A Dictionary of Islam

^^ .\J 'i'l'r-

H.

V

DICTIONARY OF ISLAM BEING

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE DOCTEINES, EITES, CEKEMONIES, AND

CUSTOMS, TOGETHER WITH THE TECHNICAL AND THEOLOGICAL TERMS, OF THE MUHAMMADAN RELIGION.

BY

^

THOMAS PATRICK HUGHES,

B.D., M.R.A.S.

WITR NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

THE ka'bah.

(Biu-ton.)

SCRIBNER, WELFORD, & CO. LONDON W. H. ALLEN & CO.

NEW YORK

:

:

1H85. (All rights reserved.)

DEDICATED (WITH PERMISSION)

TO

THE

RIGHT

REVEREND THOMAS VALPY FRENCH, FIRST BISHOP

OB^

LAHORE,

WITH MUCH AFFECTION AND ESTEEM, BY

HIS

lordship's

OBEDIENT

SERVANT,

THOMAS PATRICK HUGHES.

D.D,

&/Ofr giCCii

PREFACE. \

The (the

tive

increased

interest

manifested

to

relation

in

all

matters affecting

East, and the great attention now given to the study of comparareligion, seem to indicate that the time has come when an attempt

be made

should

^The present work

is

with

together

Muhammadan

Muslim

Faith.

intended to supply this want, by giving, in a tabuthe doctrines,

lated form, a concise account of

customs,

of the

doctrines

of the

world a systematic exposition

of the

English-speaking people

the

before

place

to

and

technical

the

rites,

and

ceremonies,

theological

terms,

of the

religion.

Although compiled by a clergyman who has had the privilege of being engaged in missionary work at Peshawar for a period of twenty years,

"Dictionary of Islam"

this

versial attack

exposition of

on the religious its

system

intended to be a contro-

not

is

of

Muhammad,

rather an

but

principles and teachings.

Divided, as the

Muslim world

found impossible to take into

is,

into

numerous

consideration

the

all

has been

sects, it

minor

differences

I

(

which exist

amongst them.

The Dictionary

is,

for the

most

part,

an

5^ exposition of the opinions of the Sunni sect, with explanations of the chief points on which the Shiah and Wahhabi schools of thought differ

from

it.

Wahhabis,

Very as

special

the Author's

is

it

attention

Muslim Faith

earliest teachings of the

and his immediate successors. to

Mr. Wilfrid

ten millions out

When

hammadans Muhammadanism, the Shiah secondary

Muhammad

that, according

Shiah sect only numbers

some

one hundred and seventy-five millions of Mu-. be seen that, in compiling a Dicit will

tionary of

important

came from

remembered

the

represent

world,

in the

a

is

they

that

as they

it

estimate, the

Blnnt's of the

been given to the views of the

has

conviction

in

place

questions

the

study

of theology

of

tenets

the

must

of necessity occupy

religion.

and jurisprudence,

Still,

these

upon

all

differences

have been noticed.

The tionary.

present

book

The great work

does of

not

profess to

be

a

Biographical Dic-

Ibn Khallikan, translated into English by

PREFACE.

VI

,

\

Slane, supplies

But

this.

persons con-

biographical notices of

short

nected with the early history of Islam

\

been given^ inasmuch as

have

[

many

monies of

martyrdom of Husain,

the

;

Muharram ceremonies

the

school of jurisprudence

and

the religious of

connected with

of these persons are

Muhammad,

cere-

as

connected with

a

/

as the real founder of j

political

power of Islam,

the Author

has

In the biographical notice

i

expressed his deep obligations to Sir

great work, the Life of Mahomet.

William Muir's

It is impossible for

madanism

Hanifah,

and the Khalif ah 'Umar

;

dogmas and

for instance, as being the foundation

Abu

;

religious

being

without

Muham-

anyone to write upon the subject of largely indebted,

only

not

Sir William

to

\

Muir's books, but also to the works of the late Mr. Lane, the author of

which have been edited by Mr,

Modern Egyptians, new Numerous quotations from these volumes editions of

Stanley Lane Poole.

will

be found in the present work.

But

whilst the

avail himself

Author has not hesitated

the

of

in

compilation

this

above and similar works, he

to

during a long

has,

amongst Muhammadan peoples, been able to consult very numerous Arabic and Persian works in their originals, and to obtain

residence

J

the assistance of very able

Muhammadan

native scholars of all schools

of thought in Islam.

He

specially

is

indebted

Dr. F.

to

Steingass,

of

the

Univer-

Munich, the author of the English-Arabic and Arabic-English The interesting Dictionaries, for a careful revision of the whole work.

sity of

the pen of this distinguished scholar, as is from some valuable criticisms on the composition of the qur'an, and

on writing

article

well as

a biographical sketch of the Khalifah 'Umar. Orientalists

may, perhaps, be surprised

treated as a sect of Islam, but the

been

in

may not even be spoken

sect,^'

— the

most

desirable.

At received

Hinduism and Muhammadanism,

the

publication of

commencement

very

valuable

of as

which

in

the

religion

the

present

of a

if

Muhammadan

work seemed

to

be

of the publication of the work, the Author

assistance

from the

Rev.

M.A., Principal of the Lahore Divinity College, friends,

Sikhism has

article on the subject by Mr. F. Pincott, which he shows that the " religion of Nanak was really

intended as a compromise between it

find that

and scholarly

a very able

M.R.A.S.,

to

Compiler has been favoured with

F. A. P.

as well as

Shirreff,

from other

which he must gratefully acknowledge.

Amongst

the

numerous suggestions which the Author received for

i

|

;

\)

PBEFAOB.

Vll

the compilation of this Dictionary, was one from a well-known Arabic scholar, to the eflfect that the value of the work would be enhanced the quotations from the Qur'an, and from the Traditions, were given This, however, seemed incompatible with in their original Arabic.

if

the general design

of

intended to be such quainted with

The whole structure of the work

the book.

as will

make

Arabic language;

the

is

available to English scholars unac-

it

consequently, most

and,

of the

information given will be found under English words rather than under For example, for information regarding the their Arabic equivalents.

God,

and not

Arabic allah

the

to

;

the

to

service,

regarding the liturgical

the Arabic salat; for the marriage

laws

for

all

way, the information given

will

the

and not to

and ceremonies, to the EngIt is

hoped

that, in this

who

are entirely

be available to those

unacquainted with Oriental languages,

or, indeed,

with Eastern

The quotations from the Qur'an have been given

life.

chiefly

from

and those in the Qur'anic narra-

Palmer's and Rodwell's translations; tive of Biblical characters

and laws

ritual

English prayer,

MARRIAGE, and not to the Arabic nikah.

lish

refer to the English

the reader must

Divine Being,

attributes of the

(moses for example) have been taken from

Mr. Stanley Lane Poole's edition of Lane's Selections. But, when needful, entirely new translations of quotations from the Qur'an have been given.

The "Dictionary of Islam" has been compiled with very conand labour, in the hope that

siderable study

—

Government

the

to

peoples

lim

;

;

to

Muslim peoples

;

the to

Oriental

the

be useful to

student

of ;

to

many

MusHm

engaged in controversy with Mus-

traveller

true teachings of Islam

the

will

called to administer justice

to the Christian missionary

scholars

learn

official

it

seeking

comparative

— to

all,

hospitality religion

indeed,

who

amongst

anxious

care to

to

know

what are those leading principles of thought which move and guide one

hundred

and seventy-tive millions of the great human family, forty whom are under the rule of Her Most Gracious Majesty

millions of

the

Empress of India. July 23rd, 1885.

—

The Arabic Letters

Volume have been Transliterated

in this

as follows

Arabic.

Names.

:

Roman.

Pronunciation.

Alif

A

a,

Ba

B

As

Ta

T

A

bii

S J

Very nearly the sonnd of

i, «',

at the beginning of a word.

in English. soft dental, like the Italian

As

Jim Hfi

c J

Khfi

H Kh

Dal

D

Soft dental.

j

Zal

Z

A

Ra

R

Za

Z

SIu

S

Shin

Sh

3

u°

Srid

strong aspirate.

Guttural, like the Scotch

sound between dh and

As

as

Zad

z 'Ain

A A A

strongly articulated palatal

guttural, the learnt

Gh

A

Ffi

F

As

Qaf Kaf

Q

Lam

L

r

Mini

M

Nun

N

Ha

strong guttural

pronunciation Asia and /.

z.

pronunciation

by

of

which

ear,

ijJi'

in English.

Like ck

in stuck.

\

-As in English.

H

Wau

W

Ya

Y

Fathah Kasrah Zamniah

a

Hamzah

Central Asia

in Central

sti'ongly articulated

Gliain

J

in

like the foreign

must be

K

z.

articulated s;

of the th in that; India z or zw.

Ta

in loch.

810.

Something

z

cli

in English.

A strongly

,

t.

in thing.

in English.

e c

A

//(

i

As

in Italian.

u Pronounced as

a,

i,

slight aspiration.

u,

preceded by a very

—

DICTIONARY OF ISLAM. A.

