Te/ieBM3MOHHblM
MACTEP-KAACC
. M. Bo/ibiHeu
tiw
• ......
T e n eBH3MOHHbiPi/ MACTEP—KAACC
M. M. Bo/ibmeu
llpoecc...
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Te/ieBM3MOHHblM
MACTEP-KAACC
. M. Bo/ibiHeu
tiw
• ......
T e n eBH3MOHHbiPi/ MACTEP—KAACC
M. M. Bo/ibmeu
llpoeccMfi: onepcrrop
^
ACnEHT
nPECC
MocKBa
2007
y^K 791.43 BBK 85.37+76.032 B 70 B 70
BojiMHeu MapK MnxaiuioBin FIpodpeccHH: onepaTop: yqe6. noco6He ana cryaeHTOB By3 0 B / M. M. BojiMHeu. — M.: AcneKT Flpecc, 2007. — 160 c. — (CepHfl «TejieBH3HOHHbiH MacTep-KJiacc»).
ISBN 978-5-7567-0325-2 i
rioMHMo O6IUHX CBeaeHHM o KOMno3MUHH M pa6oTe onepaTopa co CBeTOM — OCHOBHUX iiHcuHnJiHHax npo(j>eccnn, aBTop BHaHT CBOK) 3aaaqy B TOM, MTO6H HayHHTb WHTaTejieft npocpeccnoHa^bHO «MMTaTb H noHMMaTb» npoH3BeaeHMH H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro HCKyccTBa, cojjiannbie KiiBoniiciiuMii. (poTorpa(paMH, KMHO- H TejieonepaTopaMH B cpM/ibMax H nepeaanax, Bbi3BaTb xejiauHc yMHTbCJi y paaJiHMHbix MacTepoB, a Taioice aKTnnno <paHTa3MpoBaTb caiuMM B iioBceziiieHHOM pa6oTe. Kmira npeana3naMena njia onepaTopoB, xejiaioinnx noBMCWTb CBOIO KBaJinHCHHIOXCH xeM, Hxo MM BHaHM MHp aByMH raa3aMH H «oxBax» BwaMMoro npocxpaHcxBa no ropH30HxanH 6aiibixie, seM no BepxMKa^H. Koraa T. SAHCOH HCKaa (popMax Kaapa ana KMHeMaxorpacpa, OH «oxcMoxpeji» OKOJIO 2500 KapxHH xyaoxHHKOB. EojIblJJHHCXBO 3THX KapXHH «BnHCbIBaJIOCb» B (popMax, 6JIH3KMH K 3oaoxoMy ceneHHio (8:5). Pa3yMeexca, xyaoxHHKH 6biaw cBo6oaHbi B BM6ope pa3MepoB xoncxa, a xaioxe B ropH30HxanbHOM Maw BepxHKaabHOM nocxpoeHMH KOMno3HUHH. Bbi6paH 6bui pa3Mep Kaapa c oxHoiueHHeM uiHpwHbi K Bbicoxe 8:5.
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Kaap BnocneacxBHH, c noaBJieHHeM 3ByKa, npnuiJiocb Bbiaeanxb Macxb Kaapa ;yiH 3ByKOBoii aopoxKH, H Kaap npHo6pea CBOM ceroaHHuiHHH (popMax 4:3. BMecxe c xeM yxe pa3pa6oxaH cpopMax Kaapa c cooxHouieHHeM cxopoH 16:9, OMeHb 6aH3KHM K napaMexpaM 3o;ioxoro ceweHHH 16:10. 3xo <popMax xe^eBHaeHHa BHCOKOM qexKoexw (TBM), rae nacxoxa cxpoK 6yaex cocxaBanxb 1250. TaKHM o6pa30M, MM HMeeM aeao c ynueepcanbHbiM (popMamoM Kaapa H, B oxaHMwe ox xyaoxHHKOB, MeHHXb ero He MOXCM. 3xox (popMax aojiaceH oxBenaxb paay xpe6oBaHHii: 1. Ha KapxHHHoft naocKocxH Kaapa aoaxHW xopoiuo pa3Memaxbca aicrepcKHe MH3aHcuenbi KaK B aeKopauwax, xaK H Ha Haxype. B KaapaoaxHbi «BnHCbiBaxbCH» o6mne, cpeaHHe H KpynHbie ruiaHbi. B (popMax Kaapa aojiacHM yaanHo 3aKOMnoHOBbiBaxbca ropoacKHe H cejibCKHe neioaxM. KHoro H3aoxeHHH Bcero (pwubMa, cocxoamero M3 MHoacecxBa MOHxaxHbix KaapoB. ripaKXMKa noKa3biBaex, qxo ceroaHHixiHMH (popMax Kaapa oxBenaex BceM BbiiuenepeMHCJieHHbiM xpe6oBaHHHM. CoaepxauHe Kaapa — 3xo HenpepbiBHo pa3BMBaiomeecfl aeficxBHe. 0 6 pa3H0cxb conexaex B ce6e noBecxBOBaxeabHyio coaepxaxe^bHoexb aHxepaxypbi H njiacxMKy M3o6pa3Hxe^bHoro HCKyccxBa, paccKa3 H noKa3. KajKabiii Kaap aoaxeH HMexb XOMHHH cMbica — onpeaejieHHoe coaepacaHwe, aerKO noHHMaeMoe 3pnxeaeM. TaaBHoe AOCXOHHCXBO (ppasu, HariHcaiiHoii BeaHKHM nwcaxeaeM, 3aKaiOMaexcH B XOSHOM ox6ope caoB aaa BbipaxeHHH Mbicaw H B caMOM Bbipa3HxeabHOM pacnojio)KeHHH 3XHX caoB. TOHHO xaK x e aocxoHHCXBO Kaapa 3aBMCHX ox ACHOCXH, MCXKOCXH oxGopa KOMnoHeHxoB, ox Bbipa3HxeabHoro HX pacnoaoxeHHa. C noMOuibio 3XHX M3o6pa3Hxe^bHbix npHeMOB 3aMbice;i pexHccepa H onepaxopa coo6maexcn 3pMxeaio. B onepaxopcKofi npo(peccnn coaepxaHwe noHHXHH «KOMno3HUMa Kaapa* HecKOJibKO oxaHMaexcfl ox noHaxna «KOMno3nuHa» Ha noaoxHe xyaOXHHKa-XHBOnHCUa. XyAOJKHHK cBo6oaHO onepHpyex npeaMexaMH oKpyxaiomero MHpa, npoH3BoabHO BmnoMan HX B KOMno3HUHio CBoevi KapxHHbi. OH Moxex «nepeaBMHyxb* HJIH BOBce «y6paxb» aoM, aepeBO H apyrHe o6teKXbi B ueaax co3aaHHH HaH6o^ee Bbipa3HxeabHoii KOMno3MUwn. OH B COCXOHHHH BocnpoH3BecxH KaKoe-^H6o HBJieHHe HUH co6bixne, M3o6pa>Kafl ero no naMHxw. Co3aaBan CBOIO KapxHHy, OH cnoco6eH o6ieaHHMXb B SXOM H3o6pa>KeHHH
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Pa3aea I. KoMno3HUHa pe3y^bTaTbi MHoroflHeBHbix Ha6aioaeHHH, Hanooaee HHTepecHoe ocBeiueHHe H UBCT, Hcnoab3ya 3apaHee caeaaHHbie Ha6pocKH H 3Tioabi. OnepaTop, co3aaBaa nocmanoeoHHyio KOMno3HUHio (nopTpeT, HaTiopMOPT, MHorotpnrypHyio cueHy), TaKxe CBo6oaeH B CBOHX aencTBHax. OH, KaK H xyaoxHHK-acHBoriHceu, MOxeT npoH3BoabHO nepeMemaTb o6i>eKTbi B KOMn03HUHOHHOM nOJie, A06HBa«Cb HaH60JIbUJeH Bbipa3HTeJIbH0CTH. OiiHaKO npn cteMKe neifoaxa HJIH ecTecTBeHHoro HHTepbepa onepaTop, B OTjinqne OT XHBonncua, jwiueH TaKOH B03MOXHOCTH. B 3TOM cjiynae onepaTop Bbi6npaeT onTHManbHyio TOHKy cbeMKH, cooTBeTCTByiomee ero 3aMbicay ocBeuieHHe, aoxaaaeTca Heo6xoaHMoro COCTOHHHH aTMOccpepHbix ycjioBHH, BbinanHHfl TaKHM o6pa30M CBOK) H3o6pa3HTeabHyio 3aaaqy. Eme 6oaee orpaHHHeH B CBOHX aencTBHax onepaTop, ocyuiecTBaaioIUHH penopTaxHyio cbeMKy. Co6biTHe nponcxoaHT He3aBHCHMO OT COCTOHHHH noroaM H ocBemeHHH. TeM He MeHee H B 3THX CJIOJKHWX ycaoBHax onepaTop aoaxeH copneHTHpoBaTbca H CHHTb co6biTHe Bbipa3HTejibHO no KOMn03HUHH H OCBeiljeHHlO. KoMnoHya Kaap, noanHHaa CBOIO pa6oTy opraHH3au,HH H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro MaTepnana Ha 3KpaHe, onepaTop peuiaeT oaHOBpeMeHHO MHOxecTBO 3aaan: 1. HaxoaHT HanGoaee Bbipa3HTeabHyio TOHKy CICMKH. 3 T O 03HanaeT, HTO onpeaeaaioTca KOopaHHara HaxoxaeHHa KaMepw no TpeM BeKTopaM — paccToaHHio RO o6T>eKTa, nojioxeHHio no ropH30HTajiH, noaoxeHHio no BepTHKajiH. 2. I~Ioa6HpaeT onTHKy, T.e. onpeaeaeHHbiii yroji 3peHHa o6i>eKTHBa. OT 3Toro 3aBMCHT He ToabKO MacujTa6Hbie cooTHOiueHHa npeaMeTOB, HO H xapaKTep nepeaann nepcneKTHBbi B Kaape. 3. Bbi6npaeT ocBeuieHHe oGieicra, no3Boaaiomee HaHJiyniiiHM o6pa30M nepeaaTb cpopMy H cpaKTypy npeaMeTOB. 4. HaMeqaeT CBCTO- H uBeTOTOHaabHbiH xapaKTep 6yaymero H3o6paaceHHa. 5. PeuiaeT, KaKOH onepaTopcKHH npneM 6yaeT ncnojib30BaH npn cieMKe 3Toro Kaapa: craTHHHbin naaH, naHopaMa, Hae3a, OTbe3a, cieMKa c ABHxeHHa H T.n. Ilpn STOM onepaTop onpeaeaaeT TeMnopHTMHnecKHe napaMeTpbi npneMOB. B pe3yjibTaTe onepaTopcKOH paSoTbi Ha OHOCKOM 3KpaHe co3aaeTca noaHoe BnenaTJieHHe o cpopMe H cpaicrype npeaMeTOB, o ray6HHe npoCTpaHCTBa. Kaflp — OCHOBHOH sneMeHT c£>nnbMa, onepua, c t o w e i a , e r o nocraHOBOHHaa, cteMOWHa* M MOHTawHaa eAMHm;a. 3 T O 6yKBa, CHOBO B MOHTawHOH cppa3e. KancAbiM KaAP npeacTaBntieT CO6OH eAHHoe uenoe, M ero coAepwaHMe 3aKniOHeHo B HCM nonHOCTbio.
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3HaqeHHe H coaepxaHHe Kaxaoro Kaapa He 3aBHCirr HanpaMyio OT MecTa, 3aHHMaeMoro HM B MouraxHOM pany. O T coeaHHeHHa KaapoB B TOH HJIH HHOH KOM6HHauHH MoryT B03HHKH\Tb coBepuieHHO pa3Hbie omymeHHfl. BceBo/ioa IlyaoBKHH Hcnojib30Baji oaHH H TOT xe Kaap (nopTpeT cnoKOHHo cHaamero MyxHHHbi) B snH3oaax cBaab6bi H noxopoH. H B Ty, H B apyryio cueHy STOT Kaap Bxoami opraHHMHo. TaK nncaTejib, ao6HBaacb Han6o^ee Bbipa3HTejibHoro 3ByqanHa cppa3bi, MnoroKpamo MeHaeT MecTaMH caoBa. TaK H3 oaHHX H Tex xe 6yKB MM noaynaeM caMbie pa3Hbie caoBa, nopoH npoTHBonoaoxHbie no CMbicay. M3o6paxeHne Ha 3KpaHe — aro, npexae Bcero, HCTOHHHK HHCpopMaUHH. Ho, BbicTpanBaa KOMno3Hunio Kaapa, onepaTop 3a6oTHTca He ToabKo o TOM, HToGbi HH(popMauHa, 3aioiiOMeHHaa B HCM, flouuia no 3pHTejia. OCHOBHOH 3aKOH ero TBopnecTBa — 3TO 6bipa3umejibHocmb Kaxaoro Kaapa. KawecTBO SKpaHHoro H3o6paxeHHa npeaiaanaeT onepaTopy paa Tpe6oBaHHH: • ^CHOCTb (pOpMbl. Hepa36op4HBOCTb npeaMeTHOH (popMbi Ha 3KpaHe TOPMO3HT Bocnpnjrrne coaepxaHHa Kaapa HJIH nponcxoaamero B HCM aencTBHa, cBoanT Ha HeT Bbipa3HTeabH0CTb o6pa30B. M^nuiHaa, HeonpaBaaHHaa ycaoxHeHHocTb (popMbi, KOMno3HUHOHHaa neperpyxeHHOCTb, necTpoTa TOHOB H UBeTa nopoxaaeT qpe3MepHoe KoanqecTBo apKocTHbix pa3apa)KHTeaeH H caabHO 3aTpyaHaeT BocnpHarae. • MnTaeMOCTb coaepxaHHa Kaapa. , HeBepHO cHHTaTb, HTO 3pHTeab caM aoaxeH Bbi6npaTb O6T>CKT BHHMaHHH Ha 3KpaHe. PaccMaTpHBaa KapTHHy XHBonHCua, 3pHTeab caM onpeaeJiaeT, Ha HTO eMy o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe CHanaaa, Ha KaKOH o6i>eKT — noTOM, a HTO Ha KapTHHe BOo6me ocTaBHTb 6e3 BHHMaHna. OnepaTop B Kaape KOMnoHyeT o6i.eKTbi TaKHM o6pa30M, HTo6bi 3pnTeab Mor ^erKO pa3o6paTbca B coaepxaHHH. ABTOPW npoH3BeaeHHa (peXHccep H onepaTop) cTaBHT nepea CO6OH 3aaany — 3aBJiaaeTb BHHMaHHeM 3pHTeaa. BbiCTpaa y3HaBaeMOCTb Ha 3KpaHe repoeB, npeaMeTOB, (paKTyp coBepuieHHO Heo6xoaHMa B KHHO H Ha TB no TOH npHHHHe, HTO Kaxauii Kaap aeMOHCTpnpyeTca Ha 3KpaHe onpeaeaeHHoe, orpaHHHeHHoe BpeMa. ^(HBonHCb, cKyabnTypy, rpa<J)HKy, (poTorpa(pHio MM MoxeM paccMaTp'HBaTb CKoab yroaHO ao^ro. KHHO H TeaeBHaeHne OTBoaaT HaM Ha Bocnpn"THe H3o6pa3HTeabHoro (pparMeHTa, T.e. Kaapa, crporo onpeaeaeHHoe BpeMa. CxoxecTb BocnpnaTHa My3biKaabHoro (pparMeHTa, coiaaHHoro KOMno3HTopoM, H H3o6pa3HTeabHoro 3nH3oaa, CMOHTHDOBaHHoro pexHccepoM, 3aecb oneBHaHa. He cjiynafiHO MHorne 3nH3oaw MOHTHpyioTca «noa My3biKy», T.e. B co3aaHHH MOHTaxHbix (ppa3 Hcnoab3yeTca TeMnopHTM H TOHanbHocTb My3biKaabHoro npoH3BeaeHHa. 13
Pa3,aeji I. KoMno3HixMH pe3y^bTaTbi MHoroflHeBHbix Ha&moaeHHfi, Hanoojiee HHTepecHoe ocBemeHMe H UBer, ncno;ib3ya 3apaHee ca&aaHHbie Ha6pocKM H ynona. OnepaTop, co3aaBaa nocmanoeoHHyio KOMno3HUHio (nopTpeT, HaTiopMOPT, MHorocpurypHyio cueHy), TaKxe CBo6oaeH B CBOHXflencTBHax.OH, KaK H xy,aoxHHK-XHBonnceu, MoxeT npoH3Bo^bHO nepeMemaTb o6ieKTbi B KOMri03HUHOHHOM nOJie, ao6HBaaCb HaH60JIblXieH Bbipa3HTe/IbHOCTH. OflHaKo npH cteMKe neftaaxa HJIH ecTecTBeHHoro HHTepbepa onepaTop, B OTJiHHHe OT XHBonHCua, ^HiueH TaKOH BO3MOXHOCTM. B 3TOM aiynae onepaTop Bbi6npaeT onTHManbHyio TOMKy CT>CMKH, cooTBeTCTByioiuee ero 3aMbic/iy ocBemeHHe, AoxnaaeTca Heo6xoaHMoro cocroaHHa aTMoapepHbix ycJiOBHti, BbinojiHHJi TaKHM o6pa30M CBOK) H3o6pa3HTejibHyio 3aaany. Eme 6o;iee orpaHHneH B CBOHX aeftcTBHax onepaTop, ocymecTanaioIUHH penopiaxHyio cteMKy. Co6birae nponcxoanT He3aBHCHMO OT cocroaHHa noroflw H ocBemeHHa. TeM He MeHee H B STHX CJIOXHHX yanoBwax onepaTop ao/ixeH copneHTHpoBaTbca H cHaTb co6biTHe Bbipa3HTe;ibHO no KOMn03MUHH H OCBemeHHK). KoMnoHya Kaap, noaMHHaa CBOIO pa6oiy opraHH3auHH H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro MaTepnana Ha SKpane, onepaTop peuiaeT oaHOBpeMeHHO MHOacecTBO 3aaan: 1. HaxoaHT HaM6ojiee Bbipa3HTejibHyjo TOMKy cbeMKH. 3TO 03HanaeT, MTO onpeacnaioTca Koop^HHaTbi HaxoxaeHHa KaMepbi no TpeM BeKTopaM — paccTOHHHio no o6-beicra, nanoxeHHio no ropH30HTanH, nojioxeHHio no BepTHKaan. 2. riofl6HpaeT onTHKy, T.e. onpeaejieHHbiH yroji 3peHHa o6T>eKTHBa. OT 3Toro 3aBHCKT He TOJibKO MacuiTa6Hbie cooTHomeHHa npeaMeTOB, HO H xapaKTep nepcaaMH nepcneKTHBbi B Kaape. 3. Bbi6HpaeT ocBemeHHe o6T>eKra, no3BOJiaiomee HaHJiymiiHM o6pa30M nepeaaTb (popwiy H (paKrypy npeaMeTOB. 4. HaMenaeT CBCTO- H UBeTOTOHajibHbift xapaKTep 6yaymero H3o6paxeHHa. 5. PeuiaeT, KaKoft onepaTopcKHH npneM 6yaeT Hcnonb30BaH npn cieMKe 3Toro Kaapa: craTHHHbiH ruiaH, naHopaiwa, Hae3.a, oTT>e3,a, cieMKa c aBHxeHHa H T.n. n p n STOM onepaTop onpeacnaeT TCMnopHTMHHecKne napaMeTpbi npHeMOB. B pe3y^bTaTe onepaTopcKon pa6oTbi Ha ruiocKOM 3KpaHe co3aaeTca nojiHoe BneMaTJieHHe o (popMe M (paicrype nptaMeTOB, o rjiy6HHe npoCTpaHCTBa. KaAP — OCHOBHOH aneMeHT qbnnbMa, onepna, cioweTa, e r o nocraHOBO*Hasi, c-beMOHHaa n MOHramHan ennnnna. 3 T O 6yKBa, cnoao B MOHTa>KHOH 4>pa3e. Ka>KAbiM KaAP npeACTaBnsieT CO6OM eAMHoe u e n o e , M e r o coAepHpa3bi, MHoroKpamo MeHaeT MecTaMH c^OBa. TaK H3 OAHHX H Tex xc 6yKB MM nojiynaeM caMbie pa3Hbie onoBa, nopoH npoTHBonojioacHbie no CMbicjiy. M3o6pa>KeHMe Ha 3KpaHe — STO, npe)Kae Bcero, HCTOMHHK HH4>opMaUMH. Ho, BbicTpaHBaa KOMno3nuHio Kaapa, onepaTop 3a6oTMTca He TojibKO o TOM, HTo6bi HH(popMauH5i, 3aKJiioHeHHaa B HeM, flouxna no 3pHTejia. OCHOBHOH 3aKOH ero TBopnecrBa — STO et>tpa3umeAbHocmb Kaxaoro Kaapa. KanecTBo 3KpaHHoro H3o6pa>KeHHa npeflT>aaaaeT onepaTopy paa TpeGoBaHMii: • flCHOCTb (pOpMbl. Hepa36op4HBOCTb npeaMeTHOH (J)opMbi Ha SKpaHe TOPMO3HT BocnpnaTHe cojiepxaHHa Kaapa RTIH npoHcxoaamero B HCM .aettcTBwa, CBOAHT Ha HeT Bbipa3HTejibHOCTb o6pa30B. M3JiHiiiHaa, HeonpaBaaHHaa yc^oxHeHHOCTb 4>opMbi, KOMno3HUHOHHaa neperpjoKeHHocTb, necTpoTa TOHOB H UBeTa nopo>KaaeT Mpe3MepHoe KO/IMHCCTBO apKocTHbix pa3^paxHTeaeH H CHjibHo 3aTpyaHaeT BocnpnaTHe. • MHTaeMOCTb coaepxaHHa Kaapa. ( HeBepHO CHHTaTb, HTO 3pHTe^b CaMflO^XeHBbl6HpaTb 06l>eKT BHMMaHHa Ha SKpaHe. PaccMaTpHBaa KapTHHy XHBonHCua, 3pHTe^b caM onpeaeJiaeT, Ha HTO eMy o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe CHanana, Ha KaKOH O6T>CKT — noTOM, a MTO Ha KapTHHe B006me OCTaBMTb 6e3 BHHMaHMa. OnepaTop B Kaape KOMnoHyeT o6i>eKTbi TaKHM o6pa30M, HTOGW 3pnTejib MOT ^erKO pa3o6paTbca B coaepxaHMH. ABTOPM npOH3BeaeHHa (peXHccep H onepaTop) CTaBaT nepea CO6OH 3aaa4y — 3aanaaeTb BHiiMamieM 3pHTejIH. BbicTpaa y3HaBaeMOCTb Ha 3KpaHe repoeB, npeaMeTOB, (paKTyp coBepmeHHo Heo6xo.aHMa B KHHO H Ha TB no TOH npniMHe, MTO Kaxauii Kaap AeMOHCTpnpyeTca Ha 3KpaHe onpeacneHHoe, orpaHHMeHHoe BpeMa. ^HBonHCb, CKy^bnTypy, rpaqbHKy, (poTorpaqoHio MH MoxeM paccMaTpHBaTb CKO^b yroaHO flo^ro. KHHO H TejieBimeHHe OTBOAAT HaM Ha Bocnpn«THe H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro (pparMeHTa, T.e. Kaapa, crporo onpeae^eHHoe BpeMa. CxoxecTb BocnpnaTHa My3biKanbHoro qbparMeHTa, co3aaHHoro KOMno3HTOPOM, H H306pa3HTe^bHOrO 3nH30iia, CMOHTHpOBaHHOTO pexHecepoM, 3aecb oneBHaHa. He caynaHHO MHorwe 3nH3oabi MOHTHpyioTca «no;i My3uK y», T.e. B co3flaHHH MOHTaxHbix (ppa3 Hcno^b3yeTca TeMnopHTM H TOHaibHocTb My3MKaabHoro npoH3BeAeHHa. 13
Pa3fleji I. KoMno3nuHH HeM onoxHee Kaap no KOMno3nunH H co,aepxaHHio, TCM .aonbiue no BpeMeHH OH aojixeH paccMaTpnBaTbca, ycBaHBaTbCH 3pHTejieM. HeM .naKOHHHHee, neTMe coaepxaHHe Kaapa, TeM MeHbiue BpeMeHH OH MOXCT HaXOflMTbCH Ha 3KpaHC Pa3yMCeTCH, peXHCCep MOXCT C03HaTeJlbHO BIOIIOHHTb B MOHTaXHyiO cppa3y oneHb KOPOTKHM no xpoHOMeTpaxy H OMeHb HacbimeHHbiH no coaepxaHHio Kaap. HanpHMep, report Ha MmoBeHMe npnoTKpbiBaeT ABepb H3 (pone B aiaoBbiH 3an, BHUMT orpoMHoe cKonjieHHe jiiofleH H Tyr x e 3aKpbiBaeT ABepb. 3aecb He ciaBHTca 3aaana — paccMOTpeTb Bcex ^loaeft B 3aJie. CMMOU Kaapa — 3an nojiOH. • JlOTHKHOCTb H306pa3HTe^bHO-MOHTaXHOM KOHCTpyKUHH 3nM30flOB, cpanbMa. 3 T O B OCHOBHOM — 3aaawa pexnccepa, HO onepaTop aojixeH ocymeCTBHTb B H306paxeHMM JIOrHHeCKyK), OnTHMeCKyiO, TOHaJlbHyiO H KonopHcTHMecKyio cBH3b Mexay KaapaMH, H6O OTcyrcTBHe TaKoro caHHCTBa 3acTaan«eT 3pHTejia Mpe3MepHO HanparaTb CBoe Boo6paxeHHe, yTOMJiaeT ero, ocjia6;iHeT ero BHHMaHMe. Kaap He iiojixeH 6biTb 3arpoMoxaeH BTopocTeneHHbiMH aeTajiHMH. koMIKUHUHOIIHMH H CBeiOl Olia.ll.HI.IH Ul'Hip KUipa AOJUKeH COBIia/iaTb c CKI/KCTIIO-CMblCJlOBblM. BlIHMUIIMC 3pHTeJ1H AOJIXHO 6bITb COCpeflOTOHeHO HMeHHO Ha HeM. JXHH opraHH3au.HH BHHM3HMH 3pHTejia M BbmejieHHH cymecTBeHHoro B Kaape anyxHT ceemomoHanbHbiu aKnenm, T.e. noBbitneHHe apKocTH maBHoro o6ieKTa B Kaape. KpoMe Toro, Heo6xo/iHMo, mo6bi cBeTOBbie 3(p(peKTbi He MeuiaJin wMTaTb (popMbi (pnryp H npcaMeTOB H HTOGW Kaap He 6biji MOHOTOHHHM, CKyMHblM.
«K(.MIIO JMUHH jiojixna 6biib 6ecnomaoHOH» (C. 3u3emumeuH). 3TH oiOBa BCNMKoro pexnccepa H ceroflHH 3BywaT aKTyanbHO. K coxaneHHio, neperpyxeHHOcTb B pa6oTe, TaK Ha3biBaeMaa «TeKynKa», 3aMacTyio CHHxaeT TpeGoBaTenbHOCTb TBopnecKMx pa6oTHHKOB K KOMno3HUHH Kaapa — ocHOBe ero XHBOnMCHOCTM, Bblpa3HTeJlbHOCTH. HacTO npwxoaMTca crafiKHBaTbCH c He6pexHO CKOMnoHOBaHHbiMH KaapaMH, cueHaMH. HepjuiLnHBOCTb KOMIIO3HUHH HaHOCHT HeMaribiH Bpea 3nH3oay, (pH^bMy B UCHOM. BecKOHeHHoe MHOXCCTBO xn3HeHHbix cMTyaUHH, KOTopbie CTaHOBHTca npeaMeTOM TBopwecKoro OTo6paxeHHfl, nopoxaaeT orpoMHoe pa3HOo6pa3He KOMno3MUMOHHbix peinciinii. OaHaKo MOXHO BbuejiMTb pan. npneMOB H MCTO^OB H3o6paxeHHH, MMeioinMx cxoiiHbie xapaKrepHbie npw3HaKH. TaKan BceoGieMJiiomafl AHCUHnjiHHa, KaK KOMno3MUHH, COCTOHT M3 MHOxecTBa cocTaanfliomMx ee nOHHTHH. PaCCMOTpHM HCKOTOpbie H3 HHX.
Kaap
ycTOM*innaji (ypaiuioiiciireiiiiaH) M Heycroii^MBaH (HeypaBHOBenieHHaji) KOMIIOiHII,IlIl ycTOHHHBaH KOMno3HUHH npcanonaraeT B CBoeft KOHCTpyKUHH npeBpameHHe Kaapa B noao6ne BecoB, npw STOM npaBaa H jieBaa nacTH H3o6paxeHHfl aojixHbi 6biTb ypaBHOBeuieHbi. B ypaBHOBeuieHHOH KOMno3HUHH o6biMHO ropH30HTanbHbie H BepTHKanbHbie ^HHHH H3o6paxeHHH nOBTOpaioT paMKH Kaapa. B XHBonncH MU HaGjuoaaeM TaK Ha3biBaeMbie zaKpumbie KOMno3uu,uu, npH KOTOPMX Bee 4BHxeHHH nepcoHaxeH, HX xecTbi H B3niH,abi HanpaBjieHbi BHyrpb KapTHHbi. ripn Bbi^ineHeHMH (pparMeHTOB XHBonncHbix npoH3Be,aeHHH (HX pacKaapoBKe ana CT>CMKH) MU nojiywaeM pm omicpbimbix KOMno3unuu, Koraa B3maa H xecTbi nepcoHaxeH yxojiaT 3a paMKH Kaapa B pacneTe Ha nocjieayiomHH HX MOHTax. CaMbifi npocTOH npHMep ypaBHOBemeHHOH KOMIIO SHIUIH — ropH30HTajibHoe nocipoeHHe craTHMHoro ruiaHa, Koraa ropH30HTanH, noBTopaiomHe paMKH Kaapa, He nepeceneHbi BepTHKanHMH, MTO ycnjiHBaeT BnenaT/ieHHe uiHpoTbi npocrpaHCTBa, npoaooxaiomerocH 3a npeae^aMH Kaapa. 3TO Moryr 6biTb 6ecKpaHHHe npocTopu CTenen HJIH ^e^HHbie asjiw 6e^oro 6e3MO^BMH, KaK Ha no^OTHax PoKys^jia KeHTa. B Kaape Moryr HaxoaHTbca cTaTHWHbie npeaMeTbi, MoxeT pa3BHBaTbc« HeKoe ABHxeHHe, HO B ^IO6OM c^ynae 3TO cnoKOHHoe, ypaBHOBeuieHHoe H3o6paxeHHe, JiHiueHHoe HPKHX AHHaMHMecKHX noKa3aTejieH. Mbi 3HaeM, MTO TeMHaa Macca Ha 3KpaHe no cpaBHeHHio c cepoti BOCnpHHHMaeTca KaK 6o^ee Taxe^aa. CaMaa CBeTJiaa zieTarib Kaapa 6yaeT ouxymaTbCH KaK Han6o^ee ^erKaa. M3 3Toro c^eayeT, MTO, HanpHMep, T«xe;iyio TeMHyio Maccy B JICBOH MacTH Kaapa Heo6xo>aHMO ypaBHOBecHTb ^H6O 6o;ibuieH no pa3Mepy cepon Maccon, /IH6O paBHOBejiHKOH TCMHOH Maccon (pnc. 2). Ho OKa3bIBaeTCJ), BfleHCTBHTe^bHOCTHBCe 3Ha4HTeJIbHO CJIOXHee.
L Puc. 2
14
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Pa3.aeji I. KoMno3nuna
Kaap
Puc.3
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H&noBeK CRUHT y OKHa B BaroHe .aBHxymeroca noe3,aa ( P H C 3). Ero (pnrypa — TeMHafl, noaycKnysTHaa — HBHO «nepeBeujHBaeT» npaByio nacTb Kaapa — OKHO, rae McnbKaiOT aepeBba, nona, crpoeHHa. O K H O cBeTJioe, jierKoe H He MoxeT conepHMwaTb n o Becy c JICBOH nacTbio Kaapa. eMy CBCT;IOM Maccu norca — Bsrjifm 3piiTeji» cjieayer 3a B3rnHnoM repoa H BoenpHHHMaeT orpoMHoe none KaK 6bi nia3aMii repoa. 3 T O T B3niaa. H 6yaeT ypaBHOBeniHBaiomHM (J)aKTOpOM. «PaBHOBeCMe
3TO He TOnbKO M He CTOflbKO yCTOMMMBOCTb, o 6 p a 3 0 B a H -
Han paBHOMepHbiM p a c n p e A e n e H M e M Ha KapTMHHon nnocKOCTM n p e A M e TOB M TOHanbHblX flflTeH, CKOHbKO CMblCnOBafl 3aBepiJjeHHOCTb H eAHHCTBO BnesaTneHMd. H 3 3Toro cneflyeT, H T O paBHOBecne B npsiMOM CMbicne M O >neT 6biTb M HeycTOMHHBbiM, a M3o6paHceHne 6 y A e T 3aBepaieHHbiM M u e nocTHbiM» (HD.
Puc. 4 OaHaKO HanpaxeHHoe oxnaaHwe, nepeaaiomeeca 3pMTe.nio (Beab 3pHT&nb 3HaeT repoa H conepexHBaeT eiwy), a aanaeTca (paicropoM, BnojiHe 3aMeH5HomHM HeaocTaioiuyio ypaBHOBeiiJHBaiowyio Maccy B JICBOH Mac™ Kaapa: OnpeacriHTb BpeMa 3Toro oxnaaHMa — 3aaana pexMccepa. ECIIM jionxa noHBHTCH CKHUIKOM 6wcTpo, TO HanpaxeHHe y 3pMTe/iH 6yaeT HeAOCTaTOHHbiM. ECJIM oxwiiaHHe npo.0JiHTCfl CJIHWKOM nonro, TO H a n p a x e Hue cnaaeT coBceM — 3pMTejib n p o c r o ycTaHeT xaaTb.
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MHoraa KOMno3HUMOHHaa ypaBHOBeojeHHOCTbaocTwraeTca conocraBJieHHeM aByx paaoM CToamwx KaapoB. PaBHOBecwe ocyiuecTBJiaeTca c o eiiMHeHHeM HeycTOMMHBbix H ycTOHMHBbix KaapoB. HapymeHHe ypaBHOBeUieHHOCTH KOMn03HUHH B03,aeHCTByeT Ha 3PMTCJ7H KaK (paKT 6ecnoKOHCTBa 3a cyab6y repoa, cpaKT ero HeycrpoeHHOCTH. B XMBonncH a a x e HeycTOMMMBbie KOMno3HUHM nepeBOiiaTca B ycTOHHHBbie npH nOMOlUH pa3aHMHbIX npHeMOB (TaKHX KaK KOMn03HUHOHHOe nocTpoeHne), B KOTopbixaBHxeHHe nepcaaeTca npw noMOiUH duaeonaAbHOU doMUHanmbi. ripHMep: «BoapbiHa Mopo30Ba» Bacw^Ha CypHKOBa (PHC. 6). BWCTpoe ABHxeHMe caHeii, B KOTopbix CH^HT onanbHaa 6oapbiHa, n p o n c x o AHT no .anaroHajiH cnpaBa HaneBo. CKopocTbaBwxeHHa caHeii noimepKHBaeTca 6eryuniM paaoM c caHa\in ManbMHiiiKOH. YpaBHOBeujeHa KapTMHa JKHBOHHCHOH MHoroJiHKOii To^non cnpaBa H caeBa.
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CMMMCTpHfl B HaiueH XH3HM GecKOHeMHoe MHOXCCTBO npHMepoB CHMMCTPHH. CHMMeTpHMHbi CHe>KHHKa, 6a6onKa, KpncTajui. B H3BecTHOM CTeneHM CHMMeTpHWHbi /IHCT, .aepeBO, wcaoBeK. Ha6juaaaeTCH Tara K CHMMCTPHH B apxHTeicrypHbix coopyxeHHax — OT H36H no pocKOLUHbix KJiaccH4ecKHx flBOpUOB. CHMMeTpHMHbiH Kaap no KOMno3HUHH Bceraa ycTOHHHB, ypaBHOBenieH H co3flaeT oinyweHHe rapMOHHH H noxoa. JXjin paccMOTpeHHa CHMMeTpHHHoro Kaapa 3pHTe;no Tpe6yeTca ropa3.no MeHbiue BpeMeHH, neM, HanpHMep, zuia acHMMeTpHMHoro. MH(j)opMauHH, Haxoaawaaca B npaBofi H JICBOH wacTax Kaapa, OAHHaKOBa. CHMMCTPHMHUH Kaap 6biCTpee H .aerie BocnpHHHMaeTca 3pHTe/ieM.
Kaap Kadp M 1
Kadp No 2
ACMMMeTpMH AcHMMeTpHMHaa KOMno3Huna BHyuiaeT ouiyuxeHHe xaoca, HeycTpoeHHOcra, 6ecnoKOHCTBa. AcHMMeTpHMHaa KOMno3HUHa cneunanbHo BMCTpaHBaeTca TaKHM o6pa30M, MTo6bi omymeHHe HeKoero ayiueBHoro AHCKOMcpopTa nepcaaaocb zpmtjuo. 3TO TaioKe OAHH H3 cnoco6oB naanepKHyTb cocroaHne repoa. ripn cpaBHeHHH iiByx KaapoB (Ne 1 H No 2 Ha pnc. 10) MOXHO 3aMeTHTb, 4TO cHMMeTpHHHbiti Kaap Ne 1 MM paccMaTpHBaeM ropa3flo 6bICTpee, neM Kaap Ne 2. PexHccep Hcno;ib3yeT;iio6oH Kaap, JHO6OH KOMno3HUHOHHbiH npneM KaK noBaa nnn B03.aeHCTBHa Ha 3pHTe;ia. TaK, ec;iH Kaap Ne 1, KOTOPHH 3pHTe.ab ycne/i noapo6neHiiJHM o6pa30M paccMOTpeTb (Bn^oTb no KOJiHqecTBa OKOUJCK B 6aiuHax), pexHccep npoflo^xaeT KaeMbix KOH(|)JIHKTOB. HanpHMep, Ha cnoKOiiHOM CHMMeTpHMHO-«yMHpoTBopeHHOM» nefi3axHOM (poHe nponcxoiiHT noroHa HJIH xecTOKaa — ecTecTBeHHO, acHMMeTpHMHaa — cxBaTKa. BMecTe c TCM H B CHMMCTPHHHOM Kaape Moryr nponcxo^HTb HanpaxeHHbie apaMaTHHHbie co6biTna. Hanna,aHbiM npHMepoM MOxeT cnyxHTb (ppecKa JleoHapjio aa BHHHH «TanHaa Be4epa». BHeuiHe 3Ta KOMno3MUHa BbimajiHT a6co;noTHO CHMMCTPHWHO: qbpoHTajibHO CToawnn cran, nocpeaHHe — XPHCTOC, cnpaBa — uiecTb anocmaoB H c/ieBa — mecTb. C3aan —
20
Puc. 10 OKHa, B KOTopwe npocMaTpHBaeTca neH3ax. OflHaKO B STOH, Ha nepBWH B3niaA, cnoKOHHOH, ypaBHOBeiueHHOH cueHe HaMenaiOTca co6biTHa rjiy6oKo TparHMHbie. KapTHHa aBJiaeTca uieaeBpoM MHPOBOH >KHBonHCH 6^aroaapa rny6oHaHUieMy npoHHKHOBeHHio B cyTb xapaKTepoB ee repoeB, HO euxe H noTOMy, HTO 3aecb MacTepcKH Hcno;ib30BaH Konmpacm MOKay BHeuJHe cnoKOHHOH Tpane30ii H CH^bHeHiiiHM BHyTpeHHHM apaMaTHMecKHM HanpaxeHneM.
KoHTpacT MeM H04b TeMHen, TeM apne 3Be3flbi. A. H. MaiiKoe KOHTpaCT
O A H H M3 OCHOBHblX n p n e M O B
K 0 M n O 3 H U , M M , C03flatOUJ,Hki a K -
TMBHOe B 3 a M M O A e M C T B M e M n p O T H B O C T O S H k i e K O M n O S H U M O H H b l X S n e M e H T O B , Bbl3blBaKDLLI,HM C M n b H b i e B H 3 y a / l b H b l e OLU,yiU,eHHfl.
ripHMepw H3o6pa3HTenbHoro KOHTpacTa: TeMHaa Macca Ha CBCT^OM cpoHe; CBeT.noe naTHo Ha TCMHOM (J)OHe; xpoMaTHnecKHH o6T>eKT Ha axpoMaTHMecKOM (})OHe; UBeTOHacbimeHHbiH o6teKT Ha aKBape^bHO-nacTe^bHOM (JJOHC (Bo 21
Pa3aea I. KoMno3HUHH BpeMH TyiwaHa 6aH3KHe K HaM npeaMeTM CMOTPHTCH KOHTpacTHo, COHHO, HMeioT xopouio pa3aHHaeMyio CBeTOByio H TeHeByio nacTH, a neM a a a w n e OT Hac, Teiw 6oaee pacTyuieBaHHWMH, pa3MWTbiMH cTaHOBHTCfl npeaMeTM, eine aaabiue — o6T>eicrM CICMKH coBceM pacnjibiBaK)TCH, HCTKO He BHaHM a a x e MX KOHTypw B n p o CTpaHCTBC); • flBMxyiuHMCH o6i>eKT Ha Heno^BHXHOM cpoHe. (Ha aBTo6ycHOH ocTaHOBKe HenoaBHXHo 3acTbuiH c u a a m n e H cTOHiuHe aioan. BumMo, aaBHo He 6biao TpaHcnopTa. H a n u i b oaHH neaoBeK MeneTca cnpaBa HaneBO H caeBa HanpaBO. KOHCHHO, n o KOHTpacTy BHHMaHHe 6yaeT o6pameHO HMCHHO Ha Hero.); • HenoaBHXHbiH O 6 I * K T Ha ABHxymeMca dpoHe. (M3 BopoT <pa6pHKH n o c a e CMCHW naeT r p y n n a paSonnx. Bce cneuiaT AOMOPI, a OJWH nejiOBeK HenoaBHXHO CTOHT C UBCTKOM B pyKax. HMCHHO OH — o6T>eKT Haiuero BHMM.IHHM.);
• • •
•
CIOXCTHMH KOHTpacT — OTCTynaiouieH H HacrynaiomeH Toanw; KOHTpaCT, OCHOBaHHblH Ha npOTHBOnOCTaaaeHHH 3JieMeHTOB KOMno3HUHH n o MacuiTa6y; KOHTpacT aonoJiHMTe^bHbix UBeTOB. (HanpHMep, po30Boe aHuo Ha TeaaoM (poHe CMOTPHTCH HopManbHO. T o x e caMoe aHuo Ha (pOHe aonoaHHTeabHoro UBeTa (3eaeHoro) — n o 3aKOHy UBeTOBoro KOHTpacTa — noKaxeTca HaM noKpacHeBuiHM.); KOMHHCCKHH KOHTpaCT: TOaCTMH H TOHKHH, BblCOKHH H MaaeHbKHH H T.n.
PMTM PMTM — noBTopseMOCTb KaKoro-nn6o npeAMeTa, MOTHBa, pfiUcrann Hepea onpeAeneHHbie MwepBanbi — BpeMeHHbie nnn npocTpaHCTBeHHbie. PMTMy CBOMCTBeHHbl M CTaTMKa, M ABHWeHMC
PMTM Boo6me OKa3bmaeT cnabHeHiuee BJIMKHHC Ha neaoBeKa. HanpHMep, B My3biKe — yaapbi a n 3TO 6apa6aHa Ha Mapuie HJIH noBTopbi My3MKaibHbix cppa3 B TaHueBaabHMx pHTMax — OHH aerKO nepenaioTCH neaoBeKy. B no33HH — nepHOflHHecKoe nepeaoBaHHe yaapHbix M 6e3yaapHbix a/ioroB. B XHBOIIHCH H rpad)HKe — pHTMHHeCKHe nOBTOpbl 3^eMeHTOB KOMnO3HUHH. AaeKcanap BeHya B oaHofi H3 HaaiocrpauHH K no3Me A.C. rfyiuKHHa «Me^HbiH BcaaHHK» H3o6pa3Ha 6erymero EBreHHH H CKanymero 3a HHM MeaHoro BcaaHHKa. B no3Me 3TO 3BynHTTaK: Kyaa 6M 6eaHMH Hauj EBreHHH CBOH CTonu HH HanpaanHji,
3a HHM noBejoay BcaaHHK McaHbin C TaxeabiM rpoxoTOM cKaKaa.
22
Kaap B nOCTieflHHX aByX CTpOHKaX OTHeTJTHBO CaMUJHTCH pHTMHHHblH CTyK MeflHbix noflKOB. HTO6M H3o6pa3HTeabHO noflMepKHyrb 3T0T CTHXOTBOpHblH CTpOH, XyflOXHHK paCnOaOXJUl TCMHbie TyMH Haa JlOMaMH PHTMHHHO gepTHKajIbHO. B cTaTHKe Mbi npexpacHo omymaeM PHTMM m n o H H a a . PHTMHHHM KO-
aoHHM, BepHee, HX noBTopw Ha (pacaae MnxanaoBCKoro 3aMKa (PyccKOro My3ea) K. POCCH, PHTMHWHU 6ecKOHe4Ho noBTopaeMbie apKH BeHeunaHCKoro n a a a u u o a o x e n , PHTMHMHW BopoHHXHHCKafl KojioHHaaa Ka3aHCKoro co6opa B CaHKT-neTep6ypre H KojioHHaaa BCPHHHH y co6opa CB. IleTpa B P H M C B X H 3 H H MM Ha6;no,aaeM (paKTbi apHTMHHHoro nBwx&m\n. HanpHMep, Ha6eraioiuHe Ha 6eper BO^Hbi. O H H XOTH H HMCIOT HCKOTOPHH
paBHbni HHTepBan B CBoeM aBHxeHHH, oflHaKO n o qbopMe Bceraa paanHHHw. ApHTMHMHbi 6erymHe o6jiaKa, apHTMHneH ropaiuHH oroHb. H a BOJTHW, o6aaKa H oroHb Mbi MoxeM CMOTpeTb oneHb noiwo HMCHHO noTOMy, HTO 3aecb Bce MeHaeTCH Kaxnoe MrHOBeHHe. PHTM — OMeHb MOlUHblH HHCTpyMCHT B03iieHCTBHH Ha 3pHTeafl, OCO6eHHO PMTM B AHHaMHKe. npHBeaeM HeKOTopwe npHMepw. • npeacTaBHM MapujHpyioiuHH Ha napaae 6aTanbOH conaxr — 20 paaoB no 20 ne^oBeK B uiepeHre. PHTMHMHO nenaTaa mar, OHH npoxozurr no 6pycnaTKe KpacHOH njiomaoH. BnenaTaeHHe MOIUH nepeaaeTca 3pHTeaflM, H ropaocTb 3a apMHio Hano^HneT Hauie cepaue. A Tenepb npeacTaBHM, HTO no imomaaH, T3K x e neTKO nenaTaa uiar, uiaraeT... OAHH cojmaT... • BaneT «Jle6eflHHoe 03epo», TaHeu ManeHbKHX nefeaeii. HeTbipe 6anepHHbi KaK oaHa, B Taicr, ncnojiHHioT npeKpacHbift TaHeu. A ecan 6bi STOT TaHeu HcnoaHJina oaHa TaHuoBiuHua? Boo6me KHHO H T B HMCIOT MHoro o 6 m e r o c My3biKOH. PHTMM My3MKH H
H3o6paxeHH« aerKO noaaaioTCfl cHHxpoHH3auHH. My3MKaabHOMy KpemeHa o MoxeT cooTBeTCTBOBaTb H3o6pa3HTeabHoe (B KHHO H Ha TB) KpemeHao, My3MKajibHOMy aHMHHysnao — H3o6pa3HTeabHoe aHMHHyaHao. no3TOMy H3o6paxeHne TaK aerKO «aoxHTca» Ha My3MKy H MOHTHpyeTca n o a My3MKaabHbifl PHTM.
OnepaTopy Heo6xoanMO 3HaTb H nyBCTBOBaTb My3MKy. My3MKaabHMH PHTM B aaHHHbix cteMOHHbix naaHax H PHTM aBHxeHHH KaMepM aoaxHM coBnaaaTb. Hcnoab3yH npneM «cy6i>eKTHBHOH» KaMepM, HyxHO TOHHO nyBCTBOBaTb PHTM My3MKH H nepeaaBaTb ero B aHHaMHKe KaMepM. Eme HecKoabKo npnMepoB ncnoab30BaHHH pHTMa (PHTMHHCCKHX n o BTOpOB) B aHHaMHKC • n o a TeMHbiMM CBoaaMH xpaina o6aaneHHbiH B nepHyio cyTaHy c KanioUIOHOM, cor6eHHbiH, co cBeHKoii B pyKax MeaaeHHo uiecTByeT MOHax. Co3aaCTCJI onpeaeaeHHoe BnenaTaeHHe. TaM x e aBHxeTca aaHHHbin p$m MOHaxoB. Bce OHH B cyraHax c KanioiuoHaMH, Bce OHH cor6eHHbi H y Bcex B pyKax CBeHKH. BnenaTaeHHe MHoroKpaTHo ycanHBaeTCH.
23
Pa3aeji I. KoMno3niiHH
T^y6HHa npocTpaHCTBa Ha ruiocKOM jiByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
• HejioBeK nn^HT 6peBHO. PHTMHHHO — BBepx-BHH3 — flBHxeTca ero pyKa c HOXOBKOR. 3TO OAHoo6pa3Hoe ABHxeHMe HaM 6HCTPO HanoeaaeT. OHO MOHOTOHHO, OHO ycbiruisieT. • TaK x e PHTMHWHO — BBepx-BHH3 — RBUXCTCH pyKa nanana. O H TOHHT
HOX. y ero xepTBbi, o6peweHHoro Ha CMepTb nejiOBeKa, MHCJIH, KaKHMH 6bi OHH HH 6buiH, BecbMa .naneKH OT MOHOTOHHOCTH. • TaK x e PHTMHHHO — BBepx-BHH3 — ABHxeTCH pyxa KaccHpa. O H BbmaeT HaM 3apruiary. 3Ta MOHOTOHHOCTb Moma 6bi /uiHTbca 6ecKOHeHHO. OHa 6bi HaM He Hanoe.ua. KaK BHUHM, a a x e o^HHaKOBbie n o pHTMy H HanpaaneHHio .aBuxemifl Bbi3MBaioT caMbie npoTHBopewHBbie wyBCTBa. Eme 6anee HaniRaHo STO MOXHO na6moaaTb B 3nH30,ae ncuxunecKoii amaicu. • PHTM aTaKH — 6apa6aHHbiH 6OH — npoH3BOHHT /iBOHKoe B03neHCTBne Ha HacTynaioiuHx H o6opoH$nomHXCH. C QUHOH CTOPOHW, STOT PHTM BHyiuaeT
HacTynaiomHM a6co;iiOTHyio yBepeHHOcTb B HX HeH36exHoft no6eae. C apyrow CTOPOHW, TOT x e caMbiH PHTM (noflMHHflflCb KOTopoMy ixiaraioT cTpoeM BOHCKa, CMbiKaflCb npH 3aMeHe norH6uiHx) CHJibHeftujHM o6pa30M B03^eHCTByeT Ha ncHXMKy O6OPOHHIOIUMXCH, Bbi3biBaa naHHKy H omymeHHe HeoTBpaTHMOCTH nopaxeHHH.
PaKypc B onepaTopcKOM o6Hxo^e Mbi o6o3HanaeM CJIOBOM «paKypc» ToiKy cieMKH. Mbi roBopHM: «BepxHHM paKypc», «HHXHHH paKypc», «B paKypce». TepMHH «paKypc» nepeBOflHTca KaK coKpameHHe. CoKpameHHe o6i>eKTa .HeMCTBHTCribHO 3aBHCHT OT TOHKH CbeMKH. BbicoKaa TOMKa cteMKH noaHHMaeT^HHMK) ropn30HTa, «npHXHMaeT» repoa K 3eM^e, KaK 6bi npMHHxaeT e r o H coKpamaeT e r o pa3Mepbi. HH3Kan TowKa cteMKH onycKaeT JIHHMO ropH30HTa, «npnno.aHHMaeT», MOHyMeHTanH3HpyeT repoa M T O X C . coKpamaeT ero pa3Mepbi. PaKypc — CH^bHoe cpcacTBo B apceHa^e onepaTopa. Heo6biwHaa TOMKa cieMKH ycH/iHBaeT Bbipa3HTejibHocrb Kaapa, HO jierKO MoxeT HCKa3HTb, H3ypoiiOBaTb o6i>eKT cieMKH, 6ynb TO apxHTeKTypHoe coopyxeHHe, (pwrypa ne/ioBeKa HJIH e r o JIHUO.
HacTo npn cieMKe MHTepBbio BcrpeMaeTCH TaKaa ouiH6Ka: KaMepa HaxoaMTca Bbiixie cmmnero repoa H BHAHT ero HecKo/ibKo cBepxy. n p n STOM xypHanHCT, 6eceayioiHHH c repoeM, CH/IHT Ha CTyjje paaoM c KaMepoH H Ha OHHOM ypoBHe c HHTepBbioHpyeMbiM. B pe3y/ibTaTe KaMepa, HaxoaamaHca Bbiixie 6ece,ayiomHX, «npHXHMaeT» repoa K nony KpoMe Toro, 3pHTe^b He BHaHT e r o rjia3. ripH Bbi6ope oGteKTa cieMKH onepaTop onpe.ae/iHeT TPH KoopaHHaTHbie TOHKH una VCT3HOBKH KaMepbi:
24
I
Puc. 11 1) paccroHHwe no o6ijeKTa CbeMKH; <J)poHTajibHO, cnpaBa HJIH 2) nojioxeHHe KaMepw no ropH30HTanH cneBa OT o6T.eKTa; 3) nonoxeHne KaMepw no BepTHKann: HopMa^bHaa, BepxHHJi miH HMXHHH TOHKa cbeMKH, T.e. paKypc. Ha P H C 11 Mbi BH^HM H3o6paxeHHH (pwrypbi M yjiHUbi n p n HopMa^bHOH — a, BepxHefi (BMCOKOH) — 6 H HHXHCH — e TOMKax cieMKH (JIT —
JIHHHH ropw30HTa).
B STOM naparpacpe 6bi^H paccMOTpeHbi HecKOJibKO onpe^e^eHHH, BXOflatUHx B iiHCUHn^HHy «KoMno3HUHH»: ycTOMMHBan, HeycTOHMHBaa KOMno3HUHH, CMMMeTpna, acMMMeTpHH, KOHTpaCT, PMTM, paKypc. IlpaKTHKa noKa3biBaeT, MTO JWQQOVI onepaTopcKHM npweM — 6yflb TO Bbi6op TOHKH CbeMKH, CHMMeTpHH H^M acMMMeTpHH, onpefle^eHHe TeMnopHTMa H Toro H^H HHoro KOHTpacTa — Bceraa HB^HCTC« H aj\n p e x n c c e p a HHCTpyMeHTOM SMOUHOHa^bHOrO B03fleHCTBHfl Ha MyBCTBa 3pHTe^en. OTCioiia noHHTHa Heo6xoaHMocTb nocToaHHoro TBopnecKoro KOHTaKTa Mexay pexnccepoM H onepaTopoM.
