ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ ÂÎËÆÑÊÈÉ ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÛÉ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ Ê...
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ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ ÂÎËÆÑÊÈÉ ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÛÉ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ Êàôåäðà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ
ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ Â ÑÔÅÐÅ ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÉ ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÖÈÈ: ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ×àñòü III
Âîëãîãðàä 2001 1
Ñîñòàâèòåëè: êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. Ë.À. Òàðàñîâà cò. ïðåïîäàâàòåëü Â.È. Êèðþøèí
Ðåöåíçåíò: êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. À.Â. Îëÿíè÷
Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ó÷åíîãî ñîâåòà ôàêóëüòåòà ðåãèîíîâåäåíèÿ è ëèíãâèñòèêè ÂÃÈ ÂîëÃÓ
Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé êîììóíèêàöèè: ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå: Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ. ×àñòü III / Ñîñò. Ë.À. Òàðàñîâà, Â.È. Êèðþøèí. — Âîëãîãðàä: Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2001. — 72 ñ. Äàííàÿ ðàáîòà ñîäåðæèò òåêñòû ïî òåìàòèêå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è óïðàæíåíèÿ, íàïðàâëåííûå íà ðàçâèòèå íàâûêîâ îñìûñëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ, à òàêæå íàâûêîâ óñòíîé ðå÷è â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî îáùåíèÿ. Ïðåäíàçíà÷àåòñÿ ñòóäåíòàì I—II êóðñà èíñòèòóòà, îáó÷àþùèìñÿ ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå».
© Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2001 2
Unit 6
CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S OUTER CRUST The various changes are continually taking place on the surface of the earth. Here is three main kinds of them: a) the wearing away of the land which is called the denudation; b) the removal of material from one part of the earth's outer crust to another, which is called the transportation; c) the sediment of above-mentioned material in new places, which is called deposition. The denudation is taking place because of action of the sun, wind, rain, frost, running water, moving ice, the sea, etc. In the hot parts of earth the sun heats greatly the rocks and debris on the earth's surface all day along, so they expand forming cracks. During the night time the rocks get cold and contract. In a such a way the cracks form. Gradually they become larger and larger and gradually the rock breaks up into small pieces. The wind affects in two ways. For one thing the gale or strong wind blows loose particles of soil and dust them away. For another the wind wears away the land. The gale rises billions of sharp pieces of dust and blows them against a cliff or hard rock, so it gradually demolishes the surface and destroys the hard rock. As for the rain, it has a powerful action especially in hot countries. By forming the endless number of streams, rushs, floods, and trickles it loosens and carries away a great amount of soil. On passing through the air, it absorbs gaseous carbon dioxide, making a solution, which in its turn, dissolves certain kinds of rocks, such as limestoned ones. It's well known, that water under the temperature –4°C expands. So when the water, having sunk into the ground freezes, it causes the cracks to widen. In a such a way, step by step it demolishes the rock. Almost any rain makes streams or trickles, which in their moving produce grooves or little valleys and gradually these valleys become deep canyons. In fact, running water influences the earth's surface greatly, because after rainstorms the powerful streams are running along the valleys moving large masses of stones and sand. In such a case the water stream is cutting its way through solid masses of hard rock. 3
In the mountains and in the cold regions of the earth there are a lot of solid masses of ice. They are called glaciers. In many cases they behave like rivers, descending from the mountains to the valleys and gradually deeping them. Every day the sea is taking away from the land a great deal of soil especially in time of the storm. Each surge hurls a great mass of water against the shore and washes away its soft parts. ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
absorb frost affect gradually gaseous groove amount hurl glacier gale burst carbon land carry limestone influence particle certain rainstorm cliff realize continually removal contract sediment powerful rush crack sink 4
[ b's :b] [frost] [ 'fekt] ['gr dju li] ['geisi s] [gru:v] [ 'maunt] [h :l] ['gl sj ] [geil] [b :st] ['ka:b n] ['l nd] ['k ri] [laim'stoun] ['influ ns] ['pa:tikl] ['s :tn] ['rein'st :m] [klif] ['ri laiz] [k n'tinju li] [ri'mu:v l] ['k ntr kt] ['sedim nt] ['pau ful] [r ] ['kr k] [sink]
- ïîãëîùàòü, âñàñûâàòü - ìîðîç - âîçäåéñòâîâàòü - ïîñòåïåííî - ãàçîîáðàçíûé - êàíàâêà - êîëè÷åñòâî - øâûðÿòü - ëåäíèê - ñèëüíûé âåòåð - âçîðâàòüñÿ, ðàçðàçèòüñÿ - óãëåðîä - çåìëÿ - íåñòè, ïîääåðæèâàòü - èçâåñòíÿê - âëèÿòü - ÷àñòèöà - îïðåäåëåííûé - ëèâåíü - ñêàëà, óòåñ - ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ñåáå, îñîçíàâàòü - íåïðåðûâíî - óäàëåíèå, - ñæèìàòüñÿ, ïåðåìåùåíèå - îñàäîê - ìîùíûé - ñòðåìèòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå, íàïîð - òðåùèíà, ì÷àòüñÿ - òîíóòü, ïîãðóæàòü
crust rock debris soil demolish denudation deposition descend shore destroy dioxide solid dissolve dust solution especially stream surface åxpand surge trickle flood through valley various freeze wear away
['kr st] [r k] ['debri:] [s il] [di'm li ] [dinju'dei n] [dep 'zi n] [di'send] [ :] [dis'tr i] ['dai' ksaid] ['s lid] [di'z lv] ['d st] [s 'lu: n] [is'pe li] ['sri:m] ['s :fis] [iks'p nd] [s :d ] [trikl] [fl d] [ ru:] ['v li] ['v ri s] [fri:z] [w ]
- çåìíàÿ êîðà - ñêàëà, ãîðíàÿ ïîðîäà - îñêîëêè, îáëîìêè ïîðîä - ïî÷âà - ðàçðóøàòü, óíè÷òîæàòü - îáíàæåíèå (ïîðîä) - îñàäîê, îòëîæåíèå - ñïóñêàòüñÿ, ñõîäèòü - áåðåã - óíè÷òîæàòü, ðàçðóøàòü - äâóîêèñü - òâåðäûé, êðåïêèé, ñïëîøíîé, öåëûé - ðàñòâîðÿòü - ïûëü - ðàñòâîð - îñîáåííî - ïîòîê - ïîâåðõíîñòü - ðàñøèðÿòü - áîëüøàÿ âîëíà - ñòðóéêà - çàëèâàòü, çàòîïëÿòü, ïðèëèâ, íàâîäíåíèå - ÷åðåç - äîëèíà - ðàçëè÷íûé - ìîðîçèòü, çàìåðçàòü - èçíàøèâàòü
EXPRESSIONS
above-mentioned a great deal of to take place instead of to lay down at first in its turn
- âûøåóïîìÿíóòûé - ìíîãî, çíà÷èòåëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî - èìåòü ìåñòî, ïðîèñõîäèòü - âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû - îòêëàäûâàòü - ñíà÷àëà - â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü
5
GRAMMAR ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ
Âñå âðåìåíà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îáðàçóþòñÿ èç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ëèöå, ÷èñëå è âðåìåíè è ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Participle II). Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, îíî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ íàä ëèöîì èëè ïðåäìåòîì, îáîçíà÷åííîì ïîäëåæàùèì äàííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîë-ñêàçóåìîå â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ÷àùå âñåãî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: à) Ñî÷åòàíèåì ãëàãîëà «áûòü» ñ êðàòêîé ôîðìîé ïðè÷àñòèÿ. Ïðèìåð: Heat was transformed into work. Ïåðåâîä: Òåïëî áûëî ïðåâðàùåíî â ðàáîòó. á) Ãëàãîëîì ñ îêîí÷àíèåì -ñÿ. Ïðèìåð: The energy is dissi pated in the iron in the form of heat. Ïåðåâîä: Ýíåðãèÿ ðàññåèâàåòñÿ â æåëåçå â ôîðìå òåïëà. â)  íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîëîì â 3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Ïðèìåð: A new device for measuring pressure is being designed now. Ïåðåâîä: Ñåé÷àñ êîíñòðóèðóþò íîâûé ïðèáîð äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ. Ïðèìåð: The engineer was asked to test the device. Ïåðåâîä: Èíæåíåðà ïîïðîñèëè èñïûòàòü ìåõàíèçì. ×àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êîíñòðóêöèè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, ãäå ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ òîëüêî êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì. Ïðèìåð: He was told to bring the tools. Ïåðåâîä: Åìó âåëåëè ïðèíåñòè èíñòðóìåíòû. Åñëè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî ñòîèò îòäåëÿåìûé ïðåäëîã (òî åñòü ïðåäëîã áåç îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê íåìó ïîñëåäóþùèõ ñëîâ), òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è ïîäëåæàùåå àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïðåäëîæíûì äîïîëíåíèåì. Åñëè æå ïðåäëîã íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ, òî ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà. Òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè. 6
Ïðèìåð: Your invention was spoken of at the last meeting. Ïåðåâîä: Î âàøåì èçîáðåòåíèè ãîâîðèëè íà ïðîøëîì ñîáðàíèè. Ïðèìåð: He was sent for as he was only one to help us. Ïåðåâîä: Çà íèì ïîñëàëè, òàê êàê îí áûë åäèíñòâåííûì, êòî ìîã ïîìî÷ü íàì. Ïðèìåð: This book is being looked through now. Ïåðåâîä: Ýòó êíèãó ñåé÷àñ ïðîñìàòðèâàþò. Åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå óêàçàíî äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî, âûðàæåííîå ïðåäëîæíûì äîïîëíåíèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì by, ïîñëåäíåå ÷àñòî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîäëåæàùèì. Ïðèìåð: Your luggage will be looked after by somebody. Ïåðåâîä: Êòî-íèáóäü ïðèñìîòðèò çà âàøèì áàãàæîì. EXERCISES
I. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ñïîñîáû ïåðåäà÷è ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: 1. The statistical theory has been developed quite recently. 2. The science about soils is called edaphology. 3. The result of the experiment is shown in the plot. 4. Objects with negative stability are called unstable. 5. Thermal and other forms of diffusion were discarded. 6. We shall dwell upon the interphase nucleus which has been discussed. 7. A supply of hydrogen must be kept in darkness. 8. A similar explanation can be offered for the melting of a solid. 9. Some words may be added about the course of the reaction. 10. At these frequencies oscillation can be prevented. 11. Solar rays are absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. 12. The increase in nucleic acids in the cell has been studied by biochemistry. 13. The growth law of population is determined by a large number of parameters. 14. Cooling is provided by the circulation of water. 15. The typical spontaneous depolarization of these particles was suggested by Bozler in 1948. 16. In 1894 it was shown by Reinolds that the effect of the flow was negligible. 17. It was suggested by Fobey that some reactions were of agglutinative character. 18. Nobody has been refused a hearing at the conference. 19.The attraction between the molecules is being neglected. 20. The positive particle in the nucleus of the atom was given the name of «proton». 21. Some pressing problems will be discussed at 7
the symposium. 22. Recent discoveries have been greatly assisted by the development of the research technique. 23. Any deduction is usually preceded by a number of experiments and observations. 24. We were informed that a new idea had been advanced at the closing session. 25. More recently some of the results were shown in a simplified form. II. Âûáåðèòå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ îáúåêò íàõîäèòñÿ â: à) Active Voice, b) Passive Voice. Saturn is surrounded..., Mars aroses much interest..., small bodies located..., Jupiter is the giant..., students study..., they are taught, the scientists has been working..., the experiment has been made..., the discovery is much spoken about..., the table was referred to..., the problem will be dealt with..., the article deals with..., the exercises are being done..., the documents had been signed..., the question was being discussed... . III. Ïîñòàâüòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â Passive Voice: 1. Our scientific knowledge determine the entire industrial and agricultural structure. 2. Our immense industrial complex requre an army of highly trained men and women for its mere maintenance to say nothing about its further development. 3. After World War II public attention throughout the world attracted to atomic and hydrogen bombs. 4. More recently we focused our attention on satellites, spaceplatforms, and intercontinental ballistic missiles. 5. Science more and more deeply involves in military problems. 6. In connection with these facts we must face and solve many pressing problems. 7. Natural sciences are more and more influence with our life. 8. Many examples can illusrate this idea. 9. Science has invented countless devices giving comfort to us. 10. Science and technology have materially and intellectually created the world surrounding us. 11. They said me that a big fish had been caught in the river. 12. The wind soon dispelled the fog. 13. He dispatched the wounded deer. 14. She displayed no signs of emotion. IV. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïàðû ïàññèâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé: A
1. a) He was asked to bring his drawings. b) He was told to sign his report. 8
2. a) Next week you will be sent to the expedition. b) Tomorrow you will be given a difficult problem to solve. 3. a) Our students are taught to use lab equi pment. b) Our students are shown the new lab equi pment. B
4. a) The process was watched with great attention. b) The process was watched by the operator with great attention. 5. a) Her example must be followed. b) Her example must be followed by everybody. 6. a) These words can be understood without dictionary. b) These words can be understood by all students. V. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðèìåðàõ íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñ ïîìîùüþ ñëîâ «èçâåñòíî», «îêàçûâàåòñÿ», «ñ÷èòàåòñÿ» è ò. ä.: 1. It was found that the substance was radioactive. 2. It has been shown that a number of species produce aminoacids. 3. It is assumed that the derivative has a constant value. 4. It was thought that the cells passed two main phases during their growth. 5. It is believed that in many instances the explanations have been clarified. 6. Mention has already been made that gold is slowly attacked by fused hydrates and alcali metal hydroxides. 7. There is no doubt that in the course of further development of all sciences extensive use will be made of modern computers. VI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóÿ îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ: 1. Numerous classifications have been used. 2. A more careful approach is needed. 3. Separate coefficients of viscosity are used to establish stresses. 4. Information on the volume of reservoir is required. 5. The large disagreement between the various published data is discussed. 6. The changes taking place are not easily accounted for. 7. The problem of terminology has not been touched upon here. 8. The problem of pollution was attacked next. 9. None of the data on plastic state have been presented at the conference. 10. The method described above is the most accurate and should be followed. 11. Care must be taken in handling radioactive materials as painful and even dangerous burning may result from prolonged exposure to the rays. 12. Chemical methods of purifying water are given much attention to at present. 9
VII. Ïðî÷òèòå, ïåðåâåäèòå è çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ: à) Êîíòèíåíòû Africa [' frik ] - Àôðèêà Antarctica (Antarctic Continent) [ nt'a:ktik ] - Àíòàðêòèäà Asia ['ei ] - Àçèÿ Australia [ :s'treilij ] - Àâñòðàëèÿ Europe ['ju r p] - Åâðîïà South America ['sau 'merik ] - Þæíàÿ Àìåðèêà North America ['n : 'merik ] - Ñåâåðíàÿ Àìåðèêà á) Îêåàíû Antarctic Ocean (Southern Ocean) [ nt'a:ktik ] - Àíòàðêòè÷åñêèé (Þæíûé) îêåàí Arctic Ocean ['a:ktik ] - Ñåâåðíûé Ëåäîâèòûé îêåàí Atlantic Ocean [ t'l ntik] - Àòëàíòè÷åñêèé îêåàí Indian Ocean ['indj n] - Èíäèéñêèé îêåàí Pacific Ocean [p 'sifik] - Òèõèé îêåàí â) Ìîðÿ Adriatic Sea [,eidri' tik] - Àäðèàòè÷åñêîå ìîðå Aegean Sea [i:'d i: n'si:] - Ýãåéñêîå ìîðå Arabian Sea [ 'reibj n] - Àðàâèéñêîå ìîðå Aral Sea ['a:r l] - Àðàëüñêîå ìîðå Azof, Sea of (Azov, Sea of) ['si: v 'az f(v)] - Àçîâñêîå ìîðå Baltic Sea ['b :ltik] - Áàëòèéñêîå ìîðå Barents Sea ['ba:rents] - Áàðåíöîâî ìîðå Bellingshausen Sea ['belinz,hauzn] - ìîðå Áåëëèíñãàóçåíà Bering Sea ['berin] - Áåðèíãîâî ìîðå Black Sea [bl k] - ×åðíîå ìîðå Caribbean Sea [,k ri'bi: n] - Êàðèáñêîå ìîðå Caspian Sea ['k spi n] - Êàñïèéñêîå ìîðå Chuckchee Sea ['t ukt i] - ×óêîòñêîå ìîðå Dead Sea [ded] - Ìåðòâîå ìîðå East China Sea ['i:st ,t ain ] - Âîñòî÷íî-Êèòàéñêîå ìîðå East Siberian Sea [‘i:ssaibi ri n] - Âîñòî÷íî-Ñèáèðñêîå ìîðå Kara Sea ['ka:ra:] - Êàðñêîå ìîðå Laptev Sea ['la:ptev] - ìîðå Ëàïòåâûõ Marmara (Marmora), Sea of ['si: v'ma:m r ] - Ìðàìîðíîå ìîðå Mediterranean [,medit 'reinj n] - Ñðåäèçåìíîå ìîðå Okhotsk, Sea of [ou'k tsk] - Îõîòñêîå ìîðå 10
South China Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Yellow Sea
['sau 't ain ] [ti'ri:nj n] ['jelou]
- Þæíî-Êèòàéñêîå ìîðå - Òèððåíñêîå ìîðå - Æåëòîå ìîðå
VIII. Ïåðåñêàæèòå äèàëîã: Peter: I spent my holidays in a fourteen-day cruise in the Baltic Sea. A fortnight, no more, but it was worth while cruising round Scandinavian countries. Lesley: Did you make advance arrangements for the tri p? Peter: Two days before our cruise started, I had already packed my suit-case. I kept wondering whether I had forgotten anything. Apart from that we were on our own and in every town walked wherever we liked. Lesley: What impressed you most? Peter: Well, it's difficult to say. There were such a variety of landscape that the whole voyage was enchanting. What I liked about Stockholm were its modern roads. I loved the cobbled streets and fish market in Helsinki, where they were selling fish straight from the fishing-boats. It was lovely in Copenhagen too. Moreover, I took dozens of photographs of its streets and monuments. Lesley: Did you have a chance to see the famous Norwegian fiords? Peter: I made a point to visit at least a few of them. I was impressed with their specific beauty and solemnity. Lesley: And what about the Baltic Sea? Peter: Of course, we had the opportunity to tour the almost whole lenght of the sea-coast. Lesley: You obviously had a time to remember. I have no idea to plan a cruise to Scandinavian countries next summer. Peter: If you make up your mind about it and need the advice of an experienced person, well, you know where to find me. IX. Îòâåòüòå íà âîïðîñû: 1. How many changes are continually taking place on the earth's surface? Name them. 2. What is called the denudation? 3. How is denudation different from transpotation? 4. What the main reasons, which cause the denudatin? 5. At what time do rocks expand? contract? 11
6. What causes cracks in the rocks? 7. In what way does the wind affect denudation? 8. How does the rain act on soil? 9. What the rain absorbs from the air and how does it influence the earth's crust? 10. In what way does the water expanding influence the rock? 11. How do you think the running water affects the earth's surface? 12. What the rain produces in the soil? 13. Why do the rainstorms sometimes so dangerous? 14. What increases the force of the water? 15. What are glaciers? 16. What is the influence of glaciers on mountans or rocks? X. Âûáåðèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò: 1. target 1. ïðîâåðÿòü 2. afford 2. òðàíñïîðòíîå ñðåäñòâî 3. event 3. ïåðåñå÷åíèå 4. threaten 4. â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå 5. augment 5. ìèøåíü, öåëü 6. endeavour 6. ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü 7. vehicle 7. ñîáûòèå 8. spread 8. ïîïûòêà, óñèëèå 9. interception 9. îùóùàòü, ïîñòèãàòü 10. verify 10. ïîçâîëÿòü ñåáå 11. ultimately 11. óâåëè÷èâàòü, ïðèáàâëÿòü 12. perceive 12. óãðîæàòü XI. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ Participle I èëè II. 1. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû, ñ êîòîðûìè ñòîëêíóëèñü âñå ñòðàíû, î÷åíü ñëîæíû. 2. Óùåðá îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå, íàáëþäàåìûé íàìè, íîñèò ãëîáàëüíûé õàðàêòåð. 3. Äàííûå, ïîëó÷åííûå â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé, íå îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ïðåæíèõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ. 4. Ó÷åíûå, ðàáîòàþùèå â ëþáîé îáëàñòè íàóêè, íå äîëæíû çàáûâàòü î ñâîåé îòâåòñòâåííîñòè. 5. Ðàññìàòðèâàåìàÿ ïðîáëåìà èìååò áîëüøóþ íàó÷íóþ öåííîñòü. 6. Âîïðîñ, îáñóæäàåìûé íà êîíôåðåíöèè, èìååò âàæíîå ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå. 7. Ñòàòüÿ, î êîòîðîé èäåò ðå÷ü, áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà â òåçèñàõ. 8. Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ðà12