AARON.

Arabic

Hdrun (o;».

The account ^'ivcu of Aarou in the QurTin will be found in the article on Moses. In Surah xix. 29, the Virgin Mary is addressed as " the [mary, moses.] Sister of Aaron."

ABAD

(J^^).

without Azal (Jj^),

Eternity;

end, as distinguished

f rom

without beginning.

'ABASA

(cr^).

"He

frowned."

the Lxxxth chapter of the Qur'iln. It is said that a bhnd man, named 'Abdu 'Hah Maktum, once interrupted ;Muhamibn mad in conversation with certain chiefs of yuraish. The Prophet, however, took no notice of him, but frowned and turned away and in the first verse of this Surah, he is represented as reproved by God for having " He frowned and turned his back, done so for that the blind man came unto him."

The

title of

Umm

;

:

—

The son of 'Abdu (u-W^) and consequently the paternal uncle of Muhammad. The most celebrated of the "Companions," and the founder of the Abbasido dynasty, which held the Khahfate for a period of 509 years, namely, from a.d. 749 to A.D. 1258. He died in a.h. 32. His

'ABBAS

.

'1-Muttalib,

son Ibn-' Abbas was also a celebrated authoand law. [iRN rity on Islamic traditions 'ABBAS, ABBASIDES.]

ABBASIDES. (i,«^U*J\).

Arabic al-'Ahbdslyah of a dynasty of

The name

Khalifahs descended from al-- Abbas, the son of -Abdu '1-MuttaUb, and a paternal uncle of Muhammad. On account of their descent from so near a relation of the Prophet, the Abbasides had, ever since the introduction of Islam, been very high in esteem amongst the Arabs, and had at an early period begun to excite the jealousy of the Umaiyade Khalifahs, who after the defeat of 'All occupied the throne of the Arabian Empire. The Abbas-

ides had for some time asserted their (Jlaims to the Khalifate, and in a.d. 740 they com-

In 749the Abbaside hostilities. Khaliifah Abu '1-' Abbas, surnamed as-Sa£fah, "the blood-shedder," was recognied as Khalifah at al-Kufah, and Marwan II., the la.st of the Umaiyade Khalifahs, was defeated and

menced open

slain.

Thirty-seven Khalifahs of the Abbaside dynasty reigned over the Muhammadan empire, extending over the period from a.h. 132 (a.d. 749-50) to A.H. GoK (a.d. 1258). The names of the Abbaside Khalifahs are: Abu 'l-'Abbas as-Saffah (a.d. 749), al-Mansur (a.d. 754), al-Mahdi (a.d. 775), al-Hadi (a.d. 785), Harun ar-Rashid (a.d. 780), al-Amin 809), al-Ma'mun (a.d. 813), al-Mu'ta.sim (a.d. 833), al-Wasiq (a.d. 842), al-Mutawakkil (a.d. 847), al-Muntasir (a.d. 801), al-Musta'in (a.d. 802), al-Mu'tazz (a.d. 800), al-Mubtadi (a.d.

809), al-Mu'tamid (a.d. 870), al-Mu'tazid 892))al-Muktafi (a.d. 902), al-Muqtadir (a.d. 908), al-Qahir (a.d. 932), ar-Razi (a.d. 934), al-Muttaqi (a.d 940), al-Mustaqfi (a.d. 944), al-Muti' (a.d. 945), at-Tai- (a.d. 974), al-Qadir (a.d. 994), al-Qium (a.d. 1031), alMuqtadi (a.d. 1075), al-Mustazhir (a.d. 1094), (a.d.

(a.d.

al-Mustarshid (a.d. 1118), ar-Rashid (a.d. 1135), al-Muqtafi (a.d. 1136), al-Mustanjid (a.d. 1100), al-Mu.stazi (a.d. 1170), an-Nasir (A.D. 1180), az-Zahir (a.d. 1225). al-Mustan.sir (a.d. 1220), al-Musta'sim (a.d. 1242 to a.d. 1258).

In the reign of al-Musta'sim Hulaku, grandson of Jingiz Khan, entered Persia and became Sultan a.d. 1250. In 1258 he took Baghdad and put the Khalifah al-Musta'.sim to death,

[khalifah.]

ABDAL

"Substitutes," (J^J^^). Certain persons Viy whom, it is said, God continues the world in existence. Their number is seventy, of whom forty When reside in Syria, and thirty elsewhere. one dies another takes his place, being so

pi. of Budiil.

— 'ABID

ABDU *LLAH

2

/'or fire descended from heaven, and devoured his offering), and it was not accepted from the other, Cain iras enraged ; but he concealed hix

appointed by God. It is ono of the signs of the last day that the Abdul will come from Xo one pre(Mig/ihlt, xxiii. c. 3.) Syria. tends to be able to identify these eminent God alone knows who persons in the world. they are, and where thej' are.

he

'ABDU 'LLAH (.>iJ\j^). The father JIuhammad. He was the youngest son of •Ahdu 'l-:Muttalib. During the pregnaiicy of his wifp Aminah, he set out on a mci-cantile expedition to Gaza in the south of Palostine, and on his way back he sickened and died at

of

al-Madlnah, before the birth of his son :\Iuhammad. (Kdtibu 7- Warjidl, p. 18 :Muir's Li'fe of Malioiiict, vol. i. p. 11.) :

'ABDU 'LLAH IBN SA'D (Mx^ jk*- (^).

One

of

Muhammad's

secre-

related that, ^^•hen Muhammad 'Abdu 'Ufih to write down the

It is

taries.

instructed

words (Surah

xxiii.

12-U), "

man from an

created

We

extract

(God) have

of

clay

.

.

.

then we produced it another creation," 'Abdu God, blessed be exclaimed, " And "llah the best of creators"; and Muhammad told

'Whereupon him to write that down also. 'Abdu 'llah boasted that he had been inspired with a sentence which the Prophet had acknowledged to be part of the Qvu'7in. It is of him that it is written in the Qur'an, Surah vi. 93, " Wliois more unjust than he who devises against God a lie, or says, I am, inspired,' when he is not inspired at all." '

'ABDU 'L-MUTTALIB (^lU5Wc). Muhammad's grandfather and He died, aged for two years. His

sons

father),

'Abdu

were

(Muhammad's

'llah

al-Hfiris, az-Zuhair,

his guardian 82, a.d. 578.

Abu

Talib,

Abu

Lahab, al-'Abbas, and Hamza.

^jVcJWc).

('^_^:iusJ\

The

celebrated

founder of the Qadiriyah order of darweshes,

He died and was surnamcd Pir-Dastagir. buried at Baghdad, A.ri. 5G1.

'ABDU 'R-RAHMAN IBN 'AUP (*_i.e

^j.>

^^.£.;5U-x).

One

who embraced Islam

period,

and was

l

!

—

its

And they intended against him a but he caused them to be the sufferers. wo delivered him and Lot, the son of his

cold.

plot

:

And

brother Ilaran, from El-Eraq, [bringing them] unto the land which We blessed for the peoples, by the abundance of its j-iveis and trees,

namely, Syria.

Abraham

took up his abode

and Lot

Palestine,

in JEI-Mutefikeh, betiveen which is a day's journey. And when Abraham had asked a son, Vi'c gave xmto him Isaac, and Jacob as an additional gift, beyond ivhat he had asked, being a .ion's son ; and in

We made righteous persons and And We made them models of religion who directed 7nen by Our command unto Our religion and We commanded them by all of

them

prophets.

;

good works and to jDerform prayer and to give the appointed alms and they served Us. And unto Lot We gave judgment and knowledge and We delivered him from the city which committed filthy actions for they were a people of evil, shameful doers and We admitted him into our mercy; for he was [one] of the righteous." (Surah ssi. 52-75.) '• Hast thou not considered him who disputed with Abraham concerning his Lord, because God had given him the kingdom ? And he was Nimrod. When Abraham said, (upon his inspiration to do

;

;

;

;

saying unto him, Who is thy Lord, unto ivhom thou invitest us?), My Lord is lie who giveth life and causeth to die, he rej^lied, I give And he summoned two life and cause to die. men, and slew one of them, and left the other. So when he saiv that he understood not, Abraham said. And verily God bringeth the siui from the east now do thou bring it from the west. And he who disbelieved was confounded and God directeth not the offending people." (Surah ii. 2G0.) " And Our messengers came formerly unto Abraham with good tidings of Isaac and Jacob, ivho should be after him. Thej' said, Peace. He replied. Peace be on you. And he And tarried not, but brought a roasted calf. when he saw that their hands touched it not, he disliked them and conceived a fear of them. They said. Fear not for we are sent unto the people of Lot, that we may destroy them. And his wife Sarah was standing serving them, and she laughed, rejoicing at the tidings of their destruction. And we gave her good tidings of Isaac; and after Isaac, Jacob.

