A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir (Trends in Linguistics Documentation, Vol. 25)

Trends in Linguistics Documentation 25 Editors Walter Bisang Hans Henrich Hock Werner Winter Mouton de Gruyter Berlin...

Author: Irina Nikolaeva

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Trends in Linguistics Documentation 25

Editors

Walter Bisang Hans Henrich Hock Werner Winter

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin • New York

A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir

by

Irina Nikolaeva

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin • New York

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. The publication of this volume was made possible by subsidies from the Finno-Ugric Society and the Foundation for Endangered Languages.

® Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Data

Nikolaeva, I. A. (Irina Alekseevna) A historical dictionary of Yukaghir / by Irina Nikolaeva. p. cm. - (Trends in linguistics. Documentation ; 25) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018689-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 3-11-018689-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Yukaghir language - History - Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. PM20.N55 2006 494'.6-dc22 2006012647

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche

Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at .

ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018689-5 ISBN-10: 3-11-018689-6 ISSN: 0179-8251 © Copyright 2006 by Walter de Gruyter G m b H & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany.

РдА го

Acknowledgements

joob I would like to express my gratitude to all my Yukaghir consultants, and especially my principle guide to the language, the late Vasilij Salugin. I am deeply indebted to Tapani Salminen for his help in converting my database into a format suitable for publication. Without his assistance and encouragement this volume would not have appeared. I also thank Aleksandr Anikin, Uwe Bläsing, Michael Fortescue, Eugene Helimski, and Tapani Salminen for discussing Yukaghir materials and related questions with me. Many special thanks go to Simon Carne for patiently editing the English text. The work on the book has been partly supported by the Spinoza Prize awarded to Frederick Kortlandt by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, by the Finno-Ugric Society (Helsinki), and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Sonderforschungsbereich 471 at the University of Konstanz. I wish to thank Professor Kortland for his kind support of my work. I am very grateful to the Foundation of Endangered Languages for sponsoring this publication. The book is dedicated to the memory of my father, Aleksej Vasil'evič Nikolaev.

Preface

Yukaghir is spoken in the extreme North-East of Siberia. Several centuries ago there used to be several Yukaghir idioms, but by the end of the 19th century only two varieties had survived. They are referred to as Tundra (or Northern) Yukaghir and Kolyma (or Southern) Yukaghir. These languages exhibit fairly significant differences, especially in vocabulary. Although traditionally they have been termed dialects, some scholars prefer to view them as separate languages and speak about "a Yukaghir language family" rather than "the Yukaghir language" (Kurilov 2001; Maslova 2003). According to estimates from the late 1980s, Tundra Yukaghir is spoken fluently by about 150 people and Kolyma Yukaghir by about 50 people, but these numbers seem to be rapidly decreasing. This book has two main purposes. First, it is intended as a relatively complete source of information on the Yukaghir lexicon. No comprehensive lexicographic description of Yukaghir is available for the international linguistic community. In addition to several relatively small glossaries (Veenker 1989; Endo 1997, 2001; Nyikolajeva 2000; Nikolaeva and Šalugin 2003; Maslova 2001, 2003), two major dictionaries have been published so far: Angere (1957) and Kurilov (2001). The former is based on Jochelson (1900) and mostly presents the data from Kolyma Yukaghir as spoken at the end of the 19th century. The transcription and morphological segmentation used in this dictionary are seriously flawed. Kurilov (2001), together with its shorter version Kurilov (1990), is a very rich collection of the modern Tundra Yukaghir lexicon, but it uses the Cyrillic transcription with Russian translations and copies are rare outside Russia. Most importantly, each of these sources only describes one Yukaghir idiom. In contrast, this dictionary presents the different varieties of Yukaghir in comparative format. The modern Tundra Yukaghir materials are taken from published sources, while the modern Kolyma data were obtained through my own fieldwork conducted in the 1980s-1990s. Although some lacunae are inevitable, the book presents the first fairly comprehensive lexicographic description of Kolyma Yukaghir. In this respect it can be viewed as an attempt to document the lexicon of this highly endangered language. The dictionary also contains earlier materials starting from the late 17th century, most of which reflect extinct varieties of Yukaghir. J ПО M.TvíSSiäity GÍ iOwćt LíQfüftea

viii

Preface

Second, and most importantly, the dictionary provides a reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir, which has not previously been attempted (but see Nikolaeva 1988). Proto-Yukaghir is understood as the common ancestor of all known Yukaghir varieties. Proto-Yukaghir stems are established based on internal reconstruction and comparison between various Yukaghir idioms, as well as the external data. In some cases I cite possible cognates of Yukaghir stems from other languages, mainly Uralic and Altaic. Yet this dictionary is not etymological in the usual sense, i.e. it is not meant to provide etymologies for all Yukaghir words. Our present knowledge of the history of Yukaghir is insufficient for this purpose, but this dictionary may be a first step in this direction. The Yukaghir family is usually classified as isolated, although its possible distant genetic relationship with Uralic has been much discussed (Collinder 1940, 1957, 1965; Bouda 1940; Angere 1956; Tailleur 1959b; Nikolaeva 1988; Fortescue 1998). There is no consensus on this matter, mainly because the history of Yukaghir has remained little known. Since in this volume Yukaghir forms are not only cited in their modern shape, but are reconstructed for the first time, my hope is that it will provide a foundation for future etymological work. The dictionary will assist scholars to establish the affiliation of Yukaghir and to reconstruct the ethnic and linguistic situation in prehistoric northern Asia, as well as to investigate the possibility of distant genetic relations between language families in general.

Table of contents

Acknowledgements Preface Abbreviations Introduction 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 2. 2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5. 2.1.6. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. 3. 3.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.2. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2.

Organization of the dictionary The structure of an entry Sources Presentation of the data and translations Transcription and transliteration Grammatical information Reconstructions, etymologies, and comments Sources of the Yukaghir material Old Yukaghir Witsen Mueller/Lindenau Klitschka Boensing Billings/Merk Matjuškin (Čuvan and Omok) End of the 19th century and 20th century Kurilov Krejnovič Spiridonov Jochelson Schiefner Basics of Kolyma Yukaghir phonology Phonemic inventory Vocalism Consonantism Some non-phonemic variations Positional restrictions on consonants Vowel harmony Harmony in the first foot Harmony of short vowels after the first foot

v vii xi 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 8 10 10 10 12 15 17 18 24 25 25 25 25 26 27 29 29 29 31 33 34 35 36 37

х

Table of contents

3.3.3. Harmony of long vowels 3.3.4. Synharmonism 3.4. Alternations of vowels 3.4.1 Quantitative alternations 3.4.2. Deletion 3.4.3. Assimilation of mid vowels 3.4.4. Reduction of the stem-final vowel 3.5. Alternations of consonants 3.5.1. "Sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation 3.5.2. Assimilation of voiced consonants 3.5.3. Voicing and palatal assimilation 3.5.4. Assimilation of sibilants and7 3.6. Epenthesis 3.6.1. Consonantal epenthesis 3.6.2. Vocalic epenthesis in word edge clusters 3.6.3. Word-medial vocalic epenthesis 4. A reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology 4.1. Vocalism 4.1.1. Inventory and vowel harmony 4.1.2. Non-high vowels 4.1.3. High vowels 4.1.4. Long vowels 4.2. Consonantism 4.2.1. Inventory 4.2.2. Sibilants and affricates 4.2.3. Fricatives 4.2.4. Sonorants and glides 4.2.5. Consonantal clusters 4.3. The structure of the stems 4.3.1. Monosyllabic stems 4.3.2. Bisyllabic stems 4.3.3. Trisyllabic stems 5. List of affixes

39 40 41 41 43 45 46 47 47 48 50 51 52 53 53 54 57 57 57 57 61 64 65 65 66 68 69 71 74 74 75 77 79

Notes References

84 87

Dictionary Index of meanings Language index

95 465 499

Abbreviations

Languages Chuk. Esk. Ev. Evk. К Kor. Mong. Nen. Ngan. Ost. Rus. Selk. T Yak.

Chukchi Eskimo Even Evenki Kolyma Yukaghir Koryak Modern Mongolian Nenets Nganasan Ostjak Russian Selkup Tundra Yukaghir Yakut

FP FU FV MG NS NT ou OY PA PE PY S TU и

Finno-Permic Finno-Ugric Finno-Volgaic Proto-Mongolian Northern Samoyed Northern Tungus Ob-Ugric Old Yukaghir Altaic Proto-Eskimo Proto-Yukaghir Samoyed Tungus Uralic

Sources of Yukaghir materials В BO KD KJ KK KL M MC ME MK MU MO RS SD SU TD

Billings (1787) Boensing (1781) Kolyma Yukaghir from Jochelson's manuscript dictionary Kolyma Yukaghir (Jochelson 1898, 1900) Kolyma Yukaghir (Krejnovič 1982) Klitschka(1781) Maydell (Schiefner 1871b) Čhuvan materials of Matjuškin (Wrangel 1841) Merk (1787) Kolyma materials of Mueller/Lindenau (1741) Ust'-Janskoe materials of Mueller/Lindenau (1741) Omok materials of Matjuškin (Wrangel 1841) Raj skij/Stubendorf (Schiefner 1871 a) Kolyma Yukaghir (Spiridonov 2003) Suvorov (Schiefner 1871a) Tundra Yukaghir from Jochelson' manuscript dictionary

xii

Abbreviations

TJ TK W

Tundra Yukaghir (Jochelson 1900) Tundra Yukaghir (Krejnovič 1958, 1982) Witsen (1692)

Sources of etymologies CED DEWOS EDAL ESRD ESRZ

Fortescue et al. (1994) Steinitz (1966-1993) Starostin et al. (2003) Anikin (2000) Anikin (2003)

JRS JU HUV LR UJN

Slepcov (1972) Collinder (1940) Collinder (1965) Fortescue (1998) Collinder (1957)

ITER HAB HORT LAT LOC MULT N NEG NOM NONIT OF ORD PART PERF PL POS PP PRED PROH PROL PRON QUAL RES SF SG

iterative habitual hortative lative locative multiplicative nominal derivation negation nominative non-iterative object focus ordinal participle perfective plural possessive postposition predicative prohibitive prolative pronominal qualitative resultative subject focus singular

Grammatical terms ABL ACC AJD ADV AN APPL ATTR AUGM BP CAUS COLL COM COND CONN CONV DAT DEL DES DIM DIR DS EMPH EV FREQ FUT

ablative accusative adjectival derivation adverbial action nominal applicative attributive augmentative body part causative collective comitative conditional connective converb dative delimitative desiderative diminutive directive different-subject converb emphatic evidential frequentative future

Abbreviations

GEN IMP IMPF INCH INDEF INST INT INTER INTR

genitive imperative imperfective inchoative indefinite instrumental intensive interrogative intransitive

SN SS STAT SUP TEMP TR TRANS INTJ V

subject nominal same-subject converb stative supine temporal transitive translative interjection verbal derivation

Other abbreviations dial. id. lit. Ppr.

dialectal idem literally page proper noun

rect. rev. smb smth

rectus reverse somebody something

xiii

Introduction

1. Organization of the dictionary The dictionary part of the volume is preceded by this Introduction which explains the principles of the phonological transcription adopted in the book, describes the sources of the data, and discusses the grounds for the suggested reconstruction, as well as the relationship between different varieties of Yukaghir. The dictionary is followed by an English index intended to facilitate the search for Yukaghir equivalents of English words, and a language index.

1.1. The structure of an entry The data in the dictionary are organized alphabetically according to reconstructed stems preceded by an asterisk. In the alphabetical order the diacritics such as the palatalization sign ('), the length sign (:) and the hachek are disregarded. The letters о and о; n, Л and ŋ\ g and у; I and /'; d, d' and δ, as well as e and a are treated as one letter each. For recent borrowings into Yukaghir, mainly from Russian, Yakut and Even, the source forms are cited without an asterisk. Russian verbs are cited in the infinitival form, although Yukaghir normally borrows the bare stem. Each reconstruction or source word is provided with a consecutive number from 1 to 2659, with which the entry is cited in the reverse index. Unfortunately, for technical reasons the following 36 numbers are missing from the numeration: 113, 196, 207, 318, 416, 428, 437, 588, 690, 799, 1114, 1143, 1144, 1222, 1244, 1296, 1559, 1578, 1706, 1736, 1873, 1922, 1923, 2001, 2080, 2119, 2175, 2216, 2259, 2266, 2460, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2494, 2503. Thus, the dictionary includes 2623 entries. In each entry the reconstruction or the source word is followed by the Yukaghir data. The source of the data is indicated by an abbreviation in capital letters before the word. For most entries the data are organized in several groups, each of which is written on a separate line. A group is formed by at least two words from different sources which exhibit more or less identical morphological structure in an uninflected form. For example, verbs have the same aspectual affixes, and nouns have the same derivational affixes or are parts of the same compound. When deciding whether words belong to the

Introduction32

same group I have ignored transcriptional differences between the sources, as well as regular phonological variations. The data within a group is cited in the following order: data from the 20th century Kolyma Yukaghir - data from the 20th century Tundra Yukaghir - data from the earlier sources. The words in a group normally have the same meaning and it is only cited once, after the first word. So when the following words in a group are not accompanied by a translation, it should be assumed that they have the same meaning as the first word in this group. Where the meaning of a word in a group differs, a translation immediately follows. If a word has an additional meaning together with the meaning it shares with other words, this is indicated with a plus sign (+). Words from different sources within a group are separated by a semi-colon. As an example I cite below part of the entry for the stem * köŋ-, (1) *köŋK köŋe:- to chop; KK köŋie-, koŋie-; KJ koŋie-; KD koŋie-; T köŋie- to undo, to unrip; to cut; TJ kaŋie-; TD konie- to cut a skin or a fish К köŋu: split, crack; KK kuŋu: + scratch; KD koŋu: KJ koŋda- to take off |TK köŋiere- to cut This fragment includes two groups, one with the basic meaning 'to chop' and another 'split, crack'. Both go back to the reconstructed proto-stem *köŋ-. Some words have meanings that differ from the basic meaning, e.g. TD konie'to cut a skin or a fish'. KK kuŋu: means 'split, crack' and additionally 'scratch', as indicated by the plus sign. The entry contains also the words KJ koŋda- 'to take off and TK köŋiere- 'to cut' derived from the same stem but having no exact correspondence in any other available sources. Such words are not members of a group. They are presented on a separate line and divided by the sign |. Translations are given after each word. When it is unclear whether the word belongs to the relevant entry, it is preceded by a question mark. Some entries also contain brief etymological remarks and comments (see 1.6 for details). These are written on separate lines.

1.2. Sources The modern Kolyma data come from my field materials recorded among the Kolyma Yukaghirs in the settlements Nelemnoe and Zyrjanka, as well as in Jakutsk, in 1986-1991. Some of these materials remain unpublished, others

Introduction 3 3

have been published as text collections (Nikolaeva 1989, 1997, 2000) and a school dictionary (Nikolaeva and Salugin 2003). I have also used other sources of modern Kolyma Yukaghir for consultation, such as Spiridonov (1997), Endo (1997, 2001), and Maslova (2001, 2003). However, I do not indicate them because they mostly correspond to my field data.1 It is not my goal to present all Kolyma Yukaghir derivations here, especially the numerous aspectual forms of verbs, which exhibit various degrees of productivity. Normally, verbal derivations are cited in three cases: (i) if the derived form has a direct correspondence in at least one other source and therefore is part of a group, (ii) if its meaning is unpredictable and substantially differs from the base form, and (iii) if it provides some phonological information relevant for the reconstruction. So if a verbal derivational form is not cited, the reader should not automatically assume it to be non-existent. Relevant generalizations and a list of attested verbal derivations can be found in Maslova (2003). On the other hand, I have tried to cite all or most attested nominal derivates and compounds, as well as some idiomatic expressions. Words of Russian origin in Kolyma Yukaghir are only cited if they are recorded several times from different informants and so can be considered more or less established loanwords. But I cite all Russian words that occur in other sources. The modern Tundra Yukaghir data are exclusively taken from the works of Kurilov (1990, 2001). Other data from the 20th century and the late 19th century come from the works of Jochelson, Spiridonov and Krejnovič. My intention was to cover these sources as fully as possible, but I have omitted many expressions whose status seems to be in between lexicalized compounds and free collocations, as well as some predictable derivational forms. Earlier materials are represented by the data from Schieffner (1859, 1871a, 1871b) from the second half of the 19th centuiy, and by what I refer to as Old Yukaghir, i.e. data from all known Yukaghir sources starting from the late 17th century until the first third of the 19th century (on Old Yukaghir see 2.1). They are taken either from published sources or unpublished archive collections. See Abbreviations for explanations of the labels, and Section 2 of the Introduction for descriptions of the sources.

1.3. Presentation of the data and translations Although Kolyma Yukaghir data are unified on phonological grounds, in some cases I also cite free and idiolectal variants; they are separated with a comma. Verbs are cited as uninflected stems followed by a hyphen, as are

Introduction34

some postpositional stems that can host an inflection. Nouns are given in the basic Nominative Singular form. The words from published and unpublished sources are normally cited as they appear in the source, while Cyrillic-based data are transliterated (see 1.4). In some cases I have chosen to provide corrected versions of records that are obviously erroneous in square brackets after the abbreviation rect. Variations that occur in the sources are separated by commas. The presentation of the data from the 20th century sources basically follows the same format as for modern Kolyma Yukaghir. Nouns are written without a hyphen, unless they only occur in an inflected form in the source in question. Verbal stems are given without inflectional affixes and are followed by a hyphen. Because of fiisional processes on the morpheme boundaries, such truncated forms may differ from the actual stem. For example, KJ 'strange, odd' is represented by the participle pailiče, where -če is a participial affix. In fact the verbal stem is pajlu:-, while -и: changes into -i before certain affixes. But as the stem pajlu:- is not attested in KJ in this shape, I cite it as pajli-, merely omitting the participial suffix. In contrast, pre-20th century data are given as they occur in the source, i.e. in inflected forms. For example, the stem топ- 'to say' is represented in SU as mo'ny and топка. These are inflected forms of the 3rd person Singular and Plural, respectively, cf. К mon-i and moŋ-ŋi. Translations and grammatical comments for such forms are not provided. Hyphenation, spacing and capitalization that occurs in the sources is not preserved. However, I provide a morphological analysis for compounds and separate their components with a hyphen. Hyphenation concerns both nominal and verbal compounds. By verbal compounds I mean lexicalized expressions which normally include a verb and a noun in a possessive, case or postpositional form. Proclitics are also separated with a hyphen, while suffixes are not. In some cases it is difficult to see whether we are dealing with a compound or a suffix, e.g. -ed'ilil in T aŋded'ilil 'waist' (cf. К aŋd-il 'waist'). Such elements are not separated with a hyphen. If a compound is attested in more than one source, it is cited as a group of words in the entry that corresponds to its first component. Consider for example a fragment of the entry *aŋa. (2) К aŋan-pugelbe: beard, moustache [lit. mouth fur]; KJ aŋade-pugelbie, aŋa-pugolbie\ KD aŋa(n)-pugelbie, aŋan-pudelie; T aŋa-buguče\ ТК aŋan-bugut'e\ TD an'an-bugoče, an'an-pugoče; В anghen-bugu'lbv, ME angen-bugulbie

Introduction 3 5

As can be seen in (2), literal translations may be provided to facilitate the understanding of the morphological structure of a compound. Note that in most nominal compounds the first component stands in the Genitive in -rt/-d, which does not belong to the stem. If the second component of a compound does not exist independently, it is cited as a separate entry. If a compound is represented in only one source, for modern Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir it is given as a whole. Isolated compounds from other sources are not cited, but their components are treated separately under their respective entries. Consider the following example. (3)T morqile broken country with many hills and holes; TD -morxile The TD -morxile is only attested as the second component of an isolated compound, i.e. a compound which does not have a direct correspondence in other sources. This compound is not given, but TD -morxile is cited together with the independently existing T morqile and is preceded by a hyphen. Where the translations provided in the sources were in a language other than English, I have given English equivalents. However, I shortened and simplified some of the translations from Kurilov (2001), which gives several meanings for each entry. For fuller information on the semantics of Tundra Yukaghir words the reader should consult Kurilov's original works. Closely related meanings are separated by commas, while more distantly related meanings are separated by semi-colons. Obviously, the decisions I had to make here are somewhat individual. Proper nouns are translated with the abbreviation pr. and further explanations are given in brackets (e.g. a man, woman, river, etc). For most birds and fish Latin names are provided in addition to English translations.

1.4. Transcription and transliteration The modern Kolyma Yukaghir data are cited in phonological transcription, as explained in Section 3 of this Introduction. Latin-based sources are TD, KD, B, ME, M, R, SU, ST, W, MU, and MC. These data are cited essentially as in the source, but I transliterated ï as y, denoted vowel length with a colon rather than a macron, and have ignored some diacritics (for example, the signs " and ° on vowels). Some small changes in the citation of individual sources are also possible. They are explained in the respective subsections of Section 2.

Introduction36

Sources based on Cyrillic are T, KJ, TJ, TK, KK, SD, BO, KL, MC, and MO. The data from these sources are given in transliteration. In (4) I present the basic rules of transliteration applicable to all sources cited in this volume. (4)

Cyrillic a 6 в г S Д e ё ж 3 и

й к л м н Н о е

Transliteration а b W, V g У d e,jejo, 'о ž z i j k 1 m n ŋ 0 ö

Cyrillic

Transliteration

П p с T У

Ф

X Ц 4 Ш

Щ ъ ы ь э ю я е, "jaf"

Р г s t U f q, х с č š čš 0 У t e ju, 'u ja, 'a e,je-

This system differs slightly from the standard transliteration used to render Cyrillic in that в is rendered as w rather than v and x is rendered as q rather than x. Such a transliteration brings the records of the Yukaghir words closer to phonemic transcription. Note that when transliterating в and x in Russian words I use the letters v (rather than w) and x (rather than q), respectively. The so-called jotacized letters (ё, ю and я) are transliterated in two ways depending on their position. Word-initially or after a vowel they are transliterated as the combination of j and the corresponding non-jotacized vowel (о, и or a). After a consonant they are transliterated as a non-jotacized vowel, while the preceding consonant takes a palatalization sign ('). Again the purpose of this system is to make the form closer to the Yukaghir equivalent. The jotacized vowel e, as well as the Old Russian letters с and "jaf", occur only in Old Yukaghir materials, since modern Cyrillic-based sources use э

Introduction 3 7

instead. These letters do not normally involve palatalization of the preceding consonant. However, in Matjuškin's materials (MO and MC) the initial e- may denote je- as well as e, cf. MC eme ~ К eče: 'father' but MC ебой ~ T jabo:j 'dead'. For these sources I write je- when it is confirmed from other sources and (j)e- when the word is otherwise unknown. The word-final "hard sign" ъ which was used after a final consonant in the old Russian orthography does not denote any sound and has been left out in the transliteration. The "soft sign" ь denotes palatalization of the preceding consonant, but if it occurs after ч ( = ć) palatalization is not marked because č is already palatalized. When this sign is used after n, I, and d, the whole string is transliterated as ń, /', and d\ respectively. Boensing (BO) and Klitschka (KL) additionally use the sign ', whose meaning is not entirely clear. On vowels it is likely to denote stress, while on consonants palatalization. This sign is preserved in transliteration, but at the beginning of the word before a vowel it is rendered as j. Some Cyrillic letters, e.g. ф, ц and щ, occur in Yukaghir words only by mistake, since the corresponding sounds do not exist in Yukaghir.

1.5. Grammatical information The dictionary is not intended as an introduction to Yukaghir grammar and provides only a minimum of grammatical information, mostly indications of word classes. Yukaghir distinguishes the following grammatical classes: (i) nouns, (ii) verbs, (iii) adjectives, (iv) adverbs, (v) postpositions, (vi) numerals, (vii) pronouns, (viii) conjunctions, (ix) particles, and (x) interjections. Verbs and nouns are easily distinguished by morphological criteria. As mentioned above, nouns are uninflected in the Nominative Singular and are cited in this form. Verbs rarely appear uninflected, and verbal stems are followed by a hyphen. The category of verbs includes qualitative and quantificative stems translated with adjectives and numerals, respectively, e.g. К embə- 'black' and ataql- 'two'. Transitive and intransitive verbs have different inflectional paradigms. In some cases I indicate whether the Yukaghir verb is transitive or intransitive by the abbreviations TR and INTR after the translation. This is done, first, if the English translation is ambiguous, as e.g. for the verb 'to open', and second, when the transitivity of the Yukaghir verb does not correspond to its English equivalent. For example, К ege:rə- 'to tread on, to step on (TR)' is transitive, unlike its English counterpart.

Introduction38

Adjectives in Yukaghir form a small closed class, which includes at least the following words: К ńańčə ' b i g \ j u k u 'small', čomo 'big', joloqə 'last', pońqə 'white',pömkə 'round', čičkə 'long, tall', čö:l'ə 'old, ancient', and il'l'ə 'new, fresh, (an)other'. The grammatical class of these words is not indicated in the dictionary. Adverbs, numerals, conjunctions and pronouns are not indicated either, but their category should normally be clear from the translation provided. Postpositions in Kolyma Yukaghir are marked as PP. Interjections are marked as INTJ and in some cases an approximate translation or an explanation of use is provided in brackets. Particles either express a certain grammatical meaning or serve discourse purposes. Unlike adverbs or interjections they cannot form an independent utterance, not even an elliptical one. From a morphological viewpoint they rather form an heterogeneous class. Some particles are free standing words, others are bound words, while yet others are clitics. I do not provide details of their morphological behavior here. Some particles are translated with their English equivalents, while for others I provide a description using the general word "marker". For example, the approximate meaning of the К qata is something like 'let us', but in the dictionary it is translated as 'hortative marker'. Proper nouns and interjections, as well as most particles, are not included in the reverse index. Section 5 of this Introduction contains a list of Yukaghir inflectional and derivational morphemes which is meant to facilitate the morphological analysis of the cited materials. Grammatical labels used in the dictionary are largely based on Maslova (2003) with a few deviations discussed in Nikolaeva (2005).

1.6. Reconstructions, etymologies, and comments The principles of the Proto-Yukaghir reconstruction are explained in Section 4 of this Introduction, which should be consulted before using the dictionary. Alternative reconstructions are indicated with a slash or brackets. Homonymous reconstructions are provided with numbers, e.g. *aj- 1 and *aj- 2. As with all sources, if a reconstructed stem does not normally occur in an uninflected form, it is followed by a hyphen. This is characteristic of all verbal stems, as well as some non-verbal stems. No attempt is made to reconstruct the Proto-Yukaghir meaning, but in most cases it can be easily deduced from the meanings of the daughter words. If the word in only attested in one Old Yukaghir source, the reconstruction may only be a very rough approximation, since these sources

Introduction 3 9

are not very reliable. Such reconstructions are marked with a question mark. Thus, the meaning of the question mark differs: in the presentation of the data it indicates that it is questionable whether the word is related to the relevant stem, while in a reconstruction it indicates that it is approximate. In most cases I have tried to reconstruct a stem alone and so omitted easily recognizable and fairly productive affixes even if they are present in all daughter words. For example, the aspectual and valence-changing verbal affixes are excluded from the reconstruction. On the other hand, reconstructions may include some non-productive affixes, such as for example the nominal suffixes -r/-t, -ma, -l'ə, and -kə-/-qə. Etymological comments are very brief. I mostly cite potential cognates from Uralic and Tungus-Manchu languages, but in a few cases I also mention Turkic, Mongolian, Chukchi and Eskimo parallels. For the most part potentially related words are cited as they appear in the cited sources. In some instances small transcriptional changes are made, but without any substantial revisions. If the comparison with Yukaghir is highly problematic, it is preceded by a question mark. If a comparison has been suggested in the previous literature, references are given after the double slash sign //. When such references are missing, the comparison is suggested here for the first time. Translations are provided for the cognate words, unless their meanings are basically identical to the meaning of the Yukaghir words and are easily detected. In the comment line I indicate whether the phonological shape of the word is irregular and comment on individual phonological and semantic changes. Irregularity either suggests that the word looks like a recent borrowing but the source is unknown to me, or that the word is morphologically complex. The comment line may also contain information on whether the Yukaghir word was borrowed into another language.

Introduction310

2. Sources of the Yukaghir material This section of the Introduction describes the sources from which the Yukaghir data are cited, other than my own field notes on Kolyma Yukaghir, which will be addressed in Section 3. 2.1. Old Yukaghir In this section I outline the sources of what I refer to as Old Yukaghir. This term describes the varieties of Yukaghir spoken between the first known record of the language (in the second half of the 17th century) and the first third of the 19th century. The upper "border" is marked by the time when an important phonological change, the simplification of the intervocalic clusters, took place (see 4.2.5). The Old Yukaghir data come from published and unpublished sources. The unpublished sources are kept in the following archives: the archive of the Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, abbreviated as AAN, the Manuscripts Department of the State Public Library, St Petersburg, abbreviated as OR GPB, and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, Moscow, abbreviated as RGADA. Most of these data were collected by the expeditions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, such as the Second Kamchatkan Expedition (17331743), the North-Eastern Expedition of Joseph Billings (1785-1793), and the expedition of Ferdinand von Wrangel (1821-1824). The work of these expeditions is addressed in detail in Gnučeva (1940), Vdovin (1954) and Širina (1983), among others. Other materials were collected by Petr Pallas via correspondence with the local administration and later systematized by Friedrich Adelung, as part of the Russian Academy of Science's programme for the compilation of comparative dictionaries of world languages. Pallas published his materials twice, in slightly different versions (Pallas 1786, 1789), while Adelung's compilations remain in the archives.1 All these sources represent slighly different idioms, but I leave open the question of whether they should be classified as dialects or separate languages. The philological analysis of Old Yukaghir sources presented here was first suggested in my dissertation (Nikolaeva 1988a).

2.1.1. Witsen The first known record of Yukaghir is actually a published text. It appeared in a book by the Dutch diplomat and scholar Nicolaas Witsen (1641-1717) first

Introduction 3 11

published in 1692. Witsen himself did not visit the Yukaghir land. He received the Yukaghir materials by post sometime after his visit to Moscow in 16641665, probably through his cousin Andrea Vinius, who later headed the Siberian Chancellery in Moscow (Gebhard 1881: 44; Wiadimiroff 1997). The text is a translation into Yukaghir of the Lord's prayer. Nothing is known about its origin. It is essentially a word-to-word translation and in some respects preserves the Russian syntax, for example, by postposing a possessive pronoun, which is not typical of Yukaghir. The text is written in Dutch orthography; for instance, the digraph oe denotes u. Witsen's text was published by Adelung (1806: 562), Schiefner (1871a: 393-394), and Collinder (1940: 14), however these publications omit some diacritic signs and do not provide explanations for some words. Therefore I cite it here as a whole after Witsen (1785: 687). The first line presents Witsen's text, the second line gives possible modern Kolyma Yukaghir correspondences, while the third line provides glosses.

Totlié, tət-1'ə thou-POS

Legatei l'ə-ŋi-tə-j be-PL-FUT-3

Lætiot, l'ə-t-i ət be-FUT-3SUBJ Je i and

kandi qadi which

Mitsjé, mit-l'ə we-POS

Otjé eče: father

koendsjoenga, kužu:-gə sky-LOC poegandallanpoh, pugu-d-allə-bə sun-GEN-boss-N

t'sjemol al čomo:l-əl will-N

levianh: lebe:-gə earth-LOC

kaltei, kel-tə-j come-FUT-3

Lünliagel i:-legul smoke-food

keyck kej-k give-IMP

Mitin mit-in we-DAT

Taldelpon tadul-pə debt-PL

Mïtlæpoel, mit-1'ə-pul we-POS-PL

Miltjé mit-l'ə we-POS

telaman, ?-mə here-TEMP Mït mit we

Je and

kondan qodo how

Temlælængh

Nim, nu: name

Totlié tət-1'ə thou-POS konda qodo how

koed Zjuga, kužu:-gə sky-LOC

Monidetjelæh, moni-də-tə-lə stomach-TR-FUT-? ponkatsj pońa:š leave.IMP

Mitin, mit-in we-DAT

poniatsjok tannevinol pońa:š-o:k tańńə-?-ŋin leave- INTER. 1 PL owe-?-DAT

Introduction312

Mïtlæpoel, mit-Pə-pul we-POS-PL

Je i and

Olo Oimïk, əl-?-mik NEG-7-TR.2SG kimda annelan; kimda:ńə-? deceive-? tonbanck, tönbə-š-k strong-V-IMP

kondo qodo how kondo qodo how

Olgonílæk əl-qaŋi:-lək NEG-chase-PROH molíak moli by.no.means

Le dot l'ə-t ət be-FUT SUBJ Je

tændælov,

and

?

?

Mitel mit-u-1 we-O-PRON. ACC

Mitel mit-u-1 we-O-PRON .ACC

poegoedal Lenpoh, pugu-d-[allə]-bə sun-GEN-boss-N

Je i and

koendejanck. kude-jə-k become-?-IMP

As can be seen above, most words from this text have Kolyma Yukaghir equivalents, so we may be dealing with an Old-Yukaghir idiom that was very close, if not identical, to Kolyma Yukaghir. If this is so, the text is likely to have been recorded on the upper Kolyma. In this dictionary Witsen's materials are indicated as W. The original transcription is preserved, except that, as for the other sources, I write у instead of*

2.1.2. Mueller/Lindenau Chronologically the next data on Old Yukaghir were recorded by Jakob Lindenau, a participant of the Second Kamchatkan expedition organized by Gerhard Friedrich Mueller. Lindenau's task was the ethnographic description of the Siberian peoples, including their languages. His Yukaghir materials consist of two wordlists recorded in 1741, when Lindenau traveled from Jakutsk to Oxotsk. Both are translations of the standard Latin list compiled by Mueller, which contains about 300 words from the basic vocabulary. The lists reflect two different Old Yukaghir idioms. The list I refer to as Mueller/Kolyma (MK) is kept in RGADA in the socalled Portfeli Millera (fund 199, list 2, part 513, № 13, pp. 20-23 rev.). Page 20 contains the title: Jukagirisch (Kolymskije Yukagiri) - Korjakish Korjakisch II - Kurilisch, and consequently some Chukotkan-Kamchatkan words. There are no references to Yukaghirs in the comments provided on page 23, so the exact place of the recording is unknown. It is however clear that we

Introduction 3 13

are dealing with Yukaghir from the upper or middle Kolyma. The list contains about 220 lexical entries, as well as the incomplete verbal paradigm. As far as I know, it has never been published before. This source is likely to reflect the language of the Kolym-cy tribe that lived in the middle basin of the Kolyma, as well as on the rivers Jasačnaja and Korkodon (Dolgix 1960). Kolym-cy is the Russian word, while the Yukaghirs used the word kögimə to refer to this tribe, cf. modern T kö.jmə 'Kolyma Yukaghir'. According to Sauer (1802), Yukaghirs of the upper Kolyma considered themselves the descendants of the people called konghini, which suggests the PY *köŋkimə, cf. also the hydronym koŋgiina found in Jochelson's materials. According to Jochelson (1900: 209), Kolyma Yukaghirs of the end of the 19th century regarded the kögimə as an extinct archaic tribe. In the 18th century ten kögimə clans merged together on the upper Kolyma into three clans called in Russian Rybnikovskij (Fish clan), Nartennyj (Sledge clan), and Uškanskij (Hare clan) (Dolgix 1960: 417). The former later joined the lower Kolyma Yukaghirs and mixed with other tribes (Šoromba and Omok-i), while the latter two became ancestors of the modern Kolyma Yukaghirs. The idiom reflected in MK was apparently spoken by a Northern group of kögimə, possibly by members of the Rybnikovskij clan. Lindenau's second wordlist contains about 280 words. It was recorded in Ust'-Janskoe, a settlement on the mouth of the Jana in the middle of the Northwestern Yukaghir territory and is abbreviated here as MU (Mueller/Ust'Janskoe). According to Dolgix (1960), in the 17th century this territory was occupied by several Yukaghir tribes: Jandin-cy (on the right bank of the Lena), Xoromo-X (in the upper basin of the Yana), Jangin-cy (around the middle of the Indigirka), Onojdi (on the right bank of the Jana), and Oljubenzi (in the lower basin of the Indigirka). Veenker (1984) attributed the language of MU to the Xoromo-x tribe. However, by the time it was recorded (1741), the Northwestern Old Yukaghir tribes had been already greatly mixed. The Jandin-cy were a mixed Even-Yukaghir tribe to start with (Dolgix 1960: 382). According to Gurvič (1982), they later mixed with the Xoromo-i and Jangin-cy, while the Jangin-cy mixed with the Evens, in their turn. The tribe Onojdi was divided into two clans, Petajskij/Betil'skij and Del'janskij/Zel'janskij. The former was apparently Tungus by origin, and Gurvič (1966: 11), contrary to Dolgix, did not even consider it Yukaghir. So the idiom reflected in MU is likely to be a mixture of several idioms spoken by North-Western tribes, and also had an Even component. This list is known in several copies. The main copy, arguably written down by Lindenau himself, is preserved in RGADA (fund 199, list 2, part 513, № 10, pp. 5-8 rev.) and contains the following title on page 5: Lexikon burjatskij, tungusskij, lamutskij [The Buriat, Even and Evenki vocabularies]. The first

Introduction314

sheet has the additional title: Yukaghiri Ust-Janskoe [The Yukaghirs from Ust'Janskoe]. It is this copy that is published in the present volume and denoted as MU. In addition, there are several copies made by scribes. (i) OR GPB, fond 7, № 111, pp. 15-20 rev. (ii) AAN, fund 94, list. 1. № 170, pp. 1-14 (iii) OR GPB, Erm/nem., № 41/1, pp. 95-100 (iv) OR GPB, Erm., № 577 ( v ) O R G P B , fund 7, №

142

(vi) OR GPB, fund 7, № 111, pp. 21-22 The relationship between these copies can be represented in the following way: RGADA fund 199, list 2, part 513, № 10, pp. 5-8 rev. (ü)

I (iii) (iv)

(V)

(vi)

Copy (i) has the following title on page 9: Tungusike (Werchna Angara) Tungusice (Jakutz'k) - Yukagiri (Ust-Janskoe) [Evenki (Upper Angara) Evenki (Jakutsk) - Yukaghir (Ust'-Janskoe)]. Page 16 rev. contains two additional words absent from the other copies, which I have included in the dictionary: kaká 'penis' and papa 'vagina'. Copy (i) and consequently all copies derived from it, i.e. (iv), (v) and (vi), demonstrate numerous inconsistencies in rendering the diacritic signs, as well as the following copying mistakes (in order of appearance). Table 1. MU

copy (i)

numä tschuwóndschä jong, jongla anggá tschanngdschamá óllega

memä tschiwoondschä jongjongla angýa tschangdscham ólloga

modem Yukaghir К numö К šubed'ə Kjoγul К T aŋa -

T al'γə

house heart nose mouth wolverine fish

Introduction 3 15 Table 1 cont. tschul ljängdschandö léngde-búndsche léngdetsche imóbujen ángdsche ongétschele ongénit namdátschit lútsche -jelaxlón -andaklon jömbón ónsche vaitagá nóxtscha endschdsche -tschomó jehotí

tschal gängdschando lérigderbundsched léngdesche imóbyjen anydsche ongétschell ongénet namdútschit tútsche -jelaklón -andklon jämboón óusche baitagá nóktscha endschöldsche -tschonv jchotí

К T ču:l Кjaŋžəd-ö: T leŋdəbud'ə

meat, flesh (goose) egg want to eat (INTR. 1SG)

К T leŋdətčə К immu:jə

eat(FUT.lSG) get drunk (INTR. 1SG) cry stand (FUT.INTR.l PL) stand (FUT.INTR.3PL) low smoke four two dead (INTR.3SG) water woman (AUGM) sable living (IMPF.PART) big arrow

-

К T oγo:ti:li К T oγo:ŋitəj -

Kju:čə Kjelekun К ataqun Tjabo:ń К o:ži: К pa:jtəgə К noqšə К eńd'ə К čomo:Kjoγoti:

Copy (i) or one of its derivatives served as the source of Pallas's publications (1786, 1789),4 although Pallas transliterated it into Cyrillic. His materials reflect the deviations from the main copy cited above; for example, he writes мемя for memä, instead of пита {пито) 'house'. Notably, Pallas omitted some words from the original list. A few words from copies (ii) or (iii) were published in Schiefher (1859, 1871a) and Veenker (1984).5 In this volume the MU list is published in full for the first time.

2.1.3. Klitschka The materials of the Irkutsk governor Franz (Fedor) Klitschka include the translation of the 22 so-called Bachmeister sentences (Bachmeistersche Sprachproben) and numerals. They were sent by Klichka to Pallas in a letter received by the addressee on 10 July 1781. The manuscript is kept in OR GPB (fund 7, № 11, pp. 3 rev. - 5). Page 5 rev. contains the following note: Régu le 10 Juillet 1781 de Mr de Klitschka Gouvernier d'Irkutsk, while page 3rev. contains the title: Reči perevedennye srednekovymskogo jukagirskogo rodu ot knjazca Afanasija Ostrjakova i pročix inorodcev togo že roda [Sentences translated by the princeling of the Yukaghir Srednekolymsk tribe Afanasij

Introduction316

Ostrjakov and other members of the same tribe]. The so-called Schögren's fund (AAN fund 94, list 2, № 60, p. 5) has a copy of the numerals from Klitschka's materials with the following title: Perevod na jukagirskoj jazyk, perevodčikov zdes ne slučilos', a nižepisannye slova najdeny v prežnix delax [A translation into Yukaghir. There are no translators here, but the words below were found in the earlier documents]. So the translation was made in the vicinity of Srednekolymsk where the Northern group of Kolyma Yukaghirs (Kolym-cy) lived. Indeed, from a lexical viewpoint, Klitschka's materials stand very close to Mueller/Kolyma (MK), see 2.1.2. Klitschka's materials were originally written down in Cyrillic, but published by Schiefner (1871a) in a Latin transliteration. This transliteration deviates from the original at several points, partly because Schiefner attempted to correct supposed errors in the Cyrillic text. The deviations are shown below together with the transliteration used in the present volume and, where possible, approximate equivalents from modern Yukaghir. Table 2.

Schiefner

KL

К

еленнылыи

ту transliteration el-(j)ennylyi

el jennili marxilduek ale amtan

мархилдиекъ алеамданъ

marxildiek ale-amdań

marqil'dö:k əl-amdəj

čemut keilani manalä oilä elejun jojulen pändai jonkul xoni čomoð juoa lukoč pimžai modoi tin adi

чему кейланш манал'а оил'а элеюч еюлечъ п'андай еюнкулъ XOHtjbHÍ чомонь ю'оа люконъ ипимжаьло модони тыннъ адыи

chemu kejlanii manal'a oil'a elejuč Ü)ejuleč p'andaj (j)ejunkul qoneii čomoń ju'oa ljukon ipimžailo modoni tynn adyi

čumu kejləńi majlə öjl'ə jo:ləj jo:ləj pe:dəj joγul qoni čomo:j jö: juko:j memžəjələ modoŋi tiŋ adi

-

do not want (INTR.1PL) little girl immortal (INTR.3SG) everybody red (INTR.3SG) hair there is/are no ill (INTR.3SG) ill (INTR.3SG) burn (INTR.3SG) nose go (INTR.3SG) big (rNTR.3SG) see (TR. 1SG) small flame (ACC) sit (INTR.3PL) this firm, hard (INTR.3SG)

Introduction 3 30

Klitschka's materials were published in Jochelson (1900: 229-230), where they were essentially translated into contemporaiy Yukaghir. In this dictionary they are reproduced in my transliteration after the manuscript and denoted as KL. 2.1.4. Boertsing The materials of the assessor Boensing include the translation of Bachmeister's sentences and some numerals. The original manuscript is kept in OR GPB (fund 7, № 132, pp. 45 rev. - 46 rev). As follows from the note on page 46 rev., the data were sent to Pallas by Boensing in a letter of 24 March 1781 received by the addressee on 5 September 1781. In addition, the State Public Library in St Petersburg (OR GPB) has several secondary copies in fund 7: (i) № 132, pp. 26-31, (ii) № 132, pp. 32-36, (iii) № 132, pp. 37-41, (iv) № 137, pp. 9-12, (v) № 137, pp. 13-16, and (vi) № 137, pp. 17-20. These contain many copying mistakes and are not considered here. Copies (i), (ii) and (v) as well as the main copy have the following title (the English translation is mine): Translation of Russian sentences into Koryak, Chukchi and Yukaghir with a separate indication of each language made in the fortress of Gižiga according to the printed book sent by Mr. Timofej Šmalev. Copies (iii) and (iv) have a different title: Translation from Russian into Koryak, Chukchi and Yukaghir made by the commander of the Okhotsk port Captain Leutenant Zubov via interpreters. This indicates that the translation was made in or near Gižiga, i.e. not in a Yukaghir territory.6 As already suggested by Tailleur (1962: 56-58), the idiom recorded by Boensing is particularly close or even nearly identical to the Cuvan idiom recoded by Matjuškin (on which see 2.1.6 below). This idiom was spoken by the Cuvan-cy tribe, which lived on the Anadyr' and underwent strong assimilation by the Chukchi in the 18th century. The Čuvan-су were constantly attacked by the Chukchi, especially after 1747 when the Chukchi defeated the local Russian troops and moved closer to Anadyr' (Wrangel 1841: 82; Argentov 1886: 12; Antropova 1957: 179; Okladnikov 1975: 17; Gurvič 1982: 173-74). A part of the Čuvan-cy escaped to Nizhnekolymsk and in the 19th century was assimilated by the Tundra Yukaghirs. Some of them still preserved their ethnic identity at the end of the 19th century, but did not know their language (Nejman 1872: 40; Maydell 1894: 61; Jochelson 1894: 27). Another part of the Čuvan-су was assimilated by the reindeer breeding Koriaks (Maydell 1925: 24). Finally, the third part settled on the Anjuj in Markovo and underwent russification (see 2.2.5).7 Boensing's materials were first published in Schiefher (1871a), while Tailleur (1959a) later reproduced this edition. Apart from omitting many

Introduction318

diacritic signs, the following deviations from the original copy can be seen in Schiefner's publication. Table 3. Schiefner

BO

modern Yukaghir T əl-jabatəj

imoxanbo tingii titungeč onomikondo juxkon

и'ли' юмботы имон'хаЬо ты'нги ти'т!)нге'чь оно'мнкондо ю'хчонь

ту transliteration ílí-jumboty

ili umboti

imońxabo týngi títengéč onómn-kondo júxčoń

К ńə-γanbo:j Ttegi

makagat te jaižee inža elookongat

ма'нагать то' я'нжее и'жи'ело оно'нгат

mánagat tó jánžeje ízhíelo onóngat

uotle-

мотл!)-

motle-

-

T -köde Tjuko:ń К monoγə -

К o:ži:lə К unuŋgət -

immortal (INTR.3SG) five these run (INTR.3SG) man little (INTR.3SG) how eyes smoke water (ACC) from the river (ABL) more

In this dictionary Boensing's materials are cited as in the original copy and abbreviated as BO.

2.1.5. Billings/Merk A list of 500 words was recorded during the North-Western expedition directed by Captain Joseph Billings. The place, time and circumstances of the recording are well known from the published diary of the expedition (Sauer 1802). The recording took place on 15 January 1787 in the settlement Nunkuntung-nagel (K nungəd-ən-aŋil) situated in the mouth of the river Nelemnaja, a tributary of the Jasačnaja. These materials also reflect the language of the Kolym-cy tribe (see 2.1.2). All words found in Billings' materials are known in modern Kolyma Yukaghir or the earlier variety of Kolyma Yukaghir recorded by Jochelson. Several copies of the list have survived, but they show significant differences.8 Three copies are based on the English orthography: (i) Billings' copy (OR GPB, fund 7, № 137, pp. 23-30 rev.); page 30 rev. contains a note: A us Billings Papieren, (ii) the publication of Sauer (1802), and (iii) the

Introduction 3 19

publication of Schiefher (1871a). Further, there are two publications in Cyrillic, Saiyčev (1811: 93-102) and Pallas (1789). They both represent the transliteration of the English-based list, but lack several entries. The transliteration of the digraphs tsh, zsh, sh, dzsh as well as gh by Saryčev is inconsistent and there are other mistakes that may have appeared when transliterating from Latin to Cyrillic script. These are shown below. Table 4. Saryčev аншу ларкунъ ниченне онманнсы милпиалхлонъ аньнюма неюнмонгуль хунишки елендяоенъ умат iaicb этхя ыаду иви новдри Moiioxaia юкень

Sauer antoo larkul natshennee onmannee malgialachlon angnuma nejunmolgul chuniirkiellendzshien umat i-ak etchëa yädoo ivi nóndri moinchaija irken

К ad-ö: larqul ńa:čəńi önməńi malγí-jalo:j aŋnumə ńə-molγil kunir-kiI'd'o:j jö:mət aja:k eče -

ajbi: nonžo:j -

irkin

son root sharp (INTR.3SG) clever (rNTR.3SG) eight (INTR.3SG) earlier year nine (INTR.3SG) see (TR.2PL) glad (IMP) father husband shadow weak (INTR.3SG) wave one

Both Saryčev's copy and Sauer's list contain common copying mistakes absent from other sources, cf.: Table 5. Saryčev лукундай маналла' ичеэндамей пундалволе люуша арранпя юангуйчель

Sauer lukundae manalla'e itsheendamey poondalvolle lie'usha arra'ngia i-óanguitshel

К jukud-ö: majlə i:čəd-amun po:d-olbəl'ə ju:čə arannəj jo:n-kičil

boy hair elbow widower soul, spirit light (INTR.3SG) forehead

20

Introduction

Table 5 cont.

Schiefner

Billings lukundä

К jukud-ö: majlə i:čəd-amun po:d-olbəl'ə ju:čə arańńəj jo:n-kičil

-

monolä itscheendami poondolvole lewsha arannei ionguitshel

-

itsheendami poondolvóle lewsha arrangya i-onguitshel

boy hair elbow widower soul, spirit light (INTR.3SG) forehead

But the following words show that Saryčev did not copy directly from Sauer, since Sauer's list contains copying mistakes not followed by Saryčev. Table 6.

Sauer marchet sagetak pudanniai onmanneig poinjuletsk määjil kunshu

Saryčev мархелъ лагетак пуданмай онманнсы поинюлечь маагилъ кундшу

К marqil' legitək pudenme:j önməńi pən-jouləč maγil kuzhu:

girl feed (IMP) tall (3SG) clever evening coat sky

This indicates that Saryčev and Sauer used a common source based on English orthography. Pallas's publication contains the same Cyrillic transliterations as Saryčev's list, but also shows the individual mistakes illustrated below. Table 7.

Pallas суута аачель агангня ягмак аньюнма

Saryčev -

ягтак аньшдма

Billings tshukta aktshel alangnae -

angnuma

К šuktə ekčil' eleŋńəjaqtək aŋnumə

city; Jakutsk boat lazy sing (IMP) earlier

Some of these mistakes could have emerged as a result of the misunderstanding of the Cyrillic form, which suggests that Saryčhev and Pallas used a Cyrillicbased source.

Introduction 3 21

On the other hand, Billings' and Schiefner's materials exhibit common features and contain considerably more words than those of Saryčev and Sauer, although they lack a number of words present in the latter. The following table demonstrates copying mistakes shared by Billings and Schiefiier. Table 8.

Saryčev те канбунной

Sauer tia kanbunnoi

Billings

Schiefiier

-

-

kanbonnoi

kanbonnoi

ханнинъ

channen nunbar keivy

cha'nnen nunbar keivy

qanin

кейвей

cha'nnin nunbur keivey

онджиль онджи

ondzshil ondzshi

onzshil onzshi

onzhil onzshi

ud'il' o:ži:

-

К ti: kenbunəj

kejbəj

here wide (INTR.3SG) when dew thin (INTR.3SG) nail water

Billings' list also contains some individual features not shared by Schiefner. Table 9.

Billings marklóo oniak nengashe pomzshole'ni angunma tshayoia

Schiefiier marchloo aniak nenganshe pomzsholene angnuma -

К marql'-ö: ańńək nigižə pömžələńi aŋnumə čoγojə

daughter speak (IMP) yesterday round (INTR.3SG) earlier knife

This suggests that Billings' and Schiefner's lists both go back to another English-based source, presumably different from the one used by Saryčev and Sauer (see Veenker 1984: 573 for a similar conclusion about Schiefner's and Pallas's publications). In other words, the inheritance schema for this group of sources can be reconstructed in the following way.

Introduction322

English-based proto-source

English-based source

Billings

English-based source

Schiefner

Cyrillic-based source

Sauer

Saryčev

Pallas

In this dictionary I cite the reconstructed forms of the English-based protosource and indicate them as B. The reconstructed forms are cited with an asterisk if they do not coincide with any of the actual sources. Their relationship to the individual sources is shown in Table 10. Table 10. reconstruction *aimáivi *artshetshúngzsha *arránei *etchëä *illeyénnee *i-ónguitshel *kailey *ke-ick *koikil *ledemneë *poldshitsha *poóndolvólle *yakandaitsha *yälon *yärka *yëlaklon *yelondzshendigia *yelongédukshimba *yomüel *yöatsh *yonrul

black sorrow light father wind forehead raven give stump low leaf widow horse three ice four sun's ray east neck pain mow

Billings aimaivi arlshetshunzsha arrangya etschea illeyennee i-onguitshel bailey ke-ich

Sauer aimáibi artshetshúnzsha arrángiä etchëa illejénnie i-óanguitshel -

poondolle

keick koikél ledemnië paldshitsha poóndalvólle

-

-

yalon yarka yelaklon yelonzshendigia yelongidukshimba yomuel yoatsh yourul

iälon iärka iëlahlon jelondshent digia jelongédukshimba jomüel joatsh

-

ledemnee -

-

Introduction 3 2 3 Table 10 cont.

reconstruction *aimáivi *artshetshúngzsha *arránei *etchëä "illeyénnee *i-ónguitshel *kailey *ke-ick *koikil *ledemneë *poldshitsha *poóndolvólle *yakandaitsha *yälon *yärka *yëlaklon *yelondzshendigia *yelongédukshimba *yöatsh *yomüel *yonrul

black sorrow light father wind forehead raven give stump low leaf widow horse three ice four sun's ray east pain neck mow

SaryCev аимайви арчечунжа арранпя этхя иллеънье юангуйчель

Schiefiier aimaivi artscha tschungzsha arannei etcheä illevennee ionguitel

-

-

кеик койкилъ ледемне полдшича пундалволе -

ялонъ iapica, ярка ялаглонъ -

!елонп юань юмуелъ -

-

ledemnee peldshitsha poondol voile yakandaitscha yalon yarka yelaklon yelonzshendigia jolongodukshimba joatsh jomuel jonrul

Finally, three wordlists that resulted from the work of the same expedition are based on German orthography: (i) OR GPB, fund 7, № 137, pp. 2 rev. - 8; page 2 rev. contains the title: Bey de Billingschen Expedition ven Dr. Merk gesammelt,9 (ii) AAN, fund 94, list 2, № 59, pp. 1-8; page 8 contains the folllowing note: Captain Billings and some explanation about the Yukaghir calendar in English, as well as the title: Vocabulary of the Dialect of the Kovima Ukagers, and (iii) the publication of Rohbeck (Billings 1802: 91-129). Copies (i) and (ii) are almost fully identical, except that in (ii) all words begin with a capital letter, as was usually the case when copies were made by a scribe. Copy (iii) is a transliteration from English into German orthography. Its source was either Saryčev or a Cyrillic-based list that served as Saryčev's source. This can be seen from the fact that the word онманнсы 'wise' in Saryčev's list appeared as a result of the miscopying of the word onmannei, while Rohbeck re-transliterated it as onmannsy. The German-based list (i) is cited in the dictionary as ME. Since none of the mentioned sources contains all the words found in the other source, the

Introduction324

present volume is the first publication of Billings and Merk's materials in full. Whether В and ME had a common source remains unclear. The words in these sources are written in the same order, but they are likely to result from parallel recordings of the same speaker by two different members of the expedition. This could account for the divergences in citing grammatical forms. For example, the entry 'to see' is represented as the 2 person Plural in В (umat) and as the Imperative and the 2nd person Plural in ME (Juk and jumat)\ the entry 'thou' is translated as the Nominative in В (tat) and the Predicative in ME (tattak), and the entry 'to eat' is represented as the Action Nominal in В (landgal) and the Imperative in ME (langdak, lagk). Such divergences could have appeared if the informant repeated the word several times in different grammatical forms and each recorder wrote down a different form.10

2.1,6. Matjuškin (Čuvan and Omok) Further Old Yukaghir materials were recorded by sub-lieutenant Fëdor Matjuškin, a participant of Wrangel's expedition (1821-1824). The recording was made in 1821 on the river Malyj Anjuj (Wrangel 1841: 81). Matjuškin's materials represent two Cyrillic-based word lists, the so-called Čuvan list (about 210 words) and the Omok list (134 words), plus five Cuvan sentences. Compared to other Old Yukaghir materials, the quality of the transcription is very poor and both lists, especially the Omok, contain numerous mistakes. A large number of words cannot be identified, probably due to fundamental mishearings or misspellings. The original manuscript seems to be absent from the materials of Wrangel's expedition kept in the State Navy Archive in St Petersburg. The lists we have at our disposal were first published in the diary of the expedition (Wrangel 1841: 115-125) and reproduced in Starčevskij (1889: 421^37, 461^64, 639). The latter version contains many copying errors, but served as the basis of some phonological conclusions in Angere (1956), see Tailleur (1962: 57). The Cuvan list reflects the language of the Markovo Čuvan-cy (see 2.1.4). The identification of the Omok materials is difficult because the term ото is present in all varieties of Yukaghir." Both in modern Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir it generally means 'people, tribe', cf. also К om-ni: 'people'. It remains unclear to which of the Yukaghir tribes Matjuškin referred as Omok. What is certain is that the Omok materials exhibit phonetic parallels with Tundra Yukaghir not shared by other varieties of Yukaghir (see 4.2.3 and 4.2.4). However, there are no reasons to believe that the Omoks were direct ancestors of all the modern Tundra Yukaghirs; rather they may constitute

Introduction 3 2 5

one of their components (Nikolaeva, forthc.b). In fact, Tundra Yukaghir exhibits more Even loanwords than the language recorded by Matjuškin and differs from it in several other respects. Tailleur (1959a, 1962) was the first to analyze Matjuškin's materials. We owe him the identification of many Čuvan and Omok words, although in many cases his solutions differ from mine. In the present volume I cite the Čuvan and Omok materials in transliteration after Wrangel (1841), and indicate them as MC and MO, respectively.

2.2. End of the 19th century and 20th century 2.2.1. Kurilov The modern Tundra Yukaghir data denoted here as T are cited after the works of Gavril Kurilov, mostly his Yukaghir-Russian dictionary (Kurilov 2001) and its shorter version (Kurilov 1990). Lexical entries included in the dictionaries are taken from Kurilov's large collection of texts, some of which have been published in Latin-based transliteration in Maslova (2001) and in Cyrillic in Kurilov (2005). These data are transliterated as described in 1.4. I have tried to cover these sources as fully as possible, but did not include all productive derivational forms cited in Kurilov's dictionaries. Sometimes my English translations differ from his Russian ones. Tundra Yukaghir has (or until recently had) two local idioms, Qaŋaji: and Alaji:, which exhibit slight phonetic differences (Kurilov 1987: 5-8; Krejnovič 1958: 24-25). Kurilov mostly recorded the Alaji: variety originally typical of the so-called First Alazeja tribe on the lower Alazeja. More precisely, his materials reflect Tundra Yukaghir as spoken in the last third of the 20th century in the settlement Andrjuškino. Qaŋaji: Yukaghir was spoken by the clans who nomadized between the lower Kolyma and Alazeja and is primarily known from the works of Jochelson (2.2.4).

2.2.2. Krejnovič Eruxim/Evgenij Krejnovič's materials are indicated in this dictionary as KK for Kolyma Yukaghir (Krejnovič 1982) and KT for Tundra Yukaghir (Krejnovič 1958, 1982). The Cyrillic transcription is transliterated on a regular basis. However I do not indicate some non-phonemic

Introduction326

pronunciational variants such as r, which, according to Krejnovič (1982: 12), represents the stop variant of the uvular fricative 5 (i.e. 7). Krejnovič made his recordings approximately between 1940 and 1980. They mainly reflect the Alaji: variety of Tundra Yukaghir. 2.2.3. Spiridonov The materials of Nikolaj Spiridonov are denoted as SD and reproduced after Spiridonov (2003). This work is a publication of Spiridonov's manuscript Yukaghir-Russian and Even-Russian dictionaries edited by Aleksej Burykin. The original manuscripts have not been preserved. The dictionaries are known from the copies made by the ethnographer E. Orlova, which are currently kept in the Magadan Regional museum. Spiridonov himself was a native speaker of Kolyma Yukaghir. The Yukaghir part of the dictionary reflects the language of the Kolyma Yukaghirs of 1930-1931. According to the editor of the published version, the dictionary remained unfinished: there are considerably more words beginning with the letter a than those beginning with the last letters in the alphabet. The dictionary includes about 750 entries, and many of them are toponyms and hydronyms. The published version contains many misspellings, as the text was copied several times by people who did not have a good knowledge of the language, first of all Orlova herself. Spiridonov used a mixed orthography based both on the Cyrillic and Latin writing systems, as had been customary in some publications on Northern languages in the early 1930s before the unified writing system was adopted. The 2003 publication omits the diacritics that apparently indicated stress. In this volume the Cyrillic letters are transliterated.

2.2.4. Jochelson Woldemar Jochelson's materials reflect the varieties of Yukaghir spoken at the end of the 19th century and the very beginning of the 20th century. He recorded Kolyma Yukaghir and the Qaŋaji: variety of Tundra Yukaghir. Jochelson's materials are represented by two types of data. First, I have used his published works (Jochelson 1898, 1900). They are marked as KJ and TJ for Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir, respectively. Jochelson's other published works (e.g. Jochelson 1905) are not used, as they hardly contain any words absent from the publications mentioned above. In rendering these Cyrillic data I have followed my usual transliteration practice with the following amendments:

Introduction 3 2 7

Jochelson's ä is rendered as e, d, which optionally represents i, is rendered as i, ц is rendered as d\ and the sign indicating the optional palatalization on č is omitted. Stress is not shown. Second, I have used Jochelson's manuscript dictionaries, which remain largely unpublished. They are kept in the form of card files in the Archive of St Petersburg's Institute of Oriental Studies in the so-called Jochelson's Fund}2 The Kolyma Yukaghir dictionary is found in fund 23, part 1, № 17-22 under the title Yukaghir-Russian dictionary. Part of this dictionary was published in Jochelson (1926: 317-327), but the manuscript is much more substantial. In the present volume these materials are denoted as KD. The Tundra Yukaghir dictionary is found in fund 23, part 1, № 13-16 under the title Khangai-Russian dictionary. A few Qaŋaji: words are cited in Jochelson (1926: 317-327). In the present volume these materials are marked as TD. I also cite Yukaghir words from the text of Jochelson (1926) and have included them in KD and TD. Although my publication of the manuscript dictionaries is more complete than Jochelson (1926), I have not reproduced them in full. A separate edition of these would be an interesting project, though not strictly required for the purpose of this dictionary. In particular, I have omitted many idiomatic expressions and sentence examples, as well as Jochelson's comments on the origin and usage of some words. In the manuscripts verbs are cited in the Imperative and in the 3rd person Singular forms, while I only cite verbal stems. In the Khangai dictionary Jochelson cites nouns in the emphatic form in -ŋ, but I cite them uninflected. The dictionaries are written down in Latin-based transcription. While rendering it I made the following additional changes: stress is not indicated, / stands for / and /' stands for l, ń stands for n',h for g. (both h and g. represent non-phonemic variants of у in the original), ŋ for n, d' or J, ž for d, and m for m\ In the original, m' indicates a non-phonemic palatalization before the diphthongoid e: [ie],

2.2.5. Schiefiier Anton Schiefner was the first to undertake a linguistic study of Yukaghir, in the second half of the 19th century. In his three articles (Schiefner 1859, 1871a, 1871b) he provided short grammatical notes and published word lists compiled from previous archival sources, as well as the new data he himself collected through correspondence with the local administration. On Schiefner's publications of earlier sources see 2.1.2,2.1.3, 2.1.4 and 2.1.5. Schiefner's materials come from the following sources. First, in 1859 he received two short Yukaghir texts from the governor of Jakutsk, Dr. Julius

Introduction328

Stubendorff, and one text from the teacher in a Jakutsk primary school, Fedor Rajskij. These texts were recorded from an Omolon Yukaghir who visited Jakutsk in 1858 and represent the same idiom. Schiefher published them twice, in Schiefner (1859) and, with the improved transcription and translation, in Schiefher (1871a). In this dictionary I cite these materials after the latter publication and denote them as RS. Second, in 1861 Schiefher received a list of 2289 words, 50 sentences and one short text from Petr Suvorov, the Chukchi missionary in Srednekolymsk. Suvorov's materials are published in Schiefner (1871a). In this dictionary they are denoted as SU. RS and SU reflect the idioms spoken on the Omolon and in Srednekolymsk, respectively. They represent geographically and linguistically close varieties of Kolyma Yukaghir. Third, Schiefner (1871b) presents 111 sentences recorded by the General Governor of Eastern Siberia, Baron Gerhard von Maydell. These are indicated here as M. Maydell himself was involved in geographic and ethnographic work in North-Eastern Siberia in 1868-1870 (see Maydell 1894-1896, 1925). He recorded his Yukaghir materials in 1870 on the river Anadyr' in the settlement Markovo. The basin of Anadyr' and Markovo in particular was then inhabited by the Yukaghir Čuvan-су tribe, see 2.1.4. However, Maydell noted that most Čuvan-cy could not speak their language when he visited them. Some had begun to speak Russian, while others had been assimilated by the Kolyma Yukaghirs (Maydell 1894-1896; Jochelson 1905; Gurvič 1966: 142). Maydell found it difficult to find speakers of the language in Markovo. Only one elderly lady was able to provide him with translations of Russian sentences into Yukaghir, and the influence of Russian syntax is evident in these translations. These materials do not show significant linguistic differences from Kolyma Yukaghir and hardly represent the language of the Čuvan-су. Most of Schiefner's materials were re-published in Jochelson (1900: 227 229, 231-237), however Jochelson made many changes and corrections, essentially adapting them to the language spoken at the end of the 19th century. I cite Schiefner's materials after his publications, with the following changes in transcription: ŋ instead of n, d'instead of j ( ' ) , and γ instead of g.

