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a6pH-nepo. n03TOMY Bblpa)KeHHe
~~
... ::r r6 !;i3 o::r
B rrnaHapHbIX
(6)
MHKpope30HaTopax OITTHqeCKHe MO~bI SlBnSlIOTCSI ~HCKpeT
HbIMH BenHqHHaMH H 3HaqeHHSI HX qaCTOT HOH MO~bI. Ha pHC.
14.3, a
Bcer~a
KpaTHbI qaCTOTe OCHOB-
CXeMaTHqHO rrOKa3aHa rrnOTHOCTb OrrTHqeCKHX
MO~ BHyTpH rrnaHapHoro MHKpope30HaTopa. OCHOBHOHH rrepBoH Mo~aM cooTBeTcTBYIOT qaCTOTbI 110 H 2110 . .nnSl pe30HaTopa C ~ByMSI MeTannHqeCKHMH OTpa)KaTenSlMH (6e3 3epKan 5p3rra) H co C~BHrOM cpa3 OITTHqeCKHX BonH rrpH OTpa)KeHHH, paBHOM 7J", OCHOBHaSl qaCTOTa 110
=
c/2nL cav ,
orrpe~enSleTCSI
Bblpa)KeHHeM
r~e C - CKOPOCTb CBeTa B BaKYYMe, Lcav - ~nHHa pe30HaTO-
j:>a. npH BbLnOAHeHUU YCAOBUU pe30HaHca qaCTOTa H3nyqeHHSI B OITTHqeCKH
(14.8)
aKTHBHOH
cpe~e BHYTPH pe30HaTopa paBHa qaCTOTe O~HOH H3 ero MO~.
nnOTHOCTb OrrTHqeCKHX MO~ B~onb OCH pe30HaTopa MO)KHO HaHTH rrpH rrOMOIll.H COOTHOIIleHHSI Me)K~y rrnOTHOCTblO MO~ H K03cpCPHIl.HeHTOM rrpo-
r~e
n-
rrOKa3aTenb rrpenOMneHHSI Cpe~bI. YpaBHeHHe
(14.8)
MO)KHO rro-
rrYCKaHHSI MO~bI qepe3 pe30HaTOp
T(II):
nyqHTb C rrOMOIll.bIO rrpHHIl.Hrra rro~06HSI, 06blqHO Hcrronb3yeMoro rrpH BbI-
Bo~e Bblpa)KeHHSI ~nSl rrnOTHOCTH MO~ B cB060~HOM rrpoCTpaHcTBe. Ha pHC.
14.3, a
p(lI) = KT(II),
rrOKa3aH rrocToSlHHbIH ypoBeHb rrnOTHOCTH OrrTHqeCKHX MO~,
orrpe~enSleMbIH paBeHCTBOM
(14.8).
..
YnpaJKHeHHe. RbtBOa ypaBfteftUR nAOmftOCmu onmuttecx;ux MOa. Tpe6yeTclI BbiBeCTH ypaBHeHHe .n.JIlI nJIOTHOCTH OnTHqeCKHX MO.n. B O.n.HOMePHOM npOCTpaHCTBe, T. e. Bblpa)i{eHHe
(14.8).
r~e
K-
(14.9)
KOHCTaHTa. 3HaqeHHe 3TOH KOHCTaHTbI HaXO~SlT, HCXO~SI H3 ycno-
BHH HOPMHPOBKH, HarrpHMep H3 ycnoBHSI CYIll.eCTBOBaHHSI TonbKO O~HOH OITTHqeCKOH
MO~bI. I1crronb3YSl Bblpa)KeHHe
(14.1), ~mI
K03cpcpHIl.HeHTa
rrporrycKaHHSI qepe3 pe30HaTop a6pH-nepo MO)KHO 3arrHcaTb cne~ylOIlI.ee
Fit. 14. Cnoltmaltltoe U3ltY'leltue
300
8
14.4. CneKmpaAbltble xapaKmepucmuKu yculteltuR. u3ItY'leItUR.
pe30ltamOpaX
F-
r.n.e BbIpa)KeHHe:
TI·T2
(14.10)
1 + RI . R2 - 2JRI . R2 . cos (411"n . Lcav· vic)·
K09cpcpHUHeHT nponyCKaHHSI MaKCHMaJIeH Ha qaCTOTax
(14.16)
KOCHHYC pa3JIO)KHTb B PSl.n. B TOqKe
v
=0
nponopUHOHaJIbHa ero 3epKaJIbHOcTH. ,llJISI MHHHMaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHSI nJIOTHOCTH OnTHqeCKHX MO.n. nOJIyqHM Bblpa)KeHHe
(1-
4 . _ (RIRd/ . ~) Pmm 2 + ..jRIR2)
v = 0, Yo, 2vO,
= vo/2, 3vo/2, 5vo/2 ....
v
••. H MHHHMaJIeH Ha qaCTOTax
(14.10)
K09cpCPHUHeHT 3epKaJIbHOCTH pe30HaTopa. H3 ypaBHeHHSI
CJIe.n.yeT, qTO B MaKCHMYMe nJIOTHOCTb MO.n. B.n.OJIb OCH pe30HaTopa npSlMo
T(v)=
HHH
301
ECJIH B ypaBHe2 (cos x 1 - x /2),
(1
=
4n
(14.17)
c
nOJIyqHM BbIpa)KeHHe .n.JISI MaKCHMYMa K09cpCPHUHeHTa nponycKaHHSI B BH.n.e IlpH nOMOmH
npH6JIH)KeHHSI JIopeHua:
(14.4) H Pmin:
H3 YCJIOBHSI
(RIR2)3/4 ::::: 1 BbIBO.n.HM
Bblpa)KeHHe .n.JISI
T (v)
=
TI . T2 · ( ..jRI . R2) -I . (411"n· Lcav/c)-2
(l-~) (.,jR 1 • R2) - I .
HHTerpHpySl
p(v)
(47rn.
2
OCH pe30HaTopa 06paTHo nponopUHOHaJIbHa ero 3epKaJIbHOCTH.
Lcav/C)2
Ha pHC.
o
B
14.3
O.n.HoMePHOM
.n.JISI cpaBHeHHSI nOKa3aHbI nJIOTHOCTH OllTHqeCKHX MO.n.
cB06o.n.HOM
npocTpaHcTBe H
B
o.n.HoMepHoM
nJIaHapHOM
pe30HaTope. OTMeTHM, qTO nJIOma.n.H, OrpaHHqeHHbIe npe.n.cTaBJIeHHblMH 3aBHCHMOCTSlMH, paBHbI, T. e. B 060HX CJIyqaSlX Ha6JIIO.n.aeTcSI o.n.HHaKOBaSl Cpe.n.HSISI nJIOTHOCTb MO.n..
00
JJ
(14.18)
H3 KOToporo CJIe.n.yeT, qTO B MHHHMyMe nJIOTHOCTb OnTHqeCKHX MO.n. B.n.OJIb
+v2
BO BceM .n.Hana30He qaCTOT H no BceH .n.JIHHe pe30Ha-
K·
n
Pmin ::::: 11". cF'
(14.11)
Topa, Haxo.n.HM YCJIOBHe cymecTBoBaHHSI e.n.HHcTBeHHoH OnTHqeCKOH MO.n.bl: Lcav
npH6JIH)KeHHOe
(14.12)
p(v)dvdL= 1.
14.4.
-00
CneKTpaJIbHbIe xapaKTepHcTHKH YCHJIeHHB H3JIyqeHHB
BepXHHH H HH)KHHH npe.n.eJIbI HHTerpHpoBaHHSI no qaCTOTe Bbl6paHbI paB-
(14.11) npH v = 0 HMeeT TOJIbypaBHeHHSI (14.9), (14.11) H cpOpMyJIY
HbIMH ±oo H3-3a Toro, qTO BbIpa)KeHHe KO O.n.HH MaKCHMYM. HCnOJIb3YSl HHTerpHpoBaHHSI
f~oo
(a2
+
HaXO)K.n.eHHSI K09CPCPHUHeHTa
x 2 ) -I
dx = 11"/ a,
nOJIyqaeM BbIpa)KeHHe .n.JISI
K:
K = (R 1R2)3/4 . 4n . TIT2 c
(1 - JRIR2).
Ilo.n.CTaBHB 9TO BbIpa)KeHHe B ypaBHeHHe
(14.9),
IlOCKOJIbKY
HHTeHCHBHOCTb
H3JIyqeHHSI
npSlMO nponopUHOHaJIbHa nJIOTHOCTH
(14.7),
Ha
3a.n.aHHoH
OnTHqeCKHX MO.n. -
.n.JIHHe CM.
BOJIHbl
ypaBHeHHe
YBeJIHqeHHe cneKTpaJIbHOH nJIOTHOCTH onpe.n.eJISleTCSI OTHOIIleHHeM
nJIOTHOCTeH MO.n. B o.n.HoMepHoM pe30HaTope H B o.n.HOMepHOM cB060.n.HOM
(14.13)
npoCTpaHcTBe. KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO, cneKTp YCHJIeHHSI pe30HaTopa HMeeT CPOPMY pacnpe.n.eJIeHHSI JIopeHua.
HaH.n.eM nJIOTHOCTb onTH-
Il09ToMY K09CPCPHUHeHT YCHJIeHHSI Ha
pe30HaHcHoH .n.JIHHe BOJIHbI paBeH OTHOIIleHHIO nJIOTHOCTeH OnTHqeCKHX MO.n. B pe30HaTope H BHe ero, T. e.
qeCKHX MO.n. H3JIyqeHHSI B.n.OJIb OCH O.n.HoMepHoro pe30HaTopa:
p (v) = (R 1R 2 )3/4 TIT2
4n
• _.
( 1 - JRIR2 ) . T (v).
(14.19)
(14.14)
C
MO)KHO HaHTH MaKCHMaJIbHYIO H MHHH-
H3 ypaBHeHHSI BH.n.HO, qTO MHKpope30HaTop n03BOJISleT .n.06HTbCSI 3HaqH-
MaJIbHYIO nJIOTHOCTb OnTHqeCKHX MO.n.. ,llJISI MaKCHMYMa nOJIyqHM BbIpa)Ke-
TeJIbHOrO YBeJIHqeHHSI HHTeHCHBHOCTH cnOHTaHHoro H3JIyqeHHSI B.n.OJIb ero
IlpH nOMOmH ypaBHeHHSI
HHe
I,
(14.14)
OCH.
(RIR2)3/4 4n Pmax = (1- ..jRIR2) .~.
(14.15)
YpaBHeHHe
(14.19)
nOKa3bIBaeT
cpe8Hee YBeJIHqeHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH
H3JIyqeHHSI OT ,lI.Byx OTpa)KaTeJIeH pe30HaTopa. ,llJISI HaXO)K.n.eHHSI YCHJIeHHSI H3JIyqeHHSI TOJIbKO B O,ll.HOM HanpaBJIeHHH He06xo.n.HMO K09CPCPHUHeHT YCH-
HCnOJIb3YSl ypaBHeHHe
(14.4)
npH6JIH)KeHHOe Bblpa)KeHHe .n.JISI
H
COOTHOIueHHe
(R 1R2)3/4 :::::1,
Haxo.n.HM
4
n·F
(14.19),
YMHO)KHTb Ha .n.OJIIO CBeTa, OT-
pa)KeHHOrO OT 3epKaJIa C K09cpCPHUHeHToM OTpa)KeHHSI
Pmax:
Pmax ::::: ;: . -c-,
JIeHHSI, onpe.n.eJISleMblH ypaBHeHHeM
RI
(T. e. Ha
1 - Rd
H pa3.n.eJIHTb Ha cpe.n.HHe nOTepH Ha .n.ByX OTpa)KaTeJISlX 3a O.n.HH nOJIHbIH
(14.16)
npoxo.n. pe30HaTopa (T. e. Ha
1/2[(1 - Rd
+ (1
- R2)]).
,llJISI 60JIbIIlHX
FA. 14. CnOHmal-tftoe U3AYlf.eHUe
302 3HaqeHHH:
RI
14.5. HHmeepaAbHbte xapatcmepucmUlw YCUAeHUft U3AYlf.eHUft
pe30HamOpaX
R2
MO)KHO 3anHCaTb CJIe,ll.YIOlll.ee Bblpa)KeHHe ,lI.JISI K03
271"
(14.24)
Ae (0) . cos f} = Ares'
3JIeMeHTaMH, npeKpaCHO
rrO,lJ.XO,lJ.HT ,lJ.JIH HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH YCHJIeHHH H3JIyqeHHH. Ha pHC. 14.4 rrOKa-
Ae -
3aH crreKTp H3JIyqeHHH pe30HaTopa Ha OCHOBe SijSi02 C JIerHpOBaHHoH
r,lJ.e Ares H
3p6HeM aKTHBHOH 06JIaCTbIO Si02, 06JIa,lJ.aIOmerO BbiCOKOH pa3peIIIaIOmeH
f} - nOJIHpHbIH yrOJI (yrOJI BHyTpH pe30HaTopa no OTHOIIIeHHIO K HOpMaJIH
crroc06HOCTbIO (Schubert et aI., 1992b). OTqeTJIHBO BH,lJ.HO 3HaqHTeJIbHOe
K nOBepXHOCTH), nOKa3aHHbIH Ha pHC. 14.5.
CY)KeHHe crreKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHHH YCHJIeHHe H3JIyqeHHH. ilo cpaBHeHHIO co CTPYKTYPOH 6e3 pe30HaTopa ,lJ.aHHbIH H3JIyqaTeJIb nOKa3aJI YBeJIHqeHHe
pe30HaHCHaH ,lJ.JIHHa BOJIHbi H ,lJ.JIHHa BOJIHbi H3JIyqeHHH,
HcrroJIb3YH ypaBHeHHe (14.24) H 3aKOH CHeJIJIHyca
HHTeHCHBHOCTH 60JIee qeM B 50 pa3. Pe30HaTop COCTOHT H3 HH)KHerO 3epKaJIa Bp3rra B BH,lJ.e qeTbIpeX CJIOeB Si/Si02 C paCqeTHOH OTpa)KaIOmeH cnoc06HOCTbIO 99,8 JIaCTH Si02, TOJImHHa
A/2,
%;
(n·
sin f)
= sin e),
nOJIyqHM BbIpa)KeHHe ,lJ.JIH ,lJ.JIHHbl BOJIHbi H3JIyqeHHH:
Ae
= Ares . cos [arcsin
(~ . sin e) ].
(14.25)
aKTHBHoH 06-
JIempOBaHHOH 3p6HeM,H BepxHero 3epKaJIa
,UJIH MaJIbiX yrJIOB 3TO BbIpa)KeHHe MO)KHO ynpocTHTb:
Bp3rra H3 2,5 CJIOeB Si/Si02 C paCqeTHOH OTpa)KaIOmeH cnoc06HOCTbIO 98,5 x
%.
10 15
KOHI.(eHTpaI.(HH 3p6HH B aKTHBHOH 06JIaCTH Si02 COCTaBJIHeT 7,7 x 2 CM- . 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO onpe,lJ.eJIeHHaH pa3peIIIaIOmaH cnoc06-
(14.26)
FIt. 14. CnOHmaHHoe u31lytteHue
306
8
pe30Hamopax
14.6. Bu6lluoepal/JUtteCfWU cnucox;
307
R
5
8
~
... 6
R
PMC. 14.5. I1eprreH.D:MKYJIlIpHall M rrapaJIJIeJIbHall COCTaBJIlIIOIlJ,Me BOJIHOBOrO BeKTOpa k rrpM pacrrpocTpaHeHMM CBeTa B pesoHaTope
Ha pHC. 14.6 npe.n:CTaBJIeHa 3aBHCHMOCTb .n:JIHHbI BOJIHbI B MaKcHMYMe H3JIyqeHHlI OT yrJIa
6.
fpaqmK B BH.n:e CnJIOIIIHOM JIHHHH, COOTBeTcTByeT
ypaBHeHHIO (14.25), a IIITPHXOBOM -
B paCqeTaX
ynpoIIIeHHOMY Bblpa)KeHHIO (14.26).
HCnOJIb30BaJIClI nOKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHHlI, paBHbIM 1,5.
nO.n:06Hall yrJIOBall 3aBHCHMOCTb 6bIJIa HaM.n:eHa .n:JIlI pa3JIHqHbIX nOJIynpOBo.n:HHKOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB. Ha pHc.14.7 nOKa3aHbI cneKTpbI H3JIyqeHHlI pe30HaTopa Ha OCHOBe AlInGaP .n:JIlI pa3HbIX yrJIOB H3JIyqeHHlI (Streubel
1: ~-+---+--620
630
640
650
660
,[\JrnHa BOJIHbI ft.,
670
680
690
HM
PMC. 14.7. CrreKTpbl M3JIYQeHMlI CBeTO.D:MO.D:a C pe30HaTopoM Ha OCHOBe AlinGaP .D:JIlI pa3Hblx rrOJIlIpHbIX yrJIOB. ,UJIMHHOBOJIHOBall QaCTb M3JIYQeHMlI KBaHToBoH lIMbI MCrrycKaeTclI B.D:OJIb OCM pe30HaTopa (~ = 0°). I1sJIYQeHMe 60JIee KOPOTKMX BOJIH pacrrpocTpaHlIeTclI rro.D: HeKOTopbIMM yrJIaMM K OCM. ,UJIlI HaX01K.D:eHMlI IIlMpMHbI crreKTpa FWDH (18 HM) MCrrOJIb30BaJIaCb MHTerpMpYIOIlJ,all cq,epa (Streubel et aI., 2002)
et aI., 2002). OTMeTHM, QTO HaH60JIbiliall HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3JIYQeHHlI Ha6JIIO.n:aeTclI npH yrJIe 30°. 9TO 03HaQaeT, QTO pe30HaHcHall .n:JIHHa BOJIHbI pacnOJIO)KeHa B .n:JIHHHOBOJIHOBOM QaCTH eCTeCTBeHHoro cneKTpa H3JIYQeHHlI nOJIyrrpoBo.n:HHKa. YQeT 3Toro· n03BOJIlIeT rrOJIYQHTb MaKCHMaJIbHYIO MOIIIHOCTb H3JIYQeHHlI (Streubel et aI., 2002).
1600.---.---,----r--~--~--~
pe30Harop Si/Si02 aKTMBHhIH CJIOH: Si02 :Er T=295K
1450~--~--~---L---L--~--~
o
20 YroJI 00, rpa.n:
10
30
PMC. 14.6. 3aBMcMMoCTb .D:JIMHbI BOJIHbI B MaKCMMYMe MSJIYQeHMlI OT rrOJIlIpHOrO yrJIa ~ .D:JIlI rrJIaHapHOro pe30HaTopa Si/Si02 C JIerMpOBaHHoH 3p6MeM aKTMBHOH 06JIaCTbIO Si02 (Schubert et aI., 1992b)
Bu6JIuorpaUlJeCKUH cnUCOK Coldren L. A. and Corzime S. W. Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1995). De Martini F., Innocenti G., Jacobovitz G. R., and Mataloni P. "Anomalous spontaneous emission time in a microscopic optical cavity" Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2955 (1987). Deppe D. G. and Lei C. "Spontaneous emission and optical gain in a Fabry-Perot micro cavity" Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 527 (1992). Dodabalapur A., Rothberg L. J., and Miller T. M. "Color variation with electroluminescent organic semiconductors in multimode resonant cavities" Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 2308 (1994). Einstein' A. "On the quantum theory of radiation" (translated from German) Z. Phys. 18, 121 (1917). Fabry G. and Perot A. "Theory and applications of a new interference method for spectroscopy" (translated from French) Ann. Chim. Phys. 16, 115 (1899). Hall R. N., Fenner G. E., Kingsley J. D., Soltys T. J., and Carlson R. O. "Coherent light emission from GaAs junctions" Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 366 (1962). Hayashi I., Panish M. B., Foy P. W., and Sumski S. "Junction lasers which operate continuously at room temperature" Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 109 (1970). Hunt N. E. J., Schubert E. F., Logan R. A., and Zydzik G. J. "Enhanced spectral power density and reduced linewidth at 1.3 p,m in an InGaAsP quantum well resonant cavity light emitting diode" Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 2287 (1992). Hunt N. E. J., Schubert E. F., Kopf R. F., Sivco D. L., Cho A. Y., and Zydzik G. J. "Increased fiber communications bandwidth from a resonant cavity light emitting diode emitting at'\ = 940 nm" Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2600 (1993).
308
FA. 14. Cnoltmaltltoe u3Jtytteltue
8
pe30ltamOpax
Hunt N. E. J., Schubert E. F., Sivco D. L., Cho A. Y., Kopf R. F., Logan R. A., and Zydzik G. J. "High efficiency, narrow spectrum resonant cavity light-emitting diodes" in Confined Electrons and Photons edited by E. Burstein and C. Weisbuch (Plenum Press, New York, 1995a). Hunt N.E.J., Vredenberg A.M., Schubert E.F., Becker P.c., Jacobson D.C., Poate J.M., and Zydzik G.J. "Spontaneous emission control of Er3+ in Si/Si02 microcavities" in Confined Electrons and Photons edited by E. Burstein and C. Weisbuch (Plenum Press, New York, 1995b). Jewell J. L., Lee Y. H., McCall S. L., Harbison J. P., and Florez L. T. "High-finesse AlGaAs interference filters grown by molecular beam epitaxy" Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 640 (1988). Joannopoulos J. D., Meade R. D., and Winn J. N. Photonic Crystals (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1995). Kobayashi T., Segawa T., Morimoto A., and Sueta T. Meeting of the lpn. Soc. of Appl. Phys. Tokyo (1982); see also Yokoyama (1992). Kobayashi T., Morimoto A., and Sueta T. Meeting of the lpn. Soc. of Appl. Phys. Tokyo (1985); see also Yokoyama (1992). Nakayama T., Itoh Y., and Kakuta A. "Organic photo- and electroluminescent devices with double mirrors" Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 594 (1993).