áîòà, ïðîâîäèìàÿ íà êàôåäðå, ïðèâåëà ê íåîæèäàííûì ðåçóëüòàòàì. 9. Èçó÷àåìûé âîïðîñ óæå íåîäíîêðàòíî îáñóæäàëñÿ. XII. Ïðî÷òèòå, ïåðåâåäèòå, âûïèøèòå è çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå âûäåëåííûå ñèíîíèìè÷íûå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ: Beginning [bi'gi:nin] — íà÷àëî 1. I am beginning to understand. 2. When did you begin your scientific activity? 3. At the start of the year. 4. It is time to start. 5. They commenced this construction in May. 6. When will the courses commence? 7. A new era had dawned. 8. It dawned to him to return home immediately. 9. She embarked on a 4-month courses. 10. The company embarks on a new venture. 11. They launched a new election campaign. 12. She launched out a new project. 13. We looked forward their advent. 14. His advent was so unexpected. 15. On our arrival in Volgograd we came to the Volga embankment. 16. Spring has arrived. 17. The new director entered on his career in our laboratory in 1990. 18. The professor will enter upon another term from the 1st of September. XIII. Çàïîìíèòå ñõîäíûå ïî çíà÷åíèþ ãðóïïû ñëîâ: à) îáû÷íûé îáû÷íî á) ãëàâíûé ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì general generally main mainly usual usually chief chiefly habitual habitually primary primarily common commonly essential essantially substantial substantially Óïîòðåáèòå âûøåïðèâåäåííûå ñëîâà â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: 1. The Sun is the (ãëàâíûé) source of energy in biosphere. 2. People (îáû÷íî) did not think of the future generations in this 13
country. 3.The (îáû÷íûå) relationshi ps and connections of nature are amazing. 4. His (îáû÷íîå) time of getting up is 6 o'clock. 5. They tried to solve (ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì) the problem of restorating the unity between man and nature. 6. (Îáû÷íàÿ) dynamics of population is highly influenced by the degree of complicacy of an ecosystem. 7. Man did not (îáû÷íî) exploit the nature resources so rapidily. 8. The (ãëàâíîå) trend in ecology is to restore the balance between man and biosphere. 9. She is (îáû÷íî) good in geography. 10. If we do not use pesticides according to instructions they become (ãëàâíûé) poisons for foodstuffs. 11. (Îáû÷íîå) purification of waste water will save our rivers and lakes. 12. The (ãëàâíûå) aspects of the ecological problem are increasing difficulties in acquiring energy and pollution of environment. XIV. Óêàæèòå òó ÷àñòü ñëîâà, êîòîðàÿ äåëàåò åãî çíà÷åíèå îòðèöàòåëüíûì; ïåðåâåäèòå ñëîâà íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: unimportant, groundless, unknown, untried, independent, irregular, imbreathable, unusual, bottomless, hopeless, unscientific, impure, impolitic, impenetrate, impatient, immoderate, useless, irresponsible, irreversible, lifeless, unlimited, unprecidented, fearless.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå îäíè è òå æå ïðåäëîãè ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê ïðåäëîãè ìåñòà è íàïðàâëåíèÿ.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå â òàêèõ ñèòóàöèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ïðåäëîãè, íàïðèìåð: Ðîäæåð íàõîäèòñÿ â èíñòèòóòå è Ðîäæåð õîäèò â èíñòèòóò.  àíãëèéñêîì âàðèàíòå ýòî âûãëÿäèò òàê: Roger is at the Institute è Roger goes to the Institute. XV. Îñíîâíûå àíãëèéñêèå to - ê from - èç, îò by - ìèìî into - â (âîâíóòðü) out of - èç through - ÷åðåç, ñêâîçü A tri p to Greece. To sail away from the shore. They went by a beautiful lake. 14
ïðåäëîãè íàïðàâëåíèÿ: about - ïî, âîêðóã down - âíèç, ïî, ñ up - ââåðõ, ïî, íà round - âîêðóã, çà towards - ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ along - âäîëü Ïîåçäêà â Ãðåöèþ. Îòïëûâàòü îò áåðåãà. Îíè ïðîåõàëè ìèìî êðàñèâîãî îçåðà.
The travellers went into the wood. We went out of the wood. We went through the wood. They were walking about the town. A boat sailed down the Volga. He went up the stairs. He walked round the statue. They were driving toward volcano. The steamer sailed along the coast.
Ïóòåøåñòâåííèêè âîøëè â ëåñ. Ìû âûøëè èç ëåñà. Ìû øëè ÷åðåç ëåñ. Îíè áðîäèëè ïî ãîðîäó. Ïî Âîëãå ïëûëà ëîäêà. Îí ïîäíÿëñÿ ïî ëåñòíèöå. Îí îáîøåë ñòàòóþ êðóãîì. Îíè åõàëè ê âóëêàíó. Ïàðîõîä ïëûë âäîëü áåðåãà.
XVI. Ñãðóïïèðóéòå ñèíîíèìû, ïåðåâåäèòå èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: amount, little, the same, exactly, to compose, similar, to indicate, to vary, precisely, to show, to make up, to differ, small, quantity, as, well-known, because, familiar, on condition that, provided. XVII. Ñãðóïïèðóéòå àíòîíèìû, ïåðåâåäèòå èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: rich, warm, to fall, dissolved, poor, slowly, cold, undissolved, quickly, above, far, come into, near, come out, below, to rise. XVIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëîâà â ñêîáêàõ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. –273° is the lowest temperature that (ìîæåò ñóùåñòâîâàòü). 2. At –273° the molecules are (íåïîäâèæíû). 3. One has to remember that this law (íå ïðèìåíèì) for very low temperatures. 4. This formula (ìîæåò áûòü íàïèñàíà) from the proportions and physical (ñâîéñòâ) of component gases. 5. We know that gas (ðàñøèðÿåòñÿ) as the temperature (ïîâûøàåòñÿ). 6. The volume of (äàííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ãàçà) varies (ïðÿìî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî) with the absolute temperature, provided that there is no change (â äàâëåíèè). XIX. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ãëàãîëà to have: 1. The scientists have many problems to investigate. 2. When the composition had dissolved much heat liberated. 3. One has to remember that this reaction is followed by an explosion. 4. They have already completed this experiment. 5. We had to use a catalyst to accelerate the reaction. 6. Let's have a rest when this job is finished. 7. Somebody will have to make a report on this subject. 8. You'll have to shorten the manuscri pt before giving it to the printing shop. 9. Do 15
I have to climb this hill? 10. He has to make a living. 11. They don't have to revise the whole material. 12. We had to work hard to learn how to solve such problems. 13. They had to repeat their experiments. 14. He'll have to give a talk at the next seminar. 15. We'll have to put it off till next time. 16. They have to look up a few words in the dictionary, and what about you? 17. My sister has to go to a doctor. 18. Do I have to shorten my manuscri pt? XX. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå ñëîâà only (the only): 1. The earth isn't the only one that revolves around the sun. 2. The English Channel is only 21 miles wide at its narrowest point. 3. The problem of «Man and biosphere» cannot be solved by the only country. 4. Only a few brave men could climb this mountain. 5. That was only the beginning of the expedition. 6. Only the moon was seen low on the horizon. 7. Only electrical field helps some fish to find the food and to feel the difference between friend and enemy. 8. The only theoretical foundation for solving the ecological problem is a scientific understanding of the relations between man and nature. 9. Only one ton of oil can spread over about twelve square kilometers of the water surface. 10. They were only just speaking about their prospects for future. XXI. Îïðåäåëèòå, ê êàêîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è îòíîñÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâà, ïåðåâåäèòå èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: liquefy, liquefaction, definition, indentify, measurement, measurable, indefinite, measured. XXII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãðóïïû ñëîâ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: to come to conclusion, constant pressure, the properties of elements, a fixed quantity of a gas, a measured gas sample, a very definite relation, all over the world, at some different temperature, a uniform motion, a marked influence, for many purposes, to fail to settle, to be of fundamental importance, a bold prediction, seeming dissimilarity, adopted classification. 16
XXIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ñîþçû provided, if, whether: 1. Engineers reported that a miniature video camera provided the latest submersible with vision. 2. The speed of a satellite would be less provided it moved at a greater distance from the earth. 3. Drivers don't know yet whether radars will be mounted on the next car model. 4. If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger airplanes don't leave airports. 5. It was very important to find out if electricity could be used for long distance communication. 6. During the entire flight, the pilot provided with all the necessary information about weather conditions. 7. Modern submersibles can remain at the depth of 6000 metres for eight hours or, if needed, as long as two or three days. 8. A new system for motor cars can be provided with infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at night. 9. If underwater tourism continued to develop at present rate, the number of passengers could grow up to millions in only a few years.
