18th Century Britain. Иностранный язык: Методическое пособие

М и ни сте р ство о б р а зо ва ни я и на уки Ро сси йско й ф е д е р а ц и и Во р о не ж ски й го суд а р стве нный уни ве р си те т

18th Century Britain

ИНОС ТРА ННЫ Й ЯЗЫ К ме то д и че ско е по со б и е по спе ц и а льно сти 020700 –и сто р и я (ши ф р по уче б но му пла ну ГС Е.Ф .01)

В ОРОНЕЖ 2004

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У тве р ж д е но на учно -ме то д и че ски м со ве то м П р о то ко л№ 9 о т31.08.2004 г.

и сто р и че ско го

ф а культе та .

С о ста ви те льФ о ми на И.В.

П о со б и е по д го то вле но на ка ф е д р е стр а но ве д е ни я и и но стр а нных языко в и сто р и че ско го ф а культе та Во р о не ж ско го го суд а р стве нно го уни ве р си те та . Ре ко ме нд уе тся д ля студ е нто в Ш кур са д /о и сто р и че ско го ф а культе та .

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18th Century Britain Unit I The New Regime Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and expressions. Stir up [ ] (v) –во зб уж д а тьлю б о пытство , р а зд ува ть(ссо р у) Garrison [ ] (n) - га р ни зо н Surrender [ ] (v) –сд а ва ться; (n) ка пи туляц и я Deprive [ ] (v) –ме ша ть Prerogative [ ] (n) –и склю чи те льно е пр а во , пр и ви ле ги я Implementation [ ] (n) - о сущ е ствле ни е , выпо лне ни е Constituency [ ] (n) –и зб и р а те ль, и зб и р а те льный о кр уг Legislature [ ] (n) –за ко но д а те льна я вла сть, учр е ж д е ни я Expulsion [ ] (n) –и згна ни е , и склю че ни е Sovereignty [ ] (n) –ве р хо вна я вла сть, суве р е ни те т A dead letter –не пр и ме няю щ и йся, но и не о тме не нный за ко н Strangled [ ] (P.P.) –по д а вле нный, за д уше нный Profit [ ] (n) –по льза , выго д а , пр и б ыль, д о хо д , на ж и ва Privi Council [ ] –та йный со ве т Transact [ ] (v) –ве сти (д е ла ), за клю ча ть(сд е лки ) Essential [ ] (adj) –сущ е стве нный Approve [ ] (v) –о д о б р ять, утве р ж д а ть, пр о являтьсе б я Collaboration [ ] (n) –со тр уд ни че ство (в т.ч. и пр е д а те льско е ) Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words containing the same roots.

Verb secure nationalize declare constitute chaos Verb --response --legislate ---

Noun --nation ----chaos Noun government responsibility subordination --majority

Adjective secure --declarative constitutional --Adjective governmental --subordinate legislative major

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Ex. 3. a) Make adverbs from the following adjectives using the suffix –ly. Easy, immediate, brutal, general, open, individual, possible, independent. b) Write some adverbs which don’t have the suffix –ly.

Ex. 4. Translate these adjectives into Russian paying attention to the negative affixes –less, in-, im-, ir-, il-, un-, de-. Hopeless, immediate, undisputed, impossible, irresponsible, decomposition, incapable, illegal.

uncontrolled,

independent,

Ex. 5. What does “s” mean in the following words and word combinations – possessives or plurals? Catholics, its cradle, the House of Commons, Parliament’s existence, its power, the king’s ministers.

Ex. 6. Read the text. William III had to do much to secure his hold, not only upon England but upon Scotland and Ireland. In 1689 James II landed in Ireland, where he had an army ready to hand, and was easily able to stir up a national rising of the native Catholics against the Protestant “garrison” . In July 1690 William defeated James at the battle of Boyne. This event has been celebrated since by Orangemen, as Protestants of Northern Ireland belonging to the Orange Order call themselves. In October 1691 the last Irish general surrendered at Limerick after a brilliant but hopeless struggle. As a condition of surrender William promised religious toleration for the Irish Catholics, a promise that was immediately broken by the passing of severe Penal Laws which deprived them of all civil and religious rights. The new conquest of Ireland was followed by fresh confiscations of land, and henceforward the country was ruled more brutally and openly than ever before as a colony existing for the exclusive benefit of the English. In Scotland the new regime was accepted without much opposition. Protestants in Scotland welcomed the expulsion of James, and by 1692 William III’s sovereignty was undisputed throughout the British Isles. After William of Orange and Mary had been declared king and queen, Parliament added to the laws of the constitution. The Triennial Act, 1694, obliged the king to summon at least every three years. The act of Settlement, 1701, included rules which, had they not become a dead letter, would have made government chaotic and strangled cabinet government, as the British were to know it, in its cradle. No person

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who had an office or place of profit under the king could serve as a member of the House of Commons. All matters relating to the governing of the kingdom which were the responsibility of the Privi Council were to be transacted there, and all resolutions taken thereupon were to be signed by the individual responsible. This would have involved a subordination of the administration to the legislature which would have made impossible the development of a cabinet system by which the servants of the king exercise his prerogatives –the essential executive powers on which the life of the state depends –because they are members of the House of Commons and are supported by a majority of it in the implementation of a policy approved by the country, if necessary at a general election. The Septennial Act, 1715, increased the normal term of Parliament’s existence from three to seven years and made it possible for the government in office to nurse the constituencies on which its power depended. Looking back, we can se that in the eighteenth century Britain collaboration between the king’s ministers and the representatives of his people was a better instrument of government than the uncontrolled power of a legislature or continuous friction between an independent royal executive and an irresponsible legislature.

Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with the necessary prepositions. 1. William III had to do much to secure his hold … England, Scotland and Ireland. 2. … 1689 James II landed … Ireland. 3. … July 1690 William defeated James … the battle … Boyne. 4. This event has been celebrated … … Orangemen. 5. … October 1691 the last Irish general surrendered … Limerick … a brilliant but hopeless struggle. 6. William promised religious toleration … the Irish Catholics. 7. The new conquest … Ireland was followed … fresh confiscations … land. 8. The Septennial Act, 1715, increased the normal term … Parliament’s existence … three … seven years. 9. … the 18th century Britain collaboration … the king’s ministers and the representatives … his people was a good instrument … government.

Ex. 8. Finish the following sentences using the necessary words and expressions from the text. 1. William III had to do much… 2. James II landed in Ireland, where… 3. In July 1690 William… 4. In October 1691 the last Irish general… 5. As a condition of surrender William… 6. The new conquest of Ireland was followed by… 7. In Scotland the new regime… 8. After William of Orange and Mary had been declared king and queen, … 9. No person who had an office or place of profit under the king … 10. The Septennial Act, 1715, increased the normal term of Parliament’s existence… .

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Ex. 9. Translate Passive constructions into Russian. Pay special attention to the Tense forms. 1. This event has been celebrated since by Orangemen. 2. A promise was immediately broken by the passing of severe Penal Laws. 3. The new conquest of Ireland was followed by fresh confiscations of land. 4. The country was ruled more brutally and openly. 5. The new regime was accepted without much opposition. 6. After William of Orange and Mary had been declared king and queen, Parliament added to the laws of the constitution. 7. All resolutions were to be signed by the individual responsible. 8. They are supported by a majority of it.

Ex. 10. Determine the function of the verb have in the following sentences. Is have an auxiliary verb, a modal verb or a full verb expressing possession? 1. William III had to do much to secure his hold. 2. In Ireland James II had an army ready to hand. 3. William’s victory has been celebrated since by Orangemen. 4. William of Orange and Mary had been declared king and queen before Parliament added to the laws of the constitution. 5. The Act of Settlement included rules, which would have made government chaotic and strangled cabinet government. 6. No person who had an office or place of profit under the king could serve as a member of the House of Commons. 7. This would have involved a subordination of the administration to the legislature.

Ex. 11. Read the sentences, find the modal verbs in them and translate them correctly. 1. William III had to do much to secure his hold. 2. James II was easily able o stir up a national rising of the native Catholis against the Protestants. 3. The British were to know it. 4. A person could serve as a member of the House of Commons. 5. All revolutions were to be signed by the individual responsible. 6. We can see that in Britain collaboration between the king’s ministers and the representatives of his people was an instrument of government.

Ex. 12. Could you determine if these sentences are true or false? If any sentence is false, correct it.

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1. William III had to do much to secure his hold, not only upon England but upon Scotland and Wales. 2. In July 1690 James defeated William at the battle of Boyne. 3. In October 1691 the last Irish general surrendered at Limerick after a brilliant but hopeless struggle. 4. William promised religious toleration for the Irish Protestants. 5. In Scotland the new regime was accepted without much opposition. 6. After William the Conqueror and Mary had been declared king and queen, Parliament added to the laws of the constitution. 7. The Septennial Act, 1715, declared the normal term of Parliament’s existence from seven to three years.

Ex. 13. Ask 10-12 different questions to the text.

Ex. 14. Retell the text.

Unit II The Union between England and Scotland

Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and expressions. Succeed [ ] (v) –на сле д о ва ть Reign [ ] (n) –ц а р ство ва ни е Taxation [ ] (n) –о б ло ж е ни е на ло го м, взи ма ни е на ло га , р а зме р на ло га Unify [ ] (v) –о б ъ е д и нять, уни ф и ц и р о ва ть Skillfully engineered [ ] –и скусно спр о е кти р о ва нный Radical innovation [ ] –р а д и ка льно е но вше ство Adopt [ ] (v) –пр и ни ма ть, б р а тьпо выб о р у, пе р е ни ма ть Succession [ ] (n) –по сле д о ва те льно сть, пр е е мстве нно сть, пр а во на сле д о ва ни я, по р яд о к пр е сто ло на сле д и я Foreign policy [ ] –вне шняя по ли ти ка Strengthen [ ] (v) –уси ли ва ть, укр е плять Obtain [ ] (v) –по луча ть, пр и о б р е та ть, б ытьпр и зна нным, пр и ме няться Native talent [ ] - на р о д ный та ла нт Customs officers [ ] –о ф и ц е р та мо ж ни District magistrate [ ] –чле н р а йо нно го ма ги стр а та Fiscal [ ] (adj) –ф и ска льный, ф и на нсо вый Heir [ ] (n) –на сле д ни к Hereditary ruler [ ] –на сле д ный/на сле д стве нный пр а ви те ль

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Peer [

] (n) –пэр , ло р д

Ex. 2. Form verbs and adjectives from the following nouns if it is possible: Survival, form, fear, invasion, danger, economy, education, establishment.

