Английский язык: Контрольные работы N1-4 по специальности 130301 (080100) ''Геологическая съемка, поиски и разведка месторождений полезных ископаемых''

Ф Е Д Е РАЛ Ь Н О Е АГ Е Н Т С Т В О П О О БРАЗО В АН И Ю В О РО Н Е Ж С КИ Й Г О С У Д АРС Т В Е Н Н Ы Й У Н И В Е РС И Т Е Т

К онтрольные работы № 1, 2, 3, 4 поспе циальности 130301 (080100) “Г е ологиче скаясъемка, поиски и разв е д ка ме сторож д е ний поле зных ископае мых ” Г С Э Ф .01 (английский язык)

В ороне ж 2004

2

У тв е рж д е но нау чно-ме тод иче ским

сов е том

ге ологиче ского ф акульте та

(16.12.04, протокол № 4 от16 д е кабря2004 г.)

С остав ите ли: Т итов аЛ .Н . Д олж иков аК.Ю .

Контрольные работы под готов ле ны на каф е д ре английского языка ф акульте таРГ Ф В ороне ж скогогосу д арств е нногоу нив е рсите та. Ре коме нд у ю тся д лясту д е нтов заочногоотд е ле нияге ологиче скогоф акульте та.

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Т РЕ БО В АН И Я К В Ы П О Л Н Е Н И Ю КО Н Т РО Л Ь Н Ы Х РАБО Т Контрольные

работы присылаю тся или приносятся на се ссию

в

опре д е ле нные у че бным планом сроки. Е сли в работе были д опу щ е ны ош ибки, сту д е нт д олж е н их исправ ить в той ж е те трад и, с у че том ре коме нд аций пров е ряв ш е гоработу пре под ав ате ля. В ов ре мя се ссии сту д е нт д олж е н быть готов отв е тить на лю бой в опрос пре под ав ате ля, име ю щ ий отнош е ние кв ыполне нной работе . Контрольные работы д олж ны в ыполняться в отд е льной те трад и. Н а облож ке те трад и у казыв аю тся: ф акульте т; курс; гру ппа; ф амилия, имя и отче ств о; д атав ыполне нияконтрольной работы и е е номе р. Контрольные работы сле д у е т в ыполнять че тким, разборчив ым поче рком, остав ляя поля не ме не е 20 мм д ля заме чаний препод ав ате ля. О бязате льно строгое соблю д е ние

после д ов ате льности в ыполне ния зад аний. Н аличие

заголов ков (ф орму лиров окзад ания) ккаж д ому зад анию работы обязате льно. Д опу скаю тсятолькообщ е принятые сокращ е ния. Н е отв е чаю щ ая д анным тре бов аниям или в ыполне нная не полностью контрольнаяработа, не засчитыв ае тсяи в озв ращ ае тсябе з пров е рки. Н е обх од имые

д ля

в ыполне ния

контрольных

работ

основ ные

грамматиче ские те мы: 1. М е стоиме ния:

личные ,

притяж ате льные ,

в озв ратные ,

у казате льные,

не опре д е ле нные . 2. О боротthere be. 3. С пряж е ние глаголов в Present, Past, Future Simple (Active и Passive). 4. С пряж е ние глаголов в Present, Past, Future Continuous (Active и Passive). 5. С пряж е ние глаголов в Present, Past, Future Perfect (Active и Passive). 6. С пряж е ние глаголов в Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous (Active). 7. – ing ф ормы. 8. И нф инитив и инф инитив ные обороты.

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В

соотв е тств ии с у че бным планом сту д е нты заочного отд е ле ния

ге ологиче скогоф акульте та в 1, 2 и 3 се ме страх сд аю т заче ты, а в 4 се ме стре (ле тняясе ссия, II ку рс) – экзаме н. С ту д е нты, посе тив ш ие практиче ские занятия и полу чив ш ие заче т по контрольным работам д опу скаю тся к сд аче экзаме на. Н а экзаме не сту д е нт д олж е н, пользу ясь слов аре м, письме нно пе ре в е сти те кст по спе циальности, краткопе ре д атье госод е рж ание , атакж е отв е титьнав опросы пре под ав ате ляпо те ксту . С ту д е нт-заочник д олж е н у ме ть отв е тить на в опросы о се бе , об у нив е рсите те , осв оей бу д у щ е й проф е ссии. Г рамматиче ский мате риал пров е ряе тся в ф орме контрольных работ или те стов . П ри в ыполне нии контрольных

