An anthology of Byzantine prose

KLBINB TEXTE FOR VORLBSUNGEN U ND OBUNGBN BBCJlONOBT VON HANS LlBTZWANN HBJlAUSC BGBBBN VON JCUJlT ALANO

189

AN ANTHOLOGY OF BYZANTINE PROSE BY

N I GEL G. W I LSON

WALTER DE GRUYTER · BERLIN· NEW YORK 1971

KLEINB TEXTE FOR VORLESUNGEN UND 0BUNGEN BEGRONDET VON HANS LIBTZMANN HBRAUSGEGEBEN VON KURT ALAND

189

AN ANTHOLOGY OF BYZANTINE PROSE BY

NIGEL G. WILSON

\\'ALTER DE GR UYTER · BERLIN · NEW YORK 1971

ISBN 3 11 001898 5

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What numbers of fine writers in the later empire of Rome, when refinement was carried to the highest pitch, have missed that fame and immortality which they had fondly arrogated to themselves? How many Greek authors, who wrote at that period when Constantinople was the refined mistress of the empire, now rest either not printed, or not read, in the libraries of Europe? GOLDSMITH The citizen of the world.

CONTENTS Page

1 5

Introduction . Abbreviations Cosmas Indicopleustes . Procopius . . . Agathias . . . . Ioannes Malalas Ioannes Moschos Theophanes the confessor Methodios . . . . . . . Photius . . . . . . . . . Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Ioannes Mauropous Michael Psellos Cecaumenos . . Anna Comnena Eustathius . . Michael Choniates . Timarion . . . . Georgios Acropolites Theodoros Lascaris . Maximos Planudes Theodoros Metochites Nicephorus Gregoras Manuel II Bessarion Ducas . .

6 11

22 26 28 32 36 40

. . .

. .. . ..

63 68 68 83 87 98 108 111 121 123 126 130 136 142 146 162

INTRODUCTION This book is intended for students and scholars who would like to learn about the Byzantine world from primary sources. It has been designed mainly for those who already know some classical Greek, but I hope that it may also tempt medieval historians and students of modern Greek literature to make their first direct acquaintance with an unusually fascinating period of history. My object has been to select from prose writers a number of representative extracts which will give a general picture of Byzantine life and culture. The only existing anthology of this kind is a little book by G. Soyter, Byzantinische Geschichtsschreiber, Heidelberg 1929, which seems to me too short and limited in scope to be satisfactory. The task of an anthologist is not easy. Byzantine literature is so vast in bulk - Migne's Patrologia Graeca consists of a hundred and sixty one volumes-that no one can read more than a fraction of it, and consequently no fully representative selection can be compiled without exceeding the limits of space that must be observed in a book designed as an introduction. In order to stay within these limits I had to take difficult decisions. The most practicable solution led to two restrictions in the choice of passages. The first is chronological: following the example of Beck and Krumbacher I have assumed that Byzantine literature began in the reign of Justinian. As a result some authors of the fourth and fifth centuries who are important in themselves and were influential in Byzantium have been left out. The writings of John Chrysostom, the Cappadocian Fathers and Athanasius' Life of St. Antony are the most obvious omissions. The second restriction is that, whereas nothing has been done to obscure or minimise the pervasive influence of the church in every sphere of life, some kinds of theological literature, especially sermons, mys1

Wilson

2

INTRODUCTION

ticism and philosophical theology, have been excluded. This may be thought a shortcoming, particularly in view of the emphasis given to matters connected with the survival and study of classical antiquity throughout the book. Perhaps! should anticipate criticism by saying that the decision, though not easy or welcome, seemed justifiable on two grounds. My purpose has been not so much to give examples of every class of prose writing as to offer a panorama of Byzantine life. In addition it is a tenable proposition that the Byzantine contribution to theology is less important for the history of European culture than the preservation and study of classical Greek texts. In the selection here offered to the reader the historians claim the lion's share. That is only to be expected. Although they mostly set to work with the narrow aim of writing military and political history, they permitted themselves digressions from the main theme which are admirably suited for inclusion here. There is also little doubt that the historians are the best writers of medieval Greece. Only their works can stand the test of being translated into a modern language for the benefit of a wider audience than professional scholars. Of the other literary forms the letter is best represented, and throughout the period it was practised with success by schoolmasters, bishops, statesmen and even emperors. The absence of two authors requires explanation. The story of Barlaam and Joasaph, usually ascribed to St. John Damascene, has been omitted, since I am inclined to share the view of D. M. Lang, BSOAS 17. 2. 1955. 312---8, that it is a translation from the Ge9rgian and not an original work of Byzantine literature. And there is no specimen from the works of Plethon. This is deliberate, since the proper appraisal of his philosophical position is not yet agreed among scholars. I suspect that the revolutionary nature of his ideas has been exaggerated, and would refer the reader to E. Wind, The pagan mysteries of the Renaissance, second edition, Penguin Books 1967, 244-6. His economic ideas, however, designed to strengthen the Morea, are reflected in the extract given from Bessarion's letter.

INTRODUCTION

3

Most Byzantine prose was written with the object of imitating the language and style of the great Athenian writers of the fifth and fourth centuries B. C. The historians for example attempted frequently and with varying degrees of success to model their style on that of Thucydides. But that did not prevent them from borrowing Ionic expressions from Herodotus, who was also read and respected as a model. Most writers permitted themselves to use the vocabulary of the Septuagint and New Testament, and few could resist the temptation of drawing on the large additional resources of vocabulary offered by Hellenistic Greek. This modified or impure Atticism lasted as long as the empire, and led to excesses of virtuosity that were scarcely equalled by the most dedicated practitioners of Ciceronianism in the Italian Renaissance. Even when allowance is made for the slow pace of linguistic change in Greek, this degree of archaism limited freedom of expression so much that the result could not often be more than mediocrity of literary achievement. Gibbon roundly condemned Byzantine literature: 'Not a single composition of history, philosophy or literature has been saved from oblivion by the intrinsic beauties of style or sentiment, of original fancy or even of successful imitation. In prose the least offensive of the Byzantine writers are absolved from censure by their naked and unpresuming simplicity; but the orators, most eloquent in their own conceit, are the furthest removed from the models they affect to emulate'. The highest praise that a Byzantine author is likely to receive from· a critic is that he writes a smooth pastiche, so as not to offend the reader by linguistic incongruity, and at the same time offers thought or narrative worthy of attention. Yet it is hard to withhold a certain admiration for a man who handles the classical language a millennium after its maturity as well as Procopius does. The development of the Greek language and the importance of Atticism are described by R. Browning, Medieval and modern Greek, London 1969, especially chapters 2--4. Advanced students may like to consult G. Bohlig, Untersuchungen zum rhetorischen Sprachgebrauch der Byzantiner,

4

INTRODUCTION

Berlin 1956, 1-17, who shows that authorities did not always agree in their definition of strict Attic practice. In the commentary a large proportion of the notes are linguistic, because it is important to show in detail how the Byzantine authors deviated from the usage of their models and what the components of their vocabulary are; the closer the superficial resemblance to classical Greek the more necessary it becomes to note the differences. Learned allusions to classical authors are traced wherever possible; the educated Byzantine reader was expected to be able to follow them. I have not assumed that the extracts will necessarily be read in the chronological order in which they are given, and for that reason notes are occasionally repeated. Byzantine Greek should be pronounced in the same way as the modern language. The accent had changed from pitch to stress by the fourth century, and most of the changes in the values of vowels and consonants were complete by the tenth century. A very important feature in late Greek prose is that writers attempt to follow a rule regulating the clausula; in each clause the last two stressed syllables should if possible be separated by an even number of unstressed syllables, usually two or four (P. Maas, Greek metre, Oxford 1962, 17 para. 23). The earliest practitioner of this type of rule is Himerius (Wilamowitz, Kleine Schriften IV 56ft.= Hermes 34. 1889. 216ff.). Different authors apply it in different ways, so that it can be employed as a criterion for assessing the authenticity of disputed works such as Procopius' Secret History (P. Maas, BZ 21. 1912-3. 52). In conclusion I record with pleasure my debt to two friends, who have helped to make this book less imperfect than it would otherwise have been. Prof. R. Kassel read the manuscript and suggested many improvements in the commentary. Dr. M. Winterbottom read a set of proofs and drew my attention to other points in need of correction. N.G.W.

ABBREVIATIONS BSOAS

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African studies BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers EHR English Historical Review GRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies Journal of Hellenic Studies JHS Jahrbuch der Oesterreichischen byzantiJOBG nischen Gesellschaft LexPatrGr A patristic Greek lexicon, by G. W. H. Lampe A Greek-English lexicon, by H. G. Liddell, LSJ R. Scott, H. Stuart J ones LXX The Septuagint OrChrPer Orientalia Christiana Periodica ProcCambPhilSoc Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Pauly-Wissowa Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Realencyklopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association

COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES (fl. c. 520-550) Although the name and epithet are traditional, both are open to doubt. The name is found in only one of the three manuscripts, and was unknown to Photius in the ninth century; it could have been given to the author because of his description of the cosmos. As to his travels, it is clear that he was a merchant trading in the Red Sea and Ethiopia (see especially 2. 66), but what he says of India and Ceylon does not prove conclusively that he had been there himself. His work, the Christian Topography, is intended to refute Ptolemaic theories of geography and astronomy; the Bible is the only accurate source of knowledge; the world is shown to be shaped like the tabernacle of Moses. The combination of bigotry and naivete is unattractive but revealing. There are many digressions, which are often valuable sources for the history of trade between Byzantium and the Orient. The author arranged for his work to be profusely illustrated, and there is a fascinating series of miniatures in the manuscripts. Photius' summary and co=ents are printed below (pp. 000). The book's popularity in Byzantium is difficult to estimate, but translations of it were made into several Slavonic languages. Edition with French translation and commentary: W. Wolska-Conus, Paris 1968-, in progress(= Sources Chretiennes 141); for books V-XII text by E. 0. Winstedt, Cambridge 1909.

•yTr66ecns

5

Xplcrrla:V{~ElV VOIJ.l~6JJ.EV01

'KO:l T'l')v 6e{a:v rpa:cpf}v IJ.T)5ev 'Aoy1~6JJ.Evo•, &XA.a Treplcppovovv-res Ka:l \rrrepcppovovv-res, Ka:-ra TOVS e~ooeev V elva:l TO OXflJ.lCX TOV ovpa:vov VTrOACXIJ.~CxVOVO'lV, b< T6>V 'liAlCX'K&>V 'KO:l O'eAT)VlCX'K6>V bV TrACXVOOIJ.EVOl. TrCXO'CXV To{vvv Tf\S ~{~AOV Tf}v \nr66ea1v els TrEVTE TlVES

2 VOI.Itl;61JSVOt: i.e. Christians who are acquainted with Greek scientific theory. The polemic is directed at least in part against his contemporary John Philoponos, the commentator on Aristotle. 4 TOVs ~~oo6ev: usually 'pagans'; here it may include heretics as well. 6 Titvre: there are now twelve books, the last seven being subsequent additions by the author.

COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES

7

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&p"'-oS{ws StetA.6"'-flV. TrpwTov mxVTwv TrPOs Tovs elpfl"'-~vovs o SvvaTov Tov TWV e~weev yap ~av TlS 6eA.i}aetev (3aaav{aat TCxS • EAA11 vtKCxS \rrroWaets, TrAaO""'-aTa TrOVTc..:IS ropf]aet Kal ""veooST} aocp{a""aTa Kal &SvvaTa TraVTEAWS. eha AOlTT'OV TrPOs TOV alTT}O"a""evov XptO"Tlavov ocpe{A.oVTa Myet V ,To\rrwv &vatpov"'-~vwv, Tro{as XPTt &VTEtaayetv \rrro6~aets &A116eis ;" o Se\JTepos A.6yos ty~vETo, ~~yov~vos TCxS XptO"TtavtKCxS \rrro6~0"E1S ~ Tiis 6e{as rpacpfls 7rpoepx6~vos, Kal Sf}AWV TT'OVTOS TOV KOO"""OV TO O"Xfl"'-a, Kal OTl TlV~S TWV e~weev TraAOlWV TotaVTT}s S6~s ty~voVTo. eha TrcXAtv ooaavel Ttvos chropovVTos Kal A~OVTOS ,Tr66ev Sf}A.ov et CxAfl6eVet MwOO"f}s Kal ol Trpocpf}Tat TotaiiTa A.~oVTEs ;" 6 TpiTos A.6yos To &~t6TrtO"Tov chroSe{Kvvatv Mc..:~Oa~ws Kal TWV TrpO Kal TrPcXy"'-aTl, Trpoeewpi}aaVTES aVTCx OVTc..:IS e~eiTrOV Kal oi ev Tij TTaA.at "TOV VOIJ.OV tyypacpoos tS~~aV"TO, Kal "TOOV ypa~J,­ ~J,6:7oov Ti}v 1Tsipav ~SlSQ:xSflaav, Kal "Tf\S 01 Xp10'T4l els Tov aloova Toii-rov ov Slacp6ap-ftO"ETal. 10 eappoov yap &Trocpa{VOIJOll OTl el Kal S1a Tas til.lrnpas cXIJapT{as lfPOs TfalSe{av 6A.{yov ~epol J3apJ3apol Tij •PooiJaV{Cit rnav{O'TaVTall C:il\Aa Tij SvvaiJEl Tov SlaKpaToVVTOS CxTtTTfiTOS SlaiJ~VEl ti J3aalA.e{al rnl TO l.lfJ O'TEVOV0"6al Ta TOOV XplO'T1avoovl C:il\Aa TfAcrrVVE0"6a1. Kal yap Kal TrpOOTOV j3aa{Ae10V rn{O"TEVO'EV 15 Xp10'T4l Trapa Ta A.omal Kal ~ ti j3aa1A.eta Vlff)ph1s ~O"Tlv Toov TOV XplO"Tov olKovo1JlOOV ilv S1a Taii-ra cpvA.Cx-r-re1 6 Toov OAOOV LleO'Tf6TT')s eeos CxTtTTfiTOV ~pl Tfjs O'VVTEAe{as. ~V Tij yap •pooiJa{oov yij TrpOOTOV rnl TOOV CxlfOO'T6AOOV Sl~SpallEV TO XplO'TlOVlKOV K{]pvyl.lal Kal eVe~oos TfCxAlV ~V Tiepa{S1 Sla eas20 Sa{ov Tov &TfoO"T6A.ov. &~1 Kal ~v Tais Ka6oA.1Kais y~paTrTa1 I

1

1

I

1

63 Matthew 25. 34. 4 avVTEA£1as: 'the end' (of time); Hellenistic in this sense. Daniel 2. 44. 6 Luke 1. 33. 8 avvavcrretACtOTIS: 'rise together with'; Hellenistic. 11 •pw11avlq;: 'the Roman empire'. 14 1rAcrrVvea6at: at 3. 64-65 Cosmas surveys the diffusion of Christianity. ~aaf'-etov: 'empire', a sense not attested in LSJ. 16 olKOVOI!twv: 'dispensations'. 17 2. 76 (here omitted) describes the Persian empire as second in importance to the Roman. 19 The apostle Thomas was believed to have sent Thaddeus to Edessa in the reign of king Abgar (Eusebius hist. eccl.

1. 13).

10

COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES

ae oft tv Baf3v:Aoov1 ~11afa". &XA.a ~f}v -ro -roov • PooiJa{oov f3aaf:Aetov "!To:AAO: 1Tpo:A1)~1Ja-ra Ex,et tv -roV-rq>, 00$ Kal 1Tpoo-rov ov Kal 1Tp00-rov "'Ttcneiiaav els Xpta-rov Kal \rm')pe-rovv tv '1T00'1J -rfj Ka"TCx Xpta-rov olKovo~fc;x. rnpov s~ O'T)~Eiov Svvaa-refas -roov •Poo~afoov o aV-rois KE)(O:pta-rat 6 9e6s, Akyoo Sf} 8-rl tv -re;> vo~{a~a-rl aV-roov t~"!Tope\Jov-ral "'TOV"Ta -ra reVT), Kal tv "!Tarn -r6'1Tq> &"!T• &Kpov yi)s eoos &Kpov yfls SEK-r6v ta-rtv, 6aviJa~61JEvov "'TapO: "'Tav-ros &vepoo"'Tov Kal "'TOO'flS f3aat:Aefas, o"'Tep hepc;x (3aat:Aefc;x o\Jx Vn-apxet -ro -rotoV-ro. ,&crrra~ETaf

25

21 I Peter 5. 13.

22 -rrpoAftllllaTa: 'advantages'; Hellenistic.

SEKTov: 'acceptable'; first in the LXX.

27

PROCOPIUS (b. c. 500) Of all Byzantine historians Procopius is the best from a stylistic point of view (within his self-imposed limits), and he is equal to any of his rivals in the interest of the story he has to recount. Having become a staff officer or private secretary to Belisarius at an early age, he accompanied him on his campaigns in Persia, Africa and Italy (627-40), as a result of which the territories of the Roman empire were very greatly extended for a short while. His main work, a history of the wars of Justinian in eight books, has all the advantages that would be expected in an eye-witness account; for modern taste its one failing is the inclusion of numerous speeches in the manner of Thucydides. There are many interesting digressions, including one on the Nika riots of 632. Since Procopius possessed great linguistic ability as well as intellectual curiosity (he knew Syriac and Latin, and very probably Gothic, Armenian and Persian), the accounts he gives of the various races he came into contact with are sources of unique value for the early history of central and northern Europe; where modern research is able to verify his statements they are found to be accurate (see R. Benedicty, JOBG 14.1966. 61-78). At much the same time as he was writing the history which treats Belisarius as a hero and is no more than moderately critical of imperial policy, Procopius composed his Secret History, a ferocious invective against Justinian and his wife Theodora, which has enjoyed a certain notoriety ever since Gibbon relegated some of the more scabrous passages about Theodora to his footnotes, saying 'her murmurs, her pleasures and her arts must be veiled in the obscurity of a learned language'. It is not known what provoked Procopius to this apparently schizophreD.ic state of mind. There is also a monograph on various buildings constructed in Justinian's reign, which describes elegantly and with much praise of the emperor such monuments as Hagia Sophia. Editions: J. Haury, Teubner 1905-13, reprinted with additions 1963--4; H. B. Dewing and G. Downey, Loeb series. English translation of the Secret History by G. A. Williamson, Penguin books 1966. On P. in general see B. Rubin's article in Pauly-Wissowa. See also P. N. Ure, Justinian and his age, Penguin books 1961. For an interesting note on P. 's account of England see A. R. Burn, EHR 70. 1965. 268-61.

12

PROCOPIUS

History 1. 1. 1-5 Proem TlpoK6'Tt'tOS Kcoacxprus 'TOVs 'Tt'Oi\t!Jovs ~veypCX\fJEV, ovs 'Iovcrrtvtcxvbs 6 •pc.o!Jcx{c.ov (3cxatAe\Js 'Tt'pos (3cxp(3apovs Snivcyt<e 'TOVS 'TE ~c;:>ovs Kcxl ~O"Tt'ep{ovs, oos 'TtTl cxV-rwv ~6crrct> ~VI'lv£x6r) yevea6cxt, oos l-l1'l epycx VrrEp!JeyEer, 6 IJE)'cxs cxlwv A6yov EPfliJCX 5 xetpc.oaCxj.lEVOS 'Tij 'TE A{}&t:l cxVTCx KCX'TCX'Tt'pOfl'TCXl Kcxl 'Tt'CXV'TCx'Tt'CXO'l\1 ~~{'TflACX &i;'TCXl, OOV'Tt'Ep 'Tf}v 1-lvi}l-lfl\1 cxVTOs ~E'TO IJEyCX 'Tl eaea6cxt Kcxl ~voiaov ~s •a IJCxAtcrrcx Tois 'TE viiv ovat Kcxi Tots ~s 'TO E'Tt'El'TCX YEVTlO'OIJEVOlS, ei 'Tt'O'TE KCXi cxVets 6 xp6vos ~s 6j.lo{cxv 'Tl\1Cx •ovs &vepc.::movs &v(xyKflv StCxeol'To. •ois 'TE yap 'Tt'OAE~Jflae{ovat 10 Kcxi &AAc.os &yc.ovtov!JEvots OVI'la{v 'Ttvcx ~op{~ea6cxt oicx 'TE ~crrtv , 'Tiis ~j.lcpepovs lcrrop{cxs rn{Set~lS, CrnOKcxAV'Tl"Tovacx IJEv O'Tt'Ol 'Tt'O'Te Tois 'Tt'poyeyeV111JEvo•s •a 'Tiis 6~Jo{cxs &yc.ov{cxs £xcbpflaev, cxlvtaao!JEVI'l Se 6'Tt'o{cxv 'Tl\1Cx 'TEAEV'Tf}v 'TOiS ye oos aplO"TCX (3ovAevo!JEvots 'TCx 'Tt'cxp6VTcx, oos 'TO elK6s, e~t. Kcx{ ot cxV-r~ 15 ~VI'l'Tt'{crrCX'To 'Tt'CxV'TC.OV IJCxAtcrrcx SvVCX'TOs wv TaSe ~vyypQ\vcxt KCX'T' &AAo !-LEv ovSev, cht Se cxVT~ ~VIJ(30VA ~Pfll-lEV BeAtacxp{ct> 'T~ O"TPCX'TflY~ axeS6v 'Tl &ircxa1 'Tt'cxpcxyevea6cxt 'TOiS 'Tt'E'Tt'pcxyIJEV01S ~vvrnae. 'Tt'prnetv 'TE -i}yei'To Pfl'TOptKij IJEv SetVO'Tfl'TCX, 'Tt'Olfl'TtKij Se 1Jv6o'Tt'ottcxv, ~pcxcpij Se &A{}6etcxv. •cxii'Ta •o• 20 ovSe 'TOV 'TWV ol ~S &ycxv rnt'TflSe{c.ov 'TCx 1JOX6r)pCx &'Tt'eKp\1\yCX'To, &AAa •a 'Tt'cxat ~vevex6eVTcx El irp6cpaa{v -r1va ii :A6y el'Treiv ii 10 SlaVO{Kf}VTal ~V rr,"Aova{~. yeVOIJEV, s~ Stxa lTf} ll~V rn{ TE •A'Ae~avSpe{as Kal Tiis CXAATlS Aly&rr-rov ~OOPTlOC, lTf} s~ rnl ITcx'AataT{ vovs TOVS Alyvrrr{ots OIJOpovs fj'A6ev, ~VTEGeev TE KaTSAaj3e Tf}v yiiv aVIJlTaaav, oSc;> TE ael lTpoiovaa Kal XP6V01S j3aS{~ovaa TOiS Kcx&f)KOVO'lV. rnl so PTlTOiS yap ~S6KE1 xoopeiv Kal xp6vov TCXKTOV ~V XOOP lTpoTep~ Stecp66:p6at TETVx11Kev. O:p~allEV'Il Se O:el ~ Ti;s Tiapa'A{as Tj v6aos f)Se, o\hoo Si] ~S Tf}v J,1Ea6yetov &vej3atve xoopav. SEVTep~ s~ ETEl ~ Bv~CxVTlOV J..lEO'OVVTOS TOV fipos aoVTo lTpos Tov ~VTVX6VTos