Ex. 3. Form Comparatives and Superlatives from the following adjectives: Young, early, big, strong, ling, poor, rich, common, radical, fearful.

Ex. 4. Form Past form and Past Participle from the following irregular verbs: Have, be, become, keep, take, come, begin.

Ex. 5. Transform Active constructions into Passive ones. 1. The same monarch ruled both England and Scotland. 2. he Act of Union between England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain. 3. The Queen unified even units of weights and measures. 4. It involved England in the war with France. 5. England had long dissatisfied Scotland with its indifference to Scottish economic aspirations. 6. Queen Anne had marked her reign by parliamentary elections. 7. The English accepted him as King George I of Great Britain.

Ex. 6. Read and translate the text. Mary II and William III had no surviving children, and William was succeeded by Queen Anne, Mary's younger sister. The major event of Queen Anne's reign was the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Early in the 18th century England and Scotland were ruled by the same monarch, but they remained two separate kingdoms. In 1707 the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed by the Act of Union between England and Scotland. London, the biggest city in Britain, with a population of about half a million, became the capital of the entire island. Great Britain from then on had a single Parliament and a single system of national administration and taxation. Even units of weights and measures were unified. The Union between England and Scotland skillfully engineered in 1707, the most radical innovations in British political life, was a union of parliaments: forty-five

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Scottish members were added to the 513 members of the English House of Commons and sixteen Scottish peers to the House of Lords. After 1689 the case for a union was very strong indeed. England had adopted the Hanoverian succession, the country had been involved in war with France and was fearful that there might be a Jacobite invasion through Scotland. By the union the English avoided the danger of a separate Scottish foreign policy. The Act of Union was intended to strengthen the country weakened with the War of the Spanish Succession. The Scots obtained access to the English colonies. Scotland had long been dissatisfied with English indifference to her economic aspirations. Due to the Union of 1707 Scotland ceased to be "the wilderness to the English garden". From a country poor in national resources and rich in native talent trained in one of the best educational systems of the time, the Scots invaded the English colonies and England itself. They became customs officers in Jamaica, doctors in London, and district magistrates in British India. The basic principles of the Union were the protestant succession to a united monarchy, the establishment of a single state with one parliament and one executive, a common economic and fiscal system. While the Scots parted with their parliament and separate executive they kept their separate legal system, separate church, and separate educational system. Since then the British has been proud of their government which combined monarchical (the hereditary ruler), aristocratic (the hereditary House of Lords), and democratic (the elected House of Commons) elements. The reign of Queen Anne had been marked by parliamentary elections that took place every three years. Queen Anne had no surviving children. She was succeeded by her nearest Protestant relative, the elector of Hanover, who came from Germany in 1714 and was accepted as King George I of Great Britain. A new era of British history began.

Ex. 7. Each sentence in this exercise has a factual mistake. Find and correct it. 1. William III was succeeded by Queen Anne, Mary’s elder sister. 2. Early in the 18th century England and Scotland were ruled by different monarchs, and they remained two separate kingdoms. 3. In 1707 the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed by the act of Setlement between England and Scotland. 4. After 1869 the case for a union was very strong indeed. 5. The reign of Queen Anne had been marked by parliamentary elections that took place every 5 years.

Ex. 8. Read the sentences, find Present and Past Participles and translate them correctly. 1. This event has been celebrated since by Orangemen, as Protestants of Northern Ireland belonging to the Orange Order call themselves.

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2. The country was ruled more brutally and openly than ever before as a colony existing for the exclusive benefit of the English. 3. All matters relating to the governing of the kingdom which were the responsibility of the Privy Council were to be translated there. 4. All resolutions taken thereupon were to be signed by the individual responsible. 5. They were members of the House of Commons and were supported by a majority of it in the implementation of a policy approved by the country. 6. Looking back, we can see the collaboration between the British king’s ministers and the representatives of his people. 7. It was better than the uncontrolled power of a legislature. 8. The Act of Union was intended to strengthen the country weakened with the War of the Spanish Succession. 9. From a country poor in natural resources and rich in native talent trained in one of the best educational systems of the time, the Scots invaded the English colonies and England itself. 10. Queen Anne had no surviving children.

