Ñòðóêòóðà è äèíàìèêà ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ Ñìèðíîâ Âèêòîð Âëàäèìèðîâè÷ (
[email protected]) 16 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2005 ã. Íî åñëè âñå òàê ñòðàøíî ïðîñòî... âåäü ýòî æå è ïðîñòî ñòðàøíî!
Âëàäèìèð Ñàâ÷åíêî. "Äîëæíîñòü âî Âñåëåííîé"
Àííîòàöèÿ Öåëü íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòû ñáîð "â îäíîì ìåñòå" è ñèñòåìàòèçàöèÿ èìåþùåéñÿ â ïñèõîëîãèè, ïñèõîôèçèîëîãèè, íåéðîïñèõîëîãèè èíôîðìàöèè îòíîñèòåëüíî ñîñòàâà ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ è êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê èõ äèíàìèêè, ñïîñîáíîé ïîìî÷ü ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå àëãîðèòìîâ è ïðîãðàìì, èìèòèðóþùèõ ïîâåäåíèå âûñøåãî óðîâíÿ íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû â ïðîöåññå àäàïòàöèè ê îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå. Ìàòåðèàë ïîäîáðàí è ñòðóêòóðèðîâàí â âèäå, óäîáíîì äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå ñàìîîáó÷àþùèõñÿ àëãîðèòìîâ ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ îáðàçîâ. c 2005 Victor Smirnov. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or Copyright ° modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Ñîäåðæàíèå 1 Ñëîæíîñòü ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
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2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
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Ïåðâè÷íûå çîíû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Âòîðè÷íûå çîíû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Òðåòè÷íûå çîíû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Äèíàìèêà êîðû, àíàëèç è ñèíòåç èíôîðìàöèè Óïðàâëåíèå äèíàìèêîé êîðû . . . . . . . . . . . Àëãîðèòìèêà ïðîöåññîâ âîñïðèÿòèÿ . . . . . .
3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Ìîòèâàöèè . . . . . . . . . . Ýìîöèè . . . . . . . . . . . . Êîãíèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû . . . Ðàçðåøåíèå ìîòèâàöèîííîãî
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5 Ñîçíàòåëüíîå è áåññîçíàòåëüíîå
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6 Ðàöèîíàëüíîå è èððàöèîíàëüíîå
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7 Èíòåëëåêò è èíòóèöèÿ
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8 Ðàñùåïëåííûé ìîçã è ìåæïîëóøàðíàÿ àñèììåòðèÿ
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9 Ìåòàôîðà èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè
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10 Âîïðîñ î òüþðèíã-ïîëíîòå
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11 Çàêëþ÷åíèå
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A Êðàòêèé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ
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B GNU Free Documentation License
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Ñòðóêòóðà è äèíàìèêà âíèìàíèÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ýêñòðîâåðñèÿ è èíòðîâåðñèÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Îðèåíòèðîâî÷íûé ðåôëåêñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Ââåäåíèå Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå çíà÷åíèå òåðìèíà "Arti cial Intelligence"(AI) îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ êàê "Èñêóññòâåííûé Ðàçóì ýòîò òåðìèí âûõîäèò äàëåêî çà ðàìêè ïîíÿòèÿ Èíòåëëåêòà, ÿâëÿþùåãîñÿ òîëüêî îäíîé èç ñïîñîáíîñòåé Ðàçóìà. Îäíàêî, èññëåäîâàíèÿ â äàííîé îáëàñòè ïîøëè ïî ïóòè ôîðìàëèçàöèè ñïîñîáíîñòåé ñîçíàíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ ñóáúåêòó.  ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ýòî îòíîñèëîñü ê ïðîèçâîëüíûì ðàññóæäåíèÿì, ÷åìó â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà áóðíî ðàçâèâàþùàÿñÿ â êîíöå 40-õ ãîäîâ ÕÕ âåêà òåîðèÿ àëãîðèòìîâ. Îäíàêî, ñòðóêòóðíî-àëãîðèòìè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä, ïîêàçàâøèé ñâîþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðîèçâîëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè ñîçíàíèÿ, òàêèõ êàê ëîãè÷åñêèå ðàññóæäåíèÿ è ñòðóêòóðû çíàíèé, îêàçàëñÿ ñîâåðøåííî íåïðèãîäíûì äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ èíòóèöèè è ýìîöèîíàëüíîé æèçíè ÷åëîâåêà. Îòñþäà ïîøëî ïðî÷íî çàêðåïèâøååñÿ â ôàíòàñòèêå âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû ÕÕ âåêà ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î "áåñ÷óâñòâåííîé ìàøèíå". Êðîìå òîãî, ìàòåìàòèêîàëãîðèòìè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä îêàçàëñÿ áåññèëåí è â îáëàñòè ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ îáðàçîâ. Ñîâðåìåííûå äàííûå îòíîñèòåëüíî ìîçãîâîé îðãàíèçàöèè ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ ãîâîðÿò î òîì, ÷òî ñîçíàíèå, íà äàííûå êîòîðîãî îïèðàþòñÿ ìàòåìàòèêè, îòíþäü íå òîæåñòâåííî ïñèõèêå. Èìååòñÿ îáøèðíåéøèé ïëàñò ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, êîòîðûé ëèáî íèêàê íå ïðåäñòàâëåí â ñîçíàíèè ñóáúåêòà, ëèáî ïðåäñòàâëåí îïîñðåäîâàííî ÷åðåç ìîäåëü, âûðàæåííóþ â òåðìèíàõ îáðàçîâ âíåøíåãî ìèðà. Ýòîò ïëàñò ïñèõèêè ñòàëè íàçûâàòü áåññîçíàòåëüíûì. Èìåííî â íåì ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ýìîöèîíàëüíûå îöåíêè âîñïðèíèìàåìûõ ôåíîìåíîâ, ÷óâñòâî êðàñîòû, ïðîèñõîäèò ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå îáîáùåíèå äàííûõ âîñïðèÿòèÿ, êîòîðûå ïîòîì ïðîðûâàþòñÿ â ñîçíàíèå â âèäå èíòóèöèè. È âåñü ýòîò óðîâåíü íå äîñòóïåí äëÿ èíòðîñïåêöèè, äîëãîå âðåìÿ îñòàâàâøåéñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì èíñòðóìåíòàðèåì ðàçðàáîò÷èêà àëãîðèòìîâ ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ îáðàçîâ. Îáúåêòèâíîå èññëåäîâàíèå áåññîçíàòåëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì òîëüêî âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XX âåêà è äî ñèõ ïîð ðàçâèòî íåäîñòà-
1 Ñëîæíîñòü ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
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òî÷íî ðàçâèòî ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ àíàëèçà áåññîçíàòåëüíûõ êîãíèòèâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ, èìåþùèõ ïåðâîñòåïåííóþ çíà÷èìîñòü äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ àëãîðèòìîâ ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ îáðàçîâ. Ïîíÿòèå áåññîçíàòåëüíîãî âïåðâûå â èñòîðèè ââîäèò Ëåéáíèö, îí æå îïèñûâàåò åãî ïðîñòåéøóþ ôåíîìåíîëîãèþ. Îäíàêî â ôèëîñîôèè è ïñèõîëîãèè òîãî âðåìåíè äîìèíèðóþò èäåè Ëîêêà è Äåêàðòà: â ïñèõèêå ñóùåñòâóåò òîëüêî òî, ÷òî îñîçíàåòñÿ. Âñå îñòàëüíîå ðîæäàåòñÿ àáñîëþòíî ñïîíòàííî. Ïî íåêîòîðûì ïðè÷èíàì îáðàçîâàííîãî åâðîïåéöà èíòåðåñóåò òîëüêî ðåçóëüòàò ìûñëèòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà, òîãäà êàê âîïðîñ î òîì, îòêóäà ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ìûñëü, íå íàõîäèò äîñòàòî÷íîãî äëÿ ñâîåãî ðàçâèòèÿ èíòåðåñà. Îïûòíûé ìàòåìàòèê óñïåøíî áåðåò â óìå íåîïðåäåëåííûé èíòåãðàë, ïî÷òè òàê æå ëåãêî êàê ÷èòàåò ãàçåòó, íî íå çàäóìûâàåòñÿ êàê îí ýòî äåëàåò: ñëèøêîì ñëîæíî âåðáàëèçîâàòü îòâåò, äàæå åñëè åñòü ñìóòíîå îùóùåíèå ìåõàíèçìà. Ïåðâûì â èñòîðèè åâðîïåéñêîé è àìåðèêàíñêîé ïñèõîëîãèè, êòî îáðàòèë âíèìàíèå íà ôåíîìåíîëîãèþ áåññîçíàòåëüíîãî áûë Ç. Ôðåéä, ñïóñòÿ äâà âåêà ïîñëå Ëåéáíèöà. Îñíîâíàÿ çàñëóãà åãî è âûõîäöåâ èç åãî øêîëû ïñèõîàíàëèçà (Þíã, Àäëåð è äð.) ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî îíè íà ïðàêòèêå ïîêàçàëè çàâèñèìîñòü ñîäåðæàíèÿ íåïðîèçâîëüíûõ ïåðåæèâàíèé ÷åëîâåêà îò èñòîðèè ïðîèçâîëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè ñîçíàíèÿ ñóáúåêòà. Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî â ìèðîâîççðåíèè ÷åëîâåêà îòñóòñòâóþò èñòîðè÷åñêè ñôîðìèðîâàííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î òîì, êàêèì îáðàçîì åãî òåêóùàÿ ìûñëèòåëüíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü, íàïðàâëÿåìàÿ æåëàíèÿìè, âëèÿåò íà ñîäåðæàíèå åãî æåëàíèé â áóäóùåì. Òî÷íî òàê æå îáû÷íîìó ÷åëîâåêó âåñüìà çàòðóäíèòåëüíî ïðîñëåäèòü çàâèñèìîñòü ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñâîåãî ñîçíàíèÿ îò ýëåìåíòîâ åãî ïðîøëîé èñòîðèè. Ìåæäó òåì, ñàìî ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ïñèõîàíàëèçà ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ýòà çàâèñèìîñòü ìîæåò áûòü îáúåêòèâèçèðîâàíà è õîòÿ áû ÷àñòè÷íî ôîðìàëèçîâàíà. Ïî ðÿäó ïðè÷èí ïîëó÷èëîñü, ÷òî áåññîçíàòåëüíîå îêàçàëîñü çà ïðåäåëàìè èíòåðåñîâ êðóïíåéøèõ òåîðåòèêîâ ÈÈ è ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ îáðàçîâ.  ÑÑÑÐ ïñèõîàíàëèç áûë çàïðåùåí, êíèãè åãî îñíîâàòåëåé ïîÿâèëèñü òîëüêî â 7080-õ ãîäàõ XX âåêà.  ÑØÀ äîëãîå âðåìÿ áûë ïîïóëÿðåí áèõåâèîðèçì ñ åãî óïðîùåííîé ìîäåëüþ "âîçäåéñòâèå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåàêöèÿ". Îò÷àñòè, ñëàáûé èíòåðåñ ê ïñèõîàíàëèçó ñî ñòîðîíû ìàòåìàòèêîâ îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ñàìîé ñóòüþ ôåíîìåíà. Ñî âðåìåí ïîÿâëåíèÿ ìàòåìàòèêè îñíîâíûì åå ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèì èíñòðóìåíòîì áûëî îáîáùåíèå â âèäå ôîðìàëüíûõ çàâèñèìîñòåé ðåçóëüòàòîâ íàáëþäåíèé çà âíåøíèìè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñóáúåêòó ïðåäìåòàìè, ëèáî îáîáùåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñàìîíàáëþäåíèÿ, îäíàêî ìåõàíèçìû íàêîïëåíèÿ íîâîãî îïûòà (âûâåäåíèÿ "íîâîãî") îêàçûâàþòñÿ çà ãðàíüþ äîñòóïíîãî èíòðîñïåêöèè.  ðåçóëüòàòå ìû èìååì ïðîäóêöèîííóþ ìàøèíó, äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íî èìèòèðóþùóþ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ðàññóæäåíèé ÷åëîâåêà, îäíàêî íå çíàåì, êàê íàó÷èòü ìàøèíó ñîçäàâàòü íàáîð ïðàâèë äëÿ äàííîé ïðîäóêöèîííîé ìàøèíû. Ýòî ïðèõîäèòñÿ äåëàòü ñàìîìó ÷åëîâåêó.
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Ñëîæíîñòü ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
Ñòðóêòóðà ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîæíà, à ñ äðóãîé âïîëíå îäíîðîäíà. Ñëîæíîñòü ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî äàæå â ïåðâîì ïðèáëèæåíèè íå óäàåòñÿ îïèñàòü ðàáîòó ìîçãà ÷åðåç îäíó èç õîðîøî èçâåñòíûõ ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ èëè àëãîðèòìè÷åñêèõ àíòðîïîãåííûõ ñèñòåì.1 Êðîìå òîãî, ñòðóêòóðà ìîçãà âûñøèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, â òîì ÷èñëå è ÷åëîâåêà, âî ìíîãîì èçáûòî÷íà: â åå ñîñòàâå ïðèñóòñòâóåò ìíîãî ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñèñòåì, 1 Ñíà÷àëà äëÿ îáúÿñíåíèÿ ðàáîòû ìîçãà ïîëüçîâàëèñü ìåòàôîðîé ïàðîâîãî äâèãàòåëÿ, çàòåì ìåòàôîðîé ñ òåëåôîííîé ñåòè, ïîòîì êîìïüþòåðà.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîçã ñðàâíèâàþò ñî Âñåìèðíîé Ïàóòèíîé. Êàæäûé ðàç èñïîëüçîâàëàñü íàèáîëåå ñëîæíàÿ èç èçâåñòíûõ ìîäåëåé.
1 Ñëîæíîñòü ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
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ïîòåíöèàëüíî äóáëèðóþùèõ äðóã äðóãà.  ñëó÷àå âûõîäà èç ñòðîÿ îäíîé èç ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñèñòåì, åå ôóíêöèÿ ìîæåò íà÷àòü "âûïîëíÿòüñÿ" äðóãèìè ñèñòåìàìè.  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ "ïåðåêëþ÷åíèå" äóáëèðóþùèõñÿ ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñèñòåì ïðîòåêàåò íåçàìåòíî, êàê, íàïðèìåð, ïåðåêëþ÷åíèå öåíòðîâ êîíòðîëÿ äûõàíèÿ è ñåðäöåáèåíèÿ ïî ìåðå óñòàëîñòè àêòèâíîé ñèñòåìû.  ñëó÷àå íåáîëüøèõ òðàâìàòè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé, ñîñåäíèå ó÷àñòêè áåðóò íà ñåáÿ ôóíêöèþ ïîâðåæäåííûõ, íî äëÿ ýòîãî íåîáõîäèìî ñîçíàòåëüíîå ó÷àñòèå ñóáúåêòà ïîñðåäñòâîì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè. Ðåçåðâíûå âîçìîæíîñòè ìîçãà âåëèêè, íî íå áåçãðàíè÷íû. Èíîãäà äàæå î÷åíü îáøèðíûå ïîòåðè êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé íå ïðèâîäÿò ê êà÷åñòâåííûì íàðóøåíèÿì ñîçíàíèÿ è ñàìîñîçíàíèÿ. Îäíàêî, íåçíà÷èòåëüíûå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ íà óðîâíå ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð ìîãóò ñóùåñòâåííûì îáðàçîì ñêàçàòüñÿ íà ñîñòîÿíèè ñîçíàíèÿ, à ïîâðåæäåíèÿ íà óðîâíå ñòâîëîâûõ ñòðóêòóð ÷àñòî ìîãóò áûòü íåñîâìåñòèìû ñ æèçíüþ. Äðóãîé ôàêòîð, îñëîæíÿþùèé èçó÷åíèå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà îñîáåííîñòè ôèëîãåíåçà. Ìîçã æèâûõ ñóùåñòâ ïîñòóïàòåëüíî óñëîæíÿåòñÿ ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿ ïî "ëåñòíèöå ýâîëþöèè" ÷åðåç äîáàâëåíèå âñ¼ íîâûõ îòäåëîâ, ïðè ýòîì ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ðàçäåëåíèå ìåæäó íèìè ÷àñòè÷íî ïåðåðàñïðåäåëÿåòñÿ. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ïòèöà ïîñëå óäàëåíèÿ çðèòåëüíîé êîðû ïðîäîëæàåò âèäåòü íàñåñò è ñàäèòüñÿ íà íåãî, à êðûñà ïðîäîëæàåò âèäåòü ñâåò, íî íå ðàçëè÷àåò ôîðì ïðåäìåòîâ[1]. ×åëîâåê â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñîâåðøåííî òåðÿåò çðèòåëüíóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü êðîìå çðèòåëüíûõ ñòâîëîâûõ ðåôëåêñîâ. Íàáëþäàþùååñÿ â äàííîì ñëó÷àå âûíåñåíèå "öåíòðà òÿæåñòè" îáðàáîòêè ñèãíàëîâ ñî ñòâîëîâîãî óðîâíÿ íà êîðêîâûé â ïðîöåññå ôèëîãåíåçà ìîæåò áûòü îáðàòèìûì: â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïðè ïîðàæåíèè êîðêîâîãî óðîâíÿ âîçìîæíî ÷àñòè÷íîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå ôóíêöèè çà ñ÷åò âêëþ÷åíèÿ äðåâíèõ ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð ìîçãà, äîñòàâøèõñÿ ÷åëîâåêó â íàñëåäñòâî îò æèâîòíûõ. Ïîæàëóé ñàìûé ñóùåñòâåííûé ôàêòîð, îñëîæíÿþùèé èçó÷åíèå ìîçãà, ñîñòîèò â ñóãóáî ðàñïðåäåëåííîì ìåõàíèçìå îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè. Ïðèíöèï ëîêàëèçàöèîíèçìà (ñïåöèàëèçàöèè), â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîòîðûì çà îïðåäåëåííûìè ó÷àñòêàìè êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé è ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð "çàêðåïëÿåòñÿ" òîò èëè èíîé ôåíîìåí ïñèõè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ, èìååò ñóùåñòâåííûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ: ãðàíèöû êîðêîâûõ ïîëåé, îòâåòñòâåííûõ çà òó èëè èíóþ "ôóíêöèþ" âàðüèðóþòñÿ êàê îò ñóáúåêòà ê ñóáúåêòó, òàê è â îíòîãåíåçå îäíîãî ñóáúåêòà (ãðàíèöû â íà÷àëå æèçíè íå ñîâïàäàþò ñ ãðàíèöàìè êîíöå æèçíè).  ïðîöåññå àíàëèçà èíôîðìàöèÿ, ïîñòóïàþùàÿ ïî íåðâíûì òðàêòàì îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ "ðàçáèâàåòñÿ" íà íåñêîëüêî êàíàëîâ. Îáðàáîòêà â êàæäîì êàíàëå âåäåòñÿ ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ äðóãèìè êàíàëàìè. Íàïðèìåð, àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñèãíàë ðàçáèâàåòñÿ ïî íåñêîëüêèì ÷àñòîòíûì êàíàëàì, èç êîòîðûõ âûäåëÿåòñÿ êàíàë èíôîðìàöèè î ðàçíîñòè ôàç. Ãðàíèöû êàíàëîâ óñòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ äèíàìè÷åñêè: äâà "áëèçêèõ" ïî ñïåêòðàëüíîìó ñîñòàâó çâóêà ìîãóò àíàëèçèðîâàòüñÿ íåçàâèñèìî, à ìîãóò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê îäèí ñëîæíûé çâóê. Íà ýòàïå ñèíòåçà óïðàâëÿþùèõ ñèãíàëîâ ïðîöåññ ïðîòåêàåò â îáðàòíîì ïîðÿäêå: ñèíòåç ïðîèñõîäèò ñðàçó â íåñêîëüêèõ êàíàëàõ, êîòîðûå ïîòîì îáúåäèíÿþòñÿ â îäèí.2 Íàïðèìåð, ïîðàæåíèå áàçàëüíûõ ãàíãëèé ïðèâîäèò ëèáî ê òðåìîðó, ëèáî ê ïîëíîìó âûïàäåíèþ "ìåëêèõ" äâèæåíèé, òîãäà êàê "êðóïíûå" ïðîèçâîëüíûå äâèæåíèÿ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ. Ïîðàæåíèå 2 Òå,
êòî ñâÿçàí ñ ìàøèííûì íàáîðîì òåêñòîâ çàìå÷àëè, ÷òî îäíîé èç ñàìûõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ îøèáîê íàáîðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåçàìåòíàÿ äëÿ íàáîðùèêà ïåðåñòàíîâêà áóêâ â ñëîâàõ, ïðè ýòîì ïåðåñòàíàâëèâàåìûå áóêâû ìîãóò íàõîäèòüñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî äàëåêî äðóã îò äðóãà íà êëàâèàòóðå. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î áóêâåííîì ñîñòàâå ñëîâà è î ïîðÿäêå ñëåäîâàíèÿ áóêâ â ñëîâå îáðàáàòûâàåòñÿ â ðàçíûõ êàíàëàõ. Ïðè íåâíèìàòåëüíîì íàáîðå (ïîíèæåííûé óðîâåíü äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè) èíôîðìàöèÿ îäíîãî èç êàíàëîâ òåðÿåòñÿ, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê èñêàæåíèÿì. Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî, ÷òî ïðè ïîíèæåííîì óðîâíå ìîòèâàöèè îïèñàííûå îøèáêè òðóäíî îïðåäåëèìû ïðè ïîñëåäóþùåé âû÷èòêå òåêñòà: ÷åëîâåê, ïðî÷èòàâ ñëîâî ñ èñêàæåííûì ïîðÿäêîì ñëåäîâàíèÿ áóêâ íå îáíàðóæèâàåò îøèáêè, òîãäà êàê îøèáêè çàìåíû è ïðîïóñêà áóêâ â ñëîâå äåòåêòèðóþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ëó÷øå.