25

~pG>v fpXOIJO:l: a Herodotean phrase, but for thegeneral sense cf. Thuc. 2. 48. 3. 25 IJ~V ovv or ~v yap might be expected. 29ff. The v6aos is made the subject of numerous verbs, ending with the personification ooCTTTEp SeSoncvla:, a usage which seems foreign to classical prose idiom. rnl ~T)TOlS: 'at a steady pace'. 38-39 Areas which had once suffered were not subject to reinfection. 40 TO IJErpov: 'the due measure'; at 2. 23. 1 it means 'number'. 41 ooCTTTEp MSS.: 61TEp Haury, but probably no emendation is needed. 42 he Tiis 1Ta:pa:Aia:s: because it was spread by rats in ships. 44 Theophanes says that the outbreak began in October, which is unlikely. P. makes an autobiographical statement here, perhaps because Thucydides had permitted himself one (a:VT6s TE vocn1aa:s). 45 q>etO"IJCXTO: JCTA.: the description begins without a connecting particle, a fine point of Atticism well observed by P. 46 Sa:tJ,l6voov in this pejorative sense is not classical. 47 1TO:pcrrr11TTotev: here and at 60 below the compound in 1rep1- may be a better reading.

23

PROCOPIUS

15

O:vSpas, O"'TTl "'TV fjpETo, ~a 5~ ~s 1TEVTaK1CTX1Atovs f)~ep~ ~acrn;t ~~1KveiTo To Twv vEKpwv 5 ~hpov, Kal aV 1TaA1V ~s ~vp{ovs TE Kal To\rrwv h1 1TAe{ovs

10

15

20

25

-?iA6e. TCx ~~V ovv 1TpWTa Tfjs Tacpfjs aUTOs EKOCTTOS rne~AeiTO Twv KaTa -rljv olK{dv veKpwv, o\is 51'} Kal ~s &AA.oTptas &f}Kas ~pphTTOVV i1 Aav6avovres 11 ~1d~6~V01. rne1Ta 5~ 1TcXVTa ~V ernacr1 ~vvETapax&r}. 5ovAot Te yap ~~1vav 5eCT1ToTwv ~Pfl~o1, cS:v5pes TE Ta 1Tp6TEpa A{av ev5a{~oves Tfjs TWV o[KETWV \rrrovpy{as i1 vocrovvrwv 11 TETEAEVTflK6Twv ~CTTEPflVTO, 1TOAAa{ -re olK{al 1Tavr<X1Tacr1V ~Pfl~o1 &v6p&11rwv eyevovro. 610 51'} ~ve~11 T1CTi TWV yvwp{~wv Tij ernop{l -ri}v 1TOA1\1 xoop{ex, lvrcrii66: TE 'TOVS 6vf}O'KOVTCXS KCX'TCX'T16EJ.,lEV01, 00s Ei<excrr6s iTT} lSvvCX'To, &-rn,AAaaaovro, rne1'Tex Se ol 'TCxS KCX'TOOpV)(CXS 'TcxV'TCXS 1T010VJJEV01 1TP0s 'TOOV &1To6VT)O"K6vroov 'TO JJhpov o\n, Kexl ~vvflaexVTEs, oos 1TT} ~6:crrct> 1Texph\J)(ev, lJJ1TAT)aaJJEVO{ TE 'T00\1 YeKpOOV OOS el1TeiV OOrexVTCXS, e!'Tex 'TexiS opoq>exis cxV61S lKcXAV1T'TOV. Kexl ern· a\rrov 1TVEVJ.,lex SvqooSes ls -ri}v 1TOA1\1 85 lov E'l'1 J.lCXAA0\1 EAV1TE1 'TOVS 'Tcx\rn:l av6poo1TOVS, OAAOOS TE i')v Kexi CXVEJ.lOs 'T1S lKei6ev rn{q>opos rn11TveVO'E1E. TT6:vrex Te \nrepcbq>61') 'TOTE 'TCx 1Tepl TCxS 'Texq>Cxs VOJ.l1J.lex. oV'Te yap 1TexpCX1TeJ.l1TOJ.levo1 15 vev6J.11crrex1 ol veKpol lKoJJ{~ovro oV'Te KCX'Tex\l}cxAAOJ.,lE\101 i51Tep eloo6e1, aAA • lKexV0\1 i'j V el q>epoov T1S rnl 40 T00\1 OOJ.lOOV 'T00\1 TETEAevTT}KOT00\1 T1\1Cx ES TE 'Tfls 1TOAeOOS TCx rn16cxA6:aa1ex tA6oov epp1\I}EV, ov Si} 'Texis OKCxT01S lJJ(3cxAA6JJEV01 aoopT)Sov EIJEAAOV 01TT} 1TexpCX'TVxo1 KOJ.l{~ea6ex1. 'TOTe Kexl 'TOV Si)JJov oao1 crrexa1ooTex1 1Tp6TEpov i'jaexv, i)(6ovs 'TOV ls &AAi}Aovs aq>EJ.lE\101 'Ti;S TE oa{exs 'T00\1 ~KOT00\1 K01Vij ElrEJ.lEAOVTO 45 Kexi q>EpOVTES a\rrol 'TOVS o\J 1Tpoaf}KOVTexS aq>{a1 YeKpOVs E6CX1T'TOV. &XA.a Kexl oao1 1Tp6:yJJexa1 Ta 1Tprnpex 1Texp1crr6:JJEvo1 exlaxpois TE Kexl 1TOVT)pois i){ex1pov, oiSe -ri}v ts -ri}v S{ex1'Texv ernoae1a6:J.,lEvo1 1TexpexvoJJ{exv -ri}v e6aef3e1exv &Kp1(3oos i\aKovv, o\J -rl}v aooq>poa-VVT)v J.lETexJJcx6oVTEs o6Se 'Ti;s &pe'Ti;s lpexcrrex{ 'T1VES tK 'TOV exlq>v1S{ov 50 yeyEVT)JJE\101. rnel 'TOiS &v6poo1T01S oaex lJJ1TEit'T}ye q>VO"e1 ;; ' xp6vov J.lCXKpov S1SexaKcxA{epev. ~pyeea{ee TE ~V~"'TeeO"ee TlPYE1 Keel TCxS Texvees ol TSX\IiTee1 ~E&iiKee\1 ern6:aees, epyee TE &AA.ee oaee s..; EKeeO'T01 ~\/ xepalv eTxov. ~\/ 1TOAe1 yov\1 ayee6ois &rree0'1\l &Texvws eV&r)\IOVO"'IJ A11l6s T1S &Kp1J3i)s rneKOOJ.lee~E\1. Ci:pT0\1 CxJ.1EAe1 ii &AA.o OT10V\I S1eepK6)s ExE1\I xeeAe"'T6v TE ~S6KE1 75 Keel A.6yov 'TTOi\i\ov 0:~10\1 eTvee1" ooo-re Keel TW\1 \/OO"OV\/T00\1 T10"l\l cS:oopov ~~!3fi \lee1 SoKEi\1 ernop{cte TW\1 O:vcxyKee{oo\1 T1) \1 TOV J3{ov KCXTeeo-rpoq>{J\1. Keei TO ~VJ.l"'Tee\1 el"'TEi\1, xA.ee~vSee OVK i'jv ~\IS1Sva­ KO~\IO\I T1\lee ~" Bv~eeVT{~ To 1Teeperneev tSeiv, &i\Aoos Te T)v{Kee J3eea1A.ei voafjaee1 ~vel311 {Keel c:xVTc;:> yap ~vvrneae !3ovJ3wvee 80 rnfjp6ee1•, &i\i\ • ~\/ 1T6'Ae1 j3eea1'Ae{eev ~OVO"'IJ ~ll"'TCxO"flS Tfis • PooJ.lee{oov &pxiis lllCxT1ee ~" tS1ooT&v A.6y~ &rree\I"Tes O:ll1TEX6~evo1 'liavxfi eJ.1evov. Ta !le" o~v &~q>l Tc;:> 'Ao1~c;:> ev Te Tfj &i\A1J • Poo~ee{oov yfj Keel ~\/ Bv~ee\IT{~ TcxVT1J 1TTl eaxev. rnEO"KTli.J'E Se Keel ~s Tl)v Tiepaw\1 yfiv Keel ~s J3eepJ3apovs TOVS &AA.ovs crnee\/Tcxs.

55

77 XAa~o~uSa: 'formal dress', like the toga in Rome; not military uniform, the Attic meaning of the word. fvStSuaK61lfvov is not Attic, but found in the LXX and N. T. 82 a~o~cpl with the dative ( = 1rEpl with the genitive) is not Attic usage.