Ex. 9. Translate from Russian into English: На сле д о ва ть, на сле д ный (на сле д стве нный) пр а ви те ль, пр а во на сле д о ва ни я, на ло го о б ло ж е ни е , и скусно и зго то вле нный, р а д и ка льно е но вше ство , на ше стви е яко б и то в, укр е плять стр а ну, на р о д ный та ла нт, о сно вные пр и нц и пы, ф и на нсо ва я си сте ма .

Ex. 10. Ask 10— 12 different questions to the text.

Ex. 11. Retell the text.

Unit III Political Parties Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and expressions. Supremacy [ Cavalier [ Roundhead [ Evolve [ Justify [

] (n) –ве р хо вна я вла сть, пр е во схо д ство ] (n) –р ыц а р ь, ка ва ле р и ст, р о яли ст ] (n) –кр угло го ло вый, пур и та ни н ] (v) –р а зви ва ть(ся), на ме ча ть(пла н), р а зве р тыва ться ] (v) –о пр а вд ыва ть, по д тве р ж д а ть

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Ally [ Hierarchical [ Divine right [ Cloack [ Dissenter [ Postulate [ Enforce [ Impeachment [ суд у Imply [ Hostility [ Split [

] (n), (v) –со ю зни к, со е д и нять, вступа тьв со ю з ] (adj) –и е р а р хи че ски й ] –б о ж е стве нно е , пр о р о че ско е пр а во ] (n), (v) –пла щ , ма нти я, пр е д ло г, ма ска , скр ыва ть ] (n) –се кта нт, р а ско льни к, д и сси д е нт ] (v) –пр и ни ма тьб е з д о ка за те льства , тр е б о ва ть ] (v) –о ка зыва тьвли яни е , пр и нуж д а ть, за ста влять ] (n) –по р и ц а ни е , о б ви не ни е , пр и вле че ни е к ] (v) –за клю ча тьв се б е , зна чи ть, по д р а зуме ва ть ] (n) –вр а ж д е б но сть, во е нные д е йстви я ] (v) –р а ска лыва ть(ся), д е ли тьна ча сти , по ссо р и ть

Ex. 2. Form the nouns for people from the following verbs, nouns and adjectives: a) support, lead, own land, invade, follow b) parliament, monarchy, law, politics, pretence c) royal, ministerial

Ex. 3. Form adjectives from the following nouns: Policy, power, parliament, religion, hierarchy, industry, commerce, innocence.

Ex. 4. Read and translate the text. The earliest political parties in Britain were informal groups supporting powerful men in Parliament. By the time of the English Civil War (in the 1640's) there were two parties in the country. The party supporting King Charles I was known as the Cavaliers, while their political opponents, the supporters of Parliament, were called the Roundheads. By the late 17th century these groups had evolved into two definite parties, the Royalists and those supporting parliamentary supremacy. The Royalists were called Tories by their opponents. It was a term of abuse, the original Tories being Irish bandits. The Tories retorted by calling the Parliamentarians Whigs after a group of Scottish cattle thieves. These parties, later known as the Conservatives and the Liberals, played the unique role in the British political history and remained the only political parties in the country till 1900, when the Labour Party was formed by the trade unions. After 1689 some Whigs liked to boast that they had turned the king cut and would do the same again. But in a small island ruled by a king, who, like William III, was used to real power and was determined to exercise it in protecting Europe from the domination of the French monarchy, there could be no policy of continuous revolution. The revolution of 1689 could be justified by necessity, but it could give

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no ground for a right of revolution in general. Kings might not be by God appointed, but the chaos in the country was a warning that men could invite, destruction by a pursuit of perfection. The Whig party was a party of new men and new interests. Its leaders were drawn from the great landed families who had gathered territory and influence during the 17th century. They were for limited monarchy and the supremacy of Parliament, the Toleration Act and the Protestant succession, hostility to France, the development of commerce, and the security of property. Their political allies were the Dissenters, the members of a religious union who did not accept the ornate complexities of the Church of England as the only possible house of God. Their religious organization was a standing criticism of a hierarchical society. They anticipated in the life of the spirit the methods which would later move through the industrial and commercial life of fhe 19th century England. By 1714 a political alliance of the Dissenters and the greater landowners against the smaller landed gentry was the backbone of the Whig party. The Whig party actively supported the new moneyed men who understood the growing importance of trade and industry. After the Glorious Revolution of 1689 it was impossible for the Tory party to support the Hanoverians without splitting their ranks. It was also impossible for them to support the Stuarts without denying their church. In the course of William III's reign the Tories abandoned for the most part the theories of divine right and nonresistance. To kill a king was a poor way of making him- responsible for his policies. But so long as he had political initiative, his ministers could shelter themselves under the cloak of his royal command. The problem was solved by extending the lawyers' fiction — that the king could do no wrong — to matters of state. A fictive innocence of the king was postulated in order to secure the responsibility of his ministers. As this responsibility could only be enforced by impeachment, this Whig doctrine implied the regular meetings of Parliament. The measure of royal innocence was the measure of ministerial guilt. It was realized that it might be as wasteful to behead a minister as to behead a king.