Unit 7
ON THE BED OF THE PACIFIC We call our world «the earth», but really nearly three quarters of its surface is covered by the deep waters of the great oceans. The land surface of the globe is well known today, but we do not know much about the bed of the sea, particularly the floor of the deep ocean. In the past years four large oceanographic expeditions from various countries studied ocean depths. Three of them — the Swedish, the Danish and the British expeditions — were «round-theworld» expeditions. The Russian expedition on the «Vityaz» worked on a smaller area in the North-West Pacific. Sent by an Institute of Academy of Science, the motor-shi p «Vityaz» was equi pped for exploration of the sea at any depth. It had all the necessary instruments — hydrological, hydrochemical and geological. Sixty scientists could live and work on the «Vityaz». It had 14 fully equi pped laboratories. The 17
«Vityaz» studied a particulary deep area of the Pacific — the Tuscarora Deep running from the Bering islands to the Isle of Hokkaido. The materials collected by the expedition are of great scientific interest. The Tuscarora Deep going down over six miles, is one of the nineteen deepest spots found in the depths of the sea. Fifteen of them are in the Pacific, most of them in the western parts of the ocean. In 1864, an American shi p, the «Tuscarora», found adepth of nearly 8.534 km in this area. This depth, well over five miles, was at that time the greatest depth in that part of the ocean. The greatest depth found by the «Vityaz» in 1953, however, was over 10.363 km, some 6.5 miles. This is over a mile deeper than the depth found by the Tuscarora. It makes it one of the deepest places in the Pacific Ocean. By using echoes coming back from the sea floor, the scientists on the «Vityaz» mapped its shape in great detail. Earthquakes, and volcanic activity generally, was found over a wide area, particularily in the northern part, where part of the sea bed dropped down hundreds of feet. Undersea volcanoes were found by the expedition. Deep water fishes were caught, many of them not only of the new species, but even of new types, unknown to science. Some of them have no eyes and they move about with the aid of tentacles. Other have large eyes like telescope lenses, or eyes on the end of long stalks. WORDS
stalk [st :k] tentackle ['tent kl] volcano [v l'keinou] species ['spi: i:z] lens [lenz] echo ['ekou]
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íîæêà (çîîë.), ñòåáåëü, ÷åðåíîê ùóïàëüöå âóëêàí âèä (áèîëîã.) ëèíçà ýõî
GRAMMAR ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ
Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû — ãëàãîëû, âûðàæàþøèå íå äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå, à îòíîøåíèå ëèöà ê äåéñòâèþ èëè ñîñòîÿíèþ. Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì îáðàçóþò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå. Îíè âûðàæàþò çíà÷åíèå âîçìîæíîñòè, íåîáõîäèìîñòè, æåëàòåëüíîñòè è ò. ï. 18
Îñîáåííîñòüþ ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî îíè: à) íå èìåþò ïîëíîãî ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà (áåç ÷àñòèöû to); á) íå èìåþò íåëè÷íûõ ôîðì (èíôèíèòèâ, ïðè÷àñòèå, ãåðóíäèé); â) íå èìåþò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s â 3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè: Polluted environment can affect health in many ways. Çàãðÿçíåíèå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ìîæåò âëèÿòü íà çäîðîâüå ñàìûìè ðàçëè÷íûìè ïóòÿìè. ã) íå èìåþò ôîðì ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè, êðîìå can (could), may (might), è àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ ôîðì (áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè, ïðîäîëæåííîãî âèäà, ïåðôåêòíûõ ôîðì è ôîðì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà); ä) îáðàçóþò âîïðîñèòåëüíóþ è îòðèöàòåëüíóþ ôîðìû áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: People cannot (can't) breathe the atmosphere of Venus. Àòìîñôåðà Âåíåðû íå ïðèãîäíà äëÿ äûõàíèÿ ëþäåé. Âàðèàíòû óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ: Can. Ãëàãîë can èìååò çíà÷åíèå ìî÷ü, îáëàäàòü ôèçè÷åñêîé èëè óìñòâåííîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ: can (íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ) ìîãó, ìîæåò, ìîæåì è ò. ä., could (ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ) ìîã, ìîãëà, ìîãëî è ò. ä. Íàïðèìåð: She can translate thå text. — Îíà ìîæåò ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. Even a child can do it. — Äàæå ðåáåíîê ìîæåò ýòî ñäåëàòü. Ñî÷åòàíèå to be able — áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòîì ãëàãîëà can è âîñïîëíÿåò åãî íåäîñòàþùèå ôîðìû: We shall be able to do it only in the morning. Ìû ìîæåì ñäåëàòü ýòî òîëüêî óòðîì. Can + èíôèíèòèâ (ëþáîé) â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ è âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ìîæåò âûðàæàòü óäèâëåíèå, ñîìíåíèå ïî ïîâîäó äåéñòâèé, êîòîðûå ñîâåðøèëèñü, ñîâåðøàþòñÿ èëè áóäóò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ: Can they return tomorrow? — Íåóæåëè îíè âåðíóòñÿ çàâòðà? They cannot return tomorrow. — Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îíè âåðíóëèñü çàâòðà. Ñan he have said it? — Íåóæåëè (ðàçâå) îí ýòî ñêàçàë? He can't have said it. — Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí ýòî ñêàçàë. 19
May. Ãëàãîë may èìååò çíà÷åíèå ðàçðåøåíèÿ è âîçìîæíîñòè: may (íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ) ìîãó, ìîæåò, ìîæåì è ò. ä.; might (ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ) ìîã, ìîãëà, ìîãëè è ò. ä. Íàïðèìåð: May I pass please? — Ìîæíî ïðîéòè? I hope she may recover. — Íàäåþñü, ÷òî îíà ïîïðàâèòñÿ. Ýêâèâàëåíòîì ãëàãîëà ìàó ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèÿ to be allowed è to be permitted è âîñïîëíÿþò åãî íåäîñòàþùèå ôîðìû â çíà÷åíèè ìî÷ü, èìåòü ðàçðåøåíèå: We were allowed to do it. — Íàì ðàçðåøèëè ñäåëàòü ýòî. May + èíôèíèòèâ (ëþáîé) â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ è îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âûðàæàåò ïðåäïîëîæåíèå (ñ îòòåíêîì ñîìíåíèÿ) èëè äîïóñêàåìóþ âîçìîæíîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âðåìåíè è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëîâàìè ìîæåò áûòü, âîçìîæíî, ìîæåò. (Ñèíîíèìàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ perhaps, maybe). They may return tomorrow. — Îíè, âîçìîæíî, âåðíóòñÿ çàâòðà. (Perhaps they will return tomorrow). — (Îíè ìîãóò âåðíóòüñÿ çàâòðà). They may not return tomorrow. — Îíè, âîçìîæíî, íå âåðíóòñÿ çàâòðà. (Perhaps they will not return tomorrow). — (Îíè ìîãóò íå âåðíóòüñÿ çàâòðà). Must. Ãëàãîë must âûðàæàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü, ìîðàëüíóþ îáÿçàííîñòü è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñëîâàì äîëæåí, íóæíî, íàäî. Ãëàãîë must èìååò òîëüêî îäíó ôîðìó íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè: We must help them. — Ìû äîëæíû ïîìî÷ü èì. Íàðÿäó ñ ãëàãîëîì must è âçàìåí åãî íåäîñòàþùèõ ôîðì óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòû to have (äîëæåí â ñèëó îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ) è to be (äîëæåí â ñèëó çàïëàíèðîâàííîñòè, íàìå÷åííîñòè äåéñòâèÿ), ïðè ýòîì ñëåäóþùèé çà íèì èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to: We will have to leave early. — Íàì ïðèäåòñÿ ðàíî óåõàòü. I am to be there at 2. — ß äîëæåí áûòü òàì â äâà. They are to take their exams in January. — Îíè äîëæíû ñäàâàòü ýêçàìåíû â ÿíâàðå. Ought. Ãëàãîë ought âûðàæàåò ìîðàëüíûé äîëã, æåëàòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó è áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ought ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñëîâàìè ñëåäîâàëî áû, 20
ñëåäóåò, äîëæåí. Ïîñëå ought èíôèíèòèâ âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to: He ought to come. — Åìó ñëåäóåò ïðèéòè. Should. Ãëàãîë should â êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà âûðàæàåò îáÿçàííîñòü, æåëàòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåò, ðåêîìåíäàöèþ. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê should ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñëåäóåò, äîëæåí, îáÿçàí: We should leave right now. — Ìû äîëæíû ñåé÷àñ æå óéòè. You should know about it. — Òåáå ñëåäóåò çíàòü îá ýòîì. Would. Ãëàãîë would â êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà âûðàæàåò: à) îáû÷íûå è ïîâòîðÿþùèåñÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì (â ýòîì çíà÷åíèè îí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèíîíèìîì âûðàæåíèþ used to): He would swim in the evening. — Îí îáû÷íî ïëàâàë ïî âå÷åðàì. He used to swim in the evening. — Îí îáû÷íî ïëàâàë ïî âå÷åðàì. á) óïîðíîå íåæåëàíèå âûïîëíèòü êàêîå-òî äåéñòâèå: The window would not open. — Îêíî íèêàê íå îòêðûâàëîñü. I told you you shouldn't, but you would do it. — ß ãîâîðèë òåáå, ÷òî íå íàäî ýòîãî äåëàòü, à òû íå ïîñëóøàë â) ïðèñóùåå ñâîéñòâî, õàðàêòåðèñòèêó (îáû÷íî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â òåõíè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå). Ñoal would burn. — Óãîëü õîðîøî ãîðèò. Need. Need ìîæåò áûòü è ìîäàëüíûì è ïðàâèëüíûì ãëàãîëîì.  êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíîãî îí èìååò òîëüêî îäíó ôîðìó è ÷àùå âñåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: You needn't worry. — Âàì íå÷åãî áåñïîêîèòüñÿ. Ãëàãîëû to be è to have â êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíûõ 1. Ãëàãîë be + èíôèíèòèâ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to âûðàæàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü, ïðåäóñìîòðåííóþ ïëàíîì, äîãîâîðåííîñòüþ, ðàñïèñàíèåì: He is to come to the lab at 10 o'clock. — Îí äîëæåí ïðèéòè â ëàáîðàòîðèþ â 10 ÷àñîâ. 2. Ãëàãîë have + èíôèíèòèâ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to âûðàæàåò âûíóæäåííóþ íåîáõîäèìîñòü: These laboratories have to buy modern equi pment. — Ýòè ëàáîðàòîðèè äîëæíû çàêóïèòü ñîâðåìåííîå îáîðóäîâàíèå.
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EXERCISES
I. Çàïîëíèòå ïðîáåëû ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè can/could, may/ might èëè èõ îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ôîðìàìè: 1. Students ... bring textbooks into the examination room. 2. ... you stand on your head? — I ... when I was at school but I ... now. 3. ... I smoke here? — No, you ..., smoking is not allowed. 4. ... you type? — Yes, I ... type but I ... do shorthand. 5. ... come in? — Please, do. 6. I ... remember the address. — ... you even remember the street? 7. He ... answer the teacher's questions yesterday, but he ... answer the same questions today. 8. ... I come and see you this evening? — Of course you ... . 9. When I first went to Spain I ... read Spanish but I ... speak it. 10. He said that we ... use his flat whenever we liked. 11. There was a lot of noise in the street last night, and I ... sleep. 12. ... I borrow your umbrella? 13. I ... walk ten miles a day when I was a young man, but now I ... . 14. It's very cold. ... I shut the windows? 15. They ... have seen the real ermine! II. Ïåðåâåäèòå, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë can èëè åãî ýêâèâàëåíò to be able to: 1.  ýòèõ ãîðàõ ìîæíî íàéòè ýäåëüâåéñ (edelweiss). 2. Îíè ñìîãëè â÷åðà âå÷åðîì äîñòè÷ü âåðøèíû ãîðû? 3. Îêåàíîãðàôû ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî â ýòîì çàëèâå ìîãóò áûòü íàéäåíû îòëîæåíèÿ öåííûõ ìèíåðàëîâ (valuable mineral deposits). 4. Íà ýòîé ìàøèíå ìû ñìîæåì âûåõàòü çàâòðà â ïîëå. 5. Ñìîæåì ëè ìû ïîîáåäàòü (have a snack) çàâòðà â äîðîãå (on the way)? 6. Âû ìîæåòå ïîâåðèòü, ÷òî êàíàäñêàÿ ñîéêà (Canada Jay) ãíåçäèòñÿ (nests) çèìîé? 7. Îíè ñìîãëè äîáðàòüñÿ ê íàì íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå. 8. Ìû íå ñìîãëè îáñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ â ñóááîòó. 9. Îíè ñìîãóò äîáðàòüñÿ òóäà òîëüêî ê âå÷åðó. 10. Âû ñìîæåòå â äâà ÷àñà âñòðåòèòü ýòèõ èíæåíåðîâ? 11. ß ñìîãó íà÷àòü ïîèñêè òîëüêî ïîñëåçàâòðà. 12. Êóíèöà (marten) ìîæåò ïðîáåæàòü çà ñóòêè îò 6 äî 17 êèëîìåòðîâ. 13. Îí ìîæåò ïåðåâåñòè ýòè ñòàòüè. 14.  1957 ãîäó â Òåìçå â ðàéîíå Ëîíäîíà ñîâñåì íå áûëî ðûáû (there were no fish at all), à ñåé÷àñ ìîæíî íàñ÷èòàòü áîëüøå 100 ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ (different species).15. Ìû ìîæåì ïðèîáðåñòè ïðîäóêòû ó ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé. 16. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí îòêàçàëñÿ ïîìî÷ü âàì. 17. Âû ìîæåòå âñòðåòèòü ýòî âûðàæåíèå â ëþáîì ñëîâàðå.
