M~H~CTepCTBO np~pOAHbiX
pecypcoa
~ 3KOJlOr~~
MypMaHcKO';; 06J1aCT~
oorrr
roy "A~peK~~H (aAM~H~CTpa~~H)
perwoaansa...
7 downloads
428 Views
39MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
M~H~CTepCTBO np~pOAHbiX
pecypcoa
~ 3KOJlOr~~
MypMaHcKO';; 06J1aCT~
oorrr
roy "A~peK~~H (aAM~H~CTpa~~H)
perwoaansaoro 3Hal.leH~H MypMaHcKO';;
06J1aCT~"
reOJlOr~l.IeCK~';;~HCT~TYT KHLI, PAH
nOJlHpHO-aJlbn~';;CK~';; 60TaHlIIl.IeCK~';; caA-~HCT~TYT
KHL\ PAH
IIIHCT~TYT np06J1eM npOMbIWJleHHO';; 3KOJlOr~~ CeBepa
KHL\ PAH
>Klt1POB A.B., nO>Klt111eHKO B.~., KOCTlt1Ha B.A., Koponeaa H.E., BAOBlt1H ~.B., Eiel1Klt1Ha O.A., KOHCTaHTlt1HOBa H.A., neTpoB B.H., AaBblAoB A.A., Mel1eXlt1H A.B.
JlOB03EPCKVI~ PA~OH KH\I1ra 2-M \113 cepun nAM~TH~K~ np~POAbl ~
AOCTOnp~MEl1ATEnbHOCT~MYPMAHCKOCll 06nACT~
CaH.KT-neTep6ypr
2008
BBE)J,EHI1E YAK 908+55+57+581.9+574(470.21)
MypM;lIICKan 0 6 JIaCTb paCnOJIO:>KCIIa B EBpO-ApKTlI'ICCKOM
)KupOD ,IJ;.B., llOmJlJleHKO B.H., KOCTHHa B.A., KOpOJIeDa H.E., B,lI;oDHHH.B., JieJIKHHa O.A., KOHCTaHTHHODa H.A., llerpoDB.H., ,IJ;aDbI,ll;OD ,IJ;.A., MeJIeXHH A.B. JIoDo3epcKHH pailOH. / / KHHra 2 0 ;KC
KOHTpOJIIO )'IIHKaJIbHbIX 6HOJIOrHqCCKHX 061>CKTOIl H HX C006~CCTB,
npHpO,lIHhIX H HCTOpHKO-KyJIbTypHbIX naMnTHHKOIl,
nanmuarpron H
,lIp)'I'HX
pCKpCall,HOIlHbIX pCCypCOB. 3TH 3Ma'IH H lI,C JIH CTaIlHJlHCb npn I1anHCaHHH 6YACT nOJIC311a KaK
I1aCTOnll~CH pa60TbI.
CnpaBOqHO-HHepopMall,HOHIIOC noc06HC n pn npOBCACIIHH MCpOnplUl"l"IH1nO
JIOB03CpCKHH panoa 3aHHMaCT ccncpIl)'Io H BO~TOqHYIO -racrr, KOJIbC-
opranaaauna
xoro nonyocrpona H nBJIRCTCn caMbIM KpynHbIM, MaJIOIIaCCJICllllbIM H MaJIO-
3 IW JIO r H q CCKOM Y BOCIIHTaIlHIO H 06pa30BaIlHIO, a TaK:>KC npn 3KOJIOrHqCCKOrO H pCKpCall,HOIlIlOrO BHAOB 1ypH311la.
OCBOCHHbIlIl, HO BMCCTC C TCM - caMbIM 3KOJIOrHqCCKH qHCTbIM Il
I1JI. BKJI. - 64 , Ta6JI .-1, npHJI.1 , 6H6JlHOrp. - 114 Ha3B .
n p H M Cq a T CJI CII, B
nepayro
KOMnaKTIIOrO np0:>KHIlaIlHH
caasron.
peruone, all
oxepezrs, TC;\I, 'ITO OH nBJlnCTCn TCppHTOpHCH
xopeunoro MaJIO'IHCJICIlIloro IIapOAa Cesepa -
Ha cro 6ccKpaHIIHx npocropax pacnOJIO:>KCHO HCHC'IHCJIHMOC
Peoaxmopm cepuu eIlaunmnuxu npupoou u oocmonpusteuamenunocmu
MHo r o 0 6 p a 3 H c npHpoAIIbIX nanmuadrron H AocTOnpHMCqaTCJIbIlblX 061,CK-
M)'jJJItallclCoii otinacmu»:
TOIl, YAHBHTCJIbHbIX no CBOCH rp03I10H CCIlCPIlOH KpaCOTC H IlCJIH'IHIO.
tP.n. Mumpo!JjaHoB, E.n. OJlecuK,
H 3 CMJIR
Jlonosepcrcoro
Hezipa
panona CKa30'IIIO 60raTbI H COACp:>KaT orpOMIIbIC
n pHp OA H b I C pecypcsn )'IiHKaJIhIlhIC MCCTOpO:>K,lICHHH ImaTHHOH,lIOB, KHaIlHTa,
P)'IC0800U l1leJlb npo exma ~.B. )KUP OB
p CA K H X H PC,lIK03CMCJIbIlbIX MCTaJIJIOB, 30JIOTa H lI,BCTIIbIX KaMHCH, 'IHCTbIC
Mouozpaqmn noozomoenena U usoaua sa cuem CpeOC1II8 pezuonanunoii 1(eJle8011 np ozp axuiu -Oxpaua U zueuena oxpyncatotueu cpeou U otiecne-
" ITaMRTluIKH
n p CCH bI C BO,lIbI, JICC , 3KOJIOrHqCCKH qHCTblC 6HOpCCypCbI H MHorOC ztpyroe, KOJIJICKTHBHan MOIIOrpaqlHH "JIOB03CPCKHH paHOII" npOAOJI:>Kacr cepmo
ueuue 31C0JIOZU t lecIC0l1 tiesonacuocmu 8 Mypscaucxot; otinacmu. ua 20062008 ZOObl '>,
npapom.r
06JIaCTH", xoropaa
H AOCTOnpHMCqaTCJIbHbIC 061>CKTbI MypMaIlcKOH
nnarmpyer
0606~HTb n o aAMHIIHCTpaTHnIlO-Tcppll-
TOpHaJIbHOMy IIpH IIlI, l IIlY CBC,lICHHH no OC06CHHOCTHM' rCOrpa(llO-3KOIlOMH'ICCKOrO nOJIO:>KCHHn, HCTOpHH OCIlOCIIlrn, rCOJIOrHH, (paYIlbI H
rpnopsr, a TaIOKC
no n aMn T IIH K a M n p H p OA b I H HCTOpHH, AOCTOnpHMC'IaTCJIbIlbIM MCCTaM H
n OAr OTOBKar paqn1KIII : H.C.Tefle>KK\1HaIII C.A.KJ1I11MOB © >KIIIPOB ,ll,.B., n O>KIIIJ!eHKo B.\II., KocTIIIHaB.A., Koponesa H.E., BAOBIIIH \II.B., 6 efl KlIIHa a.A . , KOHcTaHTIII HoBa H. A ., neTpoB B .H. , ,ll,a Bbl,lIOB ,ll,.A . , Menexuu A.B. , 2008 © MIIIHIIICTepCTBO npaponuux pecypcos u axonoru» MYPMaHcKoC1 ofin acr u,
2008
'
pexp eauu o n u sn r pecypcax KOJIbCKOro xpaa. Ka:>K,lIaH H3 TaKHX xnar 6Y,lICT icparxyro KOMnJICKcHyIO CIlO,l~KY no OC06CIIHOCTHlIl npnpozrsr, IlCTOPIlH H rCOJIOrHIl, a TaK:>KC pa3Ho06pa3HbIM AOCTonpH Me'IaTCJI bIlbIM 061>CKTaM B npeztenax paccxrarpasaeaoro pariorra. n pCACTaBJInTb C06011
JIOI'H 'ICCKOC nocrpoenne MaTCpHaJIOB K:oK,lIOH H 3 qCTbIPCX rrran MOHO-
rpa cpmr npC,lI)'CMaTpHBaCT B HaqaJIC paCCMO'IpCHHC 0611~HX BonpOCOIl, OTIIOOI lI~HXCn K T CM e p a 3,lI CJI a , a B 3aBcpllIaIO~CH qaCTH - onncanac KOHKpCTIIbIX