Ex. 5. Transform Active Voice into Passive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

People knew the party supporting king Charles I as the Cavaliers. They called the supporters of Parliament the roundheads. Their opponents called the Royalists Tories. The trade unions formed the Labour Party. They solved the problem by extending the lawyer’s fiction.

Ex. 6. Ask questions about the following dates: 1640, 1689 (twice), 1740.

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Ex. 7. Could you determine if these sentences are true or false? If any sentence is false, correct it. 1. The earliest political parties in Britain were formal groups supporting powerful men in Parliament. 2. The royalists were called Tories and the Parliamentarians were called Whigs. 3. Tories used to be Scottish cattle thieves and Whigs used to be Irish bandits. 4. Tories and Whigs were later known as the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. 5. Tories were for limited monarchy and supremacy of Parliament. 6. The Whig party actively supported the new moneyed men. 7. The measure of royal innocence was the measure of ministerial guilt.

Ex. 8. Translate the following words and expressions from Russian into English: П о д д е р ж и ва тьвла стьи мущ и х, по ли ти че ски й пр о ти вни к, пр о ф со ю з, стр е ми ться к со ве р ше нству, о гр а ни че нна я мо на р хи я, и е р а р хи че ско е о б щ е ство , ко стяк па р ти и , р е ша ть пр о б ле му, ме р а ви ны и не ви но вно сти , «но вые б р и та нц ы» (ср . «но вые р усски е »).

Ex. 9. Give short characteristics to the Conservatives and the Liberals.

Ex. 10. Answer the questions. 1. What party would you have belonged to if you had lived in Great Britain in the th 17 century? 2. Do you belong to any political party in your country in present days? 3. If you got a chance, what would you like to be –a powerful man or a new moneyed man? Why? 4. Do you think that political parties are necessary in a democratic society? Why?

Ex. 11. Make a rendering of the text.

Unit IV From Limited Monarchy to Parliamentary Government Part I

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Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and expressions. Exile [ ] (n) –и згна ни е , ссылка ; и згна нни к, ссыльный Domain [ ] (n) –вла д е ни е , и ме ни е , о б ла сть, сф е р а Be forced to flee –б ытьвынуж д е нным спа са ться б е гство м Estate [ ] (n) –со сло ви е , и мущ е ство , и ме ни е , по ме стье Justice [ ] (n) –спр а ве д ли во сть, пр а во суд и е , ю сти ц и я, суд ья Orphan [ ] (n) –си р о та Pauper [ ] (n) –б е д няк, ни щ и й, ж и вущ и й на по со б и е по б е д но сти Fail [ ] (v) –по те р пе тьне уд а чу, не д о ста ва ть Failure [ ] (n) –не уд а ча , пр о ва л, не спо со б но сть, не уд а чни к Viscount [ ] (n) –ви ко нт Spokesman [ ] (n) –пр е д ста ви те ль, о р а то р , д е ле га т Gentry [ ] (n) –не ти туло ва нно е ме лко по ме стно е д во р янство Negotiations [ ] (n) –пе р е го во р ы Restoration [ ] (n) –р е ста вр а ц и я, во сста но вле ни е Codify [ ] (v) –со ста влятько д е кс, пр и во д и тьв си сте му Title [ ] (n), (v) –на зва ни е , ти тул, зва ни е , пр а во ; пр и сва и ва тьзва ни е Dignity [ ] (n) –д о сто и нство , зва ни е , ти тул, са н, зна ть Bishop [ ] (n) –е пи ско п Bestow [ ] (v) –д а ва ть, д а р о ва ть, на гр а ж д а ть Superintendancy (superintendence) [ ] (n) –на д зо р , ко нтр о ль, упр а вле ни е

Ex. 2. When you know a person, could you add a verb and a noun, please? A follower, a pretender, a leader, a monarch.

Ex. 3. People, verbs of war and nouns calling administrative territories are mixed here. Could you divide them into 3 columns, please? Then read, translate and memorize them. Empire, secure, overran, domination, army, defeat, slave, colony, conquer, population, surrender, threaten, monopoly, government, occupy, domain, colleague, follower, invade, flee, orphan.

Ex. 4. Read and translate the text. The first years of George I's reign were marked by the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715 raised by followers of Queen Anne's half-brother, James Edward Stuart. This prince is known as the Old Pretender because of his pretence to the throne.