!I,
Numai T., Kosaka H., OguraI., Kurihara K., Sugimoto M., and Kasahara K. "Indistinct threshold laser operation in a pnpn vertical to surface transmission electrophotonic device with a vertical cavity" IEEE l. Quantum Electron. 29, 403 (1993). Purcell E. M. "Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies" Phys. Rev. 69, 681 (1946). Saleh B. E. A. and Teich M. C. Fundamentals of Photonics (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991). Schubert E. F., Wang Y. H., Cho A. Y., Tu L. w., and Zydzik G. J. "Resonant cavity light emitting diode" Appt. Phys. Lett. 60, 921 (1992a). Schubert E. F., Vredenberg A. M., Hunt N. E. J., Wong Y. H., Becker P. C., Poate J. M., Jacobson D. C., Feldman L. c., and Zydzik G. J. "Giant enhancement in luminescence intensity in Er-doped Si/Si02 resonant cavities" Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 1381 (1992b). Schubert E. F. Doping in 1II- V Semiconductors p. 512 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 1993). Schubert E. F., Hunt N. E. J., Micovic M., Malik R. J., Sivco D. L., Cho A. Y., and Z ydzik G. J. Science 265, 943 (1994). Schubert E.F., Hunt N.E.J., Malik R.J., Micovic M., and Miller D.L. "Temperature and modulation characteristics of resonant cavity light-emitting diodes" IEEE l. Lightwave Technol. 14, 1721 (1996). Streubel K., Linder N., Wirth R., and Jaeger A. "High brightness AlGaInP lightemitting diodes" IEEE l. Set. Top. Quantum Electron. 8, 321 (2002). Suzuki M., Yokoyama H., Brorson S. D., and Ippen E. P. "Observation of spontaneous emission lifetime change of dye-containing LangmuirtBlodgett films in optical microcavities" Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 998 (1991).
14.6. Bu6Auoepat/JUttecKuU cnUCOK
309
Vredenberg A.M., Hunt N.E.J., Schubert E.F., Jacobson D.C., Poate J.M., and Zydzik G.J. Phys. Rev, Lett. 71,517 (1993). Yablonovitch E., Gmitter T. J., and Bhat R. "Inhibited and enhanced spontaneous emission from optically thin AlGaAs/GaAs double heterostructures" Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2546 (1988). . Yablonovitch E. personal communication (1994). Yariv A. Theory and Applications of Quantum Mechanics (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1982) p. 143. Yokoyama H., Nishi K., Anan T., Yamada H., Boorson S. D., and Ippen E. P. "Enhanced spontaneous emission from GaAs quantum wells in monolithic microcavities" Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2814 (1990). Yokoyama H. "Physics and device applications of optical microcavities" Science 256,66 (1992).
.IJ:onOJlHeHHe pe,Zl.aKTOpa 1. AJI
CTBa, B KOTOPbIX HCnOJIb30BaH npHHUHn YCHJIeHHH cnOHTaHHoro H3JIyqeHHH
pe30HaTopaMH.
B MHKpope30HaTope. Pa3MemeHHe n03BOJIHJIO
CBeTO)l.HO)l.bI C pe30HaTopOM TaK2Ke HCnOJIb3YIOT B YCTpoHcTBax, Tpe-
OnTHqeCKH
YJIyqrrmTb
aKTHBHoro
xapaKTepHCTHKH
MaTepHaJIa CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB
BHYTPH B
pe30HaTopa
HeCKOJIbKO
pa3.
Bo-nep8blX, HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3JIyqeHHH CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB C pe30HaTopOM B)l.OJIb ero OCH, T. e. nepneH)l.HKYJIHPHO nOBepXHOCTH nOJIynpOBO)l.HHKa, npeBbliliaeT
BO-8mopblx, cneKTp H3JIyqeHHH xapaKTepH3yeTcH 60Jlee 8blC01WU cneKmpaJlbliOU ttUcmomou no cpaBHeHHIO co cneKTpaMH 06blqHbIX CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB. B 06blqHbIX HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3JIyqeHHH 06blqHbIX CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB B 2-10 pa3.
CBeTO)l.HO)l.aX IIIHpHHa cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH H3JIyqeHHH onpe)l.eJIHeTCH TenJIOBOH 3HepmeH
kT,
a B CBeTO)l.HO)l.aX C pe30HaTopoM -
)l.06POTHOCTblO on-
THqeCKOrO pe30HaTopa. B pe3YJIbTaTe 3Toro rrmpHHa cneKTpa CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB C pe30HaTopoM B2-5 pa3 MeHbille IIIHpHHbI cneKTpa 06bIQHbIX CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB. no 3TOH 2Ke npHQHHe TeMnepaTypHbIH C)l.BHr )l.JIHHbI BOJIHbI onpe)l.eJIHeTCH TeMnepaTypHbIM K03HUHeHToM OllTHQeCKOrO pe30HaTopa, a He IIIHPHHOH 3anpemeHHOH 30HbI aKTHBHOH 06JIaCTH. Bce 3TO Be)l.eT K 3HaQHTeJIbHOMy nOBblIIIeHHIO TeMnepaTYPHOH cTa6HJIbHOCTH )l.JIHHbI BOJIHbI H3JIYQeHHH CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB C pe30HaTopOM no cpaBHeHHIO C 06bIQHbIMH CBeTO)l.HO)l.aMH.
B-mpembux, )l.HarpaMMa HanpaBJIeHHOCTH CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB C pe30HaTopoM 60JIee Y3KaH, QeM Y 06bIQHbIX CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB. ECJIH B 06bIQHbIX CBeTO)l.HO)l.aX )l.HarpaMMa HanpaBJIeHHOCTH
H3JIYQeHHH
HMeeT BH)I. pacnpe)l.eJIeHHH
no
6YIOmHx BbICOKOH HPKOCTH CBeQeHHH aI.,
2001,
2002).
(Streubel et aI.,
1998; Wirth
et
,L{JIH TaKHX npHMeHeHHH pe30HaHCHaH )l.JIHHa BOJIHbI
CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB BbI6HpaeTcH B )l.JIHHHOBOJIHOBOH QaCTH cneKTpa cnOHTaHHoro H3JIYQeHHH nOJIynpOBO)l.HHKa, QTO 06eCneQHBaeT MaKCHMaJIbHYIO HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3JIYQeHHH BO Bcex HanpaBJIeHHHX B npocTpaHcTBe. YCHJIeHHe cnOHTaHHoro H3JIYQeHHH, npOHCXO)l.Hmee B CTpYKTypax C pe30HaTopaMH, M02KHO C ycnexoM HCnOJIb30BaTb B pa3Hblx THnax CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB: nOJIynpOBO)l.HHKOBbIX H nOJIHMepHblx. nepBble CBeTO)l.HO)l.bI C pe30HaTOPOM Ha OCHOBe TBep)l.bIX pacTBopoB GaAs nOHBHJIHCb B 1992 r. (Schubert et a!., 1992a). npHMepHo Qepe3 ro)l. 6bIJIO co06meHo 06 H3rOTOBJIeHHH CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB )l.aHHOrO THna Ha OCHOBe OpraHHQeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB (Nakayama et a!., 1993). npe)l.npHHHTbI nOnbITKH C03)1.aTb pe30HaTopHble CTPYKTypbI, YCHJIHBaIOmHe cnOHTaHHoe H3JIYQeHHe, Ha OCHOBe MHKpope30HaTopOB, JIempOBaHHbIX 3p6HeM
(Schubert et aI.,
1992b).
¥l3JIYQaTeJIbHble nepeXO)l.bI npH
YQaCTHH aTOMOB 3p6HH xapaKTepH3YlOTCH Y3KOH JIHHHeH JIIOMHHeCueHUHH, cOBna)l.alOmeH C OllTHQeCKOH MO)l.OH pe30HaTopa. ,L{o HaCTOHmero BpeMeHH CBeTO)l.HO)l.bI C MHKpope30HaTopoM, JIempOBaHHbIM 3p6HeM, He C03)1.aHbI.
JIaM6epTY (nO)l.06HO YHKUHH KocHHyca), B CBeTO)l.HO)l.ax C pe30HaTopoM
O)l.HaKO 3TO OQeHb nepcneKTHBHble YCTpOHCTBa, H BbICOKa BepOHTHOCTb
OHO B OCHOBHOM HanpaBJIeHO B)l.OJIb OnTHQeCKOH OCH pe30HaTopa.
Toro, QTO OHH nOHBHTCH B 6JIH2KaHilleM 6Y)l.ymeM.
, I
FA. 15. C8emOaUOabt C pe30HamopOM
312
H ero ~06pOTHOCTH
IIpoeKTHpoBallHe CBeTO,ZJ;HO,ZJ;OB C pe30HaTopoM Ha pHC.
T~-l
CBeTO~Ho~a
313
pe30HamopoM
KOToporo
Lcav
Lactive
1""""-------R2 6apbepHbIR CJIOR
T
BXO~HT
CTpYKTypa CBeTOAHOAa
C peaOHaTopOM, B COCTaB KOToporo BXOAHT ABa MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHX aepKa-
~Ba
3epKaJIa
OTpa}KeHHH
RI
C KOH
R2.
OTpa}KeHHH BbI6paHbI ~JIH Toro, qTo6bI B
BbIXO~HJIO
OCHOBHOM
CTOPOHbI TOJIbKO
O~Horo
AH
Acav -
~JIHHbI BOJIH H3JIyqeHHH, reHepHpyeMoro B aKTHBHOH o6JIa-
A H lIIHpHHa
crreKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH eCTeCTBeHHoro H3JIyqeHHH ~An HBJIHIOT-
CH rrapaMeTpaMH, orrpe~eJIHeMbIMH aKTHBHOH cpe~oH, H3 ypaBHeHHH (15.2)
3epKaJIa, Ha3b1-
CJIe~yeT, 'ITO rrpH MHHHMaJIbHOH ~JIHHe pe30HaTopa Lcav HHTerpaJIbHaH HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3JIyqeHHH CTaHOBHTCH MaKCHMaJIbHoH.
3epKaJIO C K03oTorpaqmH rrepBoro CBeTo,n110,na TaKoro Tl1rra.
peaoltamOpOM InGaAs/GaAs
C
aJLu/wu 80JLltbt 930 ItM 317
CBH3aHHOH C I1X BbICOKI1M COrrpOTI1BJIeHl1eM (Schubert et aI., 1992c; Lear, Schneider,
1996). B
TO )Ke BpeMH 6bIJIO rrOKa3aHO, QTO rrJIaBHOe rrapa-
60JII1QeCKOe JIerl1pOBaHl1e CJIOeB rrpl1Bo,nI1T K cyru:ecTBeHHoMY CHI1)KeHI1IO OMI1QeCKOrO COnpOTI1BJIeHI1H 3epKaJI op9rra. TaKoe rrJIaBHOe rrapa60JII1QeCKoe JIerl1pOBaHl1e TaK)Ke rrpl1MeHHeTcH ,nJIH YCTpaHeHI1H pa3pbIBoB 30H Ha reTepOrpaHl1l1.ax (Schubert et aI., 1992c). BeJII1QI1Ha K094>4>I1lI.l1eHTa OTpa)KeHI1H 3epKaJI op9rra ,nOJI)KHa y,nOBJIeTBOPHTb ypaBHeHI1HM (15.1) 11 (15.3). K094>4>1111.I1eHT OTpa)KeHI1H 3epKaJIa 113 cepe6pa rrpl16JII1311TeJIbHO paBeH 96%. JI.JIH BbIIIOJIHeHI1H BToporo KPI1TepHH -
ypaBHeHI1H
CQI1TaH, QTO
RI
4>1111.I1eHTOB OTpa)KeHI1H 3epKaJI JIa3epOB C BepTI1KaJIbHbIM pe30HaTopOM. BbICOKaH OTpa)KaIOru:aH crroc06HOCTb 3epKaJI rrOBblIIIaeT caMOrrOrJIoru:eHl1e 113JIyqeHliH Ii CHIi)KaeT
6
ero BbIXO,n 1i3 YCTPOHCTB, QTO 06cY)K,naJIOCb paHee . .Ll.JIH paCQeTa K094>4>Ii1I.I1eHTOB OTpa)KeHI1H 6bIJIa I1CrrOJIb30BaHa 60JIee rro,np06HaH TeOpeTIiQeCKaH Mo,neJIb (De Neve et aI., 1995). MaKCIiMaJIbHbIlf KBaHTOBbIH BbIXO,n, pacCQI1TaHHbIH rro 9TOH Mo,neJI 11 , rrOJIYQI1JICH rrpli K094>4>1111.I1eHTe OTpa)KeHIiH
RI =
50-60%.
Ha pliC. 15.5 rrpe,nCTaBJIeHbI xapaKTepl1CTIiKI1 CBeTo,n110,na C pe30HaTopOM. CrreKTp K094>4>1i1l.I1eHTa OTpa)KeHIiH
(a)
rrOKa3b1BaeT, QTO TaKOH CBeTO-
,n1i0,n Ha ,nJIIiHaX BOJIH 60JIbIIIe 900 HM 06JIa,naeT BbICOKIiM K094>4>1111.I1eHTOM OTpa)KeHI1H, KOTOPbIH pe3Ko rra,naeT Ha pe30HaHcHoH ,nJIIiHe BOJIHbl. WIiaHTHOTpIDKalOlI{ee ITOICpLITHe
pl1Ha pe30HaHcHoH KpliBOH paCCMaTpl1BaeMOro pe30HaTopa paBHa 6,3 HM. CrreKTp 9JIeKTpOJIIOMI1HeClI.eHlI.Iili YCTpoHcTBa (6) rrpaKTIiQeCKI1 rroBTopHeT
PHC. 15.4. CTpYKTypa CBeTo,n:Ho,n:a InGaAs/GaAs C H3JIYQalOmeH rro,n:JIO)KKOH C MeTaJIJIHQeCKHM (Ag) OTpa)KaTeJIeM HaBepxy H pacrrpe,n:eJIeHHbIM 3epKaJIOM 5psrra (AIAs/GaAs) CHH3Y, pa6oTalOmero Ha ,n:JIHHe BOJIHbI 930 HM (a). <poTorpaqmll rrepBoro CBeTo,n:Ho,n:a C pe30HaTopoM (Schubert et al., 1994) (6)
4>0PMY pe30HaHcHoH KpIiBOH. ECJIIi B 06bIQHbIX CBeTo,nlio,nax crreKTpaJIbHble xapaKTepliCTIiKI1 113JIyQeHIiH orrpe,neJIHIOTCH TerrJIOBbIM pacrrpe,neJIeHl1eM 9JIeKTpOHoB 11 ,nblPOK B 30He rrpOBo,nI1MOCTIi 11 BaJIeHTHOH 30He, TO B CBeTo,n110,nax C MliKpope30HaTopaMIi OHI1 CI1JIbHO 3aBI1CHT OT CJIO)KHOCTIi CTpyKTyp. O,nHaKO eCJII1 OrpaHIiQI1TbCH
MeTaJIJIl1qeCKI1H OTpa)KaTeJIb I1CrrOJIb3yeTcH rro ,nByM rrpl1ql1HaM. BonepBblx, MeTaJIJIl1qeCKOe 3epKaJIO 113 cepe6pa o,nHoBpeMeHHo I1rpaeT pOJIb
paCCMOTpeHlieM 113JIYQeHI1H TOJIbKO B,nOJIb OrrTIiQeCKOlf OCIi pe30HaTopa,
KOHTaKTa C Be~XHI1M CI1JIbHO JIerl1pOBaHHbIM ~ 5 X 1019 CM- ), qTO rr03BOJIHeT 94>4>eKTI1BHO
CBeTo,n110,nOB. CQI1TaH, QTO pe30HaHCHaH Kpl1BaH ropa3,n0 Y)Ke eCTeCTBeHHO-
OT,neJIHTb 06JIaCTb HaKaqKI1 OT 06JIaCTI1, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOH rro,n KOHTaKTOM.
CTI1 I1X rrepeKpblTl1H crrOHTaHHoe 1i3JIYQeHlie 6y,neT YCI1JII1BaTbCH, a 3a rrpe-
BO-BmopblX, KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO B rrpe,nbI,nyru:eM pa3,neJIe, ,nJIH rrOJIyqeHI1H
,neJIaMIi pe30HaHCHOH 06JIaCTI1 -
MaKCI1MaJIbHOrO YCHJIeHI1H 113JIyqeHI1H pe30HaTOp ,nOJI)KeH I1MeTb MI1HI1-
B,nOJIb OCI1 pe30HaTopa Herrocp,necTBeHHO orrpe,neJIHeTCH xapaKTepl1CTIiKaMIi
MaJIbHO B03MO)KHYIO ,nJII1Hy. IlOCKOJIbKY MeTaJIJIl1qeCKl1e 3epKaJIa 06JIa-
pe30HaTopa. 3KCrrepl1MeHTaJIbHble ,naHHble Ha pliC. 15.5 rro,nTBep)K,naIOT 9TO
,naIOT MI1HI1MaJIbHOH rJIy611HoH rrpOHI1KHOBeHI1H, OHI1 rr03BOJIHIOT YMeHb-
rrpe,nrrOJIO)KeHl1e.
HeCrrJIaBHOrO
OMl1qeCKOrO
CJIOeM GaAs p-Tl1rra
(NA
CTaHOBI1TCH ropa3,n0 JIerQe rrOHHTb 4>113IiQeCKI1H rrpl1HlI.lirr ,neHCTBI1H TaKIiX ro crreKTpa 1i3JIYQeHI1H rrOJIyrrpOBo,nHI1Ka, MO)KHO YTBep)K,naTb, QTO B 06JIaOCJIa6JIHTbcH. Il09TOMY crreKTp 113JIYQeHliH
IIIaTh ,nJII1Hy pe30HaTopa. Co06ru:aJIOCb 0 C03,naHI1I1 pe30HaTopa C ,nByMH
oJIaro,napH pe30HaTopaM crreKTp 113JIYQeHliH CBeTo,n110,nOB C pe30HaTo-
MeTaJIJII1QeCKI1MI1 OTpa)KaTeJIHMI1 (Wilkinson et al., 1995). O,nHaKo eCJII1
POM ropa3,n0 Y)Ke crreKTpa 113JIYQeHI1H 06b1QHbIX CBeTo,n110,nOB (Schubert
B TaKI1X cTpyKTypax I1CrrOJIb3YIOTCH MeTaJIJII1QeCKl1e OTpa)KaTeJII1, I1MeIO-
et aI., 1992a; Hunt et aI., 1992, 1993). WlipliHa crreKTpa CBeTo,nl1o,nOB C
ru:l1e CpaBHI1TeJIbHO 60JIbIIIYIO TOJIru:I1HY, B cBeTorrponycKaIOru:l1x 3epKaJIaX
pe30HaTopOM, 113JIYQaIOru:IiX B orrpe,neJIeHHOM HarrpaBJIeHl1li, 3aBI1CI1T OT orr-
pe3Ko B03pacTaIOT OnTI1QeCKl1e rrOTepl1 Ha rrOrJIoru:eHl1e (Tu et al., 1990).
TI1QeCKI1X xapaKTepliCTI1K I1CrrOJIb3yeMblx pe30HaTopoB, Tor,na KaK IIIlipl1Ha
OTCYTCTBl1e 3epKaJI op9rra p-Tl1rra TaK)Ke rr03BOJIHeT 1136e)KaTb rrp06JIeMbI,
crreKTpa 113JIYQeHI1H 06bIQHbIX CBeTo,nlio,nOB, KaK rrpaBI1JIO, rrpl16JIli311TeJIbHO
D/,. 15. CBemOaUOabl c peaOHamopOM
318
a
~
15.3. CBemOaUOabl c peaoHamopoM InGaAs/GaAs c aJLUHOU BOAHbl 930 HM 319 10
-3
I:(
~
~
.,!:l ~
~
.., 0
-5
:= ::r :=
!il
-7 850 10
!:lII:
8
'"~ '"Ol:s:~. ~ .
890
930
:='"
1050
970
J
C~ c pe3!maropoM
2
/=5MA 900
T=300K
~a BOJIHbI
6
g~ 4 II:
:= Q
2 0 880
900
940 ~a BOJlHhl A., HM 920
960
980
PMC. 15.5. K03 0,5)
H 3TO 3Ha'IeHHe rrJIOTHOCTH TOKa, HaXO,lI.HM, 'ITO MOmHOCTb TaKoro CBeTO,lI.HO,lI.a He MO)!{eT 6bITb 60JIbWe
2
MKBT. O'IeBH,lI.HO, 'ITO 3Toro CJIHWKOM MaJIO,
'IT06bI TaKHe YCTpOHCTBa MOrJIH rrpHMeHHTbCH B 6bICTp0,lI.eHCTBYIOmHX CHCTeMax CBH3H, pa60TaIOmHX Ha CKOPOCTHX
100-650
M6HT/C, ,lI.JIH KOTOPbIX
MHHHMaJIbHaH MOmHOCTb H3JIY'IaTeJIH ,lI.OJI)!{Ha 6bITb He MeHbwe
10
MKBT.
B CBeTO,lI.HO,lI.ax C pe30HaTopOM, 06JIa,lI.aIOmHX 60JIbWHM BHYTpeHHHM YCHTOK, OTH. eon. PHC.
15.14.
