прирост сосны обыкновенной под влиянием естественных и антропогенных факторов, в условиях Поволжья(Диссертация)

ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

ɇɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ

ɌɂɆɈɎȿȿȼ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ȼɚɥɟɪɢɟɜɢɱ

ȾɂɇȺɆɂɄȺ ɉɊɂɊɈɋɌȺ ɋɈɋɇɕ ɈȻɕɄɇɈȼȿɇɇɈɃ (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) ɉɈȾ ȼɅɂəɇɂȿɆ ȿɋɌȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɂ ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɅȿɋɈɋɌȿɉɇɈȽɈ ɉɈȼɈɅɀɖə

ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 25.00.23 – ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ

Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ

ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 2003

3

Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ

ɋɬɪ. 4

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɨɛɡɨɪ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ)

7

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) 2.1. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ 2.2. Ƚɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ 2.3. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ 2.4. ɉɨɱɜɵ 2.5. Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 2.6. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ

35 35 38 39 41 42 44

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ 3.1. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ 3.2. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ 3.3. Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ

58 58 75 81

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ 4.1. Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ 4.3. Ⱦɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.4. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.5. Ɋɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.6. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ȼɵɜɨɞɵ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ

93 93 99 118 119 174 186 193 194 211

4

ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ɈȻɓȺə ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ “ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ” ɫ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ. ȼ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɚɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɟɨ- ɢ ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɐɟɥɶ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Pinus sylvestris L.) ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɪɟɲɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: – ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ; í ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ (1773-2001 ɝɝ.) ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ; – ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ: Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜɚ Ƚ.Ɏ., ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɉ., Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɇ.ȼ., ɒɟɮɮɟ Ƚ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɌɄ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ 1992 ɩɨ 2001 ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ. ȼɵ-

5

ɛɪɚɧɵ ɉɌɄ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ – ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɉɌɄ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɚ. Ⱥɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ í ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ, ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ. Ɋɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ. 1. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ. 2. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ. ȼ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɵ: 11-, 22-, 33-, 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. 3. ȼɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɩɵ) ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ.

6

4. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɪɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ (ɌɨȺɁɚ). 5. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. Ⱥɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ “ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ” (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1996); ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹɯ “Ʌɟɫɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ” (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1993), “Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ” (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1995); ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ 9-ɨɣ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɟ (ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ, 1994). ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ 8 ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 5 ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɢ 3 ɬɟɡɢɫɨɜ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ 210 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɝɥɚɜ, 61 ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, 36 ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ, ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, 7 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 251 ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 53 ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ.

7

ȽɅȺȼȺ 1. ȾȿɇȾɊɈɂɇȾɂɄȺɐɂə ȼɅɂəɇɂə ȿɋɌȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɂ ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ (ɨɛɡɨɪ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) Ⱥ.ɉ. ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (1964) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɟɬɪɚ. ɂɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ. Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɥɟɫɟ” (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ – ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɫɜɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ – ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ; ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɭɬ; ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ; ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ; ɜ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɫɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ…, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ …ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ – ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɚɹ. …Ʉɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɟɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ: ɮɨɪɦɚ ɯɜɨɢ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɨɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɟɜɲɚɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɚ ɢ ɝɢɩɨɞɟɪɦɚ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɶɢɰ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, – ɜɫɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬ: ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɚɝɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɢ ɭɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɟɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɟɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ. Ⱦɚɜɧɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɟɟ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ə.ɋ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜɵɦ (ɩɨ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜɭ, 1931). ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, – ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, – ɟɳɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɝɥɚɫɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɧɟ-

8

ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɨɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ… Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɤ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɭ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ …ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɥɚɝɟ… ɋɨɫɧɭ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɹɪɤɨɦɭ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɭ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ: …ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɯɜɨɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ – ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɭɬɢɤɭɥɚ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɶɢɰɚɦɢ, – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɝɭɳɚɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɫɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭɯɨɥɸɛɨɦ, ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ… Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɪɚɣɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ… Ɂɢɦɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ; ɷɬɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɥɵɜɚɸɬ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɩɥɵɜɵ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɡɚɩɥɵɜɚɸɬ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɜɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɨɜ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ: ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɭɱɢɬ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɨɣ ɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɨɣ. ȿɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɱɢɜɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɹ ɠɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ… Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ. Ɍɚ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ, ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩ-

9

ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɢɦɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɥɟɫ, ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: …ɥɢɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ… ɂɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɹ, ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ – ɜɫɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɧɟɝɚ, ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɬ. ɩ… ȼɫɟ ɜɤɪɚɬɰɟ ɭɤɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɧɚ ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ: ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɪɟɤ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɜɪɚɠɢɫɬɭɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ; ɡɚ ɠɢɜɵɦ ɭɪɟɡɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɣɦɵ ɢɡ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɥɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɧɚɹ, ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɩɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɤ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɫ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ, ɩɨɣɦɵ – ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɨɥɶɯɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɹɫɢɧ. ɇɚɞɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɤ ɫɬɟɩɢ – ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ, ɞɭɛɚ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ, – ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ… Ɉɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɩɨɣɦɭ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɤ ɧɚɞɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ: ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ – ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦ; ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɸɧɧɵɟ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɵ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ,

10

ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ; ɜɬɨɪɵɟ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɤ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɚɦ, ɢɥɢ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɯɨɥɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɛɨɪɵ – ɧɢɠɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ, ɫɬɜɨɥɵ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɛɟɠɢɫɬɵ, ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɚɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɥɸɛɢɜɚɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; ɷɬɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ, ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɟ; ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ – ɜɵɲɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ), ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ, ɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. …ɇɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɜɨɟɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɢɛɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɫ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɟɫɚ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ …ɥɟɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɵ ɜɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ɇɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɫɧɚ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚ ɷɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɨɦ, ɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɸ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɬɭ ɚɪɟɧɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɟ, ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɥɟɫ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “ɋɬɟɩɧɨɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ” (1971) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ …ɢɡ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɞɚɮɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. ɑɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɬɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɜɵɩɚɜɲɢɯ. Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ – ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ-

11

ɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ… ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ – ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɢɥɢ, ɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ… ɋɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɚɠɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɧɨɣ, ɧɚ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɠɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɧɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ… ɂ ɞɚɥɟɟ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ (1971) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ: …ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ – ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ… Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɋɋɊ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ (1971) ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɋ.ɋ. ɉɹɬɧɢɰɤɨɝɨ (1955), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ “ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɟ” ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɪɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ: ɜɟɪɯɭɳɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɛóɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɦ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɢɞɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ (ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ)… ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɚɲɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɋ.ɋ. ɉɹɬɧɢɰɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɠɟɣɤɨ (1964). ɉɨ

12

ɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɠɟɣɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɪɢɬɭɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɜɟɪɲɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ. ɉɨ ɗ.Ⱦ. Ʌɨɛɠɚɧɢɞɡɟ (1961) ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɜɢɞ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ; ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ; ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ; ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ; ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ; ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ, ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ). ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɍ.Ɍ. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫɚ (1974), ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ, ɠɟɪɞɧɹɤɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ), ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɜɚɡɢɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɨɞɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɍ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɯ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ 10-20-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɭ ɟɥɢ – ɜ 25-40-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ, ɭ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɨɥɶɯɢ – ɜ 5-10-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). ɇɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɜɟɬ ɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɪɭɛɤɢ, ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɷɧɬɨɦɨ- ɢ ɮɢɬɨɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɩ., “ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ” ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ. ɇɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɟ-

13

ɪɟɜɶɹ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ “ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ” – ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɫɵɯɚɸɬ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɠɢɜɵɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.Ȼ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɚ ɢ Ⱥ.ȿ. ɏɚɥɟɟɜɚ (1991) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɚ (Quercus robur L.) ɜ ȼɨɥɝɨ-Ⱥɯɬɭɛɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɂ.ɋ. Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ (1989), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ

ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ

ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ

ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ

ɫɨ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ.

ɐɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ – ɮɚɤɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɨɧ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974; Ⱥɧɬɚɧɚɣɬɢɫ, Ɂɚɝɪɟɟɜ, 1981). Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɂ.ɋ. Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ (1989) ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Pinus sylvestris L.), ɟɥɢ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ (Picea obovata Ledeb.) ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɩɢɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ, ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 20 ɥɟɬ (Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1989). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ) ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɨɡɟ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ

ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ

ɜ

ɰɟɥɨɦ

ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ

ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ – ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ (Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1989). Ɋɹɞɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ. Ɋɹɞ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ

14

ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɦɟɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, ɨɬɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɯɨɞ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɰɟɧɨɝɟɧɟɡɟ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɵɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ. Ɋɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ

ɧɚ

ɬɪɢ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ

ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ,

ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ), ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ (Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1989). ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɋ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, Ⱥ.ɉ. ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (1964) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ: …ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɨɫɵɩɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɚɱɚɬɤɚɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜɫɯɨɞɚɦ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶɫɹ (ɩɪɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɜɟ, ɫɞɭɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ). Ɂɚɬɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ, ɜɨɞɧɵɣ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɟɦ ɪɟɡɱɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ… ɋ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɸɝɭ, ɭɠɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɭɱɟ ɸɠɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɨɫɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɗɬɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɸɠɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢ-

15

ɩɨɜ ɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜ, ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, Ⱥ.ɉ. ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (1964) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ …ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɵɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ (ɦɟɪɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɛɟɞɧɵ, ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ (ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, 1964). Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɢɬɦɢɤɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚ ɸɝɟ – ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɱɜ. Ɂɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɡɨɧɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ, ɡɢɦɧɢɟ ɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɢɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɜ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɍɚɣɬ-Ɇɚɭɧɬɢɧɫ, ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-ɇɟɜɚɞɚ (ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ ɋɒȺ), ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɨɣ Pinus aristata ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɟ-ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (Fritts, 1969; Ferguson, 1969). ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ – ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɤɚ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ. ȼ. Ʌɚ Ɇɚɪɲ ɢ ɏ. Ɇɭɧɢ (La Marche, Mooney, 1967) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ȼ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɍɚɣɬ-Ɇɚɭɧɬɢɧɫ (ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-ɇɟɜɚɞɚ) ɧɚ ɯɪɟɛɬɟ ɋɧɟɣɤ (ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-ɇɟɜɚɞɚ, ɋɒȺ) ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɧɚ ɤɚ-

16

ɠɞɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɥɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ) ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɦɢ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɉɨ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜɭ (1970), ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 20-ɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɥɢɨɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ-ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ (Douglass, 1919, 1928, 1936; Schulman, 1956). ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱦɭɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɦ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ, ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ; ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ; ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

17

ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1962, 1975; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1966; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1969, 1981; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1970; Ƚɨɪɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1978) ɭɤɨɪɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɏɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɜ. ɂɡ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ, – ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɹ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ. ȼ ɞɟɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.Ȼ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɚ ɢ Ⱥ.ȿ. ɏɚɥɟɟɜɚ (1991) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɚ (Quercus robur L.) ɜ ȼɨɥɝɨ-Ⱥɯɬɭɛɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ. ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ȼɨɥɝɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɸɥɹ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ, ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɧɶ (Ƚɨɥɭɛ, ɏɚɥɟɟɜ, 1991). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ Picea abies L. Karsten ɜ Ȼɟɥɨɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ” (1990) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ

18

ɉɨɥɶɲɟ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 41 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɟɥɢ (Picea abies L. Karsten) ɢɡ Ȼɟɥɨɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɬ 85 ɞɨ 210 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6, 11, 17 ɢ 40 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧɚ (1970ɚ) ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ (1970ɚ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 6 ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɨɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɵ (ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ) ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤɚ (1968, 1977) ɡɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ. ȿɝɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɧɵ, ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɦɚɫɫɵ. ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɉɪɢɫɚɦɚɪɶɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɫɚɦɚɪɶɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: ɚ) ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚɯ; ɛ) ɜɡɹɬɢɟ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɛɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɨɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɥɨɣ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1985) ɢ ɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨ 6 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ (Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1988; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢ-

19

ɰɚɧ, 1990). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɞɟɧɞɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ 6 ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɨɜ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ 1945 ɢ 1982 ɝɝ. ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ 1955 ɝ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɦɚɫɫɵ (ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ȼɨɫɬɨɤɨɜɚ, 1964; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1980; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1989; Ɉɥɶ, 1969; ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1973). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞɚ (1950), ɚɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɚɪɟɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ (ɉ0-1) ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɩɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɪɚɜɥɟɟɜɭ (1979), ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɫɚɦɦɨɮɢɬɨɜ. ȼɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɣ (ɋɉ2-3) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨ-ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɨɜ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ (ɉ0-1) ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ (ɋɉ2) – 30-180 ɢ 50-170% ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ 2% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɟɧ 140% (30-170%), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɞɭɛ ɨɬɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɞɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 10 ɦɟɫɹɰɚɯ ɢɡ 12 ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ

20

ɛɨɪɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɹ. ɋɨɫɧɚ ɧɟ “ɥɸɛɢɬ” ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ ɢ ɢɸɥɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɥɨɞ ɧɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɡɢɦɨɜɤɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɧɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ ɢ ɢɸɥɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɮɚɡɚɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɭ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 6 ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɷɞɚɮɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɷɤɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ., ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɂ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ (ɫɨɫɧɵ) ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɘ. Ʌɢɛɢɯɚ (1840). Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɧɚ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ, Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞɚ, ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼɵɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ

21

ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɮɢɫɬɚɲɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɜ Ȼɚɞɯɵɡɟ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ɋɨɞɢɧ, 1988, 1990) ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ (Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1961, 1965; Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɚ, 1985; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1986; Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ, 1990 ɢ ɞɪ.). Ⱦɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɢ ɞɪ., 1992) ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ-ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Pinus sylvestris L.). Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚ.ɇ. ȼɵɫɨɰɤɨɝɨ (1950), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ, 1950, 1971; ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ, 1972, 1973; Ⱥɥɶɛɢɰɤɚɹ, 1960; ɑɭɝɚɣ, 1960; Ɍɪɚɜɥɟɟɜ, 1972; ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, 1977; ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ – ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɦ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨȺɧɚɞɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ, Ⱦɢɛɪɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɦ – ɞɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɟɪɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1970, 1972, 1979; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1985; Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1988). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɛɨɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ 10-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɦ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɛɨɪɚɦ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ (100%) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɨɪɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɞ (ɫ X ɩɨ IX ɦɟɫɹɰɵ) ɩɨ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Ƚɭɛɢɧɢɯɚ, ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɤ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɨɪɭ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɢ ɞɪ., 1992) ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ (ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ). Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɯɨɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɟ-

22

ɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ-ɦɚɟ-ɢɸɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɥɢɲɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɉɥɶ, 1966; ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1969; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1969; Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1973). ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (1992) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɞ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɨɬ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ ɤ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɸ (ɨɬ 78 ɞɨ 120), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (60-74). ɉɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ 10-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɍɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɨɪɭ (Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ, 1990) ɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɟɪɢɹɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨ-Ⱥɧɚɞɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, Ⱦɢɛɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɨɜ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɟɪɢɹɦ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɚ 69-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 64%. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ 10-ɥɟɬɢɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ 9 ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɟɪɢɹɯ (1931-1940 ɢ 1961-1970 ɝɝ.), ɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɯ 1921-1930, 1941-1950 ɢ 1971-1980 ɝɝ. ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ 5 ɥɟɬ. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ (ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜɚ, Ʌ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ, 1990) ɢ ɫɬɟɩɢ (ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɛɨɪɚɦ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɍɋɋɊ), ɧɚɱɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫ 1963 ɝ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ɂɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɩɨɯ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɩɟɪɨɜ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɨɜ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ, ɩɨ ɘ.ɂ. ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ, 1973. ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɟɞɭ-

23

ɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɡɚ 3 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨ, ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ +7 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ. ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ: ɡɚ 6 ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɩɟɪɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨ +4 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 11 ɥɟɬ. ɉɨ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɬɟɫɧɨɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɵɯ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɯ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɁɚɩɚɞɚ ȿɌɋ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1968 ɢ ɞɪ.). ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ Ʌ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ (1990), ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɛɨɪɚɦ. ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɨɞ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ “ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ”. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (1992), ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɡɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ: ɬɚɤ, ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ 3 ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ – ɡɚ 4 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜ +1-ɣ ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ – ɜ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɨɞ. Ɏɚɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ +7-ɣ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ – ɧɚ +6-ɣ ɝɨɞɵ. ɇɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɢ ɞɪ., 1992) ɨɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɱɟɬɱɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɩɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ –2-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ +1-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɫ –3-ɝɨ ɩɨ +1-ɣ ɝɨɞ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫ +1-ɝɨ ɩɨ +4-ɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨ-

24

ɞɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɬɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɞɨ 2025 ɝɨɞɚ (ɩɨ Ⱦ. ɒɨɜɟ). ɗɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɚɝɪɨɥɟɫɨɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). ɇɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɨ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ, ɠɟɪɞɧɹɤɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ), ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɜɚɡɢɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ – ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ (1974) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɇɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɪɹɞɵ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɳɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɚ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɧɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɉ.Ʌ. Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɚ “Ɏɢɬɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ-

25

ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ” (1985). Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɞɥɹ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɥɟɬ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɟɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɦɚɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɪɟɞɤɚ (Brehme, 1951; Eklund, 1957/1958; ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1965; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ɍɭɪɦɚɧɢɧɚ, 1972; Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ, 1978; ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1979; Ȼɨɪɳɟɜɚ, 1981). ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɵɧɟ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ (ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ) ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɤɚɯ, ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɟ, ɦɨɪɟɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 300-500 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɞɨ 800-1100 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɪɮɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ – ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɥɟɬ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɯɨɞɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ, ɮɚɡɚ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ, ɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ (Douglass, 1919, 1936; Siren, 1963; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1970ɛ; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974, ɢ ɞɪ.). ɇɟɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ȿɳɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɬɶ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɪɹɞɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ (ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ, 1957; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1963; ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, 1973; ɢ ɞɪ.), ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɢ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ,

26

ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ Ʌɭɧɵ ɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɚɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ-ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɚ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ (ɨɬ 2-3 ɞɨ 60 ɥɟɬ), ɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ (60-120 ɥɟɬ) ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 120 ɥɟɬ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɸɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (Douglass, 1936; Ȼɪɭɤɫ, Ʉɚɪɭɡɟɪɫ, 1963). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ (1971), ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɜɚɡɢɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ – ɚɜɬɨɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɬɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ (ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ) ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɬɟɪ) ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɭ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɬɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɯɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɡɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɨ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ (ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚɯ). Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ȼɟɬɟɪ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɛɥɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.

27

Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɨɬ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɷɤɜɚɬɨɪɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɸɫɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ (Hermes, 1955). ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ 1ɨ ɲɢɪɨɬɵ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 100 ɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ, – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɬɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (Brockmann-Jerosch, 1919). ɗɬɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɬɵ, ɫɞɭɠɚɬ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ȼ Ⱥɥɶɩɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢɸɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ 7,8 ɞɨ 10,8ɨC (Brockmann-Jerosch, 1919), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ȼ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɸɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɨɣ +10,5ɨC ɢ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 60 ɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC (Vincent, 1933). Ɏ.Ɏ. Ⱦɚɜɢɬɚɹ ɢ ɘ.ɋ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤ (1962) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ; ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɚ (Larix sibirica ɢ L. sibirica var. Sukaczewii) ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ, ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɫ ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɚɦɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɯɬɚ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ Abies sibirica Ledeb. – ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ.

28

Ɉ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɋɭɛɚɪɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɟ ɢɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɪɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ (ɩɨɞɩɨɹɫɚ, ɩɨɥɨɫɵ) – “ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ”. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɹɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɡ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɨ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɫɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ. ɂɡɭɱɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɡɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɨɜ. Ƚɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɞɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɛɨɣɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ), ɫɚɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ ɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɵ, ɚ ɭ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ – ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɦɨɥɹɧɵɯ ɯɨɞɨɜ (ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, 1961; Glock, Agerter, 1963). ɋɛɨɪɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985) ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɛɨɣɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɧɶɸ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɪɛɭɡɨɜɚ (1994) ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ

29

ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ (Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai), ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɉɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɯ 14002400 ɦ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɛɦɟɪɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɹɯ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ: 1) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ; 2) ɜ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ; 3) ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ (ɞɨ 20 ɥɟɬ) ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ (ɚɬɬɪɚɤɬɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ). ȿɫɥɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɢɬɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ-ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ (ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɚɬɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɪɟɞɵ… Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɚ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɱɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɵɧɟ (Ⱥɪɛɭɡɨɜ, 1994). Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ) ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɨɧɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ, ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ

30

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɟɧɞɪɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ) ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɚ, ɢ ɟɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ (Griggs, 1937; Glock, 1941; Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ, 1941; Ƚɚɥɚɡɢɣ, 1954; Fritts, 1969; La Marche, Mooney, 1967; ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɯɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɢ ɜ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ – ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɭɲɟɧɢɢ) ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɚ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ (ɜ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ – ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ) ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɛɟɡɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ȼɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɝɭɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɛɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ – ɢɸɥɹ (Erlandsson, 1936; Hustich, 1945; Schove, 1950; Eklund, 1957-1958; Mikola, 1962; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1958; ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1965). Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤɚ (1966) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ 11-12-ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ Pinus mugo Turra ɜ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚɯ. ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ (1966, 1970ɜ) ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ 20-30ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɏɢɛɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 11,6 ɢ 34,8 ɝɨɞɚ (ȼɨɡɨɜɢɤ ɢ ɞɪ., 1968). ȼ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1965) ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-

