An Illustrated Dictionary of Yulluna by Domains

An IUuftrated YuUuna l>ic+ionarv ~v l>o~ainf

The Yulluna peoples comprised a tribe of traditional Aborigines that lived south of the Selwyn Range 'in north west Queensland. In those ranges they celebrated their totemic heroes at many mythological sites, and expressed in the caves and on rock walls their artistic talents . Here too they made use of waterholes and caves that were more protected from the scorching heat and high evaporation rates of this region, which in turn quickly dried rivers down to disconnected waterholes. The Burke River and its tributary creeks rises on the southern side of the Selwyn Range. With Wills Creek in the west, it watered the plains running down towards Boulia and gave the Yulluna access to fishing and to the abundant game that enjoyed these grasslands. The Yulluna harvested not only game, but also the various fruits and legumes that were produced along these creeks.

1he Map This map gives some indication of the traditional domain of the Yulluna. Mount lsa is 60 kilometers to the north and 40 kilolometers to the west of Duchess. Boulia is 60 kilometers directly to the south of the boundary. The Yullunna domain is about 120 kilometers at its widest. and about 145 kilometers from north to south.

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The Selwyn Range, where the Yulluna inscribed their rock walls and caves with images of animals, birds, and memorials of their occupation, is marked in brown .

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The area is rich in mineral deposits, and these are being mined at Cannington, Phosphate Hill, and other sites. This makes the Yulluna objects of envy amoing their Aboriginal peers, and disputes have broken out over boundaries .

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The same features that ensured the Yulluna a productive and stable lifestyle on the land were unfortunately also valued by pastoralists, who quickly fol lowed in the wake of the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition of 1860-61. Copper was discovered to the north of the Range as early as 1862, and gave rise to the town of Cloncurry as a service centre. By the mid-1870s, land in the area was being eagerly sought after for raising cattle. But whi le the miners generally did not compete with the Aborigines for large-scale use of the land, the pastoralists did. More significantly, they demanded sole use of the water resources. One historian argues that the Burke and Wills expedition travelled up Wills Creek, crossed the range at O'Hara's Gap, and proceeded down the Corella River. rather than the Cloncurry River, as had been suggested. If this is the case, the Yulluna would have observed the invaders traversing their domain quite early in the history of contact. One of the principal historical figures in this endeavour was . Alexander Kennedy, who successively held Buckingham Downs (1877}. Noranside (1878}. and Bushy Park (1908) . His partner, James Powell, was killed at Carlton Hills, part of the the same

cattle empire, and this made Kennedy a vengeful and implacable enemy of Aboriginal people. In 1878 a man named Britcher was speared near Chatsworth, and in the same year, Molvo, a Russian, was killed at Woonamo Waterhole on Buckingham Downs. In reprisal, a detachment of Native Police wiped out the alleged offenders, although it was later claimed that Molvo had brought the disaster on himself by abuse of Aboriginal women . The waterhole in question is close to the border ofYulluna and Warluwarra territories, and it is highly likely that both tribes felt the ferocity of the settlers' reprisals. There exists a tradition that there was on ly one Yu lluna survivor of this massacre, a young boy who hid among tree roots. and later grew up to be an elder that spent his last years about Chatsworth: by then a man named Carbine. The situation in the 1870s was described by Johnston in his history of the Queensland Police in these terms: .. .generally th e approach of the police authorities in th e 1870s w as not to use diplomatic, humanitarian and social devices to reduce frontier problems; rather it was to approach a situation of growing viol ence head on .. .1

1. W R Johnston. The Long Blue Line: A History of the Queensland Police. Brisbane:Boolarong. 1992. p. 97.

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For a source such as Johnston to admit that ...the number of shootings could never be known with certainty; in any case, sometimes the police burned the bodies so that there would be no evidence of what took place. The possessions of the Aborigines, 'all the fishing and wallaby nets, opossum rugs, stone tomahawks, ... ' were burned or carried away. 2 is testimony enough to the efficient brutality of the Native Police. But the settlers were if anything worse. The historians' problem is that while the activities of the Native Police were shrouded in secrecy and official obfuscation, the murders committed by settlers were even less visible. They occupied large tracts of country remote from purview by government officials, who were anyway usually unwilling to intervene. Johnston states that They [the Native police] had likewise failed to prevent Europeans abusing, injuring or killing Aborigines on the frontier; they were powerless to put a stop to the private patrols carried out on stations, or to the kidnapping of gins and boys by bullock drivers' 3

2. 3.

op.cit p.93. op.cit.p.83

4.

Edward Palmer. In Kalkadoon Country. Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland. 412:190-205;p.193

i'll

and concludes, on the same page that this was ... a situation of violence begetting violence. These Europeans on the frontier urged the police (and the government) to greater activity to eliminate- exterminate- the black problem. 4 Edward Palmer, himself a grazier with property north of Cloncurry, and a member of the Queensland legislature, wrote that The white pioneers were harder on the blacks in the way of reprisals ... even than the Native Police. My experience of them [the Native Police] is that they prevent indiscriminate slaughter of the blacks by white stockmen ... 5 The ultimate confrontation between the new settlers and original landholders came in 1884 with the Battle with the Kalkadoons, in which 600 or so well armed warriors faced the fire of equally well armed but far better equipped and organised invaders. The outcome was a massive loss of Aboriginal life. This was followed in turn by equally ferocious 'cleanin_g up' in which perhaps half as many again were killed indiscriminately.

After years of fear, the reaction of the white settlers was swift and

What came to the rescue of the Yulluna were a succession of

vicious, motivated by revenge and a determination that such a

sympathetic and kindly owners of the Chatsworth Station pastoral

climate of fear would never recur. Kennedy - a participant in the

lease, who later also purchased Noranside and Mount Merlin. This

massacre- was noted by Fysh as saying 'They're all scorpions, and

tradition of good-will towards the original landholders persists to

who wants to be stung with one of those poisonous things?' 5 and

the present, although none of the contemporary Yulluna have

Armstrong, remarked that 'He [Kennedy] would make use of

worked at the station for some years.

"those poisonous things" if they would accept station discipline' 6 but that discipline was harsh and unforgiving. For instance, in 1900 Alexander Kennedy would have simply killed the badly burned

Today there remains only four lineages of Yulluna people that can be independently validated.