Introduction 3 29

3. Basics of Kolyma Yukaghir phonology In the dictionary I have used my own phonological transcription for modern Kolyma Yukaghir. Here I explain this transcription and provide a phonological description of the language, which serves as the basis for the Proto-Yukaghir reconstruction in Section 4. This description should not be viewed as comprehensive: it only concentrates on certain relevant topics. Note that it deviates from previous descriptions (Krejnovič 1982; Maslova 2003) on a number of points. In some cases I have chosen to compare the Kolyma Yukaghir data with modern Tundra Yukaghir. In this Introduction I have rendered the Tundra Yukaghir in my phonological transcription, although in the text of the dictionary I have left all data other than the Kolyma Yukaghir as they appear in the existing sources. Where in this Introduction there is no indication of the source, the examples are taken from Kolyma Yukaghir.

3.1. Phonemic inventory 3.1.1. Vocalism Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir have identical vocalic systems as below. (1)

front unrounded rounded high non-high

i i: e e:

ö

1

о:

back unrounded rounded

а а:

u u: о о:

Short non-high vowels are not specified for place of articulation when they occur after the first bimoraic foot, i.e. after the initial structures CVCV, CVC or CV:. As was first suggested in Nikolaeva (1986), in this position they are represented as a neutral vowel ə, which may partly harmonize to a full vowel (see 3.3.2). The vowel ə is not included in the phonemic inventory, because its distribution is fully predictable from the syllabic structure. Therefore it does not contrast with full vowels. However, I find it useful to indicate it in the transcription because, as shown below in 3.4.1 and 3.4.2, ə has distinct phonological properties not shared by other vowels. The vowel ə is also present in a few monosyllabic functional words that normally form a single phonological phrase with the adjacent lexical word,

Introduction330

such as the pronouns mət 'I', tət 'thou', and possibly some forms of the auxiliary verb l'ə- 'to be'. For Tundra Yukaghir Kurilov usually writes diphthongs instead of long mid vowels, but not always consistently, cf. T xoolew- 'to kill' (Kurilov 1990: 307) and xuole.w- id. (Kurilov 1990: 308). There are variations in Jochelson's and Krejnovič's materials, too, e.g. KJ xamluo— xamlo- 'how many, how much' and KK juo- ~ jo:- 'to see'. Krejnovič (1958: 9, 1982: 9 10) explicitly mentioned the diphthongs ie and mo, but did not discuss their phonological status. However, there are no minimal or quasi-minimal pairs that can distinguish diphthongs from the corresponding long mid vowels. Instead, the falling diphthongs are the non-phonological variants of long mid vowels, i.e. e: can be realized as ie, о: as uo, and ö as uö (or wo).2 Diphthongs are generally preferred in the stressed position, especially in monosyllabic words, but this distribution is a tendency rather than a strict rule. There are only two words in Kolyma Yukaghir where the long e: never diphthongizes: me:me: 'bear' and emme: 'mummy'. The former is apparently an emphatic taboo word which appeared as a result of reduplication (see 4.3), while the latter is an affectionate nursery word. T rte.nuke: 'riddle' and eke: 'elder sister' do not seem to allow diphthongs either, but both are recent Even borrowings. In any case, these few words do not provide sufficient evidence for the phonological status of falling diphthongs. Maslova (2003) analyzes the glides j and w in the syllable-final position as consonants. In this Introduction a different solution is adopted: the glides j and w before a consonant or a pause are analyzed as vocalic components of rising diphthongs and are transcribed as j and u, respectively. There are no prevocalic rising diphthongs, but the glides are realized as the consonantal j or К b ~ T w, cf. moj-m 'holds (TR.3SG)' vs. moj-o:-j 'is held (RES-3SG)', köu-də- (optionally [köwdə-]) 'to drive out' ~ keb-ej- 'to leave', and T lau-m 'eats (TR.3SG)' (optionally [lawm]) ~ law-i-tə- 'to feed'. The following arguments support this solution. First, it follows from the phonotactic properties of the language. According to Maslova (2003: 34), consonantal clusters are disallowed in the syllable-final position with the exception of ^'-initial clusters, e.g. qojl 'God' and qojl-gət (ABL). The diphthong analysis strengthens the generalization: if j is analyzed here as vocalic, such words do not present exceptions. Similarly, in Kolyma Yukaghir the Imperative morpheme -k attaches after a vowel-final stem, but is absent after a consonant, since a word cannot end in two consonants (see 3.6), cf. mada:-k 'sit down (IMP)' but šöriləš 'write (IMP)'. But -k occurs after j, e.g. kej-k 'give (IMP)', apparently because the latter is vocalic. Second, the glide can be followed by the epenthetic /, which only occurs

Introduction 3 31

between two vowels (3.6.1), cf. tadi:-l-a:- 'to start giving' (INCH) and uj-l-a:- 'to start working' (INCH). Third, as discussed in 3.4.1, in monosyllabic nouns the vowel is always long. This is because such words must be bimoraic, but the final consonant does not provide a mora. However, monosyllabic nouns ending in и or j do not contain long vowels, e.g.jou 'illness' and köj 'man'. This indicates that the final segment here is not a consonant but a moraic vowel. Finally, the consonant j does not occur at the end of a consonantal cluster (see 3.2). As noticed in Maslova (2003: 34), the only exception is the cluster wj, e.g. šewjemet 'came in (INTR.2PL)' (in Maslova's transcription). With the analysis of w as vocalic, this case does not present an exception: j here functions as a syllable onset. I transcribe this word as šöujəmət. The rising diphthongs in the first foot can contain any vowel, e.g. köj 'man', pajpə 'women', pujm 'blows (TR.3SG)', tolou 'wild reindeer', and leu 'eat (TR.1SG)'. After the first foot only two diphthongs involving non-high vowels seem to be allowed in non-compound words, ej and aj. Their distribution depends on the harmonic quality of the stem in the same way as the distribution of harmonizing long vowels a: and e: (see 3.3): ej occurs in front stems and aj occurs in back stems. For example, these diphthongs are present in certain verbal affixes such as the Perfective -ej-/aj-, -dej-/-daj-, -rej-/-raj-, -tej-/-taj-, and -šej-/-šaj-, e.g. ločil-daj- 'to make fire' vs. šel'gə-dej- 'to break', čoly-aj- 'to push' vs.jed-ej- 'to appear'. Note that although the only short non-high vowel allowed after the first foot is э, these affixes do not contain ə. As is shown in 3.3.2, ə optionally harmonizes in rounding to the vowels of the first foot, so if they contained ə we would expect the form *ločil-doj-, at least in some idiolects. However, such forms do not exist. This provides an additional argument for analyzing ej and aj as diphthongs, rather than the combination "short vowel + / ' .

3.1.2. Consonantism The consonantal systems of Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir differ slightly. The table below marks with the symbols T or К the phonemes that are particular to either language.

Introduction332

labial

(2) voiceless stops voiced stops voiceless fricatives voiced fricatives voiceless affricates voiced affricates nasals laterals trills approximants

P b

m

coronal

palatal

к g

t d Ts, K š Кž

n

velar uvular q γ

č d' ń

ŋ

r Tw

J

Krejnovič (1982) records the palatal stop t' instead of c, however in modern Kolyma Yukaghir it is pronounced as a palatal voiceless affricate and is so transcribed by most other sources. According to Maslova (2003), b is not a phoneme in Kolyma Yukaghir, which instead has the phonemic w. She takes b to be a variant of w, either a free variant in the intervocalic position or a positional variant after a sonorant. However, the alternations shown by b are similar to the alternations of other voiced stops. It is realized as b after a sonorant and as b or w (in some idiolects) intervocalically. In the coda position b undergoes assimilative processes typical of other voiced consonants (see 3.5.2). For this reason I have treated b as a voiced stop in this volume. So, unlike in Maslova's description, all voiceless stops have a voiced counterpart: p ~ b, t ~d, к ~ g, č ~ d', š ~ ž, and q ~ у (in the latter case there is also a difference in the mode of articulation). As for w, I have argued in the previous subsection that in Kolyma Yukaghir it does not have a phonemic status. Rather it is an optional pronunciational variant of u, which occurs before a consonant as the second component of a diphthong. Before a vowel, w may optionally replace b in some idiolects. In contrast, in Tundra Yukaghir w is phonemic: it occurs word-initially and contrasts with b in the intervocalic and syllable-initial position, e.g. T qabaŋa: 'bald' vs. qawarqə 'pit', ilwi:- 'to graze' vs. tilba:'to trample down'. The phonemes w and b in Tundra Yukaghir have a different origin, see 4.2. The distribution of k/q, on the one hand, and g/y, on the other, is not free but depends on the harmonic quality of the stem (see 3.3.4). But since the domain of synharmonism does not include inflectional suffixes, one can easily find minimal and quasiminimal pairs distinguished by velar vs. uvular

Introduction 3 33

consonants, e.g. monoyə 'mountain sheep' vs. nono-gə 'thorn (LOC)'. This suggests that k, q, g, and γ are distinct phonemes.

3.1.3. Some non-phonemic variations Most allophonic variations are described in Krejnovič (1982) and Maslova (2003); here I will only discuss the variations relevant for my transcription. Voiced stops tend to undergo fricativization in the intervocalic position. For example, Krejnovič and Maslova normally write ś as the allophonic variant of c. ś occurs intervocalically or word-finally (3a) in contrast to the с available word-initially or after some consonants (3b). But I write с in both cases, on phonological grounds. (3)a. eče: kebeč

[eśie] [kebeś]

father went(3SG)

b. erčə čobul

[erčə] [čobul]

bad sea

Another example is the inter-speaker variation b ~ w mentioned in the previous subsection, which is reflected in Maslova's transcription. Such variations are fully predictable and are not recorded in my dictionary. The previous sources have not mentioned that the vowels a and о undergo optional fronting after the palatal consonants j, č, l\ and и, especially if they are unstressed, e.g.janməgej- ~ jenməgej- 'to run into' and ńajdo:— ńejdo:- 'spare'. These variations are reflected in my data. The initial prevocalic j can be deleted, which leads to various changes, e.g.jomil ~ imil 'neck', ju:-legul ~ i:-legul 'flour', jurgud'e:jə ~ irgud'e.jə 'star', jöulugə ~ i.lugə 'sorrow', and joŋžo:- ~ iŋžo:— uŋžo:- 'to sleep'. In other instances the initial j, I or ń assimilates to the second syllable, e.g .jel'o.d'ə ~ l'el'o.d'ə 'sun', ńumušej- ~ mumušej- 'to press', l'a:jə ~ja:jə 'spleen\jouluč~ louluč- 'to ask', and ja:ži:- ~ ńa.ži:- (< *ńančə-) 'to scratch'. Other non-predictable optional variations that may be reflected in my transcription are rql' ~ šl' (e.g. mašl'ö: < marqlo: 'daughter'), ql ~ qš (e.g. ataqləštə ~ ataqšəštə 'second'), m ~ b (e.g. mi. bə ~ mi.mə 'basis, character, custom'), ö ~ и (e.g. lukil ~ lökil 'blunt arrow'), i ~ и (e.g. mimil ~ mumul 'young antlers'), and i~ e (e.g. mi.d'i: ~ me.d'i: 'sledge').

Introduction334

3.2. Positional restrictions on consonants Since the syllabification constraints do not allow more than one consonant in the coda or onset position (see 3.6), Kolyma Yukaghir only exhibits two-consonantal clusters. A table of attested clusters is presented in Krejnovič (1982: 31), but it appears to miss some generalizations, namely, that consonants fall into several natural classes based on their combinatorial properties: voiceless obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives), voiced obstruents, the vibrant r, other sonorants, and j. It also fails to mention that the morpheme boundary plays a certain role in the well-formedness of clusters either. Table (1) represents possible combinations across the morpheme boundary. Table (2) shows the co-occurrence of consonants within a morpheme. The symbol # stands for the word boundary. Table 1. voiceless obstruents voiceless obstruents voiced obstruents sonorants j

#

+

voiced obstruents

sonorants

#

j

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

+ + +

+ +

voiceless obstruents

voiced obstruents

r

other sonorants

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ + +

-

+

+ +

Table 2.

voiceless obstruents voiced obstruents r other sonorants j

+ -

-

+

+ + +

-

+

-

+ +

+ + +

j -

-

As follows from the tables, clusters ending in j are totally forbidden. The syllable-initial j assimilates to the previous consonant both across the morpheme boundary and inside a morpheme (3.5.4). Voiced obstruents only occur intervocalically, after a sonorant or a glide, and alternate with other consonants elsewhere (3.5.1 and 3.5.2). They are disallowed word-initially with the exception of a few words, but in Tundra Yukaghir word-initial voiceless consonants may undergo voicing (3.5.3).

Introduction

35

Generally speaking, the combinatorial potential of a consonant within a morpheme is lower than across a morpheme boundary. Sonorants do not normally precede voiceless obstruents within a morpheme due to the historical process of voicening (see 4.2.5). However, there are no restrictions at the morpheme boundary, e.g. ludul-tə- 'to provide with iron (iron-TR)' and urun-tə- 'to provide with a bed (bed-TR)'. The consonant r typically co-occurs with tautomorphemic voiceless obstruents, but in some cases it may precede a voiced obstruent. There are additional restrictions on the individual consonants not reflected in the tables. The consonant ŋ does not occur word-initially and ń is not allowed word-finally, although it is possible in Tundra Yukaghir. In Kolyma Yukaghir ń is depalatalized if it appears at the end of a word, e.g. kejbən 'make thinner (IMP)' from kejbəń- 'to make thinner'. The clusters In and jl usually assimilate into ńń and jj, respectively. This creates geminates, which are otherwise rare. The clusters nl and nl' are generally disallowed, at least at the morpheme boundary. In such clusters n assimilates to / with further palatalization before the palatal /'. Examples are kil'-l'ə 'whose' < kin 'who' + l'ə (Possessive) and mol'-ïəl 'said (EV.INTR.3SG)' < топ- 'to say' + Ы (Evidential). But when a sonorant-final stem is followed by an /-initial affix, I usually falls out, e.g. nugenə < nugen-lə 'hand (ACC)' and qa.rak < qa:r-hk 'skin (PRED)'. The geminated č is found in the word oččə (evidently, from *otčə) 'vessel made of birch bark' and may optionally be created as a result of morphological derivation, e.g. terikəd-jə 'married (INTR.1SG)' > terikəd-čə > terikət-čə ( > terkəč-čə).

3.3. Vowel harmony Vowel harmony operates in two domains, the first foot and the uninflected word, and the rules differ. The first foot is bimoraic, and so has the following structures: (C)VCV, (C)V: or (C)VC (on the foot structure see 3.4.1 and 4.3). Obviously, the harmony is only observed in the (C)VCV type. Note that the distinction between two harmonic domains has not been mentioned in previous work. All previous studies (Jochelson 1905; Collinder 1940; Krejnovič 1982; Maslova 2003) describe one type of harmony and extrapolate it onto the word as a whole.

Introduction336

3.3.1. Harmony in the first foot Stems are either harmonically back or harmonically front. The distribution of vowels into harmonic classes according to frontness is shown in (4). (4)

front back

e а

ö о

u (u)

i i

If the first foot has two vowels, i.e. has the structure (C)VCV, these vowels must share the value for the frontness feature. The front and back vowels do not co-occur within the first foot. The value of the frontness feature of the stem determines the harmonic value of some long vowels in further syllables (3.3.3), as well as the synharmonism (3.3.4). As follows from (4), e and ö are front, and a and о are back. The vowel и is harmonically front but phonetically back (for a historical explanation of this fact see 4.1.3). This means that it is compatible with e and ö (e.g. К pure, T pure 'on, outside', К čugö 'road, trace'), but typically not with a and o. There are only a few words where и and a co-occur. Some are recent borrowings, e.g. T pura:qil' 'jaeger (Stercorarius)' ~ Ev. prakil 'kind of bird' and T qularqə 'seagull' < Ev. kular 'gull'. Similarly, К šule- 'to stand still' is a back stem. The vowel i occurs both with front and back vowels, as demonstrated in (5a) and (5b), respectively. (5)a. kišeb. ibor čitata: T čibaγa-

show

К T iŋer

apart

wart mido-, T miraground squirrel К T imol to peep (of a mouse)

to roam saddle reindeer

Although the latter cases are less frequent, they are by no means uncommon. For a historical explanation of this see 4.1.3. The vowels of the first foot also share the roundness features, but the roundness harmony only operates on a subset of vowels, namely, on non-front non-high vowels. In other words, the back vowels о and a cannot co-occur within the first foot, so the structures *CaCo or *CoCa are generally forbidden. In (6a) I present examples of roots with non-front vowels, and in (6b) of roots with front vowels. (6) а. К T aŋa К T nono

mouth loop

b. ögö mere-

fish trap to fly

Introduction 3 3 7

A number of exceptions such as toγal 'scum' or T mojarqə 'softened (fish)' are insignificant. They may result from erroneous recording. Vowels in front stems do not necessarily agree in roundness, e.g. T köde 'man', T köne 'friend'. Such stems normally have the structure CöCe (but not *CeCö), while the first consonant is the labial p or m, sometimes also к or š/s. This suggests that originally the stem was CeCe, but the first vowel was labialized under the influence of the word-initial consonant (see 4.1.2). In other words, the lack of rounding harmony is here secondary.

3.3.2. Harmony of short vowels after the first foot After the first foot the harmony is mainly restricted to short non-high vowels. All high vowels, most of which are epenthetic (see 3.6), are harmony-neutral. As was mentioned in 3.1.1, the only short non-high vowel after the first foot is a. In roots and derivational suffixes this vowel can harmonize to the vowels of the first foot. Unlike in the first foot, this kind of harmony is optional. Some speakers always pronounce a, while in the pronunciation of other speakers this vowel shows partial harmony in frontness and roundness to the vowel(s) of the first foot in the following manner. (7)

first foot a о e

harmony

examples

a о e

[šaqala] or [šaqalə] [monoγo] or [monoγə] [terike] or [terikə]

fox moufflon wife

As shown in Nikolaeva (1988a), harmony is more likely to occur in the stressed position, while the non-stressed a normally remains phonetically neutral. This kind of optional assimilation of a has been described as harmony in previous studies on Yukaghir and is the main reason for the transcriptional inconsistencies in the existing sources. The vowel a may be rendered as a, o, or e, even within the same word and when recorded by the same author. This is shown by the following examples. (8)

a. a:čə 'domestic reindeer' KK a:t'e, at'e, a:c'a, ax'e; KJ a:če; KD a:če; SD аса, ase-, ace-; SU -ača; RS -ača; M áča, aače, aača; MO amd'e [rect. atče]; В aaitsha; ME ointscha; MK áatsche, aatschen-

Introduction338

b. toukə 'dog' KK touke, tewke-, towke-, touka; KJ toboko, toboke; SD tobuka; RS towéka; M towóka, tówoka, towóko-, towóka-, tóuka; MC tawala [rect. tawaka]; В tabaka; ME tavacke c. unemə 'ear' KK uneme-; KJ uneme; SD unume; SU unéma; RS unama; MC inama; ВО inémo-; KL unemo; В oonómma; ME unoma; MK unjáma d. šoromə 'man' KK šoromo; KJ šoromo, romo; KD coromo, coro, romo-; SD šoromo; TD -soromo ; SU čoróma; RS -šoroma; M soróma, sorómaga; KL šoroma, šoromo; В toromma, -toromma; ME torroma, -schoromok; MK tschrróma Such variations do not normally occur with short vowels within the first foot, which are rendered in the same way by all authors, cf. (9)

a. aŋa 'mouth' KK aŋa; KJ aŋa; KD aŋa; SU ága; RS angá; MC aigga [rect. angga], anga; MO aigg [rect. angg]; BO anáńga; KL angaga; В angá; ME anga; MU anggá; MK ánga b. moγo 'hat' KJ moγo; SD mogo; В mogo; MU mongó, but ME mochga

Inflectional morphemes are normally excluded from the harmony. By inflectional I mean case and number suffixes for nouns and tense/mood and agreement suffixes for verbs, as well as suffixes of non-finite verbs. In contrast, verbal aspectual and voice-like affixes do harmonize. In inflectional morphemes all non-high short vowels are pronounced as ə or (stressed) e (stressed a in Tundra Yukaghir). For example, moγo-gə 'hat (LOC)' may be pronounced as [moγoge] or [moγogə] and aŋa-lə 'mouth (INSTR)' may be pronounced as [aŋale] or [aŋalə].

Introduction 3 3 9

3.3.3. Harmony of long vowels There are two types of long vowels, harmonizing and non-harmonizing. Affixes that contain the long о: do not harmonize, probably due to the fact that in most cases о: has appeared as a result of the contraction of a short vowel and a consonant (see 4.1.4). Some examples of non-harmonizing affixes with long о: are К -bo.-, T -bo.l- (Qualitative) and К T -(ŋ)o\(Stative/Resultative). They are compatible with both front and back stems, cf. the Resultative forms kuded-o:- 'killed' and amd-o:- 'dead'. 3 In addition, there is a group of non-harmonizing affixes containing the long a: and e: such as К T -e:- (Causative), К T -de: (Diminutive), and T -na:(Inchoative). Other affixes with long non-round vowels do harmonize. Harmonizing affixes are represented by two variants, one of which co-occurs with back stems and contains the vowel a:, and another that co-occurs with front stems and contains the vowel e:. Roundness harmony does not operate in this case. Some examples of harmonizing affixes with long vowels are К T -a:-/-e:(Inchoative), К T -qa:-/-ke:- (Inchoative), К T -ča:l-če: (nominal derivational suffix), and К T -d'a.-l-d'e:- (Intransitive). This is demonstrated by the following Inchoative derivations (the consonant / is epenthetic, see 3.6.1). (10)

a. anγi:qoγi:im-

anγi:-l-a:qoγi:-l-a:im-a:-

to scratch to pierce to sit down

b. jugibjö> mere-

jug-e:ib-e> jö:-l-e:mer-e:-

to kiss to suck to see to fly

The same behavior is observed for affixes containing the diphthongs ej/aj (see 3.1.1), for example: (11)

a. jataγəjoŋ-nə-

jataγə-dajjoγo-daj-

to straighten to open

b. šelgəju:-ńə-

šelgə-dejju:-dej-

to break to smoke

Introduction340

If a harmonizing affix follows the long o:, it harmonizes to the first vowel of the word in bisyllabic words (12a). In trisyllabic words both front and back variants of the affixes are available (12b). (12)

a. kižo:jero:-

kižo:-l-e:jero:-l-e:-

light shallow

b. nigejo:čeginmo:-

nigejo:-l-e:nigejo:-l-a:heavy čeginmo:-l-e:- čeginmo:-l-a:- deep

As discussed below in 3.4.1, the vowel a is lengthened in certain phonological environments, in which case it harmonizes to the vowels of the first foot.

3.3.4. Synharmonism As was mentioned in 3.3.1, every stem in Yukaghir is either back or front. This distinction conditions the synharmonism, i.e. the distribution of velars and uvular consonants. Front stems may only contain к and g, while back stems are only compatible with q and y. The domain of synharmonism is the root augmented by derivational affixes, for example: (13) qolγut kigi:-

mammoth to prick

ńača-γəpöme-gə-

to pierce (ITER) to roll (ITER)

Synharmonism is not observed in recent borrowings, e.g. kal'ip 'iron pincers for casting shot, clay mould for casting bullets' < Rus. kalibr and T quńe 'two year old male reindeer' < Ev. кипа:- 'to gallop (of a reindeer)'. In inflectional morphemes consonants fail to harmonize. In this case Kolyma Yukaghir has generalized the front variants with g and k, and Tundra Yukaghir has generalized the back variants with q and y, see the following examples with the Locative affix К -gə ~ T -yə rendered in the phonetic transcription. (14)

[ločil-ge] [labut-ke]

in the fire in the snag

T [nime-γa] T [mət-qa]

in the house by me

The generalization of one harmonic variant seems to be a rather recent process. Jochelson's materials (from the end of the 19th century) show that

Introduction 3 41

at least in certain cases synharmonism operated in inflectional morphemes as well, e.g. KJ mada:-q 'sit down (IMP)' ~ mada:-k, KJ jo-γole 'head (ACC)' ~ jo:-gələ. Vowel harmony was also more widespread, especially in the now extinct Korkodon variety of Kolyma Yukaghir.

3.4. Alternations of vowels Sections 3.4 and 3.5 address only those alternations that are relevant for the transcription and reconstruction suggested in this volume.

3.4.1 Quantitative

alternations

There are two basic types of vowel lengthening in Kolyma Yukaghir. First, a full short vowel (i.e. not ə) can be lengthened for prosodic reasons. Monosyllabic nouns have the structure (C)V: or (C)V:C, while the structures *(C)VC or *CV are impossible. This distribution can be explained with the assumptions that (i) the minimal lexical word must correspond to a foot (McCarthy and Prince 1995); (ii) the foot in Yukaghir is bimoraic, and (iii) the word-final consonant does not project a mora. In other words, bimoraicity is satisfied by vowel length. In most monosyllabic words the vowel is genuinely long and does not alternate with short vowels, cf. o: 'trousers' and o:-ńa:-l'əl 'apparently had trousers (trousers-PROPR-EV.INTR.3SG)'. Such vowels are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir as long. Other stems exhibit alternations with short vowels, e.g. e:r > je:r 'furkation' but ere-1'ə- 'to spread (legs)', and Te:-j 'is (INTR.3SG)' but l'd-t-i 'will be (FUT-INTR.3SG)'. The vowel here is underlyingly short, but lengthened when the word is monosyllabic to maintain bimoraicity. For such stems I reconstruct a short vowel. Second, before the bimoraic affixes CV: or CVC the vowel a lengthens into e: or a:, depending on the harmonic quality of the stem. As was shown above, rounding harmony does not operate in this case. Short vowels other than ə do not lengthen in this context. Some examples of bimoraic morphemes that cause this kind of lengthening are К T -de: (Diminutive), К T -Ы- (Evidential), К T -nun-( Habitual), -ji:-/-či:-/-dï:- (Iterative), T -či\(Causative), -d'a:-/-d'e:- (Habitual), К -bo:-, T -6o.7-(Qualitative), and К -šaj-/-šej-, -daj-l-dej-, T -raj-l-rej-, -taj/-tej- (Perfective Transitive). (15a) illustrates the Diminutive, and (15b) the Evidential.

Introduction342

(15)

a.

a:čə po:rə önmə ejmə

ača:-de: pora:-de: önme:-de: ejme:-de:

reindeer spring mind price

b.

joγortəjaqtəegetəejrə-

joγorta:-l'əl jaqtar-Гэ! egete:-l'əl ejre.-1'əl

to wound to sing to put, to raise to walk

This lengthening is caused by the need to parse the word into bimoraic feet (see Nikolaeva 1998 for details). The bimoraic affixes that take the final position in the word, e.g. the Ablative -gat, the 2nd person Plural transitive -mət, the 3rd person Plural transitive -ŋa:, the Predicative -lək, and the Dative -ŋin, do not cause lengthening. Vowel shortening occurs in (at least some) (C)V:Cə stems, e.g.: (16)

ńa:čə ńa:čə

edge face

ńačaγədajńačadaj-

to hit to return (INTR)

Alternations take place when there is a long vowel or a diphthong in subsequent syllables. So the vowel length depends on the phonological environment, namely, the presence of bimoraic syllables (except CVC) later in the word. This suggests that it may be related to stress. Stress is not addressed in detail here. In short, it is quantity-sensitive, although the rules of stress assignment differ slightly from those described in Maslova (2003: 58-59) after Nikolaeva (1988a). The stress falls on the rightmost syllable with a long vowel or a diphthong. Otherwise it falls on the right-most CVC syllable, and in the absence of the latter on the last syllable.4 So, for example, in ńa:čə the stress falls on the first vowel and in ńačaγədaj- the stress falls on the diphthong aj. The stem shows the alternation ńača- (where the first vowel is unstressed) ~ ńa:čə (where the first vowel is stressed). The question is whether a short or a long vowel is underlying, and how to formulate the condition for the alternation. There are various solutions to this problem, but in this work I adopt the analysis under which the vowel length is primary. This is reflected in the transcription of such stems as (C)V:Cə throughout the dictionary. The underlying long vowel may be unstressed and shortened if there is a stress-attracting syllable further in the word. See 4.3 for more information on the structure of the stems and their historical origin.

Introduction 3 4 3

3.4.2. Deletion Vowels are deleted in several environments. First, deletion is conditioned by the ban on vowel clusters (see 3.6). If a vowel-initial affix follows a vowel-final stem, this creates the potential context for a hiatus. The most frequent vowel-initial affixes are the following: К T -o:- (Resultative), К T -o:k (1st person Plural Interrogative), К T -a:-/-e:- (Inchoative), К T -aj-/-ej(Perfective), К -о:Г- (Desiderative), К T -/. - (Causative/Transitive), К Т- -i: (Noun), К Т -е: (Causative/Transitive), К Т -и: (Noun), and К Т -и (Intransitive). То avoid a hiatus, the vowel ə is deleted before such affixes, as is shown by the following Resultative examples. (17) kudedəjo:dəilitə-

kuded-o:jo:d-o:ilit-o:-

to kill to play to curse

Deletion does not apply to long vowels; instead an epenthetic consonant is inserted to avoid the violation of syllabification constraints (3.6.1). Full short vowels demonstrate mixed behavior: normally they are preceded by a consonant epenthesis, but in some cases they are deleted like ə. As argued in Nikolaeva (1998), the choice of a strategy (vowel deletion vs. consonant epenthesis) is determined by prosodic considerations. Second, the vowel ə is deleted in the sequence of two underlying light syllables CəCə. The deletion applies to every second Cə syllable with the exception of the last syllable, so that the following strings are possible (V here is not equal to a). (18)

ə + С + Сэ + С ... + Cə# V/C + Cə + С + Cə ... + Cə#

Some of the affixes that show the alternation Cə/C are К T -tə-/-t- (Future), К T -из-/-«- (Proprietive), К -šə-/-š-, T -sə-/-s- (Causative/Transitive), К -də-/-d-, Т -ГЭ-/-Г- (Causative/Transitive), К Т -bə/-b- (Noun), and К T -рз-/-р- (Plural). It is also observed in CəCə affixes such as К T -mələ/-mlə (3rd person Singular Perfective Participle and Object Focus) and К T -təgə/-tkə (Augmentative). (19)

a. ultə-t-mələ jeldə-t-mələ

tied (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG) pulled out (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG)

Introduction344

b. aji:-tə-mlə lek-tə-mlə

shot (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG) eaten (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG)

The alternation a ~ 0 can in principle be described either as epenthesis or as the deletion of a. Here the second approach is chosen because, as argued in Nikolaeva (1998), there is a phonological contrast between the a-final and consonant-final words. Roots (C)V:C and (C)V:Cə clearly contrast in the bare form, e.g. a:rə 'baby's cloth' and qa:r 'skin'. In suffixes a phonological contrast exists, for example, between the word-final Perfective Participle suffix -mə and the 3rd person Singular suffix of transitive verbs -m, cf. qartə-mə 'divided (PERF.PART)' vs. qartə-m 'divided (TR.3SG)'. The epenthesis analysis fails to explain why epenthesis applies to some consonant-final forms, but not others. In other words, the conditions for epenthesis cannot be stated in phonological terms. So a is underlying and is included in the representation of affixes in Section 5 of this Introduction. Certain aspects of the Cə/C alternation were first described in Krejnovič (1978, 1982), although he did not consider strings containing several alternating affixes. Under his account, nominal and verbal stems fall into two classes depending on the quality of the final segment, so that Cə affixes are combined with one class, and С affixes with another. In Nikolaeva (1998) I argue against this analysis and show that the deletion of a is motivated prosodically, namely by the interaction of syllable and foot constraints. In brief, Kolyma Yukaghir exhibits a strong, though not exclusive, tendency for the underlying material to be parsed into bimoraic monosyllabic feet, i.e. the structures CVC or CV:.5 This implies that unlike many other languages Yukaghir prefers close syllables to open syllables. The sequences СəCə are transformed into CəC because they better satisfy this requirement. Some affixes Cə(Cə) never show the alternations in question, i.e. they do not lose a when following a a-final stem. These are the affixes that always take a word-final position such as К T -/a (Accusative), К T -/a (Possessive), К -gə, T -yə- (Hortative), К -ga/a, Т -yənə (Definite Accusative), К -ńə (Comitative), К T -тэ (Temporal), К -gə, T -γə (Locative), e.g. ńa:də-mə 'in autumn (TEMP)' and T sespə-lə 'door (ACC)'. In addition, there are a number of non-final Cə suffixes that never show alternations, such as К T -də- (3rd person Possessive), К T -d'ə(Intransitive), К T -də- (Intransitive), К T -gə-í-уэ- (Iterative), К -žə(Transitive), and К -bə- (Inchoative), e.g. pul'd'ə-gə- 'to be loose (ITER)' and ńanmə-də-gə, T ńanmə-də-γə 'in his/her shrubs (POS-LOC)'. The reason these affixes do not alternate is that they contain voiced obstruents

Introduction 3 4 5

that go back to consonantal clusters. At some stage of the history of the language the structure of the suffix was *CCə and perhaps it still has to be represented as such at the synchronic level (see 3.5.1, 4.2.5 and the list of affixes in Section 5). When it follows a Cə syllable, the sequence *Cə-CCə is well-formed from the point of view of foot constraints, therefore deletion does not apply.

3.4.3. Assimilation of mid vowels The mid vowels in the first syllable may assimilate fully or partially to the vowel of the second syllable. When the second syllable has the vowel a: or the diphthong aj, о in the first syllable may change into a. The following examples show either the Inchoative -a:- or the Perfective -aj-. čoγpol-dəmodoorp-o:qonpoj-e:-

to cut to take out to sit to hang to go to carry a burden

čaγ-a:pal-a:mad-a:arp-ajqan-a:paj-aj-

to cross the river to escape to sit down to raise to set off to lift

In a similar manner, о in some words becomes e when there is e: or i: in the second syllable, e.g. poń-o\- 'to stay, to remain' ~ peń-i:- 'to leave' and poj-e:- ~ pej(j)e:- 'to carry a burden'. The vowel ö alternates with о and e before o: and e:, respectively. In (21) -o:- is the Resultative affix, and -e:- is the Inchoative affix. (21)

šögögö

to enter standing fish trap

šoγo-:oγ-o:eg-e:-

to be inside to stand to stand up

In some cases ö may be pronounced as и before a high vowel in the following syllable, cf. ugujə 'morning' derived from the same stem 'to stand'. These assimilative processes are not productive and must be specified lexically. Alternations are never observed in some stems with mid vowels such as, for example, lolγə- 'to boil' and ono- 'to steal', cf. their Inchoative forms loly-a:- and on-a:-, respectively.

Introduction346

3.4.4. Reduction of the stem-final vowel Some affixes of the structure Сэ do not show the Cə/C alternation described in 3.4.2, but trigger the deletion of the stem-final vowel in verbs instead. This process has not been addressed in previous descriptions of Yukaghir, but it is important for reconstructing the structure of the stem. The vowels a, e, о and sometimes a can undergo deletion at the end of the verbal stem. Examples (22a) are from Kolyma Yukaghir and (22b) from Tundra Yukaghir. a. pöme-gəčiče-gəmodočinepöd'e-1

to turn to lengthen to sit to cut down smell

pöm-nəčit-nəmot-təčin-žəpöń-ńə-

round long to seat to cut down smelling

b. loqo-γəsila-

to protrude dry

loq-nəsil-nə-

protruded dry

In some cases the stem-final vowel is deleted before consonant-initial affixes that have another structure, and each case has to be lexically specified. (23a) illustrates Kolyma Yukaghir and (23b) illustrates Tundra Yukaghir. (23)

a. olokile-

to steal to wade

ol-nukil'-d'i:-bo:-

to steal vagrant

b. ile-tejlaja-γərə

to push back side

il-dičlaj-γudəŋ

to push backward

In the absence of a stem-final vowel the epenthetic и ~ i may be inserted before the suffix, see 3.6.3. In some stems the final vowel is deleted when there is no further derivational affix. When the stem is followed by an affix, the vowel is preserved, e.g. čoγ- 'to cut' but čoyo-jə 'knife', je:r < e:r 'fork' but ere-gə'to spread'.

Introduction 3 4 7

3.5. Alternations of consonants 3.5.1. "Sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation The voiced obstruents d, b, g/y and К ž alternate with sonorants of the same place of articulation. Unlike in previous description of Yukaghir, all these alternations are analysed here as realizations of the same historically motivated process (see 4.2.5). Obstruents occur before a vowel, while sonorants occur before a consonant or a pause with the following distribution. (24)

before V d d' b g/y К ž, T r

before С or # n ń m ŋ n

Examples of the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternations are presented below; (25a) exemplifies Kolyma Yukaghir and (25b) Tundra Yukaghir. before V kud-u-1 lud-u-1 ed'-u-l oγ-u-nbəni:žəted-u-1

mud iron life to get wet to squeal, to squall wealth

before С kun-təlun-buge eń-d'ə oŋ-d'ə nen-γižənen-də-

to make dirty cauldron living wet to growl, to snarl to get rich

jab-a:mub-egənira-γəsab-aγəod'e saγ-u-sə-

to die to shorten to grin to stretch drop, dew to lose

jam-d'i:mum-пэnin-γarəsam-nəon-ńesoŋ-dič-

to be ill short to growl flat dampish to lose (ITER)

The consonants n and ń alternating with d and d' may undergo further assimilation if they occur before I or Г (see 3.2), e.g. mid'-u-m 'took (TR.3SG)' ~ min-tə-m 'will take (FUT-TR.3SG)' ~ mil'-M-u-m < *min-M-u-m 'took (EV-TR.3SG)'.

Introduction348

The question that arises in a synchronic description is which consonant is underlying, a sonorant or a voiced obstruent. As will be shown in 4.2.5, the alternating consonants originate as homorganic clusters, i.e. neither of them can be treated as a historical source of the other. In principle it should be possible to analyze the alternating consonants as clusters at a synchronic level as well. This is supported by the fact that some affixes Cə containing a voiced obstruent behave as if their underlying structure were CCə with respect to vowel deletion (see 3.4.2). However, there are also arguments against this analysis. In particular, the structures (C)VCV, where the second consonant goes back to a cluster, end in a full short vowel rather than ə, as is typical of (C)VCCə structures. In this they pattern together with bisyllabic stems without consonantal clusters (see 4.1.4). I therefore leave the question of the underlying representation of alternating sonorants and obstruents open.

3.5.2. Assimilation of voiced consonants Apart from the frequent "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation described in the previous subsection, Yukaghir exhibits the second type of alternation for voiced obstruents. In some stems and affixes voiced obstruents occur in their basic form before a vowel, but undergo various assimilative processes before a consonant or a pause.6 These alternations differ from the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation in two respects. First, the quality of the resulting consonant depends on the quality of the following segment, i.e. whether it is voiced, voiceless or a sonorant. Second, the resulting consonant is not necessarily homorganic with the voiced obstruent which occurs before a vowel. Assimilative alternations of voiced obstruents are shown in the following table, where the first line indicates what follows the alternating consonant. Table 3. vowel d g У b

voiceless obstruent t к

q P

# t u~ w u~ w u~ w

voiced obstruent u~ w u~ w~ ŋ u~ w u~ w

m

ŋ

1

n m m~ ŋ u~ w

n

1 u~ w u~ w u~ w

ŋ ŋ ŋ

Introduction 3 49

Some examples follow. (26)

a. leg- 'to eat' leg-u-m (TR.3SG), lek-tə-m (FUT-TR.3SG), leu-jə (IMPF.PART), leŋ-ŋa: (TR.3PL), lem-mək (TR.2SG), leu-dəllə (SS.PERF), leu (TR.1SG) b. čoγ- 'to cut' čoγ-u-m (TR.3SG), čoq-tə-m (FUT-TR.3SG), čou-jə (IMPF.PART), čoŋ-ŋa: (TR.3PL), čom-mək (TR.2SG), čou-dəllə (SS.PERF), čou (TR.1SG) c. töb- 'to cover' töb-u-m (TR.3SG), töŋ-ŋa: (TR.3PL), töu-mək (TR.2SG), töu-l'əl(EV), töu (TR.1SG), töp-či:- (ITER) d. kebe- 'to leave' kebe-j- (PERF), köu-də- (TR) e. terikəd- 'to marry' terikəd-i (INTR.3SG), terikət-čə (FUT.INTR.1SG), terikət (IMP), terikəl-l'əl- (EV)

The consonants d'and ž do not show such alternations. Previous studies of Yukaghir (e.g. Maslova 2003: 39^12) describe some alternations discussed in this subsection and the previous subsection, but do not mention that they systematically fall into two types: the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation and the assimilation of voiced obstruents. The latter is typical of some stems and affixes, and the former of the others. As will be shown in Section 4.2, they have different origins: while voiced consonants alternating with sonorants go back to clusters, voiced consonants showing assimilation go back to single consonants. Consonants d' and z do not participate in the assimilative alternations because they cannot go back to a single consonant. In a synchronic description of Yukaghir these facts have to be lexically specified. In this dictionary stems exhibiting the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation are represented with a slash, e.g. jan-/jad- 'to send', whereas stems exhibiting assimilation are represented with a single consonant, e.g. köd- 'to gather, to tighten (a rope)'. The two processes in question prevent voiced obstruents from appearing in the syllable-final position (see 3.2). If a voiced obstruent occurs before another consonant, it

Introduction350

either assimilates partly or fully to it or alternates with a homorganic sonorant.

3.5.3. Voicing and palatal assimilation Consonants in clusters usually agree in voicing and palatalization. The consonants n, ń, I, /'assimilate in palatalization to the following consonant. The non-palatalized n and / are palatalized before ń, l\ č or d\ although this process is optional and is not always reflected in the transcription adopted in the dictionary. Some examples were presented in Section 3.2. Depalatalization is observed for ń and /' , when they occur before a non-palatal consonant, e.g. an-tə- 'to answer' vs. ań-ńə- 'to talk' and T pun-na:- 'to kill (INCH)' vs. puń-i-m 'killed (TR.3SG)'. In Tundra Yukaghir this process also applies across word boundaries, e.g. T mat abuče.n (< abuče:-ń) dadi.ŋ 'I gave(it)to my grandmother', where -Л is the suffix of the Dative changed here into -n before the non-palatal consonant beginning the verbal form dadi. ŋ (< tadi. ŋ). Further, as described in Maslova (2003: 43), voiced obstruents (stops or affricates) show progressive devoicing after voiceless obstruents, cf. the following examples involving the 3rd person Possessive suffix -gi and the Locative suffix -gə. (27)

lukul pulut qa:rbəs

arrow old man Russian boat

lukul-gi pulut-ki qa:rbəs-ki

lukul-gə pulut-kə qa.rbəs-кэ

Regressive devoicing takes place when a voiced obstruent occurs before a č which has emerged as a result of the assimilation j > č (see 3.5.4), e.g. terikəd-jək 'married (INTR.2SG)' > terikəd-čək > terikət-čək ( > terikəč-čək). In Tundra Yukaghir stops and affricates are voiced after a sonorant across a word boundary, while the sonorant may be optionally deleted. As shown in Nikolaeva (forthc.), this process applies within a syntactic phrase, mostly NP, PP or a Focus Phrase. For example, T lačil barilə 'spark of the fire' < lačil 'fire' + parih 'spark', čaljadawur dite < čaljədawur tite 'like the mittens', and čaj-lə barul < čaj-ləŋ (PRED) parul 'we made tea'. Similarly, the Negative proclitic əl- triggers voicing in Tundra Yukaghir, e.g. əl-bund'ə < əl-pund'ə 'I didn't kill'.

Introduction 3 51

3.5.4. Assimilation of sibilants and j The sibilants (K š, T s) alternate with r in the position after n and ŋ both in Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir and sometimes with d in Tundra Yukaghir, although these processes seem to apply selectively. They normally occur in compounds where the first component takes the Genitive affix -n. This nasal may fall out, e.g. ju:čə-ra: 'fire for smoking out mosquitoes' < ju:čə-n 'smoke' + ša:l 'tree, stick' and T ja:-rawa 'birch bark' <ja:-n 'birch tree' + sawa 'skin'. Examples of the alternation s ~ d in Tundra Yukaghir are the following: T egi-n-dukun 'collar' < egi-l 'back of the head' + sukun 'cloth', čo:-n-duskə 'mug' < čo: 'iron' + suskə 'bowl', and čumu-n-daburqə 'flat place on the hill' < čumu-r 'hill' + saburqə 'flat place'. In Tundra Yukaghir s changes into r in other environments as well, sometimes even across word boundaries, e.g. T köde rusej < ködeŋ susej 'the man threw (it)'. As shown in Tables 4 and 5, the consonant j never occurs as the second component of a cluster. It assimilates to the preceding consonant both across the morpheme boundary and inside a morpheme. The rules of assimilation are basically the same for Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir and are as follows: j j > č (phonetically [s] in Kolyma Yukaghir), Cj > Cc, and Nj > Nd', where С is an obstruent and N is a sonorant. The consonant r demonstrates mixed behavior: in some forms it behaves like an obstruent, while in other forms it behaves like other sonorants. These assimilative processes are very common in, although not restricted to, the paradigm of intransitive verbs, as most intransitive agreement affixes begin with j . Examples (28) are for Is1 person Singular intransitive forms. modomalajpe:dəterqonoŋ-

modo-jə mala-čə pe:dət-čə er-čə qon-d'ə oŋ-d'ə

to sit to fall asleep to burn bad to go wet

The process j j > č could have occurred through the intermediate stage jč, as is shown by the following variations found in Jochelson's materials: KJ malač ~ malaič < malaj-j 'fell asleep (INTR.3SG)'. Other frequent contexts for the assimilation of j are the suffix of the Subject Nominals -jo:n/-jo:d and the Iterative suffix -ji:, which may take the forms -či: or -d'i., e.g. tadi:-ji:- 'to give (ITER)' but jar-d'i:- 'to swim (ITER)' and šek-či:- 'to enter (ITER)'. After the negative clitic əl- the stem-initial j does not change

5

8

Introduction

into d'. Instead the following alternations are observed: əl +j > IT ~ jj, e.g. əl-jö:j > əjjö:j ~ əl'l'ö.j 'did not see (3SG)' and T əl-jawaj > əl'l'awaj 'did not die (3SG)'. In the word-final position assimilation of j after a consonant does not apply. Instead the glide is realized vocalically as /. For example, this occurs in the 3rd person Singular intransitive inflection, cf. modo-j 'sits (INTR.3SG)' but qon-i 'goes (INTR.3SG)' and ajləd-i 'washes (INTR.3SG)'. After u: the word-final j is realized as č [i], while the vowel changes into i, e.g. eru:- 'bad' but eri-č 'bad (INTR.3SG)' < eri:-j < eru:-j. Verbal stems ending in the Intransitive affix -u: are numerous and are represented with u: in the dictionary, although u: is absent in most inflectional forms. After i: the word-final j either falls out or changes into č, while the vowel is shortened, e.g. pöńi-č ~pöńi: . The glide caused the same assimilative processes as sonorants. They are also observed in the Qualitative suffixes -jo:- and -bo:-, which probably contain the same -o:-. In Tundra Yukaghir the affix -o:- is followed by the consonant /. This consonant is overtly present in the 3rd person Plural but falls out before j > d', cf. T qudo.l- 'to lie' > qudo.-d's (INTR.1SG) and qudo:l-ŋi (INTR.3PL). In the 3rd person Singular the string Ij changes into w, e.g. T qudo:-ń (INTR.3SG) < qudo:l-j. In Kolyma Yukaghir the final j does not undergo assimilation, cf. qodo:- 'to lie' and qodo:-j (INTR.3SG). In a similar manner, when the Qualitative affix -me:- is followed by j, the latter changes into d', e.g. titi-me:- 'such' > titi-me:-d'ə (INTR.1SG).

3.6. Epenthesis The syllabification rules in Kolyma Yukaghir forbid vowel-initial syllables, except at the beginning of the word. This means that vocalic clusters are ruled out.7 A possible hiatus is prevented either by vowel deletion (see 3.4.2) or by consonant epenthesis. Further, more than one consonant in the onset or coda

Introduction 3 53

position are ruled out. This means that consonantal clusters are disallowed at the word edges, and no word-medial cluster can contain more than two consonants.8 To prevent impossible clusters epenthetic vowels are inserted.

3.6.1. Consonantal epenthesis In Kolyma Yukaghir the epenthetic consonant is /. It generally occurs before the same vowel-initial suffixes that cause vowel deletion, as described in 3.4.2. Normally an epenthetic I is inserted after a stem ending in a long vowel, but in some cases it can also follow a short vowel not equal to a. See examples (29), which involve the Resultative -o:-. (29)

a. monšög-

mon-o:šög-o:-

to say to come in

b. jaqańi:d'i-

jaqa-l-o:to arrive ńi:d'i:-l-o:- to tell

Maslova (2003: 56) notices that the epenthetic / is also inserted after j, e.g. ukej-l-o:- 'to exit (RES)'. As was argued in 3.1.1, this demonstrates that j in such cases counts as vocalic. In Tundra Yukaghir other epenthetic consonants may apply. For example, j functions epenthetically as in T ki-j-o:- 'two' vs. ki-n 'two (ATTR)' and T memda-j-o:l- 'to be prepared (RES)' vs. memdə- 'to prepare'. The consonants r and ŋ are inserted after the proclitics та- and ńi-, respectively, if the latter precede a vowel-initial stem. Examples can be found in the respective entries of the dictionary. In contrast, in Kolyma Yukaghir proclitics are not accompanied by epenthesis when they precede a vowel-initial stem. Instead, either the first vowel of the cluster is deleted or the cluster is preserved in violation of the constraint that prohibits vocalic clusters.

3.6.2. Vocalic epenthesis in word edge clusters According to Maslova (2003), the only epenthetic vowel in Kolyma Yukaghir is u. Indeed, this is veiy frequently the case, but sometimes / also functions epenthetically, although this has to be lexically specified. For example, i occurs between the stem-final d and the nominal derivational

5

8

Introduction

suffix -I in the word ad-i-l 'youth', cf. ad-ö: 'son' (lit. 'youth child'), as well as before the Dative К -n, T -ń in the pronominal forms mət-i-n ~ T mət-i-ń 'to me (DAT)' and the like. In older Russian loanwords i was inserted at the beginning of the word to prevent initial clusters, e.g. istena: < Rus. stena 'wall' and KK istakan < Rus. stakan 'glass'. The variations и ~ i are also possible, e.g. sar-u-m ~ sar-i-m 'covered (TR.3SG)'. The epenthetic vowel is systematically inserted after a consonant-final stem before a suffix of the structure -C which takes the final position in the word. These are, for example, the following suffixes: К T -m (3rd person Transitive), К T -/ (nominal derivational suffix and Action Nominal), К T -/ (Pronominal Accusative), and К -t, T -r (Same-Subject Converb). Examples (30a) illustrate the Action Nominal, while examples (30b) show the 3rd person Singular Transitive forms. (30)

a. mid'-u-l (T med'-i-l) kel-u-1 mon-u-1

to take to come to say

b. mid'-u-m leg-u-m pad-u-m

to take to eat to cook

Some word-final suffixes of the structure -C never trigger epenthesis for various reasons. The Imperative -k falls out after a consonant in Kolyma Yukaghir (but not in Tundra Yukaghir), the Genitive -n/-d replaces the stem-final consonant, the 3rd person Intransitive -j turns into -i (see 3.5.4), and the 3rd person Hortative -n always occurs after the Hortative morpheme -gə, so the need for epenthesis never arises. Kolyma Yukaghir also employs the epenthetic a, which occurs only beween the consonant-final stem and the Predicative morpheme -k, e.g. mət-ə-k 'I (PRED)' and pulut-э-к 'old man (PRED)'.

3.6.3. Word-medial vocalic epenthesis Word-medial vocalic epenthesis is addressed neither in Krejnovič (1982) nor in Maslova (2003), but it is in fact very frequent. Epenthetic vowels that occur word-internally are и or /, and variations are possible, e.g. ižilbə ~ ižulbə 'tiredness'. Word-medial epenthesis serves to prevent potential three-consonantal clusters. For instance, an epenthetic vowel must precede the complex Inchoative affix -Ibə- (from I + bə) when it follows a consonant-final stem, e.g. er- 'bad' > er-u-lbə- 'to become bad' and ad'strong' > ad-i-lbə- 'to become strong'.

Introduction 3 55

In other cases epenthesis occurs in phonotactically ill-formed biconsonantal clusters. Consonant-initial affixes immediately follow a consonant-final stem if the resulting cluster is allowed by the phonotactic constraints, but are preceded by epenthesis otherwise. This concerns such affixes as К T -m(u)- (Inchoative), К -žu- (Iterative), К T -ji:- (Iterative), К T -tə-, -šə- (Causative/Transitive), and К Т -п(и)- (Imperfective), and some others. For instance, -n(u)- follows a i-final stem in šöriləš-n(u)- 'to write (IMPF)' and -tə- follows q in joq-tə- 'to bring (TR)' because the clusters šn and qt are well-formed; -ji:- follows an /--final stem in jar-d'i:- < jar-ji:- 'to swim (ITER)' because it assimilates to d' in this position; and so on. On the other hand, if the potential cluster is bad, epenthesis applies, e.g.: adej-rəabudjedlegšoγ-e:ede:š -

strong to walk to pull to be seen to eat to lose one's way to call

ad-i-mueg-u-žuabud-u-ji:jed-u-ji:leg-i-təšoγ-u-šəed-u-nu-

to to to to to to to

become stronger walk pull out be seen feed lose call

As described in 3.4.4, the stem-final vowel may fall out. In some words an epenthetic vowel can be inserted instead of the deleted vowel of the stem. This process is extremely frequent and may apply even if the potential cluster is well-formed. Examples (32a) and (32b) illustrate the vowel deletion and epenthesis insertion before various affixes in Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir, respectively. jaqaligejodomoromodoamlə-dajporqə-jə jömgə-

to come jaq-u-ji:old lig-u-muto bind jod-u-təto dress mor-u-šəmod-i-bə to sit to swallow aml-u-jbə curved riverbank porq-u-šajto spin jömg-i-jə

laja-mumoja-γənewrəlalwə-

to stay to become soft to frighten to cover

laj-i-təmoj-i-nənewr-u-lu:Ialw-i-jə

to come to become old to twist to dress seat sunset to bend whirlpool to be late soft frightening extra blanket

5

8

Introduction

Generally speaking, the conditions on word-internal epenthesis are not entirely clear in the sense that many instances of epenthesis seem to have become lexicalized. But most occurrences of short high vowels in non-first syllables appear to be epenthetic or at least have an epenthetic origin. For example, the Habitual morpheme -nun- is likely to go back to reduplication of the Imperfective affix -n(u)- with the epenthetic и between its two occurrences. The vowel has now become part of the Habitual affix. The same is true for the Supine affix -din (< dn < də-rí) and some other affixes. Such affixes are represented with a vowel in the list of morphemes in Section 5. On the other hand, although some affixes are frequently accompanied by epenthesis, this does not apply in all contexts. For example, the Inchoative -m- and the Imperfective -n- are normally followed by u, but the latter is absent before a long vowel and in some other cases. Such affixes are cited without а и in Section 5.

Introduction 3 57

4. A reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology This section suggests a reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology. By Proto-Yukaghir I mean a common ancestor of all known modern and extinct varieties of Yukaghir.

4.1. Vocalism 4.1.1. Inventory and vowel harmony The following short vowels are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir. Note that *ü and *y are not present in modern Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir. (1)

front vowels back vowels

i у

e а

ö о

(ü) u

As in modem Yukaghir, non-high vowels were reduced and realised as ə in the position after the first foot. This vowel was not phonemic, as its distribution is fully predictable from its position. In some environments ə could undergo lengthening, while in other contexts it could be deleted. The vocalic system in (1) exhibits frontness harmony. The distribution of stems into harmonic classes remained practically unchanged. This is because, as I show below, the modern и goes back to *ii and therefore behaves as a front vowel, while *y has changed into i with back harmonic properties. So the only difference between (1) and the system described above for modern Kolyma Yukaghir is that in the latter there is no front correlate to u. It is also possible that Proto-Yukaghir had roundness harmony similar to that present in Kolyma Yukaghir (see 3.3.1). As all non-high short vowels were realised as ə after the first foot, roundness harmony was only limited to the initial structures (C)VCV. The correspondences of Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir vowels are presented below. I do not discuss here irregular correspondences that are only represented by one or two examples. They are usually mentioned in the text of the dictionary and alternative reconstructions are provided.

4.1.2. Non-high vowels PY * a > K T a This trivial correspondence is illustrated by the following examples: К T aŋa 'mouth', К aqčə ~ T waqčə 'angle', and К T qańil 'eagle'.

58

Introduction

PY *o > К о, и, То, а Examples of the correspondence К о ~ Т о are К poŋdə ~ Т poyodə 'money', К toγal 'scum' ~ Т toyul 'used tea leaves', and К T ото 'people'. On the other hand, К о can correspond to T a, cf.: (2)

К omdučobul ožu: tolou odul jomil тогоšouγə

T amdučawul warulu: talaw wadul ńamil тагаsawγə

to hurry sea root wild reindeer Yukaghir neck to put on wooden bowl

Not all varieties of Tundra Yukaghir exhibit a in these cases. Jochelson mostly records o, Krejnovič о or a, and Kurilov a, cf. TJ wodul ~ T wadul 'Yukaghir', TD wodurči— T wadurči- 'to try, to stand firm', and TK wolod'e ~ T waluod'ə 'prize'. In some words the variation о ~ a is attested in Kurilov's materials. According to Kurilov (1987: 7), this reflects two local idioms of Tundra Yukaghir, Qaŋaji: and Alaji: (on them see 2.2.1). The vowel a is typical of the Alaji: variety, and the vowel о of the Qaŋaji: variety. Other Yukaghir idioms, including Old Yukaghir, show о in these cases. Even the Omok idiom, which phonologically stands the closest to Tundra Yukaghir (see 4.2.3 and 4.2.4), exhibits о in the place of T a, e.g. MO wogo ~ T waya 'face'. Observe also the following example: MU ólloga, MK oljogá ~ T al'yə (< *аГауэ) 'fish'. This suggests that T a goes back to o, as is also supported by the following Even words: T lalimə ~ Ev. nolima 'sledge' and T abuka in abuka-mayil 'fur coat without a traditional triangle gusset' ~ Ev. obuka 'man's clothes'. While the direction of borrowing is unclear in the former case, the latter word has Tungus correspondences (see TMS 2 4) and so is borrowed from Even into Yukaghir. This indicates that in some Tundra Yukaghir words the change *o > a took place. This change was fairly recent and typical of the Alaji: variety, but has now become the norm. There are also Even loanwords where the Even a corresponds to T a, e.g. T ama: < Ev. ama: 'father', T qabal'ə- 'to grow bald' < Ev. qabata 'bald'. This raises the question of the phonological environment of the change *o > a. There is no clear answer to this question. The examples in (2) suggest that the change occurred in the context of the labial consonants m, b or w, probably as a result of dissimilation. This seems to be true for most instances

Introduction 3 5 9

of the correspondence К о ~ T a. However, there are exceptions. For example, in (3a) this correspondence does not occur in the context of labials, while in (3b) the presence of a labial does not trigger the change of о into a in Tundra Yukaghir. К nodo ločil jonod'əjotni:omo qobo

bird fire to tidy up to drive

T nada lačil janud'i:jatni:-

wolf fire to collect one's belongings to drive

people down

omo qobo

people on the surface

I reconstruct PY *o in stems with the correspondence T a ~ К о. If we only have Tundra Yukaghir forms with a at our disposal but no Kolyma Yukaghir correspondences, it is impossible to tell whether *a or *o should be reconstructed. I reconstruct *a in such cases, but this is merely conventional. For example, for T čabuu 'tin (box)', which has no corresponding Kolyma word, the reconstruction is *čampu\, but in principle it could also be *čompu.. In some infrequent cases, the reverse correspondence is also observed, i.e. К a ~ T о. Again it mostly occurs in the context of the labials, e.g. (4)

К parčəγəarpəalmə

T porčəγəworpəwolmə

to chatter cautious shaman

This indicates that either Kolyma Yukaghir showed the same dissimilation process *o > a as Tundra Yukaghir, albeit to a lesser extent and in different words, or that the vowel here should be reconstructed as *a, in which case T a must have changed into о when next to the labials. In the absence of clear evidence I have left this question open and have provided alternative reconstructions for this case. For example, the first stem in (4) is reconstructed as *parčə-/*porčə-, PY *ö>Kö, u;T о The reconstruction of the PY *ö is based on the trivial correspondence К ö ~ T Ö, cf. К T köd'e 'worm', К Tpömnə- 'round', К T örd'ə 'middle', and К Tpög'to gallop'. In Old Yukaghir and Schiefner's materials ö was mostly rendered

5

8

Introduction

as о or e, but this is likely to represent an auditory error. Jochelson, Krejnovič, Kurilov, and Maslova are not always consistent is rendering ö either. Jochelson systematically records ö only before n. The correspondence К и ~ T ö results from the change of К ö into и under the influence of the high vowel of the following syllable. This change is relatively recent, since Jochelson records ö, e or о in this case, cf.: К unmut unuŋ pulut ud'il'

KJ önmuunuŋ, onpolut od'il', ed'il'

T önmur önu: pölur öd'il'

antler, horn river old man nail, claw

The change * ö > и motivates the morphonological alternations in some stems, cf. К öwjə 'real, true' ~ ubuj 'true, truth'. It is also observed for long vowels, e.g. К čö.l'ə 'ancient' ~ ču.ld'i: 'tale' ( < KJ čuoled'ï). PY > Кe, Ö, /'; Те, ö This phoneme is pronounced as e in modern Yukaghir, but in Old Yukaghir sources e is often rendered as a or o, which may indicate that its pronunciation was closer to the low ä, e.g. В amea, ME aime, MU omei, KL amei ~ К emej 'mother'. Jochelson consistently writes ä in the place of the modern e. PY *e can be illustrated by the following correspondences: К T epe: 'grandmother', К T eń-/ed- 'live', and К ejrə- ~ T ewrə- 'to walk'. The vowel *e could labialize after the initial labial consonants p and m, e.g. К mödi:-, T möri:- 'to hear, to understand' (< PY *meδ-) ~ TU *mede'to feel, to notice' and К pömnə-, T pomnə- 'round' (< PY *peme-) ~ TU *pem-/*pim- 'to wind, to be twisted'. Some words show the ö ~ e variations within one idiom or between idioms, e.g. К medin ~ mödin 'as soon as', К memžəjə ~ T mömdijə 'flame', and К pöril' 'toe' ~ T peril 'kick', pörində'to kick'. The process of labialization could have taken place after the nonlabial consonants к and s/š as well, as shown by the following words: К šöbul ( > šubut) 'branch of the larch tree; bedding made of larch branches' ~ NT *seg-/*sew- 'to lay branches in a yurt' < TU *seg- 'to lay branches in a yurt' and К šere—šöre- ~ TU *sere:- 'to embroider'. See also the following correspondence and variations in the modern languages: К könmə ~ kenmə 'friend', К šög- ~ T seg- 'to enter', and К šöjl ~ šejl 'small stone, pebble'. In such cases I provide alternative reconstructions with *e and *ö. In some words the quality of the first vowel in Proto-Yukaghir can be reconstructed from the quality of the vowel of the second syllable. For example, the change *ö > e has probably taken place in T körel 'devil', T mörelwo:-

Introduction 3 6 1

'melted' and T köne. These words have e in the second syllable and are likely to have had it in the first syllable as well, if we assume roundness harmony. The respective Proto-Yukaghir reconstructions are *kere-, *merelwo:- and *kene. The labialization *e > ö explains the violations of the roundness harmony in front stems in modern Yukaghir addressed in 3.3.1. Kolyma Yukaghir exhibits the change *e > i before a high vowel, parallel to the change *ö > и observed above, e.g. К mi.d'i: ~ KJ med'i 'sledge' and К ńe.d'i. l, ńi.d'il ~ KK ńied'uol 'story'.