31

ɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ (Ɍɚɝɭɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 1970) ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ 160-180-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȼ.ɇ. Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ (Adamenko, 1963) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɍɪɚɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɍɪɚɥɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɋɤɚɞɢɧɚɜɢɟɣ ɧɚ 25 ɥɟɬ. ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɲɤɚɥɚɦ, ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 160-180 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɩɨɯɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹɳɢɟɫɹ 70-80 ɥɟɬ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ 70-80 ɥɟɬ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɢ, ɥɨɠɛɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɤɚ), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ – ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɍ.ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɟɧɶɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ (1996) ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ “ɋɟɜɟɪɨɧɢɤɟɥɶ” ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɯ. ɋɨɫɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɚɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜ, 1975; Ʉɭɥɚɝɢɧ, 1974; ɉɨɩɨɜɢɱɟɜ, 1980; ɋɬɚɜɪɨɜɚ, Ʌɹɧɝɭɡɨɜɚ, 1982; ɋɵɪɨɢɞ, 1988; əɪɦɢɲɤɨ, 1990; Huttenen, Laine, 1981; Huttenen, Havas, Laine, 1983; Kirkwood, Magan, McLeod, 1989; Linzon, 1971; Schumacher, 1985). ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ-

32

ɫɬɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɢ ɯɜɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ: ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɯɜɨɢ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɧɟɤɪɨɡ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɯɜɨɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɚɠɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ-ɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɤ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚɦ (ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ, ɡɚɫɭɯɢ). ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɯɜɨɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɤɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɯɜɨɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɡɭ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɢɦɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɬɟɫɬɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɟɨɯɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɯɜɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɛɢɨɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ (ɑɟɪɧɟɧɶɤɨɜɚ, Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜ, 1996). ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1984-1986 ɝɝ. ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɋ.ɇ. ɋɚɛɢɪɨɜɵɦ (1989) ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɉɪɢɦɨɪɶɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ, ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɨɡɵ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜɚ ɫ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ (1981). ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1968)

33

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɚ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɨɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɯɪɨɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɋɚɛɢɪɨɜ, 1989). Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ȿ.Ʉ. Ɇɭɫɚɟɜɚ (1996) ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1986 ɝ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ: Ɏ.Ⱥ. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜɚ (1972), Ʌ.ȼ. ɏɪɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ. (1990), Ɇ.ȼ.Ȼɟɧɧɟɧɚ (1955, 1957), ȿ.Ʉ. Ɇɭɫɚɟɜɚ (1993), ȿ.Ⱥ. ȼɚɝɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (1985), ɏ. Ɏɪɢɬɬɫɚ (1976), Ʌ. Ʉɚɪɞɟɥɥɚ (1978), Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ… (1990). Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1979; Fritts, 1976; ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɉɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ – ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (Kardell, 1978; Keller, 1982; Pollanschútz, 1975; Puckett, 1982; ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɝɨ-

34

ɥɟɬɢɸ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɛɢɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɨɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɯɜɚɬɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ, ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɢɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɢɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɨɡɵ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ȼ.Ɍ. əɪɦɢɲɤɨ (1994) ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ.

35

ȽɅȺȼȺ 2. ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕȿ ɍɋɅɈȼɂə ɊȺɃɈɇȺ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə (ɀɂȽɍɅȿȼɋɄɂɃ ɁȺɉɈȼȿȾɇɂɄ, ɅȿɋɈɉȺɊɄɂ ɂ ɉɊɂȽɈɊɈȾɇɕȿ ɅȿɋȺ ɌɈɅɖəɌɌɂ) ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ: ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɟ) ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. 1. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡɥɭɱɢɧɨɣ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɵɡɪɚɧɢ ɞɭɝɭ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 220 ɤɦ – ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɭɸ Ʌɭɤɭ. Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ (ɪɚɣɨɧ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɭ, ɨɛɪɚɦɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ. 2. 1. ɊȿɅɖȿɎ ɂ ȽȿɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɋɌɊɈȿɇɂȿ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ Ʌɭɤɚ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɤɭɩɨɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ, ɸɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɶɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ, ɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɫɪɟɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ȼɨɥɝɢ. ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ 370 ɦ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ. ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɦɢ ɜ 250 - 310 ɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ (ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ, Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ) ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2.). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ – ɭɡɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɫ V-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ ɩɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɳɟɥɶɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɤɪɚɣ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ “ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ”. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɨɟ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ. ɇɚ ɦɟɠɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɹɬɭɸ ɥɢɲɶ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɜɵɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɨɯɨɞɹ ɞɨ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɜɪɚɝɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ

36

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 1. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɩɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɬɭɩɢɲɢɧɭ, 1964); ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ: 1 – ɘɠɧɨ-ɋɵɡɪɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ; 2 – ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɞɜɭɯɴɹɪɭɫɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ; 3 – Ʉɨɧɞɭɪɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ; 4 – Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ; 5 – Ɉɤɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɝɪɹɞɨɜɨ-ɭɜɚɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ; 6 – ɋɚɦɚɪɨ-Ʉɢɧɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɞɨɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ; 7 – ɑɚɝɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɩɪɢɞɨɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ; 8 – ɋɵɪɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɫɵɪɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; 9 – ɂɪɝɢɡɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ; ɪɚɣɨɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɧ. ɘɠɧɨɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɚɥɟɨɡɨɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ, ɫɧɢɡɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɞɨ 60-80 ɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ, ɨɛɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ȼɨɥɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ ɤɪɭɬɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɹɟɬ ɸɠɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ. Ɉɜɪɚɝɢ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɶɹɦɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. Ɉɬɞɚɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɜ ɬɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ȼɢɧɧɨɜɫɤɭɸ, Ⱥɫɤɭɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɋɭɯɨ-Ȼɪɭɫɹɧɫɤɭɸ. ɗɬɢ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨ-

37

ɫɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ. Ⱦɨɥɢɧɵ ɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢ (ɞɨ 1 ɤɦ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɧɨ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɬɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ. ɉɨ ɞɧɢɳɭ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɨɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɛɟɪɭɳɢɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ, ɩɨ ɸɠɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ʌɭɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɤ ɪ. ɍɫɟ, ɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɭɜɚɥɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ. ȼɵɫɨɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɜɚɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 170-180 ɦ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɨɥɝɨɣ ɢ ɍɫɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɫ. ɋɬɚɪɚɹ Ɋɹɡɚɧɶ, ɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɟɟ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɪ. ɍɫɵ, ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ 70-80 ɦ. ɇɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ. ȼ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɦɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ. ȼ ɦɟɠɟɧɶ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɨɬɤɨɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɛɢɱɟɜɧɢɤɚ, ɭɫɵɩɚɧɧɚɹ ɳɟɛɧɟɦ ɢ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ, ɧɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɠɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɚ ɪɭɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɧɢɡɢɧɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ (ɜɸɪɦɫɤɨɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɨɣ. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ

ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ

ɢ

ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ

ɥɟɫɨɜ

Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ

(Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-

ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɚ ɇɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɹ. ȼ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ, ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ, ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ (ɛɚɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɞɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ). ȿɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 100-120 ɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɥɨɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɫɵɪɬɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɭ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɨɬɞɟɥɢɦɚ. ɇɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɟɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɨɦ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɧɨ-ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɂɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ” (1971) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɞɸɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɦ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɧɨɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɋɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɜɢɞ ɧɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ.

38

Ɋɢɫ 2. 2. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ; Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝ ɉɨɞ ɭɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪɚɫɫɬɢɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɟ (ɞɨ 35 ɤɦ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ) ɦɚɥɨɭɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ (ɯɚɡɚɪɫɤɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɪɢɫɫɤɨɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɞɨɥɨɜ, ɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɥɸɞɰɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 ɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ) ɜɞɨɥɶ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ, ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ ɢ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ (1961 ɝ.). Ȼɵɥ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶ-ɧɚ-ȼɨɥɝɟ. ɇɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɵɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ȼɨɥɝɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ, ɲɬɨɥɟɧ, ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɪ. 2. 2. ȽɂȾɊɈȽɊȺɎɂə ȼ

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ

ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ

ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ

(ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ

ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-

ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ) ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɤɢ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵ ɪɨɞɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟ

39

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɭɱɶɟɜ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ, ɫɭɯɢ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɬɟɪɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɯ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ (Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ) ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 324 ɤɦ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɣɦɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɢɫɶ, ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɥɢɜɵ (ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɜ). ɇɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ ɪɟɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ, ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ) ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ (ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ – Ʉɨɧɞɭɪɱɢ – ɋɨɩɚ – Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ Ʉɢɧɟɥɹ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ – Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɋɭɪɝɭɬ, ɋɭɪɝɭɬ, Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɤɚ, ɑɟɪɧɨɜɤɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɥɟɜɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ (ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ), ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭ ɫɟɥ Ȼɟɥɵɣ Ʉɥɸɱ, ɂɜɚɲɟɜɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɸɠɧɟɟ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚ. ȼ Ⱥɜɬɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 15 ɞɨ 35 ɦ, ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤ 45 ɦ, ɜ Ʉɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – 10-20 ɦ, ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɫ. ɒɥɸɡɨɜɨɣ – ɞɨ 10 ɦ. 2. 3. ɄɅɂɆȺɌ ɉɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ȼ.ɉ. Ⱥɥɢɫɨɜɚ (1976) ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɹɫɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɵ ɡɢɦɨɣ, ɚ ɥɟɬɨɦ – ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ.

40

ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɸɥɹ 20,3ɨC, ɹɧɜɚɪɹ –13ɨC. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ 39ɨC (ɍɫɨɥɶɟ), ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ – 44ɨC. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɭ ɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɠɚɪɵ ɤ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɚɦ. Ɂɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ 37 ɦɚɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɯ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɚɹ. Ɉɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɚɯ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 19 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ 3-5 ɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɇɢɡɤɨɦ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɟ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ 175-177 ɞɧɟɣ. Ȼɟɡɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 140-145 ɞɧɟɣ. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 2400-2500ɨC. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚɯ. ȼ ɝɨɞ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 400-450 ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɞɨ 500 ɦɦ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 275-300 ɦɦ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987). ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ 1960-1980-ɟ ɝɝ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 4,5ɨɋ. Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ 1-2ɨɋ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 72%, ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ – 4,4 ɝɉɚ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1952-1977 ɝɝ. ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 484 ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, 33 % ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ 615 ɦɦ (1963 ɝɨɞ), ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ – 355 ɦɦ (1966 ɝɨɞ). ȼ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɫɭɦɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɸɧɶ. ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɫɦɟɳɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɸɥɶ-ɚɜɝɭɫɬ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ. ȿɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɨɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 3…5ɨɋ, ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 1…2ɨɋ. ȼ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 10ɨɋ ɢ 50%. ȼ ɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2…5ɨɋ, ɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ 15-20%. Ɇɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɢɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɢɩ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987).