Y H HKaJI b H b IX 061,CKTOB H AOCTOnp H MCqaTCJIbIIOCTCH. Pa60Ta HOCHT KOMnH JIHlI, H O HII bIH x a paxrep C ,lIOIIOJIHeHHCM opHrH IIaJIbIlb IMH aIlTopCKHMH MaTCpHaJIaMH H AaHIIbIMH, ITpH
nauncanmr
p a 3A CJIOB
arrropr.r CTapaJIIlCh 3
H36cr aTb '1 pC3MCpHOrO )lJ10TpC6JICHHJI CnCl~HaJIhHhiX TCpl\IHHOB, a TaM, r,1.J,C 31'0
rJIABA 1. OCHOBHbIE CBELJ:EHIHI no JIOB03EPCKOMY PAMOHY
6bIJIO H C0 6 XO,1.J,HMO , npH Il O.r\II JI H HX C KOHTCKCTHblMH nOHCHCIIHHMH HJIII C
cnona pm.rsnr CC h IJIKa MII. CTH Jlh KHHrH nay-nro ,1.J,CT aJI H3 a ll, H CH cncunam.usrx TCM ( rCOJIO r HH, 6 HOJI O I'HH ,
COO T B C TCTBYIO ~H M H
n onynnpm.nt
C
1.1. Feorparpo-axonowus ecxnn osepx
n paponooxpannoro 3aKOI IO ,1.J,aTeJl b CTB a ) . 113 .r\a1lHC MOlIo rp a
zrapcrnennoro npHpO,1.J,1I0 r O 3anOBC,1.J,HHKa H MMHHHcTpal~HH Jlono aepcxoro ' pari ona, Hc06xo,1.J,HMO OTMCTHTb 6 0 JIhillYJO nOMOII~b B coope MaTCpHaJIOB H asrpaarrrs nCpCOIl aJIhll)'10 npH3H a T CJIhH O CTh COT p Y.r\H H Ka M OT.r\CJIa Kpa CIl C,1.J,'1 CCKOH H caaMCKOII JIHTcpaT)'Pbl Mypxia ncxoa rocynapc re erraori 06JIaCTlIOH YJI H BCPCaJIhHOt:'1
uay-mo a 6 H 6JI HOTCKH C.A. CaBHJIOBOH H E .P. MHXaHJIOBoH .
ABTOpbl B CIlOCH
n o fiep e xo.e 5apCIIll,CBa l\lO pJlnOJIJl pnaH 1I0'lh ,lI,JIHTCJl60JICC 40 CyTOK, B ll,CHT-
rpor orparpo n
fCHll a .r\HJI
AJIcKcaJ-It\pOBa, 3 JI b MH p y 3 a H Hal yr,1.J, H II 0 IlY, KOIICTaHTHHa K06nKOBa,
Orn.ry
O. rI OJIHpH hl H ,1.J,Cllb cyrox,
H M CCT np0,1.J,OJIiKI1TCJIbIiOCT h na B O CT O'lH O M Mypxrane npasse p a o 60
rICTpOBy, TaTbHIlY HJI HMOHOBy, Earenna BOpOIlH'IeBa, BaCHJIHJI KOJIhKY, Ceprea MHMOBa, 11. OC Hn OBa, Cepres Ia rryce anaa, B JI a,lI,HCJIaBa BaCHJIhCBa, Ce p rea M Y,1.J,pYKa , A JIC Kca H .r\pa I1 BJI HCBa , Hn an a HCCTCp CH KO H A p Ka,lI,H H Illnas eu xo , npC.r\O CTaBHBillHX B03MOiKIIOCTh BKJI IO 'lHTh HX q) OT OC-
B n pezienax Jlonoaepcxoro pan o n a Bh l,1.J,CJIJIIOTCH HCC KOJIbKO KpynHhlx .reo rp arpa vecxnx C.r\HHHll,: ropsi JIOB03CpCKHC T)'II,1.J,pbl, e,1.J,0pOBo-rIaHcKHc
HH M KH B KHHry, 'ITO , HCCO MH CHH O , nOM OrJIO yx pacrrn, MOH orpa
HblC ~OKOJIbllbICpaBHI1Hbl C a6c. OTM. AO 50 M).
Pacrsrrensnsni nOKpOB 3TOH xiecrnocrn npCAeraBJICH KOMIIJICKCaMH CpHHKOBblX KYerapHI1'IKOBO-JII1111aH HI1KOBblX 11KYerapHl1'IKOBblX T)'IIAP. Henocpencrsenno na nooepezcse BbI X O AJlT60JIOTa (BHAbl, ananorn-msre 6apcH~cBOMOpCKOl\ryn06cpC)f(hIO),B npenerrax KO T O p blX HCpCAKI1 TOP
oa ep)
AJIJI
(pyxs en, p CK ,
I1CnOJIb3ycTCJI 60JICC 50 Ha3BaHI1H, OKOJIO 40,QJIH B03Bh lWCHHOCTCH 11
npyrn x 3JICMCHTOB
aaxo noxrepaocrr.,
penserpa
Il pn xpynnsrx
H 1 3 AJIJI 60JIOT.
xorna Ha3BaHI1J1 Hal160JIcc
3 TOM OTMC'IaCTCH pCK,
osep
H Apyrl1x
7
npOMbICJlOnhIX MCCT n npntipexon.rx II OCBOCHHhIX TCppHTOpWIX HCnhITaJIH nJIlUIHHC, npC)K,lJ;C ncero, pyccxoro H3bIKa (noxiopon) H 6hIJIH OTHOCHTCJIbHO HC,I\aBHO nepenxreuonam.r, a y.n;aJICHHhIC TCppHTOpHH U;CIITpaJlh HOII H nOCTOqHOH xacru nonyocrpoea, a TaK)Ke pcrrserp nonCClIIeCTHO coxpanaror HCKOHHhIC caaMCKHC H3hIKOBhle KOpHH, XOTH, n TOM qHCJlC , TaK)KC yKa3hIBaIOT aa npoxrsrcnoaoe 3HaqeHHC. Hanpnxrep, JICnhIII npirrox nOHOH, TCK)'llJ.Hfl C KCH~, - KyJIhHOK, HJIH KyJIHHQK, - n nepCBO.n;c na pyCCKIlII H3hIK 03HaqaCT PhI6HaJI pexa, B 6aCCCHHe pCKH B OCTOq H aHJIHu;a CCTh03CPO KYJIhHnp, 'ITO nop y'CCKH 6y.n;CT3ByqaTb Ka K PbI6Hoe 03CpO. npC06JIaAaIOIU;HMH KOHCTpYKU;HOHHbIlIIH 3JIClIICHTallIH Ha3BaHllII p an ona HBJIHIOTCH" a np " - 03epo, " (10 K" - p CKa, "naxx" - rOJIa H ropa, "nop p" - rO p HhIH xpc6cr C OCTpbIM rpeonexi, " q OPP " - ropnsnr x pefier, ''ypT'' - ropnsra MaCOIB, "CYOJI" - OCTpO B H T..n;. H eCMOTPH na TO, 'ITO Ha3naHH C JIOB03Cp CKHX yYl-l.n;p ( panee Jlyaapypr) H3 Me HeIlO na PYCCKOH3bl q HOe, n paxrn-recxa see nCpIIIHHhI, rpe fir m , YU\ CJlbH H oaepa COXp aHI1JIH TPaAHU; llOHHoe JIOn ap CKOC any-r anac, nan pnsiep. AJIJIy aII B, K apHacypT(-a), KyIinqopp, 3JI hMOp aHOK, CcH.n;'hHnnph (CCfI,!l;03CpO) H .n;p . BJIHHHH C KOMH-I DKClIICKorO H3hIK a npOCJl C)KJ1BaeTOI n MCHbIllC(1 CTc neHH, HO Ta K)KC scrpes aercs BO M Hor HX yrOJI KaX pa riona: Mara3HH Mycrop, B a CHH M hUlbK H ztp, r:C)KCs ce ro BJIOB03 Cp CKOM p aao ne lIIO)Kl IO HaHTH cpllHCKHe H HOp BC)KCKHC r c o rpa¢lIqCCKHCTCPMIIHhI. On n MOryT 6hITh csaaansr TOJIbKO C nepaonon KOJIOHH3aU;H H K OJIhCKOrO KpaJI Il KOHU;CXIX - aa-rane X X ne xa , x o rna npcHM yII\eCTnCHHo no Mypxsancxo ery n 06CpC)i(bIO 6hIJIO paCC eJICHO MHO)i(CCTnO nCpCCeJIeH I~CIl paansrx HaU;HOH aJIbHOCTCH.