Aboriginal child 'to put him out of his misery.' It was Kennedy's wife, Marion, who had very different values: 'A human life was a human life. '7 This is the man who occupied Noranside, in the centre of Yulluna country, from 1878. When Eglinton contributed his data on the Yulluna language and society (in about 1880) to CurrB he counted about 200 Yulluna. But when W E Roth wrote- a matter of only fifteen or eighteen years later- he could state, from personal experience, that 'the Yellunga (Yulluna) people of Noranside are fast disappearing. '9 It is not simply a coincidence that during this interim, Alexander Kennedy held the Noranside and Buckingham Downs leases.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

H Fysh. Taming The North. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 1950.p.114. R E M Amstrong. The Kalkadoons: A study of an Aboriginal tribe on the Queensland Frontier. Brisbane: William Brooks. 1980.p.94 D Perkins. The Woman behind the Man: Mrs Alexander Kennedy. Mount lsa and District Historical Society. 1998. p.52. EM Curr. The Australian Race. Vol 2. 1886. p346. WE Roth. The OueenslandAborginies. Voll Brisbane: E Gregory, Govt. Printer. 1897. Section 45; p.41.

v

Yu((una and Ka(((adoon af Languagef The spelling Yulluna arose in a curious fashion. The phonetics would

The Kalkadoon held much larger territories, it would seem, and

be better represented as Yalarnnga 10 • Failing any phonetic guide, a

were more numerous: their estimated pre-contact population was

speech algorithm for English was employed on a personal

of the order of 2,000 persons. The Yulluna would have only

computer by members of the group, and various spellings were

numbered a sixth of that, at most.

tried until something sounded close enough to warrant usage. Kalkadoon is, likewise, an adaptation for English speakers of the name Kalkadungu. The records show that there was a considerable degree of

One of the social factors in this process of misidentification is the growing recognition, during the 1950s and 1960s especially- that Kalkadoon was a proud identity for an Aboriginal to claim, following their bold military confrontation with the settlers in 1884. The result

intermarriage between these two groups, and hence of

is that even a tenuous link with the Kalkadoon community is now

bilingualism. Yulluna children would grow up hearing- and being

valued by Aborigines in the area as one of pride and status.

able to speak- both languages in the home. Kalkadoon and Yulluna were distantly related languages, sharing about 40% of their basic vocabulary, and were similar in structure. They were however much less like their surrounding neighbours. They thus comprised an isolate - sharing far more with one-another than with their linguistic neighbours, but nevertheless being separate languages. The bilingualism caused a problem: their neighbours would hear them speaking to Kalkadoon people- who were not fluent in Yulluna- in the hearers' language, and assumed that the Yulluna were fellow-tribesmen with the Kalkadoon. Not so. But the independent identity of the Yulluna has of late been a surprise

Another is the fact that the two groups shared certain 'dreaming tracks' or site sequences attached to the activities of culture heroes of the Dreaming. For example, it was possible, in 2000, to trace the route of events in the Old Woman myth from Yulluna into Kalkadoon country. The evidence of language is that Yulluna is more conservative than Kalkadoon . That is to say, it has not undergone some of the changes that Kalkadoon has. These are described by Blake as being the loss of some consonants from Kalkadoon words, where they are preserved in Yulluna .

to some.

10.

Vi

See the following Yulluna Pronunciation guide for how these terms might have been spoken.

A detailed technical study of Yulluna by Prof. Barry Blake and Mr Gavan Breen is in preparation, and we expect it to appear sometime late in 2005. These two scholars have given generously

based on materials recorded during the 1970s, will include fuller materials and grammatical details. There are, alas, no contemporary speakers of the language in its fullest form. A few

of their materials to enable this dictionary to be compiled. The Yulluna people extend to them their grateful thanks. Their study,

Yulluna know words and phrases, but the language is not used in daily communication.

YuUuna Pronunciation Guide or How to Ufe thif l>ictionarv pronunciation .

back on itself a little. You don't pronounce the r as such . The idea is similar to that in English, where we pronounce th as one sound, not two. So rt, rl, and m are similar 'blends' -each a single sound.

The first is this : If you see an r followed by another letter, such as t , I or n, the sound to make is a t , I or n with your tongue drawn

The t , I or n thus takes on an r-quality -which is why the dictionary has words with rt, rl and m .

There are a few awkward twists to the pronunciation ofYulluna if you are to replicate the way these people spoke with your

Give these words a try: warta 'dark', 'night'

yama 'face', 'forehead'

murla 'head'

kartapi 'hook'

kakuma 'egg'

wakarla 'crow'

kurtu 'shield'

mamu 'tired'

karlu 'father'

vii

While we're talking about r, it sounds like the ordinary English r otherwise, except when it precedes another r: hence rr. In that case, it has the sound like the Scottish 'rolled' r. Try these words:

yirri 'man' mangunu 'dog' thirrirri 'elder sister'

Now for the next hurdle: Just as r blends to make other sounds, so too does h. This time, the h pushes the sound forward in the mouth, to the back of your top front teeth. So th, and nh are made more forward than the English t and n. There's a 'breathy' quality to the resulting sound. Tough? Try these words:

thani 'mouth'

nhakama 'to put in, pour'

thanku 'wet'

nhamingu 'how many?'

thina 'foot'

The only other thing to watch are the two vowels, a and u. The pronunciation of u is always like English oo, that is, like the u of put, not that of cut. (It helps, when you see a u, to read it always as oo.) So thanku (above) is like "thankoo." And a is never like the a of cat, but always that of father. Ready again? Go!

viii

warta

'dark', 'night'

thani

'mouth'

kartu

'father'

Conten tf Body Parts Human Classification Kinship Kinship and Skinship Mammals Birds Reptiles and Amphibians Fish and Aquatic Life Insects and Grubs Language and Ceremony Tools and Artefacts Fire and Cooking Weather and Heavens Topography and Landscape Flora Adjectives: Descriptives Motion and Activity Position Change of Position Impact and Effect Mental Activity and Attitudes Talk. Vocalisation and Discussion Bodily Effects Direction and Placement Time Responses and Functions

1 4 5 7

11 12 14 14 14 16 16 20 21 22 24 32 36 37 37 39 40 41 42 43 44

45

Bodv Partf muria

'head '

wanpanthunu

'hair on head '

muwapani

'grey hair'

yam a

'face', 'forehead'

mili

'eye'

mingankani

'eyebrow'

pinani

'ear'

yitji

'nose'

thani

'mouth '

marii

'tongue'

yiya

'teeth '

wuku

'cheek'

thalpini

'beard '

tjilkini

'throat'

yunthu

'arm, upper arm '

nguntjukura

'arm, elbow'

wanyi

'hand', 'elbow' 'elbow'

mampunu

'hand'

wanyi

'hand'

mili -eye

1

piku

'fingernails, toenails'

ngalinyim

'chest'

kalpakalpa

'chest'

wayirra

'breath'

mimi

'breast'

ngama

'breast'

ritjurru

'stomach, belly, guts'

nyiku

'navel'

yururta

'heart'

ngarrkati

'kidney, 'liver'

minpini

'lower back', 'ribs'

thunpulthu

'backside, buttocks '

punkulu

'thigh', 'lap '·

thinkali

'knee'

purru

'knee '

yaparla

'leg, shin '

thin a

'foot ', 'track'

puntju

'body hair', 'dog 's hair'

kurrurru

'blood '

ngurrki

'blood'

thuka

'bone ', also 'stick', 'log'

mapira

'skin ', also 'paper', 'paper money'

nyilki

'fat '

thina - foot, track

YuUuna Bodv Par+s Wordsearch: TJILKIRRI Here's the first of the puzzles! It's a WordSearch, and the answers run up, down, right, crossways (but not backwards!), and all you have to do is look for them! Dead easy! Use your mili! mampunu

thuka

map ira

thunpulthu

marli

tjilkirri

mili

wanyi

mimi

wanyi

murla

wayirra

ngalinyirri

wuku

ngama

yaparla

thina

H N H N I

B M T H W A y T A X Q H J y z A V K I N X M u I A R w R R B D K Q A u G G H L T T T u N A R R P R H K U R K T N I J T L A N L T G W y

thinkali

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ngarrkati

yitji

ngurrki

yiyah

nyiku

yunthu

piku

yururta

pinarri punkulu purru ritjurru thalpirri thani

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P G Y H Y H I X P I

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Hu~an

C(affifica+ion

kuriayangu kintja tharrkunu yirri mimmirri panuku kaya piriapiria kuyirri wampa kamku manngayana tjuwa wuparintji yirratji yirratjiya mantawitha kupangurra kupakupa muyutju wuthani kampukampu karrpilintjirri ngankarriyangu mangamirri ngawinthi