41

2. 4. ɉɈɑȼɕ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). Ɋɚɣɨɧ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɭɩɨɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɭ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ – ɭɡɤɨɟ, ɫɥɚɛɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɟ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɸɠɧɚɹ – ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ, ɢɡɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɦɢ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɟɪɦɫɤɨɣ, ɸɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɟɧɚ (ɚɤɱɚɝɵɥ). ɉɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɧ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ) ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɯ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɯ (ɉɨɱɜɵ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, 1984). ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɟɠɟ – ɯɜɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɩɨ ɝɪɟɛɧɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɭɜɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɋɨɤɨɥɶɢɯ ɝɨɪ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɵɯɥɵɯ (ɩɚɥɟɨɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ) ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɢ (ɉɨɱɜɵ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, 1984). ɋɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ (ɑɚɩ, ɏɨɥɢɧɚ, ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ, 1987). Ɋɚɣɨɧ

ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ

ɢ

ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ

ɥɟɫɨɜ

Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ

(Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-

ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɹ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟɦ ɢ Ʉɨɧɞɭɪɱɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ. Ɋɚɣɨɧ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɨɦ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɨɜɪɚɠɧɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ. ɋɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ (ɪɟɠɟ – ɥɟɝɤɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ) ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶ-

42

ɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɍɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɬɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɦɵɬɵɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ (ɉɨɱɜɵ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, 1984). 2. 5. ɊȺɋɌɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɉɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɋɋɊ (Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɋɋɊ, 1980) ɪɚɣɨɧ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ-ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ, ɚ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – ɤ ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨ-ɉɪɟɞɭɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ) ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ – ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɢ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ (ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɞɧɢɳɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɛɭɟɪɚɤɨɜ) ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ) ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɟɛɬɚɯ, ɩɪɨɬɹɧɭɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ. ɂɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɞɨɜɟɪɯɭ ɡɚɧɹɬ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɦ. ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ. ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɢɩɵ, ɪɟɠɟ ɞɭɛɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ – ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 40-50 ɥɟɬ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ

43

ɛɭɟɪɚɤɚɯ. ɋɭɯɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɋɤɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɧɭɡɢɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɡɚɩɚɫ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɬɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɥɸɬɢɱɧɚɹ (Anemone ranunculoides L.), ɦɟɞɭɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ (Pulmonaria officinalis L.), ɯɨɯɥɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɥɚɹ [Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.] ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɛɭɟɪɚɤɨɜ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɶ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɹɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ. ɉɨɥɨɫɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. Ⱦ.ɂ. Ʌɢɬɜɢɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɵ ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ. ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɚɦɚɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ (ɩɨ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɩɪɵɝɢɧɭ, 1930ɚ). Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (Pineta nemorosa ɩɨ ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɥɟɯɢɧɭ ɢ P. composita ɩɨ ȼ.ɇ. ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɭ), ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ (Pineta stepposa). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɪ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɢɤɢ (Pineta hylocomiosa) (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɟɪɧɵ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɧɨ-ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɉɌɄ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɫɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɞɭɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɡɢɦɨɣ, ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɥɟɬɨɦ. ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɉɌɄ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɨɪɥɹɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ (ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɜɹɡɚ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ (ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ ɜ

44

ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ). ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɸɬ ɤ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. 2. 6. ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɕ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ – ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɦ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 3. ɢ 2. 4.). ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (Ɇɟɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ, 2000; Ȼɢɪɸɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 1986). ɋ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (ɉɌɄ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɉɌɄ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɉɌɄ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ȿ.Ƚ. Ȼɢɪɸɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ. (1986) ɢ ȼ.ȿ. Ɇɟɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ (2000): ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɉɬɜɚɠɢɧɫɤɨ-Ɇɨɪɤɜɚɲɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟɦ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜ ɢ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɉɌɄ ɝɨɪɧɨ-ɞɨɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 320 ɤɦ2. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ, ɩɪɨɬɹɧɭɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ – Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜ ɢ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ. Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜ ɨɜɪɚɝ – ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ. Ⱦɨɥɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɲɤɨɜ (ɨɜɪɚɝɢ ɏɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ, Ʌɨɦɨɜɨɣ, Ɇɟɞɜɟɠɶɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ). ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝ – ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɢɧ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ. Ɉɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 35 ɤɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ. ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. ɇɚ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ

45

ɞɸɧɧɵɟ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ). ȼɫɹ 3-ɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɉɌɄ, ɪɚɣɨɧ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɉɌɄ ɢ ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ). Ɉ ɛɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɢɛɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɱɤɢ Cladonia ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɩɪɵɝɢɧɵɦ (1929, 1930ɚ) ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɣ ɛɨɪ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ Pineta stepposa, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɚ (1941). ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ: 1) ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɥɢɩɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɤɥɟɧɚ – ɥɢɩɨɜɨ-ɤɥɟɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ (Pinetum tilioso-acerosum); 2) ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ – ɞɭɛɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ (Pinetum quercetosum). Ʌɢɩɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ɉɨɱɜɵ – ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɧɨɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɫɵɩɹɦɢ. 1 ɹɪɭɫ – ɫɨɫɧɚ 3-ɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ; ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ – ɥɢɩɚ ɢ ɤɥɟɧ; ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ – ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ; ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ – Convallaria majalis L., Carex digitata L., Rubus saxatilis L., Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 5.). ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ɉɨɱɜɵ – ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɯ (ɩɥɢɬɧɹɤ). 1 ɹɪɭɫ – ɫɨɫɧɚ 3-4 ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ; ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ – ɞɭɛ ɢ ɤɥɟɧ; ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɭɛ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ; ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤɚ – ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ, ɪɹɛɢɧɚ, ɤɚɥɢɧɚ; ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ: Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Convallaria majalis L., Galium boreale L., Polygonatum officinale All., Rubus saxatilis L., Solidago virgaurea L., Vicia tenuifolia Roth (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ɉɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, Pinetum stepposa (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941) (ɪɢɫ. 2. 6., ɪɢɫ. 2. 7.). ɂɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ): 1) Pinetum caraganosum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡ Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch (ɞɟɪɟɡɚ); 2) Pinetum prunosum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡ Prunus fruticosa Pall.; 3) Pinetum

46

stepposum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ; 4) Pinetum arctostaphyllosum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ Arctostaphyllos uva ursi (L.) Spreng. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941).

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 3. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (ɉɌɄ) ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɝɞɟ 1 – ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 2 – ɉɟɪɟɜɨɥɨɤɫɤɨ-ɍɫɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 3 – ȼɢɧɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 4 – Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 5 – ɋɟɜɪɸɤɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 6 – ɒɟɥɟɯɦɟɬɶɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ; 1-9 – ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ʋʋ 1-9, 24 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24.

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 4. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɝɞɟ 1 – ɉɌɄ 3-ɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ, 2 – ɉɌɄ 2-ɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ; 1-15 – ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ʋʋ 1-15, 113 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113.

47

Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɚ (1941) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɷɬɚ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 65% (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). ɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɢ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉ. Ȼɚɭɦ (1869-1870) ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ …ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɚ, ɜɹɡɚ, ɥɢɩɵ, ɤɥɟɧɚ, ɪɹɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɱɚɳɢ, ɩɨ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ Acer tataricum L. (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (Ⱥɛɨɥɢɧ, 1910; Ɏɥɟɪɨɜ, 1905), ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ. ȼɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɹɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). ȼ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɚ (1941) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ ɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ. ȼɫɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɢɩɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ɒɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. Ʌɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ. ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ (Acer platanoides L.) ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɹɡ (Ulmus glabra Huds.), ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɟɧɨɜɨ-ɥɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ. ɉɨ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚ, ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ 18-24 ɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɜ 80-100 ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɹɦɨɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɤɪɨɧɨɣ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɭɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ, ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɦɢ, ɥɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɪɨɫɥɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 70-80 ɥɟɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ 10-13 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ. ɋɬɜɨɥɵ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ

48

ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɹ ɥɢɩɭ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ȼɞɨɥɶ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ, ɬɹɧɭɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɥɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ 20-40 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ: Acer tataricum L., Corylus avellana L., Daphne mezereum L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Lonicera xylosteum L., Rhamnus cathartica L., Sambucus racemosa L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Viburnum opulus L. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: Aegopodium podagraria L., Asperula odorata L., Carex pilosa Scop., Carex digitata L., Convallaria majalis L., Stellaria holostea L.. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Galeobdolon luteum Huds., ɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ: Anemone altaica Fisch. ex C.A. Mey., Bupleurum aureum Fisch. ex Hoffm., Carex arnellii Christ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɜɟɫɧɨɸ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Anemone ranunculoides L. ɢ Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv., ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɞɭɬ. ȼɫɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ 4-5 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɧɵɬɶɸ (Tilietum aegopodiosum). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ, ɥɟɫɧɵɟ, ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ, ɧɚ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ, ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɥɢɩɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɹɡ. ɇɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ 150 ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ Corylus avellana L., ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ Padus racemosa (Lam.) Gilib., Rhamnus cathartica L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ Aegopodium podagraria L. Ʉ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ: Anemone altaica Fisch. ex C.A. Mey., Anemone ranunculoides L., Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb., Aconitum excelsum Reichenb., Bupleurum aureum Fisch. ex Hoffm., Campanula trachelium L., Campanula rapunculoides L., Crepis sibirica L., Glechoma hederacea L., Primula macrocalyx Bunge, Pulmonaria obscura Dumort., Ranunculus monophyllus Ovcz., Viola mirabilis L., Viola riviniana Reichenb., Carex arnellii Christ, Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., Bromus benekeni (Lange) Trimen. Ɇɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Circaea lutetiana L., ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɚɥɢɧɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɨɫɨɤɨɸ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɸ (Tilietum caricosum). Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɟ-

49

ɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ, ɩɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɯ ɥɢɩɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ 3-ɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ɉɨ ɤɪɭɬɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɝɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 4 ɢɧɨɝɞɚ 5, ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɠɟ ɹɪɭɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. Ʉ ɥɢɩɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ, ɪɟɠɟ ɢɥɶɦ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɚ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ Lonicera xylosteum L. ɢ Daphne mezereum L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɜɟɡɞɟ – Carex pilosa L. Ʉ ɧɟɣ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ: Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., Bromus Benekeni (Lange) Trimen, Festuca sylvatica (Poll.) Vill., Poa nemoralis L., Carex digitata L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl., Asarum europaeum L., Asperula odorata L., Campanula trachelium L., Campanula rapunculoides L., Pulmonaria obscura Dumort., Stellaria holostea L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Dryopteris filix mas (L.) Schott (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ (Tilietum asperulosum). ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɬɢɩɟ, ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦɢ ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ, ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɵɦ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɟɦ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɦɚɥɨ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ (Asperula odorata L.) ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ Carex pilosa L., Carex digitata L. ɢ Stellaria holostea L. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɣ (Tilietum convallariosum). Ʌɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɣ ɥɢɩɧɹɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ, ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ, ɥɟɫɧɵɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɨɦ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɦɢ. Ʌɢɩɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɜɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ, ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ – 4-5 ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɥɢɩɵ ɢɦɟɥ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ 11,5 ɦ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɭɞɢ 18 ɫɦ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ 61 ɝɨɞ. ɋɬɜɨɥ ɢ ɫɭɱɶɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ: Anaptychia cliaris (L.) Körb., Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumsch, Parmelia sulcata Tayl., Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., Physconia distorta (With.) J.R.Landon. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɞɭɛ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɰɟɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɹ ɥɢɩɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɭɠɟ ɤɥɟɧɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop., ɤ ɧɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Viburnum opulus L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ Convallaria ma-