Tjiy6piHa npocxpaHCTBa Ha njiocKOM ^ByxMepHOM 3KpaHe HII/M-I
nepcneKTMBM
Te^esKpaH 06/iaaaeT TCMH x e HeaocTaTKaMH, MTO H KHH03KpaH, n o -
XHBonncua H^H dpoTorpacpHH. FIoaoSHO CBOHM «npeaKaM-npeimieCTBeHHHKaM»r OH nJlOCKHH, AByXMepHblH. Ho 3TO BOBCe He 03HawaeT, HTO
JIOTHO
25
Pa3,aeji I. KoMno3HiiHa
Puc. 12 y onepaTopa HeT BO3MOXHOCTH npeoaoneTb, npopBa-n. 3Ty aByxMepHOCTb H co3flaTb y 3pHTe;iH BneMaT^eHHe rjiy6HHbi npocTpaHCTBa, TpexMepHoc™ aeMOHCTpnpyeMoro MHpa. JXna aocTHxeHHa 3TOH UCTIH y onepaTopa HMeeTca uejiuft apceHan cpeacTB. Ho ripn HX Hcnojib30BaHHH onepaiop Bceraa AOJixeH noMHHTb^ HTO nocTpoeHHe TpexMepHoro npocTpaHCTBa, nepcneicrHBa H ruiacTHKa, xecTbi H .nBHxeHHe B Kaape — Bee STO npHo6peTaeT KOMn03HUHOHHOe 3HaHeHMe TOJlbKO B CBH3H CO CMblOriOM npOH3BefleHHH. JlHiicMiiaH ncpciicKTMBa. Te, KOMy aoBQUHjiocb Ha6jiK)flaTb pa6oTy xy.aoacHHKa-XHBonHcua npn co3aaHHH Kapnini.i, HaBepHaxa 3aMeTHjw, KaK MHoro CHJI OH 3aTpaMHBaeT, BbicTpaHBaa KOMno3Hujnio 6yaymero npoH3BeaeHHa. Bee KOMno3HUHOHHbie sjieMeHTbi 6y/ryuieH KapTHHbi xynoxHHK noasHHaeT 3aKOHOMepHOCTHM Haiuero BocnpnaTHa OKpyxaiomero MHpa. Haiu rjia3, aBJiaacb onTHMecKon CHCTCMOH, npH noMouxH xoaa CBCTOBHX Jiynefi noBTopaeT H3o6paxeHHe npcuMeTOB H npocTpaHCTBa Ha CBoen ceTnaTKe. npw STOM npe/iMeTbi, yMeHbiuaacb B pa3Mepax no Mepe yjiajieHHa OT nia3a, noaMHHaioTca 3aKonaM JIHHCHHOH nepcneKTHBbi. M3o6paxeHHe npcaiweTa Ha ce™aTKe nia3a nojiynaeTca TeM MeHbuie, neM najibme OT nia3a HaxoaHTca STOT npcuvieT (PMC. 12). 3TO Kaxyuieeca c6jiMxeHHe yxoaaiunx Bjiarib napaajienbHbix JIHHMH H yMeHbiueHHe npcnMeTOB no Mepe HX yaaneHMa — OCHOBHOH 3aKon nepcneKTMBbi. MOXHO npcacTaBMTb ce6e npe/iMeTbi M w H KaK TcnerpacpHbie CTon6bi (o^Horo pa3Mepa), Haxonafuneca Ha painHHHOM yaaneHHH OT rjia3a. Ha ceTnaTKe Harjia^Ho BHOHO HX nepcneKTMBHoe coKpameHHe. XyaoxHHK Ha JIHHHM ropH30HTa, KOTopaa HaxoziHTca Ha ypoBHe rcia3 (HJIH KaMepw), onpe/xejiaeT TaK Ha3biBaeMyio rjiasHyio TOHKy exoaa, me coeaHHaiOTca Bee JIMHHH cxo/ia. CoraacHo STHM JIHHHHM BbicTpaHBaioTca nepcneKTHBHbie coKpameHHa Bcex s^eineHTOB KOMIIO3HHHH (pnc. 13). OnHaKo pa6oTa xyaoxHHKa no co3aaHHio npaBjaMBOH nepcneKTHBbi 3HaqHTejibHO c/ioxHee. ynHTbiBaa 6MHOKy.napHOCTb Hauiero 3peHHa, B KapTHHy BBoaaTca He mnbKO Te npeaMeTbi, KOTopue nonaaaioT B nojie HaHjiyHixiero 3peHHa, HO H 6/iHxaHuiee K HeMy oKpyxeHne, BH/iHMoe TaK Ha-
26
Jir — exofla
;IHHHH
Puc. 13 ropH30HTa; TC — DiaBHaa TowKa exoaa, icyaa cTpeM«Tc« Bee
JIHHHH
3MBaeMbiM GoKOBbiM 3peHHeM. OTCiOfla — noaBjieHHe HecKOJibKHx TOHCK exoaa npn n3o6paxeHHH, Hanpnviep, (ppoHTanbHoro HHTepbepa (pnc. 14).
Puc. 14 A npH pa6oTe Haa yrjioBbiM HHTepbepoM HJIH npn cteMKe aByx paexoAauiHxca yjiHU noaBJiaiOTca TOHKH exoaa, Haxoaamneca BOo6me 3a npefltnaMH KapTHHbi (pnc. 15 H 16). XyaoxHHKy Heo6xonHMo yiueHHe cTpoHTb npaMbie yraw B paanHHHbix HanpaujienHHX (pnc. 17), co3aaBaTb nepcneKTHBHMH pncyHOK napKeTHoro nojia (pnc. 18) H Bcex npeaMeTOB, BKjnonaa (pHrypw jnoaeft. riepeHHCJieHHbie 3flecb cxeMbi — ^HiiJb Ma^aa Aojia GecMHC^eHHbix BapnaHTOB nepcneKTHBHbix nocTpoeHHM, KOTopwMH B coBepiueHCTBe non)KtH B^aaeTb XyflOXHHK. OoTorpacpbi H onepaTopw, K cnacTbio, ocBo6oxaeHbi OT 3TOH HacTH cnoxHeHuieH TBopnecKOH pa6oTbi — Ha noMOuib npnxoAHT OnTMKA. Ho B3aMen oHa cTaBHT apyrne, He MeHee TpyjHbie 3aaaMH. 3TH 3aaaHH MOXHO o6o3HanHTb TaK: Bbi6op onTHManbHOM TOHKM CbeMKM c TBOpnecKMM Mcnonb30BaHMeM onTMKH Ann co3AaHHq Han6onee Bbipa3MTenbHOM KOMno3nu,nM.
27
Pa3;ie;i I. KoMno3HUHfl
DiyGnHa npocTpaHCTBa Ha rmocKOM iiByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
Puc. 18 B noncKax onraManbHon TOMKH CT>CMKH npaBmibHbin Bbi6op onTHKH HMeeT pemaiomee 3HaHeHne. Bbi6npa$i nna CICMKH O6T^KTHB C TCM HHH HHHM 4>oKycHbiM paccTOHHHeM, Heo6xoflHMO noMHHTb oneayiomee npaBHJio: riepcneKTHBa ormiHecKoro M3o6pa>KeHHH B KaApax, cHBTbix pa3nHMHbiMH o6i>eKTHBaMH, HO c OJIHOH TOHKH, ocTaeTCH oAHHaKOBOM, He MeHnercn.
Puc. 16 KaK 6bijio CKa3aHO, TOHKa CT>CMKH Bbi6npaeTCH c yneTOM Tpex AHHaT: • • •
paccTOHHHa no o6T>eicra; norcoxeHHH Kaiwepbi no ropH30HTajin no OTHOUICHHIO nojioxeHHH xaMepbi no BepraKajiH (t.e. paicypca).
Puc. 17
28 .
KOOD-
K o6T>eicry;
IlpHHHTO CHHTaTb, MTO 06l>eKTbI, CHHTbie KOpOTKOCpOKyCHOH OnTHKOH, HMeioT 6anee 3KcnpeccHBHO BbipaxeHHyio ;iHHeHHyio nepcneKTHBy. Ha caMOM jjejie omHouienue Macutma6oe u3o6pa.ycenuu nepcaHero H nanbHero nnaHOB npn cieMKe c OZIHOH TOHKH OT npnMeHeHHH OGICKTHBOB C pa3JIHHHbIMH (pOKyCHblMH paCCTOHHHHMH He MeHJtemCH. A HMeHHO 3TO OTHOlJjeHHe onpcaejiHeT nepcneKTHBy H3o6paxeHH$i. Ha PHC. 19 noKa3aHbi flBe cpnrypbi, ctmmbte c odnou momcu pa3HbiMM o6i>eKTHBaMH (28 M M - O H 135 MM — 6). PaccTOHHne no 6jwxHeH cpnrypw — 50 MM, no aanbHen — 60 MM. Jinn Toro HTO6M o6T>eKTHBOM 28 MM CHHTb 6;IHXHIOIO (pnrypy TaK x e KpynHo, KaK o6i>eKTHBOM 135 MM, Heo6xoaHMO noflOHTH K o6T>eKTy ropa3iio 6;inxe, HanpHMep Ha paccTOHHne B 2 MeTpa. Tenepb Ha pnc. 196 H 20 6;IHXHHH (Jwrypa HMeeT oflHy H Ty x e KpynHocTb, oaHH H TOT x e Macurra6. Ho Ha pnc. 196 paccTOHHne no 6JIHXHCH (pHrypu — 50, no flajibHen — 60 MeTpoB, T.e. OTHOuieHne 5:6, a Ha pnc. 20 paccTOHHHe no 6JIHXHCH (pnrypbi — 2 MeTpa, no .aajibHen — 12 MCTPOB, T.e. OTHOuieHne paccTOAHnn 1:6. ECTCCTBCHHO, MTO aanbHHH cpnrypa Ha pnc. 20 pe3KO yMeHbineHa n nepcneKTHBa 6o.nee HPKO BbipaxeHa. TaKHM o6pa30M, OCOGCHHOCTH H3o6paxeHHH, nanyMeHHoro npn cteMKe KOpOTKOCpOKyCHOH OnTHKOH, 06lHCHHK)TCH TeM, MTO CbeMKa B 3THX cnyMaax BCHCTCH c 6onee 6m3Koeo paccmoHHun n OTHOuieHne MacujTaGoB nepeflHero n .aajibHero njiaHOB pe3KO oTJiHMaeTCH, nepcneKTHBa craHoBHTCH 6o/iee SKCnpeCCHBHOH. CeroflHa cteMOMHaH annapaTypa o6ecneMeHa COJIMAHMM Ha6opoM oGieKTHBOB c caMbiMH pa3^HMHbiMH yniaMH «oxBaTa» npocTpaHCTBa
29
Pa3.ae.ri I. KoMno3HUHH
DiyoHHa npocxpaHCXBa Ha
IXTIOCKOM
AByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
7,5 MM
Mo 6AUMCHeu (pueypbi— 50 M. MO dcuibneu— 60M. OmnouieHue paccmoitHuu — 5:6 Puc. 19
Mo OAUMCHCU (pueypbi— 2 M. MO danbHeu— OmHouieHue paccmoHHuu = 1:6
12M.
Puc. 21
noeaaa (200 M) AO KOHIUI CT>CMKH (150 M) oduhaKoea y o6oux o6beKmueoe: 25 MM H 200 MM. OHa BecbMa HeB&nHKa, x.e. BnenaxjieHHe CKOPOCXH ABHxeHHH H Bbipa3HxejibHOcxM nepcneKXHBbi oanHaKOBO cfla6oe KaK B Kaape JMe 1, xaK H B Kaape Ne 2. Jinn xoro HXO6W npn cbeMKe o6i>eicxHBOM F = 25 MM nanyHHXb H3o6paxceHHe noeaaa xaKOH ace KpynHocxn, KaK B Kaape Ne 2, Koraa noeaa 3a 5 c .ABHxeHHH 3aKpbieaem eecb BKPQH, Heo6xo.aHMO 6yaex ycxaHOBHXb naMepy npHMepHO B 10 Mexpax ox KOHua nyxn noeaaa. CooxHouieHHe pacCXOHHHH BO BxopoM Kaape (o6i>eKXHB F= 200 MM) — 150 : 50, HJIH 3:1.
5c
5c
50 M
Puc. 20 (puc. 21), Hxo no3Bo;iflex onepaxopy xBopnecKH ncno;ib30Baxb onxHKy win HaM6oflee Bbipa3Hxe;ibH0M nepeaaHH nepcneKXHBbi B Kaape. 3xo o6cxoHxe;ibcxBo HarjiflflHO noaxBepxaaexcji npn cbeMKe pa3HWMH o6i>eKXHBaMH (25 MM H 200 MM) yxoa$njJHx Bnajib pejibcoB xe;ie3HOH ROporH M npn6^H)Kaioiuerocji noe3aa (pnc. 22). CbeMica eedemca c odnou moHKu. I~Ioe3fl Haxoanxca BflByxcxaxMexpax ox XOMKH cteMKM, npoxoanx nepBbie 50 M 3a 5 c M OKa3biBaexcs B cxa naxH^ecflXH Mexpax ox KaMepbi. EejibiH npjiMoyro^bHHK — Hawano flBMxeHHfl (200 M), HepHbiw — cnycxfl 5 ceKyna (150 M ox KaMepbi). B Kaape N° 1 noKa3aHO M3o6paxeHHe, noayHeHHoe npw cx>eMKe o6i>eKXHBOM Fm 25 MM. PaCCXOHHHe — OX 200 MflO150 M, BpeMflflBHXeHHH5 c. B Kaape No 2, CHHXOM o6i>eKXHBOM F = 200 MM C mou 3Ke moHKu, noe3fl, npoftaH 50 M, 3aKpbieaem eecb Kadp, HO pa3HHua B pa3Mepax noe3/ia (coomnouteHue 6enoeo u nepiweo npjjMoyroabHMKOB) ox Hawa^a ABHxeHHH
30
10 M
* F= 25 MM
150 J
^
H
V
F= 25 MM
Kaap N° 1
F =200 MM
Kaap J * 2
Kaap Ne 3
Puc. 22
31
Pa3aea I. KoMno3HUMH
Puc. 23
T^y6HHa npocTpaHCTBa Ha naocKOM aByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
Puc. 24
CooTHouieHHe pacCTOHHHM B Kaape N° 3 (o6T>eKTHB F = 25 MM) — 10:50, HJIH 1:5, nepcneKTHBa Bbipaxena 6oaee 3aMeTHO, aBHxeHne noe3aa omymaeTca ropa3ao cnabHee. CpaBHHBaa cooTHomeHne 6ejioro H wepHoro npsMoyro^bHHKOB B Kaapax N° 2 H N° 3, BHanM, HacKOJibKo 3KcnpeccHBHee nepcneKTHBa H omymeHHe aBHxeHMa noe3aa npn cteMKe o6fceKTHBOM F= 25 MM c 6onee 6nu3Koeo paccmoHHun. JXna cieMKM nefnaxeft H apxHTeKTypHbix coopyxeHHft Heo6xoaHMo Haft™ Bropyio KOopannaTHyio TOMKy cteMKM, T.e. noaoxeHMe KaMepw no ropH3onTa^H. H B 3TOM cayqae y onepaTopa Bceraa ecTb B03MOXHOCTb Bbi6opa. MOXHO CHATb o6i>eKT (ppoHTaabHO, Koraa 6oKOBbie CTCHW 3aaHHH He BHiiHbi (pHC. 23). MOXHO onpeaeaHTb TOMKy cieMKH jieBee nan npaBee H noayHHTb 6o/iee o6T>eMHoe H3o6paxeHHe coopyxeHHa (PMC. 24). ripHMeHflH KopoTKoqboKycHyio onTHKy, He caeayeT 3a6biBaTb, MTO apKO BbipaxenHbift paKypc — TpeTba KoopaHHaTHaa TOMKa KttfSpbl — MOxeT CHJlbHO HCKa3MTb 06l>eKT CieMKH. Ha pnc. 25 M3o6paxeHa cxeMa cteMKH 6auJHH c pe3KO BbipaxeHHoft HHXHeft T04KH paCnOaOXeHHa KaMepbl H HCn0^b30BaHHeM KOpOTKOtpOKycHoro o6T>eKTMBa. PaccroaHHe OT KaMepw ao 6aHXHeft nacTH 6ainHH paBHO L, a ao BepxHeft — L+Lr Orcioaa pa3Hbie MacuiTa6bi H3o6paxeHiia 6aaiHH. CrpoftHaa 6aniHa npeBpamnacb B ypoaaHBoe coopyxeHne. I oiia.ii.iiaa (mixiyiiiiiaH) nepcneKTHBa. HBaeHHa B03ayuiH0ft nepcneKTHBbi o6-bHCHHioTCH TeM, MTO B03ayx — cpeaa He a6conioTHO npo3pa4Haa, oco6eHHO ecan OH Hacbiwen HacTimaMH anarn, nuan nan abiMa. 3 T 3 cpeaa TeM MeHee npospaMHa, neM 3HaHHTeabHee ee Toaiua, — HHUMH caoBaMH, weM aaabiue o6i>eKT OTCTOHT OT Haiunx raa3 nan OT KaMepw. B 3aBHCMMOCTM OT paCCTOHHHfl aO o6ieKTa H OT njlOTHOCTH B03flyiIJHOH abiMKH MeHHKvrcH H TOHa npe^MeTOB. FlosTOMy 3TOT BHa nepcneKTHBbi HepeaKO Ha3biBaiOT TOHaabHoft. B Kaapax, rae npncyTCTByeT B03ayuiHaa awMKa, Ha nepBOM naane TOHa cosHbie, KOHTpacTHbie, HacbimeHHbie, Ha BTOPOM H TpeTbeM naa-
32
Puc. 25 Hax — Bee 6oaee Manoie, aKBapeabHO-nacTeabHbie. 06teKTbi Ha aaabHHX ruiaHax coBepuieHHO pa3Mbi™e, pacnabiBHaTbie. MeHee MCTKHMH CTaHOBflTCH anHMH H rpaHHUbi npeaMeTOB. BbiHBaeHHio B03ayiuHoft abiMKH cnoco6cTByeT ocBemeHHe. JIO6OBOH CBeT cojiHixa nouTH He BbiaBaaeT abiMKy. Xopouio HHTaeTca npncyTCTBHe B03ayujHoft awMKH H, caeaoBaTeabHo, ycnaeHHe TOHaabHoft nepcneKTHBbi npn 6OKOBOM, 3aaHe-6oKOBOM H KOHTPOBOM noaoxeHHH coaHua. Mbi pa3aHMaeM naTb BnaoB abiMKH: • MoAeKynnphaa duMKa (cHHe-roay6aa). PacceaHHe MoaeKyaaMH BO3ayxa KOPOTKHX BoaH CBeTa (440-480 HM). • 3epKaAbHan dbiMKa (6eaecaa). ChpaxeHHe CBeTa OT HHHX cpea — Boaw (aoxab, TyMaH), cHera, abaa (rpaa). • M,U(p(f>y3Han dbiMKa (cepaa, xeaTO-KopH4HeBaa, MepHa«, KpacHaa). PacceaHHe CBeTa MacTHuaMH nbian, awMa, Baarn H T.n. (UBCT 3eMan, MHHepaaoB, ocTaTKOB TonanBa). * OnmunecKaa dbiMKa. Pa3Hbie naoTHOCTH caoeB B03ayxa Haa MopCKOH nOBepXHOCTbK). Pa3MbIBaHHHH T0pH30HTa. • Mapeeo. CTpyauxneca noTOKH Tenaoro B03ayxa, noaHHMaiomHeca OT HarpeTOft 3eMan, ropaMero accpaabTa, KaMHa B 6e3BeTpeHHyio noroay. Haa co3aaHHa B03ayiuHOH nepcneKTHBbi onepaTopu npHMeHaioT Ha HaType H B naBiiabOHe HCKyccTBeHHoe 3aabiMaeHHe cieMOHHoro npoCTpaHCTBa. 3aMe4aTeabHbift oneparap Cepreft YpyceBCKHH npn cieMKax (pnabMa •KaBaaep 3oaoToft 3Be3abi» Hcnoab30Baa aaxe HCKyccTBeHHoe 3anwaeH ne. npn cieMKe aBHxyiueroca no npoceaoHHoft aopore 0603a OH npHBa3biBaa K ocaM Teaer BCHHKH, MeTyiune aopory H noaHHMaioiUHe cToa6w
I
33
Pa3aea I. KoMno3HUHH
fay6HHa npocxpaHcxBa Ha naocKOM aByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
nbiaw. OweHb Bbipa3HxeabHo 6wao nepeaaHO owymeHHe noJiHoro 6e3BexpHH M H3HypHiomeH xapbi.
33Tb» aHUJHee KoawqecxBO CBexa — a Ha Haxype nacxo xpe6yexca awaqbparMa 1:11; 1:16, — Heo6xoaHMO Hcnoab30Baxb HenxpaabHO-cepbie cpHJibrpbi. Toraa MM noayHHM H sexKoe H3o6paxeHHe aHU Ha nopTpexax, H CjierKa pa3MbixbiH, co cMarneHHOH uBexonepeaaneH, <poH.
OIUHMCCKUH nepcneKTHBa. Ham rjia3, ocMaxpHBaa npocxpaHCXBO, nepeBoaa B3raaa c oaHoro npeaMexa Ha apyron, nocxoaHHO MeHaex «qbo-
KycHpoBicy».
HaBoaKa Ha (poKyc B HaiueM opraHe 3peHHa ocymecxsaaexca MmoBeHHO, 6aaroaapa H3MeHeHHK> KpHBH3Hbi xpycxaaHKa — «o6i>eKXHBa» raa3a. ripouecc H3MeHeHHH dpoKycMpOBKH raa3a Ha3biBaexca aKKOMoaauneH. Onepaxop BO BpeMa noaroxoBKH K cieMKe xaioKe ocymecxBaaex HaBOflxy Ha cpoKyc. 06MMHO (J)OKyc HaBoawxca Ha raaBHbin o6i>eKx B Kaape. BTopocxeneHHbie o6teKXbi B Kaape ocxaioxca B MeHbuueH pe3KOcxn, MeHbujeH qexKocxH M3o6pa>KeHHa nan aaace BOBce B pa3Mbixocxn. npoTHBonocxaaneHMe pe3KO H3o6paxaeMoro raaBHoro o6x>eKxa H Hepe3Koro (poHa H BxoponaaHOBbix saeMeHxoB Kaapa co3aaex — c noMombio onxMKH — scpcpeKX ray6nHbi npocxpaHcxBa. 3xo H ecxb onxwwecKaa nepcneKXHBa. EcxecxBeHHO, HXO aaHHHoqboKycHaa onxHKa, HMeioiuaa MeHbiuyio ray6HHy pe3Ko H3o6paxaeMoro npocxpaHcxBa, no3Boaaex B 6oabineH cxeneHH «pa3Mbixb» Bxopwe M xpexbH naaHbi. riosxoMy npeanonxHxeabHee cHHMaxb nopTpexu — KaK Ha Haxype, xaK H B naBHabOHe — onxHKoii aaHHHocpOKycHOH, xaK KaK naacxHKa nmia, Bbipa3HxeabH0CXb nopxpexa ycHawBaexca. OaHaKo B SXOM caywae HMeexca onacHocxb «noxepaxb reorpatpHio» Mecxa aencxBHa, cpeay, Ha cpoHe Koxopoii npoHcxoawx cieMKa. MHoraa B sqbnpe MOXHO Ha6aioaaxb xaKofi, HanpHMep, Kaap: Ha (pOHe yaHUbi CXOHX KoppecnoHaeHx H coo6iuaex HaM HeKHe HOBOCXH. Haxoaatuneca Ha BXOPOM M xpexbeM naaHax aoMa, aioaH, aBHxywHHca xpaHcnopT HacxoabKO Hepe3KH, ao xaKoii cxeneHH pa3Mbixw, HTO Kaxexca, 6yaxo 3xo cbeMKH B aKBapnyMe. 3xo 03Haqaex, MXO CBexa 6wao HeaocxaxoHHo H onepaxop HacxoabKO oxKpwa awacpparMy o6i>eKXHBa, MXO 3aaHne naaHbi coBepineHHO noxepaJIH peaabHbie onepxaHna. KpoMe xoro, BO3MOXHO, Hcnoab30BaaacbaaHHHOcpoKycHaa onTHKa. CHHMaa nopxpex Ha HaType, pa3MbiBaa BxoponaaHOBbie H xpexbe-naaHOBbie o6i>eKXbi, Heo6xoaHMO noMHHXb, HXO H ocxaabHbie naaHbi 3xoro 3nn3oaa (ana nocaeayiowero MOHxaxa) npnaexca CHHMaxb c XOH xe cxeneHbio pa3MbixocxH (|>OHOB. A Ha O6UIHX H cpeaHMx naaHax, rae npHMeHaexca KopoxKoqboKycHaa onxHKa, sxo caeaaxb caoxHee. MJ\» nopxpexHbix cieMOK Ha Haxype MOXHO Hcnoab30Baxb H «HopMaabHyio» onxwKy, HO npw SXOM xeaaxenbHo pa6oxaxb npw 6oabiuoM oxHOCHxejibHOM oxBepcxHH o6i>eKXHBa (1:2,8; 1:4). TaKHM o6-beKXHBOM — c oawHaKOBOH anacpparMon — MOXHO CHaxb Becb 3nH3oa — o6mne, cpeaHne H KpynHbie naaHbi. Rnsi xoro 4xo6bi «cpe-
^HHaiMinecKaa nepcneKTHBa. B cxaxMHHOM Kaape, KaK oxMewaaocb BWiiie, Ha aHHHM ropH30Hxa cymecxByex monica cxoda, K Koxopoii cxpeM«TCH Bce BOo6paxaeMbie AUHUU cxoda. ToHKa cxoaa HenoaBHXHa; Bce npeaMexw, «noannHaacb» 3aKOHaM aHHeflHow nepcneKXHBbi, yMeHbinaKrrca B HanpaBaeHHH sxoii XOHKM. KaK xoabKo KaMepa caBHHyaacb B naHopaMe BnpaBo waH BaeBo, HeMeaneHHo nepeMecxnaacb H xoHKa cxoaa Ha ropH30Hxe, H3MeHHaacb H BCH CHCxeMa aHHeHHo-reoMexpHqecKoro nocxpoeHHa Kaapa. Tenepb npeacxaBHM, 4T0 KaMepa deuxcemcn no onpeaeaeHHoii, 3apaHee npoayMaHHoft ropH30HxaabHOH xpaeicxopHH, Haxoaacb Ha xeaexKe, Ha aio6oM BHae xpaHCnopxa, Ha naeqe onepaxopa H x.a. M3MeHeHne npocxpaHCXBeHHoro noaoaceHMa KaMepu nocxoaHHO MeHaex nocxpoeHHe nepcneKXHBHbix KOHCTpyKUMfi B Kaxawfi MOMCHX cieMKM, xaK KaK moHKa cxoda u AUHUU cxoda Haxoaaxca B nocxoaHHOM aBHxeHHH. Boaee xoro, ecaw KaMepa Haxoawxca Ha KpaHe, x.e. HMeex BO3MO)KHocxb BepxHKaabHoro nepeMeiueHHa, xo B Kaape 6yaex nponcxoanxb aBHxemie M caMOH aHHHH ropH30Hxa, Ha Koxopoft Haxoawxca xoMKa cxoaa. TaKHM o6pa30M, B03HHKaex HOBoe KaqecxBO ouiymeHHa nepcneKXHBbi — y 3pnxeaa noasaaexca B03M0>KH0cxb yBHaexb npoHcxoaamee H3 pa3aHMHbix npocxpaHCXBeHHbix noaoxeHHH. 3qb(peKx aHHaMHMecKOH nepcneKXHBbi xaoce noMoraex co3aaxb wiaio3Hio ray6HHbi H3o6paxeHna. HBCTOBUH nepcneKTHBa. KaK H3BecxH0, 6eabiii CBex npH pa3ao>KeHHH pacnaaaexca Ha ceMb UBCXOB paayrw: KpacHbiH, opaHxeBbiw, xeaxbiii, 3eaeHbifl, roay6oH, CHHHH, qbHoaexoBbiH. B HBexoBOM Kpyre (pnc. 26) cnpaBa Haxoaaxca xaK Ha3biBaeMbie TenJiwe uBexa: KpacHbiH, opaHxeBbifi, xeaxbiii, caeBa — xoaoaHbie uBexa: eKTa nepcneKTHBbi. ECJIM • nepeiiHHH naaH TCMHWH, a BTopofi H TpeTHH naaHbi CBeTaee, TO ncnxoaorHwecKM TaKoe TOHaabHoe pacnpeaeaeHne B Kaape BOcnpHHHMaeTca KaK niyOHHHoe. YHHTbiBaH BO3MOXHOCTH UBCTOBOH nepcneKTHBbi, nepBbiH naaH MoxeT 6biTb H uBeTHbiM, TenabiM no uBeTy H TCMHMM no TOHy, HanpnMep TeMHO-KOpHHHeBblM HJIH 6opaOBblM. n p n OTcyrcTBHH nepBoro naaHa ero poab HHoraa BbinoaHaeT TeMHaa paMKa Te^eBH3HOHHoro 3KpaHa. nepeaHHH njiaH MoxeT 6biTb KaK craTHqHUM, TaK H AMHaMHHHbiM. HanpHMep, nopTpeT aexauiero B TpaBe pe6eHKa 6yaeT 3HaqHTeabHo ecTecTBeHHee, ecaH nepea ero anuoM 6yayr TpeneTaTb OT BeTpa TpaBHHKH nan BCTBH KycTa. IlopTpeT pa6oqero-ujaH(poBajibiuHKa 6yaeT Bbipa3HTeabHee, Konaa Ha nepBOM naaHe 6pbi3xyT HCKPH. CHHMaa c napaaaeabHoro aBHxeHHa nayiUHH noe3a, MU noayqHM Ma^OHHTepecHbift, noMTH cTaTHMHbiii Kaap, TaK KaK CKopocTb noe3aa H onepaTopcKofi MauiHHbi oaHHaKOBa. Ho eoiH Ha nepeaHeM naaHe Mexay KaMepoA H noe3AOM 6yayr MejibKaTb aepeBba, cToa6w, crpoeHna, Kaap npHo6peTeT Heo6xoaHMyio aHHaMHKy, rjiy6HHy H Bbipa3HTeabHOCTb.
36
CBCTOTOIiajlbllblM UKIU'll I H IVIHIICTBO CBOTOTOIiaJIbllOIO peillCUHH. llpH cMene KaapoB 3pHTeab He aoaxeH HCKaTb Ha 3KpaHe raaBHbiH aeHCTByroIUHH nepcoHax nan oSteicr. Heo6xoaHMO HCHO noKa3aTb ero 3pHTeaio. Ha naocKocTH 3KpaHa HaxoaaTca pa3anqHbie npeaMeTbi, pacnoaoxeHHbie KaK Ha nepBOM naaHe, TaK H B ray6HHe npocTpaHCTBa. 3aecb x e aeftcTByiOT H repon npoH3BeaeHHa. OnTHMecKHM H cBeTOTOHaabHMM ueHTpoM o6biqHo HBaaeTcn JIHUO qeaoBeKa, repoa dpnabMa nan nepeaaqn. B HHMX xaHpax raaBHHM O6T>CKTOM MoxeT cTaTb H cTaHOK Ha 3aBoae, H KapTHHa xyaoxHHKa, H apxHTeKTypHoe coopyxeHne. /laa Toro qTo6bi cocpeaoToqHTb 3pHTeabCKoe BHHMaHHe Ha raaBHOM o6i>eKTe, Haao BbiaeaHTb ero. 3TO aeaaeTCH npn HOMOIMH CBeTOBoro aKueHTa — ycnaeHHH CBeTa Ha OCHOBHOM o6i>eKTe. B noHaTHe «eduHcmeo ceemomoHonbHozo peiuenua* BxoaaT caeayiouxHe onepaTOpcKHe npneMbi (OHH xe — Tpe6oBaHHa K pa6oTe onepaTopa): •
nOCTOHHCTBO CBeTOTeHCBblX H UBeTOBblX KOHTpaCTOB; qepeaoBaHHe TOHOB cBeTaoro H TeMHoro (npoeunpoBaHHe cBeTaoro Ha TeMHoe, TeMHoro — Ha CBeTaoe). HacTO BcrpeqaioTCH OUJH6KH, HanpHMep, Koraa TeHeBaa cTopoHa nopTpeTa npoeunpyeTca Ha TeMHbiii (pOH, TeHb roaoBbi caHBaeTca c (pOHOM, nopTpeT «npnKaenBaeTca» K (poHy; rpaMOTHoe ncnoab30BaHHe «BbicTynaioiuHX» Tenawx TOHOB H «OTCTynaiomnx* xoaoaHbix. XoaoaHbin UBCT (poHa aoaxeH 6biTb MeHee HacbimeHHbiM, qeM nepBonaaHOBbie «Tenabie» o6i>eKTbi; yMeHHe noab30BaTbca UBeTOBbiMH napaMH aonoaHHTeabHbix UBeTOB (CHHHH — xeaTbiH, nypnyp — 3eaeHbiH H T.a.)37
Pa3,aeji I. KoMno3Huna
)KaHpw n3o6pa3HTe^bHoro HCKyccrBa
Bee Kaapbi odnoeo anu3oda o6a3aTejibHO aoJixHbi coxpaHaTb CTa6H;ibHOCTb cBe-ro- H UBeTOTOHajibHbix napaMeTpoB, HHaqe IIOTOM HX HCBO3MOJKHO 6yiieT CMOHTMpOBaTb.
Haa ry6a — STH noqTH He3aMeTHbie Ha o6mwx H cpeaHHX njiaHax aeiicTBHa 03HanaioT nopoti ropa3ao 6o^buie, qeM rpoMKHe KPHKM H HeyMepeHHaa acecTHKyaauHa. KpynHbiH njiaH — CHjibHeftiiiee cpeacTBo B03aeHCTBHa Ha 3pHTeaa. Macnrra6 H3o6pameHMH JleTaJlb B H306pa3HTeJlbH0M HCKyCCTBe, KHHO M TB — KOCBeHHaa ncHxoJiornqecKaa xapaKTepncTHKa H caMoro repoa, H cpeau ero oSHTaHHa. CeraaHa TaKHe noHaTHa, KaK o6muu, cpednuu, KpyniiMu man M de3TO MOiyr 6biTb npcaMera 6biTa, OKpyxaiouxaa repoa o6cTaHOBKa. nopoii mcuib, H3BecTHbi KaacaoMy. 3TO HeyaHBHTe;ibHO, Bezib KpynHOCTb ruiaHOB naHHbie npe^MeTbi apKO H o6pa3HO xapaKTepH3yiOT repoa. MnqHKOBy 6bmo HepeaKo aBJiaeTca OCHOBOH 3pMTejibCKoro o6cy>icaeHHa npon3BeaeHHH KHHO jocTaToqHO OAHOTO B3r^aaa Ha o6cTaHOBKy B aoMe n^iouiKHHa, qTo6bi H TB. C 3THMH BHaaMH HCKyCCTB Mbl 3HaKOMHMCa c caMorofleTCTBa.A JUW noHHTb, c KeM OH HMeeT neno H KaK ce6a BCCTH c xo3aHHOM. npocpeccHOHaaa 3TH noHaraa HMCIOT oqeHb BaxHoe 3HaqeHHe. Reranb nrpaeT BaxHyio ponb B apaMaTyprHqecKOH TKaHH npoH3Beae• OGIUHH njian — 3TO xapaKTepncraKa epeou, roe nponexoaHT neftHIW. HanpHMep, B Haqane 4>HJibMa (MJIH nepcoaqn) HauiaH nyaio (neCTBMe onpeaeaeHHoro 3nM3oaa. 06UXHH ruiaH HeceT B ce6e 6anbiuoe KOJIHTajib), yGHBiiiyio oaHoro H3 repoeB. Becb (pnjibM nocTpoeH Ha noncKax HeCTBO CaMOH pa3Hoo6pa3HOH HHCpopMauHH: npecTynHHKa H opyana y6HHCTBa. B KOHue (pmibMa HaRaeH nncTojieT (netajib), AOKa3aHa BHHOBHOCTb noao3peBaeMoro B y6HHCTBe H T.^. • Mecmo deucmeua: ropaa, n;iomaflb (ruiomaab nycTaa, 3a6HTaa TpaHcnopTOM, 3ano^HeHHaa HapoaoM H T.O..), yjinua, ABop. Ce.no, TaKHM o6pa30M, aeTanH yqacTByioT H B 3aBa3Ke, H B pa3BHTHH aennone, nee, peKa. Topw, Mope, Tynapa, nycTbiHH H T.A. CTBHa, H B KyjibMHHauHH npoH3BefleHHa. 0 6 yqacTHH aeTajien B apaMa• BpeMH eoda: BecHa, JieTO, oceHb, 3HMa. TyprHH MH 6yaeM roBopHTb eme npn paccMOTpeHHH xaHpa «HaTiopMopT». • BpeMH cymoK: yrpo, aeHb, Beqep, Hoqb. HyxHO 3aMeTHTb, 4T0 caMH onpeaeaeHHa MacujTa6a H3o6pa>KeHHa • AmMOCfpepnbie yoweun: acHO, nacMypHO, aoxzib, BeTep, 6ypa, CHer, BecbMa OTHOCHTe^bHbi. HanpHMep, cnnqeqHbin KOPO6OK B pyKe repoa — rpaa H T.a. Bcero JiHuib aeTanb. Ho ec^H Mbi B03HaMepnMca paccKa3aTb o caMOM ennqeqHOM Kopo6Ke, TO OH npeacTaHeT nepea HaMH yxe B BHae o6uxero ripw cieMKe o6wero njiaHa onepaiopOM Hcnonb3yeTca CBeTOBaa H imaHa. A cpe^HHMH H KpynHbiMH anaHaMM B STOM paccKa3e 6yayr cnnqKH KoaopncTHqecKaH nannTpa, KOTopaa 6yaeT BbiaepxHBaTbca H B cpea^•cnHqeqHbie TOJIOBKH. HHX, M B KpynHbix njiaHax, onpcnejiaiOTca napaiweTpbi CBeTOTOHanbHoro e^HHCTBa. IlpHMeHaioTCfl HCKyccTBeHHoe 3aabiM^eHHe, CBeTO(})H/ibTpbi, onpeaejiaeTca npneM CICMKH: CTaTHKa HJIH anHaMHKa. ripw nopTpeTHOM cieMKe OT Macurra6a naaHa 3aBHCHT CTeneHb B03.aeficTBHH repoa Ha 3pHTe.na. TepoH Ha o6meM anaHe BocnpnHHMaeTca 3pHTejieM KaK HCKHH He3HaK0MbiM nepcoHax, Ha KOToporo MOJKHO He >KaHp — Tun xyAomecTBeHHoro npon3BeAeHHfl, ocHOBaHHbiM Ha eAMHCTBe oGpamaTb BHHiwaHHa. cneuMC^MMecKMx CBOMCTB ero 4>opMbi M coflepwaHns. rioHHTMe «>KaHp»
^Caupi>i M3o6pa3MTejibHoro HCKyCCTBa
Cpe/iiwii luiaii — STO qejioBeK H cpeaa. HcnoBeK — STO rviaBHoe, STO cioxeTHbifi ueHTp KOMno3HUHM, cptaa — BTopocTeneHHoe. OnepaTop nonxeH cnenaTb, 4To6bi Ha (pOHe He 6uno HHKaKHX JIHUJHHX, oTBjieKaiomHX BHMMaHHeaeTaneH. 3,aecb no BHeiuHeMy Bway, noBeaeHHio, noxo^Ke MOHCHO onpeae^HTb counajibHyio xapaKTepncTHKy repoa, ero cocToaHHe: BecejibiH OH H;IH noHypbiH, Tpe3BbiH HJIH nbHHbiH H T.a. Ha cpe^HeM anaHe XOpOUJO BHflHbl MHMHKa, apTHKyjlflUHH, XeCTbl. KpynHbiH njiaH — STO, KaK npaBM.no, /IHUO qe/ioBeKa. Ha KpynHOM naaHe OT/IHHHO BHaHbi TOHqaHiune HioaHCbi ncHxo^orMqecKoro COCTOHHHa repoa. HaxMypeHHbie 6poBH, npHiuypeHHbiH B3rjiaa, qyrb 3aKyiueH-
38
o6o6uj,aeT nepTbi, CBOMCTBeHHbie O6IUMPHOM rpynne npoM3BeAeHMM.
B H3o6pa3HTe^bHOM HCKyccTBe HCTopnqecKH c^oxn^ocbonpeiie^eHHe xaHpa HO ocnoee npedMema u3o6pa3Kenua: nopTpeT, neH3a>K, HHTepbep, HaTiopiwopT, HCTopnqecKaa, 6biT0Baa, 6aTanbHaa cueHa (H^H KapTHHa). CeroflHa TeaeBH3HOHHbie xaHpbi npeTepneBaioT onpeaeaeHHyio MOflepHH3auHio, npoHcxoaHT HX B3aHMonpoHHKHOBeHne H aaxe cnHaHHe. B KHHO H HaTe^eBHfleHHH opraHnqHO coceacTByioT nopTpeT, nen3a>K, HHTepbep, HaTiopiwopT. B MacujTa6Hbix npOH3BeaeHHax UJHPOKO Hcnonb3yK>Tca MHoro^ioflHbie 6aTaibHbie cueHbi co cnoacHeHUJHM HHxeHepHO-nnPOTexHnqecKHM o6ecneqeHHeM.
39
Pa3/ie;i I. KoMno3HUHH
^CaHpw H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro HcicyccTBa
nopTper TepoeM 6o^biuHHCTBa xy/joxecrBeHHMx npon3Be,aeHHH BJWTepaType, TeaTpe, KHHO H TB, KaK npaBmio, HBJIHCTCH nejioBeK. HMCHHO repon aoHOCHT no 3pHTe;iH ocHOBHyio naeio npoH3BeaeHHH. J\nn aBTopoB Bcer/ia oneHb BaxHO, KaK 6yayr BocnpHHHMaTbCH HHTaTejieM MJIH 3pHTeJieM caM repoft H, pa3yMeeTc«, MMCJIH, BMCKa3aHHMe STHM repoeM, — MMC/IH aBTopa, HaeH, 3anoxeHHbie B npoH3Be/ieHHH. B jiHTepaiypHbix npoH3Be/i.eHHHx onncaHHe rviaBHoro repon H oueHKa ero nocrynKOB ocymecTRfiHioTCH KaK 6M C pa3Hbix CTOPOH, c pa3Hbix TOneK 3peHHH. 1. ABTOP onHCbiBaeT repon, paccKa3MBaH o ero BHCUIHOCTH, ero xapaicrepe, aaBan CBOIO oueHKy ero nocTynKaM. 2. Zlpyrwe repon npoH3Be.neHHH noBecTByioT o r/iaBHOM repoe. y Kax/joro H3 HHX — TaKxe CBOH B3rjiaa Ha Hero. 3. CaM repoH (H/IH repoHHH) oueHHBaeT ce6n: • BHeuiHe (HanpHMep, TJIHM B 3epKamo); • BHyrpeHHe — BbicKa3biBaa CBOH MMCJIH O ce6e (noTOK co3HaHHH). MHoraa aBTop jjonojiHHeT CBOHMH pa3MbiujjieHHHMH OUCHKH repon, aaHHbie HM caMHM H /ipyrHMH nepcoHaxaMH. B pe3yjibTaTe o6pa3yeTCH onpe/iejieHHMH jiHTepaTypHMH nopTpeT rjiaBHoro repon. B 3KpaHHOM HCKyccTBe MOXHO TaioKe co3aaTb MHororpaHHbiH o6pa3 rjiaBHoro repon npn noMoiun pa3JiHMHbix TOMCK 3peHHn: aBTopa, cainoro repon (3aKaapoBbifl rojioc) H jipyrnx nepcoHaxetf. npHHeM KaxaMH nepcoHax BH4HT MaBHoro repon CBOHMH Dia3aMH, y Kaxaoro — CBOH TOHKa 3peHHH, CBOH o6ocHOBaHHan (HJIH noBepxHocTHaa) oueHKa. HanpHMep: 1. HnaBHaH repoHHH (KpacnBan xeHUiHHa), DIH/XH B 3epKano, «oueHHBaeT» ce6n (JUIH zipyrHx) H JUIH caMOH ce6n (HCKHH jryuieBHbiH CTpHnTH3 B 3aKaapoBOM MOHOJIOre). 2. O/IHH nepcoHax BH/IHT B Hen TojibKO KpacHByio xeHWHHy. CHHMaeTca 3nH304, r/je npncyTCTByeT pan Bbipa3HTejibHbix nopTpeTOB H rae mow BOCxniuaiOTCH onapoBaHneM repoHHH. 3. BTOPOH nepcoHax oueHHBaeT repoHHio KaK Kojuiery. CHHMaeTcn cooTBeTCTByioiUHH 3nH3oa Ha pa6oTe. 4. TpeTHH nepcoHax BocxniuaeTcn repoHHeu KaK npnMepHOH MaTepblO-OaHHOMKOH. CHHMaeTCH 3UH300. AOMa, c pe6eHKOM. 5. HeTBepTbiH nepcoHax cnHTaeT repoHHio pacnyrHOH XCHIUHHOH, H B nanTBepxaeHHe STOTO CHHMaeTcn cooTBeTCTByioiuan cueHa. KaxabiH nepcoHax BHAHT r/iaBHyio repoHHio Kaxaoro CBOH TOHKa 3peHHH. 40
«CBOHMH
rjia3aMH», y
CranKHOBeHHe STHX, 4acTo nojinpHbix, oueHOK H aaeT HaM HCKHH ..jMapHMH, HO TeM He MeHee Heo/j,H03HaHHMH o6pa3 repoHHH. A repon ia^HCTHHeCKOrO npOH3BejieHHH H He MOXd 6bITb OTpaXeH TOJIbKO Ofl„ J H — MepHOH HJIH 6ejion — KpacKOH. JI1060H nonoBeK HBJIHCTCH cpeaoTOqHeM H ao6pbix, H 3J\b\\ Ha4a^. BaxHO, B KaKHX nponopuHHx cocymecTByK)T OHH B repoe. riOHHTHO, HTO npH CT>eMKe Ue^OTO pHaa 3nH30flOB, 3pHTe^bHO OTpa.aiomHx pa3Hbie OUCHKH repoHHH, nepea onepaTopoM 6yaeT nocraBjieHa lenpocTan 3aaaMa co3AaHHH xyjioxecTBeHHoro o6pa3a, ero counanbHoICHXO^OrHMeCKOH XapaKTepHCTHKH B pa^HHHblX XH3HeHHbIX CHTyaUHHX, to npn o6H3aTejibHOM coxpaHeHHH MaKCHMa^bHoro cxoacTBa H MOMCHranbHoro y3HaBaHHH. » TexHHKa co3aaHHH nopTpeTa Tpe6yeT OT onepa-ropa BbinojiHeHHH 6o^bioro Kpyra pa6oT, HaMHHaa OT aHanH3a n^acTHHecKon (popMbi H UBeTa ;ua aicrepa H KOHsaa noncKaMH Han6o^ee Bbipa3HTe^bHoro ocBemeHHH. JHOBHOH C^OXHOCTbK) HB^HCTCH Heo6xOflHMOCTb nOKa3a HnaCTHKH JWUSi, MHMHKH, ero HCIGHOHHTejIbHOCTH npH CaMblX pa3JlHMHbIX 3(p(peKTaX ocBemeHHH. 3aaaMa onepaTopa 3aicriK)HaeTCH B TOM, MTOGH y6eflHTe^bHO noKa3aTb :a SKpaHe aumepa e o6pa3e. McKyccTBO KOMno3HUHH H ocBemeHHH nopTHwx KaapoB cpeflHHx H KpynHbix njiaHOB — ocHOBa xHBonncHOH pa6oTW onepaTopa. U,BeT He^oBeHecKoro jinua onpeaejineT uBeTOByio na^HTpy, Konopu.mecKyio KOMno3HUHio Bcero 3nH3oaa, KOTopbie cicaaabiBaiOTCH B pe/^bTaTe npocMOTpa Bcex MOHTaxHbix KaapoB. HcKaxeHne UBeTa XOTH 6M oflHOM cpeiiHeM HJIH KpynHOM n^aHe HapyuiaeT KO^opHCTHHecKoe eziHHCTBO Bcero 3nH30.ua. • 3TO oco6eHHO 3aMeTHo npn MHoroKaMepHbix ci>eMKax. 3a4acTyio H306PaxeHHH pa3HMX KaMep H3-3a HeTOMHOH HaCTpOHKH CH^bHO OT^HMaiOTCH apyr OT apyra no UBeTonepeaaMe. ripn MOHTaxe KaapoB, CHHTMX pa3HMMH KaMepaMH, B03HHKaioT cyuxecTBeHHbie C^OXHOCTH. HJIH onepaTopa AO^XHO cTaTb Henpe^oxHMM cjieayiomee npaBH^o: BOflHOM 3nH30/je, B OflHOH MOHTaXHOH KOMn03HUHH UBCT H HpKOCTb JIHUa AO/IXHbl 6blTb nOCTOHHHMMH. Cpe^HHH nJiaH repOH, CHHTMH B XOJiOiiHOH TOHa^bHOCTH, He cMOHTHpyeTCH c KpynHMM njiaHOM 3Toro x e repon RTIH ero co6ece/j.HHKa, CHHTMM B Tendon TOHajibHocTH. 3TO onepaTOpCKHH 6paK.
JJr
3KpaHHbiH nopTpeT — C / M M S ^3o6pa>KeHHM aKTepa B o6pa3e MDM p«A nopipeTOB repoa AOKyMeHTanbHoro npon3BeAeHn« B HeKoeM OTpe3«e >KM3HM. B co3flaHMM 3Toro o6pa3a orpoMHyio ponb MrpaeT BHeaiHHM O6HHK aKTepa (nnn reposi AOKyMeHTanbHoro cpmibMa), xapaKTepHocTb ero ABM-
I
WeHMM, HteCTOB, MHMHKH, CBS3b CpHrypbl C 4)OHOM H T.A-
41
PaMCI I. K0Mri03HUHH
XaHpu H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyccTBa
06pa3 cioiaabiBaeTCH H3 ue;iOH cepHH nopTpeTOB (ixnaHOB), npHHeM CKJXeTHO-MOHTaXHaH KOMn03HUHa MOXCT 6bITb KaK BblCTpOeHa H3 MHOJKeCTBa CTaTHHHO CHHTblX KaHpOB, TaK H 06l>eflHHeHa jIHHaMHHeCKOH MH3aHcueHOH, cHHToft oflHMM njiaHOM c ABHxeHHH H BKMonaiomeH B ce6*i pna nopTpeTOB pa3JiHHHOH KpynHocTH H no-pa3HOMy ocBeweHHbix. B BbiujenpHBeaeHHOM rnnoTeTHHecKOM npHMepe, xoraa HyxHo 6biJio C03aaTb HeCKOJIbKO HenOXOXHX CIOXeTHO-nOpTpeTHMX KOMn03HUHH OflHOH repoHHM B pa3Hbix xH3HeHHbix cHTyaiwax, onepaTopy noTpe6oBajiocb 6bi Mo6H^H30BaTb Bee cBoe MacTepcTBO, WTo6bi cHHTb 3Ty repoMHio pa3Hoo6pa3HO, Bbipa3HTejibHO H HenpeMeHHO y3HaBaeMO. Iipn cieMKe nopTpeia He o6a3aTe;ibHO npHMeHHTb MarKopncyiomyio onTHKy. MOXHO Hcno;ib30BaTb B Bitae onTHiecKHx HacaaoK pa3^H4Hbie flH(p(py3HOHbI H CeTKH. HHoraa JIHUO MOxeT HaxoaMTbca B TCHH, a pyKM — B CBeiy. CHHMaa cpeflHHH ruiaH H ocraBJiaa pyKH nepcoHaxa «3a KaapoM», onepaTop MOxeT H&aocTaTOHHO TOHHO nepeaaTb ncHxojiorHHecKyio xapaicrepHCTHKy repoa. HepeaKo HMCHHO B xecre BwpaxeHa r/iaBHaa Mbianb npoH3Be,aeHHa. BcnoMHHM KapTHHy «BoapbiHH Mopo30Ba» B. M. CypHKOBa. jjBoenepcrHWH xecT onaabHOH 6oapbiHH HCHO noKa3biBaeT npMHHHy ee ccbuiKH. EC/IH cpednuu noKonennbiu nnan 3acTaanaeT 3pHTe;ia BHHMaTejibHee npHCMOTpeTbca K HcnoBeicy, TO cpednuu noacHou nnan n o i r a HaBepHHKa 03HaMaeT, HTO STO — repoft (H/IH OAMH H3 repoeB) H C HHM 6yayT nponcxoaHTb HeKHe apaMaTHHecKHe KOJIJIH3MH. KpytiHuii njian npcancwiaraeT, MTO MH yxe xopouio 3HaKOMbi c repoeM, HaxoaHMCfl c HHM naaoM M STO He BW3biBaeT y repoa wyBCTBa orropxeHMa. OqeHb BtriMKa pojib B3nnaaa Ha KpynHOM ruiaHe. n o HanpaBJieHHK) B3rvia,aa AOJIXHO 6biTb ocTaaneHO cBo6oaHoe npocTpaHCTBo B Kaape. «HaBCTpeMy» B3i7ia.ay .aarcxeH noc/icnoBaTb MOHTaxHbin Kaap, oTBenaiomMH eMy no CMbicny. 3TO MOXCT 6biTb npcaMeT, Ha KOTOPMH CMOTPHT repoii MJIH wejioBeK, KOTopoMy aapecoBaH B3ryiaa. CeepxKpynHbiu nnan, no anoBaM C. 3H3eHiiiTeHHa, aaeT 3pHTe;no ouiymeHMe HHTMMHO-,aoBepHTejibHbix OTHOiueHHM c repoeM. Hajo noMHHTb, MTO npn cieMKe KpynHbix ruiaHOB 6JIH3KO pacnonoxeHHbift (poH OTBjieKaeT BHMMaHne 3pHT£na H MeinaeT ycTanoBKe KOHTPOBbix M 3aaHe-6oKOBbix ocBeTHTejibHbix npH6opoB. KpoMe Toro, caiw (poH .aonxeH 6biTb MeHee KOHTpacTHbiM no ocBeuieHHIO, weM JIHUO nopTpeTHpyeMoro. HHUMH aiOBaMH, TOHanbHbie nepexo-
,abi MOKfly CBeTOM H TeHbjo Ha (pOHe ao^xHbi 6biTb 6o;iee MarKHMM, neiw KOHTpacT Mejicny CBCTOM M TeHbio Ha ^ H U C To^bKo Tonaa noaBHTca omyUXeHHe npHCyTCTBHH B03flyilIH0H cpeaw. W HrpoBOH, H aoKyMeHTa^bHbiH (pn^bM (H^H nepejiawa) noKa3biBaiOT HcriOBeKa B pa3JiHHHbix COCTOKHMHX, B nocroaHHo MeHfliomeHCfl o6cTa-
42
HOBKe. TapMOHHHHoe coneTaHHe (pOHa H repoa AOJCKCH o6ecneHHTb onepaTop. Tepon HeflOJixeHflHccoHHpoBaTbc O6CT3HOBKOH (T.C C KMCcepbi (B HayuiHMKH) Tpe6yioT CHHMaTb KpynHee, eme K PynHee, He noHMMaa, HTO H3aMUJHHK KpynHOCTb ToabKO BpeaMT HX rePoio. HyacHO Bceraa yMeTb BOBpeMH ocTaHOBHTbca npn oriTMwecKOM «Hae3*e» Ha roBopamero weaoBeKa.