4.1.3. High vowels PY *u> К и, i; T u, i- PY * / > K /, m; T /, и Most Proto-Yukaghir high vowels are represented by the two trivial correspondences: PY *u > К T и (e.g. К T murgə 'thick forest', К T kukul 'devil', К T nug- 'find') and PY *i > К T / (e.g. К igejə ~ T igijə 'rope', К T kind'ə 'moon', К T čilgə 'branch', К ib— T iw- 'to suck'). Other words demonstrate the opposite distribution in the sense that i in one language corresponds to и in another language. In (6a) I cite examples for the correspondence К / ~ T и and in (6b) for К и ~ T i. К a. lige:mided'ə ńigerə mimil

T luge: murid'ə ńuŋurə mumul

old needle side young antlers

b. kuče: numö

kiče: nime

mosquito house

Old-Yukaghir materials show either и or i in such cases, cf. MK núma, MU пита 'house', MK imoje ~ T umujə 'pike', and MK midéndscha, В midéndscha 'needle'. There are reasons to think that changes of the high vowels occurred under the influence of the neighbouring consonants. In particular, i could develop into и when adjacent to a labial. This is confirmed by the word 'house' related to TU *nimä. T nime preserved the original vowel i, while in Kolyma Yukaghir / changed into u, apparently under the assimilative influence of m. Also observe the potential relation between К čumuči: 'fishing rod' and NT *čiŋe- 'to fish with a fishing rod', where К и could have developed from i next to the labial m. The opposite process *u > i was likely to occur in the context of a palatal

5

8

Introduction

consonant, cf. К ńugerə, ńigerə 'side' related to TU *ńuŋŋi: 'thigh', К nugen ~ T niŋin, ńugen-, ńuŋun- 'arm' related to TU *ńuŋa 'muscles; elbow', and T ińir 'brook, source' related to TU *uńi/*üńi id. If the assimilation explanation is true, we can expect that the words 'young antlers' and 'needle' contained *i and should be reconstructed as *mimil and *miδenčə, respectively. The change */ > и occurred in Tundra Yukaghir. The same can be assumed for T umujə 'pike' with respect to OY *imojə (in modern Kolyma Yukaghir this word is absent). Assimilation to another vowel also played a role here. In the modern Yukaghir languages the alternation и ~ i may depend on the quality of the vowel of the second syllable, cf. T ńiŋe: 'stomach, mood, soul' but T ńuŋurukun 'apron' (literally 'stomach thing'), and К pige 'box' but lun-buge 'cauldron' from lud-ul 'iron' (< *lunt-) and pige 'box', where the following development is assumed: *lun + *pige > Imbige > lunbuge. However, several words such as К lige- ~ T luge- 'old' still remain unexplained and are provided with alternative reconstructions in the dictionary. PY *й > К T и The reconstruction of the vowel *ü is problematic, as it is not represented in any modern Yukaghir variety. This vowel is not used in the reconstructions provided in the dictionary and *u is written instead. Yet, there are two reasons to think that *ü could have been present in Proto-Yukaghir. First, *w can be reconstructed based on systemic considerations as a front counterpart to PY *u. Second, in both modern varieties of Yukaghir и behaves as a harmonically front vowel, although its phonetic quality is back (see 3.3.1). As was first suggested in Nikolaeva (1992), this mismatch can be explained if the source of К T и is the harmonically front *ü and the harmonic quality of the stem remained intact after the change *ii > u. In the modern languages и is harmonically back in only a few words, mostly from Tundra Yukaghir. Such words are normally fairly recent borrowings from Tungus. Examples follow. (7)

T čulal 'ermine' < TU čolči 'pole-cat' T čuld'əyə- 'to twitter' < TU *čo:li:- 'to gossip, to babble' К T quńo: < Ev. kuńaw- 'to make noises (of a gull)' T quńe 'two-year old male reindeer' < Ev. кипа:- 'to gallop (of a reindeer or a horse)' T čubaγaj- 'to dive' < TM *čup-/*čop- 'to dive; deep place' T čurqə 'two-year old female reindeer' < TM *čur-/*čir- 'three-year old wild deer'

Introduction 3 6 3

In such cases и has a source different from *ii, normally о or the harmonically back u. This explains its back quality in modern Yukaghir. As there are no or very few cases of the original back u, we might suspect that *u changed into another back vowel before the change *ii > и took place. This matter is still unresolved, but at least in some words the change и > о could have occurred. Observe the following words probably borrowed from Tungus. (8)

Tpaγad'i: (with the further change into a in Tundra Yukaghir) < TU *puyu 'awl' К T moli modal particle < TU *mulri- 'doubt, not be able' К p o l - 'gum' < TU *pul- id. T ma. ro:- 'happy' (probably from *marə-o:-) < TU *murun 'happiness, mind' К pol- 'to slip' < TU *belu-/*bul 'flat slippery ice surface'

Such loanwords are older than most of those that demonstrate the correspondence TU/Ev. и ~ Yuk. u, e.g. К kuru.k < Ev. or Yak. kuru.k 'always' and T muktijə 'knife with the tip cut off < Ev. mukti 'blunt'. However, T kokota: 'closed end of a sleeve in a child's overalls' < Ev. kukatan 'gloves' may be quite recent. PY *y> К i,ja-, a; T /, e The PY *y is reconstructed based on the following evidence. First, as shown in 3.3.1, both Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir have words where i is harmonically back. I suggest that the corresponding stems in Proto-Yukaghir contained the back *y. Second, in some cases the back /' in Tundra Yukaghir corresponds to К a or ja- (in the word-initial position), e.g. К šašayaj- ~ T sisaγej- 'to become torn' and К šarqul 'paw' ~ T sisqə 'finger', cf. also KJ qid'ilbe- ~ К qad'ilbə'laugh'. If the last word is not an erroneous recording of Jochelson, we are dealing here with PY *y which changed into a in Kolyma Yukaghir. Some Tundra Yukaghir words have a back e which can also go back to *y, e.g. T eγabə 'waist'. Also observe the following correspondences: К jaγil ~ T eγil, ayil 'edge' and К qaqšə-, kiqšə- 'to choke' ~ T qeqsə- 'to gurgle'. Finally, Tungus back stems with i are usually borrowed in Yukaghir as back, e.g. T tilba:- 'to trample down' < TU *tilpa- 'to smear, to knead, to squash' and T sirba:- 'to squeeze' < TU *sir- 'to press'.

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Introduction

4.1.4. Long vowels In the dictionary the long vowels are reconstructed in monosyllabic stems and in (C)V:Cə stems, although in both these types they were probably secondary and caused by prosodic reasons (see 3.4.1 and 4.3). Since quantitative alternations of vowels are basically identical in Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir (see 3.4.1 and 3.4.2), they are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir. Most of the original *(C)VCCə stems where the medial cluster was simplified into a single consonant (4.2.5) do not contain a long vowel in modern Yukaghir. So they look just like (C)VCV stems in which the medial consonant does not go back to a cluster and the vowel of the first syllable is short. Examples of such stems follow. (9)

PY *sompəl'ə*qompə *nontə Toŋqə*noŋqə

К šobol'əqobo nodo joγodajnoγo

T sabal'əqobo nada joŋotəjnoγo

to lose bottom bird; animal to open sand; ashes

In a few stems where the second consonant goes back to a cluster the first syllable is long, i.e. they pattern together with (C)V:Cə stems, e.g. T lï.dəj'to crumble' (< *li:ntə-), T qa:dələ 'armpit' ( < *qantələ), T ki:d'ə 'demon' ( < *kinč'ə), and К o:žə- 'to drink' ( < *ončə-). I do not have an explanation for why they behave differently from the stems listed in (9). Some *(C)VCCə stems show variations in length, e.g. T čid'e ~ či.d'ə 'bottom part of a woman's coat trimmed with dog fur and tassels'. Many long vowels in Kolyma Yukaghir have appeared as a result of contraction of a short (typically stressed) vowel and the following spirant or glide, namely *j, *w or *y. The contraction normally took place if the spirant or glide was syllable-final, as illustrated by the following examples. *aw > o: *aj > a: *ow > o: *uw > u: *uγ > u: *ej > i: *əj > i: *əw > u:

К aro:jə ~ KJ aravje К čajšilə, ča:šilə ~ KJ čaišile К jo:γə, jouγə ~ KJ joboγe Kjo: ~KJjobo К ńu: ~ В newe, ME niiv, S niv К ju:lugul ~ S juglugul К ni:n-qa:r ~ S nejín ( > nejn)-kar К -ji:li ~ KJ -jeili К arnu:ja: ~ MK arímnewája, S arinuaja

lenok bullfinch back disease name shoulder cloud INTR.1PL wolverine

Introduction 3 65

*öγ>ö: *iγ>i:

Kjö:l'ətl'ə- ~ В joglerim Ki:də-~Sigda

to love to catch

Observe also the following correspondences: К i:čə ~ T öjčə 'point, edge' (< *öj-) and К je:d'ə ~ T jeŋd'ə 'excrement' {ŋ has contracted in K). In Tundra Yukaghir contraction is less frequent, but also takes place, e.g. T i:sə- 'suck' < iwsə-. The contraction is still a live process, as shown by the following free variations attested in modern Kolyma Yukaghir: (11)

ujni:~u:ni: pe:d'ə ~ pejd'ə kerpi: ~ keфэjэ ( 0 > 1 / 0 b. *ś > (š/G') > К š, T s

Similar changes are reconstructed for the Proto-Uralic sibilants in Ugric and Samoyed languages (e.g. Xelimskij 1982). However, they are hypothetical in Yukaghir, as (14) crucially depends on external correspondences. Therefore in this dictionary I only use one sibilant and write it as *s, assuming that it developed into К š and T s. In other words, in the convention used in this dictionary, *s corresponds to the presumed *s in (14), while for the words in (11) */ or 0 are reconstructed. This system may in principle reflect a more recent stage of Proto-Yukaghir. It is worth noticing that the Old Yukaghir sources hardly differentiate between affricates, on the one hand, and sibilants, on the other, cf. В tshall, ME tschal, MU tschal, MK tschéel ~ К ša:l, T sa:l 'tree' and В tshul, ME tschul, MU tschul, MK tschul ~ К T ču:l 'meat'. Therefore Collinder (1940: 168) and Jochelson (1898: 154) suggested that sibilants and affricates had the same source. Yet, their reflexes in the modern languages clearly differ. In addition, the comparison with Tungus shows that affricates and sibilants were originally distinct, cf.:

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(15)

Introduction

a. TU *čab- 'noise, noisy' ~ К čabo:- 'loud' TU *čöle- 'to jump on one foot' ~ T čule- id. b. TU *saja 'interval (between fingers)' ~ К šaj-, T saj- 'across' TU *seri 'decking, covering' ~ К šeril, T siril 'bottom edge of the chamois that covers a yurt'

I believe the reason why affricates and sibilants were often conflated in earlier sources lies in the difference between male and female pronunciations. According to Jochelson (1898: 153-154), in earlier Kolyma Yukaghir men pronounced both č and š as č, while in the female pronunciation affricates and sibilants were always distinguished. It is reasonable to assume that most Old Yukaghir sources reflect the male pronunciation. In fact, there is documentary evidence for that: Billings (1811: 25) refers to his consultant as an 'old man', and so does Matjuškin. For this reason most Old Yukaghir sources did not distinguish between š and c. The difference between the male and the female pronunciation was later lost and the female norm was generalized.

4.2.3. Fricatives The reconstruction of the Proto-Yukaghir interdental *δ is based on the correspondence T -г ~ К -d-, -t. The word-final t in Kolyma Yukaghir probably appeared due to the devoicing of d in the word-final position, see 3.2 on the phonotactic restrictions. The PY *S only occurred intervocalically or wordfinally. (16)

а. К jo.də-, В lioda, ME liota ~ T l'o. rə- 'to play' К mödi:-, MC mody, KL moriža, mozyi, В moedik, mo:e:dik, ME moktyk, moitik ~ T möri - 'to hear' Кpude, MU buden 'up', Вpudanmoi, MEpudangma, MCpadanmei 'tall' ~Tpure 'up' К köde.l, В ME MK kodel ~ T köre.l 'wolf b. Кpulut ~ Tpölur 'old man' К unmut, ME onmut ~ T önmur 'horn, antler'

Most Old Yukaghir sources record d/t in the place of PY *δ. The only Old Yukaghir source that renders *δ as r, as in Tundra Yukaghir, is MO, cf. the following words:

Introduction 3 6 9

(17)

К melut, B/ME mélud, MK mélut, MC malyt ~ MO melur ' breast' К abut, В awoot, ME auut, MK -awut ~ T awur 'nest, container', MO abor 'brain' К qodol'~ MO xoral' 'boat'

This shows that different reflexes of * j is likely to be a recent Kolyma Yukaghir innovation. 4.2.5. Consonantal clusters Proto-Yukaghir exhibited word-internal consonantal clusters of the type "sonorant + voiceless obstruent", which have undergone various changes in the modern language. Potential clusters of this structure are shown in (20), although not necessarily all of them were present in practice. *mt *mp *mk/q *mč *mč'

*nt *np *nk/q *nč *nč'

*ńt *ńp *ńk/q *ńč *ńč'

*ŋt *ŋP *ŋk/q *ŋč *ŋč'

*lt *lp *lk/q *lč *lč'

*l't *l'p *lVq *l'č *l'č'

Such clusters are impossible in the modern languages inside a morpheme (see 3.2), however the clusters "sonorant + voiced obstruent" are fairly frequent. I take this to indicate that in such clusters the obstruent was voiced. This stage is attested in Old Yukaghir, as shown below. (21)

a. PY *-mč-> O Y - т з MC memže- ~ К memšə-, T mömdə- 'to burn' b. PY *mt-> OY-mdB omda-, ME omtu- ~ К omdu, T amdu- 'to hurry' c. PY *-np-> OY-nbB tonbo-, ME tonbe- ~ К tönbə- 'strong' d. PY *-ŋč'- > OY -ŋd'B indshi ~ К iŋd'i: 'sinew' e. PY *-ńp- > OY -ńbB xánbo, MC qańba, BO qánbo ~ К qańbə 'palm'

5

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Introduction

f. PY *-lk- > OY -lgB oolgala ~ К ulgulə 'urine' g. PY *-ŋč-> OY-ŋ3B landzsha, ME langdscha, MU Ijangdscha, MC Ijangjaja ~ К jaŋžə, T j a ŋ d ə j a ŋ r ə 'goose' h. PY *-ŋt- > OY -ŋdMC landygik, В longdok, ME longtok ~ К loŋdə- 'to dance' i. PY *-lč- > OY *-1зМС pol'woroie 'green', В *poldshitsha,podrie, poldshasha-, ME poltschitscha,podrie ~ Кpolžičə 'leaf Neither the Old-Yukaghir sources nor Jochelson systematically record the palatalization opposition for affricates. In other words, both *d' and what I reconstruct as * j (voiced non-palatal affricate) were often transcribed in the same way. Jochelson also used the same symbol for d' and what corresponds to К í, although older sources sometimes record d or t in the place of * j This shows that the phonetic difference between palatal and non-palatal affricates was minimal until recent times. Still, their reflexes are clearly opposed in modern languages: whereas the PY *č' after a sonorant is represented as d\ the PY *c (> OY j ) has changed into К ž and T r ~ d. The situation is more complicated in clusters that begin with r. In most words in the modern languages the following obstruent is voiceless. Moreover, some loanwords show devoicing after r, e.g. К mo:rtə 'fish trap' < Rus. dial. morda and T lerpu: 'shaggy dog' < TU *ler(be)- 'shaggy'. However, there are a number of words with a voiced obstruent after r. (22) К jurgu: moryulTun nörgumə

slot minnow notch

T serbəd-amun purgə se:rdi:d-ile

shoulder bone knot reindeer rejected from slaughter

This shows that r has a dual status: sometimes it behaves like a sononant and sometimes like a voiceless stop. But since the clusters "r + voiceless obstruent" are more frequent, I reconstruct them for the Proto-Yukaghir stage, unless there is positive evidence against such a solution.

Introduction 3 7 3

In the examples in (21) the consonants do not have a homorganic articulation. When they do, further changes were observed in the clusters with nasals. The clusters changed into a single consonant: a nasal before a consonant or a pause, or a voiced obstruent in the prevocalic position. The resulting alternations are described above in 3.5.1. This diachronic process of the simplification of clusters took place in Old Yukaghir.1 It may have occurred at varying speeds in the different Old Yukaghir idioms, but in general was completed by the mid 19th century, i.e. at the end of the Old Yukaghir period. This is evident because all the later sources, beginning with Schiefner (1859), record single consonants in the place of the Old Yukaghir homorganic clusters. Examples of homorganic clusters with nasals follow. (23)

a. PY *nt > OY nd > n (+C) ~ d (+V) В ME tandi- ~ К T tadi:- 'to give' MC lundylo, В -lundal, ME -london, -lundol, MK lundúl, -lundul ~ К ludul 'iron', lun-bugö, 'cauldron' (lit. 'iron box') b. PY *nč'/*ńč' > OY nd'/ńd' > ń (+C) ~ d' (+V) KL kiniča, kinind'a, В kininsha, ME kinindscha, MU kininsche, MK kinédsche ~ К T kind'ə 'month, moon' MC -konty, В -kondzsha, ME -kontscha ~ К T köd'e 'worm, larva' MU éndschit, MK éndschi, ME éndschi ~ К T ed'i 'alive', К eńńə'alive, vivid' c. PY *nč > OY пз > n (+C) ~ К ž, T r (+V) MC andrele, andzhe, MU andschub ~ К ažu: 'word, language' В kundshu, ME kuntschu, MC kuntu-, kunžup ~ К kušu:, T kurul 'sky' В onzshi, ME ondschy, MU onsche, MC inzha, MO onde ~ К o:ži: 'water' В pandalitsh 'to scratch', ME pantalytsch 'to scratch' ~ К pažili:T parali:- 'to tickle' d. PY *ŋk/*ŋq > OY ŋg/ŋγ > ŋ (+C) ~ g/γ (+V) В angitak, ME angietak ~ К T ayitə- 'to hide' В iongul, ME jonkool, MU jongjnogha, BO jungol, MO niongol' ~ К T joγul 'nose' В ongai, ME ongen, MK óngoi ~ К oŋ-, T oŋu- 'damp, wet', К oyunbə- 'to get wet'

5

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Introduction

e. PY *mp > OY mb > m (+C) ~ b (+V) MC iumbo, MU jämboon ~ T jaba- 'to di e'j'amd'i- 'ill', К jou < KJ jobo 'disease' MC jembend- ~ К joboγə > jouγə 'back' В ME nunbur ~ К nabur 'foam' Thus, there are two sources of voiced obstruents in modern languages: voiced fricatives and glides (4.2.3 and 4.2.4) and homorganic clusters. When the source of a voiced obstruent is unclear, I provide alternative reconstructions throughout the dictionary. A number of words demonstrate irregular clusters that violate the phonotactic constraints. This may indicate either that the word is a recent borrowing or that there used to be a morpheme boundary between the components of the cluster. This is observed, first, if a voiceless obstruent follows a sonorant, e.g. T samqəj 'tea pot', T ilkə 'cross-bar in a sledge', К T monqə 'hill', and К qantu: 'crop'. Second, some words exhibit homorganic clusters with nasals which should have changed into a single consonant, e.g. T qandəbd 'inside the lower part of for trousers', T timbəčəń- 'swollen from absorbed water', and T liŋgəčə 'scum'. In clusters "sonorant + e:- or /. -. Some forms have the suffix -mə ~ -m. 417. *ej- 2 К je.j- to get somewhere, to fall; to attack (INTR); KK jej-; KJ ej-; KD eyu-; TK ejuK ejtə- to take away, to take off (TR); KJ ejite- to drive in; T ejite- to catch with a net; TK ejite-; TJ ejite- to shoot, to bore through

Dictionary 13 5

К eju:- to get (into a trap or a net); to fall (of snow); KK eju-; T ejuu- + attack; TK eju-, ejuu- + to feel, to smell; TD eyu- to dash; to throw oneself T ejikie- to start falling; TK ejkie- to start raining; TD -eikieTK eji- to rain The initial j- in К je:j- is secondary. 418. *əj К öj-l'ə there is/are no; KK oj-l'e; KJ oj-l'e; KD oi-le-; SD -uj-le; T ew-fe; TK ew-l'e; TJ oi-le; TD oi-le; SU oí-lä; RS oi-llä\ M ói-li, oi-le; KL oi-l'a; В oi-ley; ME oi-lle T ewl'ikie-, ööwl'ikie- to end; to die; to disappear; TK ewl'ikieT ewl'erii- to make absent; ewd'i.re- to guess that someone will not live long I TD oild'ei7 there is nothing; elewiel'u, eleuiel'u mortal, deadly; oilekeye-gode, oilikeye-kode grave; dead body 419. *ej-/*wejKD ei- to snort (of a reindeer) 420. *ejc/*ejs К ejč INTJ (annoyance); T ejs 421. *eje К eje wooden part of a bow; KK eje; KJ eje; KD eye; SD ej'e; SU eije; RS eije, -eje; M eíja, eijagat, eijapla; MC ejija; MO ogo [rect. ojo] bow; MK éje К ńə-maraj, je-maraj string of a bow; KD eye-maray; SD ejce-marej In К ńə-maraj the first component of the compound was contaminated with the reciprocal Лэ-. 422. *e:jə/*je:jə/*we:jə KJ jeje elk; KD ie.ye bear; SD jiejie evil spirit in the form of a bear 423. *ejγən/*ej ŋ kən/*wejγən/*wej ŋ kən К ejgən, egen INTJ (wait!); KJ eigen 424. *ejkirT ejkiri- to wade; to pass, to cross (TR) 425. *ejl'əT el'uguon-l'ie INTJ (threatening); TD eilegoneili KD eilere- to be afraid of (TR); eil'ere(bo)- timid, shy | T el'uguon(-el'i) INTJ (wait!)

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Dictionary

426. *ejmə К ejmə price, payment; KJ eime; KD eime; SU eimatut, eimegen, eimege; RS eimatk, eimege; M eima ot for that KK ejmeš- to pay; TK ejmesh427. *ejmə-/*wejməK ejmə- to stare (INTR); KK ejmeK ejməri:- to stare at (TR); KK ejmeri429. *ejnč'i:/*wejnč'i: KJ eid'i good spirit; KD eid'i shaman's spirit-protector; SD ejsi, ajzi430. *ejn-/*jejn- ? MO (j)einim brother ? S *inä 'elder brother' (SW 27) //Tailleur 1959b: 106 If the comparison with S is correct, the Yukaghir word was unlikely to have the initial j-. 431. *ekč-/*wekčK ekčil boat made of three boards cut from a larch-tree; KK eksil', eksil, ekt'il; KJ ekčil; KD ekčil'; SD ek'cill; В aktshel; ME aktscha KJ ekčin-qondo pr. (a man) 432. eken T ekya elder sister; TK ekya; TJ akye, ekye + elder female cousin TJ ekeo- to be smb's elder sister Ev. eken 'elder sister' (TMS 2 443) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 As it is a recent Ev. borrowing, the word is phonologically exceptional in Yukaghir: the long -e: is not realized as the diphthong -ie, therefore it is transcribed as -ye, -ya by some authors. 433. *el-1 T eld'e INTJ (good!); TK eld'e + address to a wife; TJ el'd'e К eïïəlu: traditional refrain in lyrical songs; KJ elluo darling (of a woman) T eld'e-pelie INTJ (admiration); eld'e(n)-eńikaa INTJ (admiration) 434. *el- 2 T eluojerke barren female reindeer; TD eloyerke-, al'noyarke? T eluojerke-ŋolal temporary deceptive improvement of the weather in the evening; elmelije barren ground on a hill; barren place without hollows or trees; elmelińe- smooth, even

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435. *еГT el'il passage in the mountains Cf. Ev. ölen (TMS 2 30) 436. *əl К əl-, ələ- negative marker; KK el, al; KJ el, ele; KD el, el; SD el, al-, ele-; T el-, el'i- + emphatic marker; TK el, ol, el'; TJ el; TD el'; RS ei-, ol-; M el; MC ol; MO alia; BO ele, jule, eli, illi; KL ale, el, ele; В el; ME el; MU oil; MK ol, oil, oli; W ol, olo К əl-l'e: no; KK el-l'e; KD e-le, el-le; SD el-le; MC illi T eleń no; TK el'en, el'e.n; TJ el'en; MC ilen К al-qamun some, several [lit. no how many]; KJ al-yobun; T al-qamla- not numerous; TK al'-qamlal, el'-qabun T el-moŋojojd'aa pr. (a Chukchi tribe) [lit. no peak on the hat]; TK el-moŋojojd'a KD ol-ud'ubo- deaf [lit. without words]; T el-aruud'a: dumb [lit. without words]; TK al'-aruud'a dumb; RS ei-ažukei dumb, mute T el-ńe-mon- quiet, silent; deaf [lit. no saying]; TK el'-mond'ej deaf; TD el-monnei, ? el-melei + calm weather К əl-mə-qodo-, əl-γodońə- empty [lit. not lying]; KD ol-hodone-, el'-xodone-, nion-xodeme К ə(j)-jedulbən evil spirit, devil [lit. not appearing]; KJ e-jedul; KD yedulben, e-yedulben, e-yedulbon, e-yel'ulen, el'-yedulbon; SD elledulban T el-göderiń, el-gödekid'ie hardly; TK el-goderiń cheerfully К əl-qa:r naked, bare; without clouds [lit. no skin]; KK a-raw, al-har; KJ al-yar; KD al-har; SD al-jar [rect. al-gar]; T a-raw К a-ro:ńə- bald, plain, bare; naked [lit. no skin]; KJ a-raune-; KD a-raule-, a-raine-; T a-rawńe- to have no plants (of tundra); TD a-raule-, a-raune- + cold К al-ńu:ńəl-pe:dičə middle finger [lit. finger without a name]; KD el-ninel-pediče ring finger; TD el-kiriyeńel-čald'e middle finger К əl-l'aqa lack, shortage [lit. not reaching]; KD el'-l'aqa К əj-ju:kə close, near [lit. not far]; SD u-juka; T e-juoke; TK e-juoke К əl-id'eme:- pale; gentle; KK il-id'emie-; KD el'-id'eme-, el'-id'e-, ar-id'emeKD yedulben-kodod-aibi pipistrelle (small bat) [lit. where the soul of the devil lies]; el'e-xi:nmuy- brave [lit. not evading]; el'e-arpalulu safe К əl-ńa:čəń- blunt; TD al-niačeńK a-ro:jə lenok (Salmo lenok) [lit. no skin]; KK a-rauje, a-rawje + glade; clearing, bald spot; KD a-rauye; SD a-rauja; T a-raawje bare place; SU arawje; RS arauija К əj-jö:də(j) very much [lit. not seen]; a-ra:n-paj mushroom (growing on

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earth) [lit. naked woman]; əl-1'oqotə- to miss the target (TR) [lit. not to reach]; əl-puč without breathing | KK e-jukomie- close | KJ a-rauneje-mured-uo leather stockings [lit. bare stockings] | KD a-rau:-kudeto undress (INTR); el'e-yo:linu- healthy [lit. without illness]; el'-lukoŋo forbidden; el-qinmoyebo- witty [lit. not evading] | T a-rawčeń- cloudless; naked [lit. no skin]; a-rawre- to become clear (of sky); to become bald [lit. no skin]; e-juoken not long ago; el-γajuorii- not to be delayed; el-amuopregnant [lit. not good]; el-duu empty [lit. no content]; el-duunigirej- unload [lit. not loaded]; ol-laŋudeŋ in the wrong direction [lit. without direction]; a-rawjaa bald person [lit. no skin]; el-du:ńej-ayuad'e bones beneath the shoulder-blades; el-ančajneŋ calmly [lit. no teasing]; el-moŋo-jojd'aape Chukchi [lit. without a peak on the hat]; el-möč-gurčii- to lose one's wits, to become senseless [lit. to become without oneself]; a-raw-gučiise- to undress (TR); el-yajuori- not to cause to stay for a long time; el-met-band'e-rukun person having had an infection | TJ el-ičije a little; el-godidie a little bit | TD el-kurilioye-rukun, el-kuril'od'e-rukun devil [lit. unseen thing]; ew-meriyen unknown; el-ute-yenu- boring; el-niače-kurčice- to make dull; el-u:yi-loŋoje gode useless man; el-u:telne- hero [ lit. the one who doesn't get tired] | TK el'-nemeńej-göde poor person; el'-nimije orphan; el'-kirid'ie fourth finger | MO alla-tjuncazen not true U *e ~ *ä ~ *a 'negative particle' (UEW 68-70) // JU 60-6; UJN 114; HUV 163^4; FUV 10; Tailleur 1959a: 416; Angere 1956: 102; Harms 1977: 311; UEW 68; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; Rédei 1999: 35; LR 144, 152 The initial vowel ə- may be assimilated to the vowel -o- or -a- of the next syllable. In forms such as a-ro:jə, a-raw etc. the consonant -/- has fallen out: *əl-sawa(-) > al-sawa(-) > al-rawa(-) > araw, aro:-. 438. *eleK eled'o:- to disappear; KK eled'uo- to end, to finish (INTR); KJ eled'uo-; KD eled'uo--, RS elyž'oi to lose; BO elénd'ul; MU -elendschöńt T elerej- to swallow; TK el'erej-, elerej-; TD elerei-, ellereiT elej- to disappear, to go down (of the sun) 439. *ele/*wele К el'e, ellə indeed KJ elien how 440. *el'emtəTJ el'emde- to try hard ? TU *ele- 'enough' (EDAL 500), cf. Evk. eli. w- 'to try hard'

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441. *elerT elerd'i- to misfire (of a gun) KD elerne- not careful 442. *el'i T el'i first; while; TK el'i; TJ el'i T el'ine first; TK el'ine, el'in; TJ el'in; TD elilnon TK el'id-ou first born child; TD elid-uo T el'ilie first I TK elill'egi for the first time FU *eSe 'front' (UEW 71-72) // Tailleur 1959a: 417; Nikolaeva 1988: 218 443. *elinsə/*welinsə ? SD elinse pr. (a mountain) 444. *elkT elγuole- to feel healthy; MO algib- healthy ? T elyuolem modal marker (isn't it so?) In T -k- > -q-, apparently under the harmonizing influence of the vowel -o:. 445. *elŋə KJ elŋa pr. (a man); T elŋe pr. (a place); TJ elŋa 446. *elt-/*ilt-/*jelt- ? MO (j)el'dil', ildil-, -ildel', -(j)eldel' man, person 447. *eltəl-/*weltəlK eldəlke:- to become tiring or boring; KK eldelkieK eldəlgəjo: INTJ (tiredness); KK eldelgejo punishment К eldəlu:- tiring, boring 448. *elucTK elut'ora- to pass by 449. *emK emu:- dark; KK emuu-; KJ emu-, MC emenij West; KL emič'; В emmitsh; ME emmitsch; MU emimet-; MK émitsch К embə- black; KK embe-; KJ emibe-; KD ebibe-, emibe-; SD ebbi-, emibe-, ebibe-; SU amybai; RS emiwal, embei; M emiiwei; MC emobis; MO emoboś-; KL aminpeja; В aimáivi; ME aimive; MU emibet; MK emiwei, -emiwi К emid'd blackness; birth-mark; KJ emid'e; SD emice clouds

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К emidej- to grow dark; KK emide-; SD emide-; BO emédeč', emýdyn, emíden К am-mal- to spend a night; KJ am-mal-, a:m-mal-; KD am-mal-, emil-mal-; SD a-mal-, am-malasa-, am-mal--, M á-maltaja К emil night; KK emit, KJ emit, KD emil\ SD emill; MC emilo, -emirr, BO emin-; KL emilma; В emmel; ME emmil; MU emirtef, MK émil, emínK embətkilbən black woodgrouse; SD eletkil-pongžiba К emul island; grove; KK emul, umul; KD emul'; T emul; TK emul; TD omul, emul'; M ämúl; MC -inmut; В ommul; ME aimul К emike:- to darken | KK emińi- to darken; embel'bo- black; emid'e- black | KD emin-pu:gu moon [lit. night sun]; emini- to stand in the light of smth (TR) I T em-saal piece of forest where willows grow between larches [lit. dark wood]; emurej- to surround; emund'ie pr. (a lake) ? FP *simVrust' (UEW 758-759) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; Nikolaeva 1988: 220 The initial a- in am-mal- is the result of assimilation to the following vowel. 450. *emč'3/*emjə К emd'ə younger sibling; KK emd'e; KJ emd'e + younger cousin; KD emd'e; SD em'se; T emd'e; TK emd'e; TJ emd'e- + younger cousin; MK emdsche , -émsche KJ emd'uodie father's younger sister or younger female cousin; TK emd'ed'e К emd'o:- younger; KD emd'eo- to be smb's younger sibling; SD amso-; TJ emd'uolSD amzioj younger sister | TJ emd'egitigije younger sister Cf. Ev. dial, emd'e 'younger (sibling)' // TMS 2 450 The stem may be related to *eme-. 451. *emeK emej mother; KK emej; KJ emei; KD emei; SD emej; RS emei, -óma; KL amej; MK oméi К emme: mummy; address used by a young husband to his older wife; KK emme; KJ eme; KD eme; T emmuo affectionate address to a girl or young woman; MC eme; МО emom; В amea; ME a/me; MU omé К emej-možu: step-mother [lit. destined as mother]; KD emei-mod'u К emej-jo: traditional refrain in lyrical songs U *emä 'mother, woman' (UEW 74) // JU 76; UJN 115-116; FUV 10; HUV 164; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 74; Nikolaeva 1988: 217; Rédei 1999: 35; LR 146, 152 As the second component of the compounds, the stem eme- has undergone assimilation to -ото or -ume.

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452. emiske К emečkə(ččl) suddenly, unexpectedly К emečkəńit suddenly Yak. emiske(čči) (JRS 540) 453. *emləkəTD emlekeń- to impregnate 454. *empə/*wempə MC embend-amun shoulders 455. *empəke: T ebekie dampness 456. *emtT sal'γari:-emt-ekuu gap-toothed 457. emte:K emtədej- to cure, to treat Yak. emte:- (JRS 540) // Krejnovič 1958: 250 458. *en- 1 К e-diŋ this; KK e-diŋ U *e 'this' (UEW 67-68) // Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988: 219; LR 146 ediŋ < *en- + tiŋ. The element -n is probably a pronominal suffix, cf. *an-. 459. *en-2 T eńid'i- to ask, to beg; TK eńid'ie-, enid'ie- to make a match, to propose (a marriage) К enič- to ask for, to persuade, to talk into; KJ eniči-; KD eniči-; T eńiči-; TD eničiT eńid'uore- to ask for help (TR) | ? KL ennylyi to want 460. *en-3 T enuspan- to anguish T enuskuruluu- causing alarm or anguish; enuskurulge, enuspand'aγa INTJ (anguish) I ? TD enuncemeń- to take care of 461. *eŋK eŋul abdomen of a fish; KD eŋul\ SD engil

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KD eŋurde-oil'eye-čibal fireplace in the yurt [lit. stove without cartilage] К eŋur hard cartilage in the nostril, palate; KK eŋur palate; KJ eŋur, KD eŋur; T eŋur; В angar; ME angyr TU *(x)eŋge 'beak' (EDAL 510), cf. *e:ŋ 'chin, jaw' 462. *e:n-/*je:nT ien-bara, jien-bara stump; log; TJ jen-bara pole 463. *enc'K eń-/ed'- to live; KK eń-, ed'--, KJ en-, ed'-, ön-; KD ed'-fen-\ T ed'-/eń-\ TK end'--, TD end'e; ? RS endik, endibai careful, economical; MU éndschit, endschdscheK ed'i alive; KK ed'i; TK ed'i; TD ed'- + useful; safe; MK éndschi; ME éndschi К ed'un-lepun-čugö artery [lit. life blood road]; KJ ed'un-lepun-čugo К eńd'ə(š)- to feed, to bring up; KK enre(š)-; KJ end'eš-, ende-; KD enmu-, eńmu-; TD end'i-, endi-, edic- + to resurrect, to rise from the dead; RS enžek К ed'il life; SU ed'ul К еМэ- alive, vivid; TK end'e К eńd'əd-abut inner fat; KD end'ed-abut К ed'itə- to animate, to rescue; to feed; T ed'ite- to rescue; to do smb a favour (TR); TK ed'ite--, TJ ed'ite--, TD ed'iteK end'o.n animal, living creature; elk | KK enred'e ward | T ed'ilgi INTJ (irony) I TD ed'i- to use; ? aiča life; ed'ienu- full; satisfied | TK ed'ie- to eat one's fill 464. *enč'ə T ed'ee-geeQ), ečeeke-ej INTJ (admiration for smth beautiful or well made) T ed'ege-d'e-ek INTJ (tenderness to a baby); ed'ed'e-aaj, ečeče-aaj INTJ (admiration for smb strong) 465. *enč'ə/*jenč'ə К je:d'ə excrement; KJ jed'e, ed'e; KD (y)ed'e; T iend'e; TJ j end'e К je:d'əč- to defecate; KD ed'edK je:d'əš- to punish | T iend'enuoče toilet cleaner | TD yeńd'er- to defecate The consonant -n- in T is irregular. 466. *enč'o:K ed'o. Fə- to fear, to be afraid; KJ ed'uole-, ed'uoli-; KD ed'uol'-, T ed'uol--, TK ed'uo(l)--, TJ ed'uol'-, ed'uol--, TD ed'uol--, RS ed'oli T ed'uoldeŋ with fear | TD od'uode- to frighten

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467. *eńe К eńńe: tender address to a baby or a woman; KK eńie mother; KD eńa:; T eńie mother; TK eńie; TJ eńie, eńe; TD enie-\ ? RS ene butterfly К eńńa: pr. (a woman) | T eńej address to a woman or girl from an elderly man; eńikaa address to a young woman; eńiekaar mum, mummy; eńekej pr. (a woman) FP *enä 'mother' (UEW 624-625) or TU *eńi- (TMS 2 456) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 (~Ev.); LR 152 468. e:ni T eenil one-year old female reindeer T ienid-uo reindeer calf born as big as a one-year old female reindeer Ev. e:ni 'one-year old female reindeer with a calf (TMS 2 457) The element -/ in Yukaghir is a derivational suffix. 469. *enile: T enile: INTJ (well done!) 470. *eŋkT egiil, egil back of the head; TK eg/77; TD egied-amun T egiin-buguče mane [lit. fur from the back of the head]; TK egiin-bugut'e feathers on the back of the head T egiin-dukun fur collar which may be taken off [lit. thing for the back of the head]; TD egin-d'ukun T egiid-egil hole at the back of an animal's head; egii space on the East side of a river behind some hills; East; backwards U *seŋkV/*säŋkV 'upper arm; forearm' (UEW 439) The reconstruction of the cluster -*ŋк- rather than *-y- is based on the U correspondence. 471. *enkəT engeneŋ very; too; TK engene, engeneŋ; TJ engenege T engenege INTJ (doubt) 472. *enmə-/*wenmə- 1 KJ enmu- to happen 473. *enmə-/*wenmə- 2 KD enmocel'it attentive

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474. *e:npə-/*je:npəT ienbeluu- boring T ienbelge INTJ (boredom) The root is phonologically irregular because it contains a long vowel in a closed syllable. 475. *ensi-/*wensiK enšid-a:jə- to decorate with long reindeer hair 476. *entT edu-, edie- to burn, to flare up; TK edu-, edie-; TD edieT ende- to make fire; TK ende-; TJ ende- burnt; TD endeT end'e-rawa skin wet through [lit. burnt skin] | TD endi- to set on fire 477. *e:nte:/*i:nte: К je.de: elder brother's or elder male cousin's wife; KJ iedie, edie, jedie; KD edie; SD jodie; T iidie + wife of the father's younger brother; TK iidie; TJ idie The word demonstrates the unusual correspondence К e:— T /. -. К je:- < ie:- < e:-. 478. *entə T ede-satanaa INTJ (Satan!) 479. *entuγ-/*entuŋkT eduguduk INTJ (an affectionate address to a child) 480. *e:ŋum-/*je:ŋumTK ieŋumde opposite side of the river 481. *enunńijə T enunńije part of a skin which is too thin to use for making clothes T enunńe- thin 482. *epe: К ере: grandmother, father's elder sister; KK epie; KJ epie + grandfather's or grandmother's sister; father's elder sister or elder female cousin; KD epie; SD epo; T epie; TK epie К epe. n-čekčiï ladybird [lit. grandmother's master] | KJ epe:-moje-kurčekie pr. ( a woman) | KD epie-mei great-grandmother | TK epiep husband's elder sister

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483. *epe:/*wepe: MU epie clothing 484. *epel'ə-/*wepel'əK epel'ə- to soil, to dirty oneself, to stain oneself; KD epel'e-, epel'ecKD epereń- stained 485. *er- 1 К eru:- bad; KK eru-, uru-; KJ eru-; KD eri-; SD er-, eri-; SU aryč, erče, arte--, RS erit', erče, erčed-; M erit', erúńi; MC erič', erče-, ryčind- [rect. erčind-]; В erritsh, artshe-, irrit-; ME erritsch, artsche-, eridt-; MU erteńK ere:- to hate, to disdain; KK erie-; KJ erie-; KD erie-; SD его-; T erie- to disdain; TD erei-, erieK erulbə- to get worse; KK erulbe-; TK erulwej-; TD arulwer-, erulwe-, erulbe-; M erúlwei, xrulwalnei [rect. erulwanei] + to lose weight К ere. h- to dislike; KJ eriele- to stop liking KJ erče-jou syphilis [lit. bad illness]; SD erce-jon К erčənəj pr. (a river); KJ erčenei pr. (a man) К erulət- to worsen (TR); KK eruled-; RS erilložel К erulbo:- untidy; humiliated, humble; ergi:- to feel disgust for (TR); erčə-me.bań- suspicious [lit. with bad character] | ? KD arčedaŋjele in an unfriendly way | T erge-d'ed'ed'e INTJ (admiration when smb is running unexpectedly fast); eruu(j), erej, ere-ere, ereu INTJ (pain); ergepelie condescension to a child; ? arajre- to give no chance to, to dislike (TR); erge INTJ (disdain, disgust, disappointment, discomfort) | TJ erei-, ereici- to dislike I TD ereńdil damnation; erul mud; soil | TK eren INTJ (misfortune, trouble) TU *er(e)- (EDAL 520) // Krejnovič 19958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 178 486. *er- 2 T erii- to answer a call NT *e:ri- 'to call, to invite' (TMS 2 464) In Yukaghir -/:- is a transitive suffix. 487. *e:r-/*je:rT ieruuče hunter, fur trader; TK ierut'e; TJ jeruče-; TD yeruče-, yeiručeT ieruu- to hunt; TK ieru-, ieruu-; TD yeiru? T iere- to put out to graze; to guard; ieruun-čuŋde hunting secrets [lit. hunting thoughts]; ieruunube hunting place; ieriiče stockman

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488. erbe:K erbddej- to saw; KK erbedejK erbi: saw Yak. erbe:- (JRS 543) 489. e:rbe:t KJ erbetken pr. (a Yukaghir clan); TJ erbet goose ? KJ erbend'eiko pr. (a female spirit) Ev. e.rbe.t 'goose' (TMS 2 462) 490.*erδə T erda key 491. *ere К je:r furcation, fork (in tree); SD jier-; T i:r, i:re; TK ir, ? MC -arče К je.rńə- forked; KK erńe-; KD yerneK eregə- to spread wide (INTR); KD eregeK erel'ə- to spread like a fork, to spread legs (INTR); KK erele-; KD erel'eK je:ritbə broad whitefish (Coregonus Nasus); KD erulbe, yerilbe; SD ierilbe К jerčə-ra: fork; KD (y)erčeira К jerčəba: grebe (Podiceps); SD jierciba К erel'ə wooden frame used for drying skins; KD erel'ie К ergə- to prick (of a splinter); jerčə, irči: wild onion; erel'eš- to put a skin on a wooden frame for drying; ergədej- to spread; erelu: large step | T iirńej-čawur arrow with a forked head [lit. forked arrow]; iirčie furcated willow branch used for hanging things on The word demonstrates the unusual correspondence К e : — T /. -. in К the initial stressed e:- changes into ie- and further je:-. In monosyllabic forms and forms derived from them the vowel e:- is long for prosodic reasons, so the length is secondary. 492. *ere/*were К ere only; as soon as; indefinite pronominal marker 493.erenK erendej- to hope Yak. eren- (JRS 547) 494. * e rij əč/*we riyəč KD eriyeč crooked knife for carving wood

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495. *erinč'-/*werinč'K erd'e:- to wish; KK erid'i-; KJ erid'ie-; KD erid'i-, arad'e- + to try; SD erisi-; RS erežei К erd'o:rə- to wish that smb does smth (TR); KK erid'uore-; KD erid'uore496. *e:rkərə/*je:rkərə T jierkere invisible side of smth T ierker-ugurče fur boots [lit. boots with an invisible side]; ierkere-ugurčed-uul fur socks [lit. socks with an invisible side]; ierkere-maγil fur coat for severe frosts [lit. coat with an invisible side] The root is phonologically irregular because it contains a long vowel in a closed syllable. 497. *erkull'u:/*werkull'u: К ergull'u: traditional refrain in lyrical songs 498. *erpəjə К erpəjə Even; KK erpeje; KJ erpeje; KD erpeye; SD erpeje; T erpeje; TK erpeje; TD erpeye-; M erpeija; MC erpeija 499. *erpəl7*jerpəP ? MO (j)erpol' four 500. *erplə/*jerplə ? MC (j)erpla to throw 501. *esmə-/*jesmə- ? MC -(j)esmeni(j)ej thunder The word is likely to be a borrowing. 502. *esnəj К esnaj modal marker (uncertainty) The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 503. *at К ət- modal marker (irrealis); KD ot; T at-; TK at-; TJ at; M -ot; W -ot TK am-omori- [rect. at-omori-] possible 504. *ete ? TD etegi:-kunel-kiyi-buri twelfth (of a day)

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505. *etem TK etem-göde winner of a sporting competition 506.etergen К etergən ant; KD etergen Ev. etergen 'ant' (TMS 2 471) 507. *etto:/*ettu: T ettuo, ettuow, etteu INTJ (surprise) T etue, etuu INTJ (pity) 508. evdokija T jeudikieje pr. (a woman) Rus. evdokija 509. *ewK ebut virgin snow; KJ ebut; KD ebut ? PE *apə- 'to become covered with snow' (CED 37) // LR 145 *-w (rather than *-mp-) is reconstructed on the basis of comparison with PE. 510. *eweŋe: T eweŋe: pr. (a man); TK eweŋee, eweŋee 511. *ewnč'o: T ewd'uo aunt; father's cousin or half-sister; TK ewd'uo, ewd'uop father's younger sister; TJ eid'uo father's younger sister or younger female cousin 512. *ewntT ewdi. re- to blow the snow away (of a snowstorm) T ewdije snowstorm 513. *ewri T ewri if, or; TK ewri; TJ euri 514. *ewrinT ewrid'i- to have a presentiment that a young sibling will be born and that the mother will become more distant T ewrind'e first child

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515. fedora KK fedoradie pr. (a woman) Rus .fedora 516. feodosij T piduosin-čajle day of St. Feodosij Rus. feodosij 517. filatixa KJ pila.tiq pr. (the river Filatixa) Rus. filatixa 518. forma TK porme, puorme form Rus .forma 519. *galijən ? SD galyjan pr. (a woman) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 520. gatka T kaatka hatchet Rus. dial, gatka (ESRD 164) 521. gavrila T gaurile pr. (a man) Rus. gavrila 522. gavsik T kawsik, kausik, gawsik collar muffler, scarf made of the fur of a young reindeer or of a reindeer killed in early autumn; TK kawcik Rus. dial, gavsik 523. *gerke KK gerkeńi pr. (a man) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 524. *girna: К girna: edge ? Ev. giren 'cutting, cutting out' (TMS 1 153)

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525. glina К gli.nə clay; KD gline\ В glina Rus. glina 526.*γo KK yo, ho INTJ (astonishment); KJ yoj-jo:; TK hujie KK he-he-he INTJ 527. god К gö:d/gö:n year; KJ god] SD -god; M god, -gódga-, MC -god Rus. god 528. godnyj KD et-godnoŋo- unsuitable, useless; TD el-čodnoŋo- [rect. el-yodnoŋo-] Rus. godnyj 529. golicy К köličə, kölečə, göličə wooden ski; KK kolise-; KD kol'iče; SD kolise К köličəgi-əl-pömdu to have a bad voice [lit. his skis are not sliding] Rus. golicy 530. gorbun KK gurbunńe- hump-backed; KD gorbuńńeKK gurbunt'i- to bend | KD gorbunde- to stoop, to become bent Rus. gorbun 531. gornostaj К gornəta: ermine; KJ goronoteč, gornota, gornata; KD gornata:; kornuta Rus. gornostaj 532. gorod К go:r3t town; KJ go:ret\ KD go:red\ T guorat, TK gorot; TJ goret Rus. gorod 533. gostit' KK kosśi-, kossi-, kot't'i-, kosti-, kost'i- to visit; KD gočiRus. gostit' 534. gotovit' KD gotobi- to prepare (TR)

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KD gotoboŋo- to prepare (INTR) Rus. gotovit' 535. grivna KJ gribne grivna (old Russian term for ten kopecks); KD gribe Rus. grivna 536. gubernator KD gubernater governor Rus. gubernator 537. guljat' KD gul'ai- to go for a walk, to stroll Rus. guljat' 538. hirbeKK hirbudaj- to squeeze out Ev. hirbe- 'to squeeze out' (TMS 2 93) 539. *i К i: INTJ (approval); KJ /с; KD /с; T ii INTJ (it is nice!); TK i: 540. i W je and Rus. i 541. *iččiγirok/*iččiŋkirok К iččigiro. k snow-bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) ? Rus. snegirëk 542. *ičir TD ičir-igeye belt on trousers 543. *iδew-/*intəwK idejnudə, idejnə sometimes; KJ ideunede\ KD ideunede 544. iekečen/ieketen К jekeča. n, jedeča. n saucepan, pot; SD iaketin pole in a yurt on which the kettles and cauldrons are hung Ev. iekečen, ieketen (TMS 1 301)

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545. *iγK i:də- to sew; KK iide-, ide-\ KJ igde-; KD igde-; SU igda, igdam, igdomikr, RS igda, igdek; M ígda, igdamabija, igdódja К ikči:- to sew (frequently); M íkči, ikčimawon, ikčil, íkčik, ikčińik К i:do:- sewn; KK idoKJ igdil seamstress | TD ires- to cause to sew *iγ- > i:- before a voiced consonant, *iy- > ik- before a voiceless consonant. К -də- ~ T -гэ- is a derivational suffix. 546. *iγeK ige:- caught; KK ige-; KJ ige-; KD ige-; TJ ire- to tie down К igo:- caught; KD igo- to depend on К igejə rope, belt; KK igeje; KJ igeje; KD igeye, -igaye; SD igeje; T igiije; TK igije; TJ igeje; TD igeye--, RS ygeja; В *-igia; ME -ikeie; MK -igée К igide. nə belt worn under the clothes; KJ igediene; SD igedione К i:də- to catch; KK ide-; KJ igde-, ide- + to stop (TR); KD igde-; TK ire- to tie together; TJ i:re-, ire--, TD ireK ikči:- to catch (frequently); T ikči- to tie; TK ikčiK igu- caught I T igijen-noyii loop made of reindeer skin [lit. rope bundle]; igijed-ewče knot in a rope [lit. rope end]; igie- to keep tied up In some forms *iγe- > iy- and then iy- > i:- before a voiced consonant, but iy> ik- before a voiceless consonant. 547. *iγirə-/*iŋkirəT igiremul fur boots turned inside out during the spring thaws T igir-igije fur lace on a woman's trousers 548. *iγit-/*iŋkitK igittej- to cool (with snow or water); to open the door slightly (TR) 549. *iγn- ? TD arugi-mer-ignu- stammer 550. *ije- ? MC juitangy to stand up; ME ijak to stand ? TD iyediegi for example | MC jatantaga morning 551. *ijerə/*ujerə К i:re aspen tree; KD iyere, uyere; SD ujere К i:rə < *ijrə/*ujrə < *ijerə/*ujerə. The original PY root is most likely to

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begin with u-, while /-initial variants may have developed as a result of assimilation to the following -j-. 552. *ikin T ńiŋ-ikin equally from both sides Cf. Yak. ikki 'two' or TU *ikire 'twins' < MG (TMS 1 300) 553. *ikiwT ikiwuol'thickened blood dot on an animal's body 554. *ikiwəT ikiwii- to frighten; TK ikiwi--, TJ ikiwi--, TD ikiwi-, ikiwiyiT ikiwej- frightened; TK ikiwejT ikiweluu- awful; ikiwije- fright; ikiwelge INTJ (fear) | TD ikowal ghost | TK ikiwije ghost 555. *ikl'əK ikl'o:- strong, firm; KK ikl'o-; KJ ikleo-, iqleo-; KD ixl'eo-; TK ikl'a-, TD ikle-\ RS ikloi; MC juklel\ В iklon; ME iklon К ikl'imu- to harden (INTR); KK ikl'emu-; TK ikl'amuKK ikl'ol'bo- firm; KJ ikilbeKK ikl'ed'e- to strengthen | KJ ilimunu- [rect. iklimunu-] to harden | TK iklu:, iklu hardness; ikl'er- to strengthen 556. *ilK iltə- to spill, to scatter, to powder; to shake (TR); KK ilite-, KD ilite- to shake oneself up; RS lilitek KK ilide- to sprinkle; KD Hide- to become small К ilbə- to flow (of a talk, a song, a laugh); KD ilbəK ilbunu- to flow; ilbutəč- to pour out; ilbədə- to shake (INTR) 557. *ile T ile domestic reindeer; TK il'e, ile; TJ ile-\ TD ile-, il:e-; MO -ilelem T ile-raal forked piece of wood put on a reindeer's neck to prevent it from escaping [lit. reindeer stick]; ilen-nuŋnii fluffy insect considered to be the spirit of the reindeer [lit. reindeer reincarnation] | TD ileličie reindeer male; ilen-nouriče herdsman [lit. reindeer pasturer]; iled-ičibe milk; ilen-warpuriče herdsman [lit. watching the reindeer] | TK iled'e having reindeer; ilen-lebul Cf. PA *ëlV(-kV) 'deer' (EDAL 501)

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558. *ileK il'itə- to rest against, to take support, to lean against (TR); KD ilate-, ylateK ilitej- to rest against, to lean against (INTR); T iletej- to push; TK iletej-, il'etej-, TD ileteiK il'do:- stuck, supported | T ilirii- to push 559. ile К iïe when one is awake Yak. ile 'when one is awake' (JRS 148) 560. *il'eK iïitə- to scold, to abuse; KK il'ete-; KJ ilete-; KD il'l'ete-; T il'ite-\ TK il'ete-, TD ilite-; ? MO -al'tipzen К il'ids- to have an argument; KK il'ede-, ilede-; KD il'l'ede-; SD ilejed-; T Hire- to growl; TK ilere-, TD ïlero-, SU iledei, iledeje, iledeili. ; RS iledai; В illedangi; ME iledangi KJ iledeš- to scold ? FU *alV- 'to say invocations, to practice magic' (UEW 7) // Rédei 1999: 44 The palatalization of -/'- is uncertain. 561. *il'ejə К il'ejə wind; KK ilije-, KJ ileje; KD ileye, il'eye; SD ileje\ T ilije + air; TK ilije smell; TD -ileye; SU ilege\ RS ylyja\ M ileja, iléja\ В -ilaia, -elaia\ ME -ileia, -eleja\ MU ilée; MK ilée К ilejəń- windy; В *illeyénnee; ME illejenni; MK iléeni К il'ejədej- to start being windy; T ilejerej-, TK ilejerejT ilije-al-γar lee side [lit. bare of wind] 562. *iličK Hie- to hiccup; T iliči-, TD ileči-, ileiči563. *il'impT il'ibuo- to smile 564. *il'kT il'gude- greedy, avid 565. *ilkə KK ilga- wedge-shaped piece of leather sewn into the back of a woman's dress; T ilke transverse cross-bar (or several rows of straps) in the front part

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of a sledge The T word has the cluster -Ik-, which is atypical morpheme-internally. 566. *ilwə KD ilbe domestic reindeer; RS ilwcr, MC ilwyla, ilwylo; MU ilbe\ MK ilwe T ilwiiče pastor; TK ilwit'e T ilwii- to graze (TR); TK ilwiiKD ilbied'i Yakut Cf. Chuk. əbvəlu, əhve- '(wild) reindeer' (Mudrak 2000: 32) 567. *i:lwəT iilwej- to howl, to wail, to moan An atypical long vowel in a closed syllable. 568. *im- 1 T im-dald'a- five; TK im-dal'd'a-, im-daïd'i-, im-daïde-\ TD imdald'e569. *im- 2 TK imu- to clutch at, to cling to 570. *i:mT iimid'i-, iimid'ie- to dance; TK imid'ie-, iimid'e-; TD imid'ie-, imid'iečeTK imid'iet'e dance 571. *immo: T immuo-oj INTJ (who knows?); TJ imoi\ TD imui 572. *i:mulT iimuluu- boring, tiring T iimulge INTJ (discomfort); iimulgii- to find smth boring or tiring (TR) 573. *in T in only; when; TK in 574. *ińT ińir source; brook T ińir-čibedenŋie pr. (a river) TU *uńi/*üńi (EDAL 620) In this stem *i- developed from *u-/*ii- because of the assimilative influence of the palatal consonant and/or the second vowel -/'-.

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575. *iŋK iŋi:- afraid; KJ iŋi-, inne-; KD inni-; T iŋie-; TK iŋie-; TD inie-, iniye-, ed'noeK iŋli:- to frighten; KJ iŋli-, iŋle-; KD iŋle-, iŋli-; RS ynličk К iŋliri:- to frighten; KJ iŋliere-; KD iŋliereK iŋlu:- terrible, fearful; KJ ile-, KD iŋlu-; В inglitsh; ME ingtlisch К iŋličəbən bear; KD iŋličebon, iŋl'ičebon; RS ynlyčaon; M iŋl'ít'äwon, iŋlit'äwonpa К iŋlugə INTJ (fear); KJ iŋluge; KD iŋluge; SU inlugwon; RS ynlygaon К iŋlimu- to become scary | T iŋlud'ie- aggressive (of a reindeer) 576. *inč'- 1 T id'i- to kiss; TK id'i-; TJ id'i-, id'ijo-; TD id'i577. *inc'- 2 К id'e: straight, directly in; in front of (PP); KK i.d'ie; KJ id'ie-; KD id'ie-; T -id'ie; TK -id'iejanK id'ejl measure; KD id'eye, id'ed'e; TD id'eil К id'ej- to measure; KD id'ei-; T id'ej- to try; TK id'ej-; TJ id'ei-; TD id'eiK id'ejbə measuring rod | T id'id'ii foresight 578. *inč'- 3 К id'i: here; now; KK id'i-, KJ id'i; KD id'i- T id'ie (neŋ); TK id'ie-, SU id'e- M ide; MC ine, idet today; MO endego today; В indzhi; ME intschi T id'ire(neŋ) now; TK id'iere today; TD id'ire; MU indschida today KD id'il'e, id'itiŋ present day; id'ilgene up to now | T id'ireteŋ from now on; id'ieie modern | TK id'iene now 579. *inč'e: К id'e: alone, on one's own; KK id'ie; KJ id'ie-, KD id'ie-, TK id'ie; TJ -ed'ie; TD -id'ie 580. *iŋč'əK iŋd'i: sinew, thread; KK iŋd'ii; KJ ind'i; KD ind'i; SD ingzi, ingsi; T iŋd'ii; TK iŋd'ii; TD ind'i; SU indi, indinit; RS ind'ri К iŋd'irgi: woman's bag for sewing appliances made of animal or fish skin; SD indirki, indirgiK iŋd'i:- to sew; KD ind'-; T iŋd'e-, iŋd'i-; TK iŋd'e-; TD ind'e? SD ingicesu motley | T iŋd'ii-ramur thread in a seam [lit. thread back]; iŋd'ienube-ńuŋurd-oŋoj small bag for keeping sewing instruments [lit.

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sewing side bag] Cf. PA *shjri 'sinew' (EDAL 1254) 581. *inč'ə К id'e sap; KK id'e-, KJ id'e К id'eńə- raw, undercooked; KD iyene582. *inč'iγ-/*inč'iŋkT id'igojgi- morning; TK id'igojge, id'igojege-, id'igöjgir ? MO endte yesterday, iendti tomorrow 583. *inč'ilwəj KJ id'ilbei pr. (a man); T id'ilwej, ed'ilwej-, TK id'ilwej-, TJ id'ilwei T id'ilwej-jalγil pr. (a lake); id'ilwej-monye pr. (a hill); ? idilwe custom, habit 584.ineŋ(e) T iniŋie sledge for transporting lumber and the poles of a yurt Kor. ineŋ(e) // LR 165 585. *iŋer К iŋer apart, separately; KK iŋer; KJ iŋer, niŋer; KD niŋer-kude- split in two; T iŋer-banie- to keep separately; TK iŋer, В ingher-, ME ingerK iŋeri:- to keep separately; T iŋerii- to ignore К iŋerən apart, separately; KK iŋerurr, KJ iŋerun in another way; KD iŋerinK iŋerinme:- another; not resembling, different; KK iŋerinmie--, KD iŋerrime-, iŋerinme-, iŋeridmeKD iŋerod'ebon in another place; iŋera- to take off, to separate; iŋero:strange, foreign | T iŋer-kurčii- to separate itself 586. *iniγərə/*iniŋkərə TD inigera there 587. *iŋlT iŋlugid'ie ancient Yukaghir fur coat T iŋlud-igije, iŋlid-igije lace of a fur coat; TD inlud-igiyeń, ińlegud-igiyeń 589. *inl'ə К il'l'o:- new; KJ ille-, inle--, KD il'l'e, inl'e-, idle-, ill'o-, il'loK il'l'ə new; KK ilTe; KJ ille, ile, inle, ide- KD ile, ille К i:lə other, another; KJ ille, ile, inle-, KD ile, ille-, M ila, ilapul\ MO illjugK i:lətčə-l'əllə a little later; i:hmədə sometimes; ilTəžə- to renew | KD il'l'en-,

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inïen-, id'ilen- to renew Jochelson's material suggests the internal cluster -nl'- which may have undergone assimilation to -/'/'-. К i:ls shows secondary lengthening after the change of the geminate into a single consonant: i:lə < *il'ə < *il'l'ə. 590. *iŋl'əK iŋfo:- thick; fat; KK iŋl'o-, KJ iŋlio-, iŋliole-; KD iŋl'io:-; RS inloi; KL inlečent, В inglorr, ME inglong К iŋl'imu- to grow fat; KK iŋl'omu591. *inmə T inme wolverine (Gulo gulo); TK inme; TD inme 592. *inni- ? MO innypcy badly MO -innipc wicked, evil 593. *innin TD magil-innin sleeves 594. *ińo:ri T ińuori so that, even 595. *inte: К ide: father's younger brother; KK idietek; KJ idietek + father's younger male cousin; KD idietek Cf. Ev. eńd'e 'father's brother elder than the speaker' (TMS 1 455) // LR 165 The reconstruction of the word-internal *-nt- is justified by the Ev. word, which seems to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 596. *intəK ide(ŋi)k INTJ (it is impossible; don't); T idie-, ide- to forbid, to prohibit; to teach smth good T idegelkie- to become dangerous; idegelične terribly; idegelge INTJ (how terrible!); idegeluu- awful, terrible; ideńe- to possess high qualities (of a person) 597. *intə- ? KK indeša earthworm The cluster -nd- is irregular morpheme-internally.