50

jalis L. ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ Rubus saxatilis L., Solidago virgaurea L., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Polygonatum officinale All. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɵ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɝɪɭɛɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɬɚɤ: ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɡɚɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧ ɤ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɦ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɦ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɵɦ ɷɥɸɜɢɟɦ, ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɭɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛɨɜɨ-ɥɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ (ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɭɛ ɢ ɥɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ) ɫ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ɗɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɝɪɟɛɧɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɱɜɵ, – ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɥɨɠɛɢɧɵ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɡɚɯɨɞɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɜ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɫɨɫɧɨɸ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 4 ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɨɜ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ 3 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɤ ɞɭɛɭ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɥɢɩɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɟɧ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɭɛɨɜɨ-ɤɥɟɧɨɜɵɦɢ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ (Quercetum caricosum). Ʉɥɟɧɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɫ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ Carex pilosa L., Carex digitata L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl., Asperula odorata L. ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ

51

ɧɚ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɭ ɫ ɨɫɨɤɨɣ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɣ (Quercetum convallariosum). ɗɬɨ ɞɭɛɧɹɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɫ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ Convallaria majalis L., Rubus saxatilis L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɟ. Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɥɨɠɛɢɧ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ, ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɭɛɧɹɤ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɭ, ɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ. ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ ɤɪɨɦɟ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Viburnum opulus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ – Cytisus ruthenicus Fisch. ex Woáoszcz. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Delphinium cuneatum Stev. ex DC., Vicia tenuifolia Roth, Viola collina Bess., Viola hirta L. ɢ ɞɪ. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ (Quercetum fruticosum). ɗɬɨ ɤɨɪɹɜɵɣ ɫɭɯɨɜɟɪɲɢɧɧɵɣ ɞɭɛɧɹɤ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 5 ɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɧɨɣɧɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɯ (ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɢɬɧɹɤɟ). ɗɬɢ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɪɟɛɧɟɣ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɹ ɟɟ. Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɸ 20-30 ɦ, ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɝɪɢɜɵ, ɩɟɪɟɝɢɛɚɹɫɶ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɘȼ ɢ ɘɁ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ. Ɋɹɞɨɦ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɶ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɢɧɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ Stipa Joannis ýelak. ɋ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ȿɳɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɩɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ. ɋɨɫɧɹɤ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, – ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ, ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɨɜɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɟɧ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɬ. ȼ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɞɭɛɭ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 50 %, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬ Carex pediformis C.A. Mey. ɢ Artemisia sericea Web. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ɇɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɝɨɪ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941), ɦɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ. Ɉɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɥɢɩɨɜɵɯ, ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ

52

ɨɫɢɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ; ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ, ɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɤɢ – ɫ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɧɚ ɸɝ, ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ, ɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɶɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ, ɨɞɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɢɧɵ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɨɧɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦɢ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ. ɗɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941) ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɤ “ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ” ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɬɢɩɵ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɬɢɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ 1) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɟ; 2) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɟ; 3) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ; 4) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɥɶɯɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɪɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɉɌɄ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ). ɉɌɄ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. 4. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. 4. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ). ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɦ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ) ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ

ɱɚɫɬɨ

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ

ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ

ɥɟɫɚ

ɫ

ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ

ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-

ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ – ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ, ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ, ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ, ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɢɧɚ, ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. ȼɨ ɜɩɚ-

53

ɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ (ɪɢɫ 2. 8.), ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɩɚ, ɜɹɡ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina] ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 9.). Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine] ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 10.). Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 2ɨ ɞɨ 13ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɋɁ, ɋȼ ɢ ɘɁ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɘȼ ɢ Ɂ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɯ), ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 2ɨ ɞɨ 4ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɘɁ ɢ ɋȼ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 5ɨ ɞɨ 9ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɋȼ, ɋɁ, ɘȼ ɢ ɘɁ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 2ɨ ɞɨ 6ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɘɁ ɢ ɋɁ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula. – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis] ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɯ) ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ.

54

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 5. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 6. ɋɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɳɢɟ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ

55

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 7. ɋɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 8. ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ

56

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 9. Ɂɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 10. ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɥɹɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ

57

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɉɌɄ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ: ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ (ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ) ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɚ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɟɧ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

58

ȽɅȺȼȺ 3. ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɇɈ-ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɉɊɈȻɇɕɏ ɉɅɈɓȺȾȿɃ 3. 1. ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅ ɂ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ɉɊɈȼȿȾȿɇɇɕɏ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂɃ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ. ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ 8 ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 28 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɉɌɄ, ɨɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ȼɨɥɝɢ. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ 15 ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 48 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 1. ɢ 3. 2. ɞɚɧɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 1. Ƚɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3. 1. Ɂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ȼ.ɇ. ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɵɦ (1928).

59

Ɋɢɫ. 3. 1. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ Ⱥ ɢɞɟɬ ɤ Pinetum stepposa ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɹɞ ȼ ɢɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ Pinetum hylocomiosum ɢ Pinetum polytrichosum ɤ Pinetum sphagnosum ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɹɞ ɋ ɢɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ Pinetum tiliosum ɢ Pinetum coryllosum ɤ Pinetum quercetosum ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɹɞ D ɢɞɟɬ ɤ Pinetum pteridiosum ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

5

4

3

ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ

15

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

14

9

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

13

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

12

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

8

11

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

7

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

6

10

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ

112

5

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ

4

2

ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ

3

1

Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ

ɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ

50

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

22

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

29

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

30

20

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

20

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

34

21

–

–

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

–

–

40

–

–

ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

28

42

ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ

Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ)

4

10

4

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

6

10

10

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ

Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]

Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans

Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans

Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum

Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans

Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans

Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans

Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum

Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum

Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum]

Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. 1. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨ-

60

–

9

8

7

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

27

28

30

24

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

111

6

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ

110

5

Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ

Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 1.

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ – ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ –

54 28 33 – 20 –

25

43

41

40

29

27

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ

53

22

ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ

Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ)

10

5

4

6

6

10

10

10

10

9

10

10

5

5

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ

Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Corylus avellana

Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans

Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa

Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]

Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ

61

4

3

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

3

4

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

2

2

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

1

1

Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ

ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ – Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –

–

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ – –

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ – ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ

Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) – 4 –

–

2 5 – –

2 – 9 6

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

15

15

15

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. 2. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨ-

62

8

7

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

24

43

44

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

21

23

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

20

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

19

22

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

18

17

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

16

6

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

13

5

Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 2.

15 15

15

15

– ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –

–

– ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –

– ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ

– 2 –

–

– 11 5 –

– 4 2

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

–

–

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ

ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ

Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ)

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ

63

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

46

47

14

15

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

12

11

10

9

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

45

8

Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 2. ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ –

– – ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ – –

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ –

Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) –

– – 4 6 4 – –

12 –

13 –

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

10

15

10

15

15

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ

Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ

64

–

15

14

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

113

ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

33

13

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ

32

12

Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ

Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 2. ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ – ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ – ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –

–

–

Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) – 4 5 9 5 8 – 4 12 –

–

–

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ

Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine

Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris

Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris

Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina]

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis]

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum

Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]

Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina]

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ

65

66

ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ, ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ, ɥɟɳɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɟɳɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1994 ɝ. ɩɨ 2001 ɝ.; ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 28 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2. 3. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 4, 112. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6, 12, 7, 8. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 6, ʋ 7, ʋ 8, ʋ12) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 10, 11. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ13, 14) ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 110, 111. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɦɨɯɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18).

67

ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 21) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 20). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 27, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ. Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ). Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1992 ɝ. ɩɨ 2001 ɝ.; ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 48 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2. 4. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 2, 3. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ, ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 5, 6, 7. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ7) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 9, 10. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ.

68

ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 12. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 16, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 17), ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ20) ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23, 24. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɌɨȺɁɚ – Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 45), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 46, 47) ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 10. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 25, 26, 27. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 11. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 29, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ.

69

ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 12. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 31, 32, 33. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 13. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 34, 35, 36. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 14. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 37, 38, 39. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ37, 39) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 38) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 15. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 40, 41, 42. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 41, 42) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ 3.2. ɢ 3.3. ɝɥɚɜɵ 3. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – ɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɟɪɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɭɪɚɜɱɢɤɨɦ ɉɪɟɫɥɟɪɚ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 1,3 ɦɟɬɪɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 20 ɲɬɭɤ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ; ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɚɫɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɆȻɋ-9 ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 0,1 ɦɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɝɨɞɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɭ-

70

ɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɋɨɫɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ STATISTICA (ver. 5). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ (1876-1994 ɝɝ.), ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – ɡɚ 30 ɥɟɬ (1963-1992 ɝɝ.). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɭ Ƚ. ɒɟɮɮɟ (1980). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ (ʋʋ 1, 2, 3, 22, 23 ɢ 24) ɡɚ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1992 ɝɝ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɨɝɨɥɸɛɨɜɚ (1993). ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ (ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ) ɛɵɥɢ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ 3-ɯ ɢ 5ɬɢ ɥɟɬɢɹɦ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɭ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɉɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ (1961, 1970): ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ STATISTICA (ver. 5), DIASTA. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɤ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȽɆɈ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɡɚ 1952-2000 ɝɝ.): ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ 5 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ – ɫ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ. ɑɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȿ.ɉ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɚɫɟɰɤɨɝɨ (1988).

71

ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (f). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ: f = [3·ln(rk-1/rk)]/t, ɝɞɟ f – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t; rk – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ k; rk-1 – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ k-1; t – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɡɹɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 17 (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ), ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ (ɜɫɟɝɨ 10 ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17); ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ 10 ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ 10 ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɭ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ (1979) ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ȼ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜ (1951), ɧɚɡɜɚɜɲɢɣ “ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ” “ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ”. ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜ (1951) ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ “ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ”, “ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ” ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ – ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɜɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɜɵɦ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɇɟɫɥɭɧɞɚ, ɗɤɥɭɧɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ “ɢɧɞɟɤɫ” ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1945 ɝɨɞɭ, ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-

72

ɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ: I = iǜ100/iɫɪ, ɝɞɟ I – ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, i – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, iɫɪ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). Ɍ.Ɍ. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ (1974) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɵɦ (1951) ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ: ɚ) ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ (ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ) ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ; ɛ) ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.; ɜ) ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ (ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 11-22 ɥɟɬ) ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ – ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɗȼɆ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɥɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜ (1986) ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ “ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ”. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 100%. Ɍɨɱɤɚɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 0%, ɚ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, – 100%. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 99%. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: I=[(lfact – lmin)/(lmax – lmin)]ǜ100, ɝɞɟ I – ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, lfact – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, lmin – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɶɸ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, lmax – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɶɸ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɞɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ. Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ (1970) ɜɢɞɢɬ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɚ (1951) ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ “ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ

73

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ”. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ȼ.ɋ. ɂɩɚɬɨɜɚ ɢ Ƚ.Ƚ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ (1988). Ɂɚ ɧɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɢɡ ɛɨɧɢɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ (ɂɩɚɬɨɜ, Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ, 1988). ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ) ɢ ɜ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɭ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ “ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ” ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ, ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ. Ʌɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɚ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɝ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (Ⱥɧɭɱɢɧ, 1982). ɂɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ. ȼ 30-ɟ ɝɝ. Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɸɪɢɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ: ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɟɥɢ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɨɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (Ʌɟɫɨɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ, 1980). Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɧɢɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ – ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ (ɋɜɚɥɨɜ, 1978). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɂɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ (ɂɩɚɬɨɜ, Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ, 1988). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ (ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɢɧ-

74

ɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɑɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȿ.ɉ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɚɫɟɰɤɨɝɨ (1988). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɭ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɚ (1986). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ (ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ (8, 16, 11 ɢ 22 ɝɨɞɚ). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɬ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ (ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɬɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬ “Ƚɨɪɨɞ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ” (1975), ȿ.ɉ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɚɫɟɰɤɨɝɨ (1988), Ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ (1991), Ȼ.Ɏ. Ȼɚɯɚɪɟɜɚ (1996), ɗ.ə. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɉ.ɋ. Ʉɚɛɵɬɨɜɚ (1996), “ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ XX ɜɟɤɟ” (2000). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɭ Ƚ. ɒɟɮɮɟ (1980). ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ – Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ) ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ (ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɞɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ) ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ 6-ɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ (ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ). Ɍɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ʋ 1, ʋ 2 ɢ ʋ 3) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ (ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɌɨȺɁɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 30 ɤɦ ɫ ɧɚɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ) ɜ 3-ɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ʋ 22, ʋ 23 ɢ ʋ24) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ (Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ) ɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ.