CBblCOKHM
JIeHHeM H BCJIe,lI.CTBHe 3Toro MaJIbIMH BpeMeHaMH )!{H3HH HOCHTeJIeH, TOK
3aBHcHMoCTH HHTeHCHBHOCTH HSJIYLIeHHlI 06blLIHoro JIasepa, JIasepa K03omOl-lHble KpUCmaJlJ/.bl HJIH cmpYKmYPbl c 3anpeUfeHHOU 30HOU 8Afl cpomOH08 CO)l.ep:lKaT )l.ByX- HJIH TpeXMepHble 06JIaCTH )l.JISI orpaHHLfeHHSI
CJIY:lK6bI, )l.Hana30Ha pa60LfHx TeMnepaTYP H MeTO)l.bI naCCHBaII.HH aKTHBHbIX
CPOTOHOB, CCPOpMHpOBaHHble JIH60 HaHeceHHeM nepHO)l.HLfeCKOro pHCYHKa Ha
C HenpepbIBHoH reHepaII.HeH CBeTa npH KOMHaTHOH TeMnepaType )l.0 CHX nop np06JIeMaTHLIHo.
H3JIYLfalOIII.YIO CBeT aKTHBHYIO 06JIaCTb, JIH60 nO)l.60pOM COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.HX
1993)
cnoc06bI nOBblIIIeHHH cpoKa
CJIOeB JIa3epOB Ha OCHOBe ~HKpO)l.HCKOB. O)l.HaKo C03)l.aHHe TaKHX JIa3epOB u
MaTepHaJIOB )l.JISI CJIOeB, rpaHHLfaIII.HX C aKTHBHOH 06JIaCTblO. npHBe)l.eHbI npHMepbI TaKHX CTPYKTYP (Joannopoulos et aI.,
1996;
Fan et aI.,
1999;
Erchak et aI.,
2001).
1995;
Baba, Matsuzaki,
npe)l.CTaBJIeHbI OLfeHb 06Ha)l.e-
:lKHBalOIII.He pe3YJIbTaTbI, CBH)l.eTeJIbCTBYIOIII.He 0 IIIecTflKpaTHoM YBeJIHLfeHHH BbIXO)l.a CBeTa B TaKHX YCTpoHCTBax B HanpaBJIeHHfI, nepneH)l.HKYJISIpHOM K nOBepXHOCTH. ')
MKO
1951
16.112 . V (>.) MKO 1978
r. npl1Be,LI.eHbI B npl1nO)KeHI1I1
OTMeTI1M, QTO, XOTH B pH,LI.e cnYQaeB CPYHKUI1H
r.
HCTOpHqeCKHe KOpHH H HCnOJIb3yeTclI AO CHX nop, qTo6b1 He npepbIBaTb BpeMeHHYIO
HBnHeTCH
JIOnlqeCKYIO CBlI3b.
CTaH,LI.apTOB, nOCKonbKY 113MeHeHI1e CTaH,LI.apTOB QaCTO npI1BO,LI.I1T K B03HI1K-
npe,LI.nOQTI1TenbHOH,
OHa
Bce )Ke He OTHOCI1TCH
K
KaTerOpl111
HOBeHl11O HeOnpe,LI.eneHHOCTeH. O,LI.HaKO HeCMOTpH Ha 9TO, Ha npaKTI1Ke OHa
16.3.
~YHKII.HH qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH qeJIOBeqeCKOrO rJIa3a
Pa,LI.110MeTpl1qeCKl1e 11 cpoToMeTpl1qeCKl1e e,LI.I1HI1UbI MO)KHO CBH3aTb Me)K,LI.Y
C060H
2Jlaaa B
npl1
V(>'),
1924
t/JYHKI1UU
nOMoru.11
'lY8cm8UmeJlbHOCmU
'leJl08e'leCK020
I1cnonb3yeTcH ,LI.OBOnbHO QaCTO (Wyszecki' and Stiles,
V(>')
TOQHbIM
r. Me)K,LI.YHapO,LI.HaH KOMI1CCI1H no oCBeIUeHI1IO, MKO
(CIE),
BBe-
1978 r.,
Onl1CaHl1eM
nOKa3aHHYlO Ha Pl1c.
16.7,
2000).
') MKO 1931 B
CIlIA
1,0_1IfI . . . .
I) .
.LI:)Ky,LI.,LI. 11 Boc B (Vos,
::ha CPYHKUI1H, nonyql1BIIIaH Ha3BaHI1e t/JYHKI1UU
2., ,LI.O CI1X nop HBnHeTCH cpoToMeTpl1qeCKI1M CTaH,LI.apTOM
1978;
1978 r.
BBenl1 MoiJUt/JUl1upo8aHHYIO CPYHKUI1IO
1982, 2000), V(>') MKO 1978 2.
Wyszecki, Stiles,
Ha3bIBaTbCH t/JYHKI1UeU
V (>.)
KOTopaH B 9TOH KHl1re 6Y,LI.eT I13MeHeHI1H 6bIJII1 CBH3aHbI C
He COBceM npaBl1nbHOH oueHKOH qYBCTBI1TenbHOCTI1 qenOBeqeCKOrO rna3a cneKTpa, npl1HHTOH B 1931 r. V (>.) B cneKTpanbHoM ,LI.I1ana30He ,LI.nl1H BonH MeHbilie 460 HM I1MeeT 60nee BbICOKl1e 3HaqeHI1H. MKO 0,LI.06pl1na BBe,LI.eHl1e CPYHKUI1I1 V(>') 1978 r. nOCTaHOBI1B, qTO «CPYHKUI1IO qYBCTBI1B rony60M
11
cpl10neTOBOM ,LI.I1ana30Hax
MO,LI.I1CPI1Ul1pOBaHHaH
CPYHKUI1H
TenbHOCTI1 QenOBeQeCKOrO rna3a ,LI.nH TOQeQHbIX I1CTOQHI1KOB 113nYQeHI1H MO)KHO npe,LI.CTaBnHTb B Bl1,L1.e MO,LI.I1CPI1Ul1pOBaHHoH CPYHKUI1I1
(CIE, 1988).
nonee Toro, B
1990
V(>')
.LI:)Ky,LI.,LI.a~
r. MKO BbIHecna pe30nlOUI1IO: «B
cny-
QaHX npOBe,LI.eHI1H 113MepeHI1H HPKOCTI1 B ,LI.I1ana30He KOPOTKI1X ,LI.nl1H BonH, cornaCOBaHHblX C onpe,LI.eneimeM UBeTa, Ha6nlO,LI.aTeneM, pacnOnO)KeHHbIM no HOpManl1 K I1CTOQHI1KY 113nYQeHI1H, npe,LI.nOQTI1TenbHee nonb30BaTbCH
(CIE, 1990).
MO,LI.I1CPI1Ul1pOBaHHoH cpYHKUl1eH .LI:)KY,LI.,LI.a» Ha Pl1c.
16.6
nOKa3aHbI CPYHKUI1I1
V(>')
MKO
1931
r.
11
1978
r.
MaKCI1ManbHaH QYBCTBI1TenbHOCTb rna3a npI1XO,LI.I1TCH Ha ,LI.nl1HY BonHbI
555
HM,
HaXO,LI.HIUYIOCH
B
3eneHOH
06naCTI1 cneKTpa.
BonHbI QYBCTBI1TenbHOCTb rna3a paBHa B CPYHKUI1I1
V (>.)
MKO
1931
1,
T. e.
V(555
HM)
Ha 9TOH ,LI.nl1He
= 1.
BI1,L1.HO, QTO
~
t:'
a'"
~
0,1
~
I
~mlllill
s
~
0,01'1111
I 1111 ~
001
!
0,
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r. 3aHI1)KeHa QYBcTBI1TenbHocTb QenOBeQeCKO-
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(>. < 460 HM). B npl1nO)KeHI1I1 16.111 V(>') 1931 r. 11 1878 r.
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16.5. CBemOBaJl 3ljJljJeKmuBHocmb U CBemOBaJt omaa'la
345
CJIe.u.oBaTeJIbHO,
Ceemoeafl omaatta UCmOttflUKa u3AytteflUfl, TaK)Ke H3MepHeMaH B e.u.H-
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3Ha'IeHHH cnpaBe.u.JIHBbI .u.JIH MOHoxpOMaTH'IeCKHX H KBa3HMoHoxpoMaTH'IeCKHX HCTO'IHHKOB CBeTa, HanpHMep CBeTo.u.Ho.u.OB. OTMeTHM, 'ITO IJ.BeT B HeKOTopOH CTeneHH HBJIHeTCH cy6beKTHBHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH.
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)Ke Ha.u.o nOMHHTb, 'ITO nepexo.u.b1 Me)K.u.y pa3HbIMH IJ.BeTaMH Bcer.u.a nOCTeneHHble H Me)K.u.y HHMH HeT pe3KHX rpaHHIJ..
I· V
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ceemoeou
acjJcjJeKmueflocmblO UCmOttflUKa. 113 ypaBHeHHH
(16.3)
H
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(16.1 )
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16.6.
CBeToBali OT.lI.a'Ia HeKOTopbIX HCTO'IHHKOB CBeTa
>. r.u.e
P(>.) -
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CBeTOBali OT.lI.a'Ia, JIM/BT
cneKTpaJIbHaH nJIOTHOCTb MOIIJ.HOCTH, T. e. MOIIJ.HOCTb CBeTa Ha
e.u.HHHIJ.Y .u.JIHHbI BOJIHbI, a MHO)KHTeJIb
683
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HHKOB CBeTa C BbICOKHM K03']
CBemOaUOaOB PaCCMOTpHM CBeTO.ll.HO.ll.bI KpaCHoro H lIHTapHOro CBe'IeHHlI, pa60TaIOllI.He Ha .lI.JIHHaX
.LlJIH
CTporo
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(bo>'
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0)
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50 %.
ITpe.ll.nOJIaraeTClI, 'ITO .lI.JIli Hanpll)J{eHHlI
Ha CBeTO.ll.HO.ll.aX cnpaBe.ll.JIHBO CJIe.ll.YIOllI.ee COOTHOIIIeHHe:
V = Eg / e = hv / e.
Tenepb npe.ll.nOJIO)J{HM, 'ITO cneKTpbl CBeTO.ll.HO.ll.OB HMeIOT IjJOpMy KpHBblX faycca C IIIHPHHOH nOJIOCbI
1,8kT,
H elll.e pa3 paCC'IHTaeM CBeTOBYIO 31jJljJeKTHBHOCTb
H CBeTOBYIO OT.lI.a'IY .lI.ByX HCTO'IHHKOB CBeTa. Onpe.ll.eJIHTe, KaKYIO norpeIIIHOCTb
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346
16.6. 51pKocmb U AUHeuHocmb 80cnpuRmuR C8ema cucmeMOU apeHUR
16. lfY8cm8umeAbHocmb 'leA08e'leCIW20 2Aaaa
B paC'IeTbi BHOCHT IIpe.n:IIOJIOJKeHHe, 'ITO HCTO'lHHKH H3JIY'IeHHlI lIBJIlIIOTClI MOHOXPO-
T a 6 JI H U a 16.7.
MaTH'IeCKHMH.
OTOOTKJIHKa. 113 pHcYHKa BH,n:Ha 3HaqHTeJIbHaH pa3HHua Me2K,n:y cneKTpaJIbHbIMH qYBcTBHTeJIbHOCTHMH HepBHbIX ueHTpoB CeTqaTKH rJIa3a H qeJIOBeqeCKOrO 3peHHH (Berson et al., 2002) .LI.Harra30He roJIy6H3Ha He6a B .LI.HeBHbIe qaCbI HBJIHeTCH Ba)KHbIM cpaKToPOM, CHHXPOHH3HPYIOIlI.HM 3H.LI.OreHHbIH pHTM qeJIOBeKa. I1cXO.LI.H H3 3Toro,
POH H rOJIy6oH COCTaBJIHIOIlI.eH COJIHeqHOrO H3JIyqeHHH. C006Il1.aeTCH
A,
H HX I1.HpKa.LI.HbIH pHTM cpaKTHqeCKH
orrpe.LI.eJIHeTCH TpeMH cpaKTopaMH: HHTeHCHBHOCTblO, I1.BeTOBOH TeMrrepaTY-
!
,[{.rrllHa BOJIHbi
eCTeCTBeHHbIH perYJIHTOp )KH3HH qeJIOBeKa. B .LI.HeBHbIe qaCbI COJI-
1997).
)loJIroe BpeMH CqHTaJIOCb, qTO OrrTHqeCKH qYBCTBHTeJIbHbIMH peIl.errTO-
CPOTOqYBcTBHTeJIbHbIe HepBHbIe I1.eHTpbI HHOr,LI.a Ha3bIBalOT
pel{enmoPaMu
ZOJly6ozo He6a. 113 pHC.
16.9
BH.LI.Ha 60JIbIllaH pa3HHII.a Me)K.LI.Y qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTblO
HepBHbIX Y3JIOB CeTqaTKH B KpaCHOM H CHHeM ,n:Harra30Hax crreKTpa. BJIHHHHe CHHero H3JIyqeHHH Ha CHHxpOHH3aIl.HIO 6HOJIOrHqeCKOrO pHTMa JIIO.LI.eH B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 rrpeBbIIllaeT BJIHHHHe KpacHoro CBen. 3Ta oco6eHHOCTb CHHero CBeTa 06H3aTeJIbHO .LI.OJI)KHa yqHTbIBaTbCH rrpH rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH CHCTeM OCBeIll.eHHH H rrpHMeHeHHH HCTOqHHKOB HCKYCCTBeHHoro CBeTa.
paMH qeJIOBeqeCKOrO rJIa3a HBJIHIOTCH TOJIbKO rraJIOqKH (cTep)KHeBbIe peIl.errTOpbI) H TpH BH.LI.a KOJI6oqeK (KoHHqeCKHX peIl.eIlTOpoB). O.LI.HaKO, B pa60Te (Brainard et al.,
2001)
YTBep)K.LI.aeTCH, qTO B qeJIOBeqeCKOM rJIa3Y eCTb
HeH3BeCTHbIe paHee cpoTOpeIl.errTOpbI, OTBeqalOIlI.He 3a I1.HpKa.LI.HbIH pHTM qeJIOBeKa. I1MelOTcH .LI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBa (Berson et al.,
2002)
2002;
Hattar et al.,
Toro, qTO HepBHbIe Y3JIbI Ha CeTqaTKe TaK)Ke 06JIa.LI.a1OT CBeTOBOH
qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTblO. 3TH Y3JIbI rrOKa3aHbI CXeMaTHqHO Ha pHC.
16.1.
DbI-
JIH rrpOBe.LI.eHbI pa60TbI rro orrpe.LI.eJIeHHIO crreKTpaJIbHOH qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HepBHbIx Y3JIOB Ha CeTqaTKe MJIeKOrrHTaIOIlI.HX. Pe3YJIbTaTbI 3TH X HCCJIe.LI.OBaHHH rrpHBe.LI.eHbI Ha pHC.
16.9.
BH.LI.HO, qTO MaKCHMaJIbHaH qYBCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTb HepBHbIx Y3JIOB CeTqaTKH Ha6JIIO.LI.aeTCH Ha .LI.JIHHe BOJIHbI
484
HM,
JIe)KaIll.eH B cHHeH qaCTH crreKTpa. B pa60Te (Berson et al.,
2002)
rrpe.LI.CTaBJIeHbI cpaKTbI, rrO.LI.TBep)K.LI.alO-
IlI.He Ba)KHYIO pOJIb CPOTOqYBcTBHTeJIbHbIX HepBHhlX Y3JIOB CeTqaTKH rJIa3a B yrrpaBJIeHHH I1.HPKa.LI.HhlM pHTMOM.
npe.LI.rrOJIaraeTCH, qTO H3-3a BbICO-
KOH qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HepBHhlX Y3JIOB CeTqaTKH B CHHeM crreKTpaJIbHOM
Berson D. M., Dunn F. A., and Takao M. "Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock" Science 295, 1070 (2002). Brainard G. c., Hanifin J. P., Greeson J. M., Byrne B., Glickman G., Gerner E., and Rollag M. D. "Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor" !. Neuroscience 21, 6405 (2001). Blask D. E., Dauchy R. T., Sauer L. A., Krause J. A., Brainard G. C. "Growth and fatty acid metabolism of human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenografts in nude rats: Impact of constant light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression" Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 79, 313 (2003). CIE Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage Proceedings (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1931). CIE Proceedings 1, Sec. 4; 3, p. 37; Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris (1951).
350
Dl. 16. lJY8cm8umeltbHocmb '1.elt08ettecIWZO zltaaa
data of 1931 and 1978 available at http://cvision.ucsd.edu and http://www.cvrl.org (1978). )laHHble CIE 1931 V(>') 6bIJIH MO.u.HqlHl\HpOBaHbI D.B. Judd and J.J. Vos B 1978.l1x MO.u.H!jlHl\HpOBaHHYIO !jlYHKl\HIO l.JYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH rJIasa l.JaCTO 060SHal.JaIOT VM(>'); CM. J. J. Vos "Colorimetric and photometric properties of a 2-deg fundamental observer" Color Res. Appl. 3, 125 (1978). CIE publication 75-1988 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions Based Upon Brightness Matching for Monochromatic Point Sources with 2° and 10° Fields ISBN 3900734119 (1988). CIE publication 86-1990 CIE 19882° Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision ISBN 3900734232 (1990). Dowling J. E. The retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987). Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. I1so6pa)!{eHHe l.JeJIOBel.JeCKOrO rJIasa BSHTO HS Hs.u.aHHH 1994 r. (1994). Hattar S., Liao H.-W., Takao M., Berson D.M., and Yau K.-W. "Melanopsincontaining retinal ganglion cells: Architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity" Science 295, 1065 (2002). MacAdam D. L. "Maximum attainable luminous efficiency of various chromaticities" J. Opt. Soc. Am. 40, 120 (1950). Osram Sylvania Corporation Lumens and mesopic vision Application Note FAQ0016-0297 (2000) Pittendrigh C. S. "Temporal organization: Reflections of a Darwinian clockwatcher" Ann. Rev. Physiol. 55, 17 (1993). Schmid W., Scherer M., Karnutsch c., Plobl A., Wegleiter W., Schad S., Neubert B., and Streubel K. "High-efficiency red and infrared light-emitting diodes using radial outcoupling taper" IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8, 256 (2002). Schubert E. F. ABTop 3TOH KHHfH B 1997 r. SaMeTHJI, l.JTO pa60TaH B o!jlHce nOCJIe 20.00 B YCJIOBHHX HpKoro OCBemeHHH, OH MO)!{eT saCHYTb TOJIbKO Ol.JeHb nos.u.HO, 06bIl.JHO nOCJIe nOJIYHOl.JH. ITPHl.JHHOH 6eccoHHHl\b1 OKaSaJIHCb BblCOKaH HHTeHCHBHOCTb OCBemeHHH o!jlHca. KaKTOJIbKO ee YMeHbIIlHJIH, 6eCCOHHHl\a IIpeKpaTHJIacb. (1997). Sehgal A., editor Molecular Biology of Circadian Rhythms (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2004). Vos J. J. "Colorimetric and photometric properties of a 2-deg fundamental observer" Color Res. Appl. 3, 125 (1978). Wyszecki G. and Stiles W. S. Color Science - Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1982). Wyszecki G. and Stiles W. S. Color Science - Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2000).
flpUltO:JICeHUe 16.fll
CIE
OpHJIOlKeHHe
351
16.01
:' 1,4 t----r---t-----jH\-\-'t'-t-----t--+--+-----l---I---I
.n:JIH rrOJIyqeHHH UBeTa MOHoxpOMaTHqeCKHX HCTOqHHKOB C pa3HoH .n:JIHHOH
~ 1,2 t--+---t---t-f--1l-t--+---+--I---I-----1-----l
Il{
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BOJIHbI BH.n:HMoro crreKTpa. I
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TPH HCTO'lHHKa
MOHOXpOMaTUqeCKoro CBeTa
OCHOBHbiX lIBeTOB
i
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1978--i
x
y= V(A)
z
1,0 t----t--t---if-,--I---F-t---=~ /~"",...,.£f\\~--+---+-------l
I
0,8
f1978/' \
\l/f----HI/r--*I\-\-+
S 0,6 t---t--h/!I----+-+-t-: \1-93-1+----1---1 8 0,4 t----r---+I!itl. ,.+--\-11 ,'--------Ii j'----+--'r---'\-f----+----1I---I IS: 1978-f.;.y, ~ ) 1931-\
~
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t
300 PlfC.
17.1.
400
ITplfHUlfn COrJIaCOBaHlfH UBeTOB. 06JIaCTb, OCBemaeMaH TpeMH HCTOt.IHH-
KaMH OCHOBHblX UBeTOB: KpacHbIM, 3eJIeHbIM H ClfHlfM, 0603Hat.IeHHaH «nOJIe cpaBHeHlfH», BblpaBHlfBaeTcH no UBeTY C 06JIaCTblO, oCBemaeMoH 3TaJIOHHbIM IfCTOt.IHlfKOM
B KOTOPOM .)
BbI6HpaeTcH paB-
HOH
X, Y
H
Z-
CiliA
3HaqeHHH Tpex OCHOBHbIX UBeTOB, cooTBeTcTBYIOlll.He
B036Y2K.n:eHHIO (T. e. MOlll.HOCTH) Ka2K.n:oro H3 COCTaBJIHIOlll.HX UBeTOB (KpacHoro, 3eJIeHOrO H cHHero), Heo6xo.n:HMbIX .n:JIH rrOJIyqeHHH H3JIyqeHHH UBeTa
T. e.
y(>.)
=
V (>.).
(17.1 )
17.2 rrOKa3aHbI '), y(>.) , Z(>') ,
P(>.).
2KaIOT TOT <paKT, qTO qeJIOBeqeCKOe 3peHHe
x(>,), y(>.) , z(>.)
mpext{8emHoe.
