEBA) A.

Paliavlako.

P. Karkanas,

Darlas,

O.

Pali

and A.

Papadea

report (AAA 39 [2006], 11-30) on excavation conducted in 2002 by the (thenunified)EPS and the8thEPCA at thissite,

which

lies close

to the channel

the sea.

connecting

Lake

Korission

with

The discovery here in 2000 in Pleistocene levels of the

lower-right jaw of bones and a worked the Pal the sea sea

period.

exposed level; wave

which

a hippopotamus, stone, confirmed

The

artificial

channel

Pleistocene action

smaller together with human presence during the lake to connecting

7m d. which deposits then eroded a natural section

lay above into this,

was

It proved investigated archaeologically. to relocate the exact findspot of the jawbone due impossible to continued erosion. Excavation therefore focused close by,

35m

of

the artificial

initially

6m

/. (then narrowed

channel.

to 2m),

A

trench was opened, 0.3-1 m w. and 4m d.,

exposing all 12 levels within the Pal deposits. Only the

IN GREECE

ARCHAEOLOGY terrestrial

levels produced coastal) the lagoonal layers were

(or

remains, whereas were therefore sampled. groups level.

The

sieved

12

archaeological sterile: the former

and the latter only systematically can be divided into 3 successive

levels

to conditions according 1 and 2 reflect Levels

sea by the fluctuating or swamp conditions

created lagoonal

with drierperiods. The lowest phase corresponds to the ashy Levels 3-8 show a shifting clay of the MPleistocene. of coastal and swamp deposits with frequent changes complex in coastline. levels 9-12 show a development of the Finally, with sand and marshy above beach conditions, deposits, with the red clay palaeosurface. Marsh conditions concluding

correspond to periods of high sea level (probably throughthe

to coastal conditions post-glacial period), whereas correspond the area of the trench, 3 further levels low sea level. Beyond Four further 12, to a d. of 1.5m. in front collected from the shore immediately more in this of the trench, and there are undoubtedly lodged pebble beach. material consists of stone flakes, tools and Archaeological

were

preserved stone tools were

level

a

and

cores, which

above

few, poorly be identified.

can

preserved, The most

animal

few of bones, stone carefully worked

artefactsare assigned to theMPal (mostprobably to theend of theMPal or the beginning of theUpper Pal), and include examples of Levallois technology. Upper Pal lithicswere found

eroded

out of the upper levels outside the trench. Most accu not in situ; they represent secondary The after the erosion of older deposits. are small in different and of lithics layers

of the remains were mulations assemblages

it is argued relatively unhomogeneous: different parental formations.

that they derive

from

of

the bronze

of

II

the Naue

sword,

which apparently indicates that it could have been an Italian import.

on excavation (Ioannina) structure was /. 24.15m the walls,

in opus

at

the Temple w., with

reticulatum,

The

of Apollo. a transverse

9.2m

were

wall to a h.

preserved

of 1.75m. The partially preserved floor of the cella and

pronaos was base 0.55m

with

paved square

was

pebbles. found

In the centre of the cella, a around into the ground,

set

which the floor was decorated in pebble lozenges. excavator

observes

that the base

predated

the floor,

The

and

this,

with the reportof Fran?ois No?l Champoiseau (who together firstexplored the site in 1867) thataround a square base in the

cella

were

found

fragments

of a colossal

statue

and

inscrip

tionswith Hel andAr letters,is taken to indicate theexistence of an earlier temple. Champoiseau's discovery of 2 6thCt kouroi (LouvreMa 687 and 688, ofNaxian origin) at the site, plus

new

J.Z?rbach (EfA) andD. Skorda (10thEPCA) report.

Kirrha.

an exploratory season in 2007, research focused Following first on a complete survey, integrating remains topographical and excavated, and, secondly, on geomorphological previously

pedological surveyof theentireplain. It is clear thatfromthe out from LB A toLAntiquity,theshorelinelay50-100m further the present coast, which means that the PH site cannot have it is therefore argued that the so-called Cl and Hel coastal:

been

dockyards (neoria) have probably been misidentified. The courses

discoveries

of Ar

geison

fragments,

a column

also changed greatly in recent times are almost entirely artificial. nowadays of geophysical survey, several locations on the

of the 2 rivers have

their courses

and

In the course

tellwere surveyed(thepresence of olive treesmaking complete coverage impossible). What is probably a fossilized water course was

traced W

of the tell, which

the abrupt

explains

line

of the W hillslopewhich had been erodedby theflow ofwater, as well

as

terrace wall revealed the presence of a substantial The Cl excavation conducted by the Ephoria. of located at several points, and the presence

during a rescue circuit wall was corner

is now

towers

certain.

Part of the Cl

stoa, excavated

in

1937 and 1938,was also securely located of themound. This identification,along with that of the cemetery,provides a second fixedpoint fromwhich to reconstructtheplan of thePH in the E sector, the survey Finally, features open to detailed presents interpreta of an apse or parallel walls. open the possibility

of 1937-1938.

excavations

sometimes

plan

tion, leaving PH levels are present

in 2 areas

S and

of the potter's

(3m h.

with 24 flutes) and much Ar pottery,confirm this. The Ar sanctuarywas foundedby thepolis ofAnaktorion, 7km away on theSE side of thegulf ofAmbracia. The Rom templewas built after the battle of Actium, and is likely contemporary with thefoundationofNikopolis and thevictorymonument of Octavian (29-27 BC).

et

Luce

Publication:

J.-M.

Topographie

et architecture

(fouille 1990-1992). A (Athens,EfA 2008).

Fouilles de al, 13. L'aire du pilier

kiln.

II. Delphes des rhodiens

la fronti?redu profane et du sacr?

Niemeier W.-D. Kalapodi. season which of excavation,

reports on the 5th (Director, DAI) on the to concentrate continued

area of theS temple. of theW

pteron of the Ar S temple, destroyed by the in 480 BC, its limestone W pediment was excavated,

West

Actium. Eleftherotypia(13/10/08)cites a reportby I. Trianti

(3.43m);

PHOKIS AND WEST LOKRIS (14thEPCA: 24thEBA)

Delphi

Kouvaras Fyteion (Amphilochia). Further to thediscovery of theLHIIIC tomb (ca. 1200 BC) thatwas reportedinAR 54 ([2007-2008], 47), Eleftherotypia(01/10/08) cites a reportby M. Stavropoulou-Gatsi (Director, 36thEPCA) on the results analysis

43

The surveyhas shown thatthePH site correspondsclosely to the tell, and it thereforeseems that the settlementdid not move substantiallyduring thePH period.

AITOLIA AND AKARNANIA (36thEPCA: 22ndEBA)

of chemical

2008-2009

Persians

as it had fallen. Whether and in what medium this

lying ? was will decorated only become pediment difficult recovery of the severely burnt blocks. terracotta fragments their fallen positions were the central

wood

and

clear Also

after

the in

found

of the sima

and

of The combination (a horse protome). in this temple is of particular interest. The and a wooden rested on wooden columns

acroterion

stone

stone pediment entablature. Fig.

71

shows N. Hellner's

restoration

of theW

fa?ade.

W of theW ramp, the remains of theW pedimentwere removed in theprocess of building a bronze foundryin thefinal quarterof the5thCt BC. Threemoulding pits have so farbeen discovered, moulding

2 contained

in the lost-wax

remains

of clay moulds destroyed after A working platform was

technique.

constructedof reused roof tiles from the firstCl temple, destroyedby an earthquake in426 BC. It appears thata statue for the second

Cl

temple was

made

here.

In theGeo temple(discovered in2007, sincewhen itsE part

more of the metal votives placed at the excavated), of a larger the creation its ritual interment, before were include iron lance points and found. successor, They

has

been

time of

44

CATHERINEMORGAN

71. Kalapodi: reconstruction of the W fa?ade of theAr S temple.

72. Kalapodi: LHIIIC M kraterwith figuraidecoration.

knives,

bronze

necklaces,

rings and bird pendants.

Of

special

interestis a bronze bowl with a repouss? reliefof a circle of men, depicted frontallyand touchingeach others' hands (cover illustration). This is an importof SyrianLHittite origin, a as indicatingthatthe internationalsignificance find interpreted of the sanctuary(noted by Herodotus 1.46 for the6l Ct) may have itsorigins as early as the8thCt BC.

In the NE,

the excavation

of the Myc

strata was

completed

with the removalof 2 baulks. This produced furtherimportant finds,mainly fragmentsof vessels used in theconsumptionof wine: cups, kylikes and kratersof theLHIIIC M phase with impressivefiguraidecoration. These include further pieces of a krater of which sherds had been found in previous excavations. This bears a depiction so far unique (Fig. 72):

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 men, armedwith swords and carryingfull sacks on poles over theirshoulders,climb a ladderand entera building,probablya with itsmasonry rendered in a chequerboard fortification, pattern.One man has fallenoff the ladder and lies beneath it. A notable votive from theMyc layers is a lentoid seal of the Island SanctuariesGroup inveined limestone,depicting2 bulls standing

back-to-back.

removal

of

The CentralArchaeological Council has now authorized the the open

structure,

after

constructed

the Persian

be destructionfromspolia in theruinedcella. Itwill therefore possible to examine theolder,Geo toMyc, phases here, in the assumed

centre of the sanctuary.

original

area

covered

contained

fragments

was

area.

a

From

and corridor, open rectangular inside this room came much

of

painted

a

wall-plaster,

steatite

A

spacious

rectangular

Dendron,

during

indications

of

settlement

remains.

gold

rivet heads.

However,

the most

neighbouring

with

a

further

room.

This

also

carried

decoration

bedrock.

The

chequered

of tectonic

pattern.

The

largest concentra

history

and

shifts in

V. Aravantinos (Director,9thEPCA) and I. Fappas (ThebesMuseum) reporton a rescue excavation in theS partof

Thebes.

the anc. acropolis.

Earlier excavations in this sector had brought to light a largeMyc building complex (Fig. 74) with floors of square bricks and fragmentsof wall-painting depicting a female procession. From July2008 to January2009, excavation at 3 with a thickdestruction Eurydike Street revealed a structure layerof theM 13thCt, containing roofbeams and cover tiles, many of which were found intact (and weighing between 8.5kg and 9.5kg each). This roof is estimated tohaveweighed covered

impressive,

if poorly

preserved,

four

The buildingwas destroyedby fire in theM13thCt BC. The data fromboth this and earlier excavations on the top of the citadel show thatthe regionwas at this timea fairlyluxurious and densely populated neighbourhoodofMyc Thebes.

as in a location known Tanagra, T. Some the excavations by Spyropoulos.

and a reconstruction material, water sources.

on all

long sides, which are decorated alternatelywith a palm and

near mod.

tons, and

large broken

important find was

impressivesurfaceceramics collected in2008 in thevicinityof the tombsclearly date to theMyc period, includingan LHIIB gobletwith pendant rockpatternthatpredates themain phase of tombdeposition inLHIII. R. Siddal began a geological and p?trographiesurveyof the survey area, focusingon theE side of the region, in order to complete amap of subsurfacedeposits, thesourcingofbuilding

at least 4

a

a 6-sided clay plaque (Fig. 76) with two holes for hanging, decoratedwith fish,possibly dolphin or tuna,on all 6 sides. A similarobject (Fig. 77) was found in theprevious excavation, along with an impressivedagger handle and a fragmentof a bronze dagger with gold rivetheads on the clay floorof the

composed primarily of roughly hewn

into the natural

groves

seal

room excavated

tionof tombsaroundEleon isbelow theChurch of ProfitisIlias, where over 20 chambers have been identified. These were revisited and more extensivelymapped in 2008. A similar numberof chamber tombs(Fig. 73) was mapped and surveyed in olive

In

of frescoes.

pottery,small glass beads with depictions in relief,burned

with

at the locationsofDendron andGephyra to theE of thevillage, thekastro locatedon thepeak to theSW and theMed towerto theNW. Three teamsofwalkers surveyed703 unitswithin an area of 5km2, inwhich individualtransectstotalled 175 km. Several of thechamber tombs,which contained thefamous painted larnakes excavated in the 1960s and 1970s, were cut

central

flower petal.

on the area surrounding in an effort the mod. village of Tanagra, tombs to provide a context for several known centres: the Myc

chambers

area, which

thecentreof the floorwas a largebath tubwith an impression on itsbase of a burntbasketwhich had been positioned next to it at the timeof thedestructionof thebuilding. of this

completes theplan of thebuilding.Numerous drinkingvessels (kylikes and cups) were found, along with a bronze dagger

.Burke Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project (EBAP). . Bums S. (Wellesley), Lupack (Canadian Institute/Victoria), (London), V. Aravantinos (Director,9thEPCA) and I. Fappas (ThebesMuseum) reporton the2ndfieldseason,which focused

as were

form a central

fragments

Publication:V. Schild-Xenidou,Corpus der Boiotischen Grab undWeihreliefsdes 6. bis 4. Jahrhunderts .Chr. (Mainz am Rhein, von Zabern 2008).

located,

architectural remains, probably part of the Myc palatial complex (Fig. 75). Two especially large and well-built walls with door jambs, built in theMyc style of large roughly worked boulders with smaller stoneswedged between them,

depiction of a horse and a gold attachment shaped like a

A E EPCA: 23rdEBA) (9th by RobertK. Pitt

cemeteries were

45

73. EBAP:

chamber

tomb near Tanagra

village.

46

ROBERT

.PITT e

? o

*

? ?

t

?

r

a

?

*

?

0

74. Thebes:

plan of the rescue

excavations

of the Myc.

building

6m

complex.

75. Thebes: walls of theMyc complex. 77. Thebes: clay hexedral plaque with palm and chequered pattern.

Thisve (Kastorion). A. Dunn (BSA/Birmingham) and E. Gerousi (Director,23rdEBA) reporton the2008 studyseason. A Digital Elevation Model of the sitewas completed, and and architectural topographical in and around Thisve corrected

surveys of all visible and supplemented.

structures

Eleven EByz, MByz and Fr churchesand chapels have been recorded: at least 2 are probably MByz of the inscribed cruciformplan with 4 centralpiers (spolia) and 3 semicircular apses.

0 6cm

76. Thebes:

clay hexedral

plaque

with

fish decoration.

Less

typical

is the ruined, multi-phase

church

now

known asAg. Loukas (almostcertainlytheEpiscopal churchof thebishopric of Kastorion). Phase I of thisbuilding shows design

traits related

either

to the high-status

'transitional'

type

of theL6th-9thCt or to thePanagia of Skripou (873/874AD).

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 The uppermostpart of the central apse is entirelyfacedwith

to ashlars divided by a reused cornice. Attached well-arranged cistern. Re-examination of the the NW corner is a monumental disposition orthostats

of Cl-Rom in locations

use as in secondary blocks the lower acropolis confirmed the

architectural around

outlines of several rectangularbuildingswhich might be either

Fr chambered with the diagnostically Byz or associated and spolia-built chapel. A record has been made of the traditional productive

tower

and monumental cisterns. lower acropolis) There A survey of Thisve's dam or barrage was completed. are no traces of the Rom or Byz phases reported by some EMod who

Anc.

traffic. Between

2 of these, and visually

loci of maritime

controlling

them both,

liesan unpublishedCl-Hel towerdescribedbyEl 9thCt travellers. This was locatedand surveyedon behalfof the9thEPCA. reports Thespiai. B. Slapsak (NetherlandsInstitute/Ljubljana) on

the continuing survey Cities of Boeotia Project.

of Thespiae

as part of

the Ancient

blocks

78. Lefkandi,

and

Xeropolis:

architectural

LHIIIC

provides

the first attestation

at Thespiae

of

the

EUBOIA (11thEPCA: 23rdEBA) Lefkandi Xeropolis.

members

continued.

'megaron'

and surrounding

of excavation.