работ ре коме нд у е тся использов ать

сле д у ю щ ие у че бники и у че бные пособия: Л ю д в игов а Е .В ., Баж е нов а С .М ., П ав лов а Э .С ., С е д ов Д .Г . У че бник английского языка д ля в у зов заочного обу че ния. – М .: В ысш ая ш кола; Н ов ицкая Т .М ., К у чин Н .Д . П рактиче ская грамматикаанглийскогоязыка. – М .: В ысш аяш кола; Бараков аМ .Я ., Ж у рав ле в а Р.И . Английский языкд лягорных инж е не ров . – М .: В ысш аяш кола.

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К О Н ТР О Л Ь Н А Я Р А Б О ТА № 1 Г РАМ М АТ И К А 1. Артикль. 2. И мя су щ е ств ите льное. М нож е ств е нное число. О бщ ий и притяж ате льный пад е ж . 3. М е стоиме ния: личные , притяж ате льные , у казате льные , не опре д е ле нные (some, any, no) и их произв од ные . 4. Количе ств е нные и поряд ков ые числительные . 5. С те пе ни срав не нияприлагате льных и наре чий. 6. О боротthere be и е гопе ре в од нару сский язык. 7. У потре бле ние much, many, a lot of, few, a few, little, a little. ЗАД АН И Е № 1 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния. Заполните пробе лы, использу я не опре д е ле нные ме стоиме ния

some, any или не опре д е ле нный артикль a/an. П е ре в е д ите

пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. 1. There are . . . . pictures on the wall. 2. Can I have . . . . apple, please? 3. Are there . . . . books in the living room? 4. There aren’t . . . . good restaurants in our town. 5. There’s . . . . newsagent’s opposite the post office. 6. John has . . . . trees in his gardens. 7. Are there . . . . English students in your class? 8. There’s . . . . orange on the table. 9. There aren’t . . . . photographs on the wall. 9. There are . . . . plates next to the sink.

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ЗАД АН И Е № 2 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния. Заполните пробе лы, использу я артикли a, an, the. П е ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. 1. I have . . . . breakfast at eight o’clock. 2. I read . . . . “Times” every day. 3. Peter goes to . . . . school by . . . . bus. 4. Can I have . . . . ham sandwich, please? 5. Please close . . . . window. It’s cold! 6. What time do you go to . . . . bed? 7. Paul Newman is . . . . actor. 8. I liked playing . . . . volleyball on . . . . beach. 9. Sylvia doesn’t go to . . . . work by . . . . car. 10. David has . . . . house in . . . London. ЗАД АН И Е № 3 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния. Заполните пробе лы, использу я не опре д е ле нные ме стоиме ния

something/anything,

someone/anyone,

somewhere/anywhere.

П е ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. 1. “Did you meet . . . . interesting at the party?” 2. “Yes, I met . . . . who knows you. His name’s Alan Clark.” 3. “Ouch! There’s . . . . in my eye!” 4. “Let me have a look. I can’t see . . . . .” 5. “Let’s go . . . . hot for our holiday.” 6. “OK. But I don’t want to go . . . . that’s too expensive!” 8. “I’m bored! I want . . . . interesting to read, or . . . . interesting to talk to, or . . . . interesting to go!” ЗАД АН И Е № 4 П е ре пиш ите

пре д лож е ния.

Заме ните

ме стоиме ниями в объе ктном пад е ж е .

под че ркну тые

слов а

личными

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О бразе ц: Open the window. Open it. 1. Give that book to Nelly. 2. Ask Peter and Nelly to come to us. 3. Learn this rule, please. 4. Tell John to come here. 5. Ask Helen to clear the table after dinner. ЗАД АН И Е № 5 П е ре пиш ите

пре д лож е ния,

сод е рж ащ ие

притяж ате льные

ме стоиме ния.