75

ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: 19641977 ɝɝ. ɢ 1978-1992 ɝɝ. – ɩɨ 15 ɥɟɬ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1978 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɭɫɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɌɨȺɁɚ. 3. 2. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 9 ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ 27 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 4, 112. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɇȽȾɍ “ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤ ɧɟɮɬɶ”. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch, Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Rosa majalis L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Artemisia sericea Web., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop., Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ: Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute, Astragalus zingeri Korsch., Campanula sibirica L., Centaurea ruthenica Lam., Convalaria majalis L., Elytrigia lolioides (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski, Euphorbia zheguliensis Prokh. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ Dicranum scoparium

76

Hedw., Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch., Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske, Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6, 7, 8, 12. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 6, 7, 8, 12) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 8. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 30ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola collina Bess., Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Asarum europaeum L., Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski, Carex pilosa Scop., Solidago virgaurea L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 12. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 29ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch, Rosa majalis L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Artemisia sericea Web., Carduus nutans L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik., Galium ruthenicum Willd., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Stipa lessingiana Trin., Viola hirta L., Medicago falcata L., Inula salicina L., Galium boreale L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 10, 11. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɵ). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

77

ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 3 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 11. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 40ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Carex digitata L., Stellaria holostea L., Asarum europaeum L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 14) ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ15). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ13, 14) ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ14, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 14. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Quercus robur L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch. Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Artemisia sericea Web., Carduus nutans L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Medicago falcata L., Inula salicina L., Galium tinctorium (L.) All., Carex digitata L., Gypsophila altissima L., Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill., Stipa capillata L., Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski, Erysimum cheiranthoides L., Onosma simplicissimum L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 4 ɤɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 9, ʋ 110, ʋ 111. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɥɢɩɵ ɢ

78

ɞɪ.). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 9. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 50ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Tilia cordata Mill., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Corylus avellana L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Convalaria majalis L., Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Stipa pennata (L.) Beauv. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ – Timmia austriaca Hedw. (T. bavarica Hessl.), Anomodon longifolius (Brid.) Hartm., Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 4 ɤɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18). ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ (ɥɢɩɚ) ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ (ɥɟɳɢɧɚ, ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ) ɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 150 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch, Lonicera xylosteum L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Rubus saxatilis L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ: Convallaria majalis L., Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh., Viola hirta L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Carex pilosa Scop. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 9 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 21) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 20). ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ.

79

ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ – ɥɢɩɚ, ɤɥɟɧ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 19). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 22ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Rubus saxatilis L., Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh., Viola hirta L., Asarum europaeum L., Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh., Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɥɢɩɚ, ɤɥɟɧ). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 8 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 23. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 29ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 150 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski, Carex digitata L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Stellaria holostea L., Viola collina Bess., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 6 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 27, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ27, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ

80

ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 9 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 28. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Corylus avellana. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 41ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola collina Bess., Rubus saxatilis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Stellaria holostea L., Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh., Viola mirabilis L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Galium boreale L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 5 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ. ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Tilia cordata Mill., Betula pendula Roth. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ: Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Corylus avellana L., Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Rubus saxatilis L., Viola collina Bess., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh., Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., Melica nutans (L.) L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ: ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɥɢɩɵ), ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ).

3. 3. Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ

81

ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 15 ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 2, 3. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ, ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɨɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɭɛɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ; ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɨɡɵ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ, ɞɭɸɳɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ) ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 3. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 450 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth, Quercus robur L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Rhamnus cathartica L., Cerasus fruticosa Pall. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Campanula rapunculoides L., Cirsium incanum (S.G. Gmel.) Fisch., Cynoglossum officinale L., Stachys sylvatica L., Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC., Geum urbanum L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Carduus acanthoides L., Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Glechoma hederacea L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Urtica dioica L., Chelidonium majus L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 5, 6, 7. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ

82

ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ7) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ) ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 2ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Quercus robur L., Acer negundo L., Acer platanoides L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Frangula alnus Mill., Rhamnus cathartica L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ Chelidonium majus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Nevski, Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Galium aparine L., Geum urbanum L., Poa pratensis L., Geranium sanguineum L., Glechoma hederacea L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Poa nemiralis L., Sisymbrium loeselii L., Trifolium pratense L., Urtica dioica L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 7. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦ-ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣɦ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Rhamnus cathartica L., Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Caragana arborescens Lam. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Geum urbanum L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Convallaria majalis L., Chenopodium album L., Fragaria vesca L., Achillea millefolium L., Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult., Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC., Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin., Poa pratensis L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 9, 10. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛ-

83

ɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɨɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 3 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 9. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 2ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.55, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 500 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Populus tremula L., Acer negundo L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Sambucus racemosa L., Cerasus fruticosa Pall. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Geum urbanum L., Solanum dulcomara L., Sisymbrium loeselii L., Chenopodium album L., Galium verum L., Geranium sanguineum L., Carduus acanthoides L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Hylotelephum maximum (L.) Holub, Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke, Cynoglossum officinale L., Chelidonium majus L., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Carex praecox Schreb. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Dicranum majus Sm. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 8. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ulmus scabra Mill. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Rhamnus cathartica L., Sambucus racemosa L., Caragana arborescens Lam., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨ-ɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Convallaria majalis L., Viola hirta L., Urtica dioica L., Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Cynoglossum officinale L., Viola canina L., Leonurus quiquelobatus Gilib., Glechoma hederacea L., Poa nemoralis L., Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 12. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-

84

ɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 12. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 6ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.55, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Caragana arborescens Lam., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Frangula alnus Mill. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Achillea millefolium L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Berteroa incana (L.) DC., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Fragaria vesca L., Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult., Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC., Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin., Poa pratensis L., Artemisia campestris L., Centaurea sumensis Kalen., Carex praecox Schreb., Asparagus officinalis L., Viola canina L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Hieracium umbellatum L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 16, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɜɹɡɚ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 13. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Ulmus scabra Mill., Acer negundo L., Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Caragana arborescens Lam., Rhamnus cathartica L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Arctium nemorosum Lej., Carex praecox Schreb., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Dactylis glomerata L., Fragaria vesca L., Galium boreale L., Glechoma hederacea L., Heracleum sibiricum L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench, Poa nemoralis L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ.

85

ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 2ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer tataricum L., Quercus robur L., Populus tremula L., Padus avium Mill., Ulmus scabra Mill. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Rhamnus cathartica L., Frangula alnus L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Silene nutans L., Artemisia campestris L., Galium verum L., Chondrilla graminea Bieb., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Chimaphilla umbellata (L.) W.Barton, Orthilia secunda (L.) House, Convallaria majalis L., Artemisia auatriaca Jacq., Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, Gypsophila paniculata L., Hieracium echioides Lumn., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Achillea millefolium L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 19), ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 20) ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 11ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 300 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Padus avium Mill. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Asparagus officinalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Solanum dulcomara L., Chenopodium album L., Galium verum L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Stellaria graminea L., Cynoglossum officinale L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Chelidonium majus L., Equisetum hyemale L., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Galium aparine L., Agrimonia eupatoria L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Stellaria nemorum L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23, 24. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ

86

ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɌɨȺɁɚ – Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɌɨȺɁɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Betula pendula Roth. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Rhamnus cathartica L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Chondrilla graminea Bieb., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Convallaria majalis L., Carex praecox Schreb., Achillea millefolium L., Fragaria vesca L., Dactylis glomerata L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch, Solidago virgaurea L., Asparagus officinalis L., Urtica dioica L., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Viola canina L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult., Melica nutans L., Veronica chamaedrys L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 20 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44, 45, 47, 46. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 45), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 46, 47) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ) ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ʋʋ 44 ɢ 46, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 8 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 43. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 4ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.6, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L., Quer-

87

cus robur L., Acer negundo L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Rhamnus cathartica L., Sambucus racemosa L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Artemisia campestris L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Sonchus arvensis L., Achillea millefolium L., Cynoglossum officinale L., Pimpinella saxifraga L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Viola canina L., Asparagus officinalis L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Chelidonium majus L., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Solanum dulcomara L., Carduus acanthoides L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Erigeron acris L., Potentilla argentea L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ) – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15, ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ – ʋ 14. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 9 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 6ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.7, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Quercus robur L., Acer negundo L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ: Frangula alnus Mill., Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Nevski, Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Galium aparine L., Geum urbanum L., Poa pratensis L., Achillea millefolium L., Campanula bononiensis L., Carex praecox Schreb., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Galium verum L., Melica nutans L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 10. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 25, 26, 27. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

88

ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 10 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 27. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Frangula alnus Mill., Sambucus racemosa L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱ-ɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Asparagus officinalis L., Tanacetum vulgare L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Pimpinella saxifraga L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Geum urbanum L., Veronica chamaedrys L., Sisymbrium loeselii L., Galium verum L., Geranium sanguineum L., Carduus acanthoides L., Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench, Potentilla argentea L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 11. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 29, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 11 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 29. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Acer tataricum L., Populus tremula L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Artemisia campestris L., Poa pratensis L., Geum urbanum L., Centaurea sumensis Kalen., Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Galium verum L., Chondrilla graminea Bieb., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Convallaria majalis L., Carex praecox Schreb., Achillea millefolium L., Fragaria vesca L., Euphorbia esula L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Carduus acanthoides L., Asparagus officinalis L., Urtica dioica L., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke, Cynoglossum officinale L., Viola canina L.,

89

Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Pimpinella saxifraga L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 12. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 31, 32, 33. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 32, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 12 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 31. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Rhamnus cathartica L., Lonicera xylosteum L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Galium aparine L., Chelidonium majus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Solanum dulcomara L., Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch, Poa nemoralis L., Viola canina L., Urtica dioica L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 13. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 34, 35, 36. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 34, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɫɢɧɵ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 13 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 36. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 5ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth, Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Chelidonium majus L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Carduus acanthoides L., Pimpinella saxi-

90

fraga L., Chenopodium album L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Achillea millefolium L., Geranium sanguineum L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Equisetum hyemale L., Sonchus arvensis L., Euphorbia esula L., Carex praecox Schreb., Stellaria graminea L., Asparagus officinalis L., Viola canina L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Hieracium umbellatum L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 14. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 37, 38, 39. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ37, 39) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 38) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɨɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ), ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 39, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 14 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 38. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ:

Chamaecytisus

ruthenicus

(Fisch.

ex

Woáoszcz.)