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James Edward had been taken to France and brought up there. His father, the exiled King James II of England and VII of Scotland, died in 1701, and after that the Jacobites supporting the king in exile, proclaimed James Edward King James III of England and VIII of Scotland. James Edward might call himself a king, but he had to struggle for his father's domain. In 1708 he attempted to invade Scotland with French soldiers, but failed. He decided to try his chance again and landed in Britain after Queen Anne's death, but was forced to flee soon. Britain was actually entering two decades of relative peace and stability. Local government was left largely in the hands of country gentlemen owning large estates. As justices of the peace, they settled the majority of legal disputes. They also administered roads, bridges, inns, and markets and supervised the local operation of the Poor Law aid to orphans, paupers, the very old, and those too ill to work. The Glorious Revolution was not really safe until the failure of the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. It was clear then that the sentiments of the past need not shed blood in the present, nor imperil the political order on which the future wealth of the nation would depend. The fact that the counter-attack of the party of church and king had gone down in ruin in 1714 was even more important. The party of Church and King was led by Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke. Bolingbroke may be called one of the most outstanding leaders any political party has ever had. He was only twenty-two when he became a member of Parliament and made himself the spokesman of the country gentry against the Whig settlement. Nine years later, in 1710, he became Secretary of State, determined to "break the body of the Whigs". . England had been at war with France, and it, was Bolingbroke who took a leading part in the negotiations which led to the peace of Utrecht in 1713. The Tories hoped that France would support a Stuart restoration in England, and the Hanoverian succession was really in danger. But the Tories were divided between the Hanoverian Tories under Harley who saw the dangers of Jacobitism, and Bolingbroke, who was prepared to bring back a Stuart king. The Tories were not united when Queen Anne died and thus lost their opportunity. The Whigs were able to start the process of the transmutation of limited monarchy into parliamentary government. The practice of limited monarchy could not be codified. The system of government which the British empirically developed has never been completely explained. The British constitution might be the envy of Europe because it allowed a hitherto unknown political freedom, but its theory was incomprehensible, and its working was not as simple as a machine. The system was monarchical. When political decisions had to be made the king was the only person known to the law who could make them. William III . secured royal prerogatives. It was the king who made peace and war, made bishops. He had the sole power to bestow titles and dignities. He named all offices both civil and military and the coin bore his effigy. Moreover, he possessed the superintendancy over all the laws to render them effectual, and justice was administered in his name. Using these prerogative powers reasonably, William III helped to secure for the Crown a permanent place in the British constitution. He was his own first minister.

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He had a much better knowledge of Europe and European affairs than any English statesman.

Ex. 5. Transform the sentences from Active Voice into Passive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

George I marked the first years of his reign by the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. People knew this prince as the Old Pretender. They had taken James Edward to France and brought up him there. They forced James Edward to flee soon. Monarchy left local government largely in the hands of country gentlemen owning large estates. 6. Henry St.John, Viscount Bolingbroke led the party of Church and King. 7. They couldn’t codify the practice of limited monarchy.

Ex. 6. Read and translate the sentences with modal verbs and constructions, please. Could you explain their grammatical forms and functions in the sentences? 1. James Edward might call himself a king but he had to struggle for his father’s domain. 2. It was clear then that the sentiments of the past need not shed blood of the present. 3. Bolingbroke may be called one of the most outstanding leaders any political party has ever had. 4. The Whigs were able to start the process of the transmutation of limited monarchy into parliamentary government. 5. The practice of limited monarchy could not be codified. 6. The British constitution might be the envy of Europe because it allowed a hitherto unknown political freedom. 7. When political decisions had to be made the king was the only person known to the law who could make them.

Ex. 7. Ask 10-12 questions to the text. Ex. 8. Entitle each passage of the text. Ex. 9. Retell the text.

Unit V From Limited Monarchy to Parliamentary Government Part II

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Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and expressions. Thwart [ ] (v) - ме ша тьи спо лне ни ю , р а сстр а и ва ть(пла ны) Confidence [ ] (n) –д о ве р и е , уве р е нно сть Treaty [ ] (n) –д о го во р , пе р е го во р ы Anxiety [ ] (n) - б е спо ко йство , тр е во га , о па се ни е , за б о та Shire [ ] (n) –гр а ф ство (уст.), thе ---s ц е нтр а льные гр а ф ства в А нгли и County [ ] (n) –гр а ф ство (а д м. е д . А нгли и ), ж и те ли гр а ф ства Borough [ ] (n) –(не б о льшо й) го р о д Expenditure [ ] (n) –р а схо д ы

Ex. 2. Put the number of each word according to schemes of the stressed and unstressed syllables in the words. Follower, pretender, relative, dispute, sentiment, parliament, spokesman, determine, negotiations, transmutation, parliamentary, monarchy, monarchical, prerogative, superintendancy, administer, reasonably, European, inpeachment, administrative, financial, finance, distribution, representative. 1

2

3

4

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6

7

8

9

10

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Ex. 3. Look through the text and find the words with the following suffixes: a) nouns –tion, ment, ity, ence, ture; b) adjectives –an, ic, al, ic+al, ous, ive, ent, ant.

Ex. 4. Read and translate the text. The Revolution of 1689 settlement, however, implied a European war. William III had accepted the English Crown the better to thwart Louis XIV of France. Moreover, the length and cost of this war caused both Houses of Parliament to be much more critical of his right to make war and peace, and by the end of his reign that part of the prerogative was being tacitly surrendered. William had hardly recognized that he needed ministers who enjoyed the confidence of a majority in the Commons, but the impeachments of 1701 showed that it would be dangerous to sign treaties without the agreement of ministers who had the support of the House. The House of Commons, on edge with the anxieties of war and fearful of the Jacobites, had asked William III for information and accounts which no king had given before.

