Методические указания и контрольные работы по английскому языку для студентов-заочников II курса исторического факультета

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Ростовский Государственный Университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов

Методические указания и контрольные работы по английскому языку для студентов-заочников II курса исторического факультета Выпуск 4

г. Ростов-на-Дону 2001

Методические указания обсуждены и утверждены на заседании кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов РГУ. Протокол №9 от 16.03.2001г. Составители: С.В. Шелковникова, А.С. Акопова. Ответственный редактор: Звягина Н.Ф.

Методическая записка Настоящие “Методические указания” предназначены для студентов II курса (IV семестр) заочного отделения исторического факультета РГУ и являются продолжением аналогичных “Методических указаний” (выпуски I, II, III). Поскольку они построены идентично выпускам I и II, требования, предъявляемые к выполнению контрольной работы, изложенные в предыдущих двух выпусках, в настоящих “Методических указаниях” не повторяются. В данном выпуске предусмотрены 5 вариантов контрольного задания №4. Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольное задание №4, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:

1. Неличные формы глагола: Infinitive и Infinitive Constructions; Gerund и Gerundial Constructions; Participle I и Participle II и Participial Constructions. 2. Complex Sentence (сложноподчиненное предложение): определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения; придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени, места и условия. Образец выполнения контрольного задания №4 Левая страница

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I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex Object. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык. He wants you to help him.

Он хочет, чтобы вы помогли ему.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex Subject и переведите предложения на русский язык. He is known to be preparing for the Известно, что он готовится к examinations. экзаменам.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и герундиальные обороты и переведите на русский язык. Learning rules without examples is Изучение правил без примеров useless. бесполезно. I'm against your going there alone. Я против того, чтобы вы пошли туда один. IV. . Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них зависимый или независимый причастный оборот и переведите их на русский язык Hearing the noise, he went to open the door (зависимый причастный оборот) The questions being settled, we went home (независимый причастный оборот).

Услышав шум, он пошел открывать дверь. Когда вопросы были решены, мы пошли домой.

Вариант 1 I.

Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex object. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

1. Nowadays we see new areas of research come into being as a result of unexpected break throughs. 2. Pegasus (Пегас), the legendary winged horse, made a secret spring of the Muses gush out by hitting Mount Helicon with his hooves. Whoever drank of that spring became a poet. 3. According to the legend people knew Pygmalion to be a great sculptor. II.

Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex Subject и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Herculus (Геркулес), one of the greatest heroes of classical mythology, is supposed to have been the strongest man on earth. 2. Myths are regarded not as a simple play of the imagination, but as the reflection of historical events and of our ancestors’ ideas about the world around them and its structure.

3. Kalevala, the Finish saga, is considered to be one of the most ancient epics to be found in Europe. III.

Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них герундии и герундиальные обороты и переведите на русский язык.

1. Some people say that theory is a device for saving time. 2. The American Revolution took place at the same time as the Industrial Revolution in England. Americans lost no time in industrializing their new nation and in building trade relations with other countries. 3. Nothing was said in the Constitution about coping with the problems of an industrial society. 4. President Woodrow Wilson tried to keep the US out of the war; but after his being drawn into the conflict he became a spokesman for peace through international cooperation. 5. 50 or 60 American “sons of Liberty”, disguised as Indians, protested the 3 cents per pound British tax on the popular drink into Boston Harbor on December, 16, 1773. IV.

Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них зависимый и независимый причастный оборот и переведите их на русский язык.

1. In the reign of Henry I, when such a baronial rising attempted to place his brother Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the throne, Henry was able to invade Normandy with an army contain considerable Saxson elements which defeated Robert and his feudal forces at the Battle of Tenchebray in 1106. 2. The phrase “Bread and Circuses” came from ancient Rome where the parties struggling for political influence tried to canvass supporters among the poorest but most numerous city population. 3. So they arranged for them feasts with free food and spectacular amusements, the favorite amusement being circus games. 4. It being still uncertain when and how the runes were invented, the runic script offers many problems to solve. V.

Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык 3 и 4 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 5 абзацы текста. The Egyptian civilization.