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598. *intələ T indele, indule floor; TK indule covering of branches on the floor of a yurt T indeled-uol two or three logs covered by branches on the floor of the yurt [lit. floor frame]; TK indeled-uol fencing T indele-nuoče besom [lit. floor scraper] The morpheme-internal cluster -nd- is atypical. 599. "intənč'ə MK indéndsche fox 600. *intlə- ? M indlewon fresh 601. *i:re: T iirie rock T iirie-anaa pr. (a mountain) [lit. rock mountain] 602.irgat К je:rgət gadfly Ev. irgat 'gadfly' (TMS 1 325) Vowel length in Yukaghir may reflect the Ev. stress. The initial j- is secondary (е. - > je:-). 603. *iriδe:/*irinte: К irde: new-born reindeer calf; KD iridie 604. *irkK irk- one; KK irk-; KJ irk-; KD irki-; SD irki-; SU irgin; M irke; MO urki; KL irkeń, irki, irekeń, -irken; В irken; ME irgoen; MU ir'kon, irkiń, -yrkiń-; MK írkoń, írkín, irkïn, -irkínlja К irkid'ə once; KK irkid'e К irke:- one; KK irkie-; KJ irkie-; SD irkie-; SU irkei; RS irkei; M irkei К irkinme:- same, similar; irkilTə(ŋo:n) together; irče.Fəllə together; irkəl'l'əni usually; often 605. *irke:nč'a KD irkied'e arrow-head 606. *irrenti ? В irrendi-gar coat

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607. *ise T ise modal marker (it is possible, maybe); TK ise 608. *iskəl'ə T iskel'uu deep place; TK iskel'u:, iskel'u T iskeluo- deep; TK iskel'o-, iskel'o:-; TD ičkel'oT iskel'e either; iskel'e-jawul death road [lit. the other road]; iskel'e-čajle the other world [lit. the other light] 609. *iskom К ičkom, iškom all the time; KK iskom; KJ ičkom gradually The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 610. ispravnik KJ ičprabnik, ičpra.bnik district police officer Rus. ispravnik 611. *i:tK i:č late; long; KJ ič; KD ič; RS ič; KL it' T iitneŋ for a long time; TK itneŋ, iitneŋ; TJ itneŋ; TD itken, ikken К i:č-l'əllə sometimes [lit. being late] | KD ičohod'e-cal hundred-year old tree [lit. late tree] | T iitne-iitne very long [lit. long long]; iitčie rather long К i:č < i:t-č < *i:t-j. 612. i:te:nken KD itenken three-year old wild bull reindeer; T iiteenkeen; TK itenken; TD itkeń T iiteenel, itenel three-year old male reindeer | TK itenel three-year old male reindeer Ev. i. te.nken 'three-year old wild bull reindeer' (TMS 1 301) // Krejnovic 1958: 248 613. ivan KK ivandie pr. (a man); TK iwan Rus. ivan 614. *iw- 1 К ib- to suck; KJ ib-; T iwiT iiwaa mother; TD iwa К ibiši: woman's breast; nipple; milk; KK ibišii; KJ ibiči, ibiče; KD ibiči, iiči; SD ibiši; KL iwičandaga, iwiši; В ivitshi, iwitshi + milk; ME ivitschu,

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ividschi- + milk; MU ibitschi\ MK iwitschin-, iwitschi T iisii milk; woman's breast; TK i.t'i:; TD iči, ice, ici T iise- suck; TK i:se-, TD ici-, iceKJ ibičeš- to breast-feed; KD ibičecK ibišə- to nurse, to breast-feed; KK ibiše- to suck a breast; KJ ibis--, KD ibiče-, ibice--, T iwise--, TD ibice--, KL iwitčel'la T iwej- to suck; TD iwei- to smell К ibiši.-legul dairy products | SD ilišin-paca [rect. ibišin-naca] nipple [lit. breast's face] | T iisiin-puŋe broth for increasing the milk of a woman recently confined [lit. milk broth]; iisiin-puraya skin of milk [lit. milk top]; iisiin-toyuruol cream [lit. milk denseness] | TD niare-yce, niare-iči: nipple U *ime- 'to suck' (UEW 82-83) // Bouda 1940: 73; JU 77; UJN 116; FUV 15-6; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 82-3; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; Rédei 1999: 35; LR 144, 153 T iise- < *iw-sə-, however the vowel length in T iiwaa is unclear. 615. *iw- 2 T iwil' long poles in a yurt; TK iwil'e T iwin-tudieče reindeer used for transporting the sledge bearing yurt poles [lit. long poles carrier] 616. *i:wT ijuu-, iiwu- to moan The assimilation -w- > -i- is likely after /. -. 617. *iweK ibil'ə- to cry, to weep; KJ ibele-; KD ibel'e-; SD ibile-; SU iwelei\ RS iwellei; KL iwelej; В ivéllek; ME jvaleck; MK iwélije К ibil'ige: kind of eagle-owl with ears; KD ibil'ičie-, SD ibiligie К ibid'i: beggar; KK ibid'i\ KD ibend'il KK ibid'ebo- beggar 618. *iwe:r К ibe.r sticks surrounding a fireplace; sticks used to support a bed; KK ibier; KJ ibier; KD ibier; SD ibier, ibur, SU -iwer, В eviér, ME ivir SD ibodul sticks surrounding a fireplace 619. *jaK ja:- three; KK ja-\ KJ ja-\ KD ya-\ SD ja-\ T jaa-; TD ya-\ SU jan--, M ján-, jan; KL jń-\ MU jan--, MK jáanK jalo:- three; KK jalo-, jal-; KD yalo-, SD jalo-, T jaluo-; TK jal-, jalo-,

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jalo:-; TJ ja-; SU jaloi', RS jaloi', M jaloi; MC jalon', MO jalom; BO jálgon, jáglon, -jalgan; KL jalon, jlon, -jalo-, В *ya:lon\ ME jalon\ MU jálon', MK jáalon, jáloń К jalmid'ə three times; TJ jalmid'e-, TD yalmid'eK jalməštə(gi) third; KK jalmeški; SD jalmašta', TK j almost'e(gi)\ TJ jalmershče, jalmeshtegv, M jálmašča, jálmaščada, jálmaščagv, KL jarmarki', MK jálmaschKK jalmašton the third time | KJ ja:d-i:čeńej triangle [lit. with three ends] 620. *ja: T jaa birch-tree; TK ja:-,ja-\ MU jaijál T jaattie light Chukchi sledge made of birch boards; jaa-lalime light sledge for men made of birch [lit. birch sledge];jaa-rawa birch bark [lit. birch skin] ? U *juwe 'tree, pine-tree' // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 223 621. *jaδo: KJ iaduo, jeduo, edu husband; master; KD yaduo; M jáda\ MC jatagv, KL eda\ В ya:doo\ ME jadir, MU jadá\ MK jedá 622. *jaγ-/*jaŋqK jayiraj- to lean against (INTR); KK jayiraj-, jayire- to linger; T jayureK jayid'ə crook, staff; KJ jaγid'e, jeyid'e, jarid'e\ KD yeridd'e; SD jagiza 623. *jaγa/*jaŋqə SD jaglagol body, torso TD yahabon-molil lumbar vertebrae 624. *jaj- ? MC jajre son; MO jazir-om, -izerel\ BO jaind-o, jajnd-o MO jazirowol' young 625. jajco К jajčə egg; KD yaiče Rus .jajco 626. jájcol MC jajdel' fox C\mk. jájcol, játjol (Mudrak 2000: 23)//Tailleur 1962: 85; LR 165

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627. jakutsk TK jakutskej Rus. jakutsk 628. *jalqK jalyil lake; shaman's tambourine; KK jalyil, KJ jalyil, KD yalhi-; SD jalgi-, jalgyl, T jalyil; TK jalyil, TD yalhea: ; SU jalgyl, RS jalgyl, ? MC angleI; ? MO old'al\ Byalgul; ME yalgyl; MU jalgil; MK jálgal К jalyidə- to ring; KK jalyide-, jalyile-; KJ jalyide-; KD yal'hide-, yal'ride-; MC jalgyndej, ? -jagal'nej noise К jalyid-anil crucian carp (Carassius carassius) [lit. lake fish]; KD yalhid-anil К jalyin-pajdujə shaman's drumstick; KD yalhin-paidui К jalyinńəya: bag with a weight put into water to determine the direction of the current; large beetle; jalyińə- to shamanize | KJ jalyid-önme pr. (a lake) [lit. lake mind] | SD jolgid-onme pr. (a lake) | T jalyil-d'oyurqa narrow land between two lakes [lit. lake redness] 629. *jaltT jalduo- languid, inert, listless Tjalduod'eya INTJ (how narrow!) 630. jam T d'aam post station Yak. d'a.m < Rus .jam II Krejnovič 1958: 250 631. *jamK jamul, ńamul upper reaches, source (of a river); KJ jomul; KD yamul'; M jamúl 632. *janT janil arbalest; TK janil 633. *jańT jańil path 634. *janaK janabədaj- to teach a lesson to, to punish (TR); TD yonaharaiK janabaj- to be taught a lesson

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635. *jaŋa ? MC janga axe 636. *janaspəT janaspejre-, ńaracperej- to forget; TK janaspejre637. *janč-/*jončK ńa:ži:-, ńa:či:-, ja:ži:- to scratch, to comb; to wet, to sharpen; KK ja-, jaraj-, jaži-; T juoru-, juore-; TK juoru-; RS jažik К ńa.ži: whetstone; SD ngazi-paja К ńad'a.jə whetstone In К и- < *j~. The correspondence К -a- ~ T -o- is irregular. 638. *jančə ? BO jáńžeje smoke ? SD janža wood 639. *jaŋlinč'ə К jaŋl'id'ə (fish-)soup; KJ jaŋlid'e 640. *janmaK jenməgej- to push to the bank (of a boat), to run into; to stop talking when the voice fails; KJ jenmegei- to linger К janməγaj- to twitch, to jerk (being tied or caught in a trap); TK janmeyajK jenməgədej- to stick into (TR); KK janmeya-; KJ janmegedei- to miss (the target) KK janmed'i- to run into The stem exists in front and back variants. The front variant has developed under the influence of the initial j-, i.e.ja- > je-. 641. *janpəK ńanbə- to eat one's fill; T ienbej- pall T ienbeluu- pall The initial ń- in К has developed from j- by assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 642. *ja:nq»T jaanyad'il'e place walked over by people The word has a long vowel in a closed syllable.

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643. *jantK jad-/jan- to send, to let go; KK jan-,jad-\ KJ jan-, jad-\ M jádum К jadul, jadur present sent by smb; KD yadur T jaduorii- to keep a dog untied; jadaa- to get untied; jadie- to keep a dog untied 644. *ja:nte: T jaadie mother's younger sister; TK jadie\ TJ jadie + mother's younger female cousin An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 645. *jantəT jadarqa beads; TK jadarqe-, jadarqaT joŋ-jadir yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) [lit. white nose] 646. *jantə- ? TD yadońa-, d'odoŋa- afraid 647. *jantuqən T jaduqan how much, how many 648. *jaŋu:T jaŋuud'uu- offensive T jaŋuud'eya INTJ (offense) 649. *jaqa/*joqo К jaqal Yakut; KJ jaqal, jeqal-\ SD jaqa, jaqal, T joqol, TK joqol, TJ joqo-, SU jaxad-; RS jagad-; MC jaqala, saqala; ME jakel К jaqad-a:čə horse [lit. Yakut reindeer]; KK jaqada:c'a\ KJ jaqad-a:če\ KD yaxad-a:če; SD jaqad-aca; T joqod-i'le\ TK joqod-ile\ В *yakand-aitsha; ME jakend-atsche; MU jochónd-ílbe К jaqad-a.čən-pičči: white wagtail [lit. Yakut reindeer bird]; T joqod-ile-čiremedie T joqod-iled'aa people with horses or on horses; TK joqod-iled'aa К jaqad-a:čəd-ulegə straw [lit. horse grass] | T joqonmuol pr. (a lake); joqon-čaaj willow-herb; joqon-wel'ibe pr. (a hill) [lit. Yakut saddle]; joqon-miral measure of length (about 10 kilometres) [lit. Yakut march]; joqon-nime wooden house | TK joqon Yakutsk Ev. пока ~ joqo ~ ńoqa (TMS 1 339) This stems shows the unusual correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-.

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650. *jaqləK jaqlæq further, farther; T jaqlaaq\ TK jaqlaq К jekle: behind (PP); KK jekl'ie', KJ jeklie, jeqlie, jeqlu-; KD yexl'iet, -yekl'iye; T jeklie farther, further; TK jekl'ie; TD -yeklie К jekləgə, jeklədəgə(n) through; KJ jeqledege; T jekledaya К jaqludə, jeklu(gu)də further, farther; jeklə-qon- abate (of a river) [lit. to go through]; jekla: further | KJ jeqlu-, jeqle- on the other side | TD -yeklin-, -yexlin- through The stem exists in front and back variants. The front variant has developed under the influence of the initial j-, i.e.ja- > je-. 651. *jaqta К jaqtə song; KJ jaqte; T jaqte; TK jaqta К jaqtə- to sing (INTR); KK jaqte-, KJ jaqte-', T jaqte-', TK jaqta-, jaqte-, TJ -qaqta- [rect. -jaqta-]', SU jaktak; RS jakta, jaktan; MC jaktingy; ? MO junndak [rect. jukdak]; BO jáqtaj; KL jaktaj; В yagtak, ME jaktak T jaqtiijaa singer; TK jaqtije К jaqtəri:- to sing about (TR); KJ jaqteri-; KD iaxteri? TU *ike:- (EDAL 580) 652. *jarT jaruyaj- to crack (INTR) 653. *jara-1 К jar a- to swim; T jara- to wade; TK jara-; В yarrai; ME jareij К jarqužə-, jarquš-, jerquš- to swing, to dangle (TR); KJ jerqud'e-, jarqud'e-; KD yerxud'e-, yarxud'e- to writhe, to cower; T jarqureK jarqužəš- to stir, to dangle (TR); KJ jerqud'eš-, jarqud'eš-, ja. rqud'e- + to pull smb's hair К jard'i- to swim; KK jard'i- to bathe; KJ jard'i-; KDyard'iK jarqəyə- to move (INTR); jarqəl'əš- to root out; jarqələdaj- to stub | KJ jarira- to push; jertei- to stream, to flow; ja. re- to strike against; jerqud'erajto shake | T jaruya- to swing, to shiver; jaran-gulube boots for wearing in humid weather Some forms show the variation ja- ~ je-. 654. *jara-2 T jarine- white, gray; TK jarineT jaraqa smth white; TK jaraqa T jarayaj- to become white; jaričeń- white; jaraqad'aa light grey reindeer with white spots on its flanks; jaraqiń pr. (a man); jaraqad'aa light-grey

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reindeer with white tips to the hair on its flanks; pr. (a reindeer); jarite- to make an ornament on smth (TR); ? jaraya twisted thread made of a sinew 655. jarmarka KJ jarman, jalman pr. (the town Srednekolymsk); M jármańga Rus. jarmarka 656. *jaro:nč'əT jaruod'ayii- satisfied with (TR) T jaruod'aya INTJ (satisfaction) 657.*jarqə К jarqə ice; KK jerqa; KJ jerqa, jerqe\ KD yerxa\ SD jarqa-, T jarqa:, TK jarqa-, jarqe-; TJ jerqa; RS jarka; В *ya:rka, yarčand-; ME jerka, jarkaanK jarqə- to freeze (INTR); KK jarqa-, jerqa--, KJ jerqa--, SD irpa- [rect. irqa-]; SU jarkoje\ RS jarkai К jarqurə- to freeze (TR); KJ jerqure-; KD yerxure--, SD jarqajiere--, TJ jarqurereiK jarqəd'e: broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); SD jarqadie К jarqən-tibo, jarqəïə-tibo hail; SD jarqan-tibo К jarqəd- frozen; RS jarkady К jarqada.n pr. (a woman); jarqəd-aŋd'ə blue eyes [lit. ice eye]; jarqajbən frozen; worthless | KJ jerqareŋo- icy | T jarqad-eiil window [lit. ice passage]; jarqa-jewlid'e new-born reindeer [lit. white calf] | TK jarqat'a icy place; jarqat'e hard snow 658.jaščik KK jašik case, box; KJ jašik, KDyacik, T jaasik, TK jact'ik, TD jacik, yacik Rus. jaščik 659. *jataT jataq straight; TK jataq KD yatahay-, yetahai- to straighten (INTR); T jatayaj-; TK jatayajTK jatne- straight; good; TD yatneK jatayət- to straighten (TR); KK jatayat-; KD yatahatK jatayədaj-, itayədaj- to straighten (TR); KK jatayadaj-; KD yataxadai-, yetaxadai-; T jatayarej-; TK jataqarejK jotni:-, ńotni:- to drive (a sledge, a reindeer); to steer (a boat) (TR); KJ jotni-, T jatniiT jatarqaa straight part of smth; jatarqaledek frankly, honestly | TK jataqade straight; jatayas- to straighten (TR) | ? SU jotnyje mountain ridge

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? S *jet- 'against, for' (SW 44) // Tailleur 1959a: 417 ( ~ Ngan.); Nikolaeva 1988: 223-224; LR 146 The vowel -o- in the first syllable of some forms is unclear. 660. *jatnə ? В yatne November 661. *jaw- 1 T jaw- left; TK jaw- left SD jabi-lani South | TK jawlaγar left 662. *jaw- 2 T jawul road; TK jawul; TJ jowul-, jewol-, TD yeweul, -youl, -yowul, -yabul', -yebul', -yaul; MU jabúl T jawun-saaγara southern side of a road [lit. left side of a road]; jawdilil path, trail; jawun-camur path in the snow [lit. top of a road]; jawun-cicayarej- to make a path [lit. to lengthen the road]; jawul-panul direction of a road [lit. putting of a road]; jawul-panduu fork in a road [lit. putting of a road]; jawun-ńuŋure side of a road Cf. MG *jabu- 'to walk' (EDAL 1157) 663. *jaw- 3 T jawner everything; TK jawner, TJ jawner, ? TD -yaraleT jawnuo everything; TJ jawnu, jawno, jawnuo, jaunuo T jawnej all, every; TK jawnej T jawnettegiir, jawnetteguo, jawnetčiir, jawnetčuo all completely; ? jawrejto tidy up 664. *jawa: ? В yavoa menstruation 665. *jawrəT jawrej- to escape; TD yawrei666. *jawučil/*jampučil К jabučil pole for pushing off a boat 667. *jawunT jawud'i-, jaud'i- to get irritated, nervous; to be angry T jawud'i- < jawun-či-.

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668. *jeγ-/*jeŋkK joγo:-, jego:- blind in one eye, squint-eyed ? T ńiŋie-jeguu: cough; tuberculosis [lit. soul's crookedness]; ? ńiŋie-jeguu-wie- to cough [lit. to do coughing] The back variant joyo:- is likely to have developed under the influence of the back vowel -o:- in the second syllable. 669. *jelK jeldə- to pull out, to pluck; KJ jeldeK jelbude: tree stripped of bark 670. *jel'K jel'e:- to get worn through | 671. *je:l'əK je.l'ə- to boil up (INTR), to get cooked, to get dry from overcooking (of meat); to ripen; KK jel'e--, KJ jele-; KD yel'e-; SD jielo-; T iel'eK je. Ы- to boil (TR); KK jel'eš-; KDyelecK jel'o:d'ə sun; KJ je:lod'e, jelod'e\ SD jeloze\ MO junaldi, junondi-, В yelónsha, *yelondzshend-\ ME jelondscha, jelontschintK jel'o:d'əd-amlujbə sunset; West [lit. place where the sun sinks]; KD ye.l'od'e-amluibe К jel'o.d'əd-ukšibə sunrise; East [lit. place where the sun goes out]; В *yelongéd-ukshimba\ ME jelontsched-ukschimpa SD jelosen-numeol mirage [lit. sun's house] | T jiel'uorii- to overcook (usually of meat) ? U *jelä 'light; Sun; day' (UEW 96-97) // UJN 117; Tailleur 1959a: 418, FUV 17; UEW 97; Nikolaeva 1988: 224; Rédei 1999: 36; LR 144, 153 The connection of 'sun' with this stem is possible if it originated as an active participle of an unattested passive verb *jel'o:- and literally means something like 'being boiled'. 672. *jelekK ilek- four; KK ilek-, ileq-; KJ jeleq-, jelok-, jeloq-; SD elek-; T jeluk-, jelek-, TK jeluk-, jelek-, jalak-; SU jelakun; M jelokún, jelakún\ KL jilakin, jilakurr, MK jelokún К ileklo:- four; KK ileqlo-\ SD eleklo-; T jalakla-; TK jalakla-\ SU jelakloi; M jeloklóšča, jeleklov, KL jeloklon, jelaklon, jeleklotr, В *ye:laklon\ ME jelaglon; MU jelaklórr, MK jolókloń, -jéloklortdschaK ilekləštə fourth; KK ileqleškv, KJ jeleqlešte, jeloqleški; SD elekmašta; KL jelarlarki

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? FU *ńeljä/*neljä 'four' (UEW 315-316) In К je- > i-. T -a- is irregular, as the stem is harmonically front. The comparison with Uralic may be valid if the Yukaghir word had an initial *ńwhich later developed into j-. 673. *je:lkəT jielge-, jielga- far, the furthest; TK jelge-; TJ jelge- opposite side TK jielgidaya after; TD -yelgidaha ago T jielgalel further; jielgi-waaweče non-local Russian [lit. Russian from far away]; jielgi-rukun year before last [lit. further thing]; jielgi-d'ajle day after tomorrow [lit. further day] | TK jelger(eŋ) further An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 674. *jeŋ-/*jenkK jeŋičə- multi-coloured; KJ jeŋiče-; T jengur, TK jengur T jengurčie mottled reindeer; TK jengurčieK jeŋičəš- to paint in different colours The correspondence К -ŋ- ~ T -ng- is irregular. 675. *jeńčə MC jendže Yukaghir from the river Omolon; BO néńže husband The initial ń- < j- by assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 676. *jenc'i ? TD yed'i- stone 677. *jeŋe KJ jeŋe pr. (an ancient tribe); spirits; KD yeŋa KJ jeŋečuope ghosts 678. *jeŋkilə KJ jegile, jeyile fire; KDyegile; ? MO jagapg\ MU jéngilo; MK jengila MO data indicate that the word contained a single consonant in the middle, however other OY data rather point towards consonantal cluster -ŋk-, 679. *jentK jed-/jen- to appear, to show up, to emerge; to be seen, to be visible; KK jeduj-, KJ jed-/jen-; KD yed-/yen-; T jedej-; TK jedej K jedul thunder; SD jiedul, -judul; M jédulnei; В iendu; ME yentu; MK jéndyl К jedun-ločil lightning; KD yedul-ločil

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К jede: mark (on the snow, on the bend of a river); sign; KJ jedie, iyi [rect. id'i]\ KD yedie К jed'e.š- to make a mark on the snow; jedul-tibo thunderstorm [lit. thunder rain] I ? KJ jodu- to reach 680. *jent»T jedel'e- to walk as if dragging smth long behind (of a tall man) ? KD yengedey- to throw away | T jedegerej- to make longer; jedegeriče long part of a hook; jenne- long 681. *jerK jero:- shallow; thin (of fur); KJ jeruo--, KD yero:-, yeruo-; T jeruo- thin (of a cloth); short-furred; SU jeroje-, RS jeroi KJ jeroje reindeer calf less than one-year old; SD jarioje К jero:d'ə shoal, ford; T jeruoje place where the snow is blown by the wind; place on a skin where the fur is thin К jero.mu- to become shallow | T jereguutege-öŋnie pr. (a river); jereguu plain; substance being mixed; jereguuce- to mix; jereguutege pr. (a place) 682. *jeremə К jeremə log, chock; T jereme\ TJ jereme; ME jeremma К jereməš- to cut in chunks 683. *jeremku: К jeremku: load onto a sledge 684. *jeriF KJ jeril by, next to 685. *jerpəjə T jerpeje sun; TK jerpeje\ TD yerpeye T jerpeječaa sunny day; jerpejeńi light; jerpejend'e-ruske crystal glass [lit. sunny bowl]; jerpejed-uul movement of the sun; jerpejed'uo-ekuol time when the sun appears (beginning of January) [lit. sun's hole]; jerpejen-d'uo disk of the sun 686. *jewT jewgej- to bump against; TK jewgejT jewd'i- to bump (several times); TK jewd'iT jewče tripod; TK jewt'e pole

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T jewčed-uo horizontal pole of a tripod [lit. child of a tripod] | TK jewlegi- to kill 687. *jewnte: T jeudee pr. (a woman) 688. *jewulə/*jempulə KD yebulefl) reindeer or elk mane 689. *jo: К jo: head; KK jo:; KJ jo:; KD yo, yor, SD jo; T juo; TK juo; TJ jo:-; SU jo, jon- ; RS jo; MC julo hair; KL iöga; В iok; ME jo; MK jóo К jo:-noγot pillow [lit. head pillow]; KK jo:-noyot-, jo-noyot-; KJ jo:-noyot, jö-noyot; KD yo-nohot, yo-norot; SD jo-nogoj, -jo-nogot К jo:n-kičil forehead [lit. head end]; KJ jo:n-kičil; KD yon-kičil; В *ión-guitshel; ME joan-kittschil KJ jon-kitil'-numet peak (of a cap, protecting from sun or snow) [lit. shadow of the forehead]; KD yon-kičil'-numet К jo:n-šomor top of the head; January; KJ io:n-šomor, ion-šomor; T juon-rumur + ceiling; TK juo-rumur forehead; В yónd-zshamor + forty; ME jont-tschamor + forty К jo:d-ejməš- to sigh [lit. to pay one's head] К jo:n-qodo brain [lit. head lying]; KJ jo:n-qode; KD yo:n-xode; ME jont-chonda; MK joon-kónda К jo:d-amun skull [lit. head bone]; KJ jo:d-amun T juod-ojče, juo-ewče, juod-ewče, juond-ewče spear; top of the head; TK jold-ojče-, juold-ewt'e; TJ juold-oiče, jo:ld-oiče К jo:de-i:čəńulbən master of the lower world [lit. the one with the sharp head]; jo:-bude:n-pömere- to somersault | KD yo-norote- to use as a pillow | T juo-buren-počesej- to spoil (a child); to pet [lit. to throw over the head]; juon-tuduruul brain [lit. inside of the head]; juon-kiwijii top of the head; juon-ńaawije beetle with white head [lit. whiteness of the head]; juond-ojčeńil-sal'il shrew-mouse (Sorex araneus) [lit. mouse with a pointed juo-loyore- to hesitate in what to say [lit. to wash one's head];juoyato make smb tipsy (of a drink) | TK jo:n-mojt'e chief, master, superior 691. *jö: К jö: belt; KK juö-; KJ juo; ¥*Dyuo:; SD jio; SU jo; RS jo; ME júo U *jäje 'belt' (UEW 90) // Bouda 1940: 75; UJN 117; UEW 90; HUV 163; Nikolaeva 1988: 224-225; Rédei 1999: 36; LR 146 The presumed phonetic development is as follows: *jäje > jäj > jö:.

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692. *jo:T jaan-d'ad'uu, juon-d'ad'uu echo; TD yan-čad'u 693. *jö:- 1 T juöre- to hit with an axe | TK juodu- to cut 694. *jö:- 2 К jö:- to see; KK juo-, jo:-, KJ juo-\ KD you-, T juo-, jöj-, TK juo-\ TJ juoči-, TD yuo-, SU jo, jotei, jódyn, jómik, joeik, júoa; RS joeik, BO jéjejle, -júne\ KL j'ojaj, jejuč, jujua, júoa; В umat; ME jumat, juk, MU jong, jondschcr, MK jóndaje К jö:jə devil, evil spirit; KJ jouje\ SD jouja-, T juoje spirit-assistant of a shaman; TD yuoyeT jou-lawje tear [lit. eye water]; TK juodin-lawje KJ juodi eye; T juodii + pr. (a man); TK juodii, juodi\ TJ joudi\ TD -yuodine; SU judy\ RS judy; KL jundy, MK júundy T juodiin-puguče eyelashes; eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; TK juodin-bugut'e eyebrows; SU judyn-puida-pugelwe T juodiid-awii spectacles [lit. eye's blanket]; TK juod'ed-aawii T jöjče- to check up; TK jewt'eK jö.də- to see, to watch (INTR); KK juode-, KJ juode-\ TK juodej-\ TD -judeiK jöŋeč three-year old reindeer male (that walks around the group of older reindeer); jö.šnu- to introduce to smb | KK jound'i- to look a little | T juodiire- to start seeing (of a puppy); to be born; juud'e shadow; likeness; ghost, vision; juod'uol object kept in remembrance; juodiin-purewre eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; juodii-waqčelek from under the eyebrows [lit. with the edge of the eyes]; juodiin-kuduojil winking [lit. laying of the eye]; juodind'e picture, vision; juodaγa maybe, it seems; juodiid-ayal eyelid [lit. edge of the eye]; juodiin-ńaŋal'aruul bridge of the nose [lit. between the eyes]; juond'e mirage, haze; juoŋočilïkien pr. (a man); juönijie prophet; juönid'ie- to be a prophet | TD yodi-tiwohac- to blink | TK juodin-ńaaweje white of the eye; juodin-toroje pupil of the eye [lit. blackness of the eye]; juose- to show 695. *jo:čə К jo. čə small round piece of smth К jo:čəd-amun ass [lit. round bone]; T juočed-amun; thigh-bone

TK juot'ed-amun

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696. *jo:γəT joγaj- to finish, to stop (INTR); TK juoyajT juoyarej- to finish, to stop; to kill (TR); TK juoyarej697. *joδoK jodo- to tie, to bind; KK jodo-; KJ jodo-, jodej-, jodaj-; KD yodo-, yode-, yodai-, yode-, iodieK jodul, jodu:, jodi: winding; KD yodur, RS jododei; В jadondayend-; ME jedondointK jodod'ubə squirrel; KK jodod'ube; KJ jodod'ube; SD jadociba; T jorčibe; TK jarčibe, farčibe; TD lerčibe, lerčie; SU jodod'iwo; RS jodož'iwa; MK jodóndschimba К jodutd- to wind, to twist; KD yoduteK jodojə-ilejə whirlwind [lit. turning wind]; KD yododoyed-iteye, yododeyed-eI'eye; ? RS ńedaja favourable wind К jottaj-, joddaj- to bond, to wrap, to tie up; KK jodutaj- to turn; KJ jodutaj-; KD yodutaiK jodol bundle, package | KD yodumoi- to turn (INTR) ? FU *jorkV- 'to turn, to wind', *jorV- 'to roll' (UEW 102) // Nikolaeva 1988: 225 К jottaj- < jodtaj- < jodo-taj-, with the deletion of the short vowel in the second syllable. 698. *joγoK joyortə- to wound; KK joyoto-, joyote-; KJ joroto-, joγote-, joyotoK joyor wound; KK jogor, joyor; KJ jogor, jouyo; MU jögór К joyoti: arrow with a head; KK joyotii, joyoti; KJ joyoti, joroti; SU joxoty, RS jogoti\ MC sogote; MU jehoti\ MK jogótty К joyöti.d-abut quiver [lit. arrow container]; KJ joyotid-abut; KD yohoti:d-abut К joyotə- to hit with an arrow 699. *joγurč'ə/*joŋqurč'ə К joyurčə flock 700. *jojT jojl steep riverbank; front part of a fur cap; TJ joil; MK jóil mountain T jojn-bayadie steep low bank of a lake; jojlńe- to have a peak (of a fur hat); jojn-waya precipice of a small mountain usually located in the valley [lit. riverbank face]

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701. *joj- ? SU joi wild; RS joi\ В iai alien В joja wonderful 702. *jökkəjə К jökkəjti INTJ (threatening) К jökkəjə-mət INTJ (just wait!) 703. *jollə К jollə dust of rotten wood; KK jollo; KD yollo rotten tree; T jolle moss; TK jolle moss; TD yollo К jollə-ra: old woman, old hag [lit. rotten tree]; KK jollora TD yollogode-, uollongode- idol 704. *joloK jola: behind; after (PP); KK jola; KJ jola:\ TJ jola, loja [rect.Jola]; SU jolán К jolo:- last; KJ jo:lo-\ KD yoluo-, yoloK joloγu- behind, on the back; KK joloγu-, jeloγu-, jela-; KJ joloγu-; KD yolohu-, TK joloγu-; SU jologuda\ RS jologuda К jolomu- to remain; KJ jolomu-; M jélomui К joloqə last; KD yoloxu К jolonl'əri:- to stay at the back of (TR); KJ jolonleriKK -l'olože- to leave; KJ jolod'eK joloqə-pe.dičə, joloqu-pe.dičə little finger [lit. last finger]; KJ joloqu, joloqo-pedičie; KD yolol-pediče К jolobə remainder | KK jelobadaj- to pass | TD youluolga instead ? FU *jälke 'trace, spot' (UEW 91) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 1988: 224 The alternation jo- ~ je- is typical. 705. *jömč'ə К jömči. ńə- oblong 706. *jömkəK jömgə- to spin, to turn round; KK jomge-; KJ jomgo-; KD yomgo-; SU jomgak, RS jomek around К (o:ži:-)jömgijə whirlpool; KK jomgije; KD yomgiye, yomčoye; T jömgije chamois fringe on the hem of a woman's clothes К jömgət- to surround; KD yomgot- to turn (TR) К jömgədej- to surround; KJ jomgodej-, jomgodaj-, jomgede-

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К jömgid-i:čə small intestines [lit. turning end]; KJ jomgid-iče; KD yomgied-iče К jömgəri:- to turn round (TR); jömgəš- to turn round (TR) | T jömgijes- to sew a fringe on a coat 707. *jompə К jou disease; KJ jobo, joube, jo, jou; KD you; SD -jon; TJ jobe; SU joiw; RS joju KJ jojbe disease; KD yoibe evil spirit that causes infectious diseases К jo:l'ə illness; T juol'e; TK juol'e, jol'e + wound; TD l'o:le(delil) К jo: lə- ill; KJ jo.le-; KD yol'a-, yo.l'e-; RS jollai; BO júl К joj- to ache; KK jojqa-, jeju-; KJ joj-, jou-; KD yoi-; SD -ja-; T jaw-, juoj-, jooj-; TK jo-, joj-, jaw-, jam-; TD yoi- ; SU joju, joč; RS -ijoi; KL jejulen; В yoatsh; ME joatsch T jaba- to die; TK jaba-, jabe-; TJ joba-, jobo-, io. be-, ja. be-; TD yobai-; MC jeboj death; BO jumboty; MU jömbón; MK jómboi К jo.d'ə open wound; T joud'e pain; illness; TK juod'e pain К jo:d'əd-ume abscess [lit. mother of illness]; KD yo:d'ed-omo, yo. d'ed-emei; TD yoče-rukun К jouγi:- to feel bad; KD -yoihiye-, -yoihiye? К jo: poor thing (traditional refrain in lyrical songs expressing an affectionate attitude towards smb) | KD yod'eni scabs | T juoqaa- to get ill; juol'e sore; wound; scab; juol'ii slightly wounded; jaban-tolii special staff put in the coffin [lit. death staff]; jaban-sukun burial dress [lit. death thing]; jamd'i- 'to be ill' | TD I'oler- to wound oneself; l'o:ledelie wound j TK juol'iseriously ill person; jamd'i- ill ? *U jama 'to be ill; to die' (UEW 89) // JU 77-78; UJN 117; HUV 157; FUV 17; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); UEW 89; Nikolaeva 1988: 224; Rédei 1999: 36; LR 146 *jompə > jomp > jow > jou > jo:. The initial /- in some forms may be due to the assimilative influence of the consonant in the second syllable. The comparison with U is valid if -pə is a derivational suffix. 708. *jomtiIə К jomdilə notch on a tree; KD yomdile К jomdiləš- to notch, to notice; KD yomdiïec-, youl'iec709. *joŋčəK joŋžu:-, uŋžu:- to go to sleep, to get asleep; KK jenru:-, jenru-; KJ jendu-, jondu-, jendru-, jendu:-; KD yend'u-; ? SD inoku-; T janduu-, janruu-; TK janru-, jandu-, jaandu-; TD yendru-; RS jónd'ungi, jonduririma; В

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iu:nzshul\ ME iunzshuk К joŋžo:-, uŋžo:- to sleep (INTR); to forget (TR); KK jenruo-, jenro-, jonra-, jonra:-, KJ jondo-, jendo-; KD yondo-; SD jonžo-; T jandoo-; TK janro-, TD yend'o-, yed'o-; SU jonžutei, jonžutai, jonžoludei, enželek, jonžič, lenžek, el-lenželek, RS jonžuk, M jondólukcf, KL junžon\ В iondzsha, yandsha + dream; ME jontschuk, jontschol + dream; MK jondschotaje, jondschóndscha К joŋžo.š- to put to sleep; KK jonrošK joŋžo:d'i:- to dream about (TR); KJ jondole-, jondod'e-, jendod'i--, KD yonro.d'ikeK joŋžo:d'ə blanket; KK jonrod'o, jonrod'e\ KJ jondod'e, jend'od'e\ SD jonžose, jonžoze; RS jonž'ode; M jond'ode KD yonud'ubo- forgetful | В yondonerdsha dream | ME jondonertscha dream 710. *joŋIT joŋluu- worthy; TK joŋluT joŋlid'e worthiness 711. *jöŋnəT jöŋne- energetic; strong 712. *joŋo К joŋo evil, anger; KK joŋo; KD yoŋo\ T joŋo, ńoŋo\ TK joŋoKJ joŋońe- angry; evil; TK joŋeńe-, SU jogonei devil; RS joŋanei К joyonəri:- to get angry with (TR); KK joŋońeri-; KD yoŋońeri-, TK jonońeriK joγomu- to get angry; KK joγomu-; KJ joγomu-, joγumu-, juγumu-; KD yohumu-, yogumu-; TJ joγumu-, juγumuK jukund'ugə INTJ (what a nuisance!); KJ joyoyond'u К joyomuš- to make angry | T joŋii- to become angry; ńoŋore- to become angry; joŋonduul malicious creature The word exhibits the irregular alternation -ŋ— -γ- in the intervocalic position. The front variant jukund'ugə is also irregular. The initial ń- is from j-713. *jonoK jonod'ə- to tidy up; T janud'i- to collect one's belongings for a journey (INTR) T januyarej- to collect; to pack; TK januyarej-; TD yonaharai- to tidy up К jono- to tidy (a house) | T januńe- to keep together, to be put together; januńii- to keep together; januńiičiir accurately; januyaa- to start putting

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things together in preparation for a journey | TK januyajsujanuniil together (of objects); januyaj- to prepare for the road

to collect;

714. *joqqK joyul nose; cape, promontory; KK jogul, joyul-\ KJ joyul, jorul, jeyu-; KD yogul, yohul, yorul; SD jogujl, jofud- [rect.jogud-]; T joyul; TJ joyul-, SU jogul, RS jogu\ ? MC (j)ewo; MO niongol\ BO júngol, KL iogul, jojunkul; В iongul; ME jinkol; MU jong, jongla, jongd-; MK jónckchol К joŋ-ža: beak, spout; KD yoŋ-da:, yon-d'a; SD jangža; T joyun-raal, joŋud-amun\ SU joŋ-žania-, RS jog-d'adeiK joyud-aŋil' nostril [lit. nose hole]; KD yohud-aŋil'; SD jogul-angyl; T joyud-ekuu; TK joyud-eku; SU jogúd-anil; RS jogud-alr, В iongund-angil, ME jonkungd-angyl-, ? MC (j)end-arče К joyuh-qoqšəš- to snore [lit. to strangle with a nose] | KJ joŋnol-nodo fox [lit. animal with a nose] | SD jangzangalban kettle | T joyun-pod'arqa reindeer with a motley nose; joyun-pod'arqaa pr. (a man); joyun-ul'uod'e-rukun deceiver [lit. with torn nostrils] The initial ń- in some forms is likely to have developed out of j- by assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 715. *jonr- ? В *yonrul to mow 716. *jonur- ? MK jonúrjqu hat 717. *jöŋtəT jöŋtege pr. (a place); TK joŋtege- ravine The cluster -ŋt- is unusual morpheme-internally. 718. *jo:r К jo:r big fish-hook; KK jor, jo:r\ KD yor; T juor, TK jor 719. *jo:rči: T jorčii, juorčii glue; TK jort'i T jorčiid-awur small vessel for boiling glue [lit. glue container] 720. *joroŋqənč'ə К joryo:d'ə, joryod'd female reindeer, mare; KK iroyod'e\ KJ iroyod'e, juruyode\ KD irohod'e, yuruhod'e\ SD jurugioza, juruqioze-, В irongonzshi; ME irongkontsche

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KD irohod'e-mold-igeye button hole, button loop [lit. chest belt of a mare] К jorγo.də < joryəd'ə < joroγəd'ə < *joroŋqəńč'ə. 721.*joronta: T (juku-)jorondaa, (juku-)jorandaa ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) The cluster -nd- is unusual morpheme-internally. 722. *jo:s T josso frozen ground; TK josseT jossuu- to freeze; TK jossu:T juor-pure, juorqa tundra; TK juor-pure T jossome autumn; juos North; tundra; jossomel'e-kind'e September [lit. month of freezing]; jossor- to have smth frost-bitten; josle-ejkiri- to pass the forest tundra and reach the tundra The word demonstrates the alternation -s r-. 723. *jo:taT juota- to let a rope go through the upper holes of the net 724. *jo:wi:/*jo:mpi: К jo.bi: taiga, forest; KK jobi; KJ jobi + hill; place around the fire; KD jxobinbon- [rect.jobinbon-] К jo:bi:-ejrə- to go to the toilet [lit. to go to the forest] 725. *jöwjə К jöujə fishing net; KK jowje, jouje, jo.uje; KJ jouje; SD joguja, jojhuja-, -jiouje; TD -youye-; SU -jówja, -jowjenit, -jowje; RS -jowja, -jowje KK jowjed-orpol' poles on which fishing nets are hung to dry [lit. net hanger]; KDyouyed-orpol, youyed-orpol' 726. *jowlə К joulə evening; KJ juole; KD yuol'e, youl'e; SU jola; RS jola; ? MO tallo [rect. jullo]; KL juloma К joub-, jowlaj- to fall (of night); KJ juolej-; KD yuolei-; MO julei night; В -yuletsh; ME -juletsch К joulədaj- to fall (of night); MK jólady 111. *jowləK joulo:- prominent, conspicuous; known; KD youloK jouluČ-, loullu- to ask (TR); KK jowl'eš-, jowlo-, jowle-; KJ jouloš-, joules-; KD youloc-; SD jouloz'; SU lówlečum; RS joudečka

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К joulud'ul question; KK jowled'al\ KD youlod'al К jouləd'a:- to ask | KK jelo- to ask for | KJ lolo- to pray, to beseech In some forms j- > I- by assimilation. 728. *jöwləK i:lu:- beautiful, good, dear; KK //'/-; KJ iled'u:-, ilelu:-; KD //'/-, io.uli-; T jewluu-, iiluuT jew lid'e reindeer calf; TK jewlid'e К jöul'atl'ə- to love, to have pity for (TR); KJ jouletle-, joulešle-; KD youletl'e-; SU joglatle; M jóglatlänr, MC jugpynčenija; В yoglierim К i. lugəl'ə- to miss smb; KJ ilulgele-, ilugele--, KD ilugele--, T iilugul'e-; TD yliguleK i:lugəl'ə dear, darling; KJ ilugele; T iilugul'e; TK ilugul'e, ilugule; TJ ilegule greetings К jouləγi:-, louləγi:- to feel sorry for, to treat smb well, to feel affection for (TR); TK jewlegi-, jewligi-, jewlegie-; TJ jeulegiK i.lugi:- to miss smb; KD ilugi-; T jewligi- + to love; to caress; TJ ilugi-; TD yeulegiK jöulugə INTJ (poor thing! it's a pity!); jöulugə(-jo:), jö:lugə(-ta:nə), i:lugə(-jo:) INTJ (pity, sorrow); traditional refrain in lyrical songs; KD yougluga-yo:; T iiluge INTJ (sorrow); TK jewluge KJ joulere-, jouleure- to beg pardon; KD youl'eireK i.ličəmət INTJ (live well! said when departing); (l)i:lu-(l)i:lu traditional refrain in lyrical songs | T iiiid'e sorrow; juolwej- to feel sorry (TR); jewlič INTJ (pity); juolweluu- to arouse pity; juolwiijuore- to feel sorry for (TR); juolwej- to feel sorry | TK jewlul love The root is represented by the front and back stems. The initial /:- has developed because of the contraction of jöw- before a consonant after the vowel -Э- in the second syllable was deleted. 729. *jöwluγe:l/*jöwluŋke:l К jöuluge. l shoulder; KJ joulegiel, joulegiel, SU juglugel 730. *jowoγə К jouγə back; KK iboyo, joboγo; KJ joboγo; KD yebogo, yeboro; SD jabaga-, jabogo; SU jowoga; M jowogcr, В yewóghá; ME jevoha; MK jogóbba [rect. jobógga] К jouγəd-ań: cartridge pouch [lit. back gun]; KJ joyot-ar К jouγə-čolol waist [lit. joint of the back]

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731. *juγK jugi:- to kiss; KJ jogi-; RS jogižek; BO jugijugim; KL jeginum to love К jugužu- to kiss each other; jugud'e-, ugud'e- to kiss (usually); juguńə- to kiss (INTR) TU *ńuka:n- 'to kiss' (TMS 1 644-645) The following change is assumed: *ń- > j-, cf. К ńumd'ə ~ jumd'ə. 732. *juγinə- ? ВО júqínaj to cry 733. *juγul-/*juŋkulT jugul-laaya- right side; TK jugul-layar 734. *juγulwə-/*juŋkulwəT jugulweluu- excruciating, poignant; TJ iugulwel'iT jugulwes- to torture; TJ jugulwoshTK jugulwe torture 735. *ju:kə К ju:kə far; KK juke, joke, -juoke\ KJ juke, juko-\ KD yu.ko; T jööke, juuke\ TK joke, juoke, -jokon; TJ joko-\ TD -yoka, -yoke-, RS jukcr, M ijúkcr, MC jukan T jökuu-, jekuu- to move off 736. jukola К jukulə smoked dried fish; KK jukule; SD jukala Rus. jukola or E\.ju:kele (TMS 1 350) 737. *ju:ləT juulid'e cunning; TK julid'e-, I'uulid'eT juula- offended by the small size of smth given The word seems to belong to harmonically back stems. The initial Г- is due to assimilation to the second consonant. 738. *ju:nəT juunade-, juunada- to escape (of a reindeer) 739. *juŋkK jugul tall tree; KJ jugul\ В yungul-, ME jungkul

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740. *ju:nta:q T juundaaq(-nerile) pr. (a place) The word has an atypical phonological structure. 741. * juteIt jutegəč- to prick out, to pierce; KK jutegedejKK juted'-, jutege- to burst (INTR) 742. *juw- ? ME jubion strong 743.juxala К iyalkə dried fish cut in two together with its head (normally used for feeding dogs); KJ iyal, iyalke-; T ayile, eyale dried finely cut meat usually eaten with fat; TD ahileRus. dial. juxala, juxalka (ESRD 716-717) See also jukola. 744. kabarga KJ qaburga kabarga (Moschus moschiferus); KD xaburga Rus. kabarga 745. kabe:w T qabiew pr. (a man); MO kabeo willow ptarmigan T qabienu- to utter a cry (of a willow ptarmigan); qabeu-qabeu (imitation of the cry of a willow ptarmigan) Ev. kabe. w 'willow ptarmigan' (TMS 1 357) // Sauvageot 1963: 115 746. kaby M kabú if Rus. kaby 747. kabys' К qajbič thank God; KK qajbut'\ KD xabuč intensifying marker Rus. dial, kabyš 748. kada:r К qadar rock; KK qadar Ev. kada.r 'rock' (TMS 1 360)

INTJ

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749. *kaγijə/*kaŋkijə T kagija obsolete kinship term The synharmonism is irregular. 750. *kakaw T kaakku, kakau pr. (a man) The synharmonism is irregular. 751. kalibr К kafíp iron pincers for casting shot, clay mould for casting bullets Rus. kalibr 752. kapkan T kapkaan trap; TK kapkan Rus. kapkan 753. *ka:ra: T kaaraa nomad yurt The synharmonism is irregular. 754. karandaš TK karandas pencil Rus. karandaš 755. karas' KK karas crucian carp (Carassius carassius); KD karač; SD karaśdie Rus. karas 756. karaulka KJ karaulka guard-house Rus. karaulka 757. karbas К qa.rbəs Russian boat made of poplar boards; KK qarbas, qa.rabas; KJ karbač; KD xarbeč Rus. karbas 758. karman К qarman, karman pocket; KJ karman; KD karman Rus. karman

qa.rbas,

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759. karta T kaarte playing cards; TK karte Rus. karta 760. kaša KK qaše porridge; KJ qaše thick soup made of cooked blood; KD xace, -xaca Rus. kasa 761. *kau TK kau-kau INTJ (imitating the sound made by a polar fox) 762. kazak KJ kad'ak Cossack Rus. kazak 763. kazancev T kaasanseu pr. (a man) Rus. kazancev 764. každyj KJ kašnei each Rus. každyj 765. k-čertu T čuortu INTJ (to hell with it!) Rus. к čërtu 766. *ke T ke INTJ (approval of smb's misfortune); TJ ke 767. *ke: К ke: friend (address to a man); KK k\e\ KJ kie\ KD kie\ SD kie\ TK kie\ RS ke TU *gia 'friend; other' (EDAL 223) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 768. *ke:- 1 К ke.dəgən through (a slot); KJ kedegen\ BO keńdýnde between; across; in the middle К ke:l slot ? FU *kolV ls\ot, space in between' (UEW 174)

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If the comparison with U is valid, the stem *ke:l has been reanalyzed as ke:+ the suffix -/, but the latter is absent in some inflectional forms, cf. *a:l. 769. *ke:- 2 К ke. tə- to mix; KJ kieteK ke:ńə- mixed; ? ke.ńe:- to straighten, to unbend (TR) 770.*keδeK köde. l wolf; KJ kodiel-, KD kodiel; SD kodiel; T köriel; TK köriel pack of wolves; TD koriel, korel; SU kodél, koželék devil; RS kodil, kožel devil; MC kondegi, kondel' + Russian; ? MO -kolge; В kodel, ME kodel; MU kodél, MK kodéel T körel devil; TK körel + ogre К köde.l-lebejdi: crowberry [lit. wolfs berry]; köde.n-ńanmə white-willow [lit. w o l f s willow] I T körelii wood goblin; köried-awur pr. (a place) [lit. wolf nest] On *ke- > kö- see *kene. 111. *keγe-/*keŋkəT keged'iej, kegetegegiej INTJ (expresses various emotions from feeling neglect to feeling affectionate, depending on the intonation) 772. *kejK kej- to give; KK kej-, KJ Лег-; KD kai-, kei-\ T kii-; TK ki:-\ TJ ki:-\ TD ki-\ M keit, keitamik, MO kitań\ В keick\ ME keik\ W keyck К keči:- to bring; KK ket'i-\ KJ keči-; KD keči-\ T keči-; TK keči-, TJ keči-; TD keči:-, RS kečim, kečím TD kečice-, kečicti- to bring news; ? kei- to taste The long -/. - in T is the result of contraction. К T keči:- < *kej-ji:-. 113. *ke:jə К ke.je: before, earlier; in front of (PP); KK kiejie, kiejije\ KJ kiejie, kiejije-; T keje\ TK kej-, keje-, kie-, kiejie-, TJ keje-, TD keye, kieyiye К ke.js before (PP); KK kej--, KJ kieje-, ke:je-\ KD ke:ye-\ RS keije К keji:- to outstrip; T kiejii-; TK kiejiK ke.jəgudə forwards; MK kéigunda К ke.-jo:- first; KD keiyo-; T kijaa-, kija-; TK keaja-, kiaja-, TD keial-, kijal-; В kayel-, ME koielK ke:jaš- to overtake, to pass; T kiejes--, SU keiguta in future К ke.jəl front; kejdej- to defeat | SD kyjalsyljuk foresight | T kijaalel-muoqatke pr. (a lake) [lit. first broad whitefish]; kiejaalel-semnel pr.

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(a place) [lit. first place where many people died]; kiejed'iiče leader; leading reindeer or dog in a harness; kejgu- in front; kejewre front part of smth; kejell'e front; kejeteŋ beforehand, in advance; kejebe front part of smth; kiajaalel-ańibe covered sledge for transporting a woman's belongings which follows the sledge on which she is travelling [lit. first sledge]; kiajaalel-tuuje covered sledge for transporting valuable things; kiejed'ii- to do smth trying to overtake smb; kejen-daŋunγat more than before | TD kialel-čald'e- index finger; kień one by one | TK kejgur, keigudeŋ in the front К kejdej- < kejedej-. 774. *kejləK ke.lo:- dry; KJ kejlo-\ KD kel'o:-, kel'e-, keile-; SD kejleK kejləń- red; KK kejlen-\ KD keil'en-; RS kylynča; M keilaw, keilei; MC kyjlapyj [rect. kyjlanyj]-, BO kólene, kejlenejže- + green; KL kejlanii\ В kelenni, kai-elle-, kailei-, kaielle-; ME kelenni; MK kéeleni, kólani + yellow К ke:ləš- to dry, to redden; KK kiel'eš-; KJ kejleš-, kieleš-, kejele-; SU kelešna; RS kelešk К kej-lebejdi: cowberry [lit. red berry]; KD keile-lebeidi red bilberry; SD kej-lebejdi; RS kylynča-puže cranberry; В kailei-leviendaK kejlədej- to become red; KK kejledej-; KD keiledeiK kejhn-anil red fish; kejloži:- to redden | ? KJ kien-da dry wood; tree; kejelešte person drying smth | KD keiledec- to make red-hot | SD kejle-mejnubil pr. (a mountain) | ? T kejleń- numb from a tight bandage; ? kejlerej- to swell In some forms -ej- has contracted to -e:-. 775. *kejwəK kejbə- thin, high (of voice); KK kejbe-; KJ kejbe-; KL kejwej; В keivey, ME keivei К kejbə-iril small intestine [lit. thin stomach] | KK kejben-, kejbed'e- to make thin 776. *ke:ka: T kiekaa pr. (a man) The synharmonism is irregular. 111. *kekentə T kekentej, kekentejourtej darling The morpheme-internal cluster -nt- is irregular.

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778. *kel- 1 К kel- to come; KK kel-, qel-; KJ kel-; SD kal-; T kel-; TK kel-, kol-, köl-; TJ kol'u-, kel'u-, ко:l'u-; TD кеГ-, kul'uinu-, kol-; SU kelkin, keltejek, kelteje, keltei, keček; RS kelk; M kelk, két'a, két'; W kaltei ? KJ kelkuo- ancestor; SD kelkiong ? KJ kiedei- to come | T kieče wind blowing smoke back into a yurt; kiečen-kuderii piece of chamois covering the smoke hole in a yurt [lit. coming cover] FU *kälä- 'to wade' (UEW 133-134) // Lewy 1928: 287; JU 78; UJN 117; FUV 20; HUV 162; UEW 134; Nikolaeva 1988: 227; Rédei 1999: 46 This stem shows the following irregular sound change: T kieče [rect. ke. čə] < kel-jə, cf. ke:č < kel-j (the 3rd person Singular form of the verb kelin К and T). 779. *kel- 2 T kelderej- to shoot; TK kelderej-; TD keldereiT kel'gudes- to tug, to jerk; to pull (TR); TK kelgudesT kel'gud'ii- to tug (a reindeer by a rope); keldej- to burst; to explode | TK kelgutterej- to tug, to jerk; to pull 780. *kelT kel'il brother-in-law U *kälV 'sister-in-law' (UEW 135-136) // JU 78-79; HUV 162; FUV 23; UJN 118-9; Angere 1956: 127; UEW 136; Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rédei 1999: 37; Dolgopolskij 1998: 86; LR 146 781. *kelinč'ə К kelid'ə worm; KJ kelid'e; KD kal'id'e, kel'id'e; В kalnindsha; ME kelnyntscha U *kVlV 'worm' (UEW 227) // HUV 161; Tailleur 1959a: 419; UJN 119; UEW 227; Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rédei 1999: 39; LR 146 782. *kellK kellu:- boring; KJ kellu:K kellugi:- bored; lazy; KJ kelugi783. *kemuγo:r/*kemuŋko:r T kemuguor whim (of a reindeer); pr. (a reindeer) 784. *kene К könmə friend, companion; KK kenme, kene-; KJ kenme; KD kenme; SD

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/септе', T könme; TK копте; TJ копте, кепте; TD кепте-; М kónma\ МС kanmalyК kenmi:- to have as a friend (TR); T -gönmii-, -könmii to keep smb company (TR); TD -gońmiK köne, kene friend, companion; T kone-; TK kone; TJ kene; TD keno-, konaKJ kenmegi-tolou bear [lit. another wild reindeer]; KD kenmegi-tolou К kenməgi the other; KJ kenmegi; KD kenmegi; T könmegi; TK könmegi-, konmegi-, könmele; M kenmögi; KL kenmegi К kinmigidej- to turn inside out (TR); KD kenmigidai-, kedmigidaiK kin(m)igidə to the other side | T könńii- to be a companion (TR) | TD kenmedahena sometimes This stem demonstrates the labialization of -e- after k- in some forms. 785. *keniwə К kenbə fence; KD kenbe; RS końba; В choinba; ME koniba TU *kende- 'threshold; to hinder, to obstruct' (EDAL 663-664) The OY data indicate that the root might have been tri-syllabic. -wə is likely to be a nominal derivational suffix. 786. *kenkə К kenkə-ra: amber The cluster -nk- is atypical and indicates that the word may be a recent borrowing. 787. *kenpəK kenbunə- broad, wide; KK kenbune-; KJ kenbune-; SD kenbune-; MC kambonyj; В kanbúnnai, kanbonnoi; ME kanbunnei, kanbu. nne К kenbəgədej-, kenməgədej- to straighten (TR); KK kenbegedejKK kenbel'eš- to spread (TR); KJ kenbelešK kenbələ- to broaden, to widen (INTR); KK kenbel'eK kenbuńi:- to broaden (TR) | KK kenbege- to unroll | KD kenbuko-ča:l, kenbuko-ca:l flat piece of wood, board ? TU *xemŋe (EDAL 775) 788. *kentT kedie- obstinate (of a tied up reindeer that does not want to follow a sledge) 789. *keŋtəK keŋdə- to feel sorry for (TR); KD kaŋde-

i

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790. *kentəjə T kedeje greater part of smth 791. *kentu:T keduud'e mistress 792. *kerT kereïuu families left by reindeer breeders to live constantly in one place; ? TK kerge- family T kerel'uo- to spend summer 793. *ker-/*kirTK keries- to drop; to take off; TJ keriesh-, keriete- to throw down; TD kericT kerie- to fall down; TK kerie--, TJ korije- to throw off; TD kiriyeT kerienube slope; kerieče- to go to have a photograph taken; keruod'e-jaŋde moulting goose [lit. fallen goose] | TJ keriete- to throw oneself; kereite- to rush I TD кого- to moult FU *kirke- 'to fall' (UEW 160) //Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rédei 1999: 46 The vowel *-/'- could have changed into -e- before -e\- of the second syllable. 794. *kerč'-/*kerjT kerd'i- to boast (INTR); to behave proudly; TK kerd'i--, TD kerd'iT kerd'is- to praise, to commend; kerd'iije boaster 795. kerč'i:K kerčik stick; piece (for example, of fish) Yak. kerči:- 'to cut' (TMS 1 454) 796. * kerč' il'ə/* kerj il'ə T kerd'ile things brought beforehand to a new settlement when roaming in two stages; TK kerd'ile797. kerde К kerde, kerde: large iron scraper for skins, round in shape with two handles; KK kerde, kerdie\ KJ kerdie; KD kerde-, SD kerde-, T kerde; TK karde KD kerdete- to dress a skin | ? T kerde fish resembling the broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) Ev. kerde 'skin scraper' (TMS 1 443)

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798. *keriləK keriləš- to bite; to chew; KK kerileš- to dress (a skin); KJ kerileš- to brake leather; KD kerilec-, keriïec-, T keriles- to make crumbs of; to break into pieces; TK keriles- to take off, to break (TR) К kerilə flour made of fish bones cooked with fish fat; KD korïle\ T kerile general name for all small things and animals; TK kerile chip T kerile- crushed; TK kerile- to break (INTR) К keril'o:- soft, tender | ? TD keule- to crumble up; to break into pieces ? TU *kire- 'to mince, to gnaw' (EDAL 679) The element - h may be a derivational suffix. 800. *ke:rkəT kierkič far off T kierke(re)γan rather far off An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 801. *kerpəK kerpə- to wave, to flap, to swing, to sweep; to remove snow; KJ kerpeK kerpəžə- to dangle; SD kerpežiK (numön-)kerpijə, (numön)-kerpi: broom 802. *keteT ketegej- to swell; TK ketagejT ketel'e- to swell; ketel'uu tumour | TD keted'ul-yod'en dropsy 803. ketem T ketemel barren reindeer heifer Ev. ketem 'barren (of a female reindeer)' (TMS 2 456) 804. *ketni: T ketnii-lalime sledge for transporting home utensils T ketnii-mayil coat for home; ketniid-ugurče shoes for home 805. *kewK köudə- to miss the target; to beat; to stir; KK kowde-, koude--, KJ koude--, KD koude-\ RS koodak, В kogdak, ME kogtak К köpči:- to beat; to miss (TR); KK kepśiK kejč- to miss the target (TR) In some forms *ke- > kö-, cf. *kene.

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806. *keweK kebej- to go away, to leave; KK kewej-; KJ kebei-, kobei-\ KD kebei-, SD kebe-; T kewej-, TK kewej-, TJ kobe-, kowei-, kewei-, kebe-; TD kewei-, kebei-, kobai-, kowei-, kobei-; SU kaweik, kawéitin, kawéiteili, kawéič; RS kawéingi, kaweič; M kéweča, kewéč, keweíŋi, keweítajak, keweitajak К köudə- to carry away, to take away; KJ kaude-, koude-, kodu:-; ? TK kewre- to clean; TD kaure-, kauri-, keure-, kewre- to bring off, to let go, to go; to joggle, to shake up, to shake off KK köwdej- to carry away, to take away; KD kaudei-; T kewrej-; TK kew(e)rej-; TJ kaurei-, keure(i)-; ? К kebe- to jump, to run (of an animal); to walk; keberi:- to leave (TR) | KK keweji- to go away FV *kawe- 'to go' (UEW 654-655) // Nikolaeva 1988: 226-227; LR 146 The vowel -ö- in the first syllable may have developed as a result of rounding due to the assimilative influence of the following -w-. К T köwdə-/köwrə- < kewδə- < *kewe-δə-, where *-δə- is a transitivizing suffix. 807. kewe: К kebe: lower jaw, lower part of the face Ev. kewe: (TMS 1 442-443) 808. *kewnč'iko: T kewd'ikuo coat made of thick fur for wearing on a road in winter; pr. (a man) 809. *kiT ki- two; TK ki-, ki:-; TJ ki-, ki:-; TD ki-\ MO tkit [rect. kit], kitT kij- two; TK kij-; TJ kij-; TD kiy-; MC kujen; BO kujún, kijun, kujén T kijuod'e twins; TD ki. od'en-, kiyeod'enT kiile together; TK ki.le-; TD ki. len-, kileń T kiińuo two; together | TD kid'eń twice; kińyodi-kortek two (in cards) | TK kin-ńuoru woven threads The consonant -j- in kij- is likely to have an epenthetic origin. 810. kibas К ki. bəs round plummet made of larch; KK ki. bes, ki. beś; KD kibeč\ SD kibaz Rus. dial, kibas (ESRGS 286) 811. *kičK kič- to teach, to talk into (TR); KJ kič-\ T kič- to forbid to do smth (TR);

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TD kit-, kič-; RS kič К kičtə- to talk into (TR); KD kičite-; T kičiteK kiče:- to study, to learn (INTR); KD kičie-; TD kičiye-, kičie812. *kiče:/ *kuče: К kuče: mosquito; KK kit'ie-, KJ kučie; KD kučie; T kičie; TK kit'ie, kit'ile; TD kičien-, SU kuče; RS kuče; В kutye-, -gutshiKD kučien-kinid'e June [lit. mosquito month] | T kičie-maγil coat for the mosquito season [lit. mosquito coat]; kičie-wolme winged insect [lit. mosquito shaman]; kičien-kurelejnube beginning of the mosquito season (beginning of July) [lit. mosquito becoming] 813. *kiγe-/*kiŋkəK kigi:-, kige:-, kiŋi:- to gore, to prick, to stick; to stab; KK kigi-, kige-, kigie-, kigijfe)-; KJ kige-, kigi-] KD kigi-, kige-, kiŋi-; T kige-, TK kige--, TJ kige--, TD kige-, SU kigak; RS kigak, M kígam, kigadeilüi 814. *kijin К kijin, kijen in no way 815. kikserK kiktə- to talk into (TR) Yak. kikser- (JRS 164) In Yukaghir -tə- is a suffix of transitive verbs. 816. *kil- 1 T kil'il(-laame) old hound 817. *kil'- 2 T kil'uo- calm (of the eyes) 818. *kile- 1 T kilej- to fly or to leap up high 819. *kile- 2 К kild'i. bo:- vagrant; KD kild'iyo--, RS kild'ik to wade К kile-, kil- to wade U *kulke- 'to move, to wade' (UEW 198) //Nikolaeva 1988: 227; LR 153 820. *killəK (ńa:čədə-)killəbə- to fall down and roll; to skim on the water (of a stone)

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821. *kilpə/*kilwə К kilbə moss 822. *kimč'ə-/*kimjəK kimd'i:- to fight; KJ kimd'i-; KD kimd'i-; M kimdińi; MC kumčinygin war; В čimdzshingi; ME kimtschingi К kimd'əš- to tighten (TR); KK kimd'eš- to stand firm; KJ kimd'eš-; KD kimd'ecK kimd'əš please | KD kimd'ipe troops 823. *kimer К kimer film of a sinew; inner side of a hide; KK kimer; KD kimer ? U *kama 'shell (UEW 121-122) //Nikolaeva 1988: 227-228 824. *ki(m)n-/*ku(m)nK kunil ten; KK kennel, KJ kunel; KD кипеГ; SD kunel, -kynel; T kunil\ TK kunil'; TD kunel; SU kunel, M kunalin, -kunnela; MO kimnel; KL kunol, kunel, kuńil, kunoljun, kunal, -kunollie; В kuniella, -kuniella; ME kunelon; MU kunél, kunel, kunil, MK kúnel, kúnél, -kunel К kunil'o:- ten; KK kunil-, SD kunelo-; T kunil'a-; TK kunal'a-, kunil'i-; SU gunalöi; RS kungalloi; M kuneloi, kunaileoi, kunailei; KL kunolen, kunoleil, kunaleil, -kunoljaidaqy-; MK kunéljok' К kun-erkil'd'o:- nine; KJ kun-irkiled'uo-; KD kun-erkiled'uo-, SD kunelkilezo-; В čuni-irkeell-enzshien; ME kune-irkinel-endschi; MU irkin-kunél-elendschö 'nt TK kun-gunil' twenty | MK kúnel-kúnelóndscha-kunéljok hundred ? FV *küme(-ne) 'ten' (UEW 679) // Angere 1956: 73; Tailleur 1959b: 106; Nikolaeva 1988: 229 The reconstruction of the -i- is based on the MO data. 825. *kimta:K kimda. ńə- to deceive, to tell a lie (INTR); KK kimdańe-, KJ kimdeńńe-, ; KD kimdanńe-; W kimda annelan К kimda. ńəri:- to deceive (TR); KK kimdańeri-, KJ kimdeńege-, kimdeńegi-, KD kimdańeri-, SU kinduannerim-, RS kimdannerim 826. *kin К kin who; KK kin, KJ kin\ KD kin\ T kin; TK kin; TJ kin-; TD kin-, kiń-; SU kinak; M kin, -kin; KL kinlele; В činet-ta; ME kinet-ta К kil'l'ə whose | T kinid'eŋ to nobody | TD kinolelk nobody; somebody U *ke/*ki 'who' (UEW 140-141) // JU 72; FUV 24, Angere 1956: 68; HUV

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164, Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 140; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; LR 140, 143, 154 827. *kinčK kižo:- light (of weight); KK kižuo-; KD kid'u-, kid'o-, kid'ue-, kid'uo-; ? RS kenoi fine; MC kindoj KD kid'ued'it, kid'uon easily; kid'uol ease 828. *kinč'ə T kiid'e demon, evil spirit; soul; TK kid'e; TD kid'e 829. *kinč'ilK kid'ilbo:- languid, sleepy 830. *kininč'ə К kind's month; moon; KJ kinid'e; KD kinid'e; SD kinise, kińze; T kind'e; TK kind'e-; TJ kind'e; TD kind'e-; SU kened'e; RS kynež'a, kynéd'a; M kinéd'a; KL kiniča, kinind'a; В kininsha, -ginendsha; ME kinindscha; MU kinínsche; MK kinédsche TD kind'en-poterxo- full moon The medial vowel was syncopated. 831. *kinle RS kinliž'a fox; MO kille In MO the consonant -n- is assimilated to the following -/-. 832. kiŋna MO kingi ski Ev. kiŋna 'wooden ski' (TMS 1 396) // Tailleur 1959: 93 833. *kinńərə T kinńero, kinńoro, kinńera, kinńora pr. (a place, a mountain) 834. *kino T kiine cinema; TK kino Rus. kino 835. *kiŋtə-/*keŋtəT kiŋdigii- to feel disgust for (TR); TK kiŋdigi-, kiŋrigiT kiŋduu- full of disgust; TK kiŋdu:? К keŋdə- to grudge | T kiŋdid'e smth disgusting; drawback in smb's

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character; kiŋdije dump If the К word belongs here, the root shows the irregular correspondence К -е- ~ T -/-.