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The military campaigns in the reign of Queen Anne needed administrative innovations and financial expedients of a wholly new range and skill. Much of the expenditure was met by loans which had to be repaid. Public finance ceased to be royal finance and became parliamentary finance. Parliament became the judge of the country's war effort. When George I came to the throne it was clear that the Crown must fall into dependence on Parliament in many ways which had nothing to do with written laws. Before 1689, when parliamenets were transient things dependent on the will of the king, men had been reluctant to invest time and money in a seat in the House of Commons. When it was clear that it would meet every year and that it would decide the issues that would determine the course of foreign trade, the conditions of internal economic life, and the distribution of the jobs and the honours, the competition for the seats began. The character of the competition was determined by the very odd distribution of seats and of the right to vote and by the use which could be made of them. Before the Union with Scotland, 1707, the House of Commons had 513 members. There were twenty-four Welsh members, eighty knights of the shire for the English counties, four university members, but the rest, the overwhelming majority, were returned by the boroughs. The southwest of England provided a quarter of the House. Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, and Wiltshire returned between them 142 members. East and West Looe, two halves of a tiny Cornish village, returned as many members as the City of London. Tiny , settlements could send as many representatives to the lawmaking body as a whole country. There was no universal right to vote in the country. One small group of boroughs had universal male suffrage. In others the right to vote belonged either to the corporation or to those who paid poor rate or to the owners of particular bits of property. In one large group of about eighty boroughs the vote was the right of freemen of the town. Absolute control by a patron of the return of a borough member was rare. It was easiest when , the right to vote was attached to a particular kind of property. The patron could buy the properties and fill them with men who. would vote on his instructions. Ex. 5. Find 4 examples of Past Perfect Tense in the text. The form of the predicate in Past Perfect Tense is had + Past Participle (V+ed). Ex. 6. Translate these sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the Future-in-the-Past constructions. 1. The impeachments of 1701 showed that it would be dangerous to sign treaties without the agreement of ministers. 2. When it was clear that it would meet every year and that it would decide the issues that would determine the course of foreign trade, the conditions of internal economic life, and the distribution of the jobs and the honours, the competition for the seats began.

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3. The patron could buy the who would vote on his instructions.

properties and fill them with men

Ex. 7 Ask 10 questions to the text. Ex. 8. Entitle each passage of the text. Ex. 9. Retell the text. Unit VI From Limited Monarchy to Parliamentary Government Part III Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and expressions. Male [ ] (adj) –муж ско й Female [ ] (adj) –ж е нски й Suffrage [ ] (n) –и зб и р а те льно е пр а во , пр а во го ло са Property [ ] (n) –и мущ е ство , со б стве нно сть, хо зяйство Freeman [ ] (n) –по че тный/ по лно пр а вный гр а ж д а ни н го р о д а Patron [ ] (n) –по кр о ви те ль Attach [ ] (v) –пр и со е д и няться, р а спо ла га тьк се б е , а р е сто выва ть Vote [ ] (v) –го ло со ва ть Bribery [ ] (n) –взято чни че ство Entrench [ ] (v) - о ка пыва ть, за кр е пляться, за нять пр о чно е по ло ж е ни е , о тста и ва ть, за щ и щ а тьсво и взгляд ы, по куша ться Faction [ ] (n) –ф р а кц и я, гр уппи р о вка , кли ка , р а зд о р ы Provision [ ] (n) –сна б ж е ни е , о б е спе че ни е , по ло ж е ни е , усло ви е (д о го во р а ), ме р а пр е д о сто р о ж но сти Distinction [ ] (n) –р а зли чи е , о тли чи е , р а зни ц а , зна к о тли чи я, и зве стно сть, зна тно сть Merchant [ ] (n)б (adj) –купе ц , то р го вый Medieval [ ] (adj) –ср е д не ве ко вый Acquire [ ] (v) –пр и о б р е та ть, д о сти га ть, о вла д е ва ть Authority [ ] (n) –вла сть(ти ), по лно мо чи е , ве с, вли яни е , о сно ва ни е Discriminate [ ] (v) –о тли ча ть, выд е лять, о тно си ться по -р а зно му Grant [ ] (v) –д а р и ть, пр е д о ста влять, д а р о ва ть, ж а ло ва ть, р а зр е ша ть Communion [ ] (n) –о б щ е ни е , о б щ но сть, ве р о и спо ве д а ни е , гр уппа лю д е й о д и на ко во го ве р о и спо ве д а ни я Ex. 2. Divide these compound words into three groups according their writing –in one word, separate or with a hyphen.

