,f1bout th e 13001\ A ,"' jcld G uide 10 the f rogs or Borneo introduces the non-spt:·Ciali:.1 reader to the natural hi...
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,f1bout th e 13001\ A ,"' jcld G uide 10 the f rogs or Borneo introduces the non-spt:·Ciali:.1 reader to the natural history of this diver.;e, colourful, and sometimes bizarre- looking section or the fauna of Borneo. AboUi 150 spc1;()7· X )
Tcxt copyright (Q 2005 Natural HislOry Publications (Borneo) Sdll. Bhd. Photogmphs and illustrations copyright OIlUU.'> rock frog (Raila hosii) produces a ~lJn toxin that quickly kilb other frogs and can also cause serious eye irriwtion in humans. We SU~pe(;1 thm a bird e'lting one of lhct widely held opinion on the evolution of frogs pl(Jces the families Ran idae and Rhacophoridae (sometimes called the Orienlal tree frogs) close together. although they appare ntl y became separate groups at least 75 million year~ ago. The Microhylidae (often called Narrow-mouthed frogs) arc considered to be an earlier offshoot of the ranid-rhacophorid line , The other three families represent quite di!>linct and separate lines of evolution. Each of the Bomean families is divided into groups of related species or genera (plural for '·genus··). There are 32 genera. but the species are not evenly divided among them. Four of the genera contain almoq ~O '(( of the specie:. and ten of them ha\'e on ly a single Bomcan ~pecies, (See the checklist at the end of this chapter.) Some of the gt'ncra containing a :.ingle species probably represent peculiar evolutionary pathways- species that have developed peculiar anatomical feature:. adapted for an unusual way uf life, On the other hand. the genera with many species seem to he example, of body plans tha! have been brollClly ~uccessful in a variety of habitats.
A
11
DISTR IB UTION Al'lD CLASS IPICATlON OF FROGS OF BORNEO
If we examine the anatomy and behaviour of adults and tadpoles in !>omc of the larger genera. certain !>ccm 10 form related group~. Within the genu, Ummmec/l's. the 1""'0 guardian rrogtinctive species group characterized by reduced webbing and. most remarkably. the habit of a male 10 guard thc eggs and then to tran!l>port the tadpoles on his back to waleI'. In fact. these two frogs are so similar that they were once thought to he race~ of a of relmed !l>pcdell. The medium-sized to large species hav ing fully webbed finge r!.. ror example. Wallace's Flying Frog (Rlwcophorus nigropuimuIIH). Reinwardt"!. Flying Frog (R. reiml'llrdli). the Harlequin Tree Frog (R. [}art/alil). and the Jade Tree Frog (R. dulilellsis). all have .. moOlh-edged flap:. of !.kin along the outer edge of the forearms, all have the ability to parachute Of glide. and all have large tadpoles that live in small pools of standing water. Three !l>mallcr tree frogs. Rhaco{Jhorus (/Ilgufim.llris. H.. cyollopwU·/(l/U.I, and R. gallfli. con~litutc another group. The!l>c small species have only partirtlly webbed finger!> and have a pointed projection of .. kin near the hed. Their tadpoles live in !>mall . dear. rock-y-bonomed !l>t.rcams. Generall}.taxonomists arrange !.pcdc!l> into groups based on th ..~i r !lhared chrtrrtcteristlcs. Once [hat is done. pattern!. of evolution and relat iomhips become apparent. Those pauems. in tu m. may enahle us to predict the behaviour and life-cycle~ or frogs we may have identi licd hut whose habit:. wc know little about. The geographic di!l>tribution of this large Bornean fauna occurs in clear pattern ... TIle mos\ striking thi ng anout it is that it is different from any other fauna in the general region. Almost two-th irds of the spede~ (60% or IJO specie:.) have never been found outside of Borneo. Twenty-one of thc!l>c have been seen only once. so it is no surpri:.c that they are nOI known from anywhere ebe. BUI most of the Bomeo "endemic:," (as ~pecies confined to one area are called) have been found many times- for e,(ample. the Dwarf Litter Frog (Leprabrachella mjober!(i) and the Marbled Tree Toad (Pedosri"t'.~ I"IIROSllS). Perhap) more collecting in adjacent land,-Peninsular Malay~ia. SUmatr.l. or the Philippine ..-may rum up som..' of the Bomean endemic~. but it is nOI likely 10 affect lhe general picture: that the Bomean frog fauna i~ mostly unique to the hland. Thi!l> uniqueness implies that !l>Omc groups have been isolaled from thei r related species in other pan!l> of Southea ..t Asia for many milliom of years. despite the fact that geologists hah! demonstrated that Borneo and the Malay Penin!.ula have probably been connected for much of the pa:-'I ~5-50 million year:..
12
D I STR IBUTION AN D CL ASS IF ICAT ION O F FROGS Or- BORNEO
Ncverthek~~. Borneo's fauna does show links !O adjacent areas. Fonyfive Bornean spe(.:ies have been recorded in Penin~ular Maluysia. -1-2 'pecie~ also OI.:cur in Slllllatra. and 1-1- species are aL~o iound in the Philippine IsI:md:-. Twent} -Il\'e specie~ are known from Thailand. and a few Homcan ~pecic, o(.:cur throughout much of Southeast Asia. This situation is not surprising ... ince these connections are consequences of past geological histor). geographic:11 proximity. ami similar vegelation and climate. 8 0mean snake~. bird .... mammal.... and fre ... hwater lishes show the same kinds of relationship ts. The Rock Skipper (Swamis !mo/){/!lI1l11US) is known from c\'cry pan of Borneo that has rocky streams with swift ClirrelllS. 1-I00\'e\"er. there arc a few lowland species that seem to he restricted to (.:ertain regions. For cXlllnple. the Rough Guardian Frog (/.iml!()lI('ctes ]iI/chi) has been found ~o far on ly in Sabah. ue . . pite inlen.'>ivc ~alllpling throughout Sarawak. We \uspect that it also oually k s~ Ihan 25 nun). E,,:n ~o·(;alled expcns flJld il dilTiculi
10 "::"::11 fnunJ '-"l t~ on \l nunt ~I u lu "'lei "3 t"II~ -I~g~~d
«I
'I'.:"~'.
3 1 Sp(~":JC< Ll J Cdlll,'111' .Ir~ hurn'''~'' .n,d '''rd _ ' t:II~(lLJnl~r~d Ji .lIllLln~ I h~"l
arc'
Ihl' [nt.
17
KE Y T O THE FROG S OF BORN EO
33. First finger either not visible or much shoner than second finger .............. ~4 Firs! finger about as long as second ................................................ 36 3-l.
Fir~!
finger missing .............. ...................................... Micruhy/a petrigt'llu ............. .............. . ........................... MicrohYia pefpan-a~ First linger distinctly sticking out from palm ............................ 35
35. Third and fifth toes webbed to Ihc lips .................. . ... MiclVhyla bertimon'i Third and linh toc.~ not webbed to the tips ................... MiclVhyla borm't'llsis 36. Front tip of lower jaw (inside) with a ~ingle point Of cusp ..... 37 5 Frolll tip of lower jaw with several CliSPS ....... .................................•.... . ..•. 3l)
37.