—

:

—

;

:

—

——

:

6

ABRAHAM

She

ABRAHAM

shall I bear a child when I am an old woman nf nine and ninctij i/ears, and \Yhcn this my husband is an old man of

Alas

said,

!

a hundred or a hundred and ticentij years ? Vcrih' this [would be] a wonderful thing. They said, Dost thou wonder at the command of God? The mercy of God and His blessings be on you, iteople of the house (of Abraham) for He is praiseworthy, glorious. And when the terror had departed from Abraham, and the good tidings had come unto him, he disputed with Us (that is, with Our messengers) res]3ecting the people of Lot for Abraham was gentle, compassionate, re])entant. And he said unto them. Will ije destroy a city tchcrein are three hundred believers^ They answered. No. He said. And Will ye destroy a city wherein ai'e two hundred believers? They answered. No. lie said. And icill ye destroy a city ivherein are forty believers? They answered, No. He said, And ivill ye destroy a city ivherein are fourteen believers? They answered, No. He said, And tell me, if there be in it one believer? They ansicered. No. He said, Verily in it is Lot. They replied, We know best rvho is in it. And when their dispute had become tedious, they said, Abraham, abstain from this disputation ; for the command of thy Lord hath come for their destruction, and a punishment not [to bo] averted is coming upon them." (Surah xi. !

—

;

72-78.)

"And whenOiu" the people

cities)

;

saying,

God

is

bestowed] on Peace [be] on reward the well-

[to be

him by the

latter generations,

Abraham

Thus do

!

We

for he was of Our believing servants." (Surah xxxvii. 97-1 U.) •' Remember when Abrahain said, Lord, show me how Thou will raise to life the dead. He said, Hast thou not believed ? He

doers

:

my

—

answered, Yea: but / have asked Thee that my heart may be at ease. He replied. Then take four birds and draw them towards thee, and cut them in pieces and mingle together their Jlesh and their feathers ; then place upon each mountain of thy land a portion of them, then call them unto thee: they shall come unto thee quickly and know thou that God is mighty [and] wise. And he took a peacock and a vulture and a raven and a cock, and did with them as hath been de.scribed, and kept their heads with him, and called them ; whereupon ;

the portions few about, one to another, until they became complete : then they came to their heads." (Surah ii. L'G2.) " Remember, when his Lord had tried Abra-

ham by

[certain] words,

bitions,

and he

men.

He

had dr jij ^.^\ ,)\). Celebrated as the Imrau Zufar, and as a contemporary and intimate friend of the great Imam Abu Hauifah. He died at al-Basrah, A.ii.

78.

ABU JAHL

(J«- ^\).

An

im-

placable adversary of Muhammad. His real name was 'Amr iVm Hishrim, but he was surnamod, by the Muslims, Abu Jahl, or the " Father of Folly." He is supposed to be alluded to in the Qur'an, Surah xxii. 8:— •' There is a man who disputcth concerning either knowledge or direction." He was a boastful and debauched man. and was killed in the battle of Badr.

God without

158.

ABU 'L-QASIM (,^^\

Imam Abu Yusuf and

disciples, the

ABtJ

ABC 'L-HUZAIL ZUFAR IBN AL-HUZAIL

One

father of Qasim."

of the

"

f\).

names

The

of ^lu-

hammad, assumed on the birth of his son Qasim. who died in infancy, [muuammad.]

ABUSIVE LANGUAGE

foris bidden by the JIuslim law, and the ofl'ender must be punished according to the discretion Abu Hanlfah says " If a person of the Qazi. abuse a JIusalman by calling him an ass or a hog, punishment is not incurred, because these expressions arc in no respect defamatory of the person to whom they are used, it being evident that he is neither an ass nor a hog. But some allege that in our times chastisement is inflicted, since, in the modern acceptation, calling a man an ass Others, again, or a hog is held to be abuse. allege that it is esteemed onl3' to be ahuso when the person of whom it is said occupies a dignified position."' According to Abu Ilanlfah, the greatest number of stripes that can be inflicted for abusive language is thirty-nine. (Hamilton's Iliddyult, vol. ii. 78.) :

Muhammad is related to have said, " Abusing a Mu.slim is disobedience to God, and

it is

infidelity for

anyone to join such an

one in religious warfare."

(Mis/ikdt, xxii. 2.)

ABU TALIB

(v-^U= ^\). IVIuhimthe father of mad's uncle and guardian He is lielieved to have died as he had AIT. lived, an unbeliever in the Prophet's mission but for forty years he had been his faithful He died in the third friend and guardian. year before the Hijrah. ;

ABU LAHAB the sons of

Muhammad.

(^o^ ^\).

One

Abu Mutt.alib, and an uncle He was a most bitter enemy

of to to

the Prophet, and opposed the establishment His of Islam to the utmost of his power. name was Abdu '1- Uzza, but he was surnamed by Muhammad. Abu Lahab, " The Father of the Flame." When ]\Iuhammad received the

:

ABU 'UBAIDAH

'

command them

all

admonish his relations, he called together, and told them he was a to

before a grievous rejected his mission, and cried out, " Mayest thou perish! [last thou called us together for this ? " and lookup a stone to cast at him whereupon the

warnor sent unto them

chastisement.

Abu Lahab

AL-JARRAH

iln

was produced :—

" Let the hands of Abu Lahab perish, and let himself ))erish His wealth and his gains .shall avail him naught. Burned shall he bo at a fiery flame, !

And his wife laden with lire wood. On her neck a rope of palm fibre."

Abu Lahab is said to have died of grief and vexation at the defeat which his friends had received at the battle of Badr, surviving that His body was misfortune only seven days. left unburied for several days. Zaid and Abu Lahab are the only relatives or friends of Muhammad mentioned by name in the Qur'an

(Sx,^

^.\)

IBN

Companions, who all his wars, and

of the

was with the Prophet in distinguished himself at the battle of Uhud. He was highly esteemed by Muhammad, who made him one of the 'Aslianih aJ-Mubashsharah. or ten patriarchs of the Muslim faith.

He

died a.h. 18, aged 58.

ABU YUSUF

;

oxith Surah of the Qur

One

also as

Ya'qub

(^^j>

ibn Ibrahim

y^).

Born

Known at

Bagh-

Studied under the Imam Abii Hanifah, and is celebrated, together with the Imam Muhammad and the Imam Zufar, as from whose disciples of the great Imam opinions, however, the three disciples not unfrcquontly differ, as will bo seen upon reference to the Uiddijah. He died A.ii. 182. dad, A.H. 113.

;

*AD

a

(jVc).

tribe located to the

south of Arabia, to which the prophet Hud is said to have been sent. See Qur'an, vii. G3: " And to 'Ad we sent our brother liiid, my people,' said he, worship God ye have no other god than Him Will ye not '

'

:

:

then fear Him ? " Said the unbelieving chiefs among his '

; :

ADAM

ADA people.

Wo

'

certainly perceivo that tbou art and we surely deem thee

unsound of mind an impostor.'

He

"

said,

:

my

'

people

!

it is

not unsound-

pletely formed

names

ing than ye,

you from your Lord through one of yourselves Remember how he that lie may warn you? hath made you the successors of the people of Noah, and increased you in tallness of Remember then the favours of God, .stature. it may haply be well with you.' " They said, Art thou come to us in order that we may worship one God alone, and Then leaTe what our fathers worshipped? bring that upon us with which thou threatenest us, if thou be a man of truth.' " lie said, Vengeance and wrath shall suddenly light on you from your Lord. Do ye dispute with me about names that j'ou and youi- fathers have given your idols, and for which God hath sent you down no warranty ? Wait ye then, and 1 too will wait with you." " And we delivered him, and those who were on his side, by our mercy, and we cut off, to the last man, those who had treated our signs as lies, and who were not believers." Also, Surah Ixxxix. 5 " Hast thou not seen how thy Lord dealt vrith 'Ad at Iram, adorned with pillars, whose like have not [hud, ieam.] been reared in these laiids."

that

•

'

:

into

it

the soul

Then He showed them

to you, and I am your faithful counsellor. '•• ^larvol ye that a warning hath come to

of

and breathed

it

mind in me, but I am an Apostle from the Lord of the Worlds. "' The messages of mj'^ Lord do I announce ness

it,

became nn animated sentient bang. And ho taught Adam the names of all things, infusing the knowledge of them into his heart. so

the

(namely, the things) to Declare unto me the of these things, if ye say truth in your

and

angels,

assertion that

said.

1 will not create any more knowthat ye are more luorthy of the

and

They

vicegerency.

rejjlied,

[

We

Thy

extol]

We

have no knowledge excepting what Thou hast taught us for Thou art the Adam, tell Knowing, the Wise. God said, them their names. And when he had told them their names, God said. Did I not say perfection

!