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III. Ïåðåâåäèòå, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë may: 1. Îíè, âîçìîæíî, âåðíóòñÿ ÷åðåç íåäåëþ. 2. Âîçìîæíî, îí ñåé÷àñ ñäàåò ýêçàìåí. 3. Âîçìîæíî, îí çíàåò îáî âñåì, äà íå õî÷åò íàì ñêàçàòü. 4. Ìîæåòå âçÿòü ìîþ êíèãó, îíà ìíå íå íóæíà. 5. Ïîäîæäèòå íåìíîãî, îí ìîæåò ñêîðî ïðèéòè. 6. Ìîæíî ìíå îñòàâèòü âåùè çäåñü? 7. Ãäå Àíäðåé? — Íå çíàþ, îí, âîçìîæíî ïîøåë ê äðóãó. 8. Òû âèäåë Ñåðãåÿ ïîñëå ýêñïåäèöèè? — Íåò. Âîçìîæíî îí åùå íå âåðíóëñÿ. 9. Õîòÿ ïîõîæå íà òî, ÷òî áóäåò äîæäü, íî êòî çíàåò, ìîæåò áûòü, çàâòðà áóäåò õîðîøàÿ ïîãîäà. 10. Ñêàæè åìó, ÷òî îí ìîã áû áûòü áîëåå âíèìàòåëüíûì íà çàíÿòèÿõ. 11. Îíà ìîæåò ýòîãî íå çíàòü. 12. ß íà÷íó, åñëè ìîæíî. 13. Îêåàíñêàÿ âïàäèíà, íàéäåííàÿ êîðàáëåì «Âèòÿçü» â 1953 ãîäó, âîçìîæíî, ñàìàÿ ãëóáîêàÿ âïàäèíà â ìèðå. 14. Áèáëèîòåêà, âîçìîæíî, óæå çàêðûòà. 15. Ìîæåò áûòü, îí ðàçäåëÿåò ìîå ìíåíèå. 16. Âàøè äðóçüÿ, âîçìîæíî óæå ïðèñòóïèëè ê ýòîé ðàáîòå. IV. Ïåðåâåäèòå, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë must: 1. Åìó, äîëæíî áûòü, íå óäàëîñü óáåäèòü èõ îòêàçàòüñÿ îò ýòîãî ïëàíà. 2. Ïîñìîòðèòå, òàì ÷òî-òî åñòü, äîëæíî áûòü, îíà îñòàâèëà âàì çàïèñêó. 3. Âû, äîëæíî áûòü, îøèáàåòåñü, çäåñü íåò òàêîé êíèãè. 4. Îí ñêîðî äîëæåí ïðèéòè ñ ðå÷êè. 5. Îíè, äîëæíî áûòü, íå ñîãëàñèëèñü ñ ïðåäëîæåíèåì äåêàíà. 6. Ìû äîëæíû ïîìî÷ü èì, åñëè ìîæåì. 7. Äîëæåí ñêàçàòü, ÿ áûë óäèâëåí. 8. ×åðåç ÷àñ ìû äîëæíû äîáðàòüñÿ äî ýòîãî îçåðà. 9.  Àëüïàõ ó âàñ äîëæåí áûòü õîðîøèé ïðîâîäíèê, îäíîìó ïîäíèìàòüñÿ â ãîðû îïàñíî. 10. Âàì íåëüçÿ ïîäíèìàòüñÿ â ãîðû, ïîòîìó ÷òî ïëîõàÿ ïîãîäà. 11. Ïîñåòèòåëÿì çàïðåùàåòñÿ êîðìèòü æèâîòíûõ. 12. Âû îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíû êàê-íèáóäü ïðèéòè ê íàì íà îáåä. 13. Âàì íàäî ñäåëàòü ýòî ñåãîäíÿ, âû íå ìîæåòå îñòàâëÿòü ýòî äî çàâòðà. 14. Ýêñïåäèöèÿ ê âå÷åðó äîëæíà äîñòè÷ü êðàòåðà âóëêàíà. 15. Âû äîëæíû ïîáûâàòü â ýòîì çàïîâåäíèêå. 16. Â÷åðà ìíå ïðèøëîñü îòâåòèòü íà âñå ýòè ïèñüìà. 17. Âàì ïðèøëîñü îñòàòüñÿ â ïàëàòêå, ïîòîìó ÷òî áûëà ïëîõàÿ ïîãîäà? V. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ãëàãîëû may, might, could è ought: 1. You could have done it more carefully. 2. In general solids may be good condutors or poor. 3. Of course, the ancients did not know why amber could attract the light objects. 4. This substance 23
might be an insulator or a conductor. 5. Let us picture what to happen povided there were a conducting wire between two points of unequal potential. 6. From the reservoir the water was directed through a channel to some point, where it could fall into the lake. 7. In order that the compound might be used it had to be purified. 8. However that might be, the repair was ordered to be executed. 9. Important as this question may be in itself, the debate on the subject went far beyond its original bounds. 10. You ought to come at once. 11. I could finish my work by December. 12. He gave me this plan so that I might copy it. 13. Newton could not have got the law of inertia from the «Dialogue» because it is not only stated there but also it seems to have been denied in certain passages. 14. Whatever Galileo may have had in mind, the words he published might have suggested to Newton his question about the apple and the moon. 15. You ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple question. 16. I couldn't afford to learn it. VI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ðàçëè÷íûå ôóíêöèè ãëàãîëà to do: 1. Newton did see the apple fall. 2. In any event he asked himself why the moon did not move away from the earth or fall to it as the apple did. 3. I admire him much more than I do a hundred artists who is ensuing centuries have brought this profession to the highest perfection. 4. Newton assumed that a large body such as a moon would move uniformly in a straight line in the absense of an external force. He sought the force that prevented the moon from doing so. 5. What Galileo had set out to prove had nothing to do with the moon. 6. It is enough to read with care what Galileo published in the «Dialogue», because that is what Newton did. 7. Galileo did say that the particular motion arising in heavy bodies from rotation of the earth is circular. 8. Thus did Galileo recount his discovery in his epochmaking book «Sidereal Messenger». 9. A collision at a low relative velocity does allow the bodies to coalesce. 10. The calculations do more, however, than confirm the earlier results. VII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîñòîÿùèå èç ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñ ïåðôåêòíûì èíôèíèòèâîì: 1. It may have been a diagram in the «Dialogue». 2. I believe what might have inspired his extention of gravity to the moon was a 24
section he had read in Galileo Galilei's «Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World». 3. The actual events must have been much more complex. 4. Something was in his mind when the famed apple fell that was different from anything that had occured to the other people in similar curcumstances. It would be good to know what that some-thing could have been. 5. I do not say «what it was», because there is no way to be certain of it, but I can suggest something it could well have been. 6. In the book is a demonstration that could scarcely have failed to interest Newton. 7. A passage Galileo wrote and particularly a diagram he drew may have been applied by Newton to a purpose that never occured to Galileo. 8. Whatever Galileo may have had in mind, the words he published might have suggested to Newton his question about the apple and the moon. 9. Simon Mayer may have observed the satellites of Jupiter before Galileo did. 10. There is another passage in the «Dialogue» that must have intrigued Newton. VIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. It is of interest to inquire whether a radioactive charge should be classed as chemical in character or not. 2. No fuel would burn in atmosphere deprived of its oxygen. 3. The early alche-mists searched for a fluid which would dissolve gold. 4. The chemistry of radium resembles that of barium as we should expect from the position of these two elements in the Periodic Table. 5. There are many reactions which the chemist would like to speed up; there are other reactions which we should like to retard. 6. Should the anode grow too hot you must decrease the power of the transmitter. 7. In veiw of the recent discovery of the positron, one might suspect that these particles are extremely rare in nature. Such is by no means the case. 8. The purest natural water is rain. Chemists, however, would hardly consider it as being really pure. 9. First of all it should be emphasized that atoms and molecules are infinitely small, so small that it is really impossible for us to appreciate their masses. 10. The velocities are greatest in solids, which is what one would expect since their elasticities are normally higher than those of liquids and gases. 11. In order that a compound be in the large group of substances termed acids, it must have the following properties. 12. A gas in the normal state conducts electricity to a slight extent, however small the electric force may be. 13. Faraday stated as one of the laws of electrolysis that the mass of 25