IH,IJ;porpacl»HJI P Cq H aH CCTh JIoB03c pcKor o paa on a nCChMa rycras H n e onaop ozmau. Bepxo nsn pC K 6 CpyT Haq a JIO, JIH 6 0 n panHHHHhIX, 3 a 6 0JIo q CHHhi X TeppHTopllHX U;CHTPaJIhHhI X q aCTCH nozryocrposa JIH60 n a CKJIOHaX r o pm.rx COOP~CHHH, TaKHX KaKJIon03cpcKHC TYJl,!l;phI, et>c.n;opono- Il ancxne TyH.n;pbI, KCIInhI. B 3anHCHlIIO CTH 0 '1' 3'1'01'0 OHH H MeIOT pa3HhIH xapaxrep aepxner o TeqCHlUI. B n epsosr crr yxae OHH H3 nI1JIH CTbI C, lIIeaH.n;pHpYIOI.l\HC , CO cra pnnaM H, a aaocaxra H M HOrOqHCJlC HHhlMH H3nyqHHaMH. Bo nr oposr - npHMOJIHHCHHhIC HH3JIOllIaHH ble n Op 0)KJ1CTbIC pycna, KOTOphIC nocn e asrxo zta na panHHHHYJO -racn, MOryT npaoeperar s qCPTbI rr eps oa rpynnhI. HJ1)i(e no TCqCHHIO, no Mepe npH6JIJ1)i(CHHHK npH6pc)i(HhlM paHOHaM BCCpC KH y 6 hICTPHIOT01 , CTaHOBHTCH nOp0)KJ1CThIMH CM HOrOq HCJlCH HbI MH nepexa'rassn , CTpCMHHHal\1I1 H aozton anasnr, npn 3 TOM qaCTO HaCJlC.n:YIOT TpaCKTOpHIO TeKTOHllqCCKH X HapYIIICH HH H / I1JIH rC OJIQITlqCCKHX r p a HIIU;. O CHOBHhIC TCKTOHHq eCKHC 3JICMCHThI n p aao n e HMeIOT cy6 l1ICPHAHOHaJIbHYJO I1JIH CCIlcpo-nOCTOqHYIO Op HeHTllpOBKY,a oneparo mae pa3JI0 MhI H rCOJIOrHqCCKHe rpannnsr - cesepoaan ann yio. B 3TOH CBH3H npaKTHqCCKH s ee HaH60JIcc x p yrnr sre pexa, pyqhHH osepa Mypxiancxoro 6epera npHo6pCTaIOT ceaepo-aocro-nryro OpHCHTHpea rcy, a HX npHTOKH H BTopOCTcneHHbIC BO.n;OTOKH - CCBcpO-3ana.n;H)'IO. n OHOH, KOTOpbIH ananaer a a rpaHHU;C BOPOHKHI1 Ioprra Ben o ro MOpH , HMCcr cy6II1I1p OTHOe.n;0 IOrO-nOCTOqHOrO npOCTHpaH He, a ero npHTOKH - npea sry~eCTBCHHO cy6MCPHAHOHaJIbHOC. KpynHbIMH peKaMH JI OB0 3cpCKoro paaona HllJIJlIOTCH: nOHOH (WIHHa 426 KM / IIJIO~aAh sonocoopa 15500 KM 2), I10KaHra (203 KM / 60 20 KM 2) H BOPOHhH (I 55 KM / 9940 KM 2) , KOTopaH B BCp XHCM H n cpeznr esr TCqC H HH pacnonozcena
8
na TCppHTOpHH MYHHU;HnaJIhHOrO 06pa30IlaHHH. MCHhIIIHH paaxiep HlIIC IOT XapJIOBKa, Bap3HHa II Bocro-man JIHu;a. 113 n Cp Cq H CJIe H HhIX uonoroxoa TOJIhKO nOHcnI npanarureacur 6 aCCCIIIlY Berroro MOpH, OCTaJIb Hh le un an aro 'r B Bap e n u eao lIIOpC. Y 60JIhIlIHHCTila rcpymretx pex CP C.n;HHlI p a c x o zt aozrsr KOJIe6JIeTCH Il npenenax 30-50 M ·l /CCK n CpC,I\HellI TeqCllllH, a B HH)i(HeM sospacracr ,1\0 100- 160 M 3/ceK. n p H 3TOM nee OHIl OTHOCHTeJIhHO MeJIKOno.n;HhI (cpeznrne rny6HHhI HC npeasnnaror I lII). M aKCHlIIaJI hHaH BO,l\OHOCHOCTb y p e x nOHOII, I10KaHra H BOpOHhH. YqHTbIBaH 60JIh lIIOH 6a3Hc 3 P03HH H CTP CMHTeJIbHOCTh TCq CHHH, n conercrcari nepnon ocn oeann K OJIbCKOrO « p an n ee x pynnsre nO,l\OTOKH paccxrarpu eanncr, II xa-recrse nepCnCKTHIlHblX H CTOqruncon 3JIeKTp03HcprH H. Ozmaxo Il CBH3H C MaJIOOCnOCH IlOCThIO Jlon oaepcx o r o paaoira HH onmr H3 npoeicron CTPO llTCJIbCTna rH.n;p0 3JICKTpOCTa H l \H H HC 6hUl p CaJIH30naH. E.r\HHCTneflHhle f3C Il B OCTOqHOllI Mypsian e (Cepe fipmtcKan H TCp H6 c p cK aH) p a cno n o aceasr B COCC,I\HellI K OJIhCKOM pa fione, BO.n;hIncex IlO,l\OCM On H sono-ro xon OTH OCHTCH K YJIh TpanpccHhIM H npecn si xr (MHH CpaJIl1 3al\HH H e 6 0 JICC 50 Mr /JI) , a no XHMHqC CKOMY c ocra ay npeHM)'II\ eCTnCHH O K rHAPoKap 60HaTH hI M HaTPHeBO-KaJIHeBhIM (HC0 No-K). 3 B n pnfip eacuo ri n o n o ce sa CqCT BJIHnHHn MOpCKHX a 3p 0 30JIelI 3 a llI CT H O aospa craer conepxcan a e HOHon Cl'. JI c.n;oCTaBa a p exax H oaep ax 3a n aAHOII H U;CHTpaJIhHOH qaCTCH fiapeaueno xropcxoro notiepexcsa na crynaer Il cepeznnre - KOHu;e HOH6pn, B BOCTOqHOH qaCTH 3'1'0'1'CpOK c si em a er c s no naxana .n;eKa6pH. B IlH30Ilbe nOHOH JIC.n; BCTaeT, KaK npaBHJIO, B CepC,I\HHe HOH6pH. B nenrpansm.rx qaCTHX paaona JIC,l\OCTaB H a 6mo.n;aCTCH, HaqHHaH C KOHu;a OKTn6pH. Ha 6apCHU;CBOMOpCKOM n o fiepezcse JIe.l\OXO.l\ HaqlIHaCTCR c CCpe.l\IIHbI MaR no a a-r an o IIIOHR, n a p. IlOIlOII, B u;e HTpaJIbH bIX H CCIlCPO - BOCTOqHhIX 'reppuropaa x - B cepennae Man. 0 3cpHaH cers Jloeoaepcxoro pariona necs xra paaarrra, npH3TOM MaKCH MaJIbIlOC n nourannoe pacnpocrpaneane OHa HMceT B npnripexcnsrx qaCTHX H B n en p ec cna x, a M H HHMaJIhHOC - Il ropnsrx TYJ-l.n;pax H B Keriaax, Kpynaen 1IIIIMH 03 cpaMH HllJIJlIOTOI JIOB 03CpO (200 KlII 2 / 1.5 KM 3) H Enoaepo (94.4 KM 2) . BO,D;OCMhI HlIIeIOT CHJIhIlO H 3p e3 aH H bI H rcorrryp JIH H H H 6cpcra, a TaK)l(e lIIH O)i(eCTil O OCTp OBOB H Mhlcon npHqy .n;JIHBOH ¢OPllIhI. f JIy6HHa, KaK npaBHJIO, IlaphHpycr 0'1' nepnsrx n o 15-25 McrpOB, O,l\HaKO Il parte cnyxaea MO)i(CT .n;OCTHraTb .n;eCHTKOB n nasce npensnna'n, 100 MeTpoB.