Chc~t and abdomen whitish, without ~pots ....................... Occido::yga luel'is Chest and abdomen with lllany dark SP{)I~ ....... .......... OccitiO::YSll bull/ellSis
3R. All toes wehbed to tips Toes not fully webbed
...................... ...... ... ..... ... .. ... ... Lilllll()/leetes kuhlii .................................... .. Lill1ll0/leCres latieeps
39. Fourth or outer tinger less than half (he length of (he first finger .............. 40 Foufth finger almost as long or longer than the lirst finger ........................ -l2
40 Spots present on side of body in from of hind leg
... 4.1 No spots ill fronl of the hind leg ...................................... Ka/ophrYllli s Spp.6
blui~h or whitish ............................ ........... KlI/ophrYllus lieterocliifll.\· Spot(S) black. ... .................................... ....... Ka/oplirYlllo p/ellfusriKlI/li
4 1. Spots
-l2. Eardrum sunken, within a cavity......................... ..... Huia C{lrirYlllpUllIIlII Eardrum not as alxl\"e ..... ............................. .. .. .. ... .. ........ ........ 43 -l3. Back cinnamon-coloured or red. speckled II ith II hite; a white spot on the upper c)did ................ ................................................... Nycrix(l/uJ pictus Colollration not pp J LeprohmchillllllliXmps
.............................
......................................... Lepra/a{a.l spp.s .................................................... 63
63. Belly with dnrk network .......................................... Ltp/ubrachillm abbolti Belly not so marked ................................................................................... 64 7) In.: ~mall 'Pffinger, 1101 II ider th:m ]a,[ joint _
,\ II hltc Ill' lT~all1·cololired 'lrcah. rrul1l
c~c
to armpit . . .--1l1villia
73 lhll'd ~,nJ fifth t\IL'~ \Ichhcd to till> Third und lii'th lO~" Itot 11,'bbed [,> liP'
/luidiKd' 7"Y.
al/JOlllti,
Itlliftl
.... ..11/10111l)'s deposit, its eggs in holes located in trec ... having a trunk diameter ah"'ays larger than aboul 30 CIll. The Brown Tree f rog (Rh{/('ophol"l/~ IUlrri.l"wmi) u~e" nOl only holes in thl' trunks of large trees for breeding. but deposit~ ib egg~ elen in the ··(rough~ ·· lomlcd by fused buttress roots of giant menggaris C·wpang·· ) trees (KoolII/Jassio "p.). Several of the spel"ie~ of bu~h rrog
FiA. 111. ro.UTl ne'" (It tn:.: frog er-hanging rhlllo II aUOII
III
i, found on
gran'lor ... ~\1ld. TIll! Rock S kipper (SulI/mi, faropafll!{/fl/f) .:m.:rge . . at night 10 peI\'h on large rod, . . In miu·"lredll1. ,\rl-'oreal frog~ \Il\\~lcr li~hc:. . Other k..ind~ uf tadpole~ may be pre~ent in the rapid~. but the~e 1\ riggle duwn intu the cre\·ice ... between nx::ks and gravel at lhe bo!!om . induding larvae of the slender litter frog .. (Ll'{Jlo{a{lIx ~pp.) and the Short-Ilocd ,iitallon, l,.-hL~IIlIc;11 pollution. and mereawd runotf and Ilooding: .Ilter hea\~ raill~, :'0 that lrog I,.-UIl,cn atlOn IllU,t he p.m nl an~ iand'>capt"' ,'on,cflmioll pmgr3.lllme. If we I\anl \0 pre~en ...' Borneo\ irog fauna_ I~hich i~ among lhe rich!;" ... ! all~\lhl're in Ihc \Iorld_ il \\ ill be necc"3.r~ 10 prc,crve:l \anct~ of n:.ttur.l1. original habilah al 3. \ariet~ 01 rlace~ 111 Borneo. Th.1I is. of COlll"C. the ~ame recipe for pre'>er\ in,\! almo~t all of i:3ornI'O',> plant and ;'lI1i mal ~pccies.
Jalllily /3ol1llJillalorida e hi;; fami!} m:curs in ea ... tern A~ia and in Central Europe. The genus to I\llich the Bornean ~pccic ... belongs is found olll~ in Dorneo and Ihe Pa!:l\\an group (Phi1ippin~ b.land~). This j, one o f the aIde .... groups of frog~ and Blirhollmia is unu. :\lthou~h tadpole,> of bolh group, ha\\.' lu."a\ ~ blat'k bea~~, lho,!; of the O\\arf Litt ... r rn..l!!" bd the rO\n offil\e.lill~ tceth prc,ent on th ... lip" oj [aupole, of th ... SIeIH.1er Litter }-rag" \\'h ... 11 r... ad~ lU 11leta11lorpho~e. Ll'llTII/nm-llI:ffa tadpole, Ilh:a,ur.: . .W--I.? 11IIll.
Leplobrac/H'lIa Im/llefl ,'ijis Smith Kinabalu [h\ ari" LIltt'r Frog Description : A ,mall. ~kllu.:r "pecic'> lacking \\ebbing un lhl' fooL The ,I..in I' ,mooth on Ihe bad.: the "jUL'" h;J\L' a fell light-coloured gland ... Thl' ~'oluur i" broIl nor hlack, \\ irh seIL'ral black 'JlO'" 011 the hack :md a 'h;lrpl~ defined. blad ,trl';lk m-er the ",antrum. Tho..' ~iUl" hall' l---llarge black ~poh. rile beJl~ i~ dJr~ gr('~ \\ ith small light ~pol~, ,\l;lles: 15~19 mm. females: 18 ~~ I mm. Tadpolt': See d.:~niplion under gemh. Hahits lind habitat: Thi~ "pccic .. ha .. been found onl~ ill ~ubmonlanc ami montane fore~'" from 900 to nol.) Inl'tn.-', above ~ea le\'el. See abo under g~'nll'.
Call : Scc- under genl1~, Distribution : Tll1~ ~p",cie~ has been found in th~' 1l10U11taith of Sabah, northc11l S,lra\\ ak. and nonheaeies. Ju'-.\ hefnrc m ... t:lmorpho"i~ Iht' tadpoles reach 70 90 mm in total kngth.
Leptobracltill111 abhotti Ccxhran 1.0\\ land Liller frog (Fig. 15) Description : A ~toek~. broad-headed frog with hLllging C~C~. The legs afC ~hor\ and ~Iender and ~eem almoPl'l'il:' 11\ l" ill ,ubmollwne :llIll montane for11la1J \)r m('Jiulll -\lIcd . ..:lear ~Iream~ to breed. There Illa~ hL' man) adult.., al a ",n:am on a particular night. hut they do not group together. Tht' calb ('omi,t llf a , ..Til', of pul,ating . high-pitched notes. \;U~ lllg ,lightl~ in the number of nOle:'> per calJ and in pitch laccordmg til Prot'. ~1. t>. labui). Although egg~ ha\e not been found . \\e pre,ullle thalth('~ ,H(' bid under rocks. The tadpole, \\!"iggle into the C'fL'\ lCL', h('t\\":('l1 nlharpl~ !>et off from the colour of the reS! of the forelimb. l\ l ak~: .'(>-3) 11\11\. rcmale~ : :;7--1.8 111m. Tadpok: See under genu .... Habits and habitat : This species Ji\es in primary and old "ewndary feoreQ, in hill~ to 11\oulllainom ("oullIry from 200 to 1KO() Illetre" aoO\.: i..milar 10 that of L. ph·III.I. with light-bordered hlack markings on the
FiA . .!1. 1.. 'pIU/II/1I.1 hUlllidi 1'I]al'oui.
:-' lEGOPHRYIl)Al:::: LI:.PTOLALAX
flll'UiUIll I1rOI\ n had.. and h many 10\\-. rounded lump~ and ~lightly larger \Ian ... on tho.: ,ide ... . The ~·01our i~ \-ery dad.. hrm\11 \Jr black: there i... no \'i.,lhk ratlo.:lll on the ba..:k. This i... the on l) ~rL"eie" in Ihe genu~ that is ulllfnnnl) darh brov.n 011 the underside of the head and hind limb~. The foreilmh d() . . ~ not hale ('ontraqing light and dar!.. l'olouralion. '\-1ale: 26 mm. Female 32 mill. Tadpole : l-n!..Jl(l\\ n. Hahit~ and habitat Thi~ specie., has heen ('olkcled onl:- once . making it uirti("uit 10 drall condu~ions abollt hahit, . Th.: on 1) ('ollecting site \Va" in monlan.: rore~t at 1850 III on l\ lnunt Kinabalu. Distribution : Kno\\n onl) from :-'I ourll Kinabalu in Sahah.