836. *kire ? MO kir'e knife ? U *kurV 'knife' (UEW 218-219) or Ev. gir- 'to cut' (TMS 1 153) // FUV 29; UJN 120; HUV 149; UEW 218-219; Tailleur 1959a: 106; Angere 1956: 49; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; Rédei 1999: 39; LR 146 837. *kirijə T kirije name; TK kirije-, TJ kirije-; TD kiriye-, kiriyanT kirijes- to name; TK kirijes-; TD kiriyecT kirijen-gönme namesake [lit. name man] 838. *kise-/*kičeK kiššə-, kiše- to show; KK kiše-, KJ kiše-, kičeše-; T kise-; TK kiise-, kise--, TD kice? KK kigie-, kigiet'- to show | ? T kikči- to show and then hide (TR) | TK ki.st'i- to show many times Some forms demonstrate the following phonetic changes: *kičesə- > kičsə- > kišsə- > kiše-/kise-. 839. *kit-/*kičK kičil end; beginning; KK kit'il; KJ kičil, KD kičil; SD kicil, -kizil-; T kičil + prohibition; TK kit'il, TD kičil, В gačyl, -guitshel + tail; ME -kittschil К kičitə- to finish (TR); TK kit'iteT kitnii- to follow a track; TK kitni- to check the way К kitńə- to reach, to finish somewhere (INTR); KJ kitńe-, kitne- to jut out, to stick up; ? SD -kete-, T kitnuT kitńuo, kinńek, gitńuo, gitńer, TK kitńo, kitńer, TD -kitńyo, -gitńer К kittə-əjl'əj endlessly [lit. without end] | KD kitin up to the end, till, up to | T kittičuu- to finish, to lose strength; kitlek up to, till; kičuo- to be at the end of smth; kiči- to forbid ? FU *kača 'end, point' (FU 110) // JU 78; HUV 162; UJN 118; Angere 1956: 129; Tailleur 1959a: 417; FUV 86; UEW 110; Nikolaeva 1988: 227; Rédei 1999: 45-46; LR 146 The variation -t č- is irregular. 840. *kitca: К kitča: two-year old reindeer female

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841. *kitńəT kitńe- to choke; to suffocate 842. *kittəK kittəd'e:- jealous (INTR); KJ kitedie-, T kittid'ie-; TD kited'ieK kittəč- jealous (TR) 843. * kiweT kiwere-, kiwure- to plane; TK kiwureT kiwered'uol shavings; TK kiwured'ol TU *kuwa- 'to plane' (TMS 1 421) In Yukaghir -rə- is a suffix of transitive verbs. 844. *ki:wəT kiiwe- to move (of a fontanel) T kiiwej-rukun smth frail and thin [lit. thin thing]; kiwijii top of the head; kiiwije thin, frail part of smth; fontanel 845. klešči KJ kileči pincers; KD kili.či; SD kileši Rus. klešči 846. kljapcy KJ klepča:, klapča: trap for fur animals Rus. kljapcy 847. ključ KD kluč lock Rus. ključ 848. kniga К kinigi: part of the stomach of ruminants where the cud is digested; KD kinige; TK kińige book Yak. kniga < Rus. kniga 849. knjaz' KJ kińeš prince Rus. knjaz' 850. *köče-/*kečeT köčege- to leap, to jump, to gallop; TK köt'igej-, kot'egej-; TD kucahai-,

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kočegei-, kucuhaiT köčid'ie- to rush about; TK köt'id'i-; TD kucady-, kočiyiT köčegerej-, köčegoore- to attack (TR); köčid'ie pr. (a woman); ? köčid'ibe meeting place | TD kočid'ibo- fidgety | TK köt'egerej- to drive; to chase; köt'egeste gallop The vowel *-e- was probably labialized, cf. other similar forms. 851. *köčejk/*kečejk TK kot'ejk modal marker (may, let) The vowel *-e- was probably labialized, cf. other similar forms. 852. *köδK köd- to gather, to tighten (a rope) (TR); KK kod-, köd-, kot- to pull out; to tighten The consonant *-δ- is reconstructed based on the alternations in K, cf. köt (IMP). 853. *köγel-/*köŋkəl-/*keγelKJ kogelgie, kogelgi pr. (a man) 854. *köγimə/*köŋkimə KJ koyime pr. (a Yukaghir clan from Upper Kolyma); T kuojme', TK kojme-, kuojme- Kolyma Yukaghir; TD kohime ? KJ koŋgiina pr. (a river); koŋgiine-d'i, koŋgiini-d'i pr. (a Yukaghir clan that lived on the river Koŋgiina) T kuojme [rect. ko.jmə] < kojimə < koyimə. The reconstruction *köŋkimə is based on the old hydronyms konghini (Sauer 1802) and koŋgiina. 855. *köj К köj fellow, boy; young man; KK koj; KJ koj; KD koi; SD kioj; T köj; TD kod'ed-uo-; RS koi, koid-; В -goin; ME -gon; MU ketegé boy; son К köjpə, köwpə young man; KJ kojpe; SD -kiojpe-; T köjpe, kejpe; TK kojp-, kojpe, kejp-; TJ koipe-; TD keipe; SU keipa К köjbunnu- to brag (of a man); KK kojbunubo-, kojbunnu-; TD koimunubo-, RS koimonnui К köjd'əde: teenage boy; KJ kojd'adie; KL kojenžende\ В koindzshenda unmarried К köjd'ed-ö: boy [lit. man child]; T kuod'i:d-uo, kod'ed-uo; TK kuod'ed-u, ko:d'ed-uo\ TJ kod'ed-uo', TD kod'ed-uo T köj-ńolol drake, male of a bird [lit. male duck]; TD koi-nolol T köjdie elder brother; TJ koidie + elder male cousin; TD koidie elder

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T kuod'e-ile herd of male reindeer [lit. male reindeer]; köjii drake U *koje 'man' (UEW 167-168) // FUV 13; UJN 116; Bouda 1940: 76; Angere 1956: 127; JU 80-1; HUV 158-9; Krejnovič 1958: 236; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; Rédei 1999: 38; LR 146, 154 856. *köjkK köjkil' stump; KJ kojkil; В *koikil; ME koikil 857. *köjki T köjgi great part of smth The word is phonologically unusual and may have a complex morphological structure. 858. *köjlə T köjle- to split; to become broken, to break into crumbs, to break into pieces; TK köjle-; TJ kojle-\ TD keule-, koile К köjlə rubbish; rags; T köjle piece; TK köjle К köjhš- to break; T köjles- to break (TR), to tear; TK köjles-; TJ kojlesh-; TD keule-, keulec- + to embroil T köjluu hole; TK köjlu:, köjluK köjl'e:nu- torn | TD keulunebo- brittle, fragile | TK köjlute- to make a hole 859. *köjrinč'ə T köjride smoke; TK köjride; TD keurid'eTK köjrid'ite- to make smoke; TD keured'iteT köričeń- polluted | TD keurid'ito- fire for making smoke to protect oneself from mosquitoes | ? MK kóënt-dáandsche candle 860. *kö:kə К kö. kə head (of a fish, of an animal); KK koke; KJ koke; KD koka К kö.kə-l'oŋke: young of an arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) [lit. big headed] | KJ koked-amun skull [lit. bone of the head] FU *kokka 'sharp protruded part, hook' (UEW 171-172); cf. Yak. dial. ko.ko 'fish head' (DSJJ 115) // Bouda 1940: 76; UEW 172; Nikolaeva 1988: 228-229; Dolgopolskij 1998: 72; LR 146 The Yak. word is likely to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 861. *kököK kökönək, köknə hook used to hang the kettle on a tripod over the fire; SD gogono wooden hook for hanging clothes to dry

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К kökö-ra: hook TU *goko, Yak. köxö 'hook' (TMS 1 158) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 862. kokora К köko.rəj curved down; tree stump submerged in the water Rus. dial, kokora (ESRZ 277-278) 863. koi KD koi pole Rus. koi 864. *kölT kölmuo- lean; TK kölmo-, kölmuoT köld'e lean; kölmu- to become lean 865. *köl'T köl'il snipe T kölil-juod-amun knot on a diy willow root [lit. snipe skull] 866. kol'co KD kol'ečke, kol'čuo, kol'čue ring Rus. kol'co 867. kö:ləke: SD kiolaka navel, umbilicus; T kuolekee Ev. kö. leke, kö. len (TMS 1 420), cf. Chuk. kil" (Mudrak 2000: 75) The Ev. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 868. *kölkəK kölge.l hill covered with forest; KJ kolgerteje + pr. (a man in folklore); KD kolgel ? SD kogalga pr. (a mountain); KD kogolgiye 869. koloda KK kolode door post; KD kolode Rus. koloda 870. kolot' К köli:- to prick К kölej- to prick Rus. kolot'

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871. kolotit' KD koloči- to nail Rus. kolotit' 872. *kö:lpKJ kuolbienu- to jump An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 873. kolton К költən tubular fallen birch bark of which vessels for berries are made Rus. dial, koltun, kolton '(snuff-) box made of birch bark' (ESRD 241) 874. kolyma T kulumaa pr. (a river) T kulumskaj pr. (a village) Rus. kolyma 875. *kö:ma T kuomun-čaa brushwood made of willow; BO -qomo; KL -kumanča; MK -kutand-scha [rect. -kumand-scha] ash T kuomuk dry willow; kuomu- to get dry 876. *köńT köńuo- skillful; TK końo877. *köŋK köŋe:- to chop; KK köŋie-, koŋie-; KJ koŋie-; KD koŋie-; T köŋie- to undo, to unrip; to cut; TK köŋie-; TJ kaŋie-; TD konie- to cut a skin or a fish К köŋu: split; crack; KK kuŋu: + scratch; KD koŋu: К köŋuji:- to chop; KK kuŋuji-, koŋuje-; ? SD goneko- broken К köŋd'i: anvil; KD koŋd'in-yabod К köŋd'ə- to forge; KJ koŋdie-; KD koŋd'e-; RS końdel KJ koŋda- to take off | SD qongolbon- vulva [lit. smth split] | TK köŋiere- to cut 878. *könč'ə К köd'e worm, caterpillar, larva (on a reindeer); KD kod'e; T köd'e; TK köd'e+ caterpillar; TD kod'e- + insect; MC -konty; В -kondzsha; ME -kontscha FU *kuńc'V 'worm (in animals)' (UEW 205) // Lewy 1928: 287; JU 160; UJN 120; HUV 160; Nikolaeva 1988: 229; LR 146

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879. *könčəK köže-, köže:- to scratch (of a bear), to scrape (chamois); to strike on the leg with hot ledum branches to cure rheumatism, to cure with hot water bottles; KJ kod'ej- to rub; KD kodei-\ T körieK köže pr. (evil spirit); SD kiož-epie pr. (female evil spirit) К köžed-en pr. (the river Shamanixa, traditional territories of the Šalugin family); KJ kod'ed-an, kod'ed-en; SD kiožad-an К köže-lebe: uneven hilly place [lit. scratched land]; köže:- to become dismembered; köžed-arimə traditional triangle-shaped ski used on deep snow; köže-menməgo:-, qožo-menmego:- hilly [lit. where the man named köže jumped] | SD kiožad-an-angil pr. (a mountain) | ? В kondzsha hole | ? ME kontschu hole 880. *könč'ə T kuod'es- to tie up; TK kuod'esT kuod'e leather belt for tying things up 881. *kö:nč'ikil' T kuod'ikil' two small nails on the rear of the front legs of a reindeer An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 882. *köŋč'ilə К köŋd'ilə larva inside fish or meat; worm 883. konfeta KK konpieta candy; T qampiet Rus. konfeta 884. *köŋe:KJ koŋiege having stood still 885. końkovyj TK końkewej pr. (a river) Rus. końkovyj 886. könö К könnərdej- to straighten (TR) Yak. könö 'straight' (JRS 178) 887. *könöńči ? В konondshi stone used as black paint

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888. *könpə К könbə halo; KD końben- haloed (of the sun or moon); RS kanbélun ring 889. konstantin TK konstantin pr. (a man) Rus. konstantin 890. *köntK ködin enough; right; KK kodin; KD kodin, kodiń К ködinme:- sufficient, enough; correct, right; KK kodinmie-; KJ kodinme-; KD kodinme-, T ködińban-; SU kodynmei straight; RS kadynmei ? T -ködi- modal marker (affective) | TD kodinbener in time | ? RS kedylei boring 891. *köntə T köde person, human being; TK köde; TJ kode, -göde; TD kode, gode; MC -konda; BO końdo, -kondo; MU koónschi KJ kode me, with me; T kedel body; oneself; ash; TK kedel oneself T köden-mooje soul [lit. holder of the man]; TD koden-moiye host T ködenaa shadow; reflection; TK kodena:; TD kodana: T könpe people; TK könpe; TJ konpe-; TD konpeT ködeńe- married (of a woman); TK könne-; TD -gońneT könde- to get married (of a woman); könčekaan, köndie pr. (a man); könńe relatives; köndeγa on the same place; köded-ono idol dressed in clothes sewn from pieces of the skin of reindeer legs [lit. man's idol]; köden-mutil feeble person; köden-toroje smth human [lit. man's blackness, i.e. shadow]; köngi husband; könčiekaan throng of people; kedell'e own | TJ kodeŋolesh- to give birth I TD koded-amun grave; kode-punil-kode killer Cf. PA *gentVimale' (EDAL 541) 892. *köntəK qodo:- to lie; KK qodo-; KJ qodo:-, qodo-; KD xodo-, xodo:-; TK kuduoquduo-; TD xudol-, xodo-, xodol-, xodei- + lazy; SU kodol, kodój; M kodoi, xógojo; ? MO kizeja; В konda. k; ME kontok К kude:- to put down; KK kudie-; KD kudie-; T kudie-, kudi-, kude- + to keep somewhere; TK kude-, kudieK qodotə- to put into, to charge; KK qodoto-, qodote-; KD xodoto-; TK kudieK kudede :lə- to have a miscarriage; KD kudedul'eK kuded'i: fighting man; KJ kudeči, kuded'i; M kúdad'i, kúdad'ip К kudedə- to kill; KK kudede-; KJ kudede-; KD kudede-; SD kudede; T

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kudere-, kudere-, kudire-, qudere- to put (down); TK kudere-, kudire-, qudere- to lay down; TD kuderi-, kudere- to bury; to judge; SU kudededyn\ RS kudedek, -kudedei; M kúdada, kúdadam, kúdadat, kúdadak, kúdadaŋik, kúdadoi, kúdadaŋa К qodo handful; kudeči.jə murderer; kuddeš- to put under (TR); kuddu:- to have a miscarriage | KD kuded'e- to fight | T quduod'e-maγil fur shroud [lit. lying coat]; kudie- to lay down | TD kudeči- to put down many times | TK kuduoji- lying down; qodej- to bury; kodena: shadow S *konta 'to sleep' (SW 73) //Nikolaeva 1988: 229; Rédei 1999: 49; LR 146 The stem exists in the front and back forms. They seem to have emerged under the influence of the front or back vowel in the second syllable. 893. kopylo KD kopul' vertical pole joining the deck of a sledge to the runners Rus. kopylo 894. *körK kurul covered barn on four poles; KK kurul, KJ kurul, KD kurul, korul, körul; SD kurul К kurutə- to bury; KJ kuruteT körigej- to become covered with a thick layer of mud 895. koral' T karaal' enclosure for reindeer Rus. dial, koral' 896. *köri: T körii pr. (a man) 897. korjak К kerekə Koriak; KK kereke, KJ kereke KJ kereke-polut pr. (a man) [Koryak old man] Rus. korjak 898. *körkT körkige- to run in wave-like leaps (of a wolf); TK korkigienujo899. korma KD xarama- stern KD xarama-laxuci, xarama-laxuči scull Rus. korma

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900. *körölə TD korolan-pime flea 901. koroi'ki К köröl'ki: beads; KK когоШ:, korolki\ KJ korolki; KD koroi'ki Rus. dial, koroi'ki 902. korova К qorobə cow; KK qorobo; KJ korobo\ KD korobe; SD korobo-, gorobo\ T kerewe\ TK kerewe; TD koroua: К qorobələ-a- to milk [lit. to do the cow] Rus. korova 903. *korowo:l T karawaal tale, myth; TK karawal, korawal; TJ korowai, TD korowol The synharmonism is irregular. 904. *körpK kurpul lungs; KJ korpul; KD korpul, ME korpol 905. *körtFe: KD kortl'ie, kotle- burbot (Lota Iota); T kösl'e; TK kösl'e\ TD kot'le; SU kortle\ В -gortley, -kotlendzsha; MU kórtle T kösl'edie pr. (a lake); kösl'eki pr. (a lake); kösl'ečaa lake rich in burbot | TD ko(r)tlen-titaband'e-oludula lizard [lit. frog looking like a burbot] The word-internal *-rt- has developed into -s-, cf. К marqlo: > mašl'ö:. 906. koryto К köritə trough for feeding dogs hollowed out of a whole tree; hollow in a tree; KK korite pan, trough; KD koride; TD korite KD koriten- concave Rus. koryto 907. kostyl' KJ kočtilne- on crutches; KD kočtil'ne-; SD koktilneRus. kostyl' 908. *köt- 1 SU kotum, kotuk to dig; RS kotuk SU kotuw pit; mine; RS kotu; ? В -kotunda

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? К kutujo:d'a: pr. (a place in the upper basin of the Jasačnaja) | ? KJ kutuč pr. (a man) 909. *köt- 2 KK kötine- thick; T kotine-; TK kötine-; TD kotinei T kötigej- to become thick or fat; TK kötigej-, ketegej- + to swell; TD kotegei-, kotigei- to grow fat T kötirke smth thick or bulging; TK kötirkeT kötineńge INTJ (how thick!) 910. *kötkə- 1 T kötkej- to reach, to come (INTR); TK kötkej-; TJ kotkei-; TD kodkiečeT kötkerej- to bring; TK kötkekej911. *kötkə- 2 T kötkes- to encounter problems, to be at a loss (TR); TK kötkes- to try T kötkelge INTJ (how difficult!) 912. kovš К köušə-ra: ladle, scoop; KK kowše; KJ kouše-re, kouše; KD kouce, kouce-ra\ SD koukša Rus. kovš 913. krejnovič TK krejnowič pr. (a man) Rus. krejnovič 914. krepost' К krepoč pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk); KJ krepoč; SD kiriepas Rus. krepost' 915. krest К kries cross; KJ kreč; KD kireč; SD krus-; TK kiriesta; TD kirec KJ krečide- to cross oneself Rus. krest 916. krivorot KJ kriborot pr. (a man in folklore) Rus. krivorot

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917. krošit' KD kroci-, koroci- to crumble KD krocke crumb Rus. krošit' 918. krugom KJ kurgom all round; KD kurgom Rus. krugom 919. krupa T kurupaa hulled grain Rus. krupa 920. krutoj KD kurutoŋo- steep Rus. krutoj 921. *ku: ? MO ku snow U *kumV 'thin snow' (UEW 204) // HUV 160; UJN 116; UEW 204; Nikolaeva 1988: 247; Rédei 1999: 39 The phonetic development may be as follows: *kumV> кит > kuw > ku:. 922. kubulunTD kobulni-, kobulnu- to pretend Yak. kubulun- 'to be capricious' (JRS 185) 923. kuča KD kuče pile Rus. kuča 924. *kuδe- 1 К kudelarə- to gather; to be going to do smth (INTR); В kudalaraga beginning; ME kudelerka beginning К kude-, gude-, kudu-, gudu- to become, to begin; to turn into; KK kude-, KJ kude-; KD kude-; T kure- to do, to act; TJ kudie-, kurie-; В -ghodak, -kudi; ME -kutak; W koendejanck T kurči-, -gurči- to become, to happen; TK kurči-, -gurči-; TD kurči-, kuriči-, -gurčiT kurije-qajčie ancestor [lit. clan grandfather]; TD kuriye-xaičie great-grandfather

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KD kodei- to gather (TR); TK kudej- to get up К kudejə family, clan, ancestors; origin; KJ kudeje, SD kudeje, T kurije-, TK kurije-, TD kureye, kuriye К kudel'o:- neat; smart; kudel'ə- to be going to do smth, to prepare to do smth I KJ kudeči- to become | KD kudeiči- to become | T kurije-saal worshipped tree [lit. clan tree] | TJ kodeŋola- to change, to alternate 925. *kuδelə-/*kunteləKK kudeleje- to chatter 926. *kuδenč'ə К kuded'ə liver; KJ kuded'e, kuted'e; SD kudaze\ kudentsched- + intestines

ME

kudentscha,

927. *kuγe SD kiokanga penis; T kuge; TD kugen; MU gugé, kaká T kugu-ruske testicle [lit. penis bowl]; TD kugu-ruske 928. *kuγin- ? MO kugindiq to scream, to shout 929. *kukK kukul devil; KK kukul, KJ kukui, KD kukul; SD kukul, T kukul; TK kukul ghost; TD kukul; RS kukulgin, kukul, kukud-; M kúkul, kukud-; MU kukúl\ MK kukúl, kukúndaiT kukupe devils; TD kukupeK kukud-eje gun [lit. devil bow]; KJ kukud-eje; SD kukud-aja К kukuljərd'i:, kukujəd'i: pr. (a tribe of reindeer herders who live in the Tundra, probably Chukchi or Even); kukun-nodo cuckoo [lit. devil's bird]; kukun-lebejdi: sort of berries [lit. devil's berries] | T kukurej- to become evil like a devil; to become rabid; kukuńeńge INTJ (the devil!) 930. kukatan T kokotaa closed end of a sleeve in a child's overall Ev. kukatan 'gloves' (TMS 1 405) The word may have been borrowed from the Ev. dialects that use -o- in place of -u-. 931. ku:keki К kukki: Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) Ev. ku. keki, kuke.ki 'jay, Siberian jay' (TMS 1 427)

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932. kuku.T К кики: I' sleeping-bag; Т kukuul' Yak. dial, kuku. l (ESRD 314) 933. kukuška KD kukucka cuckoo [lit. devil's bird] К kukuška-pujl measure of length (the distance between the thumb and the middle finger) [lit. one blowing of a cuckoo] Rus. kukuška 934. kul' T kuul' bag, sack Rus. kul' 935. *ku:I'a T kuul'e entrance hall in a Russian house TU *kuli, *kul-ti 'threshold; to fence' (EDAL 736) 936. *ku:I'a:rmə T kuul'aarma pr. (a lake) 937. kulebjaka К kul'ba.qə dish made of boiled fish with berries; KD kulubaxa Rus. kulebjaka 938. *kulempə T kulube chamois boots for summer; TK kulebe Cf. Yak. kulluka, kulluča 'fur stockings', Evk. kulpe, kulpeki:, kulimej 'fur boots' (TMS 1 428) 939. *kuiempəj T kulebej, kulubej black polar fox (Felis arcticus); TK kulebej 940. *kul'ika: T kul'ikaa-amun spherical ends of the shin-bone 941. *kultərki: К kuldərki: common woodcock (Scolopax rusticola)

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942. kul'tura TK kultura- culture Rus. kul'tura 943. *kumun T awjaat-kumun since yesterday T tadaat-kumun since that time 944. *kunču: К kužu: sky; KK kužu, kužu:; KJ kudu:; KD kudu, kud'ur, SD kužu; T quruul; TD kurul, kuru, xorul', xorul; SU kužuw; MC kuntugi, kundugi + day; BO kúńžup sun; В kundshw, ME kuntschu; W koendsjoenga, koedzjuga К kužu:d-oŋil Universe [lit. split of the sky]; kužu.d-oŋora:, kužu.n-šöril'ə rainbow [lit. tongue of the sky]; kuzu.n-ped'ih northern lights [lit. sparks of the sky]; kužu:-tite-d'el'onəŋo:- blue [lit. green like the sky] | T quruud-iiwaa sky mother [lit. sky milk]; quruul-juod-ewče zenith [lit. sky's top of the head]; quruul-unmed'uo rainbow; quruun-qajčie sky grandfather | TD kurul-ločilčil lightning [lit. sky's fire] In T q- is irregular. 945. *kuneK kuńd'ə glue; KJ kund'edK ktmd'əd- to become sticky; KJ kuned'iK kuńd'ərej pr. (a man); KD kuńd'ero:-, kund'ebo- gluttony К kuńd'əš- to stick (TR); KK kuńdieš-, KJ kuńdiešK kuńd'əń- sticky | ? SD kunzad-abut pr. (a mountain); container made of birch-tree bark used for keeping tea leaves and boiling water OU *ko:n- /*kana:- (Honti 1984: 151) // Bouda 1940: 76; Nikolaeva 1988: 229; Rédei 1999: 46 The middle vowel -e- is syncopated in most forms. 946. *kunilil TD nie-gunilil friend 947. *kunkəT kungere- to tear; TK kungerie- + to pluck; TD kungare-, kungere- + to shave; to tousle the feathers T kungekuu bare patch on fur; kungekuu- to lose fur (of skin); kungej- to grow bare (of fur)

2 2 8 8 Dictionary

948. *kuŋkunč'e: К kuŋkud'e: gadfly 949. *kuntK kuńńə- dirty; KK kunńe-', RS kunnei К kuntə- to make dirty (TR); KK kunte-; KD kunteK kudul mud; dirt; KK kudul, KD kudul, В kundun\ ME kundun\ MK kúndschut К kund'əγa: dirty person 950. ku:ntuk К kuntuk sparse wood; pr. (a settlement) Ev. ku. ntuk 'clearing, tundra' (TMS 1 434) 951. kuotTK kuote- to win a competition Yak. kuot- 'to run away, to overtake' (JRS 190) // Krejnovič 1958: 250 952. kupec KD kupeč merchant Rus. kupec 953. *kurKJ kur- to clutch U *kure- 'to tie together, to fasten together' (UEW 215-216) // Nikolaeva 1988: 230; LR 142, 154 954. *kura:tli: T kuraatlii hat worn by smb being buried Cf. Ev. dial, kurætli 'cap' (TMS 1 435) The Ev. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 955. *kurč'əK kurčəŋ Siberian white crane (Grus leucogeranus); KK kurčen, kurčeŋ; KJ kurčeŋ, kurčekie', KD kurčeŋ К kurčəka: short coat with fur inside or made of chamois which in winter is worn under an overcoat; kurčəŋ-lebejdi: cranberry [lit. crane's berry]; ? kureqəti: Siberian white crane | KD kurced-abud'a snipe [lit. crane grandmother] ? U *karke 'crane' (UEW 128) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 230

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956. kur'ëz К kure.sńə- to amuse oneself Rus. kurjëz 957. kure: К kure: fence T kuried-awur three main poles of a yurt [lit. fence container] Ev. kure: 'fence' (TMS 1 436) 958. *kureləT kurelej- zealous T kurelejke- to choose as an object of derision 959. *kuril' T kuril' ornament made of coloured pieces of w o l f s or dog's skin, sewn up at the back of the coat and given to the shaman as a fee; TK kuril payment to a shaman for curing smb T kurilii- to recognize, to remember; to know; TK kurili-, kuruli-, kurili-, gureli-, giriili- + to see; TJ kurili:--, TD kurili- + to feel T kuriïič- to ask; TK kurïïiti-, kuriïit'i-, TD kurilitT kurul'uo- to be seen; TK kureïuo-, kurul'uo- + to appear; TJ kurel'ioT kuril'te- to make a notch (TR) | TD kurilid'iel question | TK kurilow pr. (a man) 960. kuru:k К kurulubuj, kirilbuj, kuru. k always, all the time, gradually К kuruk always, all the time Yak. or Ev. kuru. k 'always' (TMS 1 438) 961. *kuseTJ kusheγei- to overtake The word probably contains the back -и-. 962. kustuk К kustuj axe made of ore SD kustuk arrow ? Yak. kustuk 'arrow with a head made of metal or bone' (Pekarskij 1927: 1260)

963. *kute: К kute: summer yurt cover made of smoked skin or chamois; KJ kutie

2 3 0 8 Dictionary

964. *kuto:j T kutuoj miscarriage (of a female reindeer); TD -kutoi + (of a woman) 965. *kuweBO kuwémoj to grow BO -kúwoj big 966. *kuwe/*kumpə К kube, kuba rust; KK kube KD kubene- rusty 967. kuxljanka KJ kuqlanke fur coat with fur inside; SD kuqlengka; T kukl'aanke short fur coat of the Chukchi type, with the fur on the outside; TK kukl'ankaRus. dial, kuxljanka (ESRD 314) 968. kuznec KD kud'neč blacksmith Rus. kuznec 969. kymńy: К kimni: whip Yak. kymńy: (JRS 207) 970. *kyntəna: T kidanaa pr. (a place) 971. *kyqmərəK kiqmərəš- to cure 972. *kyrča:nə К kyrča:nə pr. (a man in folklore) 973. ladan KJ ladan incense Rus. ladan 974. ladit' К la. d'i:- to repair, to mend, to adjust; KD ladiRus. ladit'

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975. ladoń KJ ladoń palm Rus. ladoń 976. *l'aγ-/*I'aŋqT l'ayurqa upper body 977. *laγajək/*laŋqəjək KJ laγajek, layajeq pr. (a man in folklore) 978. *laγal'ə-/*laŋqal'əT layal'es- to skin; TK layal'e-, TJ layal'esh-; TD I'ahalecT layal'end'e skinning of a reindeer 979. *laγalə-/*laŋqəl'T layalayaluu- tedious; tiring, fatiguing T layalaya INTJ (how boring!) 980. *l'aγaw/*I'aŋqəw К l'arau, l'aγau lowland; KK I'ayaw canyon, ravine; KD I'arau, I'ahan [rect. l'ahau\, TK I'ayaw 981. *lajaT lajaa behind; after; TK laja, laj-; TJ -loja\ TD -loya T lajuo- last; TK laj-, lajouT lajawre back part of smth; TK lajewre T lajite- late; TK lajiteT lajγudeŋ backwards; earlier; BO lojúgońdo\ KL lóaginda\ MK lojógunda T lajebe offspring, descendant; the last one; TK lajebe, lajebo remainder, rest T lajen, lajane later, lately; TK lajene, lajen T lajare- to leave; TK lajere-; TD layireT lajuolel-muoqatke pr. (a lake) [lit. last white broad-fish]; lajieya penultimate nomadic camp; lajamu- to stay, to remain; lajaa-risqa small finger [lit. last finger]; lajaad-od'e muscles of the buttock [lit. back drop]; lajares- to leave; lajd-uo, lajbed-uo youngest child in a family; laja thigh, haunch, hind legs (of an animal); rear of smth; lajad-ugurče hind legs [lit. back legs]; lajuolel-semnel pr. (a lake) [lit. last place where many people died]; lajmukuol-nime small yurt where a dead body is kept before burial; lajayare rear; lajyar behind; lajyaren-daal butt-stock [lit. back tree] | TD

2 3 2 8 Dictionary

loje-čald'a little finger [lit. last hand]; layen- to leave | TK lajγudeŋ backwards; lajewre- to leave | BO lojúlańgat left 982. lajat' T lajse- to bark; TK lajse-, TD I'aiceT lajse bark, barking | TD laicari- to bark at (TR) Rus. lajat' 983. *l'a:jə К ja:jə, Ta:jə, ńa.jə spleen; T l'ukú-ïaaje\ ME laie ? U *δ'äδ'wä 'spleen' (Lapp) // Nikolaeva 1988: 223 984. *lajnT lajnu- to fight; TK lajnu-; TD lainulaineT lajniiče war; TK lajnit'e\ TD lainid'eT lajniičečii soldiers 985. *l'al'u: T I'aTuu pr. (a woman) 986. *lalwəT lalwii- to press; TK lalwiT lalwije extra blanket; food reserve left in the tundra for the future; TK lalwije, lalwie; TD lalwiye TK lalwerej- to cover; to press; TD lalburei- lalborei- to pinch; to roll over; to throw down T lalwes- to cover; lalwii-raal platform on four poles used for storage [lit. pressing tree] | TD lalwiral wooden barn | TK lalwej-, lalwuo- covered with snow 987. *la:mə T laame dog; TK laame, laama\ TJ la:ma, la:me\ TD lamo, lame, lami 988. *lampME lambul spear 989. lampa TK lampe lamp Rus. lampa

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990. *lampəl- ? MC lambol'aq after 991. *lampunmə T labunme willow-ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus); TK labunme; TD labunme T labunmečaa place abounding in willow-ptarmigan; labunme-sugud'eńcoward [lit. with the willow-ptarmigan heart]; labunmed-enu pr. (a river) [lit. willow-ptarmigan river] 992. *lamtəMC laudap low; MU namdátschit U *lamte- 'low; deep' (UEW 235-236) // Tailleur 1959a: 417, 1962: 97; Nikolaeva 1988: 230-231; LR 146 The alternation of the initial /- ~ n- also occurs in leme ~ neme, lalimə ~ nolimə. 993. lamut К la:məd'i: pr. (a tribe that used to live in the upper basin of the river Korkodon in the mountains of Argaatas, probably the Even); T laametkaan pr. (a Tungus tribe) T laamed'aa man riding a dog team; laame-riska dog's claws [lit. dog's finger]; laamen-jalγil pr. (a lake) [lit. dog's lake]; laamen-burie red bilberry [lit. dog's berry] | TD laimadie puppy Rus. lamut or Ev. la.mutkan (ESRD 350-351) 994. *la:nT laanńe- to run at a trot 995. "lanč'K lad'i:- to smoke (TR); KK lad'i-; SD lasiKK lande- to become smoked; KD landeK lad'il smoke used for drying smth; KD lad'il К lad'itə- to smoke (TR); KK lad'ite-; KD l'ad'ite-, lad'iteK lańńə- smoke-dried | SD lasil-emelie smoked cover of a yurt 996. *l'aŋčə К jaŋžə goose; KJ jaŋže\ KD yaŋže\ SD jangza; T jaŋde, jaŋre; TK jaŋre, jaŋra, jaŋde\ TD yańd'ert-, yuŋd'e-, -yańd'e\ SU jaŋža\ RS janž'e\ M jagže', MC ljangjaja\ В landzsha-, ME landscha\ MU Ijä'rtgdscha, Ijä'rtgdschand-; MK Ijáangdscha, lljángdscha T jaŋred-ayare sunny warm autumn days after which it becomes colder [lit.

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goose breath]; jaŋren-kičie big mosquitoes [lit. goose mosquito]; jaŋre-d'ii pr. (people of the Yukaghir Goose clan) [lit. goose people] 997. *lanč'inT lad'id'aa slowly; TK lad'id'acr, ? В anindzsha [rect. lantindzsha] gentle; ? ME anindscha [rect. lantindscha] gentle T lad'inban- slow, calm; ladïn-gurčii- to become calm; lad'ineŋ calmly; slowly FU Väfflc'V*weak, slack' (UEW 240-241)// Nikolaeva 1988: 233 998. *laŋqəK laŋi towards, to (PP); KJ laŋi\ SD -langi; TK laŋK laŋdə(t) on the side of (PP); KK laŋde-, KJ laŋde-; KD laŋide, l'aŋide; SD -lengdet, -lengdat, TK laŋude, luŋude К la.yət from the side of (PP); SD -lagan-, T laayar side; TK layar, laykT layayas- to disperse, to separate, to diverge; to lie about; TK layayasT layane- rare, scattered; spread; TK layaneT laŋle, laŋul side; half; laŋyačeń- disarranged (of hair); laŋal'es- to ruffle; laŋyaa pr. (a woman); laŋyaatege pr. (a dog); layačeń- scattered, spread; layayaj- to disperse, to diverge, to separate; laŋud'aa, laŋudeŋ like smth, about smth | TK layad- to disperse; layayarej- to separate; to spread ? TU *la-kV, *la-ŋ 'near' (EDAL 859) The comparison with Tungus may be valid if -(ŋ)q- in Yukaghir is an old suffix. 999. *IantT ladil wrist; TK ladil forearm; TD ladil T ladin-čuo bracelet protecting the hand from the bow-string [lit. wrist iron]; TD ladin-d'o: 1000. *Iantəqun T ladaqun how much; as far as, so far as 1001. laptaŋa К laptəŋa: northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) Yak. dial, laptaŋa (DSJJ 149) 1002. *laq- 1 К laqil tail; bottom (of the body); KJ laqil, leil-- KD l'axil'; SD laqil; T laqil-, TK laqil, TD laxil, RS likil tail; BO leqél, KL lyqil, В lačyl; MU Ijáchýl; MK lýkhal

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К laq-uši: stern steer of a boat; KD -lax-uci, -lax-uči: К laqid-i:čə buttokc es; fish tail [lit. end of the bottom]; laqin-čičke: dragon-fly [lit. long tailed] | T laqin-ńuod'ijaa Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) [lit. tail fringe]; laqid-eku: anus [lit. bottom hole]; laqind'uoje soft part of the buttock 1003. *laq- 2 T laqul' lungs; TK laqul T laqund-uo small lung [lit. lungs' child] 1004. *l'aqa-1 К jaqa- to reach, to come, to arrive (INTR); KK jaqa-; KJ jaqa-, jea-, laqa-, lea-, leqa-, je-\ KD ïaxa-\ RS läxai, läxaini\ MC jaqangi; MO Ijaren [rect. Ijaqen] to walk К jaquji:- to get somewhere; KK jaquji-; KD I'equyiK jaq hortative marker (come on, let us); KK jaq\ KJ jeq, jak\ KD yax К joqtə- to bring; KK joqto-, KJ loqto-, loqte-, KD l'oxto-, yoxtoK jaquja:rə- approaching; ? jaqaj also, too, as well ? FU *läkte- 'to leave, to go out' (UEW 239-240) The origin of the vowel -o- in the first syllable of some forms is unclear. 1005. *l'aqa- 2 К l'aqan slot in a beam used to split it while making a boat; KD I'axan ? T iban-laqal part of a slope opposite the rocky part [lit. rock slot] ? FV *lakśe- 'to hew, to break' (UEW 683) In К the final -n may be a suffix. 1006. *l'araT jaraw-, I'araw- slow; fatiguing, lasting intolerably long T I'aralwuol- sickly, puny; l'arajγa, jakajya INTJ (tiredness, boredom); jarayii- to find smth very tiring; I'arajyii- to think that something is long; to feel impatient (TR); l'arajγiireŋ impatiently; larune- elastic, springy; I'aruyato tremble (of bones when smb is lifting smth heavy); to be elastic; to be noisy; Taruyas- to bend elastically 1007. *larqK larqul root; KK larqul, KJ larqul, SD -lanqul [rect. -larqul]; TD larxul tribe, clan; В larkul, ME larkul\ MK -tarchúl [rect. -larchúl] ? FU *särV 'root; vein' (UEW 437) // Bouda 1940: 87-88; UEW 437; Nikolaeva 1988: 220; Rédei 1999: 47

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1008. *la:runtəTD la.rude-nienu- to ask 1009. *lasT lasuya- to rush about, to do smth in a hurry (INTR) 1010. *lasaT lasawe-, lasune- thick (of fur); TK lasaweT lasučeń- to bulge; to heap up; lasune- thick (of fur); hairy; lasurqa bush; lasuu pr. (a man) | BO lášawo, lašáwa hair 1011. laska KD lačkoŋoŋo- good-natured Rus. laska 1012. *la:tnəj К la:tnəj pr. (a mountain; a woman in folklore) An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 1013. *latur T latur white-winged scoter (Menalitta fusca); TK latur 1014. *law- 1 T law- to drink; to smoke; TK law--, TJ lau(če)-, laule-; TD lau-, laul-, louT lawje water; TK lawje; TD lauye T lawjeme late autumn; TK lawjeme\ TD lauye, lauyema T lawnijaa alcoholic; lawječaa place abounding in water; lawjemdie, lawjemkie, lawjumdie small lake; lawjebuńge INTJ (thirst); lawje-rukun drunkard [lit. water thing]; lawjed-ekuu ice-hole [lit. water hole]; lawjen-ruske scoop [lit. water bowl]; lawjen-čuoraske bucket [lit. water caldron]; lawjen-menči(i)če water carrier; lawjeduube, lawjedube hill on the plain where polar foxes cub | TD lauite-, lawute- to give to drink; lukun-louye source; me-laudieńen- to have lunch | TK lawjus- to pour water (TR) 1015. *law- 2 К labut floating log or snag; KD labuf, T lawur, TK lawur heaps of tree trunks on the bank of the river К labun-ža:, lamun-ša: floating log; KJ labun-šar, KD labun-da; RS laun-ša root К labun-ža:d-ö: bastard [lit. floating log child]; KD labun-dad-uo

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T lawurnaačiil pr. (a river) ? FU *lVppV'floating log' (UEW 257) //Nikolaeva 1988: 230 1016. *leK lellu- downstream; KJ lelu-, lelle-, SU lellyke\ RS lyledK lede down the river; in the North; KK lede\ KJ ledude\ KD lede К leddə downstream; to the North; KD ledule; В ledinda North; ME letynda North К ledenme:- low; KK ledemie-; KD ledeme-\ RS ledemer, В *ledemnee:\ ME ledemmi; MK ledémei К lellə-d'i: people who live downstream [lit. downstream people]; leddəd northern; ledeme:d'ə low place; lellugə- North | KD lellugut from beneath FU */F'under' (UEW 258) //JU 106; UJN 120; FUV 31; HUV 164; Angere 1956: 129; Tailleur 1959a: 417; UEW 258; Nikolaeva 1988:231 1017. *l'eδeməčil/*l'entəməčil KJ ledemečil pr. (a man) 1018. *l'əK l'ə- to be, to exist; KK le-- KJ le--, KD le-\ SD /е-; T l'e-; TK le--, TJ le--, TD le-, la-, SU lei, léjek, lei, lény, lekin\ RS léngi, lei] M lei, leje-, leŋi, leílúi, ledeídagana + to approach; MC -let, la--, BO lej, letemo-, KL leni, Ijanunj, leda, ley, В lay, liak, -lae + life; ME lei, -lai, te:k [rect. le:k], -lae + life; W le, leti, legatei, led К 14:- to have; KK lienu-\ KJ //. -; KD /'/-; T /'//-; TK Л-; TD li:TK line- independent, self-contained, well off; TD line-, li. neT lebul place where smth or smb is; TK I'ebul К l'əgə(k), l'ə- parenthetic word; T lege, le-, l'eŋ\ TK lege, leK l'ək INTJ (let us, come on); KK %'; KJ le, lei + what К l'ədə without, independently of (PP) | T I'uolya, luoluolya instead of; I'eril place where smth or smb is; lie indeed U He- 'to be, to live' (UEW 243-244) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 287; JU 81, HUV 164; Angere 127, 162, FUV 32, UEW 243; Nikolaeva 1988: 232; Rédei 1999: 47; LR 142, 154 1019. *leγK leg- to eat; KK lek-, leg-, lew-, ley--, KJ leg--, KD leg--, SD leg--, T lew--, TK leg-, lew-, log--, TJ leu-/leg-\ TD leg-/leu-\ M laktämla, lagúl, В lagul; ME lagk, lagul, MK léi К leŋdə- to eat (INTR); KK leŋde-\ KJ leŋde-\ KD leŋde-\ SD lengde-, lengdio--, TK lewde-; TJ leude-; TD lende-, leude-, SU landewudéje', RS

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landak, ? loidek, landinubaken- + to bite; MC landyk, KL lagdaj; В langdal; ME langdak, -langdega; MU léngdetsche, léngebúndsche; MK IjandýbaK leŋdijə big old-style wooden spoon; KD leŋdi, leŋdiye; T lewdii fork; TK lewdi: К legul food; SD legul; TK legul food; TJ legul, RS -lagu, lagul; MC -lyq\ MK -jágul; W -liagel К legitə- to feed; KK legite--, KJ legite--, KD legite-; T lögite-; TK lögite-; TJ legite-, logite-, TD legite-; RS lagitek, M lagiita\ В lagetak; ME lagitak К leŋdəjo:j glutton (a person); legej- to eat up; ? leŋžubə European wigeon (Anas penelope) | KJ legud-u:ša:nube piece of reindeer skin on which meat and bones are cut [lit. place where food is moved]; pr. (a man in folklore) | T lewdienube eating place; restaurant; legud-amud'e tasty food [lit. food goodness]; legul-mend'e hook for taking meat out of a pan [lit. food taker]; lögikid'ieje poison; lögiesinńeu March FU *sewe-/*seγe- 'to eat' (UEW 440) // Bouda 1940: 88; UEW 440; Nikolaeva 1988: 220; LR 157 1020. *le:γə-/*leŋkəT lieya- to rush The vowel harmony and synharmonism are irregular. 1021. *leγur-/*leŋkurT ličien-legurńel sound made by male reindeer 1022. *IejK lejdi:- to know; KJ lejdi-\ KD l'eidi-, T lejrii--, TK lewdii-, lejri- + to remember; SU leidy, RS leidy; M leiduxi К lejtej- to recall, to learn; KK lejte-, l'ejte-\ KJ lejde-, lejte-, KD leitei-, leitei--, T lejtej-, TK lejtej--, TD leitei--, SU laitamik К lejtəč- to remember, to recall; KK lejtet'-, lejteš-, T lejtejseK lejtək INTJ (it serves you right!); lejtəd'ə- to remember, to recall; lejtəd'e. l riddle I ? T lejkičuu- to take a nap | TD leiterei- to remind of; to make understand ? U Hewδä- 'to find' (UEW 247) // Paasonen 1907: 21; JU 105; Nikolaeva 1988: 231 1023. lejka К lejkə, ńejkə lamp which uses fat; candle; T l'ejke\ TK lejkeT l'ejke-saγanebul candlestick [lit. place where a candle sits] Rus. lejka

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1024. lekarstvo KD lekarče medicine, remedy Rus. lekarstvo 1025. *l'ePT l'e luge- to dangle, to hang loosely 1026. *lelčəK lelžə- to growl (of a bear) 1027. *l'elpəK l'elpə- to send The cluster -Ip- does not normally occur morpheme-internally. 1028. *leme К leme, neme what; KK leme, neme-, lemdik; KJ leme, lemlik, lemdik, KD lemedie, lemdedik, T leme, neme; TK nime, ńime, neme\ TJ neme\ TD lemen, neme, name, nemeńolel', SU lomogol, lemen', RS lomogól, lomdók; M lómdak, ? MC lompyj- [rect. lomyj-] work; ВО lóm'lo', KL lomdak, В liómlentak, lemle-', ME lomlendak, -laemle KK nomoqo why; KJ nomoŋol, nomoqo, lomoqo + something; KD nomoqo К numun/numud with what, how; KK numun\ KD numun/numud, В lumun; ME lumun, numun T lemkumun why so ... ?; nemediń INTJ (uncertainty about the possibility of doing smth); nemie till what time; nemen what kind of; lem but why; modal marker (possibility) Some forms show back synharmonism. The vowel -u- in the first syllable is probably the result of assimilation to the second syllable -и-. For the alternation /- ~ n- cf. *lamtə-, 1029. *leml'ə T lemle owner, master, host; boss; TK I'eml'e, lemle', TD lemle, lemńe T leml'e- to be suitable, decent; to feel well; to be brave | TK leml'emu- to recover after a disease 1030. *lempice: T lebičie INTJ (how fast!) 1031. *lemtəčəT lemtečeń- to have one's front tooth fall out (INTR)

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1032. *lene- ? BO lenej to jump 1033. leningrad TK leningrat, leńingrat Rus. leningrad 1034. *lenmK lenmun(n)ə- shaggy; KK lanmune-, KD lanmune-; T lenmune-, lanmuneto droop, to snow in flakes (of the snow); to be dangling К lenmuge:, leŋmuge: pr. ( the mountain Argaa-Taas) | T lenmurke rags; lenmuge-, lanmuya- to flutter in the wind; to walk waving one's arms about; lanmul'es- to hang smth so that it sags; le(l)bučeń- hairy, shaggy TU Hendu-, *landu- 'to swing; to be shaggy' (TMS 1 491, 517) 1035. lenta KK I'ente band; KD leńte Rus. lenta 1036. *lentə T lede INTJ (horror) 1037. *lepe- 1 К lepni:- to smear with mud or clay К lepnə- smeared with mud or clay; lepegədej- to smear with mud or clay ? TU *lipa- 'to smear, to poach in mud' (EDAL 861) 1038. *lepe- 2 T lepegej- to break off, to chip off (INTR); TK lepegejT lepeguu smth chipped off; TK lepeguu T lepetterej- to tear off abruptly; lepeges- to chip off FU *rVppV-/*reppV- 'to burst, to split (INTR)' (UEW 427) // Nikolaeva 1898: 247; LR 146 There is no initial r- in Yukaghir. 1039. lepëška T lepieska flat cake Rus. lepëška 1040. *lep(k)K lep(p)ul blood; KK lepul, leppul; KJ lepul; KD lepul; SD lokpul; TD

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lepul\ MO nepao [rect. lepao]; В lio.pkul; ME lobkul, labkul К lepudə- to start bleeding; KK lepute-, lepude- to stain with blood К lepud-abut part of an elk's stomach, used for making a bag to keep blood to be used as food [lit. blood container]; KJ lepud-abut ventricle К lepun-čugö vein, blood vessel [lit. blood road]; KK lepun-t'uge\ KJ lepun-čugo-, KD l'epuń-čugo\ ME labgin-tschuda [rect. labgin-tschuga] KD lepkud-iče blood relative [lit. end of blood] ? FV *leppä 'alder' (UEW 689) // Nikolaeva 1988: 231 The semantic development can be reconstructed as follows: 'alder (red willow)' > 'red' > 'blood'. Some Yukaghir forms point towards the reconstruction *lepk-, where -k- could be an affix. 1041. *leptKD leptule-lodol' ball game 1042. *lerKJ lerul girl; TD lerul' 1043. *le:rT lieraj- to burn; to touch The word is an exception to vowel harmony, as it takes the suffix -ajinstead of the expected -ej-. 1044. *lerpə-/*lerbəKK I'erpele- to hang down (of the lower lip); KD lerpeleKK ïerpuńi- to lower one's lip | T lerpuu shaggy dog; pr. (a woman); lerputketke shaggy dog; lerpučeń- hairy; lerpukie hairy male dog; lerpunehairy TU *ler(be)- 'swinging; shaggy' (TMS 1 500, 518) 1045. *leseT leserke (torn) rags FU *leśe-/*liśe- 'to strip (of leaves), to bare' (UEW 246-247) 1046. letat' BO lytéč' to fly Rus. letat' 1047. *lewe: К lebe: land, earth; KK lebie; KJ labie; KD lebie, I'ebie; SD lebie-; SU -lywje, lewje; BO leweńgat; KL lewega; В levye, liebe + floor; ME leviya,

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lebi + floor; MK lewé; W levianh К lebe:d-u: fish-roe [lit. earth child]; KJ lebied-uo; KD l'ebied-u; MU lebénd-ul; MK lewénd-ul T lewejn-burebe nature; homeland [lit. cover of the earth]; TD lewein-burube universe К lebe.n-pugiï wood goblin, master of the earth; KD lebien-pogil; SD lebien-pogil К lebe.də- to move encampment; KD lebiedeK lebejdi: berry; KJ labeidi; SD lebejdi; В leviéndi, -loviendi, -levienda-; ME leveentie К lebe:n-ke:hštə wood lark [lit. drying the earth]; lebe.n-šörilə flower [lit. earth ornament] | KD lebiye-legul edible roots [lit. food of the earth] | T lewejn-burebe-eńie mother nature; lewejn-duul, lewejn-tuul bowels of the earth TU *lebe:(n) 'swamp, marsh' (EDAL 872) 1048. *lewejT lewejl summer; TK lewej-; TJ leweile warm; hot; TD leweiT lewejl-molnube place where one spends summer ? FV *lämpV 'warm' (UEW 685-686) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 1988:232 1049. *lewke: T lačin-parile-lewkie kind of owl T sal'il-lewkie hen-harrier 1050. li(bo) KJ ilibu, lubu or; T il'ibe or; SU li if Rus. li(bo) 1051. *ličT ličie six-year old reindeer bull; TK lit'ie, lit'ije domestic male reindeer; TD ličie T ličuorke reindeer female; TK lit'uorke; TD ličorko, ličorke T ličien-sal'yarrejuol castrated male reindeer [lit. bull's breaking] 1052. *liγe-/*luγeK lige- old; KK ligel-; KJ lige-; KD lige-\ T luge-; TK luge-; TJ I'ugo-; TD luge-, lugu-; RS lyge; В ligai age; ME ligai age К ligumu-, ligemu- to grow old; T lugumu-; TK lugumu-; TD I'ugumuT lugul'uu aged; lugumun-poyod'e pension money [lit. oldness money]

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1053. *liγíw-/*IiŋkiwT ligiwuo- full (of food) 1054. *liγiwə-/*HŋkiwəT ligiwe- to tell one's fortune (usually with a breast bone of a willow-ptarmigan) (INTR) 1055. *limpəT libene- tender, soft T liberke branching towards the end of the antlers of a reindeer; libegej-, libel'e- to become fluffy, downy (of fur); libečeń- fluffy, downy 1056. *limpilinč'i: T Iibilid'i-nime furuncle 1057. *IiŋkəT liŋgeče scum T liŋgeles- to cover with scum; liŋgerkee smth covered with mud or scum The cluster -ŋg- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1058. *IintəT liidej- to crumble, to fall to pieces; TK lidej- to go apart; TJ li.de? KJ lidiennui to get filled 1059. *li:pə К li:pə spade made of poplar for shoveling up snow while putting up traps; KD lipe FV *lippV 'spade or board used as a spade' (UEW 690-691) // Nikolaeva 1988: 232 1060. *lirT liručeń- to have long fur (INTR) T lirukie smth with long fur 1061. *l'ir- 1 К iril stomach, belly; KK iril; KJ iril; KD iril; SD iril; T liril; SU liril; RS jiri; В liéril, ME lyril; MU lirír'; MK liril, lirilK irińə- pregnant; KK irińe-; T l'irińe-; TK lirińe-; TD Urine-; SU lirilnyn; RS jirinei, irin-; MC jurinyj, juriny fat; BO lerénej; KL lirinej KD irid-igeye saddle-girth, belly-band; SD irid-igej; T lirid-igije T l'ir-kitikií back; buttock [lit. end of the stomach]; TK I'ir-kitikil'

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К irigən-erčo:n glutton [lit. bad in his stomach]; irilgi-əl-kičińi glutton (of a person) [lit. his stomach has no end] 1062. *I'ir- 2 T I'irie- to rely on (TR) T Tird'e delegating one's responsibilities to smb 1063. *I'ir-/*l'erK irkd- to tremble, to shake; KK irkej--, KJ irke-, KD irke-, irko-; T l'irke-, TJ lirke- to practice shamanism; TD irke-, lirkeKJ irkeje shaman; T jerkeje, Ierkeje shaman's tambourine; TJ lirkeje shaman's tambourine; TD lirkeye, lirkeye- shaman's tambourine T jerkeje-pajdii, jerkeje-bajdii shaman's beetle [lit. tambourine's beater]; TD lirkeye-paiduK irkušej- to frighten; KJ irkušaj-\ KD irkuceiK irkud'ə- to shudder; KK irkuji-; KD irkud'e-; T l'irkejed'- to practise shamanism; TK lerkejed'i-\ TJ lirkejezi-; RS yrkiéov, В lirkúndzshï, ME tirkuntschei [rect. lirkuntshei] К irkej- to get frightened; irkiéəš- to frighten | KK irkijibo- nervous; irkujto startle I T l'erkejend'e shamanizing; l'erkejeń- to shamanize; Teruge- to shake slightly (INTR); I'erud'i- to shake slightly many times | TJ lirkejesh- to practice shamanism | TK I irkej shivering, fever The word shows the unusual correspondence К -/'- ~ T -e-. In К the initial /'was lost, probably through the intermediate stage j-. Given some T forms, -kə could be a derivational affix. 1064. *l'ireT ïirere- to blow; TK 1'irekej-; TD lirereT I'irekije draught | TD lireres- to cause to blow 1065. lišnij KD licnoŋo- more, extra Rus. lišnij 1066. *l'iteK itegədej- to pierce; T liteges- to strike, to beat; to forge; TK liteges- + to shave; TD liteges-, litegasT liteged'ije forger; TK liteged'ie T I'itegend'ed-albe anvil; TD litegeńd'ed-alba T liteged'i- to forge; TK liteged'iT litene- strained, keen (of a look); l'itegeń- to forge; litegend'e hammer for

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forging; liteguo- beaten; (čumun-)ïiterke, literke bare flat place on the top of a hill; litegej- to become strained, keen (of a look) | TK liteged'iekie hammer for forging In К the initial /'- was lost, probably through the intermediate stage j-. 1067. *li:təT liite- to divide, to separate; TK litrejT liitterej- to separate some reindeer from the herd 1068. *I'itekT litekne lightly, without causing any disturbance (of one's walking) T litekne- to move easily (of smb's legs while walking) 1069. *liweT liwuo- calm; TD liwuo- late T liwekeluu- tedious; liwekelge INTJ (boredom, sleepiness); liwumu- to get accustomed to (TR); liwuojneŋ calmly; liwure- to comfort smb (TR); liwe- to entertain, to amuse; liwed'ii, liwid'ii amusement; liwire- to miss 1070. *ločK ločil fire; KK lot'il; KJ ločil; KD ločïï, ločia\ SD locil; T lačil; TK lačil; TJ lačil, TD lačil, ločil; SU lačid-, ločil, ločila; RS ločil; M ločil, KL lačel\ В lotshel, lotshen-, ME lottschell T lačided-uol stove [lit. fire frame]; TK lat'ided-uol; TD lačided-ol, ločidod-ol' fireplace in the yurt T lačid-end'ii splinter [lit. fire burner]; TD ločid-enbe К ločid'i: steel for kindling fire; KK lotidi:; KJ ločidï, T lačid'ir, TK lačid'v, TD lačidi', RS ločiedy, В lotshenda К ločid-u:ri:, ločid-u:ši:, ločin-u:ši: steel for kindling fire; double intestine of a bird [lit. moving firewood]; ločil-u:ji:-, ločil-a:- to cut wood [lit. to do firewood]; ločidəj- to flash; ločin-qal'l'u: wooden chips [lit. fire driftwood] | KJ ločil-pedije fire-place [lit. fire burner] | SD locil-ci lightning | T lačid'ii-kudičii white down from a willow (used for starting a fire) [lit. laying of a steel]; lačid'ii-qajl' flint [lit. steel's stone]; lačin-januyasče wooden poker [lit. firewood collector]; lačid-endii splinter [lit. wire lighter]; lačid-amun brushwood [lit. firewood bone]; lačid-önid'e, lačid-anid'e ash [lit. fire sand]; lačin-parile-lewkie kind of owl; lačin-meruu ritual name of fire; lačin-bare fire-brand [lit. fire basis]; lačinčaa place with much wood; lačin-memderiče shavings, chips [lit. what makes fire flame]; lačin-legul two logs used to keep the fire in the fireplace [lit. fire food]; lačin-sisayasče, lačin-sisaγasiiče wood-cutter | TJ lačin-sisaγasnube place where one cuts

2 4 6 8 Dictionary

wood I TD lačin-ki.d'e fire spirit; ločid-enbe fire-place | TK lat'in-legul log burning on a fire [lit. fire food] 1071. *l'o:δəK jo.də- to play; KK jo.do-, joda-; KJ lodo-, lodio-; KD lodo-, l'ado-, lodo-; SD lodo; T l'uora-, juora-; TK l'uore-, l'uora-, jora-, juore-; TJ lore-, joro-; TD loro-, lore-; SU lodaje; RS loodek, loodán; В lioda; ME liota К jo. dəri:- to play with (TR); KD I'odori- to win in a game К jo:dəjə toy; KD l'odiye; T juorii; TK I'uori, juorii T luoriiče, juoriiče competitions, games; TK I'uorit'e KD lodibe going out; I'odod'a- to have fun, to have a good time; lodod'al common games | T juorpej-, I'uorpej- to joke, to play a trick on (TR); ? joočii- to amuse; to entertain (a child); juora game | TD I'ore-gonme beloved; l'očirind'en marriage; wedding; ? l'oči- to carry | TK I'uorej person playing a game 1072. *l'oδo К l'oda.q face downwards; KK ludaq; KJ loda.q; KD loda.x, lodo.x; T liraaq KJ lode down T -/'- is unclear 1073. lodočnyj KJ lotočnoj pr. (a place on the Kolyma); SD lotocaj Rus. lodočnyj 1074. *löγMC logu, -logo reindeer; MK légouf[rect. légouk] elk T lögikind'e wedding; reindeer killed after the death of a man; TK logikind'e food T lögur call of reindeer male TU *lökü- 'elk; deer' (TMS 1 509) 1075. *l'oγ-/*l'oŋqK I'oyi:- to castrate; KD lohi1076. *loγoMC sogond-onde salt; logódy-chonól TU *saKV(EDAL 1204)

В

logodu.shinu;

ME

logotunkeinu;

MK

Dictionary

247 5

1077. *loγoT loγore- to wash (TR); TK loyoke-; TD lohoreT loyod'e- to wash (INTR); TK loγod'e; TD lohod'eT loyorii rags for washing up; blood of a reindeer used to wash hands after a funeral; loyod'aanube washstand OU *lδγ- 'to wash' (Honti 1984: 159) < U *lukV-/*luyV- II Nikolaeva 1988: 232; Rédei 1999: 47 The PY *-γ- is reconstrcucted based on the Uralic correspondence. 1078. *Ioγompo:r/*loŋkəmpo:r T loyobuor roots of wind-fallen wood 1079. *I'öko:rəT l'okuorej-ńawńiklie black polar fox with high quality fur 1080. *IölT löl- to bring up, to give an upbringing, to educate; TK lölT löld'-eńie stepmother [lit. upbringing mother]; TD I'old'ed-enieT löld'e, löld'emaa stepfather; lölde- to lull to sleep | TD lalmel-uo-, lalmen-kod'edouk adopted child, foster-child 1081. *lolimə T lalime sledge; TK lalime; TD lalima, lalime] MU nalimme\ MK nalýma T lalimed'aa people with sledges; lalimekaan little sledge; lalimen-juo front part of a sledge [lit. sledge's head]; lalimen-ńoyod-ayiï skin of a one-year old reindeer calf used as a rug on the seat of a sledge [lit. sledge bed]; lalimen-tolii long stick made of dried willow between the front part and the legs of a sledge [lit. sledge stick]; lalimed-ugurče legs of a sledge Cf. Ev. nolima 'sledge' (TMS 1 604) // Krejnovič 1958: 249; LR 165 The direction of borrowing is unclear, but in any case the Ev. data demonstrate that the Yukaghir word used to have -o- in the first syllable. For the alternation /- ~ n- in Yukaghir see leme ~ neme and *lamtə~. 1082. *l'ol'oqə SD lologodie pr. (a stream); T I'ol'oqodie pr. (a woman) 1083. *lolqəK lolyə- to boil (INTR); KK lolyo-; KJ lolgo-; KD lolgo-, lolha-\ SD lolga-\ T lolya-\ TK lolya-' TD lolho-, lolheK lolyəš- to boil (TR); KK lolyoš-\ KJ lolgoš-\ KD lolhoc-; SD lolgaš; T lolyas-; TK lolyas-; TD lolhec-

2 4 8 8 Dictionary

KK lolyadaj- to boil (TR) | T lolyije spray from boiling water; person who speaks quickly; lolyasiiče person who constantly boils smth 1084. *l'omč'ə/*lomjə К ïomd'ə moisture, humidity; KK lomde\ KD I'omd'e К l'omd'ə- to shed hair, feathers; KD I'omd'eK lomd'u:- humid, damp | KK lomd'ed-, lomd'eš- to shed hair or feathers 1085. *lömp-/*lumpK lubul top of a boot; KK lubul' gusset in a boot; KD noil'-l'uhul\ ME lombul shin, shank ? U *lampa 'snow-shoe' (UEW 234) 1086. *l'öŋ- 1 К l'öŋńə- large, big; KD l'oŋneK ïöŋkə large fish; KK jonke large, big К l'öŋńumu-, l'öŋke.mu- to grow larger 1087. *l'öŋ- 2 К joŋčə, lomčə, ńumčə bell; KK joŋśe, joŋt'e-; KJ joŋče, loŋče; KD l'oŋče, yomče; T joŋče, jöŋče\ TD -yońče-; RS jonča KK joŋńe- ringing; T jöŋneT jöŋerke smth ringing; joŋčen-čoyoyol tinkling of a handbell; jöŋtege pr. (a place); jöŋńii- to make smth ring; jöŋńiiče smth ringing Cf. Ost. (Obdorsk) loŋxali 'bell' (DEWOS 845-846) 1088. lončak KD loncak three-year old elk Rus. dial, lončak (ESRZ 342) 1089. *l'onč'u:/*l'onču: KJ lod'u: youngest wife; KD I'od'u 1090. *Ionlə ? SU lonla lungs 1091. ToŋnəK joŋno:- worn out; KJ loŋne- bored, perforated; TK joŋne-, joŋńe1092. *l'oqqəK joŋno:- open; KK joŋne-, T joŋne-; TJ loŋo-\ TD l'ońno-; SU jogonei

Dictionary

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К joŋni:- to keep open; KD -loŋni-; T joŋniiK joγaj- to open (INTR); KK joyojT joŋotej- to open (TR); TK joŋotej-, TD l'ońotaiK joγodaj- to open (TR); KK joyodaj-, joyodej-\ KJ loγoγodaj-, loyoŋodaj-, loyodaj--, KD I'ogodaiTD l'ońdei-, lońdečinu- to open (TR) | MK -Ijongaljáschnoje opener 1093. *loŋqə ? MU longgá bow 1094. *lontK londə- to separate, to let off, to take away (TR); KK londo-; KJ londo-, londe-, londa--, SU londana to skin К lonči:- to take down; loda:- to separate, to leave (INTR) The elements -da- and -či:- are suffixes: *lont-də- > lon-də-, *lont-ji- > lort-či:-. 1095. *loŋtəK loŋdə- to dance; SU londače, londanik, longdok, RS londak, MC landygik, MO lojundak, В longdok, ME longtok 1096. *lopčə К lopčə pr. (a man in folklore); KJ lončuo [rect. lopčuo] 1097. *lo:qə T luoqa hook made of bone; hooked instrument for digging out birch trees from the snow; poker T luoqačend'ekukun smth hooked; shaman's attribute; luoqaa man having a nose with a low bridge; pr. (a man) | TK luoqat'end'e hump-backed 1098. *lo:qəT ńi-luoqas- to quarrel ? TK ńi-layarleri- to attack 1099. *IoqoT loqoyo- to walk in a light springy gait; to rise (of the sun); TK loqoyoj- to rise (of the sun); to get better (of smb's life) T loqnii, loqnije float; TK laqnije T loqnii- to burst out; to protrude from inside; loqne- protruded, violent; loquo- violent; harsh