If we plot the first civilizations upon a world map we shall find, not that civilization spreads outwards from a center, but rather that it comes into existence at more than one point, that there are several tiny caterpillars of culture upon the globe ... the

valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, of the Nile in Egypt, of the Indus in northwest India and of the Yangtze in China. They all had one thing in common, a mastery of irrigationIt is especially in cities that mind can sharpen itself upon mind, that ideas and techniques can be exchanged and sold. So in the Nile Valley (as also inMesopotamia and far away in China), first in the Delta and then in Upper Egypt, there came also into history the city. And with the city there came also into history not only priests and kings, but lawyers and scribes, doctors, astronomers and mathematicians, actors, merchants, potters, artists and architects. It was the beginning of all things. 1. As sixteenth-century Spain and England accepted the challenge of the sea and of a New World, as ancient Rome accepted the challenge of a continent and built an empire, so Egypt accepted the challenge of reeds and swamps and hot sand and flood, and built the first nation. 2. In the field of art, the Ancient Egyptians expressed their ideas in sculpture, painting, relief's and architecture. Their art was expressive. For the first time in monumental form appeared the amazing manifestations of the belief in existence beyond death that dominated the Egyptian life and thought. For the Ancient Egyptians there was only a likeness of death when all signs of life ceased, for the human being still continued to exist in every other way. But to survive they required the support of the body through mummification or through image. Statues and statuettes, bas-reliefs and tomb paintings are there to immortalize the life of the individual in the afterworld. 3. In the field of minor arts, the Ancient Egyptians produced a very large number of amulets, scarabs and seals, and also ornamental objects and jewelry, which are not less beautiful because of their small size. These small objects were widespread and esteemed in Africa, the Near East and even in Europe. The wide distribution of these objects makes it possible to discover the bonds which linked Egypt to other nations long ago. VI. Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопроc: How did the Ancient Egyptians immortalize the life of people?

Вариант 2 I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex Object. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык 1. One the major problems at present for a university is to have young people interested in long-range problems. 2. Abraham Lincoln believed men to be free to govern themselves.

3. He considered the Union to be preserved by freeing the slaves so in 1862 he issued an Emancipation Proclamation. II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex Subject и переведите предложения на русский язык 1. Aphrodite was thought to have been born out the foam of the sea, and is thus often pictured rising from the water. 2. Apollo is known as the god of day and is often described riding his sun chariot across the sky. 3. The Irish patron saint is remembered by the wearing of the shamrock, for St. Patrict is said to have used the shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity. III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них герундии и герундиальные обороты и переведите их на русский язык 1. Adequate theories often prevented scientists from making many useless experiments. 2. Finding an adequate solution to this most urgent problem will surely require much time and still more effort. 3. Herbert Hoover, unlucky in entering the white House only eight months before the stock market crash, had struggled tirelessly to set the wheels of industry in motion again. 4. In addition to working in the cities, immigrants came to the United States to establish farms. 5. Julius Caesar restored many customs and institutions of the Roman republic, the effect of which action was substantially lessened by his nominating himself or someone of his family as the head of those institutions. IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них зависимый и независимый причастный оборот и переведите их на русский язык 1. With research involving more and more people, the profession of a scientist has become one of the most popular nowadays. 2. Social scientists and physical scientists, each group representing a diversity of specialized disciplines, were brought together to review some implications of the interaction between science and society. 3. Rising from the bleak expanse of Salisbury Plain, stands out one of the most intriguing puzzles of history – Stonehenge – the circle of stones cleverly shaped and fitted together to form a carefully planned whole.

4. It had taken more than 1000 years in development and then was suddenly terminated, leaving scores of puzzles for us. V. Прочитайте и устно переведите 2-ой абзац текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы текста VI. Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What kind of relationship was the Greco-Roman relationship? THE ROMAN EMPIRE 1. "The Roman", said Seneca, "came into the world with a sword in one hand and a spade in the other. The Roman was everything that the Greek was not. Where Greece failed, Rome was destined to succeed, while the Roman was to fail where the Greek had been most brilliant. The Athenian was inward-looking, contemptuous of the nonHellene; the Roman legionary marched to the ends of the earth, first conquering and then adsorbing the subject peoples, until not even the emperors were necessarily Roman. 2. The Greco-Roman relationship was one of the great love-hates of history. The Roman despised the Greek as effeminate and tricky, and yet all Roman intellectual life; from the nursery to the university, was saturated with Greek thought. Roman architecture adopted the trappings of the Greek style – columns, pediments, cornices, etc. – and yet, so unimportant is "style" compared with culture, the two architectures express the extremes of human thought. 3. The Greek was a deeply religious artist. His greatest architectural achievement was the temple – the carved shrine. The Roman, on the other hand, saw architecture primarily as structure; he was adsorbed by the enclosure of space, of large floor areas, by means of vaults or domes – feats of engineering in stone, brick or concrete. The Roman was also the greatest vulgarian of history, lavish in his use of ornament carving, mosaic, paint and gilding. These things, all too often, concealed the splendid simplicity of the underlying structure. 4. The contrast between the Greek temple and the Roman temple reveals the whole character of a people. The Greek temple was a shrine, aloof and isolated. The Roman temple, like some Baroque church, was a feature in the street; it had a facade with a great flight of steps leading to a richly carved Corinthian portico. One was a tribute to the deity; the other was an expression of imperial pride, an urban monument. Such pride is a quality of empire builders. It was, in its most monumental form, one of the greatest things that Rome left to the world.