'male' 'female' 'man' 'man ' 'woman' 'little baby' 'baby', 'child' 'baby', 'child' 'boy', 'little boy' 'girl', 'little girl' 'boy' 'girl' 'boy', 'young fellow, young man' 'young initiated man' 'young woman ', 'initiated young woman' '[young woman] to be initiated' 'single [man?]' 'old', 'old man' 'old man' 'old woman' 'd evil, dead man', 'ghost', 'white man' 'white man' 'policeman ' 'policeman' [see 'police station'] 'doctor', 'clever-man' 'stranger', 'foreigner'

Parents' generation kartu

'father', 'father's brother'

mamu

'mother', 'mother's sister'

kurrirti

'uncle, mother's brother', 'father-in-law of man '

yimirti

'auntie, father's sister', 'mother-in-law of woman'

My generation: thawirti

'elder brother'

thirrirri

'elder sister'

kanamu

'younger sister', 'younger brother'

kangu

'cousin'

makurtu

'husband '

Children, Nephews and Nieces ngatharti

'woman 's child ', 'sister's child', 'man 's daughter-in-law'

kunkuyu

'man 's child, brother's child ' [see also following two entries]

piyaka

'man 's son ' , 'brother's son ' , 'woman 's daughter's husband '

thithi

'man 's child, brother's child ' , 'daughter-in-law of woman '

5

Grandparents and Grandchildren mutju, mutjutju

"'granny'; mother's mother', 'father's father' 'woman's daughter's child',

papipi

'father's mother', 'man's daughter's son' [see also following two entries)

papu

'father's mother', 'woman 's son's child'

pawiri

"'granny~ father's

tjatjitji

'husband ' , 'mother's father'

waputhu

'mother-in-law of man ', 'son-in-law of woman'

mantiyirri

'father-in-law of man '

pupi

'father-in-law of woman '

mother'

Marriage and Bereavement ngunyinpa

'to get married '

mungkata

'to be bereft of a parent'

Aboriginal society was usually governed by two complimentary mother's siblings 0 0 mothers

principles:

father's siblings !':. !':. fathers

0

Kinship, or the way in which everybody in the tribe known to you you

was given a title based on a family term: 'father', 'daughter-in-law',

This means that you have other "mothers" and "fathers" to care

'cousin', and so on. Your 'skin' name, or section name, which is inherited directly from your mother. This is sometimes rather quaintly called "skinship:·

for you in the event that your biological parents died or are incapacitated. And in a hunter/gatherer society, that daily faces the dangers of the bush and its wild animals, snakes, and unforeseen

These two principles determined your social behaviour towards each

accidents, such losses were not uncommon. Conflicts, and the

person, and which of them you could marry and have children by.

lack of sophisticated medical treatments also took their toll.

Kinship

But a "father" marries a "mother',' doesn't he? Like this :

0 = 6.

Let's start with kinship. It's explained most easily by reference to your mother and father, and to their siblings. Here's a diagram ("mother" is 0 ; "father" is .6.):

!':.=0 !':.=0 mothers and fathers

!':.=0 !':.=0 fathers and mothers

0

you mother's siblings

father's siblings

0

So each of these "fathers" (on the right of the diagram) would have married more "mothers',' and the "mothers" (on the left)

you

would have been partners to more "fathers" wouldn't they? Suddenly, the envelope of people you address by a close kinship

Now your female parent is called "mother',' and your male parent "father·: But your mother's sisters are also called "mother',' andin the same way- your father's brothers are called "father" too. Let's extend the diagram to account for them:

term has exploded! But those other "parents" would have children, and you would call them "brothers" and "sisters':They're siblings of yours but of course they aren't blood brothers and sisters. They are the

7

offspring of other "mothers" and "fathers.'' Of course, they'd be

Of course, they would have children, too, but these would not be

understood as having different parents, but there would be close

brothers and sisters, but "cousins'.' Let's add some of them :

social ties with them all . We'll put them in the diagram, too:

It is in fact a "cousin" that you would marry. Not usually a very close one, but one that you recognise by the same term of

!::.=0

!::.=0

I

I

0

!::.

you

brothers and sisters

!::.=0

!::.=0

address. A man's marriage relationship with a "sister" or an

I

I

punishable by severe social sanctions, even in death . And a

brothers and sisters

"aunt" or a "mother" would be of course incestuous, and woman would not be allowed a partner who was a brother, father

Sometimes Aboriginal people will try to explain these sibling re lationships w ith terms like "cousin-brother" or "cousin-sister" to accommodate the English pattern of naming kin.

or uncle. In the usual pattern of human families, there would be grandparents (and like parents, their siblings would be extended

Now your mother's brother would be socially important, but he

the title of "grandparent'; too) in-laws, grandchildren, and so on.

isn't in the diagram yet. He gets the title "uncle'.' Guess what his

The way of categorising each of these would depend again on the

brothers are called? Yes, they're more "uncles.'' And they each

way you related to them through marriages and the siblings of

marry "aunts',' who are fathers' sisters. Can we fit some of them .1n, now 7.

closer relatives. Four results of this system appear strange to those of us accustomed to a western European system of kinship:

uncle and O= L'l. aunt

I

mother L'l. =O

I mother

uncle and O= L'l. aunt

L'l.=O

cousins

b&s

8

I

L'l.=O

I

you

b&s

I

L'l.

0

L'l.

you

>

I

L'l.=O

I

b&s

Firstly, the kinship category by which someone is addressed determines your behaviour towards them. Generally speaking, you would be properly obedient and respectful of a close "mother" or "father',' familiar with a same-sex sibling,

b&s

father

0

aunt O= L'J. and uncle

reserved towards an opposite-sex sibling, relaxed with a "cousin" (one of which you would marry). and you would be

aunt O= L'J. and uncle

familiar with grandparents and grandchildren .

I

cousins

>

Secondly, everybody in the social realm known to you is

addressed by a kinship term . Of course, a distant "father" or "mother" is understood to be less socially relevant than one's own parent, but each and every person would have his/her kinship term, and this would determine your behaviour towards them.

>

Third: the result of age differences at child-bearing would mean that a "son" need not be younger than you- he could be quite aged; and a "mother" might not yet be of child-bearing age. Kinship terms describe, in this wider context, social

categories that you respond to, not biological categories.