Klásková.

ȼ

ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-

ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Poa pratensis L., Poa nemoralis L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Achillea millefolium L., Artemisia campestris L., Asparagus officinalis L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Carex praecox Schreb., Centaurea sumensis Kalen., Dactylis glomerata L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Equisetum hyemale L., Euphorbia esula L., Galium verum L., Hieracium umbellatum L., Hypericum perforatum L., Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 15. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 40, 41, 42. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 41, 42) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 40, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢ-

91

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 15 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 41. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.7, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 300 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Artemisia campestris L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Veronica spicata L., Achillea millefolium L., Cynoglossum officinale L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Trifolium pratense L., Geranium sanguineum L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Galium aparine L., Asparagus officinalis L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ (ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫɟ) ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Quercus robur L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Rhamnus cathartica L., Lonicera xylosteum L., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Galium aparine L., Chelidonium majus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Poa nemoralis L., Viola canina L., Urtica dioica L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ: ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɜɹɡɚ), ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ.

92

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɡɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ.

93

4. ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ȼɅɂəɇɂə ȿɋɌȿɌɋȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɂ ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ɇȺ ɉɊɂɊɈɋɌ ɋɈɋɇɕ 4. 1. ɄɅȺɋɌȿɊɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ

ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ

ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ

ɜ

ɪɚɡɧɵɯ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-

ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 1. ɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 1. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23, 30), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 7, 10, 18), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 10), Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 7) ɢ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ). Ʌɟɜɟɟ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 110, 111, 9, 14, 112), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 14), Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 112) ɢ Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 110, 111). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ). ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ

94

ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ). Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 3), Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5), Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 13), Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 20) ɢ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 21). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 13, 17, 19) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 21), ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 20, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ.

95

Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

22

23 30

13 6

11 28

24 8

17 15

16 27

21 12

5 19

112 20

9 14

110 111 4

7

10 18

3

ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 1. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ) Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20 19 21 17 23 16 22 26 2 28 34 41 29 42 6 44 43 27 46 31 4 47 10 40 13 5 3 24 18 12 11 37 36 30 45 7 38 14 35 25 32 8 33 15 113 39 9 1

ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 2. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɡɚ 30 ɥɟɬ)

96

ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 9, 10, 39, 40, 41, 47, 113), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 41), Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 10, 39), Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina] (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40), Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 47), Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ113). ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 10, 47, 113) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 39, 40), ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 41, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Chelidonium majus L. ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ). Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɢɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Chelidonium majus L. ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɜɹɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ: 1-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ

97

ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 7, 14, 18, 20) ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 10); ɷɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɢ ʋ 112), ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 110, 111), ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ȼɨɥɝɟ; ɷɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 4-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɧɹɤɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 6, 12, 13) ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5); ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ6, ʋ 13, ɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5, ʋ 12 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 5-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 24, 27), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 28), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 17, 18, 21), ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 17, 21, 24, 27, 28 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 6-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 30), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 22, 23, 30, ɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 15, 16, 19 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ: 1-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɢɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ) ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 10, 47, 113) ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ

98

ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 39). Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4.2.); 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 2, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 45), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 7, 16, 26, 32, 38, 46) ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 8, 27, 29, 31, 41, 42). ɗɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 2.); 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 13, 17, 19, 23), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 20, 24) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 21). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 2.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɨɬ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤ 6-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɇɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6 ɝɥɚɜɵ 4.

99

4. 2. ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɐɂɄɅɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ, ɋɂɇɏɊɈɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɂ ɑɍȼɋɌȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ȾȿɇȾɊɈɏɊɈɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɊəȾɈȼ ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ (ɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ). Ɋɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ) ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ). ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 3., ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (Y) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (x), ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 3. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ – 19681969 ɝɝ., 1978-1979 ɝɝ., 1990-1991 ɝɝ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ – 1953-1956 ɝɝ., 1962-1963 ɝɝ., 1975-1976 ɝɝ., 1984-1985 ɝɝ., 1987 ɝ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ). ɇɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɇɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɢ 4. 5. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1959 ɝ., 1968-1969 ɝɝ., 1974 ɝ., 1991 ɝ.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1971 ɝ., 1986 ɝ.). ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 5. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1965 ɝ., 1968 ɝ., 1978 ɝ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ

100

ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1954 ɝ, 1962 ɝ., 1977 ɝ.). Y(x)

ɑɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ

Ƚɨɞɵ . Ɋɢɫ. 4. 3. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Y) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (x), ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ y = 12.1 – 0.495x1 + 0.302x2 – 0.287x3 + 168x4 + 0.11x5 + 0.176x6 + 0.924x7 – 0.005x8 – 0.002x9 + 0.043x10 – 0.001x11 + 0.0006x12, ɝɞɟ y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 5. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪ., 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.). ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɉɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986) ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 60 ɥɟɬ), ɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ 60 ɞɨ 120 ɥɟɬ), ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɵɲɟ 120 ɥɟɬ). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ

101

ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. ɑɢɫɥɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ- ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɨ ( ɋ) 0,1 ɦɦ)

Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 4. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, Ɋɹɞ 3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1930 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. 1978 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ., ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1948 ɝ. – 1956 ɝ. – 1964 ɝ. – 1972 ɝ. – 1980 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3), ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 10 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1916 ɝ. – 1924 ɝ. – 1932 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1948 ɝ. – 1956 ɝ. – 1964 ɝ. – 1972 ɝ. – 1980 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ., ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 22 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1951 ɝ. – 1959 ɝ. – 1967 ɝ. – 1975 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3), ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ

102

ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1917 ɝ. – 1925 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1949 ɝ. – 1957 ɝ. – 1965 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ., ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1898 ɝ. – 1906 ɝ. – 1914 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1930 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɋɭɦɦɚ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɦɦ) ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (0,1 ɦɦ)

Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 5. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ, 1934; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ 1957, 1963; ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1963; Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜ, 1964; Ɋɭɛɢɧɲɬɟɣɧ, ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, 1966; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970). ȼ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɫɹ Ⱥ.ȿ. Ⱦɭɝɥɚɫɨɦ (Douglass, 1909, 1914, 1919, 1924, 1928). ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 11ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɨɜ (Erlandsson, 1936; Schulman, 1936, 1938; Ƚɭɪɫɤɢɣ, Ʉɚɧɟɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɉɫɬɚɩɨɜɢɱ, 1953; Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1968ɚ, ɛ; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1965ɚ, 1974; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1969, 1972ɚ; Ƚɨɪɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1971; Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞɲɢɧ, ɋɚɪɬɛɚɟɜ, 1972; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1973; ɉɭɝɚɱɟɜ, 1975; ɉɨɥɸɲɤɢɧ, Ʌɚɪɢɨɧɨɜ, Ɇɚɪɬɵɧɨɜ, 1977;

103

ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ, Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1978; ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ, 1981; Ȼɟɪɪɢ, Ʌɢɛɟɪɦɚɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1979). ȼ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1900 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1842 ɝ. – 1853 ɝ. – 1864 ɝ. – 1875 ɝ. – 1886 ɝ. – 1897 ɝ. – 1908 ɝ. – 1919 ɝ. – 1930 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1952 ɝ. – 1963 ɝ. – 1974 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1852 ɝ. – 1863 ɝ. – 1874 ɝ. – 1885 ɝ. – 1896 ɝ. – 1907 ɝ. – 1918 ɝ. – 1929 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1951 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1867 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1889 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɍɚɤɠɟ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 2 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. ɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1962 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1959 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1950 ɝ. – 1961 ɝ. – 1872 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 8 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 10 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 12 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1942 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. – 1964 ɝ. – 1975 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 15 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 22 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1948 ɝ. – 1959 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ. – 1992 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1957 ɝ. – 1968 ɝ. – 1979 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟ-

104

ɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍ.Ɇ. Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ Ȼ.ɇ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ (1973) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɤ, ɬɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ 16ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. Ɉɧ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ.4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 19 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1861 ɝ. – 1877 ɝ. – 1893 ɝ. – 1909 ɝ. – 1925 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1957 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 27 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1809 ɝ. – 1825 ɝ. – 1841 ɝ. – 1857 ɝ. – 1873 ɝ. – 1889 ɝ. – 1905 ɝ. – 1921 ɝ. – 1937 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1957 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨ-

105

ɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1917 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1949 ɝ. – 1965 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɏɷɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɐɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957, 1963; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ, 1971; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1972; Ʉɭɞɪɹɜɰɟɜɚ, 1973; Ⱥɝɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1976; Ɇɚɸɱɚɹ, 1976). ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ 22-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957, 1963; ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ, 1968, 1970; ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ, 1973; Ɉɥɶ, 1973). ȼ.Ɏ. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ (1972) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 22-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ. Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ (1971) ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ȼ.Ɇ. Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜɚ (1964) 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ (8- ɢ 14-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ). ɇ.ɏ. əɜɨɪɫɤɢɣ (1975ɚ) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 22-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ Ʌɭɧɵ ɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɏɷɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1853 ɝ. – 1875 ɝ. – 1897 ɝ. – 1919 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1963 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1814 ɝ. – 1836 ɝ. – 1858 ɝ. – 1880 ɝ. – 1902 ɝ. – 1924 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1968 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1852 ɝ. – 1874 ɝ. – 1896 ɝ. – 1918 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚ-

106

ɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ., ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ 24-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 24-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 3. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1925 ɝ. – 1949 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ 32-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 32-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 32-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 27 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1825 ɝ. – 1857 ɝ. – 1889 ɝ. – 1921 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1904 ɝ. – 1936 ɝ. – 1968 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1874 ɝ. – 1916 ɝ. – 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – Ȼɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ (Brückner, 1890, 1902; Douglass, 1909, 1914, 1924, 1928, 1933, Erlandsson, 1936; Siren, 1963; Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1965; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.,1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1972ɚ, 1974;

107

Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ., 1972; Ɇɚɸɱɚɹ, 1976; Ɉɥɟɧɢɧ, 1977; ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ, Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1978; Ȼɟɪɪɢ ɢ ɞɪ., 1979). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Douglass, 1919; Clough, 1943; Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɀɭɤɨɜ, 1970; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970). Ɇ.ɋ. ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ (1963) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɮɚɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɗɬɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ (1967), ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜɚ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɨɣ (1971) ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ (1974) ɫɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɇ.ɏ. əɜɨɪɫɤɢɣ (1975ɚ) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɵ 33 ɥɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ Ʌɭɧɵ ɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. ɋɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1879 ɝ. – 1912 ɝ. – 1945 ɝ. – 1978 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ.