KJIHMaT KJIHMaT Jlonoaepcxoro paaoaa no-cenepaosry CYPOB, eecsxra KOHTpacTCH H peax o H3l1ICHqHB, KaK JIaTepaJIhHO (no TeppHTOpHaJIbHoMynpH3HaKY) , TaK H no CKOpOCTll ClIIeHhI norozrsi. TaKoH IleYCTOIIqHBhIH xapaxrep 06YCJlOIlJIeH, npexcae scero, KJIHMaT006pa3YIO~eH POJIhIO Bapenuesa MOpH, B KOTOpOM nponcxozurr CTOJIKHOBeHHe H CMClIICHHC MIlOrOqHCJleHHhIX H pa3Ho06paam.rx no xapaxrepy, 'resmepa'rype H CHJIe TeqCHHH. 3'1'0 TCnJIbie aTJIaHTH qCCKHe TeqCHHH fOJIb¢CTpHMa: Hopnxancxoe, Mypssaucxoe npaepexcaoe, Mypsraacxoe, HOB03eMeJIbCKoCH.n;p.H xonozursre aprcra-recxne: M e.n;BC)KJ1HCKOC, nCpCCH, IJ;CHTPaJIhHOC, JIHTKe H zip. no cpaBHcHHIO co CMC)KllhIl\IH IlhICOKOIIIHPOTHhlMH TCppHTOplUIMH.n:nn 6apcIlu;eBoMopcKoro n06CpC)i(hH xapaxrepnsr nOBbIlIICHHhIC 3HMHHe 'rexmeparypsr B03,D;yXa, qaCThIC nepexonsr -repea HOJIh rpa.n;ycoB H nOBhIlIICHHaH BJI:I)KlIOCTh 3HMHcro nepnona, a TaIOKe nOBTopHCMOCTh pa3HOHanpaBJICH-
9
HbIX WTOpMOBbIX H yparaIlIIbIX nerpon. 3TOMy paaony npHIIa,1I,JIC)I(Jrr PCKOPA
oapCIlQCIIa"H Bertoro MOpCH, nonanacr II nno mam, p a 3 BIiTHJl oTpHI~aTCJIbHbIX (n u xce -1 ° rro IJ: CJI b CHlO ) cpcnne ronousrx TCMnc paTyp I103Ayxa. 3'1'0'1'
,lI,JIH KOJIbCKOro nonyocrpoaa no CKOpOCTH nerpa ( 48M/C) H CpCAIICroAOBOMy
nOKa3aTCJIb,lI,JIH 6apCIlQCBOMOpcKoro Ii 6CJIOMOpCKoro
KOJIH'lCCTBy WTOpMOBbIX AHCH (126 AIICH co CKOpOCTbIO nerpa
> 15 M/C) . A B
OTACJIbI l bI C rOAbI 31'01' nOKa3aTCJIb npCBbIWaJI 170 AHCH. CpCAHHH TCMncpaTypa IIaH60JIcc XOJIOAHbIX 3HMHHX MCCHl~CB (auaaps, rpespans) HaXOAHTCH B
noficpeacnn JIClKHT II
n pCACJIaX 0'1' 0 ° C AO - 1 ° C, II QCHTpaJIblIbIX 'laCTHX 0'1' -0.5" C AO _2 ° C, a B JIOB03CPCKlIX TyllApax II npyrnx ropnsrx B0 3B bl lllCH ilO CTHX cpemrerononas
C. B
TCM I1CpaTYPa xroxcer orrycxarscs AO - 3 " C II HlIlKC. Bnaronapx TeTIJIbIM TC'lCHlIHM na Mypsrancxoxinotiepeao,e HcnOABHlK-
npCACJIaX Y3KOH npH6pc)l(JlOH nOJIOCbI CpCAHHH CyTO'lHaH TCMncpaTYPa IIC nOAHHMacrcH BbIllIC Ba lK H Ol 'O C TO'lKH 3pCHHH reorparpn-recxoro parionn-
C HOH6pH no MaH. B y3KOi"1 npntipeacnon nOJIOCC 6cpcra 3IiMOH 06pa3YJOTcH
npC,1I,CJIax 01' -8° C ,11,0 -1 0 ° C, a IIa1I60JIcc TeTIJIbIX JICTHHX - 01' 8° C AO 9.5 °
Hblil JIeA - "npnnan" BcracrTOJIbKO B OTACJIbIlbIX rny60KHx 3aJIliBaX na I1CplIOA .