Вариант 3 I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex object. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык 1. Emerging suddenly King Alfred won a decisive victory and forced the Danes to make peace. 2. Let the people know the truth, and the country is safe. (A. Lincoln). 3. We know George Washington to be a planer at the start of the revolution. II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Complex Subject и переведите предложения на русский язык 1. The Foreign Secretary's debut in the United Nations appears to have been a success. 2. Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan, may be said to have been the birthplace of the first properly organized attempt at a general system of academic instruction in Japan. 3. For 15 centuries a magnificent civilization flourished in the jungles of middle America. They appear to have had an organized government and priesthood which administered their elaborate statehood and religion. III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них герундии и герундиальные обороты и переведите их на русский язык 1. A true scientist is interested in being told about his mistakes. 2. History opens paths for success in the future by making clear how complicated life is and has been. 3. In the first centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire the Church had been the sole guardian of learning and of the traditions of the ancient civilization. 4. Alexander Nevsky's role in respect of the Mongols has been variously described as saving Russia from total destruction and betraying the country. 5. Alexander's making a total of four trips to the Mongols prevented military confrontation.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них зависимый и независимый причастный оборот и переведите их на русский язык. 1. After many nations accepted the faith of Christ, many synods assembled throughout the world. Such there were throughout England, consisting of bishops and other competent councillors. 2. The questions of collective scientific discoveries has already been raised, it having been suggested that a solution of some urgent problems can be best achieved that way. 3. America was transformed in the two centuries from the first English settlement at Jamestown in 1607 to the beginning of the 19th century. From a series of isolated colonial settlements hugging to the Atlantic coast, America evolved into a new nation, born in revolution, and guided by a Constitution embodying the principles of democratic self-government. 4. In relations with the Soviet Union, President Reagan's declared policy was one of peace through strength. Rooted in the Cold war tradition, he was determined to stand firm in dealing with the country he termed "the evil empire". V. Прочитайте и устно переведите 2-ой и 3-й абзац текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 4 и 5-й абзацы текста VI. Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: Where was the Roman capital transferred and what name did it get? THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1. On 25 July in AD 306, outside the walls of York, Constantine was acclaimed Emperor of the World, his legionaries raising him aloft upon a shield. Seven years later, in the Edict of Milan, Constantine gave freedom and official standing to the Christian Church. Although Constantine was baptized only on his deathbed, he proclaimed himself the Thirteenth Apostle and believed that after death he would be absorbed into the Trinity. 2. His choice of a saviour and messiah, out of all the multifarious deities available to him was opportunist and political. It secured for him the loyalty of the army and the people. Even so, with the subject tribes pressing hard upon the frontiers of a dying Empire, Rome herself was in peril, and in 334 Constantine decided to move his capital from Rome to the old Hellenic town of Byzantium upon the shores of the Bosphorus. It was a most momentous decision. 3. The new city which "arose like an exhalation in the night" was renamed Constantinople, but the culture of which it was the heart will always be known as Byzantine. That city was founded upon a key strategic site, the meeting-place of all the maritime and caravan routes of the ancient world. Cities as far apart as Venice and

Kiev were within its immediate orbit, while Peking was within its knowledge. It was intended to be a great Latin and Christian capital. 4. Although governed by emperors of many races calling themselves Roman the Latin elements were in fact soon submerged by the existing Greek culture. But Christian it remained from the fourth century to the fifteenth, from the arrival of Constantine until it fell to the Turks in 1453. That fall seemed to some men to be the end of the world. 5. Byzantium inherited the artistry of the Greek world – almost all individual artist were Greek – and married to it the structural and engineering genius of Rome. It could escape neither the colour nor the mysticism of the East. All this Byzantium exploited to the glory of the Church which was intent, both in its liturgy and its architecture, upon showing that the teaching of Jesus had been transmuted into an institution which was imperial, powerful, sacerdotal and divine. The result was one of the great architectures of history.