Заме ните пе рв у ю ф орму притяж ате льных ме стоимений в торой (абсолю тной). О бразе ц: It’s our school. It’s ours. 1. It’s my book. 2. It’s your car. 3. They’re their toys. 4. They’re her jeans. 5. This is my wallet. 6. This is your present. 7. These are your cigarettes. Where are my cigarettes? ЗАД АН И Е № 6 П е ре пиш ите пред лож е ния. С д е лайте в се не обх од имые изме не ния, у потре бив у казате льные ме стоиме ниямнож е ств е нногочисла. a) This is a match. – These are matches. b) That is a cap. – Those are caps. 1. This is a big bag.

1. That is a pan.

2. This is a letter.

2. That is a fat cat.

3. This is a tent.

3. That is a book.

4. This is a teacher.

4. That is a table.

5. This is a new dress.

5. That is a black dog.

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ЗАД АН И Е № 7 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния. П остав ьте пре д лож е ния в

в опросительну ю

и

отрицате льну ю ф ормы; произв е д ите изме не ния, гд е не обх од имо. П е ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. О бразе ц: There are some books on the table. – Are there any books on the table? – There are no books on the table./There aren’t any books on the table. – Н а столе (е сть) не сколькокниг. 1. There is a pen in my bag. 2. There were some mistakes in your test paper. 3. There is a dressing table in the bedroom. 4. There is a cupboard in the kitchen. 5. There is a map on the wall of our classroom. 6. There are dictionaries on this table. 7. There was a meeting in our group yesterday. 8. There was a lot of snow last winter. 9. There is some chalk in the box. 10. There were a lot of pictures on the walls of his study. ЗАД АН И Е № 8 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния. Заполните пробе лы, использу я much, many, a lot of, few, a few, little, a little. П е ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. 1. There are some potatoes. But only . . . . . 2. There are . . . . cars parked in the street. 3. Is there . . . . milk? 4. Are there . . . . unemployed people in your town. 5. How . . . . homework do you have tonight? 6. We don’t need . . . . eggs. 7. There’s . . . . whisky left. Help yourself! 8. There is . . . . (мало) furniture in this room. 9. There are only . . . . cigarettes in the box.

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10.There are . . . . glasses. We don’t need any more. ЗАД АН И Е № 9 1. Н апиш ите : а) количе ств е нные , б) поряд ков ые числите льные . О бразе ц: 10 – ten, (the) tenth 1, 11, 2, 12, 20, 3, 13, 30, 4, 14, 40, 5, 15, 50, 6, 16, 60, 7, 17, 70, 8, 18, 80, 9, 19, 90, 23, 31, 46, 52, 65, 76, 98 2. Н апиш ите числите льные . О бразе ц: 110 – a hundred and ten 100, 568, 101, 1000, 4268, 6005, 1204, 782, 9044, 378 ЗАД АН И Е № 10 1.Oбразу йте

срав ните льну ю

и

пре в осх од ну ю

сте пе ни

сле д у ю щ их

прилагате льных : О бразе ц: small – smaller – (the) smallest; interesting – more interesting – (the) most interesting fast, small, safe, old, healthy, good, expensive, dirty, noisy, bad, big, hot, interesting, dangerous, little 2. П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, у потре бив срав ните льные констру кции as … as, not so… as, than: О бразе ц: This boy is as tall as you are. I am not as tired as my mother. My book is more interesting than your book. 1. Nothing is more pleasant . . . to sit in a comfortable chair and read an interesting book. 2. Your sister is younger . . . his. 3. The dining-room is much bigger . . . the study. 4. Our teacher is not . . . old . . . theirs. 5. My brother is older . . . I am, but his is younger . . . my sister. 6. The study is not . . . big . . . the bedroom. 7. The Sun is bigger . . . the Earth.

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8. This street is . . . wide . . . the next one. 9. His radio set is . . . powerful . . . mine. 10. This English book is not . . . difficult . . . that one. 11. This woman is . . . beautiful . . . you are. ЗАД АН И Е № 11 Н апиш ите ф орму множ е ств е нногочисла сле д у ю щ их су щ е ств ите льных . Д айте транскрипцию произнош е нияокончания. О бразе ц: desk – desks [s], pen – pens [z], copy – copies [z], branch – branches [iz], tooth - teeth day, boy, girl, bag, student, map, plant, box, class, branch, kiss, city, family, party, life, wife, leaf, man, woman, foot, child, ox ЗАД АН И Е № 12 О бразу йте притяж ате льный пад е ж сле д у ю щ их су щ е ств ите льных . О бразе ц: my brother (dog) – my brother’s dog, women (room) – women’s room friends (house), his sister (cat), Ann (car), John (trousers), boys (room), children (toys), our teacher (table), this student (book) ЗАД АН И Е № 13 П рочитайте те кст. П исьме нно у каж ите , какие пре д лож е ния соотв е тств у ю т сод е рж анию те кста.