OTpa-
3TO 03HaqaeT,
qTO UBeT JII06oro HCTOqHHKa H3JIyqeHHH M02KeT 6bITb orrHcaH Ha6opoM
X(>.) , y(>.) , Z(>.) , HBJIHIOlll.HXCH
6e3pa3MepHbIMH BeJIHqH-
3HaqeHHH
X, Y
H
Z
H CHHero UBeTa B crreKTpe
YKa3bIBaIOT Ha KOJIHqeCTBO KpacHoro, 3eJIeHOrO
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110cJIe :)Toro rrOJIyqeHHbIH Ha60p .)P(>.)d>.,
H3MepHTbcH B BaTTax. Ho Ha rrpaKTHKe 3TH rrapaMeTpbI qalll.e Bcero 3a.n:aIOT B BH.n:e 6e3pa3MepHbIX BeJIHqHH, .n:JIH qero B COOTHOllIeHHH (17.2)-(17.4) BBO.n:HTCH .n:orrOJIHHTeJIbHble K03KHO BbI,U.eJII1Tb crreKTp Ha3bIBaeMoro 113JIyqeHI1eM
IlJIaHKa. )l.aHHbIH: crreKTp JIe:>KI1T B OCHOBe 0,U.H03HaqHOrO 11 OqeHb rrOJIe3HO-
10
ro CTaH,U.apTa, rr03BOJIHIOmerO Orrl1CbIBaTb crreKTp 113JIyqeHI1H rrpl1 rrOMOml1 e,U.I1HCTBeHHoro rrapaMeTpa -
1,0
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MHoro OrrTl1qeCKI1X crreKTpOB, KOTopble MoryT 6bITb I1CrrOJIb30BaHbI ,U.JIH qaCTO
1,4
500
fJIaBa 18
113JIyqeHI1H a6COJIIOTHO qepHOrO TeJIa,
2
0
1,0
2,0
UBeTOBOH: TeMrrepaTypbI. oOJIee TOro, crreKTp
3,0
4,0
hv, 38
3HepIIDI CPOTOHOB
113JIyqeHI1H eCTeCTBeHHoro ,U.HeBHoro CBeTa 6JII130K K crreKTpy rrJIaHKOBCKOPI1C.
ro I1CTOqHI1Ka 113JIyqeHI1H.
18.1.
3aBI1CHMOCTb crreKTpaJIbHOH: IlJIOTHOCTH MOW:HOCTH COJIHeqHOrO H3JIY-
qeHHlI OT 3HeprHH KeHHe
Ha UBeTOBOH: ,U.HarpaMMe HeCKOJIbKI1X cTaH,U.apTHblx HCTOQHHKOB H3JIyQe-
370
FA.
18.
3alwH U3AY'leHUR flAaHlCa U u,BemoBaR meMnepamypa
18.3. ll.BemoBaR meMnepamypa U lCoppeAupOBaHHaR meMnepamypa
10
371
HcroqHHKA (x, y) = (0,4476; 0,4074) (CBeT OT JIaMnLI HaKaJIHBaHHJI,
T= 2856 K) Hcro~B
(x,y) = (0,3484; 0,3516) (nplIMOH COJIHeqsb]H CBer,
T=4870 K) HcroqHHKC (x,y) = (0,3101; 0,3162) (ocBemeHHe B naCMYPIILIH lIeHL
T= 6770 K)
2
HcroqHHK D" (x, y) = (0,3128; 0,3292) (IIHeBHoH CBeT, T = 6500 K)
,1(JllfHa BOllHhl PHC.
18.2.
A.,
HcroqHHKE (x, y) = (0,3333; 0,3333)
3,0 MKM
(TO~ paBHOH 3HepI"HH)
CneKTpaJIbHble pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3JIyqeHHH a6COJIIOTHO
qepHOrO TeJIa no .lI.JIHHaM BOJIH,
H3MepeHHble npH pa3HblX TeMnepaTypax.
ITPH
nOBblIIIeHHH TeMnepaTypbl qepHOrO TeJIa MaKCHMYM HHTeHCHBHOCTH C.lI.BHraeTCH B CTOPOHY 60JIee KOPOTKHX .lI.JIHH BOJIH PHC.
HlUI, OIIpe,ll,eJIeHHbIX MKO:
A, B, C
H
D65 .
Ha pHC. 18.4 npe,ll,CTaBJIeHbl
18.3.
UBeToBaH .lI.HarpaMMa, Ha KOTOPOH nOKa3aHO nOJIOlKeHHe CTaH.lI.apTHblx
HCTOqHHKOB H3JIyqeHHH 6eJIoro CBeTa
A, B,
C H D65 H HX UBeTOBble TeMnepaTypbI.
Ha .lI.HarpaMMY TaKlKe HaHeceHa KpHBaH ITJIaHKa (CIE,
KpHBaH nJIaHKa H pa3JIHqHble 3HaqeHHH TeMIIepaTypbl a6COJIIOTHO qepHOrO
1978)
TeJIa Ha paBHoKoHTpacTHoH ,lI,HarpaMMe MKO 1976 r. KOOp,ll,HHaTbl I.J.BeTHOCTH
(x, y)
H
(u ' , v')
a6COJIIOTHO qepHOrO TeJIa -
H3JIyqaTeJIH nJIaHKa
IIpHBe,ll,eHbl B IIpHJIO)KeHHH 18.n 1. Ha 06eHX ,lI,HarpaMMax, 1931 r. H 1976 r., KpHBaH nJIaHKa HaqHHaeTCH B 06JIaCTH KpaCHoro I.J.BeTa, 3aTeM nepeceKaeT 06JIaCTH OpaH)KeBOrO H )KeJITOrO I.J.BeTOB, a 3aKaHqHBaeTCH B 06JIaCTH 6eJIoro I.J.BeTa. 3Ta IIOCJIe,lI,OBaTeJIbHOCTb I.J.BeTOB IIOXO)Ka Ha H3MeHeHHe I.J.BeTa peaJIbHOrO 06beKTa (HaIIpHMep KYCKa MeTaJIJIa), HarpeBaeMoro ,lI,O BblCOKHX TeMIIepaTYP, qTO YKa3bIBaeT
Ha 6JIH30CTb I.J.BeTHOCTH peaJIbHblX
06beKTOB H
a6COJIIOTHO
qepHOrO TeJIa (H3JIyqaTeJIH nJIaHKa).
18.3. II.BeToBCUI TeMnepaTypa H KOppeJIHpOBaHHCUI IJ.BeTOBCUI TeMnepaTypa C
IIepBoro B3rJIH,lI,a
I1BemoBaR meMnepamypa
Ma cTpaHHoH BeJIHqHHOH, IIOCKOJIbKY napaMeTpbl
MO)KeT IIOKa3aTbCH BeCb-
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H
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He HMelOT npHMoro OTHOIIIeHHH ,lI,pyr K ,lI,pyry. O,ll,HaKO, npOaHaJIH3HpOBaB IIOBe,ll,eHHe a6COJIIOTHO qepHOrO TeJIa, HeB03MO)KHO He YBH,lI,eTb B3aHMOCBH3b Me)K,lI,y 3THMH IIapaMeTpaMH.
ro TeJIa MeHHeTCH OT KpaCHoro ,lI,O rOJIy6oBaTO-6eJIoro (KpaCHbIH BblH -
Koop,lJ;HHlITa ~eTHOCTH U'
C POCTOM TeMIIeparypbl I.J.BeT CBeqeHHH qepHO-
)KeJITOBaTO-6eJIbIH -:- 6eJIblH -
OpaH)Ke-
rOJIy6oBaTO-6eJIbIH).ll.BemoBaR meM-
PHC.
18.4.
PaBHoKoHTpacTHaH UBeTOBaH .lI.HarpaMMa
MKO 1976 r. C MKO 1931
Ka, paCCqHTaHHaH H3 UBeToBoH .lI.HarpaMMbI
KPHBOH ITJIaHr.
372
18.3. Bu6Ituozpac/JU'leCKUU cnUCOK
Tit. 18. 3alwIi U3ItY'leIiUR flltalilW U /.fBemoBaR meMnepamypa
nepamypa (lIT)
HCTOqHHKa 6eJIoro CBeTa, H3Mep5leMa51 B KeJIbBHHaX, orrpe-
.n:eJI5IeTC5I TeMrrepaTYP0H: a6COJIIOTHO qepHOrO TeJIa, paCrrOJIQ)KeHHoro Ha
HbIX JIaMrr HaKaJIHBaHH5I JIe)KaT B .n:Harra30He raJIOreHHblX JIaMrr -
B .n:Harra30He
2800-3200
373
2000-2900 K, a KBapIIeBbIX 1997) . .ll.pyme HC-
K (Ohno,
IIBeTOBOH: .n:HarpaMMe TaM )Ke, r.n:e H paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH: HCTOqHHK H3JIyqe-
TOqHHKH H3JIyqeHH5I, TaKHe KaK MeTaJIJIOraJIOreHHble JIaMrrbI, Ha IIBeTOBOH:
HH5I.
.n:HarpaMMe 3aMeTHO y.n:aJIeHbI OT KPHBOH: TIJIaHKa. TIo3TOMY .n:JI5I HHX Ha.n:o
ECJIH HCTOqHHK 6eJIoro CBeTa He rrorra.n:aeT Ha KPHBYIO TIJIaHKa, .n:JI5I ero
orrpe.n:eJI5ITb KOppeJIHpOBaHHYIO IIBeToBYIO TeMrrepaTYPY. HarrpHMep, Koppe-
KoppeAupOBat-lI-taJl I1BemoBaJl meMnepamy-
JIHpOBaHHa51 IIBeTOBa51 TeMrrepaTypa .n:JI5I JIaMrrbl rOJIy6oBaTO-6eJIoro IIBeTa
xapaKTepHCTHKH HCrrOJIb3yeTC5I
pa
(KUT). ::ha BeJIHqHHa TaK)Ke H3Mep5leTC5I B KeJIbBHHaX H orrpe.n:eJI5IeTC5I
COCTaBJI5IeT
rv
8000 K. B
Ta6JI:
18.1
rrpHBe.n:eHbI 3HaqeHH5I KOppeJIHpO-
TeMrrepaTYP0H: a6COJIIOTHO qepHOrO TeJIa, IIBeT KOToporo MaKCHMaJIbHO rrpH-
BaHHOH: IIBeTOBOH: TeMrrepaTypbI HaH60JIee pacrrpocTpaHeHHblx HCTOqHHKOB
6JIH)KeH K IIBeTY HCTOqHHKa 6eJIoro CBeTa.
HCKyccTBeHHoro H eCTeCTBeHHoro CBeTa .
.ll.JI5I HaXO)K.n:eHH5I KOppeJIHpOBaHHOH: IIBeTOBOH: TeMrrepaTypbI HCTOqHHKa H3JIyqeHH5I Ha IIBeTOBOH: .n:HarpaMMe MKO HaTax
(u' , v'),
orrpe.n:eJI5IeTC5I CaMa51
1976
6AU3KaJl
r., rrocTpOeHHOH: B KOOp.n:H-
T a 6 JI Ii II a 18.1. KOppeJIlipOBaHHall IIBeTOBall TeMnepaTypa Hali60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHblX IiCTOqHIiKOB IiCKyccTBeHHoro Ii eCTeCTBeHHoro CBeTa
K HCTOqHHKY TOqKa Ha KPHBOH:
TIJIaHKa (T. e. caMoe KopoTKoe reOMeTpHqeCKOe paCCT05lHHe). TeMrrepaTypa
KOppeJIlipOBaHHall IIBeTOBall TeMnepaTypa, K
I1CTOqHIiK CBeTa
qepHOrO TeJIa, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOrO B ::lTOH: TOqKe, H 6y.n:eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb KOppeJIHpOBaHHOH: IIBeTOBOH: TeMrrepaType paccMaTpHBaeMoro HCTOqHHKa
1968).
(CIE, Robertson,
113-3a HepaBHOMepHOCTH IIBeTOBOH: .n:HarpaMMbI MKO
1931
r., rro HeH:
HeB03MO~HO orrpe.n:eJIHTb KOppeJIHpOBaHHYIO IIBeTOBYIO TeMrrepaTYPY, HC-
rrOJIb3Y5I rrpHBe.n:eHHbIH: BbIllIe aJIrOpHTM . .ll.JI5I HaXO)K.n:eHH5I KOppeJIHpOBaHHOH: IIBeTOBOH: TeMrrepaTypbI rro IIBeTOBOH: .n:HarpaMMe MKO
1931 r.
Ha Hee
Heo6xo.n:HMO HaHeCTH JIHHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.He rrOCT05lHHbIM 3HaqeHH5IM KOppeJIHpOBaHHOH: IIBeTOBOH: TeMrrepaTypbI, 'ITO H rrOKa3aHO Ha pHC.
18.5
(Duggal, 2005). 0,44 I---H---,I-+--++--I-I--I+--...J+---if--t-I
8
KpHBaH IlrrllHKa
0,42
ilJIaMll BOCKOBOH CBeqli/rrJIaMll cTaH.u.apTHOH CBeqli MKO
1500-2000/2000
JIaMna HaKaJIIiBaHlill 60 BT/IOO BT
2800/2850
r aJIOreHHall JIaMna
2800-3200
..,HM RJ (-) R2 (-) R3 (-) R.t (-) R5 (-) l4; (-) R7 (-) Rs (-) 360 0,116 0,053 0,058 0,057 0,143 0,079 0,150 0,D75 365 0,136 0,055 0,059 0,059 0,187 0,081 0,177 0,D78 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465 470 475 480 485 490 495 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550 555 560 565 570 575 580
0,159 0,190 0,219 0,239 0,252 0,256 0,256 0,254 0,252 0,248 0,244 0,240 0,237 0,232 0,230 0,226 0,225 0,222 0,220 0,218 0,216 0,214 0,214 0,214 0,216 0,218 0,223 0,225 0,226 0,226 0,225 0,225 0,227 0,230 0,236 0,245 0,253 0,262 0,272 0,283 0,298 0,318 0,341
0,059 0,064 0,070 0,079 0,089 0,101 0,111 0,116 0,118 0,120 0,121 0,122 0,122 0,122 0,123 0,124 0,127 0,128 0,131 0,134 0,138 0,143 0,150 0,159 0,174 0,190 0,207 0,225 0,242 0,253 0,260 0,264 0,267 0,269 0,272 0,276 0,282 0,289 0,299 0,309 0,322, 0,329 0,335
0,061 0,063 0,065 0,068 0,070 0,072 0,073 0,073 0,074 0,074 0,074 0,073 0,073 0,073 0,073 0,073 0,074
0,D75 0,077 0,080 0,085 0,094 0,109 0,126 0,148 0,172 0,198 0,221 0,241 0,260 0,278 0,302 0,339 0,370 0,392 0,399 0,400 0,393 0,380 0,365 0,349 0,332 0,315
0,062 0,067 0,074 0,083 0,093 0,105 0,116 0,121 0,124 0,126 0,128 0,131 0,135 0,139 0,144 0,151 0,161 0,172 0,186 0,205 0,229 0,254 0,281 0,308 0,332 0,352 0,370 0,383 0,390 0,394 0,395 0,392 0,385 0,377 0,367 0,354 0,341 0,327 0,312 0,296 0,280 0,263 0,247
0,233 0,269 0,295 0,306 0,310 0,312 0,313 0,315 0,319 0,322 0,326 0,330 0,334 0,339 0,346 0,352 0,360 0,369 0,381 0,394 0,403 0,410 0,415 0,418 0,419 0,417 0,413 0,409 0,403 0,396 0,389 0,381 0,372 0,363 0,353 0,342 0,331 0,320 0,308 0,296 0,284 0,271 0,260
0,089 0,113 0,151 0,203 0,265 0,339 0,410 0,464 0,492 0,508 0,517 0,524 0,531 0,538 0,544 0,551 0,556 0,556 0,554 0,549 0,541 0,531 0,519 0,504 0,488 0,469 0,450 0,431 0,414 0,395 0,377 0,358 0,341 0,325 0,309 0,293 0,279 0,265 0,253 0,241 0,234 0,227 0,225
0,218 0,293 0,378 0,459 0,524 0,546 0,551 0,555 0,559 0,560 0,561 0,558 0,556 0,551 0,544 0,535 0,522 0,506 0,488 0,469 0,448 0,429 0,408 0,385 0,363 0,341 0,324 0,311 0,301 0,291 0,283 0,273 0,265 0,260 0,257 0,257 0,259 0,260 0,260 0,258 0,256 0,254 0,254
0,084 0,090 0,104 0,129 0,170 0,240 0,319 0,416 0,462 0,482 0,490 0,488 0,482 0,473 0,462 0,450 0,439 0,426 0,413 0,397 0,382 0,366 0,352 0,337 0,325 0,310 0,299 0,289 0,283 0,276 0,270 0,262 0,256 0,251 0,250 0,251 0,254 0,258 0,264 0,269 0,272 0,274 0,278
TA. 19. CMeweliue I1BemoB u I1Bemonepeaa'la
392 >., HM
Ii
585 590 595 600 605 610 615 620 625 630 635 640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 690 695 700 705 710 715 720 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 790 795 800 805 810 815 820 825 830
RI (-)
0,367 0,390 0,409 0,424 0,435 0,442 0,448 0,450 0,451 0,451 0,451 0,451 0,451 0,450 0,450 0,451 0,451 0,453 0,454 0,455 0,457 0,458 0,460 0,462 0,463 0,464 0,465 0,466 0,466 0,466 0,466 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,467 0,466 0,466 0,466 0,466 0,466 0,465 0,464 0,464
R2 (-) 0,339 0,341 0,341 0,342 0,342 0,342 0,341 0,341 0,339 0,339 0,338 0,338 0,337 0,336 0,335 0,334 0,332 0,332 0,331 0,331 0,330 0,329 0,328 0,328 0,327 0,326 0,325 0,324 0,324 0,324 0,323 0,322 0,321 0,320 0,318 0,316 0,315 0,315 0,314 0,314 0,313 0,313 0,312 0,312 0,311 0,311 0,311 0,311 0,311 0,310
R3 (-) 0,299 0,285 0,272 0,264 0,257 0,252 0,247 0,241 0,235 0,229 0,224 0,220 0,217 0,216 0,216 0,219 0,224 0,230 0,238 0,251 0,269 0,288 0,312 0,340 0,366 0,390 0,412 0,431 0,447 0,460 0,472 0,481 0,488 0,493 0,497 0,500 0,502 0,505 0,510 0,516 0,520 0,524 0,527 0,531 0,535 0,539 0,544 0,548 0,552 0,555
flpUAOJICeliUe 19
14 (-) Rs (-) F4, (-) R7 (-) Rs (-) 0,229 0,214 0,198 0,185 0,175 0,169 0,164 0,160 0,156 0,154 0,152 0,151 0,149 0,148 0,148 0,148 0,149 0,151 0,154 0,158 0,162 0,165 0,168 0,170 0,171 0,170 0,168 0,166 0,164 0,164 0,165 0,168 0,172 0,177 0,181 0,185 0,189 0,192 0,194 0,197 0,200 0,204 0,210 0,218 0,225 0,233 0,243 0,254 0,264 0,274
0,247 0,232 0,220 0,210 0,200 0,194 0,189 0,185 0,183 0,180 0,177 0,176 0,175 0,175 0,175 0,175 0,177 0,180 0,183 0,186 0,189 0,192 0,195 0,199 0,200 0,199 0,198 0,196 0,195 0,195 0,196 0,197 0,200 0,203 0,205 0,208 0,212 0,215 0,217 0,219 0,222 0,226 0,231 0,237 0,243 0,249 0,257 0,265 0,273 0,280
0,222 0,221 0,220 0,220 0,220 0,220 0,220 0,223 0,227 0,233 0,239 0,244 0,251 0,258 0,263 0,268 0,273 0,278 0,281 0,283 0,286 0,291 0,296 0,302 0,313 0,325 0,338 0,351 0,364 0,376 0,389 0,401 0,413 0,425 0,436 0,447 0,458 0,469 0,477 0,485 0,493 0,500 0,506 0,512 0,517 0,521 0,525 0,529 0,532 0,535
0,259 0,270 0,284 0,302 0,324 0,344 0,362 0,377 0,389 0,400 0,410 0,420 0,429 0,438 0,445 0,452 0,457 0,462 0,466 0,468 0,470 0,473 0,477 0,483 0,489 0,496 0,503 0,511 0,518 0,525 0,532 0,539 0,546 0,553 0,559 0,565 0,570 0,575 0,578 0,581 0,583 0,585 0,587 0,588 0,589 0,590 0,590 0,590 0,591 0,592
0,284 0,295 0,316 0,348 0,384 0,434 0,482 0,528 0,568 0,604 0,629 0,648 0,663 0,676 0,685 0,693 0,700 0,705 0,709 0,712 0,715 0,717 0,719 0,721 0,720 0,719 0,722 0,725 0,727 0,729 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,730 0,731 0,731 0,731 0,731 0,731 0,731 0,731 0,731 0,731
IIpHJIo1KeHHe
393
19.112
OTpa)KaTeJIbHaH crroco6HOCTb 3TaJIOHHbIX UBeTOB tIHCJIeHHble 3HaqeHHH crreKTpaJIbHOH OTpaJKaTeJIbHOH crroco6HoCTH JIOHHblX OTpaJKaIOllI.HX rroBepxHocTeH .n.JIH BblqHCJIeHHH qaCTHbIX HH.n.eKCOB >.,HM
360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465 470 475 480 485 490 495 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550 555 560 565 570 575 580
E.g (-) 0,069 0,072 0,073 0,070 0,066 0,062 0,058 0,055 0,052 0,052 0,051 0,050 0,050 0,049 0,048 0,047 0,046 0,044 0,042 0,041 0,038 0,035 0,033 0,031 0,030 0,029 0,Q28 0,Q28 0,Q28 0,029 0,030 0,030 O,O~l
0,031 0,032 0,032 0,033 0,034 0,035 0,037 0,041 0,044 0,048 0,052 0,060
RIO (-)
0,042 0,043 0,045 0,047 0,050 0,054 0,059 0,063 0,066 0,067 0,068 0,069 0,069 0,070 0,072 0,073 0,076 0,078 0,083 0,088 0,095 0,103 0,113 0,125 0,142 0,162 0,189 0;219 0,262 0,305 0,365 0,416 0,465 0,509 0,546 0,581 0,610 0,634 0,653 0,666 0,678 0,687 0,693 0,698 0,701
TCS (i = 9-14) (CIE, 1974), U:BeTorrepe.n.aqH (CIE, 1995)
Rll (-) 0,074 0,079 0,086 0,098 0,111 0,121 0,127 0,129 0,127 0,121 0,116 0,112 0,108 0,105 0,104 0,104 0,105 0,106 0,110 0,115 0,123 0,134 0,148 0,167 0,192 0,219 0,252 0,291 0,325 0,347 0,356 0,353 0,346 0,333 0,314 0,294 0,271 0,248 0,227 0,206 0,188 0,170 0,153 0,138 0,125
RI2 (-) 0,189 0,175 0,158 0,139 0,120 0,103 0,090 0,082 0,076 0,068 0,064 0,065 0,075 0,093 0,123 0,160 0,207 0,256 0,300 0,331 0,346 0,347 0,341 0,328 0,307 0,282 0,257 0,230 0,204 0,178 0,154 0,129 0,109 0,090 0,075 0,062 0,051 0,041 0,035 0,029 0,025 0,022 0,019 0,017 0,017
RI3 (-) 0,071 0,076 0,082 0,090 0,104 0,127 0,161 0,211 0,264 0,313 0,341 0,352 0,359 0,361 0,364 0,365 0,367 0,369 0,372 0,374 0,376 0,379 0,384 0,389 0,397 0,405 0,416 0,429 0,443 0,454 0,461 0,466 0,469 0,471 0,474 0,476 0,483 0,490 0,506 0,526 0,553 0,582 0,618 0,651 0,680
~(A) :ITa-
HCrrOJIb3yeMblx
R14 (-) 0,036 0,036 0,036 0,036 0,036 0,036 0,037 0,038 0,039 0,039 0,040 0,041 0,042 0,042 0,043 0,044 0,044 0,045 0,045 0,046 0,047 0,048 0,050 0,052 0,055 0,057. 0,062 0,067 0,075 0,083 0,092 0,100 0,108 0,121 0,133 0,142 0,150 0,154 0,155 0,152 0,147 0,140 0,133 0,125 0,118
FIt. 19. CMeuteHUe l{BemOB U l{Bemonepeaa'la
394
>.,
I I
HM
585 590 595 600 605 610 615 620 625 630 635 640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 690 695 700 705 710 715 720 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 790 795 800 805 810 815 820 825 830
E.g (-) RIO (-) 0,076 0,704 0,102 0,705 0,136 0,705 0,190 0,706 0,256 0,707 0,336 0,707 0,418 0,707 0,505 0,708 0,581 0,708 0,641 0,710 0,682 0,711 0,717 0,712 0,740 0,714 0,758 0,716 0,770 0,718 0,781 0,720 0,790 0,722 0,797 0,725 0,803 0,729 0,809 0,731 0,814 0,735 0,819 0,739 0,824 0,742 0,828 0,746 0,830 0,748 0,831 0,749 0,833 0,751 0,835 0,753 0,836 0,754 0,836 0,755 0,837 0,755 0,838 0,755 0,839 0,755 0,839 0,756 0,839 0,757 0,839 0,758 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,839 0,759 0,838 0,758 0,837 0,757 0,837 0,757 0,836 0,756 0,836 0,756
RII (-)
RI2 (-)
RI3 (-)
RI4 (-)
0,114 0,106 0,100 0,096 0,092 0,090 0,087 0,085 0,082 0,080 0,079 0,Q78 0,Q78 0,Q78 0,Q78 0,081 0,083 0,088 0,093 0,102 0,112 0,125 0,141 0,161 0,182 0,203 0,223 0,242 0,257 0,270 0,282 0,292 0,302 0,310 0,314 0,317 0,323 0,330 0,334 0,338 0,343 0,348 0,353 0,359 0,365 0,372 0,380 0,388 0,396 0,403
0,017 0,016 0,Ql6 0,016 0,Ql6 0,016 0,Ql6 0,016 0,016 0,Ql8 0,018 0,Ql8 0,018 0,019 0,020 0,023 0,024 0,026 0,030 0,035 0,043 0,056 0,074 0,097 0,128 0,166 0,210 0,257 0,305 0,354 0,401 0,446 0,485 0,520 0,551 0,577 0,599 0,618 0,633 0,645 0,656 0,666 0,674 0,680 0,686 0,691 0,694 0,697 0,700 0,702
0,701 0,717 0,729 0,736 0,742 0,745 0,747 0,748 0,748 0,748 0,748 0,748 0,748 0,748 0,748 0,747 0,747 0,747 0,747 0,747 0,747 0,747 0,746 0,746 0,746 0,745 0,744 0,743 0,744 0,745 0,748 0,750 0,750 0,749 0,748 0,748 0,747 0,747 0,747 0,747 0,746 0,746 0,746 0,746 0,745 0,745 0,745 0,745 0,745 0,745
0,112 0,106 0,101 0,098 0,095 0,093 0,090 0,089 0,087 0,086 0,085 0,084 0,084 0,084 0,084 0,085 0,087 0,092 0,096 0,102 0,110 0,123 0,137 0,152 0,169 0,188 0,207 0,226 0,243 0,260 0,277 0,294 0,310 0,325 0,339 0,353 0,366 0,379 0,390 0,399 0,408 0,416 0,422 0,428 0,434 0,439 0,444 0,448 0,451 0,454
fJIasa 20
HCTOqHHKH IiEJIOrO CBETA HA OCHOBE CBETO,L{HO,L{OB no Mepe rrOBbIlIIeHIU! 3 80)
H Cpe,ll.HHMH rrOKa3aTeJIHMH
JIM/BT). I1H,lI.eKCbI UBeTOrrepe,ll.a'IH
'IeTbIpeXUBeTHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB 6eJIoro CBeTa MoryT 6bITb 60JIbIIIe
20.2.