2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà ìîçæå÷êà ïðèâîäèò ê âûïàäåíèþ "êðóïíûõ" íåïðîèçâîëüíûõ êîìïîíåíò äâèæåíèé, îòâåòñòâåííûõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, çà ïîääåðæàíèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, íà óðîâíå ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð è ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû èíôîðìàöèÿ ðàçáèâàåòñÿ íà êàíàëû, îáðàáàòûâàåìûå íà êîðêîâîì óðîâíå ïàðàëëåëüíî. Ðåçóëüòàòû îáðàáîòêè, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà êîðêîâîì óðîâíå ìíîãîêîìïîíåíòíûìè, ìíîãîêàíàëüíûìè "âåêòîðàìè", "ñâîðà÷èâàþòñÿ" íà óðîâíå ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð è ñïèííîãî ìîçãà â åäèíûé âðåìÿ-èìïóëüñíûé ñèãíàë. Êðîìå ìíîãîêàíàëüíîãî ðàçäåëåíèÿ ñèãíàëà, îäíà è òà æå ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà ìîæåò â ðàçíûå ìîìåíòû âðåìåíè ó÷àñòâîâàòü â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ ôóíêöèé, íå îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê "ïðÿìîìó" íàçíà÷åíèþ äàííîé ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìû. Íàïðèìåð, èçâåñòíî, ÷òî àáñòðàêòíîå ìûøëåíèå èìååò âåðáàëüíóþ (ðå÷åâóþ) äîìèíàíòó: ïîðàæåíèå äàæå íèçøèõ îòäåëîâ ðå÷åâîé ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìû ïðèâîäèò ê ñåðüåçíîìó íàðóøåíèþ ìûñëèòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Äèíàìè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð êîììóòàöèè ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñèñòåì çàòðóäíÿåò àíàëèç èçìåíåíèé íåéðî- è ïñèõîäèíàìèêè íà îñíîâå àíàëèçà òðàâìàòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ: ÷àñòî âî âðåìÿ òðàâìû ñòðàäàþò ñðàçó íåñêîëüêî ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñèñòåì, ÷òî çàòðóäíÿåò óñòàíîâëåíèå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ (ýôôåêò íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè) ìåæäó íàáëþäàåìûì ïñèõè÷åñêèì íàðóøåíèåì è êàðòèíîé òðàâìàòè÷åñêîãî èëè èíîãî ïîðàæåíèÿ. Âîïðåêè óñòàíîâèâøåìóñÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèþ, ñëîæíîñòü ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà íîñèò îãðàíè÷åííûé õàðàêòåð. Íà óðîâíå êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé âûäåëÿþòñÿ èåðàðõè÷åñêè îðãàíèçîâàííûå ìàêðîñòðóêòóðû, òàêèå êàê ñëîè, êîëîíêè, ïåðâè÷íûå, âòîðè÷íûå è òðåòè÷íûå çîíû. Êîðòèêî-êîðòèêàëüíûå ñâÿçè èìåþò êàê ñëó÷àéíóþ, òàê è ðåãóëÿðíóþ êîìïîíåíòû. Ñàì õàðàêòåð ñâÿçåé ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ïîñòîÿííûì â ïðåäåëàõ çîíû. Õàðàêòåð ñâÿçåé íà óðîâíå ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð åùå áîëåå ïðåäñêàçóåì: õîòÿ êîëè÷åñòâî àíàòîìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçîâàíèé, âõîäÿùèõ â ïîäêîðêîâûå ñòðóêòóðû, äîñòàòî÷íî âåëèêî (1020), ñèãíàë ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ ïî òèïè÷íîé êîðêîâîé ðåôëåêòîðíîé äóãå ïîñòóïàòåëüíî. Èìååòñÿ äâà âèäà îáðàòíûõ ñâÿçåé: íà ìàêðîóðîâíå êðóã Ïàïåöà (ëèìáè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà) è íà ìèêðîóðîâíå íåéðîñòðóêòóðû ñ îáðàòíûìè ñâÿçÿìè, àíàëîãè÷íûå ñåòÿì Õîïôèëäà (ãèïïîêàìï?), ñïîñîáíûå, ïîäîáíî òðèããåðàì, äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ óäåðæèâàòü âîçáóæäåíèå. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, "àâòîìàò", óïðàâëÿþùèé ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåì ñèãíàëà ïî ðåôëåêòîðíîé äóãå, íå ñîäåðæèò ìíîãîøàãîâûõ öèêëîâ è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ âåòâëåíèé, ÷òî óïðîùàåò àíàëèç åãî äèíàìèêè.
2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà Êàê óæå èçâåñòíî, êîðà ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà äàëåêî íå îäíîðîäíà, åå îðãàíèçàöèÿ èìååò íåñêîëüêî èçìåðåíèé. Íà ìàêðîóðîâíå êîðà ðàçäåëÿåòñÿ íà áëîêè (ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèé èëè àêòèâàöèîííûé, áëîê ïðèåìà è ïåðåðàáîòêè, áëîê êîíòðîëÿ è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ), äàëåå íà äîëè (ëîáíàÿ, òåìåííàÿ, âèñî÷íàÿ, çàòûëî÷íàÿ, ëèìáè÷åñêàÿ) è çîíû (ïåðâè÷íûå, âòîðè÷íûå, òðåòè÷íûå). Íà ìèêðîóðîâíå, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ëîêàëèçàöèè â êîðå ìîæåò ïðåîáëàäàòü ëèáî ñëîèñòàÿ (áëîê ïðèåìà è ïåðåðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè), îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ íà àíàëèç íåðâíûõ èìïóëüñîâ, ëèáî êîëîí÷àòàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ (áëîê êîíòðîëÿ è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñèãíàëîâ), îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå èìïóëüñîâ. Àêòóàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñëîåâ è èõ òîëùèíà ìîãóò ìåíÿòüñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òèïèçàöèè (ïåðâè÷íûå, âòîðè÷íûå è òðåòè÷íûå çîíû).  öåëîì, öèòîàðõèòåêòîíèêà êîðû îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ åå ôóíêöèîíàëüíûì íàçíà÷åíèåì. Îñíîâíûì ïðèíöèïîì ðàáîòû êîðû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèíöèï àâòîàññîöèàòèâíîñòè èëè ïðèíöèï ðåôëåêñà: èñêóññòâåííî âûçâàííûé öåíòð àêòèâíîñòè (ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå ðàçäðàæåíèå) ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ àññîöèèðîâàííûõ ñ íèì öåíòðîâ àêòèâíîñòè â äðóãèõ ðàéîíàõ êî-
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2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
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ðû. Íàïðèìåð, âèä ÿáëîêà èëè ëèìîíà âûçûâàåò ëåãêîå îùóùåíèå êèñëîãî ïðèâêóñà íà ÿçûêå. Êîíå÷íî, â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ, ÷òî àññîöèàòèâíàÿ ñâÿçü ìåæäó ðàçäðàæèòåëÿìè äîëæíà ñóùåñòâîâàòü.
2.1
Ïåðâè÷íûå çîíû
Îòðàæåíèå ñóáúåêòèâíî âîñïðèíèìàåìûõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà èåðàðõè÷íî. Íà ïåðâîì óðîâíå èåðàðõèè íàõîäÿòñÿ ïåðâè÷íûå çîíû. Îíè ðàçëàãàþò ïîñòóïàþùèé ïî àôôåðåíòàöèè ñèãíàë íà áàçîâûå ïðèìèòèâû, âûçûâàþùèå ýëåìåíòàðíûå îùóùåíèÿ (îùóùåíèÿ öâåòà, âûñîòû òîíà çâóêà, ñåíñîðíûå îùóùåíèÿ).3 Ïåðâè÷íûå çîíû ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê áëîê ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñèãíàëà, âûäåëÿþùèé èç íåãî "ñóùåñòâåííóþ" èíôîðìàöèþ è îòáðàñûâàþùèé "íåñóùåñòâåííóþ". Íàïðèìåð, ÷åëîâåê ìîæåò îñìàòðèâàòü ïðåäìåò áåãëûì âçãëÿäîì, à ìîæåò âãëÿäûâàòüñÿ.  îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ äåòàëüíîñòü âîñïðèÿòèÿ ïðåäìåòà áóäåò ðàçëè÷íîé: ìåíüøåé â ïåðâîì è áîëüøåé âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå. Ðåæèì ðàáîòû ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òåñíî ñâÿçàííûì ñ íèìè òàëàìóñîì êîììóòàòîðîì, ñàìûì âàæíûì îðãàíîì â ìåõàíèçìå âíèìàíèÿ. Äðóãîé ïðèìåð ðàçëè÷åíèå öâåòîâûõ îòòåíêîâ èëè âûñîò çâóêîâ. Ïîñëå òðåíèðîâêè ÷åëîâåê ìîæåò íà÷àòü ðàçëè÷àòü îòòåíêè öâåòîâ, ðàíåå íåðàçëè÷èìûå.
2.2
Âòîðè÷íûå çîíû
Âòîðè÷íûå çîíû êîðû îòíîñÿòñÿ ê òèïó àññîöèàòèâíûõ : îíè ñâÿçûâàþò ìåæäó ñîáîé ó÷àñòêè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí àññîöèàòèâíûìè ñâÿçÿìè. Âîçìîæíû äâà ìåõàíèçìà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ àññîöèàòèâíûõ ñâÿçåé: • Ñòàòè÷åñêèé. Àññîöèàòèâíûå ñâÿçè ôîðìèðóþòñÿ çà ñ÷åò ôèçè÷åñêîãî ïðîðàñòàíèÿ äëèííûõ àêñîíîâ, ñâÿçûâàþùèõ ðàçëè÷íûå ó÷àñòêè êîðû. Ýòè ñâÿçè, íàðÿäó ñ âíóòðèñëîéíûìè è âíóòðèçîííûìè ñâÿçÿìè ôîðìèðóþò äîëãîâðåìåííóþ ïàìÿòü. îíè íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâû è ìàëî ïîäâåðæåíû âëèÿíèþ âðåìåíè, õîòÿ ñ âîçðàñòîì ïîñòåïåííî ðàçðóøàþòñÿ. Ñòàòè÷åñêèå àññîöèàöèè èãðàþò îñíîâíóþ ðîëü â ïðîòåêàíèè àâòîìàòèçìîâ. • Äèíàìè÷åñêèé. Àññîöèàòèâíûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè êîðû ôîðìèðóþòñÿ çà ñ÷åò êîììóòàöèè íà óðîâíå òàëàìóñà-ãèïïîêàìïà. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î "ïàðàìåòðàõ" êîììóòàöèè õðàíèòñÿ â êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè. Ôåíîìåí ðåòðîãðàäíîé àìåíçèè (ïîñòðàäàâøèé íå ïîìíèò ñîáûòèÿ ïðèìåðíî çà 10-15 è ìåíåå ìèíóò äî òðàâìû) ñâÿçàí ñ ïîòåðåé èíôîðìàöèè êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè âî âðåìÿ òðàâìû. Ýòè äâà ìåõàíèçìà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ àññîöèàöèé òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé: ïîêà â êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè (íà áåññîçíàòåëüíîì óðîâíå) óäåðæèâàåòñÿ êàðòà êîììóòàöèè äèíàìè÷åñêèõ àññîöèàöèé, ïðîèñõîäèò ôèçè÷åñêîå ïðîðàñòàíèå àêñîíîâ, à òàê æå èçìåíåíèå ïëàñòè÷íîñòè ñèíàïòè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé, ôîðìèðóþùåå ñîîòâåòñâóþùóþ ñòàòè÷åñêóþ àññîöèàöèþ. Äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ òàêèõ àññîöèàöèé òðåáóåòñÿ íåñêîëüêî äíåé. Ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òîò ôàêò, ÷òî òîëüêî ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé ïîëó÷åííûé îïûò ìîæåò áûòü óñòîé÷èâî çàêðåïëåí è ïåðåâåäåí íà óðîâåíü àâòîìàòèçìà. 3 Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îäíîãî òîëüêî ðàçäðàæåíèÿ ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí íåäîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ ïîÿâëåíèÿ îùóùåíèÿ ó ñóáúåêòà. Ñ ìîìåíòà ðàçäðàæåíèÿ äî ìîìåíòà ïîÿâëåíèÿ îùóùåíèÿ ïðîõîäèò îïðåäåëåííûé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè (ïîðÿäêà 200 ìñ), â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî â ïðîöåññ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ îùóùåíèÿ âîâëåêàþòñÿ äðóãèå íåéðîííûå ñòðóêòóðû[5].
2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà Àññîöèàòèâíûå ñâÿçè âòîðè÷íûõ çîí ìîãóò èìåòü ñàìóþ ñëîæíóþ êîíôèãóðàöèþ: îò ïðîñòåéøèõ ñâÿçåé, îáúåäèíÿþùèõ íåñêîëüêî ïðîñòûõ îùóùåíèé (öåíòðîâ àêòèâíîñòè â ïåðâè÷íûõ çîíàõ), òàê è öåíòðû àêòèâíîñòè â ñîáñòâåííîé âòîðè÷íîé çîíå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì ïîòåíöèàëüíî ìîæåò áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíî ôîðìèðîâàíèå î÷åíü ñëîæíûõ àññîöèàòèâíûõ ãðàôîâ. Íàïðèìåð, âîñïðèÿòèå ïðîñòûõ "îáðàçîâ" îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ íà óðîâíå âòîðè÷íûõ çîí: îáðàçû ëèö, äåðåâüåâ, ìóçûêè, ñëîâ. Îñíîâíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü âòîðè÷íûõ çîí îíè òåñíî ïðèâÿçàíû ê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ïåðâè÷íûì çîíàì. Íàïðèìåð, âòîðè÷íûå çðèòåëüíûå çîíû îáúåäèíÿþò àññîöèàòèâíûìè ñâÿçÿìè òîëüêî ó÷àñòêè ïåðâè÷íûõ çðèòåëüíûõ çîí.