I.S. Lemos (BSA/Oxford) reportson the

in region I and, in region II, to understand the 'megara' further function, extent and date of the 'walls' and to excavate the structures W of them.

and EIA

In region I, a LHIIIC (Lefkandi phase 2a) structurewas discovered under theLHIIIC 'megaron' (Fig. 78). This was equippedwith clay bins and pebble floors typicalof theperiod, as contemporary is on the same and orientation houses discovered. The building was abandoned and the previously area reused after a short interval, but with an alteration to the

orientationof thebuilding (now N-S), which tookplace most probably during Lefkandi phase 2b when a number of other in this part of the tell maintain the earlier grid lines. The is now a long, 2nd change was to the plan of the building, which end is lost to the erosion of the hill rectangular structure. The

houses

In 2008, geophysical prospection and the plotting of

scattered

interest: one

office of thepentekistologoi; a second is a bilingual building inscriptionof Domitian, possibly dated to86 AD.

The aims for2008 were to investigatefurthertheLHIIIC

almost

survey of the enclosed Thisve basin. had several Thisve and Byz Kastorion

of the mud-brick wall was important section acropolis recorded on the SW slope, 5.5m h. and 3.3m w. at its top. Of the 29 inscriptions recorded by the team, 2 are of particular

6th season

certainly misinterpreted overlying traces remain. The terraces, of which agricultural spolia-built a parallel environ interpretation of this dam will be aided by

mental

blocks of theHel citywall were found in situ in theNW sector.

An

instal

lationsof theoverlyingvillage (Ot Kakosi; renamedThisve in vats ( the20thCt). These comprise 8 wine fermentation ), floors (including 12 clusteredaround the 15 cobbled threshing

travellers,

47

Some

area.

CATHERINEMORGAN

48 and

and it is therefore of a LGeo house, or not the building was apsidal. The duration as indicated by the of the LHIIIC 'megaron',

the construction

unclear whether of occupation

pottery,is not yet determined,although it certainly includes White Ware of Lefkandi phase 2b/3, nor is the reason for its Further study is also thorough clearance. to determine this abandonment the interval between and

abandonment

required and the erection

of the EIA

successor.

to the E of the buildings revealed more about Investigation the structure termed the 'annex', which seems to follow closely

and the EIA

the history of occupation of both the LHIIIC

similar in construction Further E, other walls imply 'megara'. these were not investi of further rooms: while the existence

gated, ancillary

that

they raise the possibility rooms or units to serve

there was

the needs

of

a

duringboth itsLHIIIC and EIA phases. Finally, to the just outside

was

the 'megaron'

the flexed

of

series

the 'megaron'

skeleton

and

of a young

girl (to judge fromthe2 pins foundon theshoulders,a conical buttonand a pierced shell). The date of theburial is hard to determine

to be

it ought

stratigraphically:

later than the pre

LHIIIC building, a date which agrees with theLHIIIC M-L date assigned In region

to the pins. II, the 'walls'

series of straight,

mentary

are now

as a comple defined

understood

lengthy constructions

which

theW and S edges of the 'hollow' zone (Fig. 79). They may the area

delineate N,

across

lagoons phases revealed

the low

through which land isthmus

the site was and

to the E and W should

be

detailed

79. Lefkandi,

of Xeropolis. primarily within

information

Xeropolis:

about

region

II.

entered

from the

2 the possible date of their earlier

between The

LHIIIC.

Excavation

the sequence

has

of construc

tion

and

reconstruction

entrances

the S

of

these

and the insertion of drains.

(interior) wall was

to cover landscaping The so-called was

convenience)

LHIIIC

the locations walls, The final abandonment

of of

accompanied by large-scale

the remains.

zone a (at present further investigated. Structure A, 'ritual'

term

of

dating

to

(Lefkandi phase 1), is theearliest yet recorded. The of

irregularity

its

used techniques further excavation

form

indicate

and

a

is needed

the

different

complicated to clarify

construction

structural its plan.

history: Two main

floor surfacesof yellow clay were separatedby a thinlayerof a not associated with probably a thicker mix the 2nd floor, of The furniture in the and pis? was observed.

carbonized soil, intensely fire. Above destructive carbonized

soil

rooms is highly distinctive. Associated with the 1stfloor are 2 yellow clay drums of differentheights set against the middle of theS wall and a red-brownclay bin against the wall. was

In the 2nd phase, another and larger yellow clay drum set in the middle of the room, on the same N-S axis, and

with itwas found a large and shallow receptacle of reddish clay. On top of the supporting within its limits, a complete

surface

large

for the receptacle, red-deer antler

and

was

carefullyset (Fig. 80). to the S is a rectangularbuilding (4.6m Structure form to thepartiallyoverlying structureC, similar in 3.75m) although resemble

its

internal

furniture

that of structure A.

An

and depositional intermediate position

history in both

W an exteriorzone timeand building type is indicated.To its the earliest perhaps large shallow pit.

contains

of the circular

'platforms'

and a


49

(O.T. 740, summarized inPAE [1984], 212-28) (Fig. 81). The goal by

was to verify the extension of some structures discovered P. Themelis the different chronological and to ascertain on the plot.

represented

phases

In theGeo period, 2 walls to theE protectedthesectorfrom

as an embankment M23 served intense flooding. wall, the settlement to theW from the sands and pebbles preserving Itwas built in ca. 725 BC, abandoned at of the river to the E.

the end of the 8thCt and replaced by a 2ndembankmentwall (M24). The functionofM22 ismore difficultto assess, since it seems unlikely to belong to the apsidal building, GG,

of floor levels, pits The current absence restored by Themelis. or graves that the area lies on the periphery of this suggests Occasional finds in the deepest settlement quarter. layers a small Neo

include

(Fig. 82). Ar

axe

serpentine

and a MGeoII

Attic

krater

layers are rare, to the point that some Hel strata layers. This may imply that the sector was scarcely later construction has during these periods, although earlier layers. obliterated

and Cl

follow Geo occupied certainly 80.

Lefkandi, structure A.

Structure

Xeropolis:

C,

a

is

building,

two-phase

on

antler

red-deer

in

receptacle

the

latest

discovered (in use between LHIIIC L andMPGeo):

so

far

itoverlies

structure B, but its internal furnishing and depositional history of are quite different. It contained circular 'platforms' made A shallow rounded hollow different sized stones and pebbles.

was

formed; its edge a kerb within which

stones ringed with medium-sized similar and smaller stones were

to form

to

laid

a close-packed ring. Then ever smaller stones, pebbles were to fill up the scattered and near-gravel sequentially is the and compacted cracks. A slightly domed upper surface

make

end result. No

or bones

ash, burning

are associated.

A number

of spindlewhorlsand a fewpendantswere theonly finds.The only

lumps and flecks of a white on a floor, nor attached to a (never structure C of whether the question

are sheets,

intrusive elements Their

appearance plaster. wall or a feature) raises was roofed (no postholes to

discovered

the

E

were of

in or around

found

structure

C

includes

it). Pottery to large

pots found together with cooking to have taken place appears Cooking where the pots were found: thus eating and drinking took place outside, but close to, structure C. the purpose of these structures is not yet clear, we Although area associated assume with the 'walls' was that the whole kraters

monumental

much

animal

devoted

and

bone.

to some

kind of ritual activity.

Indeed,

in

the recovery

area R and to the of the 'walls' of a numberof high quality figurinesmay suggest thattheyoriginated from the so-called ritual area

to theW.

Alternatively,

area may have In this oil or wine.

the whole

to the processing of olive dedicated the clay drums might have served as rests for the vessels set in which olives or grapes were crushed, with receptacles In order to lower on the floor or on another drum nearby.

been case

resolve

this, samples from the clay drums mental

samples fruits discarded.

will

have

been

taken from the dark

for testing. Residues be further scrutinized

soils

and

from the environ for evidence

of any

Most of the 2008 discoveries date to the Hel period.

Several

report on (Swiss School) with the 11th in collaboration

S. Fachard

and T. Theurillat

a rescue

excavation

conducted

EPCA (underA. Psalti) on theproperty(O.T 737) of P.Vrakas, S of theplot excavated by P. Themelis between 1974 and 1984

between

the very

end of

of cooking ware (lekanes, proportion and and drinking vessels (bowls

a high

with

character,

chytres, mortars,

lopades)

kantharoi). Several walls could belong to this firstphase of occupation:M30 and probablyM20 andM12. The floor level In a 2nd phase,

is at 3.9masl.

to this phase

related

M30

and

M20 were reused to forma quadrangularbuilding (8m 6m) composed of deep foundationwalls (M4,Mil, Ml6 andM17). The

with

associated

pottery

tpq in theM2nd Ct BC. Its function

the foundation

unclear

remains

since

a

trench suggests

no

identifiable

clearly

structureshave been discovered inside. A well (St26) in the NW corner is probably contemporary,although it could also to the previous phase. were discovered

belong

Numerous

finds

in the immediate

metalworking

related

to

surroundings

of the building: a low-shaftfurnace (St3), connected with

burned

and

slags

layers,

iron

testifies

'skullcaps',

to ore

refining.Ml was probably pierced during the same phase, in order to install a thresholdand canalization (St25) for the of waste

evacuation

more

containing

in the street. A

water

than 30

badly

discovered at the foot of Ml2;

at present. possible P. Themelis' Although

coin

hoard

bronze

preserved

coins

(Stl5) was

their identificationis not

excavations

showed

in the Rom quarter was densely occupied in 2008. To theW, remains were discovered

that the entire

few Rom period, 2 foundation walls

(M6 and M7) can be linked to themonumental building excavatedbyThemelis. To theE, a thickdeposit of the2ndand

3rdCts AD

seals

Imperial This

This contains numerous occupation. terracotta figurines, Italian sigillata, and 3 coins of the decorated discuses

the Hel

fragments of glass several lamps with

and

period. first campaign

Themelis'

chronology

on of

the O.T.

737 of

the Quarter

P. plot confirmed the Panathenaic

Amphorae (O.T. 740) and supplementstheplan of an important urban

Eretria.

can be distinguished

phases

of theplot is occupied the4thCt BC and the 1stCt BC. The In a first by a small street linedwith 2 walls (M32 andMl). phase, 2 pits (St33 and St 19) of the firsthalf of the3rdCt BC were found S of Ml. The pottery is mainly domestic in

sector

of the town occupied

from the Geo

to the Rom

period. Publication: L?derrey, (Lausanne,

S. Eretria

Verdan, XX.

Ecole

suisse

A.

Pfyffer and C. d'Er?trie g?om?trique en Gr?ce 2008).

Kenzlemann

C?ramique d'arch?ologie

50

81. Eretria:

CATHERINEMORGAN

2008

excavation

plan.

51

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 MHI

strata were

and MHII

likewise

uncovered,

2

including

rectilinear buildings: building (MHI-MHII E) and buildingL (MHI). Too littlewas exposed to reveal the plan of those had at least 2 rooms; itsnorthernmost buildings. Building room

exposed Substantial

a built

had

hearth

oval

of pottery were

amounts

with

covered

plaster. these MH

with

associated

strata. of ELH

Excavation

in the NE

continued

levels

excavation

W wall of buildingD was area (Fig. 84). The remainderof the

that its S part had been robbed out over a No have yet been found floor deposits

uncovered, revealing of ca. 5m. distance

insidebuildingD, although theexcavation isnot finished.The

into a of building D had been converted as tomb during its last period of use, and possibly

interior area

central

monumental

early as LHIIB. The tomb is rectangular(ca. 5m

II Attic

82. Eretria: MGeo

Cleaning continued throughout

work

the season.

on

In area F, cleaning

operations

revealed.

E. Zahou (14th EPCA) and A. Van de Moortel (ASCSA/Tennessee) reporton the5thseason of excavation in 2008, which focusedprimarilyon 2 areas in theNE andNW of

Mitrou.

the

islet.

In addition, unexcavated

in trenches were 3 outlying opened at the areas in the NE corner (LR797),

E sea scarp (LX784) and in thecentral-Earea (LR770) of the islet (Fig. 83).

In trench to EHIIB. dated reached levels earliest The levels with substantial at least 2 EHIIB LX784, occupational and EHIII walls were found, situated close to sea level. EHIIB sea scarp of levels were also exposed during cleaning of theW

the islet,and EHIII walls were uncovered in trenchLR797 in the NE

corner

extensive.

of the islet.

In all

these

The

locations,

EH

settlement

was

therefore

fired roof tiles were

found as

well as Lefkandi I potteryand EH vessels of the local tradition. Too littlewas exposed to understandbuilding plans or the layoutof thesettlement.A clay seal found in thesea NW of the isletmay be EHII indate. settlement may have been equally extensive, with sea scarps as identified at the E and W remains architectural areas. A LMH wall (no. well as in the NE and NW excavation The MH

149) and pebble surfacewere uncovered E of and below the LHI-LHIIIA2 E monumental buildingD in theNE excavation area (trenchLP783) (Fig. 84). These are thefirstsecurelydated remains of theMH settlement in this area. In the NW excavation

at area, strata and

least

5

successive

tombs were

MHI

excavated

and

MHII

in 2007.

A

cist occupation in 2007 has now been dated to boat partially excavated wooden on the E sea scarp, at least 5 successive In trench LX784, MHI.

The

rebuilt and widened.

absence

of

is

interior faces

remarkableandmay indicatethatat thistimetheentirebuilding was filledwith debris and turnedintoa tumulus. Building D

was

streets to theW

bordered

by pebbled E of building

uncovered

and N.

remnants were

but

D,

street was

No

found of LHI,

LHIIB and LHIIIA structuresthatapparentlybelonged to the

complex as building D, but had much thinner area. the excavation lies outside of this complex uncovered In the NE corner of the islet, a grave plot was 1.5m cist grave (grave 51), ca. 1.8m with a monumental same architectural

walls.

of Halai

the acropolis

focused on theByz intrusionat theE side of trenchF9 first noticedbyVirginiaGrace in 1931 and on theS sides of trenches F9 and FI 1,where, duringpreparationsfora path and viewing stationforvisitors,theprobable S wall ofNeo buildingVI was

previously

large cut is preserved in situ. The

disk. Possibly at thissame time,theexteriorwalls of building

D were

of Halai.

conservation

slab

h. One

1.2m

2m) with

tomb had

and East Lokris Project Cornell Halai (CHELP). J. Coleman (ASCSA/Cornell) reportson continuingstudyof theNeo architectureand finds (especially pottery) from the and

lm w. and

the interior with

found intact and fragments of several more were in antiquity, but some human bones been robbed remained, as well as a gold ring, a fragmentary gold bracelet, a bronze ring, a piece of pierced gold foil and a small rock-crystal

krater.

PHTHIOTIS AND EAST LOKRIS (14thEPCA: 24thEBA)

acropolis

lined on

and

of mud-brick, sandstone slabs, ca.

walls

Most

built of roughly hewn large limestone slabs. to this monumental grave were perpendicular All graves of this plot had been robbed, graves. 0.9m,

Parallel

and

smaller

cist

but one

cist

tomb (grave 50) could be dated to LHI by a bichromematt a painted amphoriskos containedwithin it (it also held small bronze spiral). Study of thepotterycontinues,but it is likely date. Two more

are of ELH

that all these graves

LHI

cist tombs

(graves53 and 56) as well as anMHIII or LHI wall were fqunp1 in trenchLX784 at theE scarp of the islet.Grave 56 belonged toa juvenileburiedwith an LHI GreyMinyan teacup,a spindle whorl and an obsidian blade. Fragments(perhapsnot insitu)of a collapsed MHIII or LHI kilnwere found, representingthe in that location.

latest BA In

occupation trench LR770 parallel street. This

area

in the E-central stone walls

substantial

bordered

of

islet, 2 earth and

the

a 2m w.

to that on the side of street runs parallel pebble to be part of the building D, ca. 65m further N, and appears date at least to street pattern. The 2 walls same orthogonal On the latest earlier. but may have been constructed LHIIB,

surface of the street, in a mixed LH/PGeo context, was a small to a clay figurine of parturient squatting female, which appears In NW excavation the be of non-local area, origin (Fig. 85).

was opened (LG790), connecting2 previously only one trench Here

trenches.

excavated

same 2 successive

LHI

walls

and

occupation

surfaces

levels

found

to the belonged in the adjacent

trenchesinprevious years. An earlier cist tomb (grave 72) of a child buriedwith a GreyMinyan amphoriskosof LHI orMH

date was

also

On

found.

top of the LHI

strata were

successive

LHIIA and LHIIB levels, including a few walls and a substantial LHIIB burned destruction level with broken pottery and were much

several

disturbed,

trenchLF790 will undertaken.

animal and

horns.