IGNEOUS ROCKS 1. Igneous rocks have crystallized from solidified magma. Igneous rocks can be classified in a number of ways and one of them is based on mode of occurrence. They occur either as intrusive (below the surface) bodies or as extrusive masses solidified at the Earth’s surface. The terms “intrusive” and “extrusive” refer to the place where rocks solidified.

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2. The grain size of igneous rocks depends on their occurrence. The intrusive rocks generally cool more slowly than the extrusive rocks and crystallize to a larger grain size. The coarser-grained intrusive rocks with grain size of more than 0.5 mm called plutonic or abyssal are referred to as intrusive igneous rocks because they are intruded into older pre-existing rocks. Extrusive or volcanic rocks have even finer grains, less than 0.05 mm and are glassy. 3. Exposed igneous rocks are most numerous in mountain zones for two reasons. First, the mountain belts have been zones of major deformation. Second, uplifts in mountain belts have permitted plutonic masses to be formed. 4. The largest bodies of igneous rocks are called batholiths. Batholiths cooled very slowly. This slow cooling permitted large mineral grains to form. It is not surprising that batholiths are composed mainly of granitic rocks with large crystals called plutons. As is known, granites and diorites belong to the group of intrusive or plutonic rocks formed by solidification of igneous mass under the Earth’s crust. Granites sometimes form smaller masses called stocks, when the occurrence has an irregular shape but smaller dimensions than the batholiths. 5. Laccoliths and sills, which are very similar, are intruded between sedimentary rocks. Sills are thin and they may be horizontal, inclined or vertical. Laccoliths are thicker bodies and in some cases they form mountains. 6. Dykes are also intrusive bodies. They range in thickness from a few inches to several thousand feet. Dykes are generally much longer than they are wide. Most dykes occupy cracks and have straight parallel walls. These bodies cool much more rapidly and are commonly fine-grained. For example, granite may occur in dykes that cut older rocks. 7. Pegmatites (quartz, orthoclase and mica) also belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive rocks. They occur in numerous veins which usually cut through other plutonites, most often granite, or adjacent rocks. 8. Extrusive igneous rocks have been formed from lava flows which come from fissures to the surface and form fields of volcanic rocks such as rhyolite, andesite, basalt, as well as volcanic ashes and dust, tuff, etc. As a rule, these rocks of volcanic

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origin cool rapidly and are fine-grained. It is interesting to note that basalt is the most abundant of all lava types. It is the principal rock type of the ocean floor. 9. Igneous rocks are rich in minerals that are important economically or have great scientific value. Igneous rocks and their veins are rich in iron, gold, zinc, nickel and other ferrous metals.

1. Igneous rocks have been formed by sedimentation. 2. Intrusive rocks have been formed by the cooling of rocks of the Earth’s crust. 3. Extrusive rocks have been formed in the same way. 4. The grain size of igneous rocks depends on mode of occurrence. 5. Exposed igneous rocks are numerous in mountain zones. 6. Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocks. 7. As a rule, granite may occur in dykes. 8. Pegmatites do not belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive rocks ЗАД АН И Е № 14 П е ре пиш ите в опросы и письме нноотв е тьте наних . 1. Have igneous rocks crystallized from magma of have they been formed by sedimentation? 2. What types of igneous rocks do you know? 3. What does the grain size of igneous rocks depend on? 4. Can you give an example of intrusive or plutonic rocks? 5. Are diorites intrusive or extrusive formations? 6. What do you know about batholiths? 7. Do pegmatites belong to the group of plutonic or volcanic rocks? 8. How do pegmatites occur? 9. What minerals are igneous rocks rich in? ЗАД АН И Е № 15 П исьме ннопере в ед ите 1, 2, 4 и 9 абзацы те кста.