;

—

unto you

that

know

I

the secrets of the

heavens and the earth, and know what ye reveal of your words, saying, Wilt thou place in it, etc., and what ye did conceal of your words, saying. He will not create any more generous towards Him than we, nor any more knowing ? " (Surah ii. 28-31.) ' We created you that is, your father Adam then We formed you; we formed him, and you in him : then We said vmto the angels. Prostrate yourselves unto Adam, by way of salutation ; whereupon they prostrated themselves, except Iblees, the father of the jinn, who was amid the angels he was not of those ;

:

God said, What prostrated themselves. hath hindered thee from prostrating thyself, when I commanded thee ? He answered, I am better than he Thou hast created me of fire, and Thou hast created him of earth.

who

:

[God] said. Then descend thou from it that from Paradise ; or, as some say, from the heavens ; for it is not fit for thee that thou behave thyself proudly therein so go thou forth verily thou shalt be of the contemptHe replied. Grant me respite until the ible. day when they {that is, mankind) shall be raised from the dead. He said. Thou shalt be of those [who are] respited and, in another verse [in xv. 38, it is said], until the day of that is, until theperiod of the the knoicn period ;

ADA' tion

;

(c^j\).

Payment

completing (praj'ers.

satisfac-

;

<S:c.).

is,

:

ADAM. first

man.

Adam

((•J^). Arabic, Reckoned by Muslim writers

The as the

prophet, to whom ten portions of scripture (sahlfah) are said to have been revealed. He is distinguished by the title of Safiyu'llah, or, the " chosen one of God." He is mentioned in the Qur'an in the following Surahs, which are taken from Mr. Lane's Selections (new Triibner, edition, by Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole 1879), with the commentary in italics " Remember, Muhammad, when thj' Lord first

;

:

—

said unto the angels, I am about to place in the earth a vicegerent to act for me in the execution of my ordinances therein, namely, Adam. they said. Wilt Thou place in it one who will corrupt in it by disobediences, and will shed blood {as did the sons of Kl-Jann, who icere in it; where ore, when they acted corruptly, God sent to them the angels, who drove them away to the islands and the mountains), -when we [on the contrary] celebrate the divine perfection, occupying ourselves with Thy praise, and extol Thj- holiness? Therefore ive are more worthy of the vicegerency. God replied. Verily I know that which ye know not, as to the affair of apjmnting Adam

—

—

and that among his posterity icill be and the rebellious, and the just will And he created manifest among them.

vicegerent,

the obedient

be

Adam

from the surface of the earth, taking a handful of every colour that it comprised, which was kneaded with various waters ; and he com-

:

:

;

[And the devil] as Thou hast led me into error, I will siiroly lay wait for them {that is, for the sons of Adam) in Thy right way, the ivay that leadeih to Thee : then I will surely come upon

first blast [of the trumpet].

Now,

said,

them, from before them, and from behind them, and from their right hands, and from their left, and hinder them from pursuing the way {but, saith Ibn 'Abbas, he cannot come upon them above, lest he should intervene between the servant and God's mercy), and Thou shalt not find the great number [God] said. grateful, or believing.

from

it,

mercy.

kind) spring,

"

despised

Whosoever shall

and with

And we

of

all

;

men.''

said,

icith

of them Go forth away from

driven

them

follow thee,

with you

hell

and

I

{that

will

thee,

(Surah

is,

and

vii.

of man-

surely

fill

thy off-

10-17.)

Adam, dwell thou and Eve], ichom God created

thy wife {Hoicwd [or from a rib of his left side) in the garden, and eat ye therefrom plentifully, wherever ye but approach ye not this tree, to eat will thereof; {and it was wheat, or the grape-vine, or some other tree ;) for if ye do so, ye will be ;

— 10

—

ADAB

ADORATION

of the number of the offenders. But the devil, Iblees, caused them to sHp from it, that is

from the garden,

htj

I show you

way

his xayituj unto them, Shall

to the tree of eternity? he stcare to them by God that he teas one of the faithful advisers to them ; so they ate of it, and He ejected them from from that

the

And

state

said,

Palmer

hoofs." Professor " snorting chargers."

translates

AD'IYATU 'L-MASUEAH

prayers handed clown Those praj'ers which were

tradition."

by Muhammad,

said

(i-^^\

"The

Sj^U5\).

by

it

in addition to the

regular

They

of delight in which they were. And We Descend ye to the earth, ye two with the

are found in dift'erent sections of the traditions or Ahdd'is.

one

'ADL (J-^). Justire. Appointing what is just equalising making of the Ransom. same weight. The word occurs twelve times in the Qur'an, e.g.. Surah iv. 128,

offspring that ye of you (that is,

comprise

[yet unboi'u]

,

of your offspiing) an enemy

to another; and there shall be for you, in the earth, a place of abode, and a provision, of its vegetable produce, for a time, until the period of the expiration of your terms of life.

And Adam

from his Lord, v^'ords, Lord, we have acted souls, and if Thou do not

learned,

—

which were these: unjustly to our oicn forgive us, and be merciful unto us, toe shall And he surely be of those who suffer loss. prayed in these words ; and He became prorepentance accepting his pitious towards him, ; for He is the Very Propitious, the Merciful. said, Descend ye from it (from the garden)

We

altogether

;

and

if

there

come unto you from

Me

a direction (a book and an apostle), those who follow my direction, there sitcdl come no fear on them, nor shall they grieve ?n the world to come; for they shall enter paradise: but they who disbelieve and accuse our signs of falsehood, these shall be the companions of the fire: they shall remain therein for

ever."

(Surah

ii.

33-37.)

The Muhammadans say, that when they were cast down from Paradise [which is in the seventh heaven], Adam fell on the isle of Ceylon, or Sarandib, and Eve near Jiddah and that, (the port of Makkah) in Arabia after a separation of two hundred years, Adam was, on his repentance, conducted by the angel Gabriel to a mountain near 3Iakkah, where he found and knew his wife, the mountain being then named 'Arafat and that he afterwards retired with her to Ceylon. ;

;

Sale.

ADAB

Discipline of the (v>^). mind and manners good education and good ;

politeness deportment a mode breeding A very long section of conduct or behaviour. of the Traditions is devoted to the sayings of iMulianimad regarding rules of conduct, and is found in the Mishkdtu 'l-Masub'ih under the title Bdbu 'l-Adab (book xxii. Matthew's Mishkdt). It includes (1) Salutations, (2) Asking permission to enter houses, (3) Shaking hands and embracing, (4) Rising up, (5) Sitting, sleeping and walking, (G) Sneezing and yawning, (7) Laughing, (8) Names, (tt) Poetry and eloquence, (10) Backbiting and abuse, (11) Promises, (12) Joking, (13) Boasting and party spirit. The traditional sayings on these subjects will be found under their respective titles. ^Ilmu 'l-Adab is the science ;

;

;

—

of Philology.

'ADIYAT

(u^^JUi). "Swift horses." The title of the 100th Surah of the Quran, the second verse of which is, " By the swift chargers and those who strike fire with their

liturgical prayers.

;

"

Ye

;

are not able,

it

may

be, to act equit.\).

last

Wednesday

month of Safar. It is observed as a feast in commemoration of Muhammad's having experienced some mitigation of his of the

and having bathed. It was the he performed the legal bathing, for he died on the twelfth day of the next month. In some parts of Islam it is customary, in the early morning of this day to write verses of the Qur'fm. known as the Seven Saldms (q.v.), and then wash oft" the ink and drink it as a charm against evil. It is not observed by the Wahhabis, nor is its observance universal in Islam. last illness, last time

AO[LAQ

(j>U\).

The plural

of

Khulq. Natures, dispositions, habits, manners. The general tei-m for books on morality, e.g. A kh Idg-i-Ja Idl'i. Akhldq-i-Muhsini. the name of a dissertation on Ethics by Husain Wa'iz Kashifi, A.n. 910, which has been translated into English by the Rev. H. G. Keene (W. H. Allen & Co.).

AKHtJND

i-^^V).

A

maulawl

;

a

A

teacher. title of respect given to eminent religious teachers. One of the most cele-

brated Muhammadan teachers of modern times was the " Akhuud of Swat," who died This great religious leader resided A.D. 1875. in the village of Saidii, in the district of Swat, on the north-west frontier of India.

AIOIUNDZADAH

(6o\ja}^T). The son of an Akhund. A title of respect given to the sons or descendants of celebrated religious teachers, [akhund.]

AL

(J\).

Lit.

terity."

Used

spring of

Muhammad

in

" offspring, or posfor the off-

Muslim works

—

—

AL-A'LA

"The

(J^^J^).

A

'ALAM

(^c). standard or term used for the Hays and stan[mudards paraded durin*-^), Hebrew )r^'^. expression of assent used at the conclusion of prayers, very much as in our Christian worship. It is always used at the conclusion of the Sfiratu '1-Fatihah, or first chapter of the Qur'an.

Al-Amln is the title which was given to [Muhammad when

Ainln,"' Faithful."

It

in

it

said

is

a youth, on account of his fair and honourable bearing, which won the confidence of the people. Amhiu U-Bait, one who wishes to perform the pilgrimage to Makkah.

AMINAH

Muhammad's

{^^V).

mother. She was the wife of •Abdu'llfih, and the daughter of Wahb ibn 'Abdi Manaf. She died and was buried at al-Abwa, a place midway between Makkah and al-Madinah, before her son claimed the position of a Prophet.