>

Finally, there are no terms beyond the second descending generation (your grandchildren) nor beyond the second

Overlaid on this scheme of kinship is another one: the section and moiety system . It doesn't conflict with kinship, but- again- it provides a scheme by which every person in your social realm is categorised. The section and moiety systems revolve around your mother. She has membership in one of two moieties -the word comes from French, and refers to half the tribal group. Your father comes from the other moiety, or half of the tribe. So society is divided into halves, and in a proper marriage, each partner comes from a different moiety, or half. The two Yulluna moieties are named: wutharru and malyarra.1

ascending one (your grandparents). We aren 't quite sure what

You follow your mother in moiety membership: if she 's malyarra,

happens in Yulluna society, but most Aboriginal groups then

so are you. If she's wutharru, then you are too. But you are in

invert the system, and a male great-grandchild becomes, for

alternating sections of that moiety. Let's say your mother is a

example, a "father'.' In the same way, a great-grandparent

wutharru : so must you be. But if she's in the pathingu section,

becomes a "son'.' Again, these terms index the appropriate

you won't be; you'll be from the other, alternating section :

behaviour towards them .

kangilangu. So pathingu and kangilangu together make up the wutharru moiety. Now if you are a woman, and in the kangilangu section, your child will be them same as your mother: pathingu . In other words, kangilangu and pathingu sectuions alternate in the female lines of the wutharru moeity. In the same way, thunpuyungu and marinangu sections alternate in the female lines of the malyarra moiety. 2.

1897. Chapter Three, and Blake and Breen's notes of theYulluna language.

9

So where do the men come into this scheme? Simply put, the socially sanctioned marriage of a man mirrors that of the women, but he has no influence on the section of his children. The easiest way to represent these facts is in a(nother!)

But what if you're a kangilangu man? Well, you've married a thunpuyungu woman, and your children will belong to her moiety, i.e.they' ll be malyarra but of the marinangu section, not of her thunpuyungu section. Got the principle? Marry across the rows; children follow the

diagram:

mother in the columns. You can choose to be in any one of the wutharru

malyarra

kangilangu

thunpuyungu

pathingu

marinangu

four sections. Now, determine which one your spouse will come from .. . .. .and which one your children will be in . Go! Further brain teasers:

Now, let's play with it!

If your mother's father is a pathingu, what section will you

The left two squares represent the wutharru moiety that we've

belong to?

already met; the right hand ones are the sections of the malyarra

If you are a pathingu, what section will your mother's brother's

moiety. So marriages (represented by the equals signs) take place

father belong in?

horizontally across the rows, while children are placed in sections vertically up and down through the columns (following one or other of the arrows) . As a kangilangu woman, we saw that your mother would be pathingu, but now we can see that she must have married a thunpuyungu man, who is your father. On the other hand, you will marry a marinangu man, but you'll have children who are pathingu again, like your mother.

1. The anthropologica l details of this section depend on WE Roth 's North-west-central Queensland Aborigines, Brisbane 1897, Chapter Three, and Blake and Breen's notes of the Yulluna language.

10

M.a~~a(f mangunu

'dog '

kutjukutju

'pup'

mutha

'to bark'

wurrawa

'animal hair, fur'

wartuwayangu

'kangaroo sp.'

matjumpa

'kangaroo sp. '

yara

'marsupial's pouch'

ngarrkunu

'walla roo '

ngartingarti

'rock wallaby'

thununu

'marsupials' pad '

thakunu

'possum sp. '

mirrampa

'possum sp. '

yitjipiyarri

'horse'

kuntji

'tail'

•• • matjumpa - kangaroo

mangunu - dog

yitjipiyarri - horse

11

thuthu

'bird (generic)'

thiliyarra

'feather'

kakuma

'egg '

kantha

'nest'

wamakurta

'emu'

walkinipani

'pelican '

thurrkuna

'turkey'

kalathurra

'turkey'

parrkamu

'turkey'

tjipulyu

'duck', 'whistler duck'

kumayirtatjalintjini

'eaglehawk, wedge-tailed eagle' lit. 'biter of raw [meat] '

munuwanganilintjini

'eaglehawk'

katjapi

'hawk, kitehawk' , hence 'aeroplane'

ngurukurtu

'hawk, kitehawk'

pitjurtu

'hawk, kitehawk', hence 'aeroplane'

yawirra

'white cockatoo '

kilawurru

'galah '

wuringa

'quarrion or cockatiel'

kulupatji

'crested pigeon'

tjintinitjintini

'willy wagtail '

kurrartapu

'magpie'

wiringara

'peewee'

kurtiyitjitji

'peewee'

wakarta

'crow'

12.

Yu((una BirdS' This is harder, now! You need to remember which word correspond to the English cue, and unscramble the Yulluna birds in this list! Fly at it, now!

egg

1.

WUATRKAMA

---------

nest

2.

KITJAPA

-------

hawk

3.

TIJLUPUY

--------

galah

4.

KUAARNK

-------

magpie

5.

PAURKMAR

-

turkey

6.

KUIRURWAL

---------

feather

7

TAIRALRIHY

----------

bird

8.

THTHUU

------

duck

9.

KARTURRAUP

---------

crow

10.

WARAAKL

-------

emu

11.

WGRRINAAI

---------

peewee

12.

KTHNHAA

------

- -- - - - -

1'3

pinimuku kunakaatja rna rani piyangini thumpararra thupa, thumpararra yurtuyurtu warn ani yapintitji wutupa tjarralku

'plain goanna' 'plain goanna ' '[river] goanna, [water monitor?]' 'carney, bearded dragon ' 'blue-tongue lizard' 'blue-tongue lizard' 'crocodile' 'snake [generic?]' 'snake sp.' 'frog' 'frog'

Fifh and Aquatic Life yimata ngakupulu ngantukala karrkuru mungkani mutini waku

yurtuyurtu- crocodile

mutirri - crab

'fish [generic] ' 'yellowbelly, golden perch ' 'yellowbelly, golden perch ' 'perch' 'fish sp. ' 'crab' 'mussel '

tjarralku - frog

/nfectf and Grubf kapara kupu murruka punturlu wununguwunungu yumunthini, ngumunthini yuthuthu

'edible grub', 'witchetty grub' 'spider' 'mosquito ' 'ma rch fly' 'ma rch fly' 'fly' 'a nt'

yimata -fish [generic]

•

Up to speed on this part of the Yulluna vocabulary? You'll prove it if you can enter the rightYulluna word for the cues (below) in this crossword! Across 3. fish sp. 8. fly 10. golden perch 11. blue-tongue lizard 12. plain goanna 18. plain goanna 21. witchetty grub 23. bearded dragon 24. crocodile

Down

1. ant 2. blue-tongue lizard 4. frog 5. snake sp. 6. march fly 7 crab 9. golden perch 13. fish (generic) 14. frog 15.snake 16. river goanna 17 perch 19. mosquito 20. spider 22. mussel

,....----

,..-----

3

.---

-

.------

I'

.------

,------

-

-

~

10

-

,...------

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11

J

-

-

-

I"

-____J

~

-

-

-

r;:;--

-

f..--

r---

f--

'----

1--

-

1--

'----

f--

-

f..--

~

'----

f..--

~

f--

-

~

.,....--

18

f--

f--

f--

-

f--

'----

-

23

I"

r,-

'----

f--

r;o--

f--

f--

f--

21

-

-

'----

-

1-

-

-

-

15

Language and

Cere~onv

pam para

'speech, word '

puwapuwa

'a yarn '

yalamnga

'language name'

nguntja(ngu)

'corroboree'

malkarri

'corroboree'

yilakirri

'love magic, " song to get a woman'"

marrinyama

'to paint up, paint oneself'