the substance liberated at an electrode would be directly proportional to the quantity of electricity sent through the solution. 14. One should carefully observe the definitions above given of the words force, energy and power as any want of clearness of ideas is fatal to an exact knowledge of physical facts. 15. One of the most remarkable features of a seam of coal, whatever its geological age may be, and in whatever part of the world it may occur is its purity. 16. Batteries perform innumerable useful services, one can hard-ly imagine how we could do without them. 17. Newton had to base his studies on the facts available at his time. 18. The idea of inertia was to become the basis of the First Law. 19. What else had you to learn? IX. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ must, to be, to have, should, ought, need: 1. Âàì íóæíî ïðèéòè ñíîâà çàâòðà. 2. Îí äîëæåí áûòü íà ëåêöèè ñåé÷àñ. 3. Åé ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòüñÿ ê âðà÷ó. 4. Òåáå ãîâîðèòü â åãî çàùèòó. 5. Ìíå ïðèäåòñÿ çàêîí÷èòü ðàáîòó ÷åðåç íåäåëþ. 6. Èì íå îáÿçàòåëüíî ïðèåçæàòü ñåãîäíÿ. 7. Íàì íå ïðèøëîñü ïîâòîðÿòü ýêñïåðèìåíò. 8. Âû äîëæíû ðàññêàçàòü îá ýòîì ñëó÷àå. 9. ×òî ÿ äîëæíà ñêàçàòü åé? X. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îíà îïðåäåëèëà... . 2. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí ðåøèë... . 3. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû ñòóäåíòû ñäàëè ... . 4. Ìîæåò áûòü, îíè óæå âû÷èñëèëè... . 5. Âðÿä ëè îí óæå èçìåðèë ... . 6. Ìîæåò áûòü, îíè ñåé÷àñ ñìåøèâàþò ... . 7. Äîëæíî áûòü, ñòóäåíòû óæå ðàçëîæèëè ... . 8. Ýòè óñëîâèÿ, äîëæíî áûòü, óæå äîñòèãíóòû ... . 9. Äîëæíî áûòü, îí óæå ïðèøåë è æäåò âàñ... . 10. Ìîæåò áûòü, îíà óæå äàâíî çàíèìàåòñÿ è óæå âñå ðåøèëà. 11. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí íå âèäåë â÷åðà... . 12. Âðÿä ëè îíè äîñòèãëè ... . XI. Dialogue: Zdenek: I am tired with the Customs formalities. Let's take a short rest now. Shall we sit here? Laslo: Not a bad idea. These deck-chairs seem to be safe enough and it's much better to stay on deck than in those stuffy cabins. Zdenek: Certainly. So, that's what La Manche looks like. 26
Laslo: You mean the English Channel. Zdenek: What's the difference? Laslo: Oh, between ourselves, there's no difference at all, because you're Polish and I'm Hungarian, but if you speak to a Frenchman, call it La Manche. On the other hand, British people prefer the former name, I mean the English Channel. Zdenek: I see. But then it should be called the British Channel, shouldn't it? Laslo: That's the history, tradition, and all that. Zdenek: Thank you so much for that most useful information because it's good to know the «likes and dislikes» of the country one is going to visit for the first time. XII. Îòâåòüòå íà ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñû: 1. How many expeditions studied ocean depth? 2. Where did the Russian expedition on the «Vityaz» work? 3. Who sent it there? 4. How many laboratories has the «Vityaz»? 5. How deep is the Tuscarora Deep? 6. What did the Russian scientists catch? 7. Why is the Tuscarora Deep called so? XIII. Çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ: à) Ãîñóäàðñòâà è èõ ñòîëèöû: Algeria [ l'd i ri ] (the Republic of Algeria) - Àëæèð Algiers [ 'ld i z] - ã. Àëæèð Argentina [a:d n'ti:n ] (the Republic of Argentina) - Àðãåíòèíà. Buenos Aires ['bwen s'ai riz] - Áóýíîñ-Àéðåñ Austria [' stri ] (the Republic of Austria) - Àâñòðèÿ Austrian [' sri n] - àâñòðèåö, àâñòðèéñêèé Vienna [vi'en ] - Âåíà Brazil [br 'zil] (the Federative Republic of Brazil) - Áðàçèëèÿ Rio de Janeiro ['ri:ouded 'ni rou] - Ðèî-äå-Æàíåéðî Bulgaria [b l'g ri ] (the Republic of Bulgaria) - Áîëãàðèÿ Bulgarian [b l'g ri n] - áîëãàðèí, áîëãàðñêèé Sophia ['soufj ] - Ñîôèÿ Belgium ['beld m] (the Kingdom of Belgium) - Áåëüãèÿ Belgian ['beld n] - áåëüãèåö, áåëüãèéñêèé 27
Brussel ['br slz] - Áðþññåëü Canada ['k n d ] - Êàíàäà Canadian [k 'neidi n] - êàíàäåö, êàíàäñêèé Ottawa [' t w ] - Îòòàâà China ['t ain ] (the Chinese People's Republic) - Êèòàé Chinese ['t ai'ni:z] - êèòàåö, êèòàéñêèé Peking [pi:'kin] - Ïåêèí Ñzech ['t ek] (the Czech's Republic) - ×åõèÿ Ñzech ['t ek] - ÷åõ, ÷åøñêèé Prague [pra:g] - Ïðàãà Egypt ['i:d i pt] (the Arab Republic of Egypt) - Åãèïåò Cairo ['kai rou] - Êàèð France [fra:ns] (the Republic of France) - Ôðàíöèÿ French [frent ] - ôðàíöóç, ôðàíöóçñêèé Paris ['p ris] - Ïàðèæ German ['d :m n] (the Federal Republic of Germany) - Ãåðìàíèÿ German ['d :m n] - íåìåö, íåìåöêèé Berlin [b' :lin] - Áåðëèí Greece [gri:s] (the Republic of Greece) - Ãðåöèÿ Greek [gri:k] - ãðåê, ãðå÷åñêèé Athens [' inz] - Àôèíû Holland ['h l nd] - Ãîëëàíäèÿ Dutch [d t ] - ãîëëàíäåö, ãîëëàíäñêèé (the Kingdom of Netherlands) - Íèäåðëàíäû the Hague [ 'heig] - Ãààãà Hungary ['h ng ri] (the Hungarian Republic) - Âåíãðèÿ Hungarian [h n'g ri n] - âåíãð, âåíãåðñêèé Budapest ['bju:d 'pest] - Áóäàïåøò India ['indj ] (the Republic of India) - Èíäèÿ Indian ['indj n] - èíäèåö, èíäóñ, èíäèéñêèé Dehli ['deli] - Äåëè Italy ['it li] (the Republic of Italy) - Èòàëèÿ Italian [i't lj n] - èòàëüÿíåö, èòàëüÿíñêèé Rome [roum] - Ðèì Japan [d 'p n] - ßïîíèÿ Japanese [,d p 'ni:z] - ÿïîíåö, ÿïîíñêèé Tokio ['toukjou] - Òîêèî Jugoslavia ['ju:gou'sla:vj ] (the Federative Republic of Jugslavia) - Þãîñëàâèÿ 28
Jugoslav ['ju:gou'sla:v] - þãîñëàâ, þãîñëàâñêèé Belgrade [bel'greid] - Áåëãðàä Poland ['poul nd] (the Polish Republic) - Ïîëüøà Polish ['pouli ] - ïîëÿê, ïîëüñêèé Warsaw ['w :s :] - Âàðøàâà Portugal ['p :tjug l] (the Portugese Republic) - Ïîðòóãàëèÿ Portugal ['p :tjug l] - ïîðòóãàëåö, ïîðòóãàëüñêèé Lisbon ['lizb n] - Ëèññàáîí Rumania [ru:'meinj ] (the Republic of Rumania) - Ðóìûíèÿ Rumanian [ru:'meinj n] - ðóìûí, ðóìûíñêèé Bucharest ['bju:k rest] - Áóõàðåñò Spain [spein] - Èñïàíèÿ Spaniard ['sp nj d] - èñïàíåö, èñïàíñêèé Madrid [m 'drid] - Ìàäðèä Sweden ['swi:dn] (the Kingdom of Sweden) - Øâåöèÿ Swedish ['swi:di ] - øâåä, øâåäñêèé Stockholm ['st khoum] - Ñòîêãîëüì Switzerland ['swits l nd] (the Federal Republic of Switzerland) - Øâåéöàðèÿ Swiss [swis] - øâåéöàðåö, øâåéöàðñêèé Geneva [d i'ni:v ] - Æåíåâà Turkey ['t :ki] (the Republic of Turkey) - Òóðöèÿ Ankara [' :nk :r :] - Àíêàðà the Ukraine [ju:'krein] (the Ukrainian Republic) - Óêðàèíà Kiev ['ki:ev] - Êèåâ United States of America (the) - Ñîåäèíåííûå Øòàòû Àìåðèêè Washington ['w int n] - Âàøèíãòîí XIV. Îòâåòüòå íà âîïðîñû: 1. What apparatuses are used for exploring the ocean beds at present? (non-military submersibles). 2. What countries are developing such submersibles? (Russia, the USA, France and Japan). 3. What kind of submersible is being designed? (an advanced manned submersible). 4. What is the depth it is capable to submerge to? (7000 metres). 5. What motor is used in it? (a battery-operated electric motor). 6. What devices are provided for collecting samples from the ocean floor? (robotic mani pulators). 7.What is the practical application of the submersible? (cultivating sea plants, fish and pearls).
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XV. Çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ñèíîíèìû è ñèíîíèìè÷íûå ñî÷åòàíèÿ: Âîëíà — wave - áîëüøàÿ âîëíà - surge; - î÷åíü áîëüøàÿ âîëíà - billow; - íàáåãàþùàÿ íà áåðåã îêåàíñêàÿ âîëíà - (beach) comber; - ðàçðóøèòåëüíàÿ âîëíà (òèïà öóíàìè èëè ñèëüíàÿ øòîðìîâàÿ íà îòêðûòîì ïîáåðåæüå) - destructive wave; - øòîðìîâàÿ âîëíà - storm wave; - âñòðå÷íàÿ âîëíà - head sea; - ãëóáîêîâîäíàÿ âîëíà - deep water wave; - äëèííàÿ âîëíà - long rolling sea; - åäèíè÷íàÿ âîëíà - separate [solitary] wave; - êîðîòêàÿ âîëíà - short sea; - êðóòàÿ âîëíà - steep wave; - ìåëêîâîäíàÿ âîëíà - shallow-water wave; - ìåëêîâîäíàÿ âîëíà (ïðèëèâà) - shallow-water constituent; - ïîïóòíàÿ âîëíà - following sea, sea from aft; - ïðèëèâíàÿ âîëíà - tidal (tide) wave; - ïðîöåññ îáðàçîâàíèÿ, â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîñòü çûáè - sea; - èäòè ïðîòèâ âîëíû - buck ahead sea; - ëåãêî âñõîäèòü íà âîëíó - ride easily; - ïðàâèòü ïðîòèâ âîëíû - head into it; - ïðè âñòðå÷íîé âîëíå è âñòðå÷íîì âåòðå - against weather; - ïðîòèâ âîëíû - upwave; - óõîäèòü îò âîëíû - run before the sea; XVI. Ïåðåâåäèòå, ïåðåñêàæèòå òåêñò ïî-àíãëèéñêè: TIDAL WAVE EXPERTS WORKING TOGETHER
Experts from Russia, the United States and Japan have left Vladivostok aboard the research vessel «Pegasus» to study «tsunamy» — the devastating tidal waves produced by undersea earthquakes in the Pacific. 30
There is regular exchange of information between the «tsunamy» study centres in Sakhalin and Honolulu. Sakhalin transmits data from observes in Kamchatka and the Kuril islands. These lie in a zone where four-fifths of all earthquakes in the world occur. These earthquakes sometimes originate only 100—125 miles from Russian shores, a distance a tidal wave can cover in 20—30 minutes. But Russian stations give warning of possible danger within seconds of the quake.