2.3
Òðåòè÷íûå çîíû
Òðåòè÷íûå çîíû ñëàáî âûðàæåíû ó âûñøèõ æèâîòíûõ, íî çàíèìàþò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ïëîùàäü ó ÷åëîâåêà. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî èõ îñíîâíîå íàçíà÷åíèå ñîñòîèò â îáúåäèíåíèè àññîöèàòèâíûìè ñâÿçÿìè ðàçíîìîäàëüíûõ îáðàçîâ. Èìåííî íà ýòîì óðîâíå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ âîñïðèÿòèå òîãî, ÷òî ïîëó÷èëî íàçâàíèå "îáðàçîâ": ñâÿçü îáðàçà ëèìîíà è îáðàçà êèñëîãî ïðèâêóñà îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ çà ñ÷åò òðåòè÷íûõ çîí.
2.4
Äèíàìèêà êîðû, àíàëèç è ñèíòåç èíôîðìàöèè
Íåêîòîðûå èññëåäîâàòåëè, íàïðèìåð [6], êðîìå ñòàòè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð (ñëîè, êîëîíêè) óêàçûâàþò íà ñóùåñòâîâàíèå äèíàìè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå àêòèâàöèè è òîðìîæåíèÿ ïî ïëîùàäè êîðû èìååò ãðàíóëÿðíóþ ñòðóêòóðó, êîãäà ñîñåäíèå ãðóïïû íåéðîíîâ ìîãóò âîçáóæäàòüñÿ èëè òîðìîçèòüñÿ îäíîâðåìåííî.  ïåðâîì ïðèáëèæåíèè òàêàÿ ìîäåëü ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ìîäåëè ÿ÷åèñòûõ àâòîìàòîâ: ÿ÷åéêà ïðèíèìàåò âîçáóæäåííîå (1) èëè çàòîðìîæåííîå (0) ñîñòîÿíèå â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ôóíêöèè îò ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÿ÷ååê íåêîòîðîé åå îêðåñòíîñòè. Ñòðóêòóðà ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëîâ êîðû â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò èçó÷åíà íàèáîëåå õîðîøî. Èõ ôóíêöèÿ ñîñòîèò â âûäåëåíèè è ëîêàëèçàöèè áàçîâûõ ïðèìèòèâîâ, èç êîòîðûõ, ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû, ñîñòîèò àíàëèçèðóåìûé ñèãíàë.  ïåðâè÷íîé çðèòåëüíîé êîðå âûäåëÿþò ìèêðîçîíû (êîðòèêàëüíûå "êîëîíêè"), ñîâîêóïíî ðåàãèðóþùèå íà îïðåäåëåííûå ïðèçíàêè. Ê òàêîâûì, íàïðèìåð, îòíîñÿòñÿ: ëèíèè è óãëû, ïîâåðíóòûå íà îïðåäåëåííûé óãîë ëèíèè, ëèíèè, ïåðåìåùàþùèåñÿ ïîä îïðåäåëåííûì óãëîì è ò.ï. Ïåðâè÷íàÿ çðèòåëüíàÿ êîðà íå ðàñïîçíàåò ñëîæíûõ èçîáðàæåíèé: äîñòàòî÷íî ïîìàõàòü ïåðåä ãëàçàìè ëÿãóøêè ìàëåíüêîé áóìàæêîé, ïîäâåøåííîé íà òîíêîì âîëîñêå, ÷òîáû âûçâàòü õâàòàòåëüíûé ðåôëåêñ (ïðûæîê). Ñèãíàë, ïîëó÷àþùèéñÿ "íà âûõîäå" ïåðâè÷íîé çîíû êîðû, ýòî ìåðà ñõîäñòâà ðåàëüíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ñ ìàòðèöåé áàçîâûõ ïðèìèòèâîâ (ðèñ. 1). Ó ïðèìèòèâíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ, íàïðèìåð ó òîé æå ëÿãóøêè, îáðàáîòêà çðèòåëüíîãî ñèãíàëà íà ýòîì, â îñíîâíîì, çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ. Âòîðè÷íûå çðèòåëüíûå çîíû, ïîçâîëÿþùèå ðåàãèðîâàòü óæå íà áîëåå ñëîæíûå ïðèìèòèâû, ðàçâèòû ñëàáî. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, èíîãäà äëÿ âûæèâàíèÿ òðåáóåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ áûñòðîòà ðåàêöèè. Ïîýòîìó ðåôëåêòîðíàÿ äóãà íåêîòîðûõ áåçóñëîâíûõ ðåôëåêñîâ ïðîõîäèò òîëüêî ÷åðåç ïåðâè÷íûå çîíû êîðû: ïåðâè÷íûå çðèòåëüíûå çîíû íå òîëüêî àíàëèçèðóþò ñèãíàë, íî è ìîãóò çàïóñêàòü íåêîòîðûå äâèãàòåëüíûå ðåôëåêñû. Âòîðè÷íûå çîíû èçó÷åíû ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå ïåðâè÷íûõ, íî åñòü îñíîâàíèÿ óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî îáùèå ïðèíöèïû èõ ðàáîòû ñõîäû ñ ïðèíöèïàìè ðàáîòû ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí (òàáë. 1).
7
2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
8
Cortical colons responce
Primary Visual Cortex
Mapping
Real Image 2D−Signal
Ðèñ. 1: Ïðèíöèïû ðàáîòû ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëîâ êîðû: ðàçëîæåíèå íåðâíîãî ñèãíàëà íà áàçîâûå ïðèìèòèâû. Íà ðèñóíêå Cortical colons responce îòêëèê êîëîíîê êîðû, Primary Visual Cortex ïåðâè÷íàÿ çðèòåëüíàÿ êîðà, Mapping êàðòèðîâàíèå (ðàçëîæåíèå) ñèãíàëà, ïîñòóïàþùåãî ñ ñåò÷àòêè ïî ïëîùàäè êîðû, Real Image 2D Signal äâóìåðíûé ñèãíàë ðåàëüíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ïîñòóïàþùèé ñ ñåò÷àòêè ãëàçà.
Ìîäàëüíîñòü Ñëóõîâàÿ
Ïåðâè÷íûå çîíû òîíàëüíûå è øóìîâûå çâóêè
Çðèòåëüíàÿ
öâåòíûå âñïûøêè
Êîæíî-êèíåñòåòè÷åñêàÿ
ïîêàëûâàíèå, îïðåäåëåííîì òåëà ïîäåðãèâàíèÿ ìûøö
Ìîòîðíàÿ
áîëü â ó÷àñòêå ðàçíûõ
Âòîðè÷íûå çîíû îòäåëüíûå ñëîâà, ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, îòðûâêè ìåëîäèé ðàçëè÷íûå çðèòåëüíûå îáðàçû: ïðåäìåòû, ëèöà îùóùåíèå îáúåìà ñâîåãî òåëà ñóäîðîãè (ïî òèïó ýïèëåïòè÷åñêèõ), çàïóñê è îñòàíîâ ñëîæíûõ äâèæåíèé
Òàáëèöà 1: Ðåçóëüòàòû ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî èëè õèìè÷åñêîãî ðàçäðàæåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ çîí êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà.
2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáû÷íûé çðèòåëüíûé ðàçäðàæèòåëü ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ â ñîçíàíèè îùóùåíèÿ ìíîæåñòâà ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ îáðàçîâ, èìåþùèõ òó èëè èíóþ ñòåïåíü àññîöèàöèè ñ äàííûì ðàçäðàæèòåëåì. Ýëåìåíòàìè äàííîãî ìíîæåñòâà ìîãóò áûòü îáðàçû ñàìîé ðàçíîé ìîäàëüíîñòè íå òîëüêî çðèòåëüíîé, êèíåñòåòè÷åñêîé èëè ìîòîðíîé, íî è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé, "ëîãè÷åñêîé" è ò.ä.  ÷àñòíîì ñëó÷àå, òàêîå ìíîæåñòâî àññîöèàöèé ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòü íåêîòîðóþ ïðîãðàììó äåéñòâèé, âêëþ÷àþùóþ "óïðàâëÿþùèå" êîìïîíåíòû âèäà "åñëè-òî", ñèãíàëèçèðóþùèå î íàëè÷èè îïðåäåëåííîãî ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ â êîíòåêñòå äàííîãî ìíîæåñòâà.  ìîäåëè íåðâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ, ïðåäëîæåííûõ Àíîõèíûì [8], òàêèå óïðàâëÿþùèå êîìïîíåíòû íàçûâàþòñÿ àêöåïòîðàìè ðåçóëüòàòà äåéñòâèÿ : íåðâíûå ñòðóêòóðû, ðåàãèðóþùèå íà íàëè÷èå îïðåäåëåííîãî ïîäîáðàçà íå â ïðîñòðàíñòâå âíåøíèõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû (íà íèõ ðåàãèðóþò ïåðâè÷íûå è âòîðè÷íûå çîíû), à â ïðîñòðàíñòâå âíóòðåííèõ îáðàçîâ, óæå ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ïðîäóêòîì ðàáîòû àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëîâ êîðû. Àêöåïòîðû ðåçóëüòàòà äåéñòâèÿ íà áåçóñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíîì óðîâíå ïåðåâîäÿò íåðâíóþ ñèñòåìó â íîâîå ñîñòîÿíèå, çàïóñêàÿ íîâûå ïðîãðàììû (àêòèâèðóþò ìíîæåñòâà àêöåïòîðîâ ðåçóëüòàòà äåéñòâèÿ). Ïðîöåññû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëàõ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé ìîæíî íàçâàòü "âîñõîäÿùèìè" (àôôåðåíòíûìè) èëè àíàëèòè÷åñêèìè : èíôîðìàöèÿ î ðàçäðàæèòåëå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç íåðâíûå öåïè ïåðâè÷íûõ, âòîðè÷íûõ è òðåòè÷íûõ çîí, ïîñòåïåííî "îáðàñòàÿ" àññîöèàöèÿìè è ïîñòåïåííî äîõîäÿ äî óðîâíÿ ñîçíàíèÿ.  ðåàëüíûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ ÷àñòî òðåáóåòñÿ òî÷íûé àíàëèç ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ, îãðàíè÷åííûé îïðåäåëåííûìè çíà÷åíèÿìè èñõîäíûõ è âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ äàííûõ. Äëÿ ýòîãî íåîáõîäèìî îòñåêàòü ïîáî÷íûå àññîöèàöèè, òîðìîçÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå çîíû êîðû. Ýòó ôóíêöèþ òîðìîæåíèÿ âûïîëíÿþò ôðîíòàëüíûå îòäåëû êîðû, îò êîòîðûõ â çàäíèå îòäåëû èäóò òîëñòûå ïó÷êè òîðìîçÿùèõ ñâÿçåé (ñì. ¾Íåéðîïñèõîëîãèÿ¿, ðèñ. 6), ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðûõ ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ôóíêöèÿ êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ. Íà ñóáúåêòèâíîì óðîâíå äàííàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ëîáíûõ äîëåé (ó ëîáíûõ äîëåé åñòü è äðóãèå ôóíêöèè) âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ êàê "îòñòðàíåíèå", "ïîãðóæåíèå â ñåáÿ", ñîïðîâîæäàþùåå, íàïðèìåð, ðåøåíèå ñëîæíîé èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé çàäà÷è.  ýòîò ìîìåíò ÷åëîâåê ïåðåñòàåò ðåàãèðîâàòü íà ðàçäðàæèòåëè (îíè íå äîõîäÿò äî ñîçíàíèÿ), íå ðåëåâàíòíûå ðåøàåìîé çàäà÷å. Íàïðèìåð, ìîæåò íå ñëûøàòü, ÷òî åãî çîâóò ïî èìåíè, ïåðåñòàòü îùóùàòü áîëü â æèâîòå èëè ãîëîâå è ò.ï. Ïåðåäíèå îòäåëû ìîçãà, ê êîòîðûì îòíîñèòñÿ ôðîíòàëüíàÿ êîðà, óïðàâëÿþò:
• äâèãàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìîé ôîðìèðóþò "òî÷íûå" ïðîèçâîëüíûå äâèæåíèÿ ðóê, íîã, ãóá, ãîðòàíè; • ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìîé ôîðìèðóþò àêòèâàöèîííûå âîçäåéñòâèÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ðåòèêóëÿðíîé ôîðìàöèè, ðåãóëèðóÿ òîíóñ âñåõ îòäåëîâ êîðû; • ñèñòåìîé àíàëèçà èíôîðìàöèè îíè óïðàâëÿþò ìåõàíèçìàìè âíèìàíèÿ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîãî äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ "ñóùåñòâåííîé" èíôîðìàöèè èç âñåãî ïîòîêà. Èíôîðìàöèîííûå ïðîöåññû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ôðîíòàëüíûì òîðìîæåíèåì, ìîæíî íàçâàòü "íèñõîäÿùèìè" (ýôôåðåíòíûìè) èëè ñèíòåòè÷åñêèìè. Îíè ïîðîæäàþòñÿ â ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñèñòåìå, çàäàþùåé îáùèé âåêòîð íàïðàâëåíèÿ àêòèâíîñòè, è, êîððåêòèðóÿñü ñ ó÷åòîì âîñõîäÿùèõ ïîòîêîâ èíôîðìàöèè îò àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëîâ, âñå áîëåå òî÷íî îïðåäåëÿþò íàïðàâëåíèå, êóäà âëå÷åò ñóáúåêòà ñèëà æåëàíèÿ.  ðåçóëüòàòå íèñõîäÿùåé àêòèâíîñòè ïîÿâèâøååñÿ â ñîçíàíèè â îòâåò íà ðàçäðàæèòåëü ìíîæåñòâî îáðàçîâ îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ, ïîíÿòèå "êîíêðåòèçèðóåòñÿ", îùóùåíèÿ ñòàíîâÿòñÿ âñå áîëåå îïðåäåëåííûìè, îò÷åòëèâûìè. Àêöåïòîð ðåçóëüòàòà äåéñòâèÿ èìååò íå òîëüêî àíàëèòè÷åñêóþ êîìïîíåíòó, îòâå÷àþùóþ çà ðàñïîçíàâàíèå â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ïðèçíàêîâ ðåëåâàíòíîãî ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ, íî è ñèíòå-
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2 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà òè÷åñêóþ, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðîé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñïåöèôè÷åñêîå äëÿ äàííîãî àêöåïòîðà òîðìîæåíèå àíàëèòè÷åñêîé êîðû. Ñðàáîòàâøèé àêöåïòîð ïåðåâîäèò â àêòèâíîå ñîñòîÿíèå äðóãèå àêöåïòîðû, óæå ïî-äðóãîìó òîðìîçÿùèå àíàëèòè÷åñêóþ êîðó. Òàêèì îáðàçîì îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ óïðàâëåíèå ïðåäìåòîì âíèìàíèÿ. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî àíàëèòèêî-ñèíòåòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ íå òîëüêî íà óðîâíå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ôðîíòàëüíûõ îòäåëîâ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé ñ àíàëèòè÷åñêèìè. Ñóùåñòâóåò ýôôåêò ëàòåðàëüíîãî òîðìîæåíèÿ, êîãäà ðàçäðàæåíèå íåêîòîðûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êîðû ìîæåò ïðèâîäèòü íå òîëüêî ê àêòèâàöèè, íî è ê òîðìîæåíèþ ñîñåäíèõ ìàêðîîáðàçîâàíèé.  ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîöåññ òîðìîæåíèÿ íåðåëåâàíòíûõ àññîöèàöèé ìîæåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ íå òîëüêî çà ñ÷åò ôðîíòàëüíîãî òîðìîæåíèÿ, íî è çà ñ÷åò ëîêàëüíûõ âíóòðèêîðêîâûõ ïðîöåññîâ, â ïðîòåêàíèè êîòîðûõ êîíòðîëèðóþùèå ñðåäèííûå ñòðóêòóðû ó÷àñòèÿ íå ïðèíèìàþò (ëàòåðàëüíîå òîðìîæåíèå).