1oo(S' and ArtefactS" mutu

'camp', 'country' , 'place', 'ground ' , 'home' , 'house'

walipirri, wapirri

'humpy'

kunti

'house'

yamtu

'windbreak'

kankari

'knife '

wartuku

'hook'

kartapi

'hook'

kumpatha

'adze'

warramparta

'axe, tomahawk'

muwanu

'tomahawk'

tjurtu

'coolamon '

tharrka, thaka

'coolamon '

paru pilikani

'a light' [as a torch)

thalimpirri

'nulla-nulla, fighting club '

16

•

• kankari- knife

'billycan ' paru- a light [as a torch)

thukani

'spear' , 'stick' , 'yamstick'

tjanpara

'walking stick, staff'

payarta

'boomerang'

kutjakutja, kurtu

'shield, hielamon '

mila

'red ochre'

malyunu

'white paint, copi'

pirakarra

'white paint, copi'

wanika

'rope, chain'

wutjari

'net'

pungkuwarri

'bag, dillybag'

payiki

'bag'

katju

'clothes '

munaru

'skirt (of wallaby hair)'

kawunu

'dress' (from English 'gown')

nhunungu

'tea tree bark [used for blankets/mattress) '

kulapunu

'blanket'

putha

'bridle'

mukulu

'stone, hill, mountain ', hence 'coins, money'

mapira

'skin', hence 'paper', 'paper money'

ngankarri

'police station'

tawunu

'town' from English

pitjurtu

'hawk, kitehawk', hence 'aeroplane'

katjapi

'hawk' , hence 'aeroplane'

payarta - boomerang

thukani - spear, stick, yamstick

kutjakutja, kurtu- shield, hielamon

11

YuUuna Language and Materia( Artefactf Here's a monsterWordSearch! Yul luna words for Language and Material Artefacts are up, down, right and diagonally in all eight directions in this puzzle! Find the words corresponding to the clues below !

chain

white paint

a light (as a torch)

walking stick

country

paper money

boomerang

coolamon

fighting club

to paint up

bag

humpy

hill

red ochre

billycan

rope

knife

mountain

white paint

axe

hook

stone

aeroplane

word

aeroplane

skirt (of wallaby hair)

dillybag

net

clothes

camp

bridle

language name

dress

tomahawk

a yarn

yamstick

blanket

police station

staff

windbreak

adze

corroboree

stick

love magic

house

tea tree bark

town

shield

paint oneself

'nulla-nulla

'corroboree

speech

spear

18

K G C N P D N K P J

F P A R U N G A N K A R R I T

K L A MN H U R C UHQ U L L I I T T WK K G G T R A L A T UC S U P R WL N L H J MT P U I P V T U MT Z N P D I K UT A NT WP MN J Z F T A UXT T T T L MY T K T J I X G NA J Z KC 0 GG F R A Z I R Q U N N L R I R F N I YC A I V U T K MD I L V L J C G MV P T J A T K N N WA B ( MA MG I Z X NY L KZ DA Q G H N N R A N C U P C 0 HT D Q ) N WT U H R R MC U N F A Y F D P K Z WMU

R H K Z A U A I I P K U R R F G R F T R T R K R L

U N G U M U WA N U J A L I M L A F WG Q A Q A L U K F L WQ Z R R T N I L H E WC R R R U N H N F S MH F A WA P U WA E K MR K WK R H R T N Z R R A P MR K Y B 0 I T R R R R UDT I T F R N I L R I R A K NA K B P T J I T G Y I A Q MN NT R Y C KA R KV C I KA L I Y P L KU L I P MI L A HT A D H NC HA I NA L KR T T Q U T MT V WU X N Y J DR R A K NN K F H Y U A R U Y N T WK A WP R L UT N I H K R MMA T N Y R I U T A A P P Q U L L WR H N U K MN P X A A L R R U T A D MR MD ML Y H 0 P MR S T A F F MC R MI N I K I Y A

G H MM L KA Y K L KA K F A M Y I WS NG UT A H N I R T UC I I R K P N I F A G MR MC J L K L G J T UY F T B T P R J UN N N UK GG R N R T A K L Q NA NT UT G D MJ A R R A I MI P P L R I 19

Fire and Cooking maka

'fire', hence makamaka 'hot'

watjani

'fire, firewood '

panka

'firewood '

thipathiparri

'firestick'

pultjurru

'chips, kindling'

ngaru

'smoke'

kuthu

'smoke'

mukuru

'charcoal '

pumpa

'ashes'

warri

'meat'

ranthurru

'tucker, vegetable food'

mantha, manhi

'tucker, vegetable food '

purrutja

'honey', 'sugarbag '

riki

'hot stone for cooking [put inside carcass)' , 'cooking hole'

kunhu

'water', 'rain '

matja

'pitcheri ' [Duboisia hopwoodii]

ngumti

'mixture of tobacco and ash, for chewing '

kanga

'beer' , 'rum ' [also 'poison ']

thutha

'poison '

2.0

panka- firewood

warri- meat

Weather and +he Heavenf manamana, manumanu

'sky' , 'heaven' (see 'star')

miya

'sun ', 'light'

wanhaka

'heat, sunshine '

tjipa

'moon, month '

manumanu

'star'

purturungu

'star'

waruwaru

'Milky Way'

miwaru

'dark, nighttime'

mukampa

'black', 'nighttime' , 'dark', ' (last) night'

warta

'dark', 'night'

rungka

'lightning '

thukuwalantjini

'lightning'

tuku

'lightning, thunder'

tjala

'thunder'

yunuma

'cloud '

wunungka(ti)

'wind, cold wind '

yur1anyini

'storm'

kunhu

'water', 'rai n'

kunhukunhu

'rainy'?

wiltha

'sweat' ; 'dew'

yunuma - cloud

rungka - lightning

'2.1

yuka

'creek, river'

thanpali

'gully'

mintji

'bank (of river)'

yam pi

'bank (of river)'

mitapamitapa

'claypan'

waripa

'soak, soakage'

thurti

'ground'

maltja

'plain', 'ground'

yukala

'sand'

mukulu

'stone, hill, mountain'; hence 'money'

kurrkira

'cave'

wartuwa

'shade'

titjarra, titjata

'Dajarra (town)'

walarta

'Buckingham Downs (Station)'

walpi

'Noranside (Station)'

marrinta

'Marion Downs (Station)' [not inYalarnnga country]

kalpurru

'Boulia (town)' [not in Yalarnnga country]

2.2.

mukulu- stone, hill, mountain; hence 'money'

kurrkira - cave

Yu((una 1opography, Landfcape and Weather Can you find your way through the Yulluna landscape? Here's a crossword that will test your knowledge ofTopography, Landscape and Weather! Don't get bushed!! A c ross 1. bank (of river) 4. storm 8. plain, ground 9. stone, hill, mountain 10. shade 15. creek, river 16. sun, light 17 star 21. water, rain 24. black, nighttime, dark 25. milky way 26. heat, sunshine 27 sand 28. dark, nighttime 29. lightning

Down 2. moon, month 3. sky, heaven 5. thunder 6. wind, cold wind 7 star 11. and weather 12. ground 13. claypan 14. soak, soakage 18. dark, night 19. gully 20. bank (of river) 22. cave 23. cloud 30. sweat, dew