Вариант 4 I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Objective Infinitive Construction. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык. 1. At Saratoga in 1777 Benedict Arnold's battlefield leadership forced the British army to surrender. 2. This victory caused the French to join the war on the American side. 3. Benjamin Franklin's accomplishments and the talents and interests caused him to be called both "the first American" and "the last universal man". II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Subjective Infinitive Construction и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Humanities is considered to be one of the main branches of learning, a scholar of the humanities studies history, literature, the fine arts, and philosophy. 2. Alexander the Great, a ruler of Greece in the fourth century B.C., conquered most of the ancient world, extending the civilization of Greece east to India. Alexander is said to have wept because there were no worlds left to conquer. 3. Daedalus (Дедал) is a mystical Greek architect, inventor and sculptor, who was said to have built among other things, the paradigmatic labyrinth for King Minos of Crete.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них герундии и герундиальные обороты и переведите их на русский язык. 1. By having defined one's research objective one has already made the first, and the most important step, towards the final success. 2. Impeachment was a new procedure, in which the House of Commons acted as accusers and the House of Lords as judges. It was developed mainly as method of limiting the royal power by attacking the King's servants and was a primitive method of securing the responsibility of ministers to Parliament. 3. The impeachment of Suffolk was followed by setting up of a committee of control, the Lords Appelant, after the pattern that had become traditional with the barons in their conflicts with the Crown. 4. For the rest of his reign Henry IV displayed a diplomatic ability in the avoidance of issues that prevented him from meeting serious opposition. 5. One of the objectives of carrying on research at the university is to provide intellectual exercise for the lecturer. This is achieved by the lecturer doing research between lectures and other duties. IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них зависимый и независимый причастный оборот и переведите их на русский язык. 1. The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute. 2. Herodotus, "the father of history", traveled extensively, visiting all the places of the greatest interest. 3. His work is not only a narration of the deeds of real men and a description of foreign places, it is also the expression of a whole man, representing all the world seen through the eyes of one man. 4. No country's history has been more closely bound to immigration than that of the United States. During the first 15 years of the 20th century alone, over 13 million people came to the United States, many passing through Ellis Island, the federal immigration center that opened in New York harbor in 1892. V.

Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста. Прочитайте и устно переведите 4и 5 абзацы текста. TWELFTH-CENTURY IDEALS 1. Chivalry was an ideal. There can be no date for the "foundation" of Chivalry. The word meant the spirit of a rider (chevalier) or knight. The training of a knight began when he was seven, when the boy usually entered the service of a lord and his lady as a page. His education would be in the hands of the women of the household. At the age of fourteen the page would become a squire; he would now be in constant

attendance on his lord, being trained in the use of lance and shield and battleaxe. At the age of twenty-one the squire was considered worthy to be "dubbed" a knight. 2. The ceremony was long and solemn. He would spend a night in fasting and prayer; in the morning, after being bathed and robed symbolically in white, he would make his Communion and take the vows of Chivalry. He would swear to hear the Mass every day, to give his life, if need be, in defence of the Faith, to protect the oppressed and to honour women. The oath taken, he would be invested with the arms of a knight, then, clad in coat of mail, cuirass, armlets, gauntlets and spurs, he would receive an accolade (three taps of the sword on the shoulder or a blow of the fist on the neck) which would make him a knight. 3. Usually after the ceremony a tournament was held. This was the great sport of Chivalry. A clearing of level grass would be chosen at either end of which the opposing knights would take their stand. After a blare of trumpets, heralds would announce to the lord on his dais and to the assembly gathered round, the titles of the combatants, who meanwhile would be closing their visors and fixing their lady's favours – glove, scarf or trinket – in their helms. 4. At a signal from the trumpets the knights would charge down the lists with couched to meet with terrific impact in the middle. The skilful knight would unhorse his vis- a-vis without wounding him. More often, the lances of both sides would be splintered and the knight canter back to their squires and begin the joust again. 5. Fighting, in tournament or in real war, was the whole occupation of a medieval knight. Their fighting was governed by strict rules. VI.

Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What was the main occupation of a medieval knight?