2.5
Óïðàâëåíèå äèíàìèêîé êîðû
Äèíàìèêîé ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîçáóæäåíèÿ â êîðå áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé (èëè ôóíêöèåé âíèìàíèÿ ) óïðàâëÿþò äâà ìîçãîâûõ îáðàçîâàíèÿ: ðåòèêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ è òàëàìóñ. Ðåòèêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ (ÐÔ) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èç ñåáÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-ðàñïðåäåëåííóþ ñåòü àêñîíîâ, èäóùóþ ðàâíîìåðíî èç ñòâîëà ìîçãà êî âñåì ìèêðîîáðàçîâàíèÿì êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé. ÐÔ ðåãóëèðóåò íåñïåöèôè÷åñêóþ àêòèâàöèþ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé: èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïðîòåêàíèÿ àêòèâàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ â êîðå, âîñïðèíèìàåìóþ êàê ÿñíîñòü ñîçíàíèÿ. Òîðìîæåíèå ÐÔ ïåðåâîäèò ìîçã â ñîñòîÿíèå ñíà èëè êîìû. Òàëàìóñ ñîâîêóïíîñòü íåéðîîáðàçîâàíèé, ðåãóëèðóþùèõ ïðîõîæäåíèå íåðâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ, ïîñòóïàþùèõ â êîðó ïî àôôåðåíòíûì ïóòÿì îò îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ. Îí âûïîëíÿåò äâå îñíîâíûõ ôóíêöèè:
• âûïîëíÿåò ñïåöèôè÷åñêóþ àêòèâàöèþ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé, èçáèðàòåëüíî "ïîäñâå÷èâàÿ"òîò èëè èíîé åå ó÷àñòîê; • îòêëþ÷àåò àôôåðåíòíûå ñåíñîðíûå ïóòè îò êîðû, òåì ñàìûì ïîçâîëÿÿ âîçíèêíóòü âîîáðàæåíèþ ïðåäñòàâëåíèþ ïðåäìåòà áåç åãî ôèçè÷åñêîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ. Ïîìèìî àêòèâàöèîííîé, â ñîñòàâ âíèìàíèÿ âõîäèò òîðìîçÿùàÿ êîìïîíåíòà, ðåàëèçóåìàÿ àññîöèàòèâíûìè ñâÿçÿìè, èäóùèìè îò ôðîíòàëüíûõ îòäåëîâ êîðû ê àíàëèòè÷åñêèì. Ôðîíòàëüíîå òîðìîæåíèå ïîäàâëÿåò âñå ðàçäðàæèòåëè, íå ðåëåâàíòíûå àíàëèçèðóåìîìó. Ïàòîëîãèÿ ëîáíûõ äîëåé èëè ôðîíòàëüíî-çàòûëî÷íûõ ñâÿçåé ïðèâîäèò ê ëîáíîìó ñèíäðîìó.  ëåãêîé ôîðìå îí ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïîñòîÿííîì "øóìå" ìûñëåé, ïîñòåïåííî ïåðåõîäÿùèì â ãîëîâíóþ áîëü. Ïðè ýòîì êàæäûé ðàçäðàæèòåëü ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ïîÿâëåíèåì ìíîæåñòâà ïîáî÷íûõ àññîöèàöèé, ìåøàþùèõ êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ íà ðåëåâàíòíûõ ïðèçíàêàõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñòðàäàåò ôóíêöèÿ ãëóáèíû êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ.  áîëåå ãðóáîé ôîðìå ëîáíûé ñèíäðîì ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïîëíîì èëè ÷àñòè÷íîì ðàñïàäå íàìåðåíèé è ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòåé äåéñòâèé: áîëüíîé ïîñëå áåñåäû ñ âðà÷îì ìîæåò ïåðåïóòàòü äâåðü âûõîäÿ ñ äâåðüþ ïëàòÿíîãî øêàôà. Òàê æå, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò õàðàêòåðà ïîðàæåíèÿ, ñèëüíî ñòðàäàåò ýìîöèîíàëüíàÿ ñôåðà. Åñëè ãîâîðèòü ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèì ÿçûêîì, ôóíêöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ ñîñòîèò â îãðàíè÷åíèè ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïåðåáîðà ïðèçíàêîâ, íåîáõîäèìîãî äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ îïåðàöèè ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ èëè êëàññèôèêàöèè îáðàçà. Èëè, ÷òî òî æå ñàìîå, âíèìàíèå îïðåäåëÿåò ìåõàíèçì äðîáëåíèÿ çàäà÷è íà ïîäçàäà÷è ìåíüøåé ðàçìåðíîñòè, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü ðåøåíû â îäíîì àêòå âîñïðèÿòèÿ. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, òîðìîæåíèå óáèðàåò èç ïðîñòðàíñòâà âîñïðèÿòèå ïðèçíàêè,
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3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû ìåøàþùèå îäíîçíà÷íîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè îáðàçà è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïåðåõîäó íà ñëåäóþùèé ýòàï àíàëèçà. Åñëè â çîíàõ êîðû çàäíèõ, àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ, äîëåé õðàíèòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ, íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íàáëþäàåìàÿ â êàæäîì àêòå âîñïðèÿòèÿ, â êàæäîé êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ, òî ôðîíòàëüíàÿ êîðà õðàíèò àññîöèàöèè ìåæäó ðàçëè÷íûìè êîíöåíòðàöèÿìè âíèìàíèÿ. Ïðè åå ïîòåðå ðàçðûâàþòñÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè êîíöåíòðàöèé âíèìàíèÿ èëè àëãîðèòìû, âûïîëíåíèå êîòîðûõ ïðèâîäèò ê óäîâëåòâîðåíèþ ïîòðåáíîñòè öåëè ëþáîé àêòèâíîñòè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû.
2.6
Àëãîðèòìèêà ïðîöåññîâ âîñïðèÿòèÿ
Àíàëèç ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ ïðîöåññ âñåãäà ñèìóëüòàííî-ñóêöåññèâíûé (ïàðàëëåëüíî-ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé), ïðåäñòàâëåííûé â âèäå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ýòàïîâ, íà êàæäîì èç êîòîðûõ âñå ìíîæåñòâî ðàçäðàæèòåëåé îáðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ïàðàëëåëüíî. Ýòîò ìåõàíèçì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîäàëüíîíåñïåöèôè÷åñêèì è óñìàòðèâàåòñÿ âî âñåé òàëàìî-êîðòèêàëüíîé ñèñòåìå. Íàáëþäåíèå çà çðèòåëüíûì âîñïðèÿòèåì íåçíàêîìûõ ïðåäìåòîâ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ñðàçó ïîñëå ïðåäúÿâëåíèÿ ãëàç óëàâëèâàåò òîëüêî îáùèå êîíòóðû ïðåäìåòà, à âîñïðèÿòèå ãðóáî êëàññèôèöèðóåò: ñòîë, äîì, áóòûëêà, ÷åëîâåê è ò.ï. È òîëüêî íà ïîñëåäóþùèõ ýòàïàõ íà÷èíàþò àíàëèçèðîâàòüñÿ äåòàëè, èñõîäÿ èç ïðèçíàêîâ âûäåëåííîãî íà ïåðâîì ýòàïå êëàññà. Äåòàëèçàöèÿ óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå áóäåò äîñòèãíóòà öåëü, ïîñòàâëåííàÿ äî íà÷àëà ïðîöåññà êëàññèôèêàöèè. Åñëè èñïûòóåìîìó êîíêðåòèçèðîâàòü çàäà÷ó ("ñåé÷àñ òåáå ïîêàæóò ÷åëîâåêà"), òî âîñïðèÿòèå ïîäñòðàèâàåòñÿ è íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ ýòàïà àíàëèçà äåòàëåé ÷åëîâåêà, èñõîäÿ èç òîãî, ÷òî íà êàðòèíêå óæå ðèñóíîê, óäîâëåòâîðÿþùåé îáùåé ñõåìå ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî òåëà. Ñàìà æå çðèòåëüíûé îáðàç ñõåìû òåëà ñôîðìèðîâàí ïîñðåäñòâîì âåðáàëüíîé êîìàíäû, â íà÷àëå âîñïðèÿòèÿ êîòîðîé îí îòñóòñòâîâàë. Àíàëèç äåòàëåé íèêîãäà íå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ïðåæäå àíàëèçà öåëîãî. Òàêîé ìîäåëè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò àëãîðèòì ïîèñêà èíôîðìàöèè ïî óïîðÿäî÷åííîìó äåðåâó, â êîòîðîì ðîäèòåëüñêèì óçëàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ýëåìåíòû ñ ìåíüøåé äåòàëèçàöèåé (îáùèå êîíòóðû â ñëó÷àå çðåíèÿ), à äî÷åðíèì óçëàì äåòàëè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ýòîìó îáùåìó êîíòóðó. Ïî ìåðå ïðîõîæäåíèÿ îò êîðíÿ âãëóáü äåðåâà äåòàëèçàöèÿ ïîëó÷àåìîãî îáðàçà ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ. Êîëè÷åñòâî óðîâíåé òàêîãî äåðåâà ïîòåíöèàëüíî íå îãðàíè÷åíî è ìîæåò ðàñøèðÿòüñÿ âñëåäñòâèå óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè â íîâîé èíôîðìàöèè î ðàçäðàæèòåëå. Äðåâîâèäíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà òèïà "îáùåå-÷àñòíîå" ýôôåêòèâíà òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà îòíîøåíèÿ (àññîöèàòèâíûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó îäíîìîäàëüíûìè è ðàçíîìîäàëüíûìè îáðàçàìè), çàäàííûå äëÿ óçëà, ñïðàâåäëèâû äëÿ âñåé îñòàâøåéñÿ âåòâè äåðåâà.  òàêîì ñëó÷àå, ðóêîâîäñòâóÿñü ïîäîáíûì îáðàçîì ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííûì êðèòåðèåì ïîèñêà, ìîæíî áûñòðî âûïîëíÿòü ïîèñê íóæíîé èíôîðìàöèè â õðàíèëèùå äëÿ êëàññèôèêàöèè ðàçäðàæèòåëåé, íå ïðîõîäÿ ïðè ýòîì ïîëíûé ïóòü îò êîðíÿ äî ëèñòüåâ.  îáû÷íîé ñèòóàöèè äåòàëüíîñòü àíàëèçà ÷åëîâåêîì çðèòåëüíûõ è ñëóõîâûõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé ìèíèìàëüíà è óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ïðè âîçíèêíîâåíèè íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè âñëåäñòâèå ïîìåõ èëè íîâèçíû.
3
Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû
Äåÿòåëüíîñòü íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû óïðàâëÿåòñÿ ïîòðåáíîñòÿìè.  îáùåì ñëó÷àå, ïîòðåáíîñòü îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ êàê íåîáõîäèìîñòü ïåðåéòè â íîâîå ñîñòîÿíèå, îïðåäåëÿåìîå ÷åðåç íåêèé íàáîð ïàðàìåòðîâ. Íàïðèìåð, ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîòðåáíîñòè ðåãóëèðóþò äèíàìèêó ïèòàòåëü-
11
3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû
12
íûõ âåùåñòâ, êèñëîðîäà è ãîðìîíîâ â êðîâè. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîòðåáíîñòè, ïîÿâëÿþùèåñÿ â êîíòåêñòå àíàëèòè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, îòðàæàþò äîñòèãíóòûé óðîâåíü ðåøåíèÿ àíàëèòè÷åñêîé çàäà÷è.  áîëåå îáùåé ôîðìå ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü ðåãóëèðóåò ïðîöåññ ïîçíàíèÿ. Åñëè ôîðìàëüíî ñëåäîâàòü ïðèâåäåííîìó îïðåäåëåíèþ, òî ÷åðåç ïîòðåáíîñòü ìîæíî âûðàçèòü ëþáóþ äèíàìèêó â äèñêðåòíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ïàðàìåòðîâ. Îäíàêî, î ïîòðåáíîñòÿõ ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê íåðâíîé ñèñòåìå, ãîâîðÿò ïðè ïåðåõîäå ê áîëåå âûñîêîìó, ÷åì íåéðîíû è ó÷àñòêè êîðû, óðîâíþ îðãàíèçàöèè. Íà ðàçíûõ ýòàïàõ ñâîåãî æèçíåííîãî öèêëà, îò ïîðîæäåíèÿ äî óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ, ïîòðåáíîñòü âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ ñóáúåêòíîì ïî-ðàçíîìó: ýòî ìîæåò áûòü âëå÷åíèå, öåëü, æåëàíèå, óñòðåìëåíèå, ïîòðåáíîñòü (â óçêîì ñìûñëå), ìîòèâàöèÿ, ìîòèâ. È íà êàæäîì èç ýòàïîâ ñâîåãî æèçíåííîãî öèêëà ïîòðåáíîñòü, êàê êîíöåïò ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ, èìååò ðàçëè÷íûé ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé ýêâèâàëåíò.  öåëîì, ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ìîòèâàöèÿ ýòî ïðîöåññ ðåàëèçàöèè, ðàçâåðòûâàíèÿ æèçíåííîãî öèêëà ìîòèâà [13]. À ñàì ìîòèâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîåêöèåé â ñîçíàíèå ñóáúåêòà ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ýêâèâàëåíòà ïîòðåáíîñòè, íàõîäÿùåéñÿ íà îïðåäåëåííîì ýòàïå ñâîåãî æèçíåííîãî öèêëà. Ìîòèâîì íàçûâàåòñÿ îïðåäìå÷åííàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü ò.å. òî, ïîñðåäñòâîì ÷åãî ýòà ïîòðåáíîñòü áóäåò óäîâëåòâîðåíà.
3.1
Ìîòèâàöèè
Ïîòðåáíîñòè óäîáíî äåëèòü íà òðè êëàññà îòíîñèòåëüíî èõ ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè.
• Ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå. Ýòî ïîòðåáíîñòè íàïðÿìóþ ðåãóëèðóþò æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòü îðãàíèçìà: îíè ôîðìèðóþò ìîòèâàöèÿ ãîëîäà, èíñòèíêò ñàìîñîõðàíåíèÿ, ïîëîâûå âëå÷åíèÿ, óïðàâëÿþò ðåãóëÿöèåé äûõàíèÿ è ñåðäöåáèåíèÿ. Èõ íåéðîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì ñóáñòðàòîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèïîòàëàìè÷åñêèé êîìïëåêñ. Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêàÿ îñîáåííîñòü äàííîé ãðóïïû ïîòðåáíîñòåé è ñâÿçàííûõ ñ íèìè ìîòèâàöèé âíåøíèé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîçãó ìåõàíèçì èõ èíèöèàöèè (ãëþêî- è õåìîðåöåïòîðû â ÿäðàõ ãèïîòàëàìóñà, ñòâîëà è â àðòåðèàëüíûõ ñîñóäàõ). • Ïñèõîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå 4 . Ýòà ãðóïïà ïîòðåáíîñòåé è ñâÿçàííûõ ñ íèìè ìîòèâàöèé îáñëóæèâàåò êîãíèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû è âûñøóþ íåðâíóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü. Ìåõàíèçì èõ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ðåôëåêòîðíûé. Ìîòèâàöèè ýòîé ãðóïïû çàïóñêàþòñÿ ïî ìåðå âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèõ ñîáûòèé, ñëîâàðü êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêè äåòåðìèíèðîâàííûì, âðîæäåííûì è ñëàáî èçìåíÿþùèìñÿ â ôèëîãåíåçå è íåèçìåííûì â îíòîãåíåçå íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû. Ýòè õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèå ñîáûòèÿ èìåþò âíóòðåííèé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîçãó ìåõàíèçì èíèöèàöèè. Ïñèõîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîòðåáíîñòè èìåþò ïðÿìîé ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñóáñòðàò. Íàèáîëåå ÿðêèé ïðèìåð ñèñòåìà ðåãóëÿöèè âíèìàíèÿ è íàáîð ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ìîòèâàöèé, çàïóñêàåìûõ ïî íàñòóïëåíèþ ñîáûòèé êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ, ñáîÿ âíèìàíèÿ è äðóãèõ. • Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå (èäåàëüíûå). Ýòè ïîòðåáíîñòè è ìîòèâàöèè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñ ïðîöåññîì æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè íå ñâÿçàíû, íî ïåðåæèâàþòñÿ è îñîçíàþòñÿ ñóáúåêòîì: ñîöèàëüíûå ïîòðåáíîñòè, ëþáîâü ê èñêóññòâàì, ëþáîâü ê èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ðàáîòå è äðóãèå. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå ìîòèâàöèè íå èìåþò ïðÿìîãî ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñóáñòðàòà. Îíè ôîðìèðóþòñÿ íà îñíîâå ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ è ïñèõîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé, 4 Ýòîò
ëîãèè.
ââåäåííûé çäåñü òåðìèí íå ñîâñåì óäà÷åí èç-çà êîððåëÿöèè ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì íàïðàâëåíèåì ïñèõî-
3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû à òàê æå ñòðóêòóð, íàêîïëåííûõ â êîðå áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé è îòðàæàþùèõ îíòîãåíåç îðãàíèçìà. Îñíîâíûì ìîçãîâûì ñóáñòðàòîì ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ãèïîòàëàìóñ[4]. Åãî ÿäðà îòâåòñòâåííû çà ïîääåðæàíèå îáìåíà âåùåñòâ â îðãàíèçìå. Æèçíåííûé öèêë âñåõ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé ñõîäåí. Íàïðèìåð, ïîíèæåíèå óðîâíÿ ãëþêîçû â êðîâè ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ðàçäðàæåíèåì ÿäåð ãèïîòàëàìóñà, îòâåòñòâåííûõ çà ìîòèâàöèþ ãîëîäà. Ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ îùóùåíèå áåñïîêîéñòâà, ïîáóæäàþùåå ê äåéñòâèÿì âëå÷åíèå. Ïîáóæäàþùàÿ êîìïîíåíòà õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèé ïðèçíàê âñåõ ìîòèâàöèîííûõ îáðàçîâàíèé. Ãèïîòàëàìóñ àêòèâèðóåò ôðîíòàëüíóþ êîðó (è ÷åðåç ðåòèêóëÿðíóþ ôîðìàöèþ è òàëàìóñ ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ âíèìàíèÿ ), â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ïðîñòðàíñòâî ñîçíàíèÿ ïðèíóäèòåëüíî5 çàïîëíÿåòñÿ "îáðàçàìè" ïðåäûäóùèõ ñëó÷àåâ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ äàííîé ïîòðåáíîñòè, à àíàëèòè÷åñêèå îòäåëû âûáèðàþò èç íèõ òîò, êîòîðûé â ìàêñèìàëüíîé ñòåïåíè â òåêóùèõ óñëîâèÿõ óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ïîòðåáíîñòè. Íàïðèìåð, äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïðèãîòîâèòü ÷àé (ìîòèâàöèÿ ãîëîäà èëè ïèùåâàÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ) íóæíî:
• íàëèòü â ÷àéíèê âîäû; • ïîñòàâèòü íà ïëèòó; • çàæå÷ü ãàç; • äîæäàòüñÿ ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïàðà (ñâèñòà ñòðóè ïàðà); • âûêëþ÷èòü ãàç; • ñíÿòü ÷àéíèê. Êàæäûé èç äàííûõ îáðàçîâ, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, â îïðåäåëåííîì êîíòåêñòå âûñòóïàåò êàê äî÷åðíÿÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ. Íàïðèìåð, ÷òîáû íàëèòü â ÷àéíèê âîäû íóæíî:
• ñíÿòü ñ ÷àéíèêà êðûøêó; • ïîäíåñòè ïîä êðàí ñ âîäîé; • îòêðûòü âîäó; • äîæäàòüñÿ çàïîëíåíèÿ ÷àéíèêà íà íóæíóþ âåëè÷èíû; • çàêðûòü êðàí. "Îáðàçû" ìîòèâàöèé õðàíÿòñÿ â îòäåëàõ ôðîíòàëüíîé êîðû, àññîöèàöèè ìåæäó íèìè îïðåäåëÿþò ìîòèâàöèîííûå ñåòè (ýòè ñòðóêòóðû â ãåøòàëüòïñèõîëîãèè íàçûâàþòñÿ ãåøòàëüòàìè ) èëè àëãîðèòìû, íàïðàâëåííûå íà óäîâëåòâîðåíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè. Ìîòèâû òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ñ ôóíêöèåé âíèìàíèÿ: êàðòà òîðìîæåíèÿ âèñî÷íûõ, òåìåííûõ è çàòûëî÷íûõ îòäåëîâ ïîëóøàðèé íàïðÿìóþ ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ìîòèâàöèîííûì ïðîöåññîì.  ñëó÷àå ìîòèâàöèè ãîëîäà, ñîâåðøåíèå äåéñòâèé ïðèâåäåò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ ïèùè â æåëóäêå, ïåðåâàðèâàíèå ïðèâåäåò ê ïîâûøåíèþ óðîâíÿ ãëþêîçû â êðîâè, ïðåêðàòèòñÿ ðàçäðàæåíèå ÿäåð ãèïîòàëàìóñà (èñ÷åçíåò áåñïîêîéñòâî) è ôðîíòàëüíîé êîðû, ïðîñòðàíñòâî ñîçíàíèÿ îñâîáîäèòñÿ îò îáðàçîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ óäîâëåòâîðåíèåì ïîòðåáíîñòè, ïðåêðàòèòñÿ ñòèìóëÿöèÿ ê äåéñòâèþ. Íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïðèäåò â ñîñòîÿíèå ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ïîêîÿ èëè ðåëàêñàöèè. Ïàòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôîðìà ðåëàêñàöèè ñòàíîâèòñÿ àïàòèåé.  òàêîì ñîñòîÿíèè ñóáúåêò íå ñïîñîáåí çà ñ÷åò âíóòðåííèõ âîëåâûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ àêòèâèðîâàòü ìîòèâàöèîííûå ïðîöåññû. Íåîáõîäèìî âíåøíåå âìåøàòåëüñòâî. 5 "Ãîëîäíîé
êóìå âñ¼ õëåá íà óìå", "Êòî î ÷åì, à ãîëûé î ðóáàõå".