2

1

,.,----4

.,--

I

t-

.,-

1 t-

f..--

f..--

16

I

tf..--

tf..--

f..--

I t-

f..-~

"

27

~

~

~

t-

" ~

r-t-

~

f--

f..--

~

t-

t-

2l

t-

f..--

~

I

t-

~

t17

~

I"

t22

r--

1

t-

r--

r-~

26

28

30

r,o--

r--

"

~

I

r--

'

8

1'0 ~

..------

t-

~

" '--

F(ora thuka

'tree', 'stick', 'log'; 'bone'

kami

'shoulder', 'limb of tree'

ngulthu

'branch' kintjarla 'leaves'

kulkaparra

'bark oftree'

kuthaparra

'stick' , 'big stick' , 'stick'

pintha

'stick'

pulumpulu

'root'

thunithuni

'root'

thilimani

'gidgea'

kapara

'turpentine bush' [also name of a grub]

thalpurru

'needlebush'

pinpini

'gum tree, river redgum'

kulpi

'carbeen [=ghost gum]'

kalatja

'coolibah'; 'bark that you peel off to cook tobacco'

makani

'coolibah'

pirrkipirrki

'bloodwood'

ngulthu- branch, leaves

pulumpulu - root

pintha - stick

munkuthatha

'mountain gum'[= snappy gum?]

purtapurta

'mountain gum', also 'sheep, goat'

kurayi

'dogwood'

nguritji

'whitewood'

pi mara

'supplejack '

pipinyi

'fruit sp.'

yinpikurtu

'wild orange'

wartatji

'wild orange'

yalpungu

'conkerberry'

yangkata

'yam '

kangkuyi, murtakarta

'plain potato'

thulinganintjirri

'lily'

pinkirri

'munyeroo, wild onion '

thalu

'pigweed'

piyangu

'bindieye'

kukapi

'grass (generic) '

ngamayanti

'spinifex'

yinpikurtu -wild orange

kukapi- grass [generic]

kangkuyi, murtakarta- plain potato

2.5

Fire, Cooking and F(ora Know your trees? Pick the right timber for a fire to cook a wallaby? Find the right Yulluna words for Fire, Cooking and Flora from the cues with this crossword, and enjoy a tasty morsel!

Down

Across 2. mountain gum 3. yarn 7. smoke 9. wild orange 14. tucker, vegetable food 15. conkerberry 17. tree, stick, log 19. coolibah 20. whitewood 23. turpentine bush 26. plain potato 27. fire 29. leaves 31. beer, rum 33. root 34. dogwood 35. supplejack 38. fruit sp. 39. root 41. gidgea

2.6

43. honey, sugarbag 45. bloodwood 46.gum tree, river redgum

32 . water, rain 1. fire, firewood 34. limb of tree 2. firewood 35. chips, kindling 3. poison 36. wild onion 5. stick 37. coolibah 6. needlebush 40. pigweed 8. meat 42 . caribeen, ghost gum 10. branch 44. hot stone for cooking 11. smoke food 12. tucker, vegetable 13. spinifex 16. wild orange 18. bark of tree 19. pitcheri [Duboisia hopwoodii] 21. mountain gum 22. ashes 23. grass (generic) 24. stick 25. charcoal 28. firestick 30. mixture of tobacco and ash for chewing

..,---

.

2

3

..----

' 7

1--

1--

1--

1--

1--

1-

1-

1-

'-----

1-

12

23

~

1-

1-

1-

~

1-

1-

1-

I--

1-

,.

I--

I1-

1-

r;a-

'-----

1-

1-

1--

1--

1--

1--

,.-

1-

1-

1-

1--

'-----

'-----

1--

.,...--

1--

1--

26

1-

1--

1-

..

37

r,o-

39

'-----

1-

1-

1--

1--

1-

1-

1-

1-

1-

1'-----

I--

..

1--

I--

-I

I-

1--

I-

.. I

l

1-1-

1-

" f-

1--

f-

1--

1-

'-----

1--

1--

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1--

I"

I

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I-

1--

I

1-

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,...---

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27

I

1-

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22

1-

L__

I

18

21

I

L__

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I I 17

I

I

29

r;;---

L_

1-

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1-

25

1--

20

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19

I-

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1-

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I 1

I" -

L_

Fire, Cooking and F(ora If you think you have memorised all the Yulluna terms for Fire, Cooking and Flora, translate these words and find them in the following list of scrambled letters! Good luck with your unscrambling! 1.

HI PANT stick

2.

AGATANKY yam

3.

JAKINTLAR leaves

4.

TURGINN mixture of tobacco and ash, for chewing

5.

HKAHTUUARMTR mountain gum

6.

HITLIARRIM gidgea

7.

ITYNGNAAMA spinifex

8.

ATAMNH tucker, vegetable food

9.

LAPNGUUY conkerberry

10.

LUPLUPMUU root

11.

UHHTAT poison

'2..8

12.

PRUAKALKRA bark of tree

13.

NHTRRURAU tucker, vegetable food

14.

AANGK beer, rum

15. AAPKN firewood

16.

RKPRAHUATA stick

17.

IPINPYI fruit sp.

18.

IIRRPKRR wild onion

19.

IIRK hot stone for cooking

20. UTIHIHURRRRI root

21.

NIAUGKKY plain potato

22. UAKTH tree, stick, log

23. RIPIIPNR gum tree, river red gum

24. URYIAK dogwood

2.9

25.

APARAK turpentine bush

26.

UUKMRU charcoal

27.

UARTTRPUAP mountain gum

28.

RUGAN smoke

29.

JPURATRU honey, sugarbag

30. HLATU pigweed

31.

TKUHU smoke

32. AKNIR limb of tree

33. UURRLJPUT chips, kindling

34.

AJMAT pitcheri (Duboisia hopwoodii)

35. UKYRIPIUNT wild orange

36.

GLUNHUT branch

37.

RRIWA meat

'30

38. TJRGNIUI whitewood

39. UIPKL carbeen, ghost gum

40. HKNUU water, rain 41. 42.

TAJTIWAR wild orange PIUKKU

grass (generic) 43 . ATAJALK coolibah 44.

ARKMARI coolibah

45.

URAPLTHRU needlebush

46.

AIATWJN fire, firewood

47.

AKAM fire

48.

MARA PI supplejack

49.