pOBaHHH noporosoro 3Ila'lCHHH B 10° C. ~ B QCJIOM KJIHMaT Bo cro -nro r o Mypxiana xapaxrepnayerca KaK MOpCKOH,
"pyfianur" - JIeA, naxrepaaronrart na BCpXHCi"1 JIIiTO PaJIIi II BbIlliC CC B P C3 YJI bTa TC peryna puo ro 06AaBaHHH 6cpcra WTOPMOB bI MlI BOJIHaMlI II 6pbl3raMlI. Ha BCCM
KOTOpOMy CBOHCTBCHCH OTIlOClITCJIbllO IlC60JIbWOH AHana30Il KOJIc6aHHlI CpCAHCCyTO'lHbIX, MCCH 'lHbIX, CC30IllIbIX 1I rOAOBbIX TCMncpaT)'P. Oznraxo na
OCTaJIbHOM
3TOM epOHC B03MOlKHbI KpaTKoBpcMCIlHbIC, IlO CHJIblIbIC nOXOJIOAaIlHH II
TC 'lCHlIH II nerpoa. 3HlIIllJIH rpalllIQaAPCHepYIOllIHXJIbAOB 06bI'lHO BapbHpy cr
n OTCTIJICIlHH. OTHOClITCJIbHO H c 6 0 JI b W O C no nJIOII~J,uH II 06beMaM
Cyp O B bI C H JIH Te nJIbIC
MOpC orcaasmaer IIa KJIHMaT
I1 plIJICraIOII~lIxy-racrxoa
anyrpeanee oCJIOC
norryocrpoua cpaBIIH-
TCJIbHO cJIa60c BJIlIHHHC. D03TOMY pa3JIH'llIH C p CA lI lI X TCMl1cpaTyp B 6cpcroBbIx II KO HT lIH CH T aJI b lI bI X 'laCTJlX HC'lHCJIHIOTCH ncero B 1-2° C, PClKC 3° C, I1plI 3TOM HC HC KJIIO'lCH
cyntecrnemn-tx BKJIJA B 31'01' nOKa3aTCJIb BJIHHHHH
norOAHbIX ep a KTOpO B oapCHQCBa MO p H. KJIHMaT QC HTP aJI bHbIX 'laCTCH panona lI MCCT 6 0 JICC KOHTlIHCHTaJIbllbIH
xa paxrep. JICTO M 3ACCb
C~CCTBCIIHO TCnJICC (B CpCA HCM aa 5-6 " C) , a 3HMOH
XOJIOAHCC ( na 6-8° C ), qCM na n ooep eacse. B II a lI 6 0 JIbWCH crenernt KOHTlIIlCIlTaJIbHbIC 'lCPTbI KJIIl Ma Ta OTMC'laIOTCJI B II CHTPaJIbll bIX II CCB~PO- BOCTO'III bI X 'laCTHX OO JI b IIIHX K CH B. B 3 lIMHHH
nepnon IlCP C,1I,KH MO P03 b I HHlKC - 2 0° C, OAHaKO OHH
AO~aTO'lHO JIC rKO nepenocarcs . B IICIlTPaJIbIIbIX p aaonax 30HaJIbIIaJI p,mp<jlcpcIIQHaQHH KJIH MaTa OCJIO)I(JlCHa Ta K)KC H BblCOTHOH
noacaocrsro. OC06CllIlO 3'1'0
OT 'l eTJIH BO Ila6JIlOAa CTC H II OTIlO WCIum JIOB03CpCKHX TYIlAP . Do MCpC n pH6JIH)KCIIHH K nepnnnraxr pC3KO YBCJIlI'lHIlaCTCJI cpenaeronosoe KOJIH'lCCI"lIO OCJAKO B, II rrOIII J)Ka IOTCH CPCp,HIlC CC30ll HbIC TCMrrcpaTYPbI. H a nenemo-nse CMCmaIOTCH (B CTOpOHy )'llCJIll'lCllllJI rr p OP,OJIlKIl TCJIb Il OCTIl ) CpOIIIHJIHII~IIII,
Mypxrancxoa 06JIaCTII" (1998) , a TaKiKC MIIOiKCCTBO
nansrn.rx 06'bC~IIH C II IIH -
W BC~IIIIII HopBcrIIII. B paaone qJYHK~IIOIlIIPY'OT MY3CH II CTOpII II KOJIbCKllX TC P P Il T O P lIaJI b H b l H OT ACJI Myp sraucrcoro otinacrnoro KpaCBCA'1CCKOrO MY3 CJI ( o c Il OB aTCJIb Il .Il .Kipsen) , M y 3CH caaMCKOH JI lI Tc p a TYP b l II nIICbMCIIIIOCTIIIIM . O . B OpOIlOBOH (ocnonarens II AII p CKTOp - H.D. Bom.uraKOBa) II KpaCBCA'ICCKllH MyJCH O AO "CCBpC~M CT " (JI OB03 CP C KOro f O K a ) , noc. PCB~a (ocllo Ba TC JIII A .n. K OMapoB II I1 .A. Mycaron) . Ilpn lIa~IIOHaJIbHO KYJIbTYpHblX ~CIITpax, KJIy 6ax, n o sr a x rcynsrypst oprannaona no 06yqCHIIC ua poznu.m XYAOiKCCTnCIIHblM pCM CCJIaM . Macrepa, XY~OiKIIIIKII na pozron Cenepa npIIHIIMaIOT CiKcrO~1I0 ysacrne B pecrryonmcancxax, pernonansnsrx, ofina crrrsrx, p anonnsrx nsr craaxax HapO~1I0ro TBOp'lCCTBa , a TaKiKC aa
caaxron -
13
Py6 C)I(OM .
Ilpn
TCX )l(C
uerrrpax
pa60TalOT CaaMCKUC U KOMU HapOAHblC
cjJOJIbKJIOPHblC nCCCHH bIC U TallQCBaJIbHblC KOJIJICKTUBbI. TaK B CCJIC JIOB03CpO U3BCCTHbi CJIC,L\YIOII~IIC rpynm.r: "Oriap" ( "Kpyru na BOAC") II ACTCKUll " O II Jl P bIH'I" ( "KPY'A(KH n a BOAC ") , P YKOBO,L\IITCJIb M.r. MCABCACBa; "Jlyrrm-p ", p y KO BOA U T CJIb B.,ll,. ryp UHOB; "TaHQ)'lOIl~IlC caasua", pyKOBOAUTCJIb r .B. 5IKO BJICBa ; " lnKMa " , PYKOBO,L\IlTCJIb C.B. IlJIlinn'lCIIKO. B
c. JIOB03C pC 1lJI0,L\OTBOPHO
p a 6 0TaCT 06~CCTBCHHaJi o praunaauns caasrcxnx MaCTcpO B 11 XY,L\O)l(HUKOB " 'lc n nc cb caa s u," B n ee BXO,L\51T OKOJIO 40 '1 CJI O B CK, pyKOBOAUTCJIb A.M. C a nCJIb H U KoBa. 06'bCM n poIl3BO,L\CTBa npOMbl llIJICHHOlI nporryx urm JIoB03c p CKoro panona CO CT aIlJI5ICT M CH CC 1 % OT sanonoro nOKa3aTCJIJI no
Mvpxrarrctcori
06JIaCTll. B OTpaCJICBOH crpyxrypc JIll,L\U PYeT ropllonpOM bIIIIJICHHbl1"l CCKTOp _ 70-7 5 % , Aa Jl CC: 3JICKTp03l1cprCTUKa - 15 - 1 7 % , CCJlbCKOC X03J1I"1CTBO U
MCCrOpO)i(,L\CIIIlJl - norcrunransm.n; IlCTO'lIlIlK rJlIlH03CMa H CllJIVlIUI H a . I1x rCOJIOrIlqCCKIlC aanacr.r n03 BOJIHIOT paccsrarpunari, 3TOT 06'bcKT, ~aK pC3CpB BblCOKOIJIIlH03ClIllICToro csrpsa CJICA)'lOn~Ux nOKOJICIIIlll B Ma CIIIT a 6 c ncero B 1930- 1950 IT . UCO,L\HOKpaTlIO npCAnp~IIIIlMaJIIlCb npatcrn uecxa e
xnrpa.
mara, HanpaBJICHHhlC na OCBOCIIlIC KCllBCKOll rpy n nhl MCcrOpO)i(,L\CHIlI"I. Bsina
ee
Aa)l(c npOJIO)l(CHa )l(CJIC3IIaJl,L\OpOra na 60-70% OT npOCKTI lOll ,L\JIIlHhl. O,L\HaKO ~OCJIC CMC pTll I1 .B. Crannna 3TOT n p oexr 6hlJI OTJlO)l(CH n a HcOnpCACJl CH II bIII cpo~. ECJIII 6 bl 3TH IIJIaH bI p CaJllI30BaJlHCb, TO na BOCTOKC KOJlbCKO ro n o n y o c r posa CClI'I a c 6hl p a cno rr a r a n cn caM hI ii x pymn .m a a ounn.rri B C30 ropnonpO M hI lII Jl c : llIhnl KOM EIJlC KC. C ztpyro r i CTO p O H b l , 6 JIarOAapJl CPhIBY
npoexra
EOJlbII!HC KCHBbI OC~raJIH C h Il lIHCJI C nesarponyrux TCXHorCHllbIlII BJIllilllHCM TCp p HTOpIlIl - BOT'lIUIOIl OJIC UCBO,L\CTBa. lIH:.CT O BhlllI CJI
npoexr
B XX I BCKC n a nepsoe n o nCpCnCKTHB HO CTH
OCBOCH IlJl n JI a TIl H OM CTaJIJI b U h l X MCCTOP0)i(,L\CHlIlI
nUII~CBaJi npOMblllIJiCHHOCTb ()I(UBOTHOBOACTBO, OJIC HCBOACTBO, p b I6 0 JI O B-
cAop o Bo- Il aHcKllx TYII,L\p. Ero pe amr aauas n03BOJlIlT C03,L\aTh 5 00 - 700 BbICO KO O Il JIa ll llBaCMhIX p a ti ox nx MCCT, CyrQCCTBCHHO yJIyq III liT h TpalicnopT-
CTBO 11 nepepaoorxa rrp o zryxmr n ) - 10-13 %. Ocuonusrsr npOMbIIlIJICHlIblM npCAnpU5ITllCM p a n o n a JlBJIJlCTC5I
rOKpaTH O yaena-nrrs HanOJIHCH IlC srymnnnrana ao r o 610,L\)l(eTa.