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3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû Ìîòèâàöèÿ "ñíÿòü ñ ÷àéíèêà êðûøêó" íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïðÿìîì ñìûñëå ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîé, òàê êàê íå íàïðàâëåíà áåçóñëîâíî íà ïîääåðæàíèå æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå îíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêè îáóñëîâëåííîé èäåàëüíîé ìîòèâàöèåé : äåéñòâèå ïî ñíÿòèþ êðûøêè ïðèîáðåòàåò ñìûñë òîëüêî â êîíòåêñòå ïðîöåäóðû ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ ÷àÿ. Åëè ñóáúåêòà, íàõîäÿùåãîñÿ âíå êîíòåêñòà ìîòèâàöèè ãîëîäà, ïîïðîñèòü ñíÿòü ñ ÷àéíèêà êðûøêó, ó íåãî âîçíèêíåò îùóùåíèå áåññìûñëåííîñòè è âîïðîñ "à çà÷åì ñíèìàòü êðûøêó ?" â ýòîì ñîñòîèò ñìûñëîîáðàçóþùàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ìîòèâà[2]. Ïîòðåáíîñòü, ïîðîäèâøàÿ ìîòèâàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ, íàçûâàåòñÿ äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèåé.  ñëó÷àå ïèùåâîé ìîòèâàöèè, äîìèíèðóþùóþ ìîòèâàöèþ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ôîðìèðóþò ïèùåâûå ÿäðà ãèïîòàëàìóñà.  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ äî÷åðíèå ìîòèâàöèè ìîãóò ïðèîáðåòàòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. Ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêè îáóñëîâëåííîå çàðàáàòûâàíèå äåíåã ìîæåò ñòàòü ñàìîöåëüþ: ñóáúåêò çàðàáàòûâàåò âñå áîëüøå äåíåã, îòäàâàÿ ýòîìó âñå ñâîè ñèëû, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî, ñûò îí èëè íåò.  òàêîì ñëó÷àå ìîòèâàöèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ ÷èñòî èäåàëüíîé. Ìåõàíèçì, â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðîãî ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ìîòèâàöèè ïîðîæäàþò èäåàëüíûå òåñíî ñâÿçàí ñ ìåõàíèçìîì ýìîöèé è íàçûâàåòñÿ â ïñèõîëîãèè ñìåùåíèåì èëè ñäâèãîì ìîòèâà íà öåëü. Ñäâèã ìîòèâà íà öåëü ïðîèñõîäèò âñåãäà ïðè ôîðìèðîâàíèè íîâûõ äî÷åðíèõ äëÿ äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè, íî èíîãäà îí (ñäâèã) ìîæåò ïðèâîäèòü ê ïîÿâëåíèþ íîâîé äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè, ôîðìèðóþùåé íîâûé âèä àêòèâíîñòè ïñèõè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû.
3.2
Ýìîöèè
Ýìîöèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìîòèâàöèîííûìè îáðàçîâàíèÿìè ïñèõîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ("ñèñòåìíîãî" ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîçãó) óðîâíÿ è õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ òðåìÿ ïàðàìåòðàìè: çíàêîì, èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ è äëèòåëüíîñòüþ. Ýìîöèÿ â ñóáúåêòèâíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ïðåäñòàâëåíà êàê ÷óâñòâî è èíòåðïðåòèðóåòñÿ äâîÿêî: ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, çíàê è èíòåíñèâíîñòü ýìîöèè âûïîëíÿþò ìîòèâèðóþùóþ ôóíêöèþ, íàïðàâëÿÿ àêòèâíîñòü íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû íà ìàêñèìèçàöèþ ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ýìîöèè è ìèíèìèçàöèþ îòðèöàòåëüíîé. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ýìîöèÿ ôîðìèðóåòñÿ â êîíòåêñòå ðàçâèòèÿ êàêîé-ëèáî èç "îáû÷íûõ" ìîòèâàöèé è îòðàæàåò åå óñïåõ èëè ñáîé.  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå âûðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ýìîöèÿ, âî âòîðîì îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ýìîöèé ìîòèâàöèîííî-ñèãíàëüíàÿ, îíè ðåãóëèðóþò ïðîöåññ ïîðîæäåíèÿ äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâàöèé ïðè óäîâëåòâîðåíèè ïîòðåáíîñòè, íàõîäÿùåéñÿ â ôàçå äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè. Îòíîñèòåëüíî ìîçãîâîé îðãàíèçàöèè ðàçëè÷àþò áàçàëüíûå è êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè. Áàçàëüíûå ýìîöèè (ÿðîñòü, ãíåâ, ñòðàõ, íåêîòîðûå ðàçíîâèäíîñòè ðàäîñòè ) âîçíèêàþò ïðè óäîâëåòâîðåíèè èëè íåóäîâëåòâîðåíèè áàçîâûõ (áàçàëüíûõ) ïîòðåáíîñòåé èëè èíñòèíêòîâ: èíñòèíêòà ñàìîñîõðàíåíèÿ, ïîëîâîãî èíñòèíêòà è ò.ï., ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ìîòèâàöèÿõ. Èíñòèíêò â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ýòî ãåíåòè÷åñêè çàïðîãðàììèðîâàííàÿ ìîòèâàöèîííàÿ ñåòü, ðåàëèçóåìàÿ íà óðîâíå ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð ìîçãà è äðåâíåé êîðû. Ê áàçàëüíûì ýìîöèÿì òàê æå îòíîñÿò ò.í. ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêóþ êîìïîíåíòó ïðîñòûõ îùóùåíèé. Íàèáîëåå ñèëüíî îíà âûðàæåíà ó îáîíÿíèÿ è âêóñà: âñå çàïàõè äåëÿòñÿ â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü íà ïðèÿòíûå è íåïðèÿòíûå, à ïðåäìåòíàÿ èëè ýïèêðèòè÷åñêàÿ êîìïîíåíòà èìååò çíà÷åíèå òîëüêî åñëè çàïàõ îòíîñèòåëüíî íåéòðàëåí.  ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêàÿ êîìïîíåíòà âûðàæåíà ó ñåíñîðíûõ îùóùåíèé, çàòåì èäóò ñëóõîâûå è çðèòåëüíûå. Ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêàÿ êîìïîíåíòà îïðåäåëÿåò ñàìûå ïðîñòûå ýìîöèè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ âîñïðèÿòèåì îáðàçîâ : ëþáîé îáðàç, ïîÿâëÿþùèéñÿ â ñîçíàíèè óæå ñîäåðæèò êîìïîíåíòó, áåçóñëîâíî ïîáóæäàþùóþ ïñèõèêó ê äàëüíåéøèì äåéñòâèÿì. Ïðè âîçíèêíîâåíèè, ïîòðåáíîñòü ìîæåò áûòü óäîâëåòâîðåíà ñðàçó, åñëè äëÿ ýòîãî èìå-
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3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû þòñÿ âñå íåîáõîäèìûå ïðåäïîñûëêè: íàïðèìåð, ïèùà íàõîäèòñÿ â ïîëå çðåíèÿ è èçâåñòåí ìåõàíèçì åå ïîòðåáëåíèÿ.  ñëó÷àå æå îòñóòñòâèÿ íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè óñëîâèé (íàïðèìåð, ïèùà îòñóòñòâóåò â ïîëå çðåíèÿ), ìîòèâàöèîííàÿ ñèñòåìà ñôîðìèðóåò äî÷åðíþþ ìîòèâàöèþ, íàïðàâëåííóþ óæå íà ïîìåùåíèå åäû íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ïîëå çðåíèÿ. Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê äàííàÿ äî÷åðíÿÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ áóäåò óäîâëåòâîðåíà, ïðåäûäóùèé ìîòèâàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ ïðîäîëæèòñÿ.  ñëó÷àå, åñëè äî÷åðíÿÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ íå ìîæåò áûòü ïîëíîñòüþ ñôîðìèðîâàíà ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñèñòåìîé íàñòóïàåò ñîñòîÿíèå ôðóñòðàöèè èëè "ïóñòîòû â ãîëîâå".  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íå ïîëíîñòüþ ñôîðìèðîâàííàÿ äî÷åðíÿÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ ãèïîòåçîé êîãíèòèâíàÿ ïîäñèñòåìà äîñòðàèâàåò äàííóþ ìîòèâàöèþ, èñõîäÿ èç îïðåäåëåííîãî êðèòåðèÿ îïòèìàëüíîñòè è ïîïàäàåò â "ñïèñîê" ãèïîòåç, îæèäàþùèõ ñâîåãî ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ. Ïîñëå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ãèïîòåçû óðîâåíü êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ ñïàäàåò, íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïåðåõîäèò â ðåæèì ïîèñêà ðàçðåøèâøèõñÿ ãèïîòåç. Åñëè â ýòîì ïðîöåññå ïîèñêà áóäåò ñëó÷àéíî èëè íå ñëó÷àéíî îáíàðóæåí èñêîìûé "îáðàç" ðåøåíèÿ óïîìÿíóòîé ðàíåå ìîòèâàöèè, ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ñèãíàë è â ïðîñòðàíñòâî ñîçíàíèÿ ïîïàäàåò àññîöèàöèÿ ñ äàííîé ìîòèâàöèåé. Ýòèì ñèãíàëîì è áóäåò êîãíèòèâíàÿ (êîãíèòèâíàÿ ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ïðîöåññàìè âûðàáîòêè íîâûõ ìîòèâàöèé) ýìîöèÿ. Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, ñóáúåêò ïîëó÷àåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîäîëæèòü ðàíåå ïðåðâàííóþ èç-çà íåäîñòàòêà èíôîðìàöèè äåÿòåëüíîñòü. Ïîêà íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà íàõîäèòñÿ â ðåæèìå ïîèñêà, ìîãóò ñðàáîòàòü ãèïîòåçû, ñâÿçàííûå ñîâñåì ñ äðóãîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ: íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ìîæåò ïåðåéòè ê óäîâëåòâîðåíèþ óæå äðóãèõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé.  ïñèõîëîãèè ýòîò ôåíîìåí ïîëó÷èë íàçâàíèå ñîñêàëüçûâàíèÿ íà ïîáî÷íûå àññîöèàöèè. Îí îñîáî âûðàæåí ó "ëîáíûõ" áîëüíûõ, íå ñïîñîáíûõ ýôôåêòèâíî ôèëüòðîâàòü ìíîæåñòâî ãèïîòåç, îæèäàþùèõ ñâîåé ïðîâåðêè. Îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ êîãíèòèâíûõ ýìîöèé ñèãíàëèçàöèÿ î âîçìîæíîñòè ïðîäîëæèòü ïðåðâàííûå ðàíåå ìîòèâàöèîííûå ïðîöåññû èëè ïðîöåññû óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòåé. Îòíîñèòåëüíî ìåõàíèçìà ïðîòåêàíèÿ, ýìîöèè ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà òðè êàòåãîðèè, èìåþùèå ðàçëè÷íûé ìîçãîâîé ñóáñòðàò:
• àôôåêòû êðàòêîâðåìåííûå è î÷åíü ñèëüíûå ïåðåæèâàíèÿ ýìîöèé ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áàçàëüíîãî òèïà, êàê ïðàâèëî, â ýòîì ñîñòîÿíèè áëîêèðóþòñÿ íåêîòîðûå ôóíêöèè ñîçíàíèÿ; • ÷óâñòâà ýòî îáû÷íûå êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè, íåáîëüøèå ïî ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè è ñðåäíèå ïî èíòåíñèâíîñòè; • ÷óâñòâåííûé ôîí äëèòåëüíûå ïåðåæèâàíèÿ ñàìîé ðàçíîé, íî ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íèçêîé èíòåíñèâíîñòè, íàïðèìåð, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ëþáèìûì óâëå÷åíèåì. Àôôåêòû âûïîëíÿþò ðîëü "ïîæàðíîé ñèãíàëèçàöèè" è çàïóñêàþòñÿ â òåõ ñèòóàöèÿõ, êîãäà äåòåêòèðóåòñÿ óãðîçà äëÿ óñïåøíîãî ïðîòåêàíèÿ áàçàëüíûõ ìîòèâàöèé. Îíè çàïóñêàþò ìîòèâàöèîííûå ïðîãðàììû, íàïðàâëåííûå íà ñîõðàíåíèå äàííûõ öåííîñòåé. Ïðèìåðîì ìîæåò áûòü àôôåêò ÿðîñòè, âîçíèêàþùèé ïðè ïîïûòêå îòîáðàòü ïîéìàííóþ ìûøü ó êîòà. Ïèòàòåëüíîé ñðåäîé äëÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ àôôåêòîâ (ðåâíîñòü, ñòðàñòü, ãíåâ) ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîëîâûå ìîòèâàöèè. Áàçàëüíûé õàðàêòåð àôôåêòîâ ïðèâîäèò ê äèñôóíêöèè ïðîèçâîëüíîé ðåãóëÿöèè ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî èíòåíñèâíîñòè ýìîöèè âñëåäñòâèå òîðìîæåíèÿ ñòâîëîâûõ ñòðóêòóð. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî íàõîäÿñü â ñîñòîÿíèè àôôåêòà, ÷åëîâåê íå ñïîñîáåí ïðîèçâîäèòü àäåêâàòíóþ îöåíêó ñâîèõ äåéñòâèé. Êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè (÷óâñòâà) ñîïðîâîæäàþò ðàçâèòèå äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè íà ñòàäèè óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ äî÷åðíèõ ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ ìîòèâîâ. Åñëè íå ïðîèñõîäèò ôðóñòðàöèè äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè, àôôåêò íå íàñòóïàåò. Êàê è ôðóñòðàöèÿ, óñïåõ äîìèíèðó-
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3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû
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þùåé ìîòèâàöèè ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ñèëüíîé ýìîöèåé, ïî èíòåíñèâíîñòè áëèçêîé ê àôôåêòàì. ×åòêîé ãðàíèöû ìåæäó ýìîöèÿìè è àôôåêòàìè ïî ïðèçíàêó èíòåíñèâíîñòè íåò. ×óâñòâåííûé ôîí òàê æå ñâÿçàí ñ äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèåé, â ñòðóêòóðó êîòîðîé âõîäèò ìíîæåñòâî îæèäàþùèõ ñâîåé ïðîâåðêè ãèïîòåç äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâîâ íà íà÷àëüíîé ñòàäèè ñâîåãî æèçíåííîãî öèêëà. Ñ êàæäûì èç òàêèõ ìîòèâîâ ñâÿçàí íåêîòîðîå îæèäàíèå ïîäêðåïëåíèÿ, ñóììà êîòîðûõ è ïðåäñòàâëåíà êàê ÷óâñòâåííûé ôîí äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè: äåÿòåëüíîñòü ìîæåò â öåëîì îöåøèâàòüñÿ êàê èíòåðåñíàÿ (ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ôîí) èëè íå èíòåðåñíàÿ (îòðèöàòåëüíûé ôîí), ïðèÿòíàÿ èëè íåïðèÿòíàÿ è ò.ï. Êðîìå ñèãíàëüíîé ôóíêöèè ýìîöèè òàê æå íåñóò äðóãóþ, ãîðàçäî áîëåå âàæíóþ ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ èíôîðìàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, îöåíî÷íóþ ôóíêöèþ, ïîçâîëÿÿ "ñðàâíèâàòü" ñîâåðøåííî ðàçíîòèïíûå îáðàçû.  ïîäñîçíàíèè ñóáúåêòà ïàðàëëåëüíî ñîñóùåñòâóåò ìíîæåñòâî ìîòèâàöèé, îæèäàþùèõ ïîÿâëåíèÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñîçíàíèÿ "ñâîåãî" àêòèâèðóþùåãî ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ. Îäèí è òîò æå ðàçäðàæèòåëü ìîæåò âåñòè ê óäîâëåòâîðåíèþ íåñêîëüêèõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé. ×åì áîëüøå ìîæåò áûòü ïîòåíöèàëüíî óäîâëåòâîðåíî ïîòðåáíîñòåé â åäèíîì àêòå êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ, òåì áîëüøå èíòåíñèâíîñòü ýìîöèè, ò.å. ÷åì ñèëüíåå ìîòèâàöèÿ, òåì ñèëüíåå âûñâîáîæäàþùàÿñÿ ýìîöèÿ, êàê ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ, òàê è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ.  ðåàëüíîñòè íåñêîëüêî äåéñòâèé îòíîñèòåëüíî îäíîãî ïðåäìåòà äàëåêî íå âñåãäà ñîâìåñòèìû ìåæäó ñîáîé: ñîâåðøåíèå îäíîãî äåéñòâèÿ àâòîìàòè÷åñêè âëå÷åò íåâîçìîæíîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äðóãîãî. Íàïðèìåð, íåâîçìîæíî íàõîäèòüñÿ â äâóõ äîñòàòî÷íî óäàëåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðîñòðàíñòâà îäíîâðåìåííî. Òî÷íî òàê æå è ìîòèâàöèè, ÿâëÿÿñü îòðàæåíèåì ðåàëüíûõ îòíîøåíèé, ìîãóò áûòü íåñîâìåñòèìû ìåæäó ñîáîé: óäîâëåòâîðåíèå îäíîé ìîòèâàöèè àâòîìàòè÷åñêè ïðèâåäåò ê ôðóñòðàöèè äðóãîé (ê âîïðîñó î ïðèðîäå ôðóñòðàöèé) è íàîáîðîò.  