AMIR

'AMAL-NAMAH

(&^^ J*^).

The

Persian word for Safiifctu 'l-A'wdl, or record of actions kept by the recording angels. [SAHIFATU 'L-A'MAL, KIRAJID 'l-KATIBIN.]

AMAl^"

(y which their idols were broken to pieces, and their houses thrown to the ground. (See Qur'an, Surah vii.

Luqman. who. according to some, (i3, xi. 58.) was a famous king of the 'Adites, and who lived to the age of .seven eagles, escaped, with about sixty others, the common calamity. These few survivors gave rise to a tribe called the Latter 'Ad but on account of their crimes they were transformed, as the Quran Hud returned states, into asses or monkeys. to Hazramaut. and was liuried in the neighbourhood, where a small town. Qabr Hud. Among the Arabs, 'Ad still bears his name. expresses the same remote age that Saturn or Ogyges did among the Greeks anything of extreme antiquity is said to be " as old as :

part of his svibjects. H. The jmre Arabs are those

—

;

The

of

whom

—

tlie mixed Arabs, claim to be descended from Ishmael and the daughter of al-Mu/.az. King of al-llijaz. whom he took to wife, and was of the

The fate of the -.Iditcs, instead of being a warning, only set them to dig caverns in the rocks, where they hoped to escape the Others vengeance of winds and tempests. demanded a sign from tho proi)lict in token of

As

ninth generation from .Turlumi. the foiuider of Of the .Turhumites. till the that kingdom. time of Ishmael. little is recorded, except the names of tlicir i)rinces or chiefs, and that they had possession of the territory of al-Hijaz. But as Muhammad traces his descent to this

a condition of their belief,

they challenged him to a trial of power, similar to wluit took place between Elijah and the priests of Baal, and promised to follow the deity that should gain the triumph. From a certain rock a camel big with young

the Arabs have been more than usually careful to preserve and adorn his genealogy. The want of a pure ancestry is, in their estimation, more than com))ensated liy the dignity of so sacred a connexion; for they boast as much as the Jews of being This reckoned the children of Abraham. circumstance will account for the preference with which they uniformly regard this branch alliance,

Tlie to come forth in their jirosence. for on Salih's pointing idolaters were foiled with a to the spot, a she-camel was jiroduccd.

was

;

This miracle young one ready weaned. wrought conviction in a few but the rest, far from believing, hamstrung the mother, killed ;

])rogeny. and divided the tliem. This act of ini))iety scaled " And a violent tempest overtook

her miraculous llcsh

among

their

doom.

of their ))cdigrcc.

vii.

71,

xi. fi4.)

tribes of .Tadis and Ti'^iii owe their A certain extinction to a different cause. despot, a Tasmito, but sovereign of both tribes.

all

l)rides

of

tlie

The

was

invited to

an entertainment.

destiny

Arabs

This conspiracy

.Tadisites.

not to be tolerated. \ formed. The king and his chiefs

insult

was

tlie

were

The avengers

tlie

many romantic

tories.

had rendered himself detested by a voluptuous law (daiming for hiniself a ])riority of riglit over

and for

It is not legends they have grafted ujion it. improbable that the ohl giants and idolaters suffered an imaginai-y extinction to make way for a more favoured race, and that Divine chastisements always overtook those who dared to invade their consecrated terri-

the wicked, and they were found prostrate on (Qur'an. their breasts in their abodes."

Surah The

Ya-rub s])read and multi-

names even at the present day. The 'Arahu U-Musttrrihah. IH.

effect.

his mission.

jiosterity of

New accessions plied into innumerable clans. rendered new sul)divisions necessary. In the genealogical tables of Sale. Gagnior, and Saiyid Ahmad Ivhan. are enmnerated nearly three-score tribes of genuine Arabs, many of whom became celebrated long 1>ef(n-e the time of !\Iuhammad, and some of them retain their

Samfid had the D'Herbelot makes the son of Arphaxad. while Bochart and Sale suppose him to be Peleg. the His preaching had little ])rother of Joktan. tribe

prophet Salih sent to them,

claim

stock are styled al-'Arahu I--Aril)ah, the genuine Arabs. According to their genealogy of this patriarch, his descendants formed two Ya'rub. one of his sons, distinct branches. founded the kingdom of al-Yaman. and .Turhimi These two are the only sons that of al-Hijax. spoken of by the Arabs. Their names do not but it has been conjecoccur in Scripture tured that they were the Jerah and Iladoram mentioned by Moses as among the thirteen planters of Arabia (Gen. x. 2(5). In the division of their nation into tribes the Arabs resemble the .lews. From an early era they have retained the distinction of sepaThis partition rate and independent families. was adverse to the consolidation of power or political influence, but it furnislies our chief guide into the dark abyss of tlicir antiijuities.

;

King 'Ad." The idolatrous

who

from Joktan or Qahtan. whom the present Arabs regard as tlieir ])rinci]ial The naeml)ers of tliis genuine founder.

to bo descended

'

Scri])tnre account of the expulsion and of this venerated ]n-ogeiiitor of the simple and affecting. is brief, hut

Ishmael was the son of Abraham by Hagar. an Fgyjitian slave. When fourteen years of ;ige. lu! was su]))danted in tlie lio])Cs and aTYections of his father l)y tho birth of Isaac.

—

—

19

ARABIA

ARABIA

through wlioin the proinisos wcro to descciul. This evont made it noi-ossary to remove the unhaijpy f(nnale and her child, who wore

of his age. he was buried in the Ic^iiili cjf bis mother Hagar. Between the erection of the Ka'bah and the birth of their Prophet, the Arabs reckon about 2,740 years. Ishmael was succeeded in the regal and sacerdotal office by his eldest son Nebat, although the

accordingly sent forth to seek their fortune in some of the surrounding unoccupied disA small supply of provisions, and a tricts. bottle of water on her shoulder, was all she Directcarried from the tent of her master. ing her steps towards her native comitry, she wandered with the lad in the wilderness of

Beer-sheba, which was destitute of springs. Here her stock failed, and it seemed impossible to avoid jjcrishing by hunger or thirst. She resigned herself to her melancholy prospects, but the feelings of the mother were more acute than the agonies of want and l^nable to witness her son's death, despair, she laid him imder one of the shrubs, took an affecting leave of him. and retired " And she went, and sat to a distance. her down over against him, a good way off, for she said, Let as it were a bow-shot me not see the death of the child. And she sat over against him. and lifted up her voice and wept." (Gen. xxi. I(i.) At this moment an angel directed her to a well of water a discovery to which they close at hand, owed the preservation of their lives. A promise formerly given was renewed, that shmael was to liecome a great nation that he was to be a wild man his hand against every man. and every man's hand against him. The travellers continiied their journey to the wilderness of Paran. and there took up their In due time the lad grew to manresidence. hood, and greatly distinguished himself as an archer, and his mother took him a wife out of Here the sacred narrative her own land. breaks off abruptly, the main object of i\Ioses being to follow the history of Abraham's descendants through the line of Isaac. The Arabs, in their version of Ishmael's history, have mixed a great deal of romance with the They assert that narrative of Scripture. al-Hijaz was the district where he settled, and that Makkah, then an arid wilderness, was the identical spot where his life was providentially saved, and where Hagar died and was buried. The well pointed out by the angel, they believe to be the famous Zamzam, of which all They pious Mushms drink to this day. make no allusion to his alliance with the Egyptian woman, by whom he had twelve sons (Gen. xsv. 12-18), the chiefs of as many nations, and the possessors of separate towns; but as polygamy was common in his age and country, it is not improliable he may have had more wives than one. to commemorate the It was, say they, miraculous preservation of Ishmael that God commanded Abraham to build the Ka'bah, and his son to furnish the necessary :

—

—

—

materials.

^luhammadan writers give the following account of Ishmael and his descendants Ishmael was constituted the prince and first high-priest of Makkah. and, during half a centmy he preached to the incredulous Arabs. :

death, which happened forty-eight years after that of Abraham, and in the 137th

At

his

l)edigreo of ^luhammad is traced fr(jm Kedar, But his family did not a younger brother. long enjoy this double authority ; for, in progress of time, the Jurhumites seized the go-

vernment and the guardianship of the temple, which they maintained n1)0ut ;500 years. These last, again, having corrupted the true worship, were assailed, as a jjunishmcnt of their crimes, first by the scimitars of the Islmiaelites, who drove them from Makkah, and then by divers maladies, by which Before the whole race finally perished. qiiitting ;Makkah, however, they committed every kind of sacrilege and indignity. They Zamzam well, after having filled up the thrown into it the treasures and sacred utensils of the temple, the black stone, the swords and cuirasses of Qala'ah, the two golden gazelles presented by one of the kings of Arabia, the sacred image of the ram substituted for Isaac, and all the precious movables, forming at once the object and the workmanship of a superstitious devoFor several centuries the posterity tion. of Ishmael kept possession of the supreme

dignity.

The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the Hijaz, and to have been the lineal ancestors of Muhammad, as far as 'Adnan A.D.

