Ancient Literary Criticism: The Principal Texts in New Translations

Ancient Literary Criticism

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Ancient Literary CriticisITl Principal Texts in New Translations EDITED BY

D. A. RUSSELL Fellow ofSt. John 's College, Oxford AND

M. WINTERBOTTOM Fellow of Worcester College,

OXFORD UN

SITY PR

S

OxJord University Press, Walton Street, OxJord OX2 6DP O)((ord New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bombay Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan OxJord is a trade mark oJ OxJord University Press Published in the United States by OxJord University Press inc., New York

215, 307, 310; of Cicero, 396; of Seneca, 399 Dirges, 84 Dithyrambs [choral hymns to Dionysus, often extravagant in style], 6, 43, 62, 84> 90-2, 95, 250; preludes of, 147, 149, 159; style of, 122, 141, 156, 188, 190, 195,199; Plato a 'dithyrambist', 310-II Drama, see Comedy, Tragedy Education, see Declamation, Fables, Morality, Music, Myth, Orator, Poetry Elaborate style, 307-8, 310-13 Elegant style, 181, 196-205, 212, 221; etymology played on, 242 Elegy, origin of, 281; Greek, 389; Latin, 394; as branch of eloquence, 438 Emotion (pathos), and poetry, 44> 282, 387,473; and oratory, 145, 170, 216-17, 307, 3II , 317, 319, 404, 408, 412, 414; aids to production of, 179, 482, 484-8, 490,497; and sublimity, 462 n., 467-8, 489, 503; in Livy, 396; pathos as act involving pain (Aristotelian), 105, 10810, II5, 124. See also Character Emulation (zelos), 562. See also Imitation Encomia (also panegyric, praise), poetic, 43, 74> 94> 387; prose, 559; indirect (parepajnos), 75; sophistic, 161, 167, 195,223; Roman, 224, 427-8; panegyric and forensic oratory, 309, 373, 563; and emotion, 468; and history, 537~, 546; panegyric, extended use of in Hermogenes, 575-9; praise in propemptica, 580-2. See also Epideictic Enthymeme (enthumema) ['rhetorical syllogism' or argument from probabilities], 135, 179-80, 193, 412 Epanalepsis [repetition], 207 Epic, as genre, 53, 74, 90, 250, 438; and inspiration, 43; and tragedy, 95-6, II5,

123-5, 131-2; narration in, 62; recitation of, 135-6 (v. Rhapsodes); proems of, 159,283; style of, 141,317; Greek, 6, 388~;Roman, 271, 393. See also Homer Epideictic (also display) speeches, style and parts of, 157~, 161, 163, 165-7; and panegyric, 373; and poetry, 384; and emotion, 468; in Hyperides. 493. See also Encomia Epigrams (sententiae), in poetry, 298-9; in declamation, 353, 358; in middle style, 414; lacking in Fabianus, 36~; in Cicero, 412, 446; in first-century oratory, 4II-12, 444, 452 Epilogue, see Peroration Epiphoneme [culminating epigram or exclamation], 193-4 Epithets, in prose, 138-41, 144-6; and metaphor, 190; in Homer, 555 Erotica, defended, 293--'7,428; in Alcaeus, 389 Euphonious (also beautiful) words, 139, 204-5, 317, 324, 333, 339 Example (paradeigma), 412 Exodos, 105 Expression (/exis, phrasis, elocutio), 61, 136n.; in poetry, 121; in prose, 135 If.; importance of, 374-6; precepts for, 489 If. See also Style Extempore speaking, style of, 155-6; pleasure from, 435; of Cassius Severus, 355-6; false appearance of, 424, 484 Fables, use of in education, 51, 53-4, 3034,510; charm of, 202; in Homer, 301, 542; in prose, 559; in history, 539; in Nicostratus, 577. See also Myth Falsehood (pseudos), uses and abuses of, 56--'7, 60; in Homer, 4, 126, 283, 304, 51 I; in poetry generally, 5-6, 51-2,384, 510-13: in encomia, 537. See also Truth Fear, removed by speech, 7; purged in tragedy, 133. See also Emotion, Pity Figures (schemata, schematismoi), infinite in number, 329; in grand style, 185-7; in middle style, 244, 414; in plain style, 241-2; and charm, 199; in individual authors, 225, 308~, 317-18, 388-9, 394, 408 ; in history, 385, 543; matter for experts, 428; first-century fashion for, 375; 'Longinus' on, 480-9; Hermogenes on, 564 If.

GENERAL INDEX Flowery style (antheron), 413; see a/so 557

(anthos) Forceful style (deinon, deinotes), 175, 181, 188,197, 199,205,212-13; see also 313, 543,546, 561 , 563, 566 Frigidity (a/so bathos: psuchron, psuchrotes), 462 n.; exemplified, 140-1, 464-6, 570; in Aristophanes, 531; frigid style, 194-6 Genres, need to keep separate, 84, 281; rules of, 403. See also Appropriateness, and the individual genres Glosses, see Rare words Grammatici [elementary teachers of literature], 377, 450 Grandeur (megethos, hadrotes, megaloprepeia), 20-3, 507, 557, 561, 566-72, 578; grand style (hadron), 181--94, 205, 213,244-5, 250, 413-14. See also Pomp Greatness of thought, 468. See also Grandeur Harmony, 90-1. See a/so Rhythm Hazard, in oratory (parabola), 245, 429; and sublimity, 491-2 Hexameters, as epic metre, 94, 96, 174; converted into Sotadeans, 206. See also Dactyls, Rhythm (heroic) Hiatus [juxtaposition of vowels], 187-8, 240 ,309 History, meaning of, 102; and poetry, 102, 278, 385, 537, 543; and oratory, 239, 253, 325; in education of orators, 24950, 377, 385; and panegyric, 537, 575, 577--9; malice in, 534-6; style of,S, 543--6; some writers of, 255-6, 391, 395--6, 577--9; the ideal historian, 540-2. See also Myth, Truth Homoeoteleuton [similarity of ending in adjacent clauses], 179, 242 Humour, see Laughter Hymns, 74, 84, 558--9; invention and style of, 579-80. See also Paean H yperbaton [distortion of natural word order], 484-5 Hyperbole, 155, 495+6, 578; comic use of, 196,202,49 6 Hypostrophe [return to subject after parenthesis], 571 Iambus [v -], 286; iambics as genre, 43,

141; in invective, 94-5, 281, 389, 394438; in tragedy, 95, 136, 286; and ordinary speech, 95, 146, 182 Ignorance (hamartia), in tragedy, 106-7 Imaginary second person, 486-7 Imagination, see Visualization Imitation (mimesis, mimemata), true nature of, 66 ff. ; psychological effects of, 69-74; pleasure of, 134; and narrative, 61-2,578; and dancing, 82; and poetry, 62-6, 67--9, 71-4, 90 ff. passim (Aristotle); and art, 552; by sound of words, 335-7; of previous authors, 228, 35960,362,366,374,380,383-4,397,4004,475-6,484,540, 548-50, 562; of life, 288, 513-14., 527; of thought, 553. See also Emulation Immortality, afforded by poetry, 3, 297-8 Impossibilities, sometimes preferable to possibilities, 126. See a/so Laughter Innuendo, 213-15 'Inside' and 'outside' the plot, Ill, 114, 126 Inspiration (also enthusiasm, possession:

hieron pneuma, enthousiasmos, phusis theazousa), and poetry, 2-4, 42-4, 267, 299,439,537; and oratory, 146 n., 319, 477, 49 1, 497; and imitation, 476; of Plato, 392, 408. See also Madness Intellect (dianoia), in tragedy, 97 n. (and passim in ch. 3. A) Interrogation, 168--9 Invective, 94-5, 223-4; indirect (parapsogoi), 75. See also Encomia, Iambus Irony, gentlemanly, 169; Socratic, 226-7; of Hyperides, 493 Isocolon [equality of length of balancing cola, q.v.], 178--9,242. See also Parisosis Jests, 169, 203-4. See a/so Laughter Judge, posterity as, 476, 495, 542, 547. See also Criticism Lament, in tragedy (kommos), 105 Laughter, effectiveness of, 270; undesirable, 59-60, 73; and ugliness, 96; and bathos, 141; and the impossible, 196; and charm, 203; Homeric, 59-60; dramatized by 'Homer', 95; in oratory, 242-3,493; in comedy, 531-3. See also Hyperbole, Jests, Wit

INDEXES Letters, style of, 211-12; in Cicero and Demosthenes, 396; of alphabet, 409 Lexis eiromene [strung-together style], 147 Low words, 334, 381, 490, 499-501 Luxury, stylistic effects of, 360, 364. See also Decline, Morality Lyre, 31, 42, 82, 285 Lyrics, as genre, 6, 53, 74, 281, 317, 438, 493; writers of, 43, 147, 389, 394-5; parody of Euripides', 33-5; lyrical verse (Ode), 303 Madness (mania), of poets, 75,113 n., 287, 291; and sublimity, 468; in Plato, 491. See also Inspiration Magniloquence,s. See also Grandeur 'Male' and 'female' in music and literature, 552-8 Mediocrity and genius, 492-5. See also Nature Me~alepsis [use of one word for another], 555 Metaphor, defined and discussed, 119-20, 258-60, 490-2; misuse of, 141; and simile, 142; in poets, 6, 121-2, 129,325, 551; in oratory, 138-9, 241-4, 250-1, 309, 363-4, 375, 378, 398, 408, 4 14; various effects of, 144-5, 150-6, 18890, 195, 199, 207, 213, 555-6; not needed, 411; much needed in Latin, 40 9- 10 Metonymy (hupallage), 243, 261, 309 Metre and subject, 125, 281-2 Middle style, in oratory, 243-5, 250, 31415,392,413-14; in poetry, 388. See also Mixed style Mimes [sub-dramatic performances, often farcical], 91, 201, 270, 295-6, 364 Mimicry, of natural sounds, 64, 514. See also Imitation, Onomatopoeia Mixed style, 308 Monodies, 16, 19 Morality, and oratory, 417-23, 439; and poetry, 293n, 428-9; in education, 554-5; relation to literature, 360, 363-'7, 502-3 Music, in edUcation, 51, 133, 319, 553 ff.; in tragedy, 132-3; analogies with oratory, 332, 342, 488, 497. See also -Pleasure Myth, in poetry, 6, 282-3, 299; in education, 303-4, 508; in oratory, 493, 564;

in history, 535, 546, 578; allegorizing, 580. See also Fables Narration (diegesis), in poetry, 61-2, 64-5, 93, 471; in prose, 559; in oratory, 75, 377, 414, 446; in declamation, 344; in history, 545 Nature, and sentence structure, 221; 'natural' eloquence, 361, 375-6, 378, 386,398,400,410-11,562; naturalness in oratory, 137; naturalness in acting, 373; 'natural' historians, 540; 'naturalism' and archaism, 41 I. See also Art Neologisms (also coined, new words), 120, 138,191-2,200,207,241,256-8,280-1, 308 , 325, 364 Nomic poetry (nomoi), 84, 91-2 Nouns, classified, 119-20 Novelty, dangers of, 466 Obscenity, see Erotica, Low words Obscurity, see Brevity, Oarity Occasion (kairos), 333 Onomatopoeia, 191, 210. See also Imitation, Mimicry Orator, education of, 449-55 (see Declamation); morality of, 417-23; the perfect, in theory, 231-7, 245-6, 248-51, 401, 404,418-21,448; the perfect, in practice, 221, 223, 238; officia oratoris ('duties of the orator'), 216, 250, 253; the officia related to the three styles,

41 3- 1 4 Oratory, types of, 155-'7 (and ch. 3. C-D passim), 404-17, 451; parts of, 219; nature of, 228-31; development of, 21924, 227-8, 391-2, 396-8, 406-8; reading of, 377; utility and pleasures of, 434-6; how to judge, 216-19; and history, 239, 544; and philosophy, 232-7, 248-9; and poetry, 136, 218, 232, 292, 384-5, 411, 430, 434-40, 479; and political conditions, 223, 455-9, 501 Order of words, 183-4. See also Arrangement, Rhythm Ordinllry speech, champions of, 5,410-11; and metaphor, 190; and poetry, 136, 141, 247; and oratory, 137, 210, 240, 247, 307, 375. See also Iambus, Low words Ornament, as virtue of style, 241, 376; accessory, 3 I 6

GENERAL INDEX Paean, 43, 84, 558 Paeon[-vvvor vvv -], 147, 181-2 Painting, analogy with poetry, 5, 42, 92, 99, Ill, 127, 134,279-80,289,296,338, 510,513; analogy with oratory, IS6, 225, 251-2,341,362,400-1,405,428,481-2 Panegyric, see Encomia, Epideictic Parisosis [equality of balancing cola, q.v.], 150, 154. See also Isocolon Parodos, 105 Parody, of Aeschylus and Euripides, 1538 passim; charm of, 201 Parts of a speech (proem, narration, arguments, peroration, qq.v.), 75, 1571f., 344-5, 377-8; sophistic sub-divisions, 75, 158 Parts of speech, 117-19, 323 Periods, periodic style 147-«), 175-80, 183, 240, 309, 317, 323, 331, 339, 342, 445, 498. See also Colon, Comma, Lexis eiromene Peripeteia, 99, 104-5, 112, 115, 124, 134. See also Surprise Periphrasis (also circumlocution), 409, 4 11 , 488-«), 555, 557 Peroration (also epilogue), 158, 160, 16970, 344-5, 388, 396, 475; sometimes called 'resume' (epanados), 76 Persuasion, 7, 35-6, 159,425; persuasiveness, 80, 210-11 Philosophy, Greek, 392; Roman, 398-«); and oratory, 229-37, 244, 385-6, 443-4, 451-2; and poetry, 288, 508, 510, 517; and history, 256; audience for, 304; style of, 327, 368-']0 Pity, roused by speech, 7; by poetry, 73, 97. 106, 108, 133, 164; by oratory, 170, 414, 493. See also Emotion, Fear Plagiarism, 226, 476 Plain style (ischnon, subtile), 18r, 205-8, 211-12, 221, 225, 237, 239-45, 250-2, 307, 309, 413-14; 'slight' style (huperischnon), 577 Pleasure (hedone), source and psychology of, 134, 137, 303, 331-2; as criterion, 82-3; given by poetry, 1,73, 132,2889,300,317,384,507,510,567; given by various stylistic devices, 138, 148-50, 153, 411-12, 489 n.; given by history, 538, 540; given by music, 133, 263; given by oratory, 135, 164, 216, 307, 411. See also Charm

60S

Plot, 6, 106-10, 510. See also Comedy, 'Contamination', Myth Poet, origin of the term (poietes), 91; the true, 298-«) Poetic licence, 257 Poetry, nature of, 7; origins and development of, 6, 94; branches of (tragedy, comedy, etc., qq.v.), 90, 250; subjects of, 102, 526; audience for, 218, 304; function and aim of, 21-3, 275, 290, 300-5, 567; educational dangers of, 5066, 508-30; attack on and defence of, 437-40; and rhetoric, 302; and prose, 136-7,140- 2,144-6,190-1,194-5,257, 302-3, 342-3, 558-60, 574, 576-7, 579· See also Imitation, Inspiration, Madness, Morality, Ordinary speech, Pleasure, Satire Polysyndeton [abundance of connectives], 186,483-4. See also Asyndeton Pomp (onkos), 144-5, 566. See also Grandeur Practice (part of triad with art, nature, qq.v.), 219, 230 Praise, see Encomia Prejudice, 161-3, 165 Present tense, vivid, 486 Probability (eikos), 75, 80-1. See also Impossibilities Proem (also prologue: prooemium), in oratory, 75, 158-61, 163, 170, 377,387, 404, 412, 444, 446; in declamation, 344-5; in history, 545. See also Epic Prologues, in drama, 19, 25-30, 96, 105, 158-«), 265-6, 506 Propemptica [valedictions to departing travellers], 580-3 Prophecy and poetry, 4 Propriety, see Appropriateness Prose (pezon, logoeides, pedestre), 303, 392, 538 n.; style of, 134 If.; in general (logographia), 575. See also Poetry Proverbs (gnomai, paroimiai), 155, 175, 202, 212, 510 Punctuation, 129, 367 Rags, in Euripides, 23 Rare words (also glosses), 6, 257, 308, 343, 520-1. See also Dialect words Reading, in oratorical training, 377-86; and listening, 382-3 Recantation (i.e. self-correction), 200

606

INDEXES

Recitations, 267, 426-7, 437 Recognition, in tragedy, 104-5, 111-13 Rhapsodes, 39-50, 82-3 Rhetores, see Declamation Rhetoric, 75-81, 99, 135, 301-2; early development of, 220; elements of, (invention, arrangement, diction, memory, delivery), 219. See also Oratory, Textbooks

Rhetorical questions, 482 Rhythm, in musical education, 552-3; in poetry 6,65,135,324,343; heroic, 182; in prose, 135, 146-7, 181-2, 195, 205, 220-1,225,240,251,262-4, 309, 365-6, 378, 406, 408, 4 14, 445, 497-9, 543, 564 ff.; rhythmical form (harmonia), in Dionysius, 324, 330-1, 334, 338-41 Riddles, 139, 153 Satire, function and style of, 266-72; whether poetry, 267-8; writers of, 394 Satyr-plays, 95, 199, 203, 285-6, 294 Sculpture (also statuary), analogy with oratory, 225, 404-6; analogy with history, 544; and imitation, 476, 552 Selectivity, and sublimity, 472-4 SiInile (also comparison: eikim, eikasia), 141-2, 150, 153-5, 189-90, 200, 202, 2!3, 549, 55 6 SiInplicity (apheleia), 561, 567, 572-5 Sincerity, see Truth Slight style, see Plain style Solemnity (semnotes), 561, 567-'72 Speech (logos), 7-8, 559 (logo;, SI, 61, 562); speeches in history, 239,391,3956,546 Standard expressions (kuria, propria), as opposed to metaphor, etc., 137-8, ISO, 189-90, 241, 256-7, 259-61,411 StasiInon [choral song in tragedy], 105 'Status' (stasis), 237 n. Stock chaxacters in New Comedy, 265-6, 270-1, 276-7, 285, 298 Style, elements of, 33 I; types of (ideai), 561 ff.; three styles (grand, middle, plain, qq.v.), 240-6, 413-15; four styles (grand, elegant, plain, forceful, qq.v.: see also Affected style, Frigidity), 181; analogy with health, 240, 375. See also Corrupt, Elaborate, Mixed styles, Expression, Morality, SiInplicity, Virtues SubliIne, the (hupsos, hupselon), 462-503

passim (schema on p. 460); result of great thought, 23; in Plato, 309; Pliny on, 429-31; sublime words, 378; not always to be aimed at, 428 Surprise, in tragedy, 103-4, 116. See also Peripeteia Sweetness, 564 Synecdoche [use of part for the whole,~t_ sim.], 555, 557

.

Tastelessness, 6. See also Affected style, Frigidity Textbooks (also handbooks, 'arts'), 25 j of rhetoric, 75, 79, 223, 230, 237, 322, 378, 382, 388, 443, 462-3 Traditional stories, in tragedy, 108-9 Tragedy (tragodia), as a genre, 53, 82, 250, 438; origin of, 95, 287; nature of, 90132 passim (defined, 98); iInitation in, 62-3; pleasure given by, 73; charm in, 203; construction of, 77; metre of, 28 I, 286; style of, 282, 303, 493, 570; love in, 294; and truth, 317; and deceit, 509; Greek, 6, 15-38, 390, 504-7; Roman, 271, 276, 395. See also Actors, Character, Prologues, Plot Translation, 253, 548-50 Tropes, 225, 309, 325, 491, 556. See also Figures Truth, and pleasure, 317; in history, 222, 537-8, 542; sincerity (alethria) in oratory, 561, 563. See also Falsehood Turgidity, 373, 429 Types, see Oratory, Style, Words Unity (also wholeness), in tragedy, 100-3, 123; in poetry, 279-80, 472; and subliInity, 498 Usage of words, 190,281,365,401,520 Variety (metabole), of oratorical style, 2456, 415; as source of beauty in style, 33 I -4, 485; in poetry, 428 Vehement, see Forceful Virtues (aretai) of style (correctness, clarity, appropriateness, ornament, qq.v.), 142-6,241,376. See also 305 n., 561 n. Visualization (phantasia), 405, 477-80, 552. See also Vividness Vividness (enargeia), in poetry, 2, II3, 132, 335-6; in history, 5, 545; tech-

GENERAL INDEX niques of producing, 151-2, 208-10, 258, 483, 486-'7, 490, 556-7. See also Visualization Vocabulary, acquisition of, 381-2. See also Words Wit (asteiotcs, urbanitas), 150-5, 396-8. See also Laughter Words, all appropriate somewhere, 334, 381; choice of, 323-5, 335; arrangement

of (sunthesis, compositio), 205, 262, 280I, 32 1-43 pa ssim (types of arrangement [cltarakteres], viz. austere, smooth, mixed, 313, 331, 338-41), 369, 496-9, 543, 571. See also Archaic, Dialect, Euphonious, Low, Rare, Sublime words, Neologisms, Usage, Vocabulary Written and spoken speeches, 155-7, 412- 1 3,424-5