ñëó÷àå íåñîâìåñòèìîñòè ìîòèâàöèé ìîòèâàöèîííàÿ ñèñòåìà ïåðåõîäèò â ñîñòîÿíèå ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà, ïåðåæèâàåìîãî ñóáúåêòîì êàê ëè÷íîñòíîå ïðîòèâîðå÷èå èëè êàê ñîñòîÿíèå àìáèâàëåíòíîñòè. "×òî ëó÷øå ñèíèöà â ðóêàõ èëè æóðàâëü â íåáå" èëè "áûòü èëè íå áûòü" ïðèìåðû ñîñòîÿíèé àìáèâàëåíòíîñòè6 . Ñîñòîÿíèå àìáèâàëåíòíîñòè, ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì ñîáûòèåì äëÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ïñèõîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìîòèâàöèè, öåëüþ êîòîðîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçðåøåíèå ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà, âåêòîð àêòèâíîñòè íàïðàâëåí â ñòîðîíó ìèíèìèçàöèè îòðèöàòåëüíîé è ìàêñèìèçàöèè ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ýìîöèè.  èñòîðèè ôèëîñîôèè èçâåñòíû äâå ñèñòåìû, ïîëó÷èâøèå íàçâàíèÿ ãåäîíèçìà (ãåäîíå ïî ãðå÷åñêè, óäîâîëüñòâèå) è ýâäåìîíèçìà (ýâäåìîíèÿ ñ÷àñòüå). Ïåðâàÿ èç íèõ ïîñòóëèðîâàëà â êà÷åñòâå ñìûñëà æèçíè óäîâîëüñòâèå èëè ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêóþ êîìïîíåíòó ïðîñòûõ îùóùåíèé.  îòëè÷èå îò ãåäîíèçìà, ýâäåìîíèçì ïîñòóëèðîâàë â êà÷åñòâå ñìûñëà æèçíè äîñòèæåíèå ñ÷àñòüÿ èëè ìèíèìóìà ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà, ìèíèìóìà ïðîòèâîðå÷èé ñ ñàìèì ñîáîé è îáúåêòèâíûì ìèðîì.  äàëüíåéøåé èñòîðèè ýëåìåíòû êàê ãåäîíèçìà, òàê è ýâäåìîíèçìà ñòàëè ÷àñòüþ ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ ôèëîñîôñêèõ è ðåëèãèîçíûõ ñèñòåì, òàê êàê èìåþò â ñâîåé îñíîâå îáúåêòèâíûé ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñóáñòðàò. Êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè èìåþò ÿðêî âûðàæåííûé ïîëîæèòåëüíûé îòòåíîê. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêîé êîìïîíåíòû îùóùåíèé ïðÿìî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî çàâèñèò îò ïëîùàäè ïåðâè÷íîé êîðû, ó÷àñòâóþùåé â ôîðìèðîâàíèè îùóùåíèÿ. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü êîãíèòèâíîé ýìîöèè çàâèñèò îò ïëîùàäè ôðîíòàëüíûõ îòäåëîâ êîðû, ó÷àñòâóþùèõ â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ãèïîòåç. ×åì èíòåíñèâíåå êîãíèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû (÷åì áîëüøå ãèïîòåç ïîðîæäàåòñÿ è ðàçðåøàåòñÿ), ÷åì ìîùíåå ìîòèâàöèîííàÿ ñåòü, ó÷àñòâóþùàÿ â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ãèïîòåç äî÷åðíèõ 6 Êîëè÷åñòâî
ïðîòèâîðå÷èé â ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñåòè ìîæåò äîñòè÷ü ïàòîëîãè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ, òîãäà ñîñòîÿíèå àìáèâàëåíòíîñòè ("ðàçäâîåíèÿ" ëè÷íîñòè) ñòàíîâèòñÿ îäíèì èç ïðèçíàêîâ øèçîôðåíèè
3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû ìîòèâàöèé, òåì èíòåíñèâíåå áóäåò êîãíèòèâíàÿ ýìîöèÿ. Êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè íàèáîëåå âûðàæåíû â ïðîöåññàõ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ íàïðÿæåííîé èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ.  ïðîöåññå óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîòðåáíîñòè ìîæåò ïîëó÷èòüñÿ òàê, ÷òî âåëè÷èíà êîãíèòèâíîé ýìîöèè, ñâÿçàííîé ñ óäîâëåòâîðåíèåì êàêîé-ëèáî èç äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâàöèé ïðåâûñèò âåëè÷èíó ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêîé ýìîöèè, ñâÿçàííîé ñ ñàìîé ðîäèòåëüñêîé ïîòðåáíîñòüþ. Íàïðèìåð, åñëè àçàðò îò ïðîöåññà èãðû ïðåâûñèò âïå÷àòëåíèå îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ ïðèçà, òî ñîçäàåòñÿ ïðåäïîñûëêà ïîÿâëåíèÿ åùå îäíîãî ñóáúåêòà, äëÿ êîòîðîãî öåíåí íå ïðèç, à ñàìà èãðà ýòî è åñòü èäåàëüíàÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ, ñàìîöåííîñòü. Ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü òàê æå ñèòóàöèÿ, êîãäà êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè íà÷èíàþò ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåîáëàäàòü íàä ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêèìè, â òàêîì ñëó÷àå ñóáúåêò ïåðåñòàåò óäåëÿòü äîëæíîå âíèìàíèå óäîâëåòâîðåíèþ îáû÷íûõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ñëåäñòâèåì ýòîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ óõóäøåíèå ïèòàíèÿ è ñâÿçàííûå ñ ýòèì áîëåçíè, íåîïðÿòíûé âíåøíèé âèä, ñîöèàëüíàÿ äåçàäàïòàöèÿ7 . Íåäîðàçâèòèå êîãíèòèâíîé ïîäñèñòåìû ïðèâîäèò ê íåäîñòàòêó êîãíèòèâíûõ ýìîöèé è äîìèíèðîâàíèþ ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêèõ îùóùåíèé â êàðòèíå ìèðîâîñïðèÿòèÿ ñóáúåêòà.  îíòîãåíåçå ïåðâûìè ôîðìèðóþòñÿ èìåííî ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ìîòèâàöèè. Âíèìàíèå ðåáåíêà ìîæíî ïðèâëå÷ü ÿðêîé êàðòèíêîé, ñëàäêîé êîíôåòêîé, ìÿãêîé èãðóøêîé. Èäåàëüíûå ìîòèâàöèè è êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ íàïðàâëåííîé èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ, ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ïî ìåðå ðàçâèòèÿ ðåáåíêà. Íåäîñòàòîê âíèìàíèÿ ñî ñòîðîíû âçðîñëûõ â ðàííåì âîçðàñòå ê ïðîáëåìàì èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ÷àñòî ïðèâîäèò ê óìñòâåííîé îòñòàëîñòè, êîòîðóþ ñ âîçðàñòîì âñå òðóäíåå êîìïåíñèðîâàòü. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî â ñðåäíåì âðåìÿ æèçíè (ïåðèîä åå äåéñòâèÿ êàê ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ôàêòîðà) ýìîöèè îáðàòíî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî åå èíòåíñèâíîñòè. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå ýìîöèè ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ âûáðîñîì íåéðîìåäèàòîðîâ, êîòîðûå ïîñòåïåííî óòèëèçèðóþòñÿ ìîçãîì. Áîëåå ñèëüíûé âûáðîñ íåéðîìåäèàòîðîâ ïðèâîäèò ê áîëåå âûñîêîé àêòèâíîñòè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ê áîëåå àêòèâíîé â ñðåäíåì èõ óòèëèçàöèè. Ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ýìîöèîíàëüíîå èñòîùåíèå, èìåþùåå, ïîìèìî íåéðîõèìè÷åñêîãî, è èíôîðìàöèîííûå ìåõàíèçìû ñâîåãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Ôåíîìåí èñòîùåíèÿ ïðèâîäèò ê òîìó, ÷òî ïñèõèêà íèêîãäà íå ìîæåò "îñòàíîâèòñÿ íà äîñòèãíóòîì". Ýìîöèÿ, ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé íàãðàäîé çà ðàçðåøåíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè èñòîùàåòñÿ, ïðîêëàäûâàÿ ïóòü â ñîçíàíèå äðóãèì ìîòèâàöèÿì, îæèäàþùèì ñâîåé î÷åðåäè. Õîòÿ ñàìà ýìîöèÿ èñòîùàåòñÿ, èíôîðìàöèÿ î åå èíòåíñèâíîñòè è çíàêå ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ â ýìîöèîíàëüíîé ïàìÿòè è ìîæåò ó÷àñòâîâàòü â ýìîöèîíàëüíîì àíàëèçå, íåîáõîäèìîì äëÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííûõ êîíôëèêòîâ. Îäíà èç îñíîâíûõ ðåãóëÿòîðíûõ ôóíêöèé ýìîöèé ñîñòîèò â óïðàâëåíèè ñåëåêòèâíîé ôóíêöèåé âíèìàíèÿ, ïîäñòðàèâàÿ åãî "ôèëüòð" òàê, ÷òîáû îïòèìèçèðîâàòü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ îáùèìè êðèòåðèÿìè ýìîöèîíàëüíûé îòêëèê, îæèäàåìûé â ïðåäñòîÿùåì àêòå âîñïðèÿòèÿ.
3.3
Êîãíèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû
Êîíòðîëëåð ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñèñòåìû, ðåàëèçóÿ àëãîðèòì óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè, ðàáîòàåò â ðåæèìå êîíå÷íîãî àâòîìàòà.  ïðîöåññå ðàáîòû òàêîãî àâòîìàòà âîçìîæíî âîçíèêíîâåíèå äâóõ õàðàêòåðíûõ ñèòóàöèé:
• ñèòóàöèÿ àìáèâàëåíòíîñòè, êîãäà âîçìîæíî íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè; • ñèòóàöèÿ ôðóñòðàöèè èëè îòñóòñòâèÿ ñïîñîáà óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè. 7 Ïîðòðåò
"òèïè÷íîãî" ïðîãðàììèñòà.
17
3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû  îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïåðåõîäèò èç ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ðåæèìà â êîãíèòèâíûé.  äàííîì ðåæèìå êîãíèòèâíàÿ ïîäñèñòåìà ôîðìèðóåò îáðàç äî÷åðíåé ìîòèâàöèè (ãèïîòåçû), óäîâëåòâîðåíèå êîòîðîé ïðèâîäèëî áû ê ìàêñèìóìó ñóììàðíîãî ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî îòêëèêà è ìèíèìóìó îòðèöàòåëüíîãî, êàê ïðîòîïàòè÷åñêîãî, òàê è êîãíèòèâíîãî. Ýòîò àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ ïðîòåêàåò íà áåññîçíàòåëüíîì áåçóñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíîì óðîâíå. Ïîñëå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ãèïîòåçû íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïåðåõîäèò â ðåæèì ïîèñêà "ñðàáîòàâøèõ" ãèïîòåç èëè ïîèñêîâûé ðåæèì. Åñëè òàêàÿ ãèïîòåçà (îäíà èëè íåñêîëüêî) áóäåò îáíàðóæåíà, ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ýìîöèîíàëüíûé îòêëèê, ïðèâîäÿùèé ê âîññòàíîâëåíèþ êîíòåêñòà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïîðîäèâøåé åå ìîòèâàöèè è ïðîäîëæåíèþ ïðåðâàííîãî ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà: ñíîâà çàïóñêàåòñÿ àëãîðèòì äîñòèæåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè. Íàéäåííûé â ïðîöåññå ïîèñêà âàðèàíò ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà çàïîìèíàåòñÿ â êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè (ãèïïîêàìï) è, â ïîñëåäñòâèè, â äîëãîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè çà ñ÷åò ìåõàíèçìà îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñòàòè÷åñêèõ àññîöèàòèâíûõ ñâÿçåé.  äàëüíåéøåì, ïðè ïîâòîðíîì èñïîëíåíèè àëãîðèòìà â ýòîé òî÷êå ïðîöåññà ôðóñòðàöèÿ (èëè àìáèâàëåíòíîñòü) óæå íå âîçíèêíåò, à ïàìÿòü âîçâðàòèò íàéäåííûé ðàíåå ñïîñîá ïðîäîëæèòü âûïîëíåíèå àëãîðèòìà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ îïûò óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè è ìàòåðèàë äëÿ êîãíèòèâíîé ïîäñèñòåìû, âûðàáàòûâàþùåé íîâûå äî÷åðíèå ìîòèâàöèé.  ìîìåíò ôðóñòðàöèè èëè àìáèâàëåíòíîñòè ïîðîæäàåòñÿ íîâàÿ äî÷åðíÿÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ, ìîòèâàöèÿ ïîèñêà ðåçóëüòàòà, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëèë áû ïðîäîëæèòü óäîâëåòâîðåíèå ðîäèòåëüñêîé ïîòðåáíîñòè. Ïðè ýòîì óïîìÿíóòàÿ âûøå êîãíèòèâíàÿ ïîäñèñòåìà ñòðîèò äî÷åðíèé ìîòèâ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû îäíîâðåìåííî ìîãëè óäîâëåòâîðèòüñÿ êàê ìîæíî áîëüøå ìîòèâàöèé, òðåáóþùèõ àíàëîãè÷íîãî ðåøåíèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîçã ðàáîòàåò â òðåõ îñíîâíûõ ðåæèìàõ: ìîòèâàöèîííîì, êîãíèòèâíîì è ïîèñêîâîì. Åñëè äëÿ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè èìåþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íûå óñëîâèÿ, ìîçã íàõîäèòñÿ â ìîòèâàöèîííîì ðåæèìå, äèíàìèêà â êîòîðîì íàïîìèíàåò äåòåðìèíèðîâàííûé ðåêóððåíòíûé ñïóñê ïî äåðåâó ìîòèâàöèîííûõ àëüòåðíàòèâ. Äåðåâî ñòðîèòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ìåõàíèçìîâ âíèìàíèÿ. Åñëè æå äëÿ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè íåäîñòàòî÷íî óñëîâèé, òî ìîçã ïåðåõîäèò â êîãíèòèâíûé ðåæèì, â êîòîðîì ïîðîæäàåò ãèïîòåçû èëè âàðèàíòû äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâàöèé, êîòîðûå ìîãëè áû ïðèâåñòè ê äîñòèæåíèþ ïîðîäèâøåé èõ ìîòèâàöèè. Ïîñëå âûðàáîòêè äî÷åðíåãî ìîòèâà îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïîèñê â ïîëå âíèìàíèÿ êàêîé-ëèáî ðàçðåøèâøåéñÿ ãèïîòåçû (÷òî ñäåëàííîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå äåéñòâèòåëüíî "èìååò ìåñòî áûòü"). Ïîñëå ÷åãî ìîçã ñíîâà ïåðåõîäèò â ìîòèâàöèîííûé ðåæèì è ò.ä. Âñå ýòè ïðîöåññû ïðîèñõîäÿò íà áåçóñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíîì óðîâíå: ñóáúåêò íå èìååò ðû÷àãîâ ïðÿìîãî ïðîèçâîëüíîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ äàííûìè ìåõàíèçìàìè. Êîãíèòèâíûé ïðîöåññ, à ñëåäîì è âñÿ ïñèõèêà, íàõîäèòñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè ðàâíîâåñèÿ, åñëè â ñðåäíåì çà ïåðèîä êîëè÷åñòâî ïîðîæäåííûõ ìîòèâàöèé ðàâíî êîëè÷åñòâó ðàçðåøåííûõ. Åñëè êîëè÷åñòâî ïîðîæäåííûõ ìîòèâàöèé áóäåò ïðåâîñõîäèòü êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçðåøåííûõ, òî áóäåò íàðóøàòüñÿ, çàòÿãèâàòüñÿ ôàçà êîãíèòèâíîãî ïîèñêà, òàê êàê ïîòðåáóåòñÿ ïåðåáîð âî âñå áîëåå îáøèðíîì ìíîæåñòâå. Ñî âðåìåíåì áóäåò ðàçâèâàòüñÿ "ëîáíûé" ñèíäðîì, êîãäà ëîáíûå äîëè óæå íå â ñîñòîÿíèè ýôôåêòèâíî òîðìîçèòü àíàëèòè÷åñêèé îòäåëû êîðû è âûïîëíÿòü ýíåðãåòè÷åñêóþ ðåãóëÿöèþ. Íà÷íóò äåéñòâîâàòü âðîæäåííûå çàùèòíûå ìåõàíèçìû ìîçãà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûå äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ íîðìàëüíîãî ïðîòåêàíèÿ êîãíèòèâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Åñëè æå â ñðåäíåì çà ïåðèîä êîëè÷åñòâî ïîðîæäåííûõ ìîòèâàöèé áóäåò ìåíüøå êîëè÷åñòâà ðàçðåøåííûõ ðîäèòåëüñêèõ, òî ïñèõè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû íà÷íóò ïîñòåïåííî óãàñàòü, ñòðåìÿñü ê ïîëíîìó îñòàíîâó. Íà÷íåò ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ñîñòîÿíèå àïàòèè, êîãäà ñóáúåêò òåðÿåò "èíòåðåñ ê æèçíè".