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Halfbrother, gentleman, outstanding, townhall, counterattack, spokesman, grammarschool, statesman, lawmaking,watersupply, crosssection, overwhelming, freeman. Ex. 3. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the constructions there was/there were and it was smb. who. 1. There were twenty four Welsh members, eighty knights of the shire for the English countries, four university members. 2. There was no universal right to vote in the country. 3. Where there were deeply entrenched local interests, loyalties and passions, those, who sought the seats, might have to choose between a ruinous struggle and a compromise. 4. There were men of great distinction in the arts and sciences. 5. There was a core of landed aristocracy in the House. 6. There were great lawyers, great city merchants, as well as generals and admirals. 7. It was Bolingbroke who took a leading part in the negotiations. 8. It was the king who made peace and war, made bishops. Ex. 4. Read and translate the text. Many people who had the right to vote used to trade their votes. A vote might cost from a few pounds to a few thousands. Voters were influenced by a great variety of motives, ranging from bribery to the traditional claims of a landed family in the neighbourhood. There was a core of landed aristocracy in the House, for the younger members of a landed family might have a connection of long standing with a neighbouring boroughs. Where there were deeply entrenched local interests, loyalties, and passions, those who sought the seats might have to choose between a ruinous struggle and a compromise. Very few seats were contested during the first half of the 18th century, most county members getting their seats by an understanding between local factions. Those who had seats in the House of Commons were expected to take an intelligent and financial interest in the provision of local amenities, such as a town hall, a grammar school, or a water supply. The membership of the Commons was varied. There were men of great distinction in the arts and sciences — John Dryden, Isaac Newton, Christopher Wren, and Joseph Addison. There were great lawyers, great city merchants, as well as generals and admirals. The House of Commons could distinguish between men who had ability and men who had estates. It had a wider cross-section of national activities and achievements and a smaller proportion of professional politicians than the Commons of the present day. It had begun in medieval times as an assembly of those who could voice the opinion and state the needs of local areas. By the 18th century it had acquired a collective personality.

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With the coming of George I, the Whigs were given preference over the Tories. It was quite natural, as many of them were sympathetic to the claims of the Stuart pretenders. Governmental stability and the authority of the House of Commons were promoted by the Septennial Act of 1716. Under the Septennial Act parliamentary elections were required every seven years rather than every three. This practice was kept on till 1911, when a parliament’s life was reduced to five years. Parliament was made up of 122 county members and 436 borough members. All counties and boroughs sent two members to Parliament, but each borough, whether a large city or a tiny village, had its own tradition of choosing its members of Parliament. It should be mentioned that in the 18th century Catholics were discriminated and full political privileges were granted only to members of the Anglican Church, but non-Anglican Protestants could legally hold office if they were willing to take Anglican communion once a year. Ex. 5. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the Infinitive and the Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject). 1. James II had an army ready to hand. 2. The Triennial Act, 1694, obliged the king to summon Parliament at least every three years. 3. The Septennial act, 1715, made it possible for the government in office to nurse the constituencies on which its power depended. 4. Both France and Austria were beginning to look upon Italy as a lawful prey. 5. Holland herself would hardly have been able to defend her frontiers without the help of England. 6. After 1689 some Whigs liked to boast that they had turned the king out and would do the same again. 7. After 1689 it was impossible for the Tory party to support the Hannoverians. 8. To kill the king was a poor way of making him responsible for his policies. 9. It was realized that it might be as wasteful to behead a minister as to behead a king. 10. France seemed destined to fill this vacuum and to seize and exploit the domains. 11. The major event of Queen Anne’s reign is known to be the formation of the kingdom of Great Britain. 12. Early in the 18th century England and Scotland are said to be ruled by the same monarch but to remain two separate kingdoms. Ex. 6. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the Gerund and its function in each sentence. 1. After almost dominating Europe in the the 16th century, Spain had been sinking during the 17th century into a lower position. 2. Spain was incapable of exploiting its domains for herself.

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3. After 1689 the Tory party couldn’t support the Hannoverians without splitting their ranks. 4. It was impossible denying their church. 5. The problem was solver by extending the lawyers’ fiction. Ex. 7. Read and translate the sentences. Determine the function of would (Conditionals or Future-in-the-Past) in each sentence. 1. The sentiments of the past need not shed blood in the present, nor imperil the political order on which the future wealth of the nation would depend. 2. The Act of Settlement, 1701, would have made government chaotic and strangled cabinet government in its cradle. 3. The Tories hoped that France would support a Stuart restoration in England. 4. These methods would later move through the industrial and commercial life in the 19th century England. 5. The impeachments of 1701 showed that it would be dangerous to sign treaties without the agreement of ministers. 6. This would have involved a subordination of the administration to the legislature which would have made impossible the development of a cabinet system. 7. When it was clear that it would meet every year and it would decide the issues that would determine the course of foreign trade and conditions of internal economic life. Ex. 8. Ask 10 questions to the text. Ex. 9. Entitle each passage of the text. Ex. 10. Retell the text. Ex. 11. Look through the texts in units IV, V and VI and make a rendering of the whole article “From Limited Monarchy to Parliamentary Government” .

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Со ста ви те льФ о ми на Ир и на Ва ле р ье вна Ре д а кто р Б уни на Т.Д .