PROCOPIUS

19

8. 17. 1-7 The secret of silk 'Y-rro Toihov TCW xp6vov Tc;':>V TlVES J.lOVCX)(OOV ~~ ·rvsoov f}KOVTES, yv6VTes Te oos ·rovcrr1v1av4) ~acn'Aei S1a cnrovSfls ei11 J.l'llK~"Tl TrpOS TlepCTOOV -ri}v J,.tha~aV ooveia6a1 •pc.>J.la{OVS, ~S ~aa1Ata yev6J.1EV01 oV.oo Sf) Ta CxJ.lcpl Tij IJETCx~ S1o1tV j3{ov j.lETaj.lcpttaaa6at OVayKCx~ovaa. &v SfJ TlVES ~pp{1TTOVV mrras &cp. ~flAOV lM Kcxl OV A{cxv ExETCXl TOOV 5 1TpOTepoov, CxAA • OV 1TeplTTCx ye icroos 86~eleV CXV ov8e CXxPTlcrTCX, J.lCXAAOV J.lEV ovv Kcxl TO eEAyov, cbs EJ.lE ,;yeicr6cxl, ~V T(i) oo CrnelATl • ~vl "Ltpl-lCXTl Slaj.lE-rpeicr6al. 8 'TTpoeA.66v-ros Se xp6vov eplS cx\rrois ~vrneae K<Xl SVO'KOA{a i1 -rov SlOTI'"l'EVecr6al xaplv, -rvxov ov 'TTp6-repov el6•a!JEvov, ft veoo-repas olKoSol-l{as 'TTepa -rov j.lE-rp{ov ~s V\J'OS &p6e{O'T}S Kcxl -r(j) q>oo-rl AVj.l<XlVOlJEVflS ft &J..J...ov -rov 'TTEpl, 10 cmota 'TTOAACx -rois 'TTAT}O'l<XhCXT<X 'TTpOO'OlKOVO'l Sl<XqllAOVElKEicr6cXl &v(xyKT}.

7. T 6-re s,; ovv 0 •A v6Ej.llOS \rrro -rov ~vav-r{ov &-re SlKT}y6pov KCXTappT}-ropev6j.lEvos Kal o\Jx ol6s -re oov -rf.i Se1 v67T}-rl -roov Pfll-lepecr6al, o Se ~ Tfis olKe{as cx\rrov 15 &v-reA.Vrrr}ae ..SXVflS -rp6'TTC{> 't"Ol(j)Se. 2 S6j.lOV ... va \rrrep(j)ov 0 Zi}voov ~EK'LT}-ro, e\Jpvv -re :A{av Kcxl Sl<X'Tt'pe-rrfj Kal 'TTEplepy6-rCXTa: 'TTE'TTOlKlAj.lEVOV, ~V 4> Sf} -ra 'TTOAAa ~j.lqllAOXOOPEiV e[oo6El KCXl ~a-r1Ci:v -rovs q>1:A-r&-rovs. -roV..ov St -.a. 'TTPOs -r(j) ~Saq>el ~vS•a•-riJ1-lCXTa: Tfis •Av6ej.l{ov ov-ra hVyxave j.lo{pas, 00s 70 j.lE-r<X~V 20 -reyos -r(j) j.leV ss opoq>i}v, -r(j) St ~s (36:alV 'TT<Xpa-re-.6:cr6al. 3 ~v-ra:V­ ea s,; ovv AE(3T}'L<XS 1-leyCxAOVS vSCXTOS ~j.l'TTAf)aas Sl<XKplSov EO"LT}O'E 'TTOAACXXOV -rov Sooj.lCXT{ov, a:V:Aovs Se cx\rrois e~oo6ev aKV-r{VOVS 'TTEpl(3cxAOOV, K6:-roo j.leV eVpVVOj.lEVOVS 00s Crn<XO'<XV -rf}v a-req>6:Vflv 'TTEpl(3e(3vcr6al, ~~iis St Kcx66:irep a6:A'TT1yya \rrroa..eA:Ao25 j.levovs Kal ~s -ro &vc:xAoyovv -reAev-roov-ra:s, ~vE'TTT}~e -rais SoKois Kal -rais aavia1 -ra &-rro:Ai}yov-ra Kal ~s -ro &Kp1(3es ~VE'TTep6VflaeV, oos Kal -rov ~v cx\rrois &-rrelAfll-lllEvov &epa &q>e-rov 1-lEv E)(e1v -rftv &voo q>opav S1a Tfis KSvO-rT}-ros &v16v-ra Kal yvl-lvf.i 'TTPOO'\J'aVElV -rf.i opoq>f.i KCXTCx 70 'TT<XpEiKOV, [Kal] -rf.i (3VpOlJ 'TTEplEXOI-lEVOV, 3 TCf'> ••• &vo:yeypaiJ~vos: this probably means that he belonged to the official guild of advocates: cf. St'KT'IY6pov in 12 below. ey~ypaJJJJtvos Reffel. 5 005 So"Keiv 'KTA. : this clause is typical of Byzantine affectation, with its dual and oxymoron 'to be united and divided by a single boundary'. 7 St011'TEVeo6at: 'to be overlooked'. 12 &-re Sfl 'KaTTly6pov L. 14 6 St: anacolouthon; perhaps an apodotic particle intended as an imitation of Herodotus' style. 15 Vn-epCf>ov: 'in the upper part of the building'. 18 lvStarn'liJaTa: 'rooms'. 20 TOO ~v .•• Too St VbO: TO JJtv ••. TO St LWR. 21 Sta'KptSov: here 'in several places'. 24 OTEcpc!nn)v: 'rim'. 25 ls TO avaAoyovv: 'proportionately', a technical term from mathematics. 29 Tij J3vp171J TrEP1E)(61JEVOV should probably be transposed after Vm'Kcptpeaeoo (Keydell).

AGATHIAS

25

T;KlCTTa Se ~s -ra mbs Slappeiv Kal Vrm Se1 vc;> Ka"Talt'EifAT)y~vo• • ol6s -re fiv ~cp~ ols i}1ricrra-ro &p-rloos yeyev,lJtvo•s Kal SlalJCxxE0'6al KCXT1JSeiTo rnl 1l'OAV "TOO'OVTOlS &vSpacrl Kal OVTOO Ka"Ta~lJ: 'this', as in the modern language. &vCXKooSIKEVcns: note the hybrid formation. Justinian directed the publication of a Codex in 529, then the Digest, begun in 530 and completed in 533, finally the second Codex in 634, since its predecessor was now out of date. 2 ~~~ with the dative is often used to indicate motion towards a point. 4 1JOII6~l~AOII: none of the publications mentioned above was a single book, so Malalas must be referring to a set of laws designed to speed the administration of justice. 5 Athens was less famous than Beirut as a centre of legal study. Malalas records (p. 451) Justinian's edict of 629 prohibiting the teaching of law and philosophy at Athens (see A. D. E. Cameron, Proc Camb Phil Soc 195. 1969. 7-29).

IOANNES MALALAS

10

15

20

25

27

rnO{flO'EV rna:pxfa:v, TJVTlVCX rnc..:>VO~CXO'E 9eo5oopta5a:, 5o\Js a:V-rij Ka:l ~flTpolTOAlTlKOV 5{Ka:tov. Tov 5~ ~lT{O'l(olTov Aa:o5tKe{a:s o\JK f}Aeveepooae Tov \moKeia6a:t Tef> lTCXTptapx1J Ti'js •AVTtoxeoov lTOAEOOS . • EV 5~ Tef> a:V-ref> XPOVCf> rncx6ev \mo 6eO~fl v{a:s ~flTPOlTOAlS Tfis AVKia:s TO: Mvpa: • Ka:l lToAA.O: ~a:p{aCXTo Tois \moA.e1 a:V-ref> xp6vef> eye vETo Ta:pa:xit ~v ·A VTtoxetq: Tij ~eyCxA'IJ ~V T'f> 6ec:hpef>. KO:l TCx TfiS TCXPCXXfiS .0VflVEx6fl T'f> a:V-r'f> f3a:atA.ei. Ka:l &ya:vCXI 5~ Tef> xp6vef> 5tooy~Os yeyovev •EAA,f)voov ~a:s, Ka:l lTOAAOl ~5fl~EV6flaa:v, ~V ols rnA.e\rrflaa:v MCXKe56vtos, .AaKAillT165oTOS, c..:>KCXS 6 KpCXTepov, Ka:l eoo~as 6 Kota:{O'Toop· Ka:l ~ To\!Tov lToA.vs cp6J3os yeyovev. WeO'lTtae 5~ 6 a:V-ros f3a:O'lAEVS OOO'TE ~ti lTOAlTEVea6CXl TOVS ~AAflV{~OVTCXS, TOVS 5~ TOOV &:A.A.oov a:lpeaeoov oVTa:s &cpa:veis yevea6a:1 Tfis •poo~a:YKfiS lTOAlTE{a:s, lTpo6ea~{a:v Tptoov ~11voov A.a:f36VTa:s els To yevea6a:1 a:V-rovs Kotvoovovs Tfis 6p6o56~ov lT{aTeoos. oO"TtS 6eios TV1Tos ~vecpa:v{a-6fl ~V lTCxO'CXlS TCXiS ~~OOTlKCXiS lTOAeO'lV. 13 (1Tcx6eV: se. through an earthquake; the usage is common in Malalas. &oiJTtVLas: note the view of causation implied; the word is late. 19 6eerrpou: 'circus'. The most spectacular of the riots caused by the circus factions of the Blues and Greens was the so-called Nika riot of 532 in the capital, in which 30,000 people are said to have been killed. Malalas records other disturbances of the same kind in the capital and at Cyzicus (pp. 490--492); for some fresh evidence of their occurrence in Crete see S. Spyridakis in GRBS 8. 1967. 249-250. Modern historians hold that the factions represented political and religious interests. 21 'EJ..Af)voov: 'pagans'; Justinian did his best to stamp out paganism and heresy. At p. 491 Malalas records that pagan books were burnt, a very rare event (see C.]. Forbes, TAPA 67. 1936. 114-125); yet there is no evidence that classical texts ceased to be read in the schools or elsewhere. 22 ~STt!J.E\i&TJaav: 'had their property confiscated'. heAe\rrriaav: Theophanes says that these men were arrested and that Asklepiodotos died; he was an ex-prefect of the city, Makedonios was a consul and poet whose epigrams are found in the Greek Anthology, while the other two appear to have been members of the commissions appointed by the emperor to codify the law. 24 ~eeantae is often used of royal commands. 29 ~~OOT1Kais must here mean 'outlying'.