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К О Н ТР О Л Ь Н А Я Р А Б О ТА № II Г РАМ М АТ И К А 1. В ре ме нагру ппы Simple актив ногои пассив ногозалога. 2. П ричастие II. 3. М од альные глаголы can, may и их эквив але нты. ЗАД АН И Е № 1 П рочитайте те кст. П исьме нно у каж ите , какие пре д лож е ния соотв е тств у ю т сод е рж анию те кста.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1.The rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into three main groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been derived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks. 2. Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups of rocks that make up the crust of the Earth. Most sedimentary rocks have originated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified. Thus, stratification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks. It is necessary to note that the processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us. 3. Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms. It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth’s crust is made up of igneous rocks and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary. In contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on the Earth’s surface is three times that of igneous rocks. 4. Strictly speaking, sedimentary rocks form a very small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth’s crust. On the contrary, about three quarters of the Earth’s surface

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is occupied by sedimentary rocks. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth’s surface. 5. The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay. Such sediments as gravel, sand and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind. 6. Mechanical sediments can by unconsolidated and consolidated. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles (grains). 7. On the Earth’s surface we also find consolidated rocks, which are very similar to the loose sediments whose particles are firmly cemented to one another by some substance. The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others. Thus sandstones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sand grains, more or less consolidated. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into finegrained, medium-grained and coarse-grained. 8. On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of deposits of accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive chemical action of water. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others are formed through sedimentation of mineral substances that are dissolved in water. 9. Sediments can also be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics. They are called organic sediments. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments. 10. The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal. 11. As is known, water, wind and organisms are called external forces, because their action depends on the energy which our planet receives from the Sun.

1. The rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into two main groups.

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2. Igneous rocks are composed of particles of pre-existing rocks. 3. Sedimentary rocks are stratified. 4. Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers. 5. Igneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks. 6. Conglomerates are formed as a result of the accumulation of materials caused by the destructive mechanical action of water. 7. Sandstones are consolidated rocks. 8. Clays are unconsolidated mechanical sediments. 9. Chemical sediments are formed by the destructive chemical action of water. 10. Peat and coal are organic sediments which are of great practical value. 11. Clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimentation period and clay was formed later. ЗАД АН И Е № 2 П е ре пиш ите в опросы и письме нноотв е тьте наних . 1. What main groups of rocks do you know? 2. Do sedimentary rocks consist of particles of pre-existing rocks? 3. How have igneous rocks been formed? 4. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated? 5. What is the most important characteristic feature of sediments? 6. Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth’s crust? 7. Is gravel a consolidated mechanical sediment? And what about sand and clay? 8. What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be used as a cementing substance? 9. What types of sandstones exist? 10. What are the most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks? 11. Can you give an example of organic sediments? How are they formed 12. Why are water, wind and organisms called external forces?

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ЗАД АН И Е № 3 П исьме ннопере в ед ите 3, 4, 5, 6 и 9 абзацы те кста. ЗАД АН И Е № 4 П е ре пиш ите пред лож е ния, под че ркните сказу е мые , в скобках у каж ите в ре мя и залог, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. О бразе ц: Minerals and rocks are widely utilized by modern industry. (are utilized – Present Simple Passive) М ине ралы и горные пород ы ш ироко использу ю тся в сов ре ме нной промыш ле нности. 1. Geology is a science which deals with the history of the earth and its inhabitants. 2. The atmosphere is heated by the heat from the sun. 3. These rocks were formed from remains of plants. 4. This airplane will land safely on ice in two hours. 5. Prehistoric man used the water from springs, rivers, lakes. 6. The results of the research will be reported by the group of scientists. 7. Ice is never formed in the sea near the British Isles. ЗАД АН И Е № 5 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, под че ркните причастие II, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ния нару сский язык. О бразе ц: 71% of the earth’s area covered with water is called hydrosphere. 71% площ ад и зе мли, покрытой в од ой, назыв ае тсягид росф е рой. 1. Seas entirely enclosed by land are very salty. 2. A large tract of land drained by a river is called the basin of the river. 3. The lithosphere composed of solid rocky material makes up the greater portion of the earth. 4. The blanket of the air called the atmosphere covers the rocks and the waters of the earth. 5. Sometimes the molten rock known as magma is forced out to the surface of the earth.