440
Tpe6yeMbIx ,lI.JIH rrOJIY'IeHHH H3JIY'IeHHH, KOOp,ll.HHaTbI UBeTHocTH KOToporo
I1PH OCBemeHHH YJIHU, rrapKoBoK, JIeCTHH'IHbIX rrpOJIeTOB H T. rr. K HC'Ie.
420
KopOTKaJI .ll:llHHa BOllHLI
90.
C03,II.aHHe 6eJIoro CBeTa IIpH IIOMOIIJ;H ,II.BYXII.BeTHbIX HCTOQHHKOB
TerrJIOBOrO paCIIIHpeHHH 3HepreTH'IeCKaH IIIHpHHa JIHHHH:
b..E
paBHa HX
rrOJIHOH: IIIHpHHe Ha rrOJIOBHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3JIY'IeHHH. 9KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHO 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, 'ITO B TBep,ll.OM paCTBope IrrGaN rrpH KOMHaTHOH: TeMrrepaType 3HepreTH'IeCKaH IIIHpHHa crreKTpaJIbHOH: JIHHHH COCTaBJIHeT
2-10 kT
(rrpH
300
K
kT = 25,9
b..E
M3B). I1pe,ll.rrOJIaraeTCH, 'ITO
o6e JIHHHH H3JIY'IeHHH xapaKTepH3YlOTCH HOpMaJIbHbIM pacrrpe,ll.eJIeHHeM
(pacnpedeJleliUeM Faycca),
rro3ToMY crreKTpaJIbHYIO rrJIOTHOICTb MOmHOCTH
pe3YJIbTHpYlOmero H3JIY'IeHHH MO)KHO orrHcaTb ypaBHeHHeM )
P()..)=p1 _ 0"1
1 _1(>'->'2)2 , 1_e- 1(>._>.\)2 2 +P2 - - e 2 0"2 0"\
..,f2;i
(20.1)
0"2..,f2;i
OeJIbIH: CBeT MO)KHO rrOJIY'IHTb HeCKOJIbKHMH crroco6aMH. O,ll.HH H3 HHX 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B CMeIIIeHHH H3JIY'IeHHH ,lI.ByX HCTO'IHHKOB, 06JIa,ll.alOmHX Y3KHMH crreKTpaJIbHbIMH JIHHHHMH, Ha3bIBaeMbIMH KOMrrJIeMeHTapHbIMH ,lI.JIH-
1) PeaJIbHble crreKTpbI H3JIY'IeHHH CBeTo.n:Ho.n:OB Ha OCHOBe IrrGaN 3aMeTHO OTJIH'IaIOTCH OT pacrrpe.n:eJIeHHH [aycca [4, 5].
D/,. 20. HCmOttHUKu 6eJloeo CBema Ha OCHOBe cBemOaUOaOB
398
T a 6 JI H U a 20.1.
20.2. CoaaaHue 6eJloeo CBema npu nOMoll1u aByx~BemHbtX UCmOttHUKOB
,llJlHHbI BOJIH MOHoxpOMaTHqeCKHX KOMTIJleMeHTapHblx UBeTOB,
D65 , 1931
CMeIIIeHHe KOTOPblX ,ZJ;aeT CBeT cTaH,ZJ;apTHoro HCTOqHHKa MKO MblH: CTaH,ZJ;apTHblM Ha6J1IO,ZJ;aTeJleM MKO
KOMTIJleMeHTapHble ,ZJ;JlHHbl BOJlH, HM
OTHOIIIeHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTeH: H3J1yqeHHH:
KOMTIJleMeHTapHble ,ZJ;JlHHbl BOJlH, HM
,ll;B)'XWleTIIDIil HCTO'lHllK
BOCTIpHHHMae-
OTHoIIIeHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTeH:
.,/"I
A2
P(A2)/P(Al)
Al
A2
P(A2)/P(Al)
380
560,9
0,000642
460
565,9
1,53
390
560,9
0,00955
470
570,4
1,09
400
561,1
0,0785
475
575,5
0,812
410
561,3
0,356
480
584,6
0,562
420
561,7
0,891
482
591,1
0,482
430
562,2
1,42
484
602,1
0,440
440
562,9
1,79
485
611,3
0,457
450
564,0
1,79
486
629,6
0,668
,-....;::.
"t~
~~ lOkT
;-7fj V
7
II
;>"1
PHC.
20.3.
1
i
400
]..,2
1
1I
V
".
IA AI ", 1-'
V/-
jW
380
I
M~ ./"'-"'-l.~
"~~kT
M = 2kT
H3J1yqeHHH:
Al
!-
II ~~'-I~l
6enom CBeTa T=300K kT= 259 M3B
1/+ .......... -+-+ [
420
I 440
460
586 584 582 580 578 576 574 572 570 568 566 564 562 560
399
~ «'N
~
:= ==
~
(.)
:=
80
~""
:ll ==
a '"'"
== :=
~
480
PaCqeTHble 3aBHCHMOCTH cBeTOBOH: 9ljlljleKTHBHoCTH H3J1yqeHHlI ,ZJ;ByX-
UBeTHoro HCTOQHHKa 6eJloro CBeTa (c Koop,ZJ;HHaTaMH UBeTHOCTH, cooTBeTcTBYIOIUH-
D65 ) OT ,ZJ;JlHHbI BOJlHbl TIepBOrO HCTOQHHKa ,ZJ;JllI JlHHHH: pa3HOH: 9HepreTHQeCKOH: IIIHpHHbl. ITpHBe,ZJ;e-
MH TIOJlO:lKeHHIO Ha UBeTOBOH: ,ZJ;HarpaMMe cTaH,ZJ;apTHoro H3J1YQaTeJlH
PI
r,ll.e
11
P2 -
OIITl1qeCKl1e MOIll.HOCTI1 ,lI.ByX JII1HI1H 113JIyqeHI1H, )'1 11
>'2 -
,lI.JII1HbI BOJIH III1KOB 113JIyqeHI1H. CTaH,lI.apTHOe OTKJIOHeHl1e 0" OIIpe,ll.eJIHeTCH
Hbl 3HaQeHHlI KOMTIJleMeHTapHblx ,ZJ;JlHH BOJIH BToporo HCTOQHHKa
(Li
et aI.,
2003)
OTHOCI1TeJIbHO IIOJIHOH UlHpl1HbI JII1HI1I1 Ha IIOJIOBI1He I1HTeHCI1BHOCTI1 CIIeKTpa 113JIyqeHI1H
CBeTO,ll.110,ll. 6eJIoro CBeQeHI1H C aKTI1BHOH 06JIaCTblO B BI1,l1.e O,ll.HOH KBaHTO-
.6.>.: 0"=
LU b.A = --. 2v21n2 2,355
BOH HMbI, JIerHpOBaHHoH IIpl1MeCHMI1 ,lI.ByX TI1IIOB (20.2)
II.I1HKOM 11 KpeMHl1eM.
B TaKOM CBeTO,ll.110,ll.e 113JIYQeHHe CI1HerO II.BeTa CPopMl1pyeTcH B KBaHToBoH HMe BCJIe,ll.CTBl1e Me2K30HHbIX IIepeXO,ll.OB, B TO BpeMH KaK 2KeJITOBaTOe 113-
.llJII1HbI BOJIH MaKcI1MYMOBI13JIyqeHI1H
>'1
11
>'2
BbI611palOTCH 113 Ta6JI. 20.1.
JIYQeHl1e B03HI1KaeT 113-3a IIepeXO,ll.OB Me2K,lI.y ,lI.OHOPHbIMI1 11 aKII.eIITOpHbIMI1
113 Hee 2Ke HaXO,ll.HT Tpe6yeMoe OTHOI1leHl1e MOIll.HOCTeH ,lI.ByX I1CTOqHI1KOB
ypOBHHMI1
CBeTa. XOTH IIpl1Be,ll.eHHble 3HaqeHI1H COOTBeTCTBYlOT CTporo MOHOXpOMaTI1-
I1ll1pOKl1e CIIeKTpaJIbHble JII1HI1H, 9TI1 CBeTO,ll.110,ll.bI OTJII1QalOTCH XOpOI1leH
qeCKI1M I1CTOqHI1KaM
(.6.>'
(D-A-IIepeXO,ll.bI).
nOCKOJIbKY D-A-IIepeXO,ll.aM COOTBeTCTBYlOT
0), 9TI1 ,lI.aHHble M02KHO I1CIIOJIb30BaTb B Ka-
II.BeTOIIepe,ll.aQeH . .llaJIMaCCO IIpO,ll.eMOHCTpl1pOBaJI ,lI.BYXII.BeTHbIH CBeTO,ll.110,ll.,
qeCTBe XopOI1lero IIpI16JII12KeHI1H ,lI.JIH I1CTOQHI1KOB C YMepeHHOH I1lI1PI1HOH
COCTOHIlI.I1H 113 ,lI.ByX 6JII13KO paCIIOJI02KeHHbIX aKTI1BHbIX 06JIaCTeH InGaN
---t
CIIeKTpaJIbHbIX JII1HI1H, K KOTOPbIM OTHOCHTCH CBeTO,ll.110,ll.bl.
BHYTpl1p-n-IIepeXO,ll.a. B HeM Ha6JIlO,lI.aeTCH CI1JIbHaH 3aBHCI1MOCTb CIIeKTpa
Ha Pl1c. 20.3 IIOKa3aHa CBeTOBaH 9cpcpeKTI1BHOCTb 113JIYQeHI1H ,lI.BYXII.BeTHOro I1CTOQHI1Ka. BI1,l1.HO, QTO MaKCI1MaJIbHaH CBeTOBaH 9cpcpeKTI1BHOCTb 440 JIM/BT cooTBeTCTByeT ,lI.JIHHe BOJIHbI IIepBoro I1CTOQHI1Ka IIpl1
.6.E = 2kT.
>'1
= 445 HM
BblcoKl1e 3HaQeHI1H CBeTOBOH 9cpcpeKTI1BHOCTI1 113JIYQeHI1H
TaKI1X IIpl160pOB YKa3bIBalOT Ha I1X orpoMHbIH IIOTeHII.HaJI. B 2002;
pa60Tax (Guo et aI.,
Li
1999; Sheu et aI., 2002; Dalmasso et aI.,
et aI., 2003) OIII1CaHbI I1CTOQHI1KI1 6eJIoro CBeTa, peaJII130BaHHble
113JIYQeHI1H OT TOKa I1H2KeKII.I1I1. JII1 11 ,lI.p.
(Li
et aI., 2003) co06Il1.I1JII1 0 C03,l1.aHI1I1 CBeTO,ll.110,ll.a Ha OCHOBe
InGaN C ,lI.ByMH aKTI1BHbIMI1 06JIaCTHMI1, pa3,l1.eJIeHHbIMI1 TOHKI1M CJIOeM GaN.
PaCQeTHble ,lI.JII1HbI
BOJIH
113JIYQeHI1H ,lI.aHHOrO
CBeTO,ll.110,ll.a paBHbI
465 HM 11 525 HM, ero CTpyKTypa IIOKa3aHa Ha pl1c.20.4. Ha PI1C. 20.5,
a
IIOKa3aH CIIeKTp CPOTOJIlOMI1HeCII.eHII.1111 ,lI.BYXII.BeTHOro
CBeTO,ll.110,ll.a. Ha cneKTpe BbI,lI.eJIHlOTCH ,lI.Be 06JIaCTI1 113JIYQeHI1H, II.eHTpy
Ha IIpI1HII.I1IIe CMeI1leHI1H ,lI.ByX KOMIIJIeMeHTapHblx II.BeTOB. O,ll.I1H 113 HI1X
O,ll.HOH 113 KOTOPbIX COOTBeTCTByeT ,lI.JII1Ha BOJIHbI, IIpl16JII1311TeJIbHO paBHaH
6bIJI IIOCTpoeH Ha OCHOBe ,lI.ByX CBeTO,ll.110,ll.OB, KOTopble 113JIYQaJII1 CBeT Ha
465 HM, a
,lI.JII1HaX BOJIH rOJIy60H 11 2KeJITOH 06JIaCTHX CIIeKTpa. B ,lI.pyroM HCTOQHI1Ke,
113MeHeHI111 IIJIOTHOCTI1 B036Y2K,lI.eHI1H IIOJI02KeHI1H ,lI.ByX III1KOB OCTalOTCH
II.eHTp ,lI.pyroH npI1XO,ll.I1TCH Ha ,lI.JII1Hy BOJIHbI 525 HM.
npl1
IIpe,ll.CTaBJIeHHOM [yo, ,lI.JIH IIOJIYQeHI1H 6eJIoro CBeTa I1CIIOJIb30BaJICH CBe-
HeI13MeHHbIMI1. O,ll.HaKO IIpl1 113MeHeHI111 IIJIOTHOCTI1 MOIll.HOCTI1 JIa3epHO-
TO,ll.110,ll. CI1HerO CBeQeHI1H Ha OCHOBe GaN, pa60TalOIlI.I1H B IIape C IIOJIY-
ro B036Y2K,lI.eHI1H MeHHeTCH OTHOI1leHHe I1HTeHCI1BHOCTeH 113JIYQeHHH ,lI.ByX
IIPOBO,ll.HI1KOBbIM IIpe06pa30BaTeJIeM ,lI.JII1H BOJIH AlinGaP. Illy peaJII130BaJI
III1KOB, QTO M02KeT 6bITb 06'bHCHeHO KOHKypeHII.l1eH ,lI.ByX KaHaJIOB peKOM-
FA. 20. !1cmO'lHUKU 6eAoeo CBema Ha OCHOBe cBemOaUOaOB
400
OMH'leCKHH KOHTaIcr
NilAu
COSaaHue 6eAoeo CBema C nOJoWUI,blO mpex UCmO'lHUKOB
401
M02KeT 6bITb CBH3aHO C 60JIee BbICOKHM KBaHTOBbIM BbIXO,n:OM B «CHHeH~
KOHTaIcrHbIH CJIoii CJIoii
20.3.
A1GaN p-THna (20 HM), 6JIoKHpyromHii 3JIeKTPoHbI
KBaHTOBOH HMe rro CpaBHeHHIO C «3eJIeHOH». K
TOMY 2Ke ,n:blpKH HH2KeK-
THPYIOTCH H3 06JIaCTH C 60JIee BbICOKOH 3HepmeH (CO CTOPOHbI «CHHeH» KBaHTOBOH HMbI), B TO BpeMH KaK 3JIeKTpOHbI HH2KeKTHpYIOTCH CO CTOPOHbI
«3eJIeHOH~ KBaHTOBOH HMbI. nOCKOJIbKY ,n:blpKH 06JIa,n:aIOT 60JIee HH3KOH rrO,n:BH2KHOCTbIO H 60JIbilieH 3Ke npHIIIeJI K BbIBO.ll.Y, qTO npH nocTpoeHHH KaqeCTBeHHblX TpeXLl.BeTHblx HCTOqHHKOB 6eJIoro cBeTa, 06JIa.ll.aIOILl.HX BbICOKHMH HH.lI.eKCaMH Ll.BeTOnepe.ll.aqH, CJIe.ll.yeT H36eraTb HCnOJIb30BaHHH H3JIyqeHHH C .lI.JIHHaMH BOJIH
500
HM H
580
HM.
XOTH TOPHTOH nOKa3aJI B03MO)KHOCTb nOCTpoeHHH BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHblX TpeXLl.BeTHblx HCTOqHHKOB 6eJIoro CBeTa, Ka)K.lI.aH cneKTpaJIbHaH JIHHHH , HCnOJIb30BaHHaH B ero
OCBeTHTeJIe 06JIa.ll.aJIa .lI.OBOJIbHO 60JIbiliOH
IIIHpHHOH. TaK, nOJIHaH IIIHpHHa JIHHHH Ha nOJIOBHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3JIyqeHHH npHMeHHeMblx HM HCTOqHHKOB C JIIOMHHOCPOPM npeBblIIIaJIa
50
HM.