Unit 8
PROPERTIES OF AIR Air is the gas which we know best, and, in discussing gases, we shall use it as an example. You must remember, however, that the laws that apply to air apply to all other gases. Air has weight. We can easily show it if we weight an incandescent lamp. Heat a spot on the lamp red hot, using a mouth blowpi pe. The air pressure will make a hole through the glass and the lamp will fill with air. Weight it again and you will find that the lamp weights more, than before, because it is now full of air. Fill the lamp with water and find its volume. Now you have all the fiûgures necessary to determine the weight of one cubic foot of air. Thus we know that the weight of a cubic foot of air at 0°C and 76-cm pressure is .081 pound, or 12 cubic feet of air weight a pound. Since air has weight, it must press down on the surface of the earth. At sea level the pressure of the air on the surface of the earth is about 15 pounds per square inch. We often call this pressure of 15 lb. per sq. in. a pressure of one atmosphere, but the figure 15 is not exact because the pressure varies with the level of the place and the height of the barometer at that time. Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. If you move your hand in front of your face, you can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. Blow on your hand and you will feel the air coming out of your mouth. We could not live without air. We take it into our bodies blowing it out again through our noses and 31
mouths. Air is everywhere and it gives life to every living thing. When air moves, we call it «wind». When we say that a bottle is empty and has nothing in it, that is not really true, for the bottle is full of air. Push it under water and you will see the air coming out of it as the water goes in. Although we cannot see it, air has some strength. For example, it stops a piece of paper from falling as quickly as a piece of wood. Hold a piece of wood in your left hand and a small piece of paper in your right hand and drop them together. The wood will fall quickly, but the paper will fall much more slowly. The two pieces, dropped together, will fall on the ground at different times. This is because it was more difficult for the paper to push through the air than for the piece of wood. But if you put the paper on the piece of wood and drop them again, they will fall together and reach the ground at the same time, because the wood pushes the air out of the way and the paper falls as quickly as the wood does. This shows us that falling things must push their way through the air. This is very useful to airmen. When an accident happens to an airplane in the air, such as the airplane catching fire, the airman can jump out and can fall slowly to the earth by his parachute. The airman held by a parachute does not fall quickly to the ground, he goes down slowly. Airplanes can fly because of the strength of the air. Airplanes are bigger and heavier than motor cars. How, then, can they keep up in the air without falling? The answer is this: as the engine pulls the airplane through the air, the air presses on the under part of the wings and this holds up the airplane. When an airplane starts from the ground, first of all it runs on its wheels like a motor car, going more and more quickly. When the speed is great enough, the pressure of the air under its wings lifts it off the ground and it rises like a bird. Air is a gas. Things called 'solids' keep the same shape when you put them in a vessel. A piece of wood or a stone do not take the shape of the vessel. Things called 'liquids' do not keep their shape in a bottle or a cup. They take the shape of the bottle or the cup, but they keep their size. Put some water into a bottle or a cup and it will take the shape of the bottle or a cup. Air is not a solid, for it changes its shape. And it is not a liquid because it changes its size as well. That is why we say it is a gas. 32
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
property example remember however apply weight spot fill hole through determine full volume thus necessary pound since exact vary although push blow everywhere empty true strength paper wood hold together airman useful accident jump engine pull lift
['pr p ti] [ig'za:mpl] [ri'memb ] [hau'ev ] [ 'plai] ['weit] ['sp t] [fil] [houl] [ ru:] [di't :min] [ful] ['v ljum] [ s] ['nesis ri] ['paund] [sins] [ig'z kt] ['v ri] [ :l' ou] [pu ] [blou] ['evriw ] ['empti] [tru:] ['stren ] ['pei p ] ['wud] [hould] [t 'ge ] [ m n] ['jusful] [' ksid nt] [d mp] ['end in] [pul] [lift]
- ñâîéñòâî, èìóùåñòâî, ñîáñòâåííîñòü - ïðèìåð, îáðàçåö - ïîìíèòü - îäíàêî, òåì íå ìåíåå - ïðèêëàäûâàòü, ïðèëàãàòü, ïðèìåíÿòü, - âåñ, ãèðÿ - ïÿòíî, êðàïèíêà - íàïîëíÿòü, çàïîëíÿòü - îòâåðñòèå, óãëóáëåíèå ÿìà - ÷åðåç, ñêâîçü, èç-çà - îïðåäåëÿòü - ïîëíûé - îáúåì - òàê, òàêèì îáðàçîì - íåîáõîäèìûé - çä. ôóíò ñòåðëèíãîâ - ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê - òî÷íûé, àêêóðàòíûé - èçìåíÿòüñÿ, ðàçíîîáðàçèòü, ðàçíèòüñÿ - õîòÿ; åñëè áû äàæå - òîë÷îê, äàâëåíèå - 1) äóòü 2) öâåñòè 3) óäàð - âñþäó, âåçäå - ïóñòîé, âïàäàòü (î ðåêå) - âåðíûé, ïîäëèííûé - ñèëà, óñèëèâàòü - áóìàãà, ãàçåòà, ñòàòüÿ, íàó÷íûé äîêëàä - ëåñ, äåðåâî, äðîâà - äåðæàòü, âëàäåòü, èìåòü - âìåñòå - ëåò÷èê - ïîëåçíûé - ñëó÷àéíîñòü, íåñ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé - ïðûãàòü, ñêàêàòü, ïåðåñêàêèâàòü - ìàøèíà, äâèãàòåëü - òÿíóòü, òàùèòü, äåðãàòü - ïîäíèìàòü, âîçâûøàòü, ïîäñàäèòü, ïîäâåçòè 33
bird solid vessel liquid shape size
[b :d] ['s lid] [vesl] ['likwid] [' ei p] [saiz]
-
ïòèöà òâåðäûé, êðåïêèé, ñïëîøíîé, öåëûé ñîñóä, ñóäíî, êîðàáëü æèäêèé ôîðìà, î÷åðòàíèå, ðàçìåð, âåëè÷èíà, îáúåì
EXPRESSIONS
incandescent lamp red hot mouth blow-pi pe cubic foot square inch to catch fire as well that is why
- ëàìïà íàêàëèâàíèÿ - ðàñêàëåííûé äîêðàñíà - ïàÿëüíàÿ òðóáêà - êóáè÷åñêèé ôóò - êâàäðàòíûé äþéì - çàãîðàòüñÿ - òàêæå - âîò ïî÷åìó GRAMMAR ÒÈÏÛ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÎÂ
I. Îáùèå âîïðîñû ¦ 1) Do they travel a lot? General Questions ¦ 2) Are they travelling across Spain now? (òðåáóþò îòâåòà «äà», «íåò»)¦ 3) Have they been travelling for fortnight? yes/no ¦ 4) Have they ever travelled in Spain? II. Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû ¦ 1) Where do they like to travel? WH questions ¦ 2) Why are they travelling in Spain? (íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âîïðîñè- ¦ 3) How long have they been travelling? òåëüíîãî ñëîâà) where, ¦ 4) What have they seen in Spain? why, how long, what, ¦ 5) Who is travelling across Spain now? who, which of you ¦ 6) Which of you has been travelling? III. Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå âîïðîñû ¦ 1) Do they travel or do they stay at home? Alternative questions ¦ 2) Are they travelling or are they (âîïðîñ âûáîðà ìåæäó | staying at home? äâóìÿ äåéñòâèÿìè, ïðåä- ¦ 3) Have they been travelling for ìåòàìè è ò.ï.) or | fortnight or a month? ¦ 4) Have they travelled in Spain or | in Portugal? 34
IV. Ðàçäåëèòåëüíûå âîïðîñû Tag questions (óòâåðæäåíèå èëè îòðèöàíèå ïëþñ êðàòêèé âîïðîñ)
¦ 1) They travel in Spain, don't they? ¦ 2) They are not travelling in Spain, | are they? ¦ 3) They have been travelling in Spain | for fortnight, haven't they? ¦ 4) The have travelled in Spain, | haven't they? V. Âîïðîñû ê ïîäëåæàùåìó ¦ 1) Who travels in Spain? Present èëè Past Indefinite ¦ 2) Whose family travelled in Spain? Active áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ¦ 3) How many people travel in Spain? ãëàãîëîâ ¦ 4) Who was in Spain? ¦ 5) Who travelled in Spain? ¦ 6) Who will travel in Spain? ¦ 7) Who has been travelling in Spain | for fortnight? ¦ 8) What books do you usually take | with you? ¦ 9) Which letter follows «d»? EXERCISES
1. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: À 1. Îíè ñòóäåíòû? 2. Îíè ñòóäåíòû èëè ðàáî÷èå? 3. Âîçäóõ èìååò âåñ? 4. Âñå ñòóäåíòû íà ëåêöèè? 5. Òâîé äðóã — ïåðâîêóðñíèê? 6. Òâîè äðóçüÿ ãîòîâÿòñÿ ïîñòóïàòü â èíñòèòóò? 7. Îí áóäåò æäàòü òåáÿ â äâà ÷àñà? 8.  âàøåì ãîðîäå åñòü óíèâåðñèòåò? 9. Ýòî áîëüøîå îçåðî? 10. Äîêëàä áûë èíòåðåñíûì? 11. Ñòóäåíòû íàøåé ãðóïïû ïîäãîòîâèëèñü ê êîíôåðåíöèè? 12. Îí ìîæåò ñäåëàòü äëÿ òåáÿ ýòó ðàáîòó? 13. Òû æèë â Âîëãîãðàäå? 14. Îíè äîáðàëèñü äî ãîðîäà? 15. Îíè áûëè â ëàáîðàòîðèè? 16. Îí õîäèë â õèìè÷åñêóþ ëàáîðàòîðèþ? 17. Ýòî èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà? 18. Îíè åäóò â Âîëãîãðàä? 19.  ïàðêå â âîñêðåñåíüå áóäåò ìíîãî ëþäåé? 20. Âû åäåòå ñî ìíîé? 21. Âû êîãäà-íèáóäü âèäåëè òàêîå áîëüøîå æèâîòíîå? 22. Òàì áóäåò êòî-íèáóäü èç íàøèõ ñòóäåíòîâ? 23. Àòìîñôåðà îêðóæàåò âñþ ïîâåðõíîñòü Çåìëè? 24. Íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå áûëî ìíîãî ñåìèíàðîâ? 25. Ó íåå ìíîãî ðàáîòû?