To

the NW, of

the stratigraphy

these

strata

the adjacent

remain unclear until furtherstudy is

52

CATHERINEMORGAN

83. Mitrou: plan of the isletwith the2004-2008 trenches.


53

Palatial period occupation (LHIIIA2 L and LHIIIB) remains

scarce

at Mitrou.

new

No

architectural

remains

to this

dating

period have been found in theE of the islet. In trenchLG790 in the NW

excavation

area,

limited

was

architecture

revealed.

One wall (no. 64) was reused, and perhaps a small curved enclosurewall (no. 65) abutting itwas built at this time. A largely intactLHIIIA phi-figurinewas found in a disturbed context.

In the same

unit was

a steatite

lentoid

seal

stone

modified into a bead, which is not closely datable. A large LHIIIB2 L potterydump was found against the S scarp of trenchLP782, SE of buildingD. At the end of LHIIIB or thebeginning of LHIIIC, 2 new walls (nos 119, 120) were constructed in trenchLG790 and a new

surface

laid.

On

a bronze

this surface

knife was

found.

In addition, the 2 palatial period walls continued in use. Contrary toprevious reports,theseare thefirstsecurelydated post-palatial architecturalremains found thus far in theNW area.

excavation

establish

They

for the first time that the post

palatial settlementreached this farW. In theNE excavation W of building D area, the latest surfaceof thepebbled street dates toLHIIIC. Thus themass of large roughlycut blocks found on top of it and blocking this streetmust have fallen thereinLHIIIC, and not during theLHIIIA2 E destruction,as previously conjectured. It is not yet clear fromwhich building these largeblocks came. More excavation and study is needed

in order

to reconstruct

the architectural

history

this area. one

Inside building or

two LHIIIC

L

aerial

85. Mitrou:

terracotta figurine

view.

of

successor to building D),

(the LHIIIC surfaces

84. Mitrou:

were

as well

uncovered

as

fragmentarywalls (nos 40, 41, 116) of a small structure (building J) thatmust postdate building and probably also building C. The remains of a largely destroyed cist grave were found on top of themonumental tomb, and can be plausibly associated with an LHIIIC L clay feedingbottle. At least2 cist graves (nos 70 and 71) foundE of buildingD may date to LHIIIC L or EPGeo. Cist 70 included a handmade miniature dipper cup similar in style to theminiature vases of building C. A 3rdcist grave (no. 69) in thisarea is datable to theSubMyc or EPGeo period by an intactcup on top of its capstone. Burial 52 S of building B, excavated in 2007, can now be dated toLHIIIC. new

One

PGeo

structure was

uncovered.

I is a

Building

small rectilinearstructure with thinwalls just S of building E. Because of itsclose proximity tobuilding E, itprobably also dates toLPGeo. Below the apse of buildingA was a rough semicircularplatform,possibly a hearthand probablyLHIIIC or PGeo in date, on top of which was a steatite seal stone of theMainland Popular Group (Fig. 86). Nearby were a

miniature

stone

axe,

a

and

spindle-whorl

possibly

a

of parturient

female

from trench

clay

spool. In addition, thewalls of trenchLR770 in theE-central area of the isletmay have been reused at this time. Several

new

PGeo

cist graves

were

uncovered

in many

locations

just

below theplough zone, includingat theE sea scarp, although not in trenchLR797 in theNE corner of the islet. Most of these tombs had been robbed. Cist 57 W of building I contained a miniature patterned amphoriskos or amphoroid krater, and cist 49 in trench LX784 at the E scarp a obsidian blade. Cists 59 and 63 in trenchLR770 fragmentary in the E-central

area

are of MPGeo

or LPGeo

date.

Each

contained a baby skeleton but no finds. By far the richest findswere found in theLPGeo cist grave 62 in trenchLG790 in the NW

excavation

area.

The

tomb belonged

to a ca.

6

year-old child buried with 3 small clay cups, a juglet, a feedingbottle and a pyxis, as well as 2 bronze pins, one or

more

bronze

earrings,

a bronze

bracelet,

a bronze

indeterminate piece of bronze jewellery and a bead.

ring, an

86. Mitrou: steatitelentoidseal of theMainland PopularGroup frombelow theapse of buildingA.

54

CATHERINEMORGAN

Exarchos. S. Voyatzis andV. Sythiakaki(DeltChAE 39 [2008], 207-20) present an architecturalstudyof theChurch ofAg. Nikolaos, which is dated to theend of the 12thor E13thCtAD, with the original wall-painting decoration dated to the last quarterof the 13thCt.

Northern

Sporades

Alonissos

Cave of theCyclops A.

Publication:

and Neolithic

THESSALY

Intra-site

with theNORTHERN

SPORADES

Local

Analysis,

of the Cyclops. in the Northern Aegean, and

Industries,

Mesolithic

Distribution (Philadelphia, INSTAP 2008).

1.

Greece

Site

Regional

of Magnesia

Nomos

(13thEPCA: 7thEBA)

Fifty one

were

localities

surveyed,

32 caves,

counting

12

rock-sheltersand 7 abandonedmines. A typologyof 10 types

of cave-use

was

Three

developed. finds were collected

surface

hundred

from 17 caves

and

and

The finds

sherds and animal bones. pottery from 5 caves in the Mouresi municipality Bourdovanou and Tsouka, Gouronotrypa,

mainly artefacts

Diagnostic (Tsounaga,

Damouchari

IV) consisted mostly of PH and Hel-Rom

included pottery, but also jaw. Four of the localities A

six

forty

rock-shelters,

2 of which had already been visited in 2006. comprised

The

LNeo/EBA.

stone

polished are deep

of caves

number

tools

caves

and one

on the mountain

character

of their use

a human

and

were

is an anc.

used

cannot

from the

be established

from surface finds,but is probably not exclusively related to

herding. Several

of Larisa

Nomos

The Pilion Cave Project. N. Andreasen (Danish Institute)and A. Darlas (EPSVE) reporton the 2nd survey season, which focused on theE part of themountain between thevillages of Kalamaki in theS toVeneto in theN.

mine.

The Cave

Sampson, Networks

(15thEPCA: 7thEBA) Vasilis (Ennipea). Ethnos (05/11/08 and 21/11/08) and To Vima (21/11/08)cite a report(via aMinistry of Culture press release, 20/11/08) by G. Toufexis (15* EPCA) of the discovery, of Vasilis,

in the course

settlement, constructed

which

of a LNeo

of laying a gas-pipe settlement. This was

the village

outside

occupied

through

thefirsthalf of the5thmillennium BC before being destroyed by fire: thereare also traces of fire in earlier phases of the both

have yet to be investigated. in the wattle-and-daub technique

Houses

(noting

are

that

the burnt mud-plaster of the wood) and preserved impressions in mud-brick, and have clay roofs. The settlement contains

clay ovens

set in open spaces, much pottery including excellent stone grinding and cutting tools, of decorated wares, examples a few terracotta and the figurines loomweights indicating of wool. weaving

The sitewas reused in theHel period (3rdCt): 15 tombswere

found

(cists, pits and free burials),

containing

no grave goods.

World War II and theGr CivilWar. An significantroles during importantdiscovery was the find of a cave 2.5km SW of

Tyrnavos. I Akropoli (25/03/09)cites a reportbyA. Batziou (Director, 15thEPCA) of thediscovery of the remainsof a Cl (probably5thCt) public building,perhaps a temple.

equipment duringWorld War II. Although theGr military emptied thecave of ammunitionand explosives aftertheCivil

Nomos

Veneto

where

caves

undocumented

previously

the Gr

Resistance

stored

locally

played

ammunition

and

War, more than 40 combat helmets were found at the site along with buckles, leather straps and military iron pack frames for mules. The helmets areWorld War I 'Adrian' style helmets and

World

II M33

War

some

of which

models,

have

preserved

leather padding. It is possible that this equipment was obtained from Italian units stationed at Pilion when they left the region in 1943. cave

Another

above

the village

of Mouresi

was

used

as a

provisional fieldhospital for theResistance duringWorld War II and

later as a refuge

for several

local

families.

The main

chamber of thecave is accessed verticallyand it is difficultto enter without

a ladder.

No

or

artefacts

fireplaces

were

found,

as visibility is severely limited. A significantimplicationof the survey and the accompa nying interviewsis that the spectrumof activities performed at

caves

in rock-shelters

and

our

within

region

activity.

cave

Some

uses

connected

to agro-pastoral,

religious and military activities tend to be ephemeral and leave little culturalmaterial behind. This is the case even

where

several

a

persons,

involved. One

such

example

family

or groups

is a cave which

served

of people

are

as a secret

field

hospital duringWorld War II. At this locality therewas no visible culturalmaterial lefton the surface thatcould point to such use.

or

Other

quarantine sense, despite

confirmed

caves

/refuge-caves', are equally invisible

their local

and historical

partisan hide-outs in an archaeological

significance.

a -

Publication: E. Tsangkaraki (ed.), a a :A a e - a e a (Karditsa,Nomos ofKarditsa 2008). Nomos

e

ea e a

of Trikala

(34thEPCA: 19thEBA) Anc. Pelinna.

Ethnos (04/10/08) cites a report by L. Hatziangelakis (Director, 34thEPCA) of the discovery of a main gate in theW part of the city's fortificationwall, followingon fromtheearlierdiscovery of a smallerpostern in the same

area.

is much

broader than initiallyanticipated. Only in a few cases could artefact distributions or artefact types be related to any specific

of Karditsa

(34thEPCA: 19thEBA)

Pharkadon. Ethnos (15/11/08) cites a report by L. Hatziangelakis (Director,34thEPCA) of the discovery of 14 MH cist graves in thecourse ofwork on thenational road from Trikala contained

to Larisa

in

the remains

the area of both

of Pharkadon. adults

and

The

children,

graves

variously

oriented but usually in extended position with the hands crossed on the chest, across thepelvis or by the sides. In 2 cases, thebodies lay on theirsidewith theknees bent. Pottery found in the graves included plainware vessels, a perfume vessel,

sherds

from funerary vases, ware and ware

style of Bratislavan Volos. and Stone

bone

tools,

obsidian blades were also

as well

as pottery in the near from Petromagoula flint points and cores, and

included. Among

the more

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 was

finds

significant

a

semicircular

out a burial

marks

probably

area;

on

which a child's

sequences, tests was

which

human activity here places date, and the Mousterian technique that the first of the stone tools in the analogous level, suggest were Homo neanderthalensis. Study of occupants Sapiens and

cereals fruits, seeds, of Pal levels proceeds.

carbonized sieving

pulses

the water

from

the FNeo

was

found

EPIRUS

D. Kalpakis,

a

and K.

F. Kefallonitou

2008);

in Early

Doumetios

Bishop

The

Gerolymnou, Christian Nicopolis

Basilica

of

recovered

of

them.

rulers

are

his

wife,

and

(a man Anna

depicted named

named

Komnenos

Komnenodoukene

Palaiologina), being crowned by theVirgin holdingChrist in her arms, along with

two princes:

these are

I

likely Nikephoros

date,

in Macedonia, and Franchthi

were

taken next

to the wall

date

to the

In order to study the size of PS 12, soil

and LBA.

taken in its immediate

indicate

surroundings. Preliminary is much larger than previously

that the site

walls

house surface

inside

survey

Zervochori

the fortification.

these

(PS 25),

Investigationfocused on

seemed

the basis

On

to be mostly

ERom

Four

trenches were

opened, revealing almost exclusively finds. the opus incertum Ct AD) By combining (lst-2nd visible the surface with those found in the trial above

trenches, the outlines of a large building, built on 2 terraces that to the S, are seen. The building is at least 140m 30m, it remains unclear where it ends towards theW. Due although

open

in the peristyle of the the founder's wall-paintings on the basis of fragments Pantanassa the Panayia at the W and G. Velenis end of the S portico,

Two

Hel). ERom walls

(Athens,

(DeltChAE 39 [2008], 81-86) presents the inscriptionson Doukas

and LBA

pottery Preliminary the FNeo and EBA

(opus incertum),although some pieces looked older (possibly

Philippiada. PL. Vocotopoulos (DeltChAE 39 [2008], 73-80) reconstructs

the 2 samples

whereas

of

ScientificCommitteeofNicopolis 2008; inGreek and English).

Church

it.

in theArgolid. Most of theEBA parallels are EHII. Three C14 samples from trenchesA (excavated in 2007) and D date to

the ordinary intensive

and D. Kyrkou,

C. Kappa

a (Athens, Scientific Committee of Nicopolis

A

of MBA

around

a small hill fortifiedaround 300 BC.

K. Zachos,

.A

as some

100m. thought, perhaps close to 100m The 2nd site excavated was Ag. Donatos,

of Preveza

Publications:

as well and EBA, and just above

some parallels with indicates near Ioannina, at Doliana Servia repertoires in Thessaly Pefkakia and, to some extent, Lerna

samples results

(33rdEPCA: 18,hEBA)

2m

by a couple of metres, but, later, one of the when remains of a rudimentary wall were

analysis

EHII,

Nicopolis

is believed

through what

enlarged The wall, which consists of 2 courses of stones to a h. was to a /. of 9m without of 0.2-0.3m, exposed uncovering corners. No floor level was found next to the wall. Pottery of

MBA

Nomos

separated

found.

Theopetra Cave (Kalambaka). Eleftherotypiaand Ethnos (21/05/08)cite a reportby N. Kyparissi-Apostolika (Director, EPSNE) of thermoluminescence dating of 2 childrens' the cave, BP. The

located N-S

tobe thecentreof the site. Initially itwas dug in 5 Im

cranium, on the interior the cranium of an adult, and there were traces of burning over the entire area.

footprints from prior to 135,000

trench was

The main

construction the exterior was

55

to heavy

erosion,

especially

around

the Chapel

of Ag.

Donatos,

the building is badly preserved and most of the trenches

and mixed Part of the original layers. collapsed was found floor (cocciopesto) only in one trench. It is once was of high status, as shown by clear that the building in different colours) and a (panels fragments of wall-painting contained concrete

few palmette

antefixes

(Fig. 87).

Probably

itwas

a villa

rustica

and his sonsThomas (proclaimed despot in spring 1294) and (who was

Thamar

in summer

married

1294),

likelydate for thepainting.

a

thus providing

of Thesprotia

Nomos

(32ndEPCA: 8thEBA) Thesprotia Expedition. B. Fors?n (Finnish Institute)reports on

the 5th field

season,

which

of continued geo from Lake sampling at 3 sites. Coring was to learn more about its

consisted

work, further palynological archaeological at Morphi and trial excavations Kalodiki also

undertaken

in Lake

environmental

general The

first site where

Acherousia

development. trial trenches were

opened,

PS

12, lies on

the lowermostE slope of theLiminari hill in the village of

Probes here in 2007 revealed mainly and ENeo-MNeo pottery, but also some LNeo was and MNeo the ENeo therefore to explore Sevasto.

estimate were

the site size.

found, although

In trench D2 more no ENeo-MNeo

FNeo

and EBA

sherds. presence,

The

aim

and

to

sherds 'impresso' layer. The early sherds

ENeo

were foundmixed with FNeo and EBA potteryand spindle whorls. In the hope of findingundisturbedENeo toMNeo

located on a small terrace uphill. This remains, probe H was remains of a dramatic erosion phase containing large produced stones mixed with bone, pottery and some roof tiles. The finds are mostly historical in date, perhaps Ar or Cl, and indicate the

87.

existence

Agios

of a settlement

of this date somewhere

higher upslope.

