Alliance in Anxiety: Detente and the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle

Detente and the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

Editor THIRD DELIGHT The I~zter~zatio~zalizatio~z of Highel Edzrcation in China Rui Yang I \ ~ R E T H I N K IJ,APAN'S N G IDENTITY INTER~\AT~O~AL ROLE A n Intercztltztral Perspective Susanne IClein

D

~APAK'SFOREIGK POLICY L

M

~

A Qzrest for Normalcy Kevm J. Cooney

E N G I ~ E E RTIHNE C STATE ; The Hztai River and Reco~zstrztctionin Nationalist China, 1927-1 93 7 David A. Pietz J , A P A ~ \ E S EDIRECT I~

V E S T ~I \ I CHIIU E~T Locatio~zalDetermi~zantsand Characteristics John F. Cassidy STATIIS PO\YER /apanese Foreign Policy Making toward Korea Isa Ducke WORDSKILL Destrztctio~zof "Class Enemies" in China, 1949-1 953 Cheng-Chi11 Wang THET R I F I I iRT ICU G A I I R ~ C L E Corporatmns, Workers, Bz~reaztzrats, and the Eroston of Japan's Nat~onal Economy Satos111 Ikeda

SHOIZO-KEK A Late Medieval Daime Sukiya Style Japanese Tea-hoz~se Robin Noel Walker TO PO\ ER FROMTRAUSITIOU ALTERUATIOU Democracy zn Soztth Korea, 1987-1997 Carl 1. Saxer

HISTORY OF JAPANESE POLICIES IN EDUCATION AIDTO DEVELOPING COIINTRIES, 1950s-1990s The Role of the Sztbgover~zmental Processes Takao Ihnibeppu

STITEFORMITIO~, PROPERTI RELI T I O ~ SIUD , THE DE\ ELOPMEVT OF THE T O K L J G i ~ EV C O U O (1600-1868) ~I~ A POLITICIL E c o h o ~ kAUALYSIS OF Grace H. Kwon CH1U~'SCI\IL A\ 1iTIOU I U D I I S T R ~ O P E ~ I NT HCE; DOOR hlark Dougan Immigration, Ethnicit): and Globalization in Japan THEBIBLEAKD THE GUY Betsy Brody Christianit)] in South China, 1860-1 900 THEPOLITICS O F LOCALITY Joseph Tse-Hei Lee Making a Nation of Communities i~zTaiwan Hsin-Yi Lu Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

~

~

u

Published in 2003 by Routledge 29 VC7est 35th Street New York, NY 10001 ~\~~v~v.routledge-ny.com Published in Great Britain by Routledge 1 1 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE \x-\x-\x-.routledge.co.~~k Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor 8: Francis Group. Copyright O 2003 by Taylor 8: Francis Books, Inc. All rights reserved. N o part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

Libvay of Congvess Cataloging-itz-PublicationData Ito, Go, 1966Alliance in anxiety : dttente and the Sino-American-Japallese triangle1 by Go Ito. p. cm. (East Asia) Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-41.5-93435-4 1. United States-Foreign relations-China. 2. United States-Foreign relationJapan. 3. China-Foreign relations-United States. 4. Japa11-Foreign relation-United States. 5. China-Foreign relations-Japan. 6. Japa11-Foreign relations-China. 7. United States-Foreign relation-1969-1974. 8. Detente-History-20th century. 9. Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913- 10. Kissinger, Hens!; 1923- I. Title. 11. East Asia (New York, N.Y.)

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

To my parents Atsuo Ito and Kyoko Ito And my most patient wife Ayako

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

E D I T E DB Y

EDWARD BEAUCHAMP

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

CONTENTS

Figures Chronology of Events Preface 1 Introduction: Detente and the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle 2 The Alliance Dilemma and the Structural Dynamics of Triangles 3 The Emergence of the Sino-American-Japanese "Romantic Triangle" 4 Japanese Economic Submission to the United States: A Response to the "Alliance Dilemma" 5 Sino-Japanese Normalization and the End of the American "Romantic Triangle" 6 Japan's Pursuit of Independence in Foreign Policy: A New Response to the "Alliance Dilemma" 7 Conclusion: An Analogy of the Triangle between the Detente Period and Today

Bibliography

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Security Institutions in Western Europe and East Asia Figure 2-1 : Four Types of Triangles Figure 2-2: Three Phases in the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle Figure 2-3: Sino-Japanese Relations and the U.S.-Japan Relationship Figure 7-1: Commonalties between the Early 1970's and the Post-Cold War Era

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS

1969 Jan. 21 Mar. 2 May 10-1 8

May 28 Jul. 25 Nov. 10-12

1970 Jan. 1 6 Feb. 11 Mar. 9

Jun. 22-24 Oct. 24 Nov. 9Nov. 20

Nixon's inauguration The Soviet-Chinese clash on DamanskyIZhenbao Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans visits Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong IZong for textile negotiations. National Security Decision Memorandum 1 3 The Guam Doctrine Wakaizumi agrees with IZissinger on the secret agreement, which (1)admits of U.S. reentry of nuclear weapons after the U.S. return of Okinawa, and (2) exchanges Japan's export restraints over textiles for the U.S. reversion of Okinawa. The Nixon-Sato Meeting in Washington -They agree to the return of Okinawa in 1972. -They agree to the U.S. return of Okinawa and the Japanese concessions over textiles.