JIOIl03C PCKuI"I rOK
(n pyrue
Ha3 Ba HlI 5I B
paanoe
HYIO II 3 HC prCT Il'l CCK)'I0 lIHcjJpaCTpYKrYP bI 10)1(1I 01"1 '1 aCTIl parion a
It: MHO-
BpCM5I: " M JIy a I"lBc T p OlI",
,L(JIIlTCJIh HbIH c nan npOMhlllIJICHHO CTIl Bbl3BaJI YCUJI CH Il C POJIlI OJi CHC -
" C CBp CA MeT llJIll " C CBCP H b IC P CA Kll C MeTaJIJIbl" "JI o B0 3 Cp CKa Jl rOpHa 51KOMna -
BOACTBa , pbI60JIOBCT Ba, O XO T bi II KYCTa p H h l X npOMhICJIOB , a Ha'laBIIIll~ICJI B 200 8 r . (lm lialicoBbI I"I Kp1l 311C, BCP OHTH O, C~C fionee YCllJIIlT 3TY TCH,L\CHI~IlIO.
HI m " ) , llMCIOU~HlI B CBO CM COCTa BC 2 nOA3CMH bI X p YAII H Ka C corryrcrsyrouraxnr 060ra TIITCJIbHbl MH cjJa6pHKa Mll ("K a pHacypT" 1I " YM6 0 3 Cp O" ) . ,n:0 ne pecrponKll OH 6blJI CAlIHCT BCH H b l M B
crpane
PYAlIlI KO M n o A06b l'lC KOM nJICKCH b lX
P CAKOMeTaJIJI b H b l X 1I PCAK03CM CJlh U biX P YA (PYAHbIH MlIHCpa Ji - nonapar, Ha3Ba HH bIH II qCCTb KOpCHH hIX )l(lITCJICH JIanJlaH,L\lI l1), H3 KOTO p hI X n o rr y-ran n 0611Ill pHhIlI n CpC'ICH h Q CII H OH n ponyxnmr, B TOM '1 l1CJIC TaHTaJI H H H06H11, KOTOphIC BCChMa BO CT p c60BaHhI B KO CM ll'lCCKOI"I n p OMhI UIJI CHHO CT.ll, B Il K , xrerannyprna 1I MCTaJIJlo06pa60TKc ( u poxar Tpy6 ,L\JIJI H c cjJTc r a 3 01l0 H npoMbIUIJICHHOCTII, n pcAH a3 Ha'lCHHhIX,L\JIJI o c060 CJIOWlhIX H CYPOBhlX YCJIO BHH 3 KCn JIy a T a Q H lI ) 1I BO M HOI'll X ,L\P)TU X Bh I CO KOTCXH OJl O r H'I H bIX OT paCJIJlX. Il0 3 T OM Y p a a mrr tno rOKa H acero JIOB03c pCKoro paaona y,L\CJIJlJIOCh np n o p HTCTHOC 3 H a'lCHlIC. Bee 1I3M CHllJIOCb , KOr,L\a 6blJI U aapym ensr X0 3J1I"1CTBCH H h IC CBJl311 C npen npnsrrnaxm - n OT p c 6 HTCJl Jl MU JIOna pUT O Boro KOH QCHT paTa, '1aCTh KOTOpbl X n oCJIC pacn ana CCCP OKa3 aJI a Ch aa r p a H H Q CH (nartpu xiep, KOM6uu a T B C~lJIJIaMJl3 - 3 CTO H HJI). IlOJIO)l(CHUCYcyIy6~IJIOChAOC"lynHOC"l'bIO 60JICC ,L\ClIIe BO r o T un a PCAKOMCTaJIJlhHOrO csrpsa na MlIPOIlOM phIHKC. B PC3YJIhTaTC KOM6HHaT Y)I(CIIOllTH 2 0 JlCT lI aXO,L\HTCH B 3aTH)I(HOM H rny60KoM Kp H3 HCC. 3TO H C
oa n asraer,
'IT O JIOB03Cp CKOC MCCTOpO)i(,L\C HHC JIO n a p H TOB h lX P YA 6ccncp c nCKTllBHO U IICKOH KypCHTo c n o c06 110 . Ha06 0pOT , O HO ) 'lI UKaJIhHO n o CBO CMY
Ma c lIITa6y, c o cra n y P YA H H X a a n a c a s i . KpO M C To ro, P Jl,L\OM C ,L\CllcrBYJO ~H MU nOA3cMH blM H p Y,L\H llKaMu BblJlBJIC HhI orpo MH bl C aanac s r 3BAHaJIUTOB hIX p y ,L\, npH rOAH h IC,L\JIJI OTKp h lTOH A06 h l 'l U . OHII JlBJIHIOTCJl n CpCnCKTHBHh lM H CTO'lH U KO M QU PKOHUJI, p ezncn x 3CMCJI b H Ap . MCTaJIJIO B. COrJIaCHO BbIBOA a M cnCQ UaJIhHOrO llCCJICAOB aHHJI KOJIbCKOr O nay-utero u errrpa UHBCCTllp O Ba HllC B MacIIITa6H)'I0 pCKO HCTp)'lH'ICCKan CHCTeMa
]loIl03epc Koro p a ri ona
OTHOCHII~HXCH
6a cceHily 5apeHIJ,CIla MOpH, KpynHeHIIIHe H3 KOTOpbIX: I10KaHra -
K
202 .7,
Bap3HHa - 77.4, ITeIIKa - 20.1, ITHHa - 63.0, CH36poIlIOpllIbI. Ho H
JKYPaIlJIb, xyp o nar xa 6 CJlaH H T yll,l:\p HIIan H zi p.
H IlX O,l:\H T Il c r pyxrypy ynpaanemra OXOTHH'IbCrO X03HHCTBa MypMaHCKOH 0 6 JIa CTH, xoropoe OC)'lIJ,eCTIlJIneT rocynapcraemrsra KOHTpOJIb H P YK OBO.n;CT IlO .n;eHTeJIbIIOCTbIO 3aKa3 HHKa,
aecer nomryio
OTIleTCTIleHHOCTb aa C03,l:\aHHe
np O H 3 B o .n;C T B e H H o H 6 a3bI 3aKa3HlIKa, nJIaHHpOBaHHe , MaTepHaJIbHO TCXHH'IeCKOe H ct>HHaHCOIloe otiecneuenae, a TaKJKe C06JIIO,l:\eHHe p CJKH M a . Y.n;aJIeHHOCTb 3aKa3HHKa 01' HaCeJIeHHbIX nyrIKToB H TpaH CnOpTiIOH
n nrpp a crpyxr yp sr
HMeeT, KaK 6JIarOnplInTHble, TaK H
nerar aem.re
nOCJI C,l:\CT IlHH . C O,l:\HOH CTO pO HbI , 3aTpY,l:\HCH no cryn ,l:\JIH MaCCOBo ro npOl-m KH O BCH H H na Tep pHTopHIO 3aKa3HHKa n o crop o mr n x JIHIJ" C npyron CTOp Oll b I , TaKiKe B03paCTaIOT TPY,l:\HOCTH Il opraH H3aIJ,lIH H3y'IeHHH
npnponn srx KOMnJIeKCOB, HX MOHHTopHHra H OXpaHbI. £OcyAapCTBeHHh IH n p H p OAHh I H 6HOJIOr_eCKHH (PhI60x03J1HCTBeHHhIH) 3aKa3HHK " n O H O H CKHH" 3aKa3HHK 6bIJI C03,l:\aH na OCHOIlaHHH n OCT a H OBJIeH H H ITp a BH T eJI b CT B a MypM a H CK OH 06JIaCTH OT 5 anrycra 2002 r.