Thesprotia Donatos,

Expedition: Zervochori.

antefix

from

the ERom

villa

at

56

CATHERINEMORGAN

founded within the abandoned EHel fortress at some stage or Tiberius. No finds date later during the reign of Augustus than the ERom of the period, except for a grave ca. 10m of Ag. Donatos. The burial, 0.2m below the surface, Chapel

was

in a simple

placed

courses

cist of 1-2

of rounded

stones.

No grave giftswere foundwith the skeleton,which probably to a young woman. belonged individuals were found close

Single human bones from other some even on the to the chapel, a small cemetery next to the 17th

there was Obviously, Ct chapel, most likely contemporary surface.

with

The principal aim was the remains and establish

to explore the extent and character of the chronology of their use(s). A total area of some 350m2 was All systematically investigated. The outlines of at least 3 structures deposits were dry sieved. were revealed, aligned and juxtaposed along an E-W axis (Fig. . The Its fa?ade 88) largest is a -shaped burial enclosure. faces S and is 16.5m /. as currently revealed. The 2 sides are

it.

In the tower

the rubble

fill was

encountered

ca.

0.2m

the surface. The trench located at the presumed gate that there very few finds, but supports the assumption produced was a gate here, some 1.15-1.2m w. and protected by indented traces on both sides. Publication:

B. Fors?n

(ed.),

Thesprotia

Expedition

I. Towards

a Regional History (Helsinki,Finnish InstituteatAthens 2009).

Nomos

of

Ioannina

at the site of Ellinika,

a

a anc. mountain along possible a panoramic view of the complex that ultimately leads from the Ionian coast

sanctuary

of Dodona.

A

are scattered

unexcavated,

number close

of fortified

by (for example,

inside

general

view

of the 2008

of

the enclosure,

and a cleaned, only the surface was excavated. The area between the afore

The construction and of the technique both of the enclosures 6 graves in conjunction with the scanty pottery investigated, and other artefacts to their initial close recovered, points in EHel association times. The site probably chronological served,

perhaps

and/or

intermittently

in part,

as

a

burial

complex until theLRom period, to judge from8 coins found in

one

of the graves inside the largest enclosure. the However, of domestic handmade and wheelmade pottery,

large quantity

and thesignificantamountof animal bone foundwithin thefill

route, the site valley network to the oracular citadels,

of

excavations,

as yet -

looking

the 2 enclosures

various

times

the

and

the area

limestone

in between, that at suggest structures served non-funerary

purposes. The burial

at Ellinika enclosures form a rare example of this in the interior of Epirus. The type of funerary monument custom is most often associated with coastal cities such as

Kalogeritsa

292), but no systematicexplorationwas undertaken

Kopani:

limestone cist graves, all part of the interior (Fig.

was also On investigated. present it seems that building materials from and/or spolia evidence, were an activity space of the enclosures reused to demarcate some kind. Further E of the structures mentioned 2 above, more plundered graves were cleaned.

Ambrakia,

Leukas

and Anaktorio.

The

continuing

collaborative

projectwill also aim to identifythe organized settlement(s)

at that time.

88. Ellinika,

Three

in theW

later date, probably built in a

single visible cist grave mentioned enclosures

on

Theriakision, Ag. Kopanis, Georgios Mirodaphni Peston). Visible architectural Hel cist remains, along with plundered graves, were first reported here by I. Vokotopoulou (ADelt 23

[1968],

excavated

for non-funerary Another purposes. similar way, another burial perhaps was enclosure of smaller dimensions, partially investigated. to the concentration of large fallen blocks towards the Owing

theSE flanksofMt Olytsika (anc.Tomaros) at an elevation of Positioned

were

structure

550masl.

commands

5.4m. length, the E side measuring local of advanced limestone, with signs used for the construction. The is fa?ade

appears tohave beenmodified at 89) . The E partof the interior

Ellinika, Kopani. C. Kleitsas (12thEPCA), E. Kotjabopoulou andA. Panatsi (Archaeological InstituteforEpirotic Studies) of excavation

in

of

to a h. of 4 courses.

plundered,

(12thEPCA: 8thEBA)

report on the first season

were

preserved

was to gain a better picture lkm from Ag. Donatos investigated of its structure and date. Two small trenches were opened, one gate. below

blocks

erosion,

At Kioteza, Agora (PS 34), a small EHel fortificationca.

in theonly towerof the fortification, theother at theprobable

different

probably Worked

associated

S.

with

this cemetery.

57

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 a known

Ar-EHel

cemetery,

2 more

with

in the

cemeteries

neighbouringhills. The kilnwas discovered in 1996 (ADelt 51 [1996], B2, 543) and systematicallyexcavated in2004. Sherds that a further scattered over a wider area, and it is possible remain to be discovered. installations kiln and workshop The kiln was a 2-storeyed construction, with an underground almost intact and a firing chamber almost furnace preserved

were

certainly stomion

this is now completely above it, although but only a few burnt bricks is half-preserved,

the eschara, none oriented NW-SE 1.8m maximum more

pear-shaped

in situ. The

remain of soil, is 1.8m w.

is cut into the natural

kiln

are 2.1m

its dimensions

and

lost. The

/.

It has rounded corners, h. preserved The furnace walls than rectangular.

being show

some (surprisinglylimited)exposure to high temperatures:in

89. Ellinika,Kopani: partof theTT-shapedburial enclosurewith 3 cist graves.

Nomos

in Hasaki Type la). The support is made of handmade, sundriedbrick for themost part,with moulded bricks forming thestraightsides. The stomion isprotectedby 2 flankingwalls.

MACEDONIA

WESTERN

traces of a clay lining. The support column they preserve places 0.36m maximum 0.7m w. /. for the eschara h.) is (0.8m the kiln chamber centre the furnace in the of (placing preserved

around

focused

2002,

the mod.

of

villages

Samarina, Smixi, Avdella, Perichori,Polyneri,Philippaii and in the SW mountain

Panorama

zone

of the Nomos

of Grevena

(see AR 51 [2004-2005], 68; AR 54 [2007-2008], 62). A high (butunspecified)numberofMPal siteshas been identified;these always lie above l,600masl and often above 2,000masl (the on highest site found in 2008 is close to 2,012masl), often in open-air

ridges (well above the tree line) and always to sources of water and sometimes close

mountain

locations

flint.

also

Many siteswithMPal lithicsare above themoraine depositsof was

Excavation

the last glacial.

is drawn

the survey. Attention

in

at 5 sites identified

conducted

lithic

of MPal

to the association

withNeo and BA (MBA) potteryat certainsites. technology A.S.

Monastery

of

likely come

from one or

of insulation

The fill in thechambercontained a largequantityof sherds,

in 9 different shapes (oinochoai, of domestic plainwares flour bins, pithoi and pithoid vessels, basins, amphorae, a strainer), but also cooking pots, bg and red hydriae, cups and 1 bolsal, 2 one-handled wares. Parts of 3 kantharoi, glazed

mostly

ladles,

skyphoi, 1 deep skyphosand 2 uncharacterizableskyphoiwere the basis

On

found.

are

local products, as is macroscopically,

that these vessels

are

the

the represented and decoration used on the plainwares technique of burnishing with plastic bands and incision. The kiln structure itself cannot rests on the pottery, and be used as a dating criterion. Dating clays

described

can only be givenwithin thebroad limitsof theend of the5thto theend of the3rdCt BC, although it isunlikelythatthestructure have withstood

could

that period.

use for more

Archaeomagnetic

than 2-3

analysis

generations of of samples

within

the kiln

fabric indicatesa date of 250-200 BC. After thekiln fellout of

Spilaio, Monastery of theDormition Publication:

2 courses

a curving profile, of the chamber.

but with

dimensions

Pindos. N. Efstratiou(Egnatia 12 [2008], 45-63) summarizes a (with full bibliography) trends in data collected in survey since

burnt masses

of clay foundnearbysurelycome fromthekiln andmay be part of the roof. A large quantity of mud-bricks, of different

(30thEPCA: 17thEBA)

conducted

two severely

roof survives:

trace of the vaulted

No

of Grevena

Petkos, Conservation of the Catholicon at Spilaio Grevena the Dormition

Ministry ofCulture 2008).

of the

use,

itwas

likely used

as a dump

for the waste

of the workshop.

(Veria, Nomos

of Pella

EBA) (17thEPCA: 11th Nomos

of Kastoria

(29thEPCA: 16thEBA) S.I. Chatzitoulousis (Egnatia 12 [2008], 65-85

Dispilio. publishes settlement,

woodworking, woodworking was used. The

wood

the waterlogged

the examining the evidence techniques

and

from

remains

used, species of toolmarks

the for

location

of

the nature

of

for which

the purposes

the Neo

the wood

periodical,

Anaskamma,

of which

volumes

1 and 2 (2008) have so far been published, is substantially

devoted

to reports of the Dispilio articles from which

excavations. can

be

The journal's is downloaded,

Pentavryso. A. Laftsidis publishes (Egnatia 12 [2008], 145 77) a potter's kiln located 1.8km from themod. village of and 800m

from mod.

Avgi,

immediately

of the

road between these 2 villages and only 200m from the PH NE of thekiln lies settlementofAvgi. On thehill immediately

from The

the main

workshop,

which remained inuse from the lastquarterof the4thCt until ca. 200 BC, containing

is a square complex with a central paved courtyard a well of an altar, surrounded and the base by

rooms and Kilns leading off them. found, as well as a system of tanks for the for the of clay, thus providing important evidence purification In addition, moulds for processes employed. technological luxurious domestic vessels, fragments of figurines, equipment, storage

which

have

areas were

and silver and bronze

www.anaskamma.wordpress.com.

Pentavryso

at some distance a potter's workshop centre of the city in the agora. commercial

of

porticoes

new biennial

website,

Pella. EleftherotypiaandKathimerini (31/03/09)cite a report EPCA) of thediscovery byM. Lilibaki-Akamati (Director, 17th

coins were

found.

Kathimerini (31/03/09) cites a report by I. Akamatis (AristotelianUniversity,Thessaloniki) of thediscovery of the

from of seals and sealings archive of the city. Hundreds have been found, along with a gold stater, papyrus documents for the production, and raw materials pens and ink holders, The public archive did not sealing and storage of documents.

public

58

CATHERINEMORGAN

only hold the officialpapers of theMacedonian kingdom, its officials, the cities of the kingdom and theirrulers,but was these documents were written, signed likely the location where and sealed. The archive was housed in a 2-storeyed building in the SW corner of the anc. agora, constructed in the L4th Ct BC

over an extensive

Cl

(of the period

cemetery

of Archelaos

and

Amyntas)which containedmostly child burials equippedwith richgravegoods. The buildingwas destroyedin theearthquake which devastated the city at thebeginning of the 1stCt BC. Several

of clay

hundreds

from papyrus

sealings

documents,

which fell from theupper floorwhere theyhad been stored in the peristyle and S stoa, were recovered from the ruins. In the same areas were found several fragments of pens, metal and

clay inkholders (one ofwhich bore thename of Philip), and

masses

to form sealings. Motifs depicted on the female and animal forms, portraits male, deities, vary: sealings and theMacedonian club and star. One group, which bears the of the clay used

A

E

legend

as a female

head wearing

a mural

, shows Pella personified

crown.

Other

sealings

show

thehead ofZeus with the legendof theMacedonian generals, in

some

Edessa, image

cases

of commercial and of the rulers of magistrates and various other cities. A number depict the Europos of a grazing of Pella: the cow, as used on the coinage

,whereas thatabove the legendon thecoinage reads E / cow on the sealings reads E E , thus linkingitwith theofficialorganizationof thecommercialcentre of the city,while emphasizing the fertilityof the region and perhaps alluding to the old name of the city,Bounomos or Bounomeia. A seal typedepicting thehead of a satyrmay have been used by officials inside thebuilding as a guaranteeof the of the documents

confidentiality Publication:

A.S.

Petkos,

there.

prepared

Guide

Diocletianopolis.

EBA 2008). Archaeological Site (Veroia, 11th Agrosykia Publication:

P. Chrysostomou,

A. E a

A Foundation

I.Aslanis

of

the

W

and A. Chrysostomou,

Ta Nea,

Kathimerini,

Eleftherotypia

and To Vima (11/09/08)partially reporta fullerMinistry of Culture press report (10/09/08) by P. and A. Chrysostomou (17thEPCA) of continuing excavationwhich has revealed a 43 tombs,comprising4 of theEIA (7thCt to 580 BC), further 31 of theAr period (580-480) and 8 of theCl-EHel period (480-279). The excavators note that the date of the earliest tombs indicatesMacedonian settlementof the area by the2nd half of the7thCt BC. Of theEHel graves,T714, theburial of a young girl, is of particular interest:this contained a gilded 3 clay vases, a bronze kantharos wreath, terracotta head of the deceased life-sized girl.

bronze

and

a unique

Of theAr tombs,20 were male burials and 11 thegraves of

women.

Five

of themale

burials were

in the 1stwarrior

category,

8 in the2ndand 7 in the3rd.Those in the3rdcategoryofwarriors contained

bronze

helmets,

iron weapons

(a sword, 2 spearheads and iron ornaments (pins, rings, terracotta sheet metal etc.),

and a knife), gold, silver, bronze and mouth-plates, eye-, chestfigurines, pottery and bronze vessels, furniture etc.

Singled

and

out for their wealth

Some

of

the gold mouth-plates and sheet of upstanding heraldic lions noted as Ceramics include Cor bf kraters,

bear depictions of royal power.

symbols

Atticizing kratersdepictinganimals and birds in themanner of of Lydos, which were mass

theworkshop

in a workshop

produced

in theChalkidike in theM6th Ct BC, andAttic bf kylikes. In 8 years of excavation since 2000, the 17thEPCA as having

reported

a total of 915 graves

uncovered

is

over an area

of ca. lha (estimatedat 5% of the totalarea of thecemetery): of these,231 date to theEIA, 441 to theAr period and 236 to the Cl-Hel

7 are undiagnostic.

period, while

Edessa Publication:

A.

a a

A

Chrysostomou,

e

a

(Edessa,

Ministry of Culture 2008). National

Road,

Publication:

Nea

A

Thessaloniki-Florina. Nea

Halkidona-Edessa

(ed.), National

Chrysostomou Rescue

Halkidona-Edessa

Excavations

Segment

Road at

in 2006-2008 Region

of

and English)

of

(Thessaloniki,

CentralMacedonia PublicWorks/17thEPCA/llth EBA 2008) accounts

well-illustrated

presents

(in Greek

excavations linked to thispublic constructionproject (notably at Pella, by theEdessa S bypass and at thePsili Vryssi site), as in previous

reported

of

Nomos

editions

of Archaeology

in Greece.

Imathia

Ta Nea (29/08/08),Eleftherotypia, Vergina (anc. Aigai). Apogevmatini (30/08/08) and Kathimerini (02/10/08) cite a report by C. Saatsoglou-Paliadeli (Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki) of thediscoverywithin anc. fill in the sanctuary of

a gold

wreath

of

oak

leaves,

of

same

the

dimensions and technique as those in the royal tombsof the

a (Veroia, National Hellenic Research

cemetery.

vessels.

of Eukleia

2007).