Вариант 5 I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Objective Infinitive Construction. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык. 1. Most people believe the amount of effort in science to be somehow correlated with the standard of living in the country. 2. We know Greek philosophers to call art an “imitation of nature”. 3. The story of Pygmalion is the most famous of the myths that believe art to have the power of creation rather than the power of potraying.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитивный оборот Subjective Infinitive Construction и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. William Marshall and Archbishop Langton appear to have been men of some ability and under them the importance of the Great Council in Britain increased. 2. History’s first submarine attack is known to take place in New York Harbor in 1776. 3. Benedict Arnold was believed to be the best general in the Continental Army. III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них герундии и герундиальные обороты и переведите их на русский язык. 1. If you never thought of asking a question you are not interested in having the answer. 2. At first George Washington was hesitant about enlisting blacks into his army during the American Revolution. 3. Tall and handsome, with a stentorian voice, Alexander Nevsky became Russia’s national hero at a time when the country was on the verge of being wiped off the earth. 4. Yet the Novgorodians foolishly persisted in quarreling with their prince, and he was compelled to leave. 5. After Alexander Nevsky’s leaving Novgorod the town was attacked by Livonian Germans, the Chud tribe and Lithuanians. IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них зависимый и независимый причастный оборот и переведите их на русский язык. 1. Yet never were problems confronting the country so acute, with the electorate in fact divided on policy issues to a greater degree than for years past. 2. Dispossessed of their lands, the tribal people of America had lost their way of life. 3. Estimates of the number of Native Americans living in what is now the United States at the onset of European colonization range from two to 18 million, with most historians tending toward the lower figure. 4. Leaders of the radical wing of the Republican Party planned to put Black southerners on an equal footing with Whites, but with White southern leaders resenting these efforts, antagonism and bitterness grew, resulting in separate systems in the south: one for Negroes and one for Whites.

V. Прочитайте и устно переведите 1-й и 4-й абзацы текста. перепишите и письменно переведите 2б3 и 5-й абзацы текста. Примечания к тексту: 1. Navajo Навахо, североамериканский индеец. 2. pueblo пуэбло, поселение индейцев. 3. Ute юты, племя североамериканских индейцев.

THE EDURING MYSTERY OF THE ANASAZI 1. Time-worn pueblos and dramatic “cliff towns” set amid the stark, rugged mesas and canyons of Colorado and New Mexico, mark the settlements of some of the earliest of North America, the Anasazi (a Navajo word meaning “ancient ones). 2. By 500 A.D. the Anasazi had established some of the first identifiable village in the American Southwest, where they hunted and grew crops of corn, squash and beans. The Anasazi flourished over the centuries, developing sophisticated dams and irrigation system; creating a masterful, distinctive pottery tradition; and carving intricate, multi-room dwellings into the sheer sides of cliffs remain among the most striking archaeological sites in the United States today. 3. Yet by the year 1300, they had abandoned their settlements, leaving their pottery, implements, even clothing – as though they intended to return – and seemingly disappeared into history. Their homeland remained empty of human beings for more than a century – until the arrival of new tribes, such as the Navajo and the Ute, followed by the Spanish and other European settlers. 4. The story of the Anasazi is tied inextricably to the beautiful but harsh environment in which they chose to live. Early settlements, consisting of simple pithouses scooped out of the ground, evolved into sunken kivas that served as meeting and religious sites. Later generations developed the masonry techniques for building square, stone pueblos. But the most dramatic change in Anasazi living – for reasons that are still unclear – was the move to the cliff sides below the flattopped mesas, where the Anasazi carved their amazing, multilevel dwellings. 5. Although the Anasazi dispersed from their ancestral homeland, they did not disappear. Their legacy remains in the remarkable archaeological record that they left behind, and in the Hopi, Zuni and other Pueblo peoples who are their descendants. VI. Прочитаете текст и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос: What was the most interesting change in Anasazi way of living?

Рецензия на методические указания и контрольные работы по английскому языку для студентов-заочников II курса исторического факультета. (Составители: А.С. Акопова, С.В. Шелковникова). Контрольное задание №4 имеет 5 вариантов и рекомендуется для выполнения в IV семестре. Тексты взяты из оригинальных источников, адаптированы и приведены в соответствие с учебно-методическими задачами курса. При подборе текстов авторы руководствовались принципом, который условно можно сформулировать как “тематическая и проблемная адекватность текстов уровню языковой подготовки обучаемых”, а также информативностью текстов и частотностью и репрезентативностью представленной в них лексики. Грамматический материал указаний представлен в соответствии с требованиями типовой Программы по английскому языку для гуманитарных факультетов университетов. Настоящее пособие может быть использовано и для занятий по английскому языку в студенческих группах дневного отделения. Оно может быть полезно и для аспирантов ВУЗов при повторении ими основ грамматического строя и словарного состава английского языка. 12.03.2001г. старший преподаватель Звягина Н.Ф.