35
 1. ×òî òàêîå àòìîñôåðà? 2. ×òî âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ëèòîñôåðà? 3. Êàê ìû êëàññèôèöèðóåì ãîðû? 4. Êàêèõ æèâîòíûõ ïîêàçûâàëè â çîîïàðêå? 5. Íàçâàíèÿ êàêèõ ìîðåé âû çíàåòå? 6. Ãäå íàõîäèòñÿ Ýëüáðóñ? 7. Êîãäà îí áûë ïîñëåäíèé ðàç íà çàíÿòèÿõ? 8. Êàêèå ïðåäìåòû âû èçó÷àåòå? 9. Êîãäà âû äîëæíû íàïå÷àòàòü ðåçóëüòàòû âàøåé ðàáîòû? 10. Ïî÷åìó ëþäè íå æèâóò âûñîêî â ãîðàõ? 11. Êòî èç âàñ ïóòåøåñòâîâàë äî ïîñòóïëåíèÿ â èíñòèòóò? 12. Ãäå áûëè íàéäåíû çàïàñû óãëÿ? 13. Êîãäà â èíñòèòóòå ëåêöèÿ? 14. Ãäå ìåäâåäè ñïÿò çèìîé? 15. Êàêèå ãîðû ñàìûå âûñîêèå? 16. Ãäå ïðîõîäèò ãðàíèöà ðàéîíà? 17. Êàêîé øêàëîé âû ïîëüçîâàëèñü ïðè èçìåðåíèÿõ? 18. Êàêîå ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëèæàéøåé áàðîìåòðè÷åñêîé ñòàíöèè? 19. Ãäå áëèæàéøàÿ áåíçîçàïðàâî÷íàÿ ñòàíöèÿ? 20. Ñêîëüêî îáðàçöîâ âû âçÿëè? 21. Êàêîé ãåîôèçè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðîé âû ðàñïîëàãàåòå? 22. Ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè âû áóäåòå â êîìàíäèðîâêå? 23. Ãäå ìîæíî âçÿòü òåõíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñåéñìîêîìïëåêñà? 24. Êàêèå âèäû îáîðóäîâàíèÿ âû ïëàíèðóåòå èñïîëüçîâàòü? Ñ 1. Âû åçäèëè â ýêñïåäèöèþ èëè â îòïóñê? 2. Îíà çíàåò ôðàíöóçñêèé èëè íåìåöêèé? 3. Ó íàñ ñåé÷àñ ëåêöèÿ ïî ôèçèêå èëè ïî ãåîãðàôèè? 4. Ó íåãî áóäåò çà÷åò èëè ýêçàìåí? 5. Âû áóäåòå ïëûòü ïî Âîëãå èëè ïî Äîíó? 6. Âû ïðîøëè êóðñ ãèäðîãðàôèè èëè ãèäðîãåîëîãèè? 7. Îíè íàáëþäàþò çà Ìàðñîì èëè çà Ñàòóðíîì? 8. Îíè âèäåëè áåëêó èëè êóíèöó? 9. Âû ñîáèðàëè ãðèáû èëè ÿãîäû? 10. Îí åäåò â Êðûì èëè íà Êàâêàç? 11. Ýòî ýêçîòåðìè÷åñêàÿ èëè ýíäîòåðìè÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ? 12. Âû ïîëó÷èëè ñîëü èëè êèñëîòó? 13. Ðóáèäèé — ýòî ìåòàëë èëè ãàëîãåí? 14. Òû ìîæåøü îïðåäåëèòü — ýòî ñâèíåö èëè îëîâî? D 1. Âû óæå èçó÷èëè ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ ãåîãðàôèþ, íå òàê ëè? 2. Îí âèäåë èçâåðæåíèå âóëêàíà, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 3. Ñ ïîìîùüþ äàííîé ðåàêöèè ìû ïîëó÷àåì ÷èñòóþ ðòóòü, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 4. Âû óæå çíàêîìû ñ îñíîâàìè áèîëîãèè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 5. Îíè ñåé÷àñ íå íà çàíÿòèÿõ, íå òàê ëè? 6. Îí óæå îçíàêîìèëñÿ ñ íîâîé óñòàíîâêîé, íå òàê ëè? 7. Â÷åðà âû çàíèìàëèñü â õèìè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè, íå òàê ëè? 8. Ãîðû Êàâêàçà âûøå Óðàëüñêèõ ãîð, íå òàê ëè? 9. Îí åùå íå âåðíóëñÿ èç Ñàðàòîâà, íå òàê ëè? 10. Îí âåäü íå áûë òàì, íå òàê ëè? 11. Áîëüíîìó åùå íåëüçÿ âûõîäèòü, 36
íå òàê ëè? 12. ß âåäü ïðàâ? 13. ß îïîçäàë, äà? 14. Ìû âñå êîëëåãè, íå òàê ëè? 15. Âû íå çíàåòå, êàê äîáðàòüñÿ äî âîêçàëà, íå òàê ëè? 16. Îí íå ó÷àñòâîâàë â ïðîøëîãîäíåé ýêñïåäèöèè, íå òàê ëè? Å 1. Êòî õîðîøî çíàåò ñåéñìîëîãèþ? 2. Êòî èç âàñ õîðîøî ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè? 3. ×òî îáû÷íî ñïðàøèâàåò ïðåïîäàâàòåëü íà ýêçàìåíå? 4. Êàêèå êíèãè íàäî ïðî÷åñòü ïðåæäå âñåãî? 5. ×üè äðóçüÿ æèâóò çäåñü? 6. ×üÿ ýòî ìàøèíà? 7. Êòî ðàáîòàåò â ýòîì ó÷ðåæäåíèè? 8. Êòî èç âàñ ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ýêîíîìèêå? 9. Êòî ÷èòàë Äæåêà Ëîíäîíà? 10. ×üè êíèãè òàì íà ñòîëå? II. Íàéäèòå ïðàâèëüíûé îòâåò: A 1. After institute you called at somebody. (A - Who called you at? B - Who did you call at?) 2. The reporter is asking the specialist. (A - Who is asking the specialist? B - Who is the specialist asking?) 3. ... is it from here to Pskov? (A - How far? B - How long?) 4. ... would you like to buy? (A - Which? B - What?) 5. ... of the cars is the best? (A - What? B - Which?) 6. It's so sunny today. ...got your parasol? (A - Why you haven't? B - Why haven't you?) 7. ... holiday are we having? (A - Which? B - Whom? C - What? D - What?) 8. ... does it cost to stay at the Seabeco Hotel? (A - How many? B - How much? C - What?) 9. ... is John's brother? - He's a manager of a large firm (A - What? B - Who? C - Where?) 10. ... will take me to learn German? - I think you'll be able to speak in another few months. (A - How much? B - How long? C - What?) 11. You can have a flower. ... one would you like? (A - What? B - Which?) B 1. It's a nice day, ...? (A - does it? B - is it? C - isn't it?) 2. There isn't a cloud in the sky, ...? (A - is it? B - does it? C - is there?) 3. We haven't got much time, ...? (A - have we? B - don't we? C - haven't we?) 4. He can play chess well, ...? (A - doesn't he? B - can he? C - can't he?) 5. Mrs. Smith is writing at the table, ...? (A - is she? B - isn't she? C - doesn't she?) 6. You like apples, ...? (A - aren't you? B - don't you? C - do you?) 7. I'm busy, ...? (A - aren't I? B - don't I? C - am not I?) 8. You aren't well enough. You should stay with either me or my parents, ...? (A - should you? B - shouln't you? C - are you?) 9. I'm not well enough, ...? (A - are I? B - am I?) 10. There are a lot of pictures in this room, ...? (A - aren't they? 37
B - aren't there? C - are there?) 11. There was nobody there, ...? (A - was there? B - wasn't there? C - were there?). 12. They never use this playground, ...? (A - don't they? B - do they? C - aren't they?) 13. My neighbour hasn't bought a new car yet, ...? (A - hasn't he? B - has he? C - did he?) 14. There will be a nice jaunt, ...? (A - won't there? B - will it? C - will there?) 15. He received a letter yesterday, ...? (A - did he? B - hadn't he? C - didn't he?) III. Ïðî÷òèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè: a) õðîíîëîãè÷åñêèå äàòû In 1600 (In sixteen hundred) In 1807 (In eighteen seven) In 1998 (In nineteen ninety eight) April 28, 1984 (The twenty-eight of April, nineteen eighty four, April the twenty-eight, nineteen eighty four). b) êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå 100 a(one) hundred 101 a(one) hundred and one 200 two hundred 250 two hundred and fifty 365 three hundred and sixty five 1,210 one thousand two hundred and ten 100,000 a(one) hundred thousand 1,000,000 a(one) million ñ) äðîáíûå è ñìåøàííûå âåëè÷èíû 1/2 - a (one) half 1/3 - a (one) third 1/4 - a (one) quarter; 5/6 - five sixths a (one) fourth 3/4 - three fourths 1/5 - a (one) fifth 25/57 - twenty five fifty sevenths 2/3 - two thirds 3 4/5 - three and four fifths 2 1/2 - two and a half d) äåñÿòè÷íûå âåëè÷èíû 0.8 - point eight; nought [n :t] point eight; o [ou] point eight; zero pont eight; 0.5 - point five; nought [n :t] point five; zero point five; .5 - o [ou] point five; one half; 0.003 - o [ou] point o [ou] o[ou] three; .003 - zero point zero zero three; point two oes [ouz] three; point two noughts three; 38
0.0000005 - o [ou] point six noughts five; 1.1 - one point one; 3.06 - three point nought six; three point o [ou] six 4.25 - four point two five 5.14 - five point one four 16.303 - sixteen point three nought three; sixteen point three o [ou] three IV. Ïðî÷èòàéòå: 3, 16, 70, 50, 100, 30, 11, 2, 88, 18, 306, 1005, 502, 5.786, 2.032, 1812, 1999, 1945, February 21, 5 1/3, 6 3/4, 15 5/6, 22 7/8. V. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 15 àâãóñòà 1967 ãîäà; 3245 êì; 0,2 êã; 0,63 ìåòðà; 3 ïðîöåíòà; 1,5 ÷àñà; 6,4 ïðîöåíòà; 18 íîÿáðÿ 1963 ãîäà; 5/8 òîííû; 6 ÷àñîâ; 22-é êèëîìåòð; 16-é ìåòð; 34-é àâòîìîáèëü; 3-é ñòîë; 3/4 ìåòðà; 1/2 ÷àñà; 105; â 1901 ãîäó; 1968 ãîä; 22 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1995 ãîäà; â 1900 ãîäó; 3/4 òîííû; 25 ïðîöåíòîâ; 0,35; 2,06; 7,45; 1/8; 2,5; 6857 êì; 0,43 ìåòðà; 41-é êèëîìåòð; 3,16; 2 ïðîöåíòà; 1/4; 0,6; 2 000; 1 970; 100 000; 5 000 000. VI. Íàïèøèòå öèôðàìè: 1. Three hundred and two. 2. The seventeen. 3. Forty six point two. 4. December the sixteen. 5. Thirty-seven. 6. Two thousand. 7. Two fourths. 8. Point nine. 9. Point three five noughts eight. 10. Five point three oes seven. 11. Two point zero zero six. 12. Fifteen point o eight. 13. Six and a half. 14. One point nine. 15. Five point nought three. 16. Eleven hundred. 17. Thirty four thirty sevenths. 18. Forty two point five nought six. 19. Thirty two point five six nine. VII. Ïðàâèëà ÷òåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ôîðìóë: 1. + plus 2. – minus 3. ½ sign of multi plication; multi plication sign 4. : sign of division; division sign 5. ( ) round brackets; parentheses 6. { } curly brackets; braces 7. [ ] square brackets; brackets 8. a = b a equals b; a is equal to b 39
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
24. 25. 26.
27.
28.
29. 30. 31. 40
a>b a >> b a