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6. When burnt coal produces heat. 7. They will carry out the additional experiments when needed. ЗАД АН И Е № 6 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, под че ркните слов а, оканчив аю щ ие ся на су ф ф икс – ed, опред е лите их грамматиче ские ф у нкции, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ния на ру сский язык. О бразе ц: A piece of land separated from larger masses and surrounded by sea or by water is called an island. Separated - причастие II, опре д е ле ние , surrounded причастие II, опре д е ле ние , called – причастие II в состав е сказу е мого, стоящ е го в Present Simple Passive. Часть су ш и, отд е ле нная от мате рика и окру ж е нная море м или д ру гими в од ами, назыв ае тсяостров ом. 1. The moon probably separated from the earth at a very early stage in the history of our planet. 2. Glaciers (ле д ники) deposited their loads on land, in fresh water or in the sea. 3. Man makes many uses of the clays deposited in lakes. 4. We can tell the relative ages of the beds (слой) on the basis of the fossils (окаме не лости) contained in them. 5. The rock samples contained fossils of marine plants and animals. 6. The method of investigation used by him is very interesting. 7. He used new data (д анные ) in his research work. 8. A lot of interesting data were used in this paper. ЗАД АН И Е № 7 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, под че ркните мод альный глагол или е гоэквив але нт, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. О бразе ц: You can get there by bus. – Т ы мож е ш ьд обратьсяту д анаав тобу се . 1. A stream may transport cobbles from the mountains toward a delta, but the cobbles may never complete the journey.

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2. Some sand and gravel deposited between 30 and 40 million years ago can by dug with a hand shovel. 3. Fossils can be used in the correlation of rock formations. 4. Metamorphism goes on deep beneath the surface of the earth where we are unable to observe what is taking place. 5. This molten rock was able to cool very slowly underground. 6. It seems quite certain that we will be able to visit the other planets. 7. He says that he will be allowed to keep the book for seven days. К О Н ТР О Л Ь Н А Я Р А Б О ТА № III Г РАМ М АТ И К А 1. В ре ме нагру ппы Continuous актив ногои пассив ногозалога. 2. П ричастие I. 3. – ing ф ормы. 4. М од альные глаголы must, have to, should, ought to, be to. ЗАД АН И Е № 1 П рочитайте те кст. П исьме нно у каж ите , какие пре д лож е ния соотв е тств у ю т сод е рж анию те кста.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS 1. The problem discussed concerns metamorphic rocks which compose the third large family of rocks. “Metamorphic” means “changed from”. It shows that the original rock has been changed from its primary form to a new one. Being subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids beneath the Earth’s surface, various rocks in the Earth’s crust undergo changes in texture, in mineral composition and structure and are transformed into metamorphic rocks. The process described is called metamorphism.

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2. As is known, metamorphic rocks have been developed from earlier igneous and sedimentary rocks by the action of heat and pressure. 3. Gneisses, mica schists, phyllites, marbles, slate, quartz, etc. belong to the same group of rocks. Having the same mineral composition as granite, gneisses consist chiefly of quartz, orthoclase and mica. However unlike granite, they have a schistose structure. It means that their constituents are disturbed in bands or layers and run parallel to each other in one direction. If disturbed the rock cleaves easily into separate plates. 4. The role of water in metamorphism is determined by at least four variable geologically related parameters: rock pressure, temperature, water pressure, and the amount of water present. 5. During a normal progressive metamorphism rock pressure and temperature are interdependent, and the amount of water and the pressure of water are related to the sediments and to the degree of metamorphism in such a way that, generally speaking, the low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the excess of water. The medium-grade rocks defined by some deficiency of water and the high-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water. 6. Many of the metamorphic rocks mentioned above consist of flaky materials such as mica and chlorite. These minerals cause the rock to split into thin sheets, and rocks become foliated. 7. Slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss belong to the group of foliated metamorphic rocks. Marble and quartzite are non-foliated metamorphic rocks. 8. The structure of metamorphic rocks is of importance because it shows the nature of pre-existing rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation. Every trace of original structure is of great importance to geologists. It gives an opportunity of analysing the causes of its metamorphism. 9.Being often called crystalline schists, metamorphic rocks such as gneisses and mica have a schistose structure. Metamorphic rocks represent the oldest portion of the Earth’s crust. They are mostly found in the regions of mountain belts where great dislocations on the Earth once took place.