538 505 472 439 406 373 340 307 274 241 208 175 142 100 71)

B.C.

:

-Abdu 'llah,the father 'Abdu 'l-Muttahb. Hashim.

of

Muhammad.

'Abd Manaf. Qusaiy. Kiliib.

ISIurrah.

Ka-ab.

Luwaij\ Ghrilib.

Fihr or Qm-aish. Malik. an-Xazr.

Kinanah.

Khuzaimah.

48 Mndrikah. 10 al-Ya's. 23 Jluzar. of!

Niziir.

89 Ma'add. 122 -Adnrm.

The period lietween Ishmael and -Adnan is variously estimated, some reckoning forty, The authority others only seven, generations. of Abu'1-Fida, who makes it ten, is that generally followed by the Arabs, being foimded on a tradition of one of Muhammad's wives. Making every allowance, however, for patriarchal longevity, even forty generations are insufficient to extend over a space of nearly 2,500 years. the genealogy

From 'Adnan

to

Muhammad

considered certain, comprehending twenty-one generations, and nearly is

—

al-a'rai. Lane's Arabic-English, a.d. 1803 to 1882. imperfect. Dr. Badger's English-Arabic, a.d. 1881. Dr. Stcingass's English- Arabic, A.D. 1882.

AL-A'RAF

The

(1)

(^V^^).

partition between heaven and hell, described '• Betwixt the two in the Qur'an, Surah vii. 44, (heaven and hell) there is a partition and on al-A'raf are men who know all by their marks ; ;

and they shall cry out to the inhabitants of Paradi.se, 'Peace bo upon you!' (but) they have not (yet) entered it, although they so desire. And when their sight is turned towards tho dwellers in the Fire, they say, O our Lord, •

" Accordplaco us not with the unjust people.' ing to Sale, al-A-rdf is ilorivod from tho vorb •• to distinguish between •iinrr'it, which si^niiiies

though some comthings, or to part them" nientators give another reason for the imposition of this name, l)ecause, say they, those who stand on this partition will L-noiv and distingui.tli tho blessed from the damned by their rospcc;

live marks or characteristics: and others say Iho word properly intends anything that is rkvdteiL as such a wall of separation must Some imagine it to bo su])posed to be. bo a sort of limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or for the martyrs and those who have

most

been

eminent

Others

sanctity.

for

21

ARGHITECTURK

*ARAFAtt

place here those whose good and evil works aro so eriual that they exactly counterpoise each other, and therefore deserve neither reward nor ]Huiishment and those, say they, ;

day be admitted into Paradise, after they shall have performed an act of adoration, which will be imputed to thorn as a merit, and will make the scale of their good works to preponderate. Others suppose this will on the last

intermediate space will be a receptacle for those who have gone to war, without their parents' leave, and therein suffered marbeing excluded from Paradise for tyrdom tiieir disobedience, and escaping hell because they are martjTS. (2) The title of Surah vii. (3) A term used by Snfi mystics to express a condition of the mind and soul when meditating on the existence of God in all things.

the harvest is not considered to bo amongst tho rights and advantages of land, and therefore does not enter into the sale of it. (Baillie's

Law

of

pages

Sale,

54,

55.)

[land.]

ARCHITECTURE. The term cenic

is

usually applied by

Sara-

Enghsh

writers to But though tho

Muhammadan stylo may bo

architecture. traced to the Arabians, they cannot themselves be considered the inventors They had, in fact, no distinctive style of it. of their own when they made their rapid conquests, but adapted existing styles of architecture to meet the religious and national feelings of tho iluslims. ^luhammad built a mosque at al-Madinah, but it was an exceedingly simple structiu-e,

and he left no directions in the Qur'an or in the Traditions on tho subject. The typical varieties of the earlier Muhammadan architecture are those which appeared later form its Spain and in Egypt The oldest appeared in Constantinople. specimen of Saracenic architectm-e in Spain is the mosque of Cordova, which now serves as

in

;

the cathedral of the city.

It

wa^ commenced

by the Khallfah -Abdu "r-Rahman,

7S()

A.U..

;

_

'AEAFAH

(^;£).

The

viu-il

of tlie

'Idu "l-Azlia, or Feast of Sacritice, when the ["IDU pilgrims proceed to Mount 'Arafat. "l-aziia.]

'ARAFAT

(*^V)'

oi"

'Arafali.

Recognition." situated twelve the place where the miles from Makkah pilgrims stay on the ninth day of the pilgrimage, and recite the mid-day and afternoon praj'ers, and hear the Khutbah or sermon. Hence it is a name given to the ninth day of the month Zu '1-Hijjah. Upon the origin of the name given to this mountain. Burton says, • The Holy Hill owes its name When our first to the following legend parents forfeited heaven for eating wheat, which deprived them of their primeval pm-ity, they were cast down upon earth. The serpent descended upon Ispahfin, the peacock at Cabul Satan at Bilbays (others say Scmnfin

The

•'

Mount

of

;

:

—

;

or Seistfm), Eve upon 'Arafat, and Adam at Ceylon (Sarandib). The latter, determining to seek his wife, began a journej-, to which the earth owes its present mottled appear'Wherever our first father placed his ance. foot, which was large, a town afterwards arose and between the strides will always be country. Wandering for many years, he came to the Momitain of Mercy, where our ;

continually calling upon name, and their recognition of each other gave the place the name of •Arafuh.''

common mother was his

AEAZl

((^V)-

sale of lands.

Tombs

sale of lands.

A

-2^1^.

" lands "; the

are not included in the place or station for casting

IN

TUB SANCTUARY OF

TIIE

CATUKDUAL

di

COKDOVA. with the avowed intention that it should be the finest mosque in the world, and Byzantine architects arc said to have been specially invited to superintend its construction. The earliest of the Muhanmicdan buildings in Egypt, of which any portions still remain, is the Mosque of 'Amr at old Cairo, begun about A.D. (54:2, but greatly altered or rebuilt about sixty years later. On the capture of Constantinople, St. Sophia was converted by the Muslim conquerors into their chief Mosque, and made their architecThe older Saracenic style, as tm-al model. seen at Cordova and old Cairo, continued to be the basis of the new, but it was modified throughout l>y Byzantine infiucncc. In Persia

ARCHITECTURE

AROHITECTUEE

22 we may ings

clearly trace in older Persian

tiae

^luhammadan type, and

in

Iniikl-

India

almost to appai"ent insecuiuty Init owing to the style of the embellishment, this lightness ;

IX

IX

S.

.SOPHIA, CUNSTANTINOl'LK.

the Saraeenie architects showed the same pliancy in adopting the styles of the various peoples amongst whom they settled. It thus happens (says Fergusson, in his IIi\iloiij /' Indian Architecluic), that we have at least twelve or fifteen different styles of IMuhammadan architecture in Central Asia and in India.

THE MOTI

5IASJID. AGRA.

of particular forms tends to heighten the general hixuriance. Some have imagined that this element of slcnderness in regard to pillars indicates a tent origin of the style. This tent-like character has been fiu'ther kept up by concave ceilings and cupolas, emblazoned with painting and gilding. Decorations composed of animal and human tigurcs. being interdicted by Muhamniadan law [picTrKEs] are not found in Saracenic architecture but their geometrical patterns exhibit singular beauty and complexity, inexhaustible variety of combinations, and a wonderful degree of harmonious intricacy, arising out of very simple elements. Lattice or open trellis :

IX THE QUTB BUILDINGS AT DELHI.

EAKLV I'ATHAN STYLE IS TIIE TAJ JIAHALL, AGRA.

work

A

striking and distinctive featiu-e in early

Muhannnadan

architecture is the hor.se-.shoe time gives way to a cusped or scalloped arch, strictly so termed, the outline lieing produced liy intersecting semi-arches. Another variety of Saracenic arch is the circular-headed and stilted form. The pillars are commonly of exceedingly slender j)riij)ortiuns. arcii,

which

in

is another fertile source of embellishment, and is similar to the tracery met with Another characteristic in Gothic ])uildings. For of Saracenic style is that of the dome. the most part domes occur in mosques and origin. Byzantine Minarets tombs, and are of are also a special feature in Muhammadan mosques, and contribute much to the pic-

tiu'csiiuencss

of these buildings.

They are

found

in

mosques

23

ASHAB

*ARIYAH of the later Saracenic style.

Hebrew word

"Ark"

for

niD T

is

(See Fergusson's Indian and Eastern Architec-

^'•^-

••

a chest, a

Chald. J^D^l'^ri'

coffer),

T

Arabic ii.

*iiJ^^

249, "

The

See QurTm, Surah

i^^^'.

,

kingdom

sign of his (Saul's)

is

shall come unto you the ark in it shall be security (or the Shechi-

that there (Taliut)

nah.