're p p rrr opun
Jl o s o sepc x o r o p a H oH a
nnour a m, 98 600 ra H
N
284-ITIT. OO ITT HaXO,l:\HTCH na
Myp sra acxon
OTHOCHTCH K
xa-rer-opu a
0 6 JI a CTH , 3aHlI Ma eT 6HOJIOr H 'I CCKOrO C
21
PbI60x03mJ:CTBCI II IblllI naanascnnesr. OXpaHHel\IaH TeppliTOpliH BhlACJleHa BAOJIb pexa OOIlOH 01' YCTbH AO 6bIBlUerO 1I0CCJlKa'-laJlbl\lHbl-BapP3'1I BKJlIO'laCT raroxe OCIIOBHble ee npIITOxa, Illnpnna BOAOOXpaHllblX n onoc MH pex OOHOH, Jlocmrra, Cyxaa, JIe6H:lKhH, Anuztem.ra, IOroHbKa, Ilarxrarn.ra, A'ICPIJ:OK, KOJlMaK, Ilypna-r (AO YCTbH pexu B HJlMy alJ:) COCTaBJlHCT 1000 MCTpOB n o 06c CTOPOHbI 01' fiepcron, M H pex PH6 0 r a, TOM6a, 6e3bl MHllllo r o BOAoToKa na 233.2 KM 01' YCTbH II p yqhH Bom.uron Bp enenusnt - 50 0 lIICTPOB;WIH OCTaJlhHhlX BO,ll,OTOKOIl 6 acceH Ha p . OOHOH - 250 lIIC1·pOB. O OHOH OTHOCIITCH K '1I1CJlY lIali60Jlec npoAYKTIIBHhIX CClII)':lKhliX pCK MypllIaHcKOI~1 06J1acrH. B 3aBliClillIOCTII 01' ceson a 3aXOAa CPCAHliH BCC Pbl6hl COCTaBJIHCT 0 1' 2.5 AO 5 x r, n p n 3TOM n ep emcn 3K3ClIInJlHp bl, u pensnnaro unre 10 xr, Taiox e BOAHTCH K)'lII:lKa, xa pnyc, cnr, ury x a. JIOCOCb 3axoAHT B p ercy 1I1110rOKp aTIJO- ClIIaH n o OKTH 6ph-1I0H6ph, npu 3TOllI oceHHIIH 3aXOAJIBJlHCTCH nan fi orree 1I1 011~HhIl\I. Ilepn ona a ecxn nonausracrcn .a a n epecr Ii ropfiyura, ncxyccrnemro n epecen ea n aa, lIa'lHHaH C 195 6 r, n a KOJibCKliH CCBCP 1131110peH .lI.aJJhHero BOCTOKa. 0POllIbICCJI CCl\lr li na p ex e B lIIaCCOBOllI KOJlli4e CTBe 6 blJl lla4 aT n o eropasm erne B XVI -XVII BCKax. Ha-nnran Ccep en m rsr 1990-x r r, nposu.nnn ennsm n on JlOCOCH na p e x e npcxparucn , a B CnOpTl1nHOH p bl 6 aJlKe CTaJI IllHpOKO npaKTI1KOBaTbCH n o n no npl1lll~l1ny "nOHlIIaJl - OTIl)'crHJI". C06J110AeHI1e ar o ro npamora n TC4ellllC MliTCJlbllOrO nepnona AaJJOrtonoacmem.m.re pe aynsrarr,e ecn n II 19 9 0 IT. ( n ep n o zt MOIIOnOJlbHOrO IICnOJlb30Ilalll1H PCKI1
25
Mnorne C006ll\CCTBa U rpynnnpouxa CKaJI H llJ;c6HHCTbIX OCbmCH CBOCoopaausr no BU~OBOMY cocrasy. TaK, na 06pbIDHCTbiX cxanr.mrx CKJIOliax TPOHliOH ~OJlUlIbl , ro p Kyaxinecnaxx H 3J1bMOpallOK nponapacraior PC~KU C
IIIaepT OD, a TaJ()J(cAoCTOllplll\lCqaTCJlbllblX HBJlCIII1H 1106'bCKTOIl, y~lIllllTCJlbllbL'C
xpacore 11 IlCJI 11'I 1110. flpI1MCqaTCJl bHO, 'ITO 01111
110 CBOCH rp03110H CCBCPliOll
KOHl\ClrrplfpYIOTCH D npenenax scero ozmoro MYIlI1IJ;l1l1aJIbliOrO 06pa30DaHlUI.
CMOJlCBKa CKaJIbllaJI, MOX JlCCK)'PCJI U30rHyTaJI. Ha ll\C611UCTbIX OCblllilX 10JKHbiX
P CK p c a l J;110 HlJYIO IJ;CHHOCTb npapomro-reorparpu-recxnx KOMIIJICKCOIl panona
Kyaxrnecnaxx OTMCqC lI BH~ H3 CCMCHCTBa OPXU~HbIX~PCMJlUK TeI\IHO-KpaCHbIH, mrrnc B JIOB03CpCKHX ropax 60JlbIIIC
TPY~1I0 IlCPCOIJ;CHI1Tb. K CO)KaJICHI1IO,
CKJIOHOB rop 3J1bMO paHOK U lIC 06Hap)')KClIHbIH.
Y 1I 0~H O)KHH
CKaJl na ropc 3J1 b MOpaHOK
H a XO~ UT CH
nOIlYJlHIJ;HH 0pJlHKa 06blKHOBCHIIOro - naIlOpOTlIHKa, B CT p Cq a I Oll\ Cr OCH JIHIIIb B OKpCCTHOCTHX
Kyonaapnn
(ua
to ro-san azte
pacn pocrpanen nsrn Il M H pC IlH~ H BJlH CT CH
Cenepe, Ha
oaepa
CCHA03CpO. 3ACCb 06UTaCT
PC3YJl b T a T C 60M 6a p~l1pO Il KI1 BCpXH lfX CJlOeD aTMocep Cp b l 3 a p H)KClilIblM I1
nnrne 60Jlcc na KOJlb CKOM CCDCpC HC DCTpC-
~pyrux B OA o e M o D KOJlOBpaTKa acruranxa.jlononsuo 60raTa rpayna p bl6 oaepa, Ba)KJIOC 3HaqCHUC ~H BO~Hm1 3KOCHCTCl\Ibi UMCIOT Tpu epOPMbl
p aan oe DpCMH rona 11 06CCIICql1Dal0ll\uc Dbl COKYIO P bI 60IlPO~YKTI1BH O CTb aonoexra: OT 17 no 35 Kr /r a IIP O T I1 D 2-3 Kr /ra, xa parcrepn srx ~Jl H 60Jl b III I1 H CT B a nonoexson KOJl bCKOrO 3aIlOJlH pbH .
cura: H CPCCT H ll\UCCH B
flCP U O~Uq CC KU na TC p p l1 TOpUI1 3aKa3HUKa OTMCqaIOT CH CJIC~bl 1l 0 CCll\CH U H -
CeuepHoe(nOHHpHoe)CHHHHe CJIODa p b Oll pC~CJln CT 1I 0Jl HPli O C C I1 JIHI1C, K aK CIl Cq C H I1 C ( JII0MI1 lICCI J;CHlJ;11I0 ) DCp X lI l1 X CJlOeD ,a T M o c (l ) c p b l DCJl C~ C TD I1 C D3al1MOAC H CTDI1H
qCHHaH . B TO )KC B PCl\lJI OTCYTCTByeT H a u 6 0 Jl c c 06bl qHaH B 300llJlaHKTOHC
xpynm-rx JKHDOTHbl X
BCCI' O ~BYX ~OCTOllpl11\1CqaTCJlbHOCTCll.