J,eptolalax pictlls rvl alkmu ... Painted Slender Littt'r Frog (Fig. 22) Dcsni ption : Similar iII ;;hare 1(\ I .. g/"ociIi5. -"he toe~ are \\l'hhL"d al lhe ha:.e . The ~kin is ~l1ln01IL \\llh al mo~t a fel\ lump~ on the ~idL"~ . Tho.: L'lllllUf I~ light to medium hrO\ln. \Iilh ("on~picuou~. light-edged. dar!.. marl-..ing~ on
58
r-.IEGOPII RYIDAE : LEPTOLALAX
had, and head. T he .. ide 01 the h~ad ha~ .'oharpl) defined hlackbh bra\\ n 'pOb. The heJJ~ j, \\ hill" \\ ithuul "'pOb. The forelimh lack .. cUllIra ... ting light and d.:lrl.. coi()uration. :o. 1;lIc, : 31 - 36 mm. Fema!e~: .~9~ 7 Illlll.
Tadpole : L'nJ...no\\ n. lIabit.., and habitat : Thi, 'llCCic.tulu. Sara\lak.
MEGOPHRY[I)AE: MEGOPHRY S
,\1l!golJhrys edK'ardillae Inger Rough flomed Frog (Fig. 24) Description: A enlt1tbr~ gro\\ lh belO\\ 600 1llC'lre" abO\e .;.ea le\el. Adult ... 1lI0\l! 10 clear. med iulll-,j/cu '-Iream.'> for bre~'ding . t-. I:llet bL'IO\I 700 mctr.:,> .!bule ~e;j le\'e!. Call : Unknolln. Distribution : rlHl11d ~o far onl~ in Surallak. and Kalimantan.
7.
Bt;FO;-\IDAE : ANSO:-.JIA
A " son;a sJlilwlifer ( M o(.:quard) SPIll~
Slender Toad (Fig. 30)
Description: A comparativel) ,1l'nder
~pecie~
with (he
~Iloul
projecting
... light)) beyond the mouth. Tip,> of all linger~ and toe~ arc rounded. and the to\-" are almmt free of \\cbbing. The first finger j" a~ long a~ the second. The
entin.' hack and hind leg~ are cO\'ered \\ ilh clln~pil·uOU~. large. "piny \\an~. whkh I,:an ea~il) be felL The lOp or Ihe head and bod~ i" bl:ld, with a ~ellO\\bh or whi tish mal or di:lmond-~h:lped patch Ix'tv,,-'en the s houlder~ and a light "trcak along the ~ide of the bod). The bell) I!> black \\ tlh ,>mati I.:n:;nll-('nloUTl'd :.put:. or cream-coloured \\ ilh heavy black marhling. ~ l ak~: 30-W mill. t-enwle,>; ~O---lS mm. T:ldpole: Taupuk:. are teardrop·,haped. hIJ.:k. and do not ell:cecd 20 mm in length. H'lbit ~ .md habitat: Thi~ toad ha:. been seen perched un ~ hrllb~ and h"'rb~ otll~ along ,\\ift Ilc)\\ ing. de;!\'. rocky stream, in primar~ forest helO\\ 700 metre,> abmc ~ca Ind. Male,> do nOl fonn calling group:., Tadpole . . cling 10 large rock . . in 'trong l·urrenh and feed 011 the film of ;11,gae grm\ ing on the rock~.
Ca ll : CnhllO\\ tl. Dis tribution: KnO\\n from all hill) parts of 10\\13I1u Romeo \\herc-\cr \Uil;lble en\'ironmelll C\i~h. NOI knowll outside of Bom~'o.
Fig..'". AIII/I/Wl
~/'illtlliJt'r (~Iocquan.ll.
75
BU I-ON]J)AE.' BLTO
Genus Hllfa Toad~
he,,, :Ire the ,o-calk'd "tru!! lOnd~". frog~ \\jth \\~ITl> '~II1. a large p'.\fotoid gland behind tho.: o.:~~' and ahmt' tht' eurJruJl1. ntlll one'" h;lIld, atll'T\\ard". The po j"oll. ho\\Io'\ of B. jll.\/(fI/Jf.T in strong rapids . Call : A hoaN~. squeaky croak or chirp. In Sabah. tho.: Du~un n:Hne for this specie!> i~ "bu·allg ~ ut". \\hich irnit:nes the ,>ounl! of nOI Olll'. hut 1\\0 toad'> calling al night. rrl'4uo.:nll~ wads of two different size!> (and.lhu,. IOlleLllllabl~. Ihl' "peCI':" OCCUP., throughout Borneo. II i" not kno\\n from el'e\\ here.
rig . .l8. Pl'dosrii>n
mC:t>S/lf
Illg.... r.
BUFON IDAE: P ELOPHHYNE
Genus Pe{ophry ue D w~rf Toil d s
are small mao" \\ ith smaH, ~('ane rc(\ w:ln~ on the hack and head , blll wjrhOLu a large parotoid glund behi nd the eye, All have the nnge r~ p:lrtl) \'ebbed, Bel'allse they ha\'e not been observed \ery often, very little is kIlO\\ n of Iheir nalUral hi~lory. Female" of !Ill s pede~ ha,e very ~mall d utehes (fewer than 20, of large. whiti~h egg". Tadpolc~ of one specie" were found in a shallo\\ pool: they c!l'a rl ~ wer,,: no t feeding. a~ they lacked the lIsu:11 la(\'al mouth pnrl~. :lJ1d \\ere completi ng dl'\cloplllcm ba"ed on Ihe large amollnt of yoH.. l'olllained in the egg. S~cie~ of Pdoplrryj]{:' h:\\'e ne\'er been ~cel\ oUbide of primal) \)f old ~econtlar:- forc,!. and an: I...nown tIl occur from near ~ea Je\cl to 3100 metre'. 1\10\( indiyiduab han' been found o n the forest floor. bUllht') also dimb into 10\\ \,egewtiotl.
T
hc~c
Pelvphrple misera (Mocqwml) Kinabalu Dwarf Toad (Fig. 39) Descriptio n: A \W~ ~mall toad. \\ ilh the hand wehbed. incl uding the em ire ti r~t linger and half Cit' the o\!tcr ringer", The tip" of thl! nng.er~ .w~ n;lrrow. Webbing on the fCiot reaches the lips of the lin.t lhrt'(' foeS. The ('antrum i~ ,bibl('. The back and ~idc~ h:I\'e "mall. ~callered, round or OV:II \\ in Bomeo.
87
BCFO.\'IDA!:: : PELO PHRYNE
F ig. 39. i'!-/Ol'/"-Hlc'
miS(,nI
It1. locquanJ).