2 5 0 8 Dictionary

1100. *1огK lorqa:j- unable to do smth (TR); KJ lorqai-\ SD lorqaj- to grow decrepit; T lorqo- to think smth too difficult К ïorči:- to suffer 1101. *lörT lorine- beautiful (of fur) T loričeń-, lukučeń- luxuriant (of willows); to have long fur (of a hat); lurukee smth with long fur; person wearing a hat with long fur 1102. *losijə К lošijə, lošija: pr. (a man in folklore); KJ lošija: 1103. loskut KD ločkut rag Rus. loskut 1104. *lötT lötine- dirty T lötii pr. (a woman); lötil'uu dirty creature; lötil'es- to soil, to dirty; lötige- to become dirty 1105. lovit', lovuška RS lowitaik to try M lowúška trap Rus. lovit' 'to catch', lovuška 'trap' 1106. lovkij К lopkoŋo:- suitable Rus. lovkij 1107. *löwK löudu:- to fall down; KK lomdu-; KJ loudu-; KD loudi-, lomdi-, loudi-; RS logdui\ M lowdúgi К löudə- to drop; to take off; KK lowde-, lowdij-; KD loude-; ? MO -loudok К lömdijə, jömdijə precipice | KK lopśi- to drop The alternation -w m- is irregular. 1108. *lowiδa-/*lompiδa-/*lowintə-/*lompintəKJ lobideč- to look

Dictionary

251 5

1109. *lowo-/*lompəKD lobal seine(-net); SU lawol\ RS laol KD loba.či- to catch fish with a seine-net The vowel harmony is irregular. 1110. *l'öwunč'ə-/*l'öpmunč'əK l'öbud'əń-, jöbud'əń- smoked 1111. ložka К loškə-ra: spoon; KK loška, loške\ KD locke KD lod'kad-abut sack [lit. container for spoons] Rus. ložka 1112. *l'u:K ju:l smoke; KK Jul, ju-\ KJ ju:l, lu:l\ KD M, yul; SD jul; RS jun-\ KL /ум/; MU ljul, MK Ijúl + sand KD yudei-, yu.dei- to smoke (TR) К ju. ńi:- to smoke (TR); KK juńi-, KD yu. ni-, yuniK ju:-legul, i.-legul flour [lit. smoke food]; RS jun-lagu; MC jel-lyq\ MK Ijúnd-jágul bread; W lün-liagel К ju:čə breath; KJ lu:če; KD l'uče, čučen-; SU luča\ RS luča\ В leutsčénni, lewsha + stream; ME lutsche, lutscha + spirit; MU lútsche К ju:čədej- to sigh; KK judej-, KD l'učedeiK ju:čə-ra: fire for smoking out mosquitoes; KK juśe-ra-; KD l'uče-ra К ju:čəh-qond'i:-,julə-qond'i:to faint [lit. to drag one's breath] U *lewle 'breath; soul' (UEW 247-248) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 86; JU 81; HUV 164; UJN 121; Tailleur 1959a: 418; UEW 248; Rédei 1999: 47 The phonetic development is likely to be as follows: *lewle > lew- > lu:- > l'u:-. The first consonant was palatalized before a long vowel. 1113.lu:ča: К lu.či: Russian; KK lut'v, KJ luči\ KD l'učid-; SD euš'i [rect. luši], jici-\ SU lučín, lučípa, luči; RS luči\ M lučin К lu:či:d-o:ži: vodka [lit. Russian water]; MK lotschénd-ondschi К lu:či:n-borod'ina: blackcurrants [lit. Russian currants]; KD luči-morod'ina red currants К lu:či:(n)-numö pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk) [lit. Russian house]; KJ luči-numo, luči-nume

2 5 2 8 Dictionary

KJ lučid-legul dried crust [lit. Russian food]; luči-jou syphilis [lit. Russian illness] Yak. or Ev. luča, lu. ča (TMS 1513) 1115. *lučina KD lučine kindling; SD lucine Rus. lučina 1116. *luγur-/*luŋkurT lugurubul tray for meat made of the skin under a reindeer's hooves; TD lugumul 1117. *lukT lukul ground, earth; land; TK lukul; TD lukul TK lukud-od'e dew [lit. water of the earth]; TD lukud-od'e T lukul-burebe place; land [lit. top of the earth]; TJ luku(n)-burube-\ TD lukun-burube T lukun-sisiγuu, lukun-sisayuu cleft, fissure [lit. earth split]; lukud-amud'e flat land [lit. goodness of the earth]; lukud-albe lower land [lit. bottom of the earth] I TD lukun-louye source [lit. earth water]; lukun-burube-ki.d'e goddess of the earth [lit. spirit of the surface of the earth] | TK lukuldol tomb 1118. *l'ukK juku- small, little; KK juku -; T juku-, juku, I'uku-; TK luku-, I'uku-, TJ juku-; TD luku-; SU juku, lyki-; RS juke-, lyki-; В lukun, luki-, lukund-; ME lukull-, lukunt-, lukunt-\ MK IjukiK juko:- small, little; KK juko-; KJ jukuo-, lukuo-, juko-; KD l'ukuo-, yuko-; SD jukio-; T jukuo-; TK l'ukuo-, I'uko-; TJ lukuo--, TD l'uko-, luko-, lukuo-, SU jugún-, lykoi, lyko-; RS lukaondi, lukoi; M l'ukó; MC jekčeń little; MO ceqej- [rect.jeqej-], tiqo- [rect. juqo-]; BO júqčoń, júqčo, júqčon; KL ljukon, ljukon; В lukool-; ME luckon; MU likó, likótschit; MK Ijukóń, ljukon, Ijukoń, IjukóndK jukumu- to grow small; KK jukumu-; TD l'ukumuK jukuńe.jə, jukunume:, jukunme.jə (small) mouse; KJ juguneje\ SD jukuoneje К juku-parna: crow; KD yuku-parana К juku-kuče: midge [lit. small mosquito]; KK juku-kut'ie К juku-noda: small bird; KK juku-noda\ KJ juku-nodar, KD I'uku-noda, yuku-nodar, SD jako-nata К juku-šubed'ə pulse [lit. small heart]; KJ juku-čubod'e; T juku-rugud'e К jukud-aŋd'ə pupil of the eye [lit. small eye]; KD lukod-aŋd'a:,

Dictionary

253 5

yukod-aγŋd'ar, TK jukud-aŋd'aa temple (part of the head); В Iooka-angsha; ME lukant-angscha SU lyki-pože ermine [lit. small white one]; M lyki-pod'e; В looki-pondsha К juko.žə- to make smaller; TK Vukure-; TD Fukure-; MO jekončiK juku-joŋža: barnacle goose (Branta) [lit. with small nose]; juko:d'o:n(de:) a little bit; jukud-onora: rainbow [lit. small tongue]; juko.l-kukuška-pujl measure of length (the distance between the first and the second finger) [lit. small blowing of a cuckoo] | KD yuko.čil-mald'e, yuku-mald'e Arctic bramble [lit. small cloudberry]; yuku-kučiye-kinid'e August [lit. small-mosquito month]; yuku-xartlid'e-kinid'e February [lit. little butterfly month] I SD jukjuol-šošquja small louse | T I'uku-ond'a pr. (a man) [lit. small male]; juku-jalγaa(die) small lake; jukul'e smaller one; l'uku-moń-oŋoj belly, stomach [lit. small stomach bag]; l'ukuočiil-sajre falcon [lit. small eagle]; jukud-ujeńej-rukun small birds [lit. small thing with wings]; juku-juodii, I'uku-juodii red ball in the inner corner of the eye [lit. small eye]; jokondaa swamp snipe; l'uku-ńolol Baikal teal (Anas formosa) [lit. small duck]; juuk-amaa child traditionally considered to be the reincarnation of its father [lit. small father]; jukuolel-susked-enu pr. (a river) [lit. little bowl river]; jukuo pr. (a man) 1119. *luki К lukil, lökil blunt arrow without a head used as a child's toy; KJ lokil, lokkil bow; SD loxkil, SU lokil Ev. luki 'toy arrow' (TMS 1 507) 1120. *lulK lulči:- to howl; KJ lulu-] KD l'ul'č-] В lootshi] ME lultschu 1121. *lunč'KJ lud'udie thin layer of ice 1122. *luntK ludul iron; KK ludul] KJ ludul] KD ludul] SD ludul] RS -/мл; MC lundylo] В -lundal] ME -london, -lundol] MK lundúl, -lundul К lun-bugö, nun-mugö iron cauldron [lit. iron box]; KK lun-buge] KJ lun-buge, ludun-buge] KD ludun-buge, lun-buga] SD lunbuge] TK lun-buge-] SU ludun-piga К ludun-qonžə piece of iron [lit. iron broken piece] 1123. *l'u:rəK ju.ro:- wry, crooked, slanting; KK juro-, ju.ro-] KD yu(o)ro-, l'uoro-] T

2 5 4 8 Dictionary

juuruo-; TK juro-, ju.ro- + limp; SU juror, RS juror, В yonrul К juričiš- to bend (TR); KK ju. rit'i. š-; TK juurit'ijK juríču:- to bend (INTR), to become crooked; KK ju.rit'i-, ju.rit'i:-; KD yurič-, l'urič-, T juuričii-, TK ju.rit'iK ju:ri:- to bend, to make smth crooked | T (moŋon-)juuruupe pr. (a Chukchi tribe) [lit. hat crookedness]; juurud'uol swing; juudek askance; juuruorii- to keep askew | TK ju. ru: crookedness Vowel shortening in some forms is unclear. The initial /- is reconstructed on the basis of the KD data. 1124. *l'urkK jurgu: slot, hole; KK irgu, irugu\ KJ jurguš-, iruguš-\ KD iruguc-\ SD -jurgu\ RS jirgu К jurgud'e:jd, jurgud'e.jjə star; awl; KK irugud'eje; KJ irgud'eje; KD irgud'eye\ SD jurgyzieje, jarquduje; SU lirogor, RS jirjugudeija; M jirumudr, MC jerpikinčeja; BO liringindeje; KL lirugudej-, В lerungundshia; ME lerungutschar, MK liréngindschejé К jurguš- to bore, to drill; KK irguš-, juruguš-, KJ urugu-, KD ywrugu, SD jurugugu,juruguK jurgu:gi-öjl'ə to be unable to understand a language [lit. he has no hole] | KK irgud-, jurugud- to become holed | ? RS jirumudi cracked The intervocalic -j- may optionally be geminated as in jurgud'e.jjə, cf. РФ--1125. *luto:rəT lutuore- to kill; to wound 1126. *l'uwK immu- to get drunk; KD imumu- to fool; T iimu-, iimu-; TK imu-; SU iwójema] В eventsh stupid; ME jvuentsch stupid; MU imóbujeir, MK iwómuje, Ijugóweja + full (of food) К immo:- drunk(en); T iimie-; TD ińeK jubo:- to make a fool; wild, stupid; KK -I'ubuo-; KD yu:bo-\ SD jubaK ibolbani:-, ibolmuŋi:-, ibolban- to make fun of, to laugh at, to fool (TR); KD ibolmuni:-, ibolbanT iimus- to fool; TD imus-, imiese- to make drunk К jubugə- to become full (with food), to stuff oneself; KK jubogo-, juboge-, lubugo-; KJ luboge-, luboγo-; KD l'ubugo-, luboge-\ SD juboge-\ SU luwéger, RS loogoi KD yubo.d'e- to spoil | T iimies- to make drunk; iimuluu- tiring, boring; iimulgii- to disapprove | TD i. mni mad; drunk | TK imuj-göde drunk person

Dictionary

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Cf. Evk. iwul 'wild; strange; fool' (TMS 1 295) The stem has undergone various phonological changes: */W- > К jub-, *l'uw- > juw- > ji:- > i:- > i-, *l'uw- > jum- > i:m- > im- (before -m- of the following suffix). The Evk. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 1127. *luwe-/*lumpəK lubedə- to cough; KD i'ubode-; RS luoda 1128. *luwenč'əK lubed'əń- (light) blue; KD lubod'en-; SU luwod'eni\ RS liožani; В lubandzshianni; ME lubantschianni 1129. *IympəT libatterej- to grasp abruptly (TR); TK libatterejT libaγa- to shake, to shiver; to tremble (INTR); libayii- to set; libarya smth shaking TU *lembe- 'to swing, to flutter' (TMS 1 516) or FU *rVmpV- 'to swing' (UEW 241) // Nikolaeva 1988: 247; LR 155 ( ~ FU) There is no initial r- in Yukaghir. 1130. *Iymqə T limqa peled (Salmo peled); TD leqma- [rect. lemqa-] T limqadie pr. (a woman) 1131. *Py:nəγə/*Py:nəŋqə KJ li. noya jealous 1132. *lyŋkə ? MC luiga [rect. lunga] rain; MO lango, -langeo, laigo- [rect. lango-] + water; BO lýńgej water MC -liguj to drink / MO langol'-langol'to drink water 1133. *lyŋnəT liŋna- smart, smartly dressed T liŋnalya INTJ (how smart!); liŋtaa pr. (a man); linyayaj- to become smart; liŋγarkaa smth smart 1134. ma KK ma, ma?INTJ (here it is); TD ma Ev. ma (TMS 1 519)

2 5 6 8 Dictionary

1135. *ma:T maamaa- to eat (usually of a child) The root ma.ma:- is likely to appear as a result of reduplication typical of nursery words. 1136. mačexa KD mačixe stepmother Rus. mačexa 1137. *maγK maγil coat; KK maγil, KJ maγil; SD magil, T mayil, TK mayil-\ TJ mayil, TD mahil, mahin-\ SU magyl, RS magyl, KL mihin-; В mangil, ME magil, MK máhil SD magil-nugan sleeve [lit. arm of a coat]; TD mahin-nińin К mayińəri:- to hang on all around (of children); to cling to (TR) | T mayin-burebe upper coat with fur outside [lit. top of the coat]; maγin-čiid'e bottom hem of a coat [lit. coat hem] ? TU *muKa 'fur clothes' (EDAL 920-921) В mangil indicates that the word contained the medial consonantal cluster, however other OY data rather point towards a single consonant. 1138. *maγ-/*maŋqT mayul dandruff 1139. magazin T magad'iin shop Rus. magazin 1140. majn KJ main pr. (a man) Rus. majn 1141. *malč'a/*maljə К mald'ə cloudberry; KD mal'd'e\ SD -malzo\ RS malž'e FU *molV/*moδ'V 'berry' (UEW 279) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 233; Rédei 1999: 48 1142. *maI-/*molK maluji- to doze; KK maluj-\ KJ maluj-, KD maluyiK mal- to spend (a night, a day); KJ mal- to sleep; T mol-\ TK mol-\ TD ma/-, mal-, RS -malul, В mallui

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К malaj- to fall asleep; KK malaj-, KJ malaj--, KD malai-; SU malaik, malaič К molo:- to do smth quietly and evenly (of speaking, moving) (INTR); molil silence, calm; back water of a river where there is no current | TD malol camp I TK mold'i- to spend several nights This stem shows the irregular alternation -a o-. 1145. *ma:lə T malaa(k) modal marker (here it is; let us; however); TK mala:k, ma:lek, mala, mela\ TJ ma.lek, malek, mola: T maalek modal marker (agreement) | TK ma.luu- close 1146. *ma:lə- 1 T maaluu- amazing; TK ma.luuT maalijuori- to surprise; TK ma.lejlo.ri-; TD maleyoriT malii- to amaze; maalej- amazed; maaličneŋ strange, funny; maalaγa INTJ (surprise); maalaa- to peer with curiosity 1147. *ma:lə- 2 T maala- both sides; opposite; TK ma:l-\ TJ malaγu-, maloγuT maalajla- six; TK ma.leji-, ma. lajla-, ma:leje-\ TJ malajle-; TD malaileT maalajlakla- eight; TK ma.lalak.la-, ma.lajlakla; TJ malailek-; TD malailaxla-, malailekT maalayur both sides of smth | TK ma. laγur on both sides К ma. ləγul'əlgə around Cf. PE *malruy 'two' (CED 187) // LR 145 1148. *mamŋəT mamŋańd'ed-oŋoj bag for a sledge 1149. mamontova К mamuta: pr. (the river Mamontova) Rus. mamontova 1150. *manK man-šöjïbul rat; KD man-col'bul' 1151. *mań- ? TD mańo-, mano- to freeze

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1152. *ma:nT maanńe- to protect jealously without letting smb go near smb else An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable suggests that -ńə- is a derivational suffix. 1153. *manilə/*monilə К majlə hair; KJ manaile, monaile, mońile; KD manal'ie, manail'e; SD majaïn, majylcr, T monil'e + brain; TK monil'e, TJ monile-, TD monile-; SU manéle, manele\ KL manaíapul, manal'a\ В manalláe\ ME monnole\ MU monóli + head; MK manálya T monil'ed-anyii comb [lit. hair comb]; TD moniled-anhiT monil'e-d'uo hair jewelry [lit. hair metal]; moniïen-ńuoruu braid, tress [lit. woven hair] | TD monilenu.l hair К majlə < mańlə < mańilə < manilə. The stem shows the unusual correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-. 1154. *maqarun ? TK maqarun-l'ellek some time later 1155. *ma:r- 1 T maaruo- lucky; happy; TK ma:ro(:)-\ TD maro-, того:-, ma.roT maarii- to wish well; to be fond of one's favourite work; maaruojneŋ lucky I TD marol, marol' happiness; protecting spirit TU *muru(n) 'luck; mind' (TMS 1 558)//Nikolaeva 1988: 180 1156. *ma:r- 2 T maarčii- to turn out (TR) 1157. *maraT maraya INTJ (used when smth desired is not available) T maranme idly, simply; maranme-l'ie very simply 1158. markov KJ markob pr. (a man) Rus. markov 1159. *marmjan TK marmjan pr. (a man) The three-consonantal cluster is irregular.

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1160. *marq- 1 К marqil' girl; KK marqil', marqi-; KJ marqil; KD marxil; SD marqil; T marqil'; TK marqil; TJ marqil, marqel; TD marxol, marxel, marxe-; RS markil, markilge; KL marqildieh, В marcel; ME markell KD marxidie little girl; TD marxeldie teenage girl К marql'-ö:, mašl'-ö: daughter [lit. girl child]; KJ marql-uo; T ma(r)ql-uo + niece; TK marql-uo; TD marxl-uo; KL martl'-ugi; В *marčl-o:o; ME markl-u; MK martlj-ú KD marxid-eime bride-price [lit. girl price] | T marqilcaakaan beautiful girl; marqiń-lugumuluol old maid [lit. girl's oldness] | TD marchlibod'e-godek ladykiller [lit. womanizing man]; marxenile- dowry 1161. *marq- 2 TD marxi- to move 1162. *ma:rqəT maarquo- one; TK mo:rqo(:)-, marka-, marqa-, ma. rqa-, ma:rq(u)o-; TJ marqo-; TD morxo-, morxe-, marxoTK ma.rqad'eŋ once; TD marxad'eń T maarqabur- only, sole, unique An atypical long vowel in a closed syllable may have emerged as the result of contraction, possibly from *mə +*irk- 'one'. 1163. *marqə/*morqə К marqə thicket of small birch trees; KD marxa; T morqe; TD morxo-; SU márxa T morqačaa flat place rich in birch trees Yak. ma:r, Evk. mar 'marshes grown with birch bushes' (TMS 1 531) In Yukaghir -qə may be a derivational suffix. The stem shows the unusual correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-. 1164. martyška К mattuška, mottuška: Sabine's gull (Larus sabini); SD mattuškai Rus. dial, martyška 1165. maruxa KJ maruqe pr. (a woman) Rus. maruxa

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1166. mašina TK masina car Rus. mašina 1167. *maskan- ? SD maškangi grass or rags used to clean a gun 1168. maslo KK masla, masle butter; KD maslä, moslä Rus. maslo 1169. *mat- ? В matuo-andalley October 1170. matnja KD matńa, batńa beam in the ceiling Rus. matnja 1171. ma:wut К ma. but lasso (traditionally made of four or five thin strips of leather); KK mawut\ T maače', TK ma. t'e-, TD mačen T maačekaan pr. (a man) Ev. ma.wut 'lasso' (TMS 1 520) // Krejnovič 1958: 249; Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 T ma:čə is probably from *ma:w-jə, although in this case -d'- would be expected instead of -Č-. 1172. maxat' KD makai- to dip Rus. maxat' 1173. mazat' KD mazai- to smear Rus. mazat' 1174. *me:K me:- to wait (TR); KK mie-, KJ mie-\ KD mie-\ T maa-, ma-\ TK maa-\ TJ maK me. də- to wait (INTR); KK miada-\ KJ miede--, KD mieda-, miedeTD ma. nu- to wait The correspondence К -e:- ~ T -a:- is irregular. However in К the final -ə- in

j

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me.də- may lengthen into -a:- before some suffixes, as is typical of back stems, e.g. me:da:-nu- (Imperfective). This may indicate the original stem *mia-, but the diphthong -ia- is otherwise unknown in Yukaghir. 1175. *mə К mə here it is, here you are; affirmative marker; SD mi-\ T me(r)- focus marker; TJ me(r)-, mo-; ME maK mə-mət-kudeíəš- to get ready to do smth | T mer-id'ire recently, just; soon | TD mar-arure- to speak (of a child); me-niańdoń more; mer-uŋo- careless | ? TK mer-anme, mar-anme similarly, alike Cf. TU *ma 'here it is' (TMS 1519) 1176. raed' К me.j copper; KD mei Rus. med' 1177. *meδK modi:-, medi:- to hear, to listen, to understand; KK medi-; KJ medi-, modi-, mödi-, KD medi-, modi-, SD mozi; T möri-; TK mori-, möri-; TJ mori-; TD mori-; MC mody; KL moriža, mozyi; В moedik, mo.e.dik; ME moktyk, moitik T mörej- to touch; to smell; TD moreiT mörd'e news, rumours; TK mörd'e; TD merd'e + hearing К mödu:- heard; KK medu-; T möru-; TK möru:-, möru-; TJ теги:-, medu:-; TD теги-; В -moditsh, -moodel; ME -modhytsch, mutulK mödej-, medej- to get heard; KJ modej-; TD moreiKJ morid'e- to listen; TD merid'e-, merd'ec-, morice- to inform К mödinu- to smell; KJ modinu-, meduni- to feel; to touch; KD modinu-; RS modynuk К mödej- to try (TR); to taste; KJ modejK möžžej-, mežžej- to wake up; KJ merid'eiK möčče:- heard | T mörd'iiče news, advertisement; mörńiiče smb who makes noises; mör- to learn; to feel; mörne- loud, resonant | TJ moreinu- to hear I TD mered'eń-, mered'ec- to visit; meruńo- careless | TK mörd'i- to inform TU *mede- 'to feel, to notice' (TMS 1 563-564) //Nikolaeva 1988: 178 In К the second consonant of the root is assimilated to the first consonant of the derivational suffix. In most forms *me- > mo-. 1178. *me:δ ? MK máëd stone

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1179. *meδiá К medin, mödin as soon as; KK medirr, KJ medirr, KD medirr, T miriń\ TK miriń', TD miriń In T -e- > -i- by assimilation to the following -/'-. In some forms ~e- was rounded under the influence of m-. 1180. medlit' KD mel'id'i- to linger Rus. medlit' 1181. *meγečə/*meŋkəčə T megeče man good for nothing 1182. mej TK mej INTJ (greeting to a Chukchi) Chuk. mej INTJ 1183. *mejTJ mei- to take; SU meinygde, meinile, meinilek, meinugcr, MC mejnik, menitam, mejtemin, mejtemih, В meyik К mejnu- to take; KJ mejnu- + to ask in marriage К mejnubə handle | TK mejnujegel lasso 1184. *mejδuwə/*mejδumpə/*mejntuwə/*mejntumpə К mejdubə thorn, splinter К mejdubəń- thorny, prickly; wavy 1185. *mejlK mejlugi:- not to hope; T mejlugii- to protect T mejluu- dangerous; TD meiliK mejlugə INTJ (sorrow); KJ meiluge passion TD meilugule- dangerous | TK mejlugul'el care 1186. *mejl'inc'a К mejl'id'ə one-year old reindeer or elk; KJ meilid'a, mailide ? Evk. melele, me:lan 'elk calf; small tundra reindeer' (TMS 1 534) 1187. *me:kə К me:kə near; KK mieke\ KJ mete; SD m'eko\ SU meka far; MC meka, ? magan + soon К me. kl'e: till, up to; nearer (PP); KK mekl'ie; KJ meklie, marklie\ T miklie\

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TK mikl'ie К me.kəme:- near; KD miekome-, miekonbo-; SU mekamei К me.klo: near; me. kənbən recent) KJ mekulbele recent This stem may be related to *mə. 1188. *melK melut breast; KK melut-; KJ meluf, KD melut; SD mielut; SU melút; RS melút; MC malyt; MO melur; В mélud; ME melluth; MK mélut К melut-pod'erqə round metal decoration women used to wear on the chest [lit. breast day]; SD mielan-pozorqo SD mielut-lomka breast bone FU *mälke/*mälye 'beast' (UEW 267) // Bouda 1940: 80; JU 82; UJN 121; HUV 162; UEW 267; Nikolaeva 1988: 234; Dolgopolskij 1998: 29; LR 142 1189. meleku T meldekuu person with holes in his teeth T meldečeń- with missing teeth Ev. meleku 'without teeth' (TMS 1 567) The origin of the consonant -d- in Yukaghir is unclear. 1190. *memčəK memžəjə, mömžəjə flame; T mömdije; TD memreye; BO mémžeje; KL ipimzaj-lo [rect. mumžajlo] К memžə- to flame, to blaze; KJ memde-, тетке-; KD memd'e-; SD memze-, nenre-; T mömdeT mömderiče shavings for kindling fire In *me- > mö-, cf. *meδ-. 1191. *memč'əKD memčań- speckled, pitted The cluster -mč'- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1192. *memδəT memde-, memre- to give; to prepare; to cook (TR) 1193. *me:(me:) К me.me: bear; KK me:me:, тете, memer, KJ тете К me:me:ča:n bear; KJ memečen; KD memečen\ SD mimecen\ T meemečeen pr. (a woman) К me:me:n-punbur kind of long silky grass [lit. bear's bed]

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Cf. Ev. dial, me.meče, me.mečen (TMS 1 568), Yak. dial, möömö (DSJJ 163) The word me: me: may be a result of the reduplication of the root *me:. The Ev. and Yak. words are Yukaghir borrowings. 1194. *mempəK me.bi:-, mi.bi:-, bi.bi:- modal marker (obligation); T mebii- to stretch (TR) T mebej- to go somewhere | ? TJ mabuji- to get prepared | ? TK mebiej- to show smth for a moment In К -e:- > -i:- under the influence of -/:- in the second syllable. 1195. *menK möńd'ə, meńd'ə news; KD mend'e\ TK mende; SU mónd'e T mönd'e- to be awake; to hear (to not be deaf); TK mond'eQ)-; TJ mend'eshei-; TD mond'ei-, mend'eiT mönčeban-, menčeban- to be endowed with the gift of foresight, to be a hypnotizer I TK mond'ie- to hear In some forms *me- > mö-, cf. *meδ-. 1196. *menč'TJ med'uo- to enter upon; TD med'oul? TD med'ulol parents 1197. *menč'-/*minč'K mid'-/miń- to take; KK min-/mid'-; KJ miń-/mid'-; KD min-; T meń-/med'-; TK meń-/med'-; TJ meń-/med'-/men-; TD men-, meń-; SU mińk; RS meńk, ? melk + to seize; M meń, méd'am, méńŋa, méńma; MC bingi; В mendzshit; ME mingtschit T mennid'e- to propose to smb, to seek smb in marriage (TR); TK menid'ie-, mennid'ie-; TJ menid'ei-; TD meńid'ieT menče- to fetch; TK ment'eK mid'ej- to grasp | T mennube handle; place from which smth is taken | TJ menčershti- to cause to carry | ? TD med'uolejol-lukul homeland | TK meńidannunu- to trade; ? med'uo- to be born This root shows the irregular correspondence К -i- ~ T -e-. 1198. *menčəK me. žə- to sharpen; KD mere-; T miara-; TK mieraT miariińej- prickly; TD me.rinne-; RS mežinei-

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К me:ži: sharpening file; SD mieži\ T miarii; TK mieriK merd'ə- to sharpen | T miariiče- to go to sharpen 1199. *me:nč'i: К mi.d'i: sledge; KK mid'i:, mi.di:, med'i, midi\ KJ med'i, mied'i; KD m'ed'i; SD mieci-, miezi; SU méd'i; M mež'in, med'in; MC menuže [rect. mendže]; В mengi [rect. mendi] К mi:d'i:-ńa:čə front strap of a sledge [lit. face of the sledge]; SD miezi-pacca [rect. miezi-nacca] К mi:di:gi-əl-pömdu- to have a bad singing voice [lit. his sledge is not sliding] In this word -e:- > -/. - before -i: of the following syllable. 1200. *meneme: T menemie till what time; TK meneme1201. *me:ńγəńKD mieńhańme- better KD meńhad'a enough The synharmonism is irregular and so is the long vowel in a closed syllable. 1202. *meńi:ke:n T meńiikeen pr. (a man) 1203. menja MO menja I Rus. menja 1204. menjat' KD m'eńai- to exchange Rus. menjat' 1205. *menjə К mend'ə measure of length (about two meters), fathom; KK mend'e\ KD mend'e\ TD mende1206. *meńkə T meńke, meńketel' growth, excrescence 1207. *menkunčəK mengužəń- rough

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1208. *menməK menməndi:- to jump; KK menmed'-; KJ menmend'K menməgə- to jump; to stamp; KK menmege-; KJ menmege-; KD menmegei-; KL menmengaj; В moe:nmoe:nga; ME menmaka К menməgədej- to frighten away | KJ mond'i- to jump U *mene- 'to go' (UEW 272) // Bouda 1940: 81; UEW 272; Nikolaeva 1988: 234; Rédei 1999: 40 In some forms *me- > mö-, cf. *meδ-. The element -mə- may be a derivational suffix. 1209. *mereK mere- to fly; KK mere- to flit, to flutter; KJ mere-, KD mere-; RS morojei; M moréšam; MC more-; KL moroii KK meruj- to flit, to flutter It is unclear why the OY data consistently demonstrate -o- instead of the modern -e-. 1210. *me:rəK me.ra- to drive off, to keep off; KD m'ere-, mere1211. *merelT mörelwuo- melted T mörulwej- to become warmer (of the weather); murelwe- to thaw (of frozen fish, meat) (INTR) In this stem me- > mö- > mu-, cf. *meδ-. 1212. *merenč'əTD mered'eń- to visit 1213. merka KD mierka, merke measure; cartridge; TD merke charge Rus. merka 1214. *merkuməK merguməń- rough, horny 1215. *meru: T (qajčie-)lačin-meruu ritualistic name for fire

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1216. mešat' К mešaj- to disturb; KD m'ecaiRus. mešat' 1217. meškat' KD m'eckai- to linger Rus. meškat' 1218. mesti К mečči:- to sweep; KD mečiKD mečiec- to smear the bride's joints with reindeer blood for ritualistic reasons (TR) Rus. mesti 1219. mesto К me:stə place; KK mieste\ KJ mečte; KD m'ästä; SD meste Rus. mesto 1220. *metK metči:-, metti:- to inform; KK met-, KJ met--, KD meč-, met--, T met--, TJ met--, TD met1221. *mət К mət I; reflexive marker; KK met; KJ met, KD met-, SD met, met--, T met, TK met; TJ met, TD met, SU mot, motle, motyn, mótyl; RS mot, motle, motyn, motúl, met--, M mot, mótlegat, motín, motka, mo-', MC mota\ BO mót-, mot, В matak, ME mattak; MU mot, MK mot, mút, mut К mət-kudel'əń- ready [lit. to collect oneself]; KD met-kudel'en- coquettish К mət-l'orqə- lean, skinny [lit. to be unable to do smth by oneself]; KK met-lorqaj--, KJ mot-lorqo-\ RS met-larkoi dry К mət-mejnu- to repent, to confess [lit. to give oneself]; KJ met-mejnu- to choke; KD meč-meinuKD met-moi- to linger [lit. to hold oneself]; metul-bun- to kill oneself | SD met-ta-, met-te- to go down (of the Moon) | T möt-el-möt-gurčij- to get mad [lit. to become without oneself]; ? tet-lalwerej- [rect. met-lalwerej-] to cover oneself with (TR) U *mV 'I' (UEW 294) // JU 70; FUV 34-35; UEW 264; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 67; Krejnovič 1958: 236 (~ Nen.); Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988:234-235

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1223. *mi:δə/*mintə К mi.də according to; on, along (PP) 1224. *miδenč'ə К mided'ə, midid'ə needle; KK mided'e; KD mided'e; SD midezi; T murid'e; TK murid'e\ TD murd'e-, murid'e-; RS midež'a; В midinzsha; MK -midéndscha TD mured'en-titelel-ńord'el, mureyeŋ-titelel-ńord'e thin white moss which reindeer like [lit. moss looking like a needle] ? TU *muida/*mida (TMS 1 543) In T *-/- is likely to have undergone rounding under the assimilative influence of the labial m-. 1225. *miγe-/*meγeK migi(də)- here; KK migi-; KJ migi; KD miŋi-; T migi-; TK migideŋ; TD migi-; RS mygito; M megida KD -mehiye-, -megiye- a component of compound numerals; MC -megej; BO -megii T migideŋ-kurčii-, mige-gurčii- to start recovering (from a disease) [lit. to become closer]; migeban- close (to people); naive; mige here | TD -nugi, -mugi near This root may be related to *mə and *me:kə. 1226. mikola T mikuol'in Saint Nicholas's day; TK nikolaj T mikuol'in-kind'e May [lit. Saint Nicholas's month] Rus. mikola 1227. *mi:Iə К mila: right; KK mila-; KJ milaK mi:-la:yət right side; M mi-lańidat; BO mi-langat; KL mi-laginle; В miu-laanugan; ME mila К mi:-laŋdo:- right The forms that have mi:- before the postposition la:yət/laŋ- have emerged as a result of the haplological deletion of the syllable -lə. 1228. *mi:lkəT miilgele- near, close; TJ milgale-, milgatel- front T milge-, miilgere this side; milgend'ie a little nearer; miilgeke this side; miilger without reaching smth The long vowel in the closed syllable is irregular.

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1229. milúteKD melate hare; SU meléta, -meléte; MK meléta Chuk. milúte- (Mudrak 2000: 95) 1230. *mimK mimil, mumul immature antlers of a reindeer; T mumul\ TK титиГ It is possible that -i- > -u- because of the influence of the labial consonants. 1231. *minčə/*minč'ə KJ mid'enit bloody; RS mižo; BO -ménže, -mińže; KL miža 1232. *minč'ək T mid'ek modal marker (maybe, possibly); TK mid'ek T mid'itege you see, you know 1233. *minč'ərpəT mid'erpe-, ńid'erpe- new; TK mid'erpe-, ńid'erpe- + fresh; TJ mid'erpei-; TD mid'irpe T ńid'erpejdenu pr. (a river); ńid'erpejneŋ anew 1234. *mino К mino raft, float; KK mino; KJ mino; SD mino 1235. *mire T mire modal marker (be careful) 1236. *mirijə T mirije wife; TK mirije; TJ mirije, mirijol; TD miriyeTD miriyec-, miriyer- to let marry, to get married TU *mire(n)- 'to get married (of a woman)' (TMS 1 538-53) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 180 If KJ modije belongs here, the stem could have the internal *-δ-, however, the comparison with TU rather points toward *-r-. 1237. miška KJ miška bear Rus. miška 1238. *mit К mit we; KK mit; KJ mit; KD mit; T mit; TK mit; TJ mit; SU mitie, mitka; RS mitie; M mit; MO mir; BO mit, mitqa; KL mit, mot, mitga; В mitek; ME

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miitat, MK mítak; W mitsjé, miltjé, mytlepoel, myt, mitin, mitin, mytel, mitel U *mV 'we' (UEW 294-295) // JU 70; Krejnovič 1959:236 (~ Nen.); FUV 34-35; UEW 294; Nikolaeva 1988: 235 1239. *miwe ? MU miwe knife TU *mi:- 'to cut' (TMS 1 535) 1240. *mi:wə/*mimpə/*me:wə/*mempə К mi.bə, me:bə custom, basis; similarity; root; KJ mibe, mibie, miibe, miebe; KD mi. be, miebe, miaba + lower end 1241. *mo: T muo INTJ (used when hearing a suspicious noise) T muodii- to be surprised at (TR); muode INTJ (surprise); muomuo, muomuu pr. (a man); ? muotege pr. (a lake); ? muodie pr. (a lake) 1242. *močK močil bird stomach; T močil T močiikaa stomach; belly 1243. *močoqətK močoqətčən pr. (a man's double) 1245. *moγ-/*moŋq- 1 К moγe:- to keep in the mouth; KD mohie1246. *moγ-/*moŋq- 2 T moyuT down; dandruff; TK moyuï К moyilnə-, moyul'ńə- hairy (of a dog); T moyulne- to have the remains of the earlier coat as well as the new autumn coat (of an animal) К moyul'ča:, moyiïča: hairy dog | T moyuńde- to get down or dandruff; 1247. *mö:γə-/*möŋkəT muoge- adult; old 1248. *moγo К moyo hat; KJ moyo; SD mogo; T moŋo, moŋe; TK moŋo; TJ moŋo-; TD mońo-, mor'o-\ В mogo; ME mochga; MU mongó T moŋojd'ii married woman; TK moŋojd'i-, moŋöojd'i:-

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T moŋo-jojl peak of a hat; front part of a hat framing the face; TK moŋo-joje KD mohodo- to marry (INTR); T moŋode-; TK moŋore-; TD mońore-; RS mogóndany KD mohoto- to marry (TR); T moŋote-; TK moŋote-; TD mońoteT moŋod-aŋiï trimming of a fur hat; face, image; willow shrubs on the river bank [lit. cap's opening]; moŋon-ńilel earflaps of a fur hat [lit. cap's cheek] The MU form points toward the medial consonantal cluster, while other OY data rather suggest a single word-internal consonant. 1249. *moj- 1 К moj- to keep, to hold; KJ moi--, KD moi-, mo:i-\ T mooj-\ TD moi- + to possess; SU moik\ RS mo it, M moima; В maïk; ME maïk К mojbə handle, notch; narrow part of a stick where it can be held; KJ moibe; KD moibe, moie\ T mujbe nail; TK mujbe-, TD muiboKJ moje master, boss; T moojče\ TK mooje, mojče-, TD moičeKJ modie- to keep; KD modieTK mojnube handle; TD moinubo eye of a needle KJ moje(d'i) wife; KD modiye, moyed'v, RS moeži; MU mojendschi К mo:jə-šajdə-ra: cross beam in the front part of a boat [lit. holding cross stick] I KJ moi bitch | T mojie- to touch; to stroke; moojdije obstacle; moojend'ed-ile reindeer having a magic spirit [lit. reindeer with a master]; moojend'e-rukun creature having a magic spirit [lit. thing with a master] 1250. *moj- 2 К mo(j)je:- to mix, to blend, to knead; KD moiye-, T mojie- + to wipe off, to wipe out; to grease, to smear; TK moje-, moj-, moji-, mojie-, TD moiye- to confuse, to muddle, to tangle TK mojse- to cause to hold К moje. d'ə- to splash; to fuss; to be upset (of the stomach); KJ mojed'e? P *maj- 'to smear, to rub' (KESK 59) // Nikolaeva 1988: 245 1251. *mojaT mojine- soft, flabby; TK mojneT mojarqa softened (of fish); mojaya- to walk with an elastic gait moving the shoulders and body; to work without resting; mojayaj- to become soft, flabby I TK mojayakej- to soften (TR) The vowel harmony is irregular. 1252. *mojoTD moyoboi dead body of an animal

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1253. *mol- 1 К molil body, trunk; KD moli?; T molil groin К mold-igejə lace on a dress [lit. body rope]; KD mold-igeye К molil-molγə in one's bosom [lit. in the middle of the body] FU *mVlV/*mVljV/*mVlkV1 breast' (UEW 289-290) //Nikolaeva 1988: 246 1254. *mol- 2 T molde- to rot; to be spoilt (INTR); TK molde-; TD moldo-, moldeT molyite- to let rot; to spoil (TR); TK molyite-; TD molhiteT molyul pus; moldend'e rotten skin from which a chamois ornament is made I TD moldoc- to let rot 1255. *mol- 3 К moli modal marker (by no means); KK wo//; KJ moli\ T moli it seems that; for a short time; W moliak T molimek in vain; TK molimek modal marker (it is a pity) К molin only, alone; KJ molin a little; M molün К molind'a: a little, nearly, almost; T molid'aa; TK milid'a К molds only; KK moldo К molind'a: % molund'a. t, mond'a. t almost; KK molind'at KJ molime a little | T mol subjunctive marker; mol-l'ie INTJ (inducement); mol-mol INTJ (inducement); molijuo INTJ (j°y); molikaa-jii INTJ (j°y); molilede INTJ (joy); molitege INTJ (joy) ? TU *mul(-di)- 'to be unable' (EDAL 933) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181 1256. *molč'ə-/*moljəK mold'əγə-, mond'əyə- to mumble; to chat К mold'əyəš- to champ with (TR) 1257. *moll'ə К то11'э gadfly; KJ molle, mole small wild reindeer; KD molle-, T moll'e\ TK molle', TD molle 1258. *molləK mollə- to moan 1259. *mol'Pa-/*mol'oK mol'l'ə-, mol'o- to row quickly 1260. *mollinč'ərT mollid'er- to choke; to suffocate

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1261. *molonč'ə К molod'ə gloves, mittens; KJ molod'e\ SD moloze\ SU malade 1262. molot KJ molot, molotok, KD molot Rus. molot 1263. *mo!qə К molγil joint; KK melha-, malhi-, molhi-, mal-\ KJ molγil; SD miel'gul\ T mol'γal + knee; TK molyil, TD molril, BO -molgon-, KL -molgil, -molgií-, -malgi-; В -molgul; ME -molgol, MK -mälgal, -malgoK malyi-ja.lo:- six [lit. joint three]; KK melha- melhal-, melhalo-; KJ malyi-jal-, SD malga-jalo-, malgaja-, M malgy-jaloi; KL milgi-jlon, malgi-'iloda-, В malghi-alon\ ME malgy-jalon\ MU malg-jálon\ MK málgo-jáloń К malγ-ilek-, maly-alek- eight [lit. joint four]; KK moly-ileq-, maly-ileq-, maly-ilek-; KJ malγi-jelo-; KD malhi-yelox-, malhi-yelax-, malhi-yelex-, malhi-laxlo:-\ SD malga-jeleklo-; M malgy-jelakloi\ KL malgii-jeleklon-, В malghi-alačlon; ME malge-alaglon\ MU malg-andaklon; MK málgo-jélokloń T molyad-amun knee [lit. joint bone]; TK mol'yid-amun\ TD molhad-amun + generation К molyə middle; in the middle (PP); KK molyo\ KJ molyo К molγə- to be in the middle; KD mol'go-, mol'ho-, molhoK molyən-nugeči:- to trick; to rob [lit. to leave in the middle]; molγən-l'oŋnə hollow [lit. openness of the middle]; molγ-i:ča joint [lit. end of the joint] | KD mol'hoyo entrails, interior | T mol'yurure fatty cords on reindeer joints; moïyale-suose- to stop walking because of a disease [lit. to miss a joint] 1264. *momiIən KJ momilan pr. (a man) 1265. *mo:mina К mo. mina: large intestine; KD mominar, T muominej T momneń part of a reindeer intestine Ev. mo.mina 'reindeer intestine filled with lard' (TMS 1 544) The direction of borrowing is unclear. 1266. *momo ? MC momolo milk; BO momólo, momólgat

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BO momótal to suck at a breast Cf. Esk. mamaq 'baby; doll; breast, milk' (CED 188) 1267. *monK топ- to say; KK топ--, KJ топ-; KD топ-; T топ-; TK топ-, тип-; TJ топ-; TD mon-, moń-; SU топу, топка; RS mónaik; M móni К monoyod- interrogative verb; KK monoyod-; KJ monoyod-; T monayak interrogative marker; TK manayak-, menayak-; TJ menayar-; TD menaharK mond'onno:- to hope (INTR); moninbo.l legend, story, anecdote | T monuldaŋ-dite as if, speaking conventionally U *monV-/*mVnV- 'to say' (UEW 290-291) // Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 81; Angere 1956: 127; JU 82-3; HUV 159; UJN 121; FUV 33; Krejnovič 1958: 136 (~ Nen.); Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 290; Nikolaeva 1988: 235-236; Rédei 1999: 40; LR 146 1268. *mońKD moniol content of a reindeer stomach (undigested lichens); T mońil(') stomach; TK mońil; TJ monil; TD monil, monil; MC mańalo T (l'uku-)moń-oŋoj stomach [lit. small stomach pocket]; TK moni-ŋgoj reindeer stomach T mońińe- pregnant; TK mońińe-; TD mónineK mońid-abut bird stomach; T monid-awur [lit. stomač container] stomach; TK mon(')id-awur stomach; ? W monidetjeleh T mońid-awur-jengile, mońid-awur-nengile fringe around a fish's stomach [lit. stomach fringe]; mońind-uu children of the same mother [lit. stomach child] NS *myn- 'stomach' // JU 83; UJN 126; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); Nikolaeva 1988: 236; Rédei 1999: 52 1269. *mončK moži:- prospective marker; T moraw-; SU móčče К mošu: intended for; KK mod'u; KJ mod'u:; T maraw; TK -merčew-, meraw; TD -morou, -morou; SU može; RS moža 1270. *monč'inti: T mod'idii ski with elk fur; TK mod'idi:; TD mod'ediT mod'idii-saal white poplar [lit. ski tree]; TD mod'idiral 1271. *monmK mumul fist; kidney; KD momul; T muńmul, mońmul + pr. (a place); TK

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mońmul; TD mumul; RS momud-; ME memmul In К *-ńm- > mm > т. 1272. *monmaT monne- short; TD monneT monmiyaj-, monmaγaj- to grow short; TK monmiyajT monner- to shorten (INTR); TK monnerT monmirqa smth short; monneńge INTJ (how short!) In some forms -nm- > -nn- by assimilation. 1273. *mońŋə- ? RS mońgańa wave; В moinčaiya; ME moingkoje 1274. *moŋo ? BO mońgo stone 1275. *monoγə К monoyə moufflon (Ovis ammon); KK monoyo, monoho-; KJ monoyo, monoko; KD monoho; SD monogo; T monoyo; TK monoyo; TJ monoyo; TD monoho-; SU monógo; RS monóga, monógox; В monoghá; ME monnocha; MU manága К monoyə-lebe: small black moss (used for caulking) [lit. moufflon earth]; SD monogo-lebie; T monoyo-lukul К monoyəd-ajbi: pr. (a star); wooden spectacles to protect the eyes from light reflecting on snow [lit. moufflon shadow]; KD monohod-aibi spider; SD monogol-ajbi pr. (the constellation of the Small Bear); В mannagad-aibi spider; ME mannagat-eibi spider KD monoriyei- to hunt for moufflon | SD monogo-pie pr. (a mountain) 1276. *monoγə/*monoŋkə К топоуэ modal marker (as if); BO mánagat 1277. *moŋoji: T moŋojii female of a bird 1278. *mońor К mońor pool, whirlpool; KD monior, mońor 1279. *möŋör T möŋer, -meŋer thunder; noise; TK möŋer; TD moner, mońor; RS mučer; В mungzsha; ME mungtscha

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T möŋer-lačil lightning; TD mońor-lačin К mugerpə- to buzz, to drone; KD mugerpe- to make a loud noise; TD mońornie-, mońorńe- to knock; RS mugurneiT möŋen-tiwe thunderstorm [lit. thunder rain] | ? TD mońonderei- to ring; mońor-ločin-yaileči thunderstorm; mońor-čour thunder arrow | TK möŋörńeto thunder This root has irregular reflexes of the consonant *-ŋ-, probably because of its onomatopoetic character. 1280. *monqə К monqə hill; T monqa\ TK monqa T monqetke pr. (a man); TK moŋkatke large hill T monqe-d'umur hill that stands on its own; monqad-ewče peak or crest of a hill [lit. hill's end]; monqeč little ball made of fur; monqo-moŋo spherical high hat; monqomoŋod'aa one-year old reindeer with antlers The cluster -ŋq- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1281. moŋqo TK moŋqe sweep-net Yak. moŋqo 'seine net' (ESRD 454) // Krejnovič 1958: 250; LR 165 1282. *monteK modo- to sit; KK modo-; KJ modo--, KD modo-] SD modo-\ SU modoje, modak, modok, RS modai; MC l'udo(j)ejlo [rect. modo(j)ejlo\, BO monda; KL modoi, modoni К modo- to sit; to live (somewhere); KK modo-; KJ modo-, KD modoKK mada.nube living place; KD moda. nube; SU modandibaK mada:- to sit down; KK mada--, KD mada- to defecate К modoto- to seat; KD modotoK mode:- to keep seated (TR); KK modieK modibə seat; living place; KK modibe-, KJ modibe-, KD modibe; MK mondýba- sitting place К mottə- to seat; moditńə- to put down | KD modibec- to move into (TR) 1283. *mo:qə T muoqa broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); TK muoqa, muoqe T muoqatke pr. (a place); muoqadie pr. (a place) TU *mo:k- 'kind of white fish' (EDAL 950)

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1284. *moqi: T moqii pr. (a dog) T moqiičaa pr. (a woman) 1285. *moqlə T moqle, moqlaa small piece, small portion (for example, of meat); TK moqle T moqlekej- to protrude; moqles- to make spherical 1286. morda К mo.rtə round wicker fish trap used with a dam; KK morte; KJ morte, morto\ KD mo.rte, morče\ SD morte Rus. dial, morda 1287. *morγull'un К morγulTurt minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) 1288. *moroK того- to put on, to pull on; KK того--, KJ того-, more--, KD того--, RS morok; В moream to carry; ME moril to carry К morotə- to wed; KJ moroto-, maraiteK moššə- to thrust (behind the belt), to drive into a slot; KK moruš-, KJ morušeK тага:- to climb into; T maraa- to get dressed; TK тага--, TD maraT maraas- to dress (TR); TK mara(:)s-\ TD maracK morodə- wedded; KJ morodo-, moyodeK morči:- to put on (many times); mara.j string of a bow; morota.jə pr. (a lake) In К moššə- < moršə- < moro-šə- and тага:- < mora:- by assimilation. 1289. *moroδə/*morontə KJ morodo with what 1290. *morončəK mor(u)žə-, možžə- to travel in a boat upstream; KJ morod'o-, moro.de-, morod'e-; SD moroze ? SD morci- to climb up a tree 1291. *morqilə T morqile undulating landscape with many hills and hollows; TD -morxile

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1292. mošonka KJ mošon tobacco-pouch, little bag; scrotum; KD moco:nke\ T mosenke\ TD moconka Rus. mošonka 1293. *motK motil unbending joint T motil'esh- to cut a joint while processing meat 1294. *motiT motineŋ already, as early as, as late as 1295. *motu:kə T motuuke, motuukaa cunning person T motuu pr. (a woman) The synharmonism is irregular. 1297. *muČin К mučin diverse, various; all; KJ mučiń, mučin\ KD mučin-; SU móčče; KL močit ? Yak. bütün or Ev. butun 'whole' (TMS 1116) 1298. mučit' KK mut'i- to suffer Rus. mučit' 1299. *muδe-/*muntəK mudej- to pass by (INTR); KJ mudei-; KD mudei-\ M mudedeigana К mudedej- to leave behind, to pass by, to go further (TR); KJ mudedei-; KD mudedei1300. *muδunč'-/*muntunč'K mudud'ubə portage; KJ mudud'ube SD mudusuba-piejli pr. (a mountain) 1301. mudryj К mu:dərńə- wise Rus. mudryj 1302. *muγT mugil row of long hills on the eastern side of the tundra which stretches

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from South to North; TK mugil'; MC maka stone T mugid-egiil eastern side of the hills [lit. back of the row of long hills] ? FU *mäke 'mountain, hill' (UEW 266) // Tailleur 1962: 97 (~ Selk.); UEW 266; Nikolaeva 1988: 236; LR 142, 154 1303. *muγe-/*muŋkəK muge- to undress (INTR); T muge-; TD muge-, mugoT mugete- to undress (TR); TD mugateK muged'ə- to undress (INTR) ? Ost. mäxət-, mδxət- 'to unharness, to unfasten' (DEWOS 907-908) 1304. *muγi/*muŋki T mugi yard 1305. *muγö К aŋan-mugö lips; KJ aŋde-muge; KD aŋan-muge; В anghén-móogcr, ME angin-muka; MK angýn-mugé К jukun-mugö small finger; SU jugun-muga finger К nugen-mugö thump; KJ nugon-mugo; KD nugun-muge; TK ńuŋun-gume [rect. -muge]; В nungén-moogá; ME nungyn-muga; MK tolondschén-mugá arm 1306. *mujerəTD muyere- to reproach 1307. *mujiγə-/*mujiŋkəT mujiges- to bite off 1308. *mujləT mujler- to try to do smth (INTR); to have difficulties in doing smth 1309. mukti T muktije knife with the tip cut off T muktil'e- cut off Ev. mukti 'blunt, short' (TMS 1 553) 1310. *mull'ə К тиП'э saliva; ? SD myl'a resin; В moilla К mulTə-aji:-, mul'l'ə-pejži:- to spit [lit. to throw saliva]; mul'ïələ-qaqtaj- to expectorate [lit. to choke on saliva]

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1311. *iïiumčəK mumžə- to buzz, to hum, to drone; KJ -mumde-, KD mumde--, T mumde- + to mutter, to mumble; RS mumžei К mumžilə grey eagle-owl (Bubo bubo); SD munsile owl К mumžəjə propeller, weathercock In T -d- instead of the expected -r-. 1312. *mumpT mubuol reason; event, story; matter, way; TJ mobo.l; TD -mu.bol, mobo.l, mobo.l' manner; appearance; ? SU mudól [rect. muból] belief 1313. *mumpaKK mumne- having a cut off end; short, incomplete; T mumne--, TK mumne-, monneT mumnii- to create smth with a sharp end (TR); mučibeń- [rect. mubičeń-] cut off; mubel'e-, mubege- to become shorter without a sharp end; mubegiito cut off the ends | TD mumneyed-ileyei reindeer with cut antlers ? TU *muŋu-, *muŋbu- 'blunt; rounded' (EDAL 944) 1314. *muńKJ muńo- soft, untempered (of iron); T muńuo-; TK muńo- weak; ? TD muńo- clever 1315. *munč'K muńčide: young of a grayling (Thumallus); KJ muničidie The cluster -nč- is irregular morpheme-internally. 1316. *munč'9T mud'ege- to stalk with a springy gait; to be unsteady (of a table) 1317. *munč'əŋ К mud'eŋ otter; KJ mud'aŋ, mud'eŋ; KD mud'eŋ; SD myza; TD wid'eń, SU mud'en; RS mud'eŋ, múdań; M mud'áŋ, mud'áŋpa 1318. munda К munda: small lake minnow (Salmo perunurus) Rus. dial, munda (ESRD 394-395) 1319. *munenči: К munži: lower jaw; KJ muned'idie + pr. ( a man); T mundii + inlay between the foot and the sole of a boot; В moonéndshi cheek; ME munentschy; MK

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munéndschi К munži:d-amun lower jaw; T mundiid-amun; TD mundid-amun T mundin-čayad'es- to eat; to cause to work [lit. to cause to move one's jaw] ) TD mundil-wie-, mundile-wie- to chew [lit. to do one's jaw] S *mun/*mon 'lip; voice' (SW 95) In T -d- instead of the expected -r-. The vowel of the second syllable is syncopated. 1320. *muntK mundej- to fetch, to pick up; KK mundej-; KJ mumdei-, mumdaiK mumd- < mund-. The cluster -nd- does not normally occur morpheme-internally. This suggests that -d- (< *t) belongs to a suffix. 1321. *munteK mudetədej- to drag further without stopping; KJ mudetedeiK muddəjl last (of a period of time); muddəjlbəngə last year | KJ mudetedeito carry; to drag away ? U *mentä- 'to make a mistake, to miss' (UEW 272-273) // Nikolaeva 1988: 235; Rédei 1999: 48 1322. *murT muril' main pole of the central tripod of the yurt which stands on the right at the entrance ? T mur- to cut off; muregej- to burst, to split, to break; murigii- to cut off in one movement 1323. *mure К mure shoes, boots; KK mure; KJ mure; SD mura, -mure; TK anure- [rect. mure-] to put on shoes; RS mura, mured-; В murrah; ME murra, murrah; MU muré; MK múre К mur(u)d-u: fur stocking; KK murud-u; KJ mured-uo; SD murad-io, mura-du К muren-qond'ə rope made of willow or skin to pull a boat against the current [lit. shoes rope]; KJ muren-qond'e boots; KD muren-xond'e TU *muru(n) 'footware' (TMS 1 560) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 1324. *mureKJ muregie- to diverge

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1325. *murγə К murgə thicket, taiga; KJ murge; KD -murge; T murge, TK murge; TD -murge; SU murga TU or NT *burga 'thicket' (TMS 1111) 1326. muren SD moron horse Ev. muren, muran, muron (TMS 1 558) 1327. *mutT mutil modal marker (neglect) T mutii- to make a realistic imitation of smth (TR); mutidaya pretending; hardly 1328. *mut ? MC mut tree; BO múdgat ? TU •mo:, MG *mo-du (EDAL 956) // Sauvageot 1969: 356 1329. mutnyj KD mutnoŋo- turbid Rus. mutnyj 1330. mutovka К motobi:- to shake up (butter); KD motobiKD motobka churn Rus. mutovka 1331. *mutti: T muttiid-oŋoj woman's bag carried by reindeer 1332. muzej TK musej- museum Rus. muzej 1333. *myδoK mido- to roam, to nomadise, to wander; KK mido-', KJ mido-, nudo- [rect. mido-]; KD mido-, mida-; SD mido-, T mira-\ TK mira-, mira:-\ TJ mire-, TD mireK midol(ə) ten kilometer march (a day's wandering); SD midol; T miral; TD mirol К midočə nomadic train, caravan; KJ midočo, midoče; SD midoce; T mirije;

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TK mirije--, TD miriye KK miduji- to roam; mida.nube place of roaming | T mirajaa good walker | TK mirate- to ride a reindeer slowly 1334. *mygam/*myŋqəm ? SD migam part of a bow 1335. *mymK mima:- to start doing smth; to take; KK mi-; KJ mimai- to understand 1336. myšelovka К mošulupka: kind of owl which hunts for mice Rus. myšelovka 1337. *ńa:-/*ńajK ńe:l daughter-in-law, sister-in-law (wife of a younger brother or son); KJ nial + wife of the younger sibling's son; SD mel [rect. net]; T ńaajl + son-in-law; TK ńajpe- parents-in-law; TJ nial + one of the parents-in-law, daughter's husband, younger sister's husband, wife's elder brother, husband of the younger sibling's daughter, husband's elder brother, wife of the younger sibling's son T ńaajn-gönme brother's wives in relation to each other [lit. daughter-in-law friend]; ? ńaal'uol- to become lovers FU *naje 'woman; to many' (UEW 297-298) // Nikolaeva 1988: 238 In К -a:- > -e:- after a palatalized consonant. Palatalization of ń- is probably secondary. 1338. naboj KD niboi middle part of a boat Rus. naboj 1339. na-čas KJ ničaq for the time Rus. na čas 1340. *ńa:čə К ńa. čə face; KK ńaśe, ńa. t'e + bow of a boat; KJ ńače; KD ńa. če; SD ngaca, ngacca-, -раса [rect. -паса]; T ńaače; TK ńa.t'e; TD niače-; SU náčateily, ńažua, ńalywil; RS ńača; MC ńača, ńačagi, ńažemd- + head; ВО ńát'apo; KL njačaga; В neatsha, -natsha; ME natsha, -niatscha; MU njétsche chin

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К ńa.čin against, opposite; KJ ńačin; KD ńa.čin; T ńaatin, ńaačiń; TK ńa.t'iń, ńa.t'in; TJ ńačiń; TD niačinK ńæžubə kerchief; linen; KJ ńa.d'ube; SU ńad'ua; RS nažiw К ńa:t-lebe: willow ptarmigan [lit. face earth] (Lagopus lagopus); KK ńat-1'ebie; KJ ńat-lebie; SD net-Iebie\ SU ńat-liwie К ńačə-pelujə towel [lit. face wiping]; T ńaače-pilieje К ńa.čəbul veil put on the face of a dead person; KJ ńa:čebul\ SD ngaca-šabul К ńa.čə-polka:, ńa.čə-palkə goby fish, burbot (Lota lota) [lit. bulged face]; SD ngaś-palka KK ńaspien-di: pr. (a Yukaghir clan that lived on the river Popovka); KJ ńatben-d'i К ńa. čəš- to return (TR); KK ńat'et'-, ńa.t'et'-; KD ńačecK ńa:čələ-uži:- to pray, to bow [lit. to move face]; KK ńa.t'a-; KD паса:-, ńače-ud'i- + to complain; T ńaače-wie(rij-, ńaačid'e-uuse-\ TK ńa:t'e-wie-; TD ńača-wiye-, ńača-wie- + to bow; RS ńaču-ujaik to greet [lit. to move one's face] KK ńaśe-juonuje mirror; T ńaače-juonii; TK ńa. t'e-juoni:; TD niače-yuoni К ńa:č-pe:n pr. (the river Popovka; traditional territories of the Dolganov family); KJ ńat-ben\ SD ngaś-pien, nget-ben К ńačadaj- to return (INTR); KK ńat'ed'ej-, ńa:t'ed'ej-, KJ ńačedei-; KD ńa. čedai-; В natshiK ńa:čə-jad'e:jə tern (Sterna); ńa:čədə, ńa. čidə opposite | KJ nečila- to part; ńačeń- to come back; ńačen-abut mask [lit. face container] | KD niačadaye trick (in card play); ńeče-xaremidd'ie four-year old elk with a dark spot on its face I SD ngažingat-ingzi Russian thread | T ńaačed-a-rawje image, appearance [lit. bare place on the face]; ńaače-kige- to cross oneself [lit. to prick one's face]; ńaačedie pr. (a man); ńaačed-ono face, image [lit. face shadow]; ńaačen-lalwije scrap of chamois used in earlier times to cover the face of a dead man [lit. face blanket]; ńaače-sabarqaa man with a flat face [lit. face flatness]; ńaače-notijaa handsome man [lit. face's beauty] | TD niačegi-toroyeńn- pitted, pocked [lit. with darkness on the face]; niačin-mon- to contradict [lit. to say against]; n.ačede-nawaye-godek pale [lit. man with the white face]; ńačinyoro-, ńačinŋe- to meet | RS ńaztunnoi steep; nyatshinma spectacles | ME natschi-rondolitsch wrinkles In some К forms the vowel of the second syllable is deleted and the consonant has undergone assimilation to the following consonant of the derivational suffix. 1341. *ńa:čəK ńa. čə point, blade; KD ńače; TD niače-; SU ńačešk, ńáčešut; RS ńačešk,

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MO nez'a dart, javelin К ńa.čəš- to whet; KK ńa. t'eš-; TK ńa. t'es-; TD niačecK ńa.čəń- sharp; stingy; KK ńa.t'eń-; KJ ńačeńuo-; TK ńa.t'en-, TD niačen-; SU Лačeni; RS ńačani\ В natshennee; ME natschen; BO ńáčanej К ńačaγədaj-, ńičayddaj- to thrust, to stick; KK ńit'aγadaj-; KJ ńičaqadai-, KD ničaxadai-, ničahadai-; T ńitegerej-, ńičayarej-, TJ nitegerei-, TD ničohareiK ńačayət- to thrust, to stick (many times); KK ńit'aγatK ńačayaj-, ńičaγaj-, ičayaj- to pierce, to stick into (INTR); KJ ńičayai-\ KD ničehai-; T ńičaγaj-, ńičaγejK ičayd- to fall front first, to fall through | T ńičayuolube pr. (a lake) In some formes the unstressful *-a- > -i- under the influence of ń-, 1342. načinat' KD čačinai- to begin Rus. načinat' 1343. *ńa:δ-/*ńa:ntK Лa. dudə enough; that is all, nothing is left; KK ńadude; KJ ńadude\ M ńädada К ńa. du- to be enough 1344. *ńa:δə К ńa.də autumn; KJ ńade; SD ngada\ M ńáda, ńäda; В neada, nada, neada-; ME nada, ńádama 1345. nadejat'sja KD nad'eyere- to hope Rus. nadejat'sja 1346. nado К nado is needed; KD nade, node', SD -nada-, T naade; TK na. deŋ T nada-rawa tribute the Yukaghirs had to pay the Russians [lit. must skin]; TK nada-rawe; TD nada-rau К nadoŋo:- must, ought to; to need; KK nadoŋo-, SD -nadangio-, TK na. duol-; TD nadoŋolT naadijaa- to need; naade-wie- to urinate [lit. to do the must] Rus. nado