IOANNES MOSCHOS (d. 619) A popular branch of hagiographicalliterature consisted of brief edifying stories about the monks and hermits who lived in Egypt and other countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. Of the many collections of this kind, variously entitled •A'trocpetyJ,lcrra TOOV ay(c:.>v 'trcrripc:.>v, na-rept1V yepoVTa 1rap<XK\rrn'oVTa ~9'}pev To ~{cposl Kal CcVaTe{vas -ri}v xetpa rnl TO Sovval cxV-rov !~lVEV EKTeTaiJSVT)V E)(oov -ri}v xetpa Kal CodVT)TOV. TOVTO 6eaa6:~VOl Kal ol 'Ao11t'ol J36:pJ3apo1 Kal 6avJ,l6:aaVTEs~ ~SeoVTo Tov yepoVTos 1t'p00"1t'{1t'TOVTES cxV-r~. Kal 1t'Ol{]aas E\JxftV 6 yepoov l6:0"aTO cxV-r6v Kal o\hoo erntAvaev cxV-ro\is ~v elp{]VIJ. 1

77 (p. 2930.) ~ATT"''}'AOo~v ~v IJlcii els TOV oiKov ~TElO"Tov tyoo Kal 6 J Se T't> rnl, lvSli Tiis J3aCTtAe{CXS To r.0:(3opov Kal CTKi;1TTpov &pJ.lEvtoyes v~s Tfj •pooJ.la{oov &pxfj CTVYKaTEJ.lt~e Kal o\Jx, 00s ~avtf}A , To e<J6pV1TTov TCfl O'KA1")p(f> &vacpvpas, &AAO: K01Tpov l1T1Teiav Tfj evooS{<jC XptO'Ttavoov 1TapapTVO'CXS. CSO'a TftV !Kl A6y~ ~vO"Taae•s Theodore is believed to have lived in the sixth century. The lost work discussed here was doubtless intended to combat the scepticism of Hypatius of Ephesus, one of the very few people ever to question the authenticity of the works ascribed to Dionysius the Areopagite. These treatises of mystical theology, a synthesis of Neoplatonism and Christianity written

PHOTIUS

41

Teo-o-apes, IJ{a !JeV c5Tl el ftv yVT)o-{a, 1TOOS o\JK e!Jvf)cr&t,o-av Toov EV cxV-rij ~flTOOV TE Kal Xpftaecbv Tl VES TOOV IJETayEVEO"Tepoov 5 1TaTepoov; SEVTepa [lb] Se, oTl Evae(31os 6 TlaiJq>fXov, &vaypaq>T}v 1TOlflO"OIJEVOS Toov avyyeypa!JIJEvoov Tois IJal" (Iliad 8. 455). napaS6aeoov: 'traditions'. ArnTOIJEPfi: 'in detail'; this sense is late. 14 cpaal Henry: cpnal MSS. l, tv c1l OTl CxKaTcXAVTO{ ela1V ot ovpavo{, TOV oySoov Se, Os ~O'TlV els -n;v ci>Sf}v 'E~EK{ov Kal els TOV OVCX1TOSlO'lJ,OV Tov T)i\{ov, TI€Tpct> 1rpoacpoovei, ~v c1) oTl VTI'ElJ.V'IllJ.Crrlae Ta so {XalJ.aTa Toov ~alJ, O'VVETcXyr)aav. ~~6Sov,

60 'Aveyvoo~ •HpoS6Tov lO'Top1oov i\6yo1 tvvea, KaTa &pl6lJ,OV Kal rnoovvlJ,{av TOOV ~vvea Movaoov. 'looV1KiiS Se SlaAEKTOV Kavoov &v oihos ei11, oos 6:Tr1KiiS 9oVKV5{51lS·

17 (h) -rij 6t11Y1'!0'Et would have been better Attic idiom. 18 ClCTiviis: 'tabernacle'. 19 IS: first in Plut. Tim. 27 ace. to LSJ. 16 6:pt61JE1Tat (~v) TOVTOtS would be expected. 21 Diod. Sic. 2. 32. 2. - The following anecdote is from Marcellinus, V ita Thucydidis 54. 24 ~S dfl: after this the construction suddenly changes so as to report the words directly. "OAovpe: in other sources the name seems always to be written Oloros.

PHOTIUS

45

73

"AveyvwO'&r) ·H'A1oSwpov Al6lo1TlK6v. ecrr1 Se •o cn}v•cxyllcx Spo:J.1CX'TlK6v, Tt a;rovST} ~v AOY'f> m~'t>· "'EotKe Se aV-rbs 'T'OOV llflSsv OAOOS ;rpec:rJ3ev6v-roov elvat· "t'CxS yap &XAoov KOOilS&v Kal Sta;ra{~oov S6~as, aV-rbs ilv 6et6:~et ov 7f6flc:rt, 'ITAftV ei 'T'lS aV-rov S6~av ~pei 'T'O llflSsv So~6:~etv. 15 Tf}v llEVTOl cpp6:c:rtv ~O"T'lV cS:plO"T'OS, AE~a evc:rflll 'T'E Kal KVpfcte Kal 'T''t> ~ll Kal ov ;rptrroov Vrt'o6ec:rec:rtv, as aV-rbs eyvoo cniv 'T''t> yeAof Sta;rai~al. ·on Se a\rrbs 'T'oov llflSev -jljv oAoos So~a~6v-roov, Kal 'T'o 'T'fls (3f(3AOV rnfypaj.lj.lO S{Sooc:rtv VrrOAOilJ36:vetv. lxel yap ooSe. 25 AoVKtavbs 76:S • eypooya, ;rcxAat6: -re lloop6: -re elSoos· llc:.:>pa yap &v6p00it"ots Kal 'T'Cx SoKovv-ra c:rocp6:, KovSev ~v &vepoo;rotc:rt Sta~Ket Keel •ois ~~ o:V'Tfls cx\rrov 1ree1ai, Keel o'Tl llE'TCx 'TOVS 'Hpcct ~e{vovs T&v olKE{OOV VTrOXOOpEiV cx\nol rnEpXOilEV01 Ta ~KE{VOOV &<pav{~E1V TE Kal AVIla{vecr6a1. 510 llai\i\Ov ael CT"'TOVST}v ol • P&s T{6eVTal, S16: TE TO llft 1Tapa(3i\Crn-recr6a1 1Tap • cx\n&v Kal S1a TO lcrxvpov eJ Va1 TO T010VTOV e6vos, CTVIlllOX{av 1Tap • cx\n&v i\a1-1(36:ve1v Kal exe1v cx\novs els (3ot16e1av, oos &v Kal Tfjs E)(6pas cx\noov O:rrai\i\c:hTooVTa1 Kal Tfjs f3o116efas KaT01TOi\cxVo1ev. "0T1 ovSe 1TpOs -nlv (3aCT1AeVOVCTaV TaVTT')V TOOV •poolla{oov "JT6A1V ol ·pc.;:,s 1Tapay{vecr6a1 SvvaVTa1, el llft 1-lETO: TOOV naT~1VaK1TOOV elpT')VEVOVTES, OVTE "'TOAEilOV xap1V, o\J-re 1TpayllaTE{as, rne1Sf} ~V Tc;':> 1-lETa TOOV "'TAO{oov els TOVS a\nef> a\nef> s Sva1v avpToov 131ti\oov, Kal llETCx To aTflval a\novs 1 an with the subjunctive is faulty Atticism. 1-2 -rov "Tfis KCX"TapOO"TOtS: 'ineffable', quoted by LSJ only from Proclus. 68 ~q>vAa~e: 'kept in store for, reserved for'. 70ff. The professor is addressed rather surprisingly in the second person with a mixture of instructions and exhortations, as are the students in the part of the document not printed here. J3a61JOV: 'rank', post-classical. 71 6etoTtpav: the comparative, rather than 6elav, is chosen for the assonance with 1'!~-~ETtpav. vevatv: 'consent'; lexicis addendum.

IOANNES MAUROPOUS

63

-n;v T6.'w v6!lc.ov S16:vo1a:v &vcrrrniaac•v Tois veo1s, Toii-ro 1-16vov gpyov "ITOlOV!lEVOS Sl'llVEKes Ka:l &tS1ov Ka:l -rrepl Toii-ro -niv oA-11v &-rra:va:A{CTKc.ov ~c.oflv, WK-rc.op 1-1ev llEAEToov Ta -rrpos -niv ~Pil'llve{a:v CTVVTE{VOVTCX, ~Pil'llVEVC.OV Se IJE6> f}!lEpa:v, Ka:l Ka:6> ~6:0"TTlV 80 a6Kvc.os TOiS &s ~CTTlV e6os Ka:l Tois ypa:j.lj.lCXTlKOiS OXOATJV CXyElV. Ov cpvA-oKp•vflcre•s se Tovs CTVVTpE)(oVTa:s rnl -n;v Toov v61-1c.ov aKpoa:CTlV, ouSe "ITAOVT{VS'Ilv a:U-rois, &JV..> &plCT'T{VSTlV, oos Sei, -niv 85 Tfls Ka:6eSpa:s Ta~l V &lfoKATlPWOClS • Ka:l ave-rr1cp66vc.os j.leV -rr6:VTa:S ets -n;v SlCXTplj31'}v -rra:pdSe~. O:va:py(Jpc.os Se "ITOO"l Ka:l aj.ll0"6l SlcxAE~, Ka:l Ka:6a:pO:v j.leV xeipa:, Ka:6a:pO:v Se XPTJCTElS -n;v yA.waCTCXV Ka:l -n;v yvwll'llV Tois v61-1o•s. oi Ka:l Tovs Tas l'!iAAa:s O:pxO:s S10: ATlllllCxTC.OV KCXTa:ppv-rra:{voVTa:s oia:1s cxUCTTTlp{CXlS llETEPXOVTa:l, 90 oTSa:s -rr6:VTc.os -rrpo -rr6:VTc.ov, 6 Toov v61-1c.ov ~~YTlTTJS · -rrA.1'}v et llTJ "ITOV TlS TOVTC.OV E~ euSa:{j.lOVOS opj.looj.lEVOS oiKOV e\ryevoos TOV SlSaCTKCXAOV qnA.ocppovflcra:CT6a:l j3oVAOlTO. TOTE yap o\Jx o-rrc.os &-rra:yopeVollEV -niv A.fli.JllV TOV SlSoj.levov, O:AJ\0: Si} Ka:l -rrpoac-rra:lvouj.lEv, CTVVCf>SO: KO:i a:U-rol TOiS eucrej3ecr1 v6j.lOlS seems not to be a classical usage. 139 eV-rovl'i": 'vigour', Hellenistic. 145-146 -rois i\6yots: 'reason, intellect'. 147 \rrrepa0'1TIz.;eaeat, 1rp01TOI11TeVea6at: both Hellenistic. 5

Wilson

66

150

155

160

165

170

IOANNES MA UROPOUS

OIJOV Kal &crcp6Aetav 1Tpos 'TOVS tm,pea~el V oohois 8< -riis epa0'\J'TCrrrtS oUt< 6KvovVTas crocptcrrtKfls • ov yap s,; P11•optKf} v cpai11v O:v 'Tf}v 'TO 1Tt6avov &1Tt6avoos i\ Kal 1Tt6av00$ 'TO &1T{6avov KO'TOCTKeva~ovcrav 'T~ VTl v. Olov Se IJlKpov Kal Stecpvyev T)IJOS 1Tapei\66v. rnel yap &rra~ ~l-lvtlcr6't11Jev CTVIJ~oi\atoypacpoov Kal CTVV11y6poov, &vayKaiov ci>fl6111JEV Kal 'TO KO'T' 8<e{vovs EV 6ecr6a1, OOS 1TOV'TCX)(06ev i)IJiV c5:p•tov ei11 Kal KO'Ta 1-111Sev ~i\mes •o 1Tepl •ovs v61Jovs •oV.o KOl voocpei\Ej.la: 'virtuous action', as in Chrysippus. 180 J3paf3e\iov: 'guaranteeing', not attested before the 6th century.