Pe/opllrYl1e rllOpopJtififl .~ Inger & Slllcbing Climbing D\\:lrf Toad Uescrilltion: A \-ery small toad. \\ nh thid, \\ehhing on th ..' hand reaching oflhe 1\\0 inner finger~ but only Ihe ba~..:~ of the t\\O oul..:rones. The lip~ uf the finger~ an,' \\ ldened into hlun! pad~. Thid-. \\ ebbin~ on the fool lea\C~ ju~t the lip~ of till.' three inn..:r llh,':' free. The cHrdt1.11ll is \'i~iblc. The hnck ha~ man) ~lllall. round wart~. e;'II,:h of which ha~ a Ull) whilish con..: in the cemre. The hack i~ brlJ\\n or black. otkn \\lth dark mar!..ings outlining a broad X. Th.: under,ide of Ihe hod~ b \\hile with slllall bl::tck ~pob Ihal OI.·l·Upy Je~~ th:m hnlf the lolal area. ~Iak,,: 21 - 24 mm. Femak~: 23 mm. Tadpole : Un!..no\\n. Habits and habitat : Thi~ ~pede~ h;J' hl'(,ll C ,lIe':ll'd JU'I Iwice. On one occa,ion. ~i\ male, were ..:alllTlg. from ka\I." of bll~h..:~ in a J .,nd rr~i [,c ljllg bt>yond Iho.: gape of Ihe mouth. The eardrum i:. exposed. but po~iliuned lo\\cr than in mo~t fro£~. being almost at thc !C"\·et of the upper lip. The lingers arc ~hon and ralher :.t ubh) . The toe ... are almo,,! w ithout webbing. The lip" of tht' toes are ~lighl l ~ swollen. lht' upper ~urfacc" are \cl)' :-moolh. Thb frog i..; grl")" brown \\ ilh small \\ hilt'". ~e;I!tl."red :.pol in Sarawak and Kahmantan .
KafopilrYlllIS heterochirus Bnulcnger Variabk Slicky Frog: (Fig. --1.5)
DescrilJtion : A ;;malL ~tocky frog. \\ith 3 narrO\\ head , pointed ~n(l lit. and ~ lcnder hind kgs. The ou1enno1 IDe anti finger arc \er: .'>hort. and the IflC' ha\e litlle webbing. r.~·male:. have a find) pehhlcd upper ,urface. \\ hile male.'> ha\'e man) lin) 'pin.:.'>. Frog" are light 10 durl.. brown on the hael.. and rU~ly-orangc nn th~' ~ide.'>. with a fine. \\ hitbh lin.: funning diagoll'" frogs lj\e. Tadpole~ are greyish brown with an unpigmented tail. with their eyes on the side .. of the head . Maximum length is ahout 15 fl11l1.
FiA. -19. Ka/o ll /a ba lema l .\lLi.lkr ).
103
.\ lI CROHYLllJAE: KALOULA
Hahit s lind habitat: Thi ~ frog prl'fl?r~ di~lurh~'d or secondary habitats inland. ~uch as the tlood plain:. of ri\.:r~. ur pond, and ditches produced b) logging or agricullllral acti\ · itie~. It apparel1ll~ ~ecre":~ it~c1f in plant debri, such a~ dr~ leaH" during dry periods. emerging rapidly and in largc nUl1lber~ to breed alter extemkd hca\) rains. [I fonns large noi~y breeding gl'Oup~. calling loudly from hidden ~ite~ ill \cgclation. During: a call. males intlau" them~ch cs grotesquely. The diet is mostly ants. though uther ~mall cra\\ ling in':o",d~ arc abo caten. Call: A luud ~harp honk. Di stribut iun : Reumkd from Sahah. SaTawak and KalimaIHan. Also known from Ja\'a. Peninsular \1ala) sill. and Pal,m under rubbi~h heap~ .lIlt! olher accU!llulatl'd (khri~ hllch as in clogged drains) during dr~ period~. emerging in \;jsl numhch ahef dO\\ llpour~ of sen"ral hO\lf~ or more. It fo rm s large noi~~ brl'.:ding grollp~ In tlooded area~ such a~ flooded drainage s~stem .. or la\\I1:.. \ Iall''o
\'lI CRO HYLIDAE: META PHRYNELLA
intlate themselves in a grotesque manner a~ the) call while 1l0011ing III the ~ urfaee of thc-sc- temporary ponds. Kalol/la pl/lchm feed~ _ mUlcating Ih'll lhmen'lon . . or Ihe hole alleclthc pilCh, Dbtrihution All pan" of Bomen. It b not knO\\11 I.:be\\here.
106
tvll CROI IYLlD/\E : .\·IICROHYLA
Genus J1icrohyla Narrow-mouthed Frog') ~rx'cie~
of Microln1(1 an..' nO\\ known from BOnl1!o. Only one ~pecie~. M . benimol'e/, occur::. oubiuo: ur Bornco. /\Illi\'e are small to tiny and ha\!;' lung hl11d 11mb". The) all li\~' 1!1 primar) and old "ccondar~ forests be!O\~ 700 mctn.:, ahoye sea level. Their gcncra1J~ brown colounLtion \\ IIh a hroken. dar~ pallcm make them difficult to :.ee on the leaf lillcr of the forc1>1 noor. and their capacil~ for long: leaps make .. them \'elJ dillieuh 10 catch. All ~po.:cic, la) eggs III \el} 1>mall pooh of \\:lIer. Most spede .. ha\c a dark marling Irom hcl\\een the eyes do\\n the ba~'k: the dark area narru\\., and \\iden~. tbllall~ ~~'ntling pairs of dark arm~ bac kward and to the ~ide.
F
iH:
Microlly/a berdlllorei ( Bl yth) Benlmorc', :\':IITo\\ -lIlomhed Frog (f ig. 52) I)('scription: A small frog. \~ ilh long hllld limb~. The t:'Olnirum \::. nol \ hiblt' The ~noul is rather blunt. Four linger .. are e\ idelll . The tip1> of aliloe:.
Fi~.
51, \lum/alll herdlllord
[Ul~
Ih).
107
j\!1ICROHYLIDAE: :\1ICROHY LA
are widened and all except the fourth (longest) are full) wehhed to the hase of pads. The skin i~ smooth. The ('olom is light hrov, 11 or g:r~') hro\\ n. \\ ith a dar\.. hro\\ 11 mark 111 the centre of the had.. and bel\\Ci.'ll the e) e~ and u~uall)' v,ith a ~lilming dmk bru\\ll band km un the ~ide. The throat is brown and the belly white. I'vlales: 24-28 mill. Females: 17-32 Tlllll. Tadpole : Cnkno\\ 11. Habits and habitat : Thi~ ~peeie~ occurs in primary and ~econdar)' fore~b at 10\\ elevations. Like all members of this genus. adu1t\ li\i.' on the ground in leaf litter. Call : Unkno\\I1. Distrihution : K1l(l\\ n from a fe\\ localities in Sabah. Sara\\-a\.. and Kalimaman. II probably ha~:1 wide distribution in Borneo along major river \·alley~. The ~peeie~ i, also known from Thailand. Penin,ular M alay~ia and Sumatra.
Micro/iy/a bomeell.'I i.'I Parker Hornean -'arrow-mouthed Frog (Fig. 53) Description : A ~mall frog \\ith long hind limh~. The eardrum i~ not \l,ihlc. The 'I1OUt is ~lightly poimed and projecting hC)lllld tht, mouth. Four linger' arc 1.:\ ideIH. Tips of all toes are slightly \\ ilkned. The tllree outer toes arc ,tbout half \\ ebbed. The skin is smooth. Thi" 'pecie~ i~ grey to brown Oil the back.. \\ith a wide . dark hrown or purple, light-edged mark down the centre of the back. This dark mark ha\ pairs of arms projecting hackward emu to the side. The chc"t and hell) arc monied brown and white. i\lale,,: 17-1 H mm. Females: 19-23 mm. Tadpole : The head and body appear triangular. Ilat above and rounded bclo\\ . The tail taper~ gr:lduall) from its hase inlo <J lung narrow filament. The emire tadpole is grey or hbck. (',\cept under tbe body. Total length reaches 22 mm. Hahits and hahitat : Thi .. "pc("i~" i ~ known only from primar~ fnre . with long hind legs. This and M. plTfl(//")"lI are the only Bornean ~pecies of Micmhrla that appear to ha\·ejusl threc fingcr~. Thc cardrum i" not \ i~ihlc. The t ip~ of the toe, arc \.\ iUl'ncd and ull lue" cxecpl Iht: founh (I~l1lgc,t) are rull~ \\l'bbcd to the p:Jd,. Th.: "kin i~ "111oolh. The general wluur i~ light gre~ - bro\\n. \\ith Ihe top of Ihe he:ld slighll~ darker. A dark mark o.:.:upies the celllre of the back. with three constriction~ and expansions. The throat and belly are dark brown with an irregular. large. \\ hite blotch in the centre.