45
Pa3aeji I. KoMno3Huna
>KaHpbi H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyccTBa
MHoraa Jiymue cHaTb repoa cpeziHHM, noacHMM njiaHOM, weM CBepxKpynHbiM. Oco6eHHO STO BaxHO npw cieMKe noiomnx apTHCTOB. Bo BpeMH neHHJi y HHX HanparaeTca ;inuo, Ha wee BbicrynaioT XHJIM, qepecnyp uiHpoKO OTKpwBaeTCfl POT H T.n. Bee 3TH «MC;IOWH» 3anacTyio BbinUUWT jjocTaTOHHo namrconmHo M BOBce He paccHHTaHbi Ha cieMKy KpynHbiM imaHOM. 3TO — cueHHiecKaa KpynHOCTb, H OHa aojDKHa 6biTb orpaHHneHa MaKCHMyM cpeflHHM anaHOM. XIaxe ropaqwft, ApaMaTyprHHecKH HanpaxeHHbiH iiHajior ruioxo CMOTPHTCH Ha wpe3MepHO KpynHbix ruiaHax. A BOT cjiyiuaiowero repoH MOXHO cHHMaTb aaxe cBepxKpynHWM njiaHOM. MonwaiuHH, BHHMaTe^bHO a/iyujaiowHft nepcoHax — noBO/i ana
jjpaMaTyprHMecKHX KoonH3HH, KOTopbie npeaycMOTpeHbi B cueHapHH. M XOTH B 3TOM c^ynae neH3ax HrpaeT BcnoMoraTe^bHyio po^b, xapaicrep H COCTOgHHe HaTypbi aoMHbi cooTBeTCTBOBaTb npoHcxoflameMy B 3nH30iie aeHCTBHK), npHqeM no HecKO^bKHM napaMeTpaM. 3TO H snoxa, o KOTOPOH coaaaeTca npoH3BeaeHHe, H BpeMH roaa, H BpeMfl cyroK, H aTMOcdpepHbie ycjioBHii. ACHO, HanpHMep, MTO HanHMHe B neft3axe BbicoKOBonbTHOH ^HHHH s^eicrponepeAaHH He cooTBeTCTByeT nefi3axy XVIII B., apical Mo^oaaH 3e^eHb xapaicrepHa win BecHbi, oceHb — STO 6arpoBO-30JioTHCTbie uBeTa, 3HMa — 6e^o-ro^y6oBaTMH KO^OPHT H T.n. 3. IleiuajK-jnumem. 3TO neifaax, yBHaeHHbiH ma3aMH aBTOpa. neft;-3nHTeT npM3BaH noflHepKHyrb, ycHJiHTb ncHxo^orHMecKoe COCTOHe repoa, cTaTb ero (repoa) HCKOH H3o6pa3HTe^bHOH noaaepxKOH. HaHMep, repoft rpycTHT, H OKpyxaiomaa npwpofla nacMypHa, nenanbHa. OHMIC'III BeTBH flepeBbeB, MopocHT aoxab, Bee BOKpyr TOCIOTHBO, 6ecCBeTHO... neH3ax-3nHTeT MoxeT cooTBeTCTBOBaTb COCTOHHHK) repoH, a MOXeT npoTHBonocTaaneH 3TOMy COCTOMHHIO. HanpHMep, y repoa — iparea neH3ax — cojiHenHbifi, paaocTHbifi, MaxopHbifl. 3aecb Kaic 6u pxaaeTca: npHpozia — BenHa, OHa — caMa no ce6e, a nejioBeK, yBbi, cnwTbiBaeT B CBoen XH3HH H cnacTJiHBbie MTHOBeHHH, H THxe^bie noiHceHHH, nejiOBeK — CMepTeH. TaKoe npoTHBonocTaaaeHwe repoa H npwpoflbi wacTO B03aeHCTByeT Ha 3pHTe^a 3HaMHTejibHO cn^bHee, 4eM COOTBeTCTBHe neii3axa COCTOSHHIO repoH.
nepeaaHH 3pHTejiaM CBOHX COKPOBCHHMX HHTHMHCHUIMX nepexwBaHHft.
rieft3ax — coBepuieHHO caMocroaTe;ibHbift xaHp H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyccTBa. TB HacrieaoBa^o 3TOT xaHp OT jiHTepaTypbi, XMBonncH, noao6Hyio (poTorpacpHio Mor cacnaTb qe^OBeK coBepuieHHO paBHOayuJHbiH. TaKoro poaa CT>CMKH pa3onapoBbiBaioT H 3pMTejia, H caMoro aBTopa, noTOMy mo HH B KaKoft Mepe He nepeaaioT owapoBaHHa H HacTpoeHHH, B03HHKaiomero B Haweft ayuie npw HenocpeacTBeHHOM omymeHHH npHpoflbi. IlpoTOKO^bHoe BocnpoH3BeiieHHe OKpyxaiomero Mnpa oxa3biBaeTCH ABHo o6eiiHeHHbiM. M3o6paxeHHe nepeaaeT TonbKO TO, MTO aBTop yeude/i, HO B HeM HCT TOTO, HTO aBTop notyecmeoeaji. B TaKMx Kaapax (HJIM dx>Torpa(pHax) HCT XHBMX o6jiaKOB, anbiBywHX noil BeTpoM, MH He yBHiiHM 6;IHKOB Kanejib Ha /iwcTbax, pocbi Ha TpaBe, HCKpameroca roiiy6oBaToro cHera H;IM rydoro TyMaHa, Koraa npocTpaHCTBO 6y;rro nocTeneHHO TaeT BaanM... B STHX neitoaxax HeT TOTO oqapoBaHHfl npHpOilbl, KOTOpoe H HBJIHeTCfl npe^MeTOM HCKyCCTBa. 2. nefoaoic-cpeda, nefoaoK KOK ipon. CHHMaa TOT H^H HHOH (pH^bM, Ty H^H HHyio nepeaawy, MW TiuaTe^bHO Bbi6HpaeM MCCTO jieHCTBHJi Tex
46
4. IleuwjK-offpa-j, nefoajtc-cuMeoA. 3TO neii3ax, yBnaeHHbiH raa3aMM repoH. 3TO ruiacTHHecKoe, H3o6pa3HTejibHoe Bon^omeHHe COCTOHHHA repoa B .aaHHbiH MOMeHT. B pa3Hbie nepwoabi XH3HH repoft MOXCT BoenpMHMMaTb OKpyxaiomee no-pa3HOMy, H6O OH MOXCT 6biTb cnacT^HB, HecnaCTJIHB, Bece^, nenajieH, 3aopoB, 6ojieH H T.n. IlpeflCTaBHM ce6e aepeBeHCKyio yjinuy, Ha KOTOPOH XHBCT repoft. MHOTO pa3 B TeneHHe (pmibMa OH B03Bpaiua^ca AOMOH (H 3pHTe^H — BMecTe c HHM). npoxoaw no yjiHiie no aoMa MU BHACJIH H AHCM, H BesepoM, H HOHbio... HaM 3HaKOMa 3Ta yjiHua, CJIOBHO MH npoxn^w Ha Heft MHOTO ^eT, 6yaTo MM coceflH repoa. ...H BOT repoft B03BpamaeTca aoMoft paHeHbift. OH noeT no 3HaKOMoft c aeTCTBa y;iHue, H aoMa KanaioTca H pacruibiBaioTca nepea ero 3aTyMaHeHHbiM B 3opoM... ...BOT OH ynan, M CHH3y, OT 3eM^H, yjiHua KaxeTca coBepiueHHO He3HaKOMoft, aoMa — orpoMHbiMH, no po^HOft KanMTKM TaK aajieKo, a no;i3TH HeT CHJl... ...BOT ero HauuiH, y3Hanw, noiiHa^H, noHec^H, H, ^exa HaB3HHMb Ha •^KOM-TO nOi!06HH HOCRHOK, OH BHflHT OnpOKHHyTbie, KaK 6yHTO 3HaK0Mbie ^Hua, cKOiueHHbie KPOBVIH JOMOB, 3aBa^eHHbie aepeBba...
47 ,
Pa3,ae;i I. KoMno3HUHa
>KaHpbi H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro HCKyccTBa
ABTOP KaK 6bi nepeioiaawBaeT Ha neftoa* pa3jiH4Hbie ne/iOBewecKHe oiuyiueHHH, H 3pHTejib BocnpHHMMaeT 3TO KaK o6pa3Hoe TonKOBaHHe aePiCTBHTeJIbHblX HyBCTB H 3MOHHH TepOfl. CocTOHHHe repoH OT 3nn3oaa K 3HH30Ay MOXCT MeHHTbca, H STO n o 3Bo;ifleT noKa3aTb Ha 3KpaHe H ero COH, H MewTy, H raJijuouHHauHio. FIpHneM TaKHe HppearibHbie KOMno3HUHH Moryr oTHocHTbca H K neitaaxaM, H K nopTpeTaM, H K MHTepbepaM, H K HariopMopTaM, T.e. KO BceM xaHpaM, H3 KOTOpblX, C06CTBeHHO TOBOpfl, H COCTOHT (pRflbM. , B3niH,a Ha 3HaKOMbiH c aeTCTBa neitaax «nia3aMH repoa» aaeT onepaTopy orpoMHbie BO3MO>KHOCTH B Hcnanb30BaHMM paKypca, pMTMa ABHxeHHH KaMepbl, OnTHHeCKHX HaCaaOK, CpHJlbTpOB (KaK Ha 06ieKTHB, TaK H Ha ocBeTHTejibHbie npH6opbi).
CHHMaa ropoacKHe H ce/ibCKHe neitaaxH, »<e;iaTejibHO Hcno;ib30BaTb K BenepHee, cyMepenHoe BpeMa, Koraa 3a>KHraioTCH (poHapn, OKHa JIOM OB, (papw aBTOMo6n^eH — TaK Ha3biBaeMbiH «peacHM». 3 T O oneHb KOPOTKoe BpeMH ana cieMOK, OHO B cpeaHefi no^oce AJIHTCH Bcero 3 0 - 4 0 MHH, HO «pe)KHMHbie CieMKH» aaiOT B03MO>KHOCTb HCn0^b30BaTb caMbie Bbipa3HTe^bHbie KpacKH B najiHTpe onepaTopa. CHHMaTb neH3aaai MOJKHO B^ioGyio noroiiy. 3KCTpeManbHaa noroaHaa cHTyauna Bceraa co3aaeT HenoBTopHMoe HacrpoeHHe B neH3axe. H a n p n Mep, .aoacab ycn^HBaeT omymeHHe TOHa^bHoii nepcneKTHBbi. KpoMe TOTO, Ha MOKpon 3eM^e, Ha jincTbax, Ha KaMHe, Ha noTeMHeBiuen 6poH3e n a MHTHHKOB 06pa3yK)TCH flpKHe G^HKH, H 3TO o6CTOaTe^bCTBO CTaHOBHTCa flOnOJlHHTe^bHblM CpeflCTBOM Bbipa3HTejlbHOCTH. He o>KH.aaa «MHJIOCTCH OT npnpoiibi», onepaTopbi nrpoBbix cpHJibMOB aKTHBHO pea^H3yioT BO3MO>KHOCTH cBoero TexHHMecKoro apcenana. HanpHMep, ana co3AaHHH 3(p(peKTa rpo3bi HMCHHO B TOM 3nH3oae, KOTopbiH 3aayMaH B cueHapnn, onepaTop ocytuecTBjiaeT c^eayioiuHe TBopnecKHe npneMbi:
B (pn/ibMe «MBaHOBOfleTCTBo» (pex. A. TapKOBCKHH, onepaTop B. IOCOB) noKa3aH CBeTJibiH 6epe30BbiH ;iec, B KOTOPOM 6yirro ;ieTaeT KaMepa, — STO ejiajaMu ciacTJiHBOH TaHuyiomeH eepounu BRHHT onepaTop 6epe30ByK) pomy. Ho BOT KaMepa ocTaHOBHJiacb, H B Kaap, Banbcnpya, «BruibiBaeT» repoHHH. KaMepa cTaHOBHTca ina3a\iu aemopa. TaK, B QUHOM Kaape H3MeHHJiocb «OTHouueHHe KaMepbl* K npoHcxoaaiueMy.
• JlaKonusM newanca. D e t b a x KaK iiojinoiipamibiii KOMIIO'JIIUHOHHI.HI sjieMeHT 3nn30iia, (pHJibMa, He3aBHCHMO OT TOTO, HRnaeTca JIH OH <poHOM, snHTeTOM H;IH CHMBO/IOM, o6a3aTe^bHo BbinojiHJieT onpe^ejieHHyio H3o6pa3HTe^bHyio pojib. B COOTBCTCTBHH C STOH po^bio neii3a)K ziojixeH B MaKCHMajibHOH cTeneHH nepeziaTb Hacmpoemie 3nu3oda, a He 6biTb npocTon BpeMeHHoti nepe6HBK0H. B neitoaxe .aonxeH HCTKO npoHHTbiBaTbca OCHOBHOH CMbtcjioeou Momue. Orcioaa Henp&noxHoe Tpe6oBaHwe — H36aBji«Tbca OT JIHLUHHX, OTB.neKaioiuHx BHHMaHHe sjieMeHTOB, He aonycKaTb KOMno3HUHOHHOH neperpyxeHHocra. JlaKOHH3My neftoaxa (aa H MHoroMy .npyroMy) nojie3HO ynnTbca y reHHeB. BOT CTHXH A.C. FlyuiKHHa, 3HaKOMwe c aeTCTBa KaxaoMy: B CHHeM He6e 3Be3iibi 6jiemyT, B CHHeM Mope BOJIHH n/iemyT, TyMKa no He6y aaeT, BowKa no Mopio njibiBeT.
— STO Bepx neH3a>Ka — STO HH3 KapTHHbi — Bepx Kaupa — HH3 Kaapa
Bcero seTbipe CTPOHKH, a HHnero He/ib3a HH y6aBHTb, HH npnGaBHTb. CKa3aH0 Bee niaBHoe. Ocra^bHoe MM «aopHcoBbiBaeM» B CBOCM BooGpaXeHHH. ripn cteMKe neH3a*a Heo6xo4HMo ynHTMBaTb ecTecTBeHHoe ocBemeHne Ha HaType: KOHTpacTHyio CBeTOTeHb npn apKOM COFIHCHHOM CBeTe, MflrKHe TOHanbHbie nepexaabi B oOjia^HMH HJIM nacMypHbift aeHb, cnny3THoe H3o6pa>KeHHe Ha (poHe XHBonncHoro 3aKaTHoro He6a, rpo30Bbie o6jiaKa, OTpa^KeHHbie B Boae, H T.n.
•
• •
He6o «npHTeMHaeTca» B Heo6xoiiHMOH CTeneHH npn noMomn OTTeHeHHblX H^H OTpe3HbIX HeHTpaJlbHO-CepblX CBeTOCpHJIbTpOB. BeTep co3aaeTca MOWHMMH BeHTHJiaTopaMH — «BeTpofly«MH». MHoraa njin STOH uejiH Mcnojib3yioT nponeanepHbie aBHauHOHHbie flBHraT&JiH. Ao)Kab o6ecneMHBaioT ao>KzieBanbHbie ycraHOBKH co cneunanbHbiMH pacnbWHTe^HMH. Pa3pRflbI MO^HHH HMHTHpyiOTCH npepblBHCTblMH BCnblUIKaMH OCBeTHTe^bHbix npn6opoB.
H eaiH cueHa «rpo3bi» cHHMaeTca B «pe>KHMHoe» BpeMa, TO Bbipa3HJibHocTb STHX KaapoB o6ecneneHa. Pa3yMeeTca, TaKHe CICMKH Tpe6yioT cepbe3HOH TexHHwecKOH nonroTOBKH H BbicoKoro npocpeccMOHaiH3Ma onepaTopa.
MHTepbep CeroxiHH MHorne Te^eBH3HOHHbie (pn^bMbi H nepeaaMH CHHMaiOTca B ecTecTBeHHbix HHTepbepax. 3 T O HaMHoro BbiroaHee B cpHHaHCOBOM OTHOmeHHH: He HyxHO cTpoHTb aoporocToamnx aeKopauwH, HeT HeoGxoaHMOCTH 3aHHMaTb naBHJibOHHbie n ^ o m a a n . OiiHaKO cieMKa B ecTecTBeHHbix HHTepbepax npeaTjaBJiaeT K onepaTOPy onpeiie^eHHbie CBoeo6pa3Hbie Tpe6oBaHHa, o KOTopbix H noHaeT penb. ycnoBHO HHTepbepu MOXHO pa3^e^HTb Ha Tpn BHfla: 3aKpbiTbie, n o •"yOTKpblTbie H OTKpblTblC
48
49 """
Pa3.ae.r11. KoMno3HUHH
>KaHpbi H3o6pa3HxejibHoro HCKyccxBa
3aicpbimbie HHxepbepu He HMCIOT OKOH, H, ane/K>Baxe/ibHO, B HHX He nonaaaex jiHeBHOH CBex. 3xo Kopuaopbi, KHH03ajibi, no/i3eMHbie cxaHUHM Mexpo, 3aMKHyxbie BHyxpeHHHe /iecxHHUbi H T./J. B xaKHX noMeweHHHX Heo6xoaHMO MaKCHManbHO Hcno;ib30Baxb cymecxByioiUHe HCXOHHHKH CBexa: ^aMnu, CKpwxwe cBexn;ibHHKH, Jiiocxpbi — ann xoro HXO6M coxpaHHXb ecxecxBeHHMH ann aaHHoro MHxepbepa xapaKxep ocBeiueHHH. n o Mepe Heo6xo/iHMOcxH npHMeHaexcn ,ao6aBOHHoe ocBemeHHe. , FloAyomicpbimbie HHxepbepw — sxo KBapxnpbi, uiKanbHbie KJiaccbi, Mara3HHbi, KOHXOPH H MM noaoGHbie noMemeHHH c oKHaMH o6bmHoro pa3Mepa. HajiH4He OKOH npHBoanx onepaxopa K Heo6xo/iHMOcxH cHHMaxb n xaKOM HHxepbepe, Hcnorib3yH CMeuiaHHoe ocBemeHHe: /jHeBHoe (5500 K) — H3 OKOH H HCKyCCXBeHHOe — OCBeXHXejIbHbie npH6opbI C UBeXOBOH xeMnepaxypow 3200 K. 3xo o6cxoHxejibcXBo HecmribKO yonoxHHex pa6oxy onepaxopa, HO npw Bbino/iHeHHH onp&nejieHHbix xexHHwecKHx npneMOB xopoiiJHe pe3y^bxaxu BnoriHe .nocxHXHMbi (noapo6Hee CM. pa3.aeJi II «Pa6oxa onepaxopa co CBCXOM*). OmKpbtmbie HHxepbepbi — sxo noMemeHHH, y Koxopwx o/iHa HJIH flBe cxeHbi ox nana ao noxo/iKa cxeic/iHHHbie H/IH cxeHbi BOo6me oxcyxcxByiox, HanpHMep Ha xeppace. B xaKHX HHxepbepax B xeneHHe AHH npeo6jiaaaeT HaxypHoe (aHeBHoe) ocBemeHHe c UBCXOBOH xeMnepaxypon 5500 K H BblUie.
ripn ocMoxpe H Bbi6ope o6i>eKxa cieMKH MM /JOJIXHW ycxaHOBHXb, B KaKoe BpeMH cyxoK B npouecce «MHrpauHH» co/iHua HHxepbep ocBemaexCH HaH6onee Bbipa3Hxe;ibHO. Hacxb cxeH — HanpoxHB OKOH — 6yaex ocBemeHa 6anee apKo, neM xeHeBbie MexayoKOHHbie npocxeHKH. Oie,aoBaxe.nbHo, npocxeHKH Heo6XO/JMMO noacBexHXb. J\na axoro MOXHO Hcnanb30Baxb KaK oxpaxaxe/ibHbie noacBexbi, xaK M 3;ieKxpoocBexHxe;ibHbie npn6opbi c UBCXOBOH xeMnepaxypon 5500 K. Hxo6bi coxpaHHXb Bbipa3Mxe;ibHocxb HHxepbepa, HyxHO xmaxejibHO Bbi6paxb KOMno3HUHio Kaapa, (poKycHoe paccxoHHHe o6i>eKXHBa, paKypc. onpeae^MXb, B KaKOH raMMe — CBCXJIOH RTIH XCMHOH — 6yaex npoH3BOflHXbCH ci>eMKa. Ho npw JHO6OH raMMe CBexo-uBexoapKOCxHaa xapaKxepncxHKa o6i>eKxa (ox caMoro cBexnoro sjieMeHxa KOMHO3HUHH ao caMoro xeMHoro) aonXHa «yicnaab!Baxbca» B «(poxorpacpHqecKyK) iuHpoxy» Maxpnubi. Heo6xoiiHMO Hcno^b30Baxb CBexoBbie nnxHa, 6JIHKH, y30pHbie xeHH ox OKOH H nopxbep, ana xoro MXO6H «oxHBHXb» apxnxeKxypHoe npocxpaHCXBO, yflxH ox cyxoro npoxoKOJibHoro H3o6paxeHHH. Ranee Bnarme yMecxHo paccMoxpexb Bonpoc xBopqecKoro oxHoiueHHH K HHxepbepy c xex x e no3HUHH, c KaKHX B&nacb oueHKa neitoaxa.
50
Ofibi'Kmuttiibiu, (popMOAbHO cHHtttbiu uHmepbcp. 3x0 npocxo flOKyMeHtanbHaa KOHCxaxaunn cpaicxa. HanpHMep, «xo^onHyio» (poxorpatpnio MO%eT conpoBoxaaxb aH&norHHHbiH xeKCx: «3,necb c xaKoro-xo roaa no xaKOH-xo XHJI H pa6oxan nHcaxejib H. H.». Jinn yqeGHHKa no Jinxepaxype noflo6Hoe cpoxo Moxex npHronnxbca, HO B H3o6pa3Hxe^bHOM OXHOUICHHH OHO HHKaKoro HHxepeca He npeacxaB^aex. B xejieBH3HOHHOH peicnaMe BceB03MOXHbix KBapxnp HepeaKO MOXHO yBHaexb xaK x e «O6T>CKXHBHO» cHaxwe XRnue noMemeHHH. TaKne Kaapw npec^eayrox HHcpopMaunoHHyio uejib. Htimcpbep Kan cpeda, KOK <pon. B 3XOM HHxepbepe 6yaex nponcxoanxb HeKoe aeficxBHe: Moxex pa3birpbiBaxbca aKxepcKaa cueHa HJIH COCXOMXCH KaKoe-xo o6iuecxBeHHoe co6bixne. •
•
B AOKyMeHxanbHOM co6bixnH HHxepbep npeflcxaanaex CO6OH xapaKxepHCXHKy Mecxa aencxBHa H (pHKCHpyexca B CBOCM ecxecxBeHHOM BH4e, XaK CKa3aXb, npOXOKOJlbHO. B nrpoBOM 4>HiibMe H/IH nepe/iaqe ecxecxBeHHbin HHxepbep, HBJIHIOIUHHCH (POHOM, floJixeH o6"beKXHBHo xapaKxepH30Baxb anoxy H BpeMa aeMcxBHfl, a no KOMno3HUHH H no ocBemeHHio — no/mepKHBaxb, noaaepxwBaxb flpaMaxyprnjo CUCHH.
llnmi'pbep-mumem. 3xo — B3rnnn aBXopa, noziKpen^eHHbiH zipaMaTyprneH cueHapna H xwBonHCHO-H3o6pa3Hxe^bHbiM peuueHHeM aaHHoro 3nH3oaa. TaKofi HHxepbep CHHMaexca c ue^bio 3MouHOHajibHoro B03iieHCTBHa Ha 3pnxejia, ocymecxBJiaex H3o6pa3Hxe^bHyio noimepxKy jipaMaTyprHH H JIH6O cooxBexcxByex ncHxo/iorMqecKOMy COCXOHHHIO repoa, JIH6O
npoxHBonocxaB^eH sxoMy COCXOHHHIO. HHxepbep, ocBemeHHbiii Ko^e6jnouiHMCH CBexoM (paKejiOB, c rjiyooKMMH MpaMHblMH XCHHMH, XpeBOXHOH HCypaBHOBeUieHHOH KOMn03HUHeH, npoH3BOiiHx oflHO BneqaxjieHHe, a KOMHaxa, Hano^HeHHan HPKHMH noxoKaMH co^HeMHoro CBexa, c npo3paMHbiMH paaocxHHMH nnxHaMH Ha cxeHax, aerKHMH 3aHaBecHMH Ha OKHax, Bbi30Bex cBex^oe MaxopHoe nyBCXBO. BMecxe c xeM, KaK H B neH3axe, xy/joxHHK Moxex npoxHBonocxaBHXb xpare/jHio repon H cnoKOHHoe, rapMOHH4Hoe COCXOHHHC HHxepbepa... H^H repow B paaocxHOM, CHacxriHBO-B036yxaeHHOM HacxpoeHHH nonaflaex B rpH3Hoe, MpaMHoe, oxBpaxnxejibHoe noMeiueHHe. Unmepbcp-ot'ipas, unmepbep-cuMeoA. 3/iecb onepaxop cxapaexca nepeaaxb He CBoe BHaeHHe HHxepbepa, He CBoe, aBxopcKoe, BneMax/ieHHe ox Hero, a omyuxeHHe HHxepbepa caMHM repoeM. repofi, B ox^nqne ox aBxopa, Moxex HaxoxiHXbCH B caMOM pa3^HqHOM cpH3HqecKOM H ncHxojiorHHecKOM COCXOHHHH. M Ma3aMH repon MU MOXCM yBHaexb oavm H XOX x e HHxepbep coBepiueHHO no-pa3HOMy. Bojiee xoro, iipyrHe nepcoHaxn MOO T BocnpHHHMaxb sxox HHxepbep HHane.
51
1 •
Paaaen I. KoMno3HUHH ^CaHpbi H306pa3HTe^bHOrO HCKyCCTBa KpoMe Toro, repoH Moryr CToaTb, 6exaTb, cuaeTb, .nexaTb H T.n., H B 3aBHCHMocTM OT HX npocTpaHCTBeHHoro nojioxeHHa 6yaeT cymecTBeHHo MeHHTbCH M paicypc CieMKH. ...BoraTbifl xyneu c rop/jocTbio noKa3biBaeT rocrio CBOH pocKouiHwe anapTaMeHTbi. Me/meHHo, BajiwuKHo nayr repon no aHcpunaae KOMHaT, H TaK x e cnoKOHHo aBHxeTca paaoM c HHMH KaMepa. IipHHeM KaMepa MoxeT HaxoaHTbca H nepea repojiMH, H c3aaH HHX, H c6oicy, H «BnaHT» OHa 3anbi aH(pH/iaaw KaK 6bi r/ia3aMH repoeB. HoMbio B 3TOT 6oraTbiM OCO6HAK 3a6HpaeTcn Bop. CyaopoxHbie, TopoiuiHiio-HcpBMbie HBHACHMM Bopa B IIOHCKUX coKpOBMiu «nepe,aaioTCH» aBHXeHHK) KaMepbi. Tenepb onepaTop «BKanT» 3TOT HHTepbep raa3aMH Bopa. ycjiuuiaB uiyM, noHBmica XO3HHH, yBHaeJi Bopa, 3aKpHHaji H TOTnac nojiyqmi yaap noacBeqHHKOM no rojiOBe. YnaBiiiero, o6;iHBaioiueroca KpoBbio Kynua Bop TaniHT no aH(pmiaae H a KOBPC M Tenepb CBOH pocKoiiJHbie anapTaMeHTW X03AHH «BRHHT» H «omymaeT» coBepuieHHo HHaqe, HeM flHCM. B 3TOM Kaape yMecTHo npHMeHATb H HHXHHH paKypc, H KanaHHe KaMepbi (MOTaHHe ro/iOBbi), H onTHqecKHe «pa3MMBaioiuHe» HacaaKH (3aTyMaHeHHWH B3r;ma repoa), M Ba3e;iHHOBbie «cMa3KH», KaK 6 u noanepKHBaiomHe noTepio co3HaHmi... •OiKueaiowjuu* unmepbep — TBopwecKoe «Bocco3aaHHe» B CTapHHHOM xiBopue X H 3 H H «npouuibix BCKOB* C npnaneieHHeM aicrepoB HJIH 6e3 HHX.
B KanecTBe npHMepa paccMOTpHM 3nn3oabi cpmibMa «MOCKOBCKHH KpeMJib» ( N B C coBMecTHo c Mocre/ieueHTpoM). 1. KoponauuH Heana rpomozo e YcneHCKOM co6ope. KaMepa MCOJICHHO aBHxeTca n o npoxoay co6opa B CTopoHy HKOHOd a c a , 6oraTO yKpameHHoro no TopxecTBeHHOMy anynaio MHOXCCTBOM orpoMHbix ropaiuHx cBenefi. IlpHMeHeHa KopoTKO<poKycHa« onTHKa, yran 3peHHH UJHPOK, XpaM OUiyTHM B CBOeM OrpOMHOM MaCUITa6e, H npM 3TOM ABMxeHHe KaMepbi 3KcnpeccHBH0. n e p e a O6T>CKTHBOM, Ha KpynHOM a n a He, B npoaojixeHHe Bcero npoe3aa pyKH CBameHHOc/iyxHTeaa B 30/IOTOH o a e x a e SepexHO HecyT uianKy MoHOMaxa. Mbi BHAHM xpaM ZAO3OMU cealUeHHUKd. 2. CopoK cmpeAbuoe c eopHinimu (paneAOMU u ane6apdaMU e pyKax (e ux cmpom u onepamop c KOMepoii) 6ezym no 3ajiy neped uapcKu.siu mepeMciMu, Htno6bt npoeepumb, Mcueu JIU napeeunu. KaMepa B pyKax 6erymero onepai-opa «BHaHT» HHTepbep ZAQ3OMU eepon (cTpejibua). 3aTeM onepaTop ocTaHaanHBaeTca H Ha6jnoaaeT, KaK cTpe.nbu.bi 6bicrpo B35eraioT no jiecroHue. Tenepb KaMepa HBJweTca y x e ZAQ3OMU aemopa. 3. Sopuc TodyHoe (aKtnep) uccmynneHHO Menemca no ceemejiice, KCIK 6U «Mamepuajiu3ya» cmpoKy A. C. flyiuKUHa: «H MCUIWUKU Kpoeaebie e ZAQ30X». Tpu eopnwux ceenu e He6oAbiuoM nodceennuKe Haxodamcn neped «MeHyw,euca» KaMepou na nepeoM njiane, 6ydmo neped ejia3a.Mii FodyHoea.
EcTecTBeHHo, TpaeKTopHH HBHxeHMH KaMepbi 6buia TiuaTcnbHo oTpeneTHpoBaHa COBMCCTHO C ocBeTHTejieM, Bbiae^HBiiiHM n«THOM TO HJIH HHoe MeCTO B HHTepbepe B COOTBeTCTBHH C MH3aHCUeHOH. Unmepbep — zepou npouieedenun. 1. HepeiiKO CHHMaioTCH AOKyMeHTajibHbie (pn^bMbi H nepeaawH, n o CBHiueHHbie aeaTejibHOCTH BbwaioiUHxca 30iiHHx. 3aaaMa onepaTopa — c o xpaHHTb o6aHHHe H KpacoTy naMHTHHKa apxHTeicrypbi, He H3yponoBaTb cro HepjmuiHBOH KOMno3HUHeH KaapoB HJIH HeecTecTBeHHbiM ocBemeHHeM. 2. H o HHoraa HHTepbep MoxeT CTaTb HCTHHHWM repoeM xyaoxecTBeHHoro npoH3BeaeHHH, OJIHUCTBOPHIOIUHM CO6OH naeio, flocTOHHyro Bceo6mero BHHMaHHH. ...B nycTOM flOMe roBopjimHe qacbi HacTottHHBO 6y/iaT xo3aeB: «THK-TaK, ceMb yrpa, BCTaBaTb nopa!» OflHaKO HHKTO He noHanaeTCJi. Ha KyxHe nenb HCToprjia neTbipe 3aBTpaKa — /iBa njrn aeTeA, jiBa ana B3pOCJlbIX. TOJIOC c noTOjiKa npoH3Hec: «CeranHH qeTBepToe aBrycTa flBe THCHMH ABaauaTb uiecToro rozia... CeroaHH roaoBiuHHa cBaab6bi THJIHTH, noaoiueji cpoK anaTHTb 3a ra3, Boay H CBCT...» B BoceMb TpwauaTb HHHHHua Ha cTOJie CMopiuHjiacb, H po6oTbi y6pajiH 3aBTpaK co CTOJia B MycopHyio eMKocTb. AOM KaK 6yaTo npoaojixaeT XMTb. Po6oTbi aKTHBHO npHHHMaioTCfl 3a y6opKy, no^HBaioT UBCTH, nenb TOTOBHT ooea. FIOTOM ooeji, HHKCM He TpoHyrbiH, c6pacbiBaeTca B MeTaji^HHecKyio ropjioBHHy Mycopoc6opHHKa... B caay pacnbuiHTejiH H3BeprjiH (poHTaHbi BOAW ana no^HBKH UBCTOB H KycTOB. Tyr MW BnepBbie BHAHM, MTO o/jHa cTeHa .aoMa o6rope^a, H Ha Heft BHAHbi cHJiysTbi aByx fleTefl H iiByx B3poc;ibix, CHaTbix, 6yaTO Ha (poTorpa4>HH, B nOC^eaHHH MOMeHT HX XH3HH. iloM CTOHT OZIHHOKO cpeflH abiMHiuHxcs pa3BanHH H nenjia, BO BceM ropoae OH O.0HH yue^e^. B nHTb qacoB CTeHbi jieTCKOH KOMHaTbi 3acBeTH^HCb, Hanajiocb BpeMH aeTCKHX nepeaaq.
CeMb, BoceMb, iieBHTb qacoB. B Ka6HHeTe c noTOJiKa nocjibiuianca rojioc: •MHCCHC MaioiejuiaH, KaKoe CTHxoTBopeHHe XOTCJIH 6bi BH yc^uuiaTb nepea CHOM?» — OrBeTa HCT. — «Toraa a npoMTy Bauie ^K)6HMoe»: ByaeT jiacKOBbiH Aoxflb, 6yaeT 3anax 3eMHH, IUe6eT IOPKHX CTpnxeH OT 3apn no 3apn M HOMHbie py^aau jiaryuieK B npyaax, H UBeTeHHe CJIHB B 6e;ioneHHbix caaax. OrHerpyabifi KOMoqeK CJICTHT Ha 3a6op, H ManHHOBKH Tpejlb BblTKeT 3BOHKHH y30p, H HHKTO, H HHKTO He nOMHHCT BOHHy. nepexHTo, 3a6biT0 — BopoiiiHTb HH K qeMy.
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Pa3nen L KoMno3HUHH H HH nTHua, HH HBa cjie3bi He npoiibeT, ECJIH crHHeT c 3eMJiH nejiOBeHecKHH poa. M BecHa... H BecHa BCTPCTHT HOBMH paccBeT, He 3aMeTHB, MTO Hac yxe HeT... B flecnTb nacoB B aoMe B03HHKaeT noxap. PO6OTH caMooTBepxeHHO 60pioTcn c oraeM, HO KOHnaeTca Bona, BwiaiioMaeTCfl aneicrpHHecTBo. Ha pacCBeTeflOMra6HeT.Cpeaw pa3BanHH npoiiojixaeT CToaTb .numb ojiHa cTena. M H3 3TOH CTeHbi 3ByMHT O/IHHOKHH ro/ioc: «CeroflHfl naToe aBrycTa flBe TbicanH ABaauaTb uiecToro roaa...» 3 r o jinujb KpaTKoe, nyHKTHpHoe H3noxeHHe npeKpacHoro paccKa3a 3aMenaTe^bHoro aMepHKaHCKoro riHcaTe;iH-<paHTacTa Psa EpaaoepH «EyaeT jiacKOBbin jxoxjib». KpoMe HHTepbepa (a STO niaBHoe AeHcrayiomee «^HIXO») B paccKa3e «yHacTByiOT» neiteax H HaTiopMopT. HecMOTpa Ha TO HTO .nioneH 3jxccb HeT, paccKa3 npoH3Bo^HT He3a6biBaeMoe, TparHMecKoe BneiaTJieHHe. 3 T O paccKa3-npeaocTepeaceHHe. I l o HeMy CHAT aHHMauHOHHbiH (pmibM. ripeKpaCHblH npHMep C03,aaHHfl HacTpoeHH^ B HHTepbepe MOXHO HaHTH y B. riacrepHaKa: HHKOTO He 6y.neT B AOMC
KpoMe cyMepeK. OAHH 3MMHHH JICHI, B CKBO3HOM npoeMe
He3aaepHyTbix rapaMH, TojIbKO 6ej|bIX MOKpblX KOMbeB BucTpbiH npoMcnbK MaxoBOii. To^bKo KpwuiH, CHer H, KpoMe Kpuui H CHera, — HMKOTO... Co3AaTb H3o6paxeHHe, aaeKBaTHoe npoH3HTejibHoft nacrepHaKOBCKOH ;iHpHKe, oneHb HenpocTo. Bo-nepBbix, o6cTaHOBKa 3Toro 3HMHero, He nepeBeHCKoro aoMa nonXHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb TOMy o6pa3y XH3HH, O KOTOpOM TO JIH BCnOMHHaeT, TO JW MeqTaeT no3T. Bo-BTopwx, aojixHa 6biTb AHHaMHHecKaa KaMepa, Manto ruibiBymaa H3 KOMHaTbi B KOMHaTy c no,ai>e3,aoM-nojuieTOM K OKHy M o6o3peHHeM Tex caMbix «Kpbiui H cHera» Ha HaType. B-TpeTbHx, ocBemeHHe AOJIXHO 6biTb a6cojiioTHO ecrecTBeHHbiM, KaKoe 6biBaeT B TaKHe 3HMHHC Bpaae 6bi cyMepeHHbie AHH, KOTopwe, aa> HaKO, HanojiHeHbi HCKHM BHyrpeHHHM, OTKyaa-TO CTpyaujHMCH CBCTOM. Pe^KO B (pHJlbMaX BCTpeHaiOTCH 3nH30flbI, CHHTbie TaK oayxoTBopeHHO, KaK STO oae/iaHo riaaioM Jle6eiueBbiM B tpHJibMe «HecKo;ibKo AHCH H3 XH3HH 06^0MOBa». 3 T 0 3HH30ilbI XieTCTBa Ma^eHbKOrO M/IKHUH, Koraa MaMeHbKa yioiaabiBaeT e r o cnaTb, Konaa OH nrpaeT c ARapjoiueH, Koraa noorce o6eaa Bee «HacejieHHe» ycaab6bi cnHT...
54
)KaHpu H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro MCicyccTBa 3nH30flbI CHHTbl TaK HCKpeHHO, TaK npOHHKHOBeHHO, MTO BbI3bIBaK)T y 3pHTejiH meMHmee nyBCTBo TOCKH n o npouieaiueMy .aeTCTBy. H eiue OZIHH npHMep. B 3HaMeHHTOM (pRiibMe «MBaHOBO ,aeTCTBO» (pejiCHceep A. TapKOBCKHH, onepaTop B. KDCOB) OAHH H3 caMbix noTpacaioUIHX CBOHM TparM3M0M 3nH30flOB — 3TO 3nH30iI «CyMacuieflixiMH». ... O T coxxeHHOH (pauiHCTaMH M36bi ocTanwcb TOJibKO neMb c Tpy6ofl, 6yaTO yKa3yiouieH B He6o, KycoK CTCHU, rae 6yaeT yKpeaneHa rpaMOTa, H flBepb Ha flByx CTOiSax-KocaKax... HTO STO? HHTepbep? HaTypa? JXa, ocTaTOK HHTepbepa, noTOMy HTO crapHK 3anHpaeT Ha meKOMy CKpHnauiyK) flBepb npw HecyiuecTByiomHx creHax H Kpbiiue. JXa, HaTypa, TaK KaK 3iiecb OTcyTCTByeT noMemeHHe KaK TaKOBoe. B JWHHOM cjiynae TOHHoe onpe^eneHHe He HMeeT 3HaneHHH.
I
HanopMopT
HcKyccTBO nocTHraeTCH TaK MeaneHHO, HTO ana CHCTeMaTH3aUMH H3BeCTHbIX npHHUHnOB, KOTopue ynpaBJiaioT KaxaoH nacTbio HCKyccTBa, HyxHa ue;iaH >KH3HI>. 9. fleAdicpya HaTiopMopT (B GyKBajibHOM nepeBoae — «MepTBaa npnpofla») KaK pa3 H HBJiaeTCK nacTbio onepaTopcKoro HCKyccTBa, coBepixieHCTBOBaTbca B KOTOPOM nopofl He xBaTaeT Bcefl X H 3 H H . Ha caMOM aejie «MepTBa« npHpoaa», HJTH «npeiiMeTHbiH MHP», KaK Tenepb Ha3biBaioT STOT xaHp, MOKCT Bbi3BaTb y 3pHTeaa XHBbie ouxymeHHH, HyBCTBa H, KaK Mbl yBHilHM fla^ee, MO>KeT BOCnpHHHMaTbCH KaK CHMBOJI. CpeacTBaMH HaTiopiwopTa peuiaKSTca caoxHbie xyaoacecTBeHHbie 3aflaMH. B npeaMeTHbix KOMno3HUHax MOxeT 6biTb Bbipa3HTe^bHo pacKpwTa onpcaejieHHaa Hiiea. HaTIOpMOpTbl HepeaKO CTaHOBHTCH 3pHMblMH KapTHHaMH MeJTOBCHeCKOH XH3HH H MHoroe paccKa3biBaiOT o repoe npoH3Be.aeHHH. HacTo HaTiopMopT Hcnonb3yeTca B KynbMHHauwH (pHJibMa H^H nepeaaHH. HHoraa npH noMomH HaTiopMopTa MOXHO 3aMeHHTb wrpoByio aKTepcKyio cueHy. B KOMno3HUHOHHOM CTpyKType cpH^bMa vuu\ nepeflaHH HaTiopMopT 3aHHMaeT, MOxeT 6biTb, He caMoe rjiaBHoe MCCTO, HO B03fleiicTBHe e r o Ha 3pHTeaeii nopofi He MeHee cw^bHoe, MeM BnenaT^eHHe OT jipyrnx x a H POB — nopTpeTa H^IH nen3axa... OeperpyxeHHocTb KapTHHHOfi RHOCKOCTH HeHyxHbiMM ana pacKpbiTHa TeMbi npcuMeTaMH, HX HepauxJiHBaa 3aKOMnoHOBaHHocTb, HeyaaHHaa TOHKa ci>eMKH HaTiopiwopTa H HeBbipa3HTejibHoe ocBemeHHe npnHecyT aBTopy pa30MapoBaHHe, a cpmibMy (IUIH nepeaaMe) — CKopee, Bpea, HeM no^b3y.
Pa3.ae.r1 I. KoMno3HUHa
)KaHpu H3o6pa3HTeabHoro HCKyccTBa
YCJIOBHO MOXHO pa3.ae;iMTb xaHp HanopMopTa Ha penopraxHbiM H I _: KaK H3BecTHo, CeflbMaa CHM<J)OHHH UJocTaKOBHwa 6buia HariHcaHa H nOCTaHOBOHHblft. BnepBbie HcnonHeHa B GaoKaaHOM JleHHHrpaae. PenopmaxcHbie HaTiopMopTbi MM nacTO Ha6.nioaaeM B XH3HH: STO BceB (pHJibMe «/!,. JX. LLIocTaKOBHM» (IieHTpHayndpHJibM, p e x n c c e p A. TeHB03MOXHbie HHCTpyMeHTbi, a a e x a a , npcaMeTbi napcpiOMepMM y 3epKana, aeabUJTeHH, onepaTop Jl. 3Hab6epr), CHHTOM MHOTO JieT cnycTa, nocne e,aa Ha c r a n e , UBCTW B Ba3e, (ppyicrbi, nocyaa H T.n. OBOUIH Ha PHHOHHOM OKOHHaHHH BOHHbi, aBTopw peuiHJiH «noBTopHTb» HcnoaHeHHe (pparMeHTa npn/raBKe, oaoxeHHbie «HaBa^OM» xo3HHCTBeHHbie npcaMe™ RTIH 6ecno3aMeMaTe/ibHOM CHMCPOHMH B TOM x e caiuoM 3ane Ow^apMOHHH, rae n p o paaoHHO pa3BemeHHaa o a e x a a Taicxe npw yaaHHOH KOMnoHOBKe MoryT H3BeaeHHe 6 u a o HcnoaHeHO BnepBbie, c TCM x e caMbiM cocTaBOM My3biCTaTb penopTaxHbiMH HanopMopTaMH. < KaHTOB H c TeMH x e nepBbiMM cjiyujaTe^HMH. n o paaHO H B ra3eTax 6bum ...B iKMueMHOM nepexone HrpaeT My3WKaHT. y era Hor — pacKpuTMH 4>yrflaHbi o6iHB^eHHH, H B onpezieaeHHbiH aeHb B On^apMOHHH co6pajiHCb jiap OT cKpHnKH. KpynHO cHaraH (pyTJiap c 6pomeHHbiMH B Hero aeHbraMH — nepBbie cjiyiuaTean M nepBbie ncnojiHHTeaH CeabMoft CHMKaHpu H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyccTBa
YCJIOBHO MOXHO pa3,aejiHTb xaHp HanopMopTa Ha penopTaxHbifl H noeraHOBOHHbiH. PenopmaoKHbte HanopMopTW MM qacTO Ha6jnaaaeM B XH3HH: STO BceB03MoacHbie HHCTpyMeHTbi, onexaa, npe/iMeTbi napcpiOMepnH y 3epKajia, e/xa Ha crane, uBeTbi B Ba3e, cppyKTbi, nocy/xa H T.n. OBOIUH Ha PWHOHHOM npunaBKe, c/ioxeHHbie «HaBajiOM» xo3ancTBeHHbie npe/XMeTbi H;IH 6ecnoPH/XOHHO pa3BeiueHHaa o/xexaa Taicxe npH y/xawHOH KOMnoHOBKe MoryT craTb penopTa>KHbiMH HanopMopTaMH. •
...B ncwJeMHOM nepexo/je HrpaeT My3biKaHT. y ero Hor — pacKpuTbift (pyTjiap OT CKpHnKH. KpynHo CHaTbin (pyxnap c 6poiueHHbiMH B Hero aeHbraviH — 3TO penopTaxHbiii HanopMopT. ...Ha icaflHTKe /xaMHoro ysacTKa BHCHT 6ojibiuoH 3aMOK. B ero /xyxKy 3acyHyTa CBepHyTaa B Tpy6Ky 3anHCKa. 3TO penopTaxHbin HaTiopMopT. OflHH H3 CaMblX Bbipa3HTejIbHbIX penopTaXHblX HaTK)pMOpTOB 6bUI CHAT 1945 ro/xy noc/ie oKOHMaHHa BCJIHKOH OreqecTBeHHOH BOHHM. ...Ha 3eMae JiexHT npo6nTaa ny/iaMH conaaTCKaa Kacxa. CKB03b npo6oHHbi npopocjia TpaBa. B KacKe — nTHHbe meano c naTbio HHHKaMH. 3TO 6bui BneqaTJUHOIUHH CHMBOJI TpareziHH BTOPOH MHPOBOH BOHHW H B TO xe BpeMfl — CHMBOJI Haaexflbi Ha 6yaymee. OoTorpatpna 3Toro HanopMopTa o6ouuia Becb MHp. B
CTBO/I nyuiKM c Topwamen H3 CMepTOHOCHoro OTBepcTHa po3on — 3TO TOXe penOpTaXHMH HaTIOpMOpT-CHMBOJI. riocmaHoeoHHbiu HanopMopT co3/jaeTca onepaTopoM B COOTBCTCTBHH nocTaHOBOMHbiM npoeKTOM cpHJibMa HJIH nepe/xawn. <J>opMajibHO nocTaHoBOHHbiH HanopMopT pacKpbiBaeT nepejx 3pHTejieM npnpoziHbie CBOHCTBa BeiueH, npeflMeTOB, nepejxaBaa /xocTOBepnocTb MX (popMbi, o6i>eMa, (paKTypw. 06T>eicraMH HanopMopra aanaioTca caMbie paanHMHbie npe/xMe™ 6biTa: CTeicio, KepaMHKa, njiacTMacca, MeTajui, Mex, /xepeBO H T.JJ. 3PHMO nepe/xaBaa MaTepnanbHbiH MHP (HJIH MaTepnajibHocTb Mwpa). HanopMopT oflHOBpeMeHHo HeceT H onpeneJieHHyio /xpaMaTyprHHecKyio Harpy3Ky. Ero co/xepxaHHe «pa6oTaeT» Ha o6wyio Hjxeio cpHJibMa, nepe/xaHH, cioxeTa. BcnOMHHM (pHJIbM «HBaHOBO /XeTCTBO». ...C KaKoft Jiio6oBbio H 3a6oTOH KanHTaH XOJIHH, KOManawp MBaHa, yiuiaabiBaeT B MHTHH HOCOBOH njiaTOK o6^0MaHHbie (He Hape3aHHbie) KycowKH xjie6a, jiyKOBHuy, aimo... H 3acTbiBaeT Ha MrHOBeHHe: He pHCKOBaHHo JIH nojioxHTb cio/xa H KycoweK cana. CKopee Bcero, He IIOJIOXHT — Be/ib ecnn HeMUbi 6y/xyT npoBepaTb MBaHa, TO He noBepaT B TaKyio mejxpyio MH^OCTUHIO.
C
Ha rjia3ax y 3pHTeJia XOJIHH co3/xaeT HaTiopMopT, KOTopbiii 6yKBajibHo coaepxHT B ce6e x«3Hb HJIH cviepTb repoa. TaKOH HaTiopMopT, no/xroTOB.neHHbiH BceM npe/xbuxywHM pa3BHTHeM /xencTBHa, HeceT orpoMHyio /xpaMaTyprHHecKyK) Harpy3Ky.
56
KaK H3BecTHO, CeflbMaa CHMCpoHHa LUocTaKOBHHa 6bma HanHcaHa M BnepBbie HcnojiHeHa B 6aoKaaHOM JleHHHrpaae. B cpHJibMe «J\. A. liIocTaKOBHH» (UempHaympHJibM, pexwccep A. TeHfle^biUTeHH, onepaTop Jl. 3HJib6epr), CHBTOM MHOTO ;ieT cnycTa, noc^e OKOHMaHHa BOHHH, aBTopbi peixiHJiH «noBTopHTb» HcnonHeHHe qbparMeHTa 3aMenaTe;ibHOH CHMCPOHHH B TOM x e caMOM 3ane OH^apMOHHH, me npoH3Be,neHHe 6bijio ncno^HeHo BnepBbie, c TCM x e caMWM cocTaBOM My3MKaHTOB H c TeMH x e nepBWMH cayuiaTeaaMH. n o paano H B ra3eTax 6bWH aaHbi o6i>aBaeHHa, H B onpeaeJieHHbiH aeHb B OnjiapMOHHH co6panncb nepBbie cayuiaTejiH H nepBbie ncnojiHHTejiH CezibMOH CHMCPOHHH. 3aji 0Ka3anca noaynycTbiM, cn^bHO nopeaeBiiiHM Bbirjiajieji H opKecip. ...3ByHHT He3a6biBaeMaa My3WKa. Ha CTyjibax, rae JIOJIXHU cHaeTb HcnoJiHHTejiH, pa^oxeHbi HX HHCTpyMeHTbi. npHcyrcTByiomHe My3biKaHTM Hcno^HHIOTCBOH napTHH. nocTapeBuiHH K. M. 3jiHac6eprHHpHxnpyeT TaK, KaK6yaTo opKecTp HrpaeT B no^HOM cocraBe. KaMepaflBHxeTcaMHMO HenoaBHXHo jiexamnx CKpnnoK, anbTOB, BHO^OHqeneH, BanTopH, Bbwejiaa coJinpyioiuHe... 3TOT 3nH3oa, rjxe HapaBHe c My3biKaHTaMH-HcnojiHHTe^HMH repoaMH HBJiaioTca HHCTpyMeHTbi, HHKoro He ocTaanaeT paBHoayuiHbiM. Pa3yMeeTca, 3T0My cnoco6cTByeT reHHa^bHaa My3biKa. Hepe^KO B cueHapHax 6biBaiOT 3nH30jibi npa3aHHHHoro 3acTOJiba, noCBameHHoro AHIO poxaeHHa, CBaab6e H^H KaKOMy-TO npa3AHHKy. TaKOro poiia cueHbi Moryr 6biTb peiueHbi c noMOiubio 15-20 aKTepoB, OAHH H3 KOTOPUX 6yayT nrpaTb po^b npHrjiauieHHbix, apyrne — xo3aeB. B03MOXHO, 3ziecb 6yaeT HaxoxiHTbca io6Haap (H^H MoaoaoxeHbi, ecjin STO CBaab6a). JXnn nozio6Hbix 3nH3oaoB cneunanbHO nnmyTca ananorn, pen^HKH, npoayMbiBaeTca pa3BHTne aeiicTBHa H ero (pHHan. 3aTeM Bca cueHa peneTHpyeTca H CHHMaeTca, 3nmoa, MOHTHpyeTca H 03ByHHBaeTca. Ho STOT xe 3nn30fl MOxeT 6biTb peuieH coBepiueHHO HHaqe. }}j\\\\\HbiH, npeKpacHO cepBnpoBaHHbiH CTOJI. Ha 6e^ocHexHofi CKaTepTH — floporne BHHa, cepe6po, xpycTanb, H3biCKaHHbie acTBa... KaMepa MeaaeHHo ABHxeTca Baa/ib cTo^a, KaK 6bi paccMaTpnBaa POCKOUIHMH HaTiopMopT. Bo BpeMH npoe3fla, «3a KaapoM*, 3BywaT 3a3^paBHbie TOCTW, penn, OTPHBKH neceH. Bee penjiHKH oneHb KpaTKHe, eMKwe. 3aBepiiiHB npoe3.a Baonb CTOJia c Be^HKonenHbiM HaTiopMopTOM, KaMepa cpa3y HanHHaeT aBHraTbca B o6paTHOM HanpaaneHHH. Cenqac CTOJI npeacTaanaeT CO6OH coBepiueHHO HHoe 3peJiHiue. B pe3y^bTaTe GypHoro Becenba HaTiopMopT Hey3HaBaeMO H3MeHHJica: pa36HTbie PIOMKH, OKypKH B Tape/iKax, rpa3Hbie CMaTbie cancpeTKH, npo^HToe Ha CKaTepTb BHHO, Mba-To (pH3HOHOMHH B §j\K>n.t c Henoe/xeHHbiM cajiaTOM... «3a KaapoM* — KPHKH, pyraHb, 6nTbe nocyabi, rpoxoT H T.n.
57 ,
Pa3aeji I. KoMno3HUHH
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OflHHM 3THM npoe3aoM B,aojib HanopMopTa 3aMeHeHa uejiaa HrpoBaa ciieHa c 6ojibiiiHM KOJIMHCCTBOM aKTepoB, c Heo6xojiHMOCTbio nncaTb jwajiorH, peneTHpoBaTb, CHHMaTb MHOXCCTBO jjyGjieH H T.JI. I"IonbiTKa «Bocco3aaHHa» uapcKoro nHpmecTBa B snoxy Miiana Tpo3Horo 6biJia caeJiaHa B (pMJibMe «MOCKOBCKHH KpeMJib* (coBMecTHoe npoH3BO^CTBO NBC H MocrejieueHTpa). CbeMKH Bejmcb B TpaHOBHTOH narcaTe MocKOBCKoro KpeMJia — noa/iMHHOH uapcKOM Tpane3How. Ha dojie, noKpbuoM 6opaoBbiM cyKHOM, 6buiH nocTaBJieHM 30JioTbie 6jnoaa c (J)pyKTaMH, Ky6KH, naiim, enaoBbi. Bee npeaMeTbl 6bUlH nCWlHHHblMH, HBJiajIHCb My3eHHbIMH SKCnOHaTaMH OpyxeHHofi nana™. • H3BecTHO, HTO uapb MBaH Tpo3HbiH OTJinnajica Heo6y3AaHHOCTbio HpaBa H Hepe/iKo 6ecHOBanca BO BpeMa 3acrojiHH. MOMCHT ero rHeBa aBTopw H nwTajiHCb 3aneiaTJieTb, HcnoJib3ya ana 3Toro HanopMopT. nocmnbKy 3a KaxawH ripe/weT oTBeiajia cMOTpHTejibHHua My3ea, TO Ha nojiy, BHe Kaapa, pacnonoxHjiHCb aeBaTb HJIH aecaTb coTpyaHHu OpyxeftHOH nana™, HTo6bi B MOMCHT pe3Koro caeprHBaHHa CKaTepTH co CTOJia (ojwueTBopeHHe meBa MOHapxa) Kaxaaa Morjia 6bi noftMaTb Ha JieTy CBOH SKcnoHaT. JJy6jia He npeanoaarajiocb. Kaap cHHMaaca TpeMa KaMepaMM: oaHa HaxoAHjiacb cBepxy, BTopaa — cSoicy, TpeTba — npaMO B (J)ac — HMCHHO Ha Hee KaK 6bi naaanH npeaMeTbi. KHHOcieMKa Bejiacb c HecKoabKO 3aMeaJieHHofi cKopocTbio (16 KaapoB B ceKyHay), H npn aeMOHcrpauHH aettcTBHe BbiraaaeJIO euxe 6ojiee 6bicTpwM H pe3KHM. MTaK, /uia cieMKH nocTaHOBOHHoro HaTiopMopTa onepaTop aojixeH peujHTb paa noAroTOBHTe^bHbix 3aaai. H3o6pa3MTe;ibHoe pemeHHe HaTiopMopTa onpeaeaaeTca coaepxaHHeM 3nH3oaa, B KOTOPMH OH BOfiaeT. Mcxoaa H3 apaMaTypmn cueHw M o6mero xMBonHCHoro peiueHHa Heo6xoaMMO caejiaTb caeayiomee: /. IJododpamb npedj»emu rip&aMe™ Moryr noa6npaTbca no TOHy, UBeTy, MaTepnaay. KoMno3HUHOHHbie SJieMeHTbl HaTlOpMOpTa KaK 6bl B3aHMOiieHCTByiOT Mexay co6OH. OHH Moryr 6biTb «cHMnaTMHHbi» apyr apyry B cHJiy CBoeft noxoxeCTH, KaK (papcpopoBbie waniKH oaHoro cepBM3a. Man npeaMeTbi woryT 6biTb aHTaroHHCTHHHbi: HanpMMep, xpynKaa xpycrajibHaa pioMOHKa w Taxeaaa qyryHHaa rnpa. 3TH aBa npeaMeTa B OUHOM HaTiopMopTe npeacTaBaaioT xopoiuo omyTHMbiM H3o6pa3HTe;ibHbiH KOHTpacT H apaMaTypraMecKHH KOH(p^HKT. ripH HX conpHKocHOBeHHH MOXCT npoH30HTH Tpareawa. npeaMeTbi ana HaTiopMopTa Moryr 6biTb noao6paHbi meMamunecKu. HanpMMep, cranapHbie, anecapHbie, MeaHUHHCKHe MHcrpyMeHTbi, 3aBTpaK Ha cTOJie, napcpioMepna Ha noa3epKanbHHKe, npeaMe™ 6biTa H T.a. Ho JHO6OH noa6op npeaMeTOB zma HaTiopMopTa aojixeH aanaTbca KOCBeHHofl xapaKTepncTHKOH repoa M aeHCTBHa, npoHcxoaamero B 3nH3oae.
58
XaHpbi H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKycctBa OnpedeAumb KOMIIOJUHUOHHOC noempoenue HamwpMopma, aiau.nocen3b UAU npomueonocmaejienue npedMemoe Hcxofla H3 3Toro — onpcaejiHTb MX pacno^oxeHHe B npocTpaHCTBe icanpa. BbicTpoMTb ^aKOHHHHyio KOMno3HUHK). B Kaape He AOJIXHO 6biTb HHiero jiHuiHero, Bee npeiiMeTbi aojixHbi «pa6oTaTb» Ha ocHOBHyio TeMy. flpexae Bcero HyxHO ebidenumb ejiaenbiu o6beicm B HaTiopMopTe. BaxHO, HT06bI CaMblH 3HaMHMbIH no BaXHOCTH S^eMeHT 6b\J\ KOMn03HUHOHHO ueHTpajibHbiM HJIH pacno^oxeHHWM 6JIH3KO K ueHTpy Kaapa. 3. Bbifipamt, (fiim if ocHOectHue iltn nanuopMopmu 3TO OMeHb BaxHbie napaMeTpw, OT HX npaBMJibHoro Bbi6opa BO MHOroM 3aBHCHT Bbipa3HTe^bHOCTb Kaapa. npeflCTaBMM ce6e HeMHuieHyio ceaeaKy, aexamyio Ha CMHTOH pBaHOH ra3eTe Ha (poHe rpa3H0H CTCHH. H apyryio ceaeaKy, yaoxeHHyio B KpacHByio ce^eaoHHHuy, yKpameHHyio JiyKOM H 3ejieHbio, npHMeM cejieaoHHHua CTOHT Ha 6e^ocHexHOH CKaTepTH B cocencTBe c apyrHMH npeaMeTaMH. KaXUblM H3 3THX HeC^OXHblX HaTlOpMOpTOB MOXeT MHOTO paccKa3aTb 06 06pa3e XH3HH CBOHX X03aeB. M OCHOBaHHe HaTiopMopTa, H (J)OH, Ha KOTOpOM OH CHHMaeTCa, MOryr 6biTb caMbiMH pa3Hoo6pa3HbiMH: CBCT^MMH HJIH TCMHUMH, nia/iKMMH HJIH nHTHHCTHMH, MaTOBblMH CpaKTypHblMH HJIH 3epKaJIbHbIMM, MeTaJlJIHMecKHMH HJIH /jepeBaHHbiMH, KepaMHnecKHMH HJIH CTeKJiaHHbiMH, HO npH 3TOM Bcewa JJOJIXHH TOHHO cooTBeTCTBOBaTb TeM npejjMeTaM, KOTopbie cocTaBJiaioT ocHOBy HaTiopMopTa. HanpMMep, Ha nojinpoBaHHOM crane He Moryr JiexaTb KnpnHMH H MacTepoK c UCMCHTHMM pacTBopoM. A ecjiH TaKoii o6i>eKT CHHMaeTca, 3HanMT, OH npecjiejjyeT onpejjejieHHbie jjpaMaTyprHMecKHe uejiH H STO npoTHBonocTaBJieHHe caejiaHO co3HaTejibHo. 4. HcnoAb3oeantb eoiMOMcuocmu onmuKu u JUKOHM nepcneicmuebi OcHOBHbie, rjiaBHbie o6-beicrbi HaTiopMopTa, KaK npaBHJio, JJOJIXHW 6biTb pe3KHMH, BTopocTeneHHbie npejjMeTbi — B pa3JiHMHOH cTeneHH Hepe3KocTH. OJIHH npeiiMeTbi Moryr KacTHMHO nepeKpbiBaTbca apyrHMH, yen•nHBaa 3(p(peKT rjiy6HHbi. CKB03b np03pawHbie o6i>eKTbi Moryr HCKaxeHHO npocMaTpHBaTbca npejjMeTbi, CToamHe 3a HHMH. 3TO co3jiaeT nopoii aonojiHHTejibHyio Bbipa3HTejibHocTb. ripn cieMKax HaTiopMopTa MOXHO HCnojib30BaTb onTHnecKHe HacaaKH, ceTKM, 3aabiMJieHHe, pa3yMeeTca, yBa3biBaa HX npHMeHeHHe c H3o6pa3HTejibHbiM peuieHHeM Bcero 3nn3oaa, B KOTOpblH BOHaeT 3TOT Kaap. 5. OnpedeAumb paxypc Bbi6op TOMKH ycTaHOBKH KaMepbi no BepTHKajiH npH cteMKe HaTiopMopTa cpaBHHTejibHO HeBejiHK. HHXHHH paKypc Hcnojib3yeTca aoBOJibHo PCflKo. 06biMHo KaMepa ycTaHaBjiHBaeTca JIH6O Ha ypoBHe ocHOBaHHa Ha-
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Puc. 28 KaMepa 3aHHMaeT BepxHioio Tome/xHHHIOT, Hcnojib3ya /XJIH HHX O/XHH H TOT x e MaTepnarc (nnacTHK, xecrb, JIH6O
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_ FlaaaiomHe TCHH, oT6pacbiBaeMbie npcaMeTaMH, TaKxe craHOBaTcx nojiHonpaBHbiMM sjieMeHTaMH KOMHO3HUHH. KpoMe Toro, HMCHHO npH noMomn CBeTa MM co3flaeM pa3^HMHbie 3(p(peKTbi ocBemeHHH: co/metHbift aenb, Benep, HOHb, a TaKxe BCCBO3MOXHbieflHHaMHMeCKHe3Cp(peKTbI. 06men3BecTHa cnoxHocrb ocBemeHHH 6;iHKyiomHx noBepxHocreH. JXJW H36aaneHHH OT HeHyxHbix 6JIHKOB onepaTopu Hiuyr 6o.nee TOHHoe no;ioxeHHe ocBeTHTe^bHbix npn6opoB HJIH nepeKpbiBaioT 6;IHKH apyrHMH npcnMeTaMH KOMno3HUHH HanopMopTa. MHoraa npnxoaHTca 3aMa3biBaTb 6JIHKH MbuioM, MaTHpoBaTb cneuHa^bHbiM cnpeeM, npnMeHaTb nojiapH3auHOHHbie (pmibTpu. OaKTypy HeraaflKMx npeaMeTOB xopouio BbiaanaeT KOHTPOBOH H 3aaHe6oKOBOM CBeT. CTeioiHHHbie npo3paMHwe npeaMe™ Bbipa3HTejibHo CMOTpflTCfl npH KOHTPOBOM ocBemeHHH (npaB/ia, npn 3TOM MoryT noaBHTbca HexcnaTejibHbie 6JIHKH) M «Ha npocBeT» Ha CBCTJIOM (pOHe. MeTarui MOXHO CHHMaTb H npn pacceaHHOM, H npn HanpaaneHHOM CBeTe; Heo6xoflMMo raibKO H36eraTb cn;ibHbix 6JIHKOB. MeTaAiwqecKHe McnajiH, MOHeTbi, cjia6oBbinyioibie 6ape;ibeeM npH pe3KOM 6OKOBOM ocBemeHHH. CieMKa HanopMopTa — npeKpacHaa uiKOJia JUIH coBepweHCTBOBaHHH onepaTopcKoro MacTepcTBa. PaGoTaa B UBeie, onepaTop KO BceM nepeHHoneHHbiM Tpe6oBaHHaM .aojixeH ,ao6aBHTb H Bonpocu UBeTa, KonopnTa. 3 T O OTHOCHTCH H K n o a 6 o py npcuMeTOB no uBery, B3anMocBH3aHHOMy c maBHbiM o6teKTOM HJIH npoTHBonocTaB^eHHOMy eMy. KOJIOPHCTHMCCKH HanopMopT nonxeH 6biTb 06«3aTejlbH0 «yBH3aH» C HHTepbepOM, B KOTOpOM OH HaXOAHTCH. <J>OH, CBeT, B TOM MHCJie H UBeTHOH, — BCe /IOJIXHO 6bITb noanHHeHO o6meMy TOHajibHOMy H KOJiopHCTHHecKOMy peujeHHio. Jinn BbiHB^eHHH nepcneKTHBbi H CMarieHna onTHnecKoro pwcyHKa MOXHO n0^b30BaTbCH H flH(J)(py3H0HaMH, H CCTKaMH, H 3aflbIM^eHHeM, B KOTOpOM XOpOUJO npOMHTblBaiOTCH COJIHeHHbie /iyMH. 3(p(peKT ocBemeHHH B peiuaiomeH cTeneHM onpeaejiaeT 3pHTejibHoe BneqaTJieHHe OT HaTiopMopTa H B KOHCIHOM MTore Bbipa3HTe^bHocTb icaapa. HaTiopMopT .nerKO coBMemaeTca c apyniMH xaHpaMH H3o6pa3HTe;ibHoro HCKyccTBa: nopTpeTOM, neitaaxeM, HHTepbepOM. B npHBeaeHHOM paccKa3e Paa EpaaSepH «ByaeT JiacKOBbiH ,aoxab» HaTIOPMOPT BMeCTe C HHTepbepOM ABJTHIOTCH MaBHblMH repOaMH npOH3BefleHHfl. CTOJI, HaKpbiTbift wft 3aBTpaKa B caay, npeflCTaanaeT CO6OH HaTiopMopT Ha c{)OHe neH3axa. H I H apyrofi npHMep: repofi CMJIHT 3a CTOJIOM B KOMHaTe, Ha crane — HaTiopMopT, 3a OKHOM — neitaax. 3aecb H nopTpeT, H HHTepbep, H neitoax, H HaTiopMopT, npHweM Bee 3To MO)KeT 6biTb CHJITO flBHxymenca KaMepoft.
62
AimaviiiKa CI>CMKII Bee, HTO HaMH BOCnpHHHMaeTCH BiieHCTBHTe^bHOCTH, BOCnpHHHMaeTCJI HaMH B npocTpaHCTBe H BO BpeMeHH. Mbi omymaeM peanbHOCTb MeTbipexMepHo: MeTBepToe H3MepeHHe — BpeMH. B. (PaeopcKuu B OTJIHHHe OT «CTaTHMHbIX» BMilOB H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyCCTBa — TaKHX KaK xMBonncb, cKy^bmypa, rpa(pHKa, cpoTorpacpHa, — KHHeMaTorpadp M Te^eBHjieHHe o6jianaK>T yHHKa^bHOH B03MOXHOCTbK) OTpaxaTb OKpyxaioIUHH MHP B aBHXCHHH, B /IIIHaMHKC. XMBonwceu, 3a;iyMbiBaH xapTHHy, Toxe BbiGnpaeT JUIH ce6H onpefle^eHHbiM MUZ B pa3BHTHH Tofl cueHbi, o KOTopoii OH noBecTByeT. HanpwMep, B H3BecTHOH KapTHHe H^bH PenHHa «MBaH rpo3HbiH H e r o CHH HBaH» XyflOXHMKOM Bbl6paH He BblHrpblUJHblH BHeUIHe flHHaMHHeCKHH MOMeHT HaHeceHHH yaapa nocoxoM B BHCOK cbma, a MOMCHT pacKaaHHH uapa — cueHa, BHeiHHe CTaTHHHaa, HO TparHHecKH HanpaxeHHaa. M3 Bcero xecTOKoro aencTBHa BbmjieHeH eflHHCTBeHHbifi cmamuHHbiu MUZ. Bo Bcex XHBonncHbix KapTHHax, B TOM HHCJie H MHorocpHrypHbix, 3pHTe^b MoxeT ,ao(paHTa3HpoBaTb aanbHeHuiee pa3BHTne aencTBHa. H a npHMep, B KapTHHe «5lB^eHHe XpncTa Hapoay» AaeKcaHapa Huanona MOXHO npeiino^oxHTb, MTO nepe3 MrHOBeHne niom 6pocaTca HaBCTpeny MeccHH, KOTopbiii HaxojiHTca B nayGHHe npocTpaHCTBa. B npoH3Be;ieHHax KHHO H TC/ieBnaeHHa ^K)6aa MHoroJiioiiHaa HrpoBaa cueHa BbicTpaHBaeTca B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3aMbicnoM aBTopoB; Bee «KOMno3HUHOHHbie 3/ieMeHTbi» (B iiaHHOM cnynae — .moim) nocToaHHo nepeMeiuaK)Tca, MeHaioTca MecraMH; OO.HH — yMeHbiuaioTca, yaanaacb, .npyrne — yKpynHaioTca, npH6anxaacb, co3aaBaa 3THM HenpepbiBHbiM ecTecTBeHHbiM ABHxeHHeM BnesaTJieHHe a6cojiiOTHOH AOCTOBCPHOCTH npoHCXoaauxero. H, raaBHoe, Bee STO npoHcxoaHT B no^HOM COOTBCTCTBHH C 3apaHee npnayMaHHoti, BbiBepeHHOH H OTpeneTHpoBaHHOH MH3aHcueHofi. M 3jiecb MM noAxoaHM K noHaTHaM «epeMn» H «npocmpaHcmeo». B peanbHOH XH3HH oTpe30K BpeMeHH He^b3a caejiaTb HH AJiHHHee, HH Kopone. Mac Bceraa Mac, MHHyTa Bceraa MHHyTa. Ho 3MOUHOHa^bHo Mbi BoenpHHHMaeM BpeMa cy6i>eKTHBHO, B 33BHCHMOCTH OT xH3HeHHbix o6cToaTe^bCTB. HanpnMep, npnroBopeHHOMy K CMepTH Kaxaaa MHHyTa KaxeTca BeHHocTbio, a AW cnacT^HBbix jmacii ue^bin aeHb npoaeTaeT He3aMeTHO. B peanbHoii XH3HH Henb3a oaHOBpeMeHHo HaxoaHTbca BiiByx MecTax, B npoH3BeAeHHax KHHO H TejieBnaeHHa — MOXHO.
M O X H O «pa3opBaTb» BpeMa iiencTBHa oaHoft cueHbi Ha OT,ae;ibHbie «KycKH» H aeMOHCTpHpoBaTb 3TH (pparMeHTbi B pa3Hbix MecTax (pmibMa,
63
Pa3aeji I. KoMno3HUHa KaK STO caejiaHO A. TapKOBCKHM B dpwjibMe «MBaHOBO aeTCTBO» (3nH3on CMepTH MaTepH HBaHa). M O X H O BepHyrb npomnoe — STO npneM BocnoMHHaHHM. M O K H O , HaKOHeu, 3arjiHHyTb B 6yayiuee. B qbunbMe CuaHea nojuiaKa «3arHaHHbix ;ioujaaeH npMCTpeJiHBaioT, He npaaaa JIM?» repoft eme He coBepLumi npecTynjieHHH, a MM B KOPOTKOH nepe6nBKe-«BcnbiiiJKe» BRAMM ero y x e B TiopbMe. O T TpaHcc})opMauHH BpeMeHH HenocpeacTBeHHO 3aBMCMT H aeqbopMaUHH npodpaHCTBa. Pacmaeuean epejux BCTpeMH 6erymMx HaBerpe«iy apyr apyry AByx BJiio6;ieHHbix (/ma qero 6yaeT npHMeHeHa /uiMHHoqboKycHaH onTHKa), MU 3THM npneMOM KaK 6bi ydAUHHeM npocmpancmeo. .HeByuiKa 6exwT K HaM, Ha KaMepy, 6exnT... H Bee HHKaK He npHGjiwxaeTca, He yBejIM4HBaeTCH B MaCUJTa6e, HHKaK He MO)KeT BCTpeTMTbCfl C ;iK)6HMbIM. Bjiaroaapa npHMeHeHHio onTHKH c pa3^HMHbiM qboKycHbiM paccroaHHeM nOJianJieTCH B03MOXHOCTb C03flaBaTb HeKyiO yCJlOBHOCTb BpeMeHH M npOCTpaHCTBa, OT/lHMHyiO OT peajlbHOCTH. OflHHM H3 caMbix apKHX npwMepoB TpaHcqoopMauHM BpeMeHH HBJlfleTca 3nH3oa ciwepTH BopHca B qbmibMe «JIeTaT aeKTax CbeMKH, AHHaMHKa CBeTa, AHHaMHKa KaMepbi.
3 T O pa3ae^eHHe Ha BHiibi — ycnoBHoe, HO, KaK Mbi yBHiiMM aanee, jno6oe aBHxeHHe, eciiH OHO Heo6xo,aHMo, oiuyTMMO H3MeHaeT KanecTBO M Bbipa3MTe^bHOCTb Ka^pa M, cji&aoBaTejibHO, BnenaTJieHHe, 0Ka3biBaeMoe Ha 3pHTe;w. jUtiiiiMHKa B oO'beKrax cbeMKH. >KaHpbi H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyCCTBa B CBOeM eCTeCTBeHHOM COCTOHHHH o6jiaaaiOT pa3J!HHHbIMH S^eMeHTaMH aBHxeHHa. IJeu3a3K. 3aecb Bee H3MeHaeTca Ka>icayio ceKyHxiy. PIpoHcxoaHT RBHxeHHe o6jiaKOB, npH STOM nocToaHHO MeHaeTca HX qbopMa. O T BeTpa pacKaMMBaiOTca BCTBH aepeBbeB, naaaioT JiMCTba. Ha x^e6HOH HHBe H;IM B
64
^HHaMHKa CT>CMKH B bicoKoti
TpaBe OT BeTpa npo6eraioT «BOjiHbi». Ha noBepxHOCTM BO^bi HrpaKrr 6/IMKH cojiHua, pa6b Ha Boae jioMaeT OTpaxeHHe .aepeBbeB Ha n p o XHBono^oxHOM 6epery. Pa36eraioTca KpyrM Ha Bo^e B THXOM npyay. Haer ,no>KHb, naiiaeT CHer M TJI. H T.n. Hnmepbep. B OTKpbiTOM OKHe Ko^e6^K)Tca OT BeTpa 3aHaBecH, oT6pacwBaa Ha cTeHy XHBbie flBHraiouiHeca TCHH. 3aHaBecKa 3aaejia CTyji, OH ynaJi. O T cKB03HHKa co CKpwnoM pacnaxHy^wcb flBepM, 3a HHMH — BTObie, TpeTbH, oTKpbuiacb BCH nepcneKTHBa aHqow^aabi KOMHaT.
f
HamiopMopm. B nenejibHHue AHMHTCH nannpoca. B 6oKane APO>KHT BHHO.
O T BeTpa 113 OKHa jiHCTaeTca KHHra. CKBO3HHK, Bbi3BaHHbiH OTKpbiBiueMca ABepbio, c6pacbiBaeT c nHCbMeHHoro CTO^a HcnwcaHHbie ^HCTKH 6yMarH, onpoKMabiBaeT Ba3y c uBeTaMH. nanaeT M pa36HBaeTca 6oKan, nponiiBaeTca BHHO... He Haao 3a6biBaTb, HTO H Ha HaType, H OCO6CHHO B naBMJibOHe oweHb MHOrO BHflOB flBHXeHHH Mbi C03iiaeM CaMH. 3TO H AOatttb, H BeTep, H BariHbi na Boae. 3 T O H CKB03HaKH, H ABH)KeHne 3aHaBecoK, M OTKpblBaHHe ABepeii B HHTepbepe. 3 T O onpoKMiibiBaHMe Ba3bi c UBeTaMH H 6oKa^a BHHa — B HaiiopMopTe. ECJIM Bee STO ocyiuecTB^aeTca npoqoeccHOHajibHo, c qyBCTBOM Mepu, TO BbirjiaiiHT na SKpaHe a6co^K)THO ecTecTBeHHO. flopmpem. HejioBeK Haxo^MTca B HOCTOHHHOM ABH^CHMM. O H noBopaHHBaeTca, HaKJioHaeTca, Mo>KeT yMeHbuiaTbca, yaanaacb, H caMoyKpynHaTbca, npn6jiM>Kaacb K KaMepe. B n^anax pa3Horo MacuiTa6a, paanHMHOH KpynHOCTH SKcnpeccHa JXBHxeHHH npeTepneBaeT 3HaMHTe^bHbie H3MeHeHHH: • ecjiw Ha o6meM n^aHe repon Moryr 6eraTb, npbiraTb M oqeHb 3HepTHHHO nOBOpaMHBaTbCH, TO • Ha cpcaHeM n^aHe Bee STH aBH)KeHHa ocymecTB^aioTca 3HaqHTe^bHo MeiuieHHee, a • Ha KpynHOM n/iaHe Bee ABH>KeHHa, BO H36e>KaHHe «CMa3KH», aonXHbl 6bITb OHeHb rmaBHbiMH; • MTO KacaeTca CBepxKpynHoro ruiaHa, TO 3^ecb aocTaTOMHO o^Horo JIBHJKeHMH 3paMKOB, MT06bI 3TOT n^aH /lerxo CMOHTHpOBanCa c KpynHbiM H .aaxe cpe^HMM n^aHOM.
iliuiaMHKa CBeTa. fIeu3ajK. ABHtteHHe o6^aKOB nocToaHHO MeHaeT ocBemeHne nen3axa. npopbiBafomweca CKB03b npocBeTbi B o6^aKax jiynH co/iHua ocBeiuaioT TO O/IHH, TO apyroH ynacTOK npocrpaHCTBa. Ha npeaMeTax noHB^atoTca H HCMe3aK)T TCHH, B03HHKaiOT 6 ^ H K H . Ko^e6^ioiuaaca JiMCTBa OT6pacbiBaeT y3opMaTbie TCHH Ha Bee npe^MeTbi. Hnmepbep. O T BeTpa OTKpbiBaioTCH H 3aKpHBaiOTCH CTaBHH Ha OKHC •' B KOMHaTe TO cBeT/10, TO co^HeHHbie 6^MKM cMeHaiOTca nacMypHbiM, n o HTH cyMepenHbiM ocBeiueHHeM. Boo6me Ka^p, HacbimeHHbiH TCMHUMM
I,
65 5413
Pa3,ae;i I. KoMno3Huna 06l>eMaMH H nOBepXHOCTHMH, TO eCTb CHHTblH B TeMHOH TOHartbHOCTM, npoH3BoaHT BnenaT^eHHe 3aMKHyrocTH, CTCCHCHHOCTH, aenpeccHH, apaMaTHHHOcTH. TaK MH ero oiuyiuaeM ncnxoJiorHHecKH. npocTpaHCTBO, 3ano^HeHHoe CBCTOM, HPKHMH, CBepKaiomHMH KpacKaMH, aaeT omyiueHHe cBo6o,abi, MaxopHocTH, paaocra. 3axHraHne 11 raiueHHe cBeTa B KOMHaTe, B aHOpMaUHH. CKopocTb naHopaMHpoBaHMa (co uiTaTHBa) onpeAe^aeTca (poKycHbiM paccToaHHeM o6T>eKTHBa. Ilpn naHopaMHpoBaHHH, HanpHMep, Ha 180° HyXHO CTO^bKO CeKyHfl, CKOJIbKO MHAnHMeipOB B (pOKyCHOM paccToaHHH o6i>eKTHBa. 06i.eKTHB F= 28 MM — naHopaMHpoBaHHe Ha 180° 3a 28 c. 06ieKTHB F= 50 MM — naHopaMHpoBaHHe Ha 180° — 3a 50 c. 06ieKTHB Fm 100 MM — naHopaMHpoBaHHe Ha 180° — 3a 100 c. 6) IJanopaMa conpoeoxcdenua. ilpn nOMOlUH 3TOH naHOpaMbl Mbl KaK 6bl CJieflHM 3a iXBHXeHHeM o6i>eKTa cieMKH. 3TO MoxeT 6biTb naymnn se^oBeK, n^biBymaa j\oaKa, JieTamwH caMoneT H^H HHOH flBHxyuiHHca oGteKT. IlaHopaMa conpoBOXfleHHa MOXeT 6blTb ["OpH30HTa^bHOH, BepTHKaHbHOH HJ1H C^OXHOH, coCToamen H3 ABHXCHHH pa3Hofi HanpaaaeHHOCTH, npecncayiomeH oflHy uenb: He BbinycTHTb H3 KaapaflBHxyutHHcao6ieKT. Mcno^b3ya B naHopaMe conpoBoxaeHHa anHHHO(poKycHyio onTHKy, MOXHO nonyHHTb 3(p(peKT, noxoxHH Ha npoe3.a, napaAJie^bHbin c nayuiMMH repoaMH. B) IJepe6pocKa. BbicTpaa ocMbic^eHHaa naHopaMa, MmoBeHHaa, pe3Kaa CMeHa OAHOro Kaapa ApyrnM 6e3 ocTaHOBKH CT>CMKH. npocTpaHCTBO Mexny nepBbiM H noc^eflHHM KaapaMH nrHopnpyeTca, He (pHKcnpyeTca, «cMa3biBaeTca». 2. llpoeid TaK x e , KaK H B naHopaMe o6o3peHHa, c noMombio npoe3aa (npo^eTa) MOXHO oxBaTHTb 6ojibuioe npocTpaHCTBO H npn STOM TiuaTe^bHO pacCMOTpeTbaeTajiH. B (pHJibMe «/lopora 6eflCTBHH» no poMaHy Hx. CreHH6eKa «rpo3iiba THeBa» (pexHccep AneKcaaap Oopa, onepaTop Tpsr Ton^aHii) repon Ha CfioeM CTapeHbKOM, neperpyxeHHOM He6oraTbiM CKap6oM rpy30BHMKe,
67
Pa3,aeji I. KoMno3HiiMH
BcpxHHH aiiJien
Bie3>KaiOT B .narepb 6e>KeHueB, (pepMepOB-6e,HHHKOB, H3rHaHHbix Kopno-
FlanopaMa conpouoxcaemiHa (1-tt «oTpe30K», pnc. 6)
pauHHMH co CBOHX 3eMejib.
* \-
r X s
§ •
MejyieHHO aBHxeTCfl rpy30BHK no pa36HTOH, c KOJiaooHHaMH, ^arepHoft aopore, Bno/ib KOTOPOH CTOHT oTHaaBuiHeca JIKXHH. npoe3fl HaMepeHHO caejiaH 3aMeiweHH0, 4To6bi 3pHTejib Mor no.apo6HO paccMOTpeTb M3roeB o6iuecTBa. OflHH 3T0T Bbipa3HTe^bHbifl npoe3,n H3o6pa3HTejibHO 3aMeHaeT nnmenbHbw paccKa3 o TpareflHH, KOTopaa npoH3om;ia c HHMM. ripn noMOiiiH npoe3.ua MOXHO ycneujHo o6i>e,aHHHTbflBaBaaa MH3aHcueH: duHaMimecKyioMU3dHcueHy, ocymecrBjiaeMyio noflBHXHOH KaMepofi, H any6uHHyio MU3aHCU,eHy, Koropyio cHHMaioT HenoaBHXHOH, craTHWHOH KaMepoM. Ha pwc. 31a H3o6paxeH yMacTOK napKa, no ajuieaM KOToporo 6yayT npoxoflMTb repoH. Ha STOM y^acTKe Tpn ajuiew — BepxHHH H flBe HMXHHC Moray HHXHHMH amieflMH nponoxceHbi pejibcu, no KOTOPUM Ha re/iexKe 6y,oeTflBHraTbcaKaMepa. BHanane repon nayr aneBa HanpaBo no BepxHeft anjiee. KaMepa (Ha u/TaTHBe Ha Heno/iBHXHOH re^exKe) ocymecTBJiaeT nanopajny conpoeooKdenua Ha o6iueM njiaHe (1-H «OTpe30K» MH3aHCueHbi, pHC. 316). 3aTeM repow no jiecTHHue, Beziymen Ha HHXHHC aaneH, cnycicaiOTCH, npH6;iHxaacb K CTaTHMHOH KaMepe (2-M «OTpe30K», pnc. 31#H 31*). TepoH caMOyKpynHHioTCH — smo zny6uHHan MumHCuena. noane 3Toro repon cBopamiBaiOT Ha HHXHIOIO aiuieio, nayT cnpaBa HaneBO. Kaiwepa HaMHHaeT ABHaceHHe BaneA 3a HMMH, ocywecTBJiHH dunaMuteacyio MU3aHcu,eny. Tenepb repow BHAHU Hyrb c6oKy H c3aaH Ha cpeaHeM onaHe (3-H «OTpe30K», pnc. 3Id). JXoPiaa no KOHua npo/ioxeHHbix pejibcoB, repoH o6orHyT HX no noBOpoTy ajvien H noftayT B o6paTHyio cTopoHy no 4-My «OTpe3Ky» MH3aHcueHW. KaMepa 6yaeT flBnraTbc» neped HUMU M «iiepxaTb» HX Ha KpynHOM nnaHe (pHC. 31e). Pa36HBKa MH3aHcueHM Ha OTaejibHbie «oTpe3KH» 3/iecb ycrcoBHaa — BeCb 3nH30A CHHMaeTCJI 0>ttHHM KyCKOM. Ha TaKOM /U1MHHOM H H306pa3HreJibHO pa3Hoo6pa3HOM npoxoae nepcoHaxeft MOXHO npoBecm 60/ibiiJOM H cepbe3Hbiii HrpoBoii 3nH30A, He npepbiBaa repoeB H He pa36nBasi cueHy Ha oTae^bHbie MOHTaxHbie Kaapw. HenpeB30HjeHHbiM MacTepoM nocTpoeHMH n ocymecTBjieHMfl flMHaMHHecKHX MH3aHcueH 6bui BbuaiomHMCH OTeHecTBeHHbifi onepaTop Ceprefi naB^oBHM YpyceBCKMM. B pa3Hbix (pmibMax HM CHHTO MHOXCCTBO HHTepecHefiiuHx B H3o6pa3MTe;ibHOM oTHOiueHMM naHopaM. HaH6onee H3BecTHa naHopaMa H3 (pw^bMa «JleTHT xypaB^H*, Koraa BepoHHKa eaeT Ha npH3biBHOH nyHKT, MTO6W nonpomaTbca c BOPHCOM, yXOAMlUHM Ha (ppOHT. M3 ocTaHOBMBiuerocfl aBTo6yca BepoHHKa BbicKaKHBaeT B To^ny. OnepaTop, npoao^xaH cteMKy, BbixoaHT M3 aBTo6yca H OKa3biBaeTca Ha TejiexKe.
Untune a.v\e»
S 3. s .
JlHHaviHMecKaH MH3ancuena (3-fl «OTpe30K», pHC. d)
* e
3
if—
*
s o
ZlHHaMimecKaa MmancueHa (4-tt «0Tpe3OK», pwc. e)
^
wmP\
Puc. 31. Bo3MO>KHbiH BapHaHT coeaHHeHHa B oflHOM Kaape naHopaMM conpoBo>icaeHHfl, my6nHH0H MH3aHCueHbi H AHHaMHMecKoii MM3aHCueHbi: a — cxeMa ywacTKa napKa; 6 — naHopasia conpoBoxaeHHH; e, e — my6HHHaa MH3aHCueHa; d, e— jinnaMHwecKaa Minancuena.
69
68 •
Pasaca I. KoMno3Huna
JlHHaMHKa CbeMKH
HaeT cbeMKa c napaaaeabHoro aBHxeHHH. BepoHHKa, pacraaKHBan aKxaeft, 6eXHT K ujKOjie, rae co6paawcb ,ao6poBoabUbi. Koraa oHa Bbi6eraeT Ha aopory, onepaTop nepecaxMBaeTca Ha KpaH H, noAHHBiuHCb, c BepxHefl TOHKH CHHMaeT 6erywyio cpeaw TaHKOB repoHHio. BepoHHKe TaK H He yaaeTCH nonpomaTbcn c BOPHCOM. Becb 3nn3oa 3aBepmaeTCH npexpacHbiM KpynHbiM oaaHOM repoHHH. ilpyrofi npHMep — H3 (pnjibMa «fl — Ky6a» (cueHapHH — E. EBTyiueHKO H 3 . BapHeT, p e x n c c e p — M. KaaaT030B, onepaTop — C. YpyceBCKMH). 3 n n 3 o a : noxopoHbi Moaoaoro Ky6MHua, y6n"roro «ropHJi.aaMM» AHKTaTopa BaTHCTbi. ...rioxopoHHaH npoueccHH ziBHxeTCH no y3K0ft yanue MHMO cHrapHOH cpa6pHKn. Kaviepa noaHHMaeTcn B jiH(pTe Ha TpeTHH 3Tax B CKBO3HOH luaxie, OTKyaa npocMaTpHBaeTCH BC« yanua, 3aTeM KaMepa npoe3xaeT MHMO pa6oTHHU, BpyqHyio ncmtouwx cnrapbi, orryaa «BbixoaHT» Ha Kpbiiuy H flBHxeTca Ha cneuHajibHOH noiiBecKe 6e3 oneparopa Haa noxopoHHOtf npoueccneH. C. YpyceBCKHH ROQHJICH nopa3HTejibHOH BHpTyo3HOcra B cbeMKeflHHaMHwecKHX naHopaM. O H B coBepiueHCTBe Baaaca BCCMM BH^aMH H n p n eMaMH cieMOK, 6MJI HCTMHHMM HOBaTopoM B HaiueM npoeM04HMH o6i>eKT, Bee CTpoeHwe. Haw, OTbe3xaa OT KpynHoro naaHa oflHoro repoa, MM B KOHue OTbe3^a noKa3MBaeM BCJO rpynny JHQaetf. B KawecTBe npHMepa Hencno.ab30BaHHoro oTbe3,aa paccMOTpHM RBSL MOHTaxHMx Kaapa, CHHTMX B HewHe onepaTopoM-xpoHHKepoM (PHC. 32 H 33). riepBbiM Kaap — yjiHixa He6oabUJoro qeqeHCKoro noce/iKa. EpoaflT Kypw. rzie-To Ha 3aaHeM onaHe HrpaioT nem, XOAHT B3poaabie. Biopon Kaap: Ta x e caMa» yjiHixa cHHTa qepe3 orpoMHyio pBaHyio npo6onHy B xejie3Hbix BopoTax. 3aecb coBepiueHHo Heo6xoaHM 6WJI 6bi onTMqecKHH orbe3a. 3TOT x e Kaap, HO C AHHaMMKOH, cTan 6 M 3Ha4HTe^bHo Bbipa3HT£nbHee, nojiyHHJi 6bi JiornqecKyio 3aBepmeHHOCTb.
4. Haeu)
Puc. 32
Puc. 33
iHTb KOMno3HUHOHHO Bbipa3HTejibHMMH. KpoMe Toro, coBepiueHHo O6HbarejibHa ToqHaa H y6eAHTe^bHaH MOTMBHpoBKa orbe3,aa H^H Hae3^a. O n e paTop Bceraa a o ^ x e H apryMeHTHpoBaTb Heo6xoiiHMOCTb Toro HJIH HHOTO flBHXeHHH KaMepbi. C noHBjieHHeM o6i.eKTHBOB c nepeMeHHMM (poKycHMM paccTOHHweM ( 3 Y M O B ) onepaTopbi cn^oiub H paaoM 3JioynoTpe6jiaioT npneMaMH OTbe3fla H Hae3fla. BMecTe c TeM onTHMecKHH Hae3a (wxw OTi>e3fl) — 3TO, n o CJTM, Bcero ^Huib n^aBHaa CMeHa O6T>CKTHBOB, CMeHa (poKycHbix paccTOHHHH o6ieKTHBOB npu cmamuHHOu KaMepe. OnTHMecKHH Hae3fl HJIH orbeaa — cna6oe noao6ne 3TMX npHeMOB, Bbino^HeHHbix c npHMeHeHweM nodeuoicHOU KOMepbt. Ha PHC. 34 noKa3aHM cpaBHHTcabHbie H3o6pa3HTe^bHbie BO3MOXHOCTH Hae3aa Ha cKy^bnTypy B nooacaHeii KOMHaTe aHcpH^aabi c noMombio 3YMa (a) H C npHMeHeHHeM Te/iexKM, Ha KOTOPOH ycTaHOBJieHa KaMepa(tf). ripn Hcno^b30BaHMM TpaHccpoKaTopa (3YMa) MM npaKTMwecKH He no^yqaeM HOBOH HHCpopMauHH OT Hae3aa — npocTO B KOHue npneMa BHflHM 6ojiee KpynHMH njiaH CKy^bnTypbi. FIpHMeHeHMe TCIOKKH, T.e. peaabHoe ABHxeHHe KaMepbi, no3BO/iHeT BO BpeMH Hae3aa yBHaeTb 6OKOBMC creHbi Bcex KOMHaT aHcpH^aaM, pa3r^«iieTb npejiMeTM, HaxoaamHecH B HHX, yBHaeTb OKHa H 3aoKOHHoe npocrpaHCTBO H, HaKOHeu, noatexaTb K CKy;ibnType, npHneM K Han^yqiueH TOHKC naa ee ocMOTpa. 5. Omhe3d u naeid na meAeMcice c odnoepeMeHHUM ucnoAb3oeaHueju mpaHopOKamopa (3YMa) ripn oTbe3ae KaMepa flBHxeTca Ha Te^exKe, a c noMombio 3YMa MM «Hae3xaeM» Ha repoa, coxpaHHH nocTOflHHyio KpynHOCTb njiaHa. B Haqaae OTbe3iia Ha lUMpoKoyrojibHOH onTHKe OTJIHMHO BMUCH tpoH, cpeiia, B KOTopoH HaxoflHTCH repoH. B KOHue orbe3iia Ha TejiexKe, Koraa iuia coxpaHeHHH CTa6HabHOH KpynHOCTH B 3 Y M e Hcno/ib3yeTca iLaHHHOCpoKycHax coCTaB^Hioiua}i, MU no Hey3HaBaeMOCTH TpaHctpopMiipyeM cpOH — OH pa3-
Hae3fl — 3TO KaK 6 M npoTHBonoaoxHocrb HHcpopMauHOHHoro npHeMa no cpaBHeHHio c OTbe3,aoM. 3aecb MHcpopMauHH yT04HHeTca, o6i>eKT paccMaTpHBaeTCH 6o.aee noapo6HO — «OT o6mero K qacTHOMy», OT rpynnbi ^K)fleH K KpynHOMy n^aHy rviaBHoro repofl, OT o 6 m e r o n^aHa ropoaCKOH n ^ o m a a n K MHTepecyiomeMy Hac naMHTHHKy. 0 6 a npweMa — H oTbe3fl, M Hae3ii — npezrbHBjiHioT onepaTopy aHaaorHHHbieTpe6oBaHHa: H HaqaibHMH, H KOHeqHMH cTaTHHHMe KaapM ao^xHW
70
71 •
Pa3fle/i I. KoMno3MUHH
flHHaMHKa r
F= 150 MM
F= 25 MM
CfeeMKH
_ Pa3MbiTblfl (pOH
Pe3KHH (pOH
Haqano Kaapa — KOpOTKO(J)OKyCHafl onTHKa
KaMepa KaMepa
Ha oTbeaae — JUIHHHO(J)OKyCHafl onTHKa
Puc. 35
®&
(3 wc. J 4
MMBaeTca, pacTyuieBbiBaeTCH, nopTpeT nojiHOCTbio a6cTparHpyeTCH or oKpyxaiomefl O6CT3HOBKH.
ripoTHBono^oxHbiM npneM: Haeaa Ha TcneacKe, OTbe3,a c noMOWbio 3YMa. M3 a6cTpaKTHoro npocTpaHCTBa report o6peTaeT peanbHyio cpeay (pnc. 35). 6. 06he3d C nojiBJieHHeM KaMep c flMcraHUMOHHbiM ynpaB^eHHeM, yKperuieHHbix Ha cTpejiax paxriHHHOH ZUIMHW, npneM 061.e3.aa onpe>ae.neHHbix cuen CTan cpaBHHTe^bHO JierKO BbinoJiHHMbiM. EcTb HeMano yaaiHbix npHMepoB ncno^b30BaHHJi 3Toro npHeMa B xyaoxecTBeHHbix rpnjibMax. HanpHMep, B 4>HJibMe «TejioxpaHHTejib» npweM HcnoJib30BaH iiBaacabi: BO BpeMH TaHua repoeB H B ({jMHajibHOH anocpeo3HOH cueHe — o6a pa3a a6cojiioTHO TOMHO OTpaxeHo ncnxojiorn4ecKoe COCTOHHMC repoeB. IlpH STOM Kaxabiii pa3 cteMKa BeJiacb B pa^HMHOM PMTMC PaHbiue JUIH 3TMX ucnen npwxoaHJTocb ycTaHaB^HBaTb KOJibueBbie — BOKpyr nponcxoziKineH cueHbi — pejibCbi, HTO, pa3yMeeTCH, yc/io>KH$uio ABHxeHMe aKTepoB. <JIeTa!oiuHe» KaMepw, K coxaneHMio, noKa eiue He Bcenaa Hcno/ib3yIOTC« npocpeccHOHa^bHO. HanpHMep, B KOHuepTax c 6ojibUJHM KOJinqe-
72
CTBOM 3pHTe.neH KaMepa «jieTaeT» B B03flyxe Tyaa-ciofla, H npn STOM o n e paTop coBepuieHHO He yqHTbiBaeT CMHCJI naHopaM. BMecTe c TeM ecTb oGieKTbi, KOTopue HeflocrynHbi «;ieTaK>meH» KaMepe, — STO CKy^bnTypw H CKyabnTypHbie rpynnbi, ycTaHOBjieHHbie Ha nnoiuaaax n a n OTKpbiTbix cBo6oziHbix anowaaKax. KaK H3BecTH0, KpymaH, o6T>eMHaa CKy^bmypa npe,aHa3HaqeHa OJIH ocMOTpa co Bcex CTOPOH, H, ecTecTBeHHO, o6te3fl ana ocMoipa TaKoro H3Ba«HHH oqeHb yMecTeH. npnqeM MOHyMenrajibHaH cKyjibmypa n p e a n o JiaraeT OCMOTP npewMywecTBeHHO c HHXHHX ToqeK. MMCHHO 3TO O6CTOH-
TejibCTBO H MeiuaeT npHMeHeHHK) «jieTaioiueH» KaMepu. ECTb flBe B03MO>KHOCTH OCyiHeCTBHTb TaKOM 06l>e3fl: ;IH60 yCTaHOBMTb KoribueByio pejibcoByio .aopory H CHHMaTb c flBHacyiueMca Te/iexKH c o c TaHOBKOH Ha CaMOH BblHrpblUJHOH TOMKe OCMOTpa CKy/IbnTypbl, JIH60 CHHMaTb 06"be3fl C OTKpblTOH aBTOMaUJHHbl, MMeiOmeH OTJlHqHyK) aMopTH3aUHOHHyio nonBecKy. XLna MCTopnKO-no3HaBaTe^bHoro cpHJibMa «MOCKOBCKHM KpeMJib* (NBC M MocTe.neu.eHTp) npoH3BoflMJiacb ci>eMKa MOHyMeHTa «MeflHbiK BcaaHHK* B ileHHHrpaae c Hcnojib30BaHneM npweMa «o6i.e3.a». ApeHaoBaiH OTKpuTyio JierKOByro aBTOMauJMHy «3MC-110», CHHJIM flBa ayS^n c pa3HMM HanpaBjieHMeM HBHXCHHH. Kaap nojiyqw/icH BecbMa Bbipa3HTejibHbiM, TaK KaK dx>H 3a naMHTHMKOM nocTOAHHo MeHH^cn (OT rpo30Bbix Tyq ao rojiy6oro He6a), H rieTp BejiMKHfi KaK 6bi rapueBan Ha KOHC B coqeTaHHH c TCKCTOM O npeo6pa30BaTejTbHOH aeaTejibHocTH uapn STOT Kaap «pa6oTaa» oqeHb ToqHo.
73
Xl,HHaMHKa CbeMKH
Pa3aea I. K.OMno3MUHH
. 7. CmaduKOM 3 T O CTa6miH3HpyK)iuaa cncreMa, no3Boa$nomaH H36exaTb TO^HKOB H BH6paunH H aaiomaji BO3MOXHOCTB onepaTopy ocyiuecTBHTb npHeM KaK 6 M nabiBymefi n o B03ayxy KaMepu. HecMOTpa Ha TO HTO npHcnoco6;ieHne AOBOJibHO rpoM03iiKoe, OHO OXOTHO HcnoJib3yeTCH onepaTopaMH npn BUno^HeHHH caoacHeHuiHX KOM6HHHpOBaHHbix naHopaM. Bee BHflbl ^HHaMHKH KaMepbl npHMeHHK5TCH JUM CteMOK OCHOBHblX xaHpoB H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro HCKyccTBa: nopTpeTa, n e i o a x a , HHTepbepa M HanopMopTa. Cainoe raaBHoe Tpe6oBaHHe — TBopHecKoe Hcnoab30BaHHe onepaTopcKHX npweMOB. TpH BHZiaflBHXeHHH— flHHaMHKa B 06l>eKTe CT>eMKH,flHHaMHKaCBeTa H flHHaMHKa KaMepw — Moryr 6biTb o6i>eaHHeHbi O^HHM O6IUHM 3aMbianoM H ocywecTB^HTbCH B cteMKax onHoro aHHaMHnecKoro Kaapa. B KanecTBe npwMepa MOXHO npwBecTH 3nH3oa H3 (pnabMa « 3 T O 6biao, 6biJio...», noBecTByiomero o pa3BHTHH POCCHHCKOH scTpaaw B KOHUC XIX — Hanajie XX B. (npow3BoacTBo IIT). 3nn3oa «Ka6ape» CHHMajica B POCKOIIIHOM 3ane CTapHHHoro oco6HHKa, npHHaoJiexaBiuero no oicni6pfl 1917 roaa oaHOMy 6oraTOMy cyaoBaaae/ibuy. BojibiuoK 3an c paenMCHUM noTo/iKOM H GoraTOR jienHHHoft 6un aoaeKopHpoBaH ruiaipoHaMH, KOTOpbie H3o6pa3HTeabHO coBnaaa^w c HHTepbepOM. 3a 3THMH n;ia(pOHaMH «npaTanHCb» ocBeTMTejibHbie npH6opbi. B Topue 3ajia 6buia nocTpoeHa HCKyccTBeHHafl aeKopauHOHHaa CTeHa, 3a KOTOPOH co3aaH pa3BepHyrbiH HanopMopT H3 TeaTpaabHO-scrpaaHbix aKceccyapoB Toro BpeMeHM. Ha arrHHHOM cmne HaxoaHJiHCb KOCTJOMH, MaHeKeHbi, napMKH, Beepa, 30HTU, 6HH0101H, jiopHe™ H T.n. npcuMeTbi. Ha d e H e BHCCJIH (poTorpa(pHH apTHCTOB H KapTHHbl. JlBHJKeHHe KaMepbi, HaxoaMBiueHcfl Ha naene onepaTopa, ocymecTR/iHjiocb Ha CBo6oaHOH TejiexKe Ha HaayBHbix KOJiecax 6e3 peabcoBoro nyra. n p o e3a Bao^b HanopMopTa 3aBepiuancfl Hae3aoM Ha coBepuieHHO nepHyio KapTHHy, BHCeBUJyiO Ha HCKycCTBeHHOH CTCHC KaK To^bKo KaMepa, 3aBepiuHB Hae3a, noKa3biBarca nepHoe noae, KapTHHa oxcuecijia— 3TO 6buia TOJibKO paMa, 3a KOTOPOH HaxoawJica HeocBeweHHbiw 3an Ka6ape. B 3aae Ha Bcex ero/iHKax 3axKranHCb ManeHbKHe HacToabHbie jiaMribi. Kaiuepa «BT>e3acaaa» B KapTHHy, paMa KapTHHbl 6yKBanbHO «HaaeBa^acb» Ha onepaTopa (oHa noaaepacHB&nacb pa6oMHM), CTeHa H3 HaTHHyrbix o6oeii pa3pbiBajiacb, H aBMxeHHe KaMepu npoao/DKaaocb yxe B 3aae, rae 3a oaHHM H3 CTOJTHKOB cHacn Ham BeayuxMM (aKTep). Bo BpeMJi npoaojixaiomeroca Hae3aa BeayiUMH KOPOTKO paccKa3biBaa o TOM, KaK B npoiujvoM B STOM 3ane npoxoawjiH Benepa. riocjie CJIOB Beaymero: «3aecb BbicTynajiH aKTepbi pa3Hbix xaHpoB, B TOM 4Mcae H TaHuoBiUHUbi» 3axnraacji CBCT B aajibHeM Topue 3arca, H Ha He6o^biuyio scTpaay, ao sroro He BMaHMyio B rtttUBfte, Bbi6erana rpynna TaHuoBuiHu H HcnoaHH^a KaHKaH. npHMepHO nepe3 MHHyry noc^e Havana TaHueBajibHoro HOMepa STOT anHHHbiK npoe3a 3aKaHHHBancfl. flaaee KaHKaH CHHMancn MOHTaxHO.
74
Puc. 36 TpeTbH rpynna npH6opoB
a X
5 1 B
If ll CQ
KapTHHa
KaMepa
riepBaji rpynna npn6opoB
Puc. 37 THKHM o6pa30M, B STOM nenpocTOM npoeaae 6 w a o 3MdtcnWHlHO TPH rpynnb. ocBeTHTeabHbix n p n 6 o p o B : nepsaa rpynna o c s e m a a a 6oabUIOH HaTiopMopT B HHTepbepe, Bxopaa BKaronaaacb nPM «BT>e3ae» B KapTHHy, ocBemaa 3aa H Beaymero, TpeTba saxwraaacb B Hawaae T a H u a . Ha PHC. 36 noKasana CTeHa, rae na aanHHOM cToae co3aa H nocTaHOBowHbin HaTiopMopT H3 aicrepcKHx aKceccyapoB.
75
Pa3,ae;i I. KoMno3HiiHH Ha PHC. 37 BRaeH ruiaH Bcero HHTepbepa c .aeKopauHOHHbiMH JIOCTpoMKaMH H TpeMH rpynnaMH ocBeTHT&nbHbix npH6opoB. FlyHKTHpoM 0603HaHeHa TpaeKTopHa ABHXCHHH Kaiuepbi. Cawioe x e rjiaBHoe 6buio TO, HTO Bca 3Ta anoacHaa KOMno3HUHa c ncnojib30BaHneM ecTecTBeHHoro HHTepbepa, pa3BepHyToro HaTtopMopTa, nopTpeTa Bejiymero, KOHuepTHoro HOMepa, c H3MeH$nomHMCH AHHaMHnecKHM CBeTOM H anoxHMM no CBoeMy HcnojiHeHHio npoe3flOM 6bwa n P M / i y M A H A BO BpeMfl noaroTOBHTejibHoro nepnoaa, 3aTeM BbiriojiHeHa .aeKopauHOHHo, 6yra(popcKH H cHHTa B no/iHOM COOTBCTCTBHH C 3aMblOriOM.
* * * OKpyxaiomHH MHp npeflocTaanaeT onepaTopy 6ecKOHenHoe pa3HOo6pa3He H306pa3HTeJlbHbIX B03MO>KHOCTeH. KaXHafl JKH3HCHHaH CHTyaUHH B ^OKyMeHTajibHOH pa6oTe, JHo6aa zipaMaTyprHHecKaa cueHa B nocTaHOBOMHOM npoH3BeiieHHH npeanojiaraeT, HTO onepaTop o6a3aTejibHO npHMeT onmuMOAbHoe KOMno3HUHOHHoe peuieHHe. KoHewHO, KOMno3HUHH Kaapa B no;iHTHHecKOH, My3WKanbHOH HJIM aeTCKOH Te^enepeaane 6yayT HenpeMeHHo OTJinnaTbCH. 3^ecb MHoroe 3aBHCHT OT CTH^H nepenaHH. B aoKyMeHTajibHbix (pH^bMax, owepicax H cioxeTax TaioKe Mcno/ib3yioTca CBoeo6pa3Hbie KOMHO niiinonnbie peuieHHH. EcTecTBeHHo, HTO jiHHHOCTb onepaTopa, ero HHTeJiJieKTyajibHbin 6araac, )KH3HeHHbiH onbiT H TanaHT nrpaioT nepBOCTeneHHyio panb. Heo6xoAHMOCTb TBopnecKoro pa3BHTHH o6«3biBaeT onepaTopOB pery.napHo nocemaTb xyjioxecTBeHHbie H cpoTOBbicraBKH, 3HaKOMHTbca c x y p HanaMH no dxrrorpaqoMH H pa6oTaMH XHBonncueB B aJib6oMax, CMOTpeTb xyaoxcecTBeHHbie (pHJibMbi Ha Go^bixinx 3KpaHax B KHHO. 3HaKOMCTBO c pe3y/ibTaTaMH TpyaoB 3aMenaTe^bHbix xyaoxHHKOB npolXIJlblX BeKOB H HailJHX COBpeMeHHHKOB — OTJIHHHOe jieKapcrBo OT HaCTO BCTpewaiomeHCH 6ojie3HH — nepeoueHKH co6cTBeHHoro 3HaweHHa B HCKyccTBe. TBop^ecKHe noncKH H HaxoaKH MacrepoB H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyccTBa Moryr HaTOJiKHyTb Ha HOBbie KOMno3HUHOHHbie pemeHna, noM04b OC03HaTb TOT (paKT, 4T0 B MHpe CymeCTByeT MHOXeCTBO T£LnaHT/IHBblX JIKXaeH, KOTOpbIM He HyXHO 3aBHiIOBaTb, HO y KOTOpblX MOXHO M Hy>KHO yHMTbCH.
P a 3 n c JI
II
PAEOTA OnEPATOPA CO CBETOM
CBCT He TOJibKo Heo6xo;iHMoe ycjiOBHe ana no/iyweHMa H3o6paxeHHa, HO H OflHO H3 caMbix MOryMHX TBOpHeCKHX cpeacTB KHHO H TejieBHaeHMH. CaMbie TOHKHe HlOaHCbl HaCTpoeHHH H MyBCTB MO>KHO BblHBHTb H nOflqepKHyTb npw noMomn CBeTa. HcKyccTBO pa6oTW co CBCTOM nrpaeT B npo(peccHH onepaTopa orpoMHyio pojib. OAHH H TOT x e Kaap (nopTpeT, neitoax, HHTepbep, HaTiopMopT), no-pa3HOMy ocBemeHHbiw, npoH3BoAHT coBepuieHHo pa3jiH4Hoe, HHoraa npoTHBonanoxHoe BneMaTJieHHe. «McKyccTBO onepaTopa aanaeTca oco6biM BRUOM H3o6pa3HTejibHoro HCKyCCTBa, KOTOpoe MOXeT 6bITb OXapaKTepH30BaHO KaK HCKyCCTBO H306paxeHwa nocpeacTBOM CBETA flBHxyuiHxca TpexMepHbix npcaMeTOB Ha AByxMepHOfi noBepxHOCTH» (npocpeccop A. A. rojioena). • HcKyccTBO B03HHKaeT, no-BHflHMOMy, TaM, rae TpaBa noa. COJIHUCM HaMHiiaer CMeaTbca. fl roBopio 06 onpencneHHOM BH^CHMH MHpa. X y a o x KHK — 3TO He npOCTO TOT MeJIOBeK, KOTOpbIMflep>KHTB pyKaX KHCTb H [lanHTpy, a TOT, KOTOPHH MHCJIHT H3o6pa)KeHHaMM» ( C fl. YpyceecKuu).
^ITO
TaKoe CBCT
H3 (pH3HKM H3BeCTHO, MTO CBCT npeilCTaBflaeT C060H nOTOK ^yMHCTOH •Heprnn, BoenpHHHMaeMOM Ma30M KaK 3pHTeabHoe ouiymeHne. CBCTOBan 3HeprHa OTjiHMaeTca OT apyrax BMAOB ayMHCTOM 3HeprHH To^bKo ZUIHHofi BO^HU. MMeHHoariHHa BO^HM onpcaejiaeT Ka^ecTBO H3jiyMeHHa. KaK BHiiHo H3 Ta6^HUbi Ha c. 78, cneicrp sjieKTpoMarHHTHbix KO^e6aHHH Becbia uiHpoK, AHana30H BOJIH — orpoMeH. PaxiHonanyMeHHe, HHcppaKpacHbie JiynH, BMiiHMbiH raa30M CBCT, HeKflHMbie yjibTpacpHoaeTOBbie nym\ — Bee OHM MMCIOT oaHHaKOByio npnoay, noziMHHaiOTca OAHHM H TeM x e 3aKOHaM, HO 6jiaroaapa pa3HbiM iMHaM BOJIH npoH3BoaaT coBepuieHHo paanHMHOe aencTBHe. Bee BHAU
J
Pazatj\ II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co
CBCTOM
il
TOBblft
CneKTp :-wicKTpoMaimi m u x KOJie6amufc 3^eKTpHMecKHe BOJIHM
PaawoBo^Hbi JlywH Tepua HHcppaKpacHbie (TennoBbie) JiyMM BHflHMblH CBeT
Ho 0,001 MM 390-770 HM*
Y^bTpacpHOJieTOBbie .riyHH JlywH PemreHa KoCMHHeCKHe JiyHH
Ho I 0 - | 0 M MojieKyjibi, aTOMbi flo 10"13 M, atoMHbie aapa
* 1 HaHOMeTp • 10 ' M, T.e. anHa Murnmapmiasi wacTb Mdpa JiyHHCTOH 3HeprHH BOCnpMHMMaiOTCH paXIHMHblMH npHCMHHKaMH, H TOJIbKO CBCT BOCnpHHMMaeTCfl HenOCpe^CTBeHHO Ma30M — 3THM yHHKa^bHMM OpraHOM MyBCTB. CneKTpauibHbiii cocTaB CBCTa. FIOTOK 6 e ; i o r o CBeTa M O X H O C n o M o mbjo npM3Mbi «paano)KHTb» B HenpepbiBHbin cneicmp, B KOTOPOM QHHH UBeT nocTeneHHo n e p e x o a n T B JipyroH. B nepBOM npn6jiHxeHHH npHHHTbi cjieayiomHe rpaHHUbi UBCTHHX ynacTKOB BKAHMOH wac™ cneKTpa: OHOJieTOBblft CHHMH
ro;iy6oH 3ejieHbiH XeJiTbiH OpaHxeBbifi KpacHbiii
390-440 HM 440-480 HM 480-510 HM 510-575 HM 575-585 HM 585-620 HM 620-770 HM
HecMoTpH Ha TO, HTO BH/wMbin CBeT 3aHHMaeT B o6meM noTOKe ny3HeprHM oneHb He3HaqMTe^bHoe MecTo (390-770 HM), STOT MHKpocKonHKecKHM ynacTOK cneKTpa no3Bo;iaeT q&noBeKy 3pHTe.nbHO BOCnpMHHMaTb Bee 6ecKOHeMHoe cBeTOTeHeBoe H uBeTOBoe pa3Hoo6pa3He OKpyxaiomero Mnpa. PainHqHe B,zyiHHe isojiiibi BocnpHHMMaeTca HaniHM 3peHweM KaK pa3jiniHe B UBCTC WyBCTBHTejibHOCTb ceTnaTKM rjia3a HeoAHHaKOBa KO Been o6^acTM BHaHMoro cneKTpa. MaKCHMyM 4yBCTBHTejibHOCTH npnxoAHTca Ha ero xe;iTo-3ejieHyio nacTb (555 HM). KaK BH/IHO Ha pwc 38, K O6OHM KpaaM cneicrpa HyBCTBHTejibHocrb nia3a pe3KO najiaeT. MHCTOH
I|BeTOBa» TCMneparypa. LlBeTOBaa TeMnepaTypa — 3TO 3(popMy^e. Ero HHTeHCHBHOcTb naaaeT o6paTHO nponopunoHanbHo KBaapaTy paccToaHHa (PHC. 43). ripH6opbi Hanpaa^eHHoro CBeTa, CHa6)KeHHbie «aHH3aMH cppeHeaa», co6npaioT pacceaHHbiH CBCT ^aMnbi B ayn, peryaHpyeMbin no uiHpnHe B
L-
83
r
Pa3ne;i II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM onpeae^eHHbix npcaejiax. 3 T H npn6opM KSK 6 M HecKanbKo Hapyuiaior npaBH.no, nocTyjinpyeMoe (popMyjiofi E = J/l2. JXeno B TOM, HTO y JiyneBMx npn6opoB HanpaBjieHHoro ocBemeHHfl cymecTByeT TaKoe noHaTHe, KaK «ziHCTaHUHa odpopMJieHHa Jiyna* (pnc. 44).
HTO TaKoe CBCT
3. JIHCT 6ejioft BaiMancKOH SyMam. OrpaxeHHe OT MaTOBOH noBepxHocTH 6ejion 6yMarn 6yaeT paBHOMepHblM BO BCe CTOpOHM. TOHeHHOrO HCTOHHHKa CBeTa MM He yBHUHM BOBCC OrKyaa 6 M MM HH CMOT-
pe/in Ha 6yMary, ee apKocTb 6yaeT oaHHaKOBa. 3 T O . dueKTOB B cojme*iHyio n o r o # y B co^HeMHyio noroay HCTOHHHKaMH ocBemeHHH aanaiOTca: • npaMbie JiyqH cojiHua; • pacceaHHbiH CBeT He6a; • OTpaxeHHe cBeTa OT OKpyxaiomnx npe^MeTOB; • CBeT OT OTpa>KaTe;ibHbix noacBeTOB H noacBeqMBaioiuHx sjieicrponpn6opoB. YC^OBHA ocBemeHHH B cojiHeHHyio noroiiy pa3^HwaioTCH no KOHTpacTy H no uBeTHocTH H 3aBHCHT KaK OT BbicoTbi no/ioxeHHa cojiHua Haa TOPH30HTOM, TaK H OT o6jiaWHOCTH. I. IlpH BbicoTe co-rmua OT 15° no 60° Haa TOPH3OHTOM MM nojiynaeM cTa6H^bHoe 6e.noe ocBemeHHe B CBeTax. 2. «3eHHTHoe» ocBemeHHe npH BMCOTC co;iHua BMixie 60° Han ropn30HTOM 6o/iee npHBMHHO ana XHTejien cy6TponHKOB H TponHKOB, ana o6HTaTe.neH cpcaHHX UJHPOT OHO Bbir.nfl.aHT Heo6biHHO, no3TOMy Hcno^b3yeTca onepaTopaMH pe^Ko. 3. 3(p(peKTHoe ocBemeHHe MM Ha6.nio.aaeM B yrpeHHHe H BenepHHe qacbi npn BbicoTe cojiHixa HHxe 15°, Maine Bcero OHO HMeeT po30BaTMH OTTeHOK.
Bee Kaapbi, CHATMC B OAHOM 3nH3oae, onepaTop nonxen BbuepxaTb B CTa6H^bHOM CBeTOTOH&TIbHOM H KO^OpHCTHHeCKOM CaHHCTBe, H nOSTOMy eMy Heo6xo,anMO nocToaHHO KOHTpannpoBaTb SKcnoHOMeTpHHecKHe aaHHbie npn MeHaiomnxca ycnoBHflx ocBemeHHH.
92
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Puc. 54 n p n cieMKax B cojiHeHHyio noroay Heo6xo,nnMO yMHTMBaTb He raribKO JBMCoTy COJIHIUI Haa ropH30HTOM, HO H ero no/ioxeHne no OTHOLUCHHIO K •o&beKTy cieMKH (HanpaaneHMe COJIHCMHMX JiyMeft). nonoxeHHe cojiHua H, BcneflOBaTejibHO, xapaKTep ocBemeHHH MoaceT 6biTb (ppoHTanbHMM, /waro, HanbHMM, 60KOBMM, 3aflHe60K0BblM H KOHTpOBMM (pHC 54). 0ponmajtMioe (jiodoeoe) oceew,euue. Co;iHue CBCTHT Ha o6ieKT H3-3a : KaMepbi. 06-beKT ocBeuiaeTCH CBCTOM oaHHaKOBOH MHTCHCHBHOCTH. MHTepBan apKocTeft — CBeTo-UBeToapKOCTHafl xapaKTepncTHKa o6MJKra — onpeatnatyza mribKO K03(p(pHUHeHTaMH OTpaxeHHa (paicryp, (popMOH H pejibe<poM o6teKTa. IlpH HHCTOM He6e H BMCOTC co^Hua OT 15° ao 60° B CBeTax — 6e/ioe ocBemeHHe, B TCHAX — cHHee. KoHTpacT CBeTa H TCHH 4:1 — 2,5:1. , B STHX yc^oBHHx 3KcnoHOMeTpHMecKHe napaMeTpM cTa6M^bHbi, HO npn CH[ Hen noacBeTKe TeHen (HC6OM) BOSMOKHM UBeToncKaxeHHH. IlpHMeHeHHe s^eicrpo- HJIH OTpaxaTe^bHMX no^CBeTOB noBbiuuaeT apKocrb B TeHax, yMeHbujafl KOHTpacr H uBeTOHCKaxeHHe. J1O6OBOH CBCT cna6o noflnepKHBaeT o6i>eM npeaMeTOB, TaK KaK TCHH, BbiaaaaiomHe (popMy, CKPMTM OT Ha6moaarenH. JJuaeoHOAbHoe oceeiu,enue. Co;iHue HaxoiiHTCfl nozi yrjiOM B 30°-60° no OTHOiueHHio K onTHMecKOH OCH o6i>eKTHBa. AnaroHanbHoe ocBemeHHe HMeeT 3Ha4HTejibHbie npeHMymecTBa nepea (ppoHTanbHMM H GOKOBMM, TaK KaK Jiyqiue BbiaB^aeT H no^qepKHBaeT cpopMbi H pe^beipM o6ieKTa, oco6eHHO qe^oBewecKoro ^nua, 6^aroflapa 6o;iee Bbipa3HTe^bHOH pacicnanKe CBCTOTCHH. B STHX ycjiOBHax o6i>eM npe^MeTOB BbiHB^aeTca B Han6ojibiueH cTeneHH. ripn ziHaroHanbHOM no^oxeHHH cojiHua K ecrecTBeHHoMy uBeTOBOMy KOHTpacTy ao6aB^aeTca CBeTOTeHeBaa apKOCTHaa xapaKTepHCTHKa. 061J1HH CBeTO-UBeTOBOH KOHTpaCT CbeMOMHMX 06T>eKT0B 3HawHTe^bHO Bbiuie, qeM npn JIO6OBOM ocBemeHHH. TeHH Ha o6i>eKTe noiiCBeqeHM To/ibKO He6oM. Ilpn 6e3o6jiaMHOM He6e KOHTpacT Mexay CBCTOM
93
Pa3fleji II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM
Xapaicrepbi ocBeuxeHHH B npnpoae
H TeHbio Ha jiHue M&noBeKa MoxeT 6wTb 6:1, 8:1, a B ropax, rae B03ayx npo3paHHee, KompacT aocraraeT 3HaHeHHH 12:1 H aaxe 15:1. Jinn CMarneHHfl KOHTpacTOB CBeTOTeHH H ao6aB04HOH MoaeJiHpoBKH cpopMbi onepaTopbi Mcnojib3yK)T OTpaacaTejibHbie H/IH sjieicrponoacBeTbi1. ripMMeHeHHe noacBeTOB ao3BOJiaeT nonyHHTb Bno/iHe npHeMneMbift KOHTpacT cneayioiuHx rpaaauHw: • «niy6oKyio» CBeTOTeHb npH KOHTpacTe CBeTa H TeHH Ha /inue 6:1;
FIpe,anojio}KHM, HTO cHHMaeTca Kaap, B KOTOPOM 3aKOMnoHOBaHbi: jcnoBeK, yran aoMa, nacrb Jieca H He6o (PHC. 55). TjiaBHbiM o6i>eKTOM B TOM Kaape 6yaeT JIHUO wejioBeKa, caeaoBaTeabHo, anacppanny (3Kcno3HHHIO) HyxHO onpeae/iaTb no jinuy, TOHHee, no cBeTy Ha JiHue. PaccMOT(>HM, KaK «BnHUjeTca» 3TOT oGteKT B cpOTorpacpHwecKyio ujwpoTy MaTpwUM I13C. JXnH 3Toro BOcnoab3yeMCH rpacpHKOM, npHMeHaeMbiM B KHHeMajrpacpHH, — TaK Ha3breaeMOH xapaKmepucmimeacou icpueou, no KOTOPOH jnpeiiejTflioTCH ocHOBHbie cpOTorpacpHMecKHe napaMeTpbi n^emcH (PHC. 56). JeCKOJIbKO TpaHC(J)OpMHpOBaB rpaCpHK, 0603HaHHM Ha OCH OpflHHaT Be '
s*B
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' /*F -z^ fQ(BmJ L Puc. 56
B HaixieM Kaape npn ^HacpparMe/= 1:11
Puc. 55 1 OrpaacaTeJibHbift noacBeT — IUHT, omieeHHbift MSTOA (panbrofl, HaTHHyroe 6ejioe no^oTHMiue H T.n. 3jieicrponoflCBeT — 3/ieKTpnwecKHH HCTOMHHK CBeTa, HMewmiiii UBeTOByio TevinepaTypy 5500K. 2 MarpHua I13C (npH6opa c 3apaaoBofi cBsnbio) onyxcHT ana npeo6pa30BaHnn ctpoKycHpoBaHHoro Ha Hee onTHwecKoro n3o6pa*eHiw B aaeicrpHMecKHH BRaeocuman.
94
flpKOCTb He6a (A) JlpKOCTb ^iHua B CBeTax (B) flpKocrb ;iMua B TeHax ( Q JlpKocTbaoMa (D) flpKocrb aepeBbeB (£) JlpKocTb TeHH aoMa (F) 51pK0CTb TeHH aepeBbeB (//) MaKCHManbHaa HpKocTb (P) MMHHMa^bHaa apKOCTb (Q)
paBHa paBHa paBHa paBHa paBHa paBHa paBHa paBHa paBHa
16 (uHKeHHfl. ApKOCTb TeHH OT aepeBbeB (TOHKa H) OKa3aaacb HMxe MHHHMaabHOHflpKOCTH(TOHKa Q), KOrfla nOflBJlfllOTCfl T8K Ha3bIBaeMbIC «ujyMbi», T.e. Taicxe 6paK H3o6pa>KeHHH. J\s\a TOTO MTO6W CHH3HTbBbicoKHH KOHTpacT o6i>eKTa CICMKH, B qacTHoc™, «npHTeMHHTb» He6o, oneparopbi Ha HaTypHbix cieMKax qacra Hcnoab3yiOT OTTeHeHHbie H OTpe3Hbie HetiTpaabHO-cepbie (H/C) CBeToqbnabTpbi. OireHeHHWH HeHTpajibHO-cepbiti CBeToepwabTp HMeeT HaH6oabuiyio naoTHocTb B BepxHefi qacTM H MHTKO nepexoaHT B qHCToe CTCKJIO, HTO H aaeT B03MO>KHocTb yMCHbiuHTb ApKOCTb He6a, nocTeneHHO nepexoaa OT TeMHoro TOHa K CBeTJioMy. B OTpe3HOM CBeToqbH^bTpe HHJKHMA qacTb — qncroe, npo3paqHoe CTCKJIO, BepxHflfl — CO6CTBCHHO HeiiTpanbHO-cepbiH qbnabTp. CoBMeiuaa OTpe3 qbHJibTpa (rpaHHuy Mexcay njioTHOCTbK) M npo3paqHbiM CTCIOIOM) c ropn30HTOM, oneparop HMeeT B03MOXHOCTb cHM3HTb ApKOCTb He6a paBHOMepHO no BceMy npocTpaHCTBy Kaapa. Bonpoc: A ecjin Ha qboHe STOTO (cHabHO (pnabTpyeMoro) He6a CHMMaeTCfl qejioBeK? Beab ero wpKocTb Taoce 6yaeT CHHxeHa? Omeem: B STOM c/iyqae qbnrypy M anuo qeaoBeKa Heo6xoaHMO noacBeTHTb OTpaxaTe^bHbiM HJIH saeKrponoacBeTOM. Bueo&. Koraa B Kaape npHcyrcTByeT qejioBeK, oco5eHHO Ha cpeaneM H KpynHOM nJiaHax, OH HenpeMeHHo craHOBHTca raaBHbiM 06-beKTOM. flpKOCTH ocTaribHbix aneMeHTOB Kaapa onepaTop «yBA3biBaeT» cflpKOCTbioanua qejioBeKa. MHTeHCMBHOCTb noacBeTKH TeHefi onepaTop onpeaeaaeT, HCXOJXH H3flpKOCTHjiHua, He6a H Heo6xo/xMMoro cBeTOBoro 6anaHca'. HTO KacaeTCfl yqacTKOB Kaapa, HaxoaaiuHxca B ray6oKon TCHH H TaK* e «BbinaaaiomMx»> H3 cpoTorpacpHqecKoii mnpoTbi MaTpnubi (B HauieM npMMepe STO TeHb noa aepeBbaMn), TO H 3aecb Moryr 6biTb Hcnoab30BaHbi OTpaxaTeJibHbie noacBe™ urn saeKTpocBeT (5500K). ECJIH HCT BO3MO*HOCTM no^HaTb apKOCTb TeHeBbix yqacTKOB Kaapa npn noMoinw noacBeTOB, 3TH yqacTKM — aeTaan aeKopauHH, cTBO/ibi aepeBbeB H np. — HepeaKO oKpatiiHBaioT B 6oaee CBeTabie TOHa. KaK BM^MM, aaxe oqeHb KOHTpacTHbie oSieKTbi «noaaaKvrca» onepaTopcKHM TpyaaM M 3a6oTaM xyaoxHHKOB. Pa3yMeeTca, STOT npnMep OTHOCHTca K cieMKe nrpoBoro 1
CBCTOBOH 6anaHc — cooTHOiueHHe CBeTa H TCHH Ha JIHUC a raiotce CBeta Ha ;wuKeHHbiH BHe Kaapa, co3aaeT CBe|TOBOH KOHTyp. KoHmpoeoe oceemenue. CoaHue HaxoaHTCH c3aaH oGieKTa cteMKH. Ha 06ieKTe noflB/iaioTca CBCTOBOH KOHTyp, H 6aHKH, CHabHO yBeaHqHBaK)pUHe KOHTpacT H3o6pa>KeHHfl — cBeTO-npKocTHyio xapaicrepHCTHKy o6i>eKTa. BCoHTpacT npKocTen npn KOHTPOBOM ocBeiueHHH Ha HaType MoxeT aoxo|HTb ao 3HaqeHHH 1:1000 (HanpHMep, coaHeqHbie 6aHKH Ha Boae H — 5Hb noa aepeBbflMH Ha 6epery). IlpH cibeMKe cpeaHero Han KpynHoro fenaHa Ha o6-beKTe o6pa3yeTca JIPKHH CBCTOBOH KOHTyp, a anno ocBeiueHO CHHHM cBeTOM He6a. EcaH y6paTb CHHeBy c aHua, TO OHa y6epeTCfl H C He6a — He6o craHeT 6eaecbiM. CaeayeT noMHHTb, qro Kaapu, cHATbie npn KOHTPOBOM cBeTe, naoxo MoHTHpyioTCfl c KaapaMH, CHATHMH npn qbpoHTaabHOM nan aHaroHaabHOM ocBeiueHHH. JXna co6aioaeHHfl eaMHCTBa CBCTO- H uBeTOTOHaabHoro penieHHfl onepaTop aoa)KeH ao6HBaTbCfl CTa6HabHOCTH cneKTpaabHoro cocTaBa ocBemaiomero H noacBeqHBaiouiero CBeTa BO Bcex MOHTaacHbix pcaapax 3nH3oaa. M 3aecb He o6oHTHCb 6e3 oTpaxaTeabHbix waH saeicrponoacBeTOB. Mcnoab30BaHHe oTpaxaTeabHbix Han saeKTponoacBeTOB no3BoafleT onepaTopy noaaepxHBaTb CBCTOBOH 6aaaHC MOKay flpKocTbio pcoHTypa H 3anoaHflK>mHM CBCTOM, 6oaee noaHO BbiflBaHTb (paiaypy H o6-beM
97
96 •5413
Pasaeji II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM Odna U3 eo3MO0KHbtx cxeM ycmanoeKu ompajKame/ibHbix UAU BJieicmponodceemoe npu KonmpoeoM nojiootcenuu coAHu,a ButCOOKV $X(_
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rioacBeT (3anO^HHK)lUHil CBeT)
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Canmie j^4'. (KOHTpOBOft CBeT)
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XapaKTepu ocBeiueHMa B npwpoae
Bee cieMKH Ha HaType Tpe6yioT nocTOHHHoro TiuaTejibHoro HHcrpyweHTa^bHoro SKcnoHOMeTpHMecKoro KOHTpona. HHTeHCHBHOCTb co;iHeqHoro CBeTa H, c/ieaoBaTejibHO, CBCTOBOM 6anaHC qacTO MeHaKrrca B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT aTMOccpepHbix ycjiOBHH. CieMOHHOM rpynne HHonaa npuxoflHTCfl nonojiry xaaTb, Koraa cHOBa noaBHTca coiiHue H co3flaayrca ycjiOBHa jinn npoaojixeniia cbeMKH, HaqaToii npH HCHOM He6e. EC;IH HeT cojiHua, to He pa6oTaioT M OTpaxaTejibHbie noacBeTbi. 3HaqHT, HapywaeTca apxHxeKTOHHKa ocBemeHHfl. FlpH HeycToftqHBOH noroae, Koraa CHHMaiOTca 6o/ibimie nrpoBbie cueHbi, npeanoqTHTejibHee B KaqecTBe nojiCBeTOB npnMeH«Tb 3.ieKTpoocBeTHTe^bHbie npH6opbi. Hcno^b30BaHwe s^eKTpocBeTa npn KOHTPOBOM no^oxeHHH co^Hua no3BOJifleT He npepbmaTb cieMKy, flaxe ecjin BO BpeMa cueHbi co^Hue 3aftneT 3a o6jiaKO H noTOM CHOBa BbiHiieT. Mcne3HOBeHHe KOHTypa Ha repoax H noc^eayiomee ero BO3HHKHOBemie npn na^wqwH 3^eicrpoocBemeHHa H coxpaHeHHH CBeTOBoro 6an a H c a (CBCT H TeHb) Ha Jiime TO-ibKO OXHBJIHKJT cueHy,flenaiOTee 6o,iee ecTecTBennoii, opraHHqHofi.
OcBemeHHocrb O6T>CKTOB B nacMypiryio noror^y
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Puc. 58 nun H (pnryp, a Taoce noaqepKMBaTb ncnxojiorn4ecKoe COCTOHHHC repoeB. Kpoiwe Toro, noacBeTKa TeHeft noMoraeT H36exaTb UBeTOHCKaxeHHH. OTpaxaTcnbHue noacBeTbi, oioieeHHbie MHTOH (pojibrow, HHoraa jiaiOT oneHb HPKHH 6JIMK. JXI\H «pery^HpoBaHHH» HPKOCTH noacBeTa ero 3aKpbiBaioT oaHMM HJ1HflByMflCJIOHMH TKW1H. npH cbeMKe KpynHoro aaaHa MOXHO no/ib30BaTbca B KaqecrBe noncBeTa JIHCTOM 6ejioH 6yMarH, 6e.noM TKaHbK) H np. Orpa>KaTe;ibHbiH noacBeT (min aaeicrponoflCBeT), pa6oTafomnM KaK HCTOHHHK 3ano^Haiomero cBeTa, o6biHHO ycTaHaBJiHBaeTCH Ha ypoBHe KaMepu 6mxe K o6i>eKTMBy. Eoui noacBeT pacno/ioxeH HHxe ;iHua ne;ioBeKa, MM no/iyqaeM HeKoe 3(p(peKTHoe ocBemeHHe — KaK 6u oTpaxeHHe OT 6e;ioH cKaTep™ Ha crone H T.n. Haao noMHHTb, MTO HMXHHH CBeT MoxeT HCKa3HTb cpopMy H BbipaxeHwe JIMUa. Kpoiwe Toro, Ha^HMHe scpcpeicrHoro CBeTa AOJIXHO 6biTb onpaBjiaHO. npH KOHTpOBOM nOJIOXeHMH COJIHUa OflHH 113 OTpaxaTeJlbHblX (win 3/ieKTpo) noacBeTOB MoxeT cTaTb MCTOHHHKOM .aHaroH&nbHoro (pucyiouiero) CBeTa, co3Aaiomero CBeTOTeHeBOH pncyHOK Ha /inue qejioBeKa. B 3T0M cnyqae onepaTop caM onpcaejiaeT ero Hamiyqmee Mecrono;ioxeHMe (o6biMHO HecKo^bKO Bbiiue H c6oKy OT o6i>eKTa CT-CMKH). TeHH nouCBeqHBaioTCsi JIH6O CBCTOM He6a, JIH6O apyrHM noacBeTOM.
98
I
B nacMypHyio noroay He6o, 3aTflHyToe oGnaKaMH, co3aaeT paBHOMepn o e 6ecTeHeBoe (TOHajibHoe) ocBememie. 3ro ocBeiuenne B ixneBm.ie qacbi (Koraa co.Tnue Bbime 15° Haa ropH30HTOM) xapaKTepw3yeTca nocTOflH•CTBOM cneKTpajibiioro cocraua CBeia (iipHMepno 5700K — 6500K). Topn•OHTajibHbie noBepxHocTM npenMeTOB, nocKojibKy pacimioxeHbi nepneHflHKy;iHpno K naaaiomeMy OTBCCHO cBeTy, 6ojiee ocBemeHbi, qeM noBepxHOCTH BcpriiKajibHbie, Ha KOTopue CBCT He6a na^aeT noji ywoM. •i3o6pa>KeHMe Bcex npeziMeTOB no^y'iaeTCH TOHajibiibiM, r.e. nocTpoen•HblM TOJlbKO Ha UBeTOTOHaJIbHblX KOHTpactax. Bo3^yx B nacMypHyio noroay HacwiueH BJiaroii (TyiwaH, Kane^bKH aoxiW). B.naxiiaH B03iiyuJHaa cpeaa, CMarqaa H KaK 6bi pacTyuieBbiBaa ecreKrBeHHbie uBeTa npezi.MeTOB, oco6enno Ha aajibmix iuianax, ycH^imaeT •JmymeHHe r\ny6HHbi npocTpaHCTBa. BiwecTe c TeM Ha MOKpbix noBepxHOCy a x o6pa3yK)TCH 6;IHKM, noMorawmne no:inee BbiHBHTbcpop.My npe^MeTOB. T i nacMypHyio noro^y onepaTopu uinpoKO nojib3yK>TCH BO3MOXHOCTHMM SJieKTponoflCBeTKH. BecTeHeBoe ocBemeHHe aanaeTca KaK 6bi «rpyHTOM», ha KOTOPOM onepaTop no CBoeMy TBopnecKOMy 3aMbicny MoxeT «nHcaTb» RBeTOM. FIpHMeHeHHe 3JieKTponpH6opoB c uBeTOBofi TeMnepaTypoii HanypeHHa 5500K no3Bo^aeT co3aaTb 3(p(peKT co/iHeqHoro CBeTa, yBe^HqHTb tBeTOBofi KOHTpacT o6T>eKTa, BbicBeTHB oaHH M 3aTeHHB flpyrne yqacTKH, »no^oxHTb» CBeTOBbie naTHa, 6;IMKH, BbicBeTHTb KOHTyp npeaMeTOB H T.O.. JlpH HaanqHH aaxe He6o^buuoro no MOIUHOCTH HCToqHHKa s^eKTpocBeTa
I
99
Pa3,ae;i II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM B naBH^bOHe (aKKyMyjijrropHaa .naMna, qbapa aBTOMo6HJia M np.), pa3yMeeTca, CKOMneHCHpOBaHHoro no IIBCTOBOH TeMnepaType ao 5500K, MOXCHO noacBeTHTb JIHUO qc/iOBeKa Ha KpynHOM njiaHe, co3,aaB caBa omyraMyio CBCTOTeHb H OXHBHB [7ia3a TepOfl nOHBHBUJHMMCH B HHX 6jIHKaMH. B ycnoBHax noBceziHeBHOH xpoHMKa^bHOH pa6oTbi oqeHb qacTO y onepaTopa Boo6me HCT HH anHoro aBTOHOMHoro HCToqHHKa 3,/ieKTpocBeTa njifi HaTypHbix cbeMOK. Ho flaxe npH OTcyTCTBHH 3JieicrpocBeTa B nacMypHyjo noraay MO>KHO co3.oaTb Ha ;iHue 6anee o6ieMHoe ocBemeHHe, 6JIH3Koe no Bbipa3HTe;ibHOCTH K CBeTOTeHeBOMy. Una 3Toro Hcnojib3yiOTCfl 3aTeHHTe/IH — TeHTbl (lUHTbl). C HX HOMOlUblO OflHy qaCTb ^MUa Mbl KaK 6bl norpyxaein B TeHb, nepeKpbiBaa CBCT He6a. KoHTpacT Mexay CBCT^OH qaCTbio ;iHua, ocBemeHHOH He6oM, H TCHCBOH CTOPOHOH co3aaeT ourymeHne CBeTOTeHeBoro nopTpeTa.
OcBem;eHHOcn> o6i»eKTa M O . C M K H B yCJIOBMHX «pe^KMMa» «Pe)KHMHoe» BpeMH — 3TO 30-40-MHHyTHbiH nepnoa noone 3axoaa cojiHua. CojiHue 3aui;io, HO He6o ewe CBeTJioe, H cyMepKH ewe He Hacrynnjin. TeHH HaqHHaioT crywaTbca, nana — TeMHee He6a. Bee npocrpaHCTBO o6ieKTa, ocBemeHHoe MepKHywHM He6oM, mnbKo HaMeqeHo, He npopa6oTaHo CBCTOM. Banee TOTO, He6o c Kaacaofi MHH}TOH craHOBHTca TeMHee, cjiexioBaTe;ibHO, H O6T>CKT ocBewaeTca Bee cna6ee H cna6ee. CMblCH peXMMHOH CT>eMKH COCTOHT B TOM, qTO, BblCBeqHBafl 3JICKTpocBeTOM JiHiia repoeB H zipyrae BaxHbie s^eMeHTbi CT>eM04Horo o6teKTa, onepaTop ocraanaeT TeHH (B TOM qncjie H Ha ;iHuax) HenoncBeqeHHbiMH. A TaK KaK TeHH noacBeqHBaioTca To/ibKo MepKHywHM CBCTOM He6a, TO HHTeHCHBHOCTb noacBeTKH nocTOHHHo yMeHbwaeTca. SKcnoHOMeTpnqeCKH HPKOCTH K0Mn03HlIH0HHMX 3/ieMeHTOB B pOKHMHOM o6"beKTe (pHC. 59) BbiraaaflT npnMepHO TaK (unqbpbi ycjioBHbie): flpKOCTb /wiia B cBeTax ilpKOCTb He6a F
flpKOCTb ;iHLia B TeHHX
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TaKHM o6pa30M, ;IHUO B CBeTax B ^Ba pa3a apqe He6a, a He6o — B AB3 pa3a apqe nnua B TeHax. BajiaHC cBeTa H TCHH Ha jwue — 4:1, T.e. TeHb rjiy6oKaa, BeqepHaa. npH STOM nocroaHHaa apKocrb — To/ibKO B CBCT;IOM qacTH JiHiia. flpKocTb x e TeHH Ha Jinue H apKocTb He6a nocroaHHO yMeHbwaiOTca. TeMHeeT H Bee npoerpaHCTBO BOKpyr. CbeMKa B ycnoBHax pe>KHMa aaeT oqeHb xopowne pe3yjibTaTbi, 3HaqHTe;ibHO o6orawaeT H3o6pa3HTe^bHyio najiHTpy onepaTopa. 100
Puc. 59 «....PaHHHH BeqepHHH POKHM — npn 3axoae co/miia Bee CT3HOBHTCH fMancHM, nacTe^bHbiM. YTPCHHHH POKHM — ao/ibwe, 6o;ibwe B^arn, poca. [MOJKHO CHHMaTb 6e3 .aonojiHHTejibHOH noflCBeTKH. OTKpbiTbie npocrpaHj-CTBa — noimbiMHTb» (B. Ka/iioma). BBHAy KpaTKocTH pexHMHoro BpeMeHH nooroTOBKa K cteMKe HaqHHa[crca 3acBeTJio. npoBepaeTca annapaTypa, CBCT, npoBo^HTca MHOXCCTBO pef neTHUHH, qTo6bi c HacryaneHHeM «pe>KHMa» cpa3y HaqaTb cieMKy. 06bHHO [CHHMaioT noapaa HecKO^bKo ay6jien H noTOM Bbi6npaK)T HaHJiyqujHH no CBeTOBOMy 6anaHcy, UBeTonepeaaqe H, pa3yMeeTca, — nrpe aicrepoB. YTpeHHHH pe>KHM MOJKHO Hcno^b30BaTb ZUTH 6ojiee npocTbix B CMblCJie toKTepCKOrO HCnO^HeHHH CieMOK, TaK KaK TOTOBHTbCfl K C^O)KHOH cteMKe B TeMHOTe, ao Bocxoaa cojiHua, HepaunoHa^bHO.
Pa6oxa onepaTopa c o CBCTOM B naBHJIBOHC Bo3HUKHoeeHue upaieumue 4>omo-, meAenaewbome. I Ipapo/unciMMii CerOflHHLUHHX KHHO- H TeaenaBH^bOHOB MO>KHO C nO/IHblM OCHOBaHHeM cqnTaTb CTyaHH xynoxHHKOB-XHBonHCueB. 3TH MacTepcKHe npeflCTaanaJIH CO6OH npocTopHbie noMeuieHMa c 6onbuiHMH OKHaMH, Bbixo^amHMH, KaK npaBH^o, Ha ceBep, qTo6bi npaMbie co^HeqHbie ^yqn He nonaaajiH B CTy^HK). PoBHblti MHTKHH CBCT, npH KOTOpOM C03iiaBa^MCb JKHBOnHCHbie npoH3BeaeHHH, cnoco6cTBOBa^ ToqHOH uBeTonepeaaqe H 6bui cTa6H^eH B TeqeHHe Bcero AHH. Koraa noHBHJiacb QboTorpacpna, qyBCTBHTe/ibHOCTb qboTOMaTepnajiOB 6bma HacTOJibKO Ma^a, qTO CHHMaTb MO>KHO 6bi^o TO^bKo Ha HaType, H TO B co;iHeqHyio noroay. Aaxe npn TaKOM O6H/IHH CBeTa 3Kcno3HUHH ncqneJiajiacb MHHyTaMH. He^oBeK, nopTpeT KOToporo nuTa^ca 3aneqaTjieTb cpoTorpaqb, ao^xeH 6bw caaeTb HenoaBHXHO B TeqeHHe 1-2 MHHJT. Mcno^b-
101
Paaae^ II. Paeoxa oneparopa co cseroM Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM B naBH^bOHe 30Ba^HCb .aaxe cneuHaabHbie cTpy6uHHbi, cpHKCHpyioiuHe ro/ioBy. ECJIM cojiHue nepeKpbiBanocb o6;iaKaMM HAM noaHMMa^ca BeTep, 3acTaBJiflioUJHM ne^oBeKa MopraTb, cteMKa cpbiBa^acb. (poTorpacpw-nopTpeTHCTbi Menrajm ynoao6HTbCH XHBonMcuaM, M3o.HHpOBaTbCfl B CTy^HHX H He 3aBHceTb OT KanpH30B noroabi. 3TOT npouecc uj&n no 4ByM HanpaaneHHHM: c oaHOH CTOPOHW — noBbiuieHHe qyBCTBHTe^bHocTH (poTOMaTepwa^OB, c apyroH — yBe/iHieHHe MOUJHOCTM HCKycCTBeHHbix HCTO4HHKOB CBeTa. KaK raabKO npn6opbi HCKyCCTBeHHOrO CBeTa o6pe^n aocTaTOHHyio MomHOCTb, no3BO^HK)iuyio cHHiwarb Ha (pofonnacTHHKax «noBbiuieHHOH» HyBCTBMTe^bHOCTH, cieMKM nopTpeTOB, cueH, rpynn nepeMecTmiHcb B HeMejxneHHO noHBHBixiHecfl (pcrrocTyaHH. OOTOrpatpbi-nopTpeTHCTbi MOHIH 6biTb Bncwwe aoBOJibHM cBoen cy/ib6oM — OHM 6onee He 3aBHcejiM OT MSMCHWMBOH npHpoaw. rioflBH^ocb KHHO. ripH CKopocTH, cteMKH 16 KaapoB B ceKyuay — a MiweHHO TaxaH cicopocTb, 6bwa CTauaapTHOH B HCMOM KHHO — 3Kcno3HUHH cocTaan$uia Bcero '/}0 nojiio ceKyuabi. C TaKOH 3Kcno3HUHew MOXHO 6bi/io cHHMaTb ranbico Ha HaType. Ho npwpo^a HenocroaHHa, a aKTepaM, HrparomHM B (panbMax, nano aaaraTb B .wo6yio noroay, .aaxe eariH cbeMKa oTMeHeHa H3-3a HeHacTbH. rioBTopH^CH npouecc «BxoxaeHHH» KHHeMaTorpadpHCTOB B naBanbOH, KOTOPWH HeKonaa npoH30iue;i B (poTorpaaHMOCTb npoBeaeHMH cteMOK B naBWibOHax ^HicroBanacb HeraabKOKanpH3aMH HSMCHMHBOH noro,abi, HO H crpeMjieHHeM npoayicrMBHO pa6oTaTb. Co3jiaHHe (pH^bMa — npeanpMHTMe BecbMa aoporoe, M B03MoxHocTb ynoao6HTb TexHonornio KMHOCTJCMKH npoM3BoacTBeHHOMy npoueccy — ue;ib oqeHb 3aMaHHHBaa. Koraa cra^H cTpoHTb cneuwa^bHbie KHHOCTynHM, Ha3biBanHCb OHM BHana^e K«HO(pa6pMKaMM. Pa6oTa npH HopiwanbHOH opraHH3auHH cteMOK MbioiM/iacb B TpM ciweHbi. M cero,ctHH HepcaKH anywaH HOHHWX cteMOK M^M KaKHx-^H6o BcnoMoraTtibHbix pa6oT (pa36opica M ycTaHOBKa aeKopauHM, oKpacKa, oKnetfKa o6oeB H T.n.). FIoHB^eHHe KHHonaBH^bOHOB no3Bo;u?;io npH npoH3BoacTBe cpM;ibMOB HiweTb HCTKHH rpa(pHK cteMOK M He 3aBMceTb OT noroiibi. CoBpeMeHHbie KHHO- H Te^enaBM^bOHM — STO cnoxHbie HHxeHepHbie COOpyjKeHHfl C .OOBOJIbHO BblCOKOH 3HeproBoopyxeHHOCTbio. B MaJIblX naBM/ibOHax MOXHO CHHMaTb MaKeTbi, aeTa^H, THTpw, KOMSHHHpoBaHHbie Kajpw. B 6aibuJHx naBH^bOHax n^oiuaabio 1000 H 6ojree KBaapaTHbix MeTpoB MOJKHO ycTaHaB^HBaTb jieKopauHH y^Hu, (pparMeHTbi Kopa6^eH, pa3birpbiBaTb cpaxceHHH n T.A.
102
KaKHe Tpe6oBaHH« npeAtaafiaioTCH K TexHHKecKOMy ocHameHHio naimibOHOB? 1. npexae Bcero, naBHJiboH aoJiyKen 6biTb OT^HHHO 3ByKOM3o^HpoBaH iUIH B03MOXHOCTH npOBeiieHMH CHHXpOHHblX CieMOK. J\j\H 3TOro Kopo6Ka naBH^bOHa wacTo cTaBHTca Ha OT^e^bHOM, He3aBHCHMOM OT ocTa^bHoro 3aaHMH (pyaaaMem-e. JIio6bie BH6pauHH nowBbi H ujyMbi y^HUbi He ^ O ^ X H H oiuymaTbca B naBH^bOHe. 2. naBH^bOH o6ecnewnBaeTCH MexaHH3HpoBaHHbiM pa6onHM noTO^KOM c no^BecHbiMH JiecaMH-n;iaT(popMaMH. Ha STMX n^aTcpopinax, cHa6)KeHHbix nj\n 6e3onacHocTM orpaxaeHHHMH, ycTaHaBJiHBaiOTCH ocBeTHTejibHbie npH6opbi MoiuHocTbio 3—20 KBT. MexaHH3HpoBaHHbiw noTO^OK no3BO^aeT «noaBecHTb» ocBeTHTeJibHbiM npn6op B ^K)60H KOOp^HHaTHOH TOMKe naBH^bOHa. 3. naBH^bOH Ao^xeH MMeTb cneuHaflbHyio ceTb 3ByK03anHCH H CBJI3H. 4. B naBKNbOHe iio^xHa 6biTb ycTaHOB^eHa MomHaa cwcTeMa npwTOMHO-BblTHXHOH BeHTH^HUHH B npOMbllUTieHHOM HCnO^HCHHH. 3T0 Heo6xoflHMo jinn npoBeaeHHH cteMOK cueH noxapa, Koraa yxe noc^e nepBoro ny§s\H o6pa3yeTC» orpoMHoe Ko^MHecTBo auMa, KOTOpblH HyXHO 6bICTpO yaa^HTb H HanO^HHTb naBKJIbOH CBeXHM B03iiyxoM WH cteMKH ancayioiuHx ny6neH. 5. CeTb noxapHoro BOiionpoBoaa crcyxHT TOH x e ue^H: 6bicTpo noracHTb oroHb. Bo3MOXHOCTb ycrpaHeHn« noxapa jo^xHa 6biTb npeaycMOTpeHa He TOJibKo B Tex c^ywaax, Koraa CHHinaiOTCH cueHbi noxapa. ileKopauHH B JiK>6bix 3nH3oaax H3roToaaeHbi, KaK npaBH;io, M3 aepeBa, TKaHH, n^acTHKa H ^pyrax ^erKOBocn^aMeHHioIUHXCH MaTepwa^oB. M, HecMOTpfl Ha cneuHajibHyK) nponMTKy aeKopauHH, noxapHbifi BoaonpoBoa Heo6xoaHM. B Tex naBKnbOHax, rue CHHMaroTCH cueHbi noxapa, HaBOflHeHHH, 6ypw Ha Mope, T.e. TaM, rae o6pa3yeTC« 6o^biuoe KO/IHHCCTBO Boabi, no^ rH4poH3o^MpyeTca M ycraHaaiHBaeTCH cwcTeina npoH3BoaCTBeHHOH KaHaJIH3aUHH OJIH OTBOiia BOilbl. HanpHMep, nun CICMKH cueHbi 6ypn Ha Mope KOPMTO-UHCTepHa o6ieMOM 5-10 M3 (5-10 T Boabi) ycTaHaB^HBaeTCH Ha ^ecax Haa (ppanweHTOM aeKopauHH na^y6bi Kopa6^a. HaMHHaeTca cteMKa. /leKopauHH pacKanHBaeTca, BeTpoayH co3aaeT 3(p(peKT yparaHHoro BeTpa, KopbiTo onpoKH^biBaeTca, H Macca BOAM o6pyujHBaeTCfl Ha na^y6y, npoH3Boiw Ha Heft ^paMaTHwecKHe onycToujeHHfl. nepBbiH ay6^b CHJIT. AKTepbi nayT nepeoaeBaTbCH B cyxwe KOCTIOMW, Boaa, 0Ka3aBiijaHca Ha no^y naBH^bOHa, .aojixHa 6biTb 6bicTpo KaHa^M3HpoBaHa, a uucrepHa cHOBa Hano^HeHa una cteMKH BToporo ny6j\H. JXnn ocBeiueHHfl aeKopauHH Heo6xoiiHMa cwcTeMa ocBeTHTe^bHbix npH6opoB. npn6opbi c ^aMriaMH HaKajiHBaHHH, Hcno^b3yK>uiHe
103
Pa3/xe/i II. Pa6oTa o n e p a t o p a co CBCTOM nepeMeHHWH TOK, M npn6opbi c .ayraMH HHTeHCHBHoro ropeHHa (JXMr»), pa6oTaiomHe Ha nocroHHHOM TOKe, ycTaHaR/iMBaioTCH He TOflbKO Ha no/jBecHbix .necax, HO H Ha jiecax n o nepHMeTpy caMOH /xeKopaiiHH, a TaKxe Ha no/iy. E M H nonbiTaTbcji cyMMHpoBaTb BCIO MomHocTb, Hcno^b3yeMyio B 3HeprerawecKOM ocHameHHH naBWibOHOB, TO 0Ka>KeTCfl, MTO OHa Kone6;ieTCfl B npeae^ax OT 1 ,no 3 KBT Ha 1 M2 ruiomaan H, c/ie/joBaTe/ibHO, BnojiHe MOJKCT 6biTb conocTaBHMa c 3HeproBoopy>KeHHocTbio 3aBojicKoro uexa. Bonpoc: XL/IH Hero npHBe/xeHM Bee STH /xaHHbie 06 3HepreTHMecKOM o6ecneneHHM CICMOHHUX naBRHbOHOB? Otneem: JXsin TOTO, MTo6bi yncHHTb ce6e, MTO cteMKa B naBHJibOHe CTOMT oqeHb /xoporo. Bueod: OnepaTop, CHHMaiomHH B naBH/ibOHe, n a n x e H B coBepiueHCTBe BJiaaeTb CBoefi npotpeccMefi H, B wacTHOCTH, MCKyccTBOM pa6oTbi co CBCTOM, 4To6bi TBopnecKM Hcno^b30BaTb npeflocTaanaeMbie TexHHweCKHe B03MO)KHOCTH. McKyccTBO ocBeweHHH B naBHJibOHe HMeeT c^o^Hyio HCTOPMIO d a HOa/ieHMH H COBepiXieHCTBOBaHHH XyilOJKeCTBeHHO-TBOpMeCKOH pa6oTbi CO CBCTOM. YIOUXOR K npHHUHnaM ocBemeHHH /xeKopauHH H cueH npw cieMKax (pw^bMOB HeoaHHaKOB y pa3Hbix onepaTopoB. ripw pa6oTe B naBHJibOHe nepe/j onepaTopoM Bceraa CTOHT onpe/jeJieHHaa XMBonHCHO-H3o6pa3HTe^bHaH 3aaaqa. C noMombio CBeTa eMy Heo6xo/jHMo: •
BbiHBHTb o6i>eMHyK) (popMy npeaMeTOB, a TaKxe pe^betpbi /jeKopaUHH H ee (paicrypy;
•
o6pHCOBaTb KOHTypHbie cpopMbi (pHryp H 04epTHTb HX B npocTpanCTBC
KpoMe Toro, B COOTBCTCTBMH CO cueHapweM HyxHO co3/jaTb B aeKopaUHM TOT H;IH HHOH CBCTOBOH 3KHO nojiyHHTb pa3^H4HbiH xapaKTep ocBemeHHa: CBeTOTeHeBoe ocBemeHHe, TOHa^bHoe ocBemeHHe, jioKa^bHoe ocBemeHHe (xoraa aeKopauHH BbicBeMHBaeTCfl nflTHaMH) H CMJiySTHOC B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aHaHHblM CBeTOBbIM 3(p(peKTOM ocBeiuaioTCfl cpHrypu aicrepoB, npocTpaHCTBO iieKopauHH, npe^MeTbi o6cTaHOBKH H (poHbi. He3aBHCHMO OTxapaKTepa H3o6pa>KeHHJi npocrpaHCTBeHHaa ocBemeHHocTb ao^>KHa 6biTb Heo6xoziMMOH H aocTaTOMHOH ann npOpa60TKM UBeTa B TeHJIX. MciOHOHeHHeM MOXeT 6bITb ^HUIb 3(J)(peKT BeMepHero MJIH HOMHOPO ocBemeHHa, Koraa KaKHe-TO ynacTKM Kaapa HaxoflflTCH B nO/IHOW TeMHOTC ripH noziroTOBKe K cbeMKaM B naBH^bOHe onepaTop B nepByro oMepezib HCxoiiHT H3 Toro, 4TO OCHOBOH ero pa6oTbi HBJixeTCK HaHjiynmee BbinaneHHe apaMaTyprHsecKoro coaep>KaHHn 3nH3oaa, CBoeo6pa3HH MH3aHCueHbi H aicrepcKOM wrpbi. Heo6xoflHMO OTMeTHTb, MTO npaKTHKa pa6oTbi co CBeTOM B naBH^bOHe c ycnexoM MO)KeT 6biTb Hcnonb30BaHa H npw aoKyMeHTanbHbix cieMKax. Pa3je^bHoe ocBemeHHe HHTepbepa, npocipaHCTBa B HHTepbepe H ntoacPi, fleficTByioixiHx B STOM npocTpaHCTBe, Bno^He B03MOXHO B ny6^HUHCTHMecKHx nepeiiaHax H (pn/ibMax M aaeT xopouiMe pe3y.nbTaTbi He3aBHCHMO OT anna ocBeTHTe^bHbix npwGopoB.
liii/i,i»i CBera B CBoew pa6oTe onepaTop ncno^b3yeT caeayiomMe Bnabi CBeTa: pMcylOlUHH, 3anO^HHK)UIHH, KOHTpOBOH, MOiiejIHpyiOlUHM, (pOHOBOH. 1'ncyiomnH CBCT. 3 T O CBCT npn6opoB HanpaaneHHoro ocBemeHHH. O c HOBHaa TexHHHecKaa zanana 3aionoMaeTCH B TOM, MTo6bi Ha npe^MeTax, cpHrypax, jinuax repoeB no«BnncH CBeTOTeHeBofi pncyHOK. PwcyioiuMH CBCT, HeTKO pa3fle^Ha CBeTOByio M TeHeByio CTOPOHW o6i>eKTa, xopoiuo BbiHBflHeT o6i>eM, (popMy M (paicrypy. 06i.eKT cteMKH 0T6pacbiBaeT TeHb («naaaioiuyio» TeHb) Ha iipyrne o6ieKTbi, noji, CTeHy H T.A. TaKoe ocBemeHHe MU Ha6^K)iiaeM B co;iHeHHyio noroziy, Koraa co^HenHbie nynn, ocBemaa npeaMeTbi, o6pa3yiOT Ha HHX CBeTOTeHeBofi pncyHOK. BMecTe c TeM npn noMOUXH npH6opoB pMcyiomero CBeTa B naBH^bOHe co3aaiOTCfl H a p y r n e 3(p(peKTbi ocBemeHHH. B Haiueii )KM3HH — B noMemeHMH M^H Ha HaType — HenpeMeHHo n p n cyTCTByeT KaKoii-^H6o CBCTOBOH scpcpeicr. i l a x e B HeHacTHyio noroiiy B KOMHaTe oiuymaeTca scpcpeKT nacMypHoro ocBemeHHH H3 OKHa. M TaKOM 3(pcpeKT BOCC03flaeTcn B naBHJibOHe npw noMOiun pHcyiouiero CBeTa. FIoTOK 3Toro CBeTa 6yaeT LUMPOKHM, copa3MepHbiM c onomaabio OKHa, a TeHH, HanpHMep Ha ^ n u e ne^OBeKa, Oyayr donee «M«rKMMH», MeM TCHH
105
Pa3ae;i II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa c o CBCTOM OT CBeTa CBeMH miH KepocHHOBOH JiaMnu, 3(p(peKT OT KOTOPWX TaioKe co3aaeTca npH6opaMH pncyiomero CBeTa. 3anojiimioiuHH CBer. 3 T O CBCT, KOTOPMH paBHOMepHO 3ano;iHJieT Bee npocrpaHCTBo AeKopaixMM. Jljm ero coaaaHWi Hcnanb3yioTCH npn6opbi pacceHHHoro CBeTa HJIH SKpaHbi, 3aTHHyTbie 6ejiUM MaTepna^oM H ocBemeHHbie (Ha npocBeT HJIH Ha oTpaxeHne) 3/ieKTpoocBeTHTe/ibHbiMH npn6opaMH. /JocTaTOMHaa ocBeiueHHOCTb B Kaxaon TOHKe cHHMaeMoro npocTpaHcTBa noMoraeT BbiaBneHHio anacTHHecKHx (popiw npe/xMeTOB H /jBHHeymHxca (pnryp, noacBeHHBaeT TeHH Ha Jinuax aKTepoB, cnoco6cTBya 3MOHHOHa^bHOMy BocnpHHTHio ncHxojiorHiecKoro COCTOHHHJI repoeB. M O X H O noiicBeTHTb TeHH o6i>eKTa CT>CMKH, He Hcno/ib3ya CBCT, 3ano/iHaiomHH Bee npocTpaHCTBO /xeKopaunH. Jinn 3Toro npHMeHaeTca n p n 6 o p HanpaBjieHHoro WIH pacceflHHoro CBeTa, nocTaaieHHWH PH/XOM c KaMepon. M3MeHJifl HHTeHCHBHocTb CBeTa 3Toro npnOopa, pery/wpyioT ocBeiueHHOCTb TeHH, co3flaBaa Heo6xo/xHMbiH onepaTopy KOHTpacT. KOHTPOBOH (KOIIT) pHbiii) CBCT. FIpH ocBemeHHH o6T>eicra C3a/1H Ha HeM B03HHKaeT cBeTOBOH KOHTyp, o6pHCOBbiBaioiuHH (pnrypy H xopoiuo oxaeJlfllOIHHH ee OT CpOHa. CfieTOBblM KOHTypOM OT/1HHHO nOflMepKHBaiOTCH apxHTeicrypHbie (popMbi: ziecTHHiibi, KOJIOHHM, nurcacTpbi, a Taiotce jxerajw oGcTaHOBKH — TyM6bi, /xpanpn H T.n. KOHTPOBOH CBCT cnoco6cTByeT ouxymeHHio ray6HHHocTH npocTpaHCTBa, xopouio oxae/iaa nepBoanaHOBbie (pnrypbi OT BToporo ruiaHa H (poHa, H B STOM CBOCM KawecTBe OH — He TanbKO cpe^cTBO BWpa3HTe^bHOCTH, HO H HHCTpyMeHT npeoflaneHHa ^ByxMepHOH OTIOCKOCTH 3KpaHa. BMecTe c TeM KOHTPOBOH CBCT, HenpaBHJibHO
ncno^b3yeMbiH, MOxeT npHBecTH H K HexcnaTejibHbiM pe3ynbTaTaM. CymecTByeT Heiwa^o (pHJibMOB H n e p c a a s , rae KOHTPOBOH CBCT HCno;ib30BaH MHCTO (popMajibHO. HanpHMep, 3nH3oa H3 (pHJibMa o BCJIHKOH OreHecTBeHHOH BOHHC 3eMjiflHKa. J\Ba ocpHuepa caoflT 3a caMoae^bHbiM CTOJIOM, paccMaTpnBa« Kapiy. TopHT KonTH^Ka — (pHTH^eK B rHjib3e OT cHapana. CoBepixieHHO onpeaejieHHbiH HCTOMHMK 3(p(peKTHoro CBeTa — KeMa H noflnepKHBaiomHe ncnxo^orHwecKoe COCTOHHHC repoa. TaKaa CBeTOTOHanbHaa MoaejiHpoBKa nacTO 6biBaeT Heo6xoaHMa npH cieMKe OCOGCHHO KpynHbix anaHOB. FIoflCBeTKa rjia3, CBCTOBOH aKueHT Ha opaeHa, Ha yKpameHHJi, AHaaeMy, 6pac^eT win a a x e Ko^buo Ha na^bue, 6JIHK Ha ^OKOHM BbiomnxCfl BO/IOC H T.n. — JUISi 3THX Ue^eH MOae^HpyiOlUHH CBeT He3aMCHHM. OOHOBOH CBeT. 3aaana (pOHOBoro CBeTa — co3flaTb XHBonncHbiH (pOH OJIH aKTepoB, o6pncoBaTb apxHTeicrypHbie (popMbi aeKopaunn H BbiaBHTb wy6HHy npocTpaHCTBa. (POHOBOH CBCT craBHTca TaKHM o6pa30M, HTo6bi MOKHO 6bmo CHHMaTb o6uiHe, cpeflHHe H KpynHbie n^aHbi 6e3 nepecTaHOBKH OCBeTHTeJIbHblX npn6opOB. C nOMOUIbK) (pOHOBOTO CBCTa MOXHO BOcnpoH3BecTH, HanpHMep, scpcpeicr paccBeTa B 3aoKOHHOM npocTpaHCTBe aeKopauHH npocTopHofi napaaHOH 3ajibi c orpoMHbiMH OKHaMH H UBeTyinHM caaoM 3a HHMH. M ^ H 3(p(peicr 3aKaTa... HTaK, B apceHa^e onepaTopa njrn> BH^OB CBeTa, Bcero nHTb: pHcyio1UHH, 3anO^HflK)lUHH, KOHTpOBOH, MOfle^HpyiOIUHH, (pOHOBOH. KaK 6yflTO coBceM HeMHoro, HO STO TOJibKo Ha nepBbifi B3r^aa. HyxHO ywecTb ABH o6cTOHTe^bCTBa: •
•
BO-nepBbIX, KaaCflblH H3 3THX nflTH BH^OB CBeTa MO)KeT OUiyTHMO MeHHTbCH no HHTeHCHBHOCTH, co3flaBaa COBepilJeHHO pa3^HHHbie «cooTHoiueHHa» MOKay cpnrypon H (})OHOM, Mexay CBCTOM H TeHbio Ha ^Hue H T.fl.; BO-BTOpbIX, KaXflblH H3 3THX nflTH BHflOB CBCTa MOJKeT 6bITb UBCTHblM. A KO^HMeCTBO UBeTOB H OTTeHKOB — HeHCMHCJIHMO.
TaKHM 06pa30M, eC^H npHHHTb BO BHHMaHHe 3TH 06CT0flTe^bCTBa, CBeTO-UBeTOBaa najiHTpa npeaocTaBJiaeT onepaTopy 6e3rpaHHMHbie H3o6pa3HTe^bHbie B03MOXHOCTH. ri03TOMy, HMefl B03MO)KHOCTb HCn0^b30BaTb n»Tb BHflOB CBeTa, onepaTopu Hepe^Ko orpaHHHHBaioT ce6a AByMH-TpeMH. HanpHMep, Hcnojib3yiOTca To^bKo 3anojiHHiouiHH CBCT (Ha JIHUO) H tpoHOBOH. K 3TOH nape MOXHO ao6aBHTb KOHTPOBOH HCTO4HHK H nojiyHHTb
HHTepecHoe cBeTOBoe peuieHHe. lAim nopTpeT CHHMaeTca c pe3KHM KOHTpacTOM Meamy CBCTOM H TeHbio Ha jiHue, T.e. 6e3 Hcnojib30BaHHH 3ano/iH$nomero CBeTa, noacBenHBalomero TCHH. Flpn STOM MOXCT B03HHKHyrb «npH^HnaHHe» TCHCBOH, He-
noacBeMeHHOH qacTH Jinua H (pnrypbi K TeMHOMy 4^oHy. HTOGM 3Toro He npOH30UJAO, Heo6xOAHMO C nOMOUIbK) KOHTpOBOrO CBeTa «OTfle^HTb» (pnrypy OT cpoHa JIH6O Hcno^b30BaTb npaBHJio «HepeaoBaHHfl TOHOB» (TCMHoe — Ha CBeTJiOM, CBeT^oe — Ha TCMHOM), T.e. «no^o>KHTb» Ha (poHe CBeTOBbie nHTHa 3a TCHCBUMH nacTSMH (pnrypbi. Toraa o6T>eKT cteMKH 6yaeT xopouio «MHTaTbca». Pe3KHH cBeTOTeHeBoii KOHTpacT Ha ^ n u e CMHrHaeTCH AH(p(py3HOH iiacaaKon Ha o6i>eKTHBe.
107
Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM B naBHJibOHe Pa3.ae.n 11. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM eKTa. flpKocrb, co3iiaBaeMaa Ha CBCTOBOM n a c r a j w u a , Ha3biBaeTca icnioqeBOH HpKOCTbK), flOTOMy HTO HMeHHO n o OTHOUieHHK) K Heft (K lOHOqeBOH HPKOCTH) ycTaHaanHBaeTCH HpKOCTb juifi Bcex ocra^bHbix noBepxHocreM, cpHryp, o6cTaHOBKH H cpOHa B Kaape. O T lcmoqa naeT KaK 6w HaerpoHKa Bcefi cBeTo- H UBeTOTOHajibHOH nanHTpu Kaapa. OTcioaa noHHTHo, HTO B OJIHOM 3nH3oae, npn OAHOM 3HaneHHM anaipparMbi KJiioHeBaH HpKOCTb flOJDKHa 6blTb BejlHHHHOH nOCTOHHHOH.
CseTOBOii Oajiaiic CooTHomeHHe apKocTeft B CBeTax M TCHHX Ha3biBaeTCH CBCTOBHM 6ajiaHcoM, npMqeM 3TO noHHTHe BicnioHaeT B ce6n use cocTaBjiaioiUHe: • cooTHoaieHHe cBeTa H TCHH Ha JiHiie; • cooTHOiueHHe CBeTa Ha Jinue H cpOHa. B apceHa^e onepaTopa CBCTOBOM 6a^aHC — oqeHb BaxHbiii «HHcrpyMeHT». C ero noMoiubio, H3MCHHH cooTHOiueHHe HpKocren MOtmy CBCTOM M TeHbio Ha JiMue, a TaioKe Mexay JIHUOM M qboHOM, ocHOBbiBaacb Ha onpeae^eHHOM CBCTOBOM scpcpeKTe, onepaTop co3,aaeT Heo6xo4HMyio «CBeTOByio aTMoccpepy», B KOTOPOM npoMCXo^MT TO HJIH MHoe aencTBHC PacCMOTPHM npHMep Hcno^b30BaHMH CBCTOBoro 6a^aHca nnst co3,aaHHH B Kaupe onpcacneHHOH aTMoccpepbi, a TaKxe ncHXOJiorHHecKOH xapaKTepHCTMKH repoeB. OSteKTbi cieMKH: TiopeMHaa KaMepa, 6o/ibHHHHaa na^aTa. B TiopeMHOii KaMepe CHANT npecTynHHK. B 6o/ibHHMHOH nanaTe — ero xepTBa. CreHbi TK>peMHod KaMepu — cepwe, ecTb He6ojibUJoe 3apeiueqeHHoe OKHO. B 6anbHMHHOM nanaTe CTCHU CBeTJiwe, IIOHTH 6ejibie, H orpoMHbie OKHa. 0 6 a 3nM3oaa MbicnHTca B cpH;ibMe KaK npoMcxoaauiHe B OAHO M TO x e BpeMH M 6yjiyT MOHTwpoBaTbCH napajuiejibHO.
108
flpKHH COJlHeHHblH fleHb. JlyHM cojiHua npoHHKaioT B TiopeMHyio Ka• Mepy wepe3 He6ojibixioe OKOIXIKO M ocBeiuaioT /IHUO npecTynHMKa (pnc. 60). npw anacpparMe / = 1:4 lciMOMeBaa apKOCTb Ha Jinue ( B CBeTax) paBHa 5 i. (uiicppbi yc/ioBHbie). HHTeHCHBHOCTb 3ano^Haioujero CBeTa HeBejiHKa, TaK I KaK OKOuiKo MajieHbKoe H OTpa>KeHHoro CBeTa OT cepbix CTCH B KaMepe ; HeMHoro. TeHH Ha JiHue MMCIOT 3HaqeHHe 2. CBCTOBOH 6a^anc, c^eaoBaI Te^bHo, paBeH 5:2. CBeTOTeHeBOM pMcyHOKflocTaTOHHo KOHTpacTeH. B6o^bHHHHOM najiaTe ( PHC. 61) npn TOM ace 3HaqeHMM anacpparMbi Wkf~ 1:4) H TOM )Ke KJHOMeBOii apKOCTU, pauuoii 5, OTpaxeHHoro or CBCT! ^bix CTCH CBeTa 6y.ueT 3HaHMTe^bHO 6o^buie. HpKOCTb B TCHHX paBHa 3. \ CBCTOBOM 6a^aHC paBeH 5:3. HHane roBopa, TCHM JierKMe, npo3pa4Hbie, • npocBeneHHbie, HTO H cooTBeTCTByeT «MarKOM» CBeTOTeHeBOM xapaKTepnCTMKe HeBMHHO nocTpaflaBUiero 4e^0BeKa. klTaK, oflHH H Te x e jiyHH co^Hua B oaHO H TO x e BpeMH B OJ1HOH aeKopauHM (TiopbMa) co3flaayr KOHTpacTHbiM, CBeTOTeHeBOM pncyHOK c MpaMHbiM cepbiM CPOHOM, B ApyroH aeKopauMH (6o^bHHua) — MHI-KMM CBeTOTeHeBOM pHCyHOK CO CBeT^blM, «np03paMHbIM» CpOHOM. KaK BHaHM, [ XapaKTep H306pa>KeHMH HaXOflMTCH B npHMOH 3aBMCHMOCTH OT CBCTOBOrO 6a^aHca. FIpoiiojiXHM npHMep. Te x e caMbie repon CHMMaioTca B HOMHUX 3nH3oaax. M onaTb — OJIMHaKOBoe 3HaqeHMe ,n.HacpparMbi/= 1:4, oaHa M Ta x e KjHoweBan HpKOCTb Ha nnuax, paBHan 5. Ho B KaMepe (ziaMna noa noro^KOM) noacBeTKa TeHen BecbMa He3HaMHTejibHa, M CBCTOBOM 6ajiaHC paBeH 5:1, a B 6o^bHHHHOH nanaTe (HOMHMK HaTyM6o4Ke) 6^aroiiapH cBeTJibiM cTeHaM — 5:2. eMKe iiHeBHoro 3nM3oaa B TiopeMHon KaMepe ao^xHa yicnaabiBaTbCH B OBa^, o6i>eflHHHioiUMH nne TOMKM — C M £: B CBoeM ABHxeHMH n o KaMepe HcnoBeK MOXCT nonaaaTb TO B .nyH co^Hua H3 - OKOUJKa, TO B TeHb, HPKOCTH Ha JiHue Moryr MeHHTbca, HO 6a^aHC — 5:2 — i aojixeH 6biTb coxpaHeH BO BCCM 3nH30zie. Flpn c-beMKe HOMHoro 3nH3oaa B 3T0H aeKopauMH n p n / = 1:4 M Bam = 5 HpKOCTb ^ n u a ao^xHa y^oxHTbcn B
109
Pa3aeji II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM
Pa6oTa onepaTopa c o CBCTOM B naBHjibOHe
XapaKTepHCTHqecKasi KPHBUH CMMKH B TH>PCMHOH KaMepe, / = 1:4
XapaKTepHCTHsecxasi KpviBaa ci>eMKH B GojibtiHitioii najiaTe,/ = 1.4 a B (upKOcmb) 8
B (npKocmb)
caiHCMHoro n«THa
B A — MaKCHManbHaa HpKOCTb O — spKocTb co^HeHHoro n«THa Ha creHe C — CBCTOBOH 1CHOW D — »pK0CTb cpoHa (aeHb)
min
E — apKocTb TeHM Ha Jinue (aeHb) F — npKocTb TeHH Ha j w u e (Hoib) Q — HpKOCTb (pOHa (HOMb) P — MHHHMaJIbHaH HpKOCTb
Puc. 60
= 5, ZL
= 0,3;
0,5) MoxeTflOCTHraTb3HaHeHHH 10:1 H jiaxe 12:1. He 3a6yaeM, HTO H AHCBHOH, H HOMHOH 3nH30abI CHHMaiOTCH c / = 1:4 H B = 5. Bonpoc: B 4eM (TexHOjiorHMecKH) COCTOHT OTJIHMMC «AHeBHoro» Kaapa OT
Kaapa «BenepHero», «H04Horo»? Omeem: JLna yno6cTBa conocTaaneHHji «iiHeBHoro» H «HOHHoro» KaapoB B BbiuienpHBeaeHHOM npHMepe 6buio ycTaHoaneHO oaHO 3Ha4eHne aHacp-
110
D E F P
— HpKOCTb TeHH Ha jinue (aeHb) — HpKOCTb TeHH Ha JIHUe (HOMb) — HpKOCTb (pOHa (HOMb) — MHHHMaJibHan HpKOCTb
Puc. 61
OBaji, o6TjenMHaiomHH TOMKH CH F. 3 T O 3HaMMT, MTO npH JuoGbix nepeMeweHHHX aKTepa no aeKopauHH npKocTb ero ;iHua He aojDKHa 6biTb Bbiuie 10110MeBOH (5) H HHXe 1 (TOHKa F), T.C Heo6xOAHMO COXpaHMTb CBCTOBOH 6aJiaHc 5:1. CBCTOBOH 6ajiaHc Mexay JIHUOM H AOHOM (B
A — MaKCHManbHan npKocTb : 0 — HpKOCTb cojiHe^Horo nHTHa Ha cTeHe Q — HpKOCTb (poHa (aeHb) C — KnioMeBaH HpKOCTb
parMbi (/"= 1:4) H OAHO 3HaneHHe cBeTOBoro KJiioMa (B^m = 5). 3 T H 3HaweHHH Hcno^b30BariHCb B o6enx .aeKopauHHX H «aHeM», H «HOMbK)». Ejiaroaapa 3T0My Bee OTJIHHHC «flHeBHbix» H «HO4HMX» 3nH3oaoB CBcnocb K cooTHomeHHto CBeTa H TCHH Ha ;wiie H K COOTHOUICHHIO
CBeTa Ha JiHue H (pOHa. B /weBHbix 3nH3oaax CBCTOBOH 6ajiaHC Ha JiHue paBeH 5:3 (B 6ojibHHue) H 5:2 (BTiopbMe). MHane roBopa, KJiKweBaH HpKOCTb cra6nnbHa, a HpKOCTb TeHH HeCKO/lbKO «nO/IBHXHa» B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H306pa3HTeabHoro peiueHHH. OH aocTaTOHHO CBCTJIMM B TiopbMe (no 3HaneHHH 6) H oqeHb apKHH B 6oabHHue (no 7,5). 3 T O TaK Ha3biBaeMaH cBeT^as raM-
111
Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM B naBH/iboHe Ma, Koraa qboH — CBeTabin H Ha HeM aonycTHMbi riHTHa H noaocw, 3HaHHTejibHO npeBbimaioiUHe n o HPKOCTH B _. 3 T H HPKOCTH (B HaixreM npwMepe) Moryr 6biTb H 7, H 8 n o OCH opaHHaT, HO He Bbiuie Bmx. rioacBeTKa TeHeft jinua, a 3HannT, H CBCTOBOH 6aaaHC, MoaceT B pa3Hbix ycaoBnax 6biTb pa3aHMeH (5:3 H 5:2), HO CBeTJiaa raMMa omyTHMa a a x e B TiopbMe npH cepwx KaMeHHbix CTeHax. IlpH CbeMKe BenepHero HJIH HOHHoro 3nH3oaa xapaKTepHa TeMHaa raMMa. I"ay6oKHe TeHH Ha JIHUe, TCMHblH (DOH, HpKOCTH KOTOpOTO MOiyr 6blTb 3HaHHTe^bHO HH)Ke, MeM apKOCTbTeHen H a a n u e . HanpnMep, 0 , 5 - 0 , 3 . "Ho He HHxe B min . MHoraa B BenepHnx H HOKHMX 3nH3oaax repon KaK 6bi «Bbin£maioT» H3 cBeTa H npw 3TOM CMOTPHTCH cnaysTaMH. Bueod: HTo6bi co3aaTb B Kaape aHeBHoe ocBeineHHe, HyxHO BbiaepxaTb Ha a n u e CBCTOBOH 6aaaHC 5:3, 5:2 (BbimenpHBeaeHHbiH npHMep), a
»CTH (B CBCTJ10H H TCMHOH raMMe) H npHMOH 3aBHCHMOCTH 3THX npHCMOB • o r CBeTOBoro 6aaaHca. Ha npaKTHKe onepaTopbi, peman cHHTb snH3oa B CBeraoH TOHajibiiocTH B (B CBCTJIOH raMMe), co3HaTejibHo cHimaiOT ypoBeHb KaioqeBoro CBeTa, ycraB-HaanHBaiOT TaK Ha3biBaeMbiH HH3KHH KJIIOM (B HaujHX npHMepax Bmm = 4, B = 2 npn B . = 0,3 H B = 8 . CBCTOBOH 6ajiaHC Ha JiHue = 4:2). l l p n HH3KOM KJiioMe B BepxHen qacrn npflMOJiHHeHHoro yqacrKa xapaKTepncTHwecKOH KpMBOH ocTaeTCH ropa3ao 6ojibine «MecTa» (OT 4 no 8 Ha rpacbiiKe) wn TiuaTcnbHOH HioaHCHpoBKH MHOxecTBa CBeTabix noBepxHocTeii, HPKHX GJIHKOB H pedwieKcoB B Kaape ( p n c 62). BMCOKHH KJHOM — icMiiasi loiiajibiiocib (iiMiiax raMMa)
Taicxe CBCTOBOH 6aaaHc Meacay JIHUOM H CDOHOM B COOTBCTCTBHH CO
B (xpKocmb)
CBeTOTOHa^bHbiM peixieHHeM 3nH3oaoB B CBeT^ow raMMe. JXJIH oiuymeHHJi BeqepHero nan HOHHoro OCBCLUCHHH Heo6xoanMa TCMHan raMMa. B HaixieM npHMepe apKO BbipaxeHHaa CBeTaaa raMMa — HHCM B 6oabHHue. (CBCTOBOH 6anaHC Ha a n n e — 5:3, CBCTOBOH 6aJiaHC Meacay aMUOM H qboHOM — 5:7,5). flpKO BbipaJKeHnaa TeMHaa raMMa — HOMbio B TiopbMe.
/=1:4
(CBCTOBOH 6ajiaHC Ha anu.e — 5:1, CBCTOBOH 6aaaHC MOtcay JIHUOM H qbo-
HOM — 5:0,3). M «flHCBHOH», H «H0MH0H» 3nH30abl CHHMajlHCb npH OaHOM 3HaqeHHH IOHOMCBOH HPKOCTH (5) H npn oaHHaKOBOH anacpparMe (/*= 1:4). KaK y * e roBopnaocb, oanHaKOBoe 3HaMeHHe CBeTOBoro Kaioqa, paBHoe 5, npHHHManocb B BbiujenpHBeaeHHbix npHMepax Hcic/iiOHHTejibHO an» yao6cTBa conocraBaeHHH npneMa cieMOK B CBCT^OH H TCMHOH TOHaabHOHlOaHCHpOBKa TeMHblX ynacTKOB Kaapa iIn3KHH KJIIOM — CBemasi ToiiajibiiocTb (cBcrjiaH raMMa) B (xpKocmb)
Puc. 63 flpKMe 6j1MKH,
peKHCH nacTH npflMO/iHHeHHoro ynacTKa xapaKTetoHCTHqecKOH KPHBOH Taicxe ocTaeTCH 6o^biue MecTa ana H36HpaTe/ibHOH o6pa6oTKM cBeTOM TeMHbix noBepxHOCTen Kaapa (yqacroK Ha rpa(pHKe OT
0,3 ao 2,5). ictiii imi,i
Puc. 62
3aecb Heo6xoaHMO cKa3aTb o cBeTOTOHaabHOM eaHHCTBe, KOTopoe o n e parop aojixeH BbiaepxnBaTb B KaxaoM 3nH3oae. HenpneMaeMo, HanpHMep, U 3nH3oae, CHHMaeMOM B CBCTJIOH raMMe, co3aaTb B KaKOM-^H6o Kaape Ha JiHue aKTepa «HO I IHOM» KOHTpacT (5:1) RTIH B HOHHOM 3nH3oae B HeKOTopux
12
113 • -5413
Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM B naBHJibOHe Kaapax nepecBeraTb cpoH no «iiHeBHbix» 3HaHeHMft. 3TH Kaapn pexHccep He CMOXeT HCn0^b30BaTb, TaK KaK OHH He CMOHTHpyiOTCH c npeflbwyixiHMH H noane.ayiomHMH KaapaMH, B KOTOPWX apKOCTb (poHa cooTBeTCTByeT TeMHoii raMMe. 3a6oTa o nocroaHCTBe CBeTOBoro 6anaHca HMKoraa He .aanxHa BbinaaaTb H3 ctpepbi BHHMaHHa onepaTopa. MHHMH cnoBaMH, B 3nH3oae He jxonXHO HapywaTbcn CBETOTOHAJlbHOE EZIHHCTBO. EJIHK. He6ojibunie apKHe naTHa CBda, «HaHeceHHbie» Ha ;IHUO, npe^MeTbi aeKopauHH MJIH (JK>H — 6JIHKM, — Moryr 6biTb
(pwrypy, caMMMH cBeTJibiMM ynacTKaMH Kaapa. Mx apKOCTb HepcaKO npeBOcxojiMT apKOCTb jiwua B cBeTax. BJIHKH Hcno;ib3yioTca nj\n 6anee no/iHoro BbiaaneHMa o6ieMa, (paicrypbi, svxn ycuneHHa Bbipa3HTejibHOCTH o6i>eKTa cieMKM. OHH Moryr 6bITb UBeTHblMH, nOflHepKHBaa HanH4He CBeTOBblX 3(p(peKT0B (cojiHue, ;iyHa, KOCTep H T.n.). OCHOBHOC HenpejiojKHoe TexHnnecKoe Tpe6oBaHHe K 6;iHKy — (paKTypa npcuMeTa B 6JIHKC zio/DKHa coxpaHHTbca. Peeicra ocBeiueHbi pncyiomHM CBCTOM, 6ojiee cmibHMM, MeM oTpaxeHHbiH. 06paTMMca K UMTaTC' «B ocBeiueHHH MeHH Bceraa npnaaeKari xapaicrep cojiHeMHoro cBeia. OcjienMTe;ibHbift CBCT 6e3xanocTHMX Jiyweft coriHua, ocrpaa CBeTOTeHb, opeojiw, 6JIMKH, pe(pJieKCbi — co3aaioT oco6oe cwaHHe CBeTa, aaioT B03MO>KHocTb Hcnojib30BaTb Bee 60raTCTBO ecTecTBeHHOH najiHTpu CBeTa H uBeia. UBeT — 3TO, npexae Bcero, TeHb. Ho TeHb Bceraa npHo6peTaeT Ty HJIH HHyro OKpacKy B 33BHCHMOCTM OTaoMHHHpyiomero B Kaape uBeTa. Be3 TCHH HeT UBeTa, T.e. HCT 6oraTCTBa pecpjieKCOB. 3K)meio (iuiacTHiecicoro) CBera. 3TOT MCTOA ocHOBaH Ha TOM ace npwHUHne ocBemeHHa, KOTopuw MM Ha6jnoflaeM B co^HeKHyio noroay, Koraa npeflMeTbi, ocBemeHHbie npaMWMH JiynaMM co^Hua, BWjiBJiaioT CBOK) (popMy H o6i>eM npH noMomw CBETOTEHM. CymHOCTb MeTOjia pHcyioiuero CBeTa COCTOHT B TOM, HTO rpynnbi npH6opoB HanpaaneHHoro CBeTa ocBeuxaioT aeKopauHio H aKTepoB, HaxoaaiUHXca B Heft, Bbiaanaa (popMy, o6i>eM H (paKTypy O6T>CKTOB M npenMeTOB npH noMomH pe3Koro pa3rpaHMMeHMa CBeTa H TCHH. npH STOM BbiaanaioTCH Bee UBeTOBbie oireHKH npeflMeTOB. Bce MHoroo6pa3He CBeTOBbix jiyneft, naTeH M TeHeft (naaaiomnx H COGCTBCHHUX) onepaTop opraHH3yeT, noaqHHaa HeKoft APXMTEKTOHMKE ocBemeHHa H co3aaBaa onpeaeaeHHyio cBeTO- H uBeTOTOHajibHyio KOMno3HUHio Kaapa. FlpH Heo6xoAHMOCTH Bbiae^HTb raaBHoro repoa aaHHoro 3nH30^a H3 o6meft MHorocpHrypHoft KOMno3HUHH Hcno^b3yeTca CBCTOBOH aKueHT, T.e. noBbiiueHHaa apKocTb, He npeBbiuiaiomaa, OflHaKO, KJiKweBoft. Me 1 o;i TOHajibHoro (OCCICIICBOIo) ocBemeiiHM. B iiaiui;u>one co3;iaexcH ocBemeHHe, aHaaorHHHoe 6ecTeHeBOMy ocBemeHHK) Ha HaType B nacMypHyio noroay. PaBHOMepHoe ocBemeHHe neKopauwH aocTHraeTca npnMeHeHHeM pa3JiHHHbix pacceHBaioiUHx MaTepwajioB. 0 6 U H H O noapaMHHKH, 3aTHHyTbie 6e^biM noaoTHOM, noiiBeixiHBaioTca K noToriKy Haa zieKopauHeft, ycTaHaanHBaioTca C3aaw KaMepbi w B npoeMax aeKopauwH. OcBemeHHbie Ha npocBeT npH6opaMM HanpaBJieHHoro M^H pacceaHHoro CBeTa, STH CBeTawHeca ruiocKocTM 3anoaHaK5T Bce npocTpaHCTBo aeKopauHH POBHHM ocBemeHHeM. aKTypa H ruiacTHKa aeKopauHH, TOHanbHaa H UBeTOBaa nepcneKTHBa co3flaioTca 3a cneT noa6opa nptaMeTOB H noBepxHocTeft KaK no UBCTOBOMy TOHy, TaK M no apKocTH. OcBemeHHOCTb B aeKopauHH ycTaHaaiMBaeTca Ha ypoBHe, Heo6xoflHMOM ana nonyneHMa KVHOMeBOft apKOCTH ^Mua. TaK KaK npH paBHOMepHOM ocBemeHHH Bbme^MTb repoa c noMombio CBeTOBoro aKueHTa HeB03M0XH0, TO o6biHHo waBHOMy nepcoHaxy aaioT 6oAee «3aMeTHbift» KOCTIOM. MOJKHO c 3Toft xc ue;ibio «BbiBecTH» repoa Ha 6o^ee KpynHbift n^an, ocTaBHB ocTanbHbix iieftcTByioiuHX JIMU Ha o6meM n^aHe. Bcero aBa MeToaa — pHcyioiuero H TOHanbHoro ocBemeHHa, a KaKoe pa3Hoo6pa3ne M3o6pa3HTe;ibHbix peixieHHft BO MHorwx 3aMewaTe^bHbix KHHOTejiecpH^bMax, B nepeaa4ax TeaeBHfleHMa! AeftCTBHTcnbHo, STH HBa Meoaa npaKTMwecKM BicnioqaioT B ce6a Bce MbionHMbie BapnaHTbi ocBemeiHa aeKopauHH. Ho noao6HO TOMy, KaK xapaKTepu ocBemeHHa B npnpone HaxoaaTca B nocToaHHOM B3aMMoaeftcTBHH w «nepeMeniMBaHHH», Meroabi wacTo Hcno^b3yiOTca onepaTopaMH oaHOBpeMeHHo. HanpHMep, npocTpaHCTBo aeKopauHH ocBemaeTca paBHOMepHO, HO o6maa ocBemeHHOCTb noHHxaeTca, H Ha STOT CBeTOBOft «rpyHT» onepaTop «6pocaeT Ma3KH» — jiyHM apKoro HanpaB^eHHoro CBeTa.
114
115 8-
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I 3(pKeT ziaiKe coBepiueHHo oTKa3aTbca OT sano^Harouxero'cBeTa. Ha cpe^HeM imaHe o6i>eKTOM ocBeiueHHH cTaHOBHTca o6i>eMbi H peJibe4)w caMHx (pHryp. .UeKOpauMH H npe^MeTbi O6CT3HOBKH KaK 6bi «OTCTynaioT» Ha BTOPOH miaH. AKIICHT ocBeiueHHH nepeHeceH Ha repoeB. )KecT aiaepoB yxe coqeTaeTca c MHMHKOH, xopoixio BKaHbi BbipaxeHHe jiHua, apTHKy^HUHH. TyT Heo6xOiIHM H 3anOJIHflK)UlHM CBCT. n p n pa6oTe Haa KpyriHMM n^aHOM npeaMeTOM H3o6pa>KeHHH HBjiaeTCH ^HUO aKTepa H^H repoji aoKyMeHTajibHoro npoH3BeaeHH«. KpynHbifi •aicrepcKHH n^aH», nopTpeT, HyxaaeTca B HaH6o;iee TiuaTe^bHow CBCTOBOH MonejinpoBKe, TaK KaK OH npH3BaH OTpa3HTb MajieHixiwe HioaHCw ncHxojiorHHecKoro COCTOHHHH aKTepa B o6pa3e. MerojiHKa OCBCIUCHHH Kpyimoro ruiana. OCHOBHOH 3aaaneH npn coawaHHH nopTpeTa HB^neTCH noKa3 n^acTHMecKHx (popM jinua npw onpeaeJieHHOM 3cp(peKTe ocBemeHHa. B cpw^bMe (HrpoBOM H^H aoKyMeHTa^bHOM) HejioBeK nonaaaeT B caMbie Heo6bmHbie yc^oBHa, B caMyro pasnHMHyio oocraHOBKy. Heo6xoaHMO o6ecneMHTb Bbipa3HTejibH0CTb ocBeiueHHH H e>HHHCTBO HBeTa ^nua repoa Ha npoTaxeHHH Bcero (pn^bMa (nepeaanH), a TaKx e y3HaBaeM0CTb repoa B ^K)6bix CBCTOBHX yc^OBHax, B oKpyxeHHH ^io6OH o6cTaHOBKM. JLna npaKTH4ecKoro ocBoeHHa nopTpeTHoro CBeTa Jiynuie Bcero Hcno^b30BaTb ^HH30Bbie ocBeTHTejibHbie npn6opbi, HO MOXHO aocTHHb Bno;iHe npneM^eMbix pe3y^bTaTOB H npn noMoiuw npnGopoB pacceaHHoro CBeTa THna «CBCT-500» H^M «CBeT-1000». YcTaHOBHM cTyji BflByx-TpexMeTpax OT (pOHa, xe^aTe^bHO He oneHb TeMHoro. Ha cryji B KanecTBe MOjie^n MOJKCT cecTb ^K>6OH H3 o6yMaioiuHXca. KaMepa CTaBHTca nepea O6T>CKTOM CT.CMKH, H onTHKa noa6HpaeTca c TaKHM pacneTOM, MTO6M no^iyMHTb KpynHbiH anaH. OcBeTHTe^bHbiii npn6op pa3MemaeTca KaK MOXHO 6jiwxe K KaMepe (H no BbicoTe, H no ro117
Pa3/xeji 11. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM pH30HTanM), HTo6bi ero CBCTOBOH noTOK 6b\n HanpaBJieH B/jojib onTHneCKOH OCH o6T>eKTHBa. TaKOH CBeT npaKTMMecKM He 6yaeT jxaBaTb TCHH. OcBemaa JIHUO B (pac HCTOHHHKOM HanpaaneHHoro CBeTa, Haxojxameroca paaoM c 06-beKTHBOM, MM nojiyqHM Ha ;wue TCMHMH (TCHCBOH) KOHTyp, KOTOpbift 6yfleT Jiymue 3aMeTeH Ha CBETJIOM OOHE. HecMOTpa Ha TO HTO JIO6OBOH CBCT OflHoro npn6opa — «npocrenUIHH», onpcacneHHyio anacraKy jwua OH Bee xe nojmepKHBaeT, HCKOTOpbiH o6ieM BbiHBJiaeT. 3TO npoHcxojiHT noTOMy, WTO OAHH wacTH ^iHua: JIO6, meKH, noaGopoaoK — Haxo/xaTca no OTHOUJCHHIO K naaaiomeMy Ha HHX cBeTy nofl npHMMM yrjioM H OTpaxaioT 6ojibixie CBeTa, apyrne — CKyJlbl, BHCKH, KpbUIbH HOCa, HH3 nOfl6opOflKa — UOO. OCTpblMH yTJiaMH H, OTpaxaa MeHbuie CBeTa, Kaxyrca HaM 60/iee TCMHMMH. HO TOHCKHMH HCTOHHHK jioGoBoro (HanpaBJieHHoro) CBeTa aaeT CJIHIXIKOM pe3Kne nepexoilbi OT CBeTJioro K TeMHOMy, CJIHIXIKOM rpy6o pncyeT anacTHnecKyio (popMy. B KaqecTBe HCTOHHHKa jio6oBoro pacceaHHoro CBeTa yao6HO HcnoJib30BaTb He6ojibuioH 6e;ibiH 3KpaH, pa3MemeHHbiH paaoM c KaMepon, HJIM 3KpaH 6anbujero pa3Mepa, nocTaBJieHHbin C3aan KaMepu. TaKHe 3KpaHbi, ocBemeHHbie Ha oTpaaceHHe HJIH Ha npocBeT jno6biMH npH6opaMH jiocTaTOHHOH MOUIHOCTH,flaK)TnOTOK pOBHOrO paCCeHHHOTO CBeTa. Ha JIHUe qejioBeKa CMarnaioTca JIHHHH pa3Jjejia CBeTa H TCHH, H3o6pa>KeHHe craHOBHTCH 6ojiee njiacTHHHbiM H ecrecTBeHHbiM. ECJIH ocBeTHTejibHbiH npH6op pacceaHHoro CBeTa peKOMeaayeTca pacno/iaraTb KaK MOKHO 6;wxe K onTHwecKOH OCH o6i.eKTHBa, TO npH6op pncyiomero CBeTa ycraHaanHBaeTCH onepaTopoM B 33BHCHMOCTH OT o6cToaTejibCTB MecTa, BpeMeHH H — 3aaaHHoro CBeTOBoro scptpeKTa. YcTaHOBHM oflHH ocBeTHTe^bHbiH npH6op pncyiomero CBeTa nepe/x CHJXHIXIHM qejiOBeKOM, HecKO/ibKO npaBee H Bbiixie ero ronoBbi. BKJIK>MM CBCT. Ha jiHue pe3Ko o6o3HaqaTca CBeTjiue H TeMHbie ynacTKH, HCTKO pa3rpaHnqaTca CBCT H TeHb. JIHUO nojiynnT xopoiuo 3aMeTHMH o6i>eM. Ho oneparepy HeaocTaTOHHO nojiyqHTbraribKOo6ieM, eMy Heo6xoanMO BbiHBHTb onpeaejieHHyio couHa^bHo-ncHxo^orHqecKyK) xapaicrepHCTHKy jxaHHoro qejioBeKa H JJJIH 3Toro no/xqepKHyrb CBCTOM O/XHH nacTH ero JIHIW, npnniyujHTb ;xpyrne... OnepaTop aojixeH npoBecrn cBoeo6pa3HyK) CBeTOByio KoppeKunio jwua B COOTBeTCTBHH C 06pa3HO-H306pa3HTejIbHOH 33MHei\. EMy He06X0flHM0 HaHTH HaHBbiroflHeHixiHH CBeT ana Kaxaoro repoa (pnjibMa (nep&aaHH) B KaxaoM 3nH30fle, npn JIIO6OM 3aaaHHOM CBCTOBOM 3dMpeicre. noflHHMeM npn6op pncyiomero CBeTa BHCOKO Ha uiTaTHBe n, HanpaBjiaa jiyq CBeTa Bee BpeMn Ha JIHUO CHHMaeMoro, HaHHeM Me/x/ieHHO onycKaTb npn6op. TeHH H CBCT Ha Jinue 6yayr nocroaHHo MeHaTbca, npnaaBaa Jinuy B KaambiH MOMCHT HHOH xapaicrep. nepeziBHHeM npn6op aneBO Ha 3-5 CM H cHOBa ocBeTHM JIHUO, onycKaa npn6op CBepxy BHH3. nojiynnM HOByio cepnio H3MeHaeMbix no «pacioiaaKe» CBeTa H TCHH nopTpeTOB.
118
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121
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122
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B KHHO(pHabMe «AnoKanHncnc ceroaHa» (pe>K. cpp3HCHC K o n n a n a , onepaTop BMTTOPHO CTopape) 6bi^a HCTKO ccpopMy^npoBaHa H npeKpacHO peanM30BaHa onepaTopcKaa, CBeTOBaa KOHuenuna, aBMBiuaaca B (pn^bMe o^HueTBopeHMeM flpaMaTyprnn CBeTa. KoHuenuwa 3aKJnonanacb B n p o THBonocTaaneHHH M CTOJIKHOBCHHH aByx UHBH^H3auHH — BocTOKa M 3anaaa — nepe3 npOTMBo6opcTB0 pa3Hbix no npwpoiie xapaiaepoB ocBemeHHa. C OiiHon CTOPOHH — BbeTHaM: npnpoaHoe ocBemeHHe OT Bocxoaa co/iHua no 3aKaTa, co BceM 6ecKone4HbiM pa3Hoo6pa3neM OTTCHKOB M nepe^HBOB CBeTa. C apyrofl CTOPOHW — AMepwKa: HCKyccTBeHHbiH CBCT OT npoxeKTOpoB, B3pbiBOB — pe3KHM, oc^en^aiowMH H Taicxe flaiouiHM onepaTopy orpoMHbie n3o6pa3HTcnbHbie BO3MOXHOCTH B pa6oTC
CBCTOBOH 34>eKT B peirneiioBCKOM KaGniicie. 3aecb flonxHbi 6biTb Hcnojib30BaHW iiBe r p y n n u ocBeTHTejibHbix npH6opoB. riepBaa rpynna — .ana o6biHHoro CBeTa B Ka6HHeTe. BTopaa — ana C03JiaHHa 3KflbiH xyaoxHHK, B TOM 4Hane H onepaTop, B CBOCM TBopnecTBe Ao;uceH yMHTbiBaTb ncHXOJiorHHecKHe M (pM3HOJiorw4ecKHe OCO6CHHOCTH 3pMTejibHoro neemoeocnpunmun MejioBeKa. KaK MM noMHHM, UBeTOBaH uiKa^a COCTOHT H3 ceMH UBCTOB: KpacHOro, opaHaceBoro, acejiToro, 3ejieHoro, rojiy6oro, CHHero H (pnaneTOBoro. JXnn 6ojiee TOMHOTO npcacTaBJieHHH o 3aKOHOMepHocrax BocnpwaTHH UBeTa O6WMHO nanb3yioTca uBeTOBbiM KpyroM (CM. p n c . 26), B KOTOPOM
cneKTpaJibHbie UBeTa H ao6aB^eHHbiH K HUM nypnypHbiJi pacnanoxeHbi no OKpyxHocTH. Ha npoTHBonojioaoibix KOHuax anaMeTpoB HaxoaaTca UBeTa, aonojiHHTe^bHbie npyrjxnn apyra. IlpH cMeuieHHH OHM AonojiHHKvr a p y r apyra no axpoMaTHMecKoro UBeTa. JIHHHH «nypnyp—3eneHbifi» aejiMT Kpyr Ha ABe nojiOBHHbi. CnpaBa — Teruibie UBeTa, cjieBa — xonoAHbie. OcHOBHbie xapaKTepwcTHKH UBeTa: UBCTOBOH TOH, HacbimeHHOCTb H CBeT/ioTa. U,BeTOBOM TOH — (X ) — 3TO co6cTBeHHO UBeT. UBCTOBOM TOH onpeAerwe T KanecTBeHHyto xapaKTepncTHKy UBeTa. HacbimeHHOCTb — (P) — 3TO HMCTOTa u,BeTa, CTeneHb KOHu,eHTpau,nn KpaCMTena. HanMMMe MHM oTcyTCTBwe npMMecefi. CBeTnoTa — (p — po) — STO CTeneHb oipaweHna caeTa UBCTHOH noBepxHOCTbK>. OTTeHKM axpoMaTHMecKoro pnAa. co3Aatomne cepyto wKany OT 6enoro AO nepHoro, pa3nMMaK)TC(i TonbKO no cBeTnoTe. C STOH wKanon o6blMHO CpaBHHBatOT CBeTnOTy TOH HnH HHOH UBeTHOH nosepxHocTH.
JIoxajibiibiM UBeT. 3 T O UBCT npeAMeTa, noBepxHOCTM, He3aBMCHMO OT ycnoBHH ocBeiueHHH. HaH6ojiee aKTHBHo HaixiHM 3peHHeM BoenpHHMMaK5Tca Ten^bie UBeTa, MeHee aKTHBHO — xojioAHbie. ncnxanonmecKH MU oiuyiuaeM «Teruibie» o6teKTbi KaK 6 M «BbicTynaioiuHMH» Ha nepBWH n/iaH, a «xojioiiHbie» — «oTCTynaiomnMH» B niy6HHy. LlBeTOBoii KOHTpacT. HaH6o/ibiiiHH KOHTpacT omyuxaeTCH npu cpaBHeHMH .aonojiHHTejibHbix UBCTOB (xejiToro H CMHe-cpHoneTOBoro, KpacHO-
126
r o M rany6oro, 3ejieHoro H nypnypHoro), T.e. UBCTOB, npoTHBOJieacaiuHx Ha OAHOM awaMeTpe B UBCTOBOM Kpyre.
A. OdtioepeMeHHbiu KOHmpacm. XyaoxHHKM AaBHO 3aMeTHjiH: ec;iH CBCTjias nacTb o6i>eKTa ocBeiueHa T E I l J l b l M UBCTOM, TO TCHH Kaxyrca X O -
JIO,HHbIMM. B. Flocjiedoeame/ibHbiu KOHmpacm. EC^H ,ao;iro paccMaTpHBaTb apKO o c BeuxeHHyio uBeTHyio noBepxHocTb, a noTOM nepeBecTH B3rjiaa Ha 6enyio noBepxHocTb, TO OHa KaK 6w npuo6peTeT UBCT aono^HHTe^bHbiM K UBCT-
HOH noBepxHOCTM. B. rioepaHUHHbiu KOHmpacm. Ha rpaHwue conpHKOCHOBeHHa HByx UBCTHMX nojiew HX HacbimeHHOCTb KaK 6bi yBe^HMHBaeTCH. KOJIOPHT. KOJTOPHT — rapMOHHHHOe COMeTaHHe UBCTOB, UBCTOBblX OTTeHKOB, npe^MeT onpe^e^eHHoro 3CTeTH4ecKoro Hac^axcaeHHH, HHCTpyMeHT apaMaTHMecKoro 3ByMaHHa. KOJIOPHT — 3TO coBOKynHocTb H KOMno3HUHOHHoe B3aHMOOTHOiijeHHe Bcex UBCTOB, co3jiaiomHx H3o6paxeHHe H o6pa3yioiunx onpcae/ieHHoe UBCTOBOC C^MHCTBO. Ko^opwT MOXCT
6bITb CBeT^blM H^H TCMHblM, Ten^blM HJ1H XO^OaHblM, «CnOKOHHbIM» HJ1H «KpHMaUlHM». Jlp6HBaHCb Ko^opMCTHnecKoro enHHCTBa B Kaape, onepaTop Hcno^b3yeT H UBCTOBbie KOHTpaCTbl, H HeKHH 06ieZlHHH101UHH UBCTOBOH TOH, npMMeHHH HHoraa uBeTHoe ocBeiueHwe. Heo6xarwMO, oaHaKo, noMHHTb: Te^eKaMepa H TejieTpaKT HepeaKO curibHO HCKaxaiOT nepBOHananbHbiH UBCT, oco6eHHo ec^H uBeTHaa noBepxHocTb HeaocTaTOHHO ocBeiueHa. C UBCTHblM OCBeiUeHHeM HyXHO pa60TaTb npH nOCTOHHHOM BH3yaJlbHOM (MOHMTOp) H HHCTpyMeHTaJIbHOM KOHTpOJIC B KaxaoM npoH3BeaeHHH H3o6pa3HTe^bHoro HCKyccTBa UBCT HB^aeTca nonHonpaBHbiM apaMaTunecKHM H upaMaTyprHnecKHM (pa^TopoM. EcTeCTBeHHbie, peaflHCTMMHbie uBeTOBbie coMeTaHwa co3iiaioT onpeaeaeHHyio UBeTOByio rapMOHHK) H3o6paxeHHa. Pe3Kne UBeTOBbie aKueHTbi, AHCCOHaHc UBeTOB BocnpMHHMaiOTCH jHCKOMcpopTHO, BW3WBaioT oiuyuxeHHe TpeBoru, onacHOCTM. BocnpMHTHe Toro H^H MHOTO UBeTa y Kaacaoro ne^OBeKa cyry6o MHAHBHaya^bHO. TeM Bbime OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb xyaoxHHKa, KOTopbiti, BbiGupaa TOT MJIH HHOH UBeT, npHHHMaa TO H^H HHoe KOjiopHCTMHecKoe penieHHe, paccMHTbiBaeT HafiTH y 6yaymero 3pHTe^a noHHMaHMe H omymeHHe Toro, MTO Bbl6op XyflOXHHKOM Cfle^aH npaBH-HbHO. ...1915 roA- n o i l pyKOBoacTBOM Ceprea Aarn^eBa pe>KHccep Mnxaw^ . JlapnoHOB M KOMno3HTop Hropb CTpaBHHCKHii craBaT cneKTaioib «CBanb6a». Xyao>KHHK— HaTa^ba ToHHapoBa. HaTa^ba ToHMapoBa: «MHe KaxeTca, MTO B UBeTe ecTb CTpaHHaa MaTHa: rpycTHbie UBeTa, Becejibie HJIH cnoKOHHbie... UBCT jeucTByeT Ha ncMiXHMecKHH cmiaa H TCCHO CBa3aH c COCTOHHHCM jiyxa.
127
Pa3,ae/i II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM U,eem KpacHuu, oneHb TCMHUH, KaK 3aneKuiaaca KpoBb, UBCT CTpacTH, r7iy60K0M /IK)6BH, nOCTOHHHOH, HyBCTBeHHOH H CKpblTOH... flpKo-npacHbiu neem — UBCT BHe3anHOii CTpacTH, UBCT MaKOB, yBajiaIOIUHX B OAHH iieHb, UBCT 6yHTa, BoccraHHa. Hepnbiu neem — UBCT CMepTH, pa3i>e.aHHaiomHH XOTH 6bi Ha BpeMa. He nna 3Toro moan cocanHaioTca BeHHaHHeM («CBaab6a»). )KeAmbtu u eeo npomeodHUu opaHMceeuu — UBeTa cojiHua, 6oraTCTBa, H3O6M^H«... a Taicxe — HeaoBepna, no,ao3pHTejibHOCTH, HO pa3Be 3i;o ecTb B o6pa,ae, Koraa mow nmyT npyr B apyre 3auiHTHHKa H coio3HHKa? Pa3Be MOXHO He .aoBepHTb TOMy, KTO AOBepaeT Te6e CBoe 6.narococToaHHe, CBoe Te/io, CBOMX 6yaymHx aeTew?! 3eAenbiu — UBeT Haaeacau, 6ecnewHOCTH, UBCT 3ejieHOM, npexoaauieu TpaBbi, TeKymeH Bo.au. HeT, cBaaeGHun o6paa He coBepuiaeTca, 4To6bi Bee npouuio, KaK TpaBa, npoTeicno, KaK Boaa... CuHuu-eo/iy6ou. Ra, B CMHCM ecTb cnoKOHCTBne, ecTb HTO-TO, HanoMHHaioiuee o Haaeacae 6biTb Bceraa BMecre. H o^Hy H3 aeKopauMH a cacnaaa 6.ne,aHO-rojiy6oH, Myrb cepoBaTou. Xlpyraa .aeKopauna — 6;ie,aHO-po30Baa, UBCT HOKHOCTH, MCMTU, MeMTH, KaKaa ecTb y BCHKOM .aeByuiKH B KaKoe-Hn6y,ab BpeMH ee >KH3HH. TpeTbfl aeKopauwa — cBeT/io-cepaa, cepuft — UBCT 30JIU, npouuioro, BCHKoro npouj^oro... H B KOHue ACHCTBHH nonaaaeT HeMHoro oxpucTo>KejiToro, HeMHoro TpeBoru H HeaoBepHfl». rionbiTKa TaKoro rviy6oKoro npoHHKHOBeHna B ncnxo/iornio BocnpnaTHa UBeTa aocTOHHa BOCxwiueHna. CeroAHa HaTaaba ToHMapoBa B puny pyccKMX xyaoxHHKOB Havana XX BeKa 3aHHMaeT 3acny>KeHHoe MecTO.
IIcnoJih ionaiiiit' B ACKopaiuiMx M MHTepbepax Tiojiepi M ^ U M O B TIOJIB. 06biMHO Tiojib HaTarHBaeTca Ha HeKOTopoM paccroaHHH OT KaMepw B niy6HHe aeKopauHH (MHTepbepa) nepneH/WKy/iapHO onTHqecKoii OCM o6"beKTHBa. ripw 3TOM B03HHKaeT omyiueHHe B03iiyuJH0H nepcneKTHBbi. O^HaKo aeKopauna 3a TianeM OIHUJKOM pe3Ko oTJinnaeTca OT nepeaHero aaaHa, OHa TepaeT CBeTOByio H UBeTOByio HacumeHHOCTb, CMOTPHTca HecKOJibKO CMarMeHHoii, pa3MUToii. K HeaocraTKaM Hcnanb30BaHna Tio;ia MOJKHO Taicace OTHecTM HeB03MO>KHOCTbflBH)KeHMa repoeB B My6l1H\ xieKopauMH H cjio>KHOCTb pa6oTbi c KOHTpoBbiM CBCTOM. PlpH nonaaaHMii CBeTa Ha Tiojib OH HeMeiuieHHO fleuin(})pyeTca.
Oiirii'ieckaH naca;iKa (;in(J)(J)y3Hoii, «ryMaHHMK»). Hcno:ib'30Baniie n naBHJibOHe cna6ux TyiwaHHbix (JnuibTpoB N /ut({>(})y3HOHOB CMarqaeT KOHTpacT H3o6pa>KeHMa, cnoco6cTByeT co3.aaHHio KO/iopwcTHMecKoro e.aMH-
UBeT B Kaape CTBa B Kaape. GaHaKO STH HacaaKH pa3MbiBaioT, pacTyiueBbiBaioT Bee npoCTpaHCTBo aeKopauHH paBHOMepHO. OHM caHHaKOBO cMarnaiOT KOHTpacT KaK nepBoro, TaK M BToporo, H TpeTbero njiaHOB. 3a;u.iMJieiiHc. 3TO Han^yMUJMH MeToa co3.aaHHa B03ayujHOH cpeaw B Kaape. CMarweHHe KOHTpacTa o6i>eKTOB B aeKopaunu npoMCxoaHT nponopunonajibHO — neM 6jin>Ke o6ieKT K KaMepe, TeM OH MeTMe, KOHTpacTHee, neiw aajibuje — Tevi 6onee pacTyuieBaH, pa3MbiT. KpoMe Toro, abiMbi MO>KHO CBeTMTb y3KHMH nyHKaMH CBeTa, aocTHraa 6ojibiueH win MeHblueii CTeneHH pacrymeBKH BTopon^aHOBbix H (poHOBbix o6i>eKTOB. Haao 3aMeTHTb, MTO KOHTpoBOM CBCT npw 3aabiM^eHHM Mo>KeT iiaBaTb opeo^ B6;IM3H ocBeTHTe^bHbix npH6opoB. M IIOI'OKUMC-piKOI c t e M K a HaH^yMUJHM, onTHMaibHbiu CBeT MoxeT 6biTb ycTaHOB^eH TO^bKOiuia oflHOM cbeMOMHofl TOMKH, oaHoro HanpaaaeHHa cteMKH. Koraa MU pa6oTaeM c AByMa M^H TpeMa cteMOMHbiMH KaviepaMM, MU ncnynaeM OT Kaxflofi KaMepu CBOK) TOMKy BHaeHMa. CBCT, nocTaaneHHbiu yaaMHO ^aa on.Hort KaMepw, MO)KeT oKa3aTbca HeBbiroaHbiM ana cteMKH 3Toro x e Kaapa jc apyroH TOMKH. npocTefiujMH npMMep «H30^auHH» oaHoii KaMepu OT apyroii MO>KHO | Ha6.nio.aaTb npH cieMKe B ecrecTBeHHOM HHTepbepe, HanpMMep B {pofle KH! HOTeaTpa. nepBaa KaMepa ycraHoaneHa no o^Hy CTopoHy yrjia 3pMTe;ibHoro ia, BTopaa — no npyryio (pnc. 67). y Kaxaofl KaMepu — CBOH aBTOHOMlufi CBeT, He MeuiaioiuMH iipyroH KaMepe. MH3aHcueHa, no KOTopoii nBHra3Tca aKTepu, noKa3aHa nyHKTMpoM. Ha O6UIMX unaHax o6e KaMepu Moryr CHHMaTb cueHy oAHOBpeMeHHo. Ho Koraa repow BuxoaaT Ha 6o^ee KpynHue iaHU, OHM nonaaaiOT B c(})epy aewcTBua KaKOH-JiH6o O^HOH KaMepu co CBOHM, nocraBJieHHUM Ha 3Ty sacTb cueHu CBCTOM. npii HeB03MO>KHOCTH H30^npoBaTb KaMepu oaHy OTiipyroH (ec^H cieMKa npoBOAHTca JUHHHHM «KycKOM») BTopaa KaMepa BMecre co CBOHM :BCTOM MOxeT BicnioMaTbca TO^bKO B TOT MOMCHT, Koraa repofl 6yaeT «BXOlHTb» B ee ywacTOK aeKopauHH M^H Murepbepa. Koraa MHoroKaMepHaa :MKa njiaHHpyeTca B naBH^bone, TO 3apaHee, eme B 3CKH3ax, xyaoxIHKOM npeaycMaTpMBaeTca H^eHeHHe aeKopauHH Ha He3aBHCHMbie jma icaxaon KaMepu yqacTKH. Ha pHC. 68 BHUHO, MTO BflByXKOMHaTaX C 60^bUJHMH OKHaMH n 6anJHaMH eCTb B03M0>KH0CTb CHHMaTb 6e3 OCTaHOBKH ZUIHHHyK) HrpOByK) xeHy, Hcno/ib3ya neTupe KaMepu, nojiHOCTbio H30^HpoBaHHue apyr OT jyra H HMeioiuHe — Kaxcaaa CBOH, Heo6xoiiHMbiM nnn nee CBCT. Pa3yMe:a, CBeT y Kaacaoti KaMepu cooTBeTCTByeT ocHOBHOMy CBeTOBOMy 3(J)JKTy, nocTaaneHHOMy BO Bceii aeKopauHH.
128
129 -5413
Pa3,aeji II. Pa6oTa onepaiopa co CBCTOM
3pHTeJlbHbltt 3SLH
§S j c/,Be 4 ^J, *fl \\ ^ ^ ^
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CBCT
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Puc. 67 -H pcaMepa
KaMepbl MOryT HaXOflHTbCH KaK B CTaTHaHOM, TaK H B JIHHaMHHHOM nojioxeHHH (Ha Tcnexice, Ha KpaHe). 3aecb MOJKCT co3AaBaTbca cjioxHaa MH3aHcueHa. TepoH Moryr CBOGOAHO nepeMemaTbca H3 KOMHaTW B KOMHaTy, BbixoflHTb Ha 6ariKOHbi H T.A. B Taicwx ycnoBwax cHMMaiOTca MHoronioflHbie cueHbi, npoHcxoAHixiHe napawiejibHO B AByx KOMHaTax c oiiHOBpeMeHHbiM MOHTaxoM Ha pexMccepcKOM nyjibTe (pnc. 68). B KaaecTBe npHMepa 3aecb npMBcaeHa caMaa npociaa cxeMa aeKopauHH. XynoacHHKH B CBoew pa6oTe npconaraiOT 6anee cjio>KHbie aeKopauHOHHbie KOMnjieKcu, 3aaacryio BflByx-TpexypoBHax, rjie onepaiop HMeeT 6oraTbie BO3MOXHOCTH Bbi6HpaTb caMbie pa3HOo6pa3Hbie TOMKH CteMKH. 3aKaH4HBaa rjiaBy «Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM B naBHJibOHe», Heo6xoflHMO OTMeTHTb, HTo MeTOflbi ycTaHOBKH CBeTa B naBHJibOHe Moryr 6biTb c ycnexoM HcnoJib30BaHbi Ha cteMKax AOKyMeHTajibHbix cpHJibMOB H XpOHHKajlbHblX MaTepHaaoB.
HoHHaa ci>eMKa Ha HaType
Puc. 68 xaeT jierKOBaa MaiuHHa, OTKpbiBaeTca ^Bepua, a B creioie OTpaxaioTca Bee ocBeTHTe^bHue npH6opbi. TaKHe H noaoGHbie MM He6pexHocTH B onepaTopcKOH pa6oTe aacTo CBOAHT Ha HCT Tpya Bcefi cieMoaHOH rpynnu, H o6mee BneaaTJieHne OT (pHJibMa pe3KO cHH*aeTca. HepeflKO onepaTopbi CHHMaioT HoaHbie cueHbi xmeM. B. KaniOTa: «HoaHwe cueHbi CHHMaio... ziHeM npw KOHTPOBOM ocBemeHHH, MHoraa Ha aepHo-6e^ofi ruieHKe, npMMeHaa painHaHbie BapwaHTbi HeHTpanbHO-cepbix H KpacHbix cBeTO(pH^bTpoB. ropoacKHe neH3axn CHHMaio 6anee ocTpo, pe3KO, KOHTpacTHo no cBeTy M uBeTy, aeM ce^bCKHe». MepHO-6e^aa n^eHKa Hcno^b3yeTca onepaTopoM co3HaTe^bHO, c yae[TOM Toro, aTO «Hoabio Bee KOIIIKM cepw». UBCT npe^MeTOB npn HeaocTaroaHOM ocBemeHHH noaTH He omyiuaeTca.
HoMHaa cteMKa Ha HaType no pa6oTe onepaTopa co CBCTOM HHMCM He
OTJlMaaeTCH OT 06bIHH0H naBHJlbOHHOM CbeMKH. HcnOJlb3yiOTCH OCBeTMTenbHbie npH6opbi c UBCTOBOH TeMnepaTypow H3JiyHeHHH 3200K. OnepaTOp .HOJDKeH npHMeHHTb OCBeTHTeJlbHbie npn6opbl TaKHM 06pa30M, 4T06bI y 3pwTejia He B03HHKajio oiuymeHMa HCKyccTBeHHOCTM, (panbWH H3o6paxaeMoro. MCTOMHHKM CBeTa BeaepoM H Hoabio: yjiHMHbie (pOHapw, OKHa aoMOB, cpapbi npoe3>Kaiomero TpaHcnopTa. 3TO ecTecTBeHHoe, npHBbiaHoe nw\ 3pHTe^n ocBeweHHe. Ii03T0My ycTaHOBKa ocBeTHTejibHbix npn6opoB, HanpaB^eHHe HX Jiyaefi AO^XHU cooTBeTCTBOBaTb ecTecTBeHHOMy BeaepHeMy (HoaHOMy) ocBeiueHHKJ cbeMoaHoro o6i>eKTa. HepeaKo MOJKHO Ha6;no,aaTb Ha 3KpaHe TaKHe, HanpHMep, Kaapw: aejioBeK na.tr saonb aoMa, a ero TeHb — Bbitue BToporo 3Ta*a H/IH nofli>e3-
130
IIpIlIIIJMIlM p a 6 0 T M CO CBCTOM B piHTeptepe MHTepbepbi MOXHO ycjioBHO pa3aejiHTb Ha Tpw BHzia: • 3aKpblTbie, T.C nOJIHOCTbK) M30JIHpOBaHHbie OTflHeBHOTOCBeTa H HaTypHoro (pOHa; • nanyoTicpbiTbie, T.e. noMeixieHwa c o6biaHbiMH OKHaMH H, cjieaoBaTe^bHo, nponycKaiouiHe AHCBHOH CBCT H HMeioiuHe HaTypHbift (poH; • OTKpbiTbie, T.e. HHTepbepw, y KOTOPMX oflHa cTeHa OT nana ao noTO^Ka CTeKJiHHHaa H B ocBemeHHH KOTopbix npeo6^aaaeT aneB131
Pa3ne/i II. Pa6oTa o n e p a t o p a co CBCTOM HOH CBeT, (rio^HOCTbio OTKpwTafl He3acTeicneHHaa Teppaca — Toxe OTKpblTblH HHTepbep.) 3aKpuTi>ie HiiTcpbcpu. 3 T O BceB03MO>KHbie 3anu, Ka6HHeTbi, (pone M TOMy noflo6Hbie noMeweHHa, MacTO ncnojib3yeMbie a n a cieMOK caMbix paanHMHbix cioxeTOB, nepeaau H cpHJibMOB. TaK KaK B TaKHX HHTepbepax HCT OKOH, TO ecTecTBeHHO, MTO HX co6cTBeHHoro CBeTa a n a npOBeaeHHa cbeMOK HeaocTaTOHHO. OnepaTopy npnxonHTca ncnonb30BaTb ocBeTHTenbHbie npH6opbi B HenpHcnoco6jieHHOM JUIH HxycTaHOBKH noMemeHHH. fnaBHaa 3aaana npn STOM COCTOHT B TOM, MTo6bi co3naTb nariHyio nnnKWHio ecTecTBeHHocTH ocBeiueHHH B HHTepbepe. HepCOKO HHTepbepbl, B KOTOpblX npOH3BOHHTCfl CbeMKa, HB^JHOTCa uieaeBpaMH apxHTeKTypHoro TBopnecTBa, npcacTa&riaioT CO6OH My3eHHyio ueHHocTb. Torna 3aaaMa onepaTopa euxe 6onee ycno>KHaeTca: Heo6xoaHMo nO^HOCTblO COXpaHHTb H nOilMepKHyTb TBOpMeCKHe HaXOflKH 30flHer0. O c BeTHTcnbHbie npn6opbi O6MMHO ycTaHaanHBaiOT C3aan KOJIOHH, npaMyr B ABepHbix npoeiwax, 3a HMeioiuHMHca yrnaMH H ycTynaMH. Hcnonb3yioT 6enb3TaxHbie nepeKpbiTHa, aHTpeconn H T.n. ECJIH CTeHbi B HHTepbepe 6e/ibie, jiywn Macra npnGopoB HanpaBJiaioT B cTeHbi, KOTopbie HaxonaTca BHe nojia 3peHHa KaMepu, HJIH B noTonoK, nonyMaa pOBHMH 3anonHaiomHH CBCT BO BceM cbeMOMHOM npocTpaHCTBe. Ha 3TOT rpyHT 3aTeM MOJKHO «nono>KHTb» CBeTOBbie naTHa, MTO6M BbiaeJIHTb OCHOBHbie 3^eMeHTbl KOMn03HUHH. 3TH yMaCTKH MOJKHO BblCBeTHTb jiynaMH HanpaaneHHoro pncyiomero CBeTa. CaMo COSOH pa3yMeeTca, MTO CBCTOBOH 6anaHC nonxeH 6biTb co6niofleH B COOTBeTCTBHH C 06lUHM H306pa3HTejlbHblM peUieHHeM (aHCBHOH nnn HOMHOH 3nH3o.ii). HepenKO Ha xpoHHKajibHbix cteMKax, HanpHMep B Kynyapax BO BpeMa nepepuBa B KaKOM-nn6o 3aceaaHHH, npnxoaHTca CHHMaTb ynacTHHKOB 3Toro MeponpnaTHa — HX 6ecenbi, HHTepBbio H T.n. Macro BCTpeMaiomneca OUJH6KH B cteMKax TaKoro poaa — ruioxo nocTaBneHHbiii CBeT Ha BbicTynaiomnx H HapyiueHHe CBeTOBoro 6anaHca Mexay nnuoM H 4)OHOM. JIHHO BbicTynaiomero 6biBaeT «3aiHTo» CBCTOM, a 3Kcno3Huna, ec-
TecTBeHHO, cTaBHTca no rnaBHOMy o6i>eKTy Kaapa — Jinuy. BTOPOH ruiaH, (poH, B TaKHX Kaapax, KaK npaBH.no, HaxoaHTca B o6jiacTH HeaoaepxKH, «B npoBane», B TCMHOTC He Haao 3a6biBaTb, MTO, a a x e CHHMaa KpynHbiH onaH, MW nonynaeM QOOH, 3aHHMaioiuHH noMTH 2/3 nnomaan Kaapa, H nosTOMy Kaapw, He6pe>KHo 3aKOMnoHOBaHHbie, c nnoxo ocBemeHHbiM <JH>HOM co3aaioT BnewaTJieHne HepaiunHBocTH, He3aK0HMeHH0CTH. Heo6xojiHMO cneiiHTb, MTo6bi rjiaBHbiH o6i>eKT — BbicrynaioiuHH 6w.fi BbicBeMeH rpaMOTHO, HTo6bi CBeT xopoiiio BbiaBna/i o6teM, noaMepKHBafl jiHMHocTb roBopamero. B TO ace BpeMa cneayeT yaenaTb aonxHoe BHHMaHHe H BTopoMy nnaHy — TaM Toxe nponcxoaHT aencTBHe: xoaaT, pa3roBapn* BaiOT JHOflH, HiieT XH3Hb.
132
npHHUHnw pa6oTbi co CBCTOM B HHTepbepe IIO.lVOTKpblTbie HHTepbepbl. HonyOTKpblTblMH HHTepbepaMH aBnaioTca noMeuxeHHa c oKHaMH o6biHHbix pa3MepoB: KBapTHpbi, yHe6Hbie iciacCbl B UIKOJiaX, KOHTOpbl, Mara3HHbI H T.n. CjlO>KHOCTb CieMOK B 3THX ycjioBHax 3ajcnioMaeTca B TOM, HTO Mepe3 OKHa B TaKHe HHTepbepbl nonaaaeT AHeBHOH CBeT c UBeTOBOH TeMnepaTypoH, paBHOH 5500K, B TO BpeMa KaK HCTOMHHKH HCKyccTBeHHoro ocBeuieHHa (naMnbi HaKanHBaHHa, rajioreHHbie JiaMnw) HMCIOT UBeTOByro TeMnepaTypy, paBHyio 3200K. Pa6oTaa co CBCTOM B no/iyoTKpbiTOM HHTepbepe, MH Hcnonb3yeM KaK imeBHOH CBCT c UBeTOBOH TeMnepaiypoH 5500K, TaK H CBCT HCKyccTBeHHbiH c UBCTOBOH TeMnepaTypoH 3200K. CMenieHHe AHeBHoro H HCKyccTBeHHoro CBeTa Bceraa npHBOiiHT K HCKaxeHHio UBeTonepeaaHH cHHMaeMoro o6T>eKTa. 3 T O HCKaxeHHe npe>icae Bcero 3aMeTH0 Ha n n u a x moaen. Jlnua CTaHOBaTca «CHHK)UJHbiMH», ecjm npeo6aaaaeT aHeBHOH CBCT, H rpa3H0-cepbiMH, ecan 06a BHfla CBeTa paBHbi n o HHTeHCHBHOCTH. (npH pa6oTe B pexHMe HCKyccTBeHHoro ocBeiueHHa, c (pHJibTpoM N° 1 Ha KaMepe.) Ha cteMKax B noayoTKpbiTbix HHTepbepax HyxHO paannnaTb KaK MHHHMyM Tpn BapnaHTa HanpaBneHHa CT>CMKH. riepebtu eapuanm: CbeMKa «na OKHO» (pnc. 69). OKHa H 3aoKOHHoe n p o CTpaHCTBO aBnaioTca CPOHOM B Kaape. CHHMaeMbiH nejiOBeK CHAHT JIH6O cnnHOH K OKHy, J\H6O B 3 / 4 no OTHOujeHHio K KaMepe. CBCT H3 OKHa juia CHHMaeMoro aBnaeTca KOHTPOBUM. B 3TOM BapnaHTe ocHOBHbiM CBCTOM,
pa6oTaK>uiHM Ha MejioBeKa, 6yaeT CBCT OT KaMepw. ECJIH MH CHHMaeM B peacHMe HCKyccTBeHHoro ocBemeHHa, B pacneTe [Ha UBeTOByio TeMnepaTypy HCTOMHHKOB ocBemeHHa, paBHyio 3200K, npn I (pnnbTpe N? 1 Ha KaMepe, TO MU ocBemaeM CHHMaeMbiH o6ieKT «Kpac' HbiM» CBeTOM (3200K), a Ha (pOHe — «CHHee» aHeBHoe ocBemeHne (5500K). ripn (pH.ibTpe N° I JIHUO nojiyMHT HopMaibHyK) UBeTonepeaaMy, a 3a OKJHaMH, Ha (pOHe, 6yaeT «cHHeBa». KaK BH^HO H3 cxeMbi HBeTOBoro Kpyra, uBeTa po30Bbin (TennwH) H |rony6oH (xonoaHbifi) aBJiaioTca aononHHTeabHbiMH apyr K apyry. KpoMe 3Toro, ncHxonorHMecKH Mbi BocnpnHHMaeM «Ten;ibie» OGICKTM KaK 6bi ' «BbiCTynaK>m.HMH» Ha nepBbin n^aH, a «xonoaHbie» — «OTCTynaiomHMH» [B my6nHy. TaKHM o6pa30M, B HaiueM npHMepe UBCTOBOH KOHTpacT ycuIHT eme H omyiueHHe ray6HHbi npocTpaHCTBa. Ecnn OKHa 3aHHMaiOT 3HaMHTenbHyK) MacTb Kaapa, onepaTop cTaBHT luaqbparMy, cooTBeTCTByioiuyio ocBeiueHHocTH Ha HaType 3a OKHaMH. T o r la, 4To6bi BbiaepjKaTb CBCTOBOH 6anaHC, CBCT, pa6oTaiomHH OT KaMepbi i& CHHMaeMbiH o6teKT, a o a x e H cooTBeTCTBOBaTb (no HHTCHCHBHOCTH) JTOH anaqoparMe. n p n npaBHabHOM COOTHOUJCHHH apKOCTen a n u a CHHo e M o r o MejioBeKa H (poHa MOXHO nojiyMHTb Bbipa3HTejibHbiH nopTpeT, ipHHeM CBCTOBOH KOHTyp 6yaeT roay6oBaTbiM. Ecnn He xBaTaeT CBeTa a n a
133
Pa3aeji II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBCTOM
ripHHUHflbl pa60TbI CO CBCTOM B HHTepbepe
CxeMa uiKOAbHoeo taiacca. HanpaejieHue cbeMKU — «na OKHO»
3aecb Hannuo HBHoe CMeiueHwe AHeBHoro H HCKyccTBeHHoro cBeTa. r i p n cieMKe TaKoro Kaapa onepaTop HMeeT TPH BO3MOXHOCTH: •
• AHeBHoe ocBemeHMe • CBerCd
FIocTaBHTb Ha 3;ieKTpoocBeTHTejibHbie npH6opbi rojiyGbie KOMneHcauwoHHbie (pH^bTpw, aoBean HBeTOByio TeMnepaTypy CBeTOBoro noTOKa no 5500K. IlocTaBHTb Ha KaMepe HaTypHWH cBeracpHJibTp (N° 2 HJ1H No 3). CHHMaTb B HaTypHOM pOKHMC CHHMaTb B HaTypHOM pe>KHMe, Hcno^b3ya aneKTpoocBeTHTe/ibHbie npn6opbi THna « n n r » , «AHE», «JIK)KCAP», aaioiuHe CBCTOBOH noTOK, no UBeTOBOH TeMnepaType 6JIH3KHH K iiHeBHOMy CBeTy. FIonbiTaTbCH «nepe6HTb» saeicrpocBeTOM noTOK AHeBHoro CBeTa, naaaiomero H3 OKOH (npH cbeMKe B peacHMe HCKyccTBeHHoro o c BemeHHH c (pmibTpoM N° 1 Ha KaMepe).
EcnH B HaiueM pacnopaxeHHH /iocraTOHHoe KO^HMCCTBO CBeTa HCKyccrBeHHoro, a jweBHOH CBCT H3 OKOH He Mpe3MepHO HHTCHCHBCH, 3TO yuaeTca.
Puc. 69 cbeMKH o 6 m e r o onaHa loiacca (TOMK3 CT>CMKH 1), TO cHHMaeTca cpeAHHfi ruiaH c AByMH oKHaMH (TOMKa cbeMKH 2) HJIH anaH c OAHHM OKHOM (TOHKa CbeMKH 3). Bmopou eapuanm: che/mca edoAb OKOH (pnc. 70). B STOM BapnaHTe CBeT H3 OKOH naaaeT HenocpeacrBeHHO Ha JIHIW jHOfleii, HanpHMep yseHHKOB, CHAHIUHX B iciacce. Koraa TOMKa CT>CMKH HaxoflHTca y creHbi, Ha KOTopon BHCHT flocKa, a yneHHKH CHAHT ;IHUOM K KaMepe, TO AHCBHOM CBCT (5500K)
H3 OKOH 6yaeT pncyiomMM. A CBCT sjieKTpoocBeTHTejibHbix npn6opoB (3200K), pa6oTaiomHX OT KaMepu, — 3ano^H«iowHM. CxeMa lUKOJibHoeo taiacca. Hanpaenenue cbeMKU — edojib OKOH
MHTeHCHBHOCTb CBeTa OT 3JieKTponpn6opoB aojixHa 6biTb B 1,5-2 pa3a 6ojibixie, neM HHTeHCHBHOCTb CBeTa H3 OKOH. To/ibKO Toraa MM «3a6beM» nwiyGofi CBCT, H36aBHMCH OT CMeiueHHH CBeTa ziHeBHoro H HCKyccTBeHHor o H, cneaoBaTejibHo, OT UBeTOHCKaxeHHH. Tpemuu eapuanm: cbeMKa om OKOH (pnc. 71). 3 T O T Baa cieMKH npoBOflHTCH TOraa, Koraa HCKyccTBeHHbiH CBCT Boo6me OTcyrcTByeT, H MM HCno^b3yeM TOJibKo HHCBHOH CBCT, naaaiouiHH H3 OKOH. B STHX yc/ioBHHx
CbeMKa npoBoaHTca B HaTypHOM pexHMe. OTKpMTue HHTepbepu. B OTKPMTMX HHTepbepax — noMeineHHHX co creioiHHHbiMH creHaMH OT nana no nomnKa HJIH C oxcyTCTBHeM CTCH — Ha Teppace — cieMKa npoBoaHTca B HaTypHOM pewHMe. CxeMa utKOAbHoeo taiacca. Hanpaenenue cbeMKU — om OKOH
^
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Puc. 70
134
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Puc. 71
135
Boo6paxeHne, cpaHTa3Mfl, o6pa3
/JwiiaiviMKa CBera ripHpoaa H uHBH^M3auMH HacTOHHHBofleMOHCTpMpyioTHaM nopa3nTeJlbHOe pa3H006pa3He nOCTOHHHO M3MeHJUOWHXCH yc/iOBHH ocBeuieHH«. FIpHMepoB AHHaMHMecKoro cBeTa 6ecHHCJieHHoe MHOXCCTBO: • noHBJieHiie nepBbix jiyHeH BocxoAfliuero cojiHiia — «3aropaiomMeCR» BepxyiiJKH aepeBbeB, «3aHHHKM» B OKHax ^OMOB; • 6JIHKH Ha Boae — HX oTpaxeHHe Ha Jinuax juonevi, Ha npenideTax, Ha CTeHax; • jiyHH cojiHua, ocBemaiouiMe Jiwua repoeB cKB03b Tpenemyiuyio jiHCTBy; • BcnwiiJKH MO;IHHH, npeo6paxajouiMe Bee BOKpyr; • MMraiomHM CBd OT KOCTpa; • flBuxyiuMecH JiyHH OT npoe3>Kaiomero TpaHcnopTa; • 0T6jiecKM H pedwieKcu BcnbixHBaiomeii H racHyiueti cBeTO-UBeToBOM pemiaMbi H T.A., M T.n. ZlHHaMHHecKHH CBCT MOXHO Ha6/no,aaTb H B HHTepbepe: • x^onaroiuHe OT BeTpa cTaBHH Ha OKHax, TO 3aKpbiBaiomne CBCT H n o r p y x a i o m n e KOMHaTy B nonyrbMy, TO OTKpbiBaioiuHe nyTb n o TOKy npKoro CBeTa; • 3axHraHHe H rameHMe jno6oro wcroMHHKa HCKyccTBeHHoro OCBCmeHMH — OT HOHHMKa y nocrejiH 6o/ibHoro no orpoMHOM .niocTpi.i Ha nomnKe KOHuepTHoro 3a^a, B03HHKHOBeHne w MC4e3HOBeHne CBeTOBoro scpcpeKTa; • 6-IMKH OT ropaiuero KaMHHa; • BionoMeHHe CBeTa B cocenHefl, TCMHOH KOMHaTe MJIH noone/iOBaTejibHO — B aH(pmiaiie KOMHaT H T.n.. Oco6yio c/io>KHocTb JUIJI onepaTopa npeacTaBJiaeT dunaMUKa upema, T.e. 3(p(peKT, rae nponcxonnT nocmeneHHoe U3Mehenue ceema u ueema e Kadpe. OnepaTOp co3naeT onpe/ie/ieHHyio apxHTeKTOHHKy UBeTa, nxuwiHeHHyio o6meMy >KHBonMCHo-H3o6pa3HTe;ibHOMy peweHMio 3nn30.ua. HanpHMep, aeKopauHH M aKTepbi B Heft ocBeuiaioTCH CKB03b oKua po30BaTHM cBeTOM 3axoaflmero cojiHua. CojiHue 3axonHT, HacTynatoT cyMepKU. ocBemeHne craHOBHTca raiy6oBaTO-cepbiM, KaK 6bi a a x e HenocTaTOMHUM. HaKOHeu 3axHraiOT;iaMnb[ (mu BHOCHTCBCMM). Jlwua aKTepoB, acKopauwH — Bee cHOBa ocBemaeTca, HO y x e /apyrwM, TeanbiM, CBCTOM. ...B yr/iy He6o/ibiuoM TOCTHHOH CTOHT MpaMopHaa xeHCKaa ro/ioBKa — o6bmHbiH cKy^bnTypHbift nopTpeT. .AHCM ocBemeHHWH naaaiowMM H3 oKHa CBCTOM nopTpeT o/iHueTBopaeT CO6OH cnoKOHHoe, OTpeiueHHoe OT noBce/iHeBHOCTH AOCTOHHCTBO. Pa3pa3miacb rp03a. rioTeMHe.no 3a OKHOM, cyMpaK OKyran KOMHaTy. BcnbiuiKa MOJIHHH 03apHJia rocTMHyio, yziap npKoro xonojiHoro CBeTa 6yjno xnecTHy-1
136
no jinny cnoKOHHoro nopTpeTa. rioKa3ariocb, HTO xeHiuKHa BCKpHKHy/ia OT CBeTOBoro yziapa. TeHH OT 6erymnx no OKOHHOMy creioiy noTOKOB BOHM 6^aroaapa BcnojioxaM MOJIHHH npoeunpoBajiMCb Ha MpaMopHyio xeHCKyio ronoBKy. OHa 6yjrro njiaKajia. OKOHHMJiacb rpo3a. JIKWH BOLU^H B rocTMHyio, 3a>KrjiH K3MMH, Hananacb HeTopon^HBan 6ece.ua. Ten^bie 6^HKH CBeTa OT orHH KaMHHa ocBeiuann He To^bKo 6ece.ayioiuHx juoneii, HO H MHTKHMM npHKocHOBeHHHMH 6yaTO ^acKaJIH MpaMopHoe JIHUO cKy^bnTypu. O T 3Toro BbipaxeHHe ee Jinua cMarMHJiocb, OHa KaK 6w corpeBanacb oTTen^a, ynacTBOBajia B pa3roBope. Xo^OflHbin MpaMOp OXHBan, OAyXOTBOpHJICH. To, 4T0 HeB03Mo>KHo nepeaaTb B «MMCTOM» CKy^bnType, MOXHO aonOJIHHTb >IMHaMHKOH (H3MeHeHMeM) CBCTa. 3TO AOCTynHO TO^bKO KMHeMaTorpaqby H TcneBHueHHio. CaMoe maBHoe TO, MTO Bee 3TH H3MeHeHna CBeTa npoHcxoflHT HenpepbiBHO, nepexoan a p y r B npyra, HTO co3iiaeT 3(p(peKT peajibHoro TeneHHfl >KH3HH. Bbino^HHTb TaKyio cteMKy He n p o [ CTO, HO OHa 6yneT no^Ha H3o6pa3HTenbHOH SKcnpeccHH. Eme oflHH npnMep. «XlBoe jnoaefi 3aMep3aioT B MaujHHe. M3MeHeHne qbn3HMecKoro COCTOHHHH repoeB BbipaxaeTCJi B wrpe UBeTa. IlocTeneHHO M3 Kaapa yxoaHT Tenjibie TOHa: KpacHbifl UBCT noaqbapHHKOB, xejiTOBaTbift — OT qbap aBTOMo6njJH. Kaap CT3HOBHTC« MOHOxpoMHbiM, H Koraa 3a™xaeT nocyie^Hee npoHBJieHHe XM3HH, M3o6pa>KeHiie craHOBHTCfl XO^OAHUM, cepo-rojiy6biM. JXnn 6o^bii]ero 3(pcj)eKTa Hcnojib30BajiCH rpnM, 6^ecTKM, 3aMopo3Ka CTCKOJI. H O DiaBHOM KpacKOti 6bi^ uBeT» (B. Haxa6uee). ripHMepbi MO>KHO npuBo/iHTb 6ecKOHeMHO. Ka^KJibiM onepaTop B COOTBeTCTBHH co CBOMM Boo6pa>KeHneM, co CBoefi (paHTa3neH Bocco3aaeT pa3jiHMHbie scpqbeKTbi Ha 3KpaHe.
Boo6pa^teHne, 4>aHTa3MH, o6pa3 rioMMMO O6IUHX CBeaeHMM o pa6oTe onepaTopa co CBCTOM, STO n o c o 6we cTaBHT cBoen 3ajiaMeti HayMHTb cjiyujaTejieH «MMTaTb» u «noHMMaTb» CBeT, nocTaB^eHHbiti apyrMMH onepaTopaMM B (pn^bMax w nepejianax, Bbi3BaTb >Ke/iaHne yMMTbcn y pa3^HMHbix MacTepoB, a Taicxe aKTHBHo (paHTa3HpoBaTb caMHM B noBceztHeBHOH pa6oTe. B KaqecTBe npHMepa n^oaoTBopHOM cpaHTa3HH npw co3aaHHM onpe/aeJieHHoro o6pa3a npMBoaHTCH BOcnoMMHaHne B. Haxa6ueBa o HepeanH30BaHHOM 3aMbicne Ha cteMKax qbHJibMa o rpacpe Ka^nocTpo. «MO>KHO o6birpaTb CBeTOBbie 3(p(peKTbi — npoxoa no aHCJJH^aae KOMHaT, rae noHBH^CH rpacp Ka^HOCTpo. CHMMaTb OAHMM KycKOM. B Kaacaofi KOMHaTe pa3Hbie CBeTOBbie (H zieKopauHOHHbie. — M. B.) cocToaHHH: B OJIHOH — cojiHeMHbifi /jeHb, B apyroM ropflT cBewH, B cne/iyiomeM — 3a
137
Pa3zieji II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co CBeTOM OKHOM 3HMa, CTOHT CaHH, MyXMK KOJieT iipOBa, flaJlbUie — paCKpblTbl oKHa, Ha ABope jieTo, yrioi B npyay. C UBeTOM TaKaa x e Hrpa: B OAHOH naHopaMe — OT Ten.noro opaHxeBOro no cepo-ro/iy6oro. M O X H O AOBCCTH naeio no nojiHoro aGcypua — B KOMHaTe COJIHCMHWH JICTHHH aeHb, a Koraa KaMepa 6epeT B Kaap OKHO — HOMb, 3MMa, CHer... B (pHJibMe 3Ta naea He peanM30BaHa. Boo6iue Koraa qbMJibM CHHT, noHHMaeujb, MTO OH — jcnaa6HiueHepeanH30BaHHbix npoeicroB. HaTypa TpaHCcpopMHpyeTca, xyaoxecTBeHHO npeo6pa3yeTca (oKpacKa cpcabi: nepeBba, cieHbi, UBCTHOH CBCT, (pHJibTpu, HacaaKH H. T.n.), coxpaHaa paMKM pe&nbHOCTH, nepeocMbic/ieHHon MHOMBHiiya^bHblM BHfleHHeM xyflOXHHKa. KMHO H TejieBaaeHMe aaioT B03MOXHOCTb "BMeuiHBaTbca" B npHpoay CBeTOM, UBeTOM, OriTHKOH, TCMnOM flBHXeHHa, MT06bI C03flaTb Ha 3KpaHe HOBbIM MyBCTBeHHblH MHp — 06pa3». B HaMajie 3TOM pa6oTbi roBopmiocb, MTO ;ma p e x n c c e p a B COBMCCTHOM TBopwecTBe a o p o r TOT onepaTop, KOTopbiM npHBHOCMT MTO-TO CBoe CBepx Tpe6oBaHMH cueHapna H pexwccepa. MyBCTBO HeyfloaneTBopeHHocTH n o c .ne cteMKH OMepcaHoro (panbMa 3HaKOMo nowra KaxaoMy onepaTopy. Ho MTo6w HMeTb ocHOBaHHe Ha3BaTb HepeajiH30BaHHbie 3aMbicnbi «KJiaa6HmeM», HyxHO 3TM 3aMbianbi poiiHTb, npn,ayMaTb, HacpaHTa3HpoBaTb. «5i HHKoraa He 6bui owapoBaH CBOHM TBOPMCCTBOM... noKa a nHu/y, MHe STO KaxeTca 3aMenaTe^bHbiM, HO Koraa a CTaarno nooncaHioio TOMKy M nepewHTbiBaio HanncaHHoe, a BHxy, KaK STO narieico no coBepuieHCTBa. Ho 3aTo a Haaeiocb, MTO ancayioiuee crnxoTBopeHHe 6yaeT 3aMeMaTe.nbHbiM...» {Eyjiam OicydDKaea). Bonpoc. TaK MTO x e TaKoe TBopMecxaa /iMMHOCTb? Omeem: 3 T O Me/ioBeK, HHKoraa He yaoBJieTBoparomMiica pe3yjibTaTaMn CBoeft pa6oTbi. 3 T O xyaoxHMK, nocToaHHO HaxoaaiuHftca B noHCKe HOBblX nyTefi H, CJICaOBaTe/IbHO, HOBblX HaXOflOK H OTKpblTMM B Bbipa3HTe^bHbIX B03MOXHOCTaX CBOeM HpOCpeCCMM. Bbieod: BMCOKMH Ky/ibrypHbiH ypoBeHb, Tara K 3aMeMaTejibHbiM o6pa3uaM ^HTepaTypbi, nocroaHHoe conpMKOCHOBeHHe c .nyMiiiHMH npoM3B&aeHHaMM CMeXHblX BMilOB M306pa3MTejlbHOrO HCKyCCTBa — XMBOnHCH, CKyjibnTypu, (poTorpacpHH, KMHO — Heo6xoziHMoe KaMecTBO H Henpe/ioxnoe Tpe6oBaHMe K xyaoxHHKy, K McnoBeKy TBOPMCCKOH npoqbecCHH, COBepiiieHCTBOBaTbCa B KOTOpOH HyXHO B TeMeHMe BCeM XH3HH. Be^HKHfi anoHCKHfi xynoxHHK KauycMKa XoKycaw, npocJiaaneHHbiii B cBoetf crpaHe H .aajieKO 3a ee npe.ae.naMM, McnoBeK, co3aaBuiHfi COTHII npeKpacHbix npon3Be.aeHMM MCKyccTBa, a a H a x a w HanMcaji B CBoeM nueuHHKe: «MHe KaxeTca, MTO mribKO Tenepb a Koe-MeMy HayMnnca*. B 3Ty nopy MacTepy 6buio BOceMtaecaT uiecTb ;ieT.
P a 3 fl e JI
III
CbEMKA APXMTEKTyPHblX COOPy^KEHMli
B .oejie nponaraaabi MCKyccTBa BOo6me H npoH3BeaeHHH apxMTeicrypbi B MacTHOCTH Te^eBHfleHHe npw3BaHO cwrpaTb H HrpaeT ponb, KOTopyio ipyflHO nepeoueHHTb. ApxMTeicrypa — apxMTeicrypHbie coopyxeHna, cxy^bnTypa, o6i>eKTbi rpaaocTpoHTe/ibHoro TBopMecTBa — Bbino^HaeT B 4>H;ibMax H nepeaaMax KaK MHHHMyM ,o.Be qbyHKUHH, BbicTynaeT KaK 6w B iiByx pojiax. npoH3BeAeHHa apxHTeicrypbi Moryr HBJiaTbca «maBHbiMH repoaMH» tpunbMa m m nepeaaMM, nocBameHHbix HenocpeacTBeHHO TeMe H3o6pa3MTe;ibHoro MCKyccTBa, rpaaocTpoMTenbHoro TBopMecTBa. C apyroM CTopoHbi, apxnTeiorypa MOXCT BbinojiHaTb po^b qboHa, cpeabi, r^e pa3BepTbiBaeTca neiiCTBMe HrpoBoro tynjib\ia. M Toraa oHa Hapaay c KocrioMaMH n peKBH3HTOM aBMTCa OCHOBOM BH3yaHbHOM HOCTOBepHOCTM 3n0XH, O KOTOpOH CHHMaeTca (pn^bM. A BH3yanbHaa aocTOBepHocTb noMOxeT aocTOBepHOCTH ApaMaTyprMMecKOM, SMOUMOH&nbHOH. OTCioaa BbiTeKaeT Tpe6oBaHMe K TBopMecKHM pa6oTHHKaM — roTOBa MaTepwaji 06 onpcae/ieHHOH MCTOPHMecKOH snoxe, caMbiM TiuaTejibHbiM o6pa30M OT6wpaTb o6i>eKTbi apxHTeKTypbi, KOTopue 6yiiyT xapaKTepn30BaTb HCTopwMecKyio cpeny. IlpHMeM He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, 6yaeT JIM apxHTeKTypa To^bKO (poHOM \\nu rnaBHUM 06l>eKTOM CbeMKH. naMaTHMKH apxHTeKTypw, BbuaiomHeca npoH3BefleHwa 30iiMHx np&aCTaB^aioT CO6OH 6^aroflapHeHUiHH MaTepwaa iuia cieMOK, TaK KaK caMH n o ce6e aB^aioTca npo^yKTOM TBopMecTBa apxHTeKTopoB, Bbipa3MTe^aMH HX Haefi. JI1060H MejiOBeK, 3HaKOMaiuHiica c TeM H^H HHHM naMaTHHKOM apxMTeKTypbi, peiuaeT caM, MTO ocMOTpeTb B nepByio OMepeflb, MTO — BO BTopyio, Ha MeM He ocTaHaanHBaTbca BOBCC Mbi, B3aB Ha ce6a (pyHKUHio noKa3a npoH3BeaeHHa apxHTeKTypw Ha 3KpaHe, «HaBa3biBaeM» 3pHTejno He To^bKO CBOH BKyc, CBOH npHCTpacTHa, HO H CBoe noHHMaHHe npe^MeTa KaK TaKOBoro. Cne.aoBaTe.nbHO, H Ham BKyc, n Hauia spyanuHa B STOM Bonpoce aojixHbi 6biTb 6e3ynpeMHbi. CHHMaa (pH^bM win co3aaBaa nepejaMy, rae «r^aBHbiM repoeM» HB^aeTca caMa apxHTeicrypa, Mbi o6a3aHbi He HCKaxaTb KOMno3HUHOHHbie 3aMbICJIbI 30ZIMMX. MHTepeCHO HaMfleHHaa TOMKa CT>eMKH ilO^XHa ^HOJb
139
Pa3neji III. CbeMKa apxHTeicrypHbix coopyaceHHH
Topozi
noflnepKHBaTb 3pHTejibHOH scpcpeKT, 3aayMaHHbift apxHTeicropoM. PexHCcep H onepaTop aojiacHH niy6oKO npoHHKHyTb B cyTb apxHTeicrypHoro npoM3Be.aeHHfl, MTO6H peuiHTb, npH noMomn KaKHX npocpeccnoHanbHbix npneMOB HaH6oJiee Bbipa3HTe;ibHO aoHecru ao 3pHTejia aBTopcKHH 3aMHce;i. PaccMOTpHM nocaeaoBaTejibHo BO3MO>KHOCTM CICMKH ropoaa, ruiomaan, yanuu, aoMa c TOMKH 3peHHH noncKOB HanGoaee Bbipa3HTejibHbix npweMOB HX noKa3a Ha 3KpaHe.
OweHb HHTepecHon MOXCT 6biTb BepTHKanbHaa naHopaMa-noaieM, BHnojiHeHHaa c noMoiubio onepaTopcKoro KpaHa HJIM BHeuiHero, 3pKepHoro autpTa. HanaTb TaKyio naHopaMy xopouio c KaKoro-Hn6yab cpparMeHTa, 3aTeM, noaHHMaacb Bbiiue H Bbiixie, oaHOBpeMeHHO ocyiuecTBaaa onTHMeCKHH oTbeaa (c noMoiubio TpaHC(poKaTopa), OTKpbiBaTb B3opy 3pHTejia Bee 6ojieeaajibHioio nepcneKTHBy ropoaa. 06mne unaHH ropoaa OTJIHMHO noaywaioTca npn cieMKax c B03ayxa (BO BpeMH aBRaceHHH — c caMoneTa, BepTOaeTa). CaMoneT HJIH BepraieT JICTHT, HanpHMep, Haa maBHOH MaracTparibio ropoaa, napajuiejibHO en. npn Taicon cieMKe xopoiuo MHTaeTCH o6man ropoacKaa anaHnpoBKa, 3aMbicjibi rpaaocrpoHTejien — KaK Ha jiaaoHH. J\J\H cteMOK O6UIHX n^aHOB ropoaa Han6ojiee noaxozifliUHM Hy>KHO CHHTaTb apKoe cariHeHHoe ocBeuxeHHe, aaiouxee pe3Kyio CBeTOTeHb, xopouio BbiflBjiaioiuyio o6i>eMbi. HanpaaneHne co/iHiza — 6oKOBoe no oTHouieHHK) K HanpaaneHHK) CT>CMKH. JXnn aocTHxeHHa 6o^ee n^aBHoro, MeaaeHHoro noneTa (cteMKa c TOMKH 3peHH« napamen nTHUbi) onepaTopu HacTo no^b3yioTCH yBejinqeHHeM CKOPOCTH CT>CMKH. HanpHMep, ci>eMKa co CKopocTbio 50 K/C aaeT HaM 3(p(peKT MnrKoro, napamero no^eTa. Ha TejieBHaeHHM 3TO 3aMeaneHHe noneTa aerKOflOcroraeTCHnpn MOHTa>Ke. Ho cmrib 6bi aonro MH HH aepxann O6LUHH naaH Ha 3KpaHe, paccMOTpeTb ropoa noiipo6Hee, no3HaKOMHTbcn c HHM 6jiH)Ke y 3pHTe^a BO3MO>KHOCTH Bee paBHO He 6yaeT. Or o6mero ruiaHa H BneMaT^eHne ocraHeTCH o5o6meHHbiM. no3TOMy cnycTHMC» Ha 3eMjno H npoaaeMCJi no anoiuaoflM H y^nuaM ropoaa.
ropoA ilajKe co cMOTpoBOH ruiomaaKH, HaxoaaiueHCH BHCOKO Haa ropoaoM, ero B3niRaoM He oxBaTHTb. Mw noBopaMHBaeM ronoBy coBepuieHHO Henpon3BO^ibHo, xejiaa yBHaeTb Becb ropoa UCJIHKOM. CaMH Toro He noao3peBafl, MW acnaeM naHopaMy. .HencTBHTejibHO, peaKO yaaeTCH cHHTb CTaTHMHHH O6IUHH njiaH ropoaa. 06HMHO npuxoanTca aejiaTb naHopaiwy. FIpHMeM ana naHopavtbi He o6a3aTejibHO ucnojib30BaTb KopoTKocpOKycHyio, uinpoKoyroabHyio onTHKy. MeaneHHan naHopaMa, caejiaHHaa npH noMOiun «HopMaJibHOro» o6i>eKTHBa (F = 40-50 MM), aaeT xopouine pe3yjibTaTH (pnc. 72). Han6ojiee uinpoKHe, o6mne anaHbi oTKpHBaioTCH c BepxHHX TOHCK ropoaa — BbicoTHbix 3flaHHti, Tejie6aujeH, c rop. HanpHMep, nocne B03BeaeHHH 3ixaHHfl C3B c ero BepxHHX yraxevi OTKpnaacb 3aMeMaTejibHa«, paHee HeH3BecTHafl naHopaMa Ha nanyHHHy MocKBbi-peKH, Kyry30BCKMH npocneicr c rocTHHHueM «YKpaHHa», BopoanHCKHH MOCT H ruiouiaab nepea KneBCKHM BOK3aHOM. HO H C TaKMX BHCOKHX TOMCK HeB03MO)KHO OXBaTMTb B3maaoM Becb ropoa. naHopaMHpoBaHne Heo6xoaHMO. TaKHe naHopaMH xeaaTejibHO HaMHHaTb H 3aKaHMHBaTbCTaTHKOH. CraTHHHbie Kaapn B HaMane H B KOHUe naHOpaMbl aOaXHH 6blTb KOMn03HUHOHHO Bbipa3HTeJIbHbI. HopMajibHaa ontHKa :CKTH, o6paM^aioWHe n^omaab. 3aecb Hauie BHHMaHHe HanpaaneHo OT o6uiero K nacTHOMy. Ho 6biBaeT H TaK. nonaB Ha n^oiuaab, eme He oniRaeB ee BCKJ UCJIHKOM, MH 3aHHTepecoBHBaeMCH KaKHM-HH6yab OTae^bHHM o6teKTOM, ao^ro pacCMaTpHBaeM ero, H3y4aeM. W nviuib noTOM o6pamaeM BHHMaHHe Ha BCKJ naouxaab, aa H TO C TOMKH 3peHH« 3Toro 3aHHTepecoBaBiuero Hac, Ha Haui B3raj«a, maBHoro o6i>eKTa n^ouiaan. 3aecb Hauia Mbicab naeT OT MaCTHoro K o6iueMy. n p n cteMKe naoutaan npHMepHo TaK xe 6yaeT aencTBOBaTb H onepaTop. OH MoxeT cHaMana cHATb O6UIHH naaH naomaan. n/iaH MOJKCT 6biTb M CTaTHMHHM, H (ec/iH naouiaab uinpoKa) CHATHM npn noMouiH naHopaMH. noc^e 3Toro onepaTop cae^aeT Hae3a Ha oaHH H3 raaBHbix O6T>CKTOB n^ouxaan. M, nocaeaoBaTeabHO noKa3aB Bee 3aaHHH H coopyxeHHH, TaK cKa3aTb, KpynHbiMH naaHaMH, 3aBepujHT cieMKy noKa30M apxHTeKTypHoro aHcaM6^a. BMecre c TeM MO>KHO HaMaTb ci>eMKy HenocpeacTBeHHo c raaBHo-
141
Pa3aeji III. CbeMKa apxHreicrypHbix coopyxeHHtf
fopcw
ro o6i>eicra, xyaoxecTBeHHO-CMbicnoBoro uenrpa ruiomaan. 3aTeM caejiaTb OTbe3fl (orrnmecKMH) H noKa3aTb BCK) njiomaab O6IUHM nJiaHOM. MOXHO Hanatb cteMKy c KaKoro-Jin6o (pparMeHTa, CBH3aHHoro no CMbicay c npeflbijiymHM 3nw3oaoM. FIpH ocymecTaneHMH naHopaMM ruiomaan Haao MMerb B BHay, HTO HCnojib30BaHHe KopoTKOcpoKycHOfi onTMKH C03aaeT scjxpeicr yBejiMHeHMfl ruiomaaw — njiomaab KaxeTCH 3HawHTejibHO 6ojibiue no pa3Mepy, HCM Ha caMOM aeae. He Bee ruiomaan «Bbiaep>KHBaioT» cbeMKy craTHMHbiM O6IUMM rulaHOM. J\jin npwMepa paccMOTpHM nocjiejjoBaTejibHo TPH njiomaaM: KpacHyio nJiomaab B MOCKBC, JlBOpiiOByio ruiomaab B CaHKT-IieTep6ypre H Co6opHyio njiomaab B MOCKOBCKOM KpeMJie.
MTO KacaeTca ecTecTBeHHoro ocBemeHHH KpacHOH n^oiuaan, TO OHa He H36e>Kajia ynacTH Bcex anomaaeft. JlK»6an njiomaab — 3aMKHyToe npoCTpaHCTBO. ripocTpaHCTBO Mo^ceT 6biTb o6paM^eHO 3aaHHHMH c Tpex, neTbipex, nHTH H 6o^ee CTOPOH, co3aaBaa pa3^HMHbie KOHCpHrypauHH n^omaaeH B n^aHe. Co^Hue, o^HaKO, cjie^ya no cBoen H3BCMHOH jyre, ocBeuxaeT, KaK npaBH^o, ^Hiub TpH CTOPOHW npaMoyrojibHHKa, KaKOBbiM B n^aHe HB^HCTCH KpacHan n^omaab. JleTOM paHO yrpoM co^Hue ocBemaeT CK0^b3amHM CBCTOM KpeMJieBCKyio CTeHy, MaB30^eH, CnaccKyio 6aiuHK). YTPO — MOMCHT HaH6ojTbiiieH Bbipa3MTejibHocra 3TOH CTOPOHW n^omaaH. Hpn CbeMKe OT MCTOpHHeCKOi ro My3en OHa ocBemeHa 3aaHe6oKOBbiM CBCTOM. A STO caMbiM 3(p(peKTHbiH ! xapaiaep ocBemeHHH HUH cteMOK apxHTeKTypu. TaKoe HanpaaaeHMe cBeTa neT 3apaHee ocMOTpeTb MecTO M o6i>eKTbi CWMKH H onpe/iejiMTb, KaKMe wacbi KaKaa qacTb ruioiuaaH ocBemeHa HaH6ojiee Bbipa3HTe/ibHo. KpacHaa njiomaab BejiHKOJienHO CMOTPHTCS B jno6yio norojay. n p n tacMypHOH noroae Bee o6i>eKTbi nojiynaioT paBHoe ocBemeHHe (CBCT He6a). in cteMKH naHopaM STO yao6HO. Ho, pa3yMeeTca, BnenaTaeHHe OT njioiaaH 6yaeT HHoe, MeM npn coaHeMHOM ocBemeHHH. KpacHaa njiomaab laro/japH cBoeMy 6oraTOMy CHJiysTy npeKpacHO BbiraaaHT H BewepoM, Ha [>OHe 3aKaTHoro He6a. A BOT HoqHbie cteMKH naomaaH npH noMomn HCKyccTBeHHoro ocBeWHHH npejicTaBjinioT 3HaMHTejibHbie TpyaHOCTH. ripoxeKTopa, ycTaHOBCHHbie Ha Kpbiuie TYMa, POBHO ocBemaioT njiomaab — aaa raa3a MX ra BnojiHe aocTaTOMHo. OaHaKo una KHHO- MJIM BHaeocteMKH o6mero naHa njiomaaw HyxHo 6biao 6u o6ecneHMTb ycTaHOBKy ocBeTMTeabHbix lpM6opoB o6men MomHOCTbio B 500-1000 KBT.
K p a c H a n luioiua/u- (MocKea) CieMOK Ha KpacHOH njiomaan npoxaaHT oweHb MHOTO. A HaM HHKOI-aa He HaaoeaaeT jnoGoBaTbca ee HenoBTopHMbiM aHcaM6jieM. CyiuecrByeT 6ojibiuoe KOJiHnecTBO (})OTO- H KHHOKOMno3HUHH rjiaBHOH naomaaH cTpaHbi. rijiowaab MOKHO cHHMaTb noMTH co Bcex HanpaaneHHH. 1.
2.
3. 4.
HanpaaneHwe B dopoHy MaB3oaea. ToMKa Meacay KpeMaeBCKofi CTeHOM H McTopHHecKHM My3eeM. Ha (poHe 6yayr CnaccKaa 6amHH M co6op BacHJiHH EaaxeHHoro. OT ueHTpajibHoro Bxoaa B HCTOPHHCCKHH My3eH. C 3roro HanpaBjieHHA xopoiuo cHMMaTb paHHHM yTpoM, Koraa naomaab nycTbiHHa, a HanpaBaeHwe coaHua — KOHTPOBOC Ha nepeaHeM nJiaHe npH cteMKe c HHXHCH TOHKH 6yaeT KpynHaa 6pycwaTKa, 6jiHKylomaa B Jiynax coJiHua. Co CTopoHbi CnaccKOM 6aujHH, nowTM OT KpeMJieBCKofi creHbi. Co CTOPOHM co6opa BacmiHH EaaweHHoro.