rnt-

MICHAEL PSELLOS (1018-96/7( ?)) Psellos spent most of his career in the service of the emperors, first as an administrative official and later as a highly influential minister. When he temporarily fell from favour he entered a monastery, but seems to have had no difficulty in returning to his former activities. For a time he was also professor of philosophy (liTrCXTO!i 'T(;)v cp1Aoa6cpc.w) in the imperial university, restored largely at his own suggestion, and he enjoyed considerable fame as a lecturer; he was noted for his deep interest in Platonic ideas, which in due course led him and his pupil John Italos into conflict with the church authorities (a special synod anathematised the belief in the Platonic theory of forms). Psellos was exceptionally versatile in his learning and the number of his writings is enormous; by no means all have been correctly identified and printed. The most important are: the Chronographia, a history of his own times full of gossip and intriguing sketches of important people and events, perhaps better described as memoirs than as a formal history; funeral orations on his distinguished contemporaries Cerularios the patriarch, Leichudes and Xiphilinos; a large correspondence; the De omnifaria doctrina, a set of short discussions of various topics in philosophy, science and theology, much of which depends on Plutarch's De philosophorum placitis. Editions: many of the letters and other works are in the Scripta minora, ed. E. Kurtz-F. Drexl, Milan 1936--41, others in vols. 4-5 of K. N. Sathas, Meaat(I)VtKT') Bt~AtoefJKTJ, Athens 1875. De omnifaria doctrina, ed. L. G. Westerink, Utrecht 1948. Chronographia: ed. E. Renauld, Paris 1926--8, with French translation; English translation by E. R. A. Sewter, Penguin books 1966. On P. in general see the article by E. Kriaras in Pauly-Wissowa, Supp.-Band XI.

Revolution (Chronographia 5. 25-9, 36-41, 43-5) XXV. ·o Jl~v yap f3a:cnA£vs Ka:6E1CTT'f)KE1 cppovf}J..ICX"TOS, ,; s~ ye

-r~ws hpvcpa: Ka:l. 1TA'IiPTlS ~J.11TO:CTO: TT6i\1S, ~w s~

Michael V (1041-1042) trumped up accusations against the dowager empress Zoe, who had adopted him and permitted his accession to the throne. She was sent into exile on the nearby island of Prinkipo.

MICHAEL PSELLOS

69

-rrcxv ye~os Kal -r\Jxflv Kal, TJAlK{av, wO'lt'Ep :hv&{O'f)s cxV-rfj "Ti'\s OVIJJ.lEVEO"'Tepa:l, Ka:l 'TOOV 6IJcxAeOO'Tepol, J,.lE-ra:ppv61.l{~ea6a:l Se 1rpos -ro eVO")(T)I.lovea-repov ;; J.lETa:-rf6ea6a:l 'TOOV j3oVAEVIJ6:-rc..>v ovSels 'TOOV TI"CxV'TOOV tj3ov:Ae-r6 ye, ft 'TOV CVIJj30VAeVOV'TOS oiiv. 70 XXIX . .66~a:v Se a:V-rois -ra 1rpoo-ra: rnl -ro yevos tKetvov xoopeiv Ka:l 'TOVS O"EIJVOVS tKe{voov oiKOVS KCX'TCXO"'Tpe, Kal els 45 J3ovA.T)v CXJ.lO 'Kal npa~lV 'TOOV tyvwaJ,lEVWV "TTapcxAT} ~lVOV \rrreK{Vel 6v~6s· rnel S~ ;rpc)s TCi> lepc;> ~i}~CXTl yeyovoos, OV 55 ~Tvos h&yxcxvev wv, reecxa6:~11V c5:~cpoo TOO ;rp6acpvye, TOV ~~V ~CXO'lAeVO'CXVTCX c::x\rrfls rnelA'Tl~~evov Tfis lepcxs TOV A.6yov Tpcx;re~'TlS. TOV Se ye VOO~eAA{O'l~OV rnl TOV Se~lOV ~O'T111 cXVE\YlCi> ~OlVOOV110'EV OVT> aAAOOS ;rpol.JTpel..jiCXTO • ,rnlO")(ElV so Se" cp11a{v ,ei ye ~ovA.116e{11v, KCXKov Ttvos ;rcxpcx;roA.eA.cxVl<Etv· 52 o~ 'TTOVV Tt tm'with no very moderate feelings'. 57 The nobilissimus (a title restricted to members of the imperial family) was the uncle who had saved him so far. 59 S~ is unexpected in this main clause and should perhaps be deleted. 60 croos can mean 'trembling', but perhaps Psellos intends 'horrified'. &)(avt,s: 'speechless'. 64 OKaTaO')(ETOS: 'uncontrollable'; Hellenistic. 70 'TTEpt"TTcx6oos: i. e. 'deeply moved'; Hellenistic. 74-75 Tfls ~acnAISos Kurtz: ~acnA!St MS. 78 Tcx\rnJ Renauld: TOVTC¥ MS. - In chapter 42 Psellos digresses for a moment on the misfortunes just alluded to. EIK{;)s:

MICHAEL PSELLOS

75

oliToo yap i'jv &Kcrraoxe-ros ov-t-os" (1rpbs ~ivov hna-rpacpels) "1TP0s 0 j3oVAT}6e{T} Kai !cp. &rrep OPilflOElEV. el yap olos TE i'jv Opllf}V cxV-rov avaK6~al, OVK av s,; 1-\01 TO ytvos ~VIl1TaV adl !cp· rnp6v TlVa T01TOV llETaoTi;oal TOVS 1rp6ocpvyas. ei1re-ro Se cxV-rct:> Kai 1TAT}6Vs 1TOA1TlKTJ Te Kai a-rpaTlOOTlKfl. Kai 1Tp001TEACcOaS Tct' j3f}ll "'TpOOTCf> Ked Cn<patV aV'TllTEO'Ei'Tat 'TO -f}IJrnpa S6y1Jcrra. eyoo yap oV)( OOO'TE TOV'Tc.>v ~iva aV'TaAAa~acr6at ~O'lTOuSacra

&yoov, 61Jov Se Kal 'Tais v..AT)VtKais

3 SeSvVTJTat : the perfect tense has lost all temporal force. 5 TO m~ov KTi\.: 'prosaic and supine character', an ironic self-description if ever there was one. 6 The identity of these foreigners is a mystery, apart from John Italos. 8 rn6:pSet: 'irrigates'; Hellenistic. 11 Babylon may mean Baghdad. va1J6:Toov: the metaphor goes back to Plato Tim. 76e. 12 trpo6v1J(ats: this strange plural is found at Eur. Or. 708. 12-13 i\V)(vov, cpc.>O"Tiipa: both words mean 'luminary', and in this sense belong to Biblical and patristic Greek. 14 StTJp{JKaat: 'exalted' (not St1Jp{JKaat, as Sathas prints). 14---15 1.16vos KTi\.: compare the proverb ovos i\vpas &Kovoov (Diogenian 7. 33). 17 ~E~TJKV!as: 'established, firm', hence 'stubborn, unmoved'; patristic examples of this usage of the participle are cited in LexPatrGr. Psellos has been citing Plato to prove a philosophical point. 3 0\ITlmaeiTat: 'will be opposed to'.

MICHAEL PSELLOS

81

s 1rp0s VlJCXs (l-latvo{lJflV yap O:v), &XA.• tva To\rrots l.lev -ii-re TipoaKe{IJSVOl, oo{voov Se lJOVOV -n')v eiST)O'lV Exfl-rE. el St 1T1J tTJ , To 1rapov TpCX1Toolleea • Ta Se ye KaTa Tov BaillOVVTov aVe1s KaTaaKS'¥61le6a". 1 els TflV ~aa\f.ruovaav: 'in the imperial city'. The title had originally been applied to Rome. els is here in its modern sense. 2 SoVKos: 'military commander', Latin dux. 3 S1crrrepalooa\V: this word for 'crossing' is late. Bohemond, Prince of Antioch and a continuous source of danger to the empire, had sailed from Bari to A vlona. avVaTCXKTOS: 'vigilant', a word much used by patristic authors. 5 S!crrrl.ooaa~vov: the form is Ionic in origin. 7-8 ~Kii&T}v \nr6-rt-npov: this messenger described with the highly poetic epithet may have belonged to any nation living north of the empire; 'Scythian' is a very imprecise term. 8 (Toirro) add. Reifferscheid. 'As the saying goes' was a favourite expression of the Atticists, but the earliest example seems to be Herodas 2. 45 (see Headlam's commentary). 11 TrpoaovSiaas: 'bowing'; the word is Herodotean and originally meant 'dash against the ground, throw down'. 14 &TrovapKi}aaVTES: LSJ cite this word only from Plutarch. 15 The emperor's calm recalls the story of Sir Francis Drake playing bowls when news of the Spanish Armada. was brought; tradition has it that he remarked 'There's plenty of time to win this game and thrash the Spaniards too'.

92

ANNA COMNENA

18. 10 A portrait of Bohemond ''Hv Se -ro1oiiTos 6 cnn)p otos, 00s ~v J3pcxxei llev ehreiv, ouSels tIJEV~ Kal 'Tt)v a\rrJiv 1rp6vo1av 'T16eva1 ·~ 'Ae'Aoo~T)iJEv~. ·~ \ry1a{voV'T1· OOO"'TE ei 'TlS ~OVAOl'TO 'Tt)v veav 1T6AlV KCX'TOIJa6eiv, f}v ~ ~Cxepoov 6 ~IJOS 1Tcx-ritp &veSe{IJCX'TO, 'TE'Tpan'Aflv av iSol -ri}v 1T6AlV Kai1TOA'Aan'Aflv 'TOOV KCrTOO, 'TOOV avoo, 'TOOV cXIJ: the sense is clearer than the syntax; perhaps (~) -r(.;)v Kcrrc.>, 'consisting of'.

96

ANNA COMNENA

cx\rrois 1Tpo11oicxs • !Kei11os Se T1}11 Sv11cx-n't11 p<jX
ANNA COMNENA

97

t K<X'TEAvaav, ol J,lev oos Kal S16:ye1V 'TTap • cx\rrq> J,lE)(p1 ~ovs Kal TOOV cx\rrov O'V0'0'1T{oov c!rno-rpecpea6a1, ol Se ooa-re xpelav CrnO'TTATl0'01 T1VCx Kai O'VVE1aEVeyKEiV ~~ cx\rrov Tql 11.6y~ T1 20 XPTJ0'1J.lOV. b ols Kal ..; nvela, 'TTOAAOVs TOOV XPT'lO'J.lOOV 'TTPOs ·oll11P1Kftv J,lffioSov c!rno~eovaa. cp11l.6aocpo1 'TTEpl cx\rrov, el Kal •t'TT'TTapxos cpeovei, 00s- ~lET• 611.{ya la-rop116flae-ra1. ~f}-ropes 'TTEpl cx\rr6v. ypaJ,1J,l<X'T1KOl Se omc &AAoos els ~os, el ll'll s1· cx\rrov. 00'01 Se ~lET. cx\rrov 'TT0111Ta{, omc ea-nv os ~~"' T1 TOOV cx\rrov 25 J,le66Soov -rexv6:~e-ra1, J,l1J.lOVJ.lEVOS, 'TTEp1'TT0100V, 'TTav-ra 'TT0100V S1• oov 6J.111Pl~e1v Svvf}ae-ra1. &yova1v cx\rrov Kal yeooyp6:cpo1 S1a ~f}11.ov 'TTOAAov Kal 6aVJ.l<X'TOS. 6 'TTepl -rf}v •AO'KA11'1T1aSoov Sla1-rav 5 eV !lEAava Jv 6 -rfis ~oofis 'I')IJiV i'}AlOS OOTO-rE1Xl~61JEVOS 10 ~J.,lSAalve O'KlCxV rnlKcxA\J\vovaav 'I')IJCXS \YcxAIJlK&)s. ot Se xees Kal 1TPcfl1l v &Acx'Aay!Jol Kal at Ka-ra 1T6Ae1JOV J3oal Kal 6 ~v-re\ieev epovs oVKtr· fjaav, &AA. avna-rpt\Yav-ra -ro \YcxAIJlK6v, OVK fiv &Acx'AayiJOs ~v -rois 1')1Joov 1TAi}6ea1v. eiSes S • O:v Kal 6pvtoov "JTe-roJ,ltvoov KEvev -rov atpa, o\n< oiS • ei-re S1a -re -rov atpos 15 cnvyvev ehe Kal o-r1 cpplK-rev -?jv Kal b<e{vo•s -ro 1Tp0:y1Ja. 'I')IJtpal yovv lKaval Kal ovSaiJOV o\1-re a-rpov6ol o\1-re 1T~1a1 o\1-re K6paKES, ot -rij Ka6• 'I')IJCXS 1TpcflT)V rnexoop{a~ov, o\1-re OAAOS "l'lS opVlS -rev atpa Slevi}xov-ro, &AA. ~01Tl0'1Jtva ~vtiJOV"l'O Kal 'I') IJiV O:cpav-ra. &AAa -ro\i-ro j.lev Kal IJE-rCx -rr'} v &Aooa1 v ~

ptKT~)V: 'awful'; Hellenistic. 18 8tevflxoVTo: literally 'swim' (Attic 8ta\lt(l)); this metaphor is not classical. 20 A few sentences forming a digression are omitted here. 21 aVTt~Ocx(I)V: 'enemies', 23 Vrt'e~a(pecnv: 'exception'; both Hellenistic. 25 fs: in classical Greek ~s is constructed with a genitive. 26 Stxaaas: 'cut in two'. originally a technical term of logic and mathematics. axpet~aas: 'made useless'; Hellenistic. 27 cnno: 'this'. David was the military governor of the city, whom Eustathius criticises very severely for incompetence.

106

EUSTATHIUS

1i Ka6tcrropov1JtVT') cpvyi) omc aaVVTCXl ~, rnl 1TAEOV 1(01TOV axeiv "t'OV &px1E1T{O'K01TOV, aAfl600s Se Yva SEV"t'Epoov xe1p6voov 1TE1paacb~a. f3paxv yap h<eiae -ra y6vcrra KCx~'JICXV'TES Av -r1v1 ~1KpoKcxAVf31J Kal 10 ~pov O:p-rov arroScxtv ot 1TAeiovs Ka-n:crrpoo~evo1 1Tpo -rov -n:txovs ~e1vro o\1-roo 1TE1TV1o•s ~evo1s f)Seoos avvStayay6v-res Kal avvSflpevaav-res 70V -rrpo -rf)S top-rf)S Katp6v, rnl0'7CxO'flS ~{Vfls els -rf)v -rr6i\1v aVets av-rEifavi}i\6o1Jev· Kal -rots 25 6eio1s -rEIJEVeat Kal lepois -rrpoaei\66v-res, Kal -rf)v 6cpeti\oiJEVflV 711JtlV &-rrove{IJav-res, -rrapa -rf)v e~oo -rrvi\oov lrflYVVIJEVflV -rravf}3 'f'VX.IStov: from Lucian Nav. 26; aw~chtov is classical. 4 avocpcxyetv: lexicis addendum. 6 'A~tov: the Vardar. Here and in the next line the author uses classical names, but he does not attempt to find a substitute for 'Bulgarian' in 7. Even Anna Comnena permitted herself the use of the name Vardar (1. 7. 3), despite her anxiety to preserve stylistic purity. 7 KCXTa MCXK£Sova: se. yi'jv. as in Anth. Pal. 7. 45. 9 ~taycXy!<eta: Iliad 4. 453; not in classical prose. 10 Iliad 2. 653 etc. 11 fi<StSoi: a form known from Hdt.l. 80.1 etc. 12--13 O'it'Ep~errwv &vaSOTtKos: quoted by LSJ only from Cornutus ND 28. 13-14 ~vrrrrr&aa~at: first in Plut. Marius 25. 3. 15 6"1t'AtTaywyi'jaat, 16 &ea~vos: lexicis addenda. 18-19 Eur. Hipp. 215ff. (av) is to be inserted, on the assumption that the author had a sufficient command of the syntax of the optative, an assumption which cannot be made in the case of most Byzantine authors, since the optative had long since disappeared from the living language. 24 aVTE"'t'aV1'}A60IJEV: lexicis addendum. 26 "'t'TTYIIV~V1"1V: either 'established, traditional', or referring to the erection of tents and stalls at the fair, as at 61.

TIMARION

113

yvp1v S1e•pfJ3o~v· apxE"Ta1 S~ 1rpo !~ 'Tiis Aop'Tfis 'l'}~poov· Ai}ye1 s~ Ka'TCx ,.,"' SEV"lipav 'Tiis KVpfas eOOVs. KY/liQN. TI<XA1v 6 cpfAos 'I'}J.loov T1J,1apfoov A<XV"Tov eytVE'To, 80 K&1Te1Sav Aa61;J, 1TpQs 'TO olKEtov aVE101\I ?j6os. eloo6e1 yap ~"' •Cil S11'}yeia6a1 J.lOV1'}S &pxfis Kal •tAovs J.1EJ.1vf\a6a1, •a ~"' J,ltact> 1Tapefs· Ka6a s,; Kal W\1, OOa-rrep hla66J,1EVOS 'Tiis ~J.lf\S &~1ooaeoos Kal 'Tiis aV-rov \rrroaxtaeoos, llf}Stv '1'1 Ka.a J,ltpos 1repl 'Tfis 1TaV1'}y\tpeoos S11'}yf}0"6:J.levos, J.1EYt6ovs "Te cxV-rfis Kal AaJ.11Tp6'T1'}as 'TOS, 1TAf}6ovs 'TE Kal 1TAOVTOV Kal oovfoov 1TOv:-t"OOV, aV-rfKa 1Tepl &pxfis Kal •tAovs cxV-rfis ~ll"'1'lJ.l6vevaev, cbs f}Sf} 1TEp1ypmvoov mrrfKa Kal ,.,"' S1f}y1)0"1\l. &XA.. ,OVK D.a&s ·A•ptos vlov, &pf}tqllA0\1 MevtAaov". TIMAPIQN. /ltSo1Ka, cpfAE KvSfoov, ei ao1 1TE16ofJ.lf}V, cbs Kal 40 S1aVVK'TEpe\iaa1 O"VJ.11Teaei'Ta1 'I'}J.liV, Ka"Ta 'T1lv aft"' yvooJ.lf}V S1aaKEVa~ova1 'T1lv Sn)Y11a1v. &XA.O: Tf 1r6:6oo; •a •oov cpfAoov 'T01a\i'Ta, oos eo1Kev, &-rrapaf'Tf}'Ta Kal 'TVpavvfSos Eyy\ts· Kal oVI< ~vov 1Tapa1'Tf}aaa6a1 'TO brhayJ,la, 61Toi6v 1TO'T• O:v eif}. Atyoo~"' OV\1 O:p~cXJ,lE\101. 45 5. •Eop'T1l Si} ~0"'1'1 "Ta ilf}J.li}'Tp1a, ooCTrrep ~"' •A6rprr;~a1 Tiavaef}va1a, Kal M1Af}O"f01S 'Ta TiaV100\11a· yfvE"Ta1 s~ Kal 1Tap0: MaKeS6a1 J.lEYfO"'Tf} "Toov 1TaV1'}y\tpeoov. avppet yap rn• alrrft"' ov J,l0\10\1 mrr6x6oov OXAOS Kal l6ayevf}s, &XA.O: 1TcX\I'T06e\l Kal 1Ta\I'Toios, •EAAT)voov 'TOO V &iraV'Taxov, Mvaoov "Toov 1rapo1so KOV\I'Toov yt\11'} 1Ta\I'ToSana .,IO""Tpov J,ltxp1 Kal ~KV61KflS, KaJ,11Ta27 'six days before the festival'; this use of 'Tl'po is common in Hellenistic Greek. 28 -n'!v 6EV"dpav Tfls 1v: 'Nazirite', hence 'ascetic, monk'.

116

TIMARION

\1\IK"lCpeVOClS, 1TOAAOOV teptoov, 1TOAAOOV s~ Na~tpa{oov VrrO Svo xopois Statpov~voov, t 'TOVS XaA1 vovs 1t'Ep1EAOil1TEV, oo(T1t'ep \nro-rep1r6!lEvo1 'Tij -rf\s 1TEp1J3oAiiS cpaVT)'T{Cj(, Kal 1t'Vl 'TCx 1TpOO'Ta cpepoov 'TOOV ~v 'Tij !leyCcA1J pvy{CjC 1TpOO'TOOV, Kal1t'AOVT Koj.loov, Kal S6~ J3pev6v6llEVOS • Kal yovv ~~ cxV-rov ii 1repl cxV-rov 1TaAa1ol A6yo1 cpep6!lEV01 123 A very contorted expression for 'they were riding on'. 124 ~apatot: the correct Attic is ~toopot as at 109. 125 iS6KOVV: Heliodorus a. a. 7 ehres O:v Kal -rcw flnrov cxVrOV avvttvat 'Tfis oopat&n,-ros -rov Sea-rr6-rov. The genitive of the object after avvt~vat is rare; LSJ cite Iliad 1. 273. 126 ~v: almost instrumental, as is normal in Byzantine Greek. 127 wo-rep"tr6(.1Evot: lexicis addendum. cpavrrrfGt: first in Moschos, Pratum spirituale, PG 87. a065a. 128 Kal "trVKVa K-rA.: does it mean 'arching their necks frequently to display their decorated harness' ? 129 &AJ,lan: not in classical prose. 131 Sou~: many administrative terms were borrowed from Latin. 131132 ~poo-res K-rA.: the ultimate origin of this encomiastic topos may be Eupolis' famous words about Pericles as an orator (fr. 94) "trEt6oo 'TIS bm xp6vct> Kal ooO""'TEp ~v \JO...ct> Ttvl T'f}v "'TOTE SetKVVIJEVc..:>v AaJ.l"'TPOTTlTa Kal To IJEYaAO"'Tpe1 {vcxr:p!a: 'in the air', a Hellenistic alternative for j..IE"T{oopos, suitable to describe an acropolis. TT\Ie\/l..lcrroov: apart from the pun on TrveVj..la, 'wind' and 'spirit', the reference is to the fall of Babylon in Apocalypse 18. 2 Baj3vAG.lv {yiVETo Ka'TOtKTl'TliPtOV Satj..lov{oov Kal cpvACXKt') 1raV'T6s 1TveVI..Ia'TOS &Ka6ap'TOV K'TA.; the intention is doubtless to compare the ruins of Pergamum with the fall of Babylon, and the allusion to this book of scripture is all the more appropriate since Pergamum is represented in it as the throne of Satan. 4 Svaavaj3aTOS seems not to be attested earlier than Cornutus ND 14. 6ecrrpoov: 'impressive sights' lin fact there was one large theatre near the summit, another at the Asklepieion). 5-6 {v vliA(j) 'Tlvf: literally 'in a glass'; the idea must be that of distortion or faint reflection.