109
t-. IIC' ROHYLI DAE: MI CROHYLA
Fig. 54. \!u-rohyla {Jelrl~(,11(1 Inger &: Frogm:r.
Male,: 1,",-16 llllll. Female ... : 15-18 mm. Tadpole : The hcad and bod~ are oval. !l allcned :lbme and rounded hclil\\. The tail I' deep and tapercu abnJptly ncar the end \0 a ~hon. narrm\ lip. The head ami body art' hl'II,:1.. above and on the side .... The !ail fin~ are ,olourles of the tloor liller in prilllar~ fo rem belm' 700 metres allO\e ~ea Ic\l,:\' Adults feed on tiny anl~ and other JJl\enCOrale!>. Breeding take~ place :II small pOlhole~ on rocJ..~ banks of ,trl.·'IIll"'. The hole, \\here t:'ldpole,> have becn found \\ere Ie" lhan 30 ern in di,lllleter and dcplh. The tadpole., hover at mid-depth in Ihe.,c lill) pooh and tilter tin) mgani~m$ fromlhe \\,lIer, Call : UnJ....tlowll. Distributiun : Sahah and S.lr~mak There is no n.:a'on 10 behc\c thallhis "pecic" dOt"~ not occur in Kalimantan ;jnd Bmnei.
11 0
:\11CROH YLlDAE: MICROHYLA
Microhy/a perpan-a Inger & Frogner Lca~t
Namm-moulhcd r-rog (Fig. 55)
Desc riptiun : Very similar to M. f'e//"igt'II(1. Onl) three finger, an: hure man) features of adult and tadpok anatom~. The tip~ of the toe.'> are slightl~. but distinctly. S\\ollen and the toc, arc half to full~ \\ebbed. In colouratiollthey are all shade;; ofhro\\ n or hlad. Thl' tadpole:. h,l\e elongme m'al bodies. rather naITo\\ taih. and l!
T
I J l)
RAi\"IDAE : LLMNONECTES
(,,:on .. istenl pattern 10 th~ rows of tin) "leeth" on the lower lip. The~ are all t,:nT .. trial. ~ome \\anderillg widely through frlfo.'qS and others spending their enlin: li\(?s on .. tream banb. t\~ a group. they ar~' among the most abund,mt of the rrug~ in Bornean fon."s\;,. E\ery area of IlWlUre rure')t has three 10 five of these spe(:ie~.
LilllllOllectes mperata ( Inger. Boeadi & Taullk) Rough-backed Frog Description : A ~mall. sto(,,:k) frog. \\ ith 'hon. thick legs. All toes, e\o:pt the fmmh (the longl'~t). are webbed 10 the ba~".. .. of the slightly expanded tips, Tht' eardrum is \·i~ibk. but partia!!y covered b) ~kin at it.. uppL'"r rear corner. The cntire upper ,>utfa..:e i.. wt \\ ith crowded. conical or .. lightl~ o\'al warts. e\ell on the upper eyelid and ~nout. TIlt? colour in preser\"ati\~' (\Ie ha\c neler ~e..:n one of these alil'e) i~ sand) bnm 11 1\ ith faint darker m:lrk.ings that are probably blad-, in life. The underside is I\hitish, \\lIh small brown sputs on the chin and Ihroat. \-ta!es: 35 38 mm. Female (only one j~ known): 3fi mill. Hahits and habitat : Th".. onl) known represelllati\'es or thi~ .. p ..xie~ Iler~' cullected on the floor uf a klldand forc~t Ihat was being loggeu in south -(,,:: 80.-130 \11111. FeJ11ale~: 80·.... 101 mm. Tadpol e: The bod~ lS oval and n.:lati\ely slender. The tail is also slender and aboull\\ice the length of the bod). The overalJ colour i~ greyish brown with a darkcr mottling thai e\tt'nd,> on 10 the tail. r-. lature tadpok . . are about J:; mIll long . Habit.s and hahitat : Thi ~ spccies is common along clear. ro,:k~ streams 10 \0 J() metres \.. ide in primal") and old secondar) gro\\ Ih forest s in hill) count r) . Adults are !lCVer found more Ihan a few rnetre ~ from stream banb. ;!r':-
Fig. 61.
I"
!.i11l/1Otlfern ill(llWfllll1
(Inger1.
RAL'iIOi\E: LrMNO:-.lECTES
They feed on large in~ect~. but also lake crabs. ~mall lizards. and prohabl~ rrags. The tadpoles li\ e in quiet ~idc pools of thc~c rocky strcmm and reed on organic dcbri~. ~uch as decaying leaves. Call ; Male~ do not have vocal sac;; amI h-!l rrom Sarawak and north celllral Kalimantan. The ~fX'cie~ also occur~ in Pel1in~lllar f.. lalaysia and Thailand.
Fig, 65,
126
LiIllIl(JIIl'I"/£'
Imieeps (Bllukng ... r).
RANlDAE : LlMNONECTES
Limllollecles leporillllS (Ander~sol1) GianI River Frog (Fi~. 66)
Description : A large frog \\ith a rather long tapered ~nout and large. pO\\-:rful hind limbs. The top and side~ of the ~n6ut meet at a sharp angle. and the eardrum j" !;"learly visible. The toes arc full) \\ebbed and slightly ~woJJen at the tip~. The hack has ~l'allered ~hort ridges and bUl11p~ that tend 10 disappear a~ the frog gels larger. The Uppl'r eyelid also ha~ ~malJ hump~. The frogs arl' reddi~h brown to brown. with darl marlings. There i. Call : CnknO\\n. Oistribution : round throughout Borneo. when'l cr suit:lbJe ~lrcanh and forl"\ occur. :"lote: In the Fro;:'1 (Jf Sab(lh hook. thi~ .. pecie~ lIas ealled Rmli1 blythii (nolI knov. n a\ UI/II/(JIlt:rles blnhii!. Taxonomic .. tudy in the 1a~t three year .. has ~hO\\ 11 that the BonlC'o frog i~ a ..cparate ~pecie~ from L blythii proper. Idllch appear .. to be eon lined to Penin,ular \Iala)~i ;l :.md Thailand.
Uml10lle('(es malesia"m' (Kic\\') Pem SII'amp Frog (Fig.
(7)
Desc ription : A large. ~tout frog: with a broad ht"ad and thick. ~lOck) The toc,> are abolilthret"-founh" Ill'hhed and arc ~lightl) ~ Inlllcn ;ltthe tip~. Tile eardrum i~ li~ibk. l\;lale~ halc long fang-like qructure~ on tht" lm\('r j:l\\ a .. in Kuhl's Creek Frog. The ~kill i~ generaJJ:; "ntnoth. \Iith "omc "callereu 10\\ bump" 011 the b;lck and . . ide ... \ lost frogs arc reddish bro\\ n. \1 itll jewer ~peeil1lelh a cho ...·ulatc hro\\'n. Se\ eral Ilide black hal'S rtlll from the c~e acro .. ~ the lip". In mo~t indi\"iduals . there is a fine. II hiti~h Jine running Irom the tip or the snout. bel \\ een the e) e~ and down the middle of the back. Therc i" often a '>lmilar fine linc on the uppcr ~urface~ or lhc legs. The throat and chest haw dark rnonJing. and the under-.ide of the hind limb i.. vcry dmk. \lak,,: 70-1::;0 mm. FelllJ.k~: 7::;-95 mm. Tadpolt> : Tadpok .. are !>Jim. ola1. and hal e .. lender tail~. The colour i" golden bro\\11 ll1011kd \\ith dark pigment. Tot:lllenglh reaches~::; mm. Habits and habilal : Thi .. frog i\ t)pical of p'~ at s\\amps and kl\\ alllll iaJ plain .. up to ahout 150 m in hoth prim:..n~ and diqurhed forc\h. ~uch a., Ilkl mbber plantation~. \\'e hale ob~erll'd it hrel'Jing on om: occasion (north central Kalimant:ll11 in tht" middk oj a limb~.