108

ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 15 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 44 ɝɨɞɚ (ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ. ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ Ɇ.Ȼɨɝɨɥɟɩɨɜ (1921), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ȼ.ɉ. Ʉɟɩɩɟɧ (Köppen, 1930). Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ (1971) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 40-50 ɥɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ, ɱɟɦ 30-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ɂ.ɉ. Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ. (1966) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤ. Ɉ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ 42-44-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɟɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɏ.ɋ. ȼɢɥɥɟɬɬ (Willett, 1949), Ȼ. Ɇ. Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜ (1964), Ʌ.ȼ. ɀɭɤɨɜ, ɘ.ɋ. Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ (1969), Ȼ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɪɪɢ ɢ ɞɪ. (1979). Ɇ.ɋ. ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ (1957) ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɦ. ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɫɹ Ƚ. ɋɢɪɟɧɨɦ (Siren, 1963), ɋ. Ⱥɛɛɨɬɨɦ (Abbot, 1936), ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɳɟɜɨɣ (1981). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ.4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1796 ɝ. – 1840 ɝ. – 1884 ɝ. – 1928 ɝ. – 1972 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1850 ɝ. – 1894 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1982 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1812 ɝ. – 1856 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1813 ɝ. – 1857 ɝ. – 1901 ɝ. – 1945 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛ-

109

ɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1842 ɝ. – 1896 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1821 ɝ. – 1865 ɝ. – 1909 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɍɚɤɠɟ 44-ɥɟɬɧɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1883 ɝ. – 1927 ɝ. – 1971 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1881 ɝ. – 1925 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ 41-45-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ.Ɏ. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ (1972) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 45-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ (ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤ 44-ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ) Ȼ.ɇ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ (1973ɛ) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɋɚɬɭɪɧɚ ɢ ɍɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɩɥɚɧɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 55, 66 ɢ 77 ɥɟɬ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɐɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 55-65 ɥɟɬ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 33- ɢ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (Douglass, 1933; Erlandsson, 1936; Schulman, 1936, 1938, 1956; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1952; Ȼɟɪɪɢ, Ʌɢɛɟɪɦɚɧ, Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜɚ, Ɍɭɪɦɚɧɢɧɚ, 1979; Ƚɥɟɛɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1978). ɐɢɤɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. 55-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1784 ɝ. – 1829 ɝ. – 1884 ɝ. – 1929 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1886 ɝ. – 1931 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1859 ɝ. – 1914 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1845 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶ-

110

ɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1789 ɝ. – 1844 ɝ. – 1899 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1873 ɝ. – 1928 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1876 ɝ. – 1931 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 66-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1790 ɝ. – 1856 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1855 ɝ. – 1921 ɝ. – 1987 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1851 ɝ. – 1917 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1821 ɝ. – 1887 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1847 ɝ. – 1913 ɝ. – 1979 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1850 ɝ. – 1916 ɝ. – 1982 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1837 ɝ. – 1903 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1808 ɝ. – 1874 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 77-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1908 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 79, 81, 88, 99, 100 ɢ 111 ɥɟɬ. ɐɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 79 ɥɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɉ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɧ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ 55-65-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɤɚɤ 22- ɢ 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ.

111

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ 80-90ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Pettersson, 1914; ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957, 1963; ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ, 1962; ȼɢɥɥɟɬɬ, 1966; ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1963; ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ, 1968, 1970; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970; ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, 1970, 1973; Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 1975ɛ). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ (Lamb, 1969; Ȼɭɞɵɤɨ, 1971). Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ (1977) ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ (Plass, 1956) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. ɐɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɥɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 111 ɥɟɬ. ɐɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 111 ɥɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Ƚɚɧɫɤɢɣ, 1904; ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ; Schulman, 1938; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1946, 1957, 1963; Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜ, 1964; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1963; Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɀɭɤɨɜ, 1970; ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, 1973ɛ; Ɋɟɡɧɢɤɨɜ, 1980). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤ (Köppen, 1914, 1918; ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1952, 1954ɚ, ɛ; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957; ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ, 1946, 1962; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; ȼɢɥɥɟɬɬ, 1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, 1970; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ, 1971; Ɉɥɶ, 1973; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, 1973; Ƚɟɞɟɨɧɨɜ, 1973), ɥɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɟɣ (ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ, 1947; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1954ɛ, 1970; Ȼɟɬɢɧ, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ, 1962), ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦɚ (ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ). ȼɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (Douglass, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1936; Antevs, 1925; Abbot, 1936; Schulman, 1936, 1938, 1956; Erlandsson, 1936; Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1960; Bryson, Dutton, 1961; Siren, 1963; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1970ɛ, 1971, 1972ɚ; Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 1975ɚ; Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞɲɢɧ, ɋɚɪɬɛɚɟɜ, 1972; Ʉɚɛɟɰ, 1972; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, 1972; Ɉɥɟɧɢɧ, 1974, 1976, 1977). Ⱥ.ȼ. ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ (1968, 1970) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 110-120-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɪɛɢɬɟ. ɐɢɤɥɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 79ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶ-

112

ɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1829 ɝ. – 1908 ɝ. – 1987 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 81-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1796 ɝ. – 1877 - 1958 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 88-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1804 ɝ. – 1892 ɝ. – 1980 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1813 ɝ. – 1901 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1793 ɝ. – 1881 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1793 ɝ. – 1881 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 99-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1779 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 100-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1779 ɝ. – 1879 ɝ. – 1979 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 111-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 111-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1768 ɝ. – 1879 ɝ. – 1990 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1769 ɝ. – 1880 ɝ. – 1991 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3- ɢ 5-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1921-1932-1943-19541965 ɝ.), ʋ 8 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1941-

113

1952-1963-1974-1985 ɝ.); ʋ 35 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1950-1961-1972 ɝ.); ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1910-1921-1932 ɝ.). 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1921-1943-1865 ɝ.); ʋ 8 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1941-1963-1985 ɝ.); ʋ 9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1923-1945-1967-1989 ɝ.); ʋ 47 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1946-1968-1990 ɝ.). 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1921-1954-1988 ɝ.); ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1919-1952-1985 ɝ.) (ɪɢɫ. 6., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 5-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 7 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1942-1953-1964-1975 ɝ.) ɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1948-1959-1970 ɝ.) (ɪɢɫ. 6., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 8, 11, 22, 33, 44 ɢ 88 ɥɟɬ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (8, 11, 22, 33, 44 ɝɨɞɚ) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ (ɩɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ, 1986). ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 4 – ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1., ɬɚɛɥ.3., ɬɚɛɥ. 4., ɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4) – ɒɤɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986). ɉɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986), ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 0,3. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4), ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0,3, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɜɚ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5 (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 0,33) ɢ ʋ 47 (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 0,33). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢ-

114

ɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɹ ɒɤɚɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4), ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɹɞɵ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 56 % (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4). ɋɥɟɞɭɹ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986), ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɪɹɞɚɦ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (119 ɥɟɬ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ 119-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 8 ɢɥɢ 11 ɥɟɬ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ (ɩɨɞɝɥɚɜɚ 4. 5.). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4), ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 7-ɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ: 13×24, 17×18, 17×21, 17×24, 23×113, 37×10, 37×40. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɥɟɬ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ 30-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 8 ɢɥɢ 11 ɥɟɬ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ (ɩɨɞɝɥɚɜɚ 4. 5.). ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ (ɜ 7-ɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ

115

ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɥɟɬ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 13 ɢ 24 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 13 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus) ɢ ʋ 24 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ Chelidonium majus L. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 17 ɢ 18 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 17 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ʋ 18 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ – Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 17 ɢ 21 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 17 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus) ɢ ʋ 21 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ) ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 17 ɢ 24 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 17 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ʋ 24 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus).

116

ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 23 ɢ 113 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 23 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus) ɢ ʋ 113 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ – ɥɢɩɵ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 37 ɢ 10 ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 37 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum) ɢ ʋ 10 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɫɢɧɵ) ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 37 ɢ 40 ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 37 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɢ ʋ 40 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ʋ 37 (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum) ɢ ʋ 40 (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina]) ɤ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɫɢɧɵ) ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ. Ʉ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ; ɤɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ,

117

ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ; ɤ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ. Ʉ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋʋ 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 37, 40, 113. Ʉɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47. Ʉ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋʋ 6, 7, 25, 27, 30, 33, 39, 46. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ) ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɉɌɄ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

118

4. 3. ȾȼɍɏɎȺɄɌɈɊɇɕɃ ȾɂɋɉȿɊɋɂɈɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɡɹɬɨ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɢ ʋ 24), ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 2 ɢ ʋ 22), ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɢ ʋ 23). ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1, ʋ 2 ɢ ʋ 3 ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ.), ʋ 22, ʋ 23 ɢ ʋ 24 – ɜ ɍɡɸɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ.). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɡɚ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1992 ɝ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 1., ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ – ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 2. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 1. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɡɚ 15 ɥɟɬ (1978-1992 ɝɝ.) Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ R1 m1 m2 R2 m1 m2 R3 m1 m2

ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 1 24 2 22 3 23

Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ 5, 13, 19, 11, 11, 12, 10, 14, 8, 12, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12. 9, 12, 35, 27, 24, 29, 30, 30, 24, 26, 26, 24, 23, 24, 23. 4, 17, 25, 19, 18, 18, 15, 19, 18, 19, 18, 21, 23, 23, 24. 3, 17, 17, 11, 10, 8, 13, 19, 14, 16, 14, 18, 23, 30, 35. 4, 16, 24, 27, 28, 27, 28, 30, 26, 19, 25, 24, 26, 34, 36. 5, 15, 26, 23, 22, 27, 27, 32, 23, 19, 23, 28, 31, 28, 35.

Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 1. R – ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; R1 – ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ; R2 – ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ; R3 – ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ; m – ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ; m1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ; m2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɍɡɸɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɧɟɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ (ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ y = x + z + k·x·z, k – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, x, z – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ) ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 2., ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (F=12.48, p=0,001) ɢ ɧɟɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ (F=8.38, p=0,001). Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ (F = 5.23, p=0,01). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ

119

ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ (ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ) ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ (ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜ) ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 2. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɡɚ 15 ɥɟɬ (1978-1992 ɝɝ.) ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ

SS

Ȟ

__ SS

F

R m R×m ɉɨɥɧɚɹ E

1222.2 256.05 820.95 4114.545 6413.745

2 1 2 84 –

611,1 256,05 410,48 48,98 –

12.48*** 5.23** 8.38*** – –

Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 2. *** ʊ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ 0,001; ** ʊ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ 0,01; R – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; m – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ; E – ɨɲɢɛɤɚ; SS – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ; Ȟ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ; F – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ; – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ. 4. 4. ɄɈɊɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ Ɋɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ) ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ). Ⱦɚɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 6. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 6. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1959 ɝ., 1968-1969 ɝɝ., 1974 ɝ., 1991 ɝ.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ

120

ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1971 ɝ., 1986 ɝ.). Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1965 ɝ., 1968 ɝ., 1978 ɝ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1954 ɝ, 1962 ɝ., 1977 ɝ.). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 6. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – 1955 ɝ. – 1963 ɝ. – 1971 ɝ., 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɑɢɫɥɚ ɋɭɦɦɚ ɋɪɟɞ. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɨɫɚɞ- ɬɟɦɩ- ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɜ ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (ɦɦ) (ɨɋ) (0,1 ɦɦ)

Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 6. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; Ɋɹɞ 3 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; Ɋɹɞ 4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ Ȼɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ 3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ: ɤ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ; ɤɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ; ɤ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 7. ɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 8. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ.

121

ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ- ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɚ (ɨɋ) ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (0,1 ɦɦ)

Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 7. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ 3-ɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ); Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ); Ɋɹɞ 3 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ); Ɋɹɞ 4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɋɭɦɦɚ ɑɢɫɥɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ (ɦɦ)

Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 8. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ

122

ɂɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ: ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ), ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɠɚɪɤɢɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ), ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ), ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɠɚɪɤɢɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɤ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȽɆɈ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɡɚ 1952-2000 ɝɝ.). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3. ɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 3. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