18
3 Ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû Ñîâîêóïíîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãèïîòåç (à, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, è ìîòèâàöèé), ó÷àñòâóþùèõ â êîãíèòèâíîì ïîèñêå îïðåäåëÿþò ïîòåíöèàëüíóþ ýíåðãèþ íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû. Ýìîöèè ýòî êèíåòè÷åñêàÿ ýíåðãèÿ íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû, âûñâîáîæäàþùàÿñÿ â ìîìåíò óñïåõà ðàçðåøåíèÿ îäíîé èëè íåñêîëüêèõ òàêèõ ãèïîòåç (ìîòèâàöèé). Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ òåðìîäèíàìèêè, êîãíèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû ýòî íàïðàâëåííûé ïåðåõîä èç ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñ áîëüøåé ïîòåíöèàëüíîé ýíåðãèåé, â ñîñòîÿíèå ñ ìåíüøåé ïîòåíöèàëüíîé ýíåðãèåé. Óâåëè÷åíèå ïîòåíöèàëüíîé ýíåðãèè ñèñòåìû âîçìîæíî â ðàçíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, íî ãëàâíûì èç íèõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèòîê èíôîðìàöèè èçâíå, â ïðîöåññå êîòîðîãî îáðàçóþòñÿ íîâûå ìîòèâàöèè. Êàê óæå ãîâîðèëîñü âûøå, êîãíèòèâíûå ýìîöèè ñîïðîâîæäàþò ïðîöåññ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ äî÷åðíèõ (äëÿ äîìèíèðóþùåé) ìîòèâàöèé è õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêîé èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ. Îäíàêî, ñóììèðóÿñü, îíè ñîçäàþò âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëüíûé â ìîòèâàöèîííîì ñìûñëå ýìîöèîíàëüíûé ôîí, ñïîñîáíûé êîíêóðèðîâàòü ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèìè ìîòèâàöèÿìè. Äîìèíèðóþùàÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ ëèáî çàõîäèò â òóïèê, ëèáî óñïåøíî çàâåðøàåòñÿ.  îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïîðîæäåíèå íîâûõ äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâàöèé óìåíüøàåòñÿ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, óìåíüøàåòñÿ âûðàáîòêà êîãíèòèâíûõ ýìîöèé. Ýòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ óïîìÿíóòûì âûøå "èíôîðìàöèîííûì" ôàêòîðîì ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî èñòîùåíèÿ. Îáåñïå÷åíèå óñòîé÷èâîé âî âðåìåíè ìîòèâàöèîííîýìîöèîíàëüíîé äèíàìèêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëîæíîé ñ ôîðìàëüíî-òåîðåòè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ çàäà÷åé.
3.4
Ðàçðåøåíèå ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà
Ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ, óïðàâëÿåìàÿ ôðîíòàëüíîé (ìîòèâàöèîííîé) êîðîé, äîáàâëÿåò ê ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-ðàñïðåäåëåííûì ïàðàëëåëüíûì ìåõàíèçìàì îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëîâ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòíóþ àëãîðèòìèêó, ðàçðåøàþùóþ ïîñðåäñòâîì ìîòèâàöèîííîãî òîðìîæåíèÿ íåîïðåäåëåíííîñòè â êëàññèôèêàöèè ïðèçíàêîâ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé. Îäíàêî, áóäó÷è ïîñòðîåííûìè íà îñíîâå æåñòêîãî ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêè çàêðåïëåííîãî íàáîðà ïðàâèë, ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû íå ìîãóò áûòü ñâîáîäíû îò êîíôëèêòíûõ ñèòóàöèé (ìîòèâàöèîííûõ êîíôëèêòîâ), îñòàíàâëèâàþùèõ íîðìàëüíîå ïðîòåêàíèå ïðîöåññà óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè. Äëÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà â ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñèñòåìå èìååòñÿ êàê íåÿâíîå, òàê è ÿâíîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå çâåíüÿ. Êîãíèòèâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ôîðìèðóåò äî÷åðíèå ìîòèâàöèè òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû "âûðîâíÿòü" ïî óðîâíþ ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî îòêëèêà ó÷àñòâóþùèå â êîíôëèêòå ìîòèâû. Ïî ìåðå âûðàâíèâàíèÿ îòêëèêîâ, âîçáóæäåíèå íà âõîäå ãèïîòåòè÷åñêîãî "ïåðåêëþ÷àþùåãî" íåéðîíà êîíòðîëëåðà ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà áóäåò ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê ïîðîãîâîìó çíà÷åíèþ. Ïî ìåðå ïðèáëèæåíèÿ ê ïîðîãó, âñå áîëüøóþ ðîëü â èòîãîâîé àêòèâàöèè íà÷èíàþò èãðàòü ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèå ñëó÷àéíûå âîçìóùåíèÿ, âîçíèêàþùèå â íåðâíîé òêàíè. Êâàíòîâûé øóì àòîìîâ, ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ èñòèííî ñëó÷àéíûì (íåäåòåðìèíèðîâàííûì) ïðîöåññîì, àìïëèòóäà êîòîðîãî ñðàâíèìà ñ âåëè÷èíîé ïîñòîÿííîé Ïëàíêà, íå èãðàåò â îáû÷íîé (ëèíåéíîé) ñðåäå ïî÷òè íèêàêîé ðîëè. Íî â ñðåäå ñ íåëèíåéíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè (ïîðîãîâûì çâåíîì íåéðîíîâ) ñïîñîáåí ïðîÿâëÿòüñÿ íà ìàêðîóðîâíå, ïîñðåäñòâîì ÷åãî ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ãåíåðàòîð èñòèííî ñëó÷àéíûõ ÷èñåë. Ýòî ÿâíîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå çâåíî, èñïîëüçóþùåå âíóòðåííèé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîçãó ãåíåðàòîð ñëó÷àéíûõ ÷èñåë. Íåÿâíîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå çâåíî ðàçðåøåíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà çàäåéñòâóåòñÿ ÷åðåç ïîèñêîâûé ðåæèì ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñèñòåìû: ýëåìåíò ñëó÷àéíîñòè âíîñèòñÿ âõîäíûì ïîòîêîì äàííûõ.  ÷èñòîì âèäå äàííîå çâåíî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðåäêî. Ïðèâåäåííàÿ ñõåìà ðàçðåøåíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííîãî êîíôëèêòà èìååò ãèïîòåòè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð. Îíà, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, èíòåðåñíà òåì, ÷òî ïîêàçûâàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîÿâëåíèÿ êâàíòîâîãî èíäåòåðìèíèçìà íà âñåõ óðîâíÿõ ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, ãäå ñóùåñòâóþò ïî-
19
4 Ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ ðîãîâûå ôóíêöèè ïðèíÿòèÿ ðåøåíèÿ. Îäíàêî ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû, íàïðàâëÿþùèå ïñèõè÷åñêóþ ñèñòåìó ê íåêîòîðîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ ñ ìèíèìóìîì ýíåðãèè (îïòèìóìó äèíàìèêè), ïîñòåïåííî íèâåëèðóþò ëþáîå ñëó÷àéíîå îòêëîíåíèå. Âîçìîæåí òàê æå âûõîä íà ìàêðîóðîâåíü äðóãèõ êâàíòîâûõ ìèêðîïðîöåññîâ, òàêèõ êàê ãèïîòåòè÷åñêàÿ îáúåêòèâíàÿ ðåäóêöèÿ Ð. Ïåíðîóçà [15].
4
Ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ
Ïàðàëëåëüíàÿ ìíîãîêàíàëüíàÿ ïðèðîäà îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè â êîðå áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé òðåáóåò íàëè÷èÿ íåêîòîðîãî çâåíà, â êîòîðîì îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ "èíòåãðàöèÿ" ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïàðàëëåëüíîé ðàáîòû íåñêîëüêèõ êàíàëîâ, â ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå áóäåò íåâîçìîæíî äîáèòüñÿ ñëàæåííîé ðàáîòû âñåé ñèñòåìû íàä ðåøåíèåì îáùåé çàäà÷è. Òàêèì çâåíîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ, ñåëåêòèâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ êîòîðîãî îòáèðàåò ðàçäðàæèòåëè, ðåëåâàíòíûå äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè, êîòîðàÿ è áóäåò îïðåäåëÿòü ïîâåäåíèå âñåé ñèñòåìû.  ñîñòàâ äàííîé ñèñòåìû âõîäÿò ôðîíòàëüíàÿ êîðà, òàëàìóñ è ðåòèêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ. ÐÔ óïðàâëÿåò îáùèì (íåñïåöèôè÷åñêèì) óðîâíåì òîíóñà êîðû, òàëàìóñ óïðàâëÿåò ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèåé êîðû è ïðîïóñêàåò â êîðó íåðâíûå èìïóëüñû, èäóùèå ïî àôôåðåíòíûì êàíàëàì. Ôðîíòàëüíàÿ êîðà óïðàâëÿåò ðåòèêóëÿðíîé ôîðìàöèåé è ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè ïîñðåäñòâîì òàëàìóñà. Îñíîâíîé åäèíèöåé ðàçâèòèÿ ïðîöåññà âíèìàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ âåëè÷èíîé èíòåíñèâíîñòè íåñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè, à òàê æå èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ è êàðòîé ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè. Êðîìå àêòèâàöèè, êîíöåíòðàöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ òîðìîæåíèåì àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëîâ ïîñðåäñòâîì ôðîíòàëüíî-çàòûëî÷íûõ ñâÿçåé. Êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ ñëåäóþò íåïðåðûâíî îäíà çà äðóãîé, îáðàçóÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíî áåñêîíå÷íóþ ñåðèþ, ïðåðûâàåìóþ òîëüêî ñíîì èëè êîìîé.  êàæäîé êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ îäèí è òîò æå àëãîðèòì âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ âñåõ òðåõ áëîêîâ ìîçãà: àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî áëîêà, ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî áëîêà è áëîêà êîíòðîëÿ. Äëèòåëüíîñòü ôàçû êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ âìåñòå ñ ôàçîé îáðàáîòêè ðåçóëüòàòà ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðèìåðíî 80-150 ìñ. ×åëîâå÷åñêèé ãëàç ïåðåñòàåò ðàçëè÷àòü êàðòèíêè, ñëåäóþùèå ñ ÷àñòîòîé áîëåå 12 ê/ñ êàê îòäåëüíûå, à ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ñ ÷àñòîòîé áîëåå 24 ê/c âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ ïëàâíîå íåïðåðûâíîå èçîáðàæåíèå, ÷òî äàåò çíà÷åíèå äëèòåëüíîñòè êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ ïîðÿäêà 84 ìñ. Ñõîäíûå äàííûå è äëÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ ñèãíàëîâ. Ïðè ÷àñòîòå áèåíèé äî 8 ãåðö îíè âîñïðèíèìàþòñÿ êàê èçìåíåíèå ãðîìêîñòè òîíàëüíîãî çâóêà. Ïîñëå 12 ãåðö áèåíèÿ íà÷èíàþò ñëèâàòüñÿ, ò.å. çà ïðîìåæóòîê ïàóçû áèåíèÿ íåëüçÿ íè î ÷åì ïîäóìàòü. Ïîñëå 24-28 ãåðö áèåíèÿ âîñïðèíèìàþòñÿ êàê äâà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ çâóêà òîíàëüíûé ñèãíàë ñ íàëîæåííûì íà íåãî ôàíòîìíûì çâóêîì â âèäå ùåë÷êîâ. Ýòè âðåìåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ íà âñåé ñëûøèìîé ÷àñòè ÷àñòîòíîé øêàëû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âîñïðèÿòèå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ êâàíòàìè, äëèòåëüíîñòü êîòîðûõ äîñòàòî÷íî âåëèêà, ÷òîáû â èõ ïðîäîëæåíèè ïðîèçîøëî ìíîãî ñîáûòèé, êîòîðûå ìîãóò óñêîëüçíóòü îò âîñïðèÿòèå, ëèáî áûòü âîñïðèíÿòû â âèäå ñîâåðøåííî äðóãèõ ôåíîìåíîâ8 . Ñóáúåêòèâíàÿ íåïðåðûâíîñòü ïîòîêà ñîçíàíèÿ (äëèòåëüíîñòü â òåðìèíîëîãèè À. Áåðãñîíà) íå áîëåå ÷åì èëëþçèÿ. 8 Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå
îñíîâû çíàìåíèòîãî "25-ãî êàäðà".
20
4 Ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ
4.1
Ñòðóêòóðà è äèíàìèêà âíèìàíèÿ
Íà ñóáúåêòèâíîì óðîâíå ñòðóêòóðà âíèìàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíà ôîêóñîì, öåëüþ è êîíòåêñòîì. Ïîä öåëüþ âíèìàíèÿ ïîíèìàåòñÿ òî, ÷òî ÷åëîâåê îæèäàåò óâèäåòü, óñëûøàòü, îñÿçàòü, ïî÷óâñòâîâàòü èëè, â îáùåì ñëó÷àå, âîñïðèíÿòü. Öåëü âíèìàíèÿ çàäàåòñÿ ìíîæåñòâîì òåêóùèõ àêòèâíûõ äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâàöèé èëè òîé ñóáïîòðåáíîñòüþ, êîòîðóþ íåîáõîäèìî óäîâëåòâîðèòü. Ôîêóñ âíèìàíèÿ íàïðàâëåí òóäà, ãäå îæèäàåòñÿ ïðåäìåò ìîòèâà. Êîíòåêñò âíèìàíèÿ ïîýòàïíî ôîðìèðóåòñÿ äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèåé è çàäàåò îãðàíè÷åíèÿ èëè êà÷åñòâà, êîòîðûì äîëæåí óäîâëåòâîðÿòü èñêîìûé ïðåäìåò ïîòðåáíîñòè. Ðåçóëüòàòîì êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ áóäåò îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè (ïðåäìåò, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè). Ïðè ýòîì âîçìîæíû ÷åòûðå õàðàêòåðíûå ñèòóàöèè.
• Ïðåäìåò ïîòðåáíîñòè, óäîâëåòâîðÿþùèé åå, îáíàðóæåí. • Îáíàðóæåíî íåñêîëüêî ïðåäìåòîâ ïîòðåáíîñòè. • Îáíàðóæåí ïðåäìåò, ÷àñòè÷íî óäîâëåòâîðÿþùèé ïîòðåáíîñòè. • Íå îáíàðóæåíî íè îäíîãî ïðåäìåòà, óäîâëåòâîðÿþùåãî ïîòðåáíîñòè.  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ìîòèâàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ çàâåðøàåòñÿ ñ ïåðåâîäîì íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû â ïîèñêîâûé (äåæóðíûé) ðåæèì. Âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå âîçíèêàåò ñîñòîÿíèå àìáèâàëåíòíîñòè, òðåáóþùåå ðàçðåøåíèÿ, â ÷åòâåðòîì ñëó÷àå ñîñòîÿíèå ôðóñòðàöèè. Òðåòèé ñëó÷àé ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå âàæíûì ñ òåîðåòè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ. ×àñòè÷íîå óäîâëåòâîðåíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè îçíà÷àåò íåêîòîðîå ñóæåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïîèñêà ïðåäìåòà ïîòðåáíîñòè â ðåçóëüòàòå êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ. Îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè êîíêðåòèçèðóåòñÿ ïîñòåïåííî, îò îäíîé êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ ê äðóãîé â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ äðåâîâèäíûì õàðàêòåðîì ñòðóêòóðèðîâàíèÿ èíôîðìàöèè â ïðîöåññå âîñïðèÿòèÿ. Ìîæíî ïðîâåñòè àíàëîãèþ ñ èòåðàöèîííûìè ìåòîäàìè ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèé: íà êàæäîì øàãå èòåðàöèè àëãîðèòì íàõîäèò âñå áîëåå òî÷íîå çíà÷åíèå êîðíÿ óðàâíåíèÿ è âûïîëíÿåòñÿ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà ðàçíèöà ìåæäó çíà÷åíèÿìè êîðíÿ íå ïîïàäåò â çàäàííûé äèàïàçîí. Åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü êîðó áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé êàê õðàíèëèùå ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííûõ äàííûõ, òî ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèñòåìîé çàïðîñîâ, îïðåäåëåííûõ íàä ýòèì õðàíèëèùåì. ×òîáû áûòü óíèâåðñàëüíîé, ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ äîëæíà èìåòü òðè îñíîâíûõ êîìïîíåíòû çàïðîñà: ×ÒÎ èñêàòü, ÃÄÅ èñêàòü è ÊÀÊÎÉ áúåêò íóæåí. Äëÿ ðåëÿöèîííûõ áàç äàííûõ ýòîé ìîäåëè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò çàïðîñ òèïà select from where . Ìåæäó ôîðìàëüíî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèìè êîìïîíåíòàìè çàïðîñà ê áàçå äàííûõ è ýëåìåíòàìè ñóáúåêòèâíîé ñòðóêòóðû âíèìàíèÿ íåò âçàèìíî-îäíîçíà÷íîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ. Ôîêóñ âíèìàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåí êîìïîíåíòàìè ×ÒÎ è ÃÄÅ, öåëü è êîíòåêñò âíèìàíèÿ âõîäÿò â êîìïîíåíò ÊÀÊÎÉ. Ôîðìàëüíàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñèñòåìû âíèìàíèÿ ïîòðåáóåò ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è ïåðåâîäà ñòðóêòóðû ñóáúåêòèâíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ âíèìàíèÿ â ñòðóêòóðó êîìïîíåíòîâ ôîðìàëüíîãî çàïðîñà. Èíôîðìàöèÿ â êîðå áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé ñòðóêòóðèðîâàíà ïî êëàñòåðíîìó ïðèíöèïó. Ðàçäðàæåíèå ó÷àñòêà âòîðè÷íîé ñëóõîâîé êîðû ëåâîãî (ðå÷åâîãî) ïîëóøàðèÿ ïðèâîäèò ê ïîñòåïåííîìó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ âîçáóæäåíèÿ íà ñîñåäíèå ó÷àñòêè. Íà ñóáúåêòèâíîì óðîâíå òàêîå ðàçäðàæåíèå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ÿñíûì îùóùåíèåì ñëîâà, à òàê æå îùóùåíèåì ñëîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îñíîâíûì ãëàâíûì ñìûñëîâûìè (àññîöèàòèâíûìè) ñâÿçÿìè. Êîíöåíòðàöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèåé (ðàçäðàæåíèåì) íåáîëüøèõ ëîêàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êîðû (ðèñ 2, a)), çîíû ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè îòìå÷åíû æèðíûìè ÷åðíûìè êðóæêàìè).  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ìåõàíèçìàìè äèíàìèêè êîðû, âîçáóæäåíèå ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ íà ñîñåäíèå ó÷àñòêè (ñåðûå ïîëÿ). Ýôôåêò ëàòåðàëüíîãî òîðìîæåíèÿ
21
4 Ñèñòåìà âíèìàíèÿ
22
Ðèñ. 2: Äèíàìèêà âîçáóæäåíèÿ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé â ïðîöåññå ðàçâèòèÿ âíèìàíèÿ. Ñïåöèôè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâàöèÿ ïðèâîäèò ê ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ìíîæåñòâà àññîöèàöèé, èç êîòîðîãî âûäåëÿþòñÿ öåíòðû íàèáîëüøåé àêòèâíîñòè (à). Ïîëó÷åííûå òàêèì îáðàçîì öåíòðû ñòàíîâÿòñÿ íà íîâîé èòåðàöèè êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ öåíòðàìè ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè (á). ïðèâîäèò ê òîìó, ÷òî âîçáóæäåíèå îäíèõ ó÷àñòêîâ óìåíüøàåòñÿ, à äðóãèõ óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ. Òàêèå ó÷àñòêè ìàêñèìàëüíîé àêòèâàöèè ðåçóëüòàò êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ (ðåçóëüòàò çàïðîñà ê áàçå äàííûõ). Åñëè äàííûé ðåçóëüòàò óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ìîòèâàöèîííîìó ïðîöåññó, òî îíè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ öåíòðàìè ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè íà íîâîì ýòàïå êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ (ðèñ 2, á)). Ïðîöåññ ðàçâèâàåòñÿ öèêëè÷åñêè ïîä óïðàâëåíèåì äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè. Àêòèâàöèîííîå ðàçäðàæåíèå êîðû ïðèâîäèò ê ôîðìèðîâàíèþ îáëàêà (ìíîæåñòâà) àññîöèàöèé, ñîäåðæàùåå â ÷àñòè÷íî ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííîì âèäå ïîòåíöèàëüíûå ïðåäìåòû ïîòðåáíîñòè. Ïîñêîëüêó îáðàçû â êîðå ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âèäå îòíîøåíèé "îáùåå-÷àñòíîå", ðåçóëüòàòîì îòêëèêà êîðû ìîæåò áûòü íåïîëíîå îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè (íàïðèìåð, ïîíÿòèå îá îáùåé ñõåìå ÷åëîâåêà, à íå îá óñòðîéñòâå ÷àñòåé åãî òåëà). Íà ñëåäóþùèõ èòåðàöèÿõ êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ ïîëó÷åííîå íåïîëíîå îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå áóäåò âûñòóïàòü óæå â ðîëè êîíòåêñòà âîñïðèÿòèÿ, à îòêëèê êîðû áóäåò âûäåëÿòü äåòàëè, óâåëè÷èâàþùèå îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå äîìèíèðóþùåé ïîòðåáíîñòè.