128
RANIDAE :
fig. 67.
Lim/WII{'CleS main/iII/liS
L1M~ONECT E S
(Kicw ).
broad. ~hallow qream \\ ith a slo\\ !:urrent A pair \\ ere seen ~itting in the middle of a circular depression in lint" gra\'el. \\ here the female had expelled her egg~. The diet cOllSist~ of;1 \\ ide variety of il1\enebratc~ and small frogs. C all : L:nknO\\n. Distrilmtion : Kllo\\ 11 from Kalimantan. Sabah and Saraw;1\.... Almost t'ertainly it OCl'ur~ in Brunei \\'here much ~ui table habitat exi~ts. The specie, aho occur~ in Penin,ular .\Ialaysia.
LimllOllectes pa/al'tlllell sis (Boulenger) Smooth Guardiun Frog (Fig. 68) Ilcseription : A ~mall frog. \\ith long sknder hind lirnb~. The I()C~ are olll~ about hall"-\\ebbed and h'l\e ~lightl} ~\\ollel1 tip~. The eardrum is
vj,ible. The "\...in of the hac\... i~ ~mooth ewept for an im ened V-'haped ridge in the cenlre and a thin. l"ontinuou" ridg..: from the e)l' to the (urnp. The hac\... is reddish 10 chocolate brO\\Il. \\i1h ;,} dar" bar acro,~ the top of the head bl.-'tween the eyes. The imel1ed \ '-,hared ridge 1" al"o edged in black. The
129
RANIlJAE: LL\I NONECTES
fif!o 6K LimIllJIIl'c(t's f"tlul"rIlIt'lI,i, ( Buu/cnglightly. widened: the tips uf the Ii.nger~ are not. All of the toes except the fourth (the longest) are webbed almost to tht'" tip!>. The upper sllrbc,.... are roughl) pebbled and there are a few low bUf11p~ on the back. Thc helld and body arl' greyish to reddish brown ahm c :.md on the sidt'"~. \Iost indi"idu als ha\ e a dark strea\.. on the side of the snout from the t'"~ e 10 the nostril. T Ill' di~tilletive feature of the colouration is a dark brown. almo~t black. di;11110nd-~IIaped . rna hal·e a narrol\ gap in the centre. There llre no poison gl:md, on the tail lin'. The111) I"" l~n.J fOR"" (,1I~r f'Tun... '1 [>f ,.I.J ..:c.\Il.Jal), A.Jult,.tn· "'nK""ll," f ...... oo f.U" In'1I1 _t .... am •. tllll u,u;lIl) the} 'IJ} d",,- to Itl.: t>~nh tit n.wIU1l1-,,~~d. d~.lr. n", ~} ,t,., ... Ill, \Inll'" n~", nighl ~ k" c"Uin~ m"k, ... ,{, .....·Ju.·,.,d "I,m~ Ihe ban l . will> "" 0o.'.'J",,~) ... 1 ni!,Ju in "hll'h lilt) ,II~ I'rc,~m III I"r!,~ numbel'> \I no lillie do "Jlhn!' IIwl," fonn dell .... ~"'ul" TaJ[> .lIId bc:dwo:L III '''I''.!' Tadro,k- l", ...... ,,,'n ... lI) f01'1n LaJie c>uldcl'> III ,h. . I1,,,, "a'~'.il ni!'tll Call \ hll'h-rltdlo,.·d Ui~Lril"'liun J... ",-",n Ir\lm J... JlimJnl.m JIhl "l\It~m Jnd "~'Iem
"'''e.....
SJT"""'I.
.\li'ri~lU/fj"'.\·S
...·IIilt'lli'ml i ( BOlt 1cllJ;~r J
\\ hi,che,J..r, T,IITem
F,,-\~ Ih~
7.'1
l)oo'>(' rilliion ..... ",.:d,um· ,,,,'II to I"'lie 'pt,;Iro\\n Tl'k'n: " U_UJIJ~ 3 duk 'JrC'al. ,'II IJr 'Hk Ilr 11K' Il.·Jd Irl'lIl 11K' r.\~ II> the n"'t"I, nIt ,ide, are h~hlcr Ih,," Ihe b ..... ~ JIId ",,,.. II} '1"'''''11 "nh darl hr"run The uPPO:' ,urf,,,-.·, nt lh.· leI!' ar< dJ,L h'''''" "uh n.!IT"" h!,!h,.·, "'I1",b.lI'> The ,h.'" Jnd bell) ar.. "h, ,e and Ihe Ihru~( "",'III .. d "lIh hn>'o' n The 1,'1' h,11 01 Ihe •. )" " t>nj:hl ) elk", "h green 1ne Nrdrum of !]1,,1e, " 1>1.'1 "'-""'Jo~IlIfl~1 , .... let' COH"T'o IItt uml.: .... ,,Jt III' m..- rod>_ ~ I,"' .. r bea~ I' \'-,Mpt',1 JrId Ulld",ded TaJrode, hJ'" '''1.111 gland, .h.l( JjlllCJr J' '111.1.11 hlJ"l 'pi'll' III lhe I"",·, lin "h..·", II n......·I< (Itt IJII 111" .....·1 .. TIII< I' Ih~ Ia'ge'l 1~.Jp"k 1111"" genu,. "nil IUlul I ... nL- of ,(,.. am. """", ,"") per,h un Idl}!c n ••:h alld ltlhcrn S.,rJ" aL ... nd (he n"nhe~'lcm ,(lnJer 1,1 .... Jlmt ... nIJn
P"""'"
Ill''''''
I,\lot
RANIOAF.: OCCIOOZYGA
GCIlUS
Oaido:yga
Se.:p and Puddk Frog" hew ,111.111 Img> li,-( on lh,· 1100r of 1o" I~nd tore,\ U~lIan) In ",epage urCJ" <m~1l PI>oj111 Imld of ,lreJI11' (If pond, and tecll",~ on de"3} 1IlJ! plam fr.. gment, anll Jig ..". tIll' Iddpuk' of O. Thi~ spc(:ies is \·ery similar in appl:,mmce to young Lilllllolledes kill/iii except that in o. 100'l'is the distance bel\\een lht' eyes is about the \ume or narrower than lhe width of the eyelid. Also. tIl{: inside of the tip of the lower jaw is unlike Ihat of L. kuMii in having olllya ,ingle (ooth -like projet·(ion insH'ad of a pair. The ~kin of thc back and upper )urfa(:e~ of the Jimb, ha~ a uniformly cmrugalcd appe:.mmcc wilh oCTasional rounded bumps. The frogs are uniform dark grq-brown. though ,I fe\\ indi\·iduah /ta\c a \\ ide light qripe down the middle of the back. The tlnder~idc of the IlL'ad i~ often sped,Jed dark gre). and then.' IS uSllall) a lemon )L'lIo\\ tinge over Ihe belly and underside of the thighs. i\-lall's: ~1-31 mm. Fl.'lllaJe~: J5~8 min. 1-11
RA:-JIDAE : OCCIDOZYGA
Fi g. 75. Occido,-ygo flU-d,1 (uiimh. Some remain at ground lC\d and other~ c1imh into ~hrub~ and trcc,. The tadpoles of 'ome 'peci('~ de\elop III "mall to large ~trearns. other, de\elop in jp i cuou~ly marked I:ldp()I~'!> in Borneo. Thl.' body ilightl) fl:II1~'neu bod}.lhcn: are man) "maU "hi te g.land!> arranged in 1\\0 long ratl'he~. one on cach !>iue of the hell). Hahil.s and habilat : Th i...... pecies \\anders freel) through pnmar) and di. TU'!JXI1c . . live in quiet "ater. Illoqly in shallO\\ ... ide pool.., of ... tre~l!lh \\ here Ihe~ gruh 111 the debri ~ of dead Jea\'es that line the hOl1om. Colli : A . The eardrum j, large. The ~k.in is covered \\ilh slightly rni. The tncs are fully webbed. The ~"in of the back is jillel) pehhled . A weak fuld uf ~"in i~ llsllally present Oil e'K'h ~id(": . The top of the head and the back are a ri('h. ue\.'p green. The sides are uSllall) hrown. and the upper ~urface of the legs light brown \\ ith dark crossbars. The belly i~ greyish or sih'er} while. Allhongh not 3.nUlHIWall} patterned species. it i!> OIH: of the mo~t handsome rrog!> in Borneo. Males: -.f5--68 mm. Females: 86-100 mm. Tadpole: The tadpoles of this species have not becn de\\cUing!>. SOllle of the wider than the eardrum. W~bbing un the finger~ i~ limited to:1 nalTO\\ fringe at Their b:l:.e. Th\,.' lOe" are aJmo~1 full) \\ebbed. The skin of the ha~'k is lind)' pebbled. Tlll're:.lre 1\\0 weal.. ro\\" of .')mall hUlllPs fomling an open V bet\\CCIl the ,Imulder, and ,e\eral .. mull bump.') un Ihc upper L"}e\id. TIwre are no flesh) ,pines althe hcd. The colour j, ) diem "h 10 dar)" ~alld) hrown. u ... ually \\ ilh a d;1r!.. triangle between (he c}e~ and a thill d~lr\... X-shapl:d Illark on Ihe b ldhuliUIl. Kllo\\/l Jrom m:m~ pl;Jl'c" III Sara\\a" ;'Inti Sahilh.
PIIi/allfll S ;ligen' Dring Sharp-,nollted Bu,h !-rug IFig. 931 Ol'!>c ril}tiUlI' ,\ ,mall tl1lllediwll-'IZc'd lrog, \Ijlh a poim..:d ... harp-edged .. nOli!. Thl' C'ardrum I' \ J... i!)lC', -[ he tip~ of lilt:' finger,> arlO l'xpandeo I!H('I II ide. fllll!1d Of ll\al rad ... nlt"re i .. a n31To\\ \1 C'b:11 th..: h;1idl'~ of the b;lck. and upper ~urface of the limb~. C aho\·e ~ea bel. AI night IIduh ... feed and call from ~hmb~ bc(\\een 05 and ~ l11etre~ ab{)\e the ground. Thq hide under dead kan:.'~ duri ng the da). Ca ll : A ... hort high-pitched trill.
FiA. 95. Phi/lIlt/uI IIrjohN!!1 Smith.
""
RHACOPIIORIDAE : POLYPEDATES
Distribution : Reponed from Sarawak, wc ... tern Sah;,jh and the mOllntainou:. area .. of llorthea ... tern Kalimantan , Noll:: With :.light Jllodiflcat i on~, the de:.niption aho\'e could appl~ 10 Philalffll,~ lIlIIoelllf_~ (Sab:lh), I~ IOllgiCl'lIs (S;.bah and Sar:lwak), p. mjuberrd (Sabah and Sarawak) (Fig. 95), P. refllgii (Sara\\ ak) :lnd P umbl"{/ (Sar:mak), The la. I)i slribulion : Rcwrded from Sarawak. Sabah. and north central Kalimantan.
PolJ'p edale~' lelt co mJ'slax
(Gravenhorsl) Four-lined Tree f:'rog (~ig. 97)
Description : A :ol11all to medilllll-si/cd frog \\'jlh a :olender bod) and lung. :olender hind limhs . T he :oide. . of the ::.llom arc ..,harp. bm the lip is not. The skin j, !>11l00th C'cl'pl I'or a CUf'l'd fold mer the eardnlm. The~c fT0g!> "ary from light beige 1U dark tan on the he:ld. hack and legs. :-"Imt indiliduab h':l\e four !l3ITO\\ dark siripe, running dO\\1l the back. I\hile the rc!>! han:. either pri ll1ar~ or old .,ecol1dar~. 0l0... 1 HI]O\\ ch,.'\:ltions though th ree
are in montane c ll\" ironmel1l .... We do nm \...no\.\ how high they climb
abme the [or..::.1 noOl". but we h;.l.\c ..,een tree frog ... al le:I from indi' idual~ in the canup). T he Bornean "'pl'cie::. fall il1lo ,1.'\ eral group~. Fir ... \. there are [ho,>c that breed in flowing \\alt:r. including R. ollgulirmrril, R. C,WlII{)PIIII{"f(/IIiS and R. SWllli. and an: relmi\'el) ... mall. All the othl'r BorneaTl ,pcde~ breed in !>landing \\~uer. though t\\O ~maJl ' lX'ci,,>, R. OI'IIl'lIllif"lIlof/IS :md R. kaj{/u. !>eelll to U'i! ver) ~hallo\\ water. such acoeps and shallU\\ !>wamp'. The remaining ~pecies are "JXlmr' breed('r~. often using \\alluw!> made 0) forc!>t pigs or rhinos. ,\hl) induded in lhi~ genus are at il:a!>t three Bornl'an frogs thaI tan glide; il i~ possible thaI more ha\e thi!> capacity. The known g.liding s pecic~ ba\e extensi\c\) \\ebbed lingl'f!> and toe,. \\hkh greatl) ;m:rease their ~\II"face area hel'au~e they have tip .. u f fing.ers and loc!> e;o;:panded into wide, round o r oval palb. The hind limb .. aTe long and ,lender. The e~Lf(.l nllll is \i~ible. T he e)l:!> are large and the pupil cOlllraCh·into a hori7.0ntal ~tit . Colour.llion \'aric,> widely. from hrigbl green 10 or~)ngc 10 yello\\ to brown and from unifonll 10 barred or moulcd. T he ~J.- i n oflhe back j .. upecies hatt: reb1l\el~ large. f:l1 tadpole!> with relathel~ dl'~'p fim. but in ~Oll1e specit'" they are o;mall. !>lender. ami have naITO\\ t:lil~ .
All
u~u a frog of primary ron:,;!, ~roratlil'alh common along clear, rod) !>!r~ams above 1000 mctn:!>. Calhng male .. perch on !>mall trees mcrhanging ~tream~ u sheen l·ollected. Di stri bution : KnO\~n from Kalirnarnan. Sabah. and SnrawnL It proh;lbl) \\ ill be found in Brunei. Else\~ hl'rl.! it occur" in ...o uthern Thaihmd and Peninsular 1\lal:t> ... ia.
Rllllcopltorus dlllitellsis Boulengcr JUlk Tree Frog (Fig. 10.+) Description : A sm .. lI tree frog \~ it h a l>harpl) poin ted l>nout and a s]endl'r body. The tOl'l> ;Ire \\ebbed to the b"l~e of the pad.... The finge ..... are almol>1 full) \\ l'bbed. The skin orlhe bad i... smooth. There is a narro\\. \\ hite-edged ridge of lokin along [he outer edge or the forearm and another along [he lower kg. The heel has a '>mull t'onical or round flap of ~"in. A lran:nicalline cro~"'e~ the tail al mid-kngth, ht'"yolld \\ hieh th..: t:1I1 b da rker. Total length reaches 50 mill. Habib and hahitat: T hi~ b a Ir(lg of primar~ fore!'lt in !lat or hl ll ~ countr) III the lowland". Link is kntm n of it.... hahll". It form., large br":L'thng groups around fore!'.t pond .. at unpredict;tble inh.:nah. apr;]rt'ntl~ ..,t imulah:rJ h) "uddell heavy rain:>. T h..: tadpole" Jt\e 1Il the:>e pond" C all : ,\ ~hort, \\eaL eric\.,et-1Jkc trill. Dii)lribulion : Kno\\1l from S:thah. Snr'l\\aJ.. alld rwnh centra l K;llim;ll1tal1. It aho occur.. in SUlllatra.
RIWl"opltortl 'l el'ereUi B uulengt'r ~ I o"") Trc~ Frog (l-ig. lOS ) Description : A !'.mall "'I~K:J..~ frog. \\]{h slender. long leg ... and a shon. blunt .. nout. T he webbing on the til": ... doe~ not quite rea1.:h thc ha..,e of the patk The lingL'rs are webbed on I) atth~ ha..,l's. T he skin oftbe upper ,urtaccs i~ rough, \\ ilh r11a ll ~ tillY pointed proj ~'o.:tio ll ' m cr the head and bad. T here i\ a "emi·\.·i rl·k of .., pi k ~ projection!> running o\ cr Ih .. shol1luer~ between the l'arurunh. ;lI1d l1uml'rou.., "'111111ar, though ~maller. ... pin} hlllllP' ~cal1ered o\a the ha~k. The foreann and 100\('r leg h;\\e a 1"0\\ 01 "'l1wl1. cone- darJ... \\ ith :l light har bel\\l;'l'n thl' eyes. T he bat· J.. i" a mixture of patches of tan and bru\\n. T he upper thigh, are lIsuall~ greeni..,h ) t'llu\\ \\ lIh hro\\ n ... pot.... The Ullllcr .. idc 01 the leg~ i ~ grl.'l'n. i\ tale near !>trcam'. Lillie is ktlO\\tl of it.... h;lbih.
RHACOPHORIDAE: RH ACOPH ORUS
Call : A series llf sholl. har
IR-l
RHACO PI-IORIDAE: RI-I ACO PH ORCS
Rlwcophorm' /wrrissolli Inger & Ha ile Bro\\nTree ~rog\Fig. 107 1 OCSlTilltion: A mediulll-"i/cJ
In.:~
frog with
:l
pointed.
~h arp-edgcd
... nout. 1\ 11 of [hl' 10('''' an: broadl~ \\ebbed [0 thl' ha"c or the pad ... Thl' thrcl'
outer tingcr~ ar~ :Jbo \\ebbed to [hl' pad .... The :-.~in of the had, h. line!), pebbled or ~moo[h. The belly i" coar~ely pl..'bbled . There arl' no ridge~ 01' flap" of ,,~in on the limh,. The he;ld ;md ba(:k of thi~ ratlwr plain frog :lre reddi,h bro\\ n or clay orO\\ n. The !>ide uf the head ~OIllCI i1l1t.'~ ha~ while Th~ sides and thc hidden ~urfaces of the leg" arc gn..'I..'nbh yellow. The \\~'bbing of the linger!> and loe!'i is dark hrO\\ n nr bl;ld ... jvl;lle,,: 50-56 mm. Fen1:lIe ... : 60-70 mill. Tadpole: Th~ !xxI) b O\al. gelll'ra l l~ rounded aOO\'e and bdo\\ . The tai l i ... aboul 1\\ ice the body length . Til..- hod} and !ail are dark grc~. Total length rl'al..·hl;'~ -+ I mill. Habits Hlld hahital : Thi ) !>pec i e~ ha~ been found in primary and old ~econdal) forc~h in hiU~ belO\I 750 metres. :-.-tak!> hale been found on ]eal'es of ~hrub~ and !>lllalJ trees overhanging ~mall. slowly flO\\ing intermittent ,I reams and marshes. Call: A '(rit'~ of single or douhk dit'b made at intcna\s. Distribution : Sabah and Sarall uk.
Rhacop/lOrtlS lIigropa/matlls Boulenger Wallace', FJ:;.ing Frog (Fig. 1()9) Description : A
ler~
large tfee frog
very large hamh and feet. Fingers and
II
ith an almo,! rounded snout and
to'"':'
are fully \\"ehhed. The skin of the
body is vcry line!) pebbled. bUl ha~ no projections or ridge!>. The forearm ha, a \1 ide. \mooth-edged flap of "kin thut extends 10 11K- t'dge oflhe OUicr linger. The heel ha~ a wide. rounded nap of skin Ihat continues On!O Ihe outer edge of the foot. All upper ~lIrraees are emerald green. sometime~ with a few glo~s~ Ilhite ~pots on the b:lek. The underside i!> white . becoming )ellowish on the chest and helly. The sides of the hody and legs are deep yellow. The webbing of Ihe feet i~ black. fading into )ello\', to\\"ard~ the lips of Ihe toes. Males: 79-89 mm. Femak~: 89-100 mm. Tadpole: The bod) i~ lj\'al and rounded. The lail is a bit k~~ than twice the body length and i~ rather deep. The hody i~ pale gre) ahove and white hl"lO\I. The tail ha~ hlack ~pots 011 the IHll,clc and fim . \1 ilh a dllrk edge to Ihe upper fin. Total kngth reache~ 50 mm . Hahits and habitat: Thi, i, Ihe original "Flying Frog of Borneo"". It is a resident oj primar) fore,! al km de\ atiOlb. Frogs rome dO\I n from the foresl canopy to breed at turhid p(lnl~ of \\ ;nero and foml ~mall group'" around wild pig or rhino \1 allows. Lurg~' fO:Hll ni!Sh aft' attached either to Illud banks or leg on the back ':lnd ~01lle hal'e yellO\\ or blue "poh on lh~' ba~'k and upper ,urf;I~:C~ of the leg'. The ~ide, and beJJ~ are ~ ello\\ i~h. II jth black 'POI', on the "ide~ and :1TI orange nelworh. on the bl.'ll). The I\ebhing on thl' hand .. and fect i, orange-red. i\la\e'>: 39-)5 mill. f emale,; 55-71 mm. Tadpule : The hod~ 1, Ola l and rather deep. The tail is slight!) tel>~ than 1\\ ke the hod~ length and tapers to a naITOII tip. The hod) b pale light brown. Some ladpolt'~ have "eleral blal.'k ~pob on the body. while Other~ ha\'e Ju~t om: ~pot un the ,ide thl.' lwad. Total kngth n.:aehe, 45 111m. The~e t:l(lpoh:~ m:l~ be confu,..:d II ith tllO~e of R(wa c(wfcOIIOf(/ tx:cau~..: of their 'polled pattern. hut onl) the latter hille II hite glandular pa t ~·he .. o n the under,idc.
or
Fig. 110. RIrIlt'UphoI'1I1 (),mlall \ Gumh..:r.
IX9
RJ-I ACOP J-IOJ{Jl)AE: RH ACOPIIORLS
Hahits and habita t: Thi') Img:. \\ hich IS a proficient glider. i~ found in a \1 ilk \ aricty of forested habilat~ al 1(1\\ ck\ation~. It form~ small breeding group~ around rnar~hes. pond~ and quiet ~idc pooh of qreams. It is relati\"ely common along logging roads where ~trellm~ are ortcn blo{:kcd and form pook The nonmll l"oragl11g hahitat is unknown . but is presumabl) in the forest canopy. The tadpole:. d were found in a \\ater· contai ning tree hole about J.5 lll\.'trc~ abU\c Ihe ground in the ~allle forIl ling,.n. 22. 26. U-I 5.
135 /!tlltmphr!ra/lIIl1s (~ I msuil. 26. IJ-I ,,'p/lII/)(IIC'1II1.1 (i\1,lhuit 211. I,~ fl.
1.'6 flh(u'(lIIIt''''~
linger & Gnti,!. 211. n-l.
137-1';' 137
,,,w, iitlf (Ingcr &. Gritb). 26. I_q "lIihll