BepxHHe TOIKH:
5. C KpbiiiJH r y M a (yroa yji. kljibHHKH H KpacHOH njiomaaH). 6. C Kpbiuj co6opa BacHaHH BjiaxeHHoro. 7. Co CnaccKOM 6auiHM. PeflKO KaKaa njiomaab MOHCCT BbmepxaTb TaKoe MHoroo6pa3ne HanpaaneHHH cieMKH. K 3T0My Heo6xoanMO /K>6aBMTb, mo paanimHbie noro/iHbie yc^OBHH /jaiOTaonoaHHTejibHyio OKpacKy cbeMKaiw STOH njiomaaH3HMOH MOpo3Ha« .abiMKa co3aaeT ao6aB04Hyio TOHajibHyio nepcneKTHBy. B .abiMKe Mexay KpeMJieBCKOM CTCHOH M co6opoM BacHJiMa BaaxeHHoro npocMaTpHBaeTca 3aMocKBopem>e. TOT xe 3(pcpeKT ycHaeHMH TOHajibHOM nepcneKTHBbi noayqaeTCH, ecaH CHHMaTb BO BpeMH ao>KHH. KpoMe yBe^MMeHHH niy6MHHOCTH H3o6pa)KeHHH, 6^nKyK)iuaa 6pycsaTKa aacr aonoaHHTeabHbie KpacKM xHBonHCHOCTH H Bbipa3MTe^bHOCTH. 142
JiuopnoiiaH i u i o m a / i b (CaHKT-IleTep6ypr) OaHa M3 caMbix KpacMBbix njiomaaeii Hameft cTpaHbi — ZtBopuoBaa lomaab — aoBoabHO cjioxHa /JJIH CICMOK. OHa HMeeT He oneHb MHoro ianpaaieHMM cteMKH. Han6oaee HHTepecHaa TOMKa — H3-noa apKH TaaBloro iiiTa6a. Kaap nojiyMaeTcn oMeHb Bbipa3HTejibHbiM, c MCTKHM nepe|HHM njiaHOM, HO craTHHHbiH, orpaHMMeHHWH apKoii. 143
fopoa
Pa3ZieJi III. CbeMKa apxMTeKrypHbix coopyweHHH 3HaMeHHTbiH Kaap B3HTHH 3nMHero zmopua, BnepBbie CHHTHH C. SineHuiTeHHOM H 3 . Tncce B 1927 r. B dwjibMe «OKTfl6pb» H noBTopeHHbin B 1937 r. B c{)HJibMe M. PoMMa «JleHMH B OKTa6pe» (onepaiop B. BojmeK), Hcnojib3yeT MMCHHO BopoTa apKH T^aBHoro ujTa6a. Kaap oneHb scpdpeKTeH, HO, K coKa^eHHK), OH BceH anomaaH He noKa3MBaeT. HUH coMaHHH 6o;iee apKoro BneqaTJieHHH H nojiyiieHHH omyweHHH Macixrra6HOCTn npoHCxaofluiero pexnccep C. BonaapnyK H onepaTop B. IOCOB B dpwibMe «KpacHbie KOJioKo.na» (3nH30.a «B3HTne 3MMHero») Mcnojib3oBajiw cieMKH c BepraneTa. MMCHHO TaKHM cnoco6oM MM yaajiocb no.nyHMTb O6IHHH anaH ZlBopuoBOH onomaaH c TbicanaMH juoaefi, yMacTBOBaB-
flu- , l l i tf\
UJHX B 3nH3oae.
C ypoBHa 3eMJiH MO>KHO CHHMaTb TnaBHbiH uiTa6, HMea nepBbiM ruiaHOM BocTOMHoe Kpbuio 3nMHero ABopua. .HBopuoBaa onouxaab oweHb xopoiuo CMOTPHTCH c BepxHHX TOMCK, oco6eHHO c Hcno/ib30BaHHeM nepBonjiaHOBbix dpnryp, ycTaHOBJieHHbix Ha Kpbuiie flBopua. n o ocBemeHHio nnomaab TaKxe HaXOflHTCH B TpyAHOM nOJKWKCHHH. TojlbKO yTpOM B JieTHHe ZJ.HH C0J1HUC nonanaeT Ha qbacazi 3HMHero ABopua, o6paweHHbiH K ruioiuaan. JXaxe TaKoii reHHanbHbiM 3om»», KaK PacrpejuiH, npeKpacHo noHHMaBUJHH BaxHocTb M BbiHrpbiiuHOCTb npaBn;ibHoro pacno/ioaceHHa 3/iaHMH no OTHOiueHHK) K coflHuy, HHwero He Mor 3aecb aacnaTb. HanpaB;ieHMe Ha6epexH0H /iHKTOBaao eMy TaKoe nonoxeHHe iiBopua, HTO /iymue BbicBeHHBa^ca co^HueM TonbKO qbacaji, o6pameHHbiH K HeBe. 3aTO DTaBHbiii uiTa6 ocBemeH npeKpacHo B TeqeHMe Bcero AHH. B nacMypHyio noroay, Koriia 3Kcno3HixHH BCKxay paBHa, .HBopuoByio anomaub xopouio CHHMaTb naHopaMOH, H6O 3AaHHH paBHOBbicoKM. OneHb xopouiee ocBeiueHMe npwMeHHTe/ibHO K 3/iaHHHM J^BopuoBoii n/iomaan .aaeT COJIHCMHUM CBCT cKB03b o6jiaKa («co;iHue B MOJIOKC»). 3TO MflrKoe, HanpaBneHHoe ocBeuxeHHe xopoiuo BbiHBJineT o6i>eMbi, oco6eHHO pejibeqobi, He aaeT niy6oKHx TeHen. TaKofi CBCT npe.anoMTHTe.neH &J\H HOKHUX TOHOB (6ejio-3ejieHO-ro.ny6bix y 3nMHero ABopua H xe;iTO-6e/ibix y DiaBHoro uiTa6a) M BOo6we w\n apxnTeKTypw CaHKT-fleTep6ypra. C o 6 o p H a a iuioma/1,1. (MOCKOBCKMJ4 KpeMJib) 3ra HeGojibuiaa ruiouxaab co Bcex CTOPOH 0Kpy)KeHa cooopaMH. C lora — ApxaHrejibCKHM co6op, c ceBepa — YcneHCKMH, c BocTOKa — 3BOHHHua H KonoKo^bHH MBaHa BejiHKoro, c 3anaaa — TpaHOBHTaa na^aTa, npiiMbiKaiomaH K BojibiuoMy KpeMJieBCKOMy nBopuy, H Mexcay TpaHOBHToii najiaToti H ApxanrenbCKHM co6opoM — E;iaroBeiueHCKHii co6op. rijioumnb BblJlOXeHa 6oj1blXIHMH njlOCKHMH KaMHHMH — RrtHTaMH. ECJ1H BCTaTb IKl cepe^HHe ruiouxaan, TO cacnaTb KpyroByio naHopaMy HCBO3MO>KHO — cnw\uKOM Mana n^omaiib H BCJIHKH, MaccHBHbi OKpyxaioiuMe ee co6opbi. OflHaKO eCTb MHO^eCTBO CTaTHMHblX OiaHOB, OWeHb Bbipa3HTe^bHbIX, B KaxcfloM
144
1 'ir>&& Puc. 73 H3 KOTopbix npncyTCTByioT oaHH-jiBa co6opa (pHC. 73). ECJIH nbiTaTbca CHHTb naHopaMy CO6OPHOH n^ouiaan, Hcnojib3ya uiHpoKoyrojibHbiH O6T.CKTHB, TO BO BpeMa naHopaMnpoBaHMH 6yiiyT Ha6^iojiaTbca 3HaMHTejibHbie onTHwecKne HCKa^ceHHa. BepxHaa TosKa (co 3BOHHHUbi) no3BOJiaeT CHHTb aoBo^bHo O6UIHH iwaH. ripn no^o>KeHHH co^Hua Ha lore Kyno^a ApxaHre^bCKoro co6opa OT6pacbiBaioT neTKyio TeHb Ha KaMHH n^ouiaan. TaKHM o6pa30M, ApxaHre^bCKHH co6op npncyTCTByeT B Kaape — B BH,ae CBoeti TCHH. CnpaBa B K&ape — YcneHCKHH co6op, B Bepxy Kaapa — TpaHOBHTaa najiaTa. OTCIOna, c BepxHen TOMKH, MO>KHO caejiaTb H naHopaMy, HanaB ee, HanpHMep, c BjraroBeujeHCKoro co6opa. C noMombio uinpoKoyro^bHoro o6i>eKTHBa MO)KHO CHHTb KOJlOKOJIbHK) MBaHa Be^HKOrO CO CTOpOHbl TpaHOBHTOH nanaTbi. KcTaTH, STOT Kaap HanaeTCH KaK 6bi xpecTOMaTMHHWM, oneHb HaMHAHMM H noyMHTejibHbiM iuiH cbeMOK pa3nH4Hbix 6aujeH. OieBa B Kaape — yro^ TpaHOBHTOH najiaTbi, cnpaBa — yroji ApxaHre^bCKoro co6opa. Me>icay HHMH — KO^oKO^bHH. B cojiHeHHyio noroiiy co6opu ocBemeHbi oweHb 3(p(J)eKTHO. Xopoujo (popMHpyioTCH o6T>eMbi, MeTKO ae^H Ha CBCT H TCHH 6apa6aHbi Kyno^oB, OT^HHHO 4HTaeTca pycTOBKa TpaHOBHTOM nanaTbi. To^bKO ceBepHaa creHa ApxaHre^bCKoro co6opa HHKoma He BHAHT cojiHua. Ho ero 3anaiiHaH CTeHa B no^aeHb OCBeUieHa CK0^b3HUXHM pMCyKJUXHM CBCTOM H MOXeT 6bITb CHHTa o4eHb Bbipa3HTe^bHo. B j\K>6yK> noroiiy 3Ta n^ouxaab Bbir^niiHT >KHBonncHO. B^aronapa Hpe3BbmaHHO HHTepecHbiM cnaysTaM MOXHO CHHMaTb co6opbi H Ha dpoHe BeMepHero He6a. ripHMepbi, KOTopue 3aecb npHBeaeHbi npHMeHHTe^bHo K weTbipeM tinouxaaaM, HH B Koett Mepe He npeTeHiiyioT Ha KaHOHHSHocTb. Ue^b npnMepOB — nOKa3aTb TpyflHOCTbflaHHOHpa60TbI H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb TBOpMecKHX pa6oTHHKOB, 6epyuiHXCH 3a oTpaxeHHe STOH TCMH. ECTCCTBCHHO,
145 10-5413
Pa3j!ie/i III. CbeMKa apxnxeKxypHbix coopyxeHHH
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HM>KHfla XOMKa CbeMKH Puc. 74
MXO Ka>icabiH pexMccep H onepaxop nocxoHHHo 6yayx HCKaxb HOBbie Bbipa3Mxe^bHbie Kaapu, Hcnarib3ya Becb 6oraxbin apceHa^ KHHeMaxorpacpnMeCKHX M Xe.neBH3HOHHbIX CpCttCXB.
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MH aojKflfl, xyMaHa, ;IH6O MejibManujHMH xBepabiMM nacxHuaMH — /U>IM, awMKa, CHer. ripn 3XOM o6i>eKXbi, Haxojoaiuneca Ha BXOPOM H xpexbeM njiaHax (a 3HaMHX, 3a 6o/iee njioxHOH nejieHon aoacaa, CHera, iibiMa), pa3MbiBaioxcfl, pacxyiueBbiBaioxca B 6ojibiiieH cxeneHH. IjBex cxpoeHHii xaioKe cxaHOBHXca nacxenbHbiM, «pa36ejieHHbiM». Bee SXH (paicropbi c o 3iiaiox aonojiHHxejibHyio Bbipa3Hxe;ibH0cxb, ycnjiMBarox stpqbeKx rviy6HHbi H3o6paxeHHa. Jinn 3XHX uenen onepaxopaMH Macxo npHMeHHioxca xyMaHHbie (pHJibxpu, cexKH, HCKyccxBeHHo 3aflbiMJiaexca cpena. HaxypHoe ocBemeHHe qbopMHpyexca CBexoM coriHua H CBexoM He6a. KaK npaBHJio, cojiHue ocBemaex Jinuib onHy cxopoHy yjinuu. Zlpyraa exopoHa yjiHUbi B 3xo BpeMH noflCBeweHa .nMUib CBCXOM He6a. Ox HPKOCXH He6a, ox KOJinnecxBa Ha HeM o6jiaKOB 6yaex 3aBHcexb ocBemeHHoexb sxofi xeHeBOH cxopoHbi yjiHUbi, a cne.aoBaxe.nbHo, apKocxHaa xapaKxepncxnKa o6x>eKxa (yjiHUbi) B UCIOM. HaM *e;iaxejibHO, HXO6H KOHxpacx Meacay caMWM HPKHM 3iiaHHeM H caMOH ray6oKOH xeHbK) He 6t>\n MepecMyp Be/IHK, qxoGbi OH «yicnaflbiBajica» B qboxorpadpHMecKyio mnpoxy MaxpHUbi. B nrpoBbix cpHJibMax npn MH3aHcueHax, BionoHaioiuHx B ce6a M xeHeByio cxopoHy y n n u u , HMCHHO ee HaM npHxoaHxca noncBenMBaxb aneicrponpn6opaMH H^H oxpaxaxejibHbiMH noacBexaMH, yMeHbiuaa xaKHM 0 6 pa30M KOHxpacx H3o6pa>KeHHH. KaK y x e ynoMHHa^ocb, caMoe BbiHrpbiiuHoe p a c n o ^ o x e H H e cojiHua n p n cteMKe y/inu B nepcneKXHBe — 3aaHe6oKOBoe ( p n c . 75). r i p n 3XOM OX^H4HO o6pHCOBbiBaioxca KOHxypu cxpoeHHH, sexKo pacnojiaraioxca CBex H xeHH, xopoiuo «^ennxca» o6i>eM H oxpa6axbiBaioxca aexajiH H (paicxypa noBepxHocxeti. B pe/iKHX c^yMa«x Ha oweHb KpaxKoe BpeMa conHue noaB^aexca Ha HeKoxopux yjiHuax XOMHO Me>icayflOMaMH,ocBemaa KOHXPOBUM CBCXOM o6e cxopoHbi y^Huw H n p o CBeMHBaa B03flyuiHyK) cpeay (pnc. 76a). TaKoe nojio>KeHHe co^Hua co3iiaex npeKpacHbie ycjioBHa win cteMKH, HO SXO 6biBaex wpe3BbiMaHHO peaKO. n p n Ha^HMHH xopoujo npocpH^HpoBaHHbix 3aaHHH, 6anKOHOB, Bbicxyna-
ripw cteMKe juoboro npocneKxa, ;IIO6OH y^HUbi MH Bceraa nonynaeu aocxaxoMHo apKo BbipaxeHHyio jiHHenHyio nepcneKXHBy. Hauia 3aaa4a c o CXOHX ^HUJb B XOM, wxo6bi npH noMOiun onepaxopcKHX npneMOB, OCHOBbiBaacb Ha cioxexHO-XBopMecKHX ycxaHOBKax qbHJibMa, 3nH3oaa, ycMJiHXb, na/mepKHyxb M^H, Hao6opox, cMarnHXb sxy nepcneKXHBy, noanepKHBaa pa3HOMaciuxa6Hocxb pa3HoyjiajieHHbix coopy>KeHHH. JUiHHHoqboKycHaa o n XHKa, HanpMMep, crviaxHBaex Bnewax/ieHHe pa3Hoy,aaaeHHOCXH, CMarnaex nepcneKXHBy (puc. 74). TaK KaK Mbi HMeeiw nsno c OTIOCKHM sKpaHOM, xo co3aaHHe KJI/IIO3MM npocxpaHcxBa, B03ayujH0cxH — onHa H3 nepBeftiuMx 3aaan. riosxoMy oseHb Hearcoxo, ec/iH ^MHeMHyio nepcneicrHBy aonoJiHKex nepcneKXHBa xoHanbHaa. ToHajibHaa nepcneKXHBa (cMarweHHe XOHOB no Mepe yuajieHHa ox KaMepbi) B03HHKaex, Koraa B03ayiiiHaH cp&aa 3ano/iHeHa /IH6O Kanc/ibKa-
3aaHe6oKOBoe no^oxeHHe co^Hua
Puc. 75
146
147 10-
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Puc. 76 IOUIHX nopTHKOB, nojiyKOJioHH M a p y r n x nejantvi 3aaHHH, x o p o u i o CMOTPHTCH (H CHHMaeTca) yjinua, ocBeiueHHan Jio6oBbiM COJIHUCM (no HanpaBjieHHio CICMKH) (pnc. 766). B 3TOM cjiynae apKOCTHaa H UBeTOBaa xapaKTepwcTHKH o6i>eKTa 6yayT co3flaBaTbc« TOJibKo ecrecTBeHHbiMH UBeTOCOMeTaHMHMHflOMOB,MX OKpaCOK H eCTCCTBCHHblX TOHOB. TeHH, yCH./lHBaioiuMe KOHTpacT o6"beicTa, noMTH oTcyrcTByioT. ripn cteMKe ynnubi c ziBHxeHMH Heo6xojiMMO daBHTb nepea CO6OH TOMHyio 3auaMy: noseMy Mbi cHHMaeM HMCHHO C iiBHJKeHHH, 4TO MU XOTHM 3THM CKa3aTb. EcjlH yflHLia 3aCTpOeHa OOHHaKOBblMH H71H nOXO>KMMH apyr Ha apyra 3/aaHHHMH, TO ripn npoe3,ae STO Ha^HMHe 3/ieMeHTOB IIOBTOpaeMOCTH MoxeT He no/jnepKHyTb PHTM 3acrpoMKH, a Hao6opoT, co3aaTb 3(p(peKT H3BeCTH0H MOHOTOHHOCTH. CieMKy yjinubi c /iBHxeHHH xopouio HasMHaTb co craraHHoro, TinaTejibHo 3aKOMnoHOBaHHoro Kaapa. 3aTeM MauiHHa (oTKyaa BeaeTCH cieMKa) HanHHaeT njiaBHO aBMraTbca, H MU nocjieaoBaTejibHO noKa3biBaeM p a a KOMno3HunoHHbix apxMTeiorypHbix nocTpoeHHH, 3aBepuiaH npoe3ii Han6ojiee xHBonwcHbiM cTaTHHHbiM KaapoM. ECJIH He yaaeTCH ruiaBHO cTpoHyrb MauiHHy c Mecra H anaBHO ee ocraHOBHTb, TO MOXHO caejiaTb cbeMKy c o6bHHoro npoe3aa 6e3 ocraHOBKH MauiHHbi Ha aKueHTHbix njiaHax, a 3aTeM cMOHTHpoBaTb 3TOT npoe34 c naHopaiwaMM B Hanaae H B KOHue npoe3iia, CHHTHMH CO ujTaTHBa. HaMajibHaH naHopaMa HannHaeTCH co cTaTHMHoro Kaapa, 3aTeM KaMepa naHopaMMpyeT B Ty CTopoHy, B KOTopyio CHHT npoe3a c MauiHHbi. (HanpwMep, cnpaBa HaaeBo). 0 6 a 3TH Kaapa zierKo CMOHTHpyioTCH no /jBHxeHHio. KoHenHaa naHopaMa, CHHTaa co uiTaTHBa, KaK 6w npoaojixaeT npoe3fl MauiMHbi, T.e. KaMepa naHopaMMpyeT cnpaBa HaaeBO M ocraHaanHBaeTCH Ha xopomo CKOMnoHOBaHHOM cTaTHMHOM Kaape.
148
y ^ n u y , 3acTpoeHHyio oaHHaKOBMMH aoMaMH, He wvieiomyjo CMMCJIOBblX HfleHHO-xyAOJKeCTBeHHblX aKUCHTOB, MOJKHO CHHMaTb C HOBOJIbHO 6bicTporo ABHxeHHa, TaK KaK 3pHTejno He3aMeM ocTaHaBJiHBaTb B3rnna Ha Ka)icaoM flOMe. Xopouio CMOTPHTCH yjuiua, cHATaa c /JBHXCHHH Mepe3 nepBon^aHOBbie .aepeBbH, HanpwMep, npoe3/j Bao^b 6y;ibBapa co cieMKOH nepe3 aepeBbH npoTHBonojioxHOH CTOPOHW yjwubi. B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT nojioxeHHa coaHua MOXHO no/iy4HTb paanHHHbie BapHaHTbi ocBemeHHa H, cjie/jOBaTejibHO, pa3Hoe BneHaTjieHne:
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QwiHue — jio6oBoe, no HanpaRneHHio cteMKH. 0/jHHaKOBO HPKO ocBeiueHbi H aepeBbH, H aoMa 3a HHMH. CoaHue — 6OKOBOC AepeBbfl ocBeiueHbi o6i>eMHo. HeKOTopue H3 HHX — B TeHH. ,H,OMa Bbipa3HTenbH0 OCBemeHbl CKO^b3fllUHM, pHCyiOlUHM CBeTOM. «KoHTpoBoe» no^oxeHHe conmia aacT HaM apKHe npocBenHBaiomne jiwcTbH Ha nepe^HeM n^aHe H npHTeMHeHHbie «3auiTpHxoBaHHbie» noMa — Ha BTOPOM. Oco6eHHo XHBonnceH TaKOH Kaap oceHbio, Koriia Ha nepBOM naaHe MejibKaiOT 3oaoTbie H 6arp«Hbie ^HCTbM.
npHBeay Tpn npHMepa cieMKH c iiBH^eHHa. ABCTpa^HHCKHii KHHOonepaTop, BnepBbie nonaB B MocKBy, peuinn nojiPO6HO noKa3aTb ee CBOHM cooTeHecTBeHHMKaM. Hawaji cieMKy OH C JleHHHCKoro npocneicra. IlocTaBH^ KaMepy Ha uiTaTHB B OTKPUTOH MauiHHe, BKJHOHH^ MOTOP M, cHHMaa no npHHuwny: «MTO BMxy — TO noio», jiBHHy^ca K ueHTpy ropoiia. McmnoHaH ocTaHOBKH MauiHHbi H nepe3apaaKH KaMepu, OH CHHJI 10—15 MHH MaTepwana—y^HUbi c HBHxeHnn. CHHJI, He OTCMOTpeB 3apaHee o6T>eicr CT>CMOK, He Bbi6paB HyxHbie HHTepecHbie Mecra... CHH^ 6e3ayMHO, He TBOpSeCKM. HO 3aT0 6bICTpO. n o (J)wibMy «CO^HPHC» pexHccepy A. TapKOBCKOMy H onepaTopy B. KDcoBy Heo6xoflHMO 6bino cHHTb y^Huw coBpeMeHHoro, neperpyxeHHoro iiBHxeHHeM orpoMHoro ropoaa jv\n CTO^KHOBCHHH no KOHTpacry 3TMX KaapoB c KaapaMH HaHJuiHwecKOM yeaHHeHHOH XH3HH BaepeBHe. KaMepa Taicxe 6bwa nocTaaneHa Ha urraraB B oTKpbiToti MauiHHe (crbeMKM npoBaannncb B TOKHO). MaiiJHHa noMna^acb B o6meM noTOKe no 3aaaHHOMy efi Mapuipyry, KOHeqHO, 3apaHee BH6paHHOMy, noiiMHHflHCb npaBanaM aBHxeHHH, ocTaHaanHBaacb y cBeTO(popoB, noBopaiMBaa Ha nepexpecTKax.., HO CbeMKa Be^acb co cxopocTbio 4 - 8 K/C. 3cp(peKT 6bui nopa3HTejibHbiH. Ha MyaoBHiuHOH CKOPOCTH MauiHHa Hecnacb aao^b He6ocKpe6oB, B3JieTajia Ha scraKaabi, 6euieHo o6roHjma apyrwe MauiHHbi, BHe3anH0, 6yflTO HaTKHyBuiHCb Ha creHy, ocTaHaBJiMBanacb nepea MopeM MHraiouiMx KpacHbix oroHbKOB MauiMH, xcayiUHx 3eaeHoro cHmana CBeTO(popa... IIOTOM c peBOM Hbipajia B MepuatouiHH CBCT TOHHCJIH, BbicKaKMBajia H3 Hero, Hecnacb fla^biue... ripHMepHO neTbipe MHHyTbi 3Toro 3axBaTbiBaiouiero, TO^OBOKpyxHTe^bHoro npoema (He Haao 3a6biBaTb npo ujyMbi H My3biKy) H — Bapyr THXHH aepeBeHCKHH npya... 3TO HacToaiuee aaoxHOBeHHoe TBop^ecTBo.
149
Pa3.aeji III. CieMKa apxHTeicrypHbix coopyxeHHH
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Eme npHMep. n o cpHJibMy «nepeKpecTOK» (1970-e roabi, UT) aBTopaM HyxHO SbiJio noKa3aTb CTapuH Ap6aT KaK oany H3 ynnu, aiMBaioiUHXca B Ap6aTCKyio onomaab (nepeKpecTOK). ABTOPH peuiHJiH noKa3aTb Ap6aT c npot3jxa nofl necHio EyjiaTa OKyaxaBbi «Ax, Ap6aT, MOH Ap6aT». BHanane p e x n c cep c onepaTopoM HeTopoonHBo npouuiH no Ap6aiy, HaMeTmin aoMa, Ha KOTopue cjieayei oSpaTHTb BHHMaHHe. CieMKa BbinojiHHJiacb c^eayiomHM 06-
6biHHbix ToneK npHBbiHHbie npHMe^bKaBuiHecH OCO6HAHKH. 3 T O KOHTpacTHbie conocTaaneHHH CTaporo H HOBoro. 3 T O CTapbie y^oHKH, CHHTMC c BepXHHX TOHeK HeflaBHO nOHBHBUiHXCH BblCOTHblXflOMOBw T.O..
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Koraa Mbi XOTHM xopooio paccMOTpeTb JIHUO ne^OBeKa, MU cTapaeMCH yBMjieTb e r o H B 4>ac, M B npodpMJib, M B Tpn neTBepTH. TOHHO TaK x e w 3.uaHMe Tpe6yeT npHCTajibHoro paccMaTpHBaHHH co Bcex CTOPOH. ripaBH^bHbiH noKa3 apxHTeKTypHoro o6i>eKTa noMoraeT 3pHTe^io BepHO noHHTb 3aMbiceji apxMTeicropa, CTaBMT TOHHbie aKueHTbi Ha HaM6o^iee BaxHbix, yr^oBbix aeTa/iHX KOMno3MUHH coopyxeHMH. HaM Heo6xoflMMO Bbi6opoM TOHKM cieMKH, BpeMeHeM cteMKH noAHepKHyrb HaH6o^ee Bbipa3HTejlbHbie a^eMeHTbi jaaHHa: KOJioHHaay, dppoHTOH, pe^becpbi, dppH3 M T.R. B Kaape, HecymeM onpefle^eHHoe (BO BpeMeHM) KOAHHCCTBO HHcpopMau.nn, CHMMeTpHHHoe coopyxeHHe BOcnpnHHMaeTca 6bicTpee H ^erne. C^eaoBaTejibHO, Tpe6yeT MeHbiue BpeMeHH aj\n BocnpHHTHH. AcHMMeTpHHHaa CTpyKiypa BOcnpHHHMaeTCH Me^neHHee, TaK KaK HeceT B ce6e 6o^buie HHcpopMauHH, 3HanHT, Kaap aojixeH 6biTb iuiHHHee n o BpeMeHH. ECAH PHTM B apXHTCKTypHOM COOpyXeHHH BbipaXeH JlOCTaTOHHO npKo, a ncHxo^orHHecKoe B03aeHCTBHe pnTMa Ha ne^oBeKa Hpe3BbiHaHHO CH^bHO, HeT Heo6xoaHMOCTH ycH^HBaTb HAH noflHepKHBaTb ero npn n o MOIUH cneunanbHbix npneMOB cieMOK.
Bbijia npocjiyiuaHa M OTxpoHOMeTpHpoBaHa necHH. BUJI caejiaH xpoHOMeTpHpoBaHHbiK npoesfl 6e3 cieMKH no Ap6aTy M onpeaeJieHa xuwTeJibHOCTb npoe3.aa n ero CKopocTb. 3aTeM Hanajiacb cieMKa. OnepaTop H accncreHT onepaTopa cnaejiH Ha cnHHKe cnneHbH OTKPMTOH MaujHHbi «3MJI-110». C3aaH uuia BTopaa MauiHHa OPYH—TAW, nepe3AHHaMHK KOTopon 3Bynana necHH B. OicyflxaBbi. CbeMKa Hana^acb co CMOJICHCKOH ruioiuaan, OT BbicoTHoro 3naHHfl MHHa. MaiuHHbi Biexann Ha Ap6aT H, noannHHacb pHTMy necHH, crann HeTopoonnBO jiBHraTbCH no oceBOH JIHHHH. TaK KaK KaMepa 6bina He Ha iiJTaTHBe, a B pyKax onepaTopa, OH Mor CBO6OAHO naHopaMHpoBaTb eio BnpaBO H BJICBO, noiiHHMaTb BBepx H onycKaTb BHH3, Bbi6npafl He TOJibKO Te Kaapu, KOTopue 6biJiH 3apaHee oroBopeHbi c pexnccepoM, HO M HMnpoBH3Hpy». ACCHCTCHT onepaTopa CJICOHJI 3a AHacpparMOH, TaK KaK oxiHa CTopoHa y/inubi 6buia ocBemeHa, npyraa HaxoflMJiacb B TCHH. KpoMe Toro, npw Bbie3ae Ha oTKpbiTyio Ap6aTCKyio ruiomaab 3HaneHHe anacpparMbi TaioKe MeHHJiocb. Bbuio cue/iaHo Bcero ABa ny6jin, XOTH npoe3fl 6WJI aocTaTOHHo cjioxeH. Haao cKa3aTb, HTO MOCKBHHH, CTaBUJHe CBHaeTCJIflMH H yHaCTHHKaMH 3TOH CteMKH, TeMH CaMblMH neujexoaaMH H3 necHH, Bcnn ce6a yzuiBHTejibHO edecTBeHHO. H3aaneKa ycjiwujaB necHio H yBHneB, HTO naer CbeMKa, OHH npw no;n>e3,ae MauiHHbi 6jiHxe K HHM npoaojixann 3aHHMaTbca CBOHMH aejiaMH, M onaceHHH aBTOpoB, HTO B3i7iRHbi B KaMepy, Ha30HJiMBoe xejiaHMe nonacTb B Kaap wcnopTHT fly6jiH, He onpaBaajiHCb. 0 6 a fly6/ia 6MJIH yaaHHbiMH. MeiuieHHbiH npoe3Ji no Ap6aTy noflCKa3biBanc$i TenjioTOH M yiOTHOCTbio STOH yjinubi, a Taicxe PMTMOM necHH. He cnynaHHO Ap6aT ceroflHH 3aKpbiT una TpaHcnopTa. O H npe,aHa3HaseH mibKo ju\n nporyjioK neiuKOM H, cjieaoBaTejibHO, HeToporuiHBoro o6o3peHH«. TaKwe x e rpaaocTpoHTcnbHbie mcneBpM, KaK HCBCKHH npocneKT, B006me C flBHXeHHH CHHMaTb HyXHO OHeHb OCTOpOXHO. 3fleCb CTOflbKO BbiflaK>uiHxcH npoH3BejieHHH apxMTeKTypbi, HTO y Kaxaoro XOHCTCH ocTaHOBMTbca H aonro pacciwaTpHBaTb e r o . HeBCKHH npocneKT 3aanyxnBaeT ucnoro cpHjibMa, a He oflHoro npoe3,aa. Pa3BHBaa Mbicjib o TOM, HTO, HBHraacb no yjiMuaM, MU pcaKO o6pamaeM B3op Bbiuie nepBoro, «Mara3HHHoro 3Taxa», MOXHO caejiaTb BWBOfl, HTO y KMHeMaTOrpaCpMCTOB H pa60THHK0B Te^eBHfleHHH HMeeTCH ujnpoKHM npocTop HJIH BTopMHHoro OTKpbiTHH KpacoT poaHoro ropoaa. 3 T O BepxHwe 3Taxw, Ka3anocb 6bi, aaBHO 3HaKOMbix 3aaHHH, noanac yKpaujeHHbie Be/iMKonenHOH M03aHK0H M CKy^bnTypon. 3 T O yBnaeHHbie c Heo-
150
3^aHMe
HanpnMep, nepea HaMM KOAOHHaaa (H3 noAyKOJTOHH) TocTHHoro aBopa B CaHKT-rieTep6ypre HJIH OAHa H3 CTOPOH (He cpacaaHaa) MaHexa B MocKBe. 3pHTeAb, paCCMaTpHBaiOLUHM 3TH 3iiaHHH B XH3HH, CaM OnpefleJlHeT, CKO^bKO BpeMeHH noTpaTHTb Ha 3HaKOMCTBO c coopyxeHHeM. rioKa3biBaa STM o6teKTbi Ha 3KpaHe, HMCHHO MW peuiaeM, KaK orpaHHHHTb BpeMa BoenpHHTHn. 3pHTejib BoenpHHHMaeT o6T>eKT namuMu Ma3aMH. MezuieHHaa naHopaMa (B HaiueM npHMepe) MoxeT npHBecTH K HeKOTopofi MOHOTOHHOCTH. PIpaBHAbHO Bbi6paHHa« CKopocTb naHopaMbi xopoUJO noflnepKHBaeT PHTM 3flaHH«, a ocTaHOBKa naHopaMbi — CTaTHKa — TOHHO OnpeiieAfleTCfl K0Mn03HUHeH «OCTaHOBKH pHTMa». TaKHM o6pa30M, 3pnTeAb, cnejiyH 3a KaMepon, ynHTca npaBHAbHO noHHMaTb apxHTeKTypy. npncTynaa K noKa3y apxHTeKTypHoro coopyxeHHH, MM n p e x a e Bcero OnpejieAfleM K0Mn03HUHI0 KaapOB, 3aTeM, HCXOiXH H3 KOMn03HUHOHHMX peuieHHH, BMHCHaeM, Koraa c Haiunx TOHCK CICMKH 3aaHHe ocBeuieHo HaHJiynuiHM o6pa30M. HanpnMep, HaM Heo6xoiiHMo BCCTH paccKa3 06 a p xHTeKType 6ojibiuoro ziBopua KJiaccHnecKoro THna. flBopeu HMeeT cpacaa c cppoHTOHOM H KOAOHHaaoH, CHMMeTpHHHMe nepexoAM cnpaBa H aaeBa M BbiciynaiouxHe Bnepea Kpbuib« 3.aaHHH-cpj]Hrejifl (Tnn OcTaHKHHCKoroflBopua). OneBHjiHo, HaM npnaeTCH noKa3aTb O6LUHH n^aH .aBopua TaKHM o6pa30M, HTO6M HCHO HHTa^acb CHMMeTpHfl 3AaHHH. 3 H 8 H H T , STO 6yaeT
151
Pa3aen III. CteMica apxHTeKTypHbix coopyxeHHH 4>poHTajibHaH TOHKa cbeMKH. ripw 3TOM ec/m 3aaHMe cn/ibHO pacrHHyTO no ropH30HTajiM H no/iyqaeTCH HecKOJibKO yHbuiaH ropH30HTaJibHaa KOMno3HU.HH, BCe paBHO Mbl He MOMM 0TKa3aTbCa OT 3TOH TOqKH, eCJIM (pHJlbM HJIH nepe/xaqa nocBHiueHbi HenocpeacTBeHHO apxHTeKType. HTo6bi yKpacHTb Kaap, aae/iaTb ero KOMno3HunoHHo 6ojiee Bbipa3HTe^bHbiM, c/ie/xyeT Hcno/ib30BaTb nepBon^aHOBbie o6ieKTbi H /xeTa/iH, He 3aicpbiBaioiune, o/xHaKo, OCHOBHOC 3/xaHHe. 3 T O Moryr 6biTb BCTBH /xepeBbeB, peuieTKH H 6ajiiocTpaabi, orpaaw, BO/xHbie noBepxHoc™, <poHTaHbi>, KJiyM6bi c UBeTaMH H T.n. OcMaTpMBaa 3/xaHne H Bbi6Hpaa (ppoHTanbHyjo, 6oKOBbie H 3aaHHe TOMKH CT^MKH 3flaHH«, onpcaejifla Bee yKpynHeHHH, KOTopue Heo6xo/xHMo CHflTb (KO/iOHHaay, KanHTe/iH, OKHa, pejibeqbbi, (ppoHTOH H T.fl.), MH oflHOBpeMeHHO OTMeqaeM zuia ce6a BpeMH Han/ryquiero ocBemeHHH Toii HJIH HHOH CTopoHbi /iBopua. 06biqHO OCMOTP n a MHTHHKa apxHTeKTypbi 3aHHMaeT O/XHH /xeHb. MHoraa yaaeTCH ocMOTpeTb ziBa-TpH coopyxeHHH M cocTaBMTb «pacnHcaHHe» noaie/xyiowHX cteMOK. MMea Ha pyKax 3anncn (no qacaM) Hamiyquiero ocBemeHHH, Mbi MoxeM oqeHb npo/xyKTHBHo pa6oiaTb Kaxabin cbeMoqHbin aeHb. Ha q-ro xe/iaTejibHO o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe BO BpeMH cteMOK? r i p e x n e Bcero, He yaneKaTbCH KopoTKO(poKycHOH onTHKOH npn ci>eMKe c 60KOBHX ToneK 3;WHHH B ue/iOM. 3Ta onTHKa CH/ibno HCKaxaeT KOMHO3HUHK) coopyxeHHH H /xaeT 3pnre^io HeBepHoe npe/xcTaaneHHe o HeM (pnc. 77). Bbi6paB y/xaqHoe ocBeweHHe O/XHOH H3 CTOPOH 3/xaHHH, xe/iaTenbHO oTCHHTb Bee o 6 m n e , cpe/XHne H KpynHbie n/iaHbi STOH CTOPOHH, qTo6bi K Hew y x e He B03BpamaTbCH. KaK y x e roBopn/iocb, apxHTeicropbi mnpoKO nonb3yioTCH H nojib30BaJIHCb B03MOXHOCTHMH eCTeCTBCHHOrO OCBeilieHHH JUIH (pOpMHpOBaHHH o6teMOB coopyxeHHH, /XJIH BbiHBJieHHH pHTMa, /xnn no/xqepKHBaHHH 0 6 weft KOMno3Hu.nn. CBeTOTeHb — HaH/ryqiUHH BH/X cBeia AIH STHX uejien. npM cbeMKe (pacaaa 3mHna HaH6o/iee Bbipa3HTe/ibHbiM 6yaeT 6OKOBoe, CKOJib3«mee HanpaB^eHne ocBemeHHH. ECJIH cojiHue coBepuieHHO oTKpbiTo, ero npaMbie ziyqn aaiOT npKne 6JIHKH H KJiaayT r/iy6oKHe TCHH. Kor/xa co/iHue CBCTHT cKB03b o6jiaKa, ero Jiyqn aa\oi MHTKHH njiacTHqHbin pHcyHOK, HanjiyquiHH OJ\H BbiHaneHHH o6ieMOB. Ilpn pe3K0M co/iHeqHOM CBeTe TeHH HacTO/ibKO r/iy6oKH, qTo /XTIH UBeTonepe/xaqn B TCHHX He XBaTaeT 3Kcno3HUHOHHoro CBeTa. Mbi ycTaHaariHBaeM 3Kcno3HUHio, ocHOBbiBaacb Ha ocBemeHHH «B CBeTax», ncxoaa H3 «PKOCTH KO^OHH, CTCH, Ha-
xoaflmMxcfl Ha CBeTy. A o6T>eKTw, (pparMeHTbi M aereuin 3aaHnn, n o n a a a iomHe B TeHb, oKa3biBaioTCH B o6jiacTH Heao/iepxeK H, c/ie/xoBaTejibHO, noflBepxeHbi uBeTOHCKaxeHHio. 3 T O Hexe^aTe/ibHo, TaK KaK HapyiuaeT apxHTeKTypHWH o6pa3, co3aaHHbin 30jiqHM. OTcioaa cjieayeT, qTO coopyxeHHH, B xapaKTepHCTHKe KOTOPWX npncyTCTByeT MHOTO UBCTHUX 3/ie-
MeHTOB, XeJiaTe/IbHO CHHMaTb npH MHTKOM COJIHeqHOM ocBemeHHH, T.e. co^Hue — cKB03b o6jiaKa («B MonoKe»).
152
Topofl
HopManbHan onTHKa
KopoTKO(})OKycHaH onTHKa
Puc. 77 06i>eKTbi MOHOxpoMHbie aonycKaioT cteMKy B pe3Kon CBCTOTCHH KaK npH 60KOBOM — CK0Jlb3HmeM, TaK H npH 3aflHe60KOBOM H KOHTpOBOM noaoxeHHH cojiHua. ripn JIO6OBOM nojioxeHHH co^Hua (co/iHue CBCTHT M3-3a KaMepbi, n o HanpaB^eHHio cbeMKH) Henjioxo nojiyqaiOTca 3aaHHH, CTeHbi KOTOPMX xopoiuo npo(pH^HpoBaHbi: BbicTynaiomne spKepbi, 6anKOHW, no^yKO^OHHbi. CoBpeMeHHbie 3oaqHe tunpoKO ncno^b3yioT B CTPOHTe^bCTBe cTeicao. rioaqac noqTH BCH cTeHa 3aaHHH noKpbrra orpoMHbiMH CTeioiHHHbiMH n/iHTaMH, pacqjieHeHHbiMH 6eTOHHbiMH H^H MeTajiJinqecKHMH jiHHHHMM. B OTpaxaTe^bHbix cnoco6HocTHX CTeicna /UIH H306pa3HTe^bHblX peilieHHH KpOlOTCH HeMaJIbie Bbipa3HTe^bHbie B03M0XH0CTM. PaccMOTpHM TocyiiapcTBeHHbiH KpeMJieBCKHH jiBopeu. KaK «BnncanCH» ZlBopeu B aHcaM6^b KpeM^eBCKHX coopyxeHHH — Bonpoc cnopHbiH H He HB^neTCH TeMOH Haiuero o6cyxaeHHH. Bno^He BO3MOXHO, qTo M Ka3aKOBCKHe 3/iaHHH, nocTpoeHHbie B KpeMJie B XVIII B., Toxe Bbi3Bajin cnopbi. KpeM^eBCKMH ^Bopeu npn cteMKe oTKpbiBaeTcn nep&a HaMH «c HeoxnixaHHOH CTopoHbi* 6^arojiapH 6o^bUJHM cTeioiflHHbiM BepTHKa^HM. B HHX qyaecHO OTpaxaKJTCH ocBemeHHbie COJIHUCM 3o^oTbie Kynojia co6opoB. n p n /jBHxeHHH KaMepbi MHMO CTeHbi co3/iaeTCH KpacoqHan naHopaMa 6erymnx B 3epKajibHbix OKHax co6opoB. Boo6iue cteMKa c /XBHXCHHH oqeHb oxnanneT creioiHHHbie CTeHbi apxHTeicrypHbix coopyxeHHH (c oTpaxeHHeM B HHX He6a, 3iaaHHfl H j.a.). HeMHorne npoH3Be/xeHHH apxHTeKTypbi «BbiaepxHBaioT» cbeMKy BeqepoM, Ha canysTe. K HHM OTHOCHTCH, n p e x a e Bcero, paannqHbie 6auiHH, BbicoTHbie aoMa, roTHqecKHe co6opbi, uepKBH, T.e. 3JiaHHH, KOTopwe HMeiOT Bbipa3HTe^bHbie dpopMbi, qeTKHe HHTepecHbie a6pncbi. Cenqac npHHHTo B npa3/j.HHqHbie JXHH BeqepoM no/xcBeqHBaTb HCKycCTBeHHMM CBeTOM MHorne 3aaHHH — BbuaiouiMecH npoH3Be^eHHH apxHTeKTypw. OcBemeHHbie npoxeKTopoM, OHH CMOTPHTCH oqeHb scpcpeKTHO. 0/j.HaKO 3Toro CBCTOBOTO noTOKa, KaK npaBH/io, HeaocTaToqHO /xnn cBeToqyBCTBHTe^bHOCTH njieHKH H TeaeBH3H0HH0H MaTpnubi. McicnioqeHHe cocraBJifliOT cBeT^o-cepue saaHHa, ocBemeHHbie cnjibHbiMH npoxeKTOpaMH (MTY) H 6e^bie 3aaHHH (BenbiH AOM). O H H xopoiuo nojiyqaioTCH npn cteMKe Ha qboHe HoqHoro He6a.
153
Pa3fleji III. ObeMKa apxHreicrypHbix coopyxeHHH
riaMHTHHKH
MHTepbep
ripH ycTaHOBKe naMHTHHKa B ropoae Macro HapyiuaeTCH HenncaHoe npaBH^o HannyHiuero ocBemeHwa CKy^bnTyp. FIPHMHH 3TOMy o6cTOHTenbCTBy MOXHO HaiiTH Be^MKoe MHOxecTBO. npe>icae Bcero, naMnTHHKH ycTaHaBJiHBaiOTCH, KaK npaBHJio, Ha y>Ke C^OXHBIUMXCH anomaanx, H MecTa HM OTBO^JIT TaM, rfle 3TO yjio6HO ana ropofla M m\n n ^ o m a a n . Kporne Toro, naMHTHHK MacTo ycTaHaanHBaeTca TaM, me >KH/I MCJIOBCK, 4bH c^aBa yBeKOBeneHa. 3 T O MCCTO 3a a a n r n e roabi npeTepneao 6o^buiHe H3MeHeHHa, cneiiH&nbHoro MecTa jma naMHTHHKa HeT, H npnxojiHTCji ero ycTaHaannBaTb Ha TOM He6ojibixioH n^oiuaaKe, KOTopyio MOKCT Bbue^HTb ropcoBeT. ripHMepoB HeyaanHO nocraBJieHHbix naMHTHHKOB MOXHO npHBecTH oneHb MHoro. 3 T O H naMHTHHK M. M. KanHHHHy, H naMHTHHK A. M. TopbKOMy, BCerfla CTOHIUMH CnHHOH K CO^HUy, CHHMaTb KOTOpblH OqeHb TpyflHO. n a MHTHHK A. C. nyuiKHHy cenqac CTOHT HeyaanHo n o KOMno3HHHH, HO ocBemeH OH oneHb xopoiuo. naMHTHHK MnHHHy H noxapcKOMy, Hao6opoT, HO nepeHoca (OH CTOH/I y cepeaHHbi 3aaHHH r Y M a ) 6bui nocTaaneH Ha HeBbipa3MTeJTbH0M (})OHe H OHeHb 6J1H3KO K 3aaHHH3, HO B TeWeHMe ilHH 6bUI yaawHO ocBemeH. Ceflwac OH ycraHoaneH 3HaMHTeabHo HHTepecHee KOMno3HUHOHHO, npeKpacHo «BnMcaH» B KpacHyio naomaab, HO ocBemeHne ero CH^bHo nocTpaaano: (pnrypa KHH3H n o x a p c K o r o noHTH Bceraa HaxoaHTCH B TeHH. naMHTHHK B. B. MaHKOBCKOMy OT^HMHO «BnHcaH» B KOMno3HUHio naoiuaaH ero HMCHM. EOHH CHHMaTb ero c npoesaa (MaixiHHa aBHxeTCH no TBepCKOH y/iMue OT Be^opyccKoro B0K3ana K ueHTpy), TO naMHTHHK BaaeH CHanajia cmiysTOM Ha cpOHe He6a, 3aTeM, no Mepe flBHxeHHH KaMepbi, C3aan Ha (poHe cnpaBa HaaeBo HaaBHraioTCH BbicoKHe 3aaHHH. ByaTo 3ByMaT npeKpacHbie CTPOKH: «Ha caxeHb BMacy: M3-noa Hee — KOMMyHbi aoMa BbipacTaiOT*. MTO KacaeTCH ocBeureHHH, TO naMHTHHK MaHKOBCKOMy xopoiuo ocBeaieH B BeceHHe-^eTHHe MCCHUM ao 11 wacoB. Bojibiue Bcex He noBeano BejiHKOMy pyccKOMy nosTy M. K). JlepMOHTOBy. naMHTHHK eMy ycraHOBJieH Ha HeyaaHHOM (pOHe. HeT TOHKH, OTKyaa MOXHO 6biao 6 u CHHTb ero O6IUHH anaH: Bcioay OH «nepepe3aH» Tpoji^eH6ycHbiMH npoBoaaMH. Ha «HHCTOM», He yp6aHH3npoBaHHOM (poHe yaaeTCH CHHTb ToabKo KpynHbifi naaH. Be/iHKoe MHOxecTBO naMHTHHKOB ycTaHoaneHO 6e3 BCHKOTO yneTa CO^HeHHOrO OCBeUieHMH. B 6o/lbUIHHCTBe CBOeM naMHTHMKH ycTaHaBJiHBaIOTCH TaKHM o6pa30M, 4T06bI HX MOXHO 6bU10 paccMaTpMBaTb co Bcex CTOPOH. HcicnioMeHHe cocTaBJinioTaHiiJb naMHTHHKH, BnaoTHyio npM4BHHyTbie K CTeHaM 3aaHHH. Ho TaKne cjiyqan KpaHHe peaKH. Kpyraan CKy/ibnrypa npH paccMaTpHBaHHH ee c pa3Hbix CTOPOH Kai 6bi MeHHeT CBOH xapaKTep, OTKpbiBaeT pa3aHHHbie rpaHH cBoeii cymHOCTH. EcTb, oaHaKo, HaHBbiroaHeHiiiHe TOHKH cbeMKH ^K)6OH cicyabnTypw- C STHX ToqeK, KaK npaBHJio, naMHTHHK HaM6o/iee Bbipa3HTe^eH. HHTepeCHO CMOTPHTCH naMHTHHK, CHHTblH C 06be3da, T.C Mbl o xaeM Ha TeaexKe H^H MaixiHHe ero KpyroM H ocTaHaB^HBaeMCH Ha yaaMHOM MecTe. Henjioxo CMOTPHTCH naMHTHHKH, cHHTbie c AB
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154
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Pa3aeji III. CbeMKa apxHTeKTypHbix coopyxeHMH (Hae3ii, OTbe3fl — Ha Te/iexxe, npoe3A MHMO naiuaTHMKa). 3aecb MM nojiynaeM nocToaHHoe H3MeHeHMe ToneK cieMKH, (poHa H paKypca. FlaMaTHHKH, KOTopbie HeyaanHO ocBemeHbi B conHeHHbie AHH, MOHCHO CHHMaTb B aoxcab — MOKpaa 6poH3a o6peTaeT 6;IHKH, OTcyrcTByiomne B acHyio cyxyio noroay. HaMHTHHK ciaHOBHTca ropa3ao xMBonncHee.
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156
ripoH3BejieHHe apxHTeKTypu KaK o6pa3 CoBepiueHHO HHoe, TparHMecKoe, B03aeHCTBHe npoioBeayT Ha 3pHTena Kaapbi oca>KaeHHoro JleHHHrpaaa 1942 ro/ia. ...3nMa. HiiKoriia He y6wpaiomneca, 3aBa^eHHbie CHeroM npocneicrbi, ynwnbi, MOCTU. noKocHBiuneca OT cnyiueHHbix 6a^^OHOB, pxaBbie Tpo^^efi6ycbi, OMepTBeBiune TpaMBaH c pa36HTbIMH CTeiCiaMM M BbUlOMaHHblMH H3 TOn^HBO ^epeBaHHblMH CHiieHba\in. 06eccHJieHHbie, H3Mo>KaeHHbie XHTe^H-npH3paKii, 6peaymne cpeaw cyrpo6oB. Cep/me meMHT OT co3epuaHHa 3THX o6peneHHbix ^loaeii. 3 T O Toxe ropoa-o6pa3, ropo/J-CHMBon, HO STO He TBopnecKaa (paHTa3wa xyao>KHHKOB, a Kaapbi, peanbHO 3anenaT^eHHbie onepaTopaMH-aoKyMeHTaHHCTaMH, TaKHMH )Ke HCTOlUeHHblMH, KaK H BCe XHTejIH. J\a, Be^HKa 6bi^a ueHa no6eiibi («OZIHOH Ha Bcex»). OKOJIO MH^jiHOHa ^eHHHrpa/jueB noKoaTca Ha necKapeBCKOM icfiaa6Hiue. A Kajxpbi — Ha3H.aaHMe noTOMKaM... KaxabiH (pHJibM, Kaxaaa nepeaawa cTaBHT nepe/j pexnccepoM, o n e paTopoM H xyfloxHHKOM HOBbie 3aaa4H. Co3aaTb o6pa3 ropoaa, cae^aTb caM ropoa, ero y^nubi H aoMa no^HonpaBHMMH repoaMH cpH^biwa — STO caeayiomaa ciyneHb nocae oB^aaeHHa OCHOBHHMH npHeMaMH cteMKH npoH3BefleHHH apxHTeKTypbi H 30A4ecTBa. npMBeay To^bKO O^HH npHMep. B (pH^bMe «JI — Ky6a» (aBTop E. EBTyiueHKO, pexwccep M. Ka/iaTO3OB, onepaTop C. Y. YpyceBCKHH) ecTb 3nw3oa «noxopoHbi». 3 T O T 3nH30il CHBT C BblCOWaHlilHM OnepaTOpCKHM MaCTepCTBOM H MOXeT CJiyjKMTb XpeCTOMaTMHHbIM npMMepOM He TOJIbKO BCHMKOJienHOM CieMKM C JlBHXeHwa, HO H npHMepoM Hcno^b30BaHHa onTMKH, paKypca, pHTMa ajia noflMepKHBaHHfl, ycnjieHna apaMaTMHHOCTH 3nH3oaa. KaMepa 6yaTo n/ibiBeT Haa yjiHueH (no KaHaTHoti /jopore — M STO TO^bKO wacTb caoxHeMiijero ABHxeHHa onepaTopa c KaMepoft c Hcno^b30BaHHeM JincpTa, TC^OKKH, npoxoaa H KaHaTHofi ixoporw), a BHH3y, no y a n u e , MeafieHHo TeneT cKop6Haa npoueccwa. Bo Bpeiwa /iBHxeHMa co3aaeTca BnenaT^eHMe, I ITO aoMa naaaioT, M3HeMoraiOT OT cBaaHBuieroca Ha HHX ropa. /IpaMaTypriia 3Toro 3nH3oaa (aa H MHornx apyrwx B STOM Kaiinc' npeaHMOBHe Paiaeji I. KOMIIO IHIIHH
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AKcenoea £., AKcenoe A. riepcneKTMBa. M., 1974. BacuneecKuu fO. A. IlpaKTHMecKaa 3HUHicnonejiHH no TexHHKe ayawo- H Bnaeo3anHCH. M., 1996. roAoenn A. fl. CBCT B HCKyccTBe onepaTopa. M., 1945. roAoenn A. fl. CbeMKa uBeTHoro KMHocpmibMa. M., 1952. roAoewt A. JJ. MacTepcTBO KMHoonepaTopa. M., 1965. ropdumyK H. £., IJeAAb B. r. CnpaBOHHHK KMHoonepaTopa. M., 1979. ropduunyK M. E., CeftmuHoecKan Jl. 0. TexHMKa cieMKH B MCKycdBe KMHoonepaTopa. M., 1983. AbtKoJl. n. Eeccuu o (pOTOMacrepcTBe. M., 1977. AbiKOJl. fl. OcHOBbI KOMn03HUHH B (porarpacpHH. M., 1989. MedbtncKuu C. E. MacrepcTBO KMHoonepaTopa xpoHHKajibHO-aoKyMeHTanbHblX CpHJlbMOB. M., 1984. MedbiHCKuu C. E. KoMnoHyeM KHHOKaap. M., 1992. PayiueH6ax E. B. TeoMeTpHH KapTHHbi H 3pHTe.ibHoe BocnpHaTHe. CI16
2001. PHCyHOK, XHBOnHCb, KOMn03HUMH. XpeCTOMaTHfl / COCT. H. H. POCTOBueB, C. E. MrHaTbeB M ap. M., 1989. CeeuiHUKoe A. B. KoMno3HUHOHHoe MbiujJieHHe. M., 2001. ymuAoea H. H. CoBpeMeHHbie npo6jieMbi MOHTaxa: TeopMa w npaKTHKa M 1991. YmuAoea H. H. MoHTax KaK cpeacTBO xyaoxecTBeHHOH Bbipa3HTejibHocTH
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