;

TTob.

sirL-lmi/i,

f^"''^"

ni'^^tT)

y°"^"

the relics of what the family the of ISIoscs and the family of Aaron left .Talalu "d-din says angels shall bear it." this ark contained the images of the prophets,

Lord, and

;

and was sent down from heaven to Adam, and at length came to the Israelites, who put great confidence therein, and continually carried it in front of their army, till it was taken by the Amalekites. But on this occasion the angels brought it back in the sight of all the people, and placed it at the feet of Saul (Talut). who was thereupon unanimously received as king.

IN

ture.'Mv.

A HOUSE

Owen

Alhambra Palace, Her-

Jones's

semers Arabische

'ARlYAH

ARMS, The Sale of. The sale of armour or warlike stores to rebels, or in their camp, is forbidden, liecause selling arms into

IN PESHAAVAR.

Baiirfir::ieritnc/(n.')

(^^c).

A

kind of sale

Islam, namely, when a person fomputes what quantity of fruit there is on a (Mishtree and sells it before it is plucked.

permitted

kdt, sii.

c.

in

V.)

(1)

A

loan for

the use of anythinj^- of which Qarz cannot be made: f.'/. the loan of a horse is ^Ani/afi; (2) A gift, of the loan "of money is Qarz. A person which the following is an example makes a gift to another of the dates of a :

—

but having afterwards some doubt of the propriety of that person coming daily to his garden where his family usually are. and being at the same time unwilling to depart from his promise, or to retract his gift, he gives some of the dates that have already been pulled m lieu of those upon the tree. (Baillie's Late of Sale, p. 300.)

)ialm-tree in his garden:

NOAH'S

It is ARK, (cy ^^). mentioned in the history of the Deluge, as recorded in the Qur'an, in two places Surah xi. 39, " Build the ark imder our eye and after our revelation," and Surah xxiii 27. There is also supposed to be an allusion to the ark in Surah xxxvi. 41. "And a sign to them is

—

we bare

their offspring in the laden ship."

Al-Baizawi says that Noah was two years building the ark. which was 300 cubits long, .")0 wide, and .30 broad, and which was made that it consisted of of Indian jjlanc-tree three storeys, the lowest for beasts, the middle ;

men and women (who were separated from each other), and the highest for birds. The ark is said to have rested on the mounfor

tain al-.Iudi.

(Hamilton's Hiddyah,

ARSH

vol.

(1.)

{J^^\).

for compensation.

ii.

(2.)

225.)

A

legal

Amulet

term

a fine: par-

;

ticularly that which is paid for shedding of gift for conciliating the favour blood. (3.) (4.) Whatever a purof a judge; a bribe. chaser receives from a seller after discovering a fault in the article bought.

A

'ARIYAH {hy).

tliat

the hands of rebels is an assistance to defection. But it is not forbidden to sell the matesuch persons. rials for making arms to

[NOAH.]

ARK OF THE COVENANT.

The

'ARSH

{J^f").

The term used

in

QurTm

Sxirah ix. for the throne of God. 131. ''He is the Lord of the mighty throne."

the

Husaini. the commentator, says the throne has 8,000 pillars, and the distance ])etwcon each pillar is 3,000.000 miles.

'ASABAH for

male

A

(^--c).

by

relatives

the

legal father's

term side,

agnates.

ASAF

(l//.s-/(/j«/. book iv. c. oO, of Rajab.

Let there be no Fara" nor

AT-TAHlYAT

•

Atirah."'

(e^WJ^).

Lit.

"the

" The adorations {{.p. nt-tn/iii/dtti) of the tongue are for (rod, and also of the body and of alms-giving. Peace be on thee, Prophet, with the mercy of God and His blessing. Peace be upon us, and upon God's righteous (Misli/cnt, iv..

AUGURY,

c

[fa'l.]

xvi.)

Lit. used by the

A'UZU BILLAH

Sfifis for

An-

(
other name for the Ta'auwuz, or the ])rayer •' in the daily liturgy I seek refuge with (iod from the cursed Satan." [prayek.] :

AVENGER OF BLOOD.

In the

IMuliammadan law, as in the punishment for wilful murder

Jewish, the is left to the next of kin but in the Jewish code the avenger of blood was compelled to take the life of the murderer, whilst in the Muslim code he may accept compensation, riile Qur'an, Surah ii. 173. " O believers! retaliation {Qi?a?) for blood-shedding is prescribed to you the free man for the free, and the slave for the slave, and the woman for the woman but he to whom his brother shall make any remission is to be dealt with equitably and a payment should be made to bim with liberality. This is a relaxation (i.r. of the stricter Irx talianis') from yo\ir Lord, and a mercy." [<ji.sas.] ;

:

;

;

AYAH

{h\).

"a

L'if.

sign,

or

miracle." The term used for one of the smaller portions of the chapters of the Quran, which we call verses. The mimber of verses is often set down after the title of the chapter, but the verses are not marked in the text as they are in our English Bibles. The number of verses in the Qur'an is variously estimated, but they are generally said to be about six thousand two hundied. [ycu'AN.]

])1.

of

{(^\^^\

the sense of The established

'ay/i, ill

"the essence" of a thing. essences. A term used by the Sufi mystics to express figures emblematic of the names of God. (•-•Vbdii 'r-Razzfiq's Dirfiomiii/ of 'JWhiiirril Terms of the Sfi/'is. S])renger"s edition.)

greetings." A part of the stated prayers, recited after Takbiru '/-(^ii'iid, after the every two rahahs. It is recited whilst the worshijqjor kneels upon the ground. His left foot bent uixler him, he sits upon it, and places his hands uj)on his knees, and says:

.servants."

"props or

(oVVj^).

tei-m

AL-A'YANU 'S-SABITAH

olTered by the idolatrous

'•

A

the four saints, by whom the ff)ur corners of the world are said to be supported.

[dahri.]

(S;^).

x. (53).

])illars."

<j^»^^),

'ATTRAH

L-FATH

AYATII

[riiAYKR.]

AYATU

&>\). 'L-FATH Lit. verse of victory." T"he lifty-ninth verse of the Suratu '1-An'am (vi.) of the Qur'an. The powers of this verse are said to be so great, that if .a person constantly recite it he will obtain his desires. It is generally recited with this object forty times after each season of prayer. It is as follows " And with Him are the keys of the secret things none knoweth them but He and He knoweth whatever is on the land and in the sea and no leaf falleth but He knoweth it neither is there a grain in the darknesses of the earth, nor a green thing nor a dry thing, but it is iiuted in a clear book."

"

(^\

The

:

—

;

;

;

:

— AVATU

L-llll'/

AYATU'L-HIFZ

The

(!ifl*ncyU\).

M\ili:innnMil did

nut I'at. wbotlicr haltThey are the i;ith, 14th, nights of the month. (See Lane's

ing or marching.

verses of protet-tion." Certain vorse.s of the Qur'fiii whieh are usually inscribed on amulets. They are Surah ii. 250, " And the preservation of both (heaven and earth) is no burden unto Him." Surah xii. (14, " (Jod is the l)est j)rotector." Surah xiii. I'J, •• They guard him by the command of (Jod." Surah XV. 17, " We ffuai'd liim from every devil driven away by stones."' Sfirah xxxvii. 7, " A protection against every rebellious devil."'

and

—

:

27

'azaiji;'i--qabh which

l.")th

Jhrt..

' ]i.

284.)

AYYAMU day

'L-QARR {^\ M). The

after the

of rest

Pilgrimage,

day

of sacrilico

at tlie

[iia.jj.]

AYYAMU'N-NAHR The season

sacritice

of

at

(;^^

^l?.^).

the Pilgrimage.

[lIAJJ.]

AYATU'L-KURST

(^;i^\

" The verse of the throne."' Verse the Suratu '1-Baqarah, or chap. ii. Qur'an. c. xix.,

mad

AYYAMU' T TASHEIQ

of

The three days after the (J.>7-^^). feast of sacrifice at ^Nlina during the Pilgrimage. So called because the tiesh of the victims is then iln'cd, or because they are not slain until after sun-rise, [hajj, pilgkimage.]

of the

related that

is

iii.)

in

repeats the Ai/afti 'l-Ktirsl after every prayer, nothing prevents him entering into Paradise but life; and whoever says it when ho goes to

AYYIM

The verse

is

as follows

:

—

'•

God

!

'AZABU'L-QABR

no God but He the Living, the Abiding. Xeither slumber seizeth Him, nor sleep. To Him belongeth whatsoever is in heaven and whatsoever is in earth. "Who is he that can intercede with Him but by His own permission? He knoweth what hath been before them, and what shall be after them yet nought of His knowledge do they comprehend, save what He willeth. His THKOXE reacheth over the heavens and the earth, and the upholding of both burdeneth Him not and He is the High, the Great."

There

is

;

"

AYATCJ'L-MAWARIS (^>;^^^ 1^}). The verse of inheritances." The twelfth verse of the Suratu 'n-nisa, or fourth chapter of the Qur'an. It relates to inheritance, and is the foundation of the Muslim law on the subject. It is given in the article on Inheritance. [iXIIERITANCK.]

breadth. A light will then be given for'the grave, and it will be said, Sleep,' Then the dead person will say, Shall I return to my brethren and inform them of this ? Then the angels will say, Sleep like the bridegroom, till God shall raise thee up from the grave on the Day of Resurrection.' But if the corpse be that of an unbeliever, it will be asked, What sayest thou about the '

AYIMMATU'L-ASMA

'

(.\^'i\iUS\). seven j)rinci])al

God, namely:—

.