4.2
Ýêñòðîâåðñèÿ è èíòðîâåðñèÿ
Êðîìå ïðåäìåòíîé íàïðàâëåííîñòè âíèìàíèå èìååò åùå îäíó âàæíóþ ñòåïåíü ñâîáîäû îíî ìîæåò áûòü íàïðàâëåíî êàê íà âíåøíèå (ýêñòðîâåðñèÿ) ðàçäðàæèòåëè, òàê è íà âíóòðåííèå (èíòðîâåðñèÿ).  ïðîöåññå êëàññèôèêàöèè ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ âûðàáàòûâàåòñÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ äàííûõ (âíóòðåííèõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé), ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòàõ ðàáîòû âòîðè÷íûõ è òðåòè÷íûõ êîðêîâûõ çîí ñîâìåñòíî ñ ðàçíîîáðàçíîé óïðàâëÿþùåé èíôîðìàöèåé. Äëÿ ïîðîæäåíèÿ êîãíèòèâíîé ñèñòåìîé äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâîâ íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû áûëà âîçìîæíîñòü âûïîëíÿòü íàïðàâëåííûé ïîèñê èíôîðìàöèè â òåêóùåì êîíòåêñòå âîñïðèÿòèÿ. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïðè íîðìàëüíîì ðàçâèòèè ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà, ôîêóñ âíèìàíèÿ íàïðàâëåí íà âíåøíèé ïðåäìåò (ýêñòðîâåðñèÿ). Ïåðåõîä â êîãíèòèâíûé ðåæèì ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ôèêñàöèåé ñîñòîÿíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà è ïîñëåäóþùèì àíàëèçîì åãî êîíòåêñòà äëÿ âûðàáîòêè ïðåäìåòà äî÷åðíåãî ìîòèâà.
5 Ñîçíàòåëüíîå è áåññîçíàòåëüíîå
4.3
Îðèåíòèðîâî÷íûé ðåôëåêñ
Ïîä îðèåíòèðîâî÷íûì ðåôëåêñîì (ÎÐ) ïîíèìàåòñÿ àêòèâàöèÿ íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû â îòâåò íà ðàçäðàæèòåëè îñîáûõ òèïîâ. ßðêàÿ âñïûøêà ñâåòà èëè ãðîìêèé õëîïîê, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñâîåé èíòåíñèâíîñòè, ìîãóò ïðèâîäèòü ê íåïðîèçâîëüíîìó (áåçóñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíîìó) ïîâîðîòó ãëàç èëè ãîëîâû â ñòîðîíó âñïûøêè (õëîïêà). Ïðè âîñïðèÿòèè ñåðèè âñïûøåê (õëîïêîâ) îðèåíòèðîâî÷íûé ðåôëåêñ âñåãäà ïîñòåïåííî óãàñàåò è ñîâñåì èñ÷åçàåò ê 5-7-ìó ýëåìåíòó ñåðèè, îäíàêî òóò æå ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ âíîâü â îòâåò íà ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêîå èçìåíåíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ. Åãî íàçíà÷åíèå ãðóáàÿ ôèêñàöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ íà íåêîòîðûõ, áèîëîãè÷åñêè âàæíûõ òèïàõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé. Êîãíèòèâíûé óðîâåíü ïñèõèêè òàê æå èìååò ñâîé íàáîð áèîëîãè÷åñêè çíà÷èìûõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ íåêîòîðûå ðåãóëÿðíûå çàâèñèìîñòè ìåæäó ðàçäðàæèòåëÿìè, îáíàðóæèâàåìûå â ïðîñòðàíñòâå âíèìàíèÿ.  ñëó÷àå çðèòåëüíîé ñïîñîáíîñòè ýòî áóäóò ðåãóëÿðíûå äâóìåðíûå ñòðóêòóðû: ðåøåòêè, çåáðû, ïîâòîðÿþùèåñÿ ôèãóðû, ìàñøòàáèðîâàííûå ôèãóðû, çåðêàëüíàÿ ñèììåòðèÿ, êàëåéäîñêîï, ôðàêòàëüíûå çàâèñèìîñòè è ò.ï. Ñêîðåå âñåãî (åñëè ó÷èòûâàòü äàííûå î ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè ïåðâè÷íîé çðèòåëüíîé êîðû) êàæäîìó òèïó çàâèñèìîñòè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñâîé "äåòåêòîð" â âèäå íåéðîííîé ñòðóêòóðû, ëîêàëèçîâàííîé âî âòîðè÷íûõ çîíàõ çðèòåëüíîé êîðû. Èçîáðàæåíèå ñ ÿðêî âûðàæåííîé ðåãóëÿðíîé ñòðóêòóðîé íåïðîèçâîëüíî ïðèòÿãèâàþò âíèìàíèå ê ñåáå, îäíàêî èíòåðåñ ê íåìó ïî ìåðå ðàçãëÿäûâàíèÿ ïîñòåïåííî óãàñàåò. Åñëè æå íåìíîãî èçìåíèòü ïàðàìåòðû ðåãóëÿðíîñòè ñòðóêòóðû èçîáðàæåíèÿ, åãî ïðèòÿãàòåëüíàÿ ñèëà âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ. Îñîáåííîñòü ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ äåòåêòîðîâ ðåãóëÿðíûõ ñòðóêòóð ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî äëÿ íèõ òåîðåòè÷åñêè íåîáõîäèì ïîëíûé ïåðåáîð âàðèàíòîâ â íåêîòîðîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå. Íàïðèìåð, äåòåêòîð ðåøåòêè ðàçáèâàåò èçîáðàæåíèå íà ôðàãìåíòû è ñðàâíèâàåò èõ ïî ïðèíöèïó "êàæäûé-ñ-êàæäûì", ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê, êàê ìèíèìóì, êâàäðàòè÷íîé ñëîæíîñòè. Êðîìå ðåãóëÿðíûõ ñòðóêòóð òàê æå ìîãóò áûòü äåòåêòîðû, âûäåëÿþùèå íåêîòîðûå ýëåìåíòàðíûå ìîòèâàöèîííûå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè, èç êîòîðûõ âîçìîæíî ïîñòðîåíèå äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâîâ â êîãíèòèâíîì ðåæèìå. Îäíàêî â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïîèñêà çàâèñèìîñòåé îáùåãî âèäà òðåáóåòñÿ ãîðàçäî áîëåå òðóäîåìêèé àíàëèç. Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïî âû÷èñëèòåëüíûì ðåñóðñàì âûëüþòñÿ ëèáî â îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïî êëàññó îáíàðóæèâàåìûõ çàâèñèìîñòåé, ëèáî â îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïî èõ ðàçìåðíîñòè. Èçâåñòíîå ïðàâèëî 7 ± 2 ïîñòðîåíèÿ ïðîñòûõ äëÿ çàïîìèíàíèÿ ñèìâîëüíûõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòåé ãîâîðèò â ïîëüçó íàëè÷èÿ çâåíà ïîëíîãî ïåðåáîðà âàðèàíòîâ, ðàáîòà êîòîðîãî (à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî è çàïîìèíàíèå) ñòàíîâèòñÿ íåâîçìîæíûì ïðè ïîïàäàíèè â ïîëå âíèìàíèÿ áîëüøåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïðèçíàêîâ.
5
Ñîçíàòåëüíîå è áåññîçíàòåëüíîå
Èçâåñòåí ôåíîìåí ïîðîãà îñîçíàíèÿ, ñóòü êîòîðîãî ñâîäèòñÿ ê òîìó, ÷òî ðàçäðàæèòåëü äîëæåí èìåòü íåêîòîðóþ èíòåíñèâíîñòü, íà÷èíàÿ ñ êîòîðîé ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü åãî îùóùåíèå. Âåëè÷èíà ïîðîãà îñîçíàíèÿ ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáñòàíîâêè. Îäíàêî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî îòñóòñòâèå ñóáúåêòèâíîãî îùóùåíèÿ åùå íå îçíà÷àåò îòñóòñòâèå âîñïðèÿòèÿ äàííîãî ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ. Àïðèîðíîå âîçäåéñòâèå ïîäïîðîãîâûõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé ïðèâîäèò ê çàìåòíîìó óñêîðåíèþ ôîðìèðîâàíèþ îïûòà â òåõ ñèòóàöèÿõ, êîãäà èíòåíñèâíîñòü òåõ æå ðàçäðàæèòåëåé ïðåâûøàåò ïîðîã îñîçíàíèÿ. Ïðèíÿòî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ïðîöåññû, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå â âèäå ñóáúåêòèâíûõ îùóùåíèé, ïðîèñõîäÿò íà óðîâíå ñîçíàíèÿ, à íå ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà óðîâíå ïîäñîçíàíèÿ.
23
5 Ñîçíàòåëüíîå è áåññîçíàòåëüíîå
24
Ïðîáëåìà ñîçíàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èç ñàìûõ ñëîæíûõ â åñòåñòâîçíàíèè. Îäíà èç ïðè÷èí òàêèõ çàòðóäíåíèé íà ñîçíàíèå íåëüçÿ îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå, òàê êàê ýòî äåëàåòñÿ â îòíîøåíèè âíåøíèõ ïðåäìåòîâ. Ïðîöåññû, ëåæàùèå â îñíîâå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ ìîæíî èññëåäîâàòü òîëüêî îïîñðåäîâàííî ÷åðåç èõ ìîäåëü. Ìåòîäû îáúåêòèâíîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìîçãîâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïîêà åùå íå ïîçâîëÿþò ïðîíèêíóòü íà ýòîò óðîâåíü.  íåéðîôèçèîëîãèè íå óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü îáîñîáëåííîãî àíàòîìè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ, îòâåòñòâåííîãî çà äàííóþ ôóíêöèþ. Âìåñòî ýòîãî îáíàðóæåíû ñòðóêòóðû, âîçäåéñòâèå íà êîòîðûõ îòðàæàåòñÿ â èçìåíåíèè òîé èëè èíîé êîìïîíåíòû ñîçíàíèÿ. Íàïðèìåð, ðåòèêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ, ðåãóëèðóþùàÿ òîíóñ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé, îòâåòñòâåííà çà ôóíêöèþ ÿñíîñòè ñîçíàíèÿ. Ïîâðåæäåíèå ÐÔ ïðèâîäèò ê ñòóïîðó, ãëóáîêîìó ñíó èëè êîìå. Òî÷íî òàêèå æå ýôôåêòû ñîïðîâîæäàþò ïîâðåæäåíèå âåðõíèõ îòäåëîâ ñòâîëà ìîçãà. Ïîâðåæäåíèå ìåäèàáàçàëüíûõ îòäåëîâ ôðîíòàëüíîé êîðû íàðóøàåò ðàáîòó ýìîöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìû, à ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ïðåôðîíòàëüíîé êîðû ñïîñîáíîñòü ôîðìèðîâàòü íàìåðåíèÿ è êîíòðîëèðîâàòü èõ èñïîëíåíèå. Ïîâðåæäåíèå òåìåííî-çàòûëî÷íûõ îòäåëîâ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé íå âëèÿåò íà ôóíêöèè ñîçíàíèÿ (ÿñíîñòü, ìûøëåíèå), îäíàêî ñóùåñòâåííûì îáðàçîì âëèÿþò íà åãî ñîäåðæàíèå, èç êîòîðîãî âûïàäàþò îùóùåíèÿ, ôîðìèðóåìûå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè çîíàìè êîðû. Òàê, ìîæíî âðåìåííî ïîòåðÿòü ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðîèçíîñèòü èëè ðàçëè÷àòü íåêîòîðûå ñëîâà èëè çðèòåëüíûå îáðàçû.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò òÿæåñòè ïîâðåæäåíèÿ, ïîòåðÿííîå ñîäåðæàíèå ñîçíàíèÿ ìîæåò áûòü ÷àñòè÷íî èëè ïîëíîñòüþ âîññòàíîâëåíî. Ðàçðóøåíèå ëîáíûõ îòäåëîâ ôðîíòàëüíîé êîðû ïðèâîäèò ê áîëåå èëè ìåíåå âûðàæåííîìó äåôåêòó ëè÷íîñòè. Ðàçðóøàþòñÿ ñôîðìèðîâàííûå â ñîöèóìå íàìåðåíèÿ, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ÷àñòè÷íî ñòðàäàþò ïðèîáðåòåííûå ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå ìîòèâû. Èõ ïîäìåíÿþò áàçàëüíûå ìîòèâû ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ñèíäðîì ñîöèàëüíîé äåçàäàïòàöèè (ñíèæåíèå êà÷åñòâà æèçíè), ÷åëîâåê ìîæåò ïðèîáðåñòè âðåäíûå ïðèâû÷êè è óòðà÷èâàåò ñïîñîáíîñòü âûïîëíÿòü ðàáîòó, òðåáóþùóþ äëèòåëüíîãî ñîõðàíåíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ. Âàæíûì àñïåêòîì äåôåêòà ëè÷íîñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî ÷åëîâåê íå îñîçíàåò ïðîèñøåäøèõ ñ íèì èçìåíåíèé è íå ñòðåìèòüñÿ èñïðàâèòü ñèòóàöèþ. Íàïðîòèâ, ïðè ïîðàæåíèè òåìåííî-çàòûëî÷íîé êîðû îñîçíàåòñÿ âûïàäåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ñîçíàíèÿ è ïðåäïðèíèìàþòñÿ ìåðû ïî åãî êîìïåíñàöèè. Ñîçíàíèå, ÿâëÿÿñü íàäñòðîéêîé íàä ñèñòåìîé âíèìàíèÿ, íàñëåäóåò åå äèíàìèêó è òàê æå ñóùåñòâóåò "êâàíòàìè"9 , â êàæäîì èç êîòîðûõ ïîâòîðÿþòñÿ äâå ôàçû ôàçà âîïðîñà è ôàçà îòâåòà. Äëèòåëüíîñòü êâàíòà ñîçíàíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò äëèòåëüíîñòè êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ è ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðèìåðíî 80-150 ìñ. Ýòî ÷èñëî âàðüèðóåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáúåìà ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ íà óðîâíå ñîçíàíèÿ äàííûõ. Ôàçà âîïðîñà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ôàçå êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ. Âîïðîñ ýòî çàïðîñ íà îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè, ïîðîäèâøåé àêòèâíîñòü ñèñòåìû âíèìàíèÿ. Îòâåò èëè îòêëèê äîëãîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè ñîäåðæèò âàðèàíòû îïðåäìå÷èâàíèÿ, îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî. Êàæäûé òàêîé âàðèàíò ìîæåò áûòü êàê ïîëíûì îïðåäìå÷èâàíèåì ïîòðