A Guide To Chess Endings

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DOWR BOOKS ON CHESS 'IkR OF ITZE G m , Paul Kema and Alexander Katcnr. (B31M-9) $6.96 GAMEOT? CHESS,Q i e g t r t T m d . @%41-X) $9.95 How m a Ts YOLT CHESS?, b o d Baden. (23294.8) ANXmnwmo~m Cmss MOWS ANDTACX'ICS S ~ EXPLAXNED, Y Xmnd Blude~.(Available in United Statea only). (21,21041$3.85 CWABW'S BESTCHESSENDINGS, Irving CChmev. (2424.8) $6.96 Canasw~~xor~s: THEHEXWOF CXBSS,Irving Cfiwnev. 6217444)33.95 ~ C T C ACHEB L EEIDWB,Irving Chemev. (m208-X) $6.95 T h ~ X C AAFFIWA~H L ~o CHESS,Dr.Max E m , et aX. (!24353-2) $5.95 A GUIDETO Ctws ENDINGB, Dr.Max Euwe and David H o o p . (23332-4) $5.95 CWIC CHESSPROrrws, XCeaneth S.Howsrd. (22522-4)$3.95 HOW ro SCILVZ CHESSP R O ~ sKenneth , S.Howard. (20748-XI $5.96 S B K T A C W C i m s ~ O ~ Y Rbmeth S , S. Howard. (21477-X) @.m C m FOR FUNAND CHESSWR BMD, Edward h k e r . (20146-6)$5.96 CHESS S T R A ~ YEdward , Lasker. @05%2) $6.95 CO~GIMUNSWW IN CHESS, Dr.Emanuei h s k w . (2144.10-0)$4.95 ~ K E H ' SMANUALOF C X ~ Dr., Emanurl baker. (XWO-8)$7.95 Itxr:AW OF CHESS,James Mason. (20463-8)$8.95 MODERN CHESSSTRAWY, Ludek Pachman. (20290-9) $6.9.5 &mum sUOK OP CHESSSTRATAGIM~,Frad Fteinfeld. (0690-4)$5.95 How m FORCE CWWTE, Fred h i d e i d . (20439-1) $3.60 WINAT CHESS,Fred Reinfeid. (20498-3)$3.50 TBE ART OF THE CWECMTE, Remud and Victor K a h , (ZOlW-6) $4.95 A PrcruRR ~ X I ~ ~OFR CHESS, Y Fred Wilson. (23856-3)$12.95 THEART OF CHESSC ~ ~ M A T X Eugene O N , Zndo-Bomv&y. ( r n - F i ) $4.95 How Nar w RAYC#XP$S, Eugene Znmko-Borovsky. (20920-2) $3.95 H a w TO PLAY CHEWENDINGS, Eugme Znwko-130rov$ky.(21110-3)$5.85 How m h r THE C m s O w , E u p m Zn~~kwBOmvsky. (B795-2) $4.95 MIDDISGAMEm CWS, Eugene A. Znmk~"1BOmvsky. (23931-4) $5.95

A GUID,E rKl

CHESS ENDINGS Dr. MAX EXJ'GVE World Chnrnpio?~1935-1927

and

DAVID 1-IC)QPER

DOVER PUBI,ICA?'IONS, I S C , New York

CONTENTS Exumples Puge vii

Copyright Q 1976 by Uoler Publita~iotts,I l l < . . (:opy~-igl?~ @ 1!)59 f ) y Dl., M a x Euri,c ;ilrtl I>it>itl

C H A P ~1. ~ PAWN R ENDINGS I Thc Opposition 2 K,,f-PV. K 3 K,,I-ZPV. K 4 K-bP V. K + P 5 KS-2P 7. K,+P 6 More Pawm: Material Advantage 7 Mort Pawns: Positional Advanvage

Iooper. A l l rights rcservcrl u11tlt.r Pan A711eric:in ant! 111tc1-rrationalCopyright Convpntiona.

"T'his Ilttvcr txlilio~r,first ptiblistrctl i n 1976, is arr unaltrictgd anrl a)r.rr.c.teri rcpuklication ctf ~ h r\,ttrk c i~rsl prrbliskerl I,? &wid MrKay Co~ripauy, Ilrc., W r v I'ork, i ~ r$NU.

Manrrfarturctl irr t l ~ tU~titedStates of .%llrrrira Uover. X'rrblicatior~s, Iric. 180 'l'arick Street New York, N.Y. 20014

CHAPTER 11. MINOR PKECE ENDINGS 1 Kt v. P 2 3 {or Kt) v. 2P 3 B (or KQ Y. 3P 4 B {or fCtj+P v. K 5 B (or Kt)-kP v. P 6 B (OC Kt)+-P v. 2P 7 B (or Kt)!-P v . 3P 8 3 (or KO-tPziwns v. Pawns 9 B (or Kt)+P v. B (or Kt) 10 B (or Kt)+2P v. B (or Kt) 11 B (or Kt)+,2P v. B (or XCt)+P 12 More Pawns: Material Advantage 13 More Pawns: Posirionai Advantage 14 B+2P v. B of opposite coIour 15 Bishops o f opposite colour: more pawn.$ 16 Two Minor Piems v. Two Minor Pieces CHAPTER III. KOOK ENDINGS I RvP 2 R v. 2P 3 R v. 3P 4 R+P v. R 5 R+2P v. R

CONTENTS

6 R I P v. Rf P 7 R+2P V. R-I-P 8 More Pawns: Matcrial Advanrage 9 More Pawns: Posiiional Advantage CHAPTERIV, QUEEN ENDINGS

I 2

Qv.P Q Y. Mom Pawns

3 Qs-P v. Q 4 Q+2P V. Q 5 More Pawns: Malerial Advantage 6 More Pawns: Positional Advantage

INTRODUCTION TODAY many more tournament games are being prayed, and club and match games brought more frcquentfy to a finish, so that the ending is not left to the adjudicator:but is becoming of increasing importance to the ordinary p~a)cf. For the expert it has long been an outstanding characteristic of his play, and it is not accidcntai that the greatest mastcrs of chess have also been the greatest masters of the end-game. In the end-game, unlike the opening, proficiency does not d e p n d on the memory, but upon methodical study, and it i s not difficult, to acquire a skill that will add its quota of points and half-points to thc score table. Endings are predominantly positional. in charat%er,although combinstive and tactical maneuvring often enlivens the play. The best endings have their own appeal, one of accurate timing and precision. But the compelling reason for study i s surely the practical one: after a long struggle how heart-breaking it is not to reap one's full reward because of poor end-pby! In more than sixty examples from play in this book decisive mistakes wcre made, often by tfic greatest masters. Xn many ways the ending is a different kind of game: the importance of the pawn centre diminishes; the king becomes active; there is the possibility of stalemate; and the pawns, no longer a skeleton clothed by pieces, become powerful in themselves. When the number of pawns is reduced then vakes change, so that a piece may be worth no more than a pawn. Rather than a sketchy outline of the wholc fidd, we have made a fairly thorough study of those endings most likely to occur in play, especially chose with rooks. The book is h s l worked through as a course of study, so that the underlying ideas are absorbed, and a sound positional judgment acquired. It i s not at first necessary to understand every nuance, far less to try to remember the mare difficult and complex variations; indeed, one might weli pass over the sub-varjatians at a first reading. Some of the examples, noticesably in the later chapters, are harder than others. Although considered a suitable Cextbok for the less skilied player, some more cornplicatcd studies, and some recent theoretical discoveries such as the analyses of R+BP+RP v. R, and Q-tKtP v. Q, are included. Endings at first difficult yidd to further study; the wcaker player nced never be discouraged, far in time the ideaas bbecamc dearer, and a logical pattern is revealed. The examples arc for the most part classified according to the kind

of pawn-formation, and a d o ~ e nor more series of comparative studies, e.g. Examplcs 223-225, are intended to show the importance of this. Most of the usual conventions are folfawed. In chc diagrams White moves up the board. The player with the advantage, the 'stronger party', is often calfcd Whilc. Howcver, a question mark is used only to indicate a dccisivc error that changes the course of thc game, and is not otherwise used. The first named player is usually the player of the White pieces, although the uolours may be reversed for clearer presentation. Far the same rertson the em--dash is omitted from the moves of subvariations, e.g. P-K4 bccomes PK4. Acknowledgments are especialIy given to Cheron's three volume rnastcrpiect: Lehr- lrr~dE111~fdbuch der ErrJspiede, Berlin, 1955-57; Kook against fawns, by Mnixlis, Moscow, 1956; Chess Endings-Pawns, Bfshops, a d Knights, by Maizelis, Averbach, and Chekover, Moscow, 1956; Koncowu Gra S ~ u c h o ~Vol. + ~ 2,, 2854, and Vol. 3, 1957, Warsaw, an extensive collection of end-games with pieces, by Gawlikowski. We should also like to acknowledge the generous help given by Mr. F.W. Allen, who assiduously checked thc proofs; by Mr. van den Berg, who assisted with analysis and in various other ways; and by Mr. K . Wbyld, whose resmrch was invaluable.

DR.34. EIIWE,Amsterdam. DAVID NWPER, Reigate, England. September, 1958.

PAWN ENDINGS

-. . . the Pawns: They am the very Life of this Game. They alone form the Atlack and the Wefencc; on their good bad Situation depends the Gain or Loss of the I. THE OPPOSITION Bringing the king into play is the Erst thing to do in mast cases;for in contrast to the earlier phases of the game it is in the endins! that the Irin~. instcad of hiding himself or playing'into safety, b m e s an attacking piece. Xts freedom of action as it approaches its rivai is controlled by a wfationshrp ktwecn their respective positions, which i s known as the opposition.

4... 5 K-RS 6 K---Kt5 7 K,,,,,,- R 6 8 K-Kt6.

R-B 3 K--Kt2 ic;,,,,,,,,,132 K-Kt 1

Black may defend his corner square, 8... KRI 9. KB7 KRZ 10. KM, or

his bishop's square, 8... KBI 9. KR7 KBZ 10. KR8; but he is powerless to prevent White forcing his way through to the back rank.

X The kings stand opposite one another, i.e. in opposition. White, having to move, can never force his way forward: 1. KQ2 KQ5 2. KK2 K K 5 4 1 e is directIy opposed. Conversely, if Black moves first then he in turn cannot get to his sixth rank: 1.. . KQ5 2. KQ2 KRS 3. KK2. The ppayer with the move cannot farce the advance of his king; but this is not all, for bc cannot prcvcnt his opponent's advance. We shall suppose it to ix Black's move: I... K-,QS After which White's forward path is obstructed only on two squarm (Q3, 4133);But if I... KKt5 then White outflanlrs by 2. KQ3.

White's further advance, or outflanking, is restrict& by the edge of the board, so hc rcvakes thc opposition, and Black, having to move, must again give way-

viii

PIIIUDCIR, 1749.

Party.'

I

Dirm opposition White might as easily have reachad Ihe back rank on the king's side. 'Yo force this he must first move along the

rank. holding the opposition: I . . . KifS 2. KQ2 (Aftc~the irnmcdiate outflanking 2. KKt3 KQC, WJlite at &st gcts t o QM8 or QR8.) 2.. . KKS 3. KK2 KBS 4. K32 KKtS 5. KKt2 and now White oulflanks by 5... KBS 6. KR3, or 5... KRS 6. KB3, then working his way up the fiIes, as before. White, then, can force his way to any

I THE OPPOSXTION

I PAWN ENDXNGS part of the board, but not lo any pariiculrr square. 1 %musf ~ be careliii nor to lose the opposilion until his objective is

in sight. if, for instam, Btack cornmcnced by playing I . .. K H , ceding ail three squares in front of White's king, then Whitc must reply 2. K83 rewining the oppositior~,fur eithsr 2. KKt3 KRt4 or 2. KQ3 KQ4 loses it. Conversely, similar powers accrue to Rlack if White moves first. When the kings are thus opposed on file om square ag;dr[ i t is term& vertical direct opposition. It is usual to say that tkc player who ttasn't the move has the opposition, e-g. White bas the opposition i f i t is Black's move. Whoever movm first must give ground; or to put it another way: if you have the opposition you can oizlflank your opponent, and moreover you can choose your momem for doing so. The player having thc vertical opposition may force I~iswiiy to the farthermost rank. Also, a player having the horizvncal direct opposition may get to the farthermost file, e.g. White K at QKt6, BIack K ;it his Q3, which is simply Exarnpte 1 turned ninety degrees, 'I'hc direct opposiiion (king5 one square apart on the same file or rank) is the most fundamentai of alt chess rnanceuvm; and is of conseqritnce in most of the pawn endings in this book.

/ s,,.

...

K-Q2 king, fn. if ch. KK3 7. ~136, and K K ~5, if s.,. KKZ 6. KR6. 5

Trying

I

K-K2

manmvre his king clear of obstruc- I wants to get to a square near his KR8 tion by his pawn, as in the first variation. I corner. If I ... KKtS 2. KKt2 Whiie moves along to KKt2 and then outflanks; or it' I . .. KB6 2, KR3 and White At this stage Black also draws aRer moves to QR7 and outflanks. In botil 4..KK2 (B2) 5. KB5 KQ2, for White's these cases the diagonal opposition, pawn again prcvcnts his taking the which is often transitory, immediately opposition. rransDoses to the direct oonosition. 5 K-R5 K-B2 ~nst&d, Black might play I . . . KQS Black takcs rhc opposition whim 1 KKt2 RR5 3* KB2 Ki35 4, White's king advances round the side of KK'5 '. KK2 KR5 6. KB2 KR4 7.KB3, erc. his pawn. In practice the diagonal oppasiiion is 6 P - 4 6 ch. K-42 usually seen as a defcasive manceuvre, a Instcad, 6 . . . K-QI may be pfayed ~neansofpmventingtheopponent taking at once. ! the direcr opposition, as in Example 7. The direct and diagonaI opposiliuns 7 K-41 arc the only forms of close opposition Now that the pawn is on the sixth only j wkem the square or squares controlled ibis retrat draws- If7..+ KKI rfll)'! ! by one king may also catjlmandd by 8. KK6 (86) KQI 8. PQ7. I the other. There arc also lona-ran% 8 K.--B6 K-B1 i forms of the opposition, where tl& kin& Black takes the opposition, and are three or five squares apart. The kings are dcfincd as stand~ngIn White's king is unablc to cuminand the opposition when ( a ) they are on squarcs queening square. of the same colour, and (b) here is an 9 P-Q7 ch. K-4.1 cdd number of squares between them by 10 K-Q6 stalemate. he most dirrct route or routes. to

1

,

' 1

3

The kings arc one square apart on

4 With tllree squams between ihcm on the same file, the kings are in vertical

the same diagonal, and are said to be in diagonal opposition.

White plays and draws Black plays end loses

2 The o~tplrsitioni s here the decbive Factor, for lidnabla White to control the quacning square. 1 ... K-Kt3 2 K-Kt4 K-I33 3 K-34 White holds the opposition until his king is in front of the file as) his Dawn.

distant opposition. The player who has the opposition (we shalt suppose i t to be

The possession of any form of thc opposition mcans that one can force one's way to any part of the hoard. I f it i s Black's move, then M i t e has the onnosition. and we mav sunoose he

Whitc) has tbc power to get to any pari of the h a r d , as in ExampIe I .

But without the opprtsition White cannot win. I FC,,,-.ICt3 2 K-34 K--,,B3 3 P-Q4 White must try this as he will make no badway with his king.

None of Black's eight pwsibIc moves prevents the invasion of his ranks. If he advances, Wltite takes the diract opposition; if he retreats Wllite pursues, maintaining rlre ciisiant opposition; and if he movm sideways, as here, White outflanks by stepping to the other side.

i

White cannot take the direct opposiI f 4.. . RB3 5. KK5. tion bacalrse his pawn occupies the 5 K-BS relevant square. This always happens Thc right moment for the outfianking i when the pawn is beside or ahead of its ) king I f White is ro win he must be able movement.

Diugonaf opposition

1 3

Whitc outfianks at once. If he wishes instead to penetrate the king's side, hc must first play along the rank, 2. K - 4 2 . 2 ... lL-02 3 K-,,R4 There iu often a choice, and either

1 THE OPPOSITION

I PAWN ENDINGS 3. KU3 or 3. KR3 scrvcs; but White must not d e the vcrtical opposition, 3. KKt4 KKt3. 3 ... K.-Kt1 If 3.. . KR3 4. KRS. 4 K-Kt4

"

&

Retaking the disiant opposition.

White has thc direct opposition. One cannot always convert thc distant into the direcr opposition, and in many positions where the direct opposition is decisive, the distant opposition is of no signikanm. Imng-distant opposition (kings on the same file or rank with five squares between them) confers similar advantages, but the presence of pawns on the board usually interferes with such extended rnantcuvring, and exampies arc

I

I

Taking the opposition. The immediate outffanking 1. KR2? permits I.., KB2 2. KR3 KB3, when 3. KR4? loses, and going to the .QK~file cedes the oppocition, 3. KKt4 KKU, or 3. KKt3 KRt2.

K--Q1 Black plays towards the centre, else White outganks on the king's side, I ... KKtl 2. KQ3 KKtZ 3. KK3 KB3 4. KK4 KQ2 5. K34 KK2 6. KKt5 KB2 7. K M . 2 ,K-,,K13 The correct moment for outflanking. 2 ... K-B2 If 2. .. RQ2 3. KKt4. 11 2... KBl 3. RB4 retaking the (distant) opposition, which also happns after the fext move. 3 K-B3 K-Q2 I f 3. .. KKt2 4. KQ3 KB2 5. KK3. 4 K-Kt4 Again outflanking.

Thc direct opposition wins, and would do so if the position now reached were moved one or two files to the right.

rare in practice.

5 White converts the long-distant into the d i m t opposition. Black submits to this in preference to being ourflanked on onc wing or the other; bur if this position were moved one OF two files to

the right making a king's side outRanking irnpracticahle, then the iongdistant opposition would nut hc siefniflcant, and a draw would corn abo~lf. 1 K-B2

Whitc plays and wins Black plays and draws

'Yhe correct outflanking move. Not 6. W35? KR2, when Black has the opposition, and if 7. KKt5 KKr2 8. KKS KB3. 6 ... K-B2 7 K-J35 K--QZ 8 K-Kt6 K-Q I 9 K-B6. Soon Black's KP is lost. With the move BIack himself takes the longdistant opposition, and it so happens he can maintain the vertical opposition and thereby draw. 1 ... K-,-Kt2 2 K-Kt2 K-K t3 3 K-Kt3 K-Kt2 The distant opposition. Mack must not unwarily advance, 3... KKt4 ? for he loses the opposition after 4. KB3 KKt3 (4... RB3 5. KB4) 5 , KKt4. 4 IC;-,,,,,~ K--H3 5 K-Kt4 K-Kt3 UIack loses the vertical opposition afkr 5. ., KQ4? 6. KB3 KR3 7 . KW. 6 K-B3 K-XXZ 7 K-3 K-Q2 The opposition is not relevant on the Q, K, or KB, files because of pawninterfmcnce, ul~koi~gh Black must keep on the sarrle 81c as White to avoid being outfiankcd on one wing or the oothw. 7.,. KQI 8. K&Q KRI also draws after9.KBSRBZ10.~5PxPIl.KxP KQ2. 8 K-K4 K-KZ(R3) 9 K-,,,,,,~ K,--lU(B 1 ) I0 K-Kt4 K--Kt 1 I I K-RS K-R2. On wither wing can Whitc get the opposition. So far we have shown extended forms of the dircct opposition with both kings the same file or rank. Other longrange forms of the opposition a n m u r -*sltally howcvcr in composed studits.

6 The kings arc said to be in obiique opposition, which is compourtdcd of d i m diagonal opposition. 'The kings

+

am thrw squares apatr by the most direct routes, in accordance with our earlicr definition. Anothcr definition also involves odd numbers: visualize the slnallmt rwtangie containing the two kings: and if thc sides are both odd numhrecl (as here 5 x 3 squares) the k i n p stand in opposition.

Oblique opposition The squares mark& by dots are those on which Black's king might also stand in opposition of one kind or another to White's king on QR2. Sixtmn squaris are in this way related, and there arc four such sets of squares on the chessboard, as letiercd on the suppIementary diagram. If one player moves to a B square, the other retains the apposition if he ;ilso moves to a B square, and so on. For instance, if White plays 1. KKtl (a 13 square) Black may reply 1 . . . KQ6, I... KB6, I , . . KQ4, or I . . . RB4 (alt of which arc D squaraf, thus retaining the apposition in one form or another.

1. TEE OPPOSITION

X PAWN ENDINGS 6A This pattern might bc termed thc natural oppositional fiefd. It mrty be (and usualfy is) disturbed localiy by pawns, as aIrcady smn in Example Z*.

7

7 A player who has the opposition need never lose it&-unless pawns inter+ ' ferc. Here they cfo nat, and Black draws an apparently hopeless position by maintaining the defensive opposition. ?he marked-off areas show thc lower two ranks as White's domain, and the qumn's side area as Black's. White always wins if his king gets into Black's

domain-rcgrdless of the apposition. 1 To get there mite must n~ovethrough the transitional area (the 25 squares on the king's side and back rank). If Black moves to the KB Ale or sixth rank, White advances the RP; and if Black capturcs White's KtP, White queens the RP and wins against Black's KIP, Example 303. When White's king is in the transitional arra, he wins with and draws without thc opposition; when it is on the lowcr two ranks, the opposition is not signifimnt. 1 ... K--QS ntiick stays on K5 and Q5 until White plays to the rbird mnk (transitional a ~ e a ) after which Black must take the opposb

.."...

Dmwn The only move to draw, and probably the only instan~u:of the oblique opposition in a practical position; for this ending does accuf in play, e.g. Spietmann v . Makarczyk, Warsaw, 1934. Black draws only by maintaining thc opposition as in the table &low, which also indicates the sqirarc letters camponding with diagram bA. White K. Black K.

tirm

KR8 Kg8 QKtS ICKtB K 3 KKt5

2 K-,-BZ It is no use sacrificing the RP, 2. PR5 KIM 3. KO3 RKt4 4. RQ4 K x P 5 . KB4 for Black lakes the onmsitian after S... KR3 6. R x P ~ ~ $ 3 1 2 ... K,,--K5 After 2,.. KF16? 3. PR5 White queens first. 3 K-Kt2 R-,Q5 4 K--I12 K--K5

In practice a situation arises with, say, Whitc? to mow, and it is desirable for him that the same position should be brought about with Black lo move. Having to move Black must submit to one d two threats: I . . . KQI (Kt1) 2. KQ5 (taking the opposition) Z... KI31 3. PBf KKt2 4. KQ7 KR2 5. KO8 queening the BP; or I... KBZ 2. KB5 KB1 3. KKiS wininng the RP. Triangulation is often the means by which one or other of two closely related threats may be forced. Whitc lo play bses a tempo by moving round the triztn~le 0 5 - W Q 4 , whilst Hack must to xtl, for from 31 to Ql , or 9 2 is always answel& by KB5

White plays and wins 1, this position

...

Whitc

myget

to

QKtj' in fmr moves by moving along the rank; he also rakes four moves by travelling diagonally via QS; but in the latter case Black's king is kept out.

winnlng the RP.

f K-K6 K-I36 1.. KQ6 2. KQS KK6 3. K36 KQ5 4. KK17 coma to the same thing.

.

2 K-Q5 A game, Schlagc v. Ahues, Berlin, 1921, continued 2. KQ6? KQS 3. KR6 KK4 4. KKt7 KQ3 5. K xP, with a draw because Whitc's king is imprisoned after 5 . .. KB2, a stock situation with thc RP. The same thing would have htrpwnd if White had cornmetlced 1. KK7?

White wins

61Q3

QRr3 K4

K2

D KRJ KB3 Q3 KI35 KRS KR7 KB7

Q4 Q2

Triangula~ion annot

The defensive opposition 11ere takes five forms: vcrticaf direct, diagonaI, horizontal direct, horimntal distant, and oblique.

pawns which restrict the defender. 'rwo e a r a t e threats are nwessav, and without the RPs this position would drawn.

8 Triangulation is another frequently used king nlancruvre. (>ncking purposefully round a triangle d three board fo bear a unique relationship to a elsewhere. The Brjlis,l c o m p o ~ r sq~x'cswhihjlsthis rival, who i s in some C. D. X,ocwk pioncemd such related i WaY ratrified, must shuttle to and fro on sauaw problems (1#92),,,,,,,,fortunatciyY I two squares. Obviously, one 'loses a perhaps, &ch things do not occu~in ( ~nuve'in this fadlion.

9 Quitc a different rnartmvxe, the diagonal march, i s peculiar to the kings. In travelling from one part of the h a r d to another, the king may make a considaable detour from the straight path, wihoul taking a greater number of

5 K-R3

I,

moves.

m.rte f m s his king in time, and the

bc demon-

strated with bare kings, for it is the

i :

of marching sidw of a triangle mCKK6-,Q5,-H&-,,,,Kt7) instead of the hypotenuse (~-Ky-,-Qy-Bj'-Kt7). p;iw, qumns;

2, KING AND p h ~ s KING The circumstances under which the pawn wins are sizown in Exampie 2: Whitemust at lea51 obtain the uppusition with his king in front of (clear o f I obstruction by) his pawn; only thus can

7

I PAWN ENRINGS

2 KING AND PAWN v. KING

he eventually gain control of the queening square.

IO Tlw kings ax oa the s m side of the pawn, but White's is backward. When his king is one file neawr thc pawn tban Black's, he may be able to gain the pawn.

White plays and wins Black plays and draws

K-Kt3 R-Bal K-K3 K---Q2

22 A pawn on the fifth rmk wins if the king i s in front of it, whether or not White has the opposition, for in eittlc:r case Whitc gains control of the queening square {except with KP). With the movc, White plays I. ICKt6 {taking the opposition: if I. PRt6? KBI 2. PKt7 ~ . - K K ~3. IKKt6 stalemate) 1...K-Rt 2. K-37 K--R2

K-45.

Taking the dixcct opposition. Black to play draws by moving lo the knight's

-.

hle.

XI

It is possible to cross the quaening fife behind the pawn, for which White's king nee& to l x two fifes nearer than Black's. 1 K-Q2 K-32 2 K-BJ K-K3 3 K--W. Only this wins; and after 3. RQ3 4. KQ4, or 3 . . . KQ2 4. KQS, White takes the opposition. Hack draws with the movc, by playing to the bishop's file, I . . . KB2, or I... KB1 2. KQ2 KK2 3. KB3 KQ2. In neither af t h w examples could White have obtained Ihc direct opposi-

rulc which, of course, applies to all pawns. After I. P-KI Black is unable to eater the square (which has diminishd carrespundinglyj so the pawn rum through without let or hindrance. With the move Black gets into the square. I K-B4 Threatening ro stop the pawn. 2. PR4 KK3 3 , KKt4 RQ? 4. KKt5 KB2 5 . KH6 KKti and 6 . .. KRI. In endings with RP thc opposition doesn't matter-,if BLack's king pts in front of the pawn hc always draws. . . a

BPak has the opposiiion, and Whitc

tion by moving up on thc same side of the pawn. IT herc I . KKZ? KR2 2. -3 White has the distant opposition but it does him no good, Z... KK2 3. KK3 KQ2, and now if White advances to rhe fourth rank Black takes the oppmition. Examplm 2, I 0 and I I, show a pawn on Q3; but the same rulm appfy to any pawn (except the KP) on its second, third or fourth rank.


5

of the pawn' and if Hack's king cannot get into i t , he cannot stop the pawn-a

Qtting a trap. Instcad, I... K B I , taktkiog the apposition, is answered by 2. fKt6 2 K-B7 K-R 1 3 K-Kt6 Not 3. PKtB? stalenu*.

opposition by the stratagem of crossing ovcr the queening file in front of his

i K-B2 2 K-KJ 3 K-"44 4 K-,-B5

14 The heavy line shows 'the square

3. P,--Kt6 ch. K-RI, and Whitc mates in thrm. BI'ick d m no better with the opposition: ..-"" 1 ... K-K2

this stage a simple pawn advance squmm Black out,

m o t outflank, but at

13 A pawn on the sixth wins if m i t e obtains the vertical direct opposition with his king afongsidc his pawn (except with RP). I K-BS K-31 2 K-36

Whire plays and wins Black plays and dr;tw$

1

12

1 .,, HB5? enters the square, but Black's retreat is then obstnrcted, 2. KIM KIC4 3. KBS KK3 4. KB6 KR2 5. Pa4 KQI 6. KRt7, and the pawn

quwns.

I

White plays and wins

1 8

White wins

Taking the opposition. 2. KK6? KKI 3. W 7 ch. KO1 4, KOb staIemates, If white's kin^ -is not >ontrolling the Wming sq&rc, the pawn c h ~ k i n gon the seventh draws. 2 ... K-KI 3 K--KL K-Q 1 4 P-47.

\

1

I 1

9

K-K3 2K-B4 3 K-B5 K-42 4 K-Kt6 K-,,B 1 Th&w square in the ending with RP. 5 K-R7 White prevents Black from blocking the pawn only by blocking it himself. With the RP this draws, bwaux the crossover stratagem of Exampie I0 is not possible,

3 RING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING 5

...

Not I . KKt1 ? KKt6 2. KBI PB7 3. KK2, when either 3 . . . KKt7 or 3... PB8:Q ch. wins. I .,. K-B4

K-B2

6 p R4 K--B3 6,. . KBI also draws. 7 P-RS If7. KKt8 KKt3; and if 7. KRG KB2

or evcn 7... KM.

7 ... K-B:! Not 7... KKt4? 8. PR6 KB3 9. KKt8. 8 P-RB K-B I 9 K ,,,,,,,.Kt6 XC 9. KR8 KB2 10. PR7 KX31 statemate. 9 ... K-Ktl 10 P-R7 ch. K-R I I I R-R6 stalcmak. The idea of confining White's king to the rook's file also draws when the kings arc farther back, e.g. White K at QR3, P at QR2, v. Black K at QB6.

2 K-I32

K-.,-KS

3 1(,,,,,,,. 4 R-K1

K--K6

White take? the opposition. 4 ... P-B7 ch. 5 K-B1. A draw was agreed, for if Rtack guards the PJ37 he stalemates, and if he ahandons it he cannot win with the other pawn.

16 Doubfed pawns {except RPs) win if hrther back. for a tempmove by the exlra pawn gains the opposition.

1 I i-Q4 Not 1. K M ? KKt3, when the extra 1 Fawrl islost. I

I ...

K--Kt3 K---B4 K-Kt2 I If 2... KB2 2. KB5 RKt2 3. PKt6 With a few exceptions this is usually a . RR3, White gains the opposition by sirnpk win. i 4. PKt7 K R 2 5. PKt8 -0ch.. but must 15 DouhIed piwns an the fifth and not play 4. KB6? stalemare. sixth ranks draw if the ddc~dcr obstructs them and if he has the opposilion. Erom hcrc the 13th match game Eliskases v. Bogoljubow, 1938, continued : 1 K,,-BI 1 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. -. --

KING

1

i

1

17 United pawns {pawns on adjoining files) always win.

2. PR6? KR2, or 2. W6? KB2) 2... K-Kt2 3. K-B4, ek. If I . . . W3 2. PR6. 2 P-B6 K-R2 If Black captures the rear pawn the other advances to queen. 3 K,,,,,-Kt3 K,,-R 3 Alter 3.. . KKtl 4. PR6, RIack is in xumang,* for iT4. .. K R I 5. PB7, or if 4...KBI 5. f R 7 . Black can be caught in this fashion only when rhc pawns are on the sixth, for then he Ras no suitabk retreat square. 4 K-B4 -K-R2 Wbitc wins 5 K,,,,-Rs K-R3 6 K-,-Q6. In this ~ i l x a pawn must be sacridoed Avoiding a trap, 6. PB7? KKt2 to gain the opposition: 1. K-K4 K-R 1 ~ h . 7. KQ6 RBI, when either 8. PR6 or 2. K - 4 . 5 K-,-Kt2 3. P--RS:Q (3. KQ6 KRI 4. KBY? stalemate) 8 . KB6 stalemates. 3... K x Q 4. R-B&-diagonitl oppasition. 19 Curiousty, pawns two fifm apart United pawns can always defend a n n o t defend themelvc~if not beyond themxlves: if here 1... K x P the other the fourth rank. With the move Whitc's king succours his pawns; but Black to pawn goes on to queen. play successfully attach them. 18 Diwnnecied pawns one file 1 ... R-R4 apart also ddmd themsclvm on what2 P-K5 ever rank fhcy stand; but, like united After 2. RKt2 K x P 3. KB3 KKt4 pawns, their advance cannot be forced without the help of their king. 1 ... K-R 3 Black may play instcat1 I... K-Kt1 2. K-Kt3 {advancing a pawn loses them both, Black attacking the fowrnost om,

M i t e wins

3

K-U2 132)

4 P-Kt6 ch.

f~

5 K-Kt5

6 K-Rfi 7 P,,,-KtY ch. 8 P--KtS.

Drawn

White plays and wins Black pfays and drnws

~ t 2 K-Kt I K-R I K-Kt1

The decisive tempomove.

White wins

1 11

* Literally. 'compulsior: to move', the term implies that Black must give way to White becatise he is undcf the necessity of having to move.

5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

I PAWN ENDINGS

lf I . KB4 KK6 2. PRP PB5; or if I. KKt4 KK6 2. PR4 KB5. I ..+ K-K4 Not I ...KKS ? 2. PR4 KBS 3. KQ4 RRt5 4. KK3 PI35 ch. 5. XIB2 b i d i n g

24 Three posi~ionswith Black RP or KtP on t h ~second rank: are drawn b u s e of stalemate t h m t s .

the BP.

2 P-R4 If2, K-Kt4 P-B5? 3 . K-B3 K-K5 5. P-R4 K-Kt6 4. K--Q2 K-136 (5.. KKtS 6. KK2) 6.Y-,-KS (6.KK2? KKt'l 7. PRS PB6 ch.) 6... P-36 with

he has a rook's pawn. 1 . K-*.

(After I. PKr7 K x P 2 . ICQ5 White wins Btack's RP hut his own is useless.) I K-Q3 3. K-K4 K.,,,,-H3 3 . K..,K5 K-Q2 4. R-Q5 K,,-Qi 3. K-Q6 (5. KRS KBI 5. PKt7 ch. KRtl 7 . RKt6 stalemate) 5... K-B1 6.K-B6 K-Kt1 7. P-Kt7 R--R2 8.

...

statemate

26 The other six positions are won for White whose simplest way is to sacrifice ORC pawn in order to outflank

.

a draw.

To 2. K-Kt4 Bkack should answer 2...8--K5 3. K-Kt3 (3. PR4 KB5) 3. .. P-35 4. K-82 K-R6 5. K - 4 1 K-B7 6. P-R4 P--336 7. P-RS K-Kt?. and he q w s with check.

2 3

.-.

White wins

n - i - ~ iK-BI

P-B5

5. K.---Q8K-Ri

PC--BQ

4, R-K7 6.K-I38

K-KII

(B7) stale-

mate.

After 3, PR5 fE16 4. PR5 KB3 Black queens his piwn, and stops White's.

2 4 (no ~ diagram). The four basic positions whew Black has a BP or 4 K-B3 Centre P on thesecond rank (the position If 4. PR5 PI36 5. PR6 FB7 6. PR7, df diagram 24 moved one,two, three, or four files to the right) are easily won. and BIack quens with check. White may either sacrifice the p a w d 4 K-K6 pawn and sq~zee~e Black out, of outflank 5 P--W p B6 on thc other side. 6 P-,-R6 P-37 7 P-R7 P-B8 -Q 8P-R#=Q Q--RSch. 25 Only one position with Black's pawn on the third rank is drawn-when Winning White's queen by a skewer check, a not uncommon device. 3

...

I ... 2 K Q2 K-43 Taking the distant opposition, 2 ... K-,K 3 3 fi-,,B3 Uutftanking. 3 ... K-Q4 K,,,,"-X4 4 M-43 5 K,--H4 K-Q3 6 K-04 K-I32 If 6., . KC12 7. RB5 KB2 8. PKt6 c KKt2 9. KKt5 KKtl 10. K XP; this is thc usual winning method. 7 K--.Q5 7. KB5 also wins, but not if White continues 7...KKt2 8. PKtS? KR3 9. KB6 stalemate. 7 ... K--Kt3

K-KS

White wins

...

5 . KING A N D TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN An undemranding of the Inany pssible blocked positions is essential; and a fairly thorough examination of these is rhereforc given. There are 35 different kinds of mition wl~cre White has a protected @ Dawn. and most of these he can usuaiiy

win.

27 Black Ioscs all seven positions where he has a Dawn on the fourth. White must not sacrificehis passed pawn as in the pl-~cedingexample, but should outffank the enc~ny'sposition. K-Kt2 white must take more care against a K-Kt 3 RP,M u s e of stalcmatc threats. 9 . . . KKt3 10. KB8 KR2 I f . KB7 1 K-A2 transposes. 9. .. RRI prmits mate in 5. Now Black cannot retain the (distant) K,,-R2 opposition by playing to QB3-in fact his whole defence is obstructed hecause h, mu 12. KKtS wins, white's pawn controfs this square; for reason, t)le immediate out+ I but White must avoid the stalemat# ".king aim suffices: 3 . KQ3 KG4 12. RB7? or 12. PKr7 ch.? RKtl KKt6: 2- KK3 KK4 3. KB3 KQ4 4. K34 xQ3 S. KK4 RR3 6. KQ4 KQ3 11 . . . K-R1 7. m,gaining thc opposition. 12 K-Kt6.

-

I 14

Drawn

/

35

5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KfNG AND P A W N

I PAWN ENDMCS

28 When Black's pawn is on the fifth, two new dcfendw ideas are possible: thc defensive- opposition, shown in its most extensive form in Example 7 ; and the counter attack with thc BP now to be illustrated. With the move Black may choose When While's king is on YB3, or KJ. either dcffnee: 1.. . KWK2 laki np and holding the opposition as in the Examp{e B!=k must be abte to take the vertical quoted, or 1 . . .K-.K4 2. K,,,-Kt6K-x5 I dmct opposition: he has no other 3. K--Kt5 K-,Q6 4. P-Kt5 K x P defcncc5. P-,Kt6 K , - 4 7 6 . P-Kt? K - B 6 5 K-B2 R--B5 7. P--KI8--Q P-87, when the BP on ) If 5 . , . K ~ 4 ?6. K1O; J.., Kthe seventh draws, Example 305. 6.KB3. White is no betlw off with the opposition: 6 K-K2 K-K5 K.,,-W 1 E;,.-Kt6 6 . KB2 outflankNot 5 . , . IC85(W? when ~ f ~ ~ kison, the ~ fourth, jng On queen's side. fifth, or sixth, it i s no use White S L I C F ~ ~ ~ C K-K.3 ing the passed pawn, 1. PKt5 KQ3 2. KB6 KIM 3, KKS K x P 4map play 8... RKS 9.KRZ KKt3 5% K XI',for Black takes the , RQ3, but not 3.,.KB3? opposition, 5 . , . KB3. 9. KKZ KQ4 10. KB3, when he annot take the direct apposition. 9 K--81 The distant opposition is no use, I 7.KK2 KB3 8. KBZ KK3 etc. 9 ... L;-..44 10 K-Kt2 K-B3 11 K-RZ K.--Kt3 Not I I ... KRt4? 12. KR3, when White wins. 12 K-R3 K-Kt4. White cannot get through on the rquen's side. Drawn In all this, the opposition only reatly

I

1 (w)?

I

j. K-B8 K,-33 (the defensive anoosi- 1 2 tian; the counter attack 1 ... ~ ~ k - a l s o

. ..

Y-K< ----

an

29 If 1 , . . RBS White ouiflsnks on rhe queen's side, 2. RB2 RKS 3. KKt2 KQ4 4. KH3 KB3 5. KKt4 KQ4 6. KKtS; whitst if I... KQ4 White outflaaks an the king's side, 2 KK3 KQJ 3. KK4 KK3 S. PQS ch. KQ3 6.KQ4. White to play Iosw a move by a trianguiation :

Ji? When aIf the pawns are on the antre files, White atways wins, except when his king is an the hack rank and h ~ W S not have the opposition, i.e. I . KKt8 RKt3 2. KB8 KB3 3. K48 KQ3--Black mainrains the opposition all the rank without leaving the square of White's pawn.

Kw

..

mattered when White's king was on R3 2 K-Kt5 or RB3. However, the opposition may also & 3 K-Kt4 when White's king is on K8 me o u ~ a f i k i n gJ , g B 6 is answeE* significant or Q8. If in the diagram position White's by J... KQ6. king is at Kg (instcad of KKt7) we get K.,,-K$ 3 ... the following play: Black to move Loses Albin playing a s i n s t Charoustk, (White having the opposition) 1 ... Xlertin, 1897, ,made the mistake of play- K-Q3 2,K.--Q8 (2. RB7? KK4 3. ing3 ... RQ6? 4. PKt5 K x P 5 . PKtb KK7 KKS I . ICQ6 KQ6) 2 . , . K-B3 KQ7 6.PIE17 PB6 7. PKt8 =Q P87, (2,.. KK3 OT K4 3. RB7) 3. d,,-K7 K,,,when White's king was nMr enou& for Kt4 4. K-Q6 K-K5 5 . K-45 K-,Kt6 6.K-W. Mitt to move draws: rt mating attack: 8. Q K t t KQ8 9. KB3 1 .

K-R4 K-KS

I6

White PI-dys and draws

W3itc wins oustornary outffa&i% 3- KKz -5 2. KR2 KKS 3. KKfl? fails rf& KQ6 PQ6 KFFI 6. Pa7 7. PQ8-Q f'87~ a n i wllh Bkk's on the *night's hit, the BP on seventh here draws, Example 3M.

'.-.

*

Black's trouble is &at he cannot stay On the K-file (White's QP interferes, con. wouing KS),and if 1 . -5 2. KB2;

..

w k l ~ tafter I . . . KQ6 2. PQS R x P 3--1 the BP is bXwked. 2

K-m

w k n i n g . 3. K-K3.

/

Black plays and loses Having the opposition, White wins I.., K K f l 2. KKt8 KR) 3, KB8 KQ3 4. KQ8 KK3 5. XK8, ouiRankinp after I... KB3 6. KQ7, or 5... KQ3 6.~ ~ 7 . ~ 1 cannot d c k by crplwing j+$iteWs UP. because a centre P on

31 Regardless OF the positions of the kin@, this ending is lost for Btack. The defensive opposition d m mt GdVe him bacause he cannot play Us king to the RR file, for then White anrwcrs P-B5. After 1. KKt8 KKt3 mite wins by

X PAWN ENDINGS

S KMG AND TWO PAWNS

6 K-B3 7 K-&4 K-Kt3 X K-Q5 Not 9. PKtS? KR4 9. K85 stalornatc. 8 .., K.-KM 9 K-K5 The same finesse as on the first move, bur this time White gains the horizontal opposition because Bktck's king cannot occupy R4 or

R4.

...

9 I0 'K-K6 White wins

1

playing his king via KR8 to KRJ and around to URt3. .a lenathy - . but simple i process. 1

32 Finalty,

two other

12 K

If 12.-. KR3 13. Kg6 KR2 14. K ~ t 5 . 13 K.-,,,,.B6 'K-Kt6 14

c a m with

g7

K-,B3 K-Kt3 K-Kt4 K US

P--K~S

KXP

15 P-Kt6 K-R7 I6 P--Kt7 K-R8 17 P,,,-Kt8=Q P-R6. A EIP on the sixth is helpless against a queen : 18 Q-K5 ch. K-Kt8 19. Q-..K 4 ch. K-Kt7 (19... KRS 20. QB2 PR7 21. QBf mate) 20. +Kt4 ch. K-R7 2 1 . K-.,.Qfi. Alternatively, Whitc's king i s near enough for a mating finish: 18. KB5 PR7 19. KK14 KRt8 20. QQ6 PRB-Q 21. QQI ch. KKt7 22. QQ2 ch. KKt8 23. KKt3.

Black pawn on the fifth are alwiys won. This example compares with no. 27. f K---B1. The KIP, controlling QB5, prevents Black's maintaining the (distant) opposirion. 'Thc routine outflanking is more long-winded, 1, RQ2 K(i5 2. K K 2 RKS 3. KB2 KB5 4. KKtZ KK5 (4 ... KKtS 5. PKtSf 5. K K t l . I ... g-Q4 2 K OI K-K4 3 ~--%2 lG-435 4 K-Q2 K--,,,,85 5 K-K3 K-Q4 The counter-attack S... KKtCl fails, as

1

T h i s is onc of two basic positions Ym cormlate to nos. 7 and 28. To win, m i t e needs to have the opposition with ' king on the s a n d rank, I . .. KQS 2. m3 K&Q 3. RKJ, etc. m w to pjay only draws: I. R-,,,.B2 K-BS 2+K-,-Kt2 K-K6 ( 2 . .KKt5 1 & draws) 3. P-KM (3. KRt3 KQ7) ) 3... K--47 (orJ... KQ51.instead White I may try 1. K-Kf K-K6 2. K-+l K 4 5 (not 2. ..KB6? 3. gfll KKG 4,~KtCtl) 3 . K - 4 1 K-84 4.K-Kt1 K-Kt4 {4. .. KKt5? 5. KRZ) 5. K-RI

1

6- K-RZ K-KtS.

K-R4

34 In thm basic positions (as diagrammod, or the position moved om or two files to the Ieft) White wim regardfarr of the oppasifion, if his king gets to tfie second rank (one exception: in this position White R at QR2 d m not m a r i l y win). Mite plays 1. x-m (or 1 . KB2) 1.. K-34 2. K--K3 K-K4 3. P-Q4 ch. IC+ 4. K-,,Q3. Black to pIay: K-BA

.+,

2. KBI KK6

draws.

3. RKt2 KQ7 also

K-,,,"g6 ." 3 K-BI K-QS KwKt' K,,-R4 K-R2 K--KC5 K-R' K-Kt4. The only move. If 6... KR6 ( 5 , 4)? 7. RKtl KKt5 8. RBI KB4 9. KQt KQ5 10. KK2; and i f 6.. . RB4? 7. KKtIKKt4 8.KB1.

-

There are 28 basic positions where White has a backward pawn,

1

35 Two position7 with Black's pawn on the second rank offcrstalemate draws kCause White has u rook\ pawn.

I

Drawn

33 When Black's pawn is on the rank, he draws if he ran capture White's rcar pawn. sixth

White plays and %ins Black ptays and draws

this particular position White has "Manking threats on either wing; conWUently I ... KKfi? loses after 2. KQ1 mg 3. KBI KK6 4. RKtf KQS 5- KR2 KB4 6.KKr3. Whitc wins

KING A N D P A W

3 4 (no ~ diagram). In two positions, where Black has a blocked CCrHre pawn on the sixth, White wilt be ablc to outflank on one wing or the orher, and nnrrnally wins unless Btik's king can attack White's fear pawn.

.

1

9.

I

2

K-41

I

Here an exchanae leaves White a usclesv RP. I . ~ z K r 6K--Krl (I ... PxP'! 2. PR7) 2. P. -Kt7 (2. KKtS P x P) stalemate.

36 In the other casc also Black canIx dug out of the corner. I . K-QS

not

K--.B1 2. K-KG

K-Kt1

3. K - 4 7

5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v.

X PAWN ENDINGS

opposition w k n White's pawns are far forward. 2 K--424 K-02 3 K--QS K-B I

SO

K 4 I 5 K-K5 K-Bi If 5 , .. KKI 6. PB6 RQI 9. P x P. 5 K-K7 XC-,,,.Ktl 7 R-07 R.--R1. White mates in five: 8. PB6 PX P. 9. KB7, etc. 4 1(,,,,,,,.Q6

Drawn K-KtI (4... P x P ? K-li l 4. 5. xB7) 5. p-.,R7 ch. K-RI stalemate,

37 The five othcr positions with Black's pawn on the second rank may bc won by White regardless oi whether or not he has the opposition. Xn this particufar ca* Whik is better off with his pawn at QBS than at QB7. 1 K-K5 Not 1. PB6 ch? P x P ch.? 2. KB5 KQ1 3. KQij KBl 4. K x p and Whire wins; with (Four) othcr pawn configrirat i ~ m qthis method is decisive, but here Black should reply I... KBI 2. p337 K 0 2 . Examnit 24. White must mt his king 'to Q7 'OF Q8 More be advances

I

The results of all 21 positions wherc Black's pawn is on its third, fourth, or frftlz rank depnd upon who has the opposition-assuming the kiqgs to be more or less nomaliy placed. There arc two main groups, a c c o ~ d i n ~ to the basic pawn-configuration: 12 positions where Whitt: has a backward BP or Centre P; and 9 positions, less favourabls for him, where he has a backward KtP or KP.

2 K-B4

K-,K3

3. K-K4 K--Q3 5. K-B5 soon winning Black's pawn; or exchanging pawns, I . . . K-B4 2 P-@ f x P ch. 3 , K x P K,,,-K3 4. K-B5 (Examplz 10) 4.., K-,,,,Q2 5. K-Kt6 K,,,,,,,,BI,and taking the opposition, 6. Without thc opposition White can ody set snares: I R,,-B2 If I. KU3 KB4 2. KKt3 KK4.

I

.,.

P x P ch. 3. K x P,White has a useless

R P. However, the tbrcr: basic positinns wherc Black has a blocked RP on i s third, fourth, or fifth, rank can be won for White if he has the opposition with his king one rank farther Forward, on a level with his blmkcd pawn; and if here I... K-Kt3? 2. K-Q4 (2. KB4? KB3 draws) K-B3 3. K-FW a simple outflanking follows, 3... KKt3 4. KQS

K,,-H3 Maintaining the vertical opposition i s the simpler way, and with Mocked centre pawns (Example 5) it would be the only way; but here I .,. K-K3 also 1 draws, 2. K-KZ (the distant opposition is ineRCEiive because there is not enough spam to outflank on the other side of blocked BW or KtPsf 2 . . . K-,,,.B3 3. K-02 (3. KR2 KK1 4 KKtI KK4) 3... K-K3 4. K-332 K-Q3 5. Kt3 K--83 6. K-R4 K,,,,-Kt3. Other replies lose the opposition:

1 1

II 1

KKt2 5 . KB5.

40 The remaining six positions where White has a backward RP or KtP arc comprised in the diagram position, and the same movcd one file to the left and/or one rank forwards or bacttw&rds. Whik lacks the space for outflanking on the side where the backward pawn is. Black to play: I .,. K--M 2 K,,,,,,,,Q3

Xf 2. KEJ KK4 3. KKt4 KQ5. 1...KM?2.KB3:1...KQ5?2.KK2 K-K4 KK4 3. KK3; or I . . . KR5? 2. KK2 KKt4 3. KK3. 2 K--K2 K-,,K3. Black can always hoid the opposition. 2

38

p~sitiofiof this diagram, and the same moved one file left, o* one or two files to the rihrht, andlor one rank forwards or backwards comprise the

K M G A N D PAWN

.

h

-

39 Where there arc blocked RPs tExampfc 38 nrovcd two files to the left) there is no rcal threat of exchanging KQ4 2. PKt4 pawns, for aftcr I

the BP. X ... K-,,,B3 I... KK2 fails against 2. PB6 KQI 3. P x P . Black canno1 maintain the

...

39 Drawn

1 1

Whire plays and draws BIack plays and loses

White wins

White wins if he has the vcrtical direct opposition with his king abreast d his backward pawn bemuse of the double threat : either outflanking, 1 K - 4 3

...

i

! Drawn

1

1 21

4 K,,--B2 5K-,,,-Kt2 6 K-,R3

K-K3 K-02 K --B3

7K-R4 K ,,,,,,,. White to play: I K-Q3 K-Q3 I... KB3? permiis White to advancc his Ktl', 2. KB3 KK3 3. PKt4 P x P oh. 4. K X P KQ3 5. KKt5, Example 11.

I PAWN ENDINGS of moves: 4. K-Kt4 K-B7 {4 ... KQ5? 5. KKt5) 5. K-R4 K-B6 (5 ... KKt7? 6. PKt4; or 5. KQ6? 6. KKt5) 6. K-R3 K - 9 6 (6... KB7? 7. PKt4; or 6... KQ57 7.KfCt4) 7.R-R4 K-R6 (7. .. KH1? 8 . PKt4 7.,. KQ5? 8.KKt.5) 8.K -R3 K - 4 6 , ctc. If White tries 9. KKtZ KQS 10. KU2, then lo.,. PKt4. The same idea occurs one rank farther forward after I . P-B4? (1. PB37 KB7 2. KKt4 KQ6 3. PI34 RB7 4. PRS KQ6 5. KKr5 KRSj K 4 7 2. P--B5 K-I36 3. K-R4 K - 4 6 4. K .Kt4 K--05 5. K-Kt5 K-B6 6, P-Kt4 K--Kt6 7. K-R5 K-RS. With pawns nlorr: mtltrallp placed this attack from the rear would fail, White's king having enough space in which to autnlaneuvre Bhck. The key move is now clear: I K-.Kt2 K-47 2 P-Kt4

White plays and wins Black plays and draws 3 K-nl 4 K--Ql 5 K,,,,,-K2

K-c? K-KB(K5) K--B5

If 5... KKS 5. PB3, Example 38. 6 P--Q4 The double pawn movm makes the diirwnce. 6. PQ3? KK4 draws: whitst the outflanking 6 . KB2 KKS 7. KKt3? fails against 7 . .. PB6. 6 ... K-KS 7 I!--33. As Exampie 29. With his pawn on the fifth Black has a new drawing resource (avaifable for the five pawn corlfigurations related to Examples 33 and 34) as here with the move: 1... P-B6 2. P,,,,,,,,Q3 K-Kt4 (2... KRS? 3. KKt1; Z... K M ? 3. KKt1 KKt4 or KIS 4. KBI).


44 With BP+RtP v. KtP White's c h a m are not less f a ~ ~ u ~ than b l cin

2. P M ? KQ6 leads to variations already given. A dmw follows 2. PB3? KQ6 3. PKt4 PKt3 4. KKt3 PKt4 5. KKt2 KQ7 6. KKt3 KQ&--an unusual use of the opposition in a variant of Example 38.

the above examples, but a defensive resource of quite a different kind may sometimes be effective against pawns near the edge of the board. This i s shown in a study bv Griaoriev.

placed. After 1. P-B4? K-B7 2. K-Kt4 P,,-Kt3 3. K-R3 K--05 (the same position occurs after I. KB7 2. P84 K36 3. KR4 PRt3 4. KR3 KQ6) White cannot escape the 'closed circle'

PR~?

5 KING

1 1

If 2... PKt4 3. KRt3 follow& by PXW.

3 HL-F3K--KtZ Not 4 KKt31 KQ5

P-K t4

5 . KKt2 RBS 6. PB3, and the tempo-move with the

AND TWO PAWNS

v. KING AND PAWN

~p is prematurely spent. White first White may continue his outkanking wants to get his king into the o m . 3. Kf35 KQ4 4. P34 ch., or take the opposition after 3. KK4 KK3 4. P M , K,-K5 4 ..4u. lf 4.- KQ5 5, KKg3 KW Mx I Exampie T ~ E iS lmved 6.KB3 KKKS KQ2 KQS 8. c h L ~ backwards or forwards one rank gives Exampie 38. similar WU~CS.

.,.

i

S,.. KR6 is amweml by 6. PB4, when B1ackts king is outside the square of the ~ t p mik . wim b m he~p has an ontion of moving either o m or two Goves at its first Lap: and it would be m t to infer that this position one rank farthtr forward would be drawn in spite of the tempo-move. 6 K--Q2 K--057 P-33 &. Winning as Example 38.

Example dkrraml--the position of no-45 moved UP two mFtk$. This is always won because 1. P-36 transto Exarn~fe37,

45 Whik's king i s in front of his pams (when a win is fairly straightforward) ha will in genemi need to manwvre with SOEM a r e to win this ending. We first show tfiat with the move Black cannot save himself: IT,K-35 45 Ofthethreebasicpawnconfigurations related to Exampla 33 and If 1. .. K-B4 (I ... KK4 2. KQ.7 KQ4 40,#tP+BP v. BP is the last unfavwur- transpose$ 2. K-Q3 K--Q11(2.. . PB3 abk for White, who usually wins. 3. KK4 KBS 4. KK5) 3. P-l34 ch. f h e critical position occurs when thc K-BQ 4. K-B3 P-B3 5. P-Kt3 pawns arc about to make contact, lhc (5. PKt4 ch.? RQ3 draws) S... K-Kt3 result depending on the opposition. ( 5 . .. KQ3 6.RM4) 6. K-Q4 K,-KtZ This position moved one file to the 7. K-IBS K-,-I52 8. K-Kt2 right would bc won, Whi& btocking: the 9. K--Q6 K-Kt3 10. P,,-B5 ch. pawns to get Example 38; but here If I... P-B4 (I ... PRJ 2. KQ3 P34 1. P-34 draws, Example 40; and 1. 3. PB4 ch. tmnsposrs) 2. K,,,,,,,.K3 K-K4 K-33 K g B 4 2. K-Kt3 1 ~ 1 8~sO W ~ C R 3. K - 4 3 K--Q4 4. P-,--B4ch. K-K4 after Z... K-K5 Q...PBS? 3. f xP). (now White wants this position with Black to play: after I... K-Q4 Black to play, and triangulata to this f l + +KB4 * 2. XQ3) 2 K-BQ R - 4 3 end) 5. K-B3 K - 4 3 {CIS PKt4) 6. K-B2 K-K4 (6...KB3 7. KQ3 #' KQ3 8. KK4 RK3 9. PKI3--tb decisive tempo; or 6...KK3 7. KKi3 outfanking) 7. K--43 K-Q3 (7. .. KB4 8. K83 KK4 9. PKt4) 8.K-'K4 K-K3 9. P-Kt3, Example 40. In this fast variation, h e option of moving the cartdidate (KtP) one or two squares at its first mow is decisive. It is good policy to hold back the candidatep a w , kausepawnexchanges am thus avoidcd, and because it may provide u x f d tempomoves affm the other pawns are blocked. I n this parWhite plays and draws ticuIar ending White wins aniy because Black plays aod -1 his king threatens to o~mateon both 25

5 KXNG AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

X PAWN ENDINGS

IPlO.,.KR3 i l RB3KR4 112PKtkh 1 1 K-Q4 K Q2 12 K-K5 K-K2 f 3 P-KL4. The tempo-move gives White the winning oppo$ition, Example 40. White to play triangulates, getling the diagram posirion with Black to move. 1 K-Q1 If I . K . 4 3( I . KK3 KH5 2. KQZ RQ4) K-B4 2. K-,,f32 (2. KK4? KBS) K-,4353. K-QL K-Q4 White travels in circles-or more pxocisely in triangles. After I . K - 4 3 K-,,,,B4 2. F'-Kt31 White's access to the queen's side is barred and he draws, 2... K-Q4 3. K,--K3 K-K4 4.5'-Kt4 (4. P34 PB4) 4... 5. X-03 P-B3 6.P-B4 ch. K,-Q3 7 . K-K4 (7. KQ4 PB4 ch.) 7... K-K3, Example 45. 1. afsoImds to ExarnpIc 45 after: I . . .P-B4 2. K--K3 K-K4 (or 2.. . PB5 3. PKt4, ExampIe 28). 1. KBl? is the w r o ~ gway to triangulate, I ... PB4 2. KQ2 PB5 3. KK3 KK4, Example 40. I ... K--B4 A withdrawal, d... KQ3(I33), is answered by 2. KB2 to which Black cannot answer 2,.. RBS. If f . F-Rcb 2. K-K2 K,,&ICS( 2 , . KB5 3. KQ2 KQ4 4. RKJ or 2. PB5 I 3. KB3) 3. f-Kt3, White has the opposition, 3. K-Q4 ( 3 ... PBS 4. P X P ) 4. K--B3 K-K4 5. K-K3, Erample 45. 2 K..,,--B~ K-* 3 K--Q2.

sides of the pawns; and he travcls to the queen's side vb QB2-QKt3. If fhe cat~dilfrtte pawn moves to QKt3, this route is biocked. 2 K-42 K-Kt4 If 2...PB3 a series of triangulations follows, 3. KQ2 KKtG 4. KRI KBS 5. KR2 P M 6.KQ2 KKt6 7. KBI KR5 8. KB2 PX35 9. KQ2 KKt6 10. K B l KR5 I I . KR2 KKt4 12. KQ2 RB4 13. KK3 KQ4 14. K%. 3 K,,,--Kt3 3, KQ3 KB4 leads nowhere, for if 4. KK4? KB5, and Black's counterattack is successful when his pawn i s unmoved, because it takes White so long to get at it.

White wins

...

3 K,,,,-B4 I f 3... PI34 4 P H c h . as hefore. 4 P,--B4 K-,KO If 4... KQ5 5 . RKt4 PB3 6. PKt3. 5 K-Kt4 P-33 6 P--135 ~ h . 6. KB3 also wins; but not 6. pKt3? PM cch., Example 40.

..

..

.

..

47 The ending RP+KtP v. KtPdso corresponds to the comparatively ur,favourable Extlmpfc 40, but is less favourable for White than the p m d i n g exampIe bemuse his king cannot $0 tflcctively threaten to operate on both sides board, T h i s position is analagous to Example 45. White draws aRm 1. P-Kt4, Emmpfe 40;or after 1. K--K3 K---K4 2. K-333 K-.,-QS. Black to play loses

6 ... K-R2 7 R-RS K-Kt2 8 F-Kt3 Forcing Black to the QFZ file, for if now 8. .. KB2 9. KRS. 8 ... K-R2 9 K-Kt4 K-Kt2 10 K-M K-B2

26

White plays and dmws

Black phys and loses

after I... kC---B4 (if I . . . RK4 2. KB3 KQ4 3. RKt4 KB3 4. KRS-a turning movemsa around the pawn) 2, K-R4,

i

I K--Q5 K-Q2 Eithcr I . . . KBI or j . . . KQ1 also draws. 2 K-KS K-I32 Apin he may play either t ... KBI or I , . . KQI, but not I . . , KKZ? 2. PR6. 3 K-,,,,K6 K--41 Aftcr 3.. . KR1 4. RQ6 KQI 5. PKt6 Whitc pins the opposition, but nothing a h , Example 36. 4 K--Q6 K-331 5 K,-K7 K-,,,-B~ K-B 1 6 K--K8

etc., outflanking. The diagram pasition

rnovcd one rarik forwards or backwards gives rhe same results.

48 In contrast to Example 45A w h m the pawns on the fifth always win, here they only draw because 1. P-Kt6 ch. leads to Example 36. Naverthless White wins if his king can make a turning movement round Biack's pawn, which mmns getting it to QB7 or QB8 before advancing the U P , or to QKt6. Black to play prevents this 0n3y by I... P--Kt3 ~ h .2. P x P ch. K-Kt2, ExampIe IS. The following attmatives iose:

I...K-Ktf? 2. K-Kt6 K-Kt 3. K-B7 K-K2 4. P-,,,,.KtSch. for 4. PR6) 4.. K.,--RI, and White mates in h. i...K-Bl? 2. K,--Kt6 K-Kt1 3. P-R6 R-Rl, ( 3... P x P 4. K x P , Example 12) 4, P x P ch. (4. K137 ? KR2 5 , P x P stalemate) 4... K--....KII 5. g-R6 K..-BZ 6. K-,-R7.

Drawn Black must not be tempted by 6... KQ3? 7. KQ8, nor must he play 6... K--Kilo! 7. K - - 4 7 R-R2 8. K-137 (or 8 . K88 KRI 9. Pa6 PKt3 10. PR77) 8... K-RI 9. K-I38 (9. PKt6? or 9. PR6? KR2 10. P X P statemates) U... K-K2 9. &-Kt6 ch. K-R1 30. P-R6, and White mates in two.

7 P-,-Kt6. Drawing a$ Example 36.

5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. MNG AND PAWN

... K 4 4

IF3. PR3 KB5 4. KB2 PKt4 5. PKt3 ch. Ksri 6.KQ3 RQ4, Exampie 47.

10. K-B3 (out&anlring) 10 11. R - 4 3 X-R3 32. K-K4 13. K+, Example 47.

3 ... K-W First given by Sa.ccani, 1924. Aftcr 3.. . PKt4'! 4. PR3 KB4 5. RKJ KQ4 6. KQ3 White hrts the winning oplposition, Example 47. 4 'K--B3 If 4. P-RJ K,-Q4 S. K-K3 (5. PR4 KB4 6. KB3 PKt3) 5... P-Kt3 6.K--Q3 F...--Kt4,Example 47. 4 ... K-Kt4 5 P-R3

4-43

9K-43 White can hold the opposition on thc bishop's e e but cannot exploit it h a u s of the w m o n trap, 9. KB3 KB3 10. -4 PRt4 ch. 9 ... R-42 The only move, taking the distant opposition. 10 K-K3 K--,K2 f l K-B4 K - - 43 Not 11 KB3? 12.PR5. 12 K--K3. As Example 47. With the move White gets his king in f~ontof his pawns, and wins by a ddiW attack upon, and turning-movement around, Black's pawn. 1 K-Kt3 Also 1. KQ3 wins; or 1. KE3 KKt4 2. KQ4 KKtS 3. KQS RKI4 4. KQ6 KKt3 5. KQ7, snon attacking Black's pawn--compare Example 4%.

...

I

Whitc plays and wins

Black plays and draws

...

g x P, when Black bas the opposition) I.PKt* ch.1 . @. .. PK* 3. K-Kt4.

4.. K-R3

1

51 Unlike the preceding M, howcver, l a c k draw if bh pawn k on thc fifth rank, for after I... K-B5

5, P-Kt3? seems no less eflectivc but

ody draws!

5... K-R3 6. K-B4 (6,KB5 KR4 7. KB4 PKt3 8. KB3 pKt4) 6... K-,,,,R4 7. K-,,-.B5 P-Kt4 p. P x mmarkabie stalemate, 5 ... K-R 3 6 K-R4 K-RZ 7 K--Kt5 K,-,-KI K-Ktt 8 K-Kt6

9 P-Kt4. Winning as shown in Example 43.

Drawn

50 KtP+RP v. RP is without

(2. KBZ KQ5 3. PKt4 B X P e.p.Icomes2... P,,,,,,,,R6 3.P-Kt 3 e,p. ch. K-B6, Example .M. 2. K-K3

question the least favourable pawn formation from White's point of view. When Black's pawn i s on the third or fourth rank the critical positions corr'espond to Examptea 45 and 47. H a 1. K-K3 KKK4 2. K-33

52 A similar position with Black's RP unmoved is &ways drawn Wess White's king can get to R6. After

K-Kt4

Not 2. PR3? KR4 3. KB4 KEiS pxt4 10. ~ ~ pKtS. 1 2

An ingenious draw fo1lows 5. PR4 ch. KR4 6.Kn4 PKt3 7. -3 PKt4.

--

,.. ti - P-RI - --.

-

.

5

tf 6. PKt4 ch. KKt4 7 . KKt3 KB3 8. Kl34 PKt4 ch. 6 ... P-Kt3 7 P-Kt4 ch. K-Bf 8

K 32 ,,,,,,,.

White takes the distant oppwition. K--B2 IS ... The only move, kmping on the same file. White wins if he gets the distant oppcsition on the qutcn'~file or farther east, e,g. #... K,,-,Q3? f8.., KQ4? 9. KQ3 KB3 10. KK4 or 8... KQ27 9. KQ3) 9. K-Q2 K-K3 (9... KR3 10. KK3 wmes to the sama thing)

1

K x P 5 KKU, Example 2 With his king in of his pawrms has reason to fear a r a m exchanae. because he may subsey;ently take &e. opposi-

fr;mt

White

tion.

If 2... K-I34

3. K-B3

P--Kt3

4, %-Kt3 K--Q4 t4... PKt4 5. PKt4 ch.j 5. K-K t4 K-R3 6.K-B4 K-B2 (6.. PRt4 ch. 7 . P x P ch.. Examole 16)

.

7. K-Kt5 (the frontal 8ttacirj 7.,; K-Kt2 8. P-Kt4 K-B2 9. K-R6 -the turning-movement.

/ 28

3' K-R3

IC--.-R3

Tf 3. .. &,-Kt3 4. P-Kt3 (not 3 PKU ch.? nor 3. KKt)? PK14 4. P x.

Drawn X--QS is pointless; if, instead, White 2. F x P, Example 13; but be may piay plays 1. KB2, Black answers I ... KR3, now or later 1 PR3, Example 25) hiding the (distant) opposition. Black 2. K-,,,,B6K-Kt1 3. P-Kt7 (3. KKtS to phy loses, not having the opposition: P x PI 3 . . P,--R3 4. K-Kt6, stale! K-34 2. K-,K4 K-B3 3. K-+4 mate. K + w (3 ... KQ3 4. PR4) 4. K-M 1 K--B3 5. P-M. Examole 39. The 53 I f White's king is on Rd he djagr;im position moved ipone rank. cannot make a turning-movement (as against a KIP, rtc.),hut he may win if hs similar results.

...

.

1

29

X PAWN ENDINGS


can c~chmgepawns so as to leave him" 2. PARS K--,-Kt2 3. K-Kt5 K-E11 (3 ... PK3 ch. 4. KU85 KB2 5. PKt4, self the opposition as Exantpic 13. white here wins with or wirhout the Example 39) 4. K--R6, Example 53. t ...PR4 cb. 2. KIM KB3 3. PKt3, move kecausc he has the option of playing the KtP one or two squaxm at Example 39. I ... P-R3 2. K-B.1 K-R4 ( 2... its h t leap. T h i s prrnirs him to lose a KB3 3. PKt4, Examplc 50, or 2. ..PR4 move if nmsary: I. P-Kt4 K-Ktl 3. KQ5) 3. P-Kt3, Whitc m y move his pawns from the secand rank now that Black has done SO, 3.. . K.--,Kr3 4. K,--,Q5 K-R4 5. K-B6 (5. KB51 stalemate) S... K-Kt5 6. K-Kt6 P-R4 7 . K-RC.

White wins

2, P-Kt5 K-RI 3. P-Kt6 P x P 4. P x P K-,,,-Ktl 5. P-Kt7 (the pawn on thc seventh m a r not give check]; or Black to piay, I... K-Kt1 2 !?--Kt3 wirh play as before. White could win just as easily if, instead of rhe KtP, his RP were kinmoved; but ifneither pawn has this first move option, then tRe: win depends upon whose move it is, White no longer cunuolling eventu,

White wins

2 K--R5 K-K t2 If 2... K-B4 3. P--Kt3 (now playabfs bemuse Black's king cannot p t back to the corner. 3. KR6? KKtS 4. PRS KR5 5. PKt3 ch. KKtS draws) 3 . . . K,,--Q5 4. K-R6 K-B6 5. KXP. 3 K.,-KtS. Either 3... K-R 1 (B2, B1) 4. R-86 K-Kt1 5. P-R5, or 3 , . . K,-,-Kt1 4. K-R5 K-,RI 5. P-RS. I d s to

54 Tn general, against a Black pawn at R2, Witc cannot win unlas he at Imst has his king on the fourth rank, and one pawn (preferably a e KtPf unmovd. .

-

%is tmpo-move gains the opposition, p ~ t 3mite lost.s first3... PR3 ~ h .4. KB5 XI32 move o~tion.Black simdv ~ctmtinn I.. .K K 2.~ K K ~ SKR1 5. K R KILL< ~ when thc cventual exchange of pawns leaves White without tht: opposition. Black's retreat must be calculated =refuliy, for if 2... KKil? 3. KR6 While wins. If 1. KB3, Black draws as shown by 1 ... K-33 4 Rcichhelm, 1873, by 1... P-R4 2. The alternatives are: I . . . K-,423 K.-Kt3 (2. PR3 PR5, Example 39, or 30

1

2. PKt3 KKf4 3. PR3 KB4, &le 50) 2... K-Kt4 3. P-,-R4 ch. K-R4 4. K-.R3 K ~ ~ ~ ~Example ~ ~ ~ . Q 439. , White's tempo-move with the backward pawn is

of no significance. If 1. KQ3 KQ4.

1 ... R ,,,,,,,.Kt4 2 P.--R3 If 2. PR4 ch. KIM 3. K33 PR4. 2 ... P-R 3 As shown by vcln der Lass and Bilguer, 1843, this draws. Othcr moves lm: 2... KB4? 3. KR4 KB5 4. PKt4 KB6 5 . KKt5 KRt6 6. PR4 KRS 7. PKS KKt6 8. PR6. 2 . . .P-,R4? 3. K-82(only chis wins, if 3. KB3? KRS, then 4. KB4 stalemtc, or 4. KQ4 RK16, or 4. KI32 KKt4 5, KQJ KB4 7. KB3 PRS, Example 39) 3... K-B3 (3 ... KR5 4. K33 KKt4 5. KQ4 KRS 6. KB5; or 3 . . . KKt3 4, KB3 KB4 5. PKt3, Example 50; or 3 . .. KBS 4. PKt3 ch. KQ5 5. KQ2 KB4 6.RS3, Example 50) 4. P-Kt3 K-Q3 5 , K-Q2. This is Example 50, in which White wins with, or dram without, the distant opposition, S... K ;83 6. K-K3 K.-T34 7. K-K4, etc. 2... K-R4? 3. K-B3 (thconly way) 3... K--.Kt4 (3 ... KRS 4. K34) 4. K-Q4 K-R5 5. K-34 (5. KBS? KKt6, or 5. KB3'? PR4) S... K-R4 (5.. . PRJ 6. KB5) 6. K --B5K-RS 7. K-86. To Z... K-R4? White must not answer 3. K-B4? when Black stages an instructive counter-attack: 3... K-R5 4. K--B5 (4. KR3 PK4 as Wore) 4... K--Kt6 5. K-B6 K x P 6. P-R4 K-a6 7. P--R5 K-05 S. K-KO K-B4 9. K X P K-H3 10. K-Kt8 (10. PR6 K32) I0 ... K-Kt4.

K 4. KQ3 PM 5. Kl33 PRS,Example 39, or here S. PKr3 KQ4, Example SO. 4 ... K,,-..Kt4 After 4... KKt3(Q3)'! 5 . ECB4 -3

6. PR4, or 4... KQ4? 5, PR4 RQ3 6. KQ4, White has the opposition, Examnb 50: bur Black mav nlav 4... KB3 '5. ~ ~ KKt4 t 63.P R ch. ~ k~t3. 5 K-Kt3 K-133 Not S... KKt3? 6 . KR4 KB3 7. PR4; nw 5... PR4? 6. PR4ch. and 7. PKr5, Example 27. 6 p,,,,-~4 K-Kt2 Black may here play 6... KQ3 (Kt3, 4 2 ) 7. KBJ RB2, or 7. KB4 KB3; but loss after 6..K B Z ? 7. KB3, or 6...

KW?

7. KB3.

Drawn The only move. Black must hold the (direct or distant) opposition when the

k i n e are on the open files, Exampk 50. If now 8. KQ3 KQ2 9. KK3 KK2 lo. KB3 KQ3 (10,.. Kf12? 1 I. PKt5). Black also draws with t h move: ~ I ... K-I35 t . . . K K t S 2 . K Q 3 W 3.KK4KBS draws; but not I . . . K 4 5 ? 2, K-Kt3 K-34 (2... KQ6 3. KKt4 KB7 4. PKD) 3. K-R4.

4. KB3 PR49 mmple If 2. P-Kt3 ch. K-Kt5 3. K-Kt2 F,,,-R4 4, P-R4 (4. FR3 ch. S X t 4 5 . KR3 KB4. Exam~feMI 4... K--&$

( 5. k-~3K*,

&ie 39.

X PAWN ENDINGS 2

...

f-R4

horizontal opposition, $0 KECt7 KQZ 11. KR7 KK2 (distant opposition) I 2. KR8 KK1, etc. 7 K-B5 K-42 8 x-Kt6 K-43

the

2 . . KQ5 also draws. 3 K,-32 Advancing the candidate 3. PKt3 ch. KKtS leads to an tnxchaage after 4. KB2 PR5. If 3. PR3 KRt6 4. KDI PRS. 3 ... P-RS. As Example 5 1.

K-W Having the opposition on the queen's file does not save Mack: I . . . K--Q4 2. F-Kt4 (2. KB3? KGki d r ~ s )2... P-R3 3. K-B3 K-K4 (3 ... PB4

P-Gs' P x P 8. K x P ~ 4 3 9:' K-B4 K-33 10. P-Q3, mitt has the opposition. I... W3 2. KW PB4 3. PKt3 TCB3 4. PQ3 brings about a standard type of position in which White wins with, but draws without, the opposition. If now 4... RQ3 5. PQ4, or if 4... KKx3 5. PKt4; but with the move White wuld not force a f;t~,ourabfeexchaage. 2 K-B3 Hcre, too, While wins with, but draws without, thc opposition. 2 P-B3 Black m a y leave thjs pawn unmoved, 2... K - w 3. B-Kt4 R - 4 3 4. K-B4 K*K---B3 5. P-Kt5 ch. K,-Kt3 6. KKt4 R---,R2 7. K-BS K-Kt2; w h White wins either by a pawn-exchngu 8. PQ3 RBI 4. PKt6, or by a pawn sacrifie 8. PQ4 KKtf 9. K M KBI lO.PQ5 KQl 11. KKt7KQ2 12.KKt8 KQI 13. PQ6 P x P 14. KR7. 3 P-Kt4 ~ h . K-Kt4 4 #-Kt3 K-R3 5 K-I34 K-Kt3 6 P-43 A tempc-move; 6. PQ4? KKtZ 7. KB5 KB2 draws, Btack having the opposition. 6 ... K-B2 White wins after 6 . . . K-Kt2 7. K-B5 (7. PKt5? KKt3) 7... K-BZ 8, P-Q4 K - 4 2 (8 ... %Kt2 9. PMS) 9. P--05 exchantxinu - - -oawns: but )re must not attempt a turning-moment, 9. KKt6? KQ3, for Black can maintain 7.

56 With unpasscd disconnected pawns White's chances are lrrs promising. He cannot in general win unless his king is in front of his pawns, and he must also haw somespare tempo-moves. White may win by a pawnexchange leaving him the opposition, or by a tuming movement of his king around Black's 1 s t pawn, in which thc wgpositian is also important. A third winning idea, which s u m d s only against an unrnovcd BP or Centre P, is the sacriPxce of one TAWn su as to yumn the other. i K--423 A h 1. K-,,-,B3? R-434 Black having the opposition draws. 2. &-Kt4 ch. (2, KQ3 KKt5 or 2. KKt3 KQS) 2... 3. K-Kt3 B-I33 4. K-R3 (PQ3) P-M, and White has nut the opposition. If1. KKt3? KQ4 2. Kg14 KQ5 3. KKt5 KQ6 4. H(B6 K x P 5 . K x P KQ6, and thc Past pawn faus.

White plays and wins l3Jack plays and draws


, a .

I

9

P-44

This tempo-move gains the (horimtal)opposition, so tkat the turningmovement may be completed. 9 ... K-42 10 K-Kt? R-43 11 K-38 K--K3 12 K-B7 K--44 13 K-47. With the move Black draws by (and only by) taking the distlini opposition, I... ES-BJ (1 KQ4? 2. KQ3 or I . . .

...

-2 2. KB3) 2. K-I33 (2, KQJ KKt4 or Z KKtJ KQ4) 2... K-34 (Blstck talc= the direct apposiiion on the bkhop1a file) 3. P--Kt4 ch. (3. PKt3 KKM, or 3. PQ3 KQ4) 3.,. K-Kt4 5. &-I33 (5. PQ3 4. K-Kt3 P-B3 PB4) S... P--34 6. PxP K x P , Bkack h a the opposition.

57 Black dots httcr with a knight's pawn. He induces White to advailce his BP, so that ir will most iikeIy be cxchanged, a males RP mmailring. I K--B3 K--Kt4 I... K-B4? permits White to exchange his RP after 2. P-R4 PKt3 3. KKt3 KQ4 4. KKta KB3 5. KB4 KKt2 6. WCtS KB2 7. PR5, or 2... U t 3 3. KK14 K33 4. PR5 KQ3 5. KKtS KB2 5. KBS KQ2 7. KKt6 K B I 8. PR6. 2 K-Kt3 The opposition is here of nu account: to have winning chanm White- must fiave hip, king m fhe fourth rank. 2 K-R4 Alsohereif2... K M ? 3.PR4. 3 P-EM Aher either 3. PR3 KKt4 4. PR4 ch. m4 5. KR3 PKtJ 6. KKt3 PKt4, or + a .

Drawn 3. PR3 PKt4 4. PR3 KR3 5. KKt4 KKt3, Black takes the opposition. 3 ... K-Kt3 J... P-Kt3 also draws, 4. P-R3

1

I

The second phase, forcing some kind

Preventing the enemy king's advance, fur the time being. Black's king must be within rmch of the KKtP, yet able to assist his own pawns. If he at once plays I ... KB4 2. KR3 KKtS? then after 3. KBZ PB4 4. PKt3 PKt3 5. BB4

...

K,-03

Thc a tternpt to force a q w n , S. KKt4 PKt5 6.KRS? fails bemuse BIack does so fiwt, 6 . . PKtG 7. BR1 PB5 8. BKt2 K34 9. BB3 PR4.

.

his unsupported

vawns am soon Hocked. After 1... p-B4 2 . - . ~ - ~p-Kt4 4

1.

If 4. BB4 ch. KK3. 4 S P-Kt4

I

7. KB5 PRS i s even dangerous for B-W 34. P,,,-,,KtdP-Kf J Whik 5. K-B5 P-.M 6. P-Kt5 (6. K36 7 , P,,-Ktb FKt6 7. RBI PBS 8. BKt2 KIM) 6... 8B-431. P-Kt6 7 . %BI P,-BS 8. B,,--Kt2 R - K ~ 9 . ~ - ~ t b,,,,,-p~5 1 0 ,..,,,,.KC ~ BIackdrawsaftfl8...PB5 9 . B K t 2 ~ - 4 211, p-Kt6 p - n ~ 12. B p PR5 10. KBS KK2 J I . KKt6 KVZ; p-KG, mitt:Qumnsfirst, althou& it afkr 8.,. KK3, whcn White cannot do more than liquidate all the pawns, is doubtful whether he can win. 9. BR3 PBS 10. BKt2 PR5 11. KQ4 2 K..-K3 RR4. M%ite7'shlocbda is not effective, Whik7's first task i s to atlack and Black's pawns k i n g too br forward.

11

72

A

...

of pawn weakness. Black will have to move his KKtP. 4 ... P-+Kt4 As weaknesses will be induced anyway, Black takes the bull f>y the horns, and advances his queen's side pawns in

4 B,,,,,,K3

Whitc plays m n id wins Black plays and draws

The first phase, centralizing the pieces. 1 K,-Q2 2K t 4 3 K-Q3 J R-K4 B-E4 4 Kt,,.,,-B4

an attempt to get coirntarplay. 5 Kt-KS P-Kt3

White plays and draws Black plays and wins

1 ... K-"6 2 &RS K-K7 3 K-Kt7 P-Q6 I f 3 ...KB6 4. K x P K x P 5. KKt6 pB4 6. KB5. 4 KxP P--,Q7 5 BxP KxB 6 K-Kt6 K-R7 7 K-RS K-B6 KxP 8 K-QS 9 K-,K5. Much depends on where the pawns me. Wilh the move a rapid advance wins for Rlack, h a u s e Whitc's king is out of the play, I... PR4 2. KQ6 PRS 3. KK7 PQ6 4. K x P PR6, etc. to how widely 8 w or i 73

6 Kt,,--B4 P-QR4 If6 ... PKt5 7 . RtQ3 PQK4 8.PQKt3, or if 6.. , PB5 7. KQ4. 7 P-KKt4

White wins

9 MINOR PIECE A N D P A W v. MINOR PIECE

4 BxP 5 K-uK6

K-K5

R-B5

6 B---Q6 ch. Although 6.BK7 drives Black from the drawing m a , Whik's pieces are not so pIaced that they can keep him out. 6

...

Kt4

,,,,,,,,.

Noi 6... KKS? 7. BRZ, for in this way Black can be f o r d permanently out of the drawins area, 7.. RQS 8. KQ6 RB5 9. KBG KKtd 10. BQ6 KB5 11. BB5. 7 K-45 K-B 3 8 K-BS R-K3 9 K-Bh K-B2. A draw follows 10. K-Kt5 K-K3 (10. KKI? K x P 1 1 . KQ2 KKt5) 11. K x P KxB. X t bas h e n stated that four pawns am gcaefally a Iittle superior to a minor piace and pawn. However, w h the= arc more pawns on the board the piece is about equal in vafuc to t h m pawns. For instance, an ending with minor piece and two pawns v. five pawns is normally drawn. If either sida has a positional advantage he may win: if the enemy pawns are or can be blocked, the minor piece may lead to victory; but if the player with the pawns has them welt advaned and mobile, then he will

.

Black will try to give up his piwe fur the pawd, irtd will succeed, e ~ c e p lagainst an advanced RI' of KtP, if his king i s not too far off. But if the defending king is o n the far side of thc h a r d , then there are somehmes winning chanca for an rmmovcd Kt? or RP, or for a wett a d v a n d BP or Cent~cP. As to the pawn, the nearer the edge the betrer, the KtP and RP having the best prospects. Fim.Iy, a% to the piece, the bishop is stronger than the knight m these open positions. F . n d i n ~ with hishnps of opposite colour arc treated @pa*ately, Examples 174-188.

If0 For White the least iauoumble prrnutation of p i w s is Kt t-P v. B. Black mostly draws if his king is not too PATaway. The most favou-able pawn is the RP or KtP, and this cr.tlcal posilton with RP on the seventh relates to Example 99.

combating an cnemy superiority of

9. MINOR PIECE ANXI PAWN v . MINOR PIECE The position of Black's king i s of first importance in this ending. if it blocks the pawn a draw is normal. Otherwise

/

121 Even when Bkick's king i s as far away as it can bc White has winning only when the pawn is well dvanccd. As a rough guidc this r-rcansa T(P on the fourth as in Example 244, 1 a KtP on the fifth, a BP an the sixrh as ! jn this exurn2le by K ~ s e k ,1910, or a &nccs

a n t r e P on the seventh. I Kt-QC B-Kt8 2 P-B6 RKr3 3 K-K6 B-82 Om long diagonal (Black's QKtlKR?) and nr short divponal (QlJJR4) intersect on QB2, across which the pawn bas yet to move. Ihe result is targcly dcfcrnlincd by the length of the shortcx diagonal, and here fwr squares i s not soflicicnt for the

2


Kt-R4 L R 4 10 Kt-Kt2 K-KS I f Kt-w. The kf.ight on QB4 chases away the bishop. Btack to play may control this vimf square with hts king:

it; ,,,,,,Q6 P--,BC

:

K-Kt7 %-Kt8 B-...Kt3 R 8 2 &-Kt1 K-B7

K1-""K8 bishop which is tvcntually drivca: away. The king must choox his roure careX f for instance the pawn had yet tn cxoss ft~lly. After 6 . . . K,,-,-88? 7, Kt-B7 White's 486, in wkidl case the shorter I K-,K7 (he runs into an awkward check diagonal has fiw squares, the bishop on this square, but if 7... BR2 8. KtR6 #uid hold it back. RKt3 9. KtB5 KK7 10. KtR4 BK4 Pawns nearer tlie edge of the board 11, KtKrZ and Black" kkig cannot pkay have bcttcr chances of winning hcavsc to 06) 8 . K-B8 L . R 2 9. Kt-KG the diagonals arc thcx shorter, and the . B-B7 (9... BRt3 IO. KKt7 RR4 f 1. defending bisllop projmriionately less KRS) 10. Kt-B4 ch. I C - 4 6 1 1 .

probably win. The relative merits of iRa knight and MsRop when oppostyl to one another haye b n debated for many y a w ; but the% is no doubt that the bishop is a superior alternative to the knight when pawns, and wpcciaIIy when those pawns arc widely spaced. Only in blocked positions is the knight sometimes a superior piece as in Example 11 8, bur even iherc a hishop of thc right color~r would do as much.

121

3 Ktch, K-B2 me knight cannot Ime a move; and hvifig to play neiiher can Black: I ... Q2 If 1... RR8 2. KtKt7 cb. scretning thc pawn's advance. 2 Kt-Kt7 K -83 K ,,,,,,,.B2 3 RxB 4 Kt*.

effective. 4 K--Q7

White plays and draws Black plays and Insa

BIark plays to a square the same colour as thar on which the knight stands. 2.,. KBZ? loses ro 3. RtQ6.

B-Ktl 5 Kt-K8 K ,-,'Kt7 6 Kt-B7 H-R2 If h... K,,,-.-Bh 7 . K-B8 R-,R2 8. Kt,-Kt5 &,,,,,,,Kt3 (8.. BK6 9. KtQ6 BKt3 10. KtM nKt8 11. KQ7) 9. Kt-,,q6 K--K7 10. Kt-T34 driving off bishop, 10... BB7 l l .KQ7 BKth 12. PTtQ6. 7 Kt-R6 B-Kt3 8 Kt-B5 K-- -86

.

1

K-KO. 7 Kt-B7 B-R2 8 Kt -R6 A cyclic rcpeiltion follows 8. KB8 BQ5 9. KtKtS HK4 IO. KQ7 UKtl I I . KtA7 BR2. If 8. KtKi5 BKtl. 8.,. R-Kt3 9 Kt-B5 K-K6 10 Kt,,,,,,,R4 b R 4 11 Kt-Kt2 K-QS. Preventing 12. Kt-EM.

9 MINOR PIEtX AND P A W v. MINOR PIECE

122 R h v s k y

Rassolirn~.Amsterdam, 1950. Rt+P v . Kt is ;a more favowable arrangcmnt OF pieces for White, and the RP is then much bhe strongest pawn. Here White wins with a RP on the fourth. I ... Kt-K3 ch. 2 K,-B6 Kt-% 3 P-R5 Kt-K5 ch. 4 K-B7 K--B6 In the game, Black lost after 4 . . KtKt4ch.? 5. KKt"lRK5 6. PR6 KH4 7 . RtB8 Kg15 8. KKtB KR5 9. KtQ7 KKtS 10 K t K S ch. KBS 11. KtB7 KtK3 12. KB6 KlBl 13. KKt7 KtR3 ch. 14. KKt8. v.

KR4; but if 9. KKtB KtKt4. 7 ... K ,,,,,,,,,R4 Or 7 . . . KtR3 ch. 8. KB6 KtU1 9. KB7 KtR2 10. KKI7 KrKt4 1 1 . K--Rth K l ,,,,K3 12. KrKl8 Ktfll ch. 13. KB7 K t R 2 14. KKt7 KtKt4 IS. KtH3 ch. KB5 I6. K K t t KtK3 17. KtQ7 KtKt4 18. KtK5 ReK3 19. KtR7. The method is the same, here, in the game, and as follows. 8 Kt,--Kt8 Kt-K3 ch. 9 g,,,,,-~7 ICt,,b,Kt4~ h . 10 K-B6 Kt---R2 cb. 11 K--Kt7

16 17 18 19

Hack plays and draws

BZack's knight holds back the pawn by moving on the 'circuit' KKt4, K3, KR1, and K R 2 Whiie'r knight plays via RRt8, KBS, 47, and K5 t o RD7, thus controlling Black's KRt.1 and interrupting the circuit. From l:me to time White's knight guards thc pawn, thus making it possibfa for his King to rnovc frcxly, and to gain time wbifst avoiding harassment from thc black knight. 7 Kt--KT 7.KtK5 ch.? KR4 8. Krn7 KtK3 ch.

