An INTRODUCTION TO MODERN FAROESE BY
W. B. LOCKWOOD
4. Printing
FØROYA SKÚLABÓKAGRUNNUR
W. B. Lockwood: An Introdu...
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An INTRODUCTION TO MODERN FAROESE BY
W. B. LOCKWOOD
4. Printing
FØROYA SKÚLABÓKAGRUNNUR
W. B. Lockwood: An Introduction to Modern Faroese. Skanning: Repro-Z. Prent: Bookpartner. 4. útgáva, óbroytt. Føroya Skúlabókagrunnur, Tórshavn 2002. ISBN 99918-0-295-9
CONTENTS PREFACE. PRONUNCIATION.
GRAMMAR Page Introductory....................................................................................................... 5 Alphabet § 1 ...................................................................................................... 6 Description of Faroese Sounds. Stress § 2 ........................................................ 6 Short and Long VoweI Quantities § 3............................................................... 8 Vowels and Diphthongs in Detail § 4................................................................ 9 Consonants in Detail § 5 ................................................................................... 14 Alternative Pronunciation of p, t, k ete. § 6....................................................... 22 Omission of Consonants and Assimilation § 7.................................................. 23 Changes in Connected Speech § 8 .................................................................... 24 Intonation § 9 .................................................................................................... 25 INFLEXIONS.
Nouns. Declension of Nouns - Introductory § 10 .......................................................... „ Masculine Nouns §§ 11-14........................................................ „ Feminine Nouns §§ 15-19 ......................................................... „ Neuter Nouns §§ 20-22 .............................................................. Place Names § 23............................................................................................... Formation of Compound Nouns § 24................................................................. „ „ Nouns. Miscellaneous, § 25........................................................ Nouns with the Suffix Definite Article § 26-26a ...............................................
28 28 33 36 38 39 41 42
Adjectives. Strong Declension of Adjectives §§ 27-30 ....................................................... Weak „ „ „ § 31 .......................................................... Indeclinable Adjectives § 32-32a...................................................................... Comparison of Adjectives §§ 33-35 .................................................................
46 50 50 51
Adverbs. Derivation of Adverbs from Adjectives § 36 .................................................... Adverbs of Time, Degree & Manner, Affirmation & Negation §§ 37-39 „ Place denoting Rest at §§ 40-49 .................................................... „ „ „ „ Motiontowards§§50-52 ............................. ........ » „ „ „ „ from§§53-55........................................ Comparison of Adverbs §§ 56-57 .....................................................................
53 54 57 60 61 62
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X Numerals. Page Cardinals §§ 58-59............................................................................................. 64 Ordinals § 60...................................................................................................... 66 Dates § 61 .......................................................................................................... 67 Other Numerate § 62.......................................................................................... 67 Telling the Time § 63......................................................................................... 69 Pronouns. Personal § 64...................................................................................................... Possessive § 65 .................................................................................................. Demonstrative §§ 66-67 ..................................................................................... Interrogative § 68 .............................................................................................. Relative § 69 ..................................................................................................... Indefinite § 70 ....................................................................................................
70 71 71 72 72 72
Verbs. Introductory § 71............................................................................................... Auxiliary Verbs vera, hava, verða, §§ 72-76 .................................................... Modal Auxiliaries § 77...................................................................................... Main Verbs § 78 ................................................................................................ Weak Verbs, General § 79................................................................................. „ Class 1 § 80.............................................................................. „ Cla ss 2 § 8 1 ......................................................................... „ Class 3 § 82............................................................................... „ Class 4 § 83 .............................................................................. Strong Verbs, General § 84 ............................................................................... „ . „ Class 1 § 85 ............................................................................ „ 2 § 86........................................................................... „ 3 § 87 - 88 .................................................................... „ 4 § 89........................................................................... Reflexive Forms § 90 ........................................................................................
73 74 75 76 76 76 77 79 80 81 82 82 82 83 84
OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH.