PHITIRIHRTAPA firestick

50. KRPKRIPRIIIR blood wood 51.

AMPPU

ashes

ngururu

'one'; 'alone'

ngurungila

'once'

ngurungarra

'other', 'another'

katjimpa

'two'

yikata

'many, mob'

nhamingu

'how many?'

kuntu, kuntupa

'no, nothing '

wanyimpa

'empty-handed'

mukampa

'black', 'nighttime', 'dark',' (last) night' 'red'

kurrikurri parruparru

'yellow'

yiltharra

'yellow, green '

purru

'grey'

kurarri

'bright'

yanu

'big', 'very'

yanuyanu

'bigger'?

mangkura

'big '

parturtu

'little'

kankati

'high', 'top'

piyarri tjalkili

'long, tall '; 'long time ' 'short' 'narrow'

ngawarri payarrpayarri

'heavy' 'light [weight]'

pinthatha

:n

ngururu - one, alone

ngawarri - heavy

yarawali

'deep'

karawara

'shallow'

kurtukurtu

'crooked'

thayirri

'sharp'

mumtu

'blunt'

thanku

'wet' [e.g. ground]

puyu

'dry'

puyuya

'get dry, be dry, be thirsty'

kurrpakurrpa

'hot' [as water], 'hot [weather] '

makamaka

'hot'

yumu

'warm '

mata

'cold '

pantjarra

'hard, tight, fast'

thurrkali

'hard, tight'

thurrkaliya

'to get hard'

pari a

'loose'

par1aya

'to come loose, loosen'

thakuthaku

'full'

thakuya

'to get full '

kutja

'rotten '

mar1inhiya

'quick'

rantju

'slow'

yikapuyu

'quiet'

yampamu, yanpamu

'good '

yampamungila

'generously' ?

nhakarti

'bad', 'no good'

thayirri - sharp

yumu-warm

JJ

thur1iyanu

'dirty'

nyilkiyanu

'fat [quality]'

ngantji

'thin, skinny'

kumayi

'raw'

malkarra

'sweet'

karukaru

'bitter' , 'cheeky (offensive)'

kaliya

'bitter'

yuthuwarra

'alive'

wuthi

'sore'

katjarra

'crippled ', 'pox'

kiyakiyawi

'to be itchy' , kiyakiyaya 'to be itchy'

pilpangayirri

'forehead ', 'giddy', 'headache'

pintjiwuniwaki

'to be giddy' ; cf. waki 'to turn around'

kuta

'to dirty, to make smelly '

marti

'cautiously, watchfully'

matjurri

'tired'

mamu

'tired' [as in marnuyama 'am/is/are tired']

mir1akuma

'sleep', 'sleepy'

mir1akumarri

'asleep'

mirlakuma - sleep, sleepy

wamila

'sleep'

ngapalintjini

'bossy'

yulkani

'sulky' , 'angry'

yulkantjini

'angry one' , 'savage (as dog)'

tatjalintjini

'savage, as of dog' [lit. 'biter']

miya

'quiet' [ 'tame', as of dog']

nganingani

'stupid'

parrawangku

'stupid'

kinyikinyi

'uncontrollable', "'you can't stop him'", "'getting silly, for man'"

yakuranhiya

"'got no sense, talk too much"

tjurtu

'hidden, invisible'

tjurtumpa

'without being seen '

tjurtungila

'sneakily', 'without telling '

ngunka

'without looking at, unable to see'

wamparta

'heedless, careless, not worrying about others'

wampartampa

"'anyway.. :"

wampartampaya

'to be friends'?

yilawani

'greedy'

kulpurru

'shame'

yulkani- sulky, angry

"35

Motion and Activity nga-

'to walk, go '

ngapa

'to go, go away'

ngapati

'to come '

kawa

'to come on! '

ngartar1i

'to go away' , 'to run [of fluid] '

thinangku ngartar1i

'to walk'

wilka, wulka

'to go in, enter'

yunkunhi

'to return, go back'

waki, warrki

'to go around, turn around '

thanga-

'to run, run away ' [including of water], 'to blow, of wind ', 'to go [for water] '

kala kawani

'to go hunting '

wanthinti

'to 'to creep, sneak'

wanthinti -to creep, sneak

kapani

'follow'

wanti

'to climb '

warrka

'to fall'; 'to be born '

wata

'to get down '

watharra

'to wake up, get up, go out, rise (of sun), grow (of plant) '

manpanhi

'to jump '

thinama

'to follow [a track]' ; 'to talk about'

tupa

'to dance, play'

kuta

'to swim '

wilangun[h]ama

'swim '

wulawunta

'to swim ', 'to fly'

manpanhi- to jump

nhina

'to sit', 'to stay', 'to be '

thana

'to stand'

nguna

'to lie, sleep', 'to camp '

yathayathawarta[r]ta

'lie belly up'

katha

'to wait, to wait about'

muntha

'to bathe, bogey, be in the water'

thampa

'to bathe, bogey'

tjur1uya

'to hide oneself'

wula

'to disappear, be absent, be away ' , 'to be used up, be all gone', 'to die'

[purra]ka[r ]li

'to get stuck, get bogged '

Change of Pofition kant hi thinawa, thinaa kama miya wali kulungunti kamangkima mani mari ngamima wantima

'to 'to 'to 'to 'to 'to 'to 'to 'to 'to 'to 'to

hunt away ', 'to chase ' end '; 'to let go', 'to throw'; 'to follow ' catch, hold ', 'feel [with hand] ' get', 'to catch ' , 'to fetch ' , 'to pick up' , 'to take ' , 'to touch ' pick up' ? lift' take, bring ', 'to carry' , 'to wear' take ' get' , 'to take ' [go and] get, fetch ' carry [on shoulder] ' ; (ngarni 'shoulder') carry, lift' , 'carry in coolamon'

watharranti ngarra tanhakama pamayi pinpa yunkunhinti pungka ngamtawa tjirra narra thanti tharii tjuriuwinti warrkanti warrkanya[ma] ngunhitha warrkima wilkampi yithintha karrpi pariama, pariawa puka kalanti wan a wakaya

JB

'to wake [somebody] up', 'sit [somebody] up' 'to put, put down, put in, leave', 'to light ' , 'to make, build' 'to leave behind, leave alone' , 'to throw' , 'to die [euphemistic?]' 'to put in, pour' 'to take away'; 'to bring ' 'to fetch, pick up' [as wood, water, eggs] 'to bring back, take home, take back' 'to cover, to bury' 'to cover, to bury' 'to take out, take off' 'to put on ' 'to wear' 'to put up, erect, make [as humpy, windbreak] ' 'to hide something, " plant" it' 'to drop', 'to knock down ' 'to spill ' 'to give' 'to steal ' 'to turn [something ]' 'to hide [something] ' , 'to put [something] in ' , 'to wear' 'to hang up' 'to tie ' 'to undo, loosen, take off' 'to pull ' 'to drag ' 'to t hrow'? 'to work'

wana- to throw

wa-

'to hit, kill'

walanya[ma]

'to fight'

murlakawarra

'to hit on head'

marra

'to spear'

parruma

'to miss [with spear]' , 'to spear but fail to kill'

yungku

'to poke', [only in yungkuyama 'to poke self']

palka

'to split'

thingka

'to chop'; 'to hit' ; 'to hit with missile'

watji

'to cut up', 'to cut off' , 'to cut'

pintji

'to cut'

tharra

'to carve, chisel'

punta

'to pull out, pluck'

pinka

'to scratch', 'to pinch'

pintjawa

'to dig'

putha

'to break, break off', 'to hurt'

puthanyama

'to break'

tatja

'to bite'

tatjanyama

'to fight [as dogs]'

kanpa

'to put foot on'

kitjikitjiwala

'to tease' , 'to tickle'

kitjiwa[r]la

'to pick on, pick a fight', 'to give cheek'

mintjiya

'to "mess about'"

tjikirtitjikirtima

'to mess (it) up'

parlpa

'to light [fire] '

parlpa- to light fire

pintjawa -to dig

J9

ngarra

'to put, put down, put in, leave', 'light fire'

ngathi

'to cook'

makapu

'to burn'

wali

'to burn' [ both transitive and intransitive senses]

munthupa

'to boil [as water for tea] '

thathama

'to mix'

nhinti

'to have' , 'to look after', 'to keep [back]', 'to nurse', 'to treat'

mintimintima

'to look after'

tjitaama

'to look after' , 'to be careful'

kani

'to wash, wipe, clean'

kaninyama

'to wash yourself'

mani

'to rub'

wulamamti

'to use up, finish'

yampama

'to make'

yamta

'to make, build (as humpy) '

ngathi -to cook

Menta( Activi+v and Attitudes namangka mangkayama yunma nganthama thaiTka tjitaama tjutaka wala