124

THEODOROS LASCARlS

;res Twv Setll6:VTwv cx\rra. • EAATlvtKfis yap IJEYcxf.ovo{as \rrrapxet TcxiiTa llECTTa, Kal aocp{as Tcx\rrt)S lvSO:AilaTa · SetKvvet Se Tcrii-ra ;rpbs TJilCXS ..; ;r6A.ts KaTovetS{~ovaa, w0'1TEp &-rroy6vovs Ttv6:s, 10 Tov 1TaTpc1>ov letS{as &AAos A.t6oK6;ros, tea\Jilaae To KaTa CTT6:ellTlV taov TOVTWV Kal &KA.t ves. !lEaov Se TWV olKoSOj.lWV KEAAVSpta xeaj.lcxACx Kal oTov Ad\Vava Twv Te6vewTwv otKwv ~ll<pa{voVTat, ;ro:AAT)v 20 ~ll1T010VVTa Tij eec;c Ti)v &A.YTlS6va. ws yap els TOVS vVV otKOVS at TWV j.lVWV ~OVO"l TpwyA.at, OVTWS av ei1T01 TlS Kal Tcrii-ra ;rpos TOVS acpavt~Oj.lEVOVS. et Se Kal ..; TWV olKTlT6pwv avcx!.oy{a TOlaVTTl, cpeii Tiis TWV ~WVTWV KaKOTVX{as. 1TOO"OV eaxov TO KaT• EA.aTTov &vtaov. ~cp· 8v O"fliJ.E(CA>v 1Tp6elO"lV &pl61J.Os OIJ.e((3CA>V TCxS olKE(as 6VOIJ.aa(as· eha 1TaAlV ev T't> 1TEIJ.1TT~ TO TOV 1TpcbTov Aal.l(36:vCA>v ovo1.1a, ov l.ltVTol CX".iTQs IJ.O~OS, &AAO: crVV T't> apl61.l't> ov e\lp(aKETal EXCA>V, 1Tp6elO"l l.lExPl TOV 6yS6ov' ev a\nc;> TO TOV TeTapTOV Aal.l(36:VCA>V OVOIJ.a. Kal 70 oliTCA>s e9;s 1Tpo(3a(vel· oTov rn) TOV 1Tpo-re6tVTos \nroSe(yiJ.aTOS CXVCA>6ev TO ~V y O'T}IJ.a(vel Kal 6VOIJ.O~eTal Svo, TO Se 9 evvevftI "'Tapa TOV xp6vov "'TpVTavevetVTa 1-2 61-"'S -re 1 vVV ye eTval 'TOV xp6vov Kal 'TOOVSe Ka6''1illCXs 'TOOV 'TTpayJ,16:Toov AVO'lTeAEO"TEpov CxJ.lflybnJ 'TOiS ruoy{J.lOlS Kal cSao1 'TTepl TftV cS:O'KflO'lV 'TOV :Aeye1V O'TTOVSa~OVO'lV eTva1 ~A:Aayx6:velV Kal TfjSe Kcx-r.• aV-rov 'TTE1paa6a1 Kal Tp{(3e1V Kal rrapa(3CxA:Aea6a1. XXXV. 'A'Texvoos yap rnl Tfis aV-rfis OVO'lV 1'JiliV &yooYfis Tov (3{ov Kal 'TOOV 'TTpay!lO:Toov Kcx-r' aV-rov Kal Tfis aV-rfis Tov AEyelv xpftaeoos 'TTAeova~OVO'flS, 00s aAfl6oos, 'TC1l Tfis TExVflS rn1Se1K'TlKC1l 'TTAeiV f) KCXTCx 'TaAAa 'TOOV aV-rfiS eiSfl Kal ~ev6ep{C{) 'TTPOs 'Tf}v cpopav, 'T{S av yevol'TO Kcx-r' 'AplO"TE{SflV 6VflO'lJ.lOO'TCXTOS 'TOiS 'TTelpOOJ.lEVOlS Kal avvaaKovJ,1Evo15, eV J,1CxAa 'TOV VOVV 'TTpoaexova1 'Tfj 'TTo:Avcpop{(\X TOV &vSp()s Kal P VOiltKCj): 'deriving from the Law of Moses'. On naaxa as Passover and date of Crucifixion see the material assembled in LexPatrGr s. v. 45 StEVKptvi'jaat: 'examine thoroughly'. 47 wx.&T}!lipots: a Hellenistic technical term. cp6tV01T~pov: 'autumn'.

NICEPHORUS GREGORAS

139

Tov Kptov · oTn'l Kai 6 laru.tept ves Tois aaTpo6ea1.1oat StaypaTipcxs: 'the latest, last'; a superlative, as in Modern Greek.

MANUEL II PALAELOGOS

10

15

20

25

SO

85

143

J.laKpas bncrro:Aas 6"1'ea&al, &M. cx\rrov ~i-LE TOV rneCTTaAK6Ta, ovKt-n ere ;rapaJ,1v60VJ.1EVOV Tais ~;r{aw, CiA}.. • cx\rrfj Tfj 6t<j( TOOV ~iT'lcr6tVToov e\Jcppa{voVTa. ·Hs, St TlVOS xp6vov ;rapaSpaJ,lOVTOS Kal ifOAAOOV erol ;rap· "JiJ.lOOV ypaJ,lJ,lclTOOV ~,:Ave6TOOV rnp6: TlVa SlaAaJ,l~aVOVTOOV, ov5aJ,lOV Se crrpaTlCXS J.lEJ.lVTlJ.ltvoov Kal ~0116ElOOV htpoov, ~V als ~CTTl T"Jiv ifOAlV "JiJ.liV erooefival, cptpelV rnl CTTOJ.laTOS ere VOJ.l{~oo T"Jiv ;rapOlJ,l{av ,cS:v6paKES ot e,eravpo{"· Kal TO era J,leV ieroos TOlaVTa. tyoo Se cS:pa ~er{yoov, o\Jx V hrecrr<XAx6Ta: 'the writer'. 12 8taAaiJ~av6vrc.w: 'discuss, deal with'. 13 ~v: instrumental. 15 Zenobius II. 1: 6:v6paJ, ot m:Xv-res -rav\iv oocrrrep l~ ~VOs 6e{ov avvef)j..lCX'TOS KCX'Ta "TOOV aaeJ3oov av Xpto-nav&v: various unsuccessful attempts were made to raise armies from Western Europe, but although the Union of the churches gave some hopes of beginning a new crusade, B.'s expectations were too optimistic.

CARDINAL BESSARION

147

1ri vo1s 1rcXeecn v lnrOKEliJEVovs, &

v V J,l6vov cpepovaas 6poo1JEV IJE'TcX -rraO'T}s rnlJ,leAE{as -rrapa J,l6vos 'TOOV 6r)p{oov 20 c5:v6poo-rros S1acpipe1 Kal 'TOOV j3apj3apoov ·EAAT}ves SlaKp{vov-ral, !v ols -rt'O'TE 'TO fJ~pov TtKIJaKE yivos Ka~ OOV -rr5:cra rnlCTT{}IJT} Kal yvooO'lS Kal 'TixVTl ~j3ACxO"TT}cri 'TE Kal f)v6T}crev, emoScbcrelS cxOOls 'Tctl yivel, 6elO'TO'TE Sia-rro'Ta, Kal OVK avi~ 'TOO'aVTIJ &Aoy{<jX avvixe0'6al, oos ana1SeV'Tovs Kal aJ,la6eTs -rrapa 'TOTS 25 CXAAOlS VOIJ{~e0'6al, Kal Taii'Ta 'TOTS -rrap • fJIJooV -rraV'Ta -rrapcxA.aj3ovalv, Kal SlSacrKCxAOOV J,leV ~{vovs oie0'6al xoopav, TliJCXS Se !Ja&r,'TooV Seiv rnE){elV, K&l<e{vovs J,leV ~)( 'TOV \nrepixoV'TOS ooa-rrep VOj.l06E'TeTv, f!IJO:s Se oos avSpv &vev OVK av 'TcX 'TTOAeiJlKcX KaAOOS y{yvolV'TO, KaAOOS 'TTOlf}O"elS O"CXV'T(f> KO:l 'TOiS ·EAA,at nepmol'llO"OIJEVOS, Kcxl IJaAlCTTO: el crtS{}pov IJhaAAcx ~v 'Tij XOOPS nepl 'TTAe{crrov rt'Y1i0"1J· To:V'Tas 'Tmcxpas •exvas, aplO"'TE SeO"'TTO'TO:, IJTlXO:VlK{}v, crtSTlpo'TTOl'll'TlK{}v, cmAO'TTOl'll'TlKTJV Kcxl VCXV'TT'IlYlK{}v, oos &vayKa{O:S 'TE Kcxl XPTlO"{iJovs 'Tois eV ~flv reEAovcrtv, Sta 'TE'T'Tapoov il 6K'Too vec..:>v ~V'TcxVecx IJETCx 'TOV npocrf}KOV'TOS 'Tp6nov Kcxl 00s av IJTJ noAAois eiev Kcx-racpaveis no:payevo!lEvoov ~s •EAAaSa IJE71 Saws driven by water power are attested by Villard de Honnecourt c. 1235; the reference to them in Ausonius Mosella 362-864 is regarded sceptically by some historians of science (Lynn White Jr., Medieval technology and social change, Oxford 1962, 82---83). Water-driven grain mills existed in antiquity; see Anth. Pal. 9. 418, but the application of the idea to other processes seems to belong to the Western Middle Ages. 72-73 X(A)VE{CX1S T1l Kal 8tCXJ