KaK H3BeCTHO, nOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBble MaTepHaJIbl xapaKTepH3YIOTCH ropa3.l1.0 60JIee Y3KHMH cneKTpaJIbHbIMH JIHHHHMH no cpaBHeHHIO C JIIOMHHocpopaMH, THnHqHaH HX IIIHpHHa, KaK npaBHJIO, MeHbilie Ha pHC.
20.6, a
50
455
HM,
525
HM H
605
HM. 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO 6blJIO
YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO nOJIHaH 3HepreTHqeCKaH IIIHpHHa cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH Ha
nOJIOBHHe
HHTeHCHBHOCTH
H3JIyqeHHH
npH
KOMHaTHOH
TeMnepaType
520
~a BOJlHhl
nOKa3aH cneKTp H3JIyqeHHH TpeXLl.BeTHOro HCTOqHHKa
6eJIoro CBeTa, H3roTOBJIeHHOrO H3 CBeTO.ll.HO.ll.OB Tpex THnOB, H3JIyqaIOILl.HX Ha .lI.JIHHaX BOJIH
480
HM.
PHC.
20.6.
560
A,
600
640
HM
CrreKTp H3J1Y'leHHH TpexUBeTHoro HCTO'lHHKa 6eJloro CBeTa, COCTOHIUero
H3 CBeTO.l(HO.l(OB pa3Horo THrra,
C UBeToBoH TeMrrepaTYPoH
6500 K
(crrJlOIJIHall
JlHHHlI) Hero raYCCOBO rrpH6J1H)KeHHe (Ha OCHOBe HOpMaJlbHOrO pacrrpe.l(eJleHHlI). CBeTOBall OT.l(a'la HCTO'lHHKa paBHa
319
JlM/BT, HH.l(eKC UBeTOrrepe.l(a'lH
84 (a). 0-
Torpa
= 0,47
'"
::f
'"{;j 0,46 = :5~ 0,45
I
20.11.
0,49
~
0,44
J. f-J ~. 1 K5~00
1
5400
1;, = 6500 K IJ
5800 500C 6200 1 - 1 - 6900 K--J 6690 -I-
8O~C~70Q0 7400
nOOK
TpeXl.\lleTHLIH CBeTOAHOJ\HLrn HCTO'JHHK
0,34
409
6enoro CBeTa
0,16
0,18
7800 8200 8600 9pOO 0,20 0,22
Koopi\HHaTa l.\IIeTHOCTH
0,24 u'
I13MeHeHHe Koop.QHHaT uBeTHOCTH TpexuBeTHoro CBeTO.QHO.QHoro HCTO"l-
HHKa 6eJloro CBeTa C POCTOM TeMuepaTypbl. I1PH KOMHaTHOH TeMuepaType uBeTOBaH TeMuepaTypa HCTO"lHHKa COCTaBJlHeT
6500 K
(Chhajed et al.,
2005)
CHCTeMa o6paTHoH CBH3H KoppeKTHpyeT OITTHqecKYIO MomHOCTb Ka)K.lI.OH COCTaBJlHIOmeH
pe3YJlbTHpYIOmero H3J1yqeHHH. B
.lI.pyroM crroco6e rro.ll.-
CTPOHKH OTCJle)KHBaeTCH TeMrrepaTypa HCTOqHHKa H rro H3BeCTHbIM TeMrrepaTypHbIM 3aBHCHMOCTHM xapaKTepHcTHK HcrroJlb3yeMblx CBeTO.ll.HO.ll.OB
Koop~aTa ~eTHOCTH X
KoppeKTHpyeTcH MOmHOCTb H3J1yqeHHH Bcex KOMrrOHeHT pe3YJlbTHpYIOmero
I13MeHeHHe Koop.QHHaT uBeTHOCTH TpexuBeTHoro CBeTO.QHO.QHoro HCTO"l-
H3J1yqeHHH. BTOPOH crroc06 60Jlee JlerKHH, qTO CBH3aHO C OTHOCHTeJlbHOH
HHKa 6eJloro CBeTa C POCTOM TeMuepaTypbl. I1PH KOMHaTHOH TeMuepaType uBeTOBaH
rrpocToTOH rrpoBe.ll.eHHH TeMrrepaTypHbIX H3MepeHHH. O.ll.HaKO HM HeB03MO)K-
PHC.
20.l0.
TeMuepaTypa HCTO"lHHKa COCTaBJlHeT
6500 K.
I13-3a TeMuepaTypHblX 3aBHCHMO-
CTeH MOIUHOCTH H3J1yqeHHH, .QJlHHbl BOJlHbl B MaKCHMYMe H3J1Y"leHHH H UIHpHHbl
HO KOMrreHcHpoBaTb .lI.peH
OTOH B )l.Ba q>oToHa 60JIee )l.JIHHHbIX BOJIH. IlpH 3TOM BbIllOJIHSleTCSI YCJIOBHe hVI r)l.e hVI 3HeprHH
=
hV2
+ hV3,
3HeprHSI q>oToHa, norJIow:aeMoro JIIOMHHOq>OpOM, hV2 H hV3q>OTOHOB,
HcnycKaeMblx
JIIOMHHOq>0POM.
OnHcaHbI
(Justel
et
1998; Wegh et aI., 1999; Srivastava, Ronda, 2003; Srivastava, 2004) HeCKOJIbKO THnOB JIIOMHHOq>0pOB C KBaHTOBbIM pacw:enJIeHHeM. DbIJIO )l.aJKe npe)l.nOJIOJKeHO (Wegh et aI., 1999), 'ITO KBaHTOBbIH BbIXO)l. LiGdF 4, JIerHpOBaHHoro Eu 3+, MOJKeT )l.OCTHraTb 200 %. Co06w:aJIOCb (Justel et aI., 1998), 'ITO KBaHTOBbIH BbIXO)l. JIIOMHHOq>opa YF 3 :Pr3+, cnoc06HoaI.,
ro K KBaHTOBoMY pacw:enJIeHHIO, npH KOMHaTHoH TeMnepaType COCTaBJISleT
140 % npH
185
THBHOCTb. .lI.JISI CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB, npHMeHSleMblx B Ka'IeCTBe OCBeTHTeJIbHbIX rrpH60poB, BaJKHbI 06a rrapaMeTpa. HCTO'IHHKH 6eJIoro CBeTa, rrOCTpoeHHble Ha rrpHHlI.Hrre CMeIlleHHSI H3JIY'IeHHSI )l.ByX MOHoxpOMaTH'IeCKHX KOMrrJIeMeHTapHbIX lI.BeTOB, 06JIa)l.aIOT HaH60JIbilleH CBeTOBOH 3q>q>eKTHBHOCTbIO. O)l.HaKO HX HH)l.eKCbI lI.BeTOrrepe)l.a'IH 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO HHJKe, 'IeM IIIHpOKOrrOJIOCHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB. MaKA)l.aM (MacAdam,
1950)
paCC'IHTaJI MaKCHMaJIbHYIO cBeToBYIO 3q>-
q>eKTHBHoCTb )l.BYXlI.BeTHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB 6eJIoro CBeTa. OH TaKJKe rrOKa3aJI, 'ITO OHa MOJKeT )l.OCTHraTb
1971)
400
JIM/BT. B pa60Tax (Ivey,
1963;
Thornton,
TOJKe co06w:eHo 0 BbICOKOH CBeTOBOH 3q>q>eKTHBHoCTH )l.BYXlI.BeTHbIX
HCTO'IHHKOB 6eJIoro CBeTa, HO OTMe'IaeTCSI HH3KaSl lI.BeTOnepe)l.a'Ia TaKHX
HM. O)l.HaKO
YCTPOHCTB, 'ITO rr03BOJISleT HCrrOJIb30BaTb HX B pa3JIH'IHbIX )l.HCnJIeSlX H )l.e-
)l.0 CHX nop HHKTO ew:e He npO)l.eMOHCTpHpOBaJI peaJIbHbIH JIIOMHHOq>Op
JIaeT COBceM HerrpHrO)l.HbIMH )l.JISI CHCTeM OCBew:eHHSI. KpoMe Toro TopHToH
rv
B036YJK)l.eHHH H3JIY'IeHHeM C )l.JIHHOH BOJIHbI
415
1971)
C KBaHTOBbIM pacw:enJIeHHeM, npHrO)l.HblH )l.JISI npOMbIIIIJIeHHOrO npOH3BO)l.-
(Thornton,
CTBa.
T. e. 6eJIoro CBeTa, rrOJIY'IeHHOrO CMeIlleHHeM Tpex )l.HCKpeTHbIX lI.BeTOB,
K. n.)l.. npe06pa30BaTeJISI )l.JIHHbl BOJIHbI onpe)l.eJISleTCSI npOH3Be)l.eHHeM ypaBHeHHH
(21.1)
H
(21.3):
6JIaro)l.apSl BbICOKHM HH)l.eKCaM lI.BeTOrrepe)l.a'IH rrO)l.XO)l.SlT rrpaKTH'IeCKH )l.JISI JII06bIX lI.eJIeH. IlpHBe)l.eHbI )l.aHHble 3KcrrepHMeHTa, B KOTOPOM npHHSlJIH Y'IaCTHe
1J).-converter
(21.4)
= 1J).-conversion ·1Jext·
60
Ha6JIIO)l.aTeJIeH, OlI.eHHBaBIIIHX rrepe)l.a'IY lI.BeTa MSlca, oBow:eH,
lI.BeTOB H T. )l.., OCBew:aeMbIX TpeXlI.BeTHbIM HCTO'IHHKOM C MaKCHMYMaMH Ha )l.JIHHaX BOJIH
HeH36eJKHble SlBJISlIOTCSI
nOTepH
npH'IHHOH
3HepmH Toro,
rrOKa3aJI, 'ITO TpeXlI.BeTHble HCTO'IHHKH 6eJIoro CBeTa,
'ITO
A-npe06pa30BaTeJIeH )l.JIHH BOJIH -
Ha
npe06pa30BaHHe
HCTO'IHHKH
6eJIoro
)l.JIHHbI
CBeTa
Ha
450
HM,
540
HM H
610
HM. Ha6JIIO)l.aTeJIH e)l.HHO)l.YIIIHO rrpH-
BOJIHbI
3HaJIH XOpOIllyIO lI.BeTOrrepe)l.a'IY )l.aHHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB, 'ITO rrO)l.TBepJK)l.aeT
OCHOBe
HX rrpHrO)l.HOCTb )l.JISI HCrrOJIb30BaHHSI B CHCTeMax OCBew:eHHSI.
TaKHe KaK CBeTO)l.HO)l.bI 6eJIoro CBe'IeHHSI
C JIIOMHHOq>0pOM no cBoeH npHpO)l.e 06JIa)l.aIOT 60JIee HH3KOH npe)l.eJIbHOH
HCTO'IHHKH
6eJIoro
CBeTa,
crreKTp KOTOPbIX rrpH6JIHJKeH
K
crreKTpy
COJIHlI.a, 6Y)l.YT 06JIa)l.aTb OTJIH'IHOH lI.BeTOrrepe)l.a'IeH. O)l.HaKO CBeTOBaSl 3q>-
3q>q>eKTHBHoCTbIO, 'IeM HCTO'IHHKH 6eJIoro CBeTa Ha OCHOBe CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB
q>eKTHBHOCTb TaKHX HCTO'IHHKOB 6Y)l.eT HHJKe, 'IeM H3JIY'IaTeJIeH C )l.pyrHMH
pa3Horo lI.BeTa CBe'IeHHSI.
crreKTpaJIbHbIMH pacrrpe)l.eJIeHHSlMH, HarrpHMep )l.BYXlI.BeTHbIX H TpeXlI.BeT-
CaMble 60JIbillHe nOTepH Ha npe06pa30BaHHe )l.JIHHbI BOJIHbI Ha6JIIO)l.a-
HbIX CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB 6eJIoro CBe'IeHHSI. COJIHe'IHbIH crreKTp HMeeT BbICOKYIO
IOTCSI npH npe06pa30BaHHH YOTOHOB, rrOrJIow:eHHblX JIIOMHHOq>0pOM,
pa3JIH'IHbIX Ta6JIo OCHOBHOH xapaKTepHcTHKOH SlBJISleTCSI CBeTOBaSl 3q>q>eK-
H3JIY'IaeMbIX JIIOMHHOq>0POM . .lI.aJKe rrpH
1Jext - BHeIIIHHH KBaHTOBbIH BbIXO)l. rrpe06pa30BaTeJISI, AI - )l.JIHHa BOJI-
A2 -
)l.JIHHa BOJIHbI q>OTOHOB,
1Jext = 1, B npOlI.eCce rrpe06pa30Ba-
FA. 21. HCmO'lHUKU 6eAoeo C8ema Ha OCH08e npeo6paso8ameAeu 80AHbt
416
21.3 . .nIOMU1torf;0Pbl
417
HMH .AJIMHbI BOJIHbI HeM36e)KHbI nOTepM ::meprMI1, n03ToMY K. n.)I.. npeo6pa; !
30BaTeJISI 'TJ BCer)l.a MeHbille e)l.I1HI1Ubl. CaMbIMI1 pacnpocTpaHeHHbIMI1 MaTepMaJIaMI1, I1CnOJIb3yeMbIMM B npe-
AIOMUHOc/JOPbl,
o6pa30BaTeJISIX )l.JII1HbI BOJIHbI, SIBJISIIOTCSI
nO)l.p06HO o6cY)K)l.aTbCH B cJIe)l.YlOmeM pa3)1.eJIe. Ha pMC.
KOTopble 6Y)l.YT
21.2
nOKa3aHbI
cneKTpbI nOrJIOmeHMSI M 113JIYlJeHI1H npOMbIIIlJIeHHO BbmYCKaeMbIX JIIOMMHOcpOPOB. BI1)1.HO, lJTO JIIOMI1HOCPOPbI o6JIa)l.aioT pa3.AeJIeHHbIMI1 no )l.JIMHaM BOJIH MaKCMMYMaMM nOrJIOmeHMSI M 113JIYlJeHMSI. CneKTp M3JIYlJeHI1SI TaKMX MaTepMaJIOB )l.OBOJIbHO IIlI1POK, lJTO )l.eJIaeT I1X npl1rO)l.HbIMM )l.JISI I1CnOJIb30BaHMSI B I1CTOlJHMKaX 6eJIoro CBeTa. JIIOMMHOCPOPbI OTJIMlJalOTCSI BbICOKOH cTa6MJIbHOCTblO, MX KBaHToBbIH BbIXO)l. lJaCTO 6JII130K K
100 %.
B CBeTO)l.MO)l.aX 6eJIoro CBelJeHMSI lJame Bcero MCnOJIb3yeTcSI JIIOMMHOCPOp Ha OCHOBe aJIIOMOMTTpMeBoro rpaHan, JIempOBaHHoro uepl1eM (Nakamura, Fasol,
1997).
COo6maJIOCb (Schlotter et aI.,
1999),
,!(mrna BOJlHhl
PlfC.
A.,
8M
21.3. CneKTpbI nOrJIOmeHlfll If 1f3JIYQeHlfll KOMMepQeCKIf BbmYCKaeMoro KpaCIfTeJIlI KYMaplfH 6. IToKa3aHa XlfMlfQeCKall cTpyKTypa MOJIeKYJIbI KpaClfTeJIH
lJTO Y)Ke cymeCTBYIOT
JIerl1pOBaHHble uepMeM JIIOMMHOCPOPbI, KBaHTOBbIH BbIXO)l. KOTOPbIX paBeH
75%.
Hble npeo6pa30BaTeJIM .L(JIMHbI BOJIHbI pa3pa6aTbIBalOTcSI Ha OCHOBe MMeHHO nOJIYIIpOBO)l.HMKOBbIX MaTepMaJIOB. KaK y
JIIOMMHOCPOPOB 11 KpaCI1TeJIeH, BHYTpeHHMH KBaHToBbIH BbIXO.L(
nOJIynpOBO)l.HMKOB MO)KeT 6bITb 6JIM30K K n
100 %.
TIp06JIeMa BbIBO.L(a CBe-
B IIOJIynpOBO.L(HMKOBbIX IIpeo6pa30BaTeJISIX )l.JIMHbI BOJIHbI CTOI1T MeHee
OCTpO, lJeM B CBeTO)l.MO)l.aX, lJTO CBSI3aHO C OTCYTcTBMeM B HI1X KOHTaKToB, 3a)l.ep)KMBalOmMx M3JIYlJeHMe. B KOB,
HaCTOSImee npMrO)l.Hblx
Ha pMC.
21.4
BpeMSI )l.JISI
cymecTByeT
IIocTpoeHMSI
60JIbillOH
BbI60p
IIpeo6pa30BaTeJIeH
IIOJIynpOBO)l.HM)l.JIMHbI
BOJIHbl.
nOKa3aHa 3aBMCMMOCTb IIll1pMHbI 3anpemeHHoH 30HbI aToMap-
HbIX M 6MHapHblx nOJIynpOBO)l.HMKOB OT nOCTOSIHHOH I1X KpMCTaJIJIl1lJeCKOH peIIleTKM. Ha OCHOBe Tpex- M lJeTblpeXKOMIIOHeHTHbIX TBep)l.bIX pacTBopoB
800 )l.mma BOlIHbl,
HM
nOJIYIIpOBO)l.HMKOB
MO)KHO
C03)1.aTb
npeo6pa30BaTeJIM,
pa6oTalOmMe
IIpaKTMlJeCKM Ha JII060H )l.JIMHe BOJIHbI M3JIYlJeHI1SI BM)l.MMOrO cneKTpa. PlfC. 21.2. CneKTpbI nOrJIOmeHIfSI If 1f3JIyqeHlfSI npOMbIlllJIeHHO BbmycKaeMoro JIIOMlfHo$opa, B036Y)!{.L(aeMOrO PTYTHOH JIaMnOH C .L(JIlfHOH BOJIHbI 1f3JIYQeHlfll 254 HM (Osram-Sylvania, 2000)
KpacumeAU
21.3.
JIIOMHHOOPbI
npe)l.CTaBJISIIOT eme O)l.I1H Tl1n MaTepMaJIOB )l.JISI C03)1.aHMSI
JIIOMMHOCPOPbI COCTOSIT 113 HeOpraHMlJeCKI1X MaTepl1aJIOB, JIempOBaHHbIX
npeo6pa30BaTeJIeH )l.JII1HbI BOJIHbl. B HaCTOSImee BpeMSI BbmycKalOT MHoro
OIITMlJeCKM aKTMBHbIMM 3JIeMeHTaMM. HaM60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIMM OCHO-
MapoK pa3JII1lJHbIX KpaCMTeJIeH. Ha pMC.
21.3
nOrJIOmeHMSI M 113JIYlJeHMSI O)l.HOrO M3 HMX. KpaCI1TeJIeH lJaCTO 6JIM30K K KpaCMTeJIeH
SIBJISIIOTCSI
100 %.
nOKa3aH npMMep cneKTpOB KBaHToBbIH BbIXO.A MHorMX
O)l.HaKO M3-3a Toro, lJTO 60JIbIIll1HCTBO
OpraHMlJeCKMMM
COe)l.I1HeHI1SIMM,
)l.OJIrOBpeMeHHaSI
BaMI1 SIBJISIIOTCSI A
M B -
epaHambl,
I1MelOml1e XMMMlJeCKOH cpOpMyJIy: A 3 B 5 0 12 , r)l.e 0 - KMCJIOPO)l.. Cpe)l.M 60JIbillOH rpYIInbI
XI1MMlJeCKMe 3JIeMeHTbI,
rpaHaTOB BbI)l.eJISIeTCSI aJIIOMOI1TTpMeBbIH rpaHaT (Al1r -
YAG) C XMMMlJe-
cTa6MJIbHOCTb MX xapaKTepl1CTMK HaMHoro HM)Ke, lJeM y nOJIynpOBO)l.HMKOB
CKOH cpOpMyJIOH Y 3 A1 5 0 12 • JIIOMMHOCPOPbI Ha OCHOBe 3Toro MaTepMaJIa Ha3bIBalOTCSI YAG-AIOMuHoc/JopaMu. B KalJeCTBe OIITMlJeCKI1 aKTMBHbIX )l.o6a-
M JIIOMMHOCPOPOB.
BOK npMMeHSIIOTCSI pe)l.K03eMeJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbI
I1
HaKOHeu,
nOAynpo8oaHUKU -
TpeTMH TMn MaTepMaJIOB, MCnOJIb3ye-
MbIX B ).-npeo6pa30BaTeJISIx. TIOJIynpOBO)l.HMKM xapaKTepM3YlOTCSI Y3KMM cneKTpoM M3JIYlJeHMSI C 3HepreTI1lJeCKOH IIlMPMHOH JII1HMH
rv
2kT.
illl1pMHa
(P33),
I1X OKCM)l.bI M )l.pyme
COe)l.MHeHMSI. OIITl1lJeCKOH aKTI1BHOCTblO o6JIa)l.aeT 60JIbIIlMHCTBO JIerl1pOBaHMSI YAG-JIIOMMHOCPOPOB,
P33 . .ll.JISI
IIpl1MeHSIeMbIX B MCTOlJHI1KaX 6eJIoro
CBen, lJame Bcero MCIIOJIb3yeTcSI UepMH. HeO)l.MM npMMeHSIeTCSI B YAG-
cneKTpa M3JIYlJeHI1SI nOJIynpOBO)l.HI1KOB MeHbille IIlMpMHbI cneKTpaJIbHbIX
JIa3epaX, 3p6MH -
JII1HMH 60JIbIIlMHCTBa JIIOMI1HOCPOPOB M KpaCI1TeJIeH. TI03TOMY npeUl13MoH-
JIaMIIax.