'to see ' 'to hear', 'to listen ', 'to think', 'to "see'" 'to feel [pain] ' 'to look for' 'to find'? 'to look up' 'to look after' , 'to be careful ' 'staring' 'ignore, "not take notice'"

na--to see

ngalanga, ngalangka

'to talk'

ngapa

'to tell', 'to talk to' , 'to talk'

ngapa

'to call [someone something]', 'address [by kinship term]'

kartingarrarra

"'talking too much'"

kurrawula

'to shut up, stop talking'

thinama

'to follow [track, yarn]' ; 'to talk about'

kathi, kathinma

'tell lies'

ngapanyama

'to argue'

thakunawatharra

'to get wild'

yakana

'to sing out' , 'to squeal'

mangka

'to hear', 'to listen', 'to think', 'to "see'; perceive' [= 'consider' or 'find out']

karta

'to know'

yampamuma

'to teach'?

wawi

'to sing'

wayapa

'to ask'

wayirra nguna

'to like, want'

patjayama

'to want to do, to be ready to do'

wawi- to sing

ngalanga, ngalangka- to talk

Bodi(v Effects ngamatjaniya

'to be hungry'

ngani

'to eat, 'to take [medicine) '

kapalaniya

'to be thirsty'

tuka

'to drink'

thali, tharti

'to excrete'

kanta

'to be afraid', 'to be shy'

wala

'to poke out [as tongue)'

maramarawini

'to feel about with the hand'

wantja

'to smell of something'

yayawinti

'have [a baby) '

ngarra

'to put, put down, put in, leave', 'to light [fire)' , 'to make, build'

warrka

'to fall '; 'to be born '

ta-

'to leave behind, leave alone' , 'to throw' , 'to die'

wula

'to disappear, be absent, be away' , 'to be used up, all gone' ; 'to die'

wulanga, wulangka

'to die' ; 'to dry up, disappear '

yitjingkul(h)a

'to drown '

watharra

'to wake up, get up, go out, rise [as sun], grow [as plant)'

yilarrama

'to keep [somebody) awake'

wayirra muraya

'to be broken-hearted'

wayirra nhakartiya

'to be sad '

wayirra wanpi

'to breathe' , 'to breathe heavily'

yankama, yamkama

'sick'

manuwa

'to cough '

ngaka

'to cough '

••

• tuka - to drink

ngaka- to cough

kungkunpa

'a cold',"flu'

yampamumarri

'to cure'

miliwaki

'to go the wrong way' ; 'to be drunk' lit. 'eye-go round'

yingka

'to laugh'

yiyarti, yiyayiyarti

'to cry'

yulkaniwatharra

'to get wild'

kartarti

'to leak, drip out'

nhaka

'to flow' , e.g. nose to run, blood to flow

nyunma

'to lay [as egg]'

wulanga, wulangka

'to die' ; 'to dry up, disappear '

l>irection and

P(ace~en+

pintjangula

'side, direction'

manungkumu

'north '

karruwali

'south'

thirriwa

'east'

tangkarri

'west'

puyumpangu

'on the right'

thariwangu

'on the left'

kawana

'middle'

mumi

'interior' ; murningka 'inside, in amongst'

ninyi

'here'

wanngarra

'close, near'

yarrka

'far, long way' 'other side (as of river)'

panhangarra

•

yarrka- far, long way

manungkumu - north

watjangarra

'other side' ; watjangarrampa 'behind'

wayilarti

'this way' , 'to here, hence'

walayu

'that way', 'along' , 'away'

wurrkayu

'away '

manguwatji

'a long time ago', 'before'; 'for a good while'

mirtakumangarra

'yesterday'

miyangarra

'yesterday'

miyangarrala

'next day'

yilarti

'today, now, just now'

marra

'now'

Ia a

'now'

ngurangura

'now'

wartangampa

'tomorrow'

tharti

'just a minute', 'by and by', 'wait on'

thikuthiku

'every day, all the time'

yikatangilampa

'every day'

nguli

'always'

pukumu

'still' [as in 'still here']

watjaliya

'older, eldest' , 'first' , 'in front'

manum pili

'middle one'

thinangkali

'after' , 'behind' , 'last' , 'younger'

wulku

'long time'

wurrurru

'for good', 'all the time', 'dead'

yiyi

(question marker)

kali

'I don't know'

ngaa

'yes'?

yaya, yiya

'yes'

yuwu

'yes'

kuntu, kuntupa

'no, nothing'

yaka

(exclamation of surprise)

yika

'hey!, look out!'

kawarta

'don't'

kurtukurtu

'still', 'more', 'again', 'keep on [doing]'

manyimpa

'of one's own accord', 'oneself', "myself" in Aboriginal English; 'one's own'

munthi

'one's own'

Kevs to Puzz(es Body PartS' Word Search HQ"

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Q Q N Z R P

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1. If your mother's father is a pathingu, he would have married a marinangu wife as your grandmother. She would be in the malyarra moiety; he would be wutharru. Your mother - her daughter - would be a thunpuyungu, and so you wou ld be of the marinangu section and malyarra moiety, like your grandmother.

2. Your mother's brother would be in the same section as your mother, as siblings of your grandmother; they would be kangilangu. Their mother would be pathingu (the same as you are, and in the same wutharru moiety) and their father would be marinangu

BirdS' Word ScraMf>(e J N

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1. wamakurta (emu) 2. katjapi (hawk) 3. tjipulyu (duck) 4. kakurna (egg) 5. parrkamu (turkey) 6. kilawurru (galah) 7. thiliyarra (feather) 8. thuthu (bird) 9. kurrartapu (magpie) 10. wakarla (crow) 11. wiringara (peewee) 12. kantha (nest)

Re,ti(ef, AM,hibianf, Fifh, /nfectf and Grubf Crouword

Language and Materia( Artifactf Wordfearch

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HIPNT

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15.

AGATANKY JAKINTLAR

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mixture of tobacco and ash, for chewing HKAHTUUARMTR m u r r k u t

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mountain gum HITLIARRIM

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tucker, vegetable food I ...!!__ ~...!__I_....Q_...!!_...!!_ _ LAPNGUUY

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conkerberry lU PLU PM LU U

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hot stone for cooking UTTHIHURRRRI _!_ _!!_~ _r___ _!__!!_~ _r__r___

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26.

turpentine bush UUKMRU

bark of tree NHTRRURAU

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plain potato

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21 .

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poison 12. PRUAKALKRA

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wild onion

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stick

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firewood

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beer, rum

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honey, sugarbag HLATU

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smoke

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fire, firewood

chips, kindling

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pigweed 31.

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