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1. Generally speaking, metamorphic rocks have been developed from ores. 2. Marble, slate and phillite belong to the group of metamorphic rocks. 3. As is known, unlike granite metamorphic rocks have a schistose structure. 4. It is quite obvious that the role of water in metamorphism is great. 5. As a rule, low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water. 6. Flaky materials cause the rock to split into thin sheets. 7. It should be noted that marble and quartzite are foliated metamorphic rocks. 8. The structure of metamorphic rocks shows the nature of older pre-existing rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation as well. 9. All metamorphic rocks are non-foliated. ЗАД АН И Е № 2 П е ре пиш ите в опросы и письме нноотв е тьте наних . 1. Do you know how metamorphic rocks have been formed? 2. Which rocks belong to the group of metamorphic? 3. Does gneiss have the same structure as granite? 4. Is the role of water great in metamorphism? 5. What rocks do we call foliated? 6. What rocks belong to the group of non-foliated rocks? 7. How can geologists trace the original structure of metamorphic rocks? 8. Why are metamorphic rocks often called crystalline schists? 9. Where are metamorphic rocks mostly found? ЗАД АН И Е № 3 П исьме ннопере в ед ите 3, 5, 6, 7 и 8 абзацы те кста. ЗАД АН И Е № 4 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, под че ркните сказу е мое , в скобках у каж ите в ре мя и залог, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык.

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О бразе ц: Yesterday at 5 o’clock they were working in the laboratory. (Past Continuous Active) В че рав 5 часов они работали в лаборатории. 1. When we came they were making their experiment. 2. They will be working in the mine from 2 p.m. till 8 p.m. 3. New methods of prospecting and extracting useful minerals are being worked out at our research institute. 4. When we came into the hall recent investigations in the northern regions of the country were being spoken about. 5. They are compiling a new map of the Ural mountains now. 6. The lands are being worn down and sediments are accumulating continuously, forming new layers of sedimentary rocks. ЗАД АН И Е № 5 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, под че ркните причастие I, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож ения нару сский язык. О бразе ц: Boiling springs are a feature of many volcanic regions.

Бу рлящ ие

источники х аракте рны д лямногих в у лканиче ских районов . 1. Wind is air moving along the surface of the earth. 2. The earth rotates on its axis moving from west to east. 3. The process of change resulting from exposure of rocks to the influence of the atmosphere is known as weathering. 4. Rain water falling on the surface of rocks decomposes them chemically. 5. The envelope comprising all the water on and near the earth’s surface is called the hydrosphere. 6. Water wears the higher portion of the lithosphere, transports and deposits the resulting sediments in the various lower portions (basins) of the lithosphere. ЗАД АН И Е № 6 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, под че ркните слов а, оканчив аю щ ие ся на су ф ф икс – ing, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык.

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О бразе ц: There is no way of telling the relative ages of these formations at present. В настоящ е е в ре мяне в озмож ноопре д е литьв озрастэтих образов аний. 1. Gas is used for producing synthetic materials. 2. Physical weathering of rocks is most active in desert regions. 3. As a rule opencast mining us used when the deposit lies near the surface. 4. Coke is formed in the process of heating coal in the absence of air. 5. It is difficult to understand the nature of fossils without studying their origin. 6. Denudation is the general term used for the wearing down of land areas. 7. The presence of water in the liquid state plays an important part in determining the nature of the earth’s surface. ЗАД АН И Е № 7 П е ре пиш ите

пре д лож е ния,

под че ркните

мод альный

глагол,

пе ре в е д ите

пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. О бразе ц: He must go to the University every day. О н д олж е н х од ить в у нив е рсите ткаж д ый д е нь. 1. If we are to understand the origin and classification of rocks, we must learn something about the various minerals that compose them. 2. Geologists have to use indirect methods for getting answers to many questions. 3. A tremendous amount of work had to be done to make the present scientific achievements possible. 4. The geologists should know how to make topographic or mine maps. 5. We ought to understand that all mineral deposits are limited in extent. 6. We had to repeat the experiment. 7. Computers are to be widely used in industry. К О Н ТР О Л Ь Н А Я Р А Б О ТА № IV Г РАМ М АТ И К А 1. В ре ме нагру ппы Perfect актив ногои пассив ногозалога.