14 cI>. E. lIIy6epT
B OIITl1lJeCKMX YCI1JIMTeJISIX, OKCM)I. TOPMSI -
B ra30BbIX
Fit. 21.
418 6,0
•
~ • 5,0
AlNEJ
rrplIMoii
BNO
•
III
4,0
5,0
IIoCTOHHHWI pemenrn:
Q,
419
D1pmpT
0603HaQaeT
HenpJIM030HHIdH MlITepHan
t.Qbl)
3,0
GBemoauOabl 6eAo2o CBe'leftUR fta OCftOBe A/oMUftOcjJ0POB
KypCU6 o603HaQaer npHM030HIWH MaTePH3JI
T=300K
AlIMQ3
2,0
21.4.
HcmO'lftUKU 6eJW20 CBema fta OCftOBe npeo6paaoBameAeu BOAftbl
o
reKcaroHa.m,HaH CTpYK'I)'pa
EJ
IOPOB. Pe3YJIbTHPYIOW:HH XlfMlfqeCKlfH COCTaB JIIOMlfHocj:>opa B TaKOM CJIyqae MO)!(HO orIlfcaTb cj:>0PMYJIOH (Yl-xGdx)a(All-yGayhOI2. Ha plfC.
21.5
rrOKa3aHbI
crreKTpbI lf3JIyqeHlfH JIIOMlfHOcj:>OPOB (Y l-xGdx)a(All-yGay)5012, JIempoBaHHblX lI.eplfeM rrpH pa3HbIX 3HaqeHlfHX
x
H
y
(Nakamura, Fasol,
1997).
CTpyKTypy rpaHaTa. K TOMY )!(e paAHycbI lfOHOB y3+ If Tb3+ OqeHb 6JIlf3Klf
(rY3+ = 1,02 A,
rTb3+
= 1,04A). CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, KplfCTaJIJIlfqeCKaH perneT-
Ka YAG-JIIOMlfHocj:>opa rrpH 3aMew:eHHlf aTOMOB Y aTOMaMlf Tb lf3MeHlfTCH He OqeHb ClfJIbHO. 3TO crrpaBeAJIlfBO Aa)!(e TorAa, KorAa MOJIHpHaH AOJIH Tep-
30%
6lfH COCTaBJIHeT
B AJIlfHHOBOJIHOBYIO CTOPOHY, a JI:06aBKa raJIHH Bbl3bIBaeT CABlfr B rrpOTlf-
JIIOMlfHOcj:>OPbI 06JIaAaIOT HeMHoro MeHbrneH 3cj:>cj:>eKTlfBHOCTbIO lf3JIyqeHHH,
BOrrOJIO)!(HOM HarrpaBJIeHlflf -
OHlf Bce )!(e HBJIHIOTCH cepbe3HbIMlf KOHKypeHTaMH YAG-JIIOMlfHocj:>opaM.
B CTOPOHY KOPOTKlfX BOJIH.
21.4.
(Potdevin et ai.,
2005).
BHAHO, qTO Ao6aBKa raAOJIlfHlfH rrplfBOAlfT K cABlfry crreKTpa lf3JIyqeHHH
HecMoTpH Ha TO, qTO TAG-
CBeToAHoAbI 6eJIoro CBeqeHHSI Ha OCHOBe JIIOMHHOCPOPOB
600 650 700
700
B
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Fasol,
Aruma BOJIHLI A, HM
pa60Tax (Bando et ai.,
1997)
1996,
Nakamura et ai.,
1995,
Nakamura,
orrlfcaHbI rrepBbIe CBeTOAlfOAbI 6eJIoro CBeqeHHH, C03AaHHble
Ha OCHOBe CBeTOAlfOAOB ClfHero CBeqeHHH InGaN/GaN If JIIOMlfHOcj:>OPOB I}. PHc.21.5. CneKTpbI H3JIyqeHHH aJIIOMOHTTpHeBoro rpaHaTa, JIerHpOBaHHoro Ce B pa3JIHQHbIX KOHll.eHTpall.HHX (YAG:Ce) (Nakamura, Fasot, 1997) Ha pHC.
21.6
rrOKa3aHO rrOJIO)!(eHlfe JIIOMlfHOcj:>OPOB Ha OCHOBe YAG:Ce
Ha lI.BeTOBOH AlfarpaMMe MKO. 3aTeMHeHHaH 06JIaCTb COOTBeTcTByeT lfCTOqHlfKaM CBeTa Ha OCHOBe CBeTOAlfOAOB ClfHero CBeqeHlfH If JIIOMlfHOcj:>OPOB YAG:Ce. BlfAHO, qTO TaKlfe HCTOqHlfKH MoryT 06JIaAaTb BbICOKOH lI.BeTOBOH TeMrrepaTypoH. AJIbTepHaTlfBOH HOcj:>OPbI
Ha
OCHOBe
JIIOMlfHocj:>opaM
Ha
aJIIOMOTep6lfeBbIX
OCHOBe rpaHaTOB
YAG
HBJIHIOTCH
(TAG)
.ll.JIH OIITlfqeCKOrO B036Y)!(AeHlfH JIIOMlfHocj:>opa B TaKlfX YCTpOHCTBax rrplfMeHHJIlfCb CBeTOAlfOAbI ClfHero CBeqeHlfH Ha OCHOBe InGaN/GaN, paCCMOTpeHHble B pa60Te (Nakamura et ai.,
1995)
a B KaqeCTBe JIIOMHHocj:>opa
lfCrrOJIb30BaJICH JIempOBaHHbIH lI.eplfeM JIIOMlfHOcj:>Op AI1T(YAG} C XlfMlfqeCKOH cj:>OpMyJIOH (Y l-aGda)a(AII-bGab)5012:Ce. OPOB 06blqHO He pa3rJIarnaIOT ToqHbIH XlfMHqeCKlfH COCTaB CBOHX MaTeplfaJIOB 2).
JIIOMlf1) CM. npHopHTeTHoe aBTopCKoe CBHJI:eTeJIbCTBO
C XlfMHqeCKOH
2) CM. TaKJKe pa60TbI [2-4].
cj:>0PMYJIOH Tb3A15012. 06a Tlfrra JIIOMlfHOcj:>OPOB lfMeIOT KplfCTaJIJIlfqecKYIO
14*
[1].
420
Dt. 21. J1cmO'lHUKU 6eJl080 csema Ha OCHose npeo6paaosameJleil SOJlHbt
Ha pHC. 21.7, a rrOKa3aHO rrOrrepeqHOe CeqeHHe CTPYKTYPbI CBeTo,n:HO,n:HOH JIaMrrbI 6eJIoro CBeTa. I1306pa)KeH KpHCTaJIJI CBeTo,n:Ho,n:a CHHero CBeqeHHH H JIIOMHHO a,
KaK
rrOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 21.11, 8, BepOHTHOCTb rrorra,n:aHHH H3JIY1JeHHH JIIOMHHOcpopa Ha rrOBepXHOCTb rrOJIyrrpOBo,n:HHKa CYIlI.eCTBeHHO CHH2KaeTCH. B
H ,n:ecpeKToB. B
CBeTo,n:Ho,n:ax 6eJIoro CBe1JeHHH C YcI>-Bo36Y2K,n:eHHeM BH,n:HMoe H3-
JIY1JeHHe C03,n:aeTCH Herrocpe,n:cTBeHHo B JIIOMHHocpope. JIIOMHHOCPOp, HCrrOJIb3yeMbIH B TaKHX CBeTo,n:Ho,n:ax,
rro,n:06eH JIIOMHHOCPOpy B cpJIyopec-
ueHTHbIX JIaMrraX, pa3pa6oTaHHblx B 1950-x rr. IlpaKTH1JecKH TaKHe 2Ke JIIOMHHOCPOPbI rrpHMeHHIOTcH C 1980-x rr. B KOMrraKTHblX cpJIyopecueHTHblx JIaMrrax. JIIOMHHOCPOp B 3THX JIaMrraX B036Y2K,n:aeTcH Y-H3JIY1JeHHeM ra30BbIX pa3pH,n:oB, rrpoHcxo,n:HIlI.HX B pTyTHbIX JIaMrraX HH3Koro ,n:aBJIeHHH. OCHoBHoe H3JIY1JeHHe pTyTHblx JIaMrr rrpHxo,n:HTCH Ha ,n:JIHHy BOJIHbI 254 HM. JIIOMHHOCPOPbl, 06JIa,n:aIOIlI.He CHJIbHOH rrOrJIOIlI.aIOIlI.eH crroco6HoCTbIO B 3TOM ,n:Harra30He ,n:JIHH BOJIH, Y2Ke BbIIIYCKaIOTCH cepHHHo, H HX xapaKTepHcTHKH UBeTorrepe,n:a1JH rro,n:xo,n:HT ,n:JIH MHOrHX rrpHMeHeHHH.
pe-
OrrHcaHbI (Kaufmann et al., 2001) CBeTo,n:Ho,n:bI 6eJIoro CBe1JeHHH, HC-
3YJIbTaTe 3Ha1JHTeJIbHO rrOBblIIIaeTCH 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb TaKHX HCTO'IHHKOB.
rrOJIb3YIOIlI.He ,n:JIH B036Y2K,n:eHHH Y-cBeTo,n:Ho,n:bI AlinGaN H CMeCb Tpex
Mo,n:eJIHpoBaHHe xo,n:a JIY1JeH H 3KcrrepHMeHTbI C HCT01JHHKOM, C03,n:aHHbIM
JIIOMHHOCPOPOB. YcI>-cBeTo,n:Ho,n: H3JIY1JaeT Ha ,n:JIHHaX BOJIH 380-400 HM,
Ha OCHOBe CHHero CBeTo,n:Ho,n:a InGaN H JIIOMHHocpopa, rrpocTpaHcTBeHHo
T. e. Ha rpaHHue BH,n:HMOH H Y-06JIaCTeH crreKTpa. CMecb JIIOMHHOCPOPOB
y,n:aJIeHHOrO OT Hero, ,n:eHCTBHTeJIbHO rrOKa3aJIH YBeJIH1JeHHe
HHTeHCHB-
COCTOHT H3 Tpex KOMrrOHeHTOB, H3JIY1JaIOIlI.HX CBeT B KpacHoH, 3eJIeHOH H
COOTBeTCTBeHHO (Kim
CHHeH 1JaCTHX crreKTpa. HH,n:eKc UBeTorrepe,n:a1JH TaKHX CBeTo,n:Ho,n:OB rrpH-
HOCTH H3JIY1JeHHH JIIOMHHocpopa Ha 75
%
H 27
%
et al., 2005; Luo et al., 2005). Coo6IlI.aJIOCb (Narendran et al., 2005), 1JTO rrpH HCrrOJIb30BaHHH MeTo,n:a OTBo,n:a pacceHHHblx CPOTOHOB
(MeTo,n:a
SPE), y,n:aJIOCb rrOBblCHTb BbIXO,n: H3JIY1JeHHH B cpe,n:HeM Ha 61
%.
6JIH3HTeJIbHO paBeH 78. COBpeMeHHble JIIOMHHOCPOPbI 06JIa,n:aIOT ,n:OBOJIbHO BbICOKHMH HH,n:eKcaMH
IlpH
UBeTorrepe,n:a1JH (60-100), 1JTO HBJIHeTCH ,n:OCTOHHCTBOM CBeTo,n:Ho,n:OB 6e-
HH3KHX 3Ha1JeHHHX TOKa CBeTOBaH OT,n:a1Ja SPE-H3JIY1JaTeJIeH rrpeBblIIIaeT
JIoro CBe1JeHHH C YcI>-HaKa1JKOH, C03,n:aHHbIX Ha HX OCHOBe. C006IlI.aeTCH
80 JIM/BT, Tor,n:a KaK Ha 06bI1JHbIX CTpyKTypax OHa, KaK rrpaBHJIO, COCTaB-
(Radkov et al., 2003) 0 CMeCH JIIOMHHOCPOPOB, B036Y2K,n:aeMoH Ha ,n:JIHHe
JIHeT 54 JIM/BT..
BOJIHbI
rv
400 HM, C 01JeHb BbICOKHMH 3Ha1JeHHHMH HH,n:eKca UBeTorrepe,n:a1JH
426
rft. 21, }fcmo'lftu/cu 6eftOeO CBema fta OCftOBe npeo6pa30BamefteiJ. BOftftbt
(rv 97).
21.8. Pac'lem omftOWeftUR UftmeftCUBftOCmeiJ. U3ftY'leftUR B cBemOauoae
427
BH,n:HMaH qaCTb crreKTpa H3JIyqeHHH TaKHX 6eJIblX C,lL orrpe,n:eJIHeT-
CH TOJIbKO H3JIyqeHHeM JIIOMHHOKHoe H3I'OTOBJIeHHe; HH3KaJI HJIH uyn:eB3JI Me)I(MO,l:(OB3JI .l{HcnepcHJI
>~
Hcpe,n:HI1MH CKOPOCTHMH rrepe,n:atm ,n:aHHblX (MeHee
1
f6HT/C) H rrepe,n:a-
10
Mynbaev, Scheiner,
2001;
1999;
Neyer et aI.,
Kibler et aI.,
2004),
1999;
Hecht,
Heatley et aI.,
1998;
Kahn, Barry,
2001).
1,45
1-2% Bnon rpcmHelITHOro DpoHID!
CJImKHOCTh IIo,lJ;COeJlHHeHIDl; CJIo~oe H3fOTQBJIeHHe; OTcyTCTBHe MeX<MO,lJ;OBOH )UfCnepcHH
.D:J:faMeTpbI cepJtl(eBHHLI/o6oJIo1JKH nOK33aTeJIL npenoMJIeHWI cepMeBHHbI
2001;
P33HOCTL nOK83arerrea npenoMJIeHIDI
91125 1,45 1-2%
JII160 Ha CBemOBbtX BOll-
Hax, pacnpocmpaHfllO/4uxCfl B cBo600HOM npocmpaHcmBe (Carruthers,
2002;
Pa3HOCTL nOKa3aTeneH IIpeJIoMJIeHIDI
6
KM).
TaKHe CHCTeMbI OCHOBaHbI JIH60 Ha CBemOBbtX BOll/taX, pacnpOCmpaHJllO-
/4UXCfl no BOllftoBOOaM (Keiser,
501125, 62,5/125, 851125
n-
CBeTO.lI;IfO,n:bl HCrrOJIb3YlOTCH B CHCTeMax CBH3H, pa6oTalOrn.I1X C HH3KI1MH 1Orn.I1X I1H0PMaU:HIO Ha KopoTKHe H cpe,n:HHe paCCTOHHI1H (MeHee
I\HaMerphl cepl\lleBHllhllo60no'lKH
nOKa3aTeJIb npe.nOMneHHH CepJtl(eBHHEd
B BOJIOKOHHO-OIITI1'IeCKI1X
CI1CTeMaX CBH311 B Ka'IeCTBe cpe,n:bI rrepe,n:a'IH HCrrOJIb3YlOTCH OT,n:eJIbHble CBeTOBo,n:bI KBapl1eBbte HJIH nOllUMepHbte )KrYTbI H3 HHX. ,[{aHHble B TaKHX
PHC.
22.l.
MHOrOMO.n:OBOe BOJIOKHO co cTyneH'laTbIM npO
.n:OBOH .n:HcrrepCHeH, 'leM BOJIOKHa rrpe.n:bl.n:ymero THrra. O.n:HOMo.n:OBoe BOJIOKHO co
rrpe,n:eJIaMH KOMHaTbI, XOTH B03MO)KHa rrepe,n:a'Ia 11 Ha 60JIblime paccToHHHH.
cTyrreH'laTblM rrpO
OrrTI1'IeCKHX BOJIOKOH H I1X rrp0HJIH rrOKa3aTeJIH rrpeJIOMJIeHI1H.
cTyrreH'IaTOrO rrpoHJISI. ,[{HaMeTp cep,n:u:etmHbI O,n:HOMO,n:OBbIX BOJIOKOH TaK MaJI
(5-10
MKM), 'ITO
MHoroMo,n:oBble BOJIOKHa co cTyrreH'IaTbIM rrp0HJIeM rrOKa3aTeJIH rrpe-
B HI1X MO)KeT pacrrpOCTpaHSlTbCSI TOJIbKO o,n:Ha OrrTI1'IeCKaSl Mo,n:a. ,[{OCTOI1H-
JIOMJIeHI1H 06JIa,n:a1OT cpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIbIIIHMH ,n:HaMeTpaMH cep,n:u:eBHHbl.
CTBOM TaKHX BOJIOKOH SlBJISleTcSI omcymcmBue Me:JICMOOOBOU oucnepcuu,
HarrpHMep, ,n:HaMeTpbI cep,n:u:eBHH KBapu:eBblx BOJIOKOH, HCrrOJIb3yeMblx B CH-
a He,n:OCTaTKOM -
CllO:JICHOCmb COnpfl:JICeHUfl C HCTO'IHHKaMH CBeTa. I13-3a
Dt. 22.
438
BOJtOKOltltO-OnmutteCKue cucmeMbl C6J!3U
22.3.
MaJlOrO .n.HaMeTpa cep.n.u.eBHHbI BOJlOKHa HPKOCTb HCTOqHHKOB CBeTa )l.OJDKHa 6b1Tb cpaBHHMa C HPKOCTbIO JIa3epOB. n03TOMY )l.JIH pa60TbI C O)l.HOMO.n.OBbIMH BOJIOKHaMH HCnOJIb3YIOTCH CBeTO)l.HO)l.bI C Topu.eBbIM H3JIyqeHHeM H cynepJIIOMHHecu.eHTHble CBeTO)l.HO)l.bI. TOqHOCTb BblpaBHHBaHHH CBeTO)l.H,
O)l.OB C TaKHMH BOJIOKHaMH )l.OJI)KHa COCTaBJIHTb HeCKOJIbKO MHKpOMeTpOB.
I' i
,L{JIH )l.HaMeTp
onmUtteCKOU MOU{Hocmu
nOBbIllIeHHH Cep)l.u.eBHHbI
BOJIOKHa
H
pa3HOCTb
nepe)l.aBaeMOro
nOKa3aTeJIeH
CHrHaJIa
npeJIOMJIeHHH
cep)l.u.eBHHbI H 060JIOqKH )l.OJI)KHbI 6b1Tb KaK MO)KHO 60JIbllie. B HaCTOHru.ee BpeMH BbmYCKaIOTCH cneu.HaJIbHbIe BOJIOKHa, )l.HaMeTp Cep)l.u.eBHHbI KOTOpblX npeBbIllIaeT
1
MM. Ho TaKHe BOJIOKHa H3-3a 60JIblliOH Me)KMO)l.OBOH
)l.HCnepCHH He npHrO)l.HbI )l.JIH HCnOJIb30BaHHH B CHCTeMax CBH3H.
,L{JIH
nepe)l.aqH
HCnOJIb3YIOTCH H
1,55
439
Me3ICMOa06aJ! aucnepcuJ! 6 onmUtteCKuX 60JtOKltaX
CHrHaJIOB
OllTHqeCKHe
no
OKHa
KBapu.eBblM
BOJIKOHHbIM
np03paqHOCTH
MKM. OKHO np03paqHOCTH Ha )l.JIHHe BOJIHbI
CBeTOBO)l.aM
0,85 MKM, 1,3 MKM 0,85 MKM npHrO)l.HO )l.JIH
pa60TbI co CBeTO)l.HO)l.aMH Ha OCHOBe GaAs H JIa3epaMH. O)l.HaKO Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHe 3Toro OKHa HaKJIa)l.bIBaIOT OrpaHHQeHHe KopOTKHe paCCTOHHHH nepe)l.aQH )l.aHHbIX, QTO CBH3aHO C )l.HCnepCHeH: H BbICOKHM "3aTyxaHHeM H3JIyQeHHH B KBapu.eBbIX BOJIOKHaX Ha 3TOH )l.JIHHe BOJIHbI. OKHO np03paQHOCTH
1,3
MKM TaK)Ke HCnOJIb3yeTcH npH pa60Te co CBeTO)l.HO)l.aMH H JIa3epaMH.
3TO OKHO xapaKTepH3yeTcH cpaBHHTeJIbHO HH3KHMH nOTepHMH H HYJIeBOH )l.HcnepcHeH, QTO n03BOJIHeT ocyru.ecTBJIHTb BbICOKOCKOPOCTHYIO nepe)l.aQy )l.aHHbIX, B QaCTHOCTH, B O)l.HOMO)l.OBbIX BOJIHOBO)l.aX H BOJIOKHaX C rpa)l.HeHT-
1,55
MKM
npHMeHHeTCH
)l.JIH
HbIM npoqlHJIeM nOKa3aTeJIH npeJIOMJIeHHH. B OKHe np03paqHOCTH Ha6JIIO)l.aIOTCH
22.2.
CneKTp 3aTyxaHHJI H3JIyqeHHJI B KBapu.eBbIx
caMbIe
HH3KHe
nOTepH,
n03TOMY OHO
CKOPOCTHOH: nepe)l.aqH )l.aHHbIX Ha 60JIblliHe paCCTOHHHH. ,L{JIH 06eCneqeHHH BbICOKOH: CKOPOCTH nepe)l.aqH )l.aHHbIX He06xo)l.HMO HCnOJIb30BaTb O)l.HOMO-
H nOJIHMepHbIx BOJIOKHax
)l.OBbIe CBeTOBO)l.bI. nOCKOJIbKY TPY)l.HO opraHH30BaTb 3$$eKTHBHYIO CBH3b KBapu. (Si02) 06JIa)l.aeT OTJIHqHblMH OllTHqeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH, a TaK)Ke BbICOKOH cTa6HJIbHOCTbIO. Ha pHC.