Conjunctions. Co-ordinating § 91............................................................................................. Subordinating § 92 ............................................................................................ Prepositions. General § 93 ...................................................................................................... Prepositions governing the Accusative §§ 94-96............................................... &Genitive§97 .............................. „ Dative § 98........................................................ ,, „ „ Accusative &Dative § 99 ................................... Prepositions before Place Names §§ 100-101 ................................................... Prepositions in Combination with Adverbs & the Adverbial Use of Prepositions §§ 102-106............................................................................ Interjections § 107 .............................................................................................
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XI SYNTAX.
_
Collective Use of Nouns § 108 .......................................................................... Use of the Cases §§ 109-113.............................................................................. Definite Article §§ 114-116 ............................................................................... Indefinite Article § 117...................................................................................... Strong Adjectives §§ 118-120 ........................................................................... Weak Adjectives § 121 ...................................................................................... Indeclinable Adjectives § 122............................................................................ Comparative & Superlative §§ 123-124 ............................................................ Numerals in a Partitive Sense § 124a.................................................................
Page 102 102 106 109 110 111 112 113 114
Pronouns, Personal §§ 125-126 .......................................................................................... Possessive § 127 ................................................................................................ Reflexive Use § 127a ......................................................................................... Demonstrative § 128.......................................................................................... Interrogative § 129............................................................................................. Relative § 130 .................................................................................................... Indefinite § 131..................................................................................................
114 116 117 119 121 121 123
Verbs. Use of Tenses § 132 ........................................................................................... Use of vera as an Auxiliary Verb § 133...................... ,..................................... Passive Voice § 134 ........................................................................................... Use of Verbs with the Termination -st § 135 ..................................................... Verbs with the Reflexive Pronoun § 136 ........................................................... Impersonal Verbs § 137 ..................................................................................... Optative Mood § 138 ......................................................................................... Imperative Mood § 139...................................................................................... Infinitive Mood § 140 ........................................................................................ Present Participle § 141 .................................................................................... Past Participle § 142........................................................................................... Supine § 143 ...................................................................................................... Verbs compounded with Adverbs § 144 ............................................................ The Auxiliary Verb eiga § 145 ................................................................... „ ,, „ kunna § 146 .............................................................. . . „ mega §147 ................................................................ „ „ ,, munna § 148 ................................................................. „ skula § 149................................................................. „ vilja §150 .................................................................. „ „ ,, lata §151 ................................................................... Verbs expressing Inchoative Action § 152......................................................... How to render English "can" § 153....................................................................
130 133 134 135 136 136 137 138 138 139 140 141 143 144 145 146 147 148 150 151 151 152
Concord § 154.................................................................................................... 152
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хп Word Order. Page Normal and Inverted Word Order § 155............................................................. 153 Word Order in Relative Clauses § 156 ............................................................... 155 Position of Adverbs § 157 .................................................................................. 156 Incapsulation § 158............................................................................................. 157 READER.
Conversation Piece, Faroese and English ........................................................... Prose Selections ................................................................................................. Verse Selections ................................................................................................. FAROESE GLOSSARY....................................................................................................................................
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PREFACE Paul W. Harvey was stationed at Sørvágur, Faroe Islands, during the British occupation and acquired a knowledge of the Faroese language. For his own use, he translated into English a primer of accidence, Føroysk Mállæra, published byJákup Dahl in 1909, intend-ing this to be the nucleus of a larger grammar suitable for English students and in this he was grateful for help from Jákup av Skarði. Harvey was, however, unable to carry his plans further at the time and later other commitments prevented him from proceeding with Faroese studies. At Harvey's kind suggestion the present writer undertook to continue the work, but decided to concentrate on the modern language only. It then became increasingly evident that Dahl's book was not a suitable basis for a description of modern Faroese. Like many of his contemporaries Dahl was an archaiser. He discouraged some features which are an indispensable part of Faroese to-day and his book does not always distinguish between obsolete and current forms. In presenting his material he followed the arrangement of Wimmer's Oldnordisk Formlære til Skolebrug (Accidence of Old Norse for Schools), but modern,living Faroese cannot be thus treated - unless there are to be more exceptions than rules. In these circumstances Harvey agreed that it would be best if I prepared an entirely new work in the form of a practical handbook based on average acceptable usage to-day. This book therefore describes the contemporary language only and without reference to its historic evolution. The Faroes possess an extensive literature of traditional ballads composed in somewhat archaic language. These are still widely known, but I felt that the grammatical forms occurring in the ballads and occasionally taken up by some modern writers - could not be treated in this work without obscuring the general picture of the living language, so making the learner's task more difficult. All students of Faroese should possess Føroysk-Donsk Orðabók2 by M. A. Jacobsen and Chr. Matras, 1961, and
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in this dictionary will find ample information regarding old forms found in the ballads. Owing to long neglect - the language has only come into general use in writing during the present century - Faroese is not yet so regular as English. There is a tendency to write in a style somewhat removed from spoken usage. Many differing forms may be heard, some of which also appear in print, but in this book alternatives have been sparingly quoted. Generally speaking, only those forms are given which seem most likely to survive and become the undisputed standard. It may be added that the present uncertain state of the language, to say nothing of the Danish influence, especially in Tórs-havn itself, often made the choice difficult and perhaps occasionally arbitrary.* The lay-out of the book is as follows: First, the Grammar deals with pronunciation, inflexions and syntax, a knowledge of grammatical terms and customary abbreviations being assumed. It seemed convenient and practical, e.g. under such headings as Adverbs, Numerals, Conjunctions to introduce matter which technically belongs to syntax. Faroese place-names have generally been translated, though uniformity is this respect has not been aimed at. The various points of syntax have often been illustrated with more examples than are strictly necessary, because I think that such additional specimens of natural Faroese will be of more use to the type of student Likely to use this book than a series of graduated exercises would be. Needless to say, all the examples are strictly original Faroese. The Reader begins with a conversation in Faroese and English on facing pages, followed by representative selections of prose and verse. The Faroese Glossary, finally, covers all the words occurring in the Reader and also those words in the examples in the Grammar where their meanings or inflexions are not automatically apparent. A work like the present could not have been written without guidance from native speakers of Faroese. In this connection I owe a debt of gratitude to many, especially to my hosts during two long summers, Josefina and Jóan Christian Poulsen in Hestur and Johanna and Christian Jensen and family in Tórshavn, whose conversation and explanations have furnished a large portion of the material here presented ; the Intonation Specimens are based on electrical recordings * I have discussed some aspects of the present condition of Faroese in an article "Notes on the Faroese Language To-day" printed in Transactions of the Philological Society, Volume for 1950.
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made from Ása Jensen's reading. I also received particular assistance from two experienced teachers of Faroese, Betty Rasmussen and Rikard Long. For advice on phonetic problems I am indebted to John Hathaway and Dr. Poul Andersen and especially to Erik Petersen. Napoleon Djurhuus read my work in manuscript and made valuable suggestions. Thanks are likewise due to Valdemar Dalsgaard for his great assistance with the Conversation Piece and to the helpful staff of the National Library in Tórshavn. Last, but certainly not least, I wish to thank Professors Jón Helgason and Christian Matras for their detailed and painstaking criticism of the whole work, which not only saved me from many a slip, but enabled me greatly to improve the presentation of the material generally. Finally I acknowledge with gratitude the financial assistance given me by the University of Birmingham to enable me to pursue my Faroese studies. Publication of the present work was made possible thanks to subventions generously provided by the Faroese Løgting, the Rask-Ørsted Fund and the University of Birmingham. This book is a pioneer work in many ways, for it is the first to attempt an allround description of Faroese. My aim has been to make the language more accessible to Scandinavian specialist and general learner alike, and I sincerely hope that the book will prove useful to all who wish to study the interesting speech of the smallest of the Northern nations. W. B. Lockwood.
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