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1347. nadobno KJ nadobne needed; KD ńadolne medicine, remedy Rus. dial, nadobno 1348. *ńaj-/*ńanK ńajdo:- spare, lacking; KD ńaiduol- superfluous; T ńanduo- more, surplus; TK ńanduoK ńajdišu:- to remain lacking; ? ńajbu: resembling, like | KK ńajdon superfluously I T ńandičii- left over; ńanduorii- to prefer; ńandii- to overpower | TK ńandojneŋ unnecessary The correspondence -j n- is irregular. 1349. *ńajmə- ? MC ńaimagen elk 1350. *ńajntəK ńajdəl'u:- nice, comfortable, cosy; KJ ńaidel-; KD ńaidelï-; В naintallitsh agreeable; ME neintalitsch agreeable KD ńaido- best 1351. naha: К naya: very, too Ev. naha: (TMS 1 587) 1352. *nakoval'nja KD nakuol'ńe, nakuolna anvil Rus. nakoval'nja 1353. *ńal'T ńal'uol- worn away (of fur) T ńal'aj- to rub away 1354. ńalaγaj К nalayəj midge Yak. dial, ńalayaj, ńa. laγaj (DSJJ 177) 1355. ńa:lgača:n T ńal'γačaan kind of goose; TK ńalyat'an ? MO naleda goose; duck Ev. ńa. lgača.n 'barnacle goose (Branta)' (TMS 1 629)

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As the word does not seem to have any Tungus parallels, the direction of borrowing is unclear, however -ča:n is a typical Ev. suffix. 1356. *nalič'ə ? В nalitsha stream; ME nallytscha 1357. *ńall'ə T ńall'e sin; TD ńale1358. *nallə ? MO nallom-čalilbis autumn ? MO napgolm winter 1359. *ńamnəT ńamne- widely placed (of reindeer antlers) 1360. *ńampəT ńabaγaj- to swing open T ńabal'es- to open; ńabačeń- ajar; ńabarakie INTJ (how widely open!) 1361. *nampur К nabur dirty water which remains after cleaning a fish; KJ nabur- foam; В nunbur thaw; ME nunbur [rect. numbur] 1362. *ńamqəK ńamγə- to champ; KK ńamya-; T ńamye1363. *ńamučəT ńamučeń- red; TK ńamut'eń-, ńamurčeń-; TJ ńamočeń-; TD niemočenTK ńamučer- to redden (INTR); TD niemocerei- red T ńamučeńil-poyode gold [lit. red money]; TD niemočenil-porodoT ńamučaa reindeer of reddish colour; ńamučič- to blush from time to time; ńammučend'e-burie red bilberries [lit. red berry] | TD niemočemu- to become red 1364. *na:n К ńa:n upper part of the chest; T naan upper front part of a breast cloth; TK naan; TD nan-amun collar-bow; SU ńanic T naan-čiid-oŋoj inner breast pocket [lit. breast cloth people pocket]; TK naan-čiid-oŋoj T naan-dukun piece of skin which is worn on the breast for protection from cold [lit. breast cloth thing]; TK naan-dukun

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К ńa:d-albə-jurgu:, ńa. n-jurgu: pit above the collar-bone [lit. hole in the upper part of the chest]; KD naŋ-irgu, na-yirgu pit between the throat and the chest К ńa.ńə-peššej- to have a rest [lit. to throw the upper part of the chest] | TD ńand-igeye strap made of walrus leather In К the first consonant was palatalized before the long vowel. 1365. *ńan- 1 К ńanbə- to overeat, to fall unwell due to overeating; KJ ńańbe-\ T ńańbeTK ńańbelit' taste; TD ńiańbelič К ńanbəlu:- fat (of food), luscious, sickly; KK ńańbeli-; T ńanbeluuKD nanil fish oil; T ńańir fat; TK ńańir fat; TJ ńanir fat; TD nianir, ńanil seal oil T ńanbelγa INTJ (how tasty!); ńanbeličneŋ tasty In some forms the second syllable -n- assimilated to -ń-, 1366. *ńan- 2 К ńančə, ńenčə big, great; KJ ńanče К ńančo.ntəgə smth big | T ńanduod'e excess, surplus; ńanduojneŋ more, better; ńańitej- to increase ? FU *ńVńc'V 'strong, hard' (UEW 310) // Bouda 1940: 82; UEW 310; Nikolaeva 1988: 238 1367. *ńańK ńańu:- sinful; KK ńańit'; KD ńanič\ T ńańuu-; TK ńańit'; TJ ńcmič; TD nanič, SU ńanic К ńańu.lbən devil; sinner; ghost; SD ngangulban К ńańd'ə, ńańčə sin; KJ ńand'e; T ńand'e mistake; person with whom one is on non-speaking terms for ritualistic reasons; TD niańd'e-; RS ńanž'e T ńand'i- to be on non-speaking terms for ritualistic reasons; ńańi- to consider sinful (TR); ńańič INTJ (sinful!); ńańγa-jii, ńańγa-juo INTJ (sinful!) 1368. *ńańajδi-/*ńeńajntK ńeńajdilə- to put out of joint; KD ńeńaidileThe vowel -e- in the first syllable is likely to be secondary: ńa- > ńe-. 1369. *ńanč'T ńad'il'es- to press strongly

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1370. *ńanmə К ńanmə shrubbery, willow bushes (Salix caprea); KK ńanme, ńanma; KJ ńańme, ńańma; KD ńanma, ńenme willow; SD ngannama; T ńanme; TK ńańma, ńanme\ TD nieńma, ńańma, niańma, nienma + twig, switch, rod; SU ńanma; M ńänma, ńänmalak\ В neanmi T ńanme-jewje basket for catching fish [lit. willow net]; TD niańme-yenye, nienma-youyeK ńanmən-jayilgən-pečńulbən hare [lit. running on the tops of shrubs]; KJ ńańmad-iγilgen-petńulbon; KD ńańmed-iγilgen-petńulbon К ńanmən-touke: willow buds [lit. willow dog]; ńanmə-legut-ejrəjbən elk [lit. the one who walks eating willows] | SD ngengmen-jiouje ancient wicker fish net I T ńanmed-iir willow arch under which people in earlier times passed after funerals [lit. willow fork]; ńanmetke pr. (a place); ńanmen-čiremedie yellow-breasted bunting (Emberiza aureola) [lit. willow bird]; ńanmen-sawed-aγil headland covered in willow bushes [lit. willow rag of a skin]; ńanmen-čoγul middle of the willow shrubs [lit. willow marrow]; ńanme-rolyo- thickets of purple willow [lit. willow gathering] TU *ńamńi-kta (EDAL 1004) In Yukaghir metathesis is possible. 1371. *naŋo- ? TK naŋo- to face one direction 1372. *ńanqəmu T ńangumu, ńangemu on purpose; TD niańgumun 1373. *ńantim- ? RS ńandimide black and grey fox ? RS naoen-etla kind of fox 1374. *na:r К na:r always, all the time; apart, especially 1375. *ńa:r T niar bare patch on fur FU *ńarV 'skin without fur' (UEW 313) // Nikolaeva 1988: 239; LR 143, 156 1376. *naranč'ə KJ narad'a pr. (a man)

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1377. na:rba К na.rbə hollow in the main pole of the yurt Yak. na.rba 'horizontal beam used for connecting boards' (TMS 1 595) The Yak. word is borrowed from the Rus. dial, narva and it is not impossible that Rus. was a direct source of the Yukaghir word as well. 1378. *ńa:rčə T ńaarčuu- bad; TK ńa:rču-\ TD niarču-, ńorčič-, niarčen- + thin T ńaarče-lawje vodka; wine [lit. bad water]; TK ńa.rče-lawje; TD niarče-loujeTK ńa.rčeqa- to deteriorate, to become worse; TD niarčexaK ńerčəd-aŋil'buttocks [lit. bad hole]; KJ ńerčed-aŋil vagina T ńerče nasty; TD niarče SD ngarcyd-angy-pie pr. (a mountain) [lit. buttock rock] | T ńaarčid'e sorrow; ńaarčuu pr. (a man); ńaarčitneŋ badly; ńaarčitne-kurie- to do smth bad I TD niarčexace- to spoil; niarče-pod'elne- stinking; shaggy, putrid [lit. with bad smell] An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. К -е- is secondary. 1379. na:ra: T naareŋol- half castrated Evk. na.ra:, nara 'castrated reindeer' (TMS 1 585) 1380.*ńarpəK ńarpunə- lifted up, jerked up; holding himself erect (of a man); KD ńarpuńe- turned-up (of a nose) К ńarpəyaj- to lean back; KJ иerpeyej-, KD ńerpohai-, ńerpahai- + to lie on one's back; T ńarpuyaj- to lean over К ńarpə- to have a concave back | T ńarpučeń- sagging, sagged; ńarpurqa lowering; ńarpud'i- to hang down many times 1381. *ńarqə T ńarqa-jewlid'e new-born reindeer; TK ńarqa-jewlid'e foal T ńorqo-mayil coat made of the skin of a new born reindeer TU *ńar-gu- 'new, fresh' (EDAL 1066) The element -qə in Yukaghir may be a derivational suffix. 1382. narta T naarted'aa man with a sledge; TD nartaRus. narta

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1383. nasilu К nači.lə hardly; KK ńasile\ KJ načile; T nasiilej Rus. nasilu 1384. naskvoz' К načkoroč through; KD nočkoroč Rus. naskvoz' 1385. nastja T nastaa pr. (a woman) Rus. nastja 1386. *ńatńəK ńatńə-, ńutńə- to stick out; to stick to; KK ńutńe-; KJ ńutńe-, ńatńeK ńatńu.ja: burbot (Lota lota); KJ ńanebuja:, ńatńebuje; KD ńetńumuya\ SD ngatnguja К ńutnijə, jötnijə navel; KD yon-ŋutneye\ SD jutmuja-, TK nutne; TD nutne-; SU jotnyjé\ ME nudni\ MU jötnié back KD yonŋutneye-čohulbon midwife [lit. cutting the navel]; yotneye ridge of a mountain; spinal column; yotneyed-atle-kniid'e December [lit. before the ridge month]; yotneye-kinid'e January [lit. ridge month] | ? TD ńatnugač hairy, shaggy face 1387. *na:wT naawuo- having weak character 1388. *ńa:wəT ńaawe- white; TK ńa. we-; TJ ńawa-\ TD ńawo-, niawoińagen-, nawa- + beautiful T ńaawije whiteness; milt; TK ńa. wije T ńawńikl'ie polar fox; TK ńawńiklie-; TD ńaunikliye TK ńaur white clay; TD niayur T ńaawe(mu)s- to whiten (TR); ńaawijaa white reindeer; pr. ( a man); ńaawal, ńaawijikaan pr. (a man); ńaawaldaŋńe northern lights; ńawńiklie-watil'ii measuring board for drying polar foxes' skins [lit. polar fox gore]; ńawńiklieče hunter for polar fox; ńawńiklie-pajdii toothed stick used for cleaning the fur of the polar fox [lit. polar fox beater]; ńaawej-čireme bullfinch [lit. polar fox bird]; ńaawajnad-enu pr. (a river) [lit. white river] | TD nia. wamu- white | TK ńa. were- to whiten (TR) TU *ńo:ba-/*nu:ba- 'white' (TMS 1 642,644) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~

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Ev.); Nikolaeva 1992; LR 165 The direction of borrowing is unclear. 1389. *ńawńe:kəj ? TD niauniekei low string The synharmonism is irregular. 1390. *nawyska T nawuske peak of a cap made from the skin of a new-born reindeer calf to protect the eyes from the sun T nawuskeń- partly pulled down (of bed curtains) Rus. dial, navyska (ESRZ 387) 1391. *ńe:- 1 К ńe:l gland; KD nie; TK ńall'e; TD nialle Cf. PA 4VjVrV(EDAL 1023) 1392. *ne:- 2 К ńe:- to call; KK ńie-; KJ nie-, KD nie-, T ńie-; TK nie-, ńie-; TD nie-, niyeK ńe:nu- to beg, to ask for; KD ńenu-; TK ńienu-; TD nienuK ńe.d'il, ńi.d'il story, legend; KK ńied'uol К ńe.d'i:- to tell (a story) (TR); KK m'ed'i-, KJ ńed'i-; KD ńied'i-; SD ngiezi-; T ńied'i-; TK nied'i-, med'i--, TJ ńed'i-; TD ńed'i-; MC nenž'agi; BO néndíjle; MU néndschi; MK néndschitajé К ńide- to tell; T nide-, ńide- + to call; TK nide-; TD nideK ńi.ńi:- to call; KJ nini:-, niŋi-, niniK ńenud'e:-, ńind'e:- to beg; to ask; ńe:d'i:ri:- to tell about (TR); ńe:tə-, ńe. də- to call, to give a name; ńidej- to say | T ńied'iiče person who goes to talk with smb; ńied'uol agreement | TD ńied'iri- to speak; nied'ic- to cause to speak 1393. *ńə- 1 К ńə-, ń- reciprocal marker; KK ń-; KJ ńe\ KD ńe, nie, ni-, n-; T ńe-, ńi-, ńii7-; TK иг'-; TJ Ле-\ TD ńe-, nie-, nieŋ-, nio--, SU an-; MC em-; MO ne-; BO imo-, imońK ńaya: together; KK ńaya; KJ ńaya; KD ńahe; T ńaγa; TK ńaγa; TJ ńaγa; TD niaha, niara-, niora, naha; M ńäga T ńi-dannu- to buy; TK ni-dannu-; TD ne-dannu-, ńe-dannuK ńə-kiji:- to compete (in running); KJ nie-kieji-, ńi-giejič-; KD nie-kieyi-; T ńi-giejič-; TK ńi-giejet'i-; TD ńi-geyeče-

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T ńi-d'anmiji1' brothers; TK ńi-d'anmijilpe К ńə-marojča: reeve (Philomachus pugnaq); TK ńe-marojča: К ńə-γanbo:- five [lit. palm together]; KK in-γańbo-, iń-γańb-; KJ iń-hanbo-; SU in-kanwun\ MC em-gangon; BO ímo-qánbo-tudole six; KL an-kanboń, in-ganbun, -jen-kanbon-; В en-ganlon; ME en-ganlon, em-ganbagu-; MK éni-chanboni, ém-chanbóndscheK ń-emd'ə, ń-emd'e:, ń-amd'ə siblings; KJ ń-emd'ie, n-imdie + mother's younger sister; KD ni-emd'epki younger siblings К ńé-čolol row; KD ńe-čoloï К ńə-ma: ləfγu)- both (sides); KK ńe-malugu-\ KJ ńe-malγuKJ ńe-qomie(di)- to respect each other, to use polite forms when talking to each other; SD nge-gomieK ńs-omolbə- reconciled with; TD nien-omol-wareT ńi-giejitče competition (in running); running reindeer [lit. overtaking each other]; TK ńi-giejett'e KJ ńe-qiji- to be shy of one another, to be on non-speaking terms (for ritualistic reasons); KD ńe-qiyiK ńə-molγil year; KD nie-molhii, SD nga-molgil, -nge-molgil; KL nein-molgiï\ В neyun-molgul; ME nehin-molgol T ńi-ńugiejil', ńi-ńugeejil' cousins (children of brothers); TK ńi-ńugejiil'K ńe-ke: in a jumble; ńe-moraj scarf, collar [lit. put together]; ńə-jö:l-laŋidə goodbye I KJ ń-ed'i- to live [rect. to live together] | KD ńe-a:rime- to become friends [lit. to love each other]; ńi-čke line, row; ńe-ora- to make an appointment [lit. to show to each other]; ne-marai boa made of hare tails | SD nga-šožile kind of wild duck (Anas glocitans) [lit. painted together] | T ńí-juo- to meet; to compete [lit. to see each other]; ńí-loŋloyo:- to do smth to each other; ńí-laŋii- to live on the same side of the yurt as smb (TR); ńí-laγarl'eri- to attack together; ńi-kelijil men whose wives are sisters; ńi-buribii underwear and upperwear; ńi-qawd'idiejil' uncle and nephew with respect to each other; ńi-saabijil two husbands of one wife or two wives of one husband in respect to each other; ńiŋ-anmilii- to be of the same age; ńiŋ-asl'iijil' two brothers born one after the other with nobody born between them; ńi-asl'ijii- to be in the relationship of the closest born sibling; ńi-čuud-ewči- to show one's feelings to relatives; ńi-čuud-ewčijil' relatives [lit. those with mutual end of flesh]; ńi-girije-tinγasul competition [lit. mutual taking of names]; ńiŋ-oŋdiiïe- to put in each other; ńi-banqudeŋ to and fro; ńi-ńajn-gönmijil' sisters-in-law (brother's wives); ńi-danniiče customer; ńi-dannube-awur shopping bag; ńi-tigilič- to leave behind in smth (TR); ńi-ojkoï, ńuŋ-ojkuol' place where two rivers flow together; ńi-wal'iti:to exchange; ńiŋ-oqoïbań- squint | TD ńe-loŋloru-yoŋonei-d'emand'ečik bloody vengeance; nin-ilite- argument; nie-gurilil friend; nie-niača-wieril

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lawsuit [lit. doing opposite to each other]; nie-raleru:daha: between; nieŋ-omol-warec- to reconcile with (TR); niora-arad'ir- to whisper; nie-tite-wan-, nie-tite-ban- likewise | TK ńeŋ together with; ńi-burubije double; niŋ-iŋiri- to be enemies with smb, to be angry with each other (TR); ni-ditel'e- identical | MC em-ganbagu-njagon nine S *ńä 'companion, sibling' (SW 106) // JU 83-84; Nikolaeva 1988: 239 1394. *ńə- 2 К ńə- negative pronominal marker; KJ ńe-; M nekíŋ К ń-irkin/ń-irkid no one; KJ n-irkin, ńa-irkin, n-irkie, n-i:rki К ń-ol-γodome:- uneven, unequal [lit. not lying by each other]; KD rti-ob-xodeme- [rect. ni-ol-xodeme-] К in-yodome:- strange, terrible; KK iŋie-γodomie-; KD in-hodemeK ńe-qaŋide to nowhere; KK ńe-qaŋide, ńe-qanide К ńə-qon nowhere; KJ ńeqoń, ńoqoń К ńə-leme nothing; KK ńe-leme\ KD ńe-l'amegiKD nion-xodeme empty; nien-xondo- to stand up 1395.nebo MC neboRus. nebo 1396. *ńeδonə- ? BO nédonodej flame BO nédeń-qomo coal 1397. nedelja KD nie l'e, ńed'el'e week Rus. nedelja 1398. *nejγumə/*nejγŋkumə К nejgumə twilight; T nejgume К nejguməń- to prodice a dim light (of a candle, the sun); KD neigumańut; T lejgumeń-, nejgumeń-; TD neigumann- darkish 1399. *nejin К ni:n-qa:r dark cloud; KD ńen-xar; SU nein-xar, nin-xar; RS ninin-kar, M nejín-kar; В ninin-kar The К data demonstrate contraction into a long vowel.

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1400. *ńekijo:q KD ńekiyox wooden hammer 1401. *ńelK ńel'i:- to lick; KK nel'i-\ KD ńel'i-; В pelik [rect. nelik] К ńel'ižəto lick oneself; lick (once) U *ńole-/*ńo:le'to lick' rtelej(UEWto321)//Nikolaeva 1988: 239; LR 146 1402. *neleča T neleče present; TK ne/eee; TD neleče KJ ńelečeni:- to feed 1403. nelemnoe SD ngelimnoje (pr. a settlement) Rus. nelemnoe 1404. *nellijə T nellije fringe or tassel made of leather straps; TD neleye-, nelleye TU *nelbi 'fringe' (EDAL 968) 1405. *ńelpə К ńelbə breast cloth, apron NT *nel 'breast cloth' (TMS 1 619)//Nikolaeva 1988: 181 In Yukaghir *-pə could be a derivational affix. 1406. *ńelpəK ńelbədej-, ńelbət- to shave, to skin; KJ ńelbedei-; ? MO neïdojgoq [rect. nel'bojgoq] work К ńelbət- to shave, to skin; KJ ńelbetKJ ńelbu- to cut hair; KD ńelbuK ńelbo:- shaven | KK ńelb- to skin | KJ ńelbe skinning FU *ńilke-/*ńülke- (UEW 319)//Nikolaeva 1988: 238-239 The comparison with FU may be valid if *-pə- in Yukaghir is a derivational suffix. 1407. *nelpəs KJ nelboš pr. (a man)

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1408. *nelučo: К nelučo: pr. (a tributary of the Jasačnaja, upstream from Nelemnoe); SD nabucio [rect. nalucio], nolucio pr. (a mountain) 1409. *ńe:mə ? МО п е т а hare U *ńoma(-lV) 'hare' (UEW 322) // HUV 159; UJN 122; Tailleur 1959b: 119; UEW 305; Rédei 1999: 40 Palatalization is reconstructed on the basis of comparison with U and/or the Cyrillic transcription of MO. The transcription of the final vowel in MO as -a may indicate that here we are dealing with the final -ə rather than the full vowel -e. 1410. *nemoj T ńimojke dumb Rus. nemoj 1411. *ńemučəK ńemučəń- dusky, gloomy; purulent; KD niemočen1412. *ńeŋanč'əK ńeŋad'ə- to grow weak, exhausted; KJ ńeŋad'eThe vowel -e- in the first syllable is likely to be secondary: ńa- > ńe-, 1413. *nenčK neži:- to gnaw; KJ ńed'i-, ńed'e-; KD ned'iT ńeri-; TD neri-, ńeri-, nereiT nerej- to bite | TK nerej- to bite

neri-; TK neri-, nerie-; TJ

1414. *úenč'əK ńed'erkəń- plain (of fur) 1415. *ńeńeTJ ńed'ira.jo- to finish (INTR); to die KJ ńeńerai- to diminish; to fall down 1416. *neŋkenčəK nigižəl- yesterday; ? KK ńeged'ie always; KJ ńegad'el-, ńeged'ije; KD ńed'el'-, négod'el'-, ńegad'ie; SU nagaže; M negažé; KL naganžie; В nengandshé; ME nengatsche; MK nengéndschijé-

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1417. *nenkilə T nengile part of the stomach of a fish T nengilei7 tassels made of multicolored fur circles on a shaman's breast cloth 1418. *ńenmK ńenmuŋo:- to flirt; KD ńennuŋiIn KD -nm- > -nn-. 1419. *ńeńo:δə/*ńeńo:ntə К ńeńo:ds as if 1420. *nenunčV KD nenund'eyebo- amusing 1421. *neppəK neppə- little; darling 1422. *nepremenno KD nepremiene surely, certainly Rus. neprmenno 1423. *nerT nerire- to ache (of bones); TK nerej- to separate from the skin (of fur); to bite 1424. *ńe:r К ńe:r clothes; KK ńer, ńier; KJ ńer; KD nier, nien-, SD nier, -mer, SU neira; В neigir; ME negir К ńe:n-šašaγu: rags [lit. torn clothes]; ńe:rbən- to peel TU *ń(i)ara-, *ńiarma- 'skin (not smoked); cloth' (EDAL 1016) 1425. *ŋəra'-q MC ńagon four; BO ńágane, ńáqane Cf. Chuk. ŋərá-q (Mudrak 2000: 103) 1426. *nerča: К nerča: dish made of boiled fish and fish oil baked and dried in a round shape

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1427. *ńerčə К ńerčə tool for fishing in an ice-hole 1428. *nereT neregej- to grow thin; to faint; TK nergej-, TD neregeiT nereguo- lean; thin; TK nerguo-, nereguo-; TD neregoT nereges- to beat; TK neregesT neregii- to strike; nerid'i- exhausted, emaciated; nerej- to be worn bare (of fur); nereguukien pr. (a man) | TD nerege- lean | TK neregej- to faint | В neretshángté war | ME neretschankati war TU *ner-/*nar- 'lean, thin; weak' (EDAL 972) 1429. *nerilə T nerile earthen hill with rocks; pr. (a man) T neriletke pr. (a place) 1430. *ńerkumə К ńerguməń- dusky, gloomy KJ ńergund'eike realm of shadows 1431. nerpa KD nierpa seal (Phocidae); T ńierpe Rus. nerpa 1432. *ńerpəKD ńerbend'eike lower world 1433. *ńetl'a KJ ńatle fox; wolverine (Gulo gulo); KD ńetle; T ńitle, ńetle\ TK ńetle; TJ ńetle; TD nietle TK ńetli- to hunt a fox 1434. neušto К nu:štə really (in questions) Rus. neušto 1435. *newrəT newruu- to startle; TK newru:-, newru-, TD neuru-, nouru- + to be in hysterics; to horrify, to terrify T newre- to frighten, to scare; newruluu- frightening; newruge INTJ (surprise and fear) | TJ neurije- to terrify | TK newrubo- ill with nerves

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1436. ńewta К ńeuta: spring (water) Ev. ńewta, ńewte 'spring water' (TMS 1 650) 1437. *ńe:wut/*ńe:mput К ńe:but, me:mut antlers of a young reindeer 1438. *ńiγ-/*ńiŋk- 1 К ńigi:- to warm (TR); T nig- to move part of one's body close to a fire (TR) К ńigižə-, ńigežə- to warm oneself 1439. *ńiγ-/*ńiŋk- 2 К nigibuj- to bend, to stoop (INTR); KJ nigibui- to walk К ńigidd- to shake oneself; KJ nigidei-; KD nigide-; T ńigede- to shake off the snow (of a reindeer) ? TK nigerej- to let smb come close to oneself U *ńikV- 'to bend (INTR)' (UEW 317-318) // Nikolaeva 1988: 236-237; LR 156 If the comparison with U is valid, the root contained the medial *-γ-, otherwise the cluster *-ŋk- can be reconstructed. 1440. *niγej-/*niŋkəjK nigejo:- heavy; KK nigejo-; KJ nigajo-, nigejo-; KD nigeyo-; SD nigeje-; RS nigaioi К nigejimu- to get heavier j KJ nigelen- to make heavy 1441. *niγiri:/*niŋkiri: T nigirii chamois curtain put in the upper part of the yurt; TK nigri 1442. *ńilK nilgi nobody; KJ nilgi; KD nilgi К ńilŋin to nobody 1443. *ńilč'-/*ńiljT ńild'i- to seek, to aim; to tend; to take one's breath away (TR) 1444. *ńileT ńilel skin from the cheek of a reindeer

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1445. *ńiliwT ńil'iwuo- prone to smile T ńil'iwuod'eγa INTJ (said about a smiling person) 1446. *nillə К nillə larva; fly; T ńilla; TK nille maggot T ńillan-niime kind of fly which lays larvae on food [lit. fly's mother]; TD nilleń-niyimi К nilled-ume fly; KJ nilled-omo; KD nilled-omo, nolled-emo; В nilend-oma; ME nillent-oma T nillad-uo larva [lit. fly child]; ńillajd-uo many larvae [lit. fly's children] TU *nej(l)V- 'small louse, nit' (EDAL 966) 1447. *nilləK nilləš- to moan; RS nilečut to mourn, to deplore 1448. nimba К ninba: board for cutting skins; KK ninba; KJ ninbe; KD ninbe; T ninbe; TK ninberCf. Ev. nimba (TMS 1 594) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 The final vowel has undergone secondary lengthening, -mb- > -nb- by dissimilation. 1449. *ńimč'əК ńimd'əš- to patch up 1450. *nime К пито house, yurt; KK nume, пито; KJ nume, пито; KD nume, пита; SD nume, numau-, numu-; T nime; TK nime; TJ nima, nime; TD nime, nima-; SU пита, numak, numége, númele; RS пита, numak, númopa; M núma, númapa, numánde, númagat, númala, númaga, númapala, númapaga; MC naumagi, -jmajlo [rect. -nimajlo]; ВО numáńgat; KL núma; В пита, -noma; ME пита; MU numä'; MK núma К numödə- to get married, to get a house; to be surrounded by mist (of the moon); KD numode-; T nimere-; TK nimereT nimen-d'ii family [lit. house people]; TK nimen-d'i: owners of the house [lit. house people]; TD nimen-tul К numöńo. l abandoned dwelling; KJ numeńuol- site of fire; T ńumuńal, ńumuńuol К numöd'ə- to settle, to live, to make a house; KJ numod'e-; T ńumud'e- to pitch a camp after wandering

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T ńumuńe- to live in a yurt; SU numinekin ? T ńuŋen-gönme smb living in the same yurt; TD nimen-kode- host К numö-jekïe.-ejrs- to go hunting [lit. to go behind the house]; TD nima-yexlin-keweiSD numu-midel ceiling | T nimen-purewre ceiling [lit. house's cover]; nimen-pudiliel yard, place around the house [lit. house's place outside]; nimen-ńuŋure wall of a yurt [lit. house's side]; nimen-mörńiiče the one who makes the house noisy (of a child); nimekaa small house; nimed-ayuoluol place where a yurt was standing; nimen-sukun, nimen-dukun covering of a yurt; nimen-lalime sledge for carrying the covering of a yurt; nimen-moŋod-aŋiï upper part of the chamois cover of the smoke hole in a yurt; nimen-nellije fringe of the chamois cover of a yurt; nimen-saal poles of a yurt; ńumud'elme time before or during the erection of the yurt; ńumud'uol street; ńumuńienube place where smb always lives in a yurt | TD nimen-paipe housewife, housekeeper; nimen-pureure roof [lit. house top] | TK nimedaje log on which the poles of the yurt frame are put; nimen-göde master of the house; nimed-emul family that lives in one house; nimete- to marry (TR) TU *nime 'neighbor; household' (TMS 1 595-596) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 In К both vowels were labialized under the influence of the labial consonant -m-. The vowel -u- in the first syllable is also present in some T forms, while the initial consonant was palatalized: *nime > ńume. 1451. *nimeTK nimen-rukun cloth made of smoked skin 1452. *ni:mə T el-ńiimije orphan [lit. without mother]; TK el'-nimije KJ nimdietek mother's younger sister or younger female cousin | T ńimojieto mix blood through matrimony 1453. *ńime:K ńime:- to go out (of fire); KK ńimie-; KJ nimie-, nimei-; KD ńimie-; T ńimie-; TK ńimie-, nimie-; TD ńimie-, nimieK ńime.š- to put out (fire), to extinguish; KK ńimieš-; KJ nimeš-; KD ńimec-; T ńimies-; TK ńimies-; TD ńi:m'ec-, nimiec1454. *nimelə T nimele letter; pattern, ornament, design; TK nimele; TD nimele, nimali-, nimele-

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T nimeles- to write; TK nimeles-; TD nimelec-; RS nimilašol T nimele-wieče secretary, clerk [lit. writing maker]; TK nimelen-wiet'e; TD nimelen-wiečeT nimelerul surname; nimelennube desk; nimeled-awur file [lit. brief container]; nimelesiiče writer | TD nimali-wien-lauye ink [lit. water for making letters]; nimelecti- to cause to write 1455. *nimenč'K ńumud'id'ə bile; KD nimed'id'e\ В niméngshinzshá nimensintscha In К the vowels were labialized, cf. *nime.

stomach; ME

1456. ńi:met К numet fontanel; place in the shade, shadow Ev. ńi. met, ńiemet, ńe. met 'skin on young antlers' (TMS 1 596) In К numet the vowel -u- was probably rounded because of the following -m-. 1457. *ńimo:jə T ńumuoje, ńimuoje straits 1458. *nimpilinč'i: T nibilid'ii, ni(i)meled'ii, nimilid'ii-niime furuncle 1459. *niŋK niŋe: soul; breast, heart; middle; KJ niŋie; KD niŋiede-molho entrails [lit. middle of the breast]; T ńiŋie + stomach, belly; TK niŋie-; TJ niŋie heart; TD niŋiŋ\ В ningela-; ME nyngellaK niŋiŋe. l blank in between; KD niŋiŋiel\ SD ngiqiugiel; T ńaŋal'aruul; TK ńanal'erul К niŋe.mun, niŋe. bun traditional breast cloth decorated with beads; apron; KJ nigeibun, nigejebun\ KD nigebun, nigeyebun\ SD ngigumun; ME ningemon К niŋe:d-u:, iŋid-u: vomit; KD niŋid-u, niŋied-u\ T ńuŋud-uul fish-roe; caviar; TD ńuŋnd-ul К niŋe. le-tönbi:- to worry [lit. to strengthen the soul]; T ńuŋie-werwiiT ńuŋu-rukun breast cloth; apron, pinafore [lit. breast thing]; TK ńuŋu-rukun; TD niŋu-rukunuo, niŋu-rukunio К niŋe:lə-melləš- to moan; niŋe.lə-pejži:- to worry [lit. to throw the soul]; niŋe. n-šögije piece of (hare) fur put on the chest under the breast cloth for warmth [lit. breast bedding]; niŋe.ńə- kind, warm (of a person) | KD -ŋinid'ie

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opposite I T ńuŋu-rukun-aawand'e four vertical stripes on a traditional breast cloth [lit. with breast thing dreams]; ńuŋu-jömgije tassel made of black and white pieces of dog's skin fixed on both sides of a breast cloth [lit. breast tassel]; ńuŋu-nimele decoration made of different coloured strips of leather and beads fixed in the centre of a woman's breast cloth [lit. breast ornament]; iŋijid-uo new-born child [lit. breast child]; ńiŋied-aruu deep-throated shout (of an ogre) [lit. breast words]; ńuŋurd-oŋoj-ind'ienube bag for sewing equipment [lit. chest bag for sewing] | TD niŋied-igeye belt; niŋied-igeyec- to gird 1460. *ńinč'K ńid'i:- to stroke К ńid'ilo:- smooth 1461. *niŋeTD niŋedet- to push 1462. *ninkəK ningə- much, many; KK ninge-, niŋa-, ninguo; KJ ninge-, niŋe-; KD niŋe-; SD ninge-, TJ niŋe-, TD niŋe-, SU niŋei, níŋef, RS niŋoi, niŋai', M niŋno, ŋińŋo, neńŋei, ŋińŋgai, ŋińŋeie\ ВО níngej; KL ningaj; В ningoin; ME ninkojon; ? MU njénga we К ningəmu-, ningumu- to increase in number (INTR); KD ningemu-; TD niŋomuK ningəžə- to increase in number (TR) | KD niŋeye city | TD niongeye-tolou herd [lit. many wild reindeer] 1463. *ńińonč'ə KK ńińod'e autumn 1464. *nintəT nemen-nidelek what is this? 1465. *nirčə MU nirtscha human; man ? TU *n(i)ari (EDAL 1013) 1466. *niteK nitegərej- to stick; T nitegerej-

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1467. *niwTK niwie- different; TD niwol, niuol 1468. njaša KD niace swamp Rus. dial, njaša 1469. ŋenuken T neenukee riddle; TK nenuke\ TD ńenuke T neenukee- to ask riddles; TD nenukoEv. ŋenuken 'riddle' (TMS 1 622) The borrowing into Yukaghir is quite recent, shown by the fact that -k- is preserved. 1470. *no:- 1 MK nóje to see 1471. *no:- 2 К no:- to scrape, to scratch; KJ no:--, T nuo-\ TK no:- + to clean; TD no:T nuoj- to sweep off; nuol snuff for smoking in a pipe; nuod'e-rukun summer yurt [lit. scraped thing] 1472. *ńo:K no:- to weave, to braid; TK nu-\ MK njójondK ńojlo:- woven; KD naul'oT ń йоге- to weave; to twist; TK ńuorie? KD nolod'ed-eyiŋ dress hide of the elk skin | T ńuoj-igije thin woven belt [lit. woven rope]; ńuoruu smth woven | TD nioru- to spin, to twist; ńoroded-igeye wattled rope; ńixore- to weave | TK ńuoru: weaving 1473. *nö:K nö:- to laugh; KK no-, nuo-\ KJ nuo-; KD nuo-\ MC noja\ BO nój; KL nuaj; В nook, ME noock К nö. təč- to cause to laugh; nöbo:mu-, nölbo:- to smile 1474. *поЬокэ-/*потрэкэ- ? SD nobokor dog sledge 1475. *nočočKD nočoči- to take the expense on oneself

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1476. *nočqəKJ nočqate- to push 1477. ńöčeruk К ńöčuruk tea-pot Ev. ńöčeruk (TMS 1 349) 1478. *ńo:δ-/*ńo:ntKJ ńuoduope descendants 1479. *ńontaK ńodomme:- two-layer, two-fold; KD ńodome-; TK nidoŋo-; SU neomeje T ńidoŋo having passed over a place several times; ńiduun in a mixture In T *-o- > -/- under the influence of */?-. 1480. *noγK noudi:-, noŋdi:-, nojdi:- to be in wait for, to be on guard, to watch over; to keep (TR); KK nowdi-, nauri-, nawri-; KJ noudi-; KD noudi-; T nawrii-; TK nawri-, nauri-; TD nauri-, nouri- + to graze, to pasture К nojdid'ajə guard; KJ nogdije, pogdid'aje [rect. nogdid'aje] + visitor; KD nogdiye shaman's assistant; SD ngagdije assistant of a shaman; SU nogdydajakot guest К nojdi:jə servant; nojla:- to start guarding | T nawriiče observer ? U *ńoŋδa-/*ńowδa- 'to chase, to follow' (UEW 323-324) // HUV 159-60; Nikolaeva 1988: 236; Rédei 1999: 40 1481. *noγ-/*noŋqK noγ- to string; KK now-/nom-/noy-/noq-/noi/-; KD noh-/nou-/noqK noyi: thimble; KK noyi:; KJ noyi; KD nohi; SD nogi; T noyii; TK noyi: К noyil bundle; KD nohil; TJ noyul, nogiel lasso T noyii-lalime sledge as small as a thimble (in folklore) [lit. thimble sledge]; noyiin-lalimed'aa man with a sledge as small as a thimble (in folklore) 1482. *noγe:/*noŋqe: TD nogieŋ kind of salmon found in a lake 1483. *ńo:γə/*ńoŋqə К ńo. yəd-igejə rope on the right of a reindeer team К ńo:yə-ša:l pointed stick used for driving reindeer; ńo.yəyut front right reindeer in a team

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1484. *nöγijə/*nöŋkijəTJ nogije- belt made of reindeer skin 1485. *noγo-/*noŋqəK -noyot pillow; T noŋor; TK noŋor + wedge; TD noŋor T ńoyod-ayil bed; TK ńoyod-aγil(') + rug ? T ńoγoče curve of a runner of a sledge; noŋon-dukun pillowcase [lit. pillow thing] The palatalization of the initial consonant in some T forms is unclear. The alternation -ŋ γ- is irregular. 1486. *nojK nojl leg, foot; KK nojl; KJ noil', KD noil; SD nojl, noj; SU noil, noigi; RS noi; KL noik; В noel; ME noil К nojya: marrow; KD noil, ME noen-chonda К nojd-i:śə tip of the foot; KD noid-iče-parul К noj-qa:r skin from the leg of a reindeer [lit. leg skin]; KJ noŋ-yar, non-yar, ńon-qar; KD noŋar; SD nan-gar К nojd-igejə rope of a reindeer harness [lit. leg rope] | KD noid-axče shin [lit. edge of the leg] | ? SD ngojn-atqil-qagiel yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) 1487. *ńojT jajur, ńojir(qa) dirty liquid, pulp; mash, mess T ńojird'aa pr. (a reindeer) 1488. *ńo:jə T ńuoje horse-tail T ńuojetke pr. (a lake) 1489. *ńojoγə-/*ńojoŋkəT ńojoyo- to sag (of a sledge runner) 1490. *nolK nolut poplar, willow; KJ nolut; SD nolut, uolut [rect. nolut] young white poplar; TD nolur red poplar; SU nolut, RS nolud; M nolúd, nolúdak; В nollod KJ nolut-ičegen-mond'inulbon willow ptarmigan [lit. the one who jumps on the tops of willow trees] | TD nolur-cal red poplar ? U *ńulkV 'poplar, willow' (UEW 327) // Bouda 1940: 83; JU 136; UJN

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122; FUV 41—42; Tailleur 1959a: 419; FUV 41; Nikolaeva 1988: 237; Rédei 1999: 41 1491. *ńoloT ńolol duck; TK ńolel; TD niolol 1492. *ńomK jomil neck; KK jomil; KJ jomii, KD yomil\ SD jomul, T ńamiil; TK ńamil, ńmie-; TD niamil; SU jómil; RS jómil; M jomil; В *yomu:el; ME jomil К jumu-čumə swan [lit. big neck]; KK jumu-t'ume + goose; KD yomi-čeme; SD jema-cima; T ńamii-d'itke; TD niami-d'itke-; ? RS jolš-titka К jomi-mojbə man, human (in folklore) [lit. neck holding]; SD jami-majba К imi-jömčə northern pintail (Anas acuta) [lit. with the oblong neck]; SD jemi-jemcie T ńamii-rukun scarf [lit. neck thing]; TD ńamii-rukun T ńamiid-enmur notched antler fastened on the left part of the neck of the halter [lit. neck antler]; ńamii-mennaa- obstinate; stubborn [lit. to take one's neck]; ńamiin-čawnii instrument for cutting the neck of an ogre [lit. neck cutter] I TD niamid-amun vertebrae In К the initial *ń- > j-. 1493. *ńömK ńumušej- to press; KD nimuceiK ńumžəš- to squeeze; KD numdecK momrijə belt on trousers; KD on-momriye; TD on-momreje KK mumie-, mumuji- to pinch; KD mumuyi- to catch on; RS memujei К mumžə- to get narrower; KD mumže- + strong (of wind) К mumžijə narrowed place; mumuša: kind of small fish of the sturgeon family (Rus. dial, katalka) | KK momrit'i- to get covered with ice (of an ice-hole); momro- tightened | T momdil'e- to get frozen, to curl up from cold; momŋond'ed-oŋoj sack tightened with a rope FU *ńVmV- 'to press' (UEW 330) //Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 143, 156 In Yukaghir the initial ń- developed into m- in some forms under the assimilative influence of the second consonant. 1494. *nomoK nomoqə-jo: INTJ (too bad! used when smth is missing) 1495. *nomoδ-/*nomontK nomod- different, various; KJ ńomed'e, ńo:med'e

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1496. *ńomtəK ńomtə- to trot The cluster -mt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1497. *nonT nond-awje, naand-awje bow; TK nond-awje; TJ noŋd-o:je arrow 1498. *ńoŋK ńoŋo:- green, blue ? TU *log- 'green; dark' (EDAL 875) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180; LR 165 Yukaghir exhibits the alternation n- ~ /-, cf. neme ~ leme. 1499. *nončəK nonžo:-, monžo:- exhausted, weak; KK nonoro-; T nonde-; TK nonre-, nonde-; TD nonde- to become quiet; RS nondroi; В nóndri; ME nonrai К nonžumu- to get exhausted; KK nonromuK nonžəš- to exhaust | KD nondod'i-, nondoń- to exhaust | T nondejneŋ weakly; slowly The clusters -nž-, -nd- are atypical morpheme-internally. 1500. *ńonč'əK no:d'i-ńe:r, ńo:d'i-ńe:r chamois leather; KJ nod'i-ner, pod'i-ńer; KD pod'iner [rect. nod'i-ner]; SD nozi-nieri, ngoziu-mer; T ńuod'e-rukun smoked chamois; summer bed curtain; TD nod'i-rukun 1501. *ńonč'ijə TK ńod'ije red fish 1502. *ńo:nč'ijə T ńuod'ije fringe made of pieces of w o l f s or dog's skin; pr. (a lake) T ńuod'ijaa pr. (a man) An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 1503. *nono К nono handle; thorn; KK nono; KJ nonno shaft; SD nono; T nono; TK попа, none + butt log, butt end; TD nono; В -nonna 1504. *nonoK nonol loop; snare; trap for birds, hares, bears, elk and wild reindeer; KK nonol; SD nonol, T nonol, TK nonol, TD nonol К nonotə- to set up a trap; KD nonoto- to put up on; T nonote-

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1505. *nono ? MC nanoga leg; BO nonóg 1506. *noŋo:n К noŋo. n what for, why; KK nuŋon; KJ noŋol; TK namol 1507. *ńono:rəK ńono:rədə sideways, to the side 1508. *nonontT nonodu- to catch with bad intentions (TR) 1509. *nonqK nonyunə- stooping, hump-backed; KD nonhune-, nongune-; T nonyuneKD nonyorai- to stoop, to bend 1510. *nonqə T nonya tobacco; TK noŋga; TJ nonra, nuŋra; TD nonhaT nonya-law- to smoke [lit. to drink tobacco]; TK noŋga-lawT nonya-lawje pipe [lit. tobacco smoker]; TD nonhan-lauye 1511. *noŋqə К noyo sand; KK nogo; KD nogo, noro; SD nogo, ngoqo-; T noyo ash; TD noho ash; SU -nogo; RS nogo, -nogó; В nongha; ME nonka; MU núnga smoke; MK nónkcho К noyotəč- to stir up I KD nohoči dust 1512. *nontə К nodo bird; KK nodo; KJ nodo; KD nodo duck; SD nodo-; T nada wolf; TK nada- bird; wolf; TD nada- wolf; SU -nada; RS nodo; M noddo, noddok, В nonda, nontond-, -nonda; ME nonda, -nonda T nodod-uo, nonud-uo egg [lit. bird's child]; TK nonud-uo; TD nodad-uo; MK nondónd-, -nóda KJ nodon-qar tax [lit. animal skin] | T nonud-uon-amun eggshell [lit. egg's bone]; nadad-enu pr. (a river) [lit. bird's river]; nadan-mooje polar owl [lit. birds' master]; nadarigie, nadarad'ie, nadarugie, nadurgie reindeer killed by wolves 1513. *nontəT nuode- to drag, to trail

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1514. *ńoqoT ńoqoyoj- to be torn off; to become free; TK ńoqoγoj- to come unstuck ? SD ngoqoco curved stick used for bending wood when making sledge runners I T ńoqoγii- to tear | TK ńoqoyos- to tear off; ńoqosaqsej- to tear off; ńoqoyorej- to pull out 1515. *noqsə К noqšə sable; SD noqšo, ngoqoco + wolverine;; TD noxco-; SU noxča; RS nokša; M nókšcr, В noghtsha\ MU nóktscha; MK nóchtscha К noqšə-jugul rush, reed [lit. sable tree]; KD noxce-yugul ? SD nogšoc'o Russian FU *ńukśe/*ńukV-ŠV 'sable' (UEW 326-327) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 287; JU 84; FUV 102, UJN 126; Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 326; Nikolaeva 1988: 237; Rédei 1999: 41 1516. *nörT nöril', nuril' pick for sewing and cutting skins; TK nuril', ńurul'; TD nuril' 1517. *no:rə К no. rəka. n stick; T nuorii woman's walking stick S W F ' s t i c k , staff (SW 97-98) < ? U *nuri II Nikolaeva 1988: 237 1518. *ńo:riγiU'ə/*ńo:riŋkill'ə T ńuorigill'e bad knife 1519. ńo:rkan T ńuorkanal four- or five-year old male reindeer; TK ńorkenel TK ńuorkenčan four- or five-year old male reindeer Ev. ńo. rkan (TMS 1 642) // Krejnovič 1958: 248

ń(u)orkenčan,

1520. *nörkəK nörgəmtu:, nörgəmti: small dry twigs of larch used for kindling fire; brushwood К nörgumə notch; nörgej- to crunch, to crack; nörgəš- to crunch with (TR); nörguməń- rough | ? KJ norgo- to gnaw ? U *ńVrV/*ńVrkV 'rod, young shoot' (UEW 331) or Ev. ńirguqi 'brushwood' (TMS 1 639)

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1521. *ńorńik T ńorńik skin of a polar fox born in summer The synharmonism is irregular. The element -ńik may be a Russian suffix. 1522. *noroT noroyo- to squeak, to creak (of the tripod of a yurt) T ńoroyoqoj- to crack; to burst 1523. *ńoro T ńoro, ńara small hill 1524. *ńoro- 1 T ńorine- yellow; TK ńorneT ńorqo copper; TK ńorqa; TD norxoT ńoričeń- yellow; ńoroyoj- to become yellow; ńoriče yolk (of an egg); Лoričend'ege INTJ (how yellow!) S *ńär- 'red' (SW 107-108) 1525. *ńoro-2 T ńord'e moss, lichen; TK ńord'e; TJ ńord'e; TD ńord'e-, ńord'o- + pasture T ńord'ečaa place where lichen grows К ńorol' pool; moss; KK ńorol'; KJ ńorol, KD ńorol, ńorol'; T ńoril'; TK ńoril'; RS norol T ńoron-daa cloudberry; TK ńorin-burie К norolcu:- friable (of snow) | T ńorondaa kind of snipe; ńoron-muoqa pr. (a lake) [lit. pool whitefísh]; ńorin-ruske, ńoron-ruske lake with a whirlpool on a plain; whirlpool [lit. pool bowl]; ńorilčaa country with many swamps; ńorondaatege big snipe; ńoronmuol pr. (a lake) U *ńorV 'marsh; kind of moss' (UEW 324-326) // Bouda 1940: 83; JU 136; HUV 159; UJN 122; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Selk., Nen.); Tailleur 1959a: 418 ( ~ Nen.); FUV 41; UEW 325; Nikolaeva 1988: 239; Rédei 1999: 41 1526. *norqəK norqəl'ə- to wrinkle; KK norqol'e-\ KJ norqola-; KD norqole- to show up; T norqoïeń-; TK ńorqïïeń-, ńorqil'en- crooked К norqənə- twisted; KK norqune- curly; KD norxuńe-, TK norqine- curly; TD norxene- curly К norqəγə-, norqəqə- to budge, to shiver; to jerk; KK norqoyo-; KJ norqoqo-; KD norxoxo-; T norqoyo- + irritated; crooked К norqəl'əš- to wrinkle; norqumu- to twist; norqəžeš- to rub; ? ńorqəžəš- to

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grip I T norqol'uu perpetually irritated; norqotuu fit of irritation; ńorqid'e curls; ńorqočeń-, ńorqičeń- wrinkled; ńorqid'e curls; ńorqoγoj- to start curling (of hair) 1527. *ńorqo:jə T ńorquoje female wild reindeer with a new-born calf 1528. *notT notine- beautiful; smart; TK notineT notineŋ diligently, accurately 1529. *notnəT notne- ugly; mean; TD notneT notnii- to frown; notnej-ńamiid-amun kind of jugular vertebrae adjoining the dorsal ones [lit. ugly neck bone]; notnaačii- unprepossessing; notnaačiil-ńanme kind of willow tree which does not grow on the riverbank 1530. *ńo:w- ? MK njoownyje-tschogóje fork 1531. nožnicy KD ńodiče scissors Rus. nožnicy 1532. *ńu: К ńu: name; KK ńu; KJ niu-, KD niw, SU nyw, niw\ RS niw, MC nywa; В neve) ME niiv, W nim К ńu.tə- to give a name U *nime 'name' (UEW 305) // Paasonen 1907: 20; Lewy 1928: 287; JU 84; UJN 121-2; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); FUV 39; UEW 305; Nikolaeva 1988: 240; Rédei 1999: 40; LR 143, 156 The following phonetic developments can be reconstructed: *nime > niwe > niw > ńu: or *nime > nim > niw > ńu:, cf. *o:-. 1533. *nuγK nug- to find; to kill; KK nu-, num-, nuu-, nuŋ-, пик-; KJ nug-\ KD nug-, nuŋ-, T nug-, пии-\ TK nug-, nu:(ŋ)-\ TJ nuy-, пи:-, nu-, nun-, nu:n-\ TD nu.k-, nug-, nu:-, nuh-\ M nug, núŋa, núktaja, núgda, nugik TD ńe-nu:i meeting | ? TK nuguil, nugujil fighting

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1534. *nuγ- ? MO nigipp day, morning; light; BO núgul, nugúl, nugúl'ga 1535. *ńuγe-/*ńuŋkəK ńugedə- to bind, to wrap 1536. *ńuγe:-/*ńuŋke:T ńuugel half-brothers 1537. *nuγö-/*nuŋkəK nugödə- to make smb smth, to behave in some way with respect to smb (TR); KJ nugode-, -nugači to take; to become; KD -nugodeK nugetə- to put; nugöči:- to rob | T nigerej- to place somewhere 1538. *ńuγörə/*ńuŋkərə К ńugerə, ńigerə side; wall; KK ńugoro; KJ ńugore; KD ńugore thigh; T ńuŋure\ TK ńuŋore, ńuŋure; SU nugére KD nugod'id-amun rib; thigh [lit. thigh bone]; T ńuŋured-amun\ TK ńuŋured-amun, nigrid-amun; TD ńuŋoren-amun, nigreyed-amun\ SU nugéred-amun К ńugere.n on one's side | T ńuŋerd-oŋoj leather bag for keeping sewing accessories [lit. side bag]; ńuŋer-sawańe- to have contrasting light fur on the flanks (of a reindeer) [lit. with the side skin]; ńuŋer-sawand'aa pr. (a reindeer) [lit. with the side skin] | TD niman-ńuŋone wall | TK ńuŋu-rukun breast cloth; apron ? TU *ńuŋi: 'thigh' (EDAL 1022) 1539. *ńu:jəT Лuujaγa- to walk staggering and moving hands ? FU *nVjV-/*ńVjV- 'to stretch, to expand (INTR) (UEW 309-310) 1540. *nulińčə TK nulid'e pack (of wolves) T nulid'e-göde crowd 1541. *numK numunə long since, before; always, constantly; KJ numude, numune; KD numune; T numuneŋ; TK numune(ŋ) nothing; TD ńumunen, numunuŋ T numune-mod'eŋ modal marker (I've said that ...) | TD numunuleye-kodek last

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1542. *ńumT ńumuol- to vanish, to be lost; to overdo; TK ńumuod'e-, ńumud'e-, nimud'eto stop, to be caught T ńumuolul suffering; ńumuos- to cause to suffer; ńumuoluu- to be torturing | TK ńumud'el pause while nomadising 1543. *ńumč'ə К jumd'ə, ńumd'ə chin, jaw; KK ńumd'e; KJ ńumd'e; KD ńumd'ed-; SD ngumza; T ńumd'e; TK ńumd'e, ńumde\ TD ńumd'e-; SU ńumže-, MC numžegi, numčiče beard, eyebrow; MK njúmdsche chin KD numd'et-amdiye cheek protector made of fur | T ńumd'e-qajruu salmon [lit. with the crooked jaw] 1544. *ńumčəK ńumžd- whole; KJ numdi-, ńumre-; KD numde-; T ńumde-, ńumre-; TK ńumre-, ńumde-; TJ nimror, TD numd'eT ńumd'iir, ńumriir as a whole; ńumdereŋ as a whole; ńumdettegiir everything; everybody 1545. *ńumδTK ńumru:, ńumru shoal, ford; TD numroń T ńumduol- shallow; TK ńumro-, ńumruoT ńumdije shallow place *-S- is reconstructed based on the alternation -r

d-.

1546. *numtKJ numdugi- to have pity 1547. *ńumunč'K numud'u:- sour, bitter; KK ńumud'u:-; KD nimed'u-; RS nemed'ič В emediten-ondshe vodka; MU nemindeten-ondscha К numud'id'ə gall; KJ nimed'id'e\ KD nimed'id'e; В nimedzshinidsha salt; ME nimentschintscha salt К ńumud'ike:- to turn sour 1548. *ńumunč'i: К ńumud'i: axe; KK numud'i, ńumud'i:; KJ numed'i, numod'i; SD ngimuzv, T ńumudïï, TK ńumud'i:; TD numod'i; SU numedi; RS numodi; В noomundzshi; ME numuntschy; MU numundschi; MK numoóndschi T ńumud'iid-egil butt of an axe [lit. axe's back]

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1549. *ńumurT ńumurd-oŋoj saddle-bag 1550. *nunkə К nungə sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys); T nunge\ TK nunge\ TD nuŋe\ MU núnga К nungəd-en pr. (the river Rassoxa); KJ nuŋed-en К nungəd-en-d'i: pr. (the Yukaghir Uškan clan that lived on the river Nungeden) [lit. people from the Nungeden] 1551. *ńuŋkən/*ńuŋen К nugen arm; KK nugen, nugon; KJ nugon; KD nugen, nugun, nugon; SD nugan; T niŋin, ńugen-, ńuŋun-; TK niŋin; TD niŋin-aul, niŋen-; SU nugenpa; RS nugen; KL nuganga, nugan; В núngean, nugán, nungén-; ME nungan, nungynT niŋin-qaačil elbow [lit. arm curve]; TD niŋen-račil К nugen-ludul bracelet; KD nugon-ludul, nugun-ludul KJ nugen-joboho back of the hand | T niŋind-aŋiï part of a sleeve around the wrist [lit. arm opening]; niŋin-duul armful [lit. content of the arm]; niŋin-tuduruul inner part of a sleeve [lit. inside of the arm] TU *ńuŋa 'muscles; elbow' (TMS 646) The B/ME data indicate that the cluster *-ŋк- should be reconstructed word-internally, but the #-like reflex of this cluster in T is irregular, so perhaps we are dealing with a single consonant here. The initial consonant was palatal as shown by some T forms and the vowel -/- in the first syllable. 1552. *nuŋn-/*ńuŋnT nuŋniń- to dream (INTR); TJ nuŋnen-; TD nunŋeń-; MU njúne, núngnee T nuŋnii person who turns into a new-born child after death, according to traditional beliefs; TD nuŋnin T nuŋnii-raal coffin; larch meant to be used for a coffin [lit. reincarnation wood]; nuŋniid-ile tame reindeer which is killed after its owner's death [lit. reincarnation reindeer]; nuŋnuo- to be smb's double | TD nuŋid'i kingdom of shadows FU *ńuŋV- 'to dream, to rest' (UEW 328) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240 MU data may indicate that the initial consonant in Yukaghir was palatal. 1553. *nunńəT nunńe- thick (of a skin) T nunńije thick part of a skin

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1554.*nu:nqi T nuunqi cormorant (Corvus marinus) This stem demonstrates irregular synharmonism and an irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 1555. *ńuŋurəT ńuŋure(s)- to emit sounds (of a reindeer) 1556. *nuseK nušel'əš- to set up (a house, a yurt, a trap, or a stove); KJ nušelešK nuša:- to set up, to put The stem seems to belong to the class of back stems. 1557. *nu:wə К nu. bə edible roots (in taste resembling turnips, one or two meters high); roots of the birch-tree Cf. Ev. dial, nuba 'edible roots' (TMS 1 607) The direction of borrowing is unclear, but the Ev. word demonstrates that Yukaghir had rather than *-mp-. 1558. nužno К nužuŋo:- poor; KD nud'oŋo-, nud'aŋoKD nude need; nud'eŋomu- to become poorer Rus. nužno 1560. *ńyl-/*ńilK ńuldej-, ńildej- to fall off (of fur when smb begins to prepare a skin by soaping it); KJ ńeldeiT ńilaj- to rot so that the fur comes off (of a skin) TU *nil-/*ńul- (TMS 1 592) In К the stem shows the front harmony, while in T the harmony is back. 1561. *nyma К nima weapon 1562. *nyŋK niŋd'id'a:- to fight; KK ńiŋd'id'a-, KJ niŋd'id'a:-, niŋd'id'a-; KD niŋd'id'a-; T ńuŋuuji-; TD ńuŋuyi-\ RS ninčyž'ak TD ńunuyil' fighting competition; ? niŋeditni- to push each other; ńiŋuýubod'a fighter ? TU *ŋen- 'to attack, to fight' (EDAL 1027)

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In Yukaghir metathesis is possible. In T -/- > -u- under the influence of the following -u-. 1563. *nyna-? BO nynánga head 1564. *nynčəT niraγa- to grin; TD nerare- to growl (of a dog) T nirana- grinning; ajar; ninyarii- to growl at (TR); niračeń- grinning; ajar ? TU *ńinŋu- 'to moan' (TMS 1 597) The reconstruction of the cluster *-nč- is suggested by the alternation T -n (+ a consonant) ~ -r (+ a vowel). *-čə- may be a derivational suffix. 1565. *ńynč'əT ńid'aya- to finish, to be spent (INTR); TD -nid'ehal-, -nid'ahaT ńid'ayarej- to spend, to waste; TK иid'ayaj- to run short; to melt, to thaw; TD nid'eharai-, nid'aharei-, ńid'eharai- + to destroy 1566. *ńyŋoT ńiŋomie-, niŋomie-, ńiŋomie- different, various; TK niŋomieT иiŋomied'ič in various ways 1567. *ńyŋqK иoyo:- to fall down; KK иiyo-; KJ ńuγo-, niyo-; ? KD -ńuro-\ T naya-; TK naya-, TD rtaha-, na.ha-; В niengi; ME ningkai К ńiŋžə- to knock down, to knock over, to drop; KK ńinre-\ KJ niŋde-, niŋre-, niŋd'eK niŋči:- to kill I TK nayate- to let fall In some forms the vowel of the first syllable (probably, -е- < -y-) was assimilated to the second syllable -o:- or -a:-, while in other forms the initial *ńy- has developed into nu-. 1568. *nypor К nipor first snow; KJ nipor 1569. *ńyr- 1 T ńir- to vomit; TK и/г-; TD nirTD niarč- to vomit | TK nird'e- to vomit 1570. *ńyr- 2 T ńiruon separately; TK ńiron; TD nirońlek

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T ńiruosiiïe- to separate (INTR); TD niroceileT ńiruose- to separate (TR); TK niruose-; TD niroceT ńiraqa pr. (a man) | TD nirod'e- to separate (INTR) The stem shows back vowel harmony. 1571. *nywaTK nywayaret'i- not to give up (INTR) 1572. *nywoja К nibojə, nimojə, ńumojə wooden platform on four poles used as a shed; KK ńibojo, niboje; KJ niboje, niboje; TD numoye- coffin; MK nywája bench К nibojəš-, imojəš- to pack | TD numoyen-yacik coffin 1573. * nywolə- ? TD niuoletile-, niwoletile- to change 1574.*o KD oyo INTJ (joy, satisfaction); T ow, ou; TK о T ook INTJ (amazement) 1575. *o: К о: trousers; KK o:; KJ or, SD о; T oo; TK or, TD or, RS oo; В oa; ME o:h; MU o; MK do К o:qa: little trousers | T oon-qodire fur underpants [lit. underlying of the trousers]; oon-burebe trousers with fur on the outside [lit. to of the trousers] ? TU *oji(ki) (EDAL 1487) 1576. *o:K o:- to scoop up, to draw, to ladle; KK o>; KD о-; T oo-; TK oo-; TD o> FU *ama- 'to scoop' (UEW 7-8) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 144 The presumed phonetic development is as follows: *ama- > am > aw > o: or *ama- > awa > aw > o:, cf. *ńu:. 1577.*ö: К ö.\ -и: child; KK uo, uo\ KJ u:, uo; KD но; SD -io-\ T uo, -wuo, -u:; TK MO, MÖ; TJ MO; TD uo; SU wo; RS uo, -о; M uo, -o; MC о; MO -wop, -от, -о, -úuw; KL ua, -ugi, -ogi; В uwá, -и, -ae, -oo; ME u:a, -u, -ae, -aa; MU oo, -or, MK MO, -úuw, -od', -ii, -oo К ö:ŋо:- young; KJ uoŋo-; KD uoŋo-, T uoŋol-, TJ uoŋo-, TD uoŋo-, M wóoŋóči, oŋoi\ ВО oo, -о, ónde; ME ongai

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К ö.rpəpul children; KK -uorpe-, uorep-; T йог ре; SU worpa\ М worpa\ KL orpa К ö:ńə- to have children; to give birth; TK uońe-; BO onéj\ KL uń T uod-awur cradle [lit. child container]; TD uod-aur T uod-oŋoj placenta [lit. child pocket]; TK uod-oŋojk T oodend'e nestling; TD odońd'e egg TK worper- to have children; TD uorpenK uj- to be born; KK uj-, u-\ TD uol-\ В ooinge; ME uintsch KD uon-lebie moss used as nappies [lit. child's earth]; SD uod-lebie moss used for a baby's nappies [lit. child's earth] ? К öjmuńńə-, ö(j)munnu- to fondle, to fawn; ö.ńəš- to deliver smb's child | ? KJ nonomu [rect. uoŋomu-] young | KD uon-yollo [rect. uon-pollo] pieces of rotten wood placed at the bottom of a cradle [lit. child's rot] | T uore- to give birth; uon-könme uterus [lit. child's friend]; uońii(je) woman in childbirth or recently confined; uodie pr. (a man); uon-woŋdii, uon-waŋdii female animal with a child; female bird sitting on its eggs [lit. watching a child] I TD uonienui childbirth; uol'očirind'e party after a baby's birth; uoŋolor-sukun-molril youth; uonxaid-ama gossip; godfather; uoduograndchildren | TK uodayawi female of the wild goose NS *üə //Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 147 1579. obuka T abukaa-maγil fur coat without a traditional triangular gusset Ev. obuka 'man's clothes' (TMS 2 4) // Nikolaeva 1992; LR 165 1580. *oδ-/*ontK odumu- to change, to alternate (INTR) 1581.*o:δə К o:də, odo hoar frost; KD o:de; SD oda\ T oore\ TD oreK o.dənnu- covered with hoar frost | T oore- to become hoary with frost 1582. odnako KJ annaqa however; KD annaxa, onnaxe\ SD annaqa Rus. odnako 1583. oččə/*otčə/*otjə К oččə vessel made of birch bark; KK ot't'o\ KD otče, o:tče 1584. očki T ačiki: glasses Rus. očki

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1585. *očojə TD očoye-yelčidaha day after tomorrow 1586. *oγ-/*oŋqT oγil' groove on runners T oyil'id-igije narrow straps for fixing the legs of a sledge to the runners 1587. *öγe-/*öŋkəK ege- to peep in, to look out (TR); KJ ege-; KD ege- to look down; T ögej-; TK ögej-; TD egoK egedə- to jut out, to look at smth or into smth (TR); KJ egede-; KD egede-; T ögedej-; TJ egede-, ? TD -orgede- [rect. -ogede-] to peer, to look at T eguud'i- to look out of smth (TR) ? TU *(x)eŋe:- 'to peer, to investigate' (EDAL 511) 1588. *oγo-/*oŋqəT oyonii- to guard 1589. *oγoja/*oŋqəjə KJ oγoje pr. (a man) 1590. *oγorə-/*oŋqərəT oγoreń- to like walking a long way (of a man, a reindeer) 1591. *öγur К ugur spine, ridge; KJ ugur 1592. *öγur К ugurčə ski with fur on the bottom; KJ ugurče; SD ugurce; T ugurče foot; shoes, boots; TK ugurt'e + leg; TJ ugurče; TD ugurče, -uogurče К ugurče: grayling (Thymallus); ski with fur on the bottom; KK ugurt'e-, KJ ugurčie, ugurče; KD ogurče, ugurče; T ugurčie; SU ugurče; RS ogurče, ogúrča, ogúrče; MU egírtschcr, MK ugurK ugurčə-ra: poplar, aspen [lit. ski tree]; KK ugurt'e-ra; KD ogurče-ra, ugurče-ra, ugurče-re, urče-ro; SD ugurcara; RS egurte-rcr, В agurtsči-ra К ugur-mided'ə ruff [lit. ridge needle] | T ugurče-duul stockings made of reindeer skin [lit. foot's content]; ugurčen-mundii piece of leather sown on the top of boots [lit. boots' jaw]; ugurče-burebe upper shoes [lit. shoes' cover]; ugurče-tudeeke person who wears shoes out on one side only [lit. wearing out shoes] | TD ugurčen-ulega inner sole [lit. ski grass] | TK ugurt'e-purebe boots worn over other footwear | ? SU ogyl, ogyld-

