African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study

African American NHL Assessment Study National Park Service Organization of American Historians National Museum of Afri...

Author: Susan Ferentinos | Turkiya L. Lowe

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African American NHL Assessment Study

National Park Service Organization of American Historians National Museum of African American History and Culture

February 6, 2008

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………1 BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 3 PART A. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING THEMES…………………………………………………………….. 5 PART B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL THEMES………..……………………………………. 7 PART C. FURTURE RESEARCH AND NOMINATION EFFORTS……..………………………………….. 10 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS…………...…………………………………………………………………………… 12 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A: AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS………….………….14 APPENDIX B: ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLS………………………….…………….42 APPENDIX C: SCHOLAR COMPOSITE ASSESSMENT……………………………….………..… 45 APPENDIX D: NPS UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY……………. 46 APPENDIX E: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXISTING NHLs………..……………..…………..... 53 APPENDIX F: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POTENTIAL NHLs.…………..……………………... 57 APPENDIX G: ASSOCIATED THEME STUDIES………………..…………..………….………...…76

AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY National Park Service – Cultural Resources National Historic Landmarks Program EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study evaluated the National Historic Landmarks Program’s comprehensiveness in commemorating nationally significant African American history. The goal of the assessment study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are represented. Working under a long-standing cooperative agreement, the National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL Program) and the Organization of American Historians (OAH) assembled a team of scholars to review the current list of National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) and offer feedback. The reviewing scholars convened on September 10, 2007, at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC, to discuss their assessments and make recommendations for future research and nomination efforts. The final report will assist the National Park Service (NPS) in creating a network of scholars and organizations that may be interested in the recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group, and undertake the necessary research and documentation to prepare nominations that lead to NHL designation of new properties associated with African American history. The report will assist planners in evaluating proposals by Congress and others for additions to the National Park System, National Historic Trails, and National Heritage Areas as well as assist states, Federal agencies, and the general public in identifying properties that should be nominated for NHL status. Methodology In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided $25,000 to the NHL Program to evaluate the comprehensiveness of the program’s efforts in commemorating nationally significant African American history. To facilitate this assessment, the NHL Program defined African American history as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, the list of NHLs identified for the assessment study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community. In Phase I of the Assessment Study, the NHL Program identified and compiled documentation on currently listed NHLs and NPS units designated for their association with African American history. Relevant sites were identified using National Landmarks, American Treasures (2000) by S. Allen Chambers, Jr., the NHL Program’s “List of National Historic Landmarks by State” (May 2006), and the National Register Information System (NRIS). During Phase II, the NHL Program invited NPS regional offices, State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs), other government agencies, private organizations, and other interested parties to comment on the Assessment Study and recommend properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS regional offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and other interested individuals. For Phase III of the Assessment Study, OAH recruited distinguished scholars of African American history to participate in the Scholars Meeting Group. Prior to the meeting held on 1

September 10, 2007, participants reviewed the list of previously identified NHLs with three objectives: 1. Evaluate the current comprehensiveness of research and nominations of properties within ten major themes in African American history: Archeology; Colonial and Early America; Culture, Arts, and Ideas; Economics and Commerce; Emancipation and Reconstruction; History of the American West; Law, Society, and Government; Notable Individuals; Sciences and Technology; and Slavery and Civil War. 2. Recommend additional themes in African American history to target for future research, documentation, and nomination efforts; and 3. Identify potential properties and partners to facilitate future research and documentation of African American history, leading to the preparation of NHL nominations. Study Findings The Scholars Meeting Group found the following: 1. Current NHLs provide fair coverage of nationally significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals. 2. Five of the ten evaluated themes are minimally covered or require significant improvement in documentation and NHL nomination efforts: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce. 3. The evaluated themes and existing NHLs do not sufficiently represent recent scholarship in African American history. Recommendations The Scholars Meeting Group recommended the following: 1. Expansion of research and nomination efforts in five of the ten evaluated themes: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce. 2. Development of ten additional themes for future research and NHL nomination efforts: Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment. 3. Dissemination of the findings of the Assessment Study to preservation organizations and other interested parties that may partner with the National Park Service to facilitate and increase research, documentation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history.

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AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY Background National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) are cultural properties designated by the Secretary of the Interior as being nationally significant. They are acknowledged as among the nation’s most important historic places and the most outstanding representations of American history and identity. The NHL Program focuses attention on these historic places by recognizing and promoting preservation efforts by government agencies, private organizations, local communities, and individuals. Working with these parties, the NHL Program facilitates nomination of properties for designation by the Secretary of the Interior. Today, approximately 2,500 historic places bear this national distinction and represent many aspects of United States history. To address the need for the NHLs to be fully representative of the nation’s history, in 1991 Congress authorized the National Park Service (NPS), through Public Law 102-98, to conduct an African American History Theme Study, but did not provide funding for this project. Many NHLs are nominated through congressionally-mandated theme studies, which identify and consider related properties for designation within a specific historic theme. Despite limited resources, the NHL Program has recently undertaken several NHL theme studies associated with African American history (see Appendix G). These include the four-part American Civil Rights Theme Study that examines the desegregation of public accommodations, voting rights, access to open housing, and access to equal employment opportunities. OAH collaborated with the NHL Program in undertaking the American Civil Rights Theme Study, which has produced twelve NHL designations to date. In addition to properties designated in conjunction with theme studies, the NHL Program facilitated designation of several individual properties associated with African American history—with nominations prepared by SHPOs, NPS regional offices, private organizations, and interested individuals. The home of attorney Roswell Field, located in St. Louis, Missouri, is the most recent related property to be designated as an NHL. The Field House is associated with Field’s preparation of the legal defense for freedom seeker Dred Scott. Field formulated the legal argument that brought the case Scott v. Sanford before the U. S. Supreme Court but then turned the defense over to an attorney with more experience in arguing before the Court. The 1857 decision, written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled that no person of African ancestry could be a U.S. citizen and declared unconstitutional the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery in the territory north of Missouri. The ruling, commonly known as the Dred Scott Decision, became a critical impetus for the American Civil War. In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided funding to undertake an assessment of the comprehensiveness of the NHL program’s nomination efforts in the area of African American history. The goal of the African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are presently represented. Initial efforts focused on digitizing the official NHL documentation related to African American history. Completed at the end of fiscal year 2006, the NHL Program, in partnership with the Organization of American Historians, digitized the nominations and made them available to the public through the NPS website: www.nps.gov/nhl.

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Recognizing the breadth of both the thematic and chronological scope of “African American history,” the NHL Program formulated a definition to capture both the African American experience in the United States and delineate the NHL Program’s criteria for a property’s eligibility as a NHL. For the assessment study, African American history was defined as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry, from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, some NHLs identified for the Assessment Study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community. Using this definition as a starting point, 174 existing NHLs (see Appendix A) and 47 National Park units (see Appendix D) were identified for their association with African American history. The NHL Program recognizes 30 categories of areas of significance (including "Other") that identify the topic under which a building, site, structure, object, or district is nominated for NHL designation. These areas of significance are topics in an overarching theme, by which a nomination preparer explains and justifies a property’s historical importance to the nation as a whole and by which a property’s significance is evaluated in comparison to other properties. In analyzing the list of identified properties, the NHL Program found that existing NHLs were designated using most of the recognized areas of significance but that some categories had no associated NHLs or were significantly less represented compared with other categories. An analysis of the extant NHLs provided in Appendix B, using the 29 areas of significance categories (excluding the category “Other”) to evaluate current commemoration of African American history, shows that: • Zero NHLs are associated with African American history in the following categories: Art, Conservation, and Maritime history; • Ten or fewer NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Agriculture (4), Archeology (2), Communications (4), Community Planning and Development (5), Economics (5), Engineering (2), Entertainment/Recreation (5), Health/Medicine (2), Invention (5), Landscape Architecture (2), Philosophy (1), Science (4), and Transportation (4); and • Eleven or more NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Architecture (11), Commerce (18), Education (44), Ethnic Heritage-Black (173); Exploration/ Settlement (23), Industry (19), Law (35), Literature (12), Military history (12), Performing Arts (16), Politics/Government (56), Religion (14), and Social history (140). *

*

An NHL property may be significant in more than one area of significance, which explains why the total is more than the 174 existing NHLs associated with African American history. 4

Part A. Assessment of Existing Themes In 1999, the National Park Service’s Revised Thematic Framework highlighted the agency’s responsibility to ensure that research and NHL nomination efforts “reflect current scholarship and represent the full diversity of America’s past” (National Register Bulletin, “Appendix A,” How To Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations. 1999: U.S. Department of the Interior, p. 79). The African American Assessment Study evaluates the fulfillment of this mission in the field of African American history. Most of the NHL Program’s historical themes were established in the 1950s and 60s, reflecting the dominant scholarship of that period. Given the development of recent scholarship, the Scholars Meeting Group’s first major objective was to evaluate the existing historical themes and recommend which merited better coverage in the NHL Program. To facilitate assessment by the participating scholars, the NHL Program’s 30 areas of significance categories were condensed into ten major themes through which the existing 175 African American NHLs were evaluated. The selected themes were: Economics and Commerce; Science and Technology; Culture, Art, and Ideas; Law, Society, and Government; Archeology; Notable Individuals; Colonial and Early America; Slavery and Civil War; Emancipation and Reconstruction; and History of the American West. By no means exhaustive, the ten were chosen with the recognition that some themes would overlap, that some NHLs could be representative of multiple themes, and that some NHLs would not neatly fit any of the chosen themes. Prior to the meeting on September 10, 2007, the scholars were given the list of existing NHLs, a brief analysis of the NHLs by theme, and the objectives of the Assessment Study. The scholars were asked to evaluate the existing NHLs within the ten themes—providing an explanation for their ratings—and recommend additional themes in African American history for future research and nomination efforts. The scholars used a sliding scale rating system, from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), which assessed the sufficiency of NHL documentation of events, ideas, themes, or significant individuals critical to commemorating the history and significance of the 10 evaluated themes. Scholars were specifically asked to provide an explanation of ratings below 4 (good). To view the complete rating system, see “Scholar Assessment Composite” in Appendix C. Findings The Scholars Meeting Group generally concluded that the current list of NHLs provided fair coverage of nationally-significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals. The scholars noted that the pattern of NHL Program nomination efforts focused extensively on legalistic and policy driven documentation of historic themes. The scholars determined that this focus did not capture many aspects of African American history and recommended that the NHL Program broaden its thematic scope. The Scholars Meeting Group also identified five themes where documentation and nomination efforts required significant improvement: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the numbers of existing NHLs associated with five themes were very small, or that extant NHLs represented history limited to a specific topic. While coverage was good or even excellent on a single topic (such as the Underground Railroad and desegregation of public education), the current NHLs were deficient in representing the broader histories of five themes. A synopsis of the five themes evaluated as poorly covered or needing improvement follows. Archeology: Citing recently discovered archeological sites, such as New Philadelphia Townsite in Barry, Illinois and the Slave Tunnel at the George Washington House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Scholars Meeting Group assessed the scarcity of archeological properties designated for African American history as poor, defined as having little or no coverage of major events, ideas, themes or significant persons in the category. The scholars pointed out that since African American resources were historical 5

targets of racial violence, intimidation, and destruction (see “Additional Themes”), archeological remains are quite possibly the only resources for research and documentation of large portions of nationally significant African American history. Colonial and Early America: The Scholars Meeting Group noted the need for documentation of the history of African American life and contributions during Colonial and Early America. The Meeting Group particularly noted the lack of properties associated with the American maritime history of the Middle Passage and the Internal Slave Trade, African Americans’ roles in colonial settlement, and African American involvement in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. History of the American West: The Scholars Meeting Group observed the absence of NHLs documenting African American history in the American West, particularly in the territorial and state history of California. Citing the expansion of slavery and the admittance of territories into the United States as a pivotal issue in American history, the absence of NHLs commemorating this history was particularly problematic. The NHL Program does not include the history of African American migration and settlement of the region, particularly during the California Gold Rush of the late 1840 and 50s, the creation of post-Reconstruction all-black towns, and the development of urban western communities in the early to mid-20th century. Science and Technology: Although the Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs did commemorate African American history in the area of science and technology, demonstrated by the Charles R. Drew House NHL, the group also noted that the NHL Program does not fully document the range of African American inventors, architects, engineers, academicians, and institutions of scientific research. The Scholars Meeting Group was particularly critical of the absence of NHLs associated with the black medical profession, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, and the schools of science and engineering at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Economics and Commerce: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the existing NHLs provided only a small sampling of black businesses and commercial activity in the United States and noted that very few NHLs commemorated the history of African American craftsmanship or labor. The Scholars Meeting Group criticized the absence of NHLs that represent the larger history of collective black enterprise, such as mutual aid and benevolent societies, and the existence of black business districts—including their destruction due to white racial violence, as exemplified by the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.

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Part B. Recommendations for Additional Themes The second major objective in undertaking the Assessment Study was to ensure that future research and nomination efforts reflect current scholarship in the field of African American history. Reviewing scholars were asked to identify emerging scholarship in the field of African American history that deserves research and documentation within the NHL Program and to identify non-designated properties that best represent this new scholarship. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended ten additional thematic areas for future research and documentation: Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment. The Scholars Meeting Group viewed these recommendations as a beginning point to address gaps in NHL research and documentation of African American history, and not as a definitive list. Black Freedom Struggles or Struggles for Full Freedom, Justice, and Equality: At every moment in American history, various groups have contested the meaning of citizenship and freedom; never more so than with the struggles of African Americans for inclusion in or separation from American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the NHL Program has largely succeeded in nominating a wide range of resources important for documenting civil rights history, or African American struggles for inclusion in American society. However, past nomination efforts have ignored the history of African American struggles for self-determination that do not have integration as its goal. The absence of NHLs documenting this history, therefore, does not represent the full complexity and significance of African American history, particularly since reactions to more radical African American definitions of freedom frequently spurred transformations in American society. Expanding research and nomination efforts to represent a larger Black Freedom Struggles theme would continue nomination efforts within the theme of civil rights but would also illustrate the national significance and impact of black nationalism and other radical movements—both domestic and international—on American society. Grassroots and Vernacular History: The Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs and National Park System units provide broad representation of notable African American leaders and major events in African American history, such as the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site and the Tuskegee Airman National Historic Site. However, the Scholars Meeting Group also pointed out that the most striking feature of African Americans’ profound impact on American society has been through the ordinary experiences of their daily lives. Although the importance of African American leaders and mass movements can never be understated, it has often been the everyday African American knowledge that has soaked into the fabric of American life, often in previously undocumented ways. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that NHL Program nomination efforts should capture the national significance of “ordinary” lived experiences. For example, emerging scholarship on the importance and impact of African American foodways illustrates the need for increased nomination efforts in the category of social history. Scholarly studies of African American recipes and cooking techniques, commonly called “soul food,” have recently gained prominence. NPS has begun to commemorate this history, particularly in the Historic American Buildings Survey and Historical American Engineering Record Program’s focus on documenting vernacular architecture, such as exemplary examples of shotgun houses, as well as in the Park Ethnography Division’s recently launched “National Parks Associated with African Americans: An Ethnographic Perspective” Program. Institutional History: In tandem with the daily experiences of African American life, institutions form a critical locus from and around which African Americans organized as a 7

community to effectively transform American society. Black religious institutions (African Methodist Episcopal Church, United House of Prayer, Nation Of Islam), Black fraternal organizations (Prince Hall Masons, Easter Star, Greek fraternities and sororities), political and social clubs (National Association of Colored Women, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League), Black business/professional/economic organizations (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, benevolent societies), and educational institutions (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) form the nucleus of organized activities to build African American communities and challenge institutional racism in the United States. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future NHL nomination efforts focus on documenting this legacy. Intellectual History: In addition to building institutions, African American also invented and developed theories, ideas, concepts, and products that further transformed American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that future NHL efforts should recognize and preserve the creation of ideas and products developed within African American intellectual traditions, by researching and documenting sites associated with African American architects, authors, artists, academicians, community scholars, scientific researchers, and inventors. For example, the W. E. B. DuBois Boyhood Homesite is an NHL designated for its association with the famed civil rights activist and first African American Ph.D. recipient from Harvard university. DuBois researched and wrote The Philadelphia Negro, which is widely regarded as one of the foundational texts for the field of American sociology. Education and Literacy: Connected to the theme of Intellectual History is the unique struggle of African Americans to obtain education and literacy in the United States. Acknowledging past NHL nomination efforts around the theme of education, the Scholars Meeting Group determined that more focused research was necessary to document the legal and extra-legal barriers used to deny education to African Americans and the unique solutions that African Americans, their supporters, and their opponents used to challenge or maintain educational inequality. The Scholars Meeting Group pointed out that the struggle for African American education and literacy was the result as well as the catalyst for changes in national education policy, both governmental and privately-sponsored. The Scholars Meeting Group cited such examples as raciallysegregated public schools; Freedman Bureau schools; Historically Black Colleges and Universities; Rosenwald Schools; Church-sponsored schools; and current debates surrounding multi-cultural education, integration and community-controlled schools. Era of Jim Crow: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that there were significant chronological gaps in the documentation of current NHLs. The small number of NHLs whose periods of significance span the 1880s to the 1930s and the post-1960s history merited attention. Because of the general 50-Year Rule in NHL nomination criteria, the Scholars Meeting Group determined to prioritize the 1880s-1930s, designating the period as the “Era of Jim Crow” to encompass both its thematic and chronological aspects. The Era of Jim Crow includes institution and community-building postReconstruction, the extreme racial violence and intimidation of African Americans, the First Great Migration, regionalism, the development of scientific racism, and government policy decisions leading to the Modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s. Racial Intimidation and Violence: The Scholars Meeting Group also recommended a Racial Intimidation and Violence theme associated with African American history, as an important historical demonstration of and catalyst for community and government action to control issues of race, power, and citizenship. The Racial Intimidation and Violence theme spans the establishment, maintenance, and demise of the American slave system; lynching and white racial riots of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; as well as violence during the 1950s and 60s Civil Rights Movement such as the 1955 murder of 8

Emmett Till and the murder of African American civil rights leader Medgar Evers in 1963 in Mississippi. The theme also encompasses the history of resistance to such violence through anti-lynching campaigns, establishment of institutions such as the NAACP, theories such as non-violence and self-defense, and events such as the integration of Little Rock Central High School (an NHL and National Park System unit) in Arkansas. Migration and Movement: African American history is also the story of movement, both forced and voluntary. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended a Migration and Movement theme as a target for future research and nomination efforts. More broad than the settlement/exploration area of significance category currently used by the NHL Program, African American movement extends beyond the simple “peopling” of the United States, as the category has primarily been documented in NHL nominations. The theme encompasses the reality that, in African American history, movement becomes a method for either claiming or being denied freedom in American society. The Scholars Meeting Group quickly noted that the Migration and Movement theme also closely aligns with the Racial Intimidation and Violence theme because voluntary movement by African Americans was often an attempt to escape intimidation and violence—leading to the establishment of maroon communities during enslavement; all-Black townships; African repatriation movements; and expatriation to other countries such as Mexico, Canada, and France. The Migration and Movement theme would provide for increased NHL representation of the International and Internal Slave Trade, immigration, national transformations in transportation as well as government policy-making, such as urban renewal projects and military assignments. The theme also captures the history of movements based on economic factors (history of labor, agriculture, American industry), and the demographic and institutional results (urbanization, suburbanization, unionism). African American Family Life and Relationships: The African American family as a unit of historical change, protest, and support is closely aligned with the Grassroots and Vernacular History theme, and includes the documentation of the historical impact of multi-generational black families on the national landscape. The contributions of notable African American families, significant for successive generations of importance instead of a single person, would recognize and preserve the collective impact. Examples include the military contributions of the Benjamin O. Davis family, the educational and civil rights impact of the Forten-Grimke family, and the economic and cultural impact of the Madame C. J. Walker family. Emerging scholarship on multi-generational African American families also documents the unique systems and laws regarding inheritance, heirs’ property, and other issues that resulted from their existence. In addition to property ownership issues, legislation associated with Black families occupies a unique and significant place in American social and labor history—particularly within the American slave system, through miscegenation laws, within early 20th century eugenics debates, and other governmental policy development such as in social assistance programs. Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment: African American culture in the United States has frequently provided the foundations of American cultural identity. In recognizing this influence, the Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future research and documentation commemorate the development of African American culture and its impact on the transformation of American culture. Resources in this category could include back-owned media outlets, performance venues, sporting arenas/facilities, tourist and resort communities, record companies and recording studios, as well as notable artists and athletes that entertained American audiences.

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Part C. Future Research and Nomination Efforts The larger purpose of undertaking the Assessment Study is to ensure that existing and future NHLs are broadly representative of African Americans’ contributions to the nation’s history and to find strategies to increase future research and documentation efforts leading to NHL nominations. The Assessment Study findings noted the need to develop these strategies. To that end, the Scholars Meeting Group developed a list of organizations and other interested parties that may partner with the NPS to promote the findings of the Assessment Study and undertake its recommendations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that the National Park Service widely disseminate the Assessment Study findings and encourage private organizations and individuals to research and nominate properties associated with African American history. Recommendations for Future Research and Potential NHL Nomination To further address deficiently covered and newly emerged themes in nationally significant African American history, the NHL Program queried NPS Regional Offices, State Historic Preservation Officers, and other government agencies to obtain recommendations of properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS Regional Offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and interested individuals. Queried parties recommended 89 current National Register properties and 112 properties that are not listed in the National Register for further research. In addition, SHPOs recommended revision to the official documentation of 47 NHLs to include information on the property’s previously undocumented association with nationally significant African American history (see Appendix E). The recommended properties represent a wide range of themes and property types. Each recommendation must be further researched, documented, and evaluated in accordance with NHL Program criteria. A sample of these property recommendations are provided in Appendix F.

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Conclusion The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study illustrates the ongoing challenges of ensuring that the National Park Service’s programs represent the full diversity of United States heritage through the identification, documentation, and nomination of National Historic Landmarks. As new scholarship emerges, the NHL Program must respond by ensuring that future research and nomination efforts reflect and represent current thinking about the American past. The NHL Program must create a network of scholars and organizations that will become invested in the findings and recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group and will undertake the needed research and documentation leading to National Historic Landmark nominations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommendations offer a strategy to best market the documentation opportunities so that limited resources can be used to greatest advantage.

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ASSESSMENT STUDY PARTICIPANTS PROJECT MANAGERS Turkiya L. Lowe, Ph.C. Contractor/Project Manager National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2266 [email protected]

Susan Ferentinos, Ph.D. Public History Manager Organization of American Historians 112 N. Bryan Ave PO Box 5457 Bloomington IN 47407-5457 812-855-8726 [email protected]

SCHOLARS MEETING GROUP Jeffrey Harris, Ph.C. Director for Diversity National Trust for Historic Preservation 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 202-588-6027 [email protected]

Cheryl LaRoche, Ph.D. Visiting Assistant Professor Department of American Studies 1130 Holzapfel Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 301-946-4471 [email protected]

Waldo Martin, Ph.D. Professor of History Department of History University of California, Berkeley 3118 Dwinelle Hall Mail Code: 2550 Berkeley, CA 94720 510-642-2559 [email protected]

Michéle Gates Moresi, Ph.D. Curator of Collections National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution 600 Maryland Ave, SW Suite 7001 MRC 509 P.O. Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013 202-633-4751 [email protected]

Larry Rivers, Ph.D. President Fort Valley State University 1005 State University Drive Fort Valley, GA 31030 478-825-6315 [email protected]

Harvard Sitkoff, Ph.D. Professor of History University of New Hampshire Horton Hall 403 Durham, NH 03824 603-862-3024 [email protected]

Patricia Sullivan, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History and African American Studies University of South Carolina 228 Gambrell Hall Columbia, SC 29208 803-777-2766 [email protected]

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NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Brian Joyner, B.A. Writer/Editor Cultural Resources Diversity Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2276 [email protected]

Antoinette Lee, Ph.D. Assistant Associate Director Historical Documentation Programs National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2272 [email protected]

J. Paul Loether, M.A. Chief National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2272 [email protected]

Jan Matthews, Ph.D. Associate Director Cultural Resources National Park Service 1849 C Street, NW Room 3128 Washington, DC 20240 202-206-7625 [email protected] Dan Vivian, Ph.C. Historian National Register of Historic Places National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2256 [email protected]

Susan Salvatore, M.A. Contractor/Project Manager National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2256 [email protected]

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APPENDIX A AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS Note on Methodology: Relevant National Historic Landmarks were identified for their association with nationally significant events, ideas, movements, themes, and individuals in general African American history. Therefore, some NHLs identified in conjunction with the Assessment Study are not associated with an African American person but have significance to the overall history of African Americans in the United States from the period of European colonialism to the modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s (Ex. Robert Barnwell Rhett House in Charleston, South Carolina). In addition, the listed properties may not identify these specific areas of significance in their NHL documentation but manifest these areas of significance in relation to nationally significant African American history. For example, the current nomination may not specify "Ethnic Heritage-Black" as an area of significance; however, the association with nationally significant African American history exists (ex. Sloss Blast Furnace). As a result, property nominations may require revision to include the additional area of significance. NHLs that require such revision are marked here with an asterisk (*) and others are listed in Appendix F. Alternate names of the NHL properties follow in parentheses. STATE

NAME Bethel Baptist Church, Parsonage, and Guard House

LOCATION 3200 28th Avenue North, Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama

Alabama

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Law-Civil Rights Act of 1964; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth; Social History-Civil Rights Movement (1961 Freedom Rides, Public Accommodations); Transportation

14 Brown Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church

Foster Auditorium

410 Martin Luther King, Jr. Street, Selma, Dallas County, Alabama

454 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama

University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama

Law-Voting Rights Act of 1965; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Martin Luther King, Jr.; Social HistoryCivil Rights Movement (Voting Rights), Selma-toMontgomery March Commerce; Significant Person-Martin Luther King, Jr.; Social HistoryCivil Rights Movement (Montgomery Bus Boycott and Public Accommodations); Transportation Education; Law-Brown v. Board of Education (1954); Politics and Government-Civil Rights Act of 1964; Social History-Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation)

HISTORIC CONTEXT Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) decided to continue the Freedom Rides of May 1961 rather than buckle under white segregationist violence. From Bethel Baptist Church, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth coordinated the renewed ride with SNCC and Attorney General Robert Kennedy. The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR), headquartered in Bethel Baptist Church from 1956 to 1961, confronted multiple aspects of racial discrimination that served as a model for the 1963 Birmingham campaign and led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The church and parsonage were places of refuge for wounded and stranded riders rescued by ACMHR members. Led by community leaders in cooperation with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and other national civil rights organizations, this church was the headquarters of the Selma Voting Rights Movement that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

This church is associated with its pastor and civil rights activist, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (MBB) — described as the first mass protest against racial discrimination. The MBB heralded a new era of direct action of the modern civil rights movement. King was chosen president of the newly formed Montgomery Improvement Association to lead the bus boycott. Foster Auditorium is the site of the June 11, 1963 “stand in the schoolhouse door” by Governor George Wallace in defiance of a proclamation by President John F. Kennedy to obey a court order to admit two African-American students to the university. The auditorium is a symbol of southern massive resistance to school desegregation following the 1954 Brown decision and the call by the Kennedy administration for a stronger federal commitment to civil rights that became the foundation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

DESIGNATED

http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/05 000455.pdf

THEME STUDY http://nps.gov/ nhl/themes/Pu b%20Accom.p df


http://nps.gov/ nhl/themes/Pu b%20Accom.p df



NOMINATION

Apr. 5, 2005

Dec. 9, 1997

May 30, 1974

http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/05 000457.pdf Apr. 5, 2005

STATE

NAME

APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education; Social HistoryCivil Rights, Reconstruction

J. L. M. (Jabez Lamar Monroe) Curry Home

Hwy 21, 3 miles east from the center of Talladega, Talladega County, Alabama

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church

1530 6th Avenue North at 16th Street, Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama

Law; Politics/ Government-Civil Rights Act of 1964; Social History-Civil Rights Movement (Public Accommodations);

1st Avenue at 32nd Street, Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama.

Industry; Politics/ Government

Talladega College Campus, 627 West Battle Street, Talladega County, Alabama

Education; Industry

Vicinity of Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama

Agriculture; Education; Invention; Science; Significant PersonsBooker T. Washington and George Washington Carver; Social HistoryCivil Rights Military History; Settlement/Exploration

Sloss Blast Furnaces *

Swayne Hall, Talladega College

15 Tuskegee Institute

Fort Huachuca Arizona

Daisy Bates House

Arkansas

LOCATION

3.6 miles West of Sierra Vista, Cochise County, Arizona

1207 West 28th Street, Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas

Education; Law-Brown v. Board of Education and Brown II; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Daisy Bates

HISTORIC CONTEXT Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, as an agent for the George Peabody Education Fund and the John F. Slater Fund, was influential in establishing public education for emancipated African Americans throughout the south after the Civil War. This church served as the organizational and staging background of the Easter Sunday children’s march to integrate public accommodations that proved to be one of the most dramatic confrontations with segregation in the nonviolent movement. The church was bombed by white supremacists on September 15, 1963, killing four little girls. Mass coverage of the event garnered national empathy for the civil rights movement and led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Completed in 1882, this site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1981 in industrial heritage for its association with diversifying the South’s post-Civil War economy. Further study could be conducted for its association with advances made in African American labor in the 1930s by the Congress of Industrial Organizations in its efforts to gain democracy for workers of all races. Originally constructed by enslaved African American labor in 1857 and initially used as a white Baptist school, the hall was purchased by the American Missionary Association in 1867 to form Talladega College for freed African Americans. Talladega established a liberal arts program in 1890, unlike other contemporary African American educational institutions which focused on vocational training. Tuskegee Institute was founded in 1881 by Booker T. Washington, a leading late 19th century civil rights advocate and educator. Scientist and inventor George Washington Carver, as head of the Agricultural Department, founded over 500 uses for the peanut while working at the college. The fort was the headquarters for the U.S. Army’s th th four all-black regiments: the 9 and 10 Calvary and th th the 24 and 25 Infantry. The fort was founded in 1877 between Tombstone and the U.S.-Mexican border and played a prominent role in the subjugation of Geronimo’s Chiracahua Apache. Bates shepherded the Little Rock Nine to desegregate Central High School after the Brown v. Board of Education and Brown II decisions ended de juré segregation in public education. The house became the de facto command post for the Central High School desegregation crisis and served as a haven for the nine African American students who desegregated the school and a place to plan the best way to achieve their goals. For the first time, a U.S. President used federal powers to uphold and implement a federal court ruling regarding school desegregation.

DESIGNATED

Dec. 21, 1965

Feb. 2, 2006, National Register listed 1980

May 29, 1981

Dec. 2, 1974

NOMINATION http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/66 000154.pdf http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/80 000696.pdf



http://www.np s.gov/nhl/them es/Labor%20T S.pdf


Jun. 23, 1965


May, 11, 1976


http://www.nps. gov/history/histo ry/school.pdf

Jan. 3, 2001

THEME STUDY

http://pdfhost.f ocus.nps.gov/ docs/NHLS/Te xt/01000072.p df


STATE

NAME Centennial Baptist Church

Little Rock Central High School

LOCATION York and Columbia Streets, Helena, Phillips County, Arkansas

14th and Park Streets, Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas

16 California

Leland Stanford House* (Stanford-Lathrop House)

800 N Street, Sacramento, Sacramento County, California

Prudence Crandall House

Southwest corner of State Routes 14 and 169, Canterbury, Windham County, Connecticut 75 Main Street, Farmington, Hartford County, Connecticut

Connecticut

First Church of Christ, Farmington

Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House

127 Main Street, Farmington, Hartford County, Connecticut

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Religion; Significant Person-Reverend Dr. Elias Camp Morris; Social History-Civil Rights

Law-Brown v. Board of Education, Brown II, and Executive Enforcement; Politics/ Government; Significant Persons-Little Rock Nine and Daisy Bates; Social History-Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation) and Massive Resistance Exploration/SettlementCalifornia; Significant Person-Leland Stanford; Social History-Civil Rights

Education; Significant Person- Prudence Crandall; Social HistoryCivil Rights Law-Amistad case; Politics/ Government; Social History-Atlantic Slave Trade, Abolitionism

Significant Person-Austin F. Williams; Social History- Slavery, Abolitionism, Underground Railroad, and Reconstruction

HISTORIC CONTEXT From the Centennial Baptist Church's 1905 construction until his death in 1922, Reverend Dr. Elias Camp Morris was president (1895-1922) of the National Baptist Convention (NBC), the largest African American organization in the United States at the end of the 19th century. Through the NBC, Morris brought attention to the right of African Americans to establish independent religious associations. The church functioned as the headquarters of the National Baptist Convention while Morris was pastor. Morris also provided a voice for African American scholars through the Convention's National Baptist Publishing Board, which was devoted to the production of religious materials for African American congregations. The school is the site of the first national test site for desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and Brown II (1955) decisions. The crisis at Little Rock is the first instance since Reconstruction of federal intervention to enforce civil rights.

Although its association with African American history is not described in current NHL documentation, Stanford played a pivotal role in early California civil rights history as a political and financial supporter of African American civil rights and abolition in the state. Crandall was an educator and reformer who opened a school exclusively for African American women despite community protest and violence in1832. She closed the school in 1834 after a white mob attacked the house. Mendé Africans from the slave ship, La Amistad, worshiped here after being declared free by the United States Supreme Court on March 9, 1841. The Africans remained in Farmington for three months before setting sail for Sierra Leone in November 1841. A leading abolitionist, Williams established an Underground Railroad station here and headed the defense team for the 43 Mendé Africans from La Amistad. He provided housing for the Africans after their release from prison by the United States Supreme Court. Williams was appointed director of the Freedman's Bureau of New England after the Civil War.

DESIGNATED

NOMINATION

THEME STUDY


Jul. 31, 2003

NHL- May 20, 1982; National Historic Site, Nov. 6,1998.

May 28, 1987

Jul. 17, 1991

May 15, 1975

Aug. 5, 1998



http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/70 000696.pdf http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/75 002056.pdf

http://www.nps. gov/history/nr/tr avel/undergroun d/thhome.htm

http://www.np s.gov/history/h istory/school.p df


STATE

NAME Howard High School

LOCATION 401 East 12th Street, Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware

Delaware

New Castle County Court House

17

Andrew Rankin Memorial Chapel, Founders Library, and Frederick Douglas Memorial Hall (Howard University)

211 Delaware Street, New Castle, New Castle County, Delaware

Howard University, Washington, DC

District of Columbia

Blanche K. Bruce House

909 M Street, NW Washington, DC

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education; Law-Brown v. Board of Education (1954), and Belton v. Gebhart (1953); Politics/ Government; Social History-Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation)

Law; Politics/ Government- Fugitive Slave Act of 1793; Social History-Abolitionism and Colonial History

Significant PersonsThurgood Marshall and Charles Hamilton Houston; Law-Brown v. Board of Education (1954); Politics/ Government; Education; Social History-Civil Rights (Desegregation)

Politics/ Government; Social HistoryReconstruction

HISTORIC CONTEXT Howard High School is linked with one of the five public school segregation cases combined in Brown v. Board of Education, the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine governing public policy with regard to race. In the case, Belton v. Gebhart (1953), a group of black parents requested that the school board allow their children to attend the all-white school within walking distance of their homes, rather than busing their children to the all-black Howard High School. The name of the previously designated National Historic Landmark was officially changed to New Castle Court House, and its nationally significant association with the prosecution of two Quaker abolitionists for violating the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was formally acknowledged. The courthouse had originally received NHL designation only in recognition of its role as the seat of governance in Delaware during the colonial and early statehood eras. A portion of the Howard University campus is nationally significant for the institution’s role in the legal establishment of racially desegregated public education and for its association with two nationally recognized leaders of that fight: Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall. Beginning in 1929, Howard Law School became an educational training ground for civil rights through the vision of Charles Hamilton Houston. This program produced activist black lawyers dedicated to securing the civil rights of all people of color and, in 1936, established the first course in civil rights law. Thereafter, lawyer Thurgood Marshall of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense Fund (LDF) led the organization’s strategy to desegregate schools leading up to the Brown v. Board of Education case. In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court declared school segregation unconstitutional. Blanche K. Bruce was the first African American to serve a full term in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881. Bruce represented Mississippi and lived in this house during his term. He remained in Washington, DC and was appointed DC Recorder of Deeds and Registrar of the U. S. Treasury.

DESIGNATED

NOMINATION http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/85 000309.pdf

THEME STUDY http://www.np s.gov/history/h istory/school.p df

Apr. 5, 2005

http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/72 000285.pdf Nov. 28, 1972

http://www.nps. gov/nhl/designat ions/samples/dc /howard.pdf

Jan. 31, 2001

May 15, 1975




STATE

NAME Mary Ann Shadd Cary House

Charlotte Forten Grimke House

18

General Oliver Otis Howard House

National Training School for Women and Girls (Trades Hall) St. Luke’s Episcopal Church

John Phillip Sousa Junior High School

LOCATION 1421 W Street, NW Washington, DC

1608 R Street, NW Washington, DC

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education; Law; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Mary Ann Shadd Cary; Social HistoryWomen's Suffrage, Civil Rights

Education; Literature; Significant PersonCharlotte Forten Grimke; Social History-Civil Rights and Reconstruction

607 Howard Place, Howard University, NW Washington, DC

Education; Significant Person-Gen. Oliver Otis Howard; Social HistoryCivil War, Reconstruction

601 50th Street, NE Washington, DC

Education; Significant Person-Nannie H. Burroughs; Social History

15th and Church Streets, NW Washington, DC

Education; ReligionEpiscopal Church; Significant PersonsAlexander Crummell and Calvin T. S. Brent; Social History-Civil Rights, Pan Africanism

3650 Ely Place, SE Washington, DC

Education; Law-Bolling v. Sharpe (1951), Brown v. Board of Education (1954); Politics/ Government; Social History-Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation)

HISTORIC CONTEXT In 1850, Mary Ann Shadd Cary founded a racially integrated school in Canada and fought against exploitive antislavery agents known as "begging agents." In 1852, she wrote "Notes on Canada West" which persuaded American Blacks to come to Canada. In 1853, Cary founded Canada's first antislavery newspaper, the Provincial Freeman, also becoming the first African American female newspaperperson in North America. During the Civil War, Mary Shadd Cary was appointed a Recruiting Officer for the Union Army. Later, Cary moved to Washington, DC and established a school for black children and attended Howard University Law School. She became the first black, female lawyer in the United States when she graduated in 1870 and was one of the few woman to receive the right to vote in federal elections. Cary organized the Colored Women's Progressive Franchise. Charlotte Forten was the first African American to teach in Salem, Massachusetts schools. She was also the first, documented, northern AfricanAmerican schoolteacher to go south to teach former slaves, teaching on St. Helena Island for two years. In 1864, she published "Life on the Sea Islands" in The Atlantic Monthly. General Howard was the first Commissioner of the Freedman’s Bureau and third president of Howard University, a private historically-black college and his namesake. The house is located on the campus of the university. The National Training School was founded by educator Nannie H. Burroughs to educate young black women and girls in the domestic arts, academics, and religious instruction. Alexander Crummell was a scholar, college professor, Episcopal preacher, advocate for the emigration of Blacks to Africa and advocate of African self-help. The church was founded in 1880 by Crummell (who also founded the American Negro Academy) and designed by Calvin T. S. Brent, Washington’s first African American architect, in the 1870s. From this location, Crummell organized black clergymen to fight racism in the Episcopal Church. The John Philip Sousa Junior High School (now the John Philip Sousa Middle School) is associated with the struggle to desegregate schools in the nation’s capitol as part of the Bolling v. Sharpe (1951) court case. The U.S. Supreme Court decided this case on the same day as the public school segregation cases in Kansas, Virginia, Delaware, and South Carolina combined in Brown v. Board of Education. The Bolling case was an integral part of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision that neither the federal or state governments could maintain racially segregated schools.

DESIGNATED

NOMINATION

THEME STUDY


Dec. 8, 1976

May 11, 1976

May 30, 1974

Jul. 17, 1991


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/74 002163.pdf http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/91 002049.pdf http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/76 002131.pdf

May 11, 1976

http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/01 001045.pdf Jul. 7, 2001


STATE


NAME

LOCATION

Mary Church Terrell House

326 T Street, NW Washington, DC

Twelfth Street YMCA Building

United States Supreme Court

Carter G. Woodson House

1816 12th Street, NW Washington, DC

First and East Capitol Streets, NE Washington, DC

1538 Ninth Street, NW, Washington DC

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education; Significant Person-Mary Church Terrell; Social History-Civil Rights, Women's Rights (National Association of Colored Women)

Social History-YMCA, Progressive Movement

Law-Brown v. Board, Brown II and Plessy v. Ferguson; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Thurgood Marshall; Social HistoryCivil Rights Movement (Desegregation) Education; Significant Person-Carter G. Woodson; Social History

19 Mary McLeod Bethune Home Florida

Fort Mose Site

Zora Neale Hurston House

Maple Leaf

Bethune-Cookman College, 640 Mary McLeod Bethune Boulevard, Daytona Beach, Volusia County, Florida St. Johns County, Florida

Education; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Mary McLeod Bethune; Social HistoryCivil Rights

Archeology-Historic Nonaboriginal; Social HistoryUnderground Railroad

1734 Avenue L, Fort Pierce, Saint Lucie County, Florida

Literature; ScienceAnthropology*; Significant Person-Zora Neal Hurston

Address restricted, Mandarin, Duval County, Florida

Military; Social HistoryCivil War

HISTORIC CONTEXT Terrell was a prominent educator and a civil and women’s rights leader who was the first president of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). The NACW was the largest organization th of African American women in the late 19 century th and early 20 century. She also was an accomplished writer and the first black woman to serve on an American school board (1895). Built between 1908 and 1912, this was the home of the first African American chapter of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). The building was designed by African American architect, William Sidney Pittman. The United States Supreme Court is significant as the site of multiple pivotal civil rights decisions including Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), and Brown II (1955).

Dr. Woodson is the founder of African American history and Black Studies as academic disciplines and founder of Negro History Week, which has evolved into the currently the federally-recognized program, Black History Month. Woodson also established the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, The Journal of Negro History, and The Negro History Bulletin. The Woodson House was designated a National Historic Site by Congress and became a unit of the National Park System on Dec. 19, 2003. Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, civil rights activist, presidential Cabinet Member for Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s administration, a presidential advisor, and a United Nations consultant. Bethune founded Bethune-Cookman College, a historicallyblack college located in Daytona, Florida, and the National Council of Negro Women. Fort Mose is a precursor site of the Underground Railroad, demonstrating that resistance to slavery was both early and fierce, and that it arose decades before abolitionism became organized and influential. Established during the mid-18th century as a Spanish military post, it was the earliest-known, legally-sanctioned free black community in the present United States. Fort Moses was designated in conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. Hurston was a seminal Harlem Renaissance writer, African American folklorist, and anthropologist trained under Franz Boaz at Barnard College. Her most famous works were Mules and Men (1935), Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), and Dust Tracks on the Road (1942). This Union army transport ship was sunk by the Confederacy on April 11, 1864, which killed 5 black crew members. This ship commemorates the history of African American naval participation in American military history and the Civil War.

DESIGNATED

May 15, 1975

Oct. 12, 1994

NOMINATION

THEME STUDY


http://www.nps. gov/nhl/designat ions/samples/dc /YMCA.pdf http://www.np s.gov/history/h istory/school.p df

May 4, 1987

http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/76 002135.pdf May 11, 1976

Dec. 2, 1974


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/94 001645.pdf Oct. 12, 1994

Dec. 4, 1991

Oct. 12, 1994



http://www.np s.gov/history/n r/travel/underg round/thhome. htm

STATE

NAME


Dorchester Academy Boys' Dormitory

LOCATION GA38/US 82 Midway, Liberty County, Georgia

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education; Law-Voting Rights Act; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Septima Poinsetta Clarke; Social History-Civil Rights Movement

Georgia

Henry W. Grady House (Taylor-Grady House)

634 Prince Avenue, Athens, Clarke County, Georgia

Politics/ Government, Significant Person-Henry W. Grady; Social HistoryReconstruction

20 Herndon Home

Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic District

587 University Place, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia

Bounded by Irwin, Randolph, Edgewood, Jackson, and Auburn Avenues, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia

Commerce; Economics; Industry; Significant Person-Alonzo Franklin Herndon; Social Historyearly 20th c.

Architecture; Commerce; Community Planning and Development; Education; Industry; Landscape Architecture; Religion; Significant Person-Martin Luther King, Jr.; Social History-Civil Rights Movement; Transportation

HISTORIC CONTEXT Dorchester Academy Boys’ Dormitory is nationally significant as the primary training site for the Citizen Education Program sponsored by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which educated thousands of mostly rural Southern African Americans about their legal rights and responsibilities, and taught them the skills needed to pass racially-motivated voter registration tests. The Citizen Education Program furthered the goals of the civil rights movement and ultimately led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Dorchester Academy building is also associated with civil rights activist Septima Poinsetta Clark, whose vision and grassroots organizing made the Citizen Education Program successful. Ms. Clark developed the citizen education model and oversaw the program from its inception in 1956 in the South Carolina Sea Islands, and carried it with her from the Highlander Folk School to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The Grady house was the home (1863-72) of a major proponent of national reconciliation during the post-Civil War era, who delivered his famous "New South" speech in 1866 in New York City. As a member of the Atlanta Ring of Democratic political leaders, Grady used his office and influence to promote a New South program of northern investment, southern industrial growth, diversified farming, and white supremacy. Grady typified the return to “White Home Rule” after the demise of Reconstruction. Built in 1910, this is the home of founder of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, Alonzo Franklin Herndon, and his family. The company became one of the largest black-owned insurance companies in the United States. A former enslaved person, Herndon's life reflects the ideal of the American dream, that anyone can be successful in the United States with hard work and determination. Adrienne Herndon, Alonzo’s wife, designed the residence but passed away a few months after its completion. Their son Norris was influential in the family’s enterprises and he succeeded his father in running the Atlanta Life Insurance Company. Their home illustrates the family’s aspirations and lifestyle, and also represents the culture of wealthy African Americans during the first half of the 20th century. This historic district contains civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.’s birthplace, the first church he ministered, and his gravesite. The district is part of the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site and Preservation District, a National Park System unit.

DESIGNATED


Jun. 1, 2006



Feb. 16, 2000


THEME STUDY


STATE

NAME

LOCATION

Stone Hall, Atlanta University

Morris Brown College, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia

Sweet Auburn Historic District

Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia

Robert S. Abbott House

4742 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois

Illinois

Oscar Stanton DePriest House

4536-4538 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education

Commerce; Economics; Entertainment/ Recreation; Exploration/ Settlement-Urbanization; Industry; Religion; Social History-Reconstruction Communications; Exploration/SettlementUrbanization; Literature; Significant Person-Robert S. Abbot; Social HistoryCivil Rights, Great Migration

Commerce; Exploration/ Settlement-Urbanization; Law; Politics/ Government; Social History-Great Migration

21 401 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois

Commerce; Exploration/SettlementUrbanization; Industry; Social History-Colonial History

Abraham Lincoln Home (Lincoln Home NHS)

Eighth and Jackson Streets, Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois

Owen Lovejoy House

East Peru Street, Princeton, Bureau County, Illinois

Politics/ Government; Significant PersonAbraham Lincoln; Social History-Abolitionism, Civil War Social HistoryUnderground Railroad; Politics/ Government

Jean Baptist Point Du Sable Homesite

Old Main

Knox College, facing South Street, Galesburg, Knox County, Illinois

Politics/ Government; Significant PersonAbraham Lincoln; Social History-Civil War, Abolitionism, Slavery

HISTORIC CONTEXT Stone Hall is the main classroom and administration building of Atlanta University, built in 1882. Atlanta University is one of the oldest historically-black colleges in the United States. This historic district was an important center of black economic, social, religious, and cultural life from the Civil War to the 1930s.

Abbott was the founder and publisher of the Chicago Defender newspaper, the largest African American circular of its time during the 1910s to the 1940s. Abbott’s newspaper is credited with spurring the First Great Migration of African Americans from the South to northern cities after World War I. The “Great Northern Migration,” as it was called in the Defender, resulted in more than one million blacks migrating northward, about 100,000 of them moving to Chicago. In 1928, DePriest was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from the First Congressional District of Illinois. He was the first African American Congressman since 1901 and was the first African American ever elected from a northern state. A strong advocate for racial justice, his 1933 amendment barring racial discrimination in the federal Civilian Conservation Corps was attached to the measure that established the CCC. Du Sable was a pioneer settler, fur trader, and entrepreneur whose establishment of a trading post marked the 1779 beginning of the city of Chicago. Du Sable built his first house on the land now known as Pioneer Court, thirty years before Fort Dearborn was established on the banks of the Chicago River. This NHL was the home of Lincoln before becoming President in 1861. From this home, Lincoln campaigned for the Republican Party nomination, establishing an anti-slavery platform that lead to succession by southern states. Owen Lovejoy, an influential abolitionist politician, lived here from 1838 until his death in 1864. He used this home to harbor fugitive slaves on their way north and several times he faced prosecution in the courts for his role in the Underground Railroad. Elected to Congress in 1856, he gained a national reputation through his congressional and party leadership and his fiery anti-slavery speeches on the floor of the House. The Lovejoy House was designated in conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. Old Main was the site of the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 that established Lincoln’s stance on the question of slavery and further led toward succession of southern states and the Civil War.

DESIGNATED

Dec. 2, 1974

Dec. 8, 1976

NOMINATION

THEME STUDY


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/76 000686.pdf Dec. 8, 1976


May 11, 1976

Dec. 19, 1960


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NRHP/Text/71 000076.pdf http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/73 000690.pdf

Feb. 18, 1997

Jul. 4, 1961



STATE

NAME


Lyman Trumball House

Ida B. WellsBarnett House

LOCATION 1105 Henry Street, Alton, Lake County, Illinois

3624 S. MLK, Jr. Dr. Chicago, Cook County, Illinois

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Law; Politics/ Government; Social History-Civil War, Emancipation and Reconstruction

Communications; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Ida B. WellsBarnett; Social HistoryAnti-Lynching Campaign, Civil Rights

Daniel Hale Williams House

445 East 42nd Street, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois

Health/ Medicine; Science

Eleutherian College Classroom and Chapel Building

State Route 250, Lancaster, Jefferson County, Indiana

Social HistoryUnderground Railroad; Religion

Indiana

22 Levi Coffin House

Madison Historic District

Madame C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company

115 North Main Street, Fountain City, Wayne County, Indiana

Significant Person-Levi Coffin; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad

Bounded by Michigan Road, Craven Street, Madison Country Club, City Boundary and the Ohio River, Madison, Jefferson County, Indiana

Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad

617 Indiana Avenue, Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana

Architecture; Commerce; Education; Economics; Entertainment/ Recreation; Exploration/ Settlement- Urbanization; Industry; Invention; Literature; Performing Arts; Significant PersonMadame C. J. Walker; Social History-Great Migration

HISTORIC CONTEXT Trumball was a Republican senator that chaired the Judiciary Committee from 1861 to 1871. During that time, he sponsored and secured passage of much Reconstruction legislation that impacted the rights and condition of newly freed African Americans, including the establishment of the Freedman's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This was the home of educator, journalist, civic activist, and women’s and civil rights leader, Ida B. Wells-Barnett. From this location, Wells-Barnett conducted a fiery international campaign against racially-motivated lynching in the United States and was a founder of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Dr. Williams was an African American physician who performed the first successful open heart surgery on July 9, 1893, at Chicago’s Provident Hospital. Williams lived in this house from 1905 to 1929. Constructed between 1854 and 1856, this building is the only surviving site with integrity associated with one of the first colleges west of the Allegheny Mountains to promote college-level equal educational opportunities prior to the Civil War. Families affiliated with the Neil's Creek Abolitionist Baptist Church were responsible for the founding and administration of Eleutherian College and were involved in the clandestine activities of the Underground Railroad. As a hotbed of abolitionism, Lancaster was well-known as a stopping point for enslaved people seeking refuge on their escape to freedom. Originally from New Garden, North Carolina, Quakers Levi Coffin and his wife Catherine were pivotal Underground Railroad conductors who are documented to have helped an estimated 2,000 enslaved people to freedom into Canada from this location. One of the many slaves who hid in the Coffin home was "Eliza", whose story is told in the influential 19th century novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. The Madison Historic District contains impressive numbers of significant buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries, many in the Federal, Greek Revival, and Italianate styles. The range of domestic, commercial, public, religious, and industrial buildings reflect small-town America. The district includes houses identified with Underground Railroad activities. Completed in 1927, this was the main hub of Madame C. J. (Sarah Breedlove) Walker's cosmetology company which made her the nation's first black, female millionaire and, at the time, the owner of the most successful black-owned business in the country. At its height, Walker’s company employed some 3,000 African-American women and men to manufacture and sell hair products and cosmetics. Her technique of selling products doorto-door by employing field agents became a model for other well-known American businesses.

DESIGNATED

NOMINATION

May 15, 1975


May 30, 1974

May 15, 1975



Feb. 18, 1997

Jun. 23, 1965

Mar. 20, 2006



http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/80 000062.pdf Jul. 17, 1991

THEME STUDY



STATE

Iowa

NAME

LOCATION

Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School

Fort Des Moines Military Reservation, Des Moines, Polk County, Iowa

Rev. George B. Hitchcock House

63788 567th Lane, Lewis, Cass County, Iowa

Fort Scott Kansas

LeCompton Constitution Hall

23 Marais des Cygnes Massacre Site

Nicodemus Historic District

Sumner Elementary School (all-white) and Monroe Elementary School (all-black)

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Military; Social HistoryWorld War I

Exploration/SettlementWestern Expansion; Religion; Significant Person-George B. Hitchcock; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad

Town of Fort Scott, Bourbon County, Kansas

Ethnic Heritage-Native American; Exploration/ Settlement-Western Expansion; Military; Social History-Civil War

Elmore Street between Woodson and Third Streets, Lecompton, Douglas County, Kansas

Law; Politics/ Government- Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854; Social History-"Bleeding Kansas", Civil War

5 miles northeast of Trading Post, Linn County, Kansas

Social History-AntiSlavery, Civil War, "Bleeding Kansas"; Politics/ Government

US Route 24, Nicodemus, Graham County, Kansas

Exploration/SettlementUrbanization, Westward Expansion; Social HistoryCivil Rights, postReconstruction; Politics/ Government; Commerce, Religion

330 Western Avenue and 1515 Monroe Street, Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas

Law; Education; Politics/ Government-Brown v. Board of Education; Social History- Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation)

HISTORIC CONTEXT This site became a training camp for black officers during WWI. On Oct. 15, 1917, 639 black men graduated from the school and a year later served in the European theater as the 92nd Division, one of the most successful units of the United States Army. The Hitchcock House is significant for its association with the abolitionist reform movement, and as a link in the network that came to be known as the Underground Railroad. The house represents the diversity of localized anti-slavery efforts and the western expansion of the abolitionist movement. George B. Hitchcock was prominent among the militant anti-slavery leadership of the Congregation Church mission in Iowa, and it is believed he used his home outside of Lewis to assist in the safe passage of fugitive enslaved people east and north through southwestern Iowa. Established in 1842 as a frontier outpost, Fort Scott became a Civil War garrison and training center for the units of the US Colored Troops. The fort became a base of operations for the USCT to fight Native Americans for control of western land, from 1869 to 1873. As a consequence of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 which allowed Kansans to determine whether their territory would become a free or slave state, pro-slavery supporters met here and drafted a constitution ensuring slavery. The constitution was rejected by Congress, despite President Buchanan's support, and by Kansas citizens who voted to outlaw slavery in August1858. The term “Bleeding Kansas” refers to the violent political clashed that took place in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. On May 19, 1858, 30 pro-slavery sympathizers crossed into Kansas from Missouri, captured 11 free-state settlers, and shot them in this ravine near the state line. This episode helped to nationalize the fight of "Bleeding Kansas" and defeat the pro-slavery faction. Founded on Sept. 17, 1877, it is the only remaining town established by African Americans in the postCivil War "Exoduster" Movement, which occurred in response to the demise of Reconstruction and increased racial violence against African Americans. The all-black town was launched by Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, who founded 11 such colonies between 1873 and 1880. These two schools were the parties in the lead case under which Brown v. Board of Education was named. Brown consolidated five desegregation cases in order to defeat the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.