22.2
nOKa3aH cneKTp 3aTyxaHHH
H3JIyqeHHH B KBapu.eBblx BOJIOKHax. BH)l.HO, qTO MHHHMaJIbHbIe nOTepH
0,2
)l.B/KM cooTBeTcTBYIOT )l.JIHHe BOJIHbI
1,55
CBeTO)l.HO)l.OB C O)l.HOMO)l.OBbIMH BOJIOKHaMH, )l.JIH pa60TbI B OKHe np03paqHOCTH
1,55
MKM npe)l.nOqTHTeJIbHee HCnOJIb30BaTb JIa3epbI, a He CBeTO)l.HO)l.bI.
,L{JIH nepe)l.aqH )l.aHHblX Ha KopOTKHe paCCTOHHHH B nOCJIe)l.Hee BpeMH Bce qaru.e npHMeHHIOT nOJIHMepHbIe OllTHqeCKHe BOJIOKHa (Neyer et ai.,
MKM.
1999;
Kibler et ai.,
nOqTH B
1000
2004).
O)l.HaKO nOTepH B nOJIHMepHbIx CBeTOBO)l.aX
pa3 npeBbIllIaIOT nOTepH B KBapu.eBbIx BOJIOKHax. n03TOMY
paccToHHHH nepe)l.aqH )l.aHHblX 3)1.eCb HaXO)l.HTCH B npe)l.eJIax OT HeCKOJIbKHX MeTpoB )1.0 HeCKOJIbKHX COTeH MeTpOB, T. e. TaKHe CBeTOBO)l.bI MoryT HCnOJIb30BaTbCH )l.JIH 06ecneqeimH CBH3H, HanpHMep, B aBTOM06HJIe (Kibler et ai.,
2004)
Ha pHC.
HJIH CaMOJIeTe.
22.3
nOKa3aH cneKTp 3aTyxaHHH nOJIHMepHblx OllTHqeCKHX BO-
JIOKOH. npe)l.nOQTHTeJIbHOe OKHO np03paQHOCTH )l.JIH 3THX BOJIOKOH COOTBeTcTByeT )l.JIHHe BOJIHbI
650
HM, Ha KOTOPOH nOTepH nopH)l.Ka
0,1-0,2
)l.B/M.
Ha 60JIee KOPOTKHX )l.JIHHaX BOJIH 3aTyxaHHe B nOJIHMepHblx BOJIOKHaX eru.e CHJIbHee, H npH 3TOM B03paCTaeT )l.HCnepcHH. n03TOMY OnTHMaJIbHOH )l.JIHHOH BOJIHbI npH pa60Te C nOJIHMepHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH CQHTaeTCH
-J-_ /
/
--
/ IIomo~eHHe~
MKH3.JI}"IeHHll
/ /
0,01 L-_l-_L-_...L-_...L_-'-_-L_-L._-L_~_-1.._---L_--I 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 ~a BOJlHld A., MKM PHC.
22.2.
22.3.
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO nOJIyqeHHblH cneKTp 3aTyxaHlfll 1f3JIYQeHlfll B KBap-
Hlflf), CB1I3aHHble B KOPOTKOBOJIHOBOH 06JIaCTif C peJIeeBCKlfM paccellHlfeM, a B IfH
1 "21 + d[ . tgOair.
ECJIH CBeTo.zr.HO.zr. H cep.zr.u.eBHHa BOJIOKHa HaMHoro MeHbIIIe .zr.HaMeTpa JIHH3bI H yrJIbi na.zr.eHHSI JIyqeH MaJIbI, ypaBHeHHe
ECJIH H3JIyqalOIIJ.aSI 06JIaCTb CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a MeHbllie cep.zr.u.eBHHbI OnTHqe-
(22.15)
B 3THX
M02KHO 3aMeHHTb CJIe.zr.y-
IOIIJ.HM npH6~H2KeHHeM
CKoro BOJIOKHa, npHMeHeHHe BbmYKJIbIX JIHH3 nOBblIIIaeT 3eKTHBHoCTb BBo.zr.a H3JIyqeHHSI CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a B CBeTOBO.zr..
(22.15)
d[
CJIyqaSIX JIHH3bi npo-
0
I
O·
OLED = do . Oair =
(22.16)
air·
eu.HpylOT H3JIyqalOIIJ.YIO 06JIaCTb CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a Ha BCIO nJIOIIJ.a.zr.b cep.zr.u.eBHHbI
d[
> do,
BOJIOKHa, CHH2KaSI npH 3TOM yrOJI na.zr.eHHSI JIyqeH, T. e. npOHcxo.zr.HT cOZ/La-
TaK KaK
C08aHue HCTOqHHKa H3JIyqeHHSI C BOJIOKHOM no ItUCJl080U anepmype.
60JIbIIIe BXO.zr.HOij anepTypbI BOJIOKHa, qTO npHBo.zr.HT K YJIyqllieHHIO onTH-
nYCTb BbinYKJIaSI JIHH3a 0pMHpyeT Ha BOJIOKHe H306pa2KeHHe BbICOTOH
I
o6beKTa BbICOTOH
O.
ECJIH BblCOTa H306pa2KeHHSI 60JIbllie BbICOTbI
yrJIOBaSI anepTypa Bbixo.zr.a H3JIyqeHHSI CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a TaK2Ke
qeCKOrOCOrJIaCOBaHHSI. I1cxo.zr.SI H3 3Toro M02KHO BbiBeCTH Bblpa2KeHHe .zr.JISI qHCJIOBOH anepTypbI CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a
N A LED ,
onpe.zr.eJISIIOIIJ.eH MaKCHMaJIbHbIH
o6beKTa, yrJIbi CX02K.zr.eHHSI JIyqeH CBeTa OT JIHH3bi K BOJIOKHY 6y.zr.YT MeHbIIIe
yrOJI JIyqeH CBeTa, HCXO.zr.SIIIJ.HX H3 CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a
yrJIOB paCX02K.zr.eHHSI JIyqeH OT HCTOqHHKa H3JIyqeHHSI K JIHH3e. YMeHbllieHHe
.LI.JISI 3Toro Ha.zr.o HCnOJIb30BaTb ypaBHeHHe
paCX02K.zr.eHHSI JIyqeH B TaKHX CJIyqaSIX n03BOJISIeT YJIyqlliHTb OllTHqeCKOe
2KeHHe .zr.JISI BeJIHqHH
22.7 nOKa3aH npHHu.Hn COrJIaCOBaHHSI CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a co CBeTOBo.zr.OM npH nOMOIIJ.H BbmYKJIbIX JIHH3.
NA
H
Ii BXO.zr.SIIIJ.HX B OnTOBOJIOKHO.
(22.14)
H npHMeHHTb npH6JIH-
N ALED
B CJIyqae MaJIbIX yrJIOB:
NALED
I = (5'
COrJIaCOBaHHe CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.a co CBeTOBo.zr.OM. Ha pHC.
(22.17)
NA.
nOCKOJIbKY 3eKTHBHOCTb CBSI3H npOnOpu.HOHaJIbHa HHe
(22.12),
(N A)2 -
(22.18)
NAtED = [(I/O)· NAf· Cep.l\IIeBHHa
OTCIO.zr.a
CM. ypaBHe-
OHa B03paCTaeT .zr.o BeJIHqHHbi
BH.zr.HO,
qTO
BblCOKaSI
3eKTHBHoCTb
CBSI3H .zr.OCTHraeTCSI
npH
HCnOJIb30BaHHH CBeTo.zr.Ho.zr.OB C MaJIbIM .zr.HaMeTpoM 06JIaCTH H3JIyqeHHSI, OnTHqeCKHX BOJIOKOH C 60JIblliHM .zr.HaMeTpoM cep.zr.u.eBHHbI H CBeTOBo.zr.OB
i - do ---1-------
C 60JIblliHMH qHCJIOBbIMH anepTypaMH.
YnpalKHeHHe. Onpeael/.eHUe 3r/Jr/JeKmu8Hocmu 880aa u3l/.ytteHUR. C8emOaUOaa PHC. 22.7. I1pHHUHn COrJIaCOBaHHlI CBeTO.l(HO.l(a co CBeTOBO.l(OM npH nOMOIUH BbmYKJIbIX JIHH3. ,llHaMeTp 06JIaCTH H3JIYlJeHHlI CBeTO.l(HO.l(a (BbicoTa o6beKTa) paBeH 3Ta 06JIaCTb npoeUHpyeTcli npH nOMOIUH JIHH3b1 C <j>OKYCHbiM paCCTOllHHeM Cep.l(ueBHHY BOJIOKHa .l(HaMeTpoM
I
f
8 onmUtteCKoe 801/.0KHO npu nOMOU{U I/.UH3bl
O.
I1YCTb CBeTO.l(HO.l( C .l(HaMeTpOM KpyroBoH H3JIYlJalOIUeH 06JIaCTH 20 MKM npH-
Ha
COe.l(HHlIeTCli K KBapueBOMY MHOrOMO.l(OBOMY OnTHlJeCKOMY BOJIOKHY C lJHCJIOBOH
(BblcoTa H306pa)l{eHHlI)
anepTypoH
NA =
0, 2 H .l(HaMeTpOM Cep.l(ueBHHbI 62,5 MKM. MOIUHOCTb H3JIYlJeHHlI
CBeTO.l(HO.l(a B nOJIyc<j>epy, pacnOJIO)l{eHHYIO BblIIIe nJIOCKOH nOBepXHOCTH CBeTO.l(HO-
YCJIOBHe nOJIyqeHHSI COKycHpoBaHHoro H306pa2KeHHSI onHCbIBaeT ypaBHeHHe JIHH3bI
(22.13)
.l(a, paBHa 1 MBT. ,llJIli npOCTOTbI paClJeTOB ClJHTaeM, lJTO HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3JIYlJeHHlI CBeTO.l(HO.l(a He 3aBHCHT OT yrJIa BbIBO.l(a H3JIYlJeHHlI. Tpe6yeTcli OIIpe.l(eJIHTb MaKCHMaJIbHYIO MOIUHOCTb H3JIYlJeHHlI, BBO.l(HMOrO B BOJIOKHO.
PemeHHe r.zr.e
do
H
CTBeHHO,
d[ -
f-
YJIyqIIIeHHlI OIITHlJeCKOH CB1I3H MO)l{HO .l(06HTbCli IIpH IIOMOIUH BbmYKJIOH JIHH3bl.
paccToSIHHSI OT o6beKTa H H306pa2KeHHSI .zr.o JIHH3bI COOTBeToKycHoe paccToSIHHe JIHH3bI.
,llJIli nOJIYlJeHHlI MaKCHMaJIbHOH 3<j><j>eKTHBHOCTH BBO.l(a Ha.l(O HCIIOJIb30BaTb JIHH3Y C K03<j><j>HUHeHTOM YBeJIHlJeHHlI
M =
62,5
MKM/20 MKM
=
3,125.
I1pH IIOMO-
rA. 22. BOAOlwlilio-onmuliecKue cucmeMbl CBR3U
.448
449
22.7. BecnpoBOalible onmUlieCKue cucmeMbl CBR3U
1,1
I
IJ.Ui TaKoH JIHH3bI BXO,l(HaH anepTypa BOJIOKHa YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH OT Bair = 11 ,5° ,l(O BLED = 35,9°. TeJIeCHbIH yrOJI, onpe,l(eJIHeMbIH BeJIH'lHHOH BLED, paBeH = 1,19. ITOCKOJIbKY 1 MBT - MOlll.HOCTb H3JIY'leHHH CBeTO,l(HO,l(a B nOJIyc!Pepy, 3a,l(aBaeMYIO TeJIeCHbIM yrJIOM 211", MOlll.HOCTb H3JIY'leHHH, BBO,l(HMOrO B BOJIOKHO, paBHHeTCH 0,189 MBT.
n
B
CliCTeMax CBSl3l1 'laCTO lICrrOJIb3YIOT CBeTOJI.110JI.bI C corJIacYIOml1MI1
JII1H3aMI1. Ha Pl1c.
22.8
rrOKa3aH MI1KPOCHI1MOK CBeTO,l(110JI.a co BCTpoeHHoM
JII1H30M. l-hJIY'laIOmaSl 06JIaCTb TaKoro CBeTOJI.110JI.a paBHa MeTp JII1H3bI OKOJIO
80
20
MKM, a JI.l1a-
MKM.
rrOCKOJIbKY OHI1, B OTJIl1ql1e OT I1CTO'lHI1KOB BI1JI.I1MOrO 113JIyqeHI1S1, He BbI3bIBaIOT pa3JI.pa)KeHI1S1 11 He OTBJIeKaIOT BHI1MaHl1e JIIOJI.eM. . C II.eJIbIO 06eCrre'IeHI1S1 3aml1TbI qeJIOBeqeCKI1X rJIa3 OT B03JI.eMCTBI1S1 113JIyqeHI1S1 JI.JISI OrrTl1qeCKliX rrepeJI.aTql1KOB BBeJII1 rrapaMeTp MOmHOCTb 113JIyqeHI1S1. Ha JI.JII1He BOJIHbI 06bl'IHO
OrpaHl1qeHa
BOJIH, Harrpl1Mep
HeCKOJIbKI1MI1
1500
870
MaKCliMaJIbHaSl
HM OrrTl1'IeCKaSl MOmHOCTb
MI1JIJII1BaTTaMI1.
Ha JI.pyrl1x JI.JII1HaX
HM, JI.OrrYCKaIOTCSI 60JIbllIHe MOmHOCTI1 113JIyqeHI1M.
)l.l1arra30H JI.JII1H BOJIH B paMoHe
1500
HM C'Il1TaeTCSI 6e30rracHbIM JI.JISI rJIa3,
rrOCKOJIbKY TaKoe 113JIY'IeHI1e rrorJIOmaeTCSI pOrOBI1II.eM rJIa3a 11 He JI.OCTl1raeT ero CeTqaTKI1.
~80MKM~
I1PI1 rrepeJI.a'Ie Cl1rHaJIOB Ha KOpOTKl1e paCCTOSlHI1S1 B03JI.YX MO)KHO Cql1TaTb CpeJI.OM, He BHOCSlmeM HI1KaKI1X JI.OrrOJIHI1TeJIbHbIX rrOTepb. Ho B CJIyqae I1CTO'IHI1KOB HeKOJIJIlIMl1pOBaHHoro CBeTa 113-3a paCXO)KJI.eHI1S1 JIY'IeM I1HTeHCI1BHOCTb OrrTl1'IeCKliX Cl1rHaJIOB 6YJI.eT CHI1)KaTbCSI JI.a)Ke B B03JI.yxe. )l.JISI U30mponlibiX U3AYliameAeu I1HTeHCI1BHOCTb rraJI.aeT rrpOrrOpII.110HaJIbHO KBaJI.paTY paCCTOSlHI1S1 :
(22.19) rJI.e
P-
OrrTl1'IeCKaSl MOmHOCTb 113JIyqeHI1S1 I1CTOqHlIKa
CBeTa,
r -
pac-
CTOSlHl1e OT I1CTOqHI1Ka. CHI1)KeHl1e I1HTeHCI1BHOCTI1 113JIY'IeHI1S1 B CI1CTePHC. 22.8. CepHHHo BbIIIycKaeMbIH CBeTO,l(HO,l( co BCTpoeHHoH JIlIH30H, HCnOJIb3YeMbIH B CHCTeMax CBH3H (a). JIHH3a, BbITpaBJIeHHaH !POToXHMH'leCKHM cnoco60M B nO,l(JIO)!{Ke GaAs (6). (AT&T ODL product line, 1995)
Max JI.I1CTaHII.110HHOro
yrrpaBJIeHI1S1
CI1JIbHO
OTJIlI'IaeTCSI
OT
ee
rraJI.eHI1S1
B BOJIOKOHHO-OrrTI1'IeCKI1X CI1CTeMaX CBSl311. CKOPOCTb CHI1)KeHI1S1 I1HTeHCI1BHOCTI1 orrpeJI.eJISleT rrpeJI.eJIbI lICrrOJIb30BaHI1S1 CI1CTeM JI.I1CTaHII.110HHOM CBSl311. B CJIyqae KOJIJII1Ml1pOBaHHbIX JIyqeM 3TOM rrp06JIeMbI He cymecTByeT 11 OpraHI13aII.l1S1 rrepeJI.aql1 Cl1rHaJIOB . Ha
HeCKOJIbKO KI1JIOMeTpOB B XOPOllIl1X aTMoccpepHbIX YCJIOBI1S1X (6e3 TyMa-
22.7.
BeCnpOBO.lJ;Hble OnTHqeCKHe CHCTeMbI CBR3H
Ha 11 OCaJI.KOB) He SlBJISleTCSI Hepa3pellIliMOM 3aJI.aqeM. B
TaKI1X CI1CTeMaX
B Ka'IeCTBe I1CTOqHI1Ka KOJIJII1Ml1pOBaHHoro lI3JIyqeHI1S1 06bIqHO I1CrrOJIb3YIOT CHCTeMbI OrrTl1'IeCKOM CBSl3H 'Iepe3 CB060JI.HOe rrpOCTpaHCTBO 06ecrreql1BaIOT HI13KYIO 11 CpeJI.HIOIO CKOPOCTb rrepeJI.aql1 JI.aHHbIX (Carruthes, Heatley et aI.,
1998;
Kahn, Barry,
2001).
B
2002;
rrOJIyrrpOBOJI.HI1KOBble JIa3epbI, 06eCrre'Il1BaIOml1e reHepaII.I1IO JIY'IeM C OqeHb MaJIOM rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHOM paCXOJI.I1MOCTbIO.
OCHOBHOM TaKl1e CI1CTeMbI
HCIWJlCeHUe 11 BpeMeHHa51 3aaepJICIW, 06YCAOBAeHHbie MH080AYlieBbiM
I1CrrOJIb3YIOT JI.JISI JI.HCTaHII.110HHOro yrrpaBJIeHI1S1 6bITOBbIMI1 rrpl160paMI1-
pacnpocmpaHeHueM CU8HaAOB, cepbe3HO OrpaHl1ql1BaIOT CKOPOCTb rrepeJI.a-
paJI.l1oarrrrapaTypoM 11 TeJIeB1130paMI1. )l.pyrl1e rrpI1MeHeHI1S1: JI.I1CTaHII.110HHOe
'Ill JI.aHHbIX B CB060JI.HOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe. Ha Pl1c.
yrrpaBJIeHl1e OTKpbITl1eM-3aKpbITl1eM JI.BepeM aBTOM06I1JIeM, 6eCrrpOBOJI.HaSl
HI1KHOBeHI1S1 TaKI1X I1CKa)KeHI1M. JIyq CBeTa OT OrrTlI'IeCKOrO rrepeJI.aT'II1Ka
CBSl3b Me)KJI.Y KOMrrbIOTepoM 11 rrepl1cpepl1MHbIMI1 YCTpoMcTBaMI1 -
MbIllIbIO,
KJIaBHaTypoM 11 rrpl1HTepoM.
22.9
rrOKa3aHa cxeMa B03-
MO)KeT JI.OCTliraTb rrpl1eMHI1Ka HeCKOJIbKI1MI1 rrYTSlMI1. 9TO qaCTO rrpol1cxoJI.I1T B KOMHaTaX C 60JIbllII1M ql1CJIOM CI1JIbHO OTpa)KaIOml1X rroBepxHocTeM -
I10CKOJIbKY rrpl1 rrepeJI.aqe CI1rHaJIOB'Iepe3 cB060JI.HOe rrpOCTpaHCTBO
6eJIoro rrOTOJIKa, CTeH 11 3epKaJI. CymecTByeT rrpaBI1JIO OII.eHKI1 MaKCI1-
CTeHbI 11 rrOJIbI C03JI.aIOT rrperpaJI.bI JI.JISI rrpOXO)KJI.eHI1S1 JIY'IeM. CBeTa, 3TlI
MaJIbHOM JI.JII1HbI TpaeKTOp1111 Cl1rHaJIa: OHa paBHa JI.BOMHOMY KpaTqaMllIeMY
CliCTeMbI CBSl3l1 pa60TaIOT TOJIbKO B rrpeJI.eJIax rrpSlMOM BI1JI.lIMOCTli. Me6eJIb
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R. H., Lee T. P., and Burrus C. A. "Light-emitting-diode device design" in Lightwave Communications Technology edited by W. T. Tsang, Semiconductors and Semimetals 22 Part C, (Academic Press, San Diego, 1985). Schubert E. F. and Hunt N. E. J. "Enhancement of spontaneous emission in microcavities" in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers edited by C. Wilmsen,
Saul
H. Temkin, and L. A. Coldren (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999). Schubert E. F., Wang Y-H., Cho A. Y., Tu L.-W., and Zydzik G. J. "Resonantcavity light-emitting diode" Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 921 (1992). Schubert E. F., Hunt N. E. J., Micovic M., Malik R. J., Sivco D. L., Cho A. Y, and Zydzik G. J. "Highly efficient light-emitting diodes with microcavities" Science 265, 943 (1994). Streubel K. and Stevens R. "250 Mbit/s plastic fibre transmission using 660 nm resonant cavity light emitting diode" Electron. Lett. 34, 1862 (1998). Streubel K., Helin U., Oskarsson V., Backlin E., and Johansson A. "High brightness visible (660 nm) resonant-cavity light-emitting diode" IEEE Photonics Technol.Lett. 10, 1685 (1998). Whitaker T. "Resonant cavity LEDs" Compound Semiconductors 1999).
5
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cf!lIpMa {lIcT. 160001, r. BOJIor.lla, YJI. lJ:eJIlOCKIIH~eB, 3 TeJI.: (8172) 72-55-31, 72-61-75, cf!aKc: (8172) 72-60-72 E-mail: [email protected] http://www. vologda/rvpfpv