.

A/--A/hii.

.

.

J I-} fin "id

.

.

AZ-Uw/ir

.

.

A-i-,S(/»h'

.

A/-Br/f!lr

.

.

.

Al-Miit(ikf(1liiii

'AYISHAH

.

The The The The The The The

(lioU).

Living.

Knowing. Purposer. Powerful. Hearer.

'

|

Seer.

of age.

The daucrhter She survived her

husband many years, and died at al-Madinah, A.H. 58 (a.d. 678), aged sixty-seven, and obtained the title of Ummu .Mother of the Believers."

[(

(oW^),

'I-Mii'iiiiuid,

••

The

of

Yomln.

)ATH.S.]

AYYAMU'L-BIZ (t^^yU). "The days

side to

of the bright nights," mentioned in the Mislikdt (book vii. c. 7. part 'i). as days on

his left,

punishment

he

will

reply,

'I

know

and he

God

will suffer jjerpetual

him therefrom." In another tradition, recorded by 'Anas, it is said, " The wicked will be struck with a rod (mih-(iqnli), and they will roar out, and their cries will be heard by all animals that may be near the grave excepting man and the till

raise

(Mish/cat, book i., c. v.). All 3Iuhammadan doctors of the orthodox schools (whether we apply the term orthodox to Sunnior Shrah) believe in the literal interpretation of these punishments in the grave, which are said to take place as soon as the funeral party has left the grave-yard. A genii."

pi.

and

And then

the angels will say, We knew thou wouldst say so.' Then the ground will be ordered to close in u))on him, and it will break his sides, and turn his right not.'

'

Speaker.

Abu Bakr, and the favourite wife of J\Iuhammad, to whom she Avas married when yeai-s

Prophet?'

him

of

AYMAN

'

'

of

Al-ILii/i/

only nine

^\^). That all undergo

:

"

The

{y^\

of the grave."

whether believers or not, some punishment in their graves, is a fundamental article of the Muslim behef. These punishments are described in the following Hadls on the authority of Abu Hurairah " The Prophet of God said, When a corpse is placed in its grave, two black angels come to it, with blue eyes. The name of the one is Miiiikar and of the other Xakir, and they interrogate the dead person concerning the Prophet of God. If he be a IMuslim, he will bear witness to the Unity of God and the mission of Muhammad. The angels will then say, 'We knew thou wouldst say so'; and the grave will then expand seventy times seventy yards in length, and seventy times seventy in

;

names.'"

The punishment

persons,

;

" The leading names or titles

A

legal term for {f^\). a woman having no husband, whether she be a virgin or a widow.

bed-chamber, God will keej) Ji m in safety, together with his house and the house of his bis

neighbour.

(^L._.\

-

2.j(;

(Mislikdt. book iv., -AH heard Muhamthe ])ulpit, "that person who

It

part

say

S,\).

— — 28

—— —

—

AZAN

AZAL "

perusal of the varicuis triidilioiiH on the siihmust convinco any unj)iojurli/i//)lians, says, " Most of the Mu'azzins of Cairo have harmonious and sonorous voices, yot whicli they strain to the utmost pitch there is a sinijile and sulcniu meludy in their chants which is veiT striking, particularly in

^\

;

Alldlm (tklnir ! Alliiliu akhar 1 Allafiu Axlihadu (in Id I'/d/ia Alldhri akhar ! Aslinil I 'lldh! AshhddH an Id ildha ilia 'lld/i Aslihailn anna Muhanintadan rasiiln-lldli ! i/khiir !

.'

hailn Uilii

anna

idsuln-lldli

^fiiha/nrin/tlan

's-saldti

Ifai/ya

'ala.

Jlaiiija

'ala

.'

'ala 'l-fuldl)!

'f-saldti

I/ai/j/a

.'

JJaiina Alld/iu

!

'l-faldli!

AUdhu akhar! La ildha ilia 'lld/i ! Which is translated: (tud is most great! God is most great I Ood is mo.st great God is most great I testestify that tliere is no god but God!

ukhar

!

'•

I

!

!

tliere

tify tiiat

is

no god but (iod!

I testify

I the Ajjostle of God! t(!stify that Muhammad is the Apostle of God Come to prayer Come to prayer! Come to (Jod is most salvation! Come to salvation (iod is most great There i.s no god gre:it Imt (Jod!"

tliat

Muliammad

is

I

!

I

I

I

Azan

In thc!

words,

••

in

Come

the early morning, after

to salvation

1

As-xaldlii is better " better than sleep

A>i-^.aldtu kliauiin inina 'n-minnii

kJHiirun

than

tnina

slee])

!

'ii-naiimi

Prayer

tlu;

added iA^\

" is

is

.'

!

"Prayer

!

The Shi'ahs make Azan, by adding ^\.»jJ\

^

^^jLc

j^hdui l-uinuili

"Come

to tlie

.'

a slight alteration in the the woi'ds, ^ji, Ic

^^

^_,o.

_

J,4.«J\

Ifai/ijii

t>est

of

//"////"

'aid

'aid khjiiri 'l-'antali

works

I

Come

.'

to the

the stillness of the night."' But Vsimbery remarks that '• the Turkistanees most carefully avoid all tune and melody. The manner in which the Azan is cried in the west is here (in Bokhara) declared sinful, and the beautiful melancholy notes which, in the silent hour of a moonlit evening, are heard from the slender minarets on the Bosphorus, fascinating every hearer, would be listened to by the Bokhariot with feelings only of detestation." The summons to ])rayer was at first the simj)lo cry. " Come to i)ul)lic prayer.'' After the Qiblah was changed, Muhammad bethought himself of a more formal call. Some suggested the Jewish trumpet, others the Christian bell but neither was grateful to the Prophet's ear. Tlie Azan, or call to ])rayer was then cstablishivl. Tradition claims for •• While the it a supernatural origin, thus matter was under discussion, 'Abdu 'llah, a Khazrajite, dreamed that he met a man clad 'Abdu 'Hah in green raiment, carrying a bell. sought to 1)uy it, saying that it would do well for l)riiiging togi-tlier the assembly of the will show thee a better way," faithful. •' I •• let a crier cry aloud, replied the stranger ' Waking from God is most great,' &c." ;

:

—

;

'Abdu 'llah proceeded to ^luhammad, and him his dream. (Muir, from Kdfihu '/-

sleep,

told

Wdkidi.) llishiuni recites the story as 'Abdu'llah had actually met the man.

Bingham,

in

his

Antirjuitie.s

(vol.

ii,,

if

>)ook

—

; :

AZAK

BACKBITING

relates that, in the monasterj' of virgins \vbich Pauhi, the famous Roiuaii hidy, set up ami governed at Jerusalem, the signal for prayer was given by one going about and singing >• Hallelujah '" for that was their call to chui-eh, as St. Jeronio

Some of tlie Rabliins say excellent in his art. Terah was a ])riest and chief of the order." (Sale.)

viii.

chnp.

vii.),

AL-AZAEIQAH

1

The Azan is proclaimed before the stated times of ))rayer, either by one of the congregation, or by the Jlu'azzin or crier, who i.s paid He must stand with his face for the ]iuri)0.sc. towards ilakkah, with the points of his forefingers in his ears, and recite the formula which has been given above. not be recited by an unclean It must person, a drunkard, a madman, or a woman.

AZAE

{jf\).

Abraham. Ahrahlm said

Terah,

Surah,

vi. _7-i,

the "

A

(ii;V"^)).

sect of

heretics founded by Xali' il)n al-Azra(i, who say that 'All was an inlidel. and that hi.s assassin was right in killing him. (See ushShahrastdni, ed. Cureton,p. M,Haarbruecker'8

informs us.

of

29

translation,

I.,

p. 133.

AL-'AZBA'

(oW-i«3^).

The

slit-eared;

one of Muharamad"s favourite camels.

AL-AZHA

(^s«^S^).

AL-'AZlM

names

ninety-nine special great One."

father

And when

'AZIMAH

to his father Azar, Takest thou " images as gods ? " The Eastern authors unanimously agree that he was a statuary, or carver of idols and he is represented as the first who made images of clay, pictures only having been in use before, and taught that they were to be However, we are told his adored as gods. employment was a very honoui'able one, and that he was a great lord, and in high favour with Ximrod, whose son-in-law he was, because ho made his idols for him, and was

['idu'l-azha.]

One

(^'i*n).

of

Uod.

of

An

("i^jc).

"

the The

incanta-

[eXC)KCISM.]

tion.

One of the AL-'AZIZ 0>)*3^). It freninety-nine .special names of God. quently occurs in the Qur'an. It means " the powerful, or the mighty One."

'AZRA'lL (J^V). title of

The an