Archontiko.

faience

ornaments

iron models

are 2 women's

of carts, graves

of the3rdsocial rank,which containedgold, silver,bronze and

iron jewellery dress ornaments, (diadems, spirals, earrings, necklaces, mouth-plates, pendants, pins, rings, bands and sheet metal iron knives and etc.), glass, terracotta and faience beads, iron models of carts, terracotta figurines and clay, glass and

Toumba

Megali which

and surely of the same 4th Ct date. The wreath, bones, was contained within a solid gold

lay over human

vessel (a round,pyxis-likeshapewith a lidwhich so farappears which was itself contained within a larger (ca. 0.5m h.) of such cylindrical bronze vessel, also with a lid. The discovery a funerary assemblage outside the area of the royal cemetery raises about the function of the agora itself. questions

unique),

on why

centre

Questions

a surely

was

individual

significant

buriedwith suchwealth in themost public andmost sacred spot

within

the city walls.

of

the bone

(31/03/09), indicates that they

to a young male.

belong

examination

Subsequent

remains, reported in Ta Nea

Kathimerini,Ta Nea and To Vima (05/12/08) Eleftherotypia, reporta lecturegiven byA. Kottaridou (17thEPCA) inwhich she presenteda new reconstruction of thepalace of Philip II after an extensive

made

of restudy, excavation and programme undertaken since April 2007. A 2-storeyed

site conservation

building is reconstructed(13.6m h.% facing E, with two 10 column stoas along the fa?ade (Doric on the lower level and Ionic on theupper),flankinga largecentralpropylon. It covers an

area

of

ca.

7,000m2,

with

the

interior

alone

courtyard

coveringca. 2,000m2 (andwith 60 columns around the sides). There are indicationsthatone of the stoas along theE fa?ade may

have

served

as a pinakotheke.

Andrones

the court

around

included 3 large rooms (of ca. 250m2) capable of accommo

dating

some

30 couches

each,

several

plus

smaller

rooms:

the

court and the rooms around itwere all furnished with mosaic

pavements

of pebbles

or marble

tesserae

in coloured

plaster,

with designs varyingfromthesimple geometric to thecomplex figurative(forexample, theRape ofEuropa). The bottom 1.6m of the structure was

built of limestone

quarried

from Vermio,

ca.

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 15km away, with the superstructure in brick and covered in earth (used here for the from a mixture of Theran plaster made

first time), lime and grit,with a variety of colours including red and ochre.

blue, were

The marble

of the entrance

threshold blocks

in situ; stone members preserved collapsed imitate window shutters and Ionic columns, which

from above, permit a full

of thefa?ade, includingthe 1stfloorwhich must reconstruction

have held

thewomen's

and sleeping

The

quarters.

roof was

tiled

in theCorinthiansystem.A separateblock held thekitchensand relatedfacilities.Constructionbegan in350 BC and isbelieved to have taken 10-12 years, formingpart of a wider building

under Philip programme the theatre. Dr Kottaridou

II which

also

develops

for example, included, a case for the identification

of Pytheos as thearchitectof thebuilding,notingcomparisons

with

at Halikarnassos

theMausoleum

at Priene:

the impact of Pythagorean

and the Temple

of Athena

on the design

mathematics

of thebuilding is emphasized.

(27thEPCA: 9thEBA)

to Katerini. close Three (anc. Aison), one at are to related this settlement noted: probably same to theW another ca. 2-3km (Cl-Hel), (of the

period) and the thirdvery close by,which is probablyEIA in in the settlement

Excavation

revealed

EBA

activity

in the

lowest levels (on thebasis of pottery,some datable to EHII, rather than architecture),followed by LBA (with handmade

and matt-painted, pottery of fine quality, burnished although no evidence of production in the Myc Architectural tradition). remains appear in the EIA: in the lower part of the settlement, an artificial terrace (more than 0.5m d.) may have been intended

to supportlargepithoi.Above thiswas a wall (ofmud-brickon a stone foundation), insidewhich were foundmore than 10 loomweights.While thepotteryfound in these levels does not the terrace dating, both as LPGeo-SubPGeo. characterized

close

permit

generally indicate that activity

and

Scattered

in the later phases

continued

can

the wall

be

sherds

of the EIA,

and the surface level (which lies directly over the LPGeo features) includes pottery and coins of theLAr-Hel period, it seems

when Byz

sherds

that settlement was

and coins were

on a large scale.

the authors note Finally, of a water the opening

the chance channel,

discovery of a closed

in 2005, tomb

EIA

The

burial

and

to

was

to be reported to in addition

contain,

an

a

extended

handmade

kantharos,gold spirals and a largequantityof bronze jewellery (fibulae,beads, pendants and 3 bracelets). The assemblage has

been

handed

over

Sidirodromikos

Stathmos

(i.e.

metro

and Eukleides

Panepistimio

and

stations;

the

interchangefor Sintrivani stationwhich is located S of the central libraryof theAristotelianUniversity. In total, 1,414 tombs from the E andW cemeteries of the city have been uncovered since thestartof excavation in2007, ofwhich 21.3% include

water

channels,

found.

architectural remains grave goods; (walls, floors and have also been kilns) so far confirm the current Archaeological findings

under

standingof the topographyof anc. Thessaloniki as based on previous rescue excavations conducted by the 16thEPCA and on preparatory

work

tunnel-boring

machine.

for the metro.

were

four

Ninety

tombs were

revealed,

to the local

revealed

authorities.

at a d.

of 3-5.5m

beneath

the mod.

rich variety of tomb types was revealed (funerary tile built-chamber monuments, tombs, cist and pit graves, structures and altar-like of unworked graves, enchytrismoi A

stones which

mark

graves), which mostly contain inhumations, reburial. Fifty of cremation and secondary or of these bronze coins, ceramic contained vessels, eight glass a few instances

with

gold and bronze jewellery,gold danakes, and bone andmetal This

artefacts.

cemetery was

part of theW

in use

from the Hel

LRom

period. Excavation

in this area is now complete. A further area of ca. 2,500m2 has been opened in theW part of the station area, 4 potters' at the front of the station forecourt. At a d. of 2-2.8m, and found, with a dump area for broken tiles, wasters theW city wall, was known clay. This area, outside the Potters' due to the presence Field of many ceramic

kilns were discarded as

workshops. (Further details are noted in Eleftherotypia without attributionto source: the largestkiln, 5m /. [22/08/08], and 3.5m w., is dated to theECh period and described as used for theproductionof tiles and bricks; a smallerkiln nearby is dated to the4thCt AD.) Agia Sophia. TaNea (08/04/08)reportsthedecision by the Council Archaeological discovered close to this station.

Central

Sintrivani.

Excavation

tombs of the Hel-LRom

assemblage atMoschochori, 5kmW of theKastro by theriver inhumation,

at: the Neos

is reported

Sintrivani,

A very few

found.

also

during

Mavroneri.

Work

themetro stationlinked to thecity'sNew Railway Station); the

surface.

river Mavroneri

date.

AR 54 (2007-2008), 74.

which

Adrianos, Rastro. S. Gimatzidis (27thEPCA) and R. Jung (DAI) report(PierikoiAntilaloi [11/04/08])on a trialexcavation on thisextensive (ca. 1.4ha)multi-periodhill settlement by the cemeteries

the grave is drawn directly from this press release: synopsis thus update those given for the same sites in totals cited below

bounded to the by 4 distinctper?boloswalls orientedNW-SE,

of Pieria

Adrianos

To Vima, Ethnos andApogevmatini (12/09/08). The following

Neos Sidirodromikos Stathmos. Excavation initially focused on theE part of the stationboundaries (an area of 1,350m2) and specificallyon thearea of theentryshaftfor the

CENTRAL MACEDONIA Nomos

59

to rebury a mosaic

pavement

in 3 areas,

took place

revealing

period.

During removalof thenetworkof public utilitiesoutside the

109 tombs were uncovered, of different types tile graves, without covers, tombs, pit graves vaulted cists, altar tombs, stone- or brick-built enchytrismoi,

station boundary, (chamber

like constructionsof unworked stoneswhich mark simple pits or orthogonalrepositoriesand a group of 5 vaulted chambers). Inhumation instances

is

the dominant

of multiple

rite,

inhumations,

are

there

though

secondary

several

reburial

and

cremation. Forty five tombs contained grave goods (pottery and glass

Nomos

(16thEPCA: 9thEBA) Thessaloniki,

metro

bronze

coins

and

gold

danakes,

terracotta

In

the

same

area

were

found

sections

of wall

and water

channels. excavations

A Ministry of Culture press release (11/09/08),which details progress

vessels,

figurines,bone pins, daggers, and gold and bronze jewellery).

of Thessaloniki

to date on the excavation

programme

conducted

by the

16thEPCA under thedirectionof L. Acheilara, iswidely cited in theGreek press: see, forexample,Eleftherotypia(28/09/08),

During

construction

of the perimeter

wall

of the station,

in

frontof theChildren'sRefuge, a totalof 178 tombswere found, of various types (chamber tombs, tile graves, pit graves, enchytrismoi,

vaulted

tombs,

stone-built

tombs,

altar-like

structuresand cists), including 6 small monolithic marble

CATHERINEMORGAN

60

90. Thessaloniki,

metro

or ossuaries

sarcophagi dominant

rite, but

burials, multiple tombs contained

of Rom

there were

of wall

and water

interchange,

was

of double

examples and cremation.

the and

Seventy bronze glass vessels, and terracotta figurines).

and

grave goods (clay coins, gold, silver and bronze jewellery, Part of a building with a mosaic pavement sections

Inhumation

date. also

reburial

secondary

station

Sintrivani

excavations:

channel

and partially preserved were also recovered. The

on each other density of the tombs and the fact that they encroach indicate the intensity of the use of this area over a long period of

time,fromthe3rdCt BC to the4thCt AD. the Sintrivani

At

station

interchange,

library, an area of 2,842.75m~

University

S of the Aristotelian was

opened,

revealing

a totalof 1,028 tombs,themost fromanymetro site (Fig. 90).

tile graves covers, free burials, (in pits without Types tombs and form or with cover tiles), cists, vaulted simple from one materials In addition, building enchytrismoi. include

construction were and

found.

times and parts of others, and storage pits of mod. forms of grave are free burials The most common

pits either

covered

with

schist

slabs

or uncovered.

One

hundred and twentyeight graves (12.5%) contained goods,

of clay vases and tear-bottles, bronze coins, bronze consisting and iron and gold jewellery, shells, bone and glass astragaloi, is Rom, but 35 items date to the items. The majority and bronze the Hel graves are noted: a stone ossuary Hel period. Among

(

746) which held theburntbones of a human and a small

mammal,

a gold wreath

of oak

leaves

and a clay

tear-bottle;

and

a cist grave 840 (previouslyreportedinAR 54 [2007-2008], 74) which contained theremainsof a wooden bier, plus 4 gold

wreaths bronze

leaves, jewellery, a gold danake, gold thread, a bronze mirror, and 1 bronze and 7 pottery vessels. coin, of olive

cemetery.

At

2

At is in preliminary further stations, work stages. to move the network of public station, work

Panepistimiou utilities was and

Street

without

completed Eukleides

At

remains.

station,

Street, Papanastasios services and public

network

of

one

the

encountering archaeological between Constantinoupolis initial work sink

3

to move

boreholes

the

revealed

partiallypreservedbuilding remainsof theLOt period and, in of

Landscaping

a marble architectural member. boreholes, revealed part of the general area of the work-site

of a mod. building (walls andwater pipes), probablya stable,of the L19th-E20th

Ct.

Angeloforos (01/02/09)reportsthediscoveryby the9thEBA station, at a d. of 4.1m

at the Venizelos

below

the mod.

surface,

(12th to firsthalf of the 15thCt AD) levels containingbuilding remains(floors,walls andwells) andmuch

of MByz-LByz pottery. Thessaloniki,

city centre

Eleftheros Typos (05/08/08) and Ta Nea (06/08/08) report analyses conducted by C. Papageorgopoulou (Zurich) on the body

of a woman

in a

sarcophagus

dating

to ca.

300 AD,

discovered in 1962 in theE cemeteryof thecity. The body, of a tallwoman 50-60 years old and of high status(covered by a silk cloth), was gold-ornamented purple-dyed, a mixture of resin, myrrh, olive and aromatic in Greece. earliest attestation of this practice in cotton and linen wrappings then placed Shreds inside the sarcophagus. palette eyebrows, condition,

arm

muscle

in addition

etc.

are

and

embalmed

substances

The body was laid on a wooden

of skin, hair, in very

preserved to the skeleton.

using the

reddish fragile

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Thessaloniki,

E.

Thessaloniki,

Toumba.

Tradition and innovation in theBronze Age potteryof the

of centre S. Andreou

(Aristotelian

University,

Thessaloniki) presents an overview of continuing study following excavations which took place between 1984 and 1998, and again from2006-2008. The goal of the latterphase of excavation

was

a close

of the settlement

understanding

from

theend of theBA and the transitionto theEIA. of old

Study

excavation

material

revealed

that the earliest

occupation on the slopes of theToumba spans theMH period (building phases 14-9) and is characterizedby monochrome potteryin a significantvarietyof shapes. With the startof the

LH

(phases

8-6),

settlement was

confined

to the upper

terraces,

and the potteryenrichedwith a small number of decorated vases (with inciseddecoration inphase 7 and inphase 6, incised andmatt-paintedexamples and one LHII Myc sherd). Primary studies

a a e a e a

of the pottery

Thessaloniki

e 2004;

Psaraki,

a

: e a a thesis, Aristotelian University, a

(PhD

Griza&id=gri-2004-444);

91. Thessaloniki,

are: K.

e a

http://cds.lib.auth.gr//archive.shtml?base= K. S. Andreou and Psaraki,

Toumba:

61

the settlement

on top of the tell.

Thessaloniki

Toumba',

inM.

H. Todorova

Stefanovich,

and G.

Ivanov (eds), The Struma/Strymon River Valley inPrehistory. Proceedings

of

the

International

Symposium

'Strymon

Prehistoricus\27 September to 10 October 2004. Blagoevgrad (Sofia,Gerda Henkel Stiftung2007), 397-420. The plan of the settlementon the top of theToumba (Fig. 91), with narrow brick complexes,

cobbled

remained

streets between stable

multi-roomed

throughout

mud

the later stages

of

theLBA (phase 2A). LHIIIB wheelmade vessels remainedfew in phase

5, but wheelmade

pottery was

much

more

common

in

phases 4-2A (LHIIIC E andM in the4 subphases of phase 4, LHHIC M and L and perhaps SubMyc inphases 3 and 2B, and EPGeo with concentriccircle decoration inphase 2A). See S. Andreou,

'Stratified wheelmade

Late

the Transition

pottery

deposits

and absolute

chronologyof theLBA to theEIA transitionat Thessaloniki Toumba', in S. Deger-JalkotzyandA. B?chle (eds), LH HI C and

to the Early

Iron Age.

International

Workshop Organized by the ?sterreichische Akademie der

23-24.2.2007 Wissenschaften. Akademie der Wissenschaften

(Vienna, forthcoming),

?sterreichische 15-40.

CATHERINEMORGAN

62 From

2006

only

excavation

onwards,

on

focused

uncovering

and E on theE partof thehill, ofwhich

building complexes

small parts were previously known. The aim was a better of the settlement of changes in the organization via 4-2A, particular complexes during phases

understanding and in these

and complex A, which the 2 new buildings excavated between 1985 and 1998 (this completely of more than 15 rooms and covers an area of some

comparison was almost consists 230m2).

A

between

further aim

of

was

this excavation

better

under

standingof the transitionto theEIA throughthe location of stratified

assemblages or completely absent previous

of phases 3, 2B and 2A, which are rare from complex A and the other areas of the

excavations.

stone foundations which are parts of well-built Non-joining with fill containing Ar and Cl pottery, domestic associated link to material and animal bone, although with no secure were in the surface floor levels, partially uncovered particular level. This

appears

to be the abandonment

and destruction

layer

of 2 or 3 houses which were built during the2ndhalfof the6th Ct and into theM5th Ct. An irregularlyshaped pit (maximum

intended to hold material di. 5m, d. 1.5m), which was perhaps tomake brick for later houses, destroyed older walls with which

and fills back to theend of theLBA in theSE partof building B. Itcontainsbuildingmaterial and potteryof theend of the5l and

the E4th Cts.

The walls of theAr and Cl periods sit directlyon, or have

the walls destroyed, and E, complexes complexes

partially

and fills of which

the later phases of are bounded on 3 sides

by roadswhich divide themfromeach otherand fromtheother (Fig. 91). The building buildings located to the S and techniques,

and

the

extent

and

of spatial organization 11 rooms or spaces, respec

and E (to date, 7 and complexes show similarities tively, have been excavated),

with

complex

A.

Successive rebuilding,floorsand stratifiedfillsof theend of the LBA and beginning of the EIA have been located in both complexes

(phases

92. Thessaloniki,

2A-4A).

Toumba:

grave

offerings

from the pithos

burial

The

fills associated

with the latest construction phase of the are disturbed. of complex However the floors in rooms B7-B9 are preserved (ca. 2.15-2.20m */.),as well as part

foundations

of the fillof the immediatelypreceding phase,which is linked to the first appearance

of several

EPGeo

closed

vessels

and

skyphoi decorated with concentric circles (phase 2A), the stone and and the debris of tools, large pithos stood in situ in room B9 and room traces of constructions for heating. Remains of were less well preserved in rooms B2-B4, which

of

presence

bone

A

stoneworking. B7 contained

this period had previously

been

partially

excavated.

A floor of the immediatelypreceding phase (2B) with L wheelmade

LHIIIC

in rooms

guished

B2/3

can be easily pottery, which was of the older excavations,

distin

traced

only in area B9. This is due to the fact that in the course of phase 3, the NW part of the building complex (B9) was demolished and reused only in the 2nd half of phase 2B of use are found

(traces phase

at a d. of

at a d. of ca.

3 (floors

ca. 2.5m). Notable have so far been 3.3m)

fills of

located

only in theS part of thebuilding (B4), where 2 very regular shallow pits probably indicate the existence of 2 more next

baskets 1990

to one of which

excavation, 4. phase

from

traces were clearly visible in the a remained in position plus pithos which A notable murex of fragmentary quantity

shells,which must be linked to theproduction of purple dye in B2/3,

the picture from the older excavations of complete a see R. For study of this dye production, S. Andreou and K. Kotsakis, 'Small scale Veropoulidou, in the Bronze Age of Northern Greece: purple-dye production 3.

phase

The

evidence

and

L.

Sobre Actas

from

the Thessaloniki in C. Afrano Toumba', Textiles Vestidlos, y Tintes. Estudios (eds), en la Antig?edad. la Producci?n de Bienes de Consume Karali

del

II Symposium

Internacional

Sobre

Textiles

y Tintes

delMediterraneo en elMundo Antiguo (Atenas, 24 al 26 de Noviembre, 2005) (Valencia, Universit?t de Val?ncia 2008), 171-80.

ii area B9.

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 A largepithos lay exactlybelow the laterone inB9, while in theW part of B7, a layerwas locatedwith largepithos sherds

and red clay. Large pithos sherds went partially under the skeleton had

been

carefully

and red clay also covered and of an adolescent male which face down,

extended,

placed,

and with

the

armsby the sides, partially in theopening in the wall of the room and partially

in the road outside.

a whetstone

shell,

spondylus

The

inside a pithos, was

perhaps placed

and

2 LBA

deceased,

who

was

accompanied by a handmade

vessels

(Fig. 92), while a bronze knifewhich was foundslightlyfurther inside

the room could

also belong

to the same

The

assemblage.

burialwas probably placed here and coveredwith clay at the end of phase 3 or at some point in phase 2B, in thecourse of seems to have been unused. which the part of building Excavation continueddown furtherintothefillsof phase 4 only in the unexcavated

of

parts

rooms

and

B2/3

B4.

To

the

significantnumber of pithoi located in rooms Bl and B2/3, shouldbe added onemore inB2/3 and one inB4. Only fills of phases 3 and 4 were preserved in building complex E, since themore recentlevels had been destroyedby Ar and Cl construction.The fills and floor of phase 3, with were themselvespartiallydisturbedbymore LHIIIC M pottery, recent building activity,while it is likely that part of the complex was in E8, while

metallurgical

abandoned

quantities crucible

in phase 2B. There was a bin or basket of fragmentary murex shells, part of a and traces of burning in room E3 are

associated with theproductionof purple dye and with metal

inside the complex, similar to those activities located working in other buildings. See M. Vavelidis and S. Andreou, 'Gold and in Late Bronze northern Greece', gold working Age

Naturwissenschaften 95 (2008), 361-66.

The beginning of

3 and phase 4A are characterized intense by particularly activity, with many and frequent relaying of floors. To phase 4 a structure made of stone slabs with a flat top which belongs phase

may be linked to food production(B9) and an oven (B7) which in use into phase 3 and is associated with a thick In of ash rich in remains. archaeobotanical the E part of layer the complex, which had been partially excavated previously,

continued

there is a strikingpresence of storage spaces with quite large pithoi in situ. From thisview, building complexes E and reinforce

the picture

of centralized,

large-scale

storage which

is

plain in building complexA in phase 4, but which stands in contrast and 2A

Nomos

to the small-scale

and dispersed storage in the 2 recently excavated complexes.

of phases

3,2B

of Chalkidike

Publication:

Olynth.

C.

Ausgrabungen

and

H.

Das Kroll, in der Toumba Agios

EASTERN MACEDONIA

Pr?historische Mamas

1994?

withMOUNT ATHOS

/.A human

an area of ferrous

skeleton

here

discovered

: P. Malama

a

K.

and

a

e

Darakis,

a

e

e

a

a e Institute for

(Thessaloniki, 18th EPCA/Archaeological Macedonia andThrace 2008). of Drama

Nomos

(18thEPCA: 12thEBA) Piges touAngiti, Cave. K. Trantalidou (EPSNE), V. Skaraki (2ndEPCA) and E. Kara (1stEPCA) publish (AAA 39 [2006], 107-38) thepotteryassemblage fromthe interiorof thiscave. The site lies at the source of the riverAngitis (theW tributary of theStrymonriver), in theS foothillsofMt Falakrou, 25km

W

and at an elevation

of Drama

horizontal,

of 129m.

karst formation,

gallery-like

cave

The

is an almost

at 9-12km

estimated

/.,

which widens occasionally into chambers and through which the river Angitis

flows.

Traces

of sporadic

human

occupation

have been located in the firstchamber, throughwhich the

is entered: 2 small steps were cut in the SE area. The complex PH fill covered an area of ca. 100m2, to an average d. of 0.3m. Four round hearths, located on 2 small level areas and bounded with

unworked

limestone

blocks,

were

foci of human

activity.

Small pits for ash and rubbishwere associatedwith them. In

an undecorated 9 terracotta weights, total, 3,456 sherds, miniature 757 animal bones of domesticated and wild vessel, of species, 4 tools and items of shell ornament, and a necklace teeth were

wild-boar

found. The pottery ismostly monochrome smoothed and incised surface (with burnished, treatment), thick-walled and made of local clay. Mostly household shapes are represented: wares the monochrome into shallow divide

open (35.7%), deep open (4.5%), open storage shapes (47.6%) and closed vessels (9.2%). Only ca. 1% of thepotterybears linear decoration

painted,

a handle

(3 rims of open vessels,

of a

closed shape and 23 body sherdsof open and closed shapes).

One

wide

of an open vessel was found. light-on-dark ware show influences from a shapes and painted decoration the plain of area, from the Danube, Thrace, Aegean

sherd

Ceramic

Drama, theStrymonvalley and as far as E Thessaly. Pottery seasonal

occupation

from the LNeo/FNeo-EH

period.

of Kavala

Krinides. Apogevmatini (04/07/08) cites a report by T. Salonikios (18thEPCA) of thediscovery, in the course of the of an extension

construction

to the water

supply network

to the

village of Krinides, of 5 unlooted Rom tombs,plus funerary

monuments

which

had

been

opened

some

and

Byz

artefacts.

The tombsare cist graveswith tilecovers. The site lies close to anc. Philippoi: themod. village ofKrinides isbuilt over theanc. Dikili Tash.

P. Darcque (EfA/CNRS) and Ch. Koukouli Chrysanthaki (ASA) report on the first season of a 3rd

of Serres

Mt Menoikio. Ethnos (25/10/08)reportsthechance discovery by cavers of rockart in theentranceof a cave in thearea ofNea the village of Anastasia. This horizontal outside cave, Zichne, ca. 0.4-0.5m the after the first 350m. Within h., was flooded a network

inside

150m

city of the same name.

(28thEPCA: 12thEBA)

cave was

the cave was

500m

(18thEPCA: 12thEBA)

(Olynthos) Becker

ca.

to the Civil War.

date

Publication

Nomos

1996. Ern?hrung und RohstoffnutzungimWandel (Rahden, Leidorf 2008).

Nomos

may

Ca.

extraction

indicates

(16thEPCA: 10thEBA) Agios Mamas

recent decades. metal

63

of water

courses

in use

from antiquity

until

programme

of collaborative

excavation,

which

aims

to bring

of thebirthof the togetherinformation enabling reconstruction tell in theNeo period and itsevolution intomod. times.During this first campaign, findings could

new

research was

be

obtained

questions posed (Fig. 93).

confined

to answer

to 3 sectors where the main

research

64

CATHERINEMORGAN

At the foot of the S slope of the tell, a firstintervention aimed to trace thepossible limitof thePH settlement.Under thehillwash, stones appeared in theS part of the trench, mixed with LNeo and EBA sherdsand bones: these lookmore like a mass

of fallen

discovered

rocks

than a continuation

the 2nd programme

during

of of

the weathering excavation. It is

possible thatthepreserved limitsof the tell lie here. Part of a Neo vase decoratedwith an applied anthropomorphicfigure was discovered in thissector (Fig. 94). In sector 6, itwas

hoped

to reveal

the continuation

1 (LNeo II) as well as levels of the LNeo-EBA Apart

from the unexpected

discovery

of a silver

of house

transition.

tetradrachm

expected,

covered

by a thick destruction

layer, recog

nizable from thecolour of theburntdaub. This lay under the EBA levelwhich produced a hearthas well as silos, thewalls ofwhich were coveredwith a white coating. In theSW of the excavated

area,

lying on

a hearth, was

an

intact, two-headed

zoomorphicfigurine,ca. 0.2m /.(Fig. 95). The typeis rareboth at Dikili Tash and in theAegean world in general, and the discovery

of such an item in situ is exceptional.

93. Dikili Tash: siteplan locatingareas 2, 6 and 7.

In sector 7, close to the top of the tell, themain objective to explore the possible in this area. But

discovered

excavation

in sector 7 exposed

successor

to a LBA

house

before

this house, reaching a sequence of occupation levels

of thisperiodwhich produced abundantfinds: several bronze objects, includingthecomplete blade of a small dagger, and a of a cupwith painteddecoration imitatingaMyc type fragment (thefirstdiscovered atDikili Tash). LBA occupationwas thus not a shortepisode in the lifeof thePH settlement,but had several

cance

phases, lending it a rather different than hitherto recognized.

historical

signifi

of

Alexander III (struck in the royalmint ofAmphipolis between 315-294 BC), the continuationof house 1 appeared in the location

was

Publication:

H. Koukouli-Chryssanthaki, de

Tash, Village pr?historique Recherches Franco-Hell?niques

R. Treuil Mac?doine dirig?es

par

et al., Dikili orientale. la

Soci?t?

Arch?ologique dAth?nes et Ecole fran?aise dAth?nes (1986-2001) (Athens,ASA 2008). Philippoi. E. Gounari publishes (Egnatia 12 [2008], 87-123) a study of the mosaic

pavements

which date to the3rdCt AD.

from the Circus Mosaic

Insula,


65

95. Dikili Tash: LNeo II 2-headed zoomorphic figurine,found on a hearth.

a large built successively during the last phase of occupation: vat of uncertain function was largely covered by a large oven which was relatively well preserved. domestic The most

work was

important part of the season's

conducted

in the wing (Fig. 97). Beyond thecorner room, the wing is

94. Dikili Tash: LNeo sherd with anthropomorphicplastic decoration

(LNeo).

of

formed

a

row

of

rooms

4

of

sizes

different

emblema had at the centre a mosaic by two diagonals, in front of the included, lost; all round, a large border corner a doormat The of wine-coloured entrance, pebbles.

crossed now

9.3m) as

room (21) is exceptional as much for itssize (6.3m

for the richness

Mount

Athos

had a yellow

Dimitrios ofVatopedi (the katholikonof themonasteryofAg. a building sequencewhich DimitriosChalkeos), reconstructing Ct AD. dates back to thefirsthalf of the 11th

abandonment.

of the kyriako

and decoration

of the skete of Ag.

of theArtemision. A. Muller (EfA/Lille3), E Blond? (EfA/CNRS) and S. Dadaki (12th EBA) report on an conducted

in collaboration

with

the

explored

on

an

extensive

in stages

since

surface

treatment.

remains

of

of of the site after a long period reoccupation an Ot In the area of room 20, there was of consisting perhaps a lime-burning establishment,

workshop, a pit and two summarily

built kilns.

The

these

level containing

kilns held plentiful evidence for the existence of a potter's include

discoveries

notable

a

from

the

of

an

fragment

acroteriondepicting a runningpeplophoros, found in 1983 in the S area, a Hel

female

head and, especially,

a Rom

relief (1.1m

/*.),the iconographyofwhich is heroic incharacter(Fig. 98).

12th

EPCA and theUniversityofAthens. Excavation EBA, the 18th focused

paved with mosaic

For the firsttime in this sector itwas possible to identify

residence,

Area

season

part was

theW

in the area, also of the Ot period. workshop to the many members In addition architectural

THASOS (18thEPCA: 12thEBA)

excavation

of its decor:

andwithmarble slabs at thefootof thewalls, and in theE part of the wall, which it is at leastpossible todetect the treatment

P. Androudis Skete of Agios Dimitrios (Vatopedi). (DeltChAE 39 [2008], 195-206) presents a new studyof the architecture

and

The 2 W rooms are distinguished appearances. by the richness set in of their decor. Room 20 has a pavement of white pebbles Its central decorative red-tinted mortar. area, in opus spicatum

which has been residence EByz this structure suffered severe 1971:

disturbance in ca. 570 and was finally destroyed in 619 or slightlylater(Fig. 96). of theE wing, thefill laiddown justbefore In the triclinium was of this held 2 heaps the final destruction excavated; a The extent in opus signinum. pebble pavement fragments of of the neighbouring only in a narrow courtyard was explored were were used which discovered Two installations strip.

The

macellum.

J.-Y. Marc

study season. identification The

(EfA/Strasbourg)

reports on

the

2008

of a glass by finds

manufacturer's

workshop

in

fragments including numerous The presence of tubes and wasters. of unworked glass, blowing a bronze workshop in room 54 is also confirmed by finds numerous of furnace remains mould wall, fragments, including of of slag; the presence crucible fragments and many pieces room 57 was

confirmed

many forgingslags also indicates that ironworking tookplace here.

66

CATHERINEMORGAN

PCE18 PCE17

4*134?

/ PCE13 8TU107?

STUIwi PCE24

PC?27

96. Thasos: EByz residencefollowing the2008 excavations.

97. Thasos:

W. wing of EByz residencefromthe

? -r


67

and focused on the continued, Study of the wall decoration walls of the Ionic passage, entrance to the i.e. the monumental macellum study

from

A the agora. mechanism

led to the discovery in the court of the hundred

fortunate

of a fountain

A mysterious, block can flagstones. roughly circular marble as be explained from the lower part of a marble coming thanks to comparison with identical from blocks labrum,

in the Museum of the Imperial Fora. The Rome, displayed set over basin was in the court of the hundred the well flagstones.

THRACE Publication: Zetemata

L.D. Loukopoulou I (Athens, National

and S. Psoma

(eds), Thrakika Research Foundation

Hellenic

2008). Nomos

of Xanthe

(31stEPCA: 15thEBA) Abdera K. Chryssanthaki-Nagle, L'Histoire mon?taire en Thrace Ile s. ap. J.-C.) (Athens, (Vie s. av. J.-C. Hellenic Research Foundation 2007).