M arHI1T o cq) Cpbl IlJl a H CT bl C 3ap H)KClI H b 1MI1 q a CTI1IJ; aMI1 COJIHCq llOI'O
C Boc06pa3CH )KUBOTH b IH MUp BO~
Hantionce
KHl1rl1 OrpaHI1-
rn ase Olll1CaHI1C
CCHrHCqOpp OTMCqCH
ropsr
p CAKUH M O X - e
Hanpomue, opyzue ctiezatomcnx IllLAI, CJ108/tO e nputom ...".31'11 06PbIBKH 1l,1ITaT nanrry-nunxr 06pa30M COOTBeTCTBYIOT xapaxrepy nonapea H reorpatpna lIICCT Iurtepfiopero see zce HOCHT lIIIIepOJlOnl'lCCKHH xapaxrep. B nIICbMCIIHbIX IICTO'IHHKaX)j(IITCJIII Cxarrnnnaamr nnepnsre nOHBHJlIICh KaK qlCHHbI (fermi) B "I cp xra n n n" pnxrcxoro IIcTopIIKa Taunra (BCpOHTIIO, 98 r . H .3.). BnOCJIC,lJ,crnIlIlBH3aIlTHHCKHlII nncarenesr Flpoxonnera KcccapHHcKIIM HX 06HTaHHH. O,lJ,HaKO 60JlbIlIaH '1aCTh ,lJ,PCBHIIX CCbIJlOK ua
(VI B.) lIICCTHblC 0611TaTCJIH
naasansr CKpblTHeplllUlal'llI (skrithiphine).
31'0 H
npyrne cxoacne Ha3BamIH (screrefeae - Hopzran, VI B.; scritovinni, scritobininaBCJI )J;HaKOH
(Ba p a erpp azt) , VIII
B.) CTpOHTCH 01' ,lJ,pCIlIICCKaH,!J,lIl1aBCKOrO
rnarorra scrida - XO,lJ,lITb na rrsrzcax, 'ITO, BH,lJ,lIlllO, B rnasax COCC,lJ,di HBJlH JlOCh rnanuon OTJlH'IIITeJlhHOH '1CpTOH ,lJ,pCBHHX caasron. 0 KOpCHHhlX )j(HTCJIHX
unepusre ynosonryrr HOPBC)j(CKIIH xyueu(Or-rep) , COBCPIlIIIBIlIIIH BO BTOpOH nOJlOBIIHC IX BCKa
KOJlhCKOrO nonyoc rpona 1II0pCnJlaBaTeJih 01'Tap
nnauanrre
B
(terfirinas) ,
Berroc
1II0pc. OH OnIICaJl PC,lJ,KIIC nOCCJlCHIIH TCpepIIHIIOB
3aHIIlllalOUIIIXCH OXOTOH, Pbl60JlOBCTBOlll II JlOBJlCH
rrrau.
Ha3BaHIIc a60pIIrcHoB, nO -BII,lJ,IIMOlllY, nOHBHJlOCh KaK npOH3BO,lJ,HaH 01' ,lJ,PCBHIIX I-IaHMCHOBaHHH KOJlhCKOrO nonyocrpona -
"Te p (Teps, Tpe) " H nanrero
CKaH,lJ,IIHaBOB - (PCHHbl (epCHhI) .)J;pYI·oc ,lJ,pCBHCC Ha3BaIUlc)j(IITCJICH
pernona -
6hHplllhl, KOTOPOC, no-nanmtoxry, HMCH KOpHH B,lJ,PCBHClIIIlIBC,lJ,CKOlll
H3hIKC, HaMCKaeT na crpany MC,lJ,BC,lJ,CH. HCClIIOTPli na TO, 'ITO nYTCIlICCTBIIC OC)'UlCCTBJlCIIO na xopaonax, BIIJIOTh,lJ,O aaxana XVII BCKa BCJIOC MOpC nOBCCMCCTHO H306pa)j(aJlOCb 03CpOM. B TaKOM BII,lJ,C OHO, nanpuaep, 6hlJlO HallCCCHO na xapre U1BC,lJ,CKOrO reorparpa IIlIcTopIIKa Onorpa Manryca (1539) H II3,lJ,aHO B MHOrO'lHCJlCHHbIX arnacax, nOCTpOCHHbIX aa ee OCHOBC
Orrapa 6 hlJl 0
OpTCJlHH H Iepapzta Kpexiepa-Mepxaropa, 1554 r.) . I1HTCpCCHO COnOCTaBJICHIIC 3TlIX npC,lJ,CTaBJICHlIH C PC3YJlhTaTaMH HC,lJ,aBHlIX HCCJlC,lJ,OBaHHH '1CTBCpTH'IHbIX rCOJlOrOB fCOJlOrII'lCCKOrO HHCTHT)'Ta KHlI, PAH (B.B.KoJlbKII H H.n.KopcaKoBoH). ComaCHO IIX,lJ,aHHbllll, BCJIOC MOpC OKOH'Ia -
(nanpnxiep, Aapaasia
TCJIbHO npCBpaTHJIOCh B 1II0PC (T.C. COC,lJ,IIHHJlOCb C MIIPOBblM OKcaHOM npOJlIIBOlli - fOPJlOM BCJIoro MO pll) HC TaK ,lJ,aBlIO - acero 11-10 ThICH'I JlCT Ha3a,D,. n03TOMY HC IICKJlIO'lCHO, 'ITO ornrcan aa CpC,lJ,HCBCKOBbIX
reorpaqion
6a3IIpOBaJlIICh na HCTOpII'lCCKOH nalllHTH II npenanaax nepnsrx nCpCCCJICHll,CB, npHIlIC,lJ,IlIHX BCJlC,lJ, aa OTcrynalOUIHlII JlC,lJ,HIIKOlll no ncpCIlICHKY II3 cesepa KOHTHHCHTaJlbHOH '1aCTH HJllI3aypanbH. B 3TOH CB1I3II3aCJ!Y)j(HBaeT 06CYA\,lJ,CHHH 3THorCHC3 caaraon, OTKY,lJ,a OHH npIIIlIJlII? 31'0 HaCTOJlbKO caM06hlTHhiH napozt 'ITO no nonpocy HX n pOIICXO)l(,lJ,CHIIH HCT C,lJ,HIIOrO sarnsna ,lJ,a)j(c y COBpCMCHHblX Y'!eHbIX, HC roaopa ~C 0 CpC,lJ,HCBCKOBOH II n03,lJ,IICCpC,lJ,HCBCKOBOH Enpone, cure HC onpauauurenca 01' npenpaccynxon I1I1KBII3Hll,HH II MHOrO'lHCJlCHHbIXJI)j(CHayK. TaK, II3BCCTHblH aruorparp POCCHHCKOH Jlannanmm HHKOJlaH XapY3IIH B KHIIrc "PyCCKIIC nonapn" (1890) CCblJlaeTCH rra IlIIIpOKO pacnpocrpanennoe B XVI - XVII BB. 1I111CHIIC 0 P0,lJ,CTBC nonapcri H CBpCCB. ComaCHO 3TOH rIInOTC3C II3pallJlbTHHC, rOIlHlIIhlC aCCIIpIIHCKIIMII II BaBIIJlOIICKIIlllII napasra np0,lJ,BIIraJIIICh nOCTcnCHHO K CCBCpHhlM orcpanaasr Eaponsr II co BPClIICHCl\1 ,lJ,OCTHrJlH 6cpcrOB Ceaepnoro JIC,lJ,OBIITOro oxeana, rzte H OCCJlII . B nO,lJ,TBCp)l(,lJ,CHIIC 3TOH TCOpIIII ee CTOPOHHIIKII npHBO,lJ,IIJlII MHO)j(CCTBO alfTpOnOMeTpH'ICCKIIX II KYJlh1YPHbIX '1C pT CXO,lJ,CTBa, TaKIIX KaK: OTHOCIITCJIbHO TeMHaH nIIrMCIITall,HH KOiIQI II J;!1I3KIIH pOCT, '1epHhIH uner BOJlOC H IIX
32
Jlosoaepo - crapauuoe CaaMCKOe ceno iii aAMIiIHIiICTpaTIiIBHblii ueurp Jlosoaepcxoro paaoaa ,