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1593. *oγunpə/*oŋqunpə/*oγunwə/*oŋqunwə К oγunbə fork with which a trap for fish is set; KJ oγube back end; KD ohunge [rect. ohunbe] hook К oγubə arrow-head 1594. *oj- 1 К oj(i:)- to bark at (TR); KK oji-\ KJ o:j-, oj-, oi-\ KD o:i-, oiK ojd'ə-, ojdə- to bark (INTR); KK ojd'e-\ KJ oid'u-, oid'e- + to bode ill; RS oižei К ojši:- angry with (TR); KJ ош-; KD oiciT öjruu- to foresee, to foretell smth bad (INTR); ojre- to foresee, to foretell smth bad (TR) 1595. *oj- 2 К oja:- to leave a road 1596. ojbon К ojbən ice-hole; pr. (the river Omulëvka); KJ oibon\ KD oibon К ojbən-d'i: pr. (a Yukaghir clan on the river Omulëvka) [lit. the Omulëvka people] Yak. ojbon (JRS 267) 1597. *öjčə К i:čə top, point; Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri); KK it'e, i:t'e\ KJ iče\ KD i:če; SD iśe\ T öjče, ewče\ TK ewt'e, öjt'e; TJ oiče; TD -ieče, -oiče; RS iča, -yča\ В itshagi', ME itschagï, MU -ítscha, -ítsche; MK sytsche [rect. ytsche] К i:či: penis; KK iśi, it'i; KD iči KL ičani sharp; В itshenyel-, ME itschengelK i:čə(j)d-amun elbow; March (in the traditional way of counting months) [lit. end bone]; KD ičeyed-amun\ SD jacejd-abyn; SU ičeid-amun\ В itsheend-ami; ME ytscheent-ame К i.čəd-emej leech [lit. sturgeon's mother]; KD ičed-omo, ičid-omo\ SD iced-eme kind of fish SD icengi-pie pr. ( a mountain) | T ewčes- to sharpen; ieči-, iiči- to pierce (several times) | TD oicigi-men- to reduce [lit. to take the end] 1598. *ojδəγə/*ojntaγə/*ojδəŋə/*ojntəŋqə К ojdəγə long pebbly bank; KJ oidoyo ice-hole; KD oidoho

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1599. *o:jə ? KD oye father; BO ije 1600. *öjeγə/*öjeŋkə T öjege hare; TK öjege\ TD oyageT öjegen-purie kind of berry [lit. hare's berry]; öjegedie pr. (a man); öjege-laqil pr. (a star) [lit. hare's tail]; öjegie pr. (a woman) | TD oiyedediyepr. (the constellation Pleiades) 1601. *ojmin ? RS oimin-aitaimik to bless; W oimyk [translation unknown] 1602.*ojnčə KJ ojd'e pr. (a mountain) SD ojžangalyn pr. (a place on the Kolyma) 1603. *ojput- ? В oyputshing February 1604. *öjuŋe: К öjuŋge:, öjiŋ(g)e: traditional game (jumping through hurdles or jumping on one foot); KJ ojeŋie\ KD oyeŋie-l'odol traditional game (when a given distance must be traversed in the least possible number of steps) 1605. *ökT ekuu hole; TK ekur, TD ekun T ekuo-, ökuo- to become holed; to burst; TK ökuo-; TD eku-, akuT ökte- to pierce, to make a hole (TR); TK ökte-, ökta-, ekute-\ TD ekte-, ekute- to drill a hole T ekuolel-amun pelvic bones [lit. holed bone]; TK ekuoled-amun К ököčə, ukečə small channel | T ekuod'e-moŋo hat worn in earlier times with a hole in the top [lit. holed hat] | TK ekure- to become holed 1606. *ökičə- ? KD el'-met-okiča- disorderly 1607. *ökönT ököndie INTJ (bless you! said to a child after it sneezes)

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1608. okno К oqnod-aŋil' window; KJ okno, oknod-aŋil\ KD oknod-aŋiï', SD oqnq-angil Rus. okno 1609. *öko: T okuodie pr. (a lake) T okuonuor pr. (a man) The synharmonism is irregular. 1610. *ökt ? MC ogtj yes 1611. okuń К oqil'l'a: perch (Perca fluviatilis); KK okil'cr, KD okife; SD okul'a Rus. okun' 1612. *оГ- 1 T al'ile chip of wood; TK ol'ile chips for kindling fire; TJ -aliiв stick ? MK olílan-tschél larch tree ? Yak. oluk, uluk (TMS 2 16) 1613. *ol'- 2 T oïil part; share; edge T atiwii-, ol'iwii- to disjoin the vertebrae (TR) ? NT *olda(n) < TU *xolda(n) 'side; thigh' (EDAL 831) 1614. *ö:l К ö. /jamb, door-post; frame; edge; KK uoi fencing around the fire; SD иоГclay barrier fence separating an anvil from the fire; T -uol; TK -uol; TD -ol, -ot К ö. lgən past 1615. *ölč'ə T öld'e boat; tomb in the shape of a boat; TK öld'e, old'e; MU óldscha; MK ólosche T öld'en-pomerčibe pr. (a hill) [lit. turning of the boat]; öld'ed'ie people going by boat 1616. *o:lə- ? BO ólaj to burn

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1617. *ölem К ulum mad; KJ ulum something; TK elem nothing; M ólum К ulum-kude- to go mad; KD elulum-kude-\ В olinun-kudi К ulum-l'ə- mad; stupid; KK ullum-Ve-\ KD olulum, ol(l)um-le-, ul(l)um-leT elemdel'elk in vain; TK elemdellek; TD elemdelelk К elemdu:- careful; T elemde- to say smth not worthy of attention T elemdiń it is no use; elemder modal marker (uncertainty or unwilling agreement with smb); elem-juo- not to see anything; elemded'ege INTJ (such a trifle!); elem-kuril'ii- not to know anything | TK elemder somehow The vowel -ö- of the first syllable has changed into -u- or -e- in some forms under the influence of the second syllable vowel. 1618. olguj/algyj К olγuj, olyil big copper cauldron or kettle; KK alyuj-, KD al'gov, T olgii, olγii; TK olgi:; TD olgi- + iron shovel Yak. algyj, olgu or Rus. dial, olguj, alguj (ESRZ 65) 1619. öline К eleŋńə- lazy; KD el'eŋne-; T eleŋńe-; TD ellenne-; RS eleńeï, В alangnae; ME alangne T eleŋńije lazy person; eleŋńe laziness Ev. öline (TMS 2 30) 1620. *o:liwT oolwil, ooliwil white circle in ice 1621. *ölkəT olke- to run; TK ölke-, olke-; TD olka-, olke-, olke-; ? MO ongauek [rect. olgauek] T ölkije runner (a person); ölked-amude period of time during which a runner runs quickly [lit. running goodness] | TK ölkebo- person who likes running The cluster -Ik- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1622. *ollo:jə К ollo:jə stick for steering a sledge 1623. *olmən К omon, olmon, omun without purpose, just; all the time; very, completely; KK omon; KJ olmoń, onmoń; KD onmon-; TD -omoŋ К omon-l'ə- muddle-headed, placid (of an animal); KJ omoi-le-; KD

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omoi-l'e-, omoi-l'oK о т о п т е : - indifferent In some forms *-lm- > -nm- or -m-. 1624. *o!'oK ol'o- to cut a skin in a circle for making a rope 1625. *oloK olo- to steal (TR); KK olu-; KJ olo-; KD olo-; SU olom; M ólo, ólonobol, olonobólgala К ol(u)nu- to steal many times (INTR); ? SU anäluga; RS alonuk, alonuga; ? MC (j)enalaj [rect. elanaj] thief; В olonunga; ME olonungga К olunubo:- thief К old'i.nu- to steal (many times) | KD ol'ul'u- to steal (INTR); ol'dec- to steal I ? RS opnoeik to take away U *sala 'to steal; thief (UEW 4 3 0 ^ 3 1 ) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; UJN 124; HUV 158; UEW 430; Rédei 1999: 43 1626. *olo-/*jolo- ? MC olyndže crying; ? MO jallok 1627. *ol'oγə T al'ya fish; TK al'γa, -el'γa; TD alha, aire; MU ólloga; MK oljogá T al'γačaa place rich in lakes abundant in fish; TK aíγača T al'γad-aawje ladle; al'yan-erimed-awje bone in the head of a fish which is like a child's spade; alyad-uje fin [lit. wing of a fish] | TK аГуап-buńil fishing [lit. killing the fish] The reconstruction is mostly based on the OY data which indicate that the word was tri-syllabic and began with o-. 1628. *olončK oložubo:-, olorńabo:- la zy, stubborn 1629. olovo К o. lubs tin; KJ olube; KD olube; SD olube Rus. olovo 1630. *olpəI'ə/*olwəl'ə К olbəl'ə female, mistress; prostitute; KJ olbole; KD olbol'e; SD olbala,

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ol'bogo [rect. ol'bolo]; M ólwolu; ? MO (j)eblim [rect. (jjelbim]; KL ohvale\ В alwálley, olboilen-, -olvólle; ME alvalle, -olvole\ MK ólwali 1631. *olput/*olwut К olbut long dry tree without boughs; KD olbut К olbude: shavings; small dry sticks 1632. *olqK olyin straight; KK olγin; T olyiń at all, quite, entirely; TD olriń, ólroń, olroń + not at all К olyinme:-, olyunme:- straight, smooth; KK olyinmie-; KD olhinme-; TD olrińbon-, olrindon- + fair; SU olginmei; RS olginmei К olyid'a: very straight; KJ olrid'a; KD olrid'aT olyije basis 1633. *olqəK olyužə- to limp К olγuči: cripple | KJ olgod'e, olgo.d'in, olgod'in, elgod'in hardly; a little 1634. *olqajT olyojuu- to calm down T olyojuu- to calm down; to settle; olyuučii- to get smaller; to abate 1635. *o!tT olduu- to crack, to split (INTR) 1636. *oltičT oldič- to have an idea, to understand, to realise (TR) 1637. *olujərqə KJ olujorko male 1638.*öluro: T öluruo pr. (a place); TK öluruo 1639. *ömkə 1 T ömge skin without fur of which straps for a lasso are made; flesh side of a hide; TK emge unprocessed strap made of reindeer skin К ömgedə saddle; KK omgede; KD omgede; SD omgede; RS ómgodo; MC qomkadyj [rect. omkadyj]

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KK omgete- to saddle ? Evk. omkur 'belt for trousers' (TMS 2 17) 1640. *ömkə 2 TD omgo- colour 1641. *omnuγə/*omnuŋkə RS omnúga bitch; ME omnuga 1642. *omo К ото people, tribe; KJ ото, omei; KD ото; SD отик; T ото; TK ото, ome; TD ото-; В ommo; ME ото К omni: people; KK omńi-; KJ omni; KD omni; SU omni; RS omnik, M omní, omnipa, omnípańe; MC omne К omni:-čomo:d'ə oldest man in a clan [lit. big one of the people] | KJ omlad'i ancient people | RS omninwon alien Cf. PA *o:p'V 'clan, family' (EDAL) // Krejnovič 1958: 244 ( ~ Mong.) 1643. *omoK ото:- good, nice; healthy; KK ото-; KJ ото-, ото:-; KD ото-; SD ото-; T ctmaj-, amuj-, атио-; TK ctmaj-, amo-, ати-; TJ omoče; TD omoč; SU ómoč; RS omoča, omóča, omočad-; M omót', omótá, omóča, omóooŋi; MC omoč-; ВО omoč'; KL omoč'; MK omótschiK omolət- to treat, to cure; to correct, to improve; KK omolot-; KD omolot-; T amaler-; TK amalar-, amaler- + to brake leather; TD omolor- + to mill (leather); RS omoločk, -omolotnuba К omol-ən pr. (a river); KJ omol-on К omoγə(-jo:) INTJ (how nice!); T amuya К omolbə- to get better; KK omolbe-; TK amalwej-; TD omolwoń soft; M omolóŋ T amutne well; TJ omutneŋ T amud'ii- to love, to like; TK amed'i-, amud'i-; TJ omod'i:-; TD omod'i- to wish, to want T amalad'aače(ŋ) doctor; TK omoled'at'a T amalad'aače-legul medicine; TD omolod'ačeTJ emoqa-, emoqa:- to be reconciled with; TD emoxa-, omoxa- + to get better К omoləš- to cure; omočča: very well; omoč-jodəri:- to gain much [lit. to play well]; omoč-l'i:-, omoč-moj- to take care of (TR) [lit. to have well, to hold well] I T amaleč well; amaličče medicine; amalwetl'ereŋ diligently, accurately, calmly; amuoriireŋ accurately, diligently | TD omočewodek

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daring; omorace- to treat (medically); to cure; omočed-ileyenn- strong smelling; omunilwie- to strengthen; omutnoŋ-cahańe- safe and sound; TD omotneŋ-cahaneŋic- to get on well with (TR) | TK omolerul cure, treatment; amölet'i- to cure, to treat (medically); amolad'a- to process skin ? FP *oma 'proper; property' (UEW 717) 1644. *omoγə-/*omoŋkə- ? KJ omoyo lost; TJ omoγa 1645. *omolK omolu:- shameful, ashamed; KK omoluj-\ KJ omolič\ T amaluu- + uncomfortable, unsuitable; TK amalej-, amali- ashamed, shameful; TD amali- to shame; SU amalyč, omoliča; В omollitsh К omoluji:- to be ashamed, to be embarrassed; T amalijiT amaled'e shame; TK amalid'e-; TD amalid'eK omoli:- to shame; omoluγul'ə- to behave shyly; omnugə shame | KD omoïoik it serves smb right | TD amaleibo- modest, diffident; amaleiashamed 1646. *omtT amdur quickly, at once; TK amdur soon; TD amder, amdur К omdu- to be in a hurry; KK omdu-, KJ omdu-; KD omdu-; T amdu-; TK amdu-; TJ amdu-, TD amdu-, omdu-, SU omdut, omduk; M omdujek; В omduk quick; ME omtuk quick KK omdit'i- to start being in a hurry | T amdureŋ in a hurry; amdulńeimmediate, urgent | TD omdilla- to hurry, to hasten; amduči-, omduči-, omdiči- to be in a hurry TU *am- 'quick(ly); to be in time' (EDAL 298) The element *-t- may be a derivational suffix. 1647. *ömtəK ömdə- to use bad language 1648. omul' К o.mul Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis); KJ omul\ SD omol Rus. omul' 1649. *ońT ońil' crack; TK ой/Y, onil; TD on/7 T ońid-igil hole at the top of a yurt where the poles come together and smoke goes out; TD onid-ilil tube

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T ońire- to glue together smth broken; TK ońireT ońid-igil-raal top of the poles beside the smoke hole in a yurt [lit. stick of the hole in a yurt] | TK ońiru: broken part repaired with glue 1650. *on-? TD onči- to inherit TD oŋčim inheritance 1651. *oŋ- 1 T oŋ- to put on; TK oi/-, aŋ(u)-\ TJ oŋo-\ TD oŋoT oŋoj bag, sack; TK oŋoj; TD oŋoi\ MU ongie T oŋdo- to put on smb; to harvest; TK oŋde-; TD oŋdocT oŋie- to wear; TK oŋieT oŋaa- to fit in (TR); to hope for; oŋube mouthpiece of a pipe; oŋnienube smth worn; oŋaanube smth put on; oŋoj-gode fool [lit. bag man]; oŋdii sheath; oŋoj- to pursue, to go away; oŋči- to be alike, to put on, to trace; oŋdii- to cause to put smth on; oŋojd-ile reindeer that carries sacks with clothes I TD onto- to collect | TK oŋde harness 1652. *oŋ-2 SU orjyl reindeer; В onye; ME ongei 1653. *oŋ-3 К oŋil' interval, space between smth; split; TJ oŋil'K oŋil'gən, oŋidəgən under; among, between | ? TK oŋt'i- to go walking each time with many diversions ? FU *oŋte 'hole, hollow' (UEW 341-342) 1654. *ön- 1 T endu each, every; TK endu TJ endu-marqočir one by one, one another; TD endu-marxočir К önmun each, every; KJ onmun\ KD onmun\ SD -onmul; T enmut; TK enmun\ TD tiŋičeln-ońmun, tiŋičeln-onmun every night T endu-ńiruon-wej- to divide into uneven parts [lit. to make each separately] 1655. *ön-2 К unuŋ river; KK unuŋ; KJ unuŋ, oń-\ KD unuŋ-, SD unung; T ели-; TK enuŋ; TJ enu-; TD onu-; SU onúu', RS опй\ M onúŋ, onúŋde\ MC onyng; MO einongg, -onong\ BO onóńgat; KL onunga\ В onnong, onnongr, ME onnung, onunchtie; MU onúng\ MK ónung, -onú TK enmudie small river; TD lukuod'e-onmudie mountain stream

3 3 0 8 Dictionary

К un-muti: in the middle of the river [lit. river middle]; KJ oń-biti, uń-biti К önde: mountain stream; KD ondie, endie; SD -undo, undie; T önŋie river with its source in a lake; MU -onundi T önud-aŋil' river-mouth; pr. (a place) [lit. river opening]; TD ońud-ianul, ońud-aŋil К unuŋ-čeginmə, unuŋ-čiginmə river-bed [lit. depth of the river]; un-jurgu: middle of the river [lit. hole of the river]; un-d'e:r fork in a river | KJ unuŋ-jurugu eddy in a river [lit. hole of a river] | ? KD edid-od'i small stream which dries up in summer | SD undien-mimze stream | T enun-čumd-amun deep channel of a river [lit. bone of the river hill]; enuduol' low place on the bank of a river; öndiečeen pr. (a lake); enun-suske whirlpool [lit. river bowl]; öönŋie-nunkičaan pr. (a river) [lit. river cormorant] | TD onun-ual, onun-wal river-bed 1656. *ön-3 К önd'e male of a bird; KJ end'e К önče: male of an animal; KJ önčie, önče; KD ončie stallion; SD oncie, oncu; T önčie; TK önt'ie, ont'ie; TD ončie KJ önd'ed-abut testicles [lit. male container] | KD ončien-kinid'e October [lit. wild reindeer bull month] | T önčienaatege large wild male reindeer 1657. *önč'K ud'il' nail, claw; KJ od'il ed'iï + hoof; KD od'il'; SD ozil hoof; T od'il + hooves; TK öd'il; TD od'il, SU od'il, RS ožil, В onzshil, ME ondschil KD od'id-iče skin under the nail [lit. nail end] | T öd'il-juod'e disease of hooves 1658. *onč'ə T onńe- dampish; TK onńe-; TD ońńe- + dew KK od'i hoar frost; T ode drop; dew; damp place; juice (of meat) T od'eń-, od'eńe- juicy, dewy; damp; od'el-lukul long moss which grows in very damp places [lit. damp earth]; onńii- to keep slightly wet; onduu- to get wet; onde- to drench 1659. *ončəK o:žə- to drink, to smoke; KK od'e-, ože-, o.d'e-; KJ o.d'e-, odo- + to pour; KD ode-; SD oze-; RS ožek; BO íńžij; KL ožej; В ondzshok; ME ontschok, MU óndschetsche, óndschebúndsche; MK óndschaschá, óndschipundsche К o:ži: water; KK od'i:, oži; KJ o.d'i; KD od'i; SD oži, osin-, -oze; TK od'i-; SU óži; RS oži, -ože; M ód'i; MC onde; BO ižíjelo; KL onži; В ondzshi, onzshe-; ME ondschy, andschy-; MU ońsche, -ondscha, -onsche; MK

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óndschi, -ondschi К o:ži:-nodo duck [lit. water bird]; KJ o:d'i-nodo; SD oži-nodon; В ondzshi-nonda; ME ondschyn-nonda\ MK óndschi-nóda К o.ži. du:- watery; o:ži:-tiíijə-ejre:nu- to sing well [lit. to move like water] | KD od'i(n)-tolou walrus [lit. water wild reindeer] | SD ožid-ungungie pr. (a stream) | RS oženž'a thirst Cf. Ev. dial, o.ndi 'water' (TMS 2 18) The Ev. word seems to be a Yukaghir borrowing and confirms the reconstruction of the consonantal cluster. 1660. *öŋčəK öŋžə- to go down to a river; KJ onde-, önže-, ende-; SU onžeik К öŋžubə slope; öŋžejl-jouluge:l second month in the traditional way of counting months [lit. raising shoulder] 1661. *öninč'ə T önid'e earth, ground; clay; TK enid'e, önid'e sand T önid'e-legul flour [lit. sand food]; TK önid'e-legul T önid'etke pr. (a lake); önid'en-monqa mound without vegetation; önid'end'ege INTJ (used when seeing dirty earthy water) ? NT *ońi < TU *xońi 'sand; dirt' (EDAL 839) 1662. *önč'inT od'ind'ie, (sawd-aγil'-)ödïndie fringe at the bottom of a fur coat 1663. *onč'itəT od'ite- to satisfy 1664. *onimə- ? BO onímańda for a long time 1665.*o:njə T oond'e-, uond'e- to inform, to send news or information; TK o.nd'e- to ask to say smth to smb T oond'e will, testament | TD ond'e person who brings news As this is an example of a long vowel in a closed syllable, the word is likely to be a suffixal derivation from the stem o:n-. 1666. *öŋkə- 1 К oγo:- to stand; KK oyo-\ KJ ogo-, oyo-\ KD ogo-, ege-, oge-, ego-, oho-, T oγuo-, aγuo- + kept, preserved; TK oγo-, oγuo-, eguo-, TJ ogo:-, oyo-, TD

3 3 2 8 Dictionary

ego-; SU ogoje; RS ogóngi; M og'oi; В onghak; ME onggok; MU ongéteen, onged'k, onged't, ongénit, ongétschele, ongeng'; MK ongóondscha, ongóondscheili, ongóondschek, ongóondschemy К ege:- to stand up, to get up; KK ogie-, egie-; KJ egia-, egej-, igi-, egu-; KD egie-, ege-, egu-, T eguo-; TJ ego:-, ego-, SU agek К öge, ögö, öge: round wicker fish trap used with a dam; KK öge, ogo-; SD ogo; SU ogélek К öge. d-aŋil' semi-circular bay without a current; KD ogied-aŋiï, ogid-aŋit К egetə-, ögötə- to put, to raise, to lift; to set up a fish trap; KK egete-, ogete-; KJ egete-; KD egete-; SD ogate; T ögete-; TK ögete-; TD ogoto-; SU agetak, agetely, agetei К egetəč- to put, to raise; TD egoceK uguje(l) tomorrow; morning; KK uguje; KJ ogoje; KD ogyiye, ogyiya, ogoiye; T eguoje; TK eguoj(i)e; TJ ogoje, ogo.je; TD ogoyečendeŋ, ego.ye; SU ogojel, ogoje-; M ogojé; KL ongoelmo; В unkaiel, ongói.e:; ME ungagel [rect. ungayel], ongoije; MU ongél tomorrow; yesterday; MK ongéjelma, ongéelma К ege. d'ə bridle rein; KJ egied'e К egujbə place where a camp is made; KD egoibe, egeibe; T egunbe trampled place; yard; rag К egedə- to stick up, to stick out, to jut out, to protrude; egetədej- to put up; to raise; ögöd-aŋil' entrance to a fish trap | KK egiere- to step on (TR); egujito get up I KJ egieŋide opposite to | ? SD oguze-nume Yakut yurt | T eguojigir-qodejd'e, eguijigir-qoduod'e morning clouds [lit. morning lying]; eguol'eld'e (moŋojd'ii) mature woman; eguojiedaya for tomorrow; eguortube time to get up; eguojibe stirrup; ögie- to put up, to lift, to hold; eguojie-jielgidaγa day after tomorrow | TD ogol step; ogoyegirele-legul breakfast In a number of forms the vowel of the first syllable was assimilated to the vowel of the second syllable. 1667. *öŋkə- 2 KJ ogońe- to eat; BO íngeńej KJ ogoneš- to feed (TR); KD ohońec1668. *önmK unmut horns; antlers; KK unmut; KJ önmun + bone; KD onmut; T enmur; TK enmur; TJ enmur; TD onmur; RS -anmud, anminei-; ME onmut К unmutə-ejunu- to butt | KD onmun-moibe five-year old elk [lit. antlers notches] I T enmun-lasurqaa reindeer with large widely spreading antlers [lit. antlers bush]; enmun-dawa skin on reindeer antlers; enmund-amud'e

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reindeer with beautiful antlers [lit. antlers' beauty]; enmun-pod'itel gathering of young reindeer antlers that fall off in spring 1669. *önme:K önme.de: young larch; KJ önm'edie + young willow; KD onmiedie; ? SD ondacione-, ämungi; T önŋiedie; TK önŋiede; TD onmedie 1670. *önmə К опта mind, intellect, memory, feeling, intention; KK опте-, KJ опте; KD опте; SD -опте; RS опта; MC -momno [rect. -omno], -onmoura; MO -wońne; В опта; ME опта К önməń- intelligent; ? BO onóm'n-; В onmannay; ME onmanni К önmagə-ejtəč-, önmega-l'i:- to remember [lit. to have or to take on one's mind]; önmədej- to recover consciousness | KD onmegel'it attentively; onmeke- wise, intelligent 1671. *önmun К unmun pr. (the river Kolyma); KJ önmun; KD onmul; SD onmul; В enmun1672. *önmurə К unmurə- to hold a service in a church; KJ önmureK иптигэ shaman's drum 1673. *onnT onnu- to praise T onnus- to cause to praise 1674. *ono T ono idol; shadow; silhouette; TK one 1675. *onoK ono- to take away, to steal; KK ono-; KJ ono-; KD onoK ojnu- to take away, to steal (many times); KK ojnu-; KJ о/им-; KD oinuK onoti:- to take away; ? onodi:- to saw off 1676. *oŋoTK oŋoj- to walk making manoeuvres 1677. *oŋö T öŋö low hill on a plain; TK öŋe high river bank

3 3 4 8 Dictionary

T öŋöttege pr. (a place); öŋöd-ibal small hill situated on a flat place [lit. low hill rock] 1678. *oŋoδə-/*oŋontəT oŋodoroj- to make noise, to start singing (TR) 1679. *oŋonT oŋod'i- to ask for, to beg for (TR) T oŋod'i- to beg for smth and get it; oŋodoj- to get a strong desire to do smth 1680. *onpə MC onbed-agim [rect. anband-andel; MU ónba

onbed-agil]

door;

В

anband-ángel;

ME

1681. *oŋqK oŋ- damp, wet; KK oŋ-\ KD oŋ-\ T oŋu-\ TK oŋ-\ TD oŋu-, RS onči] В ongai\ ME ongen\ MK óngoi К oŋd'ə raw, undercooked; KK oŋd'e; TK oŋd'e\ TJ oŋd'e\ TD oŋd'e\ MU óndschenet К oγunbə- to get wet; KK oyunbe-; KJ oγunbe-; KD ohunbe-, orunbe-; T oŋunbe-; TK oŋunbe-; TD oŋonbeK oγunbəš- to drench; KK oγunbeš-; TK oŋunber-; TD oŋober-, ounber-; RS ogunbašik К oŋd'o.n raw fish | T oŋd'e-ńarqa-jewlid'ie new-born reindeer [lit. raw new-born reindeer]; oŋd'aya-juo INTJ (how damp!); oŋd'aγatege INTR (how wet!); oŋdii- to keep wet; oŋtegii- very damp; T oŋd'ed-aíγa raw fish; oŋd'e-d'uul raw meat; oŋd'e-rawa skin freshly removed from the reindeer [lit. raw skin] I TD oŋd'e-ral larch [lit. raw tree] 1682. *onrumujə К onrumujə, onrumujupta: laces of clothes 1683. *ontə T odo present, gift; TK ode pay, fee T odepedie amulets given by a shaman after a séance that protect from disease; TK odapedie presents 1684. *öntəT öndie- to say incantations T öndefri)- to bless; öndiečeen pr. (a lake); önderid'ieče person who knows

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magical incantations The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1685. *onučə T onuče quillback fish (Cyprinus labeo) U *oncF'nelma (Coregonus Njelma) (UEW 339) 1686. *önus-/*enusT enuskurie- to work; to urinate; TK enuskurie-; TD onučurie-, TK enuskuriet'e worker

onučkurie-

1687. opletaj К oplitaj, aplitaj, oklitaj, aplətaj pr. (a dragon or a snake in folklore) Rus. opletaj 1688. *opo:/*apo: T apuo, opuo ornament; INTJ (approval addressed to a child) T apuodie pr. (a man) 1689. *opoj ? MC opoj black; BO ópoj 1690. oposlja К opoïl'a: after, later; KJ opočle; KD opočl'e Rus. dial, oposlja 1691. *o:qə T ooqadie, uoqaadie long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis); pr. (a man); TK uoqadie T uoqaadie pr. (a man) 1692. *oqo T oqodek modal marker (doubt); TK oqo suddenly T oqo-mod'eŋ modal marker (mirative); oqo-monŋi modal marker (mirative); oqojče fault, defect, flaw; okuo INTJ (fear) | TK oqode something 1693. o:qoI' T oqol' always; TJ oqol, oqol'+ everywhere; TD OJCO/'everywhere TD oxoleure- to lounge about among people Ev. o:qol 'always; long ago' (TMS 2 10) The final -/ could have been reanalysed as a suffix in Yukaghir.

3 3 6 8 Dictionary

1694. *огK orut Baikal teal (Anas formosa) 1695. *o:rK o:ri:- to go in a roundabout way, to come and to go away; to walk around (TR) 1696. *örK örńə- to shout; KK örńe-; KJ orńe-; KD orńe-; T örńe-; TK örńe-, örińe-, öreńe-; TD ornie-, orńe-; SU órnei; RS órnei; В orrti, orinak; ME ornae, orinach К ör- to cry, to weep, to shout; KK or-; KJ or-; KD or-; T or-; TK ör-; TD or-, er-; RS orul; В oroo/; ME orul К örńəri:- to shout at, to call shouting (TR); KD orńeri-, orńari-; TD ernere-, ornere-, ornieriK örtej- to shout; KK örte-; KJ orte-; T örtej-; TK örtej-, ortej-; RS irtei T oorińe- to cry; TK o. reńe-, uoreńe-; TJ oreńe-, orne-; TD orońeT oorińe crying | TD orńebo- to wail; orniec- to cause to cry TU *or- 'to shout, to roar' (EDAL 1061) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 In T the stem also exists in the form ö:rə-. 1697. *örč'ə/*örjə T örd'e mud; dirt, litter 1698.*o:rəK o:rə- to set, to prescribe; to show, to indicate; KK ore-; KD ого-; T oore-; TK o:re-, orat-; TD o:re-, ого- + to show the way KJ ord'ia- to bequeath; KD ord'eKJ ord'ie in the first place | T uoruo- meant for smth; oorčiče- to go to reproach smb | TK ort'i- to show; to point 1699. *oriri T oriri, oriril, oreril without a trace, without noticing 1700. *örkəmpə T örkobo lynx (Felis lynx) 1701. *oro:TD oro. l nature; character, temper

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1702. *oroTD orod'e-nime sledge 1703.*oro-? MC oroaryne widower 1704. oroëk К öröjək pr. (a place, a mountain); KJ orojek\ SD orojaq Rus. oroëk 1705. *örönK örd'ə middle; KJ ord'e; T ord'a\ TK ord'e, örd'e; TD ord'e; MU órontsche, -óronsche + midday; MK -wórondsche К örd'o:- middle; KJ ord'uo-; KD ord'eo- mediocre; SD erso-; T ord'a-; TJ ord'eol-, ord'uolo-, ord'el'el-; TD ord'eoloK örd'o:l-pe:di:śə middle finger; örd'ə-ńe:r trousers [lit. middle clothes]; örd'o.l-jarman pr. (the town Srednekolymsk) | KJ ord'al time, deadline; ord'en front; ord'ie central place in the yurt where guests usually sit | SD orzie place for guests in a yurt | T ord'alal-muoqatka pr. (a lake) [lit. middle broad whitefish]; ord'alal-qoŋnaačiil pr. (a river); ord'iwuon pr. (a man) | TD ord'ime middle | TK ord'ad'e middle; örd'e-d'ald'e middle finger Cf. PA *o:r'i 'middle, inside' (EDAL 1064-1065) // Krejnovič 1958: 239, 250 ( ~ Yak., Oirot) The OY data indicate that -r- was followed by a vowel: örd'a < öröd'ə < *örön-č'ə/*örön-jə. 1707. *orpəK orpo:- hung up; KK orpe-, orpo-, arpa-; KD orpo-; SD orpo; M orpoja, orpojak К arpaj- to go up; KK arpaj-; KJ arpa--, KD arpa:-; SD arpaK orpurə- hang; KK orpure-; KD orpure-; T orpure-; SU orpúrek, orpúčit; RS orpúrek KK orpie- to have smth hung К arpušaj-, orpušaj- to rise, to get up, to drive upwards; KK orpušaj- + to bring; KJ orpušajKJ orpol pound; KD youyed-orpol, youyed-orpolM órpodak К (pe:d-)orpujbə (mountain) path, rise; KD orpoibe К orpənd'a: pr. (the constellation of the Great Bear); bar for drying fish made of several sticks; SD orponza К orpənd'i-ra: rack for nets (made of one stick); KJ orpand'i-ra\ SD orpanri-šal

3 3 8 8 Dictionary

К arpajl-i:śəjd-amun November (in the traditional way of counting months) [lit. raising elbow]; arpajl-jouluge.l December (in the traditional way of counting the months) [lit. raising shoulder]; orpo:lubə holy tree on which various objects are hung | KD órpud'ed'aye scales | ? T orpube wooden button on the strap of a reindeer halter In К о- > a- before the vowel -a:- or -aj- in the second syllable. 1708. *orqi К org in hardly, scarcely; T oryi(-orγi) TU *orxi 'bad' (TMS 2 10) 1709.oru: T oruu young salmon Yak. dial, oru: 'kind of small fish' (DSJJ 189) 1710. о run К urun plank-bed; KD orun; SD urun SD urumnej-nume Russian house made of logs Yak. orun 'place; bed' (TMS 2 19) 1711. osëtr К ošo.tur young of a large fish; KD ocotru small fish with a red abdomen; SD ošotur Rus. osëtr 1712. ospa TD uočpe smallpox TD uočpayo. či-rikun smallpox Rus. ospa 1713. *ossiń T ńuŋud-ossiń against a background 1714. ostrog KJ uočtrog pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk) К ostru.təgə pr. (a place in the upper Jasačnaja) Rus. ostrog 1715. *ot T ot-ta-taj INTJ (disappointment)

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1716. * otiC ottu:, otul place where a fire is made, camp; smb's hunting or fishing place; SD out К ottu:(ńa:)nubə place where fire is usually made 1717. otpirat' KD otpirai- unlocked Rus. otpirat' 1718. otvedat' KD ečbedubai- to try (of food) Rus. otvedat' 1719. *öwK (ŋ 'to go here and there' > 'to be excited' > 'to celebrate'. 1724. *paγanč'i:/*paŋqənč'i: Tpaγad'ii drill, awl; TKpayad'ii, payad'i; TD -bahad'i T payad'iid-iečii star; payad'iid-ekuu star [lit. drill hole] | TK payad'ideku, payadiet'i star ? T U *pugu (TMS 2 43) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 1725. paj К pajl part, share; KK paj-; KJ pajl; KD pa. il'; TD pai TD paiŋol part, share Rus. paj 1726. *pajK paj- to strike, to hit; KK paj-; KJ pai-; KD pai-; T paaj-; TK paj-; TJ pai-; TD pai-; RS poik; MC paj

Dictionary

341 5

К pajdu- to beat; KJ paidu-, KD paidu-; T pajdu-; TK pajdu-; TD paidu-, paideK pajdujə shaman's drumstick; KJ -paidije; KD -paidui; T pajdii board with teeth for beating the fur of a polar fox; TD lirkeye-paidi, lirkeye-paidu К pajdid'a:jə ledum | KJ paideš- to swing | T pajdunube-saal stick for beating I TD paiči- to hit; paido- to hit oneself S *pəj- 'to hit, to split' (SW 112) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240-241; LR 147 1727. *paj- ? MC baj taste MC bajut to feed 1728. *pa:jT paajuu- to foretell T paajuujiiče prophet 1729. *pajləK pajlu:- cunning, sly; KJ pajili- strange, odd К pajluri:-, pajhlur- surprised; KD pal'eluri1730. pakostit' Кpa:kəčči-, pagači- to play mean tricks Rus. pakostit' 1731. *palaγə- ? MC pon-palagenij fog MC čuwalo-palagynej wave 1732. palatka KK palatka modern tent; T palaatka; TK palatka Rus. palatka 1733. palemka T palaamka knife used while eating Rus. dial .palemka (ESRD 4 3 7 - Ш ) 1734. *palijka: T palijkaa pr. (a woman)

3 4 2 8 Dictionary

1735. palka К palkə bulge; Tpaalke stick К palkəń- to have a bulge (of a tree, a stick) | T paalkii- to beat with a stick Rus. palka 1737. * pan calIC pažili:- to tickle; KJ pad'a:l-\ T paralii-; В pandalitsh to scratch; ME pantalytsch to scratch Кpažilu:- ticklish; to itch; Tparaluu-; TKparalu:- to itch (of a wound) Кpažiluγi:- not to touch for disdain or fear (TR); Tparalayii- ticklish Кpažiluγə INTJ (disdain); Tparalaya INTJ (how it tickles!) К pažiluya:- to start feeling ticklish | T paralid'e- itching; paralayaa- to itch 1738. *pančiδənlə/*pančintənlə К pažidenlə pochard (Netta) 1739. *paŋqK payul fish seine-net; KK pagul, payul, KJ payul, KDpahul; SD pagul К payuńəre:-, рагипэге:- to use a fish seine (TR); KJ payunnu-, payuno.re+ to scoop; KD payunuK payunnu- to use a fish seine-net S *poŋkä 'net' (SW 127) // Bouda 1940: 78; JU 135; Nikolaeva 1988: 241; Rédei 1999: 53; LR 147 The medial cluster is reconstructed based on the S correspondence. 1740. *panqK panyul cross-piece in a boat; SD pangul, T panyul ? KJ penyuquńe boat 1741. *panqə К panqə reeve (Philomachus pugnax); KK pange; KD panha; T paanya, panya-, TD panha- snipe Tpaanyan-köčid'ibe place on a hill where reeves come together 1742. *pant- 1 T paduya- to tremble, to chatter T paduyas- to snort; padul'e- to loosen (of a bow-string); padune- loose; padučeń- loose, flabby; paduyije smth trembling; chatterbox 1743. *pant- 2 К pan-/pad- to cook; to put (into the water), to sink, to boil (TR); KK pan-,

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pad-; KJ pan-, pad-; KD pad-; T par- to cook; to sink (TR); TK par-; TD par-; RS patk; MO pantak to feed; В panduk; ME panduk К pandə- to cook (INTR); SD panda-; T pande-, panre- to set, to put up (a trap); TK panre-; TD pandinT pand'ind'e cook; TD pandind'e-paipe К pade:-, pede:- to put, to keep smth put down; T parie- to keep dipped in the water К panda tea leaves; KD pande T panaa- ready (of tea); elected; panie- to keep a trap or a net ready (TR); pandid'il food being cooked; ńipaandiïïe- to tie together; panienube place where smth is set up (a net, a trap); parnube smth suitable for eating after being cooked in stock | TD tet-panda:hana that is why This root has irregular reflexes in some T forms: -r- instead of the expected -n-/-d-, but cf. *tuntəl. 1744. *paŋtilə К paŋdih common merganser (Mergus merganser) 1745. *pa:(pa:) T papaa urine T papaa- to urinate The word is likely to emerge as a result of the expressive reduplication typical of nursery words. 1746. *paq T paq-paq INTJ (imitating gurgling of boiling liquid) 1747. *paqT paqul' button; TK paqtil' 1748. *pa:qil'ə Кpa:qiF(ə) maimed or disfigured nail; KDpa.xii 1749. *para T para, -bare, -bara basis, essence, origin; bottom, end; TD pareTparal ancestor; TD parel, parol, parol', -porol custom; form, character T parańe- to originate from; paraa load of a sledge so heavy that at least two reindeer are needed to pull it ? U *parV/*porV/*parwa/*porwa 'pile, heap' (UEW 356-357)

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1750. paraša KJ paraše pr. (a woman) Rus. paraša 1751. *parč'ə-/*porč'əK parčəγə- to chatter; to splash; KK port'aγa-; KJ port'agaj-; KD parčehaito draw out; T porčaya-; TD parčaha-, parčehaKD parčohat- to draw out | TD parčehabod'e-kodek chatterbox This stem shows the unusual correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-. 1752. *pasal'əK pašal'aš- to bend or to break an iron or wooden thing; KK pešel'eš- to spread, to lay out; KD pacalecK pašal'a:- to get blunt, to get notches (of a wooden or iron thing); pašaγa:to be weighed down (of tree branches) 1753. pašennyj KD paceńei peasant Rus. pasennyj 1754. *pastu: T pastuu pr. (a man) 1755. patefon TK pat'epuon phonograph, gramophone Rus. patefon 1756. pawel KK paweldie pr. (a man); KJ pabelten; TK pawel pr. (a man) Rus. pawel 1757. pazux SD pozoq cross bar in a sledge Rus. dial .pazux 1758. *pe: К ре: mountain, rock, big stone; KK pie; KJ pie, -bo.je; KD pie; SD pie, •paja; SU p'e, p'eudyn; RS ре; M peé, peénei; MC pala; MO pea; В ре:a, pea:; ME pead\ pea SD pied-angzile hawk U *pije 'stone' (UEW 378) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Bouda 1940: 78; Tailleur

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1959a: 418, 1962: 97; HUV 161; UJN 123; Angere 1956: 128; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); UEW 378; Nikolaeva 1988: 241; Dolgopolskij 1998: 80; LR 147 Possibly *pijV > pij > pe:. 1759. *pečK peč- to run, to trot, to gallop (of an animal); KK pes--, KJ pet--, KD peč-, poč-, T peč- to run at a jog-trot KJ petńu- to run FU *pucV- 'to run, to escape' (UEW 399) // Nikolaeva 1988: 241; LR 147 1760. pečal' KD pečaï grief, sorrow KD pečal'ne- to grieve, to be sorry | T pečal'nik sad Rus. pečal' 1761. pečat' T pičaat seal, stamp Rus. pečat' 1762. *pečeK peššej- to throw; KK peššej-, pešej-; KJ pečešei-, peše-, KD pečesei-, peceiči-, peceči-, T pöčesej- + to send, to let go; TK pot'esej-; TJ počeshei-; TD pečecei-, počecei-; В potshitshik; ME pottschittschaik К pejži:- to throw; KK pejd'i-; KJ peid'i-, poid'i-, KD peid'i-, poid'i-, peid'ei-; RS poižik TD pecegerei- to twist (a joint) FU *päcV- 'to separate, to come off (UEW 358-359) // Nikolaeva 1988: 241-242 In some forms the vowel of the first syllable was labialized under the influence of the labial consonant: *pe- > pö-. In К peče-šə- > pečše- > peššəand pečə-ži:- > pečži:- > pejži:-. 1763. pečen'e T pečienńe biscuit Rus. pečen 'e 1764. *peči-/*poči- ? MC počinyj white; ВО pečínij 1765. *peδel-/*pentalKD pedelče cruel, brutal

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1766. *peγ-/*peŋkT pegite- to steal; TD pegite-, pagiteT pegiruo- robbed; pegičige thief; pegie- to follow spellbound; pegirič- to steal many times | TD pegiči-, pegači-, pegeči- to steal 1767. *pe:jə К pe.jə cheek; KJ peje; MC psa [rect. pea] 1768. *pejnč'- ? KD peid'ei- to let go 1769. *pejulKJ ńe-pejulan- to agree on smth 1770. *pekčTpekčid-uo leg muscles; TD pekčed-uo T pekčid-uod-amun sharp narrow bone of a reindeer's hind leg ? U *počka 'thigh' (UEW 389) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 242 The word appears to demonstrate the metathesis -čk kč-. The cluster -eftis atypical in Yukaghir. 1771. *pe:kə ? MC река, epeka enemy; Chukchi 1772. *pelK pulut old man, husband; bear; KK peldek, pulut", KJ polut; KD polut; SD pulut; T pelur + bridegroom; TK pelur, TJ pelur-; TD pelur-keine-, pelur; RS polud-; MO -pullun [rect. -pullut], -pullup; В pallad, polud К pulunde: old man; SD pulundie pr. (a mountain); T peldudie; TK peldudie, paldudie, -beldudie; TJ peldudie; TD peldudie; RS polundé Кpulut-možu: bridegroom; TD pelur-merou TD polurde-, polurdieče- to get married (of a woman) ? U *pälä 'half (UEW 362-353) The following changes are assumed for K: *-e- > -ö- (by labialization after p.) > -u- (by assimilation to -и-). 1773. *pel- 1 T pel- to overtake; TK pel--, TJ pel-, pul-, TD pel-, pel'- + to be enough; to pass Tpelie- to be enough; TKpelie- to reach T peld'ii- to bring to an end | TK peld'it- to let overtake

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1774. *pel- 2 К pele:- to wipe dry; KK pelie-; KJ pelie-; KD pel'ie-; T pilie-; TK pilie-, pilej-; TD pilie- to clean 1775. pelageja T palagije pr. (a woman) Rus. pelageja 1776. *pele: T eld'e-pelie INTJ (admiration) 1777. *pe:Ie: T -bielie opposite 1778. *pelemTK pelemŋi- to prepare 1779. *peltT pelduu- to get an infection T pelduu infection 1780. *pelwK pölbe. l hummock; KK polbiel; KJ polbiel; KD polbiel, pel'biel\ T pölwiel; TK pölwiel; TD polwil; RS polwel К pölbe:ńəj-o:ži: marsh; polburo:- convex, bulging; blistery, bumpy | ? KD pelbiče first stomach (of a reindeer) | SD pelbie-mal'zo Arctic bramble | T pel'wied-ewče grass with white ends which grows on hummocks [lit. hummock grass] In some forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *peče-, 1781. *pemeK pömnə- round; KK pömne-; KJ pomne-, pomńa:-; KD pomne-; T pomne-; TK pömne-; TD pomne-, SU pomnei; RS pomne; M pómnäi; В pomne; ME pomne К pömurkə rouble; T pomorke ring, round; stitch; loop; TK pömerke ring; circle; M pomúrka, pomúrkak T pomoges- to turn, to go around (TR); TK pömeges-; TD pomógecK pömegədej- to roll smth from side to side, to turn; KK pömegedej-, pömeget-; T pomogerej-; TK pömegerej-, pömogeret'i-, pömögerej-, TD pomogorei-

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К pömel'əš- to surround; to make smth round; KK pömel'eš-; KJ pemeleš-; T pomol'esK pömdə-, pömerə- to roll down; to slip; KJ pomde-, pomudu-, pomere-; T pomore-, TD pomdeiK pömegə- to roll from side to side; KJ pemegei-, KDpomege- + to finish; T pomoge-; TK pömege(j)-\ TJ pomogo-\ TD pomogoK pömki: testicle; KJ pomki, pomke; KD pomkid-abut; MC pomgogonK pömelijə top, whirligig; KD pemel'iye T pomorii top, whirligig; TK pömeri: К pömžilə circle made of glass beads; В pomzsholéné circle; ME pomtschelleni circle Tpomnir, pomniir around; TK pomńir, pömnir К pömd'ibə slippery place; pöme- to roll down | KK pömeget- to turn | KJ pemet- to slip down | KD pemei- to throw away; ? penmex on one's back | T pomogije whirlpool; pomorejnube slope; pomoses- to roll | TD pomnel around; pomočei- to turn around; pomuterei- to move aside | TK pömeserej-, pömoses- to move aside ? TU *pem-/*pim- 'to wind, to be twisted' (EDAL 1134) In most forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *peče-, 1782. *peme/*pime К peme louse; KK peme\ KJ peme\ KD pemme\ SD peme; T pime; TK peme, pime; TD pime; RS peme; В рота; ME pomma KD pamaine-, pommene- having lice | SD pemed-oze nit | T pimde- to get lice I TD pimeleńčil-ńord'e small greenish moss | TKpimelen- small The irregular correspondence К -е- ~ T -/'-. 1783. *penT pengej- to return, to come back; TK pengej- to direct; to splash (of a fish); TD pengeiTpenge- to stretch; to extend; TJ penge-, peŋe- to return, to come back T pengerej- to bring back, to cause to come back; TK pengerej-; TD pengerei-, pongereiT pend'i- to return without spending a night on the way; to stretch down; pend'ibe place by the sea from where one roams to the south; pengur behind; pengelge-juodii INTJ (if only I could go down!) | TD perigee- to go around (TR); pend'ireŋ-eure-, pend'ire-kel- to come back | TK pengije whirlpool 1784. *penč'əK pöd'el smell; spirit; fate, happiness; KK ped'el, KJ ped'ul; KD ped'el; T pöd'el; TD pod'el, ped'il

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Кpöńńə- smelling; happy; KDpenńe-; Tpöd'elńe-; RS pod'ennei, pedilneja К pödd'ə INTJ (used when there is a bad smell) | T pöd'elte- to saturate smth with smell In some forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *peče-. 1785. *penč'ə/*pinč'ə/*pejnč'ə К pe.d'ə, pejd'ə shoulder-blade; knot; elk; KJ pied'e; KD ped'e; SD pejzi, pejzed-, pieze bone; T piid'e forelegs of an animal; TK pid'e front legs of an animal; SU ped'e; RS pež'a; ? MU büngétsche elk KJ peid'e arm T piid'e-čoyul marrow from the front shin-bones [lit. forelegs marrow]; TK pid'e-d'oγul T piid'e-saburqa shoulder-blade [lit. flat piece of forelegs]; TK pid'e-rawurqa, pid'e-saburqa T piid'e-nigiriid-amun marrow of the shin-bone of the forelegs U *puńc'a 'kneecap of a reindeer' (UEW 403) //Nikolaeva 1988: 242 The correspondence К - e : — T -/:- is irregular, which may suggest the reconstruction *pejnč 'ə. 1786. *peŋe/*poŋo ? KD poŋe air 1787. *peninč'ə-/*peninčə- ? В peningindshel valley; MEpennyngntscheï 1788. *penjijə T pend'ije stream 1789. *pentT peduge- to speak T pedugej- to blurt out 1790. *pent-/*peδT pedi- to lick T p e d e j - to lick once; perise- to let smb lap smth up The alternation -d r- may suggest the PY *-δ-. 1791. *pentəK pe:də- to burn (INTR); KK piede-; KJ pede-; KD pede-, piede-; SD piede-; TK piede-; SU pédei, pédeč; RS pedak; KL p'andaj К pend'e:- to start burning, to catch fire (INTR); KK pend'ie-; TK piend'ie-

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К pe:dədej- to light; KJ pedadei-; SU pédedeik; RS pédedeik Кpe.di:- to roast (over a fire); KJ pedi:- to light; KD pedi- to light К pe:dət- to burn (TR); KJ pedet-; KD pedetKJ pedei- to get yellow; KD pedei-\ M pädeič to burn down К pede.me:- to get burnt | KK pendie- to begin to burn 1792. *pentičə К pe.dičə finger; KJ pediče\ KD pediče\ SD pedice\ BO péndyče\ KL pedyčak; В peenditshcr, ME peentutschcr, MK béndyitscha 1793. *perK perul part of the poles forming the door in a yurt that is dug into the ground К pöril' toe (tip-toe); KJ porle knee; T peril kick T pörinde- to kick; TK porinde-, pörinde-; TD purinde-, porinde- to recoil (of a gun after shooting) Кpörlə-paj- to kick [lit. to hit with the toe]; KDporle-paiKpöriïtə- to set one's feet against (TR); pörlə-a:- to stamp one's foot [lit. to do the toe] | T peril'e-wej- to run away (of a child) In some forms the first vowel was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *peče-, 1794. *pereT peren aloof Tperen-peren INTJ (command: away!); pered'ie a little aside FU *pertV/*partV'side, edge' (UEW 374) //Nikolaeva 1988: 242 1795. peremenit' KD peremeni- to change ? SD piorimni several boats fixed together Rus. peremenit' 1796. perevjazka TK perewe. ske bandage Rus. perevjazka 1797. perja К pe. ri: wings; KK perie-, KJ perie, peri; KD peri; SD pieriK pe:ri:n-za: fin [lit. feather stick]; pe:ri:n-ža:ńəjbən fish [lit. the one with fins] Rus. per'ja

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1798. *peseT pesne- concave, convex; cool, inactive T pesed'i- to be obstinate; to stick out one's breast; pesegej- to become obstinate; pesečeń- to bend backwards; ? pestiel' basket made of willow branches | TK pesnej-göde man with a curved spine [lit. curved man] 1799. *pet- 1 Tpetnu- to crawl, to go on all fours; TKpetnuTpetteŋ crawling; petnujd-uo baby who has started crawling 1800. *pet- 2 T petče light sledge for carrying people; TK pett'e-lalime T petčigije reins; TK pet'igije T pettes- to drive reindeer (TR); petčigije-moojnijaa skilled reindeer-driver [lit. reins holder]; petčigijes- to put the front part of the harness on a reindeer I TK pettesteŋ at a trot 1801. *peteT petegej- to form a lump (INTR) Tpeteies- to sew on with big stitches; to speak coherently and rudely (TR) 1802. pëtr T petruuńe, peteriińe pr. (a man) Rus. petr 1803. *pe(we)K pebel cradle; KD pebel, bebel К bebe-bebe, be-be INTJ (lulling); T be-be-be К pebi:- to cradle, to lull to sleep; KD pebiT bebeenu- to lull to sleep TU *be:(be)-<JMS 1 118)//Nikolaeva 1988: 179 This stem is onomatopoetic. 1804. *pi:T piise- to wrap; TK pise-, pi.seT piiruo- bandaged; piiričij- to get entangled; piirii, piiruu rope with which smth is wound, bandage; piires- to make wild reindeer run about without leaving the encircled area | TK pirid'ie- to surround, to encircle 1805. *pičči: К pičči: small singing bird; young (of an animal)

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? TU *čipi 'small bird' (EDAL 433) The root is expressive and possibly shows irregular metathesis. 1806. *piγe К pige wart; box or other container made of birch bark; KK pige; KJ pige; KD piga; SD -pige; SU piga; RS piga, -buga-; M piga; В piga; MU bigé; MK -piga, -bigá SD pigan-da hook for hanging a kettle In some forms -i- > -u- under the influence of b-. 1807. *piγi- ? MO pigize to die 1808. *piγmi ? MO pigmy eagle 1809. *pijella: К pijella: traditional refrain in lyrical songs 1810. *pili- ? MC pili-omni stupid 1811. *pimeləT pimeleń- to drizzle 1812. *pinč'a:nč'u: T pid'aad'uu pr. (a man) 1813.*pipT p i p i l penis; TD pipil boy's penis 1814. *pipoK pipol kind of small snipe; KK pipol; KD pipol 1815. *pi:rəT piire- to be not enough T piiruo- poor; piirii- not long enough; piiruočiil pr. (a lake) 1816. *pi:rəsmo:l T piiresmuol pr. (a lake)

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1817. *piričike: К piričike: Baikal teal (Anas formosa); SD piricicie 1818. piska К piškə penis; KJ piške; SDpiška Rus. piska 1819. *piwK pibil coniferous needles; KJ pibil, KD pibil; T piwil; SU piwil leaf; RS pewel, powil leaf; KL piwil leaf; MK piwil leaf К pibil-pubuški: larch tree bud [lit. needle pimple] 1820. pjatyj M pät'oi, pät'ód'a five; fifth Rus. pjatyj 1821. *po: К po: orphan, widow(er); worker; slave; KJ po:; KD po:ŋo-; SD po; В poad', *poónd- + servant; ME poo, nont- [rect. pont-] + servant; MK рос ? TD pai-kode, pai-xamul servant ? TU *bogi:- 'to bear a bastard; to suffer a miscarriage' (EDAL 366) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); LR 165 1822. *po:- 1 T puond-igïï, pund-ewče outside corner of a yurt to the right of the entrance; TK puond-igil'- small mound of earth along the outer walls of a house T puor right side of a yurt 1823. *po:- 2 К p o : l f l e s h side 1824. počët KD počotnoŋoi dignity Rus. počët 1825. *počpo: К počpo: INTJ (to the left, order to dogs) 1826. počtí К pačči: almost Rus. počti

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1827. *počurə К počurə smoky fire made to frighten mosquitoes away 1828. podarit' KJ podari:- to give as a present; KD podari:Rus. podarit' 1829. *poδon? BO pódon, podon fast, quickly; strongly 1830. *pöγ-1 К pög- to run, to jump (of an animal); KK pog-, pow-; KJ pog-; KD рок-, pou-\ SD pog-, pugo-, T pögie- to follow (TR); TK pögie- to walk T pögiriči- to entice to do smth U *pukta- 'to jump, to run' (UEW 402) or TU *pukti- 'to run, to gallop' (TMS 2 340-341)//Bouda 1940: 80; JU 85; LR 157 ( ~ U ) 1831. *pöγ-2 К pugil' master; one of the wife's parents; KK pogil'-, KJ pogil parent-in-law; daughter's husband, younger sister's husband, wife's elder brother, husband of the younger sibling's daughter, husband's elder brother; KD nogil [rect. pogil]; SD pogil, -posil, pogul + son-in-law; T pugil leaf; widow(er); TD pogil, pugil leaf; widow(er); MK pógul 1832. *poγo-/*poŋqaK poγožil, poγoža: knee; KJ poyod'il, KD pohodil, pogod'il'; SD pogožil-, RS pokožil К poγoža.q on the knees; KJ poyod'a.q Кpoyoŋin knee-long | KD pohod'aqorho-, pogod'aqorho- to kneel 1833. *poγon? MK aatschen-pógon bridle 1834. *poγonč'ə/*poŋqənč'ə Кpoγod'ə-qon INTJ (go to hell!); KJpoγod'e excrement 1835. *poγotə-/*poŋqətəKJ pogotoguome, pogotoguomei pr. (a man)

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1836. pogreb T puogrep cellar; TK pogrep Rus. pogreb 1837. *poj- 1 К pojnə- white; KJ poińe-, poine-, poino- pink; KD poine-; SD poinepojna- + pink; T pojine-; SU poinei; KL pojnaj; В poinnev, ME poinne\ MU bóinat; MK póinoi, bóinaíK pojgə light I SD pajnamelbon northern lights | T pojite- to fumigate; pojayaj- to become white; pojorej- to become a little drier | ? MU bóymarupes month ? FU *päjV 'white; to shine' (UEW 360) 1838. *poj- 2 T pojuo- numerous; TK pojo-, pojuo-, TJ pojo:-, pojoi- much, many; TD po.ioTpojumu- to increase in number, to multiply (INTR); TK pojomu-, pojumu1839. *poj- 3 К pajaj- to lift, to raise; to carry; KK pojjaj-; KJ pajaj-; KD payai-; SU pojaik, poinuk К poje:-, pejje:- to carry a burden on the shoulders or back; KJ poje-, paje-; KD poyel burden К pejdubə, pejdijə stairs; bridge; KK pejdube\ KJ pejdube; KD peidube К pejdə- to step on (TR) | ? KD peič elevation on a field К -о- > -a- before -aj- and -o- > -e- before -j- + a consonant. The intervocalic -j- may optionally be geminated in pejje:-, cí.jurgud'e.jjə. 1840. pojas В *poyat [rect. poyas] belt Rus. pojas 1841. *po:jə 1 К po:jə spring tan; T pooje, puoje + epidemic; cheek; TK po.je, puoje; TD poye- cheek К po:jət- to become tanned, to become dried (of meat, fish) | T puojee pr. (a man); puojed-amun cheek-bone | TK po.jet- to become tanned; to become dry (of meat, fish)

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1842. *po:jə 2 К po.jə pole (in a yurt, in a fish-trap, outside for drying nets); KK poje\ KD poye; TD poye 1843. *pojγupə-/*pojŋkupəKJ pojyupe- bent, crooked, turned 1844. *pojo- ? TJ poje- to carry; TD poyačarei-, poyecerei-, poyecei- to send; to move; to let fall down (TR) TD poyerai-, poyerče- to slide 1845. *pojrə К pojrə diarrhoea; RS poerčil К pojrəj- to have diarrhoea 1846. *pökT pökie- to ventilate, to air (TR) Tpökej- to ventilate once; pökuuji- to ventilate many times 1847. *polK polil gum (in the mouth); В -polil; ME -polil TU *pul- (EDAL 1183) 1848. *pol'- 1 T polil short brown fur that appears on the neck of a partridge in spring; root of a tooth 1849. *pol'- 2 К polirńə- smooth, bald; KD pol'irneKpoliraj- to slip; TDpoyeraiK pol'užubə ice-covered ground; KJ poled'ube; KD pol'ud'ube; T paral'ibe, pol'irebe steep sandy bank, precipice; TK pol'irebeK polužu- to slip (many times); polži:čə smth slippery | TD poyerčebanńeslippery I ? RS pololiže crafty, insidious ? TU *belu-/*bul 'flat slippery ice surface' (EDAL 383) 1850. *polčičə К polžičə leaf; KJ polžiče; KD poldiče, poldiče; RS polžiča; MC pol'woroie green; BO pólbur; В *poldshitsha, podrie, poldshasha- + flower; ME poltschitscha, podrie + flower

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KD pol'dičeyed-ulega juniper [lit. leafy grass]; poldiče-knid'e May [lit. leafy month] 1851. *poIiń BO poliń-molgon year KJ poliń-uo children ? PE *pəlu, U *paljV lbig] many' (UEW 350-351) // LR 145, 156 For the Yukaghir *polin the meaning 'many' may be assumed. 1852. *pollə-/*ponləK polio:- rotten, putrid; KK polio-, KJ polio-, KD polio-, polo:K polləš- to rot (TR); KD polloc-, polocRS ponloi sour 1853. *poloK pala:- to escape; KK pala-, pala:-, KJ pala:-; T palaa- + to get untied; to survive, to resurrect; TK pala:-, TD pa. laK poldə- to take out; to rescue; KK poldo-, polt'a-, KJ polude-, poludo-; KD polude-; SD poludeT palaas- to take off; to save; TK pala.sK polod'u:- to be born (usually of animals); К polo:- to go out (of smoke); to protrude, to stick up; polod'i. š- to procreate | T palaγaj- to spread (INTR); palayarej- to spread out, to set out (TR) In К and T -o- > -a- before -a:- of the second syllable. 1854. polog К po. ləq canopy; cover, bed-curtain; KJ polog', T puolek; TK polek Rus. polog 1855. polon KJ polon full Rus. polon 1856. poloz'ja К polo:d'ə sledge runner Rus. poloz'ja 1857. pomošoik KJ pomočnik assistant Rus. pomošnik

3 5 8 8 Dictionary

1858. *pompT pompiyaj- to become short T pompil'es- to shorten (TR); pompičeń- short The cluster -mp- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1859. *pomtT pomdileń- to have a dirty spot (INTR) T pomdii pr. (a man); pomdirke pr. (a man) 1860. *pońK p o ń q ə white; world, light; KJpońqo + silver; KDpońqo-, SDpongqo; SU pońka; Mpónkó, póńkada pr. (the river Belaja); MO -porko [rect. -ponko] К pońqə-nodo lynx [lit. white animal]; KJ pońqo-nodo; SD pongqo-nodo; SU pońxa-nada К poń-qa:-ra: birch-tree [lit. tree with white bark]; KJ poń-qara\ KD poń-xura; SD pon-ga-ra, pong-qa-ra\ SU poń-xará\ RS poń-kará\ В pantsha-ra; MK póncha-schéel К pod'orqə day; KK pod'orqo, pod'erqo; KJ pod'erqo; KD pod'erxo; SD pozorqo; T pod'arqa whiteness; sparkles; TK pod'erqa\ TD -poterxo full moon; SU podirga, poderxcr, RS podirko, podirka + light; M podtrka\ KL podirga, pondirqaga, podirqamynda\ В pondzshirka, pondzshirkoma, ME pondschirka, pondschirkoma, MU bondschirkcr, MK pondschinoi light, bright К pod'oyə- shining, bright; KK pod'oyo- to shine; KJ pod'ero-, KD pod'ero-, pod'erai-, T pod'aya- to shine; TK pod'eya-, pod'aya--, TD pod'era-, -pod'ara-; MC ponadat light К pod'oyədaj- to light (TR); KJ pod'erodaiKpod'ol'əš- to whiten (TR); KJ pod'eleš-, KD pod'el'ecKpod'ol'bo:- whitish; KD po(d')el'boKpod'od- to sparkle, to twinkle; to dash; KK pod'ed'--, KD pod'ed'iKpod'ol'ə- to whiten (INTR); KK pod'ol'o-\ KD pod'ol'eKpod'ol'u: mountain without plants; KD pod'el(i)u Кpoń-qa:r birch bark [lit. white bark]; pońqə-šeščə window [lit. entrance of the light]; pońqa-jurgud'e.jə, pod'erqəčil-jurgud'e.jə North Star [lit. white star]; pońqə-söjnubəd-aŋil' window [lit. hole where the light enters]; pod'el'ə whiteness | KK pod'eńe- light coloured | SD ponqa-lebie lichen [lit. white earth] I T pod'ayije shining, sparkles | TK pod'arqa- shining, light | ? BO ponúgagan in the morning Forms with the medial -d'- have emerged from *-«

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A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir (Trends in Linguistics Documentation, Vol. 25)

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