Publication: d'Abd?re National

Nomos

of Rhodope

EBA) (19thEPCA: 15th Maroneia S. Psoma, C. Karadima and D. Terzopoulou, The a and the Classical from Maroneia City at Molyvoti: to theHistory Contribution Thrace (Athens, National ofAegean Hellenic Research Foundation 2008). Publication:

Coins

Glyfada, Mesi. To Vima, Imerisia,Eleftherotypia(12/12/08) and Ethnos (13/12/08) report,on the basis of a Ministry of Culture press release (11/12/08), a discovery by G. Koutsouflakis (EMA) who, together with thediversA. and I. undertook

Kouvela,

a preliminary

survey of a site off the coast

of thevillage ofGlyfada,Mesi, which had been reportedto the

Service Archaeological by a local resident. tools was bronze located and subsequently from the coast than

greater

A

retrieved

450m

and at a d. of 3.5m, concentrated in an area no and ten tools had been One hundred 10m2.

identifiedat the time of writing,with more remaining to be

different

Nomos

sizes.

The of lath-hammers and single presence as as well is attested in smaller numbers, of tools of unidentified the tools, sunk type. Below

axes

fragments down into the sea

the tomb was

the existence

debris

evidence settlement

at present remains nearby.

The

details

nor are

there

of the context

combine

to indicate that the hoard was most probably deliberately

concealed addition

in a coastal

to providing

location which information

was

about

then on dry land.

metalworking

In

styles

and techniques in theS Balkans during theEBA, thisdiscovery also promises to shed lighton thephysical developmentof this area of coast.

surface

remains

(pottery,

stone

tools and

Samothrace

Sanctuary of the Great Gods. York)

reports on the 2008

season

J.McCredie (ASCSA/New

of study and conservation.

In addition toongoing projects previously reported(see AR 54 [2007-2008], 87), a digital survey of the sanctuarywas document

is no

of Neo

of tool manufacture).

far found

There

chamber tomb containing many vases. 2.45m, with a h. of 2.3m. The date of not confirmed at the time of the report.

collapsed is 1.7m

Potamos. S. Kiotsekoglou (Thrace) notes (Pyrsos [25/03/08])

begun. western

or the neighbouring Balkans. to link it with a shipwreck

relief.

Itea. Ethnos (20/12/08)reportsthediscoveryduringploughing

of a partially The chamber

2 bases of EH vessels, which bed, were the hoard: mat impressions were also found probably contained in a mass of bronze. This is the largest EH hoard of tools so in Greece

hero

of Evros

of EBA

hoard

are from the mass inwhich disengaged they were found. These a type of almost tools, especially exclusively percussion axe with 2 percussion occurs double surfaces which in 3 bladed

Rom

98. Thasos:

A

reconstruction

hill was

Publication:

also

the associated

of

the Milesian

Dedication

begun, alongside continuing architectural blocks.

N. Dimitrova,

Theoroi

and Initiates

on

the

work

to

in Samothrace.

The Epigraphical Evidence (Athens,ASCSA 2008).

CATHERINEMORGAN

68

ISLANDS OF THE NORTHEAST (20thEPCA: 14thEBA)

A furthertrenchwas opened in theE part of theHouse of

AEGEAN

In the north the Columns, in order to expose the structure. ernmost part of the trench, the SE corner of a room appeared,

Lemnos

Hephaestia. E. Greco (Director,SAIA) reportson continuing excavation on theLazaridis plot, S of the Isthmuswall, in the vicinityof thefuneraryenclosure (Fig. 99). A

rectangular

strip was

the long side

excavated,

of which

was perpendicular to theboundarywall. The edge of the trenchis defined by the exteriorwall of a LRom house, the wall. There were 2 walls ofwhich obliteratedthefortification phases

of monumental

construction.

The

later is represented

by

a short section of the foundationof a largewall; the earlier consists of a building complex, the so-called Lazaridis building, uncovered in 2005. Investigationin 2008 served to W side of thebuilding. clarifyseveral structuralaspects of the Besides thediscovery of thecomplete partitionwall between room and the already known floor of C was traced. A collapse

a new

deposit

adjoining related

room C, the to the support

structureof the room provides potteryfrom theL6th and E5th Cts BC. In addition, trench6 was extended to theE: thistrench was opened in 2006 in one of theByz roomsbuiltwithin the 'late'

curtain wall.

the house.

Work

has now

reached

theW

boundary

of

the thresholdofwhich was preserved on theE side. The Ar

ran immediately area between the Ar

wall SE

corner

on the to the S. focused Investigation and Mate' walls, where in the E part the was of the House of the Columns At a exposed.

considerable depth in thecentralpart of the trencha level of was

collapse

investigated,

and

terrain.

Investigation

in area

two

final

layers

recognized

toS, following the slope of the

which slope markedly from 18 was

aimed

at the chronological

and

stratigraphicalunderstandingof thewall on the summit of Hephaestia, along the promontorySE of the peninsula of Palaiopolis, inparticularat thepointwhere theNE tower is set against

the defensive

circuit.

Excavation

in area 26

(the

Alteras

plot)was completed (Fig. 100). It proved possible to identify4 phases of occupation: settlementdating back to the 7thCt BC, urbanizationof the district in the 5l -4th Ct BC, constructionof a house with a centralcourtyardin the4thCt BC and a final renovationin the 6thCt AD.

Restoration

was

completed

of the funerary enclosure

of theend of the4thCt BC, the so-called pyrgos (excavated in 1930), as well as thatof thewall behind thismonument.


100. Hephaestia:

area 26

(Alteras

property).

Publication: E. Greco and E. Papi (eds), Hephaestia 2000

2006.

Ricerche

Atene

e scavi

in collaborazione

della

con

Italiana

Scuola

Archeologica di Archeologia il Dipartimento

Lesbos

di e

Storia delle Arti dell'Universit? di Siena (Paestum/Athens, Pandemos 2008).

(Mytilene,

Antissa, Methymna, and Ag. Phokas), architecture.

Eressos, Pyrrha [Tsamour], reference to their submerged

Kalo with

Limani particular

At Methymna, part of theharbourmole of the4thCt BC is

in excellent condition: preserved of the anc. and mod. orientations

its line reveals

harbours.

The

the different

remains

of the

at Eressos, which lie in the area of the mod. fishery, to the other harbours of the small architectural differences

harbour

Lesbos Harbours

69

of Lesbos.

A Ministry

of Culture

press

release

(12/12/08) reportsa 2nd season of work by a team underTh. Theodoulou (EMA) tomap and photograph the harbours of

show

island,which may be chronologicallysignificant.At thefishery

at Ag.

Phokas,

near anc. Vrissa,

plans were made

of the face of

CATHERINEMORGAN

70

in situ for a /.of 25m on the which is preserved In the region of this harbour, the inner face of the breakwater. of enriches our understanding discovery of many constructions are of this The results this relatively unknown survey region.

of the Cyclades

the waterfront

Nomos

includedon thewebsite of theNational Technical Universityof

Kythnos Mandraki.

at http://www.limenoscope.

Athens

ntua.gr.

pottery,

reports on continuing work in the castle of Mytilene. of for the publication study focused on preparation and figurines.

lamps

on Rom

Work

(J.

pottery groups

Hayes) includedexaminationofmaterial fromthe 1960-1961 Nikomedia Street excavations (directed by S. Charitonides), which includes the latestformsof ?andarli ware (E4thCt AD) of which

hundreds

Canadian

excavations

were of examples of 1986-1990.

also

found

in the Gr

on Aeolic

Work

grey new

Excavation

under

Loupou

terrace of the castle

under

remains

of an

Ct Ot building,perhaps a house,which had been destroyed 18th in thegreat earthquakeof February 1867. The Ot structurelay under a completely rebuiltOt building of the later 19thCt.

Coins

a second indicate the date. Nearby, a possible road and a mass of kitchen debris which included glassware, the same earthquake, of the 1870s

uncovered

of a 2nd season directed

Kourkoumellis statue wearing is 1.2m h. and

by A.

(EMA). a corselet

of underwater Mazarakis The was

is preserved

excavation

torso of a

(Fig. 101). The torso to the neck; the left In addition, a bearded

from the knees

arm only survives, holding a himation. head was found (0.36m h. and 0.3m

whether

it is part of the same

w.)\ it is as yet unclear statue as the torso. These pieces

W extensionof had been reusedas buildingmaterialwithin the the harbourwall (parallel to the coastline) which would, in

from the bastion

of the wall

1.2m 0.4m). triangular profile came Rom and other amphorae

weights and a tinygold bead.

was

From vessels,

lifted (this has a breakwater

the anc. plus

trench

buried

after plates, culture of for the material cups, cutlery, etc., useful evidence There was also at least one undisturbed M 19th Ct Ot Mytilene. context (to judge from the pottery recovered). Augustan

Chios (20thEPCA: 3rdEBA) Apogevmatini (04/08/08) cites a Ministry of Culture press on

release

(01/08/08) emerita, (Director

a

led by K. Preka-Alexandri survey with the American in collaboration

EMA),

Woods Hole (led by B. Foley), which Oc?anographie Institute, documented and photographed 10 shipwreck sites on theNE and Oinoussa

of Chios

coastline

which,

on an initial estimation,

date fromEC1 toByz times,with one possible Med site. Four sites are new

of these wreck into the DNA

Research

discoveries.

continued

in the recovered

contained

the substances

of

amphorae.

CYCLADES Publications:

and SAMOS and S.B.

L.G. Mendoni

in the Cyclades Foundation 2008).

Roman

Zoumbaki,

Hellenic

(Athens, National

Names

Research

and A. Giannikouri C. Papageorgiadou-Banis (eds), on the Economy and Trade in the Aegean. Readings Foundation Research Hellenic National (Athens,

Sailing Routes 2008).

Publications of new primarydata from theCyclades and the

are numismatic, Dodecanese, especially of synthetic essays of wide general collection

Nomos

included

in

a

interest.

of Samos

(21stEPCA: 3rdEBA)

0 20cm

Samos Publication:

N.

zweiten D?pteros

Hellner

Samos

von Samos

XXVI.

(Bonn,

Die

Habelt

S?ulenbasen 2009).

in the anc.

and D. (Thessaly) life-sized Rom male

Ainian

discovered

male

crown-block

(Director,

revealed a much disturbed probable Med Ch

on the central

cemetery

of A.-C.

the direction

harbour

on dry land. They were found at a d. of antiquity, have been In addition, 4 marble stelae (ca. lm /.) have been located, 2.5m. that the head relates to one of these. A stone and it is possible

continued: nearly 2 dozen (V. Lungu and R Dupont) from the 5th Ct forms of grey finewares have been discovered little known elsewhere. BC levels, a period

wares

14thEBA)

Ta Nea, To Vima andKathimerini (03/10/08)report (developing a Ministry of Culture press release, 02/10/08) the

results

Mytilene (anc. city). H. Williams (Canadian Institute/British Columbia) Museum

(21stEPCA: 2ndEBA)

des 101. Kythnos:

Rom

statue from the anc. harbour.

lead

fishing


102. Delos,

Heraion:

Syros Chalandriani.

M.

2006

of 2002,

excavations

Marinari

and 2008.

of the largestquadrangular tripodbase known at Delos (the

21st EPCA)

(Director,

reports

(Ergon [2008], 87-92) on continuingexcavation on thehill of Kastri (plan: AR 53 [2006-2007], 83), in theSE part of the I 6-7 and wall upper crescent-shaped 6). The d. of (squares to the profile of the the fill varied from 0.1-0.9m, according finds were many and varied, but mostly sherds and bedrock: tools for day-to-day of various bowls

Pottery included tablewares, or conical cups with mat

types, the base, 2-handled vessels for the storage

on

impressions cups.

activities.

Larger

beakers and

i.e.

leaf

and

bell-shaped transport of foodstuffs

include kadoi, small pithoi and largerones with plastic or with

incised

incised

on

decoration

decoration, amphorae A third with cylindrical necks. and large prochoes the basin of vessel is cooking category equipment, chiefly shaped hearths which were built directly into the ground. Other

shapes represented with burnished, impressed or incised Imported vessels from Siphnos, Melos communication found, confirming In addition between the islands. obsidian

blades

and

unworked

small

kernoi,

decoration, and Thera

kraters

and pyxides. to be continue

and

trading connections to pottery, finds include stone of obsidian, pieces

grinders and rubbers, and a small spool-shaped bone. Evidence of the diet of the inhabitants

rubber made

of

of the settlement

is provided by shells and ovicaprid bones. The acropolis is to be

shown

dwellings

the site of an organized settlement, with roofed and foodstuffs the necessary equipment

containing

for daily life. Sherds of 2-handled beakers and bell-shaped

cups

were

also

found

in the previous

excavation

campaign

conducted in the 1960s, in the settlementimmediatelybelow the crescent-shaped

wall,

to theL stages of ECycII. decoration, MCyc

which

period,

indicating

had been

are now

seen

that the summit wall

dates

In addition, thepithoiwith incised at the start of the

thought to appear to begin earlier.

as the pillars which sacred way or on the large bases along the Stoa an electromagnetic The second aim was

could

10m h. as well

exceed

The

sanctuary. 8.5ha, will

had 2 main

reconstruction

of

votive monuments

monuments

the pillar-shaped with one or more

which

stood along the of the Naxians.

survey of the cover an area of ca. plans, which and combined with the data from the

zone.

H. Sarian (EfA/ S?o Paolo) reportson the 2008

Heraion.

season

excavation The

most

(Fig.

important

102). results

came

from exploration

of

the

terrace W of theHeraion: herepartsof 2 walls (X andY), which

run parallel

had been discovered N-S, layer containing Geo sherds. Renewed these walls continue S and of theW

in 1964, excavation

along with a revealed that

terrace.

The westernmostwall lies under theper?bolosof temple II, it serves

for which

the SW,

towards

as

its NE

a foundation. angle

has been

Although recovered.

it disappears Wall Y is at

a significantly greater depth, in the Geo layer noted above. At an angle and continues to the E. both the S and N, itmakes

Wall Y was very likelytheper?bolos forthefirststageof temple I. The associated layer is full of sherds, includingLGeo of this period have already been recovered fragments. Vessels from the sanctuary's votive deposit. The earliest level in the sanctuary, until recently dated to 700 BC, should therefore be

set back to theLGeo period (750-725 BC). Aphrodision

C. Durvye (EfA) reports on

of Stesileos.

undertaken

Excavation

of the smaller

be

the Hel

to clarify

the chronology

the E wall

of the temple and the corner date for the temple.

and

articula

tionof buildingswithin thiscomplex.

Sanctuary ofApollo. R. Etienne (EfA/Paris 1) reportsthat,in addition tocontinuedcataloguingof strayblocks,work in2008 objectives. work Architectural study encompassed and the evolution the Apollo sanctuary

resulting

can

be compared in 2007 to trace the anc. coring and resistivity survey conducted shoreline. The result will be a 3-D reconstruction of the coastal

excavation

Delos

restoration

of which remains unknown). This position as a new conception of the sanctuary during categorized number of votive columns period, with a substantial original

the

handles

in sherd form include

71

on of

of the periboloi sacred space,

in the sanctuary, a new base GD 14, research on columns

and

restoration

between

2 provides

of oikos

the first archaeological

This confirmsthehypothesisthatthe templewas built tohouse the statue dedicated by Stesileos, which firstappears in the accounts

of the Hieropes

Excavation

within

in 304 BC.

the ramp between

oikoi

2 and 3 showed

that the bedrock was high at thispoint, thus explaining the

difference temple

in level between

court,

separated

the E part of the sanctuary and the rock ridge. evidence Ceramic

by a

CATHERINEMORGAN

72

indicatesthatall of thefills revealed in thistrenchare laterthan 150 BC. The fillswhich formeda ramp infrontof thedoorway of oikos 2 covered a ditch runningunderwall 21 inwhich were found 93 fragmentsof terracottafigurines (draped, body bases

fish,

fragments,

with

moulded

decoration

and

one

fragmentof a plaque depicting a seated female inbas relief). Potteryfromthisditchdates thefill to theHel period. A sondage inside oikos 4 revealed that the fills which supportedthe floorof theoikos (which post-date 150 BC) rest on traces of previous occupation with, in particular, a 3rd Ct BC on a older which goes back to still sequence sequence resting

the6thCt BC. The division of space was different during the

oldest

were

3 walls

phase:

discovered

within

the sondage.