DESIGNATED

May 30, 1974


Nov. 9, 1977

Jul. 4, 1961



May 30, 1974

Jan. 7, 1976

Sumner- May 4, 1987; Monroe- Oct. 26, 1992




THEME STUDY

STATE

NAME Lincoln Hall

LOCATION


Berea College, Madison County, Kentucky

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education; Law-Berea College v. Kentucky; Politics/ Government; Social History- Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation);

Kentucky

Louisiana

Evergreen Plantation

James H. Dillard Home

Port Hudson

24 Yucca Plantation (commonly Melrose Plantation)

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Harriet Beecher Stowe House

Kennedy Farm (John Brown's Headquarters; Samples Manor) African Meeting House (First African Baptist)

Maria Baldwin House

Louisiana Highway 18, Wallace, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana 571 Audubon Street, New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana

Social History-Slavery and Domestic Slave Trade, Antebellum South Education; Significant Person-James H. Dillard; Social HistoryReconstruction

Along US 61, Port Hudson, East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana

Military

Intersection of Louisiana Routes 119 and 493, Melrose, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

Architecture; Industry*; Social History;

63 Federal Street, Brunswick, Cumberland County, Maine Chestnut Grove Road, Samples Manor, Washington County, Maryland 8 Smith Court, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Literature; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Civil Rights, Social Reform Movements

196 Prospect Street, Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts

Education; Social History

Significant Person-John Brown; Social History-the Civil War, Abolitionism Religion-African Baptist Church; Social HistoryAbolitionism; Significant Person-William Lloyd Garrison

HISTORIC CONTEXT A private school founded in 1855, Berea College was the first college established in the U.S. for the specific purpose of educating black and white students together. In 1904, the Kentucky state legislature mandated that black and white students could only be taught simultaneously if they were taught twenty-five miles apart. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the state’s right to pass laws to regulate state chartered private institutions on the basis of race, thus lending additional credence to do the same for public schools. This is the only instance in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld school segregation in higher education. Evergreen is a preserved sugar cane plantation which includes 22 slave cabins and artifacts owned by the site’s African American laborers. This is the home of educator and philanthropist James Dillard, who became a trustee at Xavier University and Dillard University, which was named in his honor. Both universities are historically-black th universities founded in the late 19 century. Dillard built a library and several philanthropic foundations to support African American education and teacher training. On May 27, 1863, the First (free blacks led by black officers) and Third (ex-enslaved blacks led by white officers) Regiments of the Louisiana Native Guards laid siege to this Confederate stronghold. Port Hudson surrendered on July 8, 1963 to the Union Army, which marked the demise of the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. Yucca Plantation was established by former enslaved woman Marie Therese Coin-Coin, who became a wealthy business woman in the late 18th century. The plantation has some of the oldest buildings of African design and African American construction in the U.S., especially the African House. Stowe authored the influential anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. Many historians argue that the popular and widely-distributed novel provided the final social catalyst for the Civil War. Anti-slavery activist John Brown used Kennedy Farm as a headquarters to launch his failed October 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry Armory and Arsenal. This 1806 meetinghouse of the African Baptist Church, which was founded in 1805, was the first African American church in Boston. It is the oldest extant black church building in the U.S. and the 1832 founding place of William Lloyd Garrison's New England Anti-Slavery Society, which became the leading abolitionist organization of the 19th century. Appointed Principal of Cambridge's predominatelywhite Agassiz Grammar School in 1889, Baldwin became the only African American school master in New England in 1916. She remained a master for over 30 years.

DESIGNATED


Dec. 2, 1974.

Apr. 27, 1992

Dec. 2, 1974


May 30, 1974


June 13, 1972


Dec. 29, 1962

Nov. 7, 1973

May 30, 1974

May 11, 1976



THEME STUDY

STATE


AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Social HistoryAbolitionism, Significant Person-William Lloyd Garrison

NAME

LOCATION

Beacon Hill Historic District

Bounded by Beacon Street, the Charles River Embankment, and Pinckney, Revere, and Hancock Streets, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Paul Cuffe Farm

1504 Drift Road, Westport, Bristol County, Massachusetts

Significant Person-Paul Cuffe; Social History-Pan Africanism, Back to Africa Movement, Civil Rights

Route 23, Great Barrington vicinity, Berkshire County Massachusetts

Education; Literature; Philosophy*; Significant Person-W. E. B. DuBois; Social History-Civil Rights

52 Gore Street, Waltham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts

Education; Industry; Literature

13 Chestnut Street, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts 17, 19 and 21 Seventh Street, New Bedford, Bristol County, Massachusetts

Social HistoryAbolitionism, Social Reform Movements

W. E. B. DuBois Boyhood Homesite

25

Gore Place *

Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe House Nathan and Mary (Polly) Johnson Properties

Significant PersonsFrederick Douglass and Nathan Johnson; Social History-Abolitionism, Underground Railroad

HISTORIC CONTEXT Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, the existing nomination has received new documentation that expands its significance as a National Historic Landmark. The original designation included a boundary that focused on the south slope of the Hill. In 1972, the boundary was extended to include the north slope. The original nomination provided recognition for the district’s Federal and Greek Revival architecture and its early urban design. Added documentation incorporates recent scholarship and extends its period of significance to include late 19th century and early 20th century architectural styles as seen in small apartment buildings. It also documents Beacon Hill’s African American history and role in the abolition movement. Paul Cuffe was an influential black rights advocate, philosopher, wealthy merchant, and leader of the th early 18 century African Repatriation Movement that advocated the resettlement of African Americans to the African continent. William E. B. DuBois was a philosopher, writer, civil rights activist, sociologist, and co-founder of the NAACP. DuBois is the first African American awarded a Ph.D. degree from Harvard and his The Philadelphia Negro is considered one of the foundational texts in the field of American sociology. Gore Place was designated for its association of signer of the Constitution, U.S. Senator, and governor of Massachusetts, Christopher Gore. African American Robert Roberts, the Gore family butler, wrote The House Servant's Directory, one of the few guidebooks in the world written by a domestic worker for other domestic workers. While the Howe family lived here (1863-1866), they were key figures in Boston abolitionist circles, and pursued other reform and humanitarian interests. These properties are significant for their association with renowned civil and women’s rights activist Frederick Douglass and for the influential role longtime owner, Nathan Johnson, played in Douglass’s life. Johnson was influential in the antebellum effort to eradicate American slavery and in assisting enslaved people escaping from the South. The 21 Seventh Street property was the first home of Frederick Douglass after his 1838 escape from slavery. Nathan Johnson and the New Bedford abolitionist community provided Douglass with the example and opportunity to become one of the most renowned abolitionists of his time. In addition, the 21 Seventh Street home is documented to have housed at least one other fugitive slave, and from what is known of Nathan Johnson’s antislavery work it is likely that it, and possibly 17-19 Seventh Street, harbored other fugitive slaves.

DESIGNATED NHL, Dec. 19, 1962; Revised NHL, Apr. 4, 2007

May 30, 1974

May 11, 1976

Dec. 30, 1970

May 30, 1974

Feb. 2, 2000





THEME STUDY


STATE

NAME Liberty Farm

William C. Nell Residence

Charles Sumner House

William Monroe Trotter House

LOCATION 116 Mower Street, Worchester, Worchester County, Massachusetts

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad

3 Smith Court, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Education-Field of History; Significant Person-William C. Nell; Social HistoryAbolition

20 Hancock Street, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Law-Roberts v. City of Boston (1849); Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Charles Sumner

97 Sawyer Avenue, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Significant Person-William Monroe Trotter; Social History-Civil Rights, postReconstruction

26 Michigan

Columbia (excursion steamer) Ste. Claire (passenger steamboat)*

Nicholson Terminal and Dock Company's South Slip, Ecorse, Michigan

Isaiah T. Montgomery House

West Main Street, Mound Bayou, Alcorn County, Mississippi

Mississippi

Oakland Memorial Chapel

Alcorn State University, Alcorn, Claiborne County, Mississippi

Commerce; Law-Bob-Lo Excursion Company v. Michigan (1948); Politics/ Government-Civil Rights Act of 1964, Social History- Civil Rights Movement (Public Accommodations); Transportation

Exploration/SettlementUrbanization, Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Isaiah Thornton Montgomery; Social History- Black Township Movement, postReconstruction Education; Politics and Government; Significant Person-Hiram Revels; Social History-postReconstruction

HISTORIC CONTEXT Liberty Farm was the home of anti-slavery and women's rights reformers Abigail Kelly and Stephen Symonds Foster. Kelly and Foster established a station on the Underground Railroad at this location. William C. Nell was the leading abolitionist and civil rights advocate from the 1830s to the end of the Civil War. He published the first history of African Americans written by an African American, The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, in 1855. Caucasian abolitionist and attorney Charles Sumner, along with Boston’s first black attorney, Robert Morris, argued for equal education in Roberts v. City of Boston. Sumner concluded that separate could never be inherently equal and that segregation marked a race as inferior. The Roberts case provided a pivotal legal precedent for overturning de jure’ racial segregation in the watershed Brown v. Board of Education case. William Monroe Trotter was a wealthy journalist and civil rights advocate at the turn of the 19th century, whose militant strategy to obtain African American civil rights opposed Booker T. Washington's accommodation with racial segregation and African American disenfranchisement. A classmate of activist W. E. B. DuBois, Trotter graduated from Harvard in 1895 and founded the weekly newspaper, The Guardian, in 1901. In June 1945, African American student Sarah Elizabeth Ray was denied passage from Detroit to privately-owned Bois Blanc Island in Ontario, Canada on the two steamer ships due to her race. Ray sued the Bob-Lo Excursion Company which operated the ships. In the 1948 Bob-Lo Excursion Company v. Michigan, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial discrimination in foreign commerce was illegal. The current nomination needs revision to more fully document the African American historical significance associated with the properties. Isaiah Thornton Montgomery and his cousin Benjamin Green, former enslaved people of the Jefferson Davis family, founded the town of Mound Bayou in July 1887. Montgomery is representative of the post-Reconstruction Black Township Movement. The home was built in 1910.

Initially built in 1838 for the all-white Oakland College, the Chapel is the only extant building from the founding of historically-black Alcorn State University in 1871. Alcorn was the United States' first land-grant college for African Americans and had first African American U.S. Senator, Hiram Revels, as its first president.

DESIGNATED

May 30, 1974

May 11, 1976


Nov. 7, 1973


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/79 001171.pdf July 6, 1992

May 11, 1976

May 11, 1976



THEME STUDY


STATE

NAME

LOCATION

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Law; Politics/ Government; Social History-Segregation, Civil Rights, postReconstruction

HISTORIC CONTEXT

1823 Highland Avenue, Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri

Ethnic Heritage-Black; Performing Arts; Social History

Scott Joplin Residence

2685-A Morgan Street, St. Louis, St. Louis Country, Missouri

Performing Arts-Jazz; Significant Person-Scott Joplin

Passage of the 1890 Constitution at the Old Mississippi State Capitol disenfranchised African Americans and codified segregation on a state level. This action by the Mississippi State legislature began the state-level, constitutional disenfranchisement of African Americans after Reconstruction. Southern disfranchisement of black citizens continued until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964. The Courthouse contained in this memorial was the site of lower court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) in which the Supreme Court ruled that the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which limited the expansion of slavery into western U.S. territories, was unconstitutional. The Courthouse was also the site of property auctions of enslaved people for payment of slaveholders’ personal debts. This is the home of Roswell Field, the attorney who formulated the legal strategy that placed enslaved laborer Dred Scott’s lawsuit for freedom before the U.S. Supreme Court. In Scott v. Sandford, the Court declared that no person of African ancestry could be a U.S. citizen and that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 (that prohibited slavery in the western territories) was unconstitutional. The 1857 decision, authored by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, widened the political gap between the North and the South and helped precipitate the Civil War. Anger over the Dred Scott Decision energized the Republican Party and led the nation’s first antislavery political party to presidential victory in 1860. It took the Civil War and passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th post-war constitutional amendments to overturn the Dred Scott Decision. This building was the home of the American Federation of Musicians Local 627 from the 1920s to the 1940s. It became the training ground and second home to renowned American jazz artists such as Count Basie, Charlie "Bird" Parkers, Hot Lips Page, and others. Today, the Foundation Building continues as a practice and concert hall for jazz musicians. Scott Joplin was the founding composer of popular Ragtime music, which was the forerunner to American jazz.

Shelly House

4600 Labadie Avenue, St. Louis, St. Louis Country, Missouri

Ethnic Heritage-Black; Law-Shelly v. Kraemer; Politics and Government; Social Rights-Civil Rights Movement (Housing)

This site was home to the plaintiffs in Shelly v. Kraemer in which the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the legality of racially-restrictive housing covenants, making de juré housing segregation illegal.

Old Mississippi State Capitol

Jefferson National Expansion Memorial

East side of State Street at the head of Capitol Street, Jackson, Hinds County, Mississippi

11 N. 4th Street, St. Louis (Independent City), Missouri

Missouri

Roswell Field House

634 South Broadway, St. Louis, Missouri

Law-Dred Scott Decision (1857); Politics/ Government-Missouri Compromise of 1820; Social History-Slavery and Domestic Slave Trade

Law-Dred Scott Decision (1857); Politics/ Government-Missouri Compromise of 1820; Social History-Slavery and Domestic Slave Trade

27 Mutual Musicians' Foundation Building

DESIGNATED

NOMINATION

THEME STUDY


Oct. 15, 1966

http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NRHP/Text/66 000941.pdf


Mar. 29, 2007

Dec. 21, 1981

Dec. 8, 1976

Dec. 14, 1990




STATE

NAME T. Thomas Fortune House

LOCATION Red Bank, Monmouth County, New Jersey

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Communications; Significant Person-T. Thomas Fortune; Social History-Civil Rights

New Jersey

Hawikuh

Zuni Indian Reservation, Valencia County, New Mexico

New Mexico

Ethnic Heritage-Native American; Exploration/ Settlement-Spanish Colonial Exploration the Southwest; Social HistoryColonial History

African Burial Ground National Monument

Broadway and Reade Streets, New York City, New York

Archeology; Exploration/SettlementUrbanization; Social History-Colonial America, Slavery

Louis Armstrong House

3456 107th Street, Corona, Queens County, New York

Performing Arts-Jazz; Significant Person-Louis Armstrong

John Brown Road, Lake Placid, Erie County, New York

Significant Person-John Brown; Social HistoryAnti-slavery, Abolitionism, Civil War

New York

28

John Brown Farm and Gravesite

Ralph Johnson Bunche House

Will Marion Cook House

115-125 Grosvenor Road, Kew Gardens, Queens County, New York

221 West 138th Street, New York City, New York

Significant Person-Ralph J. Bunche; Law; Politics and Government, Social History-Civil Rights, Diplomatic History

Performing Arts-Jazz; Significant Person- Will Marion Cook

HISTORIC CONTEXT From 1901 to 1915, this was the home of the crusading black journalist and civil rights activist T. Thomas Fortune, who advocated the cause of civil rights in his newspapers at the turn of the 20th century. Fortune was co-owner and editor of The New York Age, the most widely-read, black-owned th newspaper during the late 19 century. He also became editor of the Negro World, the official newsletter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, in 1923. One of the legendary "Seven Cities of Gold", the first non-Native American to see it was a Moor (a black African Muslim) named Estevanico (also called Estéban or Estevan). Estevanico explored the Americas with Spanish conquistadors and was one of only three survivors of the Narvaez Expedition of 1527-28. He was killed in 1539 after leading a Spanish expedition in a return to the New Mexico area. The African Burial Ground’s seven acre location contains the graves of an estimated 20,000 free and enslaved Africans dating from 1712. The remains of at least 400 persons were recovered and then reburied in 2003. The site was designated a National Monument by President George W. Bush, Jr. on Feb. 26, 2006. Armstrong was a legendary composer, arranger, and musician that helped create and popularize American jazz and blues from the 1920s to his death in 1971. During his international tours, he also acted as a goodwill ambassador for the U.S. State Department. This property is the childhood home and gravesite of radical abolitionist, John Brown. Brown’s body was returned here for internment after his execution in Harper's Ferry, West Virginia after being convicted of treason for his raid on the Army Arsenal in an attempt to begin an insurrection against American slavery. As Undersecretary General to the United Nations, Bunche was the highest ranked person of African descent in the UN until the ascendancy of Kofi Annon to UN Secretary-General on December 19, 1996. Bunche negotiated the Israeli-Arab Treaty of 1949 for which he won the Nobel Prize, the first African American to do so. Bunche helped settle the Suez Canal Crisis and was given the Medal of Freedom by President Kennedy in 1956. He lived here from 1952 to 1971. Cook was a violinist, composer, songwriter, and orchestra conductor who helped popularize ragtime and gospel music, especially through his first New York Broadway production, The Origin of the Cakewalk. Cakewalk, staged at the Casino Theater Roof Garden, was the first African American theater production on Broadway.

DESIGNATED

NOMINATION

THEME STUDY


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/66 000502.pdf Oct. 9, 1960

NHL- Apr. 19, 1993

May 11, 1976

Aug. 5, 1998





May 11, 1976



STATE

NAME Cooper Union

LOCATION


7th Street and 4th Avenue, New York City, New York

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Significant PersonAbraham Lincoln; Social History-Civil War, Abolitionism, Emancipation

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington Residence

935 St. Nichols Avenue, Apt #4A New York City, New York

Significant Person-Duke Ellington; Performing ArtsJazz

Lemuel Haynes House

Route 149 South Granville, Washington County, New York

Religion-Congregational Church; Military; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Lemuel Haynes; Social History-Colonial America

29

Matthew Henson Residence (Dunbar Apartments)

246 W. 150th Street, Apt. 3F, New York City, New York

Architecture; Exploration/ Settlement*; Science

Hurley Historic District

Bounded by Hurley Street, Hurley Mountain Road, and Schoonmarker Lane, Hurley, Ulster County, New York

Significant PersonSojourner Truth; Social History-Abolitionism, Women's Rights


Literature; Performing Arts-Music; Politics/Government; Significant Person-James Weldon Johnson; Social History-Civil Rights, Harlem Renaissance

James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay Residence

Florence Mills House



Literature; Significant Person-Claude McKay; Social History-New Negro Movement, Harlem Renaissance Performing Arts-Theater; Significant PersonFlorence Mills; Social History-Harlem Renaissance

HISTORIC CONTEXT Cooper Union was the site of the pivotal speech by then presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln on the slavery question that helped him gain the 1860 Republican presidential nomination. In the speech Lincoln examined the 39 signers of the Constitution and explained that 21 of the signers, a majority, had voted at least once, some more than once, for the restriction of slavery in National Territories. Ellington is one of the greatest American composers and arrangers of the 20th century. He and his orchestra developed and expanded jazz as a music form, especially through radio broadcasts of his performances as leader of the house band of the famous Cotton Club in Harlem. Haynes was a member of the Green Mountain Boys during the Revolutionary War. In 1785, he became the first African American, ordained minister of the Congregational Church and the first to minister an all-white congregation. In 1801, he published a tract called "The Nature and Importance of True Republicanism..." which contained his only public statement on the subject of race or slavery. In 1804, he received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Middlebury College, the first ever bestowed upon an African American. The house was built in 1793. On April 6, 1909, Henson was the first known man to reach the North Pole as part of the Robert Perry expedition. He lived in this apartment, part of the Dunbar Apartments, the first large majority-black housing cooperative in the city, from 1929 to his death in 1955. This district contains the early childhood home, th located at 1750 Hardenberg House, of 19 century abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and orator, Sojourner Truth (Isabella Baumfree). Truth was born to enslaved parents Elizabeth and James Baumfree, one of 13 children, on the Charles Hardenberg plantation. James Weldon Johnson was a writer, composer, civil rights activist, and field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People until his death in 1938. He wrote the hymn, Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing, which was adopted by the NAACP in 1919 and called the “Negro National Anthem,” as it is still known today. McKay was an influential poet and writer largely credited with beginning the Harlem Renaissance literary movement after WWI. He wrote Home to Harlem, the first book by an African American to reach national bestseller lists. Milles was an actress who received national acclaim for her role in the Broadway production of Shuffle Along, the first musical composed, directed, and performed by African Americans. It has been brought to the NHL Program's attention that this building might not have been Mrs. Mill's actual residence. Further research is necessary to assess this claim.

DESIGNATED

Jul. 4, 1961

May 11, 1976




May 15, 1975


Nov. 5, 1961


May 11, 1976


Dec. 8, 1976

Dec. 8, 1976


THEME STUDY


STATE

NAME

LOCATION

New York Amsterdam News Building

2293 Seventh Avenue, New York City, New York

Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims

75 Hicks Street, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York

Paul Robeson Residence

555 Edgecombe Avenue, New York City, New York

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Communications, Exploration/SettlementUrbanization; Social History-Great Migration Religion; Significant Person-Henry Ward Beecher; Social HistoryUnderground Railroad

Entertainment/ Recreation-Movies; Performing Arts-Theater and Music; Significant Person-Paul Roberson; Social History-Civil Rights

30 John Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson House

Gerrit Smith Estate

5224 Tilden Street, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York

Main and Nelson Streets, Peterboro, Madison County, New York

Entertainment/ Recreation- Baseball; Significant Person-Jackie Robinson; Social HistoryCivil Rights

Significant Person-Gerrit Smith; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad

HISTORIC CONTEXT One of the largest African American newspapers of its time, the New York Amsterdam News was founded in 1909 and housed in this building from 1916 to 1938. The Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims, founded in 1847, was a major center for the abolitionist movement in the United States between its founding and the outbreak of the Civil War. Its minister, Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, was an anti-slavery advocate and stationmaster on the Underground Railroad. Beecher used his skills as an orator, thinker, and showman to put Plymouth at the moral and physical center of the Underground Railroad. Paul Robeson was a legendary international civil rights activist, lawyer, actor, singer, and athlete. Robeson spoke out against racial discrimination and violence against Asian and African Americans. In 1946, he founded the American Crusade Against Lynching to challenge President Truman to enact anti-lynching laws. The organization had many prominent intellectuals as members such as scientist Albert Einstein and W. E. B. DuBois. Robeson’s portrayal of Othello, for which he won a Donaldson Award and the 1945 Spingarn Medal, continues to be the longest running of any Shakespeare play on Broadway. In 1947, Robinson was the first African American to play on a Major League Baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, during the modern era. While not the first African American professional baseball player in U.S. history, his debut ended almost eighty years of baseball segregation. During his career, Robinson was a member of six World Series teams and earned six consecutive All-Star Game nominations. In 1947, Robinson won The Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award and the first MLB Rookie of the Year Award. Two years later, he was awarded the National League MVP Award. The Gerrit Smith Estate is significant for its association with Gerrit Smith (1797-1874), a figure of national prominence in politics and social reform movements. Smith engaged in the abolition movement through active involvement in national anti-slavery societies, reform through political involvement, the Free Church movement, education reform, and land reform. He openly defied the Fugitive Slave Act or 1850, providing a widelyrecognized safe haven in Peterboro for refugees from enslavement en route to Canada. The estate was also an important gathering place for abolitionists interested in discussing the issues of the day and planning political action.

DESIGNATED

NOMINATION

May 11, 1976


Jul. 4, 1961


Dec. 8, 1976


http://www.nps. gov/nhl/designat ions/samples/ny /gerrit.pdf

Jan. 31, 2001

THEME STUDY


STATE

NAME

LOCATION

Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged ---------------------Harriet Tubman Residence; and ---------------------Thompson AME Zion Church (MPS)

Home for the Aged: 180 South Street ------------------Residence: 182 South Street ------------------Thompson Church: 33 Parker Street, Auburn, Cayuga County, New York Third Avenue and East 16th Street, New York City, New York

Saint George's Episcopal Church

Villa Lewaro

North Broadway, Irvington-on-theHudson, Westchester County, New York

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Military; Significant Person- Harriet Tubman; Social History- Antislavery, Underground Railroad, Civil War

U.S. 64 off I-40 vicinity of Mocksville Davie County, North Carolina

Composer and arranger Harry Thacker Burleigh developed and popularized the genre of Negro spirituals in America music as the baritone soloist for this church.

Architecture; Significant Person-Vertner Woodson Tancy, Madame C. J. Walker, Leila Walker.

Completed in August 1818, Villa Lewaro was the last home of entrepreneur, activist, and philanthropist Madame C. J. (Sarah Breedlove) Walker and her ohilanthropist daughter, Leila Walker. During the 1890s, Madame Walker began selling her hair care products across the country using innovative sales techniques and became on of the wealthiest women in the country. Walker developed an enormous marketing network, headquartered in Indianapolis, that employed thousands of African-American women and was the largest African-American owned business in the nation. African American architect Vertner Woodson Tandy, a 1909 graduate of Cornell University, designed the home. Tandy was New York's first licensed black architect. Helper, a Southern author of an influential antislavery tract The Impending Crisis (1857), lived here for the first 20 years of his life and returned in later years. In the book, Helper argued that slavery hurt the economic status of non-slaveholding whites and impeded the general growth of the South as a region. The book raised fears among slaveholding Southerners that landless Southern whites might turn against them on the issue of slavery. The book was subsequently banned and burned by authorities. The North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company was founded in 1898 and is representative of the mutual benefit/aid society tradition of African Americans in the early 20th century. African Americans formed mutual benefit/aid organizations to combat racism in the American insurance and banking industries. Union Tavern was the workshop of Thomas Day, a free black cabinetmaker recognized for the superior quality of his craftsmanship. By the mid-19th century, his workshop had the largest production rate and greatest number of apprentices in North Carolina. Day also became a major stockholder in the local branch of the North Carolina Bank and owned property beyond Milton.

Literature; Social HistoryAbolitionism

North Carolina

North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company

114-116 West Parish Street, Durham, North Carolina

Union Tavern (Thomas Day House)

Main Street, Milton, Caswell County, North Carolina

Civil rights activist, Union general and spy, and Underground Railroad conductor, Harriet Tubman used her Auburn residence to resettle family members that she led out of enslavement in Maryland’s Eastern Shore area. The Church was her primary place of worship and Tubman established the home for "aged and indigent African Americans” in 1908. Tubman died at the Home in 1913 at age 93.

Performing Arts-Gospel; Religion-Episcopal; Significant Person-Harry Thacker Burleigh

31 Hinton Rowan Helper House

HISTORIC CONTEXT

Commerce; Economics; Industry; Social History

Architecture; Commerce; Industry; Significant Person-Thomas Day

DESIGNATED

NHL- May 30, 1974 NR-Apr. 2, 1999 as part of the Harriet Tubman in Auburn, New York MPS)

Dec. 8, 1976



May 11, 1976


May 15, 1975

May 15, 1975



THEME STUDY

STATE

NAME


Wilson Bruce Evans House

LOCATION 33 East Vine Street, Oberlin, Lorain County, Ohio

Ohio

Joshua R. Giddings Law Office

John Mercer Langston House

32

Benjamin Lundy

Mount Pleasant Historic District

Oberlin College

John P. Parker House

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Law; Politics/ Government- Fugitive Slave Act of 1850; Significant PersonsWilson Bruce Evans and Henry Evans; Social History-Abolitionism, Underground Railroad

112 North Chestnut Street, Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Ohio

Politics/ Government; Social HistoryAbolitionism

207 East College Street, Oberlin, Lorain County, Ohio

Education; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-John Mercer Langston

Union and Third Street Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio

Exploration/SettlementMexican Texas; Significant PersonBenjamin Lundy; Social History-Abolitionism

Union Street between Cemetery and Market Sts., Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio

Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad; Commerce; Education

Tappan Square Oberlin, Lorain County, Ohio

Education

300 Front Street, Ripley, Brown County, Ohio

Commerce; Industry; Significant Person- John P. Parker; Social HistoryCivil War, Reconstruction, Underground Railroad

HISTORIC CONTEXT Evans was an influential African American abolitionist and member of Oberlin's commercial and educational communities. He and brother Henry participated in the 1858 Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, in defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The rescue provided another important impetus to the Civil War. The Evans House was designated in conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. A white abolitionist and a member of the Whig Party, Giddings was elected to Ohio's House of Representatives in 1826. Elected to the 25th Congress in 1838, Giddings was forced to resign in March 1842, after he was censured when he defended slave mutineers. However, he was promptly re-elected, serving 17 more years as a Radical Republican. Langston was the first African American known to be elected to public office, as the township clerk in Brownhelm, Ohio in 1855. He served in the Freedman's Bureau and became Howard University's organizer and first dean of its Law School. Langston was appointed minister to Haiti in 1877 and was voted a member of Congress from Virginia upon his return, the first African American to be elected from that state. Lundy was a premier abolitionist of the 1820s. He established the anti-slavery newspaper, Genius of Universal Emancipation, and was an avid spokesperson against the Texas Revolutionary War's goal to expand slavery in opposition to Mexican law. Mount Pleasant was established in 1803 and is important for its role in the antislavery movement and the Underground Railroad. The prominent Quaker population in Mt. Pleasant preached and practiced its abolitionist views and published antislavery literature, such as Benjamin Lundy's Genius of Universal Emancipation. A station on the Underground Railroad, the town was a refuge for fugitive slaves and a welcomed home for free blacks. Local residents built and administered a school for free black children, and in 1848 established a Free Labor Store which sold no products that were produced by slave labor. Founded in 1833, Oberlin Collegiate Institute admitted free African Americans (and women) on the same basis as Caucasian students. Oberlin is considered the first documented American institution of higher learning to have a non-discriminatory admission policy. A former enslaved person, Parker became a conductor on the Underground Railroad and helped enslaved persons escape over the border of the Ohio River. He also operated a successful iron foundry at this site from 1853 to his death in 1900.

DESIGNATED


Dec. 9, 1997

May 30, 1974

THEME STUDY http://www.np s.gov/history/n r/travel/underg round/thhome. htm



May 30, 1974



Apr. 5, 2005

Dec. 21, 1965

Feb. 18, 1997


http://www.nps. gov/nr/travel/un derground/oh2.h tm


STATE


NAME

LOCATION

John Rankin House

6152 Rankin Road, Ripley, Brown County, Ohio

Colonel Charles Young House

Bizzell Library

Columbus Pike between Clifton and Stevenson Roads, Wilberforce, Greene County, Ohio University of Oklahoma, 401 W. Brooks Street, Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Significant Person-John Rankin; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad

Agriculture; Commerce; Entertainment/ Recreation-Rodeo; Significant Person-Bill Pickett

The Rankin family helped thousands of enslaved people escape over the Ohio River as one of the first and most important mid-western stops on the Underground Railroad. Rankin wrote Letters on American Slavery in 1829, which became a standard text for abolitionists. The 3rd African American graduate of West Point, Young became the highest ranking African American officer in WWI and the first black military attaché. Also a musician and linguist, Young taught at Wilberforce University from 1894 to 1898. The University of Oklahoma’s Board of Regents voted to admit George McLaurin, but on a raciallysegregated basis. He was made to sit isolated from other students in his classrooms and in the cafeteria. In Bizzell Library, he sat at a separate desk on the mezzanine level away from the white students in the main reading room. Ruling in McLaurin v. Oklahoma Board of Regents, the U.S. Supreme Court found that under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, “separate but equal” conditions were not feasible in graduate and professional education based on intangible factors. The McLaurin case established one of the pivotal legal precedents on which Brown v. Board of Education was decided. Founded in 1903 as a camp for African Americans employed in constructing Fort Smith and Western Railway, Boley became one of the largest all-black townships in Oklahoma. It had almost 4,000 residents by 1911 but declined due to crop failures and the Great Depression in the 1920s. The district is associated with two cases: Guinn and Beal v. United States (1915), which ruled Oklahoma's literacy test, as a requirement for blacks to vote, unconstitutional; and Lane v. Wilson (1939), which required that all persons who were previously denied the franchise by a discriminatory 1916 statute, be registered to vote. Construction on the fort was begun on Jan. 8, 1869, by the all-black 10th Calvary Regiment (“Buffalo Soldiers”) under the charge of Gen. Phillip H. Sheridan. Fort Sill is also associated with Henry Ossian Flipper, first African American West Point military academy graduate. He designed a drainage system (called Flipper's Ditch) that alleviated a devastating outbreak of malaria at the fort. Once the home base of the 101 Wild West Show from 1904 to 1916 and 1925 to 1931, the district is associated with Bill Pickett, the African American Cowboy Hall of Farmer and rodeo star that invented "bulldogging" (steer wrestling).

Religion-Church of the Advocate; Social HistoryCivil Rights, Social Reform Movements

In the late 20th century, the Church became an advocate for social reforms and embraced civil rights. It was the site of the third annual National Conference on Black Power in 1968.

Education; Military; Social History-Civil Rights

Education; Law-McLaurin v. Oklahoma Board of Regents; Politics/ Government; Social History- Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation)

Oklahoma

33

Boley Historic District

Fort Sill

101 Ranch Historic District

Pennsylvania

Church of the Advocate

Roughly bounded by Seward Avenue, Cedar Street, Walnut Street, and the original southern boundary of the city limits Okfuskee County, Oklahoma

Commerce; Community Planning/ Development; Exploration/SettlementWestern Expansion; Industry; Law-Guinn and Beal v. United States (1915), Lane v. Wilson (1939); Politics/ Government; Social History-Black Townships, Civil Rights (Voting)

Hwy 62 Comanche County, Oklahoma

Ethnic Heritage- Native American; Exploration/ Settlement-Western Expansion; Invention; Military; Significant Person-Henry O. Flipper

Oklahoma State Highway 156, 13 miles southwest of Ponca City, Kay County, Oklahoma 18th and Diamond Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

HISTORIC CONTEXT

DESIGNATED

Feb. 18, 1997

May 30, 1974


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/74 001506.pdf http://www.nps. gov/history/nhl/t hemes/Scanned %20Nomination s/Desegregation /bizzell.pdf

Jan. 3, 2001


May 15, 1975

Dec. 19, 1960

May 15, 1975

Jun. 19, 1996




http://www.nps. gov/nhl/designat ions/samples/pa /advocate.pdf


STATE

NAME


John Coltrane House

1511 N. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Performing Arts-Jazz; Significant Person-John Coltrane

1006 Bainbridge Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

Significant PersonFrances Ellen Watkins Harper; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Women's Rights, Temperance Movement

6306 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

Social HistoryAbolitionism, Civil Rights, Social Reform Movement

49 E. Madison Street, Washington, Washington County, Pennsylvania

Significant Person-Dr. F. Julius Le Moyne; Social History-Abolitionism, Underground Railroad

Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church

419 Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

Religion-African Methodist Episcopal Church; Significant PersonRichard Allen; Social History-Civil Rights

Terence V. Powderly House

614 N. Main Street, Scranton, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania

Industry; Significant Person-Terence V. Powdery

2903 W. Diamond Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

Art; Literature; Performing Arts- Theater; Significant Person-Henry O. Tanner

1622 Spring Mill Road, Gladwyne, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Religion-United House of Prayer; Significant Person-Father Divine

Lehigh Hill and Rhode Island Rte 21 between Medley and Dexter Streets, Portsmouth, Newport County, Rhode Island

Military; Social HistoryRevolutionary America

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper House

Johnson House

F. Julius Le Moyne House

34

Henry Ossawa Tanner Homesite

Woodmont

Site of the Battle of Rhode Island Rhode Island

LOCATION

HISTORIC CONTEXT Coltrane was a legendary saxophonist and composer who pioneered the improvisional and avante garde jazz form. He played with jazz legend Miles Davis from 1955 to 1957 as well as jazz great Thelonious Monk. Coltrane lived in this house from 1952 until his death in 1967. Born in 1825 to free parents in Baltimore, Harper became a leading writer, spokesperson, and social activist for the causes of abolition, civil rights, women's rights, and the temperance movement. The Maine Anti-Slavery Society hired her as a spokesperson in 1854 to travel as a lecturer in New England and lower Canada. Harper lived in this house from 1870 to 1911. Johnson House held 5 generations of this influential Quaker family from 1770 to 1908. The house became an important station on the Underground Railroad and was designated an NHL in conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. In 1834, LeMoyne joined the Washington AntiSlavery Society and was the organization's president from 1835 to 1837, after which he was commissioned by the American Anti-Slavery Society to be its regional agent. Dr. Le Moyne lived in this house from 1827 to 1879, which served as a major depot on the Underground Railroad. Founded in 1793 by free African American Richard Allen, Mother Bethel is the mother church of the African Methodist Episcopal Church created to protest against racism in the larger Methodist church. Richard Allen is buried in its crypt. Powderly’s leadership as the Knights of Labor president led to women and African Americans being allowed membership in the organization, in contrast with most other labor organizations. This was his home from 1879 to 1893. One of America's foremost African American painters, Tanner spent much of his productive life in Europe and his subjects focused on African American experiences in America. Considered a Realist, his most well-known work is The Banjo Lesson, painted in 1893. Tanner was inducted into the National Academy of Design in 1927 as its first black member. Built in the 1890s, Reverend M. F. Divine, founder of the religious sect International Peace Mission Movement, made Woodmont his home and organizational headquarters in 1952. Although much of his early life remains a mystery, Divine was an outspoken anti-lynching and civil rights activist during the 1930s to the 1950s. Father Divine's burial site is located on the property. The Battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29, 1778, was the only battle in which African Americans participated in the Revolutionary War as a distinct fighting unit, composed of 138 black soldiers. African American recruits were promised absolute freedom by the Rhode Island legislature for their participation.

DESIGNATED

May 15, 1975

Dec. 8, 1976

Dec. 9, 1997

Sept. 25, 1997

May 30, 1974

May 23, 1966

May 11, 1976

Dec. 24, 1967

May 30, 1974

NOMINATION

THEME STUDY




http://www.np s.gov/history/n r/travel/underg round/thhome. htm http://www.np s.gov/history/n r/travel/underg round/thhome. htm




http://www.np s.gov/nhl/them es/Labor%20T S.pdf


STATE

NAME Beaufort Historic District

South Carolina

Chapelle Administration Building

First Baptist Church

Dubose Heyward House

35 Middleton Place

LOCATION Bounded by the Beaufort River, Bladen, Hamar, and Boundary Streets, Beaufort, Beaufort County, South Carolina 1530 Harden Street, Richland County, South Carolina

1306 Hampton Street, Columbia, Richland County, South Carolina 76 Church Street, Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina

4300 Ashley River Road, Dorchester County, South Carolina

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Architecture; Commerce; Community Planning and Development; Exploration/ Settlement; Military; Ethnic Heritage-Native American; Politics/ Government; Social History Architecture; Significant Person-John Anderson Lankford

Law; Politics/ Government; Social History-Civil War (Succession), Confederacy Literature; Performing Arts-Theater; Significant Person-Dubose Heyward

Agriculture; Social HistoryAntebellum South, Slavery;

HISTORIC CONTEXT

DESIGNATED

Beaufort is the second oldest settlement in South Carolina and has one of the oldest documented communities of African Americans in the country. Nov. 7, 1973

The Chapelle Administration Building is associated with African American architect, John Anderson Lankford, who opened the first African American architectural firm in Jacksonville, Florida in 1899. An 1896 graduate of Tuskegee Institute, he paved the way for African Americans to gain recognition in the architecture profession. The 1925 building contains the administrative offices of historical-black educational institution, Allen University. On December 17, 1890, 159 delegates unanimously voted for South Carolina to secede from the United States at this location. South Carolina had the first state legislature vote to secede from the Union but others quickly followed, leading to the Civil War. Caucasian southern writer Dubose Heyward wrote the novel Porgy in 1925 on which the George Gershwin Broadway play, Porgy and Bess, is based. Heyward’s stage play Porgy opened as the first major Broadway production with an all-black cast in 1927, earning Heyward a Pulitzer Prize. Heyward worked as a salesman on the Charleston waterfront, on which the novel is set, and marks the first novel that presents southern African Americans in a dramatic light without overwhelmingly negative stereotypes, not as figures of comic relief, or as a dramatic statement of social protest. Middleton Place features a house, gardens, and stable yards associated with an 18th and 19th century plantation. It also includes several structures and sites associated with the heritage of African Americans who lived on the plantation. The plantation chapel, a room above the spring house dairy, was used by slaves as a house of worship. Archeological remains, oral tradition, and mid-19th century markers provide evidence that the area above the rice millpond and adjacent to the stable yards was once a cemetery for enslaved Africans. Eliza’s House is a small frame building named for Eliza Leach (1891-1986), who worked at Middleton Place for over forty years, and was the last person to live in the house. In the 1880s, Eliza’s House was apparently the home of Ned and Chloe, former enslaved laborers of William and Susan Middleton, who worked on Middleton Place.



Nov. 7, 1973


Nov. 11, 1971


Nov. 11, 1971

THEME STUDY

STATE

NAME


Old Marine Hospital (Jenkins Orphanage)

Penn School (Center) Historic District

Joseph Hayne Rainey House

LOCATION 20 Franklin Street, Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina

1 mile South of Frogmore, Beaufort County, South Carolina

Education; Engineering; Politics/ Government; Social HistoryReconstruction

909 Prince Street, Georgetown, Georgetown County, South Carolina

Law; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Joseph Hayne Rainey; Social HistoryReconstruction

9 East Battery, Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina

Significant Person-Robert Barnwell Rhett; Social History-Civil War (Secessionism)

36 Robert Barnwell Rhett House

Robert Smalls House

South Carolina State House

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Architecture; Significant Person-Robert Mills; Social HistoryReconstruction, early 20th century

511 Prince Street, Beaufort, Beaufort County, South Carolina

Law; Politics/ Government; Significant Person-Robert Smalls; Social History-Civil War, Reconstruction

Capitol Square, Columbia, Richland County, South Carolina

Law; Politics/ Government; Social History-Reconstruction

HISTORIC CONTEXT This building, which was designed by Robert Mills, was constructed in 1833 for the care of sick and disabled seamen. After the Civil War, it became a school for African American children. From 1895 to 1939 the building was the home of Jenkins Orphanage, established by Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins for African American children who were orphans or had poor or disabled parents. Enrollment at the orphanage grew to include over 500 children. In addition to this building, the orphanage included a 100-acre farm, a print shop, and a shoe repair shop. The Jenkins Orphanage Band, wearing uniforms discarded by the Citadel, performed throughout the country and in England raising money to support the orphanage. In 1973, the Old Marine Hospital was designated a National Historic Landmark as an outstanding example of the work of Robert Mills. After plantation owners fled from Union forces in 1861, Northern missionaries set up the first school for emancipated persons in 1892 on St. Helena Island. The Brick Church, built in 1855, is the oldest building in the historic district and served as the first school. The Church is now a part of the Penn Community Services Center. Rainey was the first African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 18701879. The election of Rainey to the House and Hiram Revels' election to the U.S. Senate marks the beginning of African American federal legislative participation. Beginning in 1850 with the launch of the Charleston Mercury newspaper, Robert Barnwell Rhett emerged as an influential, pro-slavery radical that authored much of the slave-holding states' succession legislation. With the justification provided by Rhett's pro-slavery report titled "Address to the Slave holding States," South Carolina was the first state to pass an ordinance of succession in 1860. Many southern states emulated South Carolina’s actions, adopting Rhett’s justification and call to secede from the United States. Robert Smalls was an emancipated person who served in the South Carolina legislature from 18681874, was a US Congressman from 1875 to 1881, and was a customs collector for the Port of Beaufort from 1889 to 1913. Smalls organized the capture and abduction the Confederate steamship, Planter, on May 13, 1962. He purchased this house, where he had lived as a slave, at a tax sale in 1863. From 1869 to 1874, the only legislature in American history with an African American majority met here. This historic legislature provided the fictitious setting for the influential white supremacist book, The Prostate State, by Sheperd Pike that characterized Reconstruction as an era of black domination, corruption, and incompetence. The State House is also the site of political fights to end federal troop presence in the state, resulting in their removal in 1876 and the demise of Reconstruction.

DESIGNATED


Nov. 7, 1973

Dec. 2, 1974

Apr. 20, 1984




May 30, 1973



THEME STUDY

STATE

NAME


Stono River Slave Rebellion Site

Denmark Vesey House

Beale Street Historic District Tennessee

Fort Pillow

LOCATION West Bank of the Wallace River, Rantowles vicinity, Charleston County, South Carolina

56 Bull Street, Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Social History-Colonial America, Slave Rebellions

Politics/ GovernmentBlack Codes; Significant Person-Denmark Vesey; Social History-Colonial America, Slave Rebellions

Beale Street, from Main to Fourth Streets, Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee

Performing Arts-Blues and Jazz; Significant PersonW. C. Handy

Tennessee Route 87, Fort Pillow, Lauderdale County, Tennessee

Military; Social HistoryCivil War

37 George Peabody College for Teachers

Jubilee Hall, Fisk University

Montgomery Bell Tunnel

21st Avenue South and Edgehill Avenue, Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee

Education; Significant Person-George Peabody; Social HistoryReconstruction

17th Avenue North, Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee

Education; Social HistorySocial Reform Movements

Harpeth River and Bell Bend Road, White Bluff vicinity, Cheatham County, Tennessee

Engineering; Industry

HISTORIC CONTEXT On Sept. 9, 1739, 51 enslaved persons, led by an Angolan named Jemmy, attacked a warehouse here and seized weapons. The group then tried to escape to Spanish Florida but was stopped by a Colonial militia. This revolt was the largest and most successful during the Colonial period and led to South Carolina's enactment of the most repressive and comprehensive slave codes in the English Colonies. Vesey was a free black carpenter who planned a major 1822 slave rebellion, set for July 14. The plans were betrayed and 313 alleged participants were arrested, of which 67 were convicted and 35 were executed. Vesey was sentenced to death and executed on July 2, 1822. White fears prompted by the averted slave rebellion resulted in the institution of harsh Black Codes that restricted free African Americans' movements in slaveholding states. Beale Street is the widely-acknowledged birthplace of American blues music, which transitioned African American music from a focus on the vocal to the instrumental. W. C. Handy, to many the "father of blues," wrote most of his famous songs at Peewee's Saloon. This earthwork was captured by Union troops in June 1862, then was garrisoned by some 570 Union troops, of whom 262 were African Americans— formerly enslaved men who were recruited in Tennessee and Alabama. The fort was recaptured in April 1864 by Confederate forces under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest. In the savage fight, Confederates aimed their fury particularly at the African Americans, killing 229 rather than accepting their surrender. News of the fight, labeled a massacre, had a profound effect: "Remember Fort Pillow" became a battle cry of black soldiers and the fort itself their Alamo. The fort is now the centerpiece of Fort Pillow State Historic Park. Peabody College was established by the Peabody Education Fund, which sought to revive public education after the Civil War. Started as the University of Nashville in 1826, the university became a normal school in 1875 and was incorporated as the George Peabody College for Teachers in 1909. The college trained teachers, many of whom became teachers at schools for freedpeople. Jubilee Hall is the oldest building on the Fisk University campus, which was founded in 1865 by the American Missionary Society. Fisk evolved into a liberal arts college, unique to most historically black colleges and universities established during this period. The building dates from 1873 to 1876. From 1818 to 1819, enslaved Africans, owned by Montgomery Bell, constructed the first known largediameter tunnel in the United States, through a 290 ft. limestone ridge. The tunnel connected the two sections of the Harpeth River to create water power from a man-made water flume.

DESIGNATED


May 30, 1974


May 23, 1966



May 30, 1974


Dec. 2, 1974

Apr. 19, 1994



THEME STUDY

STATE

NAME


Sun Record Company/ Memphis Recording Service

706 Union Avenue, Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Industry; Performing ArtsRock-n-Roll; Significant Persons-Sam C. Phillips

US Route 7, Ferrisburgh, Addison County, Vermont

Social HistoryAbolitionism, Underground Railroad

South of the junction of Mahogany Road and Route 631, Frederiksted, Saint Croix, US Virgin Islands

European; Exploration/SettlementDutch Settlement; Social History-Abolitionism and Emancipation*

Benjamin Banneker SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone

18th and Van Buren Streets, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia

Community Planning and Development; Invention; Significant PersonBenjamin Banneker

Charles Richard Drew House

2505 South First Street, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia

Education; Health/ Medicine; Invention; Significant Person-Dr. Charles R. Drew; Social History-World War II, Red Cross

Rokeby Vermont

Fort Frederik US Virgin Islands

38

Virginia

LOCATION

Franklin and Armfield Office

Hampton Institute

1315 Duke Street, Alexandria City, Virginia

Off US Route 60, on the east side of Hampton Creek, Hampton City, Virginia

Social History-Slavery and Domestic Slave Trade; Antebellum South

Education; Ethnic Heritage-Native American; Significant Person-Booker T. Washington; Social History-Reconstruction

HISTORIC CONTEXT Some of the South’s greatest contributions to American music occurred during the 1950s in this small brick building in Memphis, Tennessee. Here, at Sun Studios, Sam C. Phillips recognized the talent and produced commercially successful recordings of artists such as: B. B. King, Howlin’ Wolf, Ike Turner, Rufus Thomas, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, and many others. Out of this emerged the unique American style of music known as rock’n’roll, a blend of African American and white country styles. Sam Phillips and his recording studio were instrumental in this development. The Robinson family established an Underground Railroad station at their farmstead, a stop for many escaped enslaved persons before going on to Canada. Rokeby was designated in conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. Fort Frederik was the site of two events which led to the abolition of slavery in the Virgin Islands: 1) the Emancipation Revolt of 1848, which ended slavery in the Danish West Indies but inaugurated a 30-year period of serfdom based on contract labor; and 2) the 1878 Labor Riot and Fireburn, which brought an end to the contract labor system. This stone, engraved with the date 1791, is one of 40 erected to mark each mile along the boundary of the "ten mile square" that became the District of Columbia. The stone commemorates the accomplishments of mathematician, inventor, writer, surveyor, and scientist, Benjamin Banneker. Dr. Charles R. Drew, the first African American to receive a Doctor of Science in Medicine (McGill University in Montreal, Canada and Columbia University), lived in this home from 1920 to 1939. Dr. Drew, a surgeon and professor at Howard University Medical School, discovered the means to preserve blood plasma. His discovery saved thousands of lives during WWII when he directed the "Plasma for Britain" program and became director of the Red Cross Blood Bank. Between 1828 and 1836, this building housed the offices of the largest slave trading operation in the antebellum South, owned by Isaac Franklin and John Armfield. After the 1836 disbanding of the company, the building remained a slave market until 1861. The offices slave pens were used to hold captured Confederate troops during the war. Founded by the American Missionary Association in 1868, Hampton became the model for African American and Native American industrial schools established to educate newly freed people after the Civil War. Famous educator and founder of Tuskegee Institute Booker T. Washington graduated from Hampton in 1875 and credited the institution with his advocacy of vocational education.

DESIGNATED


Jul. 31, 2003

Dec. 9, 1997

Sept. 25, 1997

May 11, 1976

http://www.nps. gov/history/nr/tr avel/undergroun d/thhome.htm http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/97 001269.pdf



Jun. 2, 1978

Nov. 12, 1969



THEME STUDY


STATE

NAME Jackson Ward Historic District

Monument Avenue Historic District

Robert Russa Moton High School

LOCATION Bounded by Fifth, Marshall, and Gilmer Streets and the (No Suggestions) turnpike, Virginia

From the 1200 block of West Franklin Street to the 3300 block of Monument Avenue, Richmond City, Virginia Intersection of South Main Street and Griffin Boulevard, Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia

39 Robert R. Moton House (Holly Knoll)

New Kent Middle School and George W. Watkins School,

Off Rural Route 662, Capahosic, Gloucester County, Virginia

New Kent: 11825 New Kent Highway, New Kent, New Kent County Watkins: 6501 New Kent Highway, Quinton, New Kent County, Virginia

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Architecture; Commerce; Economics; Education; Exploration/ SettlementUrbanization; Industry; Performing Arts-Dance, Theater; Politics/ Government; Religion; Significant PersonsMaggie L. Walker and Bill 'Bojangles" Robinson; Social History Significant Person-Arthur Ashe, Social History-Civil Rights Movement

Education; Law-Davis v. Prince Edward (1951), Brown v. Board of Education, Brown II (1954), Griffin v. Prince Edward (1964); Politics/ Government; Social History- Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation), Massive Resistance Education; Exploration/ Settlement-Urbanization; Significant Person-Robert R. Moton; Social HistoryCivil Rights (Housing)Great Migration

Education; Law-Brown v. Board of Education and Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968); Politics/ Government; Social History-Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation)

HISTORIC CONTEXT

DESIGNATED

This area became one of the most successful hubs th of early 20 century African American businesses in the country including the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, established by Maggie L. Walker.


Jun. 2, 1978

One of the monuments honors native Richmond resident, Arthur Ashe, the famous tennis player. Its location is ironic since the other sculptures commemorate Virginian heroes of the Confederacy.

One of the five cases consolidated under Brown v. Board of Education that declared segregation unconstitutional, Moton High School was the allblack school attended by the plaintiffs. Prince Edward Country closed all its public schools from 1959 to 1964 rather than integrate, in a show of massive white resistance to the Brown and Brown II decisions.

Historically called Holly Knoll, African American educator Robert R. Moton retired here in 1935. Moton was Tuskegee Institute's second principal after the death of Booker T. Washington in 1915 and transformed the historically-black vocational school into a fully accredited college and professional institution. He was also founder of the National Urban League and received the Harmon Award in Race Relations in 1930 and the Spingarn Medal in 1932. The New Kent School and the George W. Watkins School are associated with the most significant public school desegregation case after Brown v. Board of Education: the 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County case. Green set the standards that judges would use to determine whether school districts were in constitutional compliance in school desegregation cases and replaced a decade of massive resistance to school desegregation by an era of massive integration from 1968 to 1973.

Dec. 9, 1997


http://pdfhost.fo cus.nps.gov/doc s/NHLS/Text/95 001177.pdf Aug. 5, 1998


Jul. 7, 2001

http://www.nps. gov/nhl/themes/ Scanned%20No minations/Dese gregation/New% 20Kent%20Nom .pdf

THEME STUDY

STATE

NAME


Prestwould

Pittsylvania County Courthouse

Virginia Estelle Randolph Cottage (Virginia Randolph Museum)

LOCATION US 15, near the jct. of VA 49, Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, Virgina

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Landscape Architecture; Social History-Antebellum South

US Business Route 29, Chatham, Pittsylvania County, Virginia

Law-ex Parte Virginia; Politics/ Government-Civil Rights Act of 1875

2200 Mountain Road, Glen Allen, Henrico County, Virginia

Education; Significant Person-Virginia Randolph

40 Tredegar Iron Works*

Maggie Lena Walker House

Little White Schoolhouse Wisconsin

500 Tredegar Street, Richmond, Richmond County, Virginia

110 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Richmond County, Virginia

Southeast corner of Blackburn and Blossom Streets, Ripon, Fond Du Lac County, Wisconsin

Industry, Social HistoryAntebellum South, Industrial Slavery

Architecture; Commerce; Industry; Significant Person-Maggie Lena Walker; Social History

Politics/ GovernmentRepublican Party, Kansas-Nebraska Act; Social History- Antislavery

HISTORIC CONTEXT Prestwould’s African American historical significance stems from links to hundreds of enslaved African men and women who lived and labored there prior from the late 1700s to Emancipation. Of particular significance is the surviving slave house, quite possibly the oldest surviving frame slave dwelling in the American South. This dwelling is a significant surviving link to the experiences of enslaved Africans, not only those who lived and worked at Prestwould but the majority of slaves in Virginia and the upper South whose lives were shaped and constrained by the experience of living and working in large work gangs like those at Prestwould. County Judge J. D. Coles was arrested and charged with violating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 for denying African Americans the right to serve on grand or petit juries. He countered by filing a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court, which he lost. This courthouse represents one of the few African American legal victories for civil rights in the post-Civil War era. In 1908, Virginia Estelle Randolph became the country's first Jeanes Supervising Industrial Worker as part of the national Negro Rural School Fund (Anna T. Jeanes Fund), providing the first formal inservice teacher training for rural black teachers. Randolph's teaching techniques and philosophy, called the “Henrico Plan,” was distributed to other schools throughout the United States and were later adopted in Britain's African colonies. She also served for many years on the Inter-Racial and Health Board for the State of Virginia. The cottage was built in 1937 to house the home economics program. The Tredegar Iron Works employed thousands of enslaved African Americans. The site is representative of the history of industrial slavery in the Unites States. Designated an NHL in 1977 for industry, the site may require additional documentation of its African American historical significance. Walker was the founder and first president of the very successful St. Luke Penny Savings Bank. The daughter of an ex-enslaved woman and a Northern abolitionist, she was the first woman in the United States to charter a bank. During the Great Depression, St. Luke merged with two other Richmond banks to become The Consolidated Bank and Trust Company. It continues to be the oldest black-owned and -operated bank in the United States. On March 20, 1854, 53 participants called a meeting to protest the expansion of slavery into the western territories with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which were beyond the boundaries established by Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Republican Party, based on an anti-slavery platform, emerged from this meeting of dissatisfied Whigs, Free Soilers, and Democrats.

DESIGNATED


Jul. 31, 2003

May 4, 1987



Dec. 2, 1974

Dec. 22, 1977



May 30, 1974


THEME STUDY


STATE

NAME Milton House

LOCATION 18 South Janesville Street, Milton, Rock County, Wisconsin

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Exploration/ SettlementWestern Expansion; Significant Person-Joseph Goodrich; Social HistoryUnderground Railroad

HISTORIC CONTEXT In 1838, Joseph Goodrich and his family, natives of New York state, settled in Milton and brought antislavery beliefs learned as members of the Seventh Day Baptists with them. Milton House was built in 1844 and, along with nearby Goodrich Cabin served as stops on the Underground Railroad. The Goodrich family provided freedomseekers with food, shelter, and assistance to their next destination.

DESIGNATED

Aug. 5, 1998



41

APPENDIX B ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs

African American NHLs by Designation Date 1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000-07

17

97

8

30

22

African American NHLs by State or Territory Location

Number of NHLs

Number of NHLs

Location

Location

Number of NHLs

Alabama

9

Maine

1

Pennsylvania

9

Alaska

0

Maryland

1

Puerto Rico

0

Arizona

1

Massachusetts

1

Arkansas

3

Michigan

1

California

1

Minnesota

0

Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota

Colorado

0

Mississippi

3

Tennessee

6

Connecticut

3

Missouri

5

Texas

0

Delaware District of Columbia

2

Montana

0

Utah

0

12

Nebraska

0

1

Florida

4

0

Georgia

5

Nevada New Hampshire

Vermont U.S. Virgin Islands

0

Virginia

Hawaii

0

New Jersey

1

Washington

0

Idaho

0

New Mexico

1

West Virginia

0

Illinois

9

New York

Wisconsin

2

Indiana

4

North Carolina

3

0

Iowa

2

North Dakota

0

Wyoming Other Jurisdictions

Kansas

5

Ohio

9

12

21

Kentucky

1

Oklahoma

4

Louisiana

4

Oregon

0

42

Total Properties

13 0

1 14

0

174

African American NHLs by Area of Significance Note on Methodology: The 174 NHLs identified in conjunction with the Assessment Study have the following areas of significance listed in their official documentation. A NHL may be significant in more than one area of significance category, which explains why the total number of categories indicated is more than the 174 existing NHLs associated with African American history. With further research, the existing NHL documentation may need revision to recognize additional areas of significance associated with African American history. AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE

DEFINITION The process and technology of cultivating soil, producing crops, raising livestock and plants

Agriculture

The practical art of designing and constructing buildings and structures to serve human needs

Architecture

The study of prehistoric and historic cultures through excavation and the analysis of physical remains.

Archeology Prehistoric Historic Aboriginal Historic non-Aboriginal

4 11 2

Study of aboriginal cultures before the advent of written records. Study of aboriginal cultures after the advent of written records. Study of non-aboriginal cultures after the advent of written records. The creating of painting, printmaking, photographs, sculpture, and decorative arts

Art

NUMBER OF ASSOCIATED NHLS

0 0 2 1

The business of trading goods, service, and commodities Commerce

18 The technology and process of transmitting information

Communications

4

Community Planning and Development

The design and development of the physical structure communities 5 The preservation, Maintenance, and management of natural or manmade resources.

Conservation

The study of the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth, the management of monetary and other assets.

Economics

0 5

The process of conveying or acquiring knowledge or skills through systematic instruction, training, or study. Education

44 The practical application of scientific principles to design, construct, and operate equipment, machinery, and structures to serve human needs.

Engineering

2 The development and practice of leisure activities for refreshment, diversion, amusement, or sport.

Entertainment/ Recreation

5 The history of persons having a common ethnic or racial identity

Ethnic Heritage

172 Asian Black

Hispanic

Native American Pacific Islander Other

APPENDIX B--ANALYSIS

Persons having origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. Persons having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa Persons having origins in the Spanish-speaking areas of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America Persons having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, including American Indian and American Eskimo cultural groups. Persons having origins in the Pacific Islands, including Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. Persons having origins in other parts of the world, such as the Middle East or North Africa.

43

0 173

0

4 0 0

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE

Exploration/ Settlement Health/ Medicine

DEFINITION The investigation of unknown or little known regions; establishment and earliest development of new settlements or communities. The care of the sick, disabled, and handicapped; the promotion of health and hygiene

NUMBER OF ASSOCIATED NHLS 23 2

The technology and process of managing materials, labor, and equipment to produce goods and services. Industry

19 The art of originating by experiment or ingenuity an object, system, or concept of practical value.

Invention

5 The practical art of designing or arranging the land for human use and enjoyment

Landscape Architecture

2 The interpretation and enforcement of society's legal code.

Law

35 The creation of prose and poetry.

Literature

12 The history of exploration, fishing, navigation, and use of inland, coastal, and deep sea waters.

Maritime History

0 The system of defending the territory and sovereignty of a people.

Military History

12 The creation of drama, dance, and music.

Performing Arts Philosophy

Politics/ Government Religion

16 The theoretical study of thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe. The enactment and administration of laws by which a nation, state, or other political jurisdiction is governed; activities related to political process. The organized system of beliefs, practices, and traditions regarding mankind's relationship to perceived supernatural forces.

1

56 14

The systematic study of natural law and phenomena. Science Social History

4 The history of efforts to promote the welfare of society; the history of society and the life ways of its social groups.

140

The process and technology of conveying passengers or materials Transportation

4 Any area not covered by the above categories

Other

APPENDIX B--ANALYSIS

0

44

APPENDIX C SCHOLAR COMPOSITE ASSESSMENT

Above: Scholar Assessment and Recommendation Form, given to Scholars Meeting Group prior to Sept. 10, 2007 Meeting.

Below are the complete Scholar Assessment Rating Scale and the composite rating for the 10 themes chosen for evaluation. Scholars were directed to provide brief explanations for all ratings and a more extensive explanation for ratings below 4. The average overall rating was 2.77, indicating that coverage of these ten themes in African American history was fair because existing National Historic Landmarks commemorated a limited number of events, ideas, themes, or significant persons. N/A No Assessment Outside area of expertise

1 Poor Little or no coverage of major events, ideas, themes, or significant persons

2 Needs Improvement Some coverage of major events, ideas, themes, or significant persons

3 Fair Coverage limited to some events, ideas, themes, or significant persons

1. Economics and Commerce:

Avg. Rating 2.5_

2. Science and Technology:

Avg. Rating 2.25

3. Culture, Art and Ideas :

Avg. Rating 3 _

4. Law, Society and Government:

Avg. Rating 4 _

5. Archeology:

Avg. Rating 1.5_

6. Notable Individuals :

Avg. Rating 3.75

7. Colonial and Early America:

Avg. Rating _2 _

8. Slavery and Civil War:

Avg. Rating 3.25

9. Emancipation and Reconstruction:

Avg. Rating 3.25

10. History of the American West:

Avg. Rating 2.25 45

4 Good Coverage of major events, ideas, themes and significant persons

5 Excellent Broad coverage of major events, ideas, themes, and significant persons

APPENDIX D NPS UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY The following 47 National Park System units are associated with nationally significant African American history. Several units contain National Historic Landmarks that are specifically designated for their association with African American history. Others are generally associated with nationally significant African American history, but may not have an interpretation program on that history. National Park (NP) National Monument (NM) National Historic Site (NHS) National Historic Park (NHP) National Historic Trail (NHT) National Memorial (NM) National Battlefield (NB) Other Designations (OD)

STATE

NAME

46

Natchez Trace Parkway

LOCATION Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee

Alabama

a trail or a route established by historic use and must be historically significant as a result of that use commemorates a historic person or episode and need not occupy a site historically connected with its subject Includes national battlefield (NB), national battlefield park (NBP), national battlefield site (NBS), and national military park (NMP) Units of the National Park System bear unique titles or combinations of titles.

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Exploration/ Settlement; Social History-Antebellum South, Slavery and Slave Trade

Selma-ToMontgomery National Historic Trail

Montgomery, Lowndes and Dallas County, Alabama

Social History-Civil Rights Movement (Voting Rights, Public Accommodations)

Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site

Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama

Law; Military; Politics/ Government Agriculture; Education; Invention; Science; Significant Persons-Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver; Social History-Civil Rights

Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail Arizona

NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM DESIGNATIONS Large natural spaces having a wide variety of attributes Landmarks, structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest that are located on lands owned or controlled by the government a site that contains a single historical feature that was directly associated with a historical subject historic park that extends beyond a single properties or buildings

Nogales, Arizona to San Francisco, California

Exploration/ Settlement

Yosemite National Park Mt. Rushmore National Monument Boston African American Historic Site Alaska Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Vietnam War Memorial Gettysburg National Battlefield White House

HISTORIC CONTEXT The Parkway provides some African American historical interpretation but lacks a comprehensive program to interpret the former plantations, slave trade routes, and slave markets (such as "Forks of the Road" in Natchez) located along the Parkway. From the 1830s to the Civil War, some of the largest slave trade markets in the antebellum South were held along the Parkway location. The final push to achieve a nationwide solution to the disenfranchisement of African Americans came as the result of three strategically planned marches, the first of which took place on March 7, 1965. The result was the personal triumph of those who participated in the historic trek and the signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This NHS contains historic Moton Field used to train African American aviators from 1942 to 1946 in the then segregated U.S. Armed Forces. This NHS contains both the Tuskegee Institute NHL and the Tuskegee Airmen NHS. Tuskegee Normal School, later Tuskegee Institute, was founded by former slave Booker T. Washington and was established by the state of Alabama to educate newly freed people and their children. The school officially opened on July 4, 1881 in the African American Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Renowned African American scientist and inventor, George Washington Carver, became head of the newly-formed Agriculture Department in 1896. This national trail commemorates the route followed by a Spanish commander, Juan Bautista de Anza, when he led a contingent of 30 soldiers and their families (198 people total) to found a presidio and mission near the San Francisco Bay from 1775 to 1776. The soldiers and families that Anza escorted brought with them their language, traditions, and diverse New World Hispanic culture. The backgrounds of all soldiers and settlers were carefully recorded as español, mulatto, or mestizo. Almost all the expedition members were born on this continent and had mixed European, African, or Indian parentage. These influences changed the lives of the indigenous peoples and shaped the development of Arizona and California.

DESIGNATED

May 18, 1938

National Historic TrailNov. 1996; All-American RoadJan. 1996; National Scenic Byway- Dec. 1995 Nov. 6, 1998

Oct. 26, 1974

Aug. 15, 1990

STATE

APPENDIX D--NPS UNITS

LOCATION


HISTORIC CONTEXT

Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site

NAME

2120 Daisy Bates Drive, Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas

Education; Law-Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Brown II (1955); Politics/Government; Social History- Civil Rights (Desegregation)

Port Chicago Naval Memorial National Monument

Concord Naval Weapons Station, Contra Costa County, California

Law; Military; Politics/ Government; Social History-Great Migration, WWII, Civil Rights

This NHS contains the Little Rock Central High School NHL, the major site of the school desegregation crisis of 1957 after the Brown v. Board of Education decision. During the crisis, nine African American students attempting to integrate the school were subjected to mass protest and violence by white segregationists and had to be protected by federal paratroopers. This site represents the history of massive Southern white resistance to, and federal enforcement of, racial desegregation of public education. On July 17, 1944 at Port Chicago Naval Magazine 40 miles east of San Francisco, 320 men were instantly killed when the munitions ships they were loading with ammunition and bombs for the Pacific Rim troops mysteriously blew up. It was the largest homeland disaster during World War II. Everyone within 1,000 feet of the loading dock perished: Sailors, Marines, Navy Armed Guard, Coast Guardsmen, Merchant Marines, and working civilians. Over 200 of the deaths were young African-American enlisted sailors working for a segregated military. The explosion and its aftermath led to the largest Naval mutiny trial and was one of the catalysts for the desegregation of the U.S. Armed Services following the war. The Park commemorates the contributions of European and African American women affectionately known as "Rosies," whose labor during World War II helped change industry and had sweeping and lasting impacts on American society and culture. Fully engaged in winning World War II, American women, minorities, and men worked toward a common goal in a manner that has been unequaled since. The site was designated in conjunction with the World War II Home Front Theme Study. Charles Young was the first African American to graduate from the white high school in Ripley, Ohio. He became the third African American to graduate and earn a commission from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1889, and became the highest-ranking black officer during World War I. Young also served as the first black military attaché in American history. In 1903, as Acting Superintendent, he became the first African American park superintendent in the National Park System and made highly significant contributions to the protection and development of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks. Young’s avocation and his command of the 9th Calvary Regiment of African American “Buffalo Soldiers” were the driving force in completing the first road into Sequoia park. He also negotiated with landowners for the government purchase of privately-owned lands within the parks’ boundaries. On the day the road opened, modern tourism began in Sequoia National Park. The African American Civil War Memorial commemorates the military service of hundreds of thousands of African American soldiers and sailors during the Civil War.

Arkansas

California

1401 Marina Way South, Richmond, Contra Costa, California

Military; Social History-WWII

Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks

In the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains in Tulare and Fresno counties, California

Exploration/ Settlement; Military

African American Civil War Memorial

Corners of Vermont and U Streets NW, Washington, DC

Military

Frederick Douglass National Historic Site

1411 W Street SE, Washington, DC

Politics/ Government; Social History-Abolitionism, Civil Rights (19th cent.), Women's Rights

From 1877 to 1895, this was the home of Frederick Douglass, the nation's leading th 19 century African American spokesman. Visitors to the site learn about his efforts to abolish slavery and his struggle for human rights, equal rights, and civil rights for all oppressed people. Douglass was U.S. minister to Haiti in 1889.

George Washington Memorial Parkway

Washington, DC, Maryland, and Virginia

Significant Person-Robert E. Lee, Social HistorySecession, Antebellum Slavery

The parkway provides interpretation of enslaved African American plantation workers and the Civil War, especially at the boyhood home (Arlington House) of Confederate General, Robert E. Lee. Another site on the parkway, Glen Echo Park, was reached by “whites only” streetcars, making the amusement park located there racially segregated until protests opened the streetcars and park to all races. On Easter Sunday, 1939, Marian Anderson performed in concert on the grounds of the memorial, as arranged by Eleanor Roosevelt, after the Daughters of the American Revolution denied Anderson the right to perform at their facility, Constitution Hall. The event was seen as a symbolic blow to Jim Crow segregation. The memorial also figured prominently in the 1963 March on Washington, where Martin Luther King delivered his iconic “I Have A Dream” speech.

47

Rosie the Riveter WWII Home Front National Historical Park

District of Columbia

Lincoln Memorial

The National Mall, Washington, D.C

Significant Persons-Marian Anderson, Martin Luther King, Jr. (1939); Social History-Civil Rights Movement (March on Washington, Public Accommodations)

DESIGNATED

NPS-Nov. 6, 1998; NHL-1982; NR- 1977

Jul. 17, 1992

Oct. 25, 2000

Kings Canyon NPMar. 4, 1940; General Grant NPOct. 1, 1890; Sequoia NP-Sept. 25, 1890

Oct. 27, 2004

Feb. 12, 1988

May 29, 1930

NM- Feb. 9, 1911; NP System-1966

STATE

NAME


LOCATION


HISTORIC CONTEXT

Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site

1318 Vermont Avenue NW, Washington, DC

Education; Politics/ Government; Social HistoryCivil Rights, Women's Rights, Human Rights

Gulf Islands National Seashore-Florida

Gulf Breeze, Florida and Ocean Springs, Jackson County, Mississippi

Exploration/ Settlement; Military; Politics/ Government; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Civil Rights

Timucuan Ecological & Historic PreserveKingsley Plantation

Kingsley Plantation, 11676 Palmetto Avenue, Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida

Exploration/ SettlementSpanish Florida; Social History-Colonial Slavery

The Bethune Council House was African American educator and activist Mary McLeod Bethune's last official Washington, DC residence and the first headquarters of the National Council of Negro Women, the largest African American women’s rights organization in the United States. The House also contains the Black Women’s History Archives. Gulf Islands provides interpretation of the Pensacola area from colonial enslavement to World War II. The site is associated with African American maroon communities during the Spanish Florida era and early U.S. possession of the territory, pre-Civil War abolitionism and association with Massachusetts sailor, Jonathan Walker. Walker had his hands branded with "SS" for helping enslaved people escape. The seashore also is associated with the post-Civil War activities of the 25th Colored Regiment, the founding of Florida A & M University--a historically black college, and African American soldiers’ participation in mid-20th century wars. Kingsley Plantation, an area of the National Park Service's Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, is located on Fort George Island, near the mouth of the St. Johns River. Early 19th century plantation structures represent the Sea Island cotton era, a planter and family of that era, and the enslaved people who were forced to toil in that time. Anna Madgigine Jai was an African woman purchased by Zephaniah Kingsley, a planter and trader. Anna became his wife and resided at the Fort George Island plantation from 1814 to 1839 with their four children. Upon receiving her freedom in 1811, Anna became a slave owner, effective plantation manager, and independent businesswoman, all in addition to her roles as wife and mother. Kingsley operated under a "task" system, which allowed slaves to work at a craft or tend their own gardens once the specified task for the day was completed. Proceeds from the sale of produce or craft items were usually kept by the enslaved workers. During their time at this plantation, Florida changed hands from Spanish rule to become a territory of the United States. Restrictive laws implemented by the U.S. against both free and enslaved African Americans prompted the Kingsley family to move to Haiti. The seashore provides interpretation on the history and condition of rural, African Americans living in the Sea Islands, from the Antebellum South through the early th 20 century.

Florida

48 Georgia

Cumberland Island National Seashore

Exploration/ Settlement; Social History-Antebellum South

Martin Luther King , Jr. National Historic Site and Preservation District

Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia

Commerce; Industry; Significant Person- Martin Luther King, Jr.; Social History-Civil Rights

In April of 1862, Union troops directed rifled cannon fire at the fort breaching the southeast angle. The quick success of this experimental cannon surprised military strategists worldwide. The accuracy and range of the rifled cannon rendered brick fortifications obsolete. Immediately after capturing the fort, Union Major General David Hunter, an ardent abolitionist, ordered the release of area slaves. Many were recruited into the Union army comprising the First South Carolina Colored Regiment. This NHS contains two National Historic Landmark Historic Districts: 1) Martin Luther King, Jr., which features his birthplace, the first church he pastured, and his gravesite; and 2) Sweet Auburn, a representative center of black economic, social, religious, and cultural life from the Civil War to the 1930s.

Brown v. Board Of Education National Historic Site

1515 SE Monroe Street, Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas Fort Scott, Burbon County, Kansas

Education; Law; Politics/ Government; Social HistoryCivil Rights (Desegregation)

This NHS contains Monroe Elementary School, the all black school that lead plaintiff, Linda Brown, attended in the watershed Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision.

Exploration/ Settlement; Military; Social History-Civil War, Abolitionism, Westward Expansion

This district contains the Fort Scott NHL and offers preservation, protection, and interpretation of historic resources associated with the role of African Americans on the opening of the West to American settlement, including confrontations with Native Americans, the Mexican-American War, “Bleeding Kansas,” the Civil War, and the expansion of railroads.

Fort Pulaski National Monument

Kansas

Saint Marys, Cumberland Island, Camden County, Georgia Hwy 80 East, Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia

Fort Scott National Historic Site

Military, Social History-Civil War

DESIGNATED

Oct. 15, 1982

Naval Live Oaks Reservation- Sept. 28, 1998; Fort Pickens- May 31, 1972; Fort Massachusetts- Jun. 21, 1971; Fort San Carlos de BarrancasOct. 9, 1960

Feb. 16, 1988

Oct. 23, 1972

Oct. 15, 1924

NHS - Oct. 10, 1980; Sweet Auburn Historic District- Dec. 8, 1976; Martin Luther King, Jr., Historic District May 2, 1974 NHS- Nov. 12, 1996; NHL- 1976

Oct. 19, 1978

STATE

NAME

LOCATION


Nicodemus National Historic Site

304 Washington Avenue, Nicodemus, Graham, Kansas

Mammoth Cave National Park

Cave City, Edmonson County, Kentucky

Cane River Creole National Historical Park

Westward from Interstate 49 to the Red River and the City of Natchitoches on the north side and Monette's Ferry to the south; Natchitoches Parish; Natchez, Louisiana Six park sites in Lafayette, Thibodaux, Eunice, Marrero, Chalmette, and New Orleans, Louisiana 916 N. Peters Street, New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana 535 Hampton Lane, Towson, Baltimore County, Maryland

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Social History-Westward Expansion, Exoduster Movement, postReconstruction; Politics/ Government Industry; Exploration/ Settlement; Social HistoryIndustrial Slavery

Kentucky

Louisiana

Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve

49

New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park Hampton National Historic Site Maryland

Boston African American National Historic Site

Gulf Islands National Seashore-Mississippi

Mississippi

14 Beacon Street, Suite 503 Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Ship Island, Harrison County, Mississippi and Ocean Springs, Jackson County, Mississippi

Exploration/ SettlementFrench-colonial Louisiana, early American; Social History-Antebellum South

Exploration/ Settlement; Military-War of 1812; Social History-French-colonial Louisiana, Louisiana Purchase Performing Arts-Jazz;

Architecture; Archeology; Conservation; Ethnic Heritage; Industry; Landscape Architecture; Politics/ Government; Social History-19th century Plantation Slavery, Antebellum South Education; Law; Military; Politics/ Government; Religion; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Civil Rights (19th cent.)

Exploration/ Settlement; Military; Social History-Civil War

HISTORIC CONTEXT This NHS contains the Nicodemus Historic District NHL, the most successful allblack township established by African Americans to escape oppression in postReconstruction South and establish independent communities.

The 1812 saltpetre mining works at Mammouth Cave had over 70 enslaved laborers and followed cave routes initially explored, mapped, and guided by African Americans. The mining of saltpetre was essential for the production of gun powder required for the War of 1812. Several generations of African American families have worked as a cave guides or hotel workers at Mammoth Cave. In 1838, Stephen Bishop, the most widely known of numerous African American guides at Mammoth Cave, secured a place in cave history by crossing the Bottomless Pit. Tours of the historic section commemorate the discoveries of enslaved African American guides such as Stephen Bishop. African American historical interpretation at Oakland Plantation and Magnolia Plantation sites located along the Cane River in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana demonstrate the history of colonization, frontier influences, French and Creole Architecture, cotton agriculture, slavery and tenancy labor systems, changing technologies, and evolving social practices over two hundred years.

African American interpretation at the site is included in the interpretation of the history of New Orleans and the diverse cultures of Louisiana's Mississippi Delta region.

The New Orleans Jazz NHP interprets the birth of jazz from its African, FrenchCreole, European classical roots, to its early growth through artists such as Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong, and traces its development through artists such as the Marsalis family. This NHS contains the estate of the Hampton family, for which Hampton University was named. When it was completed in 1790, Hampton was the largest house in the United States. African American historical interpretation is offered on the enslaved and indentured African Americans that worked on the plantation. It is the story of a seven generation family business, early American industry and commerce, and changing cultural tastes.

Located in the heart of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, the site includes 15 pre-Civil War structures relating to the history of Boston's 19th century AfricanAmerican community, including: the African Meeting House, the oldest standing African American church in the United States. The sites are linked by the 1.6 mile (2.5 km) Black Heritage Trail®. Augustus Saint-Gaudens' memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the African American Massachusetts 54th Regiment stands along the trail. The seashore provides African American history interpretation of the free and enslaved African American soldiers from Spanish and French colonial eras to the Civil War. The seashore is associated with the history of the Louisiana Native Guards, a regiment of free black men commissioned by the Confederacy to defend Louisiana against the Union Army in 1861. The unit was disbanded months later due to questions of loyalty but was later re-commissioned as a Union unit and was garrisoned for 34 months on Ship Island in Harrison County, Mississippi.

DESIGNATED NHS- Nov. 12, 1996; NHL- 1976

International Biosphere ReserveSept. 26, 1990; World Heritage Site- Oct. 27, 1981; NP- Jul. 1, 1941

Nov. 2, 1994

Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve– Nov. 10, 1978; Chalmettte NHP- Aug. 10, 1939 Oct. 31, 1994

Jun. 22, 1948

Oct. 10, 1980

Naval Live Oaks Reservation- Sept. 28, 1998; Fort Pickens- May 31, 1972; Fort Massachusetts Jun. 21, 1971; NHL Fort San Carlos de Barrancas- Oct. 9, 1960

STATE


Missouri

NAME

LOCATION


William Johnson House (Natchez National Historical Park)

210 State Street, Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi

Social History-Antebellum South, Slavery

George Washington Carver National Monument

5646 Carver Road, 2 miles west of Diamond, Newton County, Missouri 8523 W. State Hwy. 4 Beatrice, Gage County, Nebraska

Agriculture; Significant Person-George Washington Carver

22 S. Williams Street, Dayton, Montgomery County, Ohio

Significant Person-Paul Lawrence Dunbar; Social History-Harlem Renaissance, New Negro Movement

Homestead National Monument of America Nebraska

Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park Ohio

50

Perry's Victory & International Peace Memorial

Put-in-Bay, Ottawa County, Ohio

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site

2 Mark Bird Lane, Elverson, Berks County, Pennsylvania

Exploration/SettlementWestward Expansion; Social History-Westward Expansion, Civil War, Reconstruction

Military; Social History-War of 1812

Commerce; Industry; Politics/Government; Religion; Social HistoryIndustrial Slavery, Underground Railroad

Pennsylvania

Stones River National Cemetery Tennessee

Amistad National Recreation Area Texas

3501 Old Nashville Highway, Murfreesboro, Rutherford County, Tennessee Del Rio, Val Verde County, Texas

Military

Exploration/ Settlement; Military;

HISTORIC CONTEXT The Natchez National Historical Park contains three units including the William Johnson House. William Johnson was a free African American businessman and slaveholder, whose diary tells the story of everyday life in antebellum Natchez. Johnson married Ann Battles, a free woman of color, and raised ten children in their home on State Street. He would eventually own and operate three barbershops and a bath house in the city. With his financial success, Johnson purchased slaves and profited from slave labor in his business, on his farm lands, and in his family's home. African American scientist and inventor George Washington Carver's boyhood home consists of rolling hills, woodlands, and prairies. The 210 acre park has a 3/4 mile nature trail, museum, and an interactive exhibit area for students. The cultural setting includes the 1881 Historic Moses Carver house and the Carver cemetery. This unit of the National Park System commemorates the Homestead Act of 1862 and its effects on the land and people. The Homestead Act was progressive for its time, allowing women, African Americans, and immigrants to claim up to 160 acres of the public domain for settlement and cultivation. The Homestead Act took effect January 1, 1863--the same day as the Emancipation Proclamation. Many former slaves journeyed west to begin new lives on homestead claims. Dayton Aviation Heritage commemorates three exceptional men--Wilbur Wright, Orville Wright, and Paul Laurence Dunbar--and their work in the Miami Valley. Paul Laurence Dunbar achieved national and international acclaim in a literary world that was almost exclusively reserved for whites. This gifted and prolific writer produced a body of work that included novels, plays, short stories, lyrics, and over 400 published poems. His work, which reflected much of the African American experience in America, contributed to a growing social consciousness and cultural identity for African Americans in the United States. Constructed between 1912 and 1915 by a commission of nine states and the federal government, Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's Victory & International Peace Memorial was built to commemorate the American naval victory over the British at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. African American soldiers played a pivotal role in the victory. Hopewell Furnace (1771-1883) builder Mark Bird was a slave owner along with most ironmasters in the 18th century. His enslaved laborers worked at Bird's forges in Birdsboro and are said to have dug Hopewell's original headrace. After the Pennsylvania Assembly passed an act ordering gradual emancipation in 1780, African Americans continued to work at Hopewell Furnace as paid employees. Beginning in 1835, the remote forests around Hopewell Furnace figured prominently in the Underground Railroad. Escaped freedomseekers came across the hills near Hopewell Furnace to stop at the home of Elizabeth Scarlett and her son Joseph, the Quaker owners of Scarlett's Mill. A community founded by escaped African Americans grew up in the valley of Six Penny Creek, close to Hopewell Furnace, the Joanna Furnace, and forges in Birdsboro. Many earned their living in the iron industry as woodcutters, colliers, and teamsters. Some became landowners. In 1856, the African American community at Six Penny Creek established an African Methodist Episcopal Church on land owned by the Cole family. The church served as an Underground Railroad station and is the site of the oldest known African American cemetery in Berks County. Part of Stones River National Battlefield, the National Cemetery was established in 1865 and has more than 6,000 Union graves, 186 of which were African American soldiers from the United States Colored Troops units.

After the Civil War, 10th Calvary Troops and Seminole-Negro Indian Scouts were garrisoned at several forts within the Amistad National Recreation area from 1867 through the early 1880s. African American workers also helped construct the Devils River portion of the transcontinental railroad that ran through the Amistad area. Some interpretation of this history is offered.

DESIGNATED

Johnson HouseSept. 28, 1990; Natchez NHPOct. 2, 1988

Jul. 14, 1943

Mar. 19, 1936

Oct. 16, 1992

Jun. 2, 1936

Hopewell Furnace NHS- Sept. 19, 1985; Hopewell Village NHS- Aug. 3, 1938

NMP-Mar. 3, 1927; NB-Apr. 22, 1960; NR-Oct. 15, 1966.

Nov. 28, 1990


STATE

NAME Fort Davis National Historic Site

U.S. Virgin Islands

Virginia

Virgin Islands National Park

LOCATION 101 Lt. Henry Flipper Drive, Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas

1300 Cruz Bay Creek, St. John, Virgin Islands

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Exploration/SettlementWestward Expansion; Military; Social HistoryWestward Expansion, Civil War, Abolitionism

Exploration/ Settlementcolonial US Virgin Islands, Caribbean; Social HistoryDutch-colonial Slavery

95 miles west of Richmond, Appomattox, Appomattox County, Virginia

Military; Social History-Civil War

Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial

George Washington Memorial Parkway, Turkey Run Park, Arlington County, Virginia 12130 Booker T. Washington Highway, Hardy, Franklin County, Virginia Colonial Jamestown, James City County, and Yorktown, York County, Virginia 600 North 2nd Street, Richmond, Richmond County, Virginia

Significant Person-Robert E. Lee; Social HistoryAntebellum Plantation Slavery

Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Virginia

Military; Social History-Civil War

51

Appomattox Court House National Historical Park

Booker T. Washington National Monument

Colonial National Historical Park

Maggie L Walker National Historic Site

Petersburg National Battlefield

Richmond National Battlefield Park

Richmond, Richmond County, Virginia

Significant Person-Booker T. Washington; Social History-Antebellum Plantation Slavery Exploration/ Settlement; Military; Social HistoryColonial America, Revolutionary War Commerce; Economics; Industry; Significant PersonMaggie L. Walker

Military; Social HistorySecession, Civil War

HISTORIC CONTEXT Fort Davis is a representative site in the history of African Americans in the West and in the frontier military. The 24th and 25th U.S. Infantry and the 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry, all-black regiments established after the Civil War, were stationed at the post from 1870s. During the 1870s and 1880s, the U.S. Army unit of SeminoleNegro Indian Scouts also garrisoned here and at Big Bend National Park, although they primarily operated out of Fort Clark and Fort Duncan, Texas. The U.S. Army disbanded the scouts in the summer of 1914. At the same time, the scouts were ordered to leave their settlement on Las Mores Creek and the grounds of Fort Clark, Texas. Without jobs or a place to go, they purchased a small piece of land and settled near Fort Clark. African American history interpretation at Annaberg Sugar Plantation ruins illustrates the story of sugar production and the associated slave trade and slavery during the period of European economic expansion in the West Indies. In addition, the interpretation describes and offers interactive demonstrations of what former enslaved people did to survive during the 100 years following emancipation. On April 9, 1865, the site of General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army marks the end of the Civil War. Some African American historical interpretation is provided of the 24th and 25th Regiments of U.S. Colored Troops role in the final defeat of Lee's forces, capturing Lee's badly needed supplies and leveling a crushing blow to the morale of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Arlington House was the home of Robert E. Lee and his family for thirty years. Arlington House, with its associated slave quarters and gardens, are now preserved as a memorial to Robert E. Lee.

On April 5, 1856, civil rights activist and educator Booker T. Washington was born into enslavement on this 207-acre tobacco farm.

The colonial history, including the role of African Americans, is interpreted at historic Jamestown and the Yorktown Battlefield, the final major battle of the American Revolutionary War in 1781. Containing the Maggie L. Walker House NHL, the Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site commemorates the life of a progressive and talented African American woman. Despite many adversities, she achieved success in the world of business and finance as the first woman in the United States to charter and serve as president of a bank. Petersburg, Virginia, became the setting for the longest siege in American history when General Ulysses S. Grant failed to capture Richmond in the spring of 1864. Grant settled in to subdue the Confederacy by surrounding Petersburg and cutting off General Robert E. Lee's supply lines into Petersburg and Richmond. On April 2, 1865, nine-and-one-half months after the siege began, Lee evacuated Petersburg. The U.S. Colored Troops were instrumental in the success of the city’s capture. Richmond was at the heart of the Civil War as the industrial and political capital of the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865. The U.S. Colored Troops were instrumental in the success of the city’s capture, which led to Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Old Appomattox Courthouse.

DESIGNATED

May 14, 1905

Aug. 2, 1956

NHP- Apr. 15, 1954; NHM- Aug. 13, 1935; U.S. War Department Battlefield Site- Jun. 18, 1930

Mar. 4, 1925

Apr. 2, 1956

NHP- Jun. 5, 1936; NM- Jul. 3, 1930

Nov. 10, 1978

NB- Aug. 24, 1962; NMP- Jul. 3, 1926

Mar. 2, 1936

APPENDIX D--NPS UNITS STATE

NAME Harpers Ferry National Historical Park

52

West Virginia

LOCATION Potomac and Shenandoah rivers in the states of West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland; Harpers Ferry, West Virginia

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Military; Social HistoryAbolitionism, Civil Rights; Politics/ Government

HISTORIC CONTEXT This park was the site of John Brown's attack on slavery, the largest surrender of Federal troops during the Civil War, and the education of former slaves in one of the earliest integrated schools in the United States. Harper’s Ferry was also the location of the Niagara Movement's second meeting in 1906; it was the organization’s first meeting on American soil. The Niagara Movement, founded by W. E. B. DuBois and other intellectuals, argued for direct action rather than th conciliation in gaining African American civil rights in the early 20 century. The Niagara Movement eventually led to the 1908 founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

DESIGNATED

NHP- May 29, 1963; NM- Jun. 30, 1944

APPENDIX E RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXISTING NHLS The following NHLs do not note "Ethnic Heritage-Black" as an area of significance category, nor is African American history described in the current NHL documentation; however, recent scholarship has indicated an important association with nationally significant African American history. As a result, NHLs listed here are recommended for further research on their association with nationally significant African American history and for possible revision of existing documentation to reflect this additional historical significance. STATE

NAME Sloss Blast Furnaces

Alabama Leland Stanford House California

John Dickinson House Delaware

Corbit-Sharp House

53 District of Columbia

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Building American Peace Society

City Hall/DC Courthouse Constitution Hall Decatur House

Georgetown Historic District

St. Elizabeth's Hospital

LOCATION Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama

800 N Street, Sacramento, Sacramento County, California

5 miles SE of Dover, .3 mile E of U.S. 113 on Kitts Hummock Road Kent County, Delaware

109 Main Street, Odessa, New Castle County, Delaware

901 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 734 Jackson Place, NW, Washington, DC

4th and E Streets, NW, Washington, DC 311 Eighteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 748 Jackson Place, NW, Washington, DC Roughly bounded by Whitehaven Street, Rock Creek Park, Potomac River, and Georgetown University, Washington, DC 2700 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, SE, Washington, DC

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Industry; Politics/ Government

Exploration/ SettlementCalifornia; Significant Person-Leland Stanford; Social History-Civil Rights

HISTORIC CONTEXT Further study could be conducted to document the furnaces’ association with advances made in African American labor in the 1930s by the Congress of Industrial Organizations in its efforts to gain democracy for workers of all races. In 1850, despite California’s status as a nominally “free” state, approximately 1,000 blacks were enslaved. Most of these bondspeople were brought to the state from other slaveholding states. Leland Stanford, before his tenor as the state’s first Republican Governor from 1861 to 1863, was an influential political and financial supporter of abolition and civil rights in California’s territorial and early state history. As a framer of the U.S. Constitution, John Dickinson's ideas about slavery and freedom influenced the final document that became the basis for the nation’s federal government. As the seat of Dickinson's Kent County land holdings, Dickinson Plantation provides an opportunity for visitors to explore the issues of chattel slavery, manumission, and race relations as practiced by an influential member of the Constitutional Convention of 1781. This property should be evaluated for its association with the Underground Railroad. Along with other collaborative evidence about the history of the family and the willingness of the patriarch, Daniel Corbit, to assist those escaping bondage, a story survives as told by his daughter in 1916 that details the place in the house where a freedom seeker was hidden in the house. The union originally prohibited women, African Americans, and other racial minorities from joining the union. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance. The American Peace Society was a pacifist group founded upon the initiative of William Ladd, in New York City, May 8, 1828. It was formed by the merging of many state and local societies, from New York, Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, of which the oldest, the New York Peace Society, dated from 1815. It was the first nationally-based, secular peace organization in the United States. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance because of the surviving slave quarters to the rear of the house. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance.

DESIGNATED

May 29, 1981

May 28, 1987

Jan. 20, 1961

Dec. 24, 1967

May 30, 1974

May 30, 1974

Dec. 19, 1960 Sept.16, 1985 Dec. 19, 1960

May 28, 1967

The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance.

Dec. 14, 1990

STATE

APPENDIX E--EXISTING NHLs

NAME

LOCATION

Theodore Roosevelt Island National Memorial

North of Memorial Bridge, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Washington, DC 1644 31st Street, NW, Washington, DC Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 8th and M Streets, SE, Washington, DC Metropolitan Avenue, off US Hwy73/KS Hwy 7, Fort Leavenworth, Fort Leavenworth county, Kansas 44300 Sotterley Lane, Hollywood, St. Mary's County, Maryland

Tudor Place United States Capitol Washington Navy Shipyard Ft. Leavenworth Kansas Sotterley Maryland

535 Hampton Lane, Towson, Baltimore County, Maryland

Wye House

Seven miles northwest of Easton, Talbot County, Maryland

54

Hampton National Historic Site

African Meeting House and Florence Higginbotham House

29 and 27 York Street, (respectively), Nantucket, Nantucket County, Massachusetts

Massachusetts

Beacon Hill Historic District

Bunker Hill Monument

Faneuil Hall

Bounded by Beacon Street, the Charles River Embankment, and Pinckney, Revere, and Hancock Streets, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts Monument Avenue, Charlestown, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts Boston, Sulfolk County, Massachusetts


HISTORIC CONTEXT

DESIGNATED

A site within the George Washington Memorial Parkway, the existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance.

Military; Settlement/ Exploration

Ethnic Heritage - Black

The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance. The existing documentation needs additional information on the fort’s th associations with the history of the 10 Calvary (Buffalo Soldiers), one of four African American regular army units, which was organized on Sept. 21, 1866, at Fort Leavenworth and garrisoned there from 1931 to 1940. Designated a NHL in 2000 for its significance in the areas of architecture and landscape architecture, Sotterley presents an exceptionally intact Tidewater plantation landscape. The property also represents important African American history through its surviving log slave quarter, one of between five and seven which originally formed a row below the main house. Like Sotterley, Hampton retains significant buildings, landscape features, and archeological resources associated with African American history. The recent National Register documentation includes an extensive discussion of the property's significance in the area of "Ethnic Heritage – Black." Wye House is significant in African American history for its association with Frederick Douglass, who spent his childhood on the property and referred to his experiences there in his autobiography. Archeological investigations were recently undertaken in an effort to better understand the African American experience at Wye House. The following articles may be of interest: http://www.stardem.com/printarticle.asp?article=19011 http://www.hstc.org/frederickdouglass.htm Both houses are contributing resources in the Nantucket Historic District NHL. The properties' existing NHL documentation should be revised to include its associations with African American history. Recent evidence reveals that the house was built after the property was purchased by Seneca Boston, an African American, on September 13, 1774. Boston was a weaver and formerly enslaved man who purchased the land a decade before slavery was abolished in Massachusetts. Absalom Boston, the wellknown Nantucket whaling captain, was one of the six children of Seneca Boston and his wife, Thankful Micah, a Wampanoag Indian who all lived in the house. Except for a period of less than one year, the property was owned by African Americans for the next two centuries. The property's existing NHL documentation should be revised to include its associations with African American history in the North Slope neighborhood.

Dec. 19, 1960 Dec. 19, 1960 May 11, 1976

Dec. 19, 1960

Feb.16, 2000

Oct. 15, 1966

Apr. 15, 1970

Nov. 13, 1966

Dec. 19, 1962 NHL Program: Additional documentation on the district’s association with African American history was accepted by the Secretary of the Interior and NHL documentation was amended on April 4, 2007. A contributing resource in the Boston National Historical Park, the monuments existing documentation should be revised to recognize the role of "patriots of color" in the Battle of Bunker Hill. See the special history study, Patriots of Color, by George Quintal for further details. Faneuil Hall is a contributing resource in the Boston National Historical Park. NHP staff recommends revision to the existing documentation to recognize the role of as a place for abolitionist meetings.

Jan. 20, 1961.

Oct. 9, 1960.

STATE

NAME Gore Place


Old State House (Second Town House)

Old South Meeting House

LOCATION 52 Gore Street, Waltham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts

Intersection of Washington and State Streets, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts 310 Washington Street, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

United Universalist Association (UUA) Headquarters

25 Beacon Street, Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

USS Constitution

Boston, Sulfolk County, Massachusetts

Arrow Rock

County Highway H north of I70, Saline County, Missouri

55

Missouri

Eads Bridge

Mark Twain's Boyhood Home

Missouri Botanical Garden (MBG)

Ste. Genevieve Historic District

White Haven

AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE Education; Industry; Literature

Spanning Mississippi River at Washington Street, St. Louis, St. Louis County, Missouri to East St. Louis, St. Clair County, Illinois 120 North Main Street, Hannibal, Marion County, Missouri 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, St. Louis County, Missouri

West bank of the Mississippi River, 1 hour south of St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri 7400 Grantwood, Grantwood Village, St. Louis County, Missouri

Architecture; Commerce; Exploration/Settlement; Transportation.

HISTORIC CONTEXT Gore Place was designated for its association with signer of the Constitution, U.S. Senator, and Governor of Massachusetts Christopher Gore. African American Robert Roberts, the Gore family butler, wrote The House Servant's Directory, which is one of the few guidebooks in the world written by a domestic worker for other domestic workers. The NHL documentation needs additional documentation to amplify this association with African American labor history. Old State House’s existing NHL documentation should be revised to include its associations with African American Crispus Attucks, the first person killed during the American Revolution. Old South Meeting House is a contributing resource in the Boston National Historical Park. NHP staff recommends revision to the existing documentation to recognize its association with prominent individuals such as Phyllis Wheatley and as a location for abolitionist meetings. A contributing resource in the Beacon Hill Historic District NHL, the Headquarters became the central place for the UUA's early civil rights work. Existing documentation should be revised to include its association with African American history. The USS Constitution is a contributing resource in the Boston National Historical Park. NHP staff recommends revision to the existing documentation to recognize the role of African American sailors onboard the ship, particularly during the War of 1812, and the employment of USS Constitution as a part of the naval effort to suppress the Atlantic Slave Trade. th First noted by 18 -century French explorers, and later, by Lewis and Clark in 1804, the town of Arrow Rock is situated at a Missouri River crossing and was founded in 1829. After the Civil War, the town fell into decline but included a substantial African American community (nearly half the population). Archeologists have been investigating several African American sites in Arrow Rock for the past decade. Eads Bridge was a major escape route for African Americans fleeing the East St. Louis race riots of 1917. The property's existing NHL documentation should be revised to include its associations with African American history. The home is the location where Twain encountered slavery first hand within his family and which became the basis of his social commentary on the American slave system in the seminal American novels, The Adventures of Mark Twain and Huckleberry Finn. At least three people enslaved by Henry Shaw, owner of this historic garden, escaped from the Tower Grove House, which formed the center of the historic garden. Receipts for the recapture and sale of Esther down river to Vicksburg in the MBG Archives were part of the documentation for a site on St. Louis's north riverfront. This St. Louis site was the first Missouri property to be listed in the NPS National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. The NHL needs additional documentation to amplify its African American historical significance. The District includes well-preserved residences of African and French Americans from French colonial period. The NHL needs additional documentation to amplify its African American historical significance. The SHPO recommends revision to the documentation to recognize the history of former President Ulysses S. Grant's life as a slave owner and the lives of his enslaved laborers. During the years 1854 to 1859, Grant lived here with his wife, Julia, and their children, managing the farm for his father-in-law, Colonel Dent. By the 1850s, eighteen enslaved persons lived and worked at White Haven.

DESIGNATED

Dec. 30, 1970

Oct. 15, 1966

Oct. 9, 1960.

Dec. 19, 1962

Oct. 09, 1960.

May 23, 1963. NR--October 15, 1966.

Jan 29, 1964

Dec. 29, 1962

Dec. 8, 1976

Oct. 9, 1960

Jun. 23, 1986

STATE

NAME

LOCATION


Zuni-Cibola Complex

Address Restricted, Zuni, Cibola County, New Mexico

Market House

Intersection of Green, Gillespie, Person, and Hay Streets, Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina Bounded by the Beaufort River, Bladen, Hamar, and Boundary Streets, Beaufort, Beaufort County, South Carolina

New Mexico

North Carolina

Beaufort Historic District

South Carolina

Snee Farm

Denmark Vesey House

56

Jenkins Orphanage/Old Marine Hospital

Fort Davis National Historic Site


This property includes four archeological sites where people of African decent were essential to the Spanish colonization effort of the Mogollon, Zuni, and Anasazi native peoples in what would become the southwestern United States. Hawikuh, one of the four sites, is designated as a NHL. Ethnic-Black; Social History-Slavery, Antebellum South

The Fayetteville Market House, already designated as a NHL for its architectural significance, might also qualify for its associations with African American history as the site of large, regional slave sales.

Ethnic-Black

The town, while heavily populated by enslaved laborers during its developmental years, represents the majority architecture more than cultural or historical associations. Its uniqueness is its governance and demographics during the Reconstruction era (1865-1895) as newly freed and enfranchised African Americans participated in state and national politics. Existing documentation should be amended to include the district’s association with African American history during this period. The correlation to African American history is under investigation. There may be other plantations that offer more in the way of revealing information about African American life during the Colonial and Antebellum periods.

About 6 miles west of Mount Pleasant off US Route 17, Charleston County, South Carolina 56 Bull Street, Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina

20 Franklin Street, Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina.

Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas

Since its designation in 1976, further research indicates that it is impossible to determine if that is the correct address as well as structure where Vesey would have lived. Architectural historians question the house’s actual age. SC SHPO recommends de-designation of this NHL.

Ethnic-Black

Military; Exploration/ Settlement- Western Texas

Texas

Tredegar Iron Works Virginia

3215 E. Broad Street, Richmond, Richmond County, Virginia

HISTORIC CONTEXT

Industry, Social HistoryAntebellum South, Industrial Slavery

NHL Program: Further documentation is needed to substantiate if dedesignation of the Demark Vesey House is warranted. In 1973, the Old Marine Hospital was designated a NHL as an outstanding example of the architectural work of Robert Mills. This building, which was designed by Mills, was constructed in 1833 for the care of sick and disabled seamen. After the Civil War, it became a school for African American children. From 1895 to 1939, the building was the home of Jenkins Orphanage, established by Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins for African American children who were orphans or had poor or disabled parents. Enrollment at the orphanage grew to include over 500 children. In addition to this building, the orphanage included a 100-acre farm, a print shop, and a shoe repair shop. The Jenkins Orphanage Band, wearing uniforms discarded by the Citadel, performed throughout the country and in England raising money to support the orphanage. The Texas Historical Commission recommends revision to include the history of Fort Davis being rebuilt and occupied in the post-Civil War period (1867-75) by four companies of the 9th Calvary Buffalo Soldiers, one of four African American army units. On June 29, 1867 four companies of the Ninth, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Wesley Merritt, reoccupied the abandoned post at Fort Davis. During the years spent at Fort Davis, the regiment helped build the post into one of the largest in the state. Companies of the Twenty-fifth arrived at Fort Davis in July 1870 and served at the post until July 1880. One of their most important tasks involved construction of ninety-one and one-half miles of telegraph line from Fort Davis to Eagle Springs (near present-day Sierra Blanca, Texas). The line served as the vital communications link used by Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson, Tenth U. S. Cavalry, during the Victorio Campaign. The Tredegar Iron Works is instructive about industrial slavery in the United States as the majority of its workers were enslaved for a period of its operation. Designated a NHL in 1977 for industry but not for Ethnic Heritage-Black, African American historical significance is a needed addition to the property’s existing documentation.

DESIGNATED Hawikuh, Oct. 15, 1966. Zuni-Cibola Historic District, Dec. 2, 1974.

Nov. 7, 2003

Nov. 7, 1973

November 7, 1973

May 11, 1976

Nov. 7, 1973

October 15, 1966

Dec. 22, 1977

APPENDIX F SAMPLE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POTENTIAL NHLS The following properties were recommended by NPS regional offices, State Historic Preservation Offices, other government agencies, private preservation organizations, and other interested parties for further research and possible NHL nomination. Some recommended properties are currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places, although most are not. Direct quotes from the recommending office are contained within quotation marks; paraphrased comments are labeled but are not contained in quotation marks. Alternate or more commonly-known property names are indicated in parentheses. STATE

NAME Greyhound Bus Stations

LOCATION Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama; and Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE The Birmingham bus station is the where the 1961 Freedom Riders were arrested and escorted to the Tennessee border by Police Commissioner--and later, Governor--Eugene “Bull” Connor on May 17. Riders found passage back into the city to the Bethel Baptist Church. From the Church, they were escorted by highway patrol arranged by the Kennedy Administration to the Montgomery city th limits on May 20 . th

Alabama

DESIGNATION STATUS GSA is in the process of nominating this property to the NR at the national level.

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Alabama Historical Commission 468 South Perry Street P. O. Box 300900 Montgomery, AL 36130 334-230-2690 334-240-3477 fax http://www.preserveala.org

CONTACT PERSON Col. John Neubauer, Ext. Director and SHPO

th

The Montgomery bus station is the site of the May 20 and 24 arrest of the 1961 Freedom Riders by Commissioner--and later, Governor--Eugene “Bull” Connor, in a second attempt to stop the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Congress for Racial Equality from challenging Southern racial segregation laws on public accommodations.

57

NHL Program: Further research warranted to determine the Montgomery property’s level of integrity. This bridge was the site of the March 1965 ("Bloody Sunday") where peaceful protesters marching to obtain voting rights were beaten by white police officers. Outrage from this event, which was televised throughout the nation, and several subsequent civil rights marches led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Edmund Pettus Bridge

Selma, Dallas County, Alabama

California

Site of the first Black Panther Party for Self Defense Headquarters

56 Street and MLK Way, Oakland, Alameda County, California

This property was the first headquarters of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, founded by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton on Oct. 22, 1966. Before moving to this building in January 1967, BPP th was located in Bobby Seale’s home at 809 57 Street, two blocks away.

Colorado

Manzanola

41 Miles E. of Pueblo, Otero County, Colorado

Manzanola was an African American settlement founded during the 1880s and 1890s.

City of Dearfield

Along CO State Route 34, eleven miles west of Wiggins, Dearfield, Weld County, Colorado

Dearfield was an African American settlement founded by Oliver T. Jackson, a man who desired to create a colony for African Americans during the early 1900s. It existed until the early 1940s. In 1910, Jackson filed on a 320-acre homestead that would later become the town and began to advertise for "colonists."

th

Contributing Structure in the Selma to Montgomery NHT, November 1996

NR—Aug. 4, 1995

Alabama Historical Commission 468 South Perry Street P. O. Box 300900 Montgomery, AL 36130 334-230-2690 334-240-3477 fax http://www.preserveala.org California State Historical Resources Commission, California Office of Historic Preservation P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296 916-653-6624 916-653-9824 fax http://[email protected] Intermountain Region NHL Office P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 303-969-2844 303-987-6675 fax http://www.nps.gov Intermountain Region NHL Office P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 303-969-2844 303-987-6675 fax http://www.nps.gov

Col. John Neubauer, Ext. Director and SHPO

Rick Moss, Chair Cultural Properties Diversity Committee

John Paige, Historian

John Paige, Historian

APPENDIX F--POTENTIAL NHLs

STATE Connecticut

NAME Paul Robeson House

Marian Anderson House

LOCATION 1221 Enfield Street, Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut

46 Joe's Hill Road, Danbury, Fairfield, Connecticut

58 District of Columbia

Barnett Aden Gallery

127 Randolph Place, NW, Washington, DC

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE SHPO Comment: "Paul Robeson was an All-American football player, a Phi Beta Kappa scholarship student at Rutgers University, and a graduate of the Columbia University Law School. An African American of extraordinary artistic gifts, he later became an internationally known actor and singer, and he was an activist in civil rights causes. Robeson purchased this house during the height of his popularity and used it to entertain his guests. His family owned it from March 1940 until December 1953. Robeson's refusal to remain silent about racism in the United States, along with his ardent desire for full human justice, resulted in his being ostracized by American society. He was barred from appearing at concert halls, had his passport revoked, and saw his name removed from the football records he had established. He spent the last 15 years of his life in exile abroad or as a recluse in Philadelphia, dying in January 1976. In 1995, Robeson was posthumously inducted into the National Football Foundation's College Football Hall of Fame. The house is privately owned and is not open to the public. It is included in the Enfield National Register Historic District." SHPO Comment: "Marian Anderson was born in Philadelphia in 1902 and as a young woman was noted for her singing ability. Finding few opportunities to perform in the United States, she won recognition in Europe. After her return to America, she sang in concerts in New York City and at the White House. When she was denied permission to sing at Washington, D.C.'s Constitution Hall [by the Daughters of the American Revolution] in 1939, the government arranged for her to perform at the Lincoln Memorial before some 75,000 listeners. A year later she purchased her home in Danbury, known as ‘Marianna Farms,’ where she and her husband raised livestock. She lived here for some 50 years. Near the house is a small building that she used as her rehearsal studio. Named delegate to the United Nations in 1958, Anderson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963. She retired from concert performances in 1964, but continued to be active in various issues and causes. Her autobiography, My Lord, What a Morning, was published in 1956. The property is privately owned." SHPO Comment: The Barnett Aden Gallery, the first privatelyowned black gallery in the United States and one of Washington, DC's principal art galleries, was founded in 1943 by James Vernon Herring (1897-1969) and Alonzo Aden (1906-1961). Herring was chair of Howard University's Department of Art and Aden was curator of the Howard University Gallery of Art. The Barnett Aden Gallery was central to the development and support of local and national artists and featured, among others, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Alma Thomas, and Charles White. Aden and Herring were influenced by Alain Locke, whose 1925 The New Negro explored intellectual and philosophical approaches to art. It was one of the few art spaces in the city in which artists representing different nationalities, races, and ethnicities were exhibited together. Noted for its afternoon art openings, the Barnett Aden Gallery became an important social gathering place. The gallery experienced its heyday in the 1940s and slowly began to decline in the late 1950s. After Herring's death in 1969, the gallery closed. In 1998, the collection was sold to Robert L. Johnson and the more than 250 piece collection is now part of Johnson's Black Entertainment Television (BET) art collection.

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Aug.10, 1979 Contributing building in the Enfield Historic District.

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Connecticut Commission on Culture & Tourism One Constitution Plaza, 2nd Floor Hartford, CT 06103 860-256-2800 860-256-2811 fax http://www.cultureandtourism.or g

CONTACT PERSON Cora Murray, Minority and Women's History Coordinator Karen Denich, Deputy SHPO

Connecticut Commission on Culture & Tourism One Constitution Plaza, 2nd Floor Hartford, CT 06103 860-256-2800 860-256-2811 fax http://www.cultureandtourism.or g

Cora Murray, Minority and Women's History Coordinator

DC Office of Planning, Historic Preservation Office 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Third Floor Washington, D.C. 20002 202-442-8800 202-741-5246 fax http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s ite/default.asp

Patsy Fletcher, Community Outreach Coordinator

Karen Denich, Deputy SHPO

STATE

NAME

LOCATION


1222 Kearney Street, NE, Washington, DC

Ralph J. Bunche Residence

1510 Jackson Street, NE, Washington, DC

Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., Residence

1721 S Street, NW, Washington, DC

59

Sterling A. Brown Residence

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE SHPO Comment: Sterling Brown (1901-1989) was a central figure of the New Negro Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s and the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. His writings include Southern Road (1932), The Negro in American Fiction (1937), and Negro Poetry and Drama (1937). Brown also wrote a general essay on the black community for the WPA guide, Washington: City and Capital, published in 1937. He edited Negro Caravan, a groundbreaking 1941 anthology. Brown's poetry, prose, literary criticism, and tenure as a professor in the English Department at Howard University are testaments to his life-long commitment to the city. In 1984, he was named the city's first poet laureate. He graduated from Dunbar High School and Williams College and later received an M.A. in English from Harvard University. He remained at Howard for 40 years, mentoring countless students. SHPO Comments: Ralph J. Bunche (1904-1971) was the first African American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. The 1950 prize honored his efforts as a United Nations mediator between the Arab States and Israel in 1949. Bunche enjoyed a long career in U.S. foreign affairs, with distinguished service to the United Nations from 1946 until 1970. During World War II he served as an Africa specialist in the State Department. After the war, he played a pivotal role in the development of the United Nations and the drafting of the UN charter. He received the Medal of Freedom in 1963 from President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1967, he became Undersecretary General of the United Nations. After receiving a Ph.D. from Harvard University, he moved to Washington, where he founded Howard University's Department of Political Science in 1928 and served as its first chair. In 1935, during a production of Porgy and Bess, he helped organize a protest against the white-owned National Theatre's policy of excluding African American audiences. The protest resulted in a short-lived change in the theater's policy. The Bunche family lived here until 1947. The house was placed on the DC Inventory of Historic Sites in 1975 and in the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. SHPO Comment: Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. (1877-1970) was the first black general in the U.S. Armed Forces. Davis worked in a number of positions for the armed forces over a span of 50 years before retiring in 1948, the same year that President Truman issued Executive Order 9981 barring segregation in the armed forces. He received the Bronze Star Medal and the Distinguished Service Medal in recognition of his service as an inspector of troop units in the field and as special War Department consultant on matters pertaining to African American troops. He moved to this house in 1948. Davis Sr.’s son--Lt. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. (1912-2002)-stands out as the nation's second African American general and the U.S. Air Force's first African American general. He was also a commander of the Tuskegee Airmen, which formed the core of the U.S. Army's all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron during World War II. Under Davis, the squadron's 332d Fighter Group flew more than 15,000 sorties against the Luftwaffe, shot down 111 enemy aircraft, destroyed another 150 on the ground, and lost only 66 of their own aircraft. Davis, Jr. retired in 1970 and later served as Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs under President Richard Nixon.

DESIGNATION STATUS

RECOMMENDING OFFICE DC Office of Planning, Historic Preservation Office 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Third Floor Washington, D.C. 20002 202-442-8800 202-741-5246 fax http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s ite/default.asp

NR--Sept. 30, 1993

CONTACT PERSON Patsy Fletcher, Community Outreach Coordinator






STATE

NAME

LOCATION

Edward “Duke” Ellington Residences

1805 and 1816 13th Street, NW, Washington, DC

Charles Manuel “Sweet Daddy” Grace Residence

11 Logan Circle, NW, Washington, DC

60 Charles Hamilton Houston Residence

1744 S Street, NW, Washington, DC

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE SHPO Comment: Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899-1974), the internationally renowned composer and musician, spent his teenage years at 1805 13th Street (1910-1914) and then at 1816 13th Street (1915-1917). Ellington began playing the piano around age seven but began his professional career during his teenage years. In fact, Ellington left Armstrong High School in order to devote more time to the piano. One of Ellington's first public concerts was held at the True Reformer Building, 1200 U Street, NW. Ellington formed “the Duke's Serenaders” band here before moving to New York in 1923. Throughout his 50-year career, Ellington returned often to Washington to perform. He frequently stayed at the Whitelaw Hotel, a black-owned apartment hotel that opened in 1919 on the same block as his teenage homes. SHPO Comment: Charles M. “Sweet Daddy” Grace (ca. 1882-1960) incorporated the United House of Prayer for All People, Church on the Rock of the Apostolic Faith, in 1927 with national headquarters in Washington at 1117 Seventh Street, NW.” Grace, born Marcelino Manuel da Graca on January 25, 1884 on the Cape Verde Islands, built his first chapel in 1926 in West Wareham, Massachusetts. He permanently settled in Washington, DC in 1929 and opened one of the first United House of Prayer churches, located at 601 M Street, NW. During the 1950s, he lived here at 11 Logan Circle, NW. With 3.5 million members, the UHPFAP is currently the largest Pentecostal Holiness denomination in the world. SHPO Comment: Charles Hamilton Houston (1895-1950), Thurgood Marshall, and other lawyers successfully formulated the legal argument for the groundbreaking 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case, in which the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously decreed racially segregated education to be unconstitutional. Graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Amherst College, Houston taught English at Howard University until 1916. From 1917 to 1919, he served as second lieutenant in France during World War I. He graduated cum laude from Harvard University Law School in 1922 and later received the Doctor of Juridical Science at Harvard. He joined the faculty at Howard University Law School in 1924 and was appointed Vice Dean of Howard University Law School in 1929. Houston transformed the law school from a part-time night school to an accredited full-time program. By the 1930s, Howard University had become a center for reform-minded, activist lawyers. It was at Howard University that Houston and his colleagues developed the legal strategies for challenging American institutional racism through the federal courts. In 1935, Houston joined the NAACP as special legal counsel. Although Houston died in 1950, he had been the first attorney for the local school desegregation case that became Bolling v. Sharpe--a component of Brown v. Board of Education--and had laid the groundwork for the winning legal arguments in Brown and a host of other desegregation victories.

DESIGNATION STATUS

RECOMMENDING OFFICE DC Office of Planning, Historic Preservation Office 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Third Floor Washington, D.C. 20002 202-442-8800 202-741-5246 fax http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s ite/default.asp







STATE

NAME Jones-Haywood School of Ballet

LOCATION 1200 Delafield Place, NW, Washington, DC

5321 First Place, NE, Washington, DC

Kingsley Plantation

Plantation located on Fort George Inlet, south of Amelia Island, Nassau County, Florida

61

WOOK-TV Building

Florida

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE

DESIGNATION STATUS


SHPO Comment: "In 1961 (Doris W.) Jones and (Claire Helen) Haywood established the Capitol Ballet Company, a multiracial performing company, as an extension of their school. For its first 20 years, the company was the nation's first professional ballet troupe of predominantly African American dancers. The Capitol Ballet Company… is still in operation.” The dancers trained at the school include Sylvester Campbell, Premier Danseur of the Royal Netherlands Ballet Company; Elizabeth Walton, Paul Taylor Dance Company; and Hope Clark, Donald McKayle Dance Company. The Company also collaborated with such renowned dancers as Carmen de Lavallade and James Truitte….Chita Rivera, who created the role of Anita in West Side Story on Broadway, studied at the school until she was 16. Louis Johnson, choreographer for Purlie and the movie version of The Wiz, was also a student. Sandra Fortune, who began her dance training at the school at the age of 10 and became prima ballerina of the Capitol Ballet Company, became the first black woman to compete in the International Ballet Competition in 1973. SHPO Comment: "When it began broadcasting in 1963, WOOK-TV was the first ‘all-Negro’ television station in the nation. Viewers remember fondly its Teenarama Dance Party, the city's first black teen dance show. Hosted by Bob King, the show featured 50 to 60 teenagers daily and aired from 5 to 6 pm, six days a week. It had a ‘teen board of directors’ that made the rules and selected the records. The show, seen from 1963 until 1970, featured hand dancing, DC's unique form of swing. Renowned performers in town for shows at the Howard Theatre often dropped by: the Temptations, Marvelettes, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, Marvin Gaye, James Brown, and many others. The station had financial difficulties and finally shut down in 1972. Richard Eaton, the station's founder, also founded WOOK-Radio in 1947 as the nation's first ‘Negro-oriented’ radio station featuring rhythm 'n' blues. Teenarama Dance Party began as a music show on WOOK radio." SHPO Comment: "for its association with the Gullah-Geechee people." Kingsley Plantation, which consists of the plantation house, a kitchen house, a barn, and the ruins of 25 of the original slave cabins, is a contributing resource in the National Park Service's Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. The Kingsley Plantation was named for original plantation owner, Zephaniah Kingsley, who operated the property from 1813-1839. Kingsley operated under a "task" system, which allowed slaves to work at a craft or tend their own gardens once the specified task for the day was completed. Proceeds from the sale of produce or craft items were usually kept by the slaves. Purchased by Kingsley as an enslaved person, Anna Madgigine Jai became Kingsley's wife and was freed in 1811. She was active in plantation management, a slave owner, a mother of four, and became a successful business woman owning her own property. As an American territory, Florida passed laws that discriminated against free blacks and placed harsh restrictions on African slaves. This prompted Kingsley to move his family to Haiti, now the Dominican Republic, where descendants of Anna and Zephaniah live today.

RECOMMENDING OFFICE

NP--Feb. 16, 1988




Bureau of Historic Preservation, FL Dept. of State R.A. Gray Building 500 South Bronough Street Tallahassee, FL 32399 850-245-6333 800-847-7278 850-245-6437 fax http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s ite/default.asp

Barbara E. Mattick, Deputy SHPO


STATE

62

Georgia

NAME

LOCATION


Norman Film Studios

East of University Boulevard, Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida

Atlanta University Center Historic District

Roughly bounded by transit right-ofway, Northside Drive, Walnut, Fair, Roach, W, End Drive, Euralee and Chestnut Streets, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia

SHPO Comment: Norman Film Studios, although "not yet nominated for listing in the National Register, has been identified as a potential NHL. In the 1920s, Richard E. Norman (1891-1960), a white filmmaker and distributor of silent films, produced a number of works using all African-American casts and crews. This was during the era of a rising racism, including the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, fomented by D.W. Griffith’s extremely racist film, ‘The Birth of a Nation’ (1915). Norman’s feature-length ‘race films,’ such as the ‘Flying Ace’ and ‘Bull Doggers,’ were part of a national movement to portray positive images of blacks, and served as an antidote to the racism of the time. The Norman Studios in Jacksonville represent the last remaining vestiges of the city’s movie industry that rivaled Hollywood, California, in the early years of filmmaking. They are nationally significant as one of the few remaining intact studios in the country that demonstrate the participation of African Americans in the early history of filmmaking in the United States and the positive contribution Richard E. Norman made to American culture. His national importance is signified by the Richard e. [sic] Norman Collection housed at Indiana University’s Black Film Center/Archive, and the creation of the Richard E. Norman Scholarship for African American Cinema by the State of Florida (Governor’s Office Film & Entertainment) in conjunction with the United Negro College Fund and the American Black Film Festival in 2003. The studios are currently being restored by the City of Jacksonville with support from the Florida historic preservation grant-in-aid program." Atlanta University was founded in 1865 as a liberal arts education institution. In 1929, it became the graduate school nucleus for an affiliated group of colleges that now make up the Atlanta University Center, which includes Atlanta University, Clark, Morehouse, Morris Brown, and Spelman Colleges; and the Interdenominational Theological Center. The history of these institutions begins with the endorsement by the American Missionary Association of Edmund Asa Ware's idea for the establishment of a centrally-located southeastern university to train talented black youth and educate teachers.

Getrude "Ma Rainey" Pridgett House

805 5th Avenue, Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia

SHPO Comment: “It also contains an individually designated National Historic Landmark, Stone Hall, the main historic building on the Morris Brown College campus. Nationally prominent educators including W.E.B. Dubois and Brailsford Brazeal are associated with the schools comprising the Atlanta University Center district; Dr. Brazeal also lived in a historic house in the vicinity (individually listed in the National Register)." In the history of the blues, perhaps no woman is better known than Gertrude Pridgett "Ma" Rainey. Her pioneering work as a woman in her profession and her captivating style earned her the nickname, "Mother of the Blues." Born in Columbus, Georgia in 1886, Rainey made her singing debut in 1900 at the Columbus Opera House.

DESIGNATION STATUS NHL nomination currently being prepared by FL SHPO.

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Bureau of Historic Preservation, FL Dept. of State R.A. Gray Building 500 South Bronough Street Tallahassee, FL 32399 850-245-6333 800-847-7278 850-245-6437 fax http://www.flheritage.com/

CONTACT PERSON Barbara E. Mattick, Deputy SHPO

NR--Jul. 12, 1976.

Historic Preservation Div., GA Department of Natural Resources, 34 Peachtree Street, NW Suite 1600 Atlanta, GA 30303 404-656-2840 404-651-8739 fax http://www.gashpo.org/

Richard Cloues, Deputy SHPOJeanne Cyraque, AfricanAmerican Program CoordinatorDeni se Messick, NR Historian

NR--Nov. 18, 1992.


Richard Cloues, Deputy SHPO Jeanne Cyraque, AfricanAmerican Program Coordinator Denise Messick, NR Historian

STATE

NAME


Mount Zion Baptist Church

U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit

63 Illinois

LOCATION


328 W. Whitney Avenue, Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia

From 1961 to 1962, the first large scale, direct action campaign by the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The campaign, although unsuccessful, led to wider direct action strategies used by SCLC in Birmingham in 1963 and used by SNCC in the Summer 1964 Mississippi Freedom Rides.

76 Forsyth Street, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia

SHPO Comment: "An important local church associated with national Civil Rights activities generally and the Albany Movement in particular (the first large-scale ‘direct-action’ campaign by SNCC, SCLC, and NAACP)." This court played a prominent role public school desegregation implementation during the period of Southern mass resistance following the Brown and Brown II decisions. Renamed the 11th Circuit in 1981, the courthouse is currently being evaluated for NHL nomination as part of the Civil Rights: Public Accommodations Theme Study. SHPO Comment: "This federal court was the venue for important court decisions and activities regarding the implementation of school desegregation in the South following the Brown (ital. added) decision." SHPO Comment: "These churches are an integral part of the Savannah National Historic Landmark district but may be individually eligible as the home of very early and influential AfricanAmerican congregations not just in Savannah or Georgia but the nation. It may be worthwhile to look at this district for other AfricanAmerican resources because at the time of its designation (1966) relatively little information about African-American historical associations was available."

First Bryan Baptist Church and First African Baptist Church

575 W. Bryan Street and 24 Montgomery Street, Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia

Shiloh Baptist Church

325 Whitney Avenue, Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia

SHPO Comment: "Your study identified Shiloh Baptist Church, Albany, Dougherty County, for its association with the Albany Movement, SNCC, and SCLC. We have very little information related to this church and do not know its level of integrity. In light of the importance of the Albany Movement, we recommend further investigation of this property."

New Philadelphia Town Site

Address Restricted, near Barry, Pike County, Illinois

Midwest Region Comment: "New Philadelphia is an abandoned historic town site in western Illinois. It is the earliest known town platted and registered by an African-American. Founded in 1836 by Frank McWorter, the town developed as a bi-racial pioneer village consisting of 31 households at its height. Bypassed by the Hannibal-Naples Railroad in 1869, New Philadelphia thereafter steadily declined in population and much of it reverted to farmland by 1885. The town site has been the focus of archeological investigations for several years and is nationally significant for its research potential regarding lifeways and economic and social relationships of African-Americans and European-Americans on the 19th-century frontier. A National Historic Landmark that will encompass both the town site of New Philadelphia and the nearby cemetery containing the Free Frank McWorter Grave Site is currently in preparation."

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Aug. 10, 1995.

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Historic Preservation Div., GA Department of Natural Resources, 34 Peachtree Street, NW Suite 1600 Atlanta, GA 30303 404-656-2840 404-651-8739 fax http://www.gashpo.org/

CONTACT PERSON Richard Cloues, Deputy SHPO Jeanne Cyraque, AfricanAmerican Program Coordinator Denise Messick, NR Historian

NR--May 2, 1974.Designated as the US Post Office and Courthouse.


Richard Cloues, Deputy SHPOJeanne Cyraque, AfricanAmerican Program CoordinatorDeni se Messick, NR Historian

NR--May 22, 1978. Both are also contributing buildings in the Savannah NHL Historic District, designated Nov. 13, 1966.

Historic Preservation Div., GA Department of Natural Resources, 34 Peachtree Street, NW Suite 1600 Atlanta, GA 30303 404-656-2840 404-651-8739 fax http://www.gashpo.org/ Historic Preservation Div., GA Department of Natural Resources, 34 Peachtree Street, NW Suite 1600 Atlanta, GA 30303 404-656-2840 404-651-8739 fax http://www.gashpo.org/ Midwest Regional NHL Office 601 Riverfront Drive Omaha, NE 68102 402-661-1906 402-661-1982 fax http://nps.gov

Richard Cloues, Deputy SHPO Jeanne Cyraque, AfricanAmerican Program Coordinator Denise Messick, NR Historian Richard Cloues, Deputy SHPO Jeanne Cyraque, AfricanAmerican Program Coordinator Denise Messick, NR Historian

NR--Sept. 11, 2005


STATE

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Oct. 14, 1976

LOCATION


Alexander G. Clark House

205 and 207 West Third Street, Muscatine, Muscatine County, Iowa

Black Jack Battlefield

Baldwin City vicinity, Douglas County, Kansas

SHPO Comment: "Alexander Clark (1826-1891) served as MinisterResident and Consul-General to Liberia (1890-[18]91). Moreover, he was a civil rights activist (Iowa Supreme Court decided his suit granting right of blacks to attend Common Schools), a political spokesman (known as ‘colored orator of the West’), a newspaper editor-publisher (Chicago Conservator 1884-[18]87), and Grand Master of Grand Lodge of Missouri (colored) Masons (1873-[18]74). In 1974, under threat of demolition from urban renewal, the brick house was moved only half block away on West Third, thereby retaining its original orientation and neighborhood context. For more on this National Register listed property, see: http://alexanderclark.org.” SHPO Comment: This site is "associated with [the] Bleeding Kansas period and considered by some to be the ‘first skirmish of the Civil War.’ It is our understanding the NPS is already considering this site as a potential NHL."

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre Site

Franklin County, Kansas

SHPO Comment: "This privately owned site is not listed; however, it has equal significance as the other listed sites for its association with the Bleeding Kansas period."

Kentucky

Camp Nelson

Nicholasville, Jessamine County, Kentucky

SHPO Comment: "Training site for US Colored Troup soldiers who fought in [the] Civil War."

NR--Mar. 16, 2001

Maryland

Sumner, Charles, Post #25, Grand Army of the Republic lodge

206 S. Queen Street, Chestertown, Kent County, Maryland

NR--Jul. 6, 2005

Black Lucy's Garden Site

Andover, Essex County, Massachusetts

SHPO Comment: "Another property recently listed in the National Register – and recommended by the SHPO as nationally significant -- is the Sumner, Charles, Post #25, Grand Army of the Republic lodge located in Chestertown, Kent County (NR 2005). The Grand Army of the Republic was the principal fraternal organization for Civil War veterans and the only integrated social organization in 19th-century America. Established in 1866 to provide support and fellowship for Union veterans regardless of race, the GAR comprised some 8600 posts at its peak. The Charles Sumner Post #25 is one of only two lodge halls surviving in the country to reflect the heritage of this organization." SHPO Comment: "A nationally known historic archeological site."

Iowa

Kansas

NAME

NR--May 28, 2004.

64 Massachusetts

RECOMMENDING OFFICE State Historical Society of Iowa (SHPO) Capitol Complex East 6th and Locust Street Des Moines, IA 50319 515-281-8741 515-242-6498 fax http://www.iowahistory.org/pres ervation/index.html

Kansas State Historical Society 6425 Southwest 6th Avenue, Topeka, KS 66615 785-272-8681 785-272-8682 fax http://www.kshs.org/resource/bu ildings.htm Kansas State Historical Society 6425 Southwest 6th Avenue, Topeka, KS 66615 785-272-8681 785-272-8682 fax http://www.kshs.org/resource/bu ildings.htm Kentucky Heritage Council 300 Washington Street, Frankfort, KY 40601 502-564-7005 502-564-5820 fax http://www.heritage.ky.gov Maryland Historical Trust 100 Community Place Crownsville, MD 21032 410-514-7649 410-514-7678 fax http://www.marylandhistoricaltru st.net/

Massachusetts Historical Commission (SHPO) 220 Morrissey Boulevard Boston, MA 02125 617-727-8470 617-727-5128 fax http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc

CONTACT PERSON Lowell Soike, Deputy SHPO

Patrick Zollner Director, Cultural Resources Div., Deputy SHPO

Patrick Zollner Director, Cultural Resources Div., Deputy SHPO

Marty Perry, NR Coordinator

Peter E. Kurtze, Administrator, Evaluation & Registration

Betsy Friedberg, National Register Director


STATE

NAME

LOCATION

Mississippi

DESIGNATION STATUS Contributing resource in the Boston African American NHS.

Abel Smith School

49 Joy Street Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Boston AA NHS Comment: "The Smith School was built as a segregated school and closed as a result of a court case in the 1850s which integrated the Boston school system."

Lewis Temple House

54 Bedford Street, New Bedford, Massachusetts

SHPO Comment: "Temple was born in slavery, obtained his freedom, moved to New Bedford, where in 1848 he invented the toggle iron harpoon, which revolutionized the whaling industry."

NR--Aug. 11, 1976 Contributing resource in the County Street Historic District,

Parting Ways Archeological District (New Guinea Settlement)

Route 80, about a mile after the road intersects with Route 44, Plymouth, Plymouth County, Massachusetts

NR--Mar. 19, 1979

Idlewild

Yates Township, Lake County, Michigan

Dockery Farms Historic District

MS 8 E, Dockery vicinity, Sunflower County, Mississippi

SHPO Comment: This property is “nationally significant and important in the history of historical archeology chiefly because of Dr. James Deetz's In Small Things Forgotten." Parting Ways, or the New Guinea Settlement as it was called by its historic residents, was an early colonial African American settlement in Plymouth. It was founded on 94 acres just after the Revolutionary War by four, formerly enslaved, African American Revolutionary War veterans-Quamany Quash, Plato Turner, Cato Howe and Prince Goodwin-and their families. They were granted the land and their freedom by the Massachusetts courts due to their service in the war. The site consists of a cemetery and the foundations of the families' houses. This site was excavated in the middle 1970s by Deetz. SHPO Comment: "Idlewild is significant as the largest land based historically African American resort community ever assembled in the United States. It was founded in 1912 as a summer resort surrounding spring fed lakes and marketed to African Americans during an era of segregation. It grew rapidly when leading African Americans such as Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a pioneer of openheart surgery, purchased property there. The rustic retreat emerged as a vital spot on the entertainment circuit for fledgling young African American entertainers increasing Idlewild's prominence as a tourism destination. With tourists from all over the Midwest, Idlewild reached its peak in 1959 with over 25,000 vacationers and residents. This project is one component of a larger cultural economic development strategy being undertaken by the Department of History, Arts and Libraries with its state and local partners. This National Register (cap. added) nomination and historical markers will document the national significance of Idlewild and serve as the base for future tourism development and community revitalization." SHPO Comment: "Dockery Farms is widely considered a seminal location in the development of blues music. Established by Will Dockery in 1885, Dockery Farms provided employment to early blues musicians Henry Sloan, Charley Patton, Willie Brown, and Howlin’ Wolf. Dockery Farms was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (06000250) for national significance."

65 Michigan


RECOMMENDING OFFICE Boston National Historical Park/ Boston African American National Historic Site 14 Beacon Street, Ste. 503 Boston, MA 02108 617-742-5415 617-720-0848 fax http://www.nps.gov/boaf/ Massachusetts Historical Commission (SHPO) 220 Morrissey Boulevard Boston, MA 02125 617-727-8470 617-727-5128 fax http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc Massachusetts Historical Commission (SHPO) 220 Morrissey Boulevard Boston, MA 02125 617-727-8470 617-727-5128 fax http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc

CONTACT PERSON Marty Blatt, Chief of Cultural Resources/ Historian or Stephen Carlson, Preservation Specialist Betsy Friedberg, National Register Director

Betsy Friedberg, National Register Director

Currently in the process of NR nomination.

Michigan Historical CenterDept of History, Arts and Libraries702 W. Kalamazoo, PO Box 30740 Lansing, MI 48909 517-373-0511 517-335-0348 fax http://www.michigan.gov/shpo

Brian D. Conway, SHPO

NR--Mar. 31, 2006

Mississippi Department of Archives and History P.O. Box 571 Jackson, MS 39205 601-576-6850 601-576-6955 fax http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/

Bill Gatlin, Architectural Historian


STATE

NAME

LOCATION

66

Medgar Wiley Evers Home

2332 Margaret Walker Alexander Drive, Jackson, Hinds County, Mississippi

Old Neshoba County Jail

Philadelphia, Neshoba County, Mississippi

Southern Christian Institute (BonnerCampbell College)

18449 Old Highway 80, Edwards, Hinds County, Mississippi

Tallahatchie County Second District Courthouse

1 Main Street, Sumner, Tallahatchie County, Mississippi

U.S. Post Office and Courthouse

19th Street and 5th Avenue, Meridian, Lauderdale County Mississippi

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE SHPO Comment: "The home of civil rights leader Medger Evers is located in a historically African American neighborhood. Evers became the first Field Secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi in 1955. He traveled throughout the state organizing voter education and promoting membership in the NAACP. He was a central figure in the civil right movement in Mississippi. Evers was assassinated outside his home on June 11, 1963. The Medger Evers Home (was) listed on the National Register of Historic Places for statewide significance (Dec. 5, 2000). It is a Mississippi Landmark." SHPO Comment: "The murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, civil rights workers, in June 1964 galvanized public opinion in support of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Acts. It also forced the federal government to aggressively pursue the Ku Klux Klan. The victims were held in the old Neshoba County jail by conspirators in order to allow the murderers to organize. Downtown Philadelphia was the site of memorial marches in 1965 and 1966; the latter led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The old Neshoba County Jail is listed (in) the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing resource to the Downtown Philadelphia Historic District." SHPO Comment: "Founded in 1875 by the Home Missionary Society of the Disciples of Christ, SCI provided elementary, secondary, college, and extension education to African American Students until its merger with Tougaloo College in 1954. The school was the site of the first statewide leadership training for the Civil Rights Movement under the direction of Bob Moses, SNCC field secretary, and Bernice Robinson. Leadership training and adult voter registration education sessions were held on the campus. Nomination to the National Register of Historic Places is pending." SHPO Comment: "In 1955, the murder of Emmett Till, a 14-year old youth from Chicago, attracted national attention. Two white men were tried for Till’s murder. The trial was covered by the national press, with more than one-hundred reporters. The all white, all male jury took just over an hour to acquit the defendants. Both later admitted their guilt. Many historians (credit) the Emmett Till murder trial as the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. Nomination to the National Register of Historic Places is pending. It is a Mississippi Landmark." SHPO Comment: "After the 1964 murders of three civil rights workers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner near Philadelphia, MS, the federal government increased its surveillance of the KKK. Although federal law did allow the government to pursue murder charges against the killers, the government was able to charge them with civil rights violations. In October 1967, a federal jury convicted seven Klansmen of violating the civil rights of Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner. It was the first successful prosecution against members of the Klan for crimes committed against blacks in Mississippi.”

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Dec. 5, 2000. Also a Mississippi State Landmark

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Mississippi Department of Archives and History P.O. Box 571 Jackson, MS 39205 601-576-6850 601-576-6955 fax http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/

CONTACT PERSON Bill Gatlin, Architectural Historian

NR-Mar. 23, 2005



NR--Jan. 30, 2007



NR--Mar. 6, 2007



NR--May 17, 1984



STATE


Missouri

New Jersey

NAME

LOCATION

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE th

18th and Vine Historic District

Intersection of 18 and Vine Streets, Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri

Hinchliffe Stadium

Intersection of Maple and Liberty Streets, Paterson City, Passaic County, New Jersey

In the 1930s, Kansas City possessed 120 night clubs and 40 dance halls; most featured jazz performances. Jazz venues in the 18th and Vine Historic District included the Eblon Theater, Subway Club, El Capitan Club, Sunset Club, and Lincoln Theater. The area also offered support services for musicians through Mutual Musicians Local #627. Housed in a building at 1823 Highland Avenue, Local #627 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982. The th district is also an outstanding example of an early 20 century African American neighborhood and economic center. SHPO Comment: "Constructed in 1932, Hinchliffe Stadium is one of two surviving major athletic stadiums in New Jersey that predate World War II. From 1933 (to) 1937 and 1939 (to) 1945, it was the regular home field of the New York Black Yankees. Hinchliffe Stadium is possibly the only surviving regular home field of a Negro League team in the mid-Atlantic region. National Baseball Hall-ofFamer Larry Doby played at Hinchliffe Stadium for Paterson's East Side High School before joining the Newark Eagles and subsequently breaking the American League's color barrier in 1947. The cast-concrete 10,000 seat Art Deco-style stadium contains an athletic field and running track."

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Sept. 9, 1991

NR--Mar. 22, 2004

67

Tinton Falls Historic District

Between Sycamore and Tinton Aves; Old Mill and Water Streets Tinton Falls Borough, Monmouth County

SHPO Comment: “Buried within the District are the remains of the Tinton Iron Works, the 17th-century iron (p)lantation of Colonel Lewis Morris, a wealthy planter from Barbados who moved to New Jersey in the 1670s. The ironworks was the first industrial enterprise in the mid-Atlantic colonies and the first ironworks south of New England. Lewis staffed it with a veneer of skilled white labor supported by upwards of sixty slaves. This was the largest single slaveholding reported in New Jersey during the colonial period. The district contains a property that as early as the 1790s, was an established cemetery for African Americans.”

NR--Nov. 10, 1977

The Beverwyck Site

SE Junction of U.S. Route 46 and South Beverwyck Road, Parsippany-Troy Hills Township, Morris County, New Jersey

SHPO Comment: "The Beverwyck Site is part of the remains of a th 2,000-acre, mid-(18 ) century plantation. The thousands of intact th archaeological remains recovered suggest a rare window on (18 ) century northern plantation life. Discovery of slaves’ quarters, cowry shells and shackles in an archaeologically preserved setting indicate it can be a richly informative source on the lifeways of enslaved Africans. The (s)ite was also a significant regional plantation during the Revolutionary War where noted individuals who were entertained there included George Washington, Nathaniel Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette."

NR--May 14, 2004

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Missouri State Historic Preservation Office P.O. Box 176 Jefferson City, MO 65102 573-751-7761 573-522-6262 fax http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/

New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection 401 East State Street P.O. Box 402 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-2885 609-292-7695 fax http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/ -----------------New Jersey Historical Commission P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection 401 East State Street P.O. Box 402 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-2885 609-292-7695 fax http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/ -----------------New Jersey Historical Commission P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection 401 East State Street P.O. Box 402 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-2885 609-292-7695 fax -----------------New Jersey Historical Commission P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org

CONTACT PERSON Tiffany Peterson, Historian

Olivia Carpenter, Special Assistant to the Commissioner ---------------Giles R. Wright, Dir. of the AfroAmerican Program

Olivia Carpenter, Special Assistant to the Commissioner ---------------Giles R. Wright, Dir. Of the AfroAmerican Program

Olivia Carpenter, Special Assistant to the Commissioner ---------------Giles R. Wright, Dir. Of the AfroAmerican Program


STATE

NAME Peter Mott House

New Mexico

LOCATION


26 Kings Court, Lawnside Borough, Camden County, New Jersey

SHPO Comment: "Built around 1844, this house is a precious Underground Railroad site and the oldest known house in Lawnside Borough (formerly called Snow Hill and Free Haven). It is the nation’s only Underground Railroad station that was owned and operated by an African American that is found in an all-black town. Lawnside was incorporated in 1926, the only all-black town in New Jersey, and one of two in the North. Peter Mott (1807?-1888) was a free black farmer, possibly a fugitive from Delaware who also served as the pastor of Lawnside’s historic Mount Pisgah AME Church."

16 miles south of Roswell, Chavez County, New Mexico

Founded by Francis Boyer and Daniel Keyes in 1900 or 1901, this small African American town was officially established on December 5, 1911, with Articles of Incorporation signed by Boyer and his wife, Ella. Boyer and Keyes walked from Pellam, Georgia to settle in New MexiCounty sending for their families in 1901. Composed of farms and homesteads, Blackdom Townsite initially covered about 40 acres with 166 lots for houses. The community that eventually developed consisted of 20 families, some with as many as eight children, and claimed about 15,000 acres of land. Declining in the mid-1920s, only remnants remain of the town. Blackdom is in the process of archeological excavation.

Zuni-Cibola Complex

Address Restricted, Zuni, Cibola County, New Mexico

The Zuni-Cibola Complex consists of four archeological sites where people of African decent were very much involved in the Spanish colonization effort of the Mogollon, Zuni, and Anasazi native peoples. Hawikuh, one of the four sites, is already designated as a NHL.

68

Blackdom Townsite


NR--Historic District, Dec. 2, 1974. NHL-Hawikuh, Oct. 15, 1966.

RECOMMENDING OFFICE New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection 401 East State Street P.O. Box 402 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-2885 609-292-7695 fax http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/ -----------------New Jersey Historical Commission P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org Intermountain Region NHL Office P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 303-969-2844 303-987-6675 fax http://www.nps.gov -------------------------New Mexico Historic Preservation Division Bataan Memorial Building 407 Galisteo Street, Ste. 236 Santa Fe, NM 87501 505-827-6320 505-827-6338 fax http://www.nmhistoricpreservati on.org/ Intermountain Region NHL Office P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 303-969-2844 303-987-6675 fax http://www.nps.gov -------------------------New Mexico Historic Preservation Division Bataan Memorial Building 407 Galisteo Street Suite 236 Santa Fe, NM 87501 505-827-6320 505-827-6338 fax http://www.nmhistoricpreservati on.org/

CONTACT PERSON Olivia Carpenter, Special Assistant to the Commissioner ---------------Giles R. Wright, Dir. Of the AfroAmerican Program

John Paige, Historian, Intermountain Region ------------------John W. Murphey, Architectural Historian, State and NR Coordinator (SHPO)

John Paige, Historian, Intermountain Region -------------------John W. Murphey, Architectural Historian, State and NR Coordinator (SHPO)

STATE


New York

NAME

LOCATION

369th Regiment Armory

2366 Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York

Abyssinian Baptist Church and Community House

132-142 W. 138 Street, New York City, New York

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE SHPO Comment: "The 369th Regiment Armory in Harlem is historically significant for its association with the only unit of the National Guard in New York State composed solely of African Americans. There (were) only three other all-black units in the United States. The 369th Regiment was assigned to the 161st Division of the French Army during World War I; it was the first allblack unit sent to battle on foreign soil. To their allies they were known as the ‘Harlem Hell Fighters.’ The 369th Regiment’s band, which included some of Harlem’s most renowned early jazz musicians, is credited with introducing jazz to Europe." SHPO Comment: "A free black church founded in 1808. Like many early black institutions it was given a name that recalled the organizers' African origin."

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Jan. 28, 1994. Part of the Army National Guard in New York State MPS.

NHL Comment: During 1808 to 1922, the congregation was located at 40 Worth Street. The congregation moved to its present church location, 132 Odell Clark Place, in 1922. 253 W. 125th Street, New York City, New York

Augusta Savage House and Studio

189 Old Route 32, Saugerties, Ulster County, New York

The Coltrane Home

247 Candlewood Path, Dix Hills Hamlet (Long Island), Suffolk Country, New York

69

Apollo Theater

SHPO Comment: "Built in 1914 on 125th Street, (in) the heart of Harlem, this theatre has become an internationally known landmark. Originally, it was named Hurtig and Seamon’s New Burlesque Theatre and African-Americans were not allowed in the audience. In 1934(,) Ralph Cooper, Sr. decided to do a live version of his already popular radio show, Amateur Nite Hour at the Apollo™, at the Apollo Theater, then owned by the Schiffman family. Ella Fitzgerald was one of the first Amateur Night winners. That same year, Cooper, Benny Carter and ‘16 Gorgeous Hot Steppers’ dazzled the crowds with the theater’s first ‘Colored Revue.’ Over the decades the theatre has helped to launch the careers of many great African American (a)rtists." SHPO Comment: "The Augusta Savage House and Studio are significant in the area of Art for their association with the productive life of this renowned sculptor. Closely associated with the emergence of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s, Savage’s work was notable for its realism and its portrayal of the African American experience in America. She was the first African American to be elected to the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. In 1945 she left Harlem and purchased this small farmhouse in Ulster County. During the last 17 years of her life she executed several works from this location." SHPO Comment: "The Coltrane House (1952) on Long Island is significant for its association with jazz legend John Coltrane and his wife Alice McLeod Coltrane who purchased it in 1964. John Coltrane was an internationally known figure in American jazz, a pioneer in world music, and a spiritual and emotional force in music whose recordings continue to attract followers throughout the world since his death in 1967. Alice McLeod Coltrane, John Coltrane’s second wife, was an accomplished musician/composer in her own right. The house is where Coltrane composed his masterpiece, A Love Supreme (ital. added), recognized as one of his most significant and influential jazz recordings." NHL Program: John Coltrane is also documented to have lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1952 to 1967. This home, called the John Coltrane Home, was designated a NHL on May 15, 1975. Further study is needed to determine the level of the New York home’s association with Coltrane.

NR--Nov. 11, 1983.

NR--May 21, 2001.

RECOMMENDING OFFICE NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov

CONTACT PERSON Cordell Reaves Coordinator, URR Heritage Trail, Heritage New York

NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov

Cordell Reaves Coordinator, URR Heritage Trail, Heritage New York

NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov


NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov




STATE

NAME

70

LOCATION


Charlie Parker Residence

151 Charlie Parker Place (Avenue B) New York City, New York

Harlem River Houses

151st-153rd Street, Macombs Pl. and Harlem River Drive, New York City, New York

SHPO Comment: "Built in l849, this Gothic Revival-style rowhouse was home to the alto saxophonist Charlie Parker (Bird) from l950 (to) l954. With Chan Richardson and their three children, Parker occupied the ground floor apartment at the height of his career, having achieved considerable success and renown as the cofounder of bebop, the modern jazz style that he and trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie created in New York City during the mid-l940s. Parker enjoyed international fame while living here, performing with large and small ensembles, as well as with Latin big bands and string sections." SHPO Comment: "Built in 1937 specifically for African Americans, this was the first time the federal government funded public housing."

Langston Hughes House

20 East 127 Street, New York City, New York

SHPO Comment: "The house is significant for its association with literary legend Langston Hughes and was the Harlem home of the award winning poet, playwright and novelist. His work vividly expressed the African American experience."

Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church


SHPO Comment: "Mother A.M.E. Zion is the oldest black church in the U.S., founded in 1796 by African-American residents of New York City. In the mid-1800's, the church was known as a ‘freedom church,’ and was likely involved in Underground Railroad and antislavery activity. The present Neo-Gothic building (1923-25) was designed by George W. Foster, Jr., one of the first black architects to be registered in the U.S."

th

NHL Program: First African Baptist Church and First Bryan Baptist Church in Savannah, Georgia as well as Springfield Baptist Church in August, GA have documented history of being older than Mother AME Zion, although the congregations are no longer in their original church buildings. The Study Meeting Group recommends that further research be conducted on the national significance of religions institutions in African American history.

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Apr. 7, 1994



NR--Dec.18, 1979.

NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov


NR--Oct. 29, 1982

NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov




STATE

NAME Old Fort House Museum (Solomon Northup Residence)

LOCATION 29 Broadway Street, Fort Edward, Washington County, New York

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE “On Christmas day in 1829, Solomon Northup and his bride Ann Hampton moved into the ‘old yellow house’ and lived there until 1832. Solomon was a free black man born in Washington County who was drugged and sold into slavery. Upon being freed and returning home, he wrote a book ‘Twelve Years A Slave’. This thoroughly researched book is considered to be one of the most important unbiased narratives on slavery as told by an educated free person enslaved in the south. This book was thought to have incited as much outrage in the north about slavery as ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’.” Source: http://www.ftedward.com/History/OldFort/oldFort.htm SHPO Comment: "Solomon was a free black man born in Minerva, NY who was kidnapped and sold into slavery while working in Saratoga Springs. Solomon probably moved to Fort Edward because his father, Mintus Northup had lived just around the corner from where the Smyth House stands. Northup wrote ‘Twelve Years a Slave’ describing his ordeal." SHPO Comment: "The shop served as a safe house and played a part in the famous ‘Jerry rescue’ in 1851. Starr Clark was an active member of MexiCounty's Vigilance Committee and helped many fugitives.”


NR--Dec. 4, 2001. Part of the Freedom Trail, Abolitionism, and African American Life in Central New York MPS

3250 Main Street, MexiCounty, Oswego County, New York

Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence

194 Livingston Avenue, Albany, Albany Country, New York

SHPO Comment: "Stephen and Harriet Myers were major figures on the Underground Railroad. Myers was a key leader in the Underground Railroad and his home was a hub of sorts for the region. Stephen published an anti-slavery newspaper and was the head of the local Vigilance committee. They sheltered freedom seekers at their home."

NR--Jan. 11, 2004.

Sugar Hill Historic District

Roughly bounded by West 155th Street to north, West 145th Street to south, Bradhurst Avenue, to east, and irregularly along the side streets west of Convent Avenue, Harlem, New York City

SHPO Comment: "Sugar Hill in Harlem was the nation’s foremost African-American urban community (ca. 1925-ca. 1956). The mid1920s saw many celebrated and affluent African Americans arrive on Sugar Hill including professionals active in law, business, literature, music, and art. Many African Americans who have played an important role in local or national history lived in Sugar Hill including such illustrious figures as future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, sociologist W.E.B. DuBois, painter Aaron Douglas, composers and jazz musicians Edward Kennedy ‘Duke’ Ellington and C. Luckeyth (“Luckey”) Roberts, civil rights leaders Walter Francis White and Adam Clayton Powell, Sr., and writers Ralph Ellison and Langston Hughes."

NR--Apr. 11, 2002

71

Starr Clark Tinshop


NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Peebles Island Resource Center P.O. Box 219 Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-8643 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov





STATE


NAME

LOCATION

Weeksville Heritage Center (Hunterfly Road Historic District)

1698-1708 Bergen Street, Brooklyn, Kings County

North Carolina

Historic properties associated with Ella Baker

South Carolina

Avery Institute

72 Camp Welfare


DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Dec. 5, 1972

SHPO Comment: "The Hunterfly Road Historic District is significant as a singular illustration of the nineteenth-century landscape of Weeksville, one of the largest settlements of free African Americans in pre-Civil War America, and as a rare surviving concentration of resources representing the early period of free African American settlement in metropolitan New York. The district includes four small wood-frame residences and a fragment of the old colonial era road around which the settlement developed. Initially settled in the 1830s by free blacks, Weeksville grew by the 1870s into a community of several hundred, with its own public school, church, and other institutions. The houses are today a living museum of African-American history and culture." SHPO Comment: "Historic properties associated with Ella Baker, who was on the board of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and helped found the Student Non-Violent [Coordinating] Committee--either buildings where she spoke or worked at Shaw University, Raleigh (Estey Hall at Shaw U. is already listed in the National Register and the historic core of the campus is in the East Raleigh-South Park Historic District) or her home in Littleton, Warren County (we were told a few years ago that this is still standing but do not know its current status)." SHPO Comment: "Avery Institute originated in the Saxton School, 125 Bull Street, Charleston, which was founded by Francis L. Cardoza in 1865 as a school for Charleston County, African American students. Cardoza was born free in Charleston in South Carolina 1837 and earned a four-year degree at the University of Glasgow. He continued his studies at seminaries in Edinburgh and London. After serving briefly as a Presbyterian pastor, Cardoza volunteered his services to the American Missionary Association as a teacher. In response to Cardoza’s appeal for a secondary school for advanced students, the American Missionary Association purchased a lot on Bull Street and constructed this three-story brick building c. 1868. The Freedman’s Bureau and the estate of northern philanthropist Charles Avery also contributed to the school. By 1880 Avery Institute had almost 500 students who were taught by an integrated staff including both Charlestonians and northerners. The training of teachers was one of the main goals of the school, which achieved a reputation of academic excellence. Many of South Carolina’s most prominent African American leaders received their education here. By 1947 Avery became a public school, which closed its doors in 1954. Avery Institute is included in the Charleston Historic District. Today, the building houses the Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture. Based at the College of Charleston, it is an archives, research center, and museum. Learn more about the Avery Research Center by visiting www.cofc.edu/avery." NR--Dec. 6, 1984 SHPO Comment: "Camp Welfare was founded soon after the Civil S.C. Sec. Rd. 234, Mitford vicinity, War by the African Methodist Episcopal Church and has been Fairfield County, located on its present site since at least 1876. The camp includes South Carolina simple cabins, called tents, arranged in a U-shape. The tents were designed for sleeping only; cooking was done outdoors, and there were community bath houses. The older tents, probably constructed around 1900, are wood frame. Some of the newer tents are constructed of concrete blocks. The focal point of the camp is the arbor, a rough gable-roofed wooden shelter with benches where worship services were held. Camp meetings were held during the last week of August each year. Religious services held each day in the arbor were the focal point of camp meeting week, but also important was fellowship with family and friends. Many of the families have continued to attend through several generations, passing their tents down through the family. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/fairfield/S10817720006/index.htm "



North Carolina SHPO 4617 Mail Service Ctr., Raleigh, NC 27699 919-733-6545 919-715-4801 fax http://www.hpo.dcr.state.nc.us South Carolina Dept. of Archives & History 8301 Parklane Road Columbia, SC 29223 803.896.8121 803.896.6167 fax http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his trcpl.htm

Claudia R. Brown, Supervisor Survey and Planning Branch

South Carolina Dept. of Archives & History 8301 Parklane Road Columbia, SC 29223 803.896.8121 803.896.6167 http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his trcpl.htm

Leah E. Brown, African American Programs Coordinator



STATE

LOCATION


Liberty Hill AME Church

2310 Liberty Hill Road, Summerton, Clarendon County, South Carolina

Modjeska Monteith Simkins House

2025 Marion Street, Columbia, Richland County , South Carolina

Mason Temple (Church of God in Christ National Temple)

958 Mason Street, Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee

SHPO Comment: "I am not quite sure why this church has not been listed, other than someone just has not written it. It played an important role in the Briggs v. Elliot (ital. added) case that was one of the cases leading to Brown v. BOE of Topeka (ital. added). Below is its State Historical Marker text: (Front) In 1867, five years after the Emancipation Proclamation, Thomas and Margaret Briggs gave four acres of land to this African Methodist Episcopal church. The present building, completed in 1905, has been brick veneered. Meetings held here in the 1940s and 1950s led to local court cases, which helped bring about the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling desegregating public schools. (Reverse) Pioneers in Desegregation Nineteen members of this congregation were plaintiffs in the case of Harry Briggs, Jr., vs. R.W. Elliott (ital. added), heard in U.S. District Court, Charleston, in 1952. Although this court refused to abolish racial segregation in S.C. schools, this case, with others, led to the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 landmark decision desegregating public schools. Erected by the Congregation, 1985." SHPO Comment: "This house, built c. 1900, became the home of Modjeska Monteith Simkins (1899-1992) in 1932. Simkins was a leader in health reform for African Americans and an ardent supporter of equal rights. She was Director of Negro Work for the South Carolina Tuberculosis Association for eleven years in the 1930s and early 1940s. In this position, she traveled across the state supervising clinics and educating people about good health practices. Simkins was also an activist in the fight for civil rights for African Americans in Columbia and South Carolina. Beginning in the early 1930s she helped lobby for a federal anti-lynching bill, protested police brutality in Columbia, and became a leader in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Simkins helped organize a state branch in South Carolina, served as state secretary, and worked on civil rights litigation. For example, she was significantly involved in the Briggs v. Elliot (ital. added) case in South Carolina that eventually led to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (ital. added) that separate schools for African American children were inherently unequal. Simkin’s home at 2025 Marion Street was used not only as her residence but as lodging for other civil rights leaders, offices, and meeting rooms. Thurgood Marshall frequently stayed there as he was developing the groundwork for the Briggs v. Elliot case. The Collaborative for Community Trust purchased the Modjeska Monteith Simkins House and is establishing a center there dedicated to Simkins and her work. For more information about her, see www.usca.edu/aasc/simkins.htm.www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richla nd/S10817740102/index.htm" SHPO Comment: "This church should definitely be considered for NHL status. The NR nomination is fairly comprehensive in discussing the importance of COGIC and Martin Luther King's ‘mountaintop’ speech."

73

NAME

Tennessee

DESIGNATION STATUS

RECOMMENDING OFFICE South Carolina Dept. of Archives & History 8301 Parklane Road Columbia, SC 29223 803.896.8121 803.896.6167 fax http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his trcpl.htm

CONTACT PERSON Leah E. Brown, African American Programs Coordinator

NR--Mar. 25, 1994

South Carolina Dept. of Archives & History 8301 Parklane Road Columbia, SC 29223 803.896.8121 803.896.6167 fax http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his trcpl.htm


NR--Apr. 10, 1992

Tennessee Historical Commission, Office of National Register 2941 Lebanon Road Nashville, TN 37243 615-532-1550 615-532-1549 fax http://www.state.tn.us/environm ent/hist/

Claudette Stager, National Register Coordinator

STATE


Texas

NAME

Virginia



Second Presbyterian Church (Clayborn Temple)

280 Hernando Street, Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee

SHPO Comment: “Recently a nomination was prepared to upgrade this property to national significance. It was a staging point for the Memphis garbage workers' strike."

Administration Building, HustonTillotson College

900 Chicon Street, Austin, Travis County, Texas

SHPO Comment: This building is associated " with the early 20th century development of Samuel Huston College, first established in 1881 as the first African American college west of the Mississippi" River.

NR--Oct. 21, 1993

Evans Industrial Building, HustonTillotson College

900 Chicon Street, Austin, Travis County, Texas

SHPO Comment: This building is "associated with the early 20th century development of Samuel Huston College, first established in 1881 as the first African American college west of the Mississippi"

NR--Jun. 17, 1982

Gunter Hotel

205 E. Houston Street, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas

SHPO Comment: "In 1936, blues legend Robert Johnson, held one of only two series of recording sessions at the Gunter. He died shortly after recording his second and last sessions in Dallas."

NR--Jan. 9, 2007

Athenian Hall (Old Stone House Museum)

109 Old Stone House Road, Brownington, Orleans County, Vermont

NR--May 9, 1973 Contributing building in the Brownington Village Historic District.

Alexander Twilight House

110 Old Stone House Road, Brownington, Orleans County, Vermont

Town of Bermuda Hundred Historic District

Bermuda Hundred and Allied Roads, Chester, Chesterfield County, Virginia

SHPO Comment: During the years 1834 to 1836, “a four-story granite structure was designed and erected by a schoolmaster believed to be America's first African American college graduate and first African American legislator, the Reverend Alexander Twilight. The building Twilight called Athenian Hall was constructed as a dormitory for the Orleans County Grammar School, at the time the only secondary in a two county area. Today it is one of the bestpreserved institutional buildings of its era in the United States. This is the Old Stone House Museum." http://www.oldstonehousemuseum.org/athenianhall.html SHPO Comment: "Across the road from the Old Stone House is the Twilight's own house, which Alexander built in 1830, a short time after he and his wife Mercy arrived in Brownington. The house provided living quarters for several students and continued to be used for students even after the Stone House was built. Purchased by the Orleans County Historical Society in 1999, the House has been restored and now serves as a visitor center for the Museum and as the Historical Society's office." http://www.oldstonehousemuseum.org/alexandertwilight.html SHPO Comment: "Bermuda Hundred attracted a significant free African-American enclave beginning in the late 18th century. This segment of the population continued to increase through the Civil War, and represented the majority of the town’s inhabitants by the end of the war. During the post-bellum period the town experienced an economic revitalization as a steamship wharf and as a shipping depot for the Bright Hope (later Tidewater and Western) Railroad."

74 Vermont

LOCATION

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Tennessee Historical Commission, Office of National Register 2941 Lebanon Road Nashville, TN 37243 615-532-1550 615-532-1549 fax http://www.state.tn.us/environm ent/hist/ Texas Historical Commission (SHPO) P.O. Box 12276 Austin, TX 78711 512-463-6100 512-463-8222 fax http://www.thc.state.tx.us/ Texas Historical Commission (SHPO) P.O. Box 12276 Austin, TX 78711 512-463-6100 512-463-8222 fax http://www.thc.state.tx.us/ Texas Historical Commission (SHPO) P.O. Box 12276 Austin, TX 78711 512-463-6100 512-463-8222 fax http://www.thc.state.tx.us/ Vermont Division for Historic Preservation National Life Building, Drawer 20 Montpelier, VT 05620 802-828-3211 802-828-3206 fax http://www.historicvermont.org/

CONTACT PERSON Claudette Stager, National Register Coordinator

Gregory Smith, NR Coordinator



Suzanne C. Jamele, National Register Specialist

NR--May 9, 1973 Contributing building in the Brownington Village Historic District.

Vermont Division for Historic Preservation National Life Building, Drawer 20 Montpelier, VT 05620 802-828-3211 802-828-3206 fax http://www.historicvermont.org/

Suzanne C. Jamele, National Register Specialist

NR--Nov. 8, 2006

Dept. of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, VA 23221 804-367-2323 804-367-2391 fax www.dhr.virginia.gov

M. Catherine Slusser, Deputy Director

APPENDIX F--POTENTIAL NHLs STATE

LOCATION


J. Thomas Newsome House

2803 Oak Avenue, Newport News, Newport News County, Virginia

Truxtun Historic District

Bounded by Paradise Creek, Victory Boulevard, and George Washington Highway, Portsmouth, Virginia

SHPO Comment: "J. Thomas Newsome, an African-American attorney and journalist, was the first African-American attorney to be certified to practice before the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia. He also edited the Newport News Star (ital. added). He was instrumental in the founding of Trinity Baptist Church, was a leading advocate of the construction of Huntington High School, and was also active in politics." SHPO Comment: "The first wartime government housing project constructed exclusively for African-Americans in the United States….to facilitate [the] increase in population due to the expansion of activities and personnel at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard after the outbreak of WWI."

75

NAME

DESIGNATION STATUS NR--Dec. 19, 1990

NR--Sept. 16, 1982

RECOMMENDING OFFICE Dept. of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, VA 23221 804-367-2323 804-367-2391 fax www.dhr.virginia.gov Dept. of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, VA 23221 804-367-2323 804-367-2391 fax www.dhr.virginia.gov

CONTACT PERSON M. Catherine Slusser, Deputy Director

M. Catherine Slusser, Deputy Director

APPENDIX G ASSOCIATED THEME STUDIES The following Congressionally-mandated theme studies have developed historic contexts that examine African American history. The majority of these theme studies have resulted in the identification, nomination, and NHL designation of at least one property associated with nationally-significant African American history. Early theme studies are unavailable in hardcopy but many can be downloaded in .pdf format from the NHL Program website: http://www.nps.gov/nhl/themes/themes.htm. • • • • • •

• •

Black Americans in the United States (1974) The US Constitution (1986) Women’s History Underground Railroad (2005) Racial Desegregation in Public Education (2000) American Civil Rights o Civil Rights in America: A Framework for Identifying Significant Sites (2002) o Public Accommodations (Draft 2004) o Voting Rights (Draft 2007) o Equal Employment (In Progress) o Equal Housing (In Progress) World War II Home Front Theme Study (2007) Labor History Theme Study (Draft 2003)

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African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study

Landmarks of African American History (American Landmarks)

Landmarks of the American Revolution (American Landmarks)

America's National Historic Trails

America's National Historic Trails

Landmarks of the Civil War (American Landmarks)

Landmarks of American Women's History

Landmarks in Modern American Business

Denver Landmarks and Historic District: A Pictorial Guide

Policy issues in national assessment

African American Women Chemists

African American Quotations

Early African-American classics

Abolition Movement (Landmarks of the American Mosaic)

African American Literacies

African-American Religious Leaders

African-American Political Leaders

Dance (African-American Arts)

African American Folk Healing

African-American athletes

African American Quotations

Famous African-American Women

African American Eras Library

The African American Predicament

The African-American Travel Guide (African American Travel Guide)

African American voices: African American health educators speak out

The blues detective: a study of African American detective fiction

The Iowa Catalog: Historic American Buildings Survey

African-American Religion (Religion in American Life)

African American legislators in the American states

The Iowa Catalog: Historic American Buildings Survey

African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study

Landmarks of African American History (American Landmarks)

Landmarks of the American Revolution (American Landmarks)

America's National Historic Trails

America's National Historic Trails

Landmarks of the Civil War (American Landmarks)

Landmarks of American Women's History

Landmarks in Modern American Business

Denver Landmarks and Historic District: A Pictorial Guide

Policy issues in national assessment

African American Women Chemists

African American Quotations

Early African-American classics

Abolition Movement (Landmarks of the American Mosaic)

African American Literacies

African-American Religious Leaders

African-American Political Leaders

Dance (African-American Arts)

African American Folk Healing

African-American athletes

African American Quotations

Famous African-American Women

African American Eras Library

The African American Predicament

The African-American Travel Guide (African American Travel Guide)

African American voices: African American health educators speak out

The blues detective: a study of African American detective fiction

The Iowa Catalog: Historic American Buildings Survey

African-American Religion (Religion in American Life)

African American legislators in the American states

The Iowa Catalog: Historic American Buildings Survey

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