9. KR7 KtS2 draws (Reti). The pawn is btocked and Black frees his knight, threatening checks at KI, KB3, and

Kt-Kt4

12 Kt-R6 ch. K ,,,,,,,,,R5 13 K-Kt6 Kt--K J 14 Kt-Q7 Ki-Kt4 Or 14 ... RtB5 ch, 15. KB7 KR4 IG. PR7 KrKt3 17. KKt7 KKt4 18. KtKS. I5 Kt-,-K5 Kt-K3 Kt

R7

K-,,,,,B6 K-Kt7 K-Kt8.

K---Kt fi

Kt-R1 Kt-,,,-R3ch.

Biack's bishop cannot be driven off the diagondl Qf -QK4. The Ieagth of this diagonal is the critical faciu:, and h u r squares is just suffcient. Whitc plays and wins A tempmove, for if 3. PB4? KKtl 4. PBS KK1 5. KB7 KiKt4 ch. 6. KtxKt stalemate; or if 3. KB7? KtKt4 ch. 4. KK7 Kttl6. 3 ... R-Ktl 4 P-B4 K-R I S K-B7 Kt-Kt4 ~ h . 6 PxKt.

124 Whitet$prwpwts with bishops

I n general a KIP is not so favourable, although it has =me winning charms; but zgtinst a BP oar QntreP the defending knight opemtes at full strength on either side of it, and in wosaquenm usually draws. Whm Black's king is on the far side of the board White has wiraiag chams with an unmoved RP, or anot too backward KIP; but bas charms with B BP w Centre P uniy if it is already far

advand.

arc? wmewha~better still. If the defend-

ing Iring is ucable to Mock the pawn hut ran attack it from the rear, then White wins with a pawn at R5, R6, Kt6, or Kt7; sometimes wins with a pawn at KtS, BS, B6,B7, w a Gntrc pawn on the sixth or seventh; hut draws if the pawn is farther back, or at R7. Thc KtP is the strongest, fallowed by RP,BP and Centre P in that order. Here a rook's pawn on the fourth d~itws.

BKt2 5. DQY. 3 12 B1 4 %Kt5

B-.Kt2 B-31

Black is now in mgmang. Xf S... BR6 6. PR6, cr if 5 . . . KB5 6. BKt7. A RP on the sixth will win; but if the diagram position is moved up two rank3 (RPon wcnth) Whik draws bocausc! he Iongno has diagonal. means of opposing bis:?opson the

a]#

@neralzations a b u t knights becrtuse if one i s badly placed several moves may be needed for regrouping.This study is Kt-R2

2 Kt-TCG A great weakness of the knight: if on the edge of the board it may b o r n e trap&. 2 K-R 1

.. .

3 P-B3

Whitc wins

If 2... RQ2 3. BB1 BBJ 4. BKt5

5 R-R6.

123 Thee are w~ptions to

by Nalberstadt. X Kt-B4

125 Centurini, 1856. A RP on the firth wins because the critical diagonal has only rhrcc sqmra.

Drawn

126 A KtP on the fifth draws if Btack has the direct opposiiion, which with the move he takes, I K-Kt6 2. B-Kt6 &Kt4 3. &B2 (3. KRt7 KRS 4. KB6 KKt6 S. BBS BQI 6.BQG

9 MINOR PIECE AND PAWN v. MINOR PIECE

XX MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 1 &B7 2 P--R4

B-B7 .&K8 B.,,,-Q7

3 &K16 4 3-45

%-Re

Fo~;cd,btxausc 5. BKt4 is threatened, but now White gains a lital tcrnpo by attacking the bishop on this swam. 5 K,--W K-A7 6 K,--.KtS xt-Q1 7 B-Kt&. And the pawn goes through.

situated White's prospacts arc somewhat

htter. The RP is strongst, followed by KtP, BP,and Centre P,in that ordcr. As before, Black draws if his king blocks the pawn, uniess his b i g h t can be trapped on the c d p of tht: board. With Black's king attacking from the rcar a RP on the sixth or w e n t h wins, but an t h Afth it may be held, as in this position from a game played in I,lolland,

As s h m by Dehler (1922) White can this crucial position only if it is W s move.

1953.

I &-KC8 K-BS 2 K-Kt6 K-Q5 In this kind of ending White cannot shield the pawn's advance, as he does whcn Rlack has a bishop; nor can he challenge the knight when it is on a syuafe of the wrong calour. White's chief weapon is zugzwang, which comes about after 2... KKtS? 3. BKtS, for the knight, unabfe to lose a move, must forego control of QR3. 3 I%--37 Kt-Q2 ch. This and his next move draw off White's king, SO that Black's may approach. If 3... KtR5 ch? 4. KB6 KtM 5 , KKtS squeezing out the knight. 4 K-B6 4. KB7 KtR4 5. KB6 KtR3 6. RKt6 KtKzCtl wmcs to the same thng. 4 ... Kt-.Kt{ ch. 5

132 Grigoriev, 1931, shows how a KtP an t11c foufth may win w11c11 the

Drawn 2 ... 3 B-Kt4 4 B-,-B8 5 BxP G B -...RG 7 KXB

%,,,,,Kt7

3-K5 B-Kt7

33--.I31

nxn

K-RZ(B3).

131 Wlzcn Slack's king is Far behind, White has winning chances with an unmoved RP, as shown by Cheron (1956).

With thc move Black draws by I... nKt3 2. PR4 LlQl 3. BQ6 flKt3 4, BK7 BB2 5 . BB5 BQI 6.KB4 KR7 7 . KKtS KKt6, Example 124. White to play circumvents this

defence.

enern) king is far away. 1 B-Q5 K-Kt4 U I... BKt4 2. KQ4 KKt4 3. KT35 BR3 4. BR4. 2 R--H4 Thc bishop shields tho pawn's advanx.

2 ... B-Kt5 Xf Z... JIBS 3. PKt5 KB3 4. RKt4 KK2 5 . KR5. 3 P-Kt5 K-R3 4 ?-Kt6 B-- ,331 114 EEBB 5. KQ4 BKtZ 6. BQ5. 5 K,--44 K-K2 6 K.- 3 5 K--Q2 7 B-Kt5 ch, K-Ql If 7 .. KK2 8. KB6 KQ1 9. BB4. 8 K-B6 The continuation given by Fine, 8. RQS? BKt2 8. rlQ7 BKt7 i0. BK6 8Rt2 I I . KBS, draw, for after 1I . . . BB6 12. BQS Black is not forced to exckange bishops but plays 1 Z... BK7 13. PKr7 KB2. 8 ... &Q2 ch. U 8... BR6 9. KKf7 as in the text. 9 K-Q6 B-HX I f 9... B-84 (9 B x B 10. $'Kt71 10. P-Kt7 L R 1 11. P-Kt8::::;B. the only mow, 11 H--w 12. B--& ch. K-Bl 13. G R 6 mate.

..

...

U'Ilite plays and wins Black plays and draws

...

White plays m n id wins 11 . . * L R 3 If1 I... BB6 12. BQSBxB 13. K x B , Example 13.

13 B--X1Q

R-334

14 K-Kt'?

B - - K S dl. g--Q2

15 K-R7

I5 L R 6 17 %-Kt7 18 &B3 19 B--Kt4.

K--Q3tQI) 3344 I%-BI

Finishing with the customary scrifim --BItlck's bishop must have h e short

ewraat.

..

Black to play draws by 1 . KKt4, "wiftly gctfitg his king back, or by I... BQ8 2. PKt5 BR5. With a BP or Centre P not kyond mpectively the fourth or fifth rank, a is unlikely even though the defcnd1Il& king is atrsent. I3ehlcr's position (see -Ye 11) is drawn except with the KtP, k clear from Example 129.

9

133 B+P v. ~t cornpara with B+ v- B; but if the knight i s awkwardly

Drawn

83

II MINOR PGCE ENDINGS

10 MXNOR PIECE AND TWO PAWNS

1,.

MINOR PIECE

A tempo manauvrc. 9

Black to ptay is caught on the wrong An attack on two fronts, the knight from base and the king froin the reor. 7 K-Kt6 K ,,,,,,,.~ f i 8 K-Kt? K ,,,,,,,,Ki5.

134 A somew1~atsimilar attack

0x1

two fronts usuaily draws agiinst a centre pawn, as here with Whte la play:

1 &-B7 ch. Xf I.

BR5 KB4.

I ... K --B3 Not I . . . KIM? 2. BK5. 2 B-K8 ch. K- Q4 Again not 2... K 3 4 ? 3. BR5. 3 B-K5

K---a

On the critical diagonal (White's KR5--K8) the squares used by the bishop, KRS, KB7, and KS, correlate r e s p I i v d y to the squam used by Black's k,ng, QB4, QR3, and Q4; and neither player can lose a move. 4 R-43 This a d d s the cyclic reptition, but when the bishop leaves the diagonal in qumtion, the knight can harass White's king.

foot.

'The bishop changes diagonats with a check.

...

3 K-,,B4 (K4) 4 &K4. Thc knieht on the edge of the b a r d i s trapped. If the gositsition of this diagram wcre moved to the left (White QBP cr QKtP) the critical diagonal is longer, and the bishop can lose a move and outrnanceuvre Black. On the other hand White also wins if the diagram position were moved two files to the right (White KBP) &cause then the knight is trapped in the corner. If Black's knight were here at QR4 or QKt3 he would draw with or without the Move. There a x few examples showing

Black's king on the Tar side of the board, but it seems that White's chances are not less promising than with B+P v. B, and that an unmoved RP, or a KtP on Ihc

fourth, inight win in comparabfc circum-

stances. 10. MINOR PIECE AND TWO PAWNS v. MXNOR PIECE In all normd circumstances the pawns win. Black snrnetirnes draws if the pawns cannot be dcfendde; if he can establish a blockade; or when While has a bishop of the wrong colour for a RP.

139 In this study after B~rtlcr,1889. White's bishop is bxdly placed.

White plays and draws Black plays and t o w

1 P-I36 Afkr 1. RRS RQ2 2. KKtS Kt33 the j I knight sfiuttlm to and from QB3. This

...

S K I

I0 B-Kt3 B-Q2 Black's KI -QRS diagonal is too short, and lfle bishrtp is forcd to play to {his square. 11 I S - 4 5 &R6 Black is in zugmang, if I 1 ... #K1 12. BB6.

12 K--B6

K-B3 I3 K--BY. Not 13. PQ7? KK2, hut after the textDrawn ! move Black $uses his bishop for the Q P . Black to play prevents an eflmtive End of blockade always draws except when the knight is on the edge of the outflanking movement: board or on the second rank, where, not I ... 13-K1 having a suejcient choice of squares for 2 K-Q3 its oscillatiow, it will be trapped. White cannot outflank nn the king's 1 ... side, if 2. KB2 KR5. Both pawns now faII. 2 .., B-Kt4 ell, White's king must not bt. allowed to play to QB4. 3 K-B3 B-K7 Compare 5rample 1.10 f o ~another 4 K--Kt4 K Q3 m c whcw the pawns cannot Ire held. 5 K-.R5 &Kt5 6 K-Kt6 1F-Q2 7 R-Kt7 B Kt5 136 White nlust try I O Puppurt the 8 K . -R6 B-K7 ch. advance of the more forward pawn, here the QP. Not 8 . . Bnl ch.? 9. KRt5 BQ2 ch. 10. KR4 KK4 1 I . KX3S. 1 K--Q3 E--K 1 2 K-64. B-Q2 9 K-Kt7 H--RtS 3 K-,,,-.,BS B--RS 10 K-Kt6 L O 2 4 P-Qfi Q2 5 &B3 8-R5 If 5 . . , 8 K 1 White may offer a piece, 6. 3K5,and if: G . . . BQZ 7. BKt6 BR5 8. BB7 as in th- tcnl-play. 5 B- K2 hstcad, While o&rs a pawn. 6 ... n-- QZ I f 6 . . , K x P 7 . &KtS. 7 L Q 3 C -KI 8 a434 I?-R 5 u8... K X P 9. BQ5ch. KK4 ID.BBh. White piays and wiKs 9 B--R2 Black &ys and draws

K-w

.@Bqg#

H hl1NOR PIECE EhTXNGS Hot 10...BBI? 11. KKt5. 1 11 P-K5 ch. KxP 12 K-B7 B-KrS 12 Not 10... BRS? 13. PQ6 KQS 14. BB6. 3 3 $5--Q6 K.-Q5 14 B-36 8-84. If the diapam position were moved two files to the left Whits would win even without the m o v ~ ,either by out- ( flanking on the king's side, or by advancinp the KtP to Kt6 as Examplo 127. Otherwise a blockade with pawns on the fourth and fifth generally draws. win dependS on a saLTifice, of cithr a pawn or the Mshop, and a blockade with pawns farther back thcrcfore draws; whilst if they a~ farther forward White wins in most cast.s. In a genera! way the two pawns win without any real diffkuities, regardlas of the k i d of minvr pi%w on cillrer side. When White ha?a bishop he should avoid placing both his pawns on squares of the same dolout as those controlled

I0 MINOR PIECE A M 3 TWO PAWNS

his tracks) S... R,-K4 6. Kt-K2 7. P........KtS K-B4 8. Kt-Kf.3 ch. K-,.f35 (dse White! pfays KKt4)

1 SIC2

1

11

9. P-Kt6. 1

...

K-Kt4

2 K-33 If 2. KtK6 ch. K x P.

. . *

B,,,,,,,,R4

Xn ttrc game a draw was agreed hew.

3

+

-

4 ~-84 5 K-B~

R-R3 8-Kt5

B,,,,,~K~ Not 5. ..RQT? 6.KtB4 cutting ofTthe bi"hop.

by his bishop.

137 Vajda v. Alekhine, Kecshemet, 1927. B v. Kt-tRP-t-KtP is for Black

relatively favourabla assortment of White plays and wins and pawns. 6 Kt-BZ K R 6 1 P-RS? 7 Kt-K4 B-Kt5 We have examined the knight's blockNot 7... BK2? 8. KtBGthe other ade of bishop and pawns, and the b l x h d e when both sides have bishops. way of cutting olf the bishop. Xt b also pussibla for the bishop to 8 Kt,-Kt5 blockade a knight and two pawns, as in If 8. Kt,--BS L Q 7 4. Kt-Q5 B-,the following play. in this care a blockade i s bat avoided Kt4 (9... BR4? 10. PRtS ch. K x P by kwping at least one pawn on a square 11. PKt6). 8 .,. B,--R6 OF thr: same colour as thost controlled 9 K t 4 3 7 cR. K-,-Kt2 by the enemy bishop. FIert: this means 10 R--K6 L B S advancing the KtP first, I . Kt-Kt2 I I P-K6&. K-Kt3 (nmvcntinp 2. KRS) 2. st

pi-

l3-K2 ~:K.-.-.K~~-&QI (3. .. BQ3 ch. 4. KtB4 ch. KB3 5 . RB3 KK4 6 . PKt5 KB4 7. KtK2) 4. ICt.,-,,B4~ h R-R3 . (4 KR3 5. KtK6 BK2 6.PKtS ch.) 5 . K-R3 (not 5. PKtS ch.? KB4 6. KtR3 BKZ, and White is stopped in

...

Xf I t . FHEt5 B x P . I1 K-Kt 3 12 K-K7 &--Q7 13 K-I38 BxPch. S e afso Example 150.

In passing it may be noted that in the

v.

M M R PIECE

12. S K P K-Kt2

K-B4

,&in@ K$+2 P v. Kt tho defcndu can (12.., KK2 13. PR6 K83 14. PKtl d s sustain a blockade. 1 8 n P 15. K r B . Example 100) 13. 138 A fine

analysis by Cheron,

I

14. &-&Kt6 B-,,K7 ch. K-Kt1 16. K-&+ B-.Q8 17. B-K4 L K 7 18. B.,,-83, when the Kil" advances after all. P-tCt4 L R J I f 9,.. BR4 1% P x B KBJ 11. PRG K 8 2 12. SR7, Example I#. K-Kt5

3.-,,Q6

IS. P-R6

3945, shows the correct play when the shop is ofthe wrong cotour for the RP. Black will try to sacrifice his bishop for the KrP, whilst White in his turn must shield its advance wit11 his bishop. 1 ... S R 6 2 P-Kt3 K--B3 B-B2 Bb-Rd ch Lf 2... KR3 3. DBI BKt5 4. PR4 K Q5 BB$ 5. KBZ RKi5 6. KK3 I3K3 ?. KB4 zugiwang, if 12... BK1. B Q ~g. BQ3 HK6 y. BBS, the bishop shietds the advanceof tRe RtP 9. BB8 .ch. 14. KR5, or i f 10. PK[4 BK7 11. PKtS 'ch. "KR4 followed by PR5. 12. KKt3. K-K4 3 B-B1. R K 3 K-K.3 15 K,,--B4 R-B2 4 R-B2 K-R4 16 B-35 s-8 5 Ku-K3 U,-,"Q2 I 7 B-Kt4 a-B7 6 P-R4 B Kt5 18 P-RS a--Qs 7 B-KZ %-K3 19 B,-,,,B5 8 -3 B-KT 20 P-R6 &R4 White next kiss to gct his king te K W . 23 K-KS K--ZPI If 8. ? K-I34 Black estabfishcs 22 K-B6 K-Kt 1 his king at KKt4, and the pawns are 23 B-,ICd ch, K-R t Mack4 after 9. BQ3 ch.KKt4 10. BK16 24 &R7 S--Q8. BKt5, or 9. KQ4 BB2 10. BQ1 RKI WIGlt: rrialus i r ~Four. 11. K Q ~~1 3 2ch, 12. KQB ~ n 313, White atso wins if Black has a knight KQ7 KKI4. instead of a bishop in this ending. 8 ... B-I32 White threatened P-R5. The altema139 Black's only hope against distiw is 8.., &Kt5 9. R-Kt6 B-Q8 , cwnmted pawns i s that of feaving 10. P-XS R - 4 3 (dse 1 1. PRfr) If. 1 Whitc a rook's pawn with bisho~of the wrong cotour, but White can oftin avoid this. I R K I Tha c o m t plan b first to shield thn advance of the 'good' pawn as fat as possible. H the RP is moved up it becomes a Ifis effective decoy, Black capturing it sooner. 1. f K S ? BK7 2. BK8 RKtS brings about a position which occurred in the game Gaglidze r. Kaspafyal (Tiflis, 1929)3. KO8 KKR3 4. RQ7 B x P 5. PK6 KKt2 6. PK7 KBJ 7. BK8 B08 8. BB7 W i t e wins I (the bishop cannot at o m to KRS,

I

1X MINOR RECE ENDlNGS

and loses a vital tempo) S . . . BRS 9. BR5 KK4 10. BK14 KQ3. Another line is f . PRS? BK7 2. RK8 BKt5 3. KQ6 K R 3 4. H47 B x P 5. PK6 RKtZ 6. I'K7 ICB3 7.BR4 UKt3 8 . KQ7 RK4 9. KQ8 KQ3. In both varbtions Black bas time to capture the RP, and to rerurn and iiike the vertical opposition, as 13xamplc 129. 1 ... K-R3 If I . . . BKt5 2. RQ6 KR3 3. BQ7. I . . . BKtb 2. BRS KR3 3. HKt4 transpm.

KQ3

17.

15. BK8 BB7

11 M W R PlRt'P, AND TWO P A W S 16.

BB7 BRS

PRS.

12 K-Q7 KxP 13 K-Q8 K-Kt4 14 B- I36 K-H3 'The diagonal opposition here losa~, but ~f 14. .. BR4 i 5. BKE; BQ8 16. BH7 HR5 17. HK6. 15 B-K8 S B 7 15 B Rj &I25 17 B-.Kt.l K.--K4 18 S Q 7 . Mock allnost certainly draws against KDP+KITP with bishop of the wiung colour; but if instead rhe pawns were more widely spaced fe.y. QP $.KRP), then Whits wins mom amity. In the general case with disunited pawns Black will be forced to block one with his king and ihc other with his piace. Whitc takes his king over towards the enemy piece, whrch usually has to bc sacr~ficedfor the pawn it blocks.

140 Tairnmv v, Spassky, k n k -

&,

1952. T k defender usually bses

MINOR PIECE A N D P A W 1 K-BS K-K2 2 K-Kt6 K-B;

v.

3 K-R7 K-I32 4 P-KtS b B 6 If 4.. BQ3 5 . PR4 BKt6 6.PR5 BR5

g & kiog cannot block the pawns, but an ingenious counter-auack. draw.

.

K t - 4 K-It4 2.,. K t x P 3 . K x P a l s o h w . Kt xP 3KMtl 4 Kt-B3 P--K$ 1 K-Kt6

7. .Kt6 ch. EC83 8. KtKS, threabning PR6. 5 P-R4 '&--Kt7 If 5... P--Kt3 (5 KK3 6. KKth) 6. Kt,--R2 (thmtcning 7. KtKt4 and

Z K-B?

...

7,P-RS. B-46 7 Kt,--R4 S Q 7 El* White plays KtHS and Kt xP. K-33 8 F-Kt6 ch. 9 Kt--RS KtR6) 6... &K8 6 P-R5

White plays and draws White wins

2 K B6 If 2 , KQ6 BKt6 3. BB6? promaturely ceding the decoy pawn, thtn 3 . . . KR4

4. BQ5 BB7 5. PK6 RxPdraws. Instcad White mnauvres his bishop to the better square KK14, and when he finally gives up h e RP hc gains a tclnpo on the above variation. 2 ... 13-Kt5 3 &Kt6 B-,.QZ 4 S-,.OS B-R5 5 &Kt4 R-Kt6 6 K-K7 B-I35 Black can onfy mark time whilst White regroups his king. 7 K-Q6 H-Kt6 8 &B3 ,,,,,,,,~5 9 -5 B-46 10 p,,,,,,,.Kfi &Kt3 11 P,,,,-K7 R-44 This fails by a tcmpo, but if II ... KKtZ 12, ICQ7 KBJ 13. KQ8 KK4 14. BB6

11. MINOR MECE A N D TWO PAWNS ti. MINOR PIECE AND PAWN Urilike + f ~~vr~q~drdtrle c paw11 endlrlg:, nos. 35-63, a draw is normal whcn there is no passed pawn, and wken the defending king is present; it is then of littic consequence whethcr one kas a bishop or a knight. Xn a general way White h a winning p r o s w t s only if he bas a passed pawn. When this 1s three or mox hies away from {he othtr pawn then the bishop is superisr to the knight; and the farther away the p a d pawn the greater the superiority of the bishop. The knight is the better piem when the passed pawn i s onfy two film away, or when the cncrny pawn or pawns are mow or 16s fixed on squares of the same colour as those covered by the bishop. In the latter case the enemy has a 'bad bnhop' or 'a weak colour complex', fv* of c o u m he will have litt'e control over squares of the opposite colour.

I f & . . KKS 5. KiQ2 ch. KQ6 6. KtBI PB4 7. -6 threatmifig KtKt3 foIiowed by K t x P . I'he king attacks From thc mar, the knight from base, much as In Examples 133 and 134. S Kt-R4 ch. K-Kt4 6 Kt--33 ch. K-B4 7 Kt-R4 ch. K-,-Kt5 How else make p r o m ?

A draw was, agreed, for the defending w t has suffxient man~uvringspace Wound a centre pawn.

I41 Analysis by Botwinnik from the Sirn BoImlausky v. Bondarcvsky, b i n g r a d , 1941. The defending king is tItO far away, so White's king may control the queening square; there is also

a weak colour complex to

be

W1oited by White's two p i e . Rere knight is superior to the W.

I

1

White plays and w i r ~ A sacrifice typical of minor piox endings.

not 11. PR6? KR4 12. PR7 BB6 ch. 13. KB7 KR3 with blockade. 11 . - . B-36 12 P,-R6. And White queens.

I42 Capahfanca v . Fine, %mrnering 1937. This kind of pawn formation is also usuatly drawn txxause the p a s d pawn, which is only one file away, does not form an effective threat.

I1 hlINOR PIECE EKDXNGS

11 MINOR PIECE AND TWO PAWNS v . MINOR PXECE AND P A W N

Boh on this and his next move Black must avoid a fork, if J... KR5 4. KtBS ch. 4 K-135 B-RG 5 Kt-86 K,,,-RS 6 KtxP KxP 7 Kt--86 K-K15 8 Kt-Kt4 9 p R5 10 P-R6 I 1 K-B6 12 Kt-,@ 13 K-,,,,.iitrl.

preventing in time 7.. . RR6. 7 ... P-R4 8 P-R3 ff8. PR4 BB3 9. BQI BxP. 8 ... P--R5 9 &Kt4 B,,,,,,,,~3 10 S R 5 P--hE7 11 B x P KXR. White cannot gel back to (he queening

K-Bri K-,,,,,K J &-Q5 H-H7 E-R2

146 Santasiere v. Kashhdan, Rncfnn,

minor p i c e is marc likcly io win tlrnn K t - t P v , mirror piece. Black's ling is as favourably ptnced as it can bc, blocking the passed pawn; but his bishop is on too short a diagonal: were. i t at QU7 he could draw.

Thus capturing the BP wiilr ~ a i nuC

1 K-K7

P-I14 S K 6

2 K-86 3 K,,,-KS The B+P v. B ending must be arefully assessed, for after 3. KKt5 K B I 4. BK6 ch.? Black will eveniualfy take the vertical, opposition, 4... KKt2 S.BxPBRt7 6.8Q3BR6 7 . B K 2 K x P 8. BKt4 BU8 9. W5 KB4 10.P86 RBS 11. KK16 KQ3 12. KRt7 KK4 13. BR5 KRS, etc. 3 ... L K t5 Now if 3... KBI Black gains a tempo on the last note bemuse of his better king positicn, 4. BK6 cl). KKt2 5 . B x P RRB 6. EK6 K x P 7. FBS KFS2 8. W6 KQI 9. 3337 BQ6 10. KR4 KQ2 I I . KKtS KQ3 12. K R 6 KK4 13. KKt7 BKt4 14. BKt3 BRI 15. BI32. 4 B-Kt2 The only way, for after 4. BK6? KRr2

4

...

...

7 8-K8

1

K-Rl

5 K-B6 6 K-Kt5

7 B-R4

E,-Kt1 K-I31

K-Kt1

8 HxP

fi,,,,,,.~ f i K-,,,,KtZ RxP

9 10 If 12 f3 I4

B--R7 P-BS P-B6

R-Kt6 %-Kt7

B,,-Q4

K-B4 K-,-Q3

LKt8.

147 Seilrold

r. Keres, Cwrespundence, 1930. When the bishop is of the wrong colour for his RP a win i s stilI

possible i f the other pawn is far enough away (three or more files) and circumstaoms are favourablc. 1 ... K-,,.KtS

--

* K,,.,-.Hj L *.A

M i r e prepares to take the vertical opposit:on, cfx the KP queens. If 2. KO2 Ka7 3. RBR PK6 4. KQ4 BK7 5.13K6BB8 6.BRt4 BKr7. 2 ... K-,,,f37 3 K,-Q4 P-K6 4 K-KS R-K7 S SF37 G R 8 6 I%-RS 13--,Kt7 7 3s-I44

P,,,,,,,,8 3

For the time being this keeps Wllir,'~ bishop off its QKc5 square. 8 &Rh K-Kt3 9 B-K8 K -84 10 K- -BI %K3 I f K-K2 K-Q5 B 8 4 ch. I 2 B 86 'Yhus Hfitck's hishop has changed sides. 13 K-K1 K-B4 14 M 7 K-Kt5 15 B 436 P-,H4 16 B-. -Q7 P1-Kt6 The idea Mlind BIa~k'b ca~cful manRuvrlng; but only a d ~ a wcomes

tempo. 7 . .

K-B4

Else Hack plays his king to QR6, attacking White's TAW. K-Kt5 S K-R4 h B-Kt5

White wins S . B x P R K 7 6 . B K b K x P 7.PB5KB4 8. P86,Black has a better squarc for his bishop than in the last notc, 8... BR4.

IZ,--R6

5 F-R4

square.

1938. An outside passed pawn hree or more files away (the farther the kttcr) often wins when White has a bishop. It makes h s diflerencc what kind of piccc Btack has. Of course all these positions correktc to Examples 120-134, and after the uusual Iwvn exchange B+P v.

4

White plays and draws B1ac.k.plays and wins With the move White draws by block-

hg the passed pawn: 1 K-Q2

The game continuation 1. S Q S ? P-K6 2, K-...Q3 should have lost after 2.,. -2 3. K-K2 (3. El34 4... K 3 d and S... KB7) 3 . . . B-Kt4ch. 4. K-KI P-R4 5. P-RJ 3G-K.4 6. B-.Kt3 K--Q5 7. P-..R4 (7.BB2 KEG 8. RQI BB5 9. PR4 RKtFi) 7...-0'2 R. K--K2 (8. BB2 KB6 9. BV1 BK1) 8. .+BKtS ch. 9. ZG-K I K,,,,-I36 10.

W

S B-....Q2

1 -

I

BxP R-B6

B-Kt4 19KxP Xf $4. .. KB7 20. BB5 ch. KB8 21.

j BKB, or bere 20. .. KKt7 21. X3Kt4. j z0 a""""Q1.

Black mnnot get his pawn to the fifth

i t~ithoutpermitting Wtx~ee'sking to block

.

: it, 20.. RKtS 21. KQ2 BBS 22. KBI. See atso Example 161.

,.

I I /

II. 12, K x P B-Kt4 13. K 14. K-.,KI P-86 19. K 16. K-Q2 B-K5 17.8 t h i s , White's bishop m d his RP from the UR4. In the hFoHclrviog pl it from tte diagonal

P

itbout. 17 K--,K2 18 B--Kt4

148 M ~ r s h a l i

v.

Mnrco, Monte

Chrln, 1904. Having two passed pawns against one pas& pawn, White cannot :iorm&llywin with knight against bishop, unless all the pawns are cIox together as in Exnrnplc 152. p-,,,.u5 P-R6

K-85 K ,,,,,,,.Q4

B- 4 3

...

Black's correct pian is t o use his advanced QRP to tie down the knight, and his king to stop the passed pawns.,--

2 K-KI 3 %-Kt5 93

MYNOR PIECE E W N G S

the bishop attacking them as masion demands. 5 . . . KK4 6. PKt4 RE3 is therefore simpler, and if Whitc rhcn gms for the QBP Black at imst blocks, and probably wins, the unired pawns. 6 P-Kt4 B-K2 7 P,--Kt5

8 K-KM

K-K4 B,,,,,,,,31 K-K5 ?

9 Kt-B2 Black has illusions of counterplay. 9... KK3 is indicated. 10P-RS K-46

11 MINOR PIECE AND IWQ P A W v. MINOR PIECE

White's problcm is always tlre saIrle: what to do about Bfack's passed pawn.

When he sacrifiw thc kninht for it. the result of the knight v . two pawns ending is of consequence, and here 6 , .. PKt6? losc.~after 7 . RiRS ch. KKrS 8. Kr x P K x Kt 9. PKt4, bcrause Black's kinris one Squarc farther away. 2 K-43 KC-U3 ? This fails because Black's king Is forced into a bad position. 111stmd a draw Follows 2... Kt-Btr 3. Kt-.,,,,Q7 (Whire's knight must try to stop tIlc KKtP. If 3. KtK6 ch. KK4 4. KtKt7 PKt5 5. KtR5 then S... K t 0 5 6. PKt4 KIM

7. PKt5 PKtB) 3...

(simpler than 3 . .. PKt5 4. KtB6, which h o w w r probabfy feds to Exampfe 94) 4. Kt-Kt6 P-Kt5 5.K L Q 5 &.Kt4 5. Kt-,,K3 cR. K-K4 7. Kt-Kt2 Drawn Kt-,Q5 8. P,,-,-Kt4Kr,,&.K3. This i s the normal way of drawing: After 10... KK4 1 1 . P R d K R 3 12. the lofiepawn ties down Whitc's knight, KRS KDZ f 3. PKt6 ch. KKtl 14. PRY and Black's piwcs stop White's pawns. ch. KR1 Black thrmtens, in time, to If White's king goes over to captuw the move his knight to KB7. KRtP, Btack s~crificeshis knight for White's pawns. $1 Kt-Rl Not 11. KtKX ? KQ7. 3 Kt-KB ch. K-Kt5 I 1 ... K-W If 3... KB4 White exchanges knighls 12 P-I16 R--K4 and wins the pawn ending. 13 K-RS K-B4 14 Kt-32. 4 8-K4? Black has n o good waiting move, and A rrove difEcult to assss. 4. F-B5 resigned a k r 14... BQJ IS. KtQ4 clx. certainly wins, for Whitc then mtabIishes KK5 16. RtR2 PI37 17. PKt6 BRh his knight on the central square Q4 from 18. PKi7 KQ6 19. PKtS ;;...Q K x Kt wherc ~tinfluences the pIay on both sides 20. QR2. If 14... RK3 15. KKt6 BQ3 of the board. T here may follow: 16. RR7. 4.. . K--R5 (if 4. .. KtR2 or 4., . KtK2, then 5. KK4) 5. Kt-Q4 Kt-K2 ( ~ f 149 Yanofsky v. Golnmkk, Nast- 5... Kt x K t the pawn coding is lost, in@, 1951-52. White's chances am some- if 5... KtK4 ch. 6. KK4 KtQZ 7. PB6 wheal better when Black too has a knight, KtKU 8. PB7 KtBI 9. PKt4, or if r.,. but Re still draws if the fone pawn can bc Ktlitl 6. PKt4 KtK3 7. KIM) 6. madc a real threat. P-Kt4 P-Kt5 7 . P--Kt5 P--Kr6

K-R6 (8.,. KtQ4 9. PKt6 % ~ ch. 5 10. KQ2) 9. K-BI K-R7 (10 ... KR5 10. Kt--B3 ~ h K,,-R8 . 11. PKt6 KtB3 12. PKt7 'KtKtl 13. mtl KtR3 14. KR1 KtKtl. 15. KtK5) 11. P-Kt6 12. F-Kt7 Ktml 13. K-K2 K-Kt7 (13 .. KtB3 14. KK3 KtKtl 15. KtQ4 Kt33 16. 14. Kt* K-R6 (14.,. KR8 15. KB3) IS. P--B6 P-Kt7 (15 ... ~ t x P 16. Kt xKt, PKt7 17. K32) 15. K-B2 K,,--R7 17. Kt-33 ~ h RRR8 18. P-B7. In this variation Black loses W u s c his king is badly

P A W

5 P-BS Failing to see Goloml~k'ai n p n i o u ~ defence. 5. Kt,-+ wins wicMy, White sacrificing his knight after 5,.. KtKt2 6. KQ5 Kg5 7- KtK6 ch., or queening first after 5... KR5(R6) 6. PB5 PKt5

g. K-K2

l... KtR6 is abo playable, and after the best continuation, 2. KQ3 PKtS 3. KtK4 K1B7 4. KtE6 KtK8 ch. 5. K Q 4 KtB7 ch., may simplify to Example 94, 6, K135 KKt4 7 . K t x P K x K r .

AND

7. W6.

5

m)

...

KtxP Kt-R4 Kt435

6 P-B6 7 P-,B7 .

8 K--QS

KtV-Kt3 ch. Kt-B1

9 K-BA 10 K--Kt7

pirtoed. 4

...

Kt-R4 ?

The knight alone cannor stern the pawns' advance. Instead, Black cauld put up a tough and possibly adequdte

.

defence by 4.. K,,-.,,R5,as follows: 5. K--Q5 is not a real t h a t hecause ofachartrllcteriristicwcakncss of thc knight for after S... PKt5 5. K x K t PKt6 7. KtB4 ECKtS 8. KtK2 PKt7 9.KQS

IUB6 10. KtKtl ch. KB7 11. KtR3 clr. KKt6, or S... P-,,-.KtS 6. Kt-B4 P--Kt6 7. Kt-Kt2 ch. K-Kt5 8. Kt-KI (8. K x K t KB6 9. KKtS K x K t leads to Example 315) 8.., K-B5 9, K X Kt K-K6 10. K-5 K-37 I I . Kt--Q3 ch. K-K6, White's knight cannot sacrifim itself for the KKtP, nor a n it pause. In g e m 1 this kind af draw by repetition occurs with a KtP on the sixth or seventh as here, or with a RP (bitmple 108). Around a a t r e P M BP the !might ha.. suficient mnauvring space {Example 148). 5 . Kt x P R x Kt 6. KQ5 KKtS ch. is similar to Example 94. The best continuation is 5. Kt-Kt7 &-Kt5 5. Kt-B5 ch. K-Kt4 7, f-H5 (7. KtKi3 KtR4, or 7. KrR3 PKt6) 7... K.,-B3 8. Kt-Kt3 K,,-,-K3(not 8.. .KRt4 ?) and Black's king is back in play, ?he White knight alone holds up KKtP by operating on the squares =I, KKt3 and KRS. Even so ir is not bow White can form his pawns' advance in the face of Black's two

Drawn Kt-Kt3 ck. (not 10... KtRZ? 11. KlQb K R 6 12. KtKtS) 12. Kt-RS P-Kt5 11. K-48K-R5 13. Kt--47 P-Kt6 d~rtws.

10. K-Q7?

I0 . .. Kt-K2 OF 10... Kt-Q3 ch. 11. K-Kt8 K-R5 (11 ... KWorR4 12.KtKt7ch. KKt3 13. KtKS) 12. Kt-KtW-Kt5 13. Kt-,,,-BSch. 11 Kt--Q4 K--B5 12 Kt-RG Ki-R4 13 K-Kt8? White could win by 13. KBS! KtQ3 ch. 14. KQ7 KtBS 15. KtK7 KK4 16. KtRS! I f Ib.., K x K t 17. KBG, or if 16.,. KtKt3 ch. 17. KBb RtBI 18. ICKr 7.

13

...

*

14 K t 4 4

Pi-.

17

15 Kt-Kt5 16 Kt x Kt

P-BB-Q

Kt-43 P-Kt5 P-Kt6 f-Kt7 P-Kt8 =Q

K l MINOR PlECE ENDINGS K---Kt6 K-Kt7 K-RY? 'This slip ha; drastic consequences. 20.. . KB&draws, but after the text-move comes 21, QK4 ch. KKt7 22. QKt3 ch. KK8 23. QR3 ch. OK7 ck. 24. KtKt3 ck. KKr8 25. QBJ mate. In contrast, a bishop and two united phwfi5gt.nemlig win easiIy apinst minor piece and pawn, bccarrsc tllc bishop can maintaixr control of squarm at a distance. It is the salnr: if White's two passed pawns are discocnected: wiih a bishop they freq~rently win; with a knight,

rare1y. Sometimes wiih only two or three pawns left on the buard the players may have two or morc minor pieces each. In such cases :he basic positional ideas arc tho samnc as irr ilic i~buvttexitrrr~rfrs,but mere pieces in a general way increasc the

drawing propcnsitics, and oRer more tactical and cornhinative chances. One characteristic of a pfumlity of minor pieces is the strcngik of two bishops as opposed to two knighrs; for a pair of hishops working together can control squares of elther colour, and in this sense two hishops arc more titan twice as strong as one.

12. MORE PAWNS: MATERIAX, ADVANTAGE

1SQ Fine v. Reshevsky, Sernrnering, 1937. White has some disadvantage in that his king cannot get fir forward, but hc itas an outside passed pawn, the QKtP. Even so Black's bishop holds the passed pawn on one side and confines White's king on the other side, and althorgh Wh~tedoes everything possible by wakening Black's pawns, and advancing his awn passed paw3 as Tar as he can, he cannot break through. Whtte's difficulty is that his knight cannoi oppose or dislodge the enemy b~shop. Xf instead of a knight on K5 White had a bishop on, say, QZ, he would win easrb. X P-QRt3 n -Q5 2 K t - nd K-U2 3 K-Bl K- K 3 4 Kt-K3 L 3 4 5 K-K2 P-XI4 This move keeps White's knight out ; of his KKt4 square. I 6 Kt-B2 P- Kt4 7 P-OKt4 13-03

With a total of five or more pawns spread over five or morc files a pawn irp : normally wins. Exceptions may occur , when the stronger party has a knight and the dcfcnder a bishop, and 1Rcl.c is a : total of stven or fewer pawns on the board; or when them is no way for the

1

king to c n a thc d~fcndcr'sposition.

12 MORE PAWNS: MATEaXAL ADVANTAGE

knight, which may control squares of either colour, and is suited to infighting. With 3 united pawns opposed by 2 piiwm, the game shuuId Ix drawn. So much for inherent factors. Other positional considerations such as strong or weak pawns, or badly pPaoed king or minor piece, will a$ usual influen= and modify these general propositions. The usual winning prmedurc i s outlined in the note3 to Example f 54.

18 Q-RS ~ h . 19 Kt-iC.4 ch. 20 +Kt4 ch.

If the pawns are spread over forrr files ; a pawn up usually draws when the , stronger parly has a bishop because its 1 chid advantage, its long range, is at a ' diwount. He sometimes wins if he had a

P - - ~ ~ ~ P--Kt5 10 K t,,,,,,,,K3

K-k4 B-R$

L-QS Whi:c was threatcninp PRth, Kt-135 K--K4 12 K t,,,,,,,,Kt7 Fixing

..

12 . 13 P,,,,-Rt4 14 Kt-B5 .I5 Kt-,K3

prwnsOn

P-R5 B-Kr3 B,,-,,.B~

black

351 Sfierbakov

White to play

If 15. PB3 KBS. the text-move apin t h t c a s PKt6. 15 , K-45 i6 ~ t - B S ch.

..

I

1

v.

Averbach, Mos-

cow, 1950. The knight's Iircited range is well shown. In spite of his extra pawn Black must play camfully to draw. 1 P-Kt4 IF 1. K x P ? R t x B 2. PR5 KtQ6 3. PKb KtK4 ch, (the check gains a tempo) 4. KKt7 K34 5. PR7 KtKt3. Also ifI . U,,-Kt2? P-Kt5 2. K-Kt4 (2. K x P PR5 3. PR5 PR6 4. RKt7 Kt35 ch.) 2... Kt-B5 3. H-B1 P-Ki6 4. k R 3 P-RS 5. B.h81 K-36 6. B,-R3 Kt--RS ch. 7. K X P K X P 8. K-B6 Kt-B5, and Black wins.

I... Kt x U I f 1 ... K W ? Z.KxP,imdWbite's pawns move faster. BIack therefore accepts the sacrifice, but tht knight is at its wont twin2 to combat an advanced

As pointed out by RWhevsky, if RP, as i s well known. 16, PRJ BKt3 17. KtBl (threatening 2 P-,R5 PXP 18. KtQ2) 71 ... P x P ch. 18. K x P Not 2. .. PKtS? 3. P x P KQ6 White's king is still hemmed in, and 3 PxP P-Kt5 his passed pawn a bystander, for if 19. KtR2 HK6 20. KKt2 K135. If 3 . . , KtQ6 4. PR6 KtK4? both K B5 players get a queen, but White's is I6 ... skewered, 5 . P a 7 KtB2 zh. 6. KB6 17 Kt-R6 KxP KtRl 7 . KKt7 PKtS 8. K x Kt PKtG 18 Kt-B7 K-B5 9. KKtS, etc. 19 K t x P K-w 20 P-33 PxP ~ h . 4 P-R6 P-Kt6 21 K t x P K-KS 5 P-R7 P,,--Kt7 Kt-Q6 6 P.-R8'-"Q A wry fine move which Imds to a curious hlockttde of White's pawns, I A f m the race to queen the nature of whereas 21 ... BK2? liberates white's i the position is chanicd ccrnpletely. As king, 22. KR3, and he later captures the ; RPand wins. 22 K t x P K-U5 23 Kt-35 Forced, else one of the pawhs is lost. 23 ... &--Kt3. White cannot relieve the blcckade. If 24. KBI KBB 25. PKt5 BQ1 26. PKr6 BB3 27. PK17 B x P 28. Kt x B KKtG. After the game continuation 24. KQ3 WI 25. KQ4 RR3 ch. 26. KQS BKI 27. KQ6 BK4 ctt. 28. ICK6 BR8 29. m 7 BKt7 30. KB7 KICd a draw was

1

12 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE Threatening to attack White's KBP, and indkecily securing the advance of his passed pawn, the QRP. 6 K-K5 The passed pawn tics down White's

ii happens BIack draws, althnugl~such results are not easy to foresee.

bishop can no longer hold White's p w a , but the text is a forlorn hope. 10 KtxPcR. KxP I I K--W K-Kt5 K-U5 12 Kt-,,K3 ch. 13 K,..-Q4. And Black resigns. Where thcre are more pawm, which obstruct the bishop hut do nce much h & r the knight; or where the pawns

Drawn. In this and the preceding exarnple the pawns are s p a e d over seven or eight files, and heir numbers arc few, so that tlre hishop moves frmIy aboutthe board. whilst the knight has few points of anchorage.

152 Capablanca v. Reshevsky, Nottingham, 1834. The play takcs place over a limited area, when the knight is not at such a disadvantage. Even so, and having atso the advantage of a well centralized king, the win is a close-run thing.

I ... 2 ?-I34

K-Kt6 P-KKt5 3 P-.J35 3-43I 4 K ,,,,,,,.K'j -2 5 P-K4 &Kl 5 . .. K-B6, freeing the p a d RKZP, sets White a harder pfoblem, which can k soivcd only by meticulous play, 6, 12--B6 B--KI 7 . P-Kt4 P-Kt6 8. Kt-,,B4 K-Kt5 (a,,. BBZ 9. KB5 BKt6 10. KtKlh) 9. KtKt2 K-B6 (9 ... BB2 iO.KQ6KB6 11.PK5KxKt 12. PK6 Kl37(86) 1 3 . P x B, and White can just in a diRicult queen and pawn ending, or 9... BKt3 10. KK6 KB6 11. K1R4 ch. KKr5 12. KtxB) 10. Kt-134 ch. K,,,,,-K15f I . Kt-B5 &Kt3 (11 ... KB6 12. K t x P ) 12. K-Q6 P,,,,,,,,Kt7(12... B x K t $3. PU7) 13. Kt-K3 ch. K--B6 14. Kt X P K x P IS. K-K6, the only move. losing a tempo, I5 ... I&-KI(IS... RR4ch. 16. KK7 BKt3 17. KtK1 KQS f 8. RtB3 ch. KB6 19. KtK5 RR4 20. KtB6, or 15.. . BR4 16. KK7 KB6 17. PR7) 16. KtR 4 EC,L.Q5 (16 ... BB3 17. KtB5 HQ4 ch. 18. KQ5 BKt6 19. KtK7) 17. K,,-K7 &R4 18, Kt,,,-85 ~ h K-B6 . 19.

Kt-Kt7 &Kt3 20. ICt-,,,,K6K x P 21. Kt.,-M, and the BP queens. 6 K-.Q4 An easier way than 6. PI36 K36 iransposing to the above variation. 6 ... K--J36 If 6... G B 2 7. P,,,,,,,.Ii5 K-R6 8, P-K6 P-Kt6 (8. .. BKtl 9. KR5 PKtS IO.Kt84KKtS I I . P B S H x f 1 2 . K x B ) 9. P XB P-Kt7 10. P-BX- - Q Kt8=Q ck. 11. K.-KS. 7 P-KS P--Kt6 8 Kt-K3 K-BS There are two ways in which Black's bishop may fort% a blcckade of the pawnson the fifth,but neither saves him: 8... 8,-.-K4 9. P,--K6 &Kt5 f 0. P-,-Kt4 K-B5 (1 0... PKt7 3 1. Kt x P, or10 KK7 11.RK4) I:.Kr-....Kt2ch, K-Kt4 farter I I ... KR6 12. RtR4 ch. the bishop occupies the squaw nceded for Black's king, and if 12... KBS 13. PK7 BR4 14. KtKl6 ch.) 12. P--K7 &K4 13. K-K5 K-Kt5 (13.. . BRZ 14. RtKJ) 14. K-K6K-B6 15. P-136 L K t 5 ch. 16. K-I37 K x K t 17. K-7. S... G Q 2 9. P-K5 B-BI 10. P-R7 B--02 I I. P-B6 B-K1 12. Kt-.BS. With the knight on this key square the KKtP cannot escape, I2 ... P-KT1 f 12... RR2 13. KK5, or I2 ... RKt5 13. Kt x P K x Kt 14. KKS BB2 IS. KQ6) 13. Kt-R4 ch, K-.U5 (or 13 ... KKt6 14. KtxP) 14. KtxPch.

knight. 7 Kt.--K4 ch. The inmedisttc diversion 7 Kt X P leads to !he IMS of all his ?awns after 7 . , . KtQ7.

cIoser together, spread over five or at most six files; then a pawn up should win cven though the stronger party 5&ts with a knight against a bishop.

With a greater concentration or nuntbcr of pawns ;here arc g e n e r ~ y more squares on which the knight may be firmly based. The generat winn~ngplan fur all such endings is thc samc as that iklinwted in Example 154.

Black to play

153 Goldenov v. Szilagyi, Minsk, 1957. When both players have knighLs a pawn up pne~allywins. The greater number of pawns favours tk stronger m y because somc of the (iirawing mourns d the basic endings aw not available-notably hose variations in which the defender sacrifices his piece so a to liquidate all the pawns. Black's extra p a w , the KP, ia neither easy to dcfcnd nor much of a threat in itself, so he excllangcs it for White's QRP. 1.k thereby gets a queen's side majority, and eventually a pas3ed QRP which divcxts While's picas from the ddof his king's side. 2 ICtxKP P-R4 3 Kt--Q7 ch. K--,Kt4 4 PXP 4. Kt x P P x Y 5. KtR4 PKt6 is even stronger for B1:nck.

4 .. .

P xP

5 Kt--B5

Kt-K18

7

...

8 KxP 9 Kt-Q4

'

K-KS P- R6 P . .R7

10 Kt-R?

Kr-Q7

11 Kt- R1 12 Kt-B2

K- R6

AfteflZ.KK3KKrh 1 3 . K x K t K x P Black wins eas~lyon the king's side. With thc tm-move White attempts ro exchange oKall Black's pawns. If 12. PKiS KR5 13. P x P P x P 14. KK3 K t x P 15. K x K t K x P , and the two rock's pawns win. 12 ... ICt,,,.,,.Krd K,,,,--Kt6 I J K ,,,,,,.K4 Black must not y t l accept the sacrifice, I$. K t x Q K t x K t IS. KBT, when all his pawns are exchanged. Instead, his kingouimuncruvrer. White's king. To retain one pawn will be suficicnt for victory, There is a natural tendency for the mok's gaviavins to be left on the board, which is to the advantage of the knight, for then the RP is as good 13... PR8 =Q?

I1 MiNQR FELCG ENDINGS

as, in fact rather better than, any other pawn.

14 K-K3 K$

K--,,R6 K-Kt7 The turning movement induces White to weaken his pawns, for if nDw 16, pKt5 p p $7. KH.5 ~ t 0 ch,5 -- if .15 K

1 616 ' KP-334 K 3 K K t 6 1 7 . K KK-Kt6 4'~7ehh

i

Kcepirq ouut Black's king. 6 ... B--K4 Qntralizing the bishop. 7 B-RZ K-B3

8 B-K~ When rhe pas& pawn i s in the ccnlrc, or when tnere is a Iarge nurnber of pawns

!on~hc~ard,theatlaekermyhava / difficulty getting his king inlo thc game, 17 P-Kt5 K-Kt5 a problem especiafly prone to m u r in 18 P x P PxP hishop endings. Here Rlack*s king can19 K-K5 KxP not easily support the further advance of 20 P-X-15 K- .Kid. rile passed pawn, nor othzrwise get raund to attack White's QRP. 22. KK6 KtQ5 ch. Black never queened .+ , P-X14 his QRP, a case o f the threat k i n g Centralization i s now compteie. stronger thanits execution, ln the event t is usually to make the kni&t w;d.P lied dowll whilst1 l ' h m n c ~ stage extra pawn a rml thmt. This means Black's had active threats. making a passed pawn, or threatening to 254 Uofdfinik ,,+ Boodarevsky, , do .W- In ;his case tile passed pawn (QP) Moscow, 1941. When both sides have "lfeddy Asthe passed Wwn can rarely be bishops a pawn up wins h t h more tc ~ K O the Y ceftajnfy a~zdmore directly than is the forcibly qumned7 it is case with any 0 t h ~p i ~ c s ,wilJl the , enemy pi-?, or one of them. 1n $he possible exct.plion of bishop v , knight. r preoerfineexamplc Bjack's QHP d m ~ c d lot brig &fore in game each phycr White's kniglnt. If instead the passed defendhad a rook, a qumn, and a bishop, Black Paw" d ~ o y osr is blocked exchanged for nrefcwm the major ing king, jhen the attacking king gms i o picccs, lmving a bishop and the other side of the board and there mops up thc pawns (cp. Example 156). ending. Thus positions with pawns o:1 both ~n most endings the processes ore the same, ~ ithe ~king~andt other , sidesof the board are easier to win-the pimust & a n t r ~ i z d ,brou&r to ! decoy dnws the defender's forces away. good squares where they have the gmat- I est mobility. aad he rmdv for active I

i

service on ;ither ffank.

-

Thc dcfmdzr also centra1izt.s.

While correctIy puts his pawns on Whllcsquares, where lhey do not &peck

In the present case thc passed pawn, which is always least favourable wben in the wntrc, does not at the moment form effstive d m y , but might do so i f the kin$s were dsewhere. With tkc textmove, 8... PB4, Black therefore plms to ~ O V Chir king over to the kine's side with this end i l ~ k w and ; indeed this is the most systematicmethod,if not in this instanm tile quicker.

,

The player ~ i t the h extra pawn

1

his king into the game. In am way at j least this suits White, who may yet hope to draw by exchanging offall the pawns. K--R4 19 B,,,,,-%CR. PxP 20 ~p x p ~ h , B.-R5 21 R-Q% P x P ch. 22 B-,x? I 1, ~ j playrd ~ 22,,4 ~ Y k ~16y ! seducd by tactial Iwssibilities of a sacrifice of his KRP fPKR4: S - ~ cre;lting ) a K ~ t P The . game for 2 1 moves before a draw was [ agrEd white QP with his , king 2jLKO3 KKt3 24. KQ4, and hold-

, ,

I has the

inherent advanfage that he may ofkr an exchanp of p i ~ e s ,on the suppasition that hc can win the pawn ending; whilst

.,

1

] ing up KRp his withdraws his piece, then thc ae;acker 1 24,,. RB2 z5. Rkd RK3 26. BQU accordingly advances and improves his pKa4 2?. ~ ~ 4 . phywas in+ position. Botwianik indicaies how this ( i, t, for the movE he of enterfactor may herc h i d tto a direct win: ( tlcprivcd his king of the BQ3 9. BB2 BB4 lo. UK1 KKt3 ; ing WhiteS haif of the board, which was 3. BKI Bo2BQ3 12+ KQ4 surely thc main purpose of his previous i,p, BK4 ch. 14. KQ3 KB4, Black has j ~Xlghtiyirrrpruvcd his king's position, but R--,K4 23KxP entry is not yct assured, 15. BQZ BR8 1 16,BKI F Q 5 17BQ21186,andnow K-Kt tC-334 3 Whits must a h w Black's king to attack ) 26 pLKt4 ch. QRP' Or xB 1 Elx B w ,. pKR.Q, K x P X'QR*I, after which Black wins the tempo-strugg~e,thereby eains the oppo- 1 26 . %R3 J 27 -8 sition, and iinally advances his king into the enemy position. Although rtIways 28 R--RS K-Kt4 P--Q5 29 B-K1 available, opportunities of return:ng the ThC culmirdtioo of Black's plan. NOW extra pawn mist not !x overlooked. To summarim, the player with the ' h a t the kings arc on the king's side, the pawn up has in mnsulucna iwJ yosi- p a s d ccme pawn becomes an effaivo tional advantages: his pawn may itself decoy. 30 ~ . 4 ch. 2 be a threat; or kc may offer to exchange picccs, the dwiension of which impmova I 1~ 30. ~ ~B K t ~ 3 33. ~ n 133 ~ 5 his game, i 32. BR5 PQ6 K-R5 30 ... 9 B--.B2 K--Q3 31 I3 -XI ch. K-RB 10 &-,,.R7 K-KJ P-06 32 B-02 $ 1 &,-K3 K-B3 B+QI 33 I)-Kt5 i2 S Q 2 K-Kt3 34 K- K4 13 R-K2 K-K4 14 'R-XI K-,,,,,Kt4 After which Black's king dmisisivcly 15 13%-02ch. &-RS enters, but i P 34. BB4 BR4, followrd hy 16 B-el ch. B-Kr6 35... $47. 17 B-B3 P-Kt4 ' 34 K--Kt5 RxP I8 B-Q4 p - , , , , , ~ t ~ i 35 K x P P,-KR4. 36 Whether he l i k i~ ~ 01 not Bbck will And Black wins. ,haw to exchanp some pawns :o force 1 if thc defender declines to exchange, and

,,

,

;is7

.

.

I

I

j

the bishop.

White to play

1

fOI

...

XX MINOR PIECE ENDINGS

12 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE 157 Smiltinc~v. Portisch, Moscow, 1956. The bishop shows itsd'to be better than the knight when bvlding up a passcd pawn. Here BIack's bishop not only proiwts hii own pavan, and pievents the advance of the KP, but may do so from many diffcrcnt squares;whcrus the knight ctin only shuttle to and from its QKt'l square. We fitst show that While e play loses. 1 Kt-Kt2

155 Kerm v. Lilienthai, Tallinn, 1445. White's king has no way of cn:er-

B x P 9. KR5, and the KRP blls, 9... KB3 10, K x P, when BIack l o w chiefly ins Black's game, and can neither assist because his KBP obstructs his bishop, the advance of his passed pawn, nor I0 ... BK3 11. RR7 HQ.1 12. PR4BB5 eff~ctivtiyattack Black's pawns. 13. PR5 BQ4 14. BK8 BK3 15. PR6, now White's problem is that of extriI K-Kt3 White tries the king's side. He cannot cating his king, IS. .. I%- B2 16. &Q7 R S 17. B x P (the not ustypical do anything on the queen's side. for Ssacrifice) 17.. . KB2 18. 847 BQ6 ch. there the black squaws are resolutely 19. PB5 KH1 20. BKB, and Black Mocked. resigned. 1 ... S K I 8. K C 8 2 K-R4 K-I33 White's king, limited by the edgc of 3 1E- .K6 %KG the bard, cxnnot get into the game 4 B-Kt3 K---Q3 witl~our this sacrifle, which however s &Q1 only draws. 8 BB7 KK2 comes to much To make a waq for the king via KR5, the same thirg. 5 ... K-R2 8 ... K-K2 9 K- R5 Of course iT 0.BKt5, then 9.. . BKt3, 9 ... KxB 10 K X P n- . K ~ I I1 P - 4 6 K-Q2 I2 P-R4 &82. Not 12... K x P ? 13. KK16 BBS 14. PR5, but d k r the text-move the game is quice drawn.

156 BoncR~Osmolovsky v. Konstantinopolsky, Moscow, 1949. When thc stronger pwrty has a bishop against a White to play knight he wins easily; always excepting thow c a m where there is a weak colour Opposing the king's entry is more jrnportant rhan snatching the quecn's complex (pawns on the same coloured pawn, if S... KQ4? 6. BR5 BRZ 7, squares as his bishop, so that he is very on squares of the other miour). BB7 ch. K x P 8. KRS K g 5 9. R x F weak IIcrc the pusiliurml Facturs balance, K x P 10. P-R4 K-,,,,,KtS 1 1. P,,-RS. and White wim simply because of the 5L R 5 R-82 inherent advantage of bishop v. knight 7 P-Q5 and a pius-pawn. If7.BKSRxB 8.KRSKB2 9 . K x P I P-Kt5 BKtl 10. KKtS KK3 I I. PR4 BE2 White's piem arc aimady c e n t r a l i d . I2.PRSBKtl f3.PRbRR2 14.PQSch. He next cream rt passed pawn to tic R x P IS. K86 KQ3 16. KKt7 KK2 down BIack's pieces. 17. K x B KB2, a drawn variant of I RP x P ch. Example 66. 2 PxP PxPch. 7 K-,Q3 3 KxP K-K4 LilicnthaI plnyed 7...BRtl? which The player with the knight seh up a permitted White's king toenter, 8. BKt6 typical strongpoint defence, in this case

...

...

I

White to play

KtR2 ch., but is st suficjent d w a where ~

P-45 ch.

g. gt~lPQ6. The knight alone is ntr

it stands. Kt-Q2 4 ... 5 K-Kt6 Kt-Bj 6 K-B7 Kt-Q4 7 R-B4 Instcad, 7. RK8 may be play& at

match for the discunnccted passed pawns. 4 ... 5 K-BS

onm7

I I K---Q7

K-K8

After this usefut chcck, Bfdck's king emerges. K--Q3 K-B7 4 K-K4 If$. KWKKB4 5 . K x P K x P 6. KW ~ 1 3 4 7 . K Q ~p ~ i 5 8. KtQ3 P K ~ B

on his I333 squalr:; bul White. outflanks it, in the best military tradition, If 3.. .KtQZ 4, PB6 KK4 S. PI37 KK3 6. K t 4 ch. 4 B-Q5 The pawn cannot advance, 4. PBd?

R t-K6 . ... 8 B--K6 Ki-~ts The pawn ending is lost after 8... KtxP 9 . B x i C t K x B ID.KK7. Kt-B3 9 K-R7 Kt-KS 10 1E-13B

...

2 K-K3

/

K.,,,-K~ B.--K2

K-Q7 6 K-K4 7 KxP K--B7 P-,Kt7 8 Kt--R4 9 Kt-B3 If 4. Kt x P K x Kt 10. K--QS K-B6 11. K-B6 K,,-QS 32- K-QT B--xt5 13. P,.--fC7B x P 14. K x B RK4, winning the pawn ending.

KxP

12 K-B6 ~ h . The passd pawn has diverted Rtack's king so that his queen's side pawns mdy be mopped up. 12 . . . K-K4 13 K x P Kt43 14

h

K-04

Kt--,,BI ~ h . 15 B,--Kt5 16 KxP. Black resigned after 16... KQ3 17. BR6 KtK? 18. KKt6 KtQ4 ch. 19. KKt7 KtK6 20+BK2 PBS 21, PR5.

Black.to play

X I MINOR PIECE ENDINGS

B - 4 3 &. B x Kt. White raiw, for after II. PK7 PKCt8-Q 12. PKR=QBfack forces a queen exchange, and thexi wins with his KKtP. Having to move, Black rannot directiv win; but another-facct of the bishop% superiority, its ability to lose a move, mables him to obtain this position with White to play. 1 ... K-,,Kt8 At preswt Black cannot get his king into the game, for if 1 . .. RQ1. 2. KK3 {threatening the QP) Z... BBJ 3. KB3, or1 ... BK2 2.K.K3I)B4ch.? 3 . K t x B PKt7 4. KtKt3. The idca behind the text-move is to hold White's king to the defence of his KKtP. 2 Kt-Kt2 If 2. K-Kt3 (foregukig his threat of KQ4) 2.. . L Q 1 and after 3. K 8 3 BK2 4. KKt3 BB3, or 3. KtKt2 BK2 4. KtQ3 BB3, Black has lost a move with his bishop. 2 ... K-R7 3 Kt-Q3 After 3. KB2 13QI White's king cantlot

Iave his post, 4. KK3 KKt6 5 . KQ4 K x P 6. K x P K M 7.KB4 PKt5 8. K x P PKt6 9. KtQI U 3 5 10. Kt33 KB6, arid the KtP queens. AIso if 3. KtQl BQ1 4. KK3 KKt6 5. KQ4 K xP 6. K x P KB6 7. K W PKt5- 8. -. K x P PKtB. - --

3

...

-1.

Black's bishop 10% a tempo on the diagonal KB3 to QI, atthough the process i s intemp;cd, being completed on his eighth move. 4 Kt-Kt2

And if here 4. KK3 KKtL 5. K W R x P 6. K x P KB6 7. KR4 KK6 8. KtKt2 PKt5 9. K x P PKtG.

...

4 5 K-B263)

6 K-B3

&K2 %-I34 ch. K-Kt8

1

7 Kt-Q3

&-K2

8 K-K3

BUR3 K-B8.

158 Chemikov v. Chekover, Leninp d , 1968. In all endings with piem and pawns the defcnder has exmllcnt drawing chances whm all the pawns are on one sidc of the board, spread over fom or fewer files. If the stronger party has a bishop a pawn up generafly draws, and it is the same in rook or qumn endings; but if thc stronger party has a knight, then a pawn up often wins. Thc knight's short range is here no handicap, whifst its ability to control squam of either coIour is a distinct a=t.It makes IittIe difference whcthw thc defender has a knight or a bishop. 1 Kt-.Q2 Kt-Q3 2 Kt--Kt3 K-B3 3 Kt-42 K--44 4 K-43 P-H4 Waving centralid his p i a s Black creates a passed pawn. In the nature of things this wifi not be far from the other pawns,a ci~cum~tafioe which favours the knight, whereas it would b to the disadvantage of the bishop. 5 PXP PxP 6 Kt-Bl The pawn ending is tmily won after 6. i(K3 KtB5 ch. 6 ... P-K5 &. 7 PxP& PxPch. 8 K- K3 K- -K4 9 ~t--q2 Kt-B4 ch. 10 K-K2 P-K6 Mack now advances his passed pawn, winning the knight for it. With a knight he can sometimes do this even when the pawn i s directly opposed by thecnemy's king and minor piex, a procedure impossible with bishops--or for that matter any other pieoes.

12 M O W PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE 28 P-R6 Kt,--Q2 If Kt-B3 ch. K-B5 29 K,--BS K-R S K-K5 12 Kt-K1. 31, K-K6 K-,Kt4. Kt--Q5 13 K--Bl Kt-K? I4 K-Kt2 With 5 united pawns v. 4 pawns the 15 Kt-B3 stronger party may e x p t to win B 15. RBI Kt35 16. RKtl KtQ6 whether be has a bishop or a hight. The method is the r a m , a paswd p ~ m in I?. KtKt2 PK7. crcated, and either forced through or 35 ... K-Q6 u d as a decoy. 16 Kt-KS &. K-Q5 Not 16... K W ? 17. KB3 KQ7 18. 159 Fine v. Najdarf, New York, KtB4 ch. 1949. With 3 united pawns opposed to 17 Kt-B? ch. K--,R6 2 pawns the gamc is drawn regardlw of 18 Kt,--K5 the kind of minor p i m , although knights do offer somc chancts of a win if the dafcndef is at all carelw.

Kt-K2 1 ... 2 Rt,--K4 2. RtKZ KtQ4 3. KtKtl is simpler. Thc knight kmps out Black's king, guards the RP,and leaves White plenty of elbow room for his own king; and a draw might honourably Ix a g e d . 2 ... Kt--I34 3 P-R3? White to play Xf 16. KBI KtB5 17. KKI KQh 18. KtK5 ch. KKS 19. K1B4 KB6 20, KtK5 ch. KKt7 21. PR4 PR4.

18 ... Kt-B5 ch. 19 K-B3 ' P-K3 M K-B2 Kt-Q6 ch. 2I K x P White resigned after 21. KtxKt K x Kt 20. KRI KK6. He loses the &mpu struggle, 21. PR4 PR3, or 22.

PR3 PR4.

...

21 22 K-K3

Kt x Kt Kt-Kt3 K-Q7 K-K6

23 K-K4 24 K-RS 25 K Kt5 The game is not to bc savecl. If 25, KB6 RR6 26. KKl7 KtB1. 25 K-J36 26 P-R4 K--Kt6 27 P-RS Kt-31

...

Black to play This extra weakness i s fatal. Imtmd he should pPay 3. Kt-B2 Kt-KG ch. (3 KtQ5 4. KtR3 PKt4 5. KtKtf) 3. K t 4 3 P-Kt4 4. K-Kt1 Kt-37 4. K-R2 K-R6 5. K-Ktl, when White's knight firmly prevents Black's intended 5 . . Kt--K8a

...

.

II MINOR PIECE ENDINGS

A near sacrifice. Once a ~ a i na mok's pawn is shown to be very strong againsr a knight.

Whitc resigns hecause hc cannot stop theRP. I f $ 1 . KtxKtPPRh 1 2 . K t x P K x Kr 11 KO7 K K t 7 hilt rlrrl here

Black to p l ~ y in Exernpte 158, the knighr xen-luves I theAsblockading king.

' 9 K-U2 Kt-K9 Averbrtch, Baku, ' 10 K-Kt3 K-B5 1955. Here threc pawn? win agajns: two Whire resigns, for his knight will be pawns b ~ i i u s elhcy are spread over four lost for ihe KP, fik. 1. ... P-Kt4 i i 13. MORE PAWNS: POSXTXONAL 'ro fix hit^-^ so tllaf later KKtP hcorncs a target. ADVANTAGE 2 P-R5 'HIE two mmt important factors are: In general White would to fkeiinherent Potentialities o f tRc pawn on@:player having a passed exchange, but hcrc 2, P x P &. K x P I paw"+ a wing majority, or in some way txposcs his Ktp too much, and leads a tosf pawn ending aftcr 3. KB3 pK5 ch. 1 b c i i c ~ a c l u 0~1i J I I I ~ G J ' I Ip~ dI ~m~ d pdwnh; 4 , ~ K t KtBS 3 5. KtR2 KtQ7 6, K g 2 2nd the position of one's king, Eilhw -Y d~xisive, KB5 7. KK2 KKt6, or 3. KtR2 PK5 : 4. KQ$ KRS 5, K t ~ KtKi4 l &. 6, ~ g ,5 Weaknesses such rtS isolated, doubled, or backward pawns, although trorrblePK6. some, are not so serious as rhcy arc in rmk and pdwn endings. Thc position of the minor piece is rarely vttal. A bishop can r ~ p o stion ! itself in a move or so--except for tho= special c a s t s wIlere there is a bad bishop Black's king makes a tempo-move (Example 156). Sometimes the knight is before guarding his KP, for if at once a lit ile rnisp'aced, requiringscveraf moves 6... KQI? 7. KtKt4cl-1. KK4 8. K t S h to ~ c a c hthis or that sqrrare. ch., and White's knight is aggressively Of the powcrsof the bishop opposed to glaccd, those of he knight the concensus is as 7K t 4 4 aC=-,,Q4 I folfows: 8 Kt-K2 1 Upen positions, pawns spread over 6-8 I fiks: the bishop i s supmior, but not If KtBS K t x K t , Black wins, ' decisively 50; if the player with the Exarnpfe 32. bishop has also some other advantage 8 Kt-B5 ch. a betrer placed king or a rxrorc favourable

160 GuIdin

v.

8

I

.. .

13 MORE PAWNS: POSXTXONAI. A f l V A h T A G E pawn structuxe, he often wrns (Exarnplcs attacker is that of getting his king into 170-172). If ox r he contrary his position the enemy's li~les,--tkeprobiem of kingis orherwlse infcr~or, the bishop may entry. 'l'11t function of a passed pawn (as afford su%cime comwnsatlon to avoid one can rarely queen it) is usually to decoy the cnerny king so that om's own & f a t { r e notes to Example 168). Open positions, pnhns confined to 5 king enters, as in Example 16I. A knowledge of certain peculiarities or at most 6 files: the knight and bishop are about eqiral in viiluc (Exampic 169). of the knight may assist one's calculaPawns confined to 4 or fewer liles: tions. For instanw, a knight on Q4 can the bishop's chief advantage, i;s long reach any square in three or fewer range, is of no account ; and the knight moves, except QKtZ, QKt6, KB2, KE6, is supel,ior,for its abiliiy to cover sy wares and KR8. An adverse king, on the same of either cofo~ris uscful in clow warfare. diagonal at; the knight with one square Twdve or more pawns, closc but not bctwen them cannot bc checked in Mocked positions* irt jprrcral the knlght under three moves: in eRcz ihe king is is not greatfy inferior to the bishop; but as far away as possible. Another useful pawns tend to be cxcl~inged,and the distancc is to have one's king on the position rhercby opened up, when the snmc line, rank or file, with two squares bishop comes into its owr, The player between them, These relationships are with the knight must therefore avold commonly scen, as, for instance, in owning u p ;he game too much. This Example 165. sometimes ~xmakesit dificult for hifir to JdI hvcrbach v. Veresov, Moscow, cxpluit an advuntagc (Example 168). Blwked positions: if the player with 1947. White's queen's side majority $he bishop has pawns on the same colour l a d s to a passed pawn which is farther as used by his piece, then ha has a away and ehcrcfoxe of more value than bad bishop, or weak coiour complex, Black's passed pawn. This advantage, wbm the marked superiority of the and the fact that the KP is vulnerable, knight i s well known. In many usesthis and wen to some extent hampers its own hishop, are suficient for viclory. single factor auAim for victory (X:xample 167). I B-R3 F--QKM The pawn-structure is said to be * k i n : liquidation, as good a chanct balanced when, as in Examples 163 and 166, neirher player has as any. To move the king would let in an actual or potential passed pawn Wfirtc's king. The winner analyses the 'wait and see' or pawn majority. An u n b l a w d policy, I . . . &RI 2. B-Q7 B-Kt2 pawn-structure, E~ample 161 el aL, 3. %-Kt4 P x P 4. P x P B-Rl 5. often fads to the creation of passed P--BS P x P 6, P x P K Q4 (if 6 . . . pawns, which in gtncriil arc more effectively handled by the bishop than RQ4 7 . DKI KR4 8. PI36 KKtS 9. PB7 by the knight; but i t does nof fdo)lowthat BKJ 10 B x P K x P l l . R x R P K x P 12. BB7 BBI 13. K x P, Example 128) ~nhalancedpawns necessarily favour the bishop. 'I'he way in which tt. e pawns are 7. G R 8 P- K t 4 dnuSling \%%i!e's unbalanced is more impartant: in pawns, 8. P x P K x P 9. BKt6 BQ4, else Example 172 rk ur~balance favoirrs thc bisl~opsare forced off), 10, B x RP Black, who has :I bishop. and who wins; B- ,Kt l I 1. K-B4 34-QQ3 12. K - 8 5 whereas in Example 168 irke unbalance K- KZ 13. K-Kt6 K-R1 13. K-RG, favours White, who has a knight, and hc take? g o d care no1 to create passcd pawns too hastily, but rather to maintain the threat w&

I

on thc rank), 8... R-R7 A. 9. K-Kt8 R-KS, and tRem remains the task of extricating the king, which is shown by %Ivio in 2i9+ 2 P,,-,-Kth R,.,,,-KB I.

147

4 ROOK A

Xf 1 4 . . RB8 ch. 14. K R S RKt8 ch.

Mot 2. KKt4? WJ. 3. RxR (else Black's kifig ngcrosscs the QB file) J... K X R 4.KR5 KKt2. 2... R-R1 ch. Against a pawn on the fiftb the chacking distanm is too short. and hchecks run out. 3 K,-Kt6 R-Kt l ch. 4 K-Xi6 R-K1 ~ h . 5 K-Kt7 R---R7 6 P-Kt6 R-QKt7 7 K-R7 R-R7 ch. 8 K-Kt8 R-QKt7

16. RKfQ. I5 R-K4 ~ h .

If 15 ... W3

K-32 16. RK8 RB7 ctt.

17. KQ5.

16. R-KS. Tire threat of 17, RQKt5 is unanswer-

able. Mack to play mu9 prevent PKtS: R-Rt ch. 1 .,. If at oncc I... K--Q2' hoping to o p p e rooks, then 2. R-W (2. PKt5? nQno 2... R - R ~CII. (2... RQBI 3. R x R ) 3. K-Kt5 R-Kt1 ~ h 4.. R-KI ch. 5. K-Kt7 followd by PKtS. 2 K-Kt3 White's king and pawn cannot advance unaided, 2. RKtS RKtI ch.

9 F-Kt7 R-QR? 10 R-34 In this position* White's king extricates itself by sheikring behind the rook.

10.R-35 also wins.

10 ... R-R8 If lo... KG3 11. KB8,orif 10... R R 7 11. RQR4 RQKt7 12. KR7. 11 R-+ch. K-,K 3 If 11 ..,KB3 12.KB8. 12 R-B8 ch. 13 K,-Kt6 R-,,,,-K':S ch. R,,-Kt7 14 K--R6 * For no good reason this ia often called

1II

White plays and wins the checks on the- rank, 3. 4. PKS;.

3. KRS RRt ch. 4. RRt6, because of 4... RKtl ch. and White m a t retreat or bw his pmvn. Against a ?awn on the

The sjrnpkst way. 2. .. RQKtl preventing the pawn's advance also draws. 2... R-RI issuund, and if 3. F-Kt5 R-R5 when boih kinp arc cut ofT from the pawn. The result then depends on how hr Black's king is from the queening square. Here it is near enough, and a draw follows 4. R-I33 (4. RR8 KQ2 5. RBI RKtS 6. RB3 RKRS 7. PKt6 RR3, or 4. PKtb KQ2 4. PKt7 RR1) 4... K - 4 2 5. K-R3 R-KB5 6. P-Kt6 R-H3 7. &-QKt3 K-BI, when Biack blocks the pawn. 1R-Bd R--QBI

4RxK

KxR

K,-K t l 5 g-K4 Lucena's position. It was first published on I white advanc=s ~ l takes ~ ~the k p. 69 of Salvio's book II Psrrtirto, aftrumenre 1 opposition. & r m , il covalirro crranre CI Solvlo -, thL d'@ram movul eh' posiii0' Ndlies, 1634, where the aulho? sttrjhulrr the the analysis of the position to S~ipionei one 0 ' two fib to the ieft I results, 'lhe winning id= shown by Genovino.

..

220 Black's king is favourably ptaccd, on the short side. On the Iong sidc his rook has a sufkient checking distance an the ranks. Ths play mlatcs to Example 218. I P--KS K-Kt2 The king on the short. side is best placed on the second rank.

5-46

fourth the checking distance is sufficient, and in order to advance Whitc must at somestageguard h b pawn with the rook, 2 ... K-Q2

White plays and wins Black plays end dntws

M P A W v. ROOK

Salvio applies equally to a BF or Ccntrc P when Xlkxk's king is on tht long side of the pawn, but not otherwise.

'

150

.. RRJ

ch.

2 K--Q5

R-QRI

3 P--K6 4 K.--B6 5 K--Q7

Ciriesmann pbyed I. RQ7? when Black draws by I... R-K5, attacking tfie pawn from &hind ( I.. . RQRS aiso draws) 2. K--QI K-,-,Kt2 3. K-B2, Exampie 218. 1 ... R-Kt6 2 R-RI R--Kt7 3 M Y K-Kt2 4 K-K7 R,--Kt7 Biack's rook i s f d a move too late. If it were his turn to play Re wuld draw by checking on the rarks; but after

R-R4

White's next move the chwking distunoe

Drawn ch. R-RJ ch. K-R2 ch.

is too short, White's rook having m u ~ i e dthe remote (OR)file.

The position of this examgle moved one fib tothe right is also drawn.

221 JavelIlle v. Grismann, Chideville, 1952. Calwrs reversed. When lack's king i s an the short side of he pawn On the fifth whitehas winning chances oilly if his king i s well forward, On the fifth Or sixth rank* and if defending rook i s badly fad, as here.

1 R-R1 T h i s prevents Dhck moving his rook away, if I... RQR5 2. RKtl. ch. KR2 3. KX36.M%itewins if hb king has a m s to the KB'file, for his pawn then covers

8 K-B6 9 K--Q6

I

/

lo P--K7*

222

wen~

R-K2

R-Kt2 l E~~ ~ ison ~ *hey

~

of a ~ p $he , long $ide is always

fongenough for the defending rook,and winning chnccs tftcrefore more slender than i s thc caw with a cenrre pawn. Such c n d i n ~arc drawn, but hew, with every factor in his favour, While just wins. An understanding of this position is the key to the notorbus R+BP+RP v. R ending, Exam;3les 248-250.

I51

4

III RQQK ENDINGS 1 R-K6 ctt, 1 PB6? kQR8 2. RBI KKt3 3. PI37 KB3 draws. 1

...

K--,,R2

2 P-B6

R--QRI

3 K-X38

Thc essential winning rnanmuvre, holding oE Black's king. Naithcr 3. KK8? RRlch. 4. RK7 KKt3, nor 3. RK8? RR2 ch. 4. KB8 KKt3 suffices. 3 ... K-Kt3 If 3 . . . R-R1 ch. 4. R-K8 R-R8 (4 ... RR2 5 . KK7ch.) 5. P,,-B7 R,-R2 6.R ,,,,,,,.08.

4 ... R-R2 ch. C M i s are permissible when White's rook is no longer on the sixth rank. 5 K-K7 Xf 5. hB8 KKt3. 5

...

R R1

R-QRt 1 H--,Kt2 ch. K-Kt3 9 P-I37 R-Kt1 cft. 10 K,,-K7 XI--Kt2 ~ h . I1 K-KS R-Kt3 ~ h . With a XXP on the f ~ w h or farther back, Black should always draw if his king is on the short side ofit. 6 R-Q7

7 R-QI 8 K-K8

223 Blackdrawbykwpinghiskin$ on either 8 4 or K3. 1 R-Q2 A tempc-move. White's king and pawn cannot advancc against the enemy r d , 1. KB4 RBI ch. 2. KKt5 RRtl&.


Nack plays and d r a w 4 P-B7 ch. 5 ll-KB6

K--R2 R-Kg R-K6 K-Kt3

6 R-B2 7 R---R2 ~ h . 8 K--Kt& BIack to play simply prevcr:15 White's mantruvre, 3. KR8: I ... R---QR8 R-R2 2 R-K6 ch. 3 P-36 R-R 1 Not 3... RRZ ch.? 4. KM KKt3 5. PB7 ch. This discovered cRmk is the

3. KB5(RS) RBl(R1) ch. 4. KKt6 RRf i ch.-Black chocks the W t e king whenever it threatens to support the advance FKtS. 1 K-K3 With I.., KKS? Black vcntums tw far fonvard, and is cut off on the rank 2. R-Q6 (2. RQ7 also wins) 2... K-K4 3. R-486 K--Q$ 4. K--It4 R-KR1 (4 ... KHS 5. R M ch. KQ4 6. PKtS) 5. F-Kt5 R-R8 6.K-436, Example 219.

...

AND P A W v. ROOK

2 R-W This i s the other way (contrasted with A* ideal square for the rook from . R--K4) in which mite's rook may which i t holds off lack's king, and also guard his pawn, and thus free his king. Black's king mturns, but Bnisha up on guards thc pawn. the tong side of the pawn. 2 ... KKK4 K-K3 It is meatial bo dislodge the rook. If R-B4 2.. KKZ? White's king may advance R-I31 because the pawn i s now defended by P,RS R--,.Kt1cR. tfie rook, 3. KW RBI ch. 4. KKt5 If 8... KQZ 9.RQI ch., Example 2f 9. RKtl ch. 5 . UQ KK3 i 6.PKtS. 3 R-Q1 KC-K3 9 K-B7 R-Kt7 4 R-Q2 K,,,,,,,,,K4. 10 P,,-BG, $ I U too ~ 4. ..K-K2? logs, 3. ~4 The position of h i s dingram moved one Ke to the right is also won for K + K ~ (3.,+ R Q ~4. R ~j 4,K-W R-Bl ck. (4.,. KK4 5 , ROS ch, KK3 6. PKt5) 5. K-Kt5 ~ 1 K45~ ... 4 225 Black's king is on the shoft side. R K ~ ~I h 6.. m6) 4. R--.QW R-K~I cb. 7. ~ - . ~~ f- ,i , 0 48. R - R ~ ~ 4 3 3 White wins in quitc a different way, by 9. p - ~ # ~ h gLw . 10, R-RS ch. means of mating threats when Black's K--cg 11. P - m , when 81ack'r wok on or R5. ia rnisplaoed. 4.. . RKt2?, shortening the checking distance, also loses, 5 . KB4 RB2 ch. 6. RKtS RKt2 ch. 7. KB5 RB2 ch. 8. KKt6 RBI 9. PKt5.

I

i

I

I

224 White wins bemuse he can move up his king on ths two open files IQR, QKif where it docs nct obstruct

his pawn. I K-Kt4 2 K-RS 3 K-KtS

4 K-46

R-Kt1 ~ f i . R-QHX R-Kt1 ch. R--.QB l

5 R--QBI

White wins

...

puirrt vf Wlritc's having his rook on thc

sixth. 4 R-K8

If 4. RK1 RR2 ch. 5. 'FC88 KKt3, or if 4. KK7 KKtJ 5. PB7 ch. KKtZ I 6,RKW RA2 cb. 7. KK8 RRI ch.

Black is in zugzwang. If f RK2, shortening the checking d i s t m , 2. KQ4 RQ2 cR. 3. KB5 RK2 4. KQ5 KQ2 ch. 5. KK6 and 6.FKS. If I... KR3 2. KB4 IRBl ch. 3. KR5 RKI ch. 4. KB6, the m a h g t h a t indirectly guards the KP, 4... RBI ch. 5. K#7, and 6. PKS. E Yif BIack ~ could g+t his king to R2, he would lose in a similar way; whitst if he wuld get his king to R!, White wadd win by RKKt5 fallowed by KKM. 2P-K5

Drawn

White wins

1

153

IXX ROOK ENDINGS White annot win as in the preceding example by 2. KQ4 RQI ch. 3. KBS RK1. 4. KQ5 RQI ch. 5 . KB6 KKI 6. RK I ? because the checks on the rank draw after 6...KKt4 7. KQ7 RK4 8. KQS RR4 9, PKS, Example 220. For rhc same reason there is little point in 1. RKt6, attempting To cut Black otT on the rank. 2 ... R x P ch. If 2.. . KK4 3. KK4. and. if neccssarv. White's king escapm from checks on t6; rmk by playing to the KB file.

I

ch., 5. K-.Q5 R--QKtl, While finesses to fmI31stck farther away, 6. R-B2 ch. R-Kt3, and guards his pawn from the file, 7. R-QKt2, whm Black's king cannot get back in time, 7... L - A 2 8. P-Kt4 K-KZ 9. K -BG K-QI $0. K-Q2 ch. K-K2 (10 ... KBI I r . RKRZ) 11. P-K~S. Neither can - . Black - .-- - - temporize, for if I.., RKtZ, shortening the checking distance, 2. K-B3 R-B2 ch. 3. K-Q4

225

3 K-- m. White wins a roirk.

226 A position anaiysed by Grigoriev, 1937. 1 R,-KZ A tempo-move which puts Mack in xugzwang. for his king stands on its best squaw. White's king and pawn cannot yet advnna against Black's rook: I. K,,-R3 R,--Rl ~ h . 2. K-,,,W FIR-QKU 3. K--B4 1 ch. 4. K--QS R-QKtl , and if White is to makt5 profless his rook must guard the pawn from either the

1

rank or the fife: 5. W-K3 K--,,B4 6.K 4 6 ? (better to retreat) 6.. . K-B5 7. R-,,,-R3K-M 8. K-H7 R-Kt5 9. K-B6 (thrmtrning K B S and PKt4) 9... B-,,-Kt1 IO. K..-BS R-31 ch. I t . KRt4 RKtl ch. 12. ICE3 KK3; or 5 R---QKII? K-IC2 5. K-B6 K-Kt5 7.R-K t ~ hK-QI . 8. R,--K3 R-KRS

9. R-K5

R-R3

ch.

It?

K-Kt7 K-R2 ch. 1I . K-Kt8 K--aZ 22. R-QB5 R-R5 13. R-QKt5 8-B3 14. R-.Kt7 K-B4. In either case Black's king return, moving via K2 or K M according to White's play. f ... K-B2 After this While's rook protects his pawn from the mrk; but if instead I . .. K-B4, then after 2. K-B3 R-B1 ch. 3. K-44 R--QUl 4. K--W R--BI

654

White wins

rejoins bis pawn. whilst Black's i s cut 1 227 A position given by Fine, 1941. off an the rank. 1 K-,-B2 2 R-K3 K-B 3 Similar follows 1 . RKtf, for if 3 K-B3 R---B1 ~ h . 1 1 . . . RQI play 2. PKt3 RQ7 White's king i s R-QKII 4 K - 4 cut off hut Black's is too far off, 3. RRI 5 K-35 RKB7 4. PKt4 RI3S 5%KKtl KKr4 Threatening 6.P-Rt4. 5. K R 2 KB3 7. KKt3 KKI! 8. RQI RBI 9. RQ4, Example 223. 5 ... R--131 ch. White's sirnplest win is to cut Black 0% d K-QS R-QKt l on the rank, 1. KB5 KRtS 2. RBS KB5 7 R-B3 ch. 3. KB2 KKS 4. -3, folfowed by This finesse f o f w 3:actrk's king 5. PKt4. farther away. 1 ... R-,-331 ch. 7 ... K-K t4 2 K,,-Q3 R--QKt l 8 K-BS K-Kt5 3 R--B3 R,--Bi ch. 4 K-,,,,Q4 R.,,-QI ch. After 8... RBI ch 4. KQ4 RQI ch. 10. KB3 RBI ch. 1 1 . KRt2 RQKtl, White's journey has not been in vain, for Black's king is cut off by four files, and

1

after 12. RB2 KKt5 13. KB3 RBI ch. 14. KQ4 RQKtI $ 5 . K W RBI ch. 16. KQS RQKtl Whtz guards the piiwn from the rear 17. R -Kt2, when Black's king cannot get back in time. 9 R-Q3 K-B4 Xf 8...RBI ch. 10. KKt6 RKtl ch. I t . KB7 RKtS 12. RB6 RKtl 13. aq4 ch. K84 14. PRt4 RK4 15. RR4.

10 P-Kt4 R-Bl cb. If 10... KKS 11. RQ6 cutting Black off on the rank. 1 I K-QS R-QI ~ h . 12 K-I34 R-B1 ch. 13 K-Kt3 R,--QKtI If 13.,. IWRI 14. PKtS, when BIack may cut off White's king 14... RR5, but his own king is too far away, 15. RR3 KK3 16. PKt6 RR2 17. RKt3 ROKtZ . 18. KR4. 14 R-Q6. Black is cut off on the rank as in the notes to ExampIe 223. With a RP or Cmtrr: P on the third rank the win i s easier, White's king moving forward on the film on the short side, and in due course playing his rook

White wins

I

-

If 4... RQKtl 5. RQKrl KKt4 6. PKt4 KI33 7. KB5 as in the prading: exampt e. 5 K--BS R---81 ~ h , 6 K-Q6 R-,,,QKtl If 6,. , RQl ch. 7.KI37 RQ6 8. PKt4 RQKt6 9.RR4 ch. 7 R--QKtf R-Rl6 This i s the idea behind Black's pLn of enticing White's king forward. 8 K-I35

1

behind the pawn.

R-34

K-Kt4 R--Kt 1

P-Kt4* the examples gwsn.

K- Kt4 155

4 ROOK AND PAWN v. ROOK

...

Xf f ... KKt6 2. RB5. If 1 KK15 2 . RRb, and now 2 . . . RKRl 3, RQR6, or 2 . . . KKt4 3. RBI. 2 R ,,,,,,,,,B2 R--Kt5 3 K-BI Kopaie)'~subtfe discovery. putting Black in xugrwang. 3. KBZ? RBI ch. draws; White could advanct Ilis king to QR7 b ~ Black's l king could suhseyuenlly attack the white rook. breaking the barrier on the KB file. Whilst if 4. KKtX RKRf 5. PKt3 KRt6 6. RB6 RE17 7 . PKt4 RRS 8. PKrS RKtS ch. By playing thc tcxt-move White avoids this chcck. 3 R-KRI If 3 . . . RBI ch. 4. RB2 R K R l 5 . RB5 RR7 White moves his king lo QR3 and then plays ?Kt$. If 3 . . . KKtQ(moving farther From White's rook) White wins by 4. KB2, advancing to QR7. 4 P-Kt3 K-Kt6 5 11-336 R--R7 6 P-,,Kt4 K-Kt5 If now 6 . . . RR5 the pawn advances. 7 ?-,Kt5 K ,,,,,,,,,K t4 8 Xi-R8 R---R2 9 R-QKt8 K-33 K--,-K3 10 P-Kt6 11 P-Kt7 R-K2 White wins by advancing his king.

1

i

White wins

7 K-Kt5 R-Kt l ch. 8 K-B6 To hold off Black's king. El ... K-K2 9 K,,,,,,,,Kl ch. K-Q 1 K~,,,,,,,K2 10 R,-.,-Qlch.

...

228 With a BP White's king moves up on the 5les on the short side, as shown by Cheron, 1923. 1 K-Kt2 R-Kt I ch. 2 K-K3 R-QEl 3 R ,,,,,,,,Kt3 K-Kt 1 ch. 4 K,-,-.R4 R.--QR 1 Zf 4.. . B-R1 ~ h .5. K-Kt5 R--,,,,Ktl ch. 6. K-R6 R,b.RI &. (5,.. RQBl 7. RQBI RE36 8. KKIS RKt3 9.XKt4 KHI 10. m4) 7. K-Kt7 R,-RS ( 7 ... RRS 8. RQRI), and now the ingenious 8. RKi8 wins, 8. R.,-QBG 9.R--,Q88 K-B6 f 0. I>-B4. 5 R--QBI R-Kt3 6 p ,,,,,,,a4 K.,-R3 I

K-QR1 If 2... R-K8 (2... KB7 3. RB4 ch. I ... R,,--R7 ch. KQ6 4. PKt3) 3. Y-Kt3 K-86 4. 2 K-H R-K6 ~h . R--B4 ch. K.,-Qfi 5 . R-U8 K--Q5 i 3 6. K-R! R,,-R8 ch. 7. K-R t4 R-XI:! ' 4 R-Kt2 8. R-Q8 ~ hK-K4, . and White's rook ~f 4. K Q ~ K K ~ ,or 4, KKt4 RQ6 is mispktced, 9. KBS RH,Z ch. 10, KKt6. 5- ~ ( n 3KKS. R QR1. 4 .,. All the rook has fa do is to farce Whits's king from the QB file to the QKt file. Now if 5 . PQ4 KK5, or 5 . PQ3 A step by step proms with king and KKB, or if 5. KB2 or 5. KB3 Black pawn. checis on thc rank: finallv. if 5. KKt3 6 ... R-R8 ch. 7 K,-Kt5 R-R1 8 K-K t3 ch. K,,,-,,Q5 231 A position after Fine, 1941. S... RKt7, attacking from the rcar, Black's king is in danger of being cut 0% fails because the chocking disiance on the on tha rarrk. He draws by an attack on fites i s too short, 9. -6 RBI ch. two fonts, the king from the rear and the rook from in front. Usually this 10. KKtl. Compare Example 231. works only if the pawn is not bcyond the g K ,,,,.,.B6 R-..81 ch. third rank, when the c k k i n g distance 10 K-Kt7 R-,B8 i s nf sufficient Icnyth. I1 P-KtS. K-Kt8 f R-R2 ch. Black to ~ I a vdraws by I . .. RQRI hemming i i white's king. If 1.ilrx:d whm i t could sustain a s & a olchecku; ifit wcre at KRI, the game would be drawn after I... KB2 2. RKt7 ch. KBI.

R.,-Kt8 ch.

I

Now if 2 . . KQ2 White escapes via 3. RQKtR RKR8 4. RKt7 RKt8 ch. 5. KR6 RR8 ch. 6. KKtG QB5,

RKt8 ch. 7. K85. Whilst if 2.. . KQ3 White m a p via Q38, 3. RQKt8 RKRI 4. KKt7 RKO ch. 5. KB8 RB8 cfi. 6. KQ8 RKRl 7,RKtG ch. K W 8. RB6 ch. KKt4 9. RB8. Black to play keeps. White imprisoned.


Blocking the pawn also draws, 2. KR7 RKt7 ?. PR6 RKt8 4. KR8 RKt7 5. PIX7 RKttl, Eramplc 232.

Unlike the c a w with the pawn on other film, Black draws hy offering an. exchange of rook, for which purpose the s m n d rarlh is the best p l w for his king. 1 ... K--B2 M c n Black's king is properly placed he draws against a RP on the founh, although cut off by four files. 2 K-Kt4 3 R-+I

If3. R x R K x R

R-KI 4. K K t S K Q 2

5. KKtG KB1.

I

R.-Kt6 R-K4 ~ h . (3 ... RKRS 4. RQRC or 3... RKKi1 4. K R 6 RKRl

158

3

White plays and wins BIack plays and draws

...

4 P-R5 59

K-K2 R-41

IH ROOK ENMNGS 5 R-QBl

K-,,,,Q2 R--QRf R-QRI K,--.B2 K-Kt?.

I

6 p ~6 7 f--KT , 8 R-QRI 9 K-Kt5 If king wcrc cut by files then tha RP on the fourth wins. An j exchange of rooks is not then practicable I fox it would leave Black's king outside i the square of the pawn.

4 ROOK ANLl PAWN v.

RRJch,? 7,KKt7, cannot 7 P--W

the

i ,

R-Rl

9 K-Q7 K-Kt3 10 R-Kt1 ~ h . K,-E4 W o t f O... KR3? 11.K137, 1 1 R-Kt7 R-R 1 R-,,RI R--R I . An amusing draw by repelitio~~.

R-R2 ch. 5. K-R8, thc king is driven in front of :he pawn, 5. .. K,,LK4. 2 ... R-R3 ~ h . The ptay should be contrastet1 with Example 231. Mere the chcdcing+distance on the ranks is at its maximum renardless of the raxlk the RP i s on. Bfaok's king behind the pawn in no way obstructs his rook. 3 K--B7 R-RZ ch. 4 HE-Q6 XI-R3 ch. 5 K-K5

237 White's rook is poorly placed in front of the pawn, a not uncommon situation with the RP. With a KtP as in &le 241, or any other yawn, Black's king is rtsuatly able to cross the board so that the position is resolved one way or

the crher. Black must do somelhing about White's threat of moving his rook.

.

Nni I . R K 2 ? 2. RKIR ch. K x R 3 . PRI--Q ch. After f R-K4 ch. ? the checking distance is too short, 2. K 4 t h R-K3 ~ h .3. K - 4 7 R- QR3 (3.,. RKZ ch. 4. KQG RKB2 5 . RKt8 ch.j 4. K-Kt?, guarding the pawn, 4.. R--It8 5.

.. .

R-Kt8 ch. 6.K-BG K--B8 ch,

It-QR

7. K- h t 5 R

Kt8ch. 8.K-B4. I . . R136 ch. ? is also a careless chixk, fo~uftm 2. KKt4 Black's rook cannot play to the Q R file, and if 2... KI32 3 . RKtB ch. The text-move follows the simple d c ;

.

@ g f ,!,:,,b # W l : ,-,, ,-;--

.

..

Black plays and draws

. ..

i

The diagram position moved one Rte

stopped-

8 K-K6 K--.EM The only move, hddins OR White's 236 A study by Grigroriev. Mack's king. Styboth, 18W, shows that after king attacks horn the rwr, and the rook #,.. &-Kt49 the milting thmals are checks on thc ranks: a counter-altack fatal, 9, K ,,,,,,.. K,,,,,,,,,Kt3 10. ch. espxially effective against the RP, ; K . - . . ~ 3(10. ..K x P 11. R37) 1i ,K,,,,.-.X37 h a w this pawn provides no shelter ! R X P ck. 12. K U h .

for the king. I ... R-KR7 2 P-R6 If 2. R-.Kt1 ch. K-R5, maintaining

RUUK

'If 5. KK7 RR2 Ch. 6. KF36 RR2. Whar must move to tbe king's side to escape h c chocks. K-,,-R4ch. 6 K-86 TI--R 1

238 Thc RP on the seventh i s defended from the rank,which is hiker for White than having the rook in front of the pawn. White wins if his king can

Biwk @ays and draws

penetrate the qrrwn's side, via QKt6, QB6, or QB. Black draws ifhis kinggets to QB3, preventing Whire's d e s i ~ . 1 K,,,-.K4 K-K3 R-Kf 6 ch. 2 K-Kt6 I... R-R4, temporarily cutting off Another rule: when White's king king also fails by a tempo, guards ttc p a w , threatening to h e his 2. K* K,-K3 3. K,-,B4 K-Q3 rook, Black nIUSt give check. Usudly he 4, K - ~ t 4 R-R~ 5. K KtS, when chrxks on the file. Whita's king gets to the eighth and wins, 3 K-B5 R-QR6 5. ., R-Kt8 ch. 6. K-Rfi ch. 7.K-Kt7 R--Kt8 ch. 8. K-,-B8 (not Not 3... R W ch.? 4. KK:4. 8. KR8? blocking thc pawn, 8... KH3) 4 K-Kt4 R-R8 8.. . R,,--'88 ch. 9. &-Kt8 R-Kt8 ~ h . 5 K-Kt3 X3.,,--.R3. 10. R-Kt7. Black's rook must stay on the QR file. 2 R-R6 ch. - Black's king is ticd tu thc s q u a w The skcwer-threats arc fatal, is KKt2 and KR2. If 5... KXt3'! 6. KBZ? KKt8 ' oRm ibc m e when BIack's king venif 5 . A _ Eh, KRZ 7_PBOLU, 6. RR8 R x P 7. RR7 ch. winning I tures t' t' K-file. Black's rmk. It is because of thi5 skewer check that BIack's king cannot cross the intervening KB, K, and Q files to approach the pawn. Black draws thls kind of position by choch on the ranks only when his rook is moving up and down the KB file; or, with his king at KR2, tfte KKt fife. If Whtrc's king m o w towards the rook to put a stop to the chscks, then Black's rook plbys to the QR Ale behind the pawn. C l ~ on b the ranks arc useless i f Black's rook is on either the K or Q film bmuse the chacking distance is too Wh~replays and wins short, as noted above; whilst xf Black's I Black plays and draws rook is on the KR file then c h ~ k on s thc rank masc when White plays his king to T h e Fame with White king on KB3, K3, t h scvcnth, ~ KZ, or Q2

when not checking the rook must be on m.Q R Me attacking the pawn from the the

1

'

I

,

I

161

4 ROOK AND PAWN

HI ROOK ENDINGS

2

,..

K--Q21B2) 3 R-R8 RxP 4 R-R7 ch. slack to play draws b I , . , K K ~ 2. KK.4 KQ3 3. KQ4 KI33, White king on K3: White wins bv 1. KC14 K K 2. ~ K I S . Stack draws by 1 RR5 cutting off White's king on the rank, 2. KQ3 KK3 3. KR3 KQ3 4. KKt3 RR8 5. KKt4 KB3. White kine: on K2: White wins by 1. K,--Q3 (1.. KK3 2. K134) 2. K-33 K-K3 3. K-Kt3 IC-,,,,,R8 4. K-Kt4 K - - 4 3 5. K,--Kt5. B h ~ k draws by 1.. KK3. Black may insbad interpose the moves I... RKtJ 2. RQRt7 reaching a nosition which brines about the sa& result for aithough T... KR3 appears to lox time, after 3. KQ3 KK3 4. KIM RQ3 White must givc back the tempo by 5. RKR7 in order to make way for his king or draw by 5. KKt5

I

...

.

.

4. R-QKt8 R-R6 5. K-Kt7 R.-Kt6 ~ h 6. . K-,,-R8 R--QR6 7.P-R7. While's main t h a t is trans~winato Example 238, which can b a ~ wwen b his pawn i s not under attack, 1 . ..KR2 ? 2. RK? ch. KKt3 3. RQKt'1 followed by , , , rx1.

Cadess checks must be avoided. Xf I.. R- -K4 ch. ? 2. IC--Q6, and Black uin neither give check nor attack the pawn from the rank. He therefore loses, atthough the win in this pararticular case is somewhat feconditc: 2... R --KB4 (2 ... RQR4 3. KB6, or 2... RKR4 3. R87) 3. R K8 R--QR4 ( 3 RBJ ch. 4. RK6 AB2 5. KB6) 4. R-K7 ch. K.-BI 5 . R--137(and not 5. PR7?

.

...

The rule in tRb ca=: when not giving check the r o o k attacks the rwwn from the rank, If the rook attacks from the file I.., R.--QR6? (1.. , RB5 &,? is bad for the same reason) then White's Iring rum to cover at ~ 7 ,2. K-.K~G R - K ~ G ch, 3. K.--R7, winning after 3... K-B2

I

KK14 KK3 (the c b ~ kon the also sound) 4. PR7 RQR3 5. KKt5 RR8, B m p l e 237; or giw checks on the rrank from the KB file. 3. KKt4 RKB4 4. PRY KB5 ch. 5. K K ~ S1 &. 6. KKt6 R 3 3 ch. 7, KS7 RB2 ch. 8. KQ6 R 3 3 ch. and i f 9. KKS RQR3, Example 237. R--3C 3 ch. 3 4 K-B7 R-333 The best fih for rhe rook, On the KKt or KR files its king obstructs it, whilst on the K or Q Nm rhe chckiay J i s i u t e is too short, e.g. 4.., R U ch. ? 5. KQ6 RK32 6. RK8. P W ~3.

rank, i s

2 KUB1

R-KR5

This Prevenb White's playing RKR70n his fourth 3 K-R7 ch.

M i t e usually regroups 85 s w n BIxk's rook Ieaves the QR file.

tl~

..A

If at once 4. RQKt7? (the natural 4. RKR7 i s not possible) 4... RRS 5. PRY KK3 6. KKt3 KR8 7. KKt4 RQ3 8. RKR7 (losing a tempo, but if 8. KKt5 RKt8 ch.) 8... KB3.

R-BZ ch.

"k hole at QR7 dms not shield White from checks on the ranks. Either 7... RQKt3 or 7..,KR2 is also playable.

2. KKt2 RR3 3. KMe3 KQ4 4. KKt4

239 The pawn b btfcr stopped on the sixth rmk when the rook is in front of it, becaase h i s leaves a hole for the king at R f .

ROOK

When, and if, White plays PRY Black ! k a u s c of the skewer threats, 3. PR7 must eithcr play his rook behind the ] KQW2) 4. RR8 R x P 5. RR7 ch.

5 !&--Kt7 6 K,,-B6

RKi8 ch. When White's king is to tha right of these positions, the game is dmwn. When White's king is to the left of the squares Xistd on the diagram he wins with or without thc move, e.g. White king at QB2, I.., K . K3 (1 ... KK4

KBJ 5. RR5 ch.) 2. K-Kt2 (2. KKtJ? draws) Z... R-R4 (if 2. .. RR3, 3. RK6 ch. skewers the rook) 3. K-Kt3 K-Q3 4. K-Rt4, gaining a tempo, 4 . . . R-R8 5. K-Kt5, winning as hfore*

v,

Black pfays and draws RR3 ch., the point of Black's defence) S... R-KIE4 (Black prepares for checks on the ranks as White is threatening RR8 ch. and KB6) 6. K--K6 (at this point Bhck cannot repty with R R I ch.)

6... R-QR4 (5. .. RKR4 7. RB7 ch. KKtl 8. PR?) 7. R-R8 ch. K--Kt2 8. K,,-Q7, and if 8... R-KI34, retinquishing the attack on the pawn, then 9. K-K8 It-QR4 10. R-K6. K-Kt5 If 2. RR7 ch. ICICt3. R.--K4 ch. mack must check on the rank when White's king mards the pawn; otherw i White's ~ rook is fwd.

Not g... R135 ch.? 9. KKS RB3, because of the trap 10. RKi3 ch. 9 Xz--R7 R--QR3. Exampte 237.

240 This position by Romanowky, 1950, *ePatcs closely to the precding cxamplcs. Black wants to get his rook on the ranks for a draw a s k Examples 237 and 239; whilst White hopes to transpose to Example 238. 1 K ,,,,,,.0 3

R-RS

Tcmmrarjly cutting off White's king, which is frying to get to QR7. If BIack's rook leavzs the QR file, J ...K-RB8, the RP is not under artack, so White transpose to Example 238, 2. R-R7 ch. K-.-I33 (ox 2... RKt3 3. RQKt7) 3. R.-R7 R--QR8 4. P-R7. Black's king cannot cross to the queen's side, 1... KB2 2. KR4 KK2,

White pbys and wins Black phys and draws The same with White king on K6, KB5, KIM, K3,KB3, or Q2

Making a bole for his king, and threztcnning PR7 thus preventing thc

approach of Black's king, 5 ... a-QR8 6 K-Kt4 7 K-B5 8 K-Kt6 9 K-R7

lo R-QKtg

R-Kt8 ch. R--38 ~ h .

R-Kt8 ch. K-K2

R

Q8

,,,,,,,.

R,,--Q2ch. Xf I I ... RKc8 ch. 12. RH8 HKRS 13. PK7 KQZ, Exampk 232. 11 K--Kt7

XI1 ROOK ENDINGS l (1 ... RB8 2. RIi7 ch. KKt3 3. RKt7 i RQRS 4, PR7 KB3 5. KKt2, Example 14 R-Rt5. ' 238) 2. R-R7 ~ h R-B3 . 3. K-Kt3 (the immediate 3. RQKt? RRI 4. PR7 Black. to play draws because he need draws) 3 . . . R-Kt8 ch. 4. K-B4 not fear the franspositions, 1 ... RQKt8 ' R-B8 ch. 5. K-Kt5 R,.-Kt8 cb. 6. 2. KQ2 RKt3, Example 239; or 1. .. K-BS R-fl8 ch. 7. K-Kt7 R-Kt8 R--QKi8 2. R-R7 ~ b .K-81 3. ch.(7 ...KKB 8 . R K 8 K Q 3 9.RQBch. R-R7 (3. KQ3 KK3) 3... : KK2 lO.RQS,ExampIe23rl) 8. K--BB 4. P-R7, Example 238. R--QRI (8... RKt3 9. RR7) 9. R-1K AND PAWN v. KOOK AND PAWN When each player has a pawn a draw i s to be expected. If one ptaycr's pawn is

more advanced, he may win a rook for i t ; acd an incorrect assessment of the resttitant R. v P ending Is onc of the commonest fautts, even haring occurred in important matches suc;l as Morphy v. toaenrhal, 1858, and Alckhine v. Bo~oliubrrw,1929.

253 Gilg v. Tartakowcr, Sernmer; ing, 1926. 1

...

R-Kt8

XI1 ROOK ENDINGS

7 ROOK AND TWO PAWNS v. ROOK AND PAWN

passed pawns the game is iru often drawn

as not.

On he other hand unitcd passed pawns, which are much more effective than dixonnectcd pipawns, frequently win. If there is any choice, rhis is thc ending the stronger party shouid aim For. In most cases an exchange of pawns t a k place; and White times this, if possible, so tkit he gets a fitvourablc R + P v. R ending. 254

Chekover v. Kazakevich, Hack -pbvs 1 . 1949. When rberr: is no passed - and wins I . , , PKI-Q? 2, R X Q K y R 3. pawn t i t defender must not play too Iris lollc KR7 f?37 4. PR6 RBfi 5, KRB KBlj passively, but should try and pawn to h c third rank. 'There are win6. PR7 KKt4 7. KKt7 draws. ning chances for the stronger party onIy 2 R-,R2 K-B6 i T he gcts both pawns to fifth, and not 3 R,-R3 ch. even then with KtP+ RP. If now 3. R x P Black wins by a tempo, ! 1 ... R-I32 3,.. K x R 4. KR7 K86 5. PRB K85 6. KRI1 KO4 7. PR7 KKt3 R. KKt8 If I... PKt3 ch. 2. KR6 P x P 3. PKtGch. KB3 4. PRt7 RR1 5. RKt6 ch. KR3 ch. KK4 6. RKt6 PBS 7.PKt8=Q R x Q 3 ... K-B5 R x R,Example 196. 4 R--R4 ch. K-Kt6 Xf I,.. RR3 2. RKtT ch. KKtl 3. 5 R--R3 ch. RKt8 ch. KB2 4. PKt6 ch. KK2 5. If 5. RK4 FKR--Q 5. R x Q R x R , RKt# KB3 6. RBS ch, KK4 7. P86 Black wins as in Example 202. R x P 8. RB7 (very neat) 8... R W ch. 5 ... K-R5 9.KKt4RR1 lO.KKtSKK3 f I . R x P , 6 R-R4 ch. R-,,,,,.K~s Exampk 219. 7 R-R1 R-K5 I T 1 ... RR1 2.RKt7~11.KKtl3 RKi6 8 R-,XI ch. K-Kt5 RR3 cb. 4. PB6 P x P 5. P x P RRI 9 R-,,,,,Ktlch. K-B4 6.RKt7 ch., and Black loses hecau% his rook is on the first rank, X.:,xampie 217. $0 R-KI K-B3 K-~7 ~ - - ~ t 4 12 P-,,R6 R-K2 ch. Whitc resigns.

2 R,-Kt8 3 P-Kt6 ch. 4 R-B8 d>. 5 P-36

R-KZ

'

K-B3 K-K4

The pawn sacrifice is the key in all

variations.

...

PxP

b K-K6

R-R8

5

14 P-Kt5. Bfxk resigns k a u x of 15. PR4, 16. KR7, 17. PRS P x Pmd 18. PKtCI.

K-,,,R8 c h ,

7 P Kt7 8 K-Kt6 9 K-87. Black ~zsigns.

ch.

256 EXoopr v. Nwrnan, British Championship, Nastings, 1953. White's

--

255 Flohr v . S ~ a hBudapest, , 1950.

'me other kind of winning ckrarin: uc~ut-s whcn Black's king is cut off. White's chances zw better than in the cornpar. able case of R + P v. R because Black's last pawn is hard to defcnd. I ... fC-,,.K3 2 R-42 R .,,,,,.,R4 3 K-,,Kr3 R- 1 5 4

KKKt6 13. KKES RKtStXt6) 14. PRS P x P 15. K x P , Example2f9. 1 1 . K,,.,-KtS R-Kt6 12 P-Kt4 R-Kt3 I f 12.,. R x P 33. K x P, Example 219. 13 K-R6 R-R3

R ,,,,,,.Q8

outside passed pawn wine msily b e c a w he also has many positional advantages: ttis pawns arc wcH forward, and of the right kind,,,,,-thcreare no RPs; his rook is more activc; his king is centralized. The unpaswd pawns are on thc same file; this is a fine point, but when they are oil adjoining fils Xllack has more chances of counter-attack or pawncxehange. 1 Ru....,.~tS K-Kt2

Threatening RQKrR.

4 k--.KS

R-,,,Q3 ch. 5 K,--B4 White's king usually assists the advance of whichever pawn is not held up by 13Lack's king, Ircl-cthe QKlP. T... R-Kt3 6 K-.,KtS K-B 1 7 K...-,-R~ K-32

8 P-Kt5

Ji

I

I

I

White wins 7.

v. ROOK AND PAWN A draw i s normal when there is no passed pawn. An outside passed pawn may do nu more than draw unless the stronger party also has somepositionaladvantage, however slight.

Also whcn them art! two disconnected

Whitc wins

...

K-KZ 5 R---QS R,,,,,-K~s If 5 . . . KKJ 5. RQKt5. 6 R-B3 R-KR5 7 P-Kt3 R-KKIS R-Ki6 ch. 8 R-,Q4 9 K-B4 R-Kt4 I0 R-Q5 R-Kt5 ch. If 10...RKt6 I I, PR4 RKG 12. PKt4 4

ROOK AND 'TWO PAWNS

K-B I

9 K-Kt7

1

I75

Whib wins

XXX

ROOK ENDINGS R x P 8. KKS K82 8. KQS KK2 10. RQR6. 7 R,--Kt8 K-K3 8 R-K8 ch. K--B3 9 R-l3g eb. K-Kt3 10 R-+Kt8 K-B3? This loads to a curlous zugzwang on his next mow, whereas dter 10 KB2 I I . PKf6 KB3 White can win Ehck's KBP onfy by advancing his QKtP to the seventh, 12. PKr7 KKt2 13. K X P , which brings about the well known draw of Example 237, White's KKtP making no significant difference.

White finesses. ?*he immediate 9. RBScb.KK2 10.RB6RxP I I . R x P KQ2 12. RQR6 also wins, Example

-

...

K.,,,-B1

10 R-B7 I I K-4'7

K-B2

12 R-B5 ~ h . 13 K-,187.

K-.,-KtZ

...

Rlack resigns ($4. RB6 follows). l'his is the normal winning idea, White exchanging pawns at a moment c h o w by himself so as ta get a won R t P ending. Thus the relevance of having one's pawns well forward, so that one can finish up wirh a pawn on the fifth, when the emmy king n d s to be cut off only by one file. 257 Dormer v. Euwe, The Hague, 1950. Colmrs reversed. Thc most important positional factor is the situation of the rooks. A rook is a geae dcai more powerful behind a passed pawn-,,-,one's own or one's opponenls--than in front of it. White to play backs up the passed pawn wirh his rook and wins easily, 1. RKt3 RK7 2. PK15 RK2 3. PKt6 White piays and wins RK12, Biack's rook is forccd into a Black plays and draws passive role, 4. K 3 5 KB2 5. K t 4 KK2 6. KKtG KK3 7.RKS33. ' 1 I P-Kt6 R-Kt5 ch. In the game Black took thc active i Fwk wsition &hind and This rckases White's king but Iherc is nothing better: should have drdwn: 11. . KKt2 12. K x P.Example 219. 1 ... R] I1 ... KKt3 12. KKS R R ~ (iftherook S K---Kt3 2 R-B4 : moves off the file White a d v m s h e 3 K-B4

P-&I

White threatened PKt4, w h n his rook guards both pawns, thus f w h g his king which then assists thc QKtP. Anyway the tcxt-move is good, for Black should keep White's pawns as far back a. IIC

an. 4 K-f16

K-BZ

ch.

5 R--QKtC 6 P,--Kt5

R--Kt6 K-K 2

If BIaclc'sking mows tou far from the passed pawn, 6.. KKt2?, an exchange of pawns leads to Exampb 2J9,7. K x P

.

I

KtP) 13. KOG. as in il~cpame. ... KK~(KZ) 12. FK~T KQ2 13. RRt8 R x QKtP 14. RKtT ch., and Whitc wins the pawn ending.

ni

12 K-K3 K,--Kt2 The position corrclatcs to Example 241, if 12... RKt6 ch. 13. KQ4 and Blackduxe not capture, 13.,. R % KKtP h a u s e of 14. PKt7. 13 R-Q3 R-B3 Marking time, for if I3 ... RKtb ch. 14. KB4 R x KKtP White still plays 15. PKt7, when Black's rook cannot move

7 ROOK AND TWO PAWNS 1: ROOK AND PAWN hhind the passed pawn, and if 15 ... the M t e r defence in a general way, but RKt5 ch, 16. KB5, the positions of the rooks is srili likely Similar diEculeics follow 13.. . P-B5 to be the deciding factor. 14. P x P (14. KBJ? f x P ) 14... R x B P d ... R-KS? IS. K-333. His rook is now forccd on the defen14 K-B3 K--Kt8 sivc. Maintaining its aggressive position 15 K,-,-B4 R-sa c&.

... FB5 2 . KR2 KR4 3. KQ3 RKf6 ch. 4. KK4 R x QKtP 5. K x P KQJ 5. RK2 RKtl 7. PKt4 RBI ch., draws. 1

16 K-Kt5 R-Kt8 ch. White &?reatensto free his rook. The best BIackcan do is to force White's king in front of the QKtP. 17 K-R6 R-RS ~ h . R,,-,,.R6 IS K K t 7 His

only

counterci~ance, but

Example 223.

it

shortens the &=king distance. 19 Ti-BB ch. KKK3 20 R-K8 ch. RUB3 In the game &)nner resigned after 20... KB2 21. RKS KB3 22. RKc5 R X P 23. KB6. 21 K-36

R-B6 ch.

22 K-Kt5 R-,.-,Kt6ch. 23 K-R5 R-Kt8 The chcks e a s e alter 23 ...RR6 ch. 24. KKt4, and if then 24 ... RR8 25. RKJ. 24 R,,-R6

1

Drawn

1

R,,-1(4 K-Kt4 R--.Q4 K K4 K-Kt4 K-Kt3

Having driven BPack's rook from ih counter-attacking position, White's king rcttrrns to help his pawn.

24

. ..

I f 7... RK4 8. ICB3 RQ4 9. RKJ. 8 K-tC--B4 K-R3 9 R-Kt3 R-K4 10 P-Kt5 ~ h . #.-Kt3 11 K-Q4 R,--K5 ck. l2 K""'-Q5 R-K 1 13 K--QG It-K8

25 Ku-UKt5

26 K--B6 R-B8 ch. 27 K--Q6 R--QKt8 28 K-B7 R-,BI ~ h . 29 K-,,Kt8 R-KKt8 Black mews his attack on the KKtP, but i t is too late. 30 P-Kt7 RxP 31 K-B7 R-Kt6 32P-Kt8-Q RxQ 33 K x R . As example 196.

258 L ~ h v.r Stdnitz, 14th match Black blocks the passed pawn with his king which is rcgarded as W e , 1896.

:

I

Having a d v a d his ki:lg and pawns as far as he can, Whik contrives the winning p w n ~ ~ ~ h a n g e . 14 R-KBJ KXP 15 RxPch. K-l35 16 P-,,Kt4. Black resigns, for after 16...KQS 17, PKt5 RKKt8 18. KR6 RK5 E9, RR5 ltis king i s cut off on the rank,

f 77

III ROOK ENnTXGS

259 Bondamvsky v. Keres, Moscow, 1947. BIack's rook is badly placed in Front of the passcd pawn. Nevertheless, because he has rook's pawns White only draws. He first hrings his king to the aid of h ~ passcd s pawn: R-R3 ch. K-K5 K ,,,,,,,,,~4 2 R.--R4 ch 3 K-R5 K-K4 4 K---Kt4 K-K3 5 K-a4 K-83 6 K-K4 K-K3 7 R--R3 K-K2 g K ,,,,,,,K5 K,,--KI

.

I

R-,-I34 ch. ~ l draws ~ by ~ chec.icg k on rank, ,,d maintaining his attack on the KRP, as in Examples 239 and 251. His k-ng remains on QR2 mnderinp of no account White's QRP.

Xf this position wcrc m o v d one file to the right Bhck wouId be in zugzwang, but u it :s thc tat-move saves him.

8 ?-B7

PR6. p,,,,,,,,R4 K ,,,,,,,,R2 10 P.-R5 K,,-,K 1 I 1 K-05 K-2 12 K -335 K-.,,-B2 13 K,L.KrS R KB3 Nor 13... KKlZ '! 14. RKKt3 RKR3 IS. RKt7 ch. driving BIack's king to the back rank, 15 ... KBI 16. RK16 RB4 ck. 17. KB6 KKII 18. RRt6 KBI 19. R x l), and White wins. 14 R-R7 ch. K-K12 IS R--I35 R-138 By givi~!g up a pawn Btack's rook

Not 7... K86? 8. PRII--Q. A draw was now apwd after 8.M I 3 8 KK7.

i

260 Spielrnann v. Capablanca,Mos-

White's kina. In these circumstances the drsconnected passed pawns cannot win. I ... K--B2 ff I... K Q I ? 2. LiR6 KKl(K2) 3. PB7, xnnd if 3 . .. KB2 4. RR8; but not 2. RQ6 ch.? KK2 3. R x P RxP, and although 4. RKB5 cuts off Black's king he draws by 4... RB5 in turn cutting off White's king, as nvtcrt i i ~ Exarnfrlc 219. 2R K ,,,,,,,.Kt2 3 R--.-Q6 K-R2 4 K-B3 K-Kt2 5 K-K3 K.,,-.R2 6 K-,-Q3 K--Kt2 Black's QP is not uscfess; on the contrary i t supports his rook on an ideal syuar:. 7 a- 47ch. K-Kt3

Black's answer to White's tempo moves. Not 8. .. RB2? 9. KQ5 KK2 10. KH5 KQZ 11. KKt5 RKBJ 12.

7. KR3 cb. KKr5 8. R xP, Example 224) 7. K - 4 2 8,-KR8 8. R-Kt8 ~ h K-B6 . 9. P-R8-Q. K-Bb 5 ... K-K7 6 R-B8 ch. 7 RU,,,,,.K8 ch. K-47. RxP

9 &--Kt7 It is often difficult to protect isolated pawns without getting the rook into an inactive position. 9 ... K-,,-KtS

cow, 1925. Colours reversed. Black's king blocks one pawn, and his rook, strongly placed behind the other,mts off

Drawn

...

I0 11 g ,,,,,..Q4 12 K x P

RxP

K--m R - 4 2 ch.

A draw was agreed.

262 Mikenas

v.

Poliak, Leningrad,

1947. Colaufs reversed. Black often draws apinst passed pawns one file apart if his king obstructs them, even though White has the better rook position, as here. 1 R-R8 ].. , RR7 2 , KBS pR6 3. RR7 &. KB1 4+ KB6 R137 cb. :, I(Ktfi PR7 is 'The pawn oo *he $uarded by the rook on [he rank draws t?asiIy,

...

261 Wajdorf r. Tartakower, Dubrovnik, 1950. The alternative defence is to make sarnetbiny of the lonc passed Pawn, anit here too Black needs to have his rook aggressively p i a d . As the pawn advances White's rook is progrmivcly rmtricted. 1 p.,,,,,,,86 2 K--43 K .,,,,,,.B5 3 P-RS R-R8 4 P,-R7

...

K-K4

Not 8... K x P ? 9. R x P ch., nor 8... RR3? 9. KQ4.

!}

achieves freedom, whilst White's rook becomes cwnfii~cd. 16 P-R6ch. K-B2

7 RCfC)K AND TWO PAWNS w. R W K AND PA.WN

K-Kt1 K-RI

17 R-R7 ch. 18 R,,,,,,,.B6 19 R x P

Drawn Elis king is now driven to the back rank. Xnstmd he should play 2... R-R8 ch. 3. K-Kt5 (3. KQS RQKtH) 3.,. R-KRI, after which White makes woeress anIv bv advancing his OP.

i 178

Drawn

j

6. K,-,,,,Kt6 ch. K-Q2 f 4 RRH t ch, ~ K~ K the ~ Pxchanlr,5. Z1.,,,,,.Q6 8. K-R6 QK18 7. P-Kt5 R-R6 ch. 3. K,,,,,,-Ke7 RGQRt6 10. p-.-,.w 4 ... P,,,,,,,,Kt6 R--R6 1 1 . K-Kt$ K-QKt6 5 K-Q4 12. ?-Kt7 R 9 n 6 . Black's Fawn on

~

5.

R X P R x P draws.

ch. K-K4, but not 5.,. 6. K--RZ R-.-KS ch. (6...

Xf 5. R-B8

R-Kt6?

I

by the rooi on the the sixth rank dfaws here, but loas in the game

? ROOK AND N O P A W S v. ROOK A N D PAWN ~~ntinuation because White there holds ' cotmntcrbdance White's rook; and his back his QP, which later provides a I rook fights two pawns a$ in Example i 211. vital eempo-move (14. Xz-Q5). 3 R--R7ch. K-HI 4 K-B6 R-B8 ch. 5 K-Kt6 R.-RS Black loses when the pawn on the scventh is gusrded by the rook in front of it, 5... RKR8 6.PKt5 PR7 7. BB7 ch. KQ I 8 . RB2 KQ2 9. RR2, thfealenin$ KRG and PKt6. 6 R-R8ch. This kads to an interesiing finish but is urlrzulmsai y, as thc irnrndiatc 6.iFKtS wins, 6 , . . R x P 7. K x P RQI(Q3 ch.) 8.KK7 RQ2 ch. 9. KRII KB2 10. RR6. G K-42

...

7 P-.Kt5

265 Aleittine

Whitc wins one of them unguarded, which invites a t~anspositionto a R , , t P v. R ending. Such an ending would b dmwn if the p % W n Swere further back. 12 P--Q5 ch, K-Q2 13 R-Kt7 ch. K-K I Unlks the case with dixonnmcd pawns, Whitc'cr mating threah force Black's king out, for aftcr 13 KQI 14. KQ6, or 13... KBJ 14. RB6, the witlivut leaving

While nlavs and wins Black and d r w s

i1

R-'Rfi X ~ ~ + , . R ~ P ~ . R ~ P K B W~ h~i t e. wRi ~R b y~~ c~t t i~n g, o n c p a w n ~ o t h e seventh, the other to the fifth, 1, PRt7 KQ2 10. KKt7. RKlS 2 K86 KKt8 3. PK5 R B I ch. 8 IN5 16. KQ2 PQS 17. RKZ RR7 ch. After the text-move Bi& resigns bemuse of 12 RR2 13. PKt4 PB5 14. PKi5, when his four isdatcd pawtwm are not of rhe slightest use.

...

Exchanges of ptiwns ohen lead to prptttalcheck before their mmbers are greatly reduced. l'ltc endings of the firsf t k m sections are usuallv the con=qucrlce of a pawn ending in*whichone or both piayers prornotc. In mntrast to endings with the othm pit l ~ cizruin drfensivc idea Is mrpcfual check, and in the simpler i s e s stdematc.

White t h r c a t e d 3. QQ1.

3 Q-K2 V-BB ch.

K,,-H8

1 QUEEN v. PAWN

The qrrwn wins in every case against a KtP or Centre P, provided always she

can at first check or pin or otherwise prevent the immediate promotion of the

pawn. A BP or RP on the sevmth draws unless White's king is within a spocificd distancc of the mwm. If the pawn s i on the sixth or farther k c k , ody the BP offers drawing hama and those rarcly.


The queen always rrds access to ccrlain squares, here QW, and on the 303 The approaches ninr h move K4.Although of no account W n s of chmls and pins, or by attack- , in the basic ending this fact may h in& or thatenin$ to Mmk, the P a w e rclcvant when there aw other pawns ison feriodicdl~a clo*ranF+d cheek forces the b a r d , in the final position of Black's king in froat of his p u ~ m ,thus Example 80. giving White's king time to approach. 1 4 K-Kt7 I Q--R2 K-Q6 ! 5Q--Q3 K-B8 Xf I... K.--B8 (1 KQ8 2. KQ5, or 6 Q--H3 ch.

...

,

Eers: queen. draught%: ~ o v e s .

]

...

The king must now obstruct his pawn.

1 QUEEN v. P A W

IV QUEEN ENDINGS

...

K--Q& 7 K--Q5 K-K7 8 Q-B2 K-,.K8 9 Q-K4 ~ h . K-R7 10 Q - 4 3 K-K8 1 1 Q--K3 ~ h . KL48 12 K+ K-BY. With thc aid of his king White mates in, four, 13. U-B3 ch. K-,Q8 ($3... KKt8 14' Q" IS' KB3' 14' K-K3, etc. The P'~Y againsta kni&t's pawn is the same,

S

304 White wins against a BP on the seventh only if his king i s near enough to capture it, or if there i s a mating finish

When Black's king is on thc short side BP he cannot be forced to block it, for if 4. QKt4 ch. KR7 5. QKt3 ch. Black g w to the corner, 5...KR8, when 6. QxP? stafemata. This i s what hapgens if White's king is farther away. of the

/ 1

I

4... 5 +R2

mate.

P-sa-Q

305 To have the king on the long side of the pawn, as in the fmish of the game *$bin v. aarou&, f xampIe 28, is Icss favourable for Black. I +-Kt2 K--48 K~~

J

9 K-K,tJ. And the mating thrmts are fatal. Laving out of account c k k s by discovery, Whitc wins only if his king h within the marked-off a m show an tho diagram.

306 Xn general White mnnoz win against a RP on the seventh if his king is tw far off, and after 1 . QKt8 ch. '! K87 the queen may zigzag towards the 387 The stalemate defenm with ilP pawn, 2. QR7 KKt8 3. QKt6 ch. KB7 4. QRS KKt8 6. QKt4 ch. KB7 7. and RP on the seventh am no longer QR3 RKt8, but now 8. QKt3 ch. is available when the pawn is on the sixth. answered by 8. .. KR8, and White cannot circumvent the stalcrnak thrmt, Any other 1-1 move except I. QWhcn ths king is newer them are mating combinations after the pawn UB8? wins. erna live is to into quccm. the winning arm of Example 305, pefi I K-Q5 ch. mittinn the n~wnto rcacfn the seventh.

305

after thc pawn queens. If Whita's king were k c ttt K2, then the pawn falls after 1. KQ2 KRI 2, RxP, but not 2. Q x P? stalemate. With White's king within onc move of Kt3 ;is diagrammed, he mat& :

r

must not fall for the cunning trap J... KQS? 4. KK4 PBI-Q 5. KQ3.

This simple manmvre, wwbh consists of pinning the pawn on one of the two availahk diagonals, brings Black to a

standstill.

K-~7 If l . . . KKiS 2. KKt3 PB8-Q 3. QR7 ch. KR8 4. QR7 ch, KKt8 5. QR2 mate. Q-.R$ ch.

Not 2. QB3? P38 =Q 3. Q x Q stale mate.

04

The point: if Black a d v a m the pawn 3 . .. PB7, it is blocked after 4. QK I.

This combination depends ou White's kina being able to guard K 2 in one move, andnow ;f 2 . . W ~ = Q3. QK2 mate.

2 ... 3 K-R2 4 Q--Q4 ch. 5 Q,--QKt4 6 Q-Kl mate.

White viavs and wins if his king is witbirr


White plays and wins if his king is within

R 4 7

K--Q8 K-B8

K-8

If White's king were hem at QKt5 there follows 1. QB4 ch. KQI 2. QQ4 ch. KK7 3 . 4 6 3 KQ8 4. QQ3 ch. KB8, and White gains a tempo for bringing up his king, 5 , KR4 KKt7 6. QQZ, winning as in the preceding exampla. If instead Mite's king were at KBS, he may try I. QKt2 K48 2. QKt3 KQ7 3. QR2, when 3... KB6 draws, but Black

This is the more usual finish, White's king making for Kt3 as in Kashdan v. nofir, Example 112. Alternatively ihc king may control B2, I. K-K4 ~ h K-Kt8 . 2. Q--KRl cR. K-KU 3. Q-Kt2 I&. K-Kt8 (3.. . KKtA 4. QKt7) 4. K 4 3 P-,-"R8:::v.Q 5. Q...-B2 mate. 1

..,

2 Q-KRI ch. 3 Q - 4 2 ch.

K-Kt8 K-Kt7 K-Kt8

White vlavs and wins Black . . and draws

1

BIack to play draws after I ... PB6 White can neitfier prevent ... PB7 with his queen, nor get his king within the winning area. This is an improbable situation, which happens in f e w than 50 of the many thousands of possible positions. -use

QKt3 mate.

I

217

Iv QUEEN ENDINGS Iring tries to g t into one or the winning a m before Black aacrifjccs the extra White might win if his kin$ were pawn. nearer, or if the KRP were lwu forward, 1. +Kt7 ch. K-R7 or if Black wee: emmbered by a third Not I... KR8? 2. KK5 PR7 3 . KO4 pAwn. PR8=Q 4. Q xQ ch., for White" king

312 White also cannot win agiinst a BP on the scvcnth unlcss his king takes

is near enough for a win.

Black b p s his king on the squares Kt6, Kt7, and R4.

part. 1 K-Kt4

Not 1. QR6 ch. ? KKt8 2. QKt6 PW, for Whitc's queen, unable to use the squares Q4 and QKt4, cannot approach and force Rlack to block his advanced

pawn, 3. QKt6 ch. KR7 4. QRS ch. KKt7 5. QKt5 ch. KR7 6.QR4 (84) ch. K-Kt7 7. QKt5 ch. KR7; whilst capturing thc rear pawn, which would win in the case of Kt' or Centre P,here only draws. Similar play follorvs 1 . QQ3? PI34 2. QQKt3 KQ7 3. QR2 KC16 4. QQ5 ch. KK7. Of course 1. Q x P? KKt7 draws at

Drawn

once.

Xf 2... KKt8? 3. QKt5 ch. KB7 4. 4134 ch. KKt7 5. QKM ch. KBY 6. QR3 KKt8 7. QKt3 ch. KR8 8. Q32, when l3Iack's extra pawn deprives him of a stdemate, 8 . . PR7 9. Q U l rnatc.

.

3 Q-Kt4

cR.

I ... P-B4 Black tries to get rid o i the rcar pawn. If I... K-KL7 (I ... KKt8 2. QQJ PH4 3. QKt3 ch.) 2. Q-R8 ch., the only move to win, 2 . . . K-Kt8 (2... KKt6

R,,-R6

If 3... KB7? or 3... KRR? 4+ QB4 (ch.). K ,,,,,,,,Kt7 4 Q - 4 3 ch. Not 4-.. KKtS? 5. QQI PR7 6. KKS KR6, wl~crr While's king enters the

winning area, 7. KQ4. 5 Q--Q2 ch. K-Kt6 Not 4... KR5? 5. QBI ch., White's q u m gets to the first rank wiihoui loss oftime, S... K K t 6 6.KKS PR7 7 . KQ4.

6 Q-RI

...

7 K-K5

P-R7 P-R8-

Q

K--Kt7 I#... KKt6 9. KB3) 9. +Kt4 ch. K-R7 50. Q--B3 K-KiS 11.

an an adjoining rank, fib,or diagonal; and in this way too thc position of BIack's king influences the result. A antre P or RP cn thc seventh nowally wins, chiefly because White's king has sufficient mamuvrinp, s p a

Q--Kt3 ch., and because there is no stakmate after I 0 ... KR8 1 1 . Q x P , Black must Block his pawn.

2 Q--QKt7

around it. This pmvcrrts Black's kirlg going to LIX A KtP on the seventh alrnosr always &oft side of rhe pawn. 2. KB3? KKt7 wins if supported diagonally by a queen draws. an its fourth rank, e.g. Whitc pawn at KKtT, White qileen nt Q4. 2 K-.-a8 The RP on the scvcnth is much lea 3 @-Kt3 P-B5 Grigoriev shows that Whitc's king is likely to win; even so, t3c dcfcnce can near enough for a mating finish against he dil6cult. With the pawn farther back results are daubIed bishop's pawns on the Afth Ias clear. Black's king, if not blocking and seventh ranks. the pawn, a n n o t improve- its psition 4 Q--R4 K--Q7 except to movc farther away, fur his S Q-K2 K-36 only Jefcnce is perpetual check, or on 6 Q-RI ch. K-47 fare wwsions stalemate. 7 Q-Kt2 PP-BS Apparently thc KtP can h forced to 8 +It2 K-..-Q6 the wcnth. but meanwhile Black's king takes up i& correct pos~tion.There is The het~erchance. If R . .. KQg 9. KR3 evidence &at under favourabte circuinPBI-Q 10. QK2 mate. stanccs a BP an be advanced. Less is 9 Q-Q5 cR, K-K7 known about the Centre P. As to the 10 Q--KS ch. K,-Q7 RP, if farther back a draw i s certain. P-BS -Kt 11 K-33 HEis mated if he queens. 313 A stable position of a kind 12 Q-R2 ch. K-46 which might always I x obtained, or to 13 Q RZ Kt Kt6 which White might return should he 14 Q --K2 ch. rnakea false start. When unabte to check 15 Q-K4ch. Hack pins the p~wn. 16 K-K2. K-B8 With the move Black draws by I . . . White i l l t e f p m with ch& On the P-m thrcatcning .., KK17, and if 2. Q - Q K ~ ~ K-47 3, Q-...Qs &, diagonal if Black's king stands on o m of ] four critical dla&onafs: K-K7, much as in the notes above. rhc long diagonal, I . . . K-B5 (I.., I KR8) K-Kt*. the adjoining white-squarc diagonals, QUEEN AND PAWN ' QUEEN 1 K-R6 (I KB7 or Kt8 2. KKt8 The pcsitbn of Black's king i s the QKt5 ch. 3. KR8 QQ5 ch. 4. QRt7 QQ2 5. QKt6 ch.) 2. Q-I36 @.-B$ decisive factor. 3. Q-Rd ch. R-Kt6 Q... KKr7 4. If it M ~ k tha, s pawn hc draws.. Otherwise his king must be out of the KB7 QQ4ch. 5 . QK6 QR4 ch. 6.QKt6 Qp4 &. 7.KKt7 QKtZ 8. QS7 QKt7 Way, and not obstruct his chances of perpetual check. Whitc tricx, to avoid ch. 9. KB8) 4. K -U7 Q-B7 ch. (4 perpetual chwk by answering a check QB2 5. KK6 QKll 6.KQ7, or4 QW with a check, and forcing a queen ch. 5. QBG QQ2 or R2 6. KB8, or e%hange,e.Thisiincrpowl c h ~ happens k 4.. QR4 cb. 5. QKt6 QBd ch. 6. KKt8) W y when both kings are on the same or 5. Q-B6 Q--82 6. K-BS Q-B4

...

...

6. QQ3 ch. RKt7 7. Q 0 4 :h, KKrG 8. KK5 PR7 9. QR1 corn&?to the same thing.

6

2 QUEEN v. TWO MORE PAWNS


,

I

22 1

...

...

...

3 QUEEN AND PAWN v, QUEEN

JV QUEEN ENDINGS

7.K-Kt7 @-Kt8 &. (7.,, QR2 or 332 8. QB2 ch.) 8. +Kt6 Q - 4 5 ch. 9. K-Ki8. The pinning diagonal, I... K--R6 2. Q--36 Q--X34 3. Q,-R6 ~ hIS-Kt5 . and now, 4. K-B7 Q - 4 4 cb. (4,. QR4 &. or 4.. QB4 ch. transposes. If 4... QB7 d. 5. QB6 Q M ch. 6. KB8) 5. Q - ~ 6 Q-I24 ih. (5.. . QKQ 6. KB8 , QB6 ch. 7. Q R 3 6. +Kt6 C+Q4 ch. (6... QR6 ch. 7. KKt7 QB5 ch. 8. QB6 1 QB2 9. QQ4 ch. KR6 10. KB8) 7. K-Kt7 -5 ch. (7 ... QK4 ch. 8. QB6 QB2 9, QQ5 ch. KR6 10. KB8) 8. Q-B6 +-Kt8 ch. (8.. . QQ2 9- KB8) 9. K-B7 (not 9... KB8 10. 034) 9...

3. K-B7 Q--BS ch. 4. K-K6 +Kt5 ch. (4.. QR3 ch. 5. KQ7 transposes) 5. K-,Q6 +Kt5 ~ h . 6. K-47 Q-Kt5ch. 7.K.--Q8 +KF3 8. Q--Q7 K-R8 (8... QKt4 9. RB8 QW ch. 10. QB7 QW ch. 11. KKtB) 9.K--H8 Q-BS ch. 10. K-Kt8 Q-BS ch. 11, K-R8 O-KSIB6i . , ch. 12 0.-Kt7. 3 K-Kt7 Q--BZ If 3... Q--Kt6 cb. 4. K-I36 Q-QBh ch. (4 QB7 ck. 5. KK6 as in the text, or 4... Q 3 5 ch. 5. KKtS) 4. K-B7 @432 6. Q-Q4 {threatening K38) 6...Q-Kt2 7. +B3 cH. K--Q8 8. K-BE, and Black.can mithcr cheek, nor

.

...

There would h-similar winning lines i f Black's king were on the KR, KKt or

~ f d . .Q. B B ~ 5, ~ KB7, . or 4.., g- RKtG,#s 5 K-35

KB files.

hfDre.

pBs ch,

0 - 4 7 ch. 6 K-K6 4 - 4 3 ch. If 6,. Q-KSch. 7. K--Q6Q--Ktdch. 8. K--47 +Kt5 ch. 9.K--QI +KR5 10. Q--Q7 K-Kt8 I f . HI--B8 Q-B5 ~ h 12. . K-Kt8 Q--B5 CR 13. 4-87, 7 Q--Qs Q-Kt4 If 6.,.QK6 ch. 7. KQ7 as in the last note. Also if 6... Q-Kt6 ch. 7.K--47 Q--RG&. (7...QB2 8.KQ8) 8.K-B7

5. QKt7 QH7 ch. 6 . KR8 QR7 ch. 7. KKtS. If Btack plays his king to the central Elm, White wins much as in the preceding example. 2 +Kt2 K-R6 3 Q-B3 ch. K-R7 4 K-Kt7 In spit. of mvny C ~ white S ernnot be p ~ v c n t e dfrom moving his king down the and KR files to K g t l , when Black's chcck~must hive a stop Imam White tP.mtens to i n t e p s e with check on the rank.

314

befare. 8 Q-B4 ch. K--Q* Eke the s w n s am exchan~ed. a

1 threat renew&l by White's next &v&

2 Q-"4s With Black's king at 4 138 an interposed check cannot be forced as rnattcrs stand. White therefore moves his own king to the sum's Gdt, where he threatens to interpose with check on the file. He fixst centralizes his queen, thus depriving Black's queen of the use of mnst of the central squares. There are of mum othw ways in which the samc idea may be carried out. 2 +.. Q-BS ch. Wherever it is Black's king gets in the ( way, even on ih?Q R file, Z,..K-Kt7 1

9-43 cb. Q-Kt2 ch.

+R3

314 WhenrhcrcisaBPBtacir'sking also has no good square, 1 ... K-Kt6 ~ h c hops k for sanctuary on the QR file. As before, the diagonals are unsafe, I... KKB 2. KR8, or l . . . KB8 2. QKtS ch. KR7 3. QKt6 ch. KX38 4. KR7 QB2

;ts

White wins

Qu-Kt2 ch.

than on the diagonal, and sometimes fails. as in the note to Black's third mow. This kind of win i s somewhat fortuitous, and depends upon White's having a suitable check, thus regrouping his queen without loss of time.

ch.

J f l l...QB8dl. 12.QB1.

12 K-RI

K-R8 13 Q-SB ch. K-R7 K-R8 1' QmK6 ch+ l5 WKEThe strategy is not profound, but many chwks may make it complex. For

i

BIdck the best checking distance i s to have two or three s q w s lxtween king and queen. White mpts the checks if he pursues a definite plan, andjor his queen is well centralized. Moving his king to a square of a different wlour from that occupied by Black's queen ofieo limits her choice of furthm checks.

313 with a ~ t mita p cannot fmibiy manmvre so as to intcrpap chsk on diagml, conseq,,,tfy ~ l king k~~ ~ a~h;iven vinfie ~ diagonally opposite corner. White can hope to win uniy by bringing his Ling to the QR or QKt fife, or to the first or secoild rank, so that he mates threats of interposing with chmk on the file or the rank. The qumtion mark, after the caption under the diagram, is intentiondl for it is not yet known whether or not Whiz can form a win & this way, and the mnsensus is that the posidon k

drawn. Witb the move Black has a new kind of draw because White's king in the comer has icss f r d o m of action : I . .

.

To summarim: If Bhckk king is already align4 tm the rckvant diagonals or CIes White wins by a regrouping of his king and q w n around the pawn, as in the notes to Black's first movc. In othr cases White boldly movm out his own king, seeking to atign it with Black's king, on the file as. here, or on tttc rarrk as in the next example. The pin is Iws eKctivc on the rank

222

White wins

...

Q Q I ch. 2. PKt8:::Q QB6 ch. with pmptual check.

Q--Q5 ch. Q--423 ~ h . &K4 ch. 'l'hispmitionoccurrcd after 1ItK) movca If 6. ..QBl 7. QQS ch. KRI 8. KRt6 of thc @me Bachman v. Gligo~ie, KKt7 9.KRT, and While soon opposw. Moscow, 1947, which we shall fob. q w n s , 9... KKt8 10. QK4 ch. KR8 3 K-Kt8 I I . QK8, or 9.. . KB8 30. QKt5 ch. KKt8 11. Q K t f . ff White miurns his queen, 3. QR2 &. 4 S K-Kt6 h R--RS

IV QUEEN ENDINGS KR8 4. QR7, Black maintains the pin I on the pawn, but must not play 4.. / QQl ch. for his yumn is pinned after 5. PKt8,-Q 4 8 6 ch. 6. QKt7. 3 ... Q,,--Q4 &. 4 K,-,-B8 Q-KB-4 ch. t Q-"'X(5 chv? 5 K-K8 After the better move, 5.. Q--K3 ch., / ir would secxn that White can avoid perpetual check only by going back to the shelter of his pawn, 6. Q-K7 Q-HI ch. 7. K-H7 Q-BS ch. 8. Q.--K6 Q--82 ch. 9. K.,-B6 (9. KKt6 QK16 ch, 10, KR7 QRS ch, 1 1 , QRb QKS c h . ~ 9.., ~ - f 1 5 ch, $0. Q--B~ ! (10, KK7 QU2 &. 1 1 . QQ7 QK4 &. ! 12. K R QB5 ~ ch, 13. KKt6 QK16 ~ h , ) 10... Q--Q3 cb. f 3. K-B7 (11. RKts QKt6 ch. 12. QKt4 QK4 ch.) I f ... Q-B~ ch, 12, ~ - ~ tQ-K~& 6 ch, ! 13. Q-Kt5 Q-46 ck ~ h i isi not to ray rheio may no$ be other waysin which White's king may . sucwsfully ntove out and cross the board. To retain the grmlest freedom of movcnlcnt Black delj$,ers chocks, in 8 ; $c?l~cralway, from central squares; and ', liere in part~cularfrom the squares on , hrs diagonal QKtR-KR7, e.g, KK16, KRS, etc. 6K-48 Q - ~ 1 &. 1 7 IC-Q7 8 K-,R8 Q-Kt1 ch. 9 K ,,,,,,,,~ t 7 Q-04 ch. 10 K-Kt5

.

.

1 quare. I I Q-R5 the kings on adjoining files there ! areWith two tnterpos~dchecks. Now if I I .

.

QK3 dl. chccking on the rank, I f .,. QKtS ch., or if I I . . . QB5 ch. che~king on the diagonal, I 1 ... QKt5 ch. 11 , *Kt1 ~ h r are n five ways in which Rlack's queen may hinder the KtP from queening: fi) delivering chock; fii) pinning the pawn on the Ion&diagonal; (iiif pinning the pawn on the wnk; fiv) occupying the Wwning square, as here; (v) cofitroflin~ the queening square. From Btack's point of v i m (i)and (ii) aw unquestionably the best defences. (iii) knd (iv) aiC woaker d ~ f ~and s t, l l ~ ysometimes lose;(v) v)is Very wmk, and generall~loses; c-8- if herc I 1.. .. QR2 t bere follows 12. QKS ch. KB7 3- QR2 ch. 14, QKtJ(Ktl followed $5. PKt8,,,tQ.

!

: w B m :,,,A. @ .. ' i . .!,..-

..............,,,,

Drawn ?

3 QUEEN AND PAWN v. QUEEN

White's pawn makes its littb contribution, for if 10.. . Q-,,,Q6ch. I I . K-R7 Q-KG ch. (I I .. QR2 12. KR8) 12. K-Rt8, and Black cannot check on his

.

12 - - C)--KS ~ h . \

White has a minor smcess, w u ~ ~ i n g h i s central square:on the Iong diagonal.

12 ... In a sneral way

K---Kt8

it is hlter to occupy the edge file in this case [or the edge rank if White's king were on the first or

socond rank] k a u s c this leavcs Bl;lck,'s qumn free to check on the diagonals and on the ranks withost fear of a fatal interposed check; Black could therefore try 12.,. K-R7, although, as his queen i s not too well placed, t h i s docs not save hirn

A Guide To Chess Endings

A Guide to Chess Endings

A Guide To Chess

Basic Chess Endings

Capablanca's Best Chess Endings

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Practical Chess Endings

Capablanca Best Chess Endings

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Essential Chess Endings: The Tournament Player's Guide

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Chess Endings: Essential Knowledge

Comprehensive Chess Endings: Rook Endings (Pergamon Russian Chess Series)

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Nunn's Chess Endings Volume 2

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Guide to Fairy Chess

Guide to Chess

A Guide to Attacking Chess (A Batsford chess book)

Easy Guide to Chess

Encyclopedia of Chess Endings: Volume 4: Queen Endings

Encyclopaedia of Chess Endings, Vol 4 - Rook Endings, Part Two

Manual of Chess Endings, Vol. 4 (Chess School)

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Chess Endings for the Practical Player

Theory and Practice of Chess Endings

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Capablanca's Best Chess Endings: 60 Complete Games

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