Cleaning was undertaken in oikos 5 before the layingof to support the stray blocks of the temple. A paving horizon was distin and abandonment destruction

concrete jumbled

in irregular covered, guished which these floors was abundant material,

the 3 floors.

fashion,

On

including storage vessels, lamps, which will sustain a

pottery and equipment, study of the furnishing of a room probably

cooking general

used

as a

hestiatorionat theend of the2ndCt BC. of

'Chapel'

J.-C.

Dionysos.

Moretti

and

M.

on each

for the restoration

infamous

Fincker

side of a base

a phallus. of the physical remains and Examination bearing lead to its identifi with the monument inscriptions associated as an altar of a type derived from the altar in antis. This to Dionysos of independence in the first decades

cation was

traces of colour

dedicated

(more precisely,ca. 280 BC) (Fig. 103).

are preserved;

and

shops

bread

selling

andwine, includinga bakery inwhich theoven and thebase of a mill of Santorini lava were preserved. Slightly furtheron

were

found

a medallion

earrings,

gold

and

necklaces

dating

fromtheE 1stCt BC, productsof a local goldsmith.A rarefind for this period is an engraved gold bead bearing theword 'eirene'.

perfumed

to the palaistra, was area bore evidence

close

Opposite, oil. The

entire

a shop selling the 2 cata

of

strophicfires attested in69 and 88 BC. On theTerrace of the Lions were founda largequantityofHel pottery,2 deposits of cooking vessels, as well as sherds of older Cor and a purple-dyer's shop. V. Chankowski, sur Recherches

Publication: classique.

Ath?nes

and Cyc

et D?los

l'administration

? du

vessels,

l'?poque sanctuaire

d'Apollon d?lien (Athens,EfA 2008). Keros Kavos-Dhaskalio. reports on

(EfA/CNRS) report on a study of the erroneously-termed 'Chapel' of Dionysos (cat. 81 in the Guide de D?los), a

monument

well-preserved copy of theAphrodite Ourania of Pheidias on

which

C.

Renfrew

the 3rd and final

season

(Chairman, BSA/Cambridge) at Kavos of excavation and

on the neighbouring isletof Dhaskalio (AR 53 [2006-2007], 86-89; AR 54 [2007-2008], 90-93). Kavos:

on the Special

work

with

the stratigraphie The excavation baulks.

study of 3

South was Deposit and removal of a

completed, number of

4m 4m squares outlying of the deposit had been reached. A sample of 20% of all excavated soil was again water sieved, the absence of human remains or workshop further confirming debris. that the extremities

confirmed

S,

Immediately

in the small

caves

and

cavities

below

the

A again yielded traces Special Deposit South, thearea of trench

of human

bone.

Excavation

in the Middle

between

Area,

the

Special Deposits South andNorth, revealed some simplewalls of

local metamorphosed cultural material.

but very to earlier

limestone, Contrary

nying

little accompa indications,

no

evidence for ECyc settlementwas discovered in theMiddle of the Kavos

Area

catalogue

site.

survey of the islet was all visible surface

Dhaskalio: of

a

completed, along with on Dhaskalio features

(numbering146) and atKavos (42) (Figs 104, 105). This was aided by ground-controlled helicopter photography (Department

of Rural

Survey

and

Aristotelian

Engineering,

University,Thessaloniki), and kite and pole photography(C.

Photomosaic for both Dhaskalio coverage Gaston). was and on this basis orthophotographic achieved,

and Kavos

coverage

(and a digital terrain model) at a scale of 1:500 will soon be

Altar

103. Delos:

of Dionysos

available.

from the SW.

was

Atlas ofDelos. J.-C.Moretti (EfA/CNRS) et al. reportthatthe 2008

season

mentary drawing

was to the preparation of comple largely devoted to the general The final profile information plan. was made, in and the plans, profiles and plates made years

previous

Fieldwork

checked.

for

the project

is now

complete. Street

of

the Lions.

To

Vinta,

Ta Nea

Apogevmatini

and

the Street

of the Lions.

(18/03/09) report the resultsof excavation conducted by P. Hatzidakis (21st EPCA) as part of a cleaning operation to remove

old

excavation

Hel manufacturing

spoil along and commercial

quarter was

discovered

remains

of metal

of paints,

focused

16m

on the summit

/. and

area where

running N-S

along

the

spineof thesummit,was unearthed(Fig. 106). This is themost substantialbuilding yet found in an ECyc settlement.A hoard

of 3 copper

or bronze

axes was

found

in a small

room at the S

end (Fig. 107): a solid flat axe or chisel, 0.222m /. and weighing 35 lg; an axe-adze, 0.196m /.andweighing 637g; and a shaft-holeaxe, 0.101m /.andweighing 139g. ImmediatelyS of thismain building on the summitwas a roughlycircular enclosure,

di. 2.4m, with

limestone

beach

an opening

to the S.

During

its later

use, thiswas the locus of deposition ofmore than300 rounded beach

on

Ano

a painter's with workshop, figurines; and fragments of figures, including a

palettes

Excavation completed. a substantial structure, ca.

A

the E side of the street. This included a workshop for the

manufacture

Investigationof themassive terracewall identifiedin2007

at Dhaskalio Kouphonisi.

These did not come from the nearby pebbles. from but were probably collected Kavos,

Study of thepottery indicates thatsettlementat Dhaskalio and thebeginningof deposition in theSpecial Deposit South should both be dated to the early phase of theKeros-Syros


50m

104. Dhaskalio: surveyplan.

74

CATHERINEMORGAN

105. Dhaskalio: detail of surveyplan.

culture.

the results

Pending

of C14

analysis,

the chronology

established at Markiani on Amorgos places this phase (Dhaskalio phase A) at ca. 2800-2500 BC. The buildings on the summitwere begun during this phase and reconstructed duringphase B, which, on thebasis of importsof theso-called 'Kastri Group',

dates

to ca. 2500-2200

BC.

The

later use

and

abandonmentof thesebuildings falls inphase C, which, on the basis of importswhich include sherds of the Phylakopi I culture,dates late in theECyc, provisionally ca. 2200-2000/ 1900 BC. The

settlement

at Dhaskalio

is currently

the largest known

fromtheECyc period at ca. 7,000m2. Ithoused awide rangeof activities,includingtheproductionof obsidian tools (studiedby

T. Carter

and M. Milic).

Examination

of the ground-stone

tools

(Y. Rowan) indicatesa ratherrestrictedrange. Figurine finds includeseveralmarble examples (and perhapsone lead) ofwhat may now be considered theDhaskalio varietyof theschematic figurinesof theKeros-Syros period. These are of fine white marble,

and

in some

cases

are complete.

Yet,

so far, Dhaskalio

has produced no examples of the folded-armfigurines so common (but always broken) in theSpecial Deposit South at

Kavos.

Study continues of metallurgical activity (M. Georgakopoulou), thesources of importedpottery(J.Hilditch) and thesources of themarble for themarble objects found (Y Maniatis with D. Tambakopoulos). The use of the various

ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 structures

is being

examined

via

soil micromorphology

(C.

Frenchwith S. Taylor) and thestudyof phytoliths(L. Zorzos).

of plant remains (E. Margariti) has revealed cereals, Analysis and marine vine and olive: shells is study of animal bones on the human remains from pending. Finally, work continues trench A

bone

on Kavos

on Dhaskalio

and from a deposit (I. Moutafi).

containing

burnt human

Amorgos Arkesini.

Further

at

work

undertakenby theASA

tower

the LCI

75 was

residence

in2007 and 2008 (Ergon [2008], 92

The plan of the structure, and details of its construction the function of rooms, was of revealed, with the clearance extraneous architectural remains and unworked (worked

97). and

numerous

The

blocks).

finds

portable

lamps, household

pottery,

consisted

of mostly iron nails and lead

coins,

equipment,

clamps. A 2nd inscription(notingpreviouslyErgon [2006], 64,

pi. 65) was

of the tower, cut

found SE

into a large unworked

stone: it is a 3rdCt hows inscriptionof at least 15 lineswhich

makes

to the house,

reference

the garden

and

its dependencies.

Thera

Akrotiri. C. Doumas (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 112-18) on a further study season on Work

wall-paintings.

completed. Study intention of the

and

conservation of the continuing the Panel of the Large Spirals was of the MCyc with pottery was concluded, to

proceeding

speedy

publication.

Additionally,potterystudies focused on material frombuilding B,

from

sector

A

and

on

and chemical Petrographical data on pottery to provide

imports analyses

of

the LCyc undertaken

were

technological

period. on the

between

change

the

ECyc andMCyc periods, and for thestudyof the techniquesof

manufacture

use

and

of cooking

vessels

of

so far been

found on some

the ECyc,

MCyc

and LCyc periods. Study continued of themostly inorganic

pigments which local preparation

have

and

use of red and

500

utensils: of

pigments

yellow

lead

oxide (lithargyros)and of white fromcerusite (white lead) or The identification of riebeckite makes it almost hydrocerusite. certain that one of the blue colours which were used in the wall

was on site. The of produced large quantity quartz and pieces of faience paste found at Akrotiri pulverized the probability demonstrate that the many and varied faience found here were products of a local workshop. objects Study

paintings

of theobsidian found in the cuttingsfor the supportsfor the new roof proceeds,

with

some

18,457

pieces

catalogued.

Study

of the osteological material has filled out the picture of the wildlife of PH Thera; a significantproportionof the remains rodents. Phytoliths indicate belong to small animals, especially to the use of papyrus plants of the genus cyperaceae, known in anc. Egypt have been used for the manufacture of rope, baskets

etc.

Publication: C. Doumas, A A a e a 1967-1997. E 19-20 e e ? 1997 (Athens,ASA 2008). W. Friedrich (Aarhus), (Stuttgart),

J. Heinemeier,

a

a

a

.Kromer (Heidelberg),M. Friedrich T. Pfeiffer

(Aarhus)

and S. Talamo

(Heidelberg) report(Science 312:5773 [2006], 548) C14 dating from a tree buried

of olive wood date

range for the Minoan

alive

eruption

in tephra, which gives of Santorini of 1627-1600

a

BC with 95.4% probability. A continuationof thiswork is reported in Ethnos (27/11/2008) and Angeliophoros (3/12/2008).

DODECANESE (22ndEPCA: 4thEBA) Publications: the East

axes

from hoard.

and BC.

at Held Archaeological Symposium 2008 11th-lg* Samos, October Pythagoreion, (Nicosia, A.G. Foundation Leventis 2008).

An 107. Dhaskalio:

V. Karageorghis and O. Kouka (eds), Cyprus Intercultural Contacts from 3000-500

Aegean. International

76

CATHERINEMORGAN

and A. Giannikouri C. Papageorgiadou-Banis (eds), on the Economy in the Aegean. and Trade Readings National Hellenic Research Foundation (Athens,

Sailing Routes 2008).

Publications of new primarydata from theCyclades and the

are Dodecanese, numismatic, especially collection of synthetic essays of wide general

included

a

in

noted

previously

in print.

New

tanks also

traces of other pigments,

contained

from antimonial

discoveries

are noted

Chochlakies (Palaio Chorio). P. Triantaphyllidis(22ndEPCA) reports(AAA39 [2006], 181) on surfaceremainsat thishill site, located ofAionia (NW of Palaio Chorio). On the topof the hill were

the remains

features,

level

terraces

traces of dug of severely damaged walls, and a few plainware sherds of the Hel

and Rom periods. Reuse of thesite, thefact thatthebuildings

below.

have

Anc. Tragaia. P. Triantaphyllidis(22ndEPCA) reports(AAA39 [2006], 181-83; expanded in an account cited in To Vima [20/04/08])his discovery in 2001, and systematicexcavation from 2006,

overlooking

of an EHel-ERom

fortified

the bay of Maistros.

The

at Kastraki, anc. port now

settlement

associated

lies below sea level, adjacent to theE wall of thefortification. The ,E andW sides of thehillwere fortified:an area of ca. 0.5ha

lies within

the walls.

The sitewas fortifiedin theEHel period (L4th-E3rd Ct BC). The walls, which forman orthogonalshape ca.lOOm 30m (h. 1-1.5m, d. as reported post excavation limestone extracted from a local anc. the

construction

technique

are built from

1.8-2m.), quarry.

(pseudo-isodomic

Dating with

rests on smaller

stones plugging gaps) and on finds includingAttic and

silver and bronze coins of Pergamene bg pottery, and many Miletos. The fortified area was arranged in terraces, with traces of excavated

steps evident

at theW

edge of the fortification.

Changes in thebuilding scheme occurredduring the2ndand 1stCts BC, a period of great instabilityin theAegean. A rare find,which may be linkedwith theputtingdown of piracy, is part of a stamped

inscription

or decree

on a terracotta

erected to commemorate the victory. Excavation here possibly to date terracotta continues. Finds include: of figurines ram-bearers, and animals and birds (for example, kourotrophoi, a quantity of metal objects such as a lead cover for a box eagles), and bronze and furniture, fittings for household equipment terracottas. These inscribed sherds and many architectural likely

to the apothetes of a Hel sanctuary (probably a road-side shrine, since the location is close to the city gate). a system of cisterns Further S, outside the fortification, is

belong

towells. A large water cistern, 3.5m d. and probably connected 4m di., cut into the bedrock and lined with waterproof cement, was on terrace of the settlement. the upper investigated for its date, and for that of the settlement, is Important evidence

provided by a deposit containinga largequantityof LHel and household

pottery,

such as amphorae,

beehives,

basins,

cookpots, red-slippedplates and lamps (many of which bear dedicatory inscriptionsto Zeus Lykios on the base). Some 3,000 were

fragmentary vessels locally manufactured

have

found, most of a discovery

been

(the

of which

terracotta

potter'swheel is noted). The significanceof honey production is evident.

the beehives

Residue

at NCSR

is being analysis Democritos.

conducted

on a sample

of

on also produced Excavation Purple dye was Agathonisi. revealed part of a workshop for pigments and dyes, located on the fringes of the settlement. Two tanks were found,

has

connected

to each

other by an overflow

system,

and,

foundations and the thinness only superficial levels which were in heavy away easily washed to destroy most of the anc. remains. combined

of the anc. rain, have

Mikro Damaki (Damakia). P. Triantaphyllidis(22ndEPCA) reports(AAA39 [2006], 183-85) on evidence fora cemeteryon thishill site SE ofMegalo Chorio in theE of the island. An inscribed

XPHCTH

stele of the LHel

funerary

period

reads:

...]HCEIC

On theE side of thevalley, close to the

XAI[PE].

river, is a strong wall

of polygonal

masonry

dating

to the pre

Rom period,with sherds (chieflyplainware) on theE slope. To theS, at thecoastal site ofTsangaris, are ECh building remains

and remains of floors). The cisterns, wells (walls, to the of a basilica also of the ECh period are known on the lower slopes of Mt Kephala, Ioannis beneath N, at Ag. the mod. church of Ag. Ioannis Pr?dromos and Ag. Eirene. remains

Visible

architectural

members

a

include

column,

2 marble

column capitals ofCorinthian typedatable to the5thand 6thCts AD and 3 joiningpieces of amarble inscriptionreadingE A t which is now in thecourtyardof themod. church. S, on the summit

ofMt

Kephala,

are FNeo

sherds.

roof tile

(L2nd-ElstCt BC). This refersto a militaryvictory,possibly in the harbour of Tragaia: e / / e / e

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