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2. В ре ме нагру ппы Perfect Continuous. 3. И нф инитив и инф инитив ные обороты. ЗАД АН И Е № 1 П рочитайте те кст. П исьме нно у каж ите , какие пре д лож е ния соотв е тств у ю т сод е рж анию те кста.

PROSPECTING 1. Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the mining activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which involves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product. 2. As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted form the Earth for use by man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter included drilling and driving of openings. 3. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineralization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron. 4. As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science of geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits.

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5. The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geological investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to continue the exploration or not. Prospecting work includes three stages: a) finding signs of the mineral; b) finding the deposit; c) exploring the deposit. 6. General indication of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topographical relief, the type of ground and its general natural conditions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary deposits would be expected. 7. Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals. 8. At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows: 1. Surface geological and mineralogical prospecting such as panning. 2. Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting. 3. Aerial photography with geological interpretation of the data to be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Besides, successful development of space research has made it possible to explore the Earth’s resources from space satellites. 9.In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called proving.

1. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineral deposits. 2. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena. 3. The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of ore deposits. 4. As a rule prospecting includes four stages.

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5. The study of general topographical relief and the type of ground makes it possible to expose this or that deposit. 6. Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a particular type of ground. 7. As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks. ЗАД АН И Е № 2 П е ре пиш ите в опросы и письме нноотв е тьте наних . 1. What is prospecting? 2. What is proving? 3. How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century? 4. Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal or as a heavy darkgrey one? 5. What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron? 6. What does prospecting work provide? 7. What are the three main stages of prospecting? 8. Is it enough to know only the topographical relief of a locality for exposing this or that mineral? 9. What methods of prospecting do you know? 10. What are the most effective aerial methods of prospecting now? ЗАД АН И Е № 3 П исьме ннопере в ед ите 2, 3, 7, 8 и 9 абзацы те кста. ЗАД АН И Е № 4 П е ре пиш ите пред лож е ния, под че ркните сказу е мые , в скобках у каж ите в ре мя и залог, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ниянару сский язык. О бразе ц: I have stayed at my aunt’s since my arrival. (have stayed – Present Perfect Active) Я ж ив у у те ти сов ре ме ни прие зд а.

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1. It has been proved that the materials of the oceanic segments are heavier than those of the continental segments. 2. These engineers have graduated from the University this year. 3. Before he became a research worker the engineer had been working at the mine for 5 years. 4. They will have presented their report by the end of the month. 5. The question will have been solved by the beginning of the new academic year. 6. When he came all the problems had been already discussed. 7. I have been studying English for 8 years already. ЗАД АН И Е № 5 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож е ния, под че ркните инф инитив , пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ния нару сский язык. О бразе ц: To know the principles of electronic instruments is of great importance to specialists. Знание принципов работы эле ктронных приборов име е т больш ое значение д ляспе циалистов . 1. To determine the shape and size of a deposit it is very important to establish its structure. 2. The geological investigations to be carried out include field prospecting and exploration. 3. Hydrochemical prospecting to be described in the article is used for finding uranium, molybdenum, zinc and copper deposits. 4. Now we can begin our experiment. 5. To enter the University you are to pass all exams successfully. 6. To smoke is a bad habit. 7. He likes to read English books very much. 8. She was the first to leave the lecture hall.

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ЗАД АН И Е № 6 П е ре пиш ите пре д лож ения, под че ркните обороты «И ме ните льный пад е ж с инф инитив ом” и “О бъе ктный пад е ж с инф инитив ом”, пе ре в е д ите пре д лож е ния нару сский язык. О бразе ц: She wants her son to become an engineer. О нах оче т, чтобы е е сын стал инж е не ром. 1. He is considered to be a good specialist. 2. My friend is known to have finished school with excellent marks. 3. I want him to be presented with a good book. 4. I saw him to be crossing the street when I looked out of the window. 5. He is said to have been studying English for 5 years. 6. Everybody believes me to have many friends. 7. This girl happened to be my neighbour. 8. He seems to have read many English books.

С остав ите ли: Т итов аЛ ю д милаН иколае в на Д олж иков аКсе нияЮ рье в на Ре д актор:

Бу нинаТ .Д .