A HISTORY OF AFRICAN CHRISTIANITY 1950-1975
AFRICAN STUDIES SERIES Editorial Board
John Dunn, Lecturer in Political S...
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A HISTORY OF AFRICAN CHRISTIANITY 1950-1975
AFRICAN STUDIES SERIES Editorial Board
John Dunn, Lecturer in Political Science and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge J. M. Lonsdale, Lecturer in History and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge D. M. G. Newbery, Lecturer in Economics and Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge A. F. Robertson, Director of the African Studies Centre and Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge The African Studies Series is a collection of monographs and general studies which reflect the interdisciplinary interests of the African Studies Centre at Cambridge. Volumes to date have combined historical, anthropological, economic, political and other perspectives. Each contribution has assumed that such broad approaches can contribute much to our understanding of Africa, and that this may in turn be of advantage to specific disciplines.
BOOKS IN THIS SERIES 1. City Politics: A Study of Leopoldville 1962-63 J. S. La Fontaine 2. Studies in Rural Capitalism in West Africa Polly Hill 3. Land Policy in Buganda Henry W. West 4. The Nigerian Military: A Sociological Analysis of Authority and Revolt 1960-67 Robin Luckham 5. The Ghanaian Factory Worker: Industrial Man in Africa Margaret Peil 6. Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911-1969 Francis Wilson 7. The price of Liberty: Personality and Politics in Colonial Nigeria Kenneth E. J. Post and George D. Jenkins 8. Subsistence to Commercial Farming in Present Day Buganda: An Economic and Anthropological Survey Audrey I. Richards, Ford Sturrock & Jean M. Fortt (eds) 9. Dependence and Opportunity: Political Change in Ahafo John Dunn and A. F. Robertson 10. African Railwaymen: Solidarity and Opposition in an East African Labour Force R. D. Grillo 11. Islam and Tribal Art in West Africa Rene A. Bravmarm 12. Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos P. D. Cole 13. Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order Ivor Wilks 14. Culture, Tradition and Society in the West African Novel Emmanual Obiechina 15. Saints and Politicians: Essays in the Organisation of a Senegalese Peasant Society Donal B. Cruise O'Brien 16. The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana Martin Staniland 17. Politics of Decolonisation: Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue 1960-1965 Gary Wasserman 18. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth Century Africa B. G. Martin 19. Warfare in the So koto Caliphate: Historical and Sociological Perspectives Joseph Smaldone 20. Liberia and Sierra Leone: An Essay in Comparative Politics Christopher Clapham 21. Adam Kok's Griquas: A Study in the Development of Stratification in South Africa Robert Ross 22. Class, Power and Ideology in Ghana: The Railwaymen of Sekondi Richard Jeffries 23. West African States: Failure and Promise John Dunn 24. Afrikaners of the Kalahari: White Minority in a Black State M. Russell and M. Russell 25. A Modern History of Tanganyika John Iliffe
A HISTORY OF AFRICAN CHRISTIANITY 1950-1975
ADRIAN HASTINGS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON • NEW YORK • MELBOURNE
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521222129 © Cambridge University Press 1979 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1979 Re-issued in this digitally printed version 2008 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Hastings, Adrian. A history of African Christianity, 1950-1975. (African studies series; 26) Bibliography: p. 303 Includes index. 1. Christianity - Africa - Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Title. II. Series. BRI360.H33 276 78-16599 ISBN 978-0-521-22212-9 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-29397-6 paperback
Contents
Preface Abbreviations Maps: 1 Political divisions 2 Areas of religious independency Introduction
page vii ix x xi 1
1 1950 A. Church and State B. The historic churches c. Independency
5 5 35 67
2 1951-1958 A. Church and State B. The historic churches c. Independency
86 86 108 121
3 1959-1966 A. Church and State B. The historic churches c. Independency
131 131 159 175
4 1967-1975 A. Church and State B. The historic churches
184 184 224
c. Independency
248
5 Between politics and prayer
258
Notes
275
Bibliography
303
Index
322
Preface
While working as a Research Officer at the School of Oriental and African Studies I resolved to write a history of modern African Christianity. It became part of the project I was engaged upon in association with Professor Richard Gray, the core of which was the running of a series of seminars to consider the evolution of the Christian Churches in independent Africa. Our seminars formed part of a wider international project of research which culminated in a Conference at Jos in Nigeria in September 1975. A large selection of the papers presented at Jos or written for the SO AS seminars has now been published by Rex Collings in a volume entitled Christianity in Independent Africa, edited by Edward Fashole-Luke, Richard Gray, Godwin Tasie and myself. These papers have been of immense use for the writing of this history; indeed it would have been a nearly impossible task without them. At the same time the weight of concern in the SOAS and Jos discussions was much more thematic than chronological and my brief African Christianity (Geoffrey Chapman, 1976), written immediately after returning from the Jos Conference, was intended to draw together the findings of the whole project from this standpoint. Personally I was, however, convinced that the time had come for a fairly straight history of contemporary African Christianity and I set about planning it in 1974. The present volume is the result. I must express my great gratitude to many people: first to SOAS which made me a Research Officer for three years with a wonderfully free rein, and to the Leverhulme Foundation which provided the grant to make this possible. I would also like to thank all those who took part in a seminar at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies in January 1975, in which the plan of the work was discussed, and another smaller seminar a little later in John Lonsdale's rooms in Trinity College, Cambridge. Professor Richard Gray has read much of the book most carefully and my indebtedness to his comments and to his help in so many ways is profound. Dr John Lonsdale has expended many hours reading and commenting upon the typescript, some parts more than once. Dr Jocelyn Murray has meticulously revised the notes and constructed the bibliography and index. Mrs Mary-Ann Sheehy has retyped the text with the greatest care. My mother has read through the vii
Preface
whole book spotting grammatical infelicities with her usual keen eye. I have benefited enormously from the collections of recent material on missionary history and new religious movements assembled in the Department of Religious Studies at Aberdeen by Mr Andrew Walls and Dr Harold Turner. To all these and other friends who have helped very considerably in one way or another, many, many thanks. Whatever qualities the book possesses derive from many minds, its defects are all my own. ADRIAN HASTINGS
King's College, Aberdeen 9 January 1978
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Abbreviations
AACC ABAKO AICA CMS CPP DP EJCSK FNLA Frelimo MPLA MRP PARMEHUTU TANU UMCA UNIP UNITA WCC ZANU ZAPU
All Africa Conference of Churches Association des Bakongo pour l'unification, l'expansion et la defense de la langue Kikongo African Independent Churches Association Church Missionary Society Convention People's Party Democratic Party Eglise de Jesus Christ sur la terre par le prophete Simon Kimbangu Frente National de Libertagao de Angola Mozambique Liberation Front Movimento Popular de Libertagao de Angola Mouvement Republicain Populaire Hutu Emancipation Movement Tanganyika African National Union Universities' Mission to Central Africa United National Independence Party Uniao Nacional Para la Independencia Total de Angola World Council of Churches Zimbabwe African National Union Zimbabwe African People's Union
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