IZiichi Miyazawa became MITI minister for textile negotiations. John B. Connally, former Governor of Texas, became Secretary of the Treasury in the Nixon administration. The Japanese government presents the U.S. with nide-memoire indicating willingness to undertake selective export restraints if injury is proven. The Stans-Miyazawa Meeting on Textiles The Second Nixon-Sato Meeting in Washington The Flanigan-Ushiba Talks on Textiles (until Dec. 13) The U.N. General Assembly takes up the Important Question Resolution for the entry of the PRC.

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

Chronology of Events

xii 1971 Mat 8 M a t 11 Apr. 20-

May 31~ ~ 141 .

Jun. 15Jun. 1 7 Jul. 5 Jul. 1 5 J u ~20. Aug. 13-

Aug. 1 5

Aug. 28 Sep. 1 5 Sep. 22 Sep. 25 Oct. 1 5

Oct. 2 5

Nov. 9Nov. 1 0

The Japanese textile industry announces its voluntary export restraint plan. Nixon rejects the Japanese industry's plan. Ambassador I<ennedy visits Tokyo and other Far Eastern countries in pursuit of textile negotiations (until May 31). Kennedy's second round of negotiations (until Jul. 1 5 ) Japan announces an eight-point program to reduce its balance of payments surplus, including increased import liberalization, accelerated cuts in tariffs, promotion of capital investment, reduction of nontariff barriers, and so forth. Takeiri's First Visit to Beijing (until Jul. 6 ) The U.S. and Japan signs the reversion of Okinawa. Sato reorganizes the cabinet, with Takeo Fukuda as Foreign Minister and Kakuei Tanaka as MITI Minister. Nixon announces his incoming visit to China ("The First Nixon Shock"). Third Kennedy textile mission (until Aug. 8 ) President Nixon holds a secret meeting of senior economic and White House officials at Camp David (until Aug. 15). Nixon announces the New Economic Policy ("The Second Nixon Shock"). Japan does not suspend foreign exchange trading, and the Bank of Japan continues to buy dollars at the 1 dollar = 360 yen rate until August 28. The Japanese government closes the foreign exchange market. Group of Ten finance ministers meet in London, but the meeting fails to resolve the dispute. Sato decides to co-sponsor Taiwan's U.N. seat with the United States. The G-10 meeting for the IMF and World Bank annual meeting. Tanaka and Kennedy initial "Memorandum of Understanding" limiting Japanese exports of textiles to the United States. The U.N. General Assembly negates the Important Question Resolution, and votes to accept the PRC as China representative. Treasury Secretary Connally's visit to Japan (until Nov. 11) Tokyo Governor Minobe passes the "Hori letter" to Zhou Enlai.

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

Chronology o f Events Nov. 30-

Dec. 17-18

1972 Jan. 3 Jan. 6 Jan. 2 3 Feb. 8-11 Feb. 21-28 May 7-23 May 1 5 May 1 6 Jul. 7 J u ~25. Aug. 31Sep. 1 7 Sep. 29

1973 Jan. 2 3 Feb. 1 2

Feb. 22

Mar. 1 6 Apr. 14-21 Apr. 23 May 3 Jul. 25

At a Group of Ten meeting chaired by Connally in Rome, Volcker says that the United States will eliminate the surcharge in return for early decision on trade concession, progress in sharing defense costs, and the dollar depreciation. The U.S. also hints that it might devalue the dollar by 10 percent against gold (until Dec. 1 ) . The Smithsonian Conference decides a new exchange rate. Japan agrees to revalue by 16.9 percent against the dollar, West Germany 13.6 percent, Britain and France 8.6 percent, Italy 7.48 percent.

I<ennedy and Ambassador Ushiba sign formal bilateral agreement limiting Japan's textile exports. The Nixon-Sato meeting in San Clemente (until Jan. 7 ) Gromyko visits Tokyo. The Southeast Section Chief of the Foreign Ministry Wasuke Miyake visits Hanoi. Nixon's visit to China and Shanghai coinmuniquC (Feb. Second Komeito's visit to Beijing Okinawa is returned. George Shultz succeeds John Connally as Secretary of the Treasury. Tanaka becomes prime minister. Takeiri's second (third Komeito's) visit to Beijing (until Aug. 3 ) The Nixon-Tanaka meeting in Hawaii (until Sep. 3 ) Shiina's visit to Taipei The Sino-Japanese diplomatic resumption

The Paris accords to end the Vietnam War The United States announces a 1 0 percent devaluation of the dollar. The Japanese government moves to the floating exchange system. Negotiations between the U.S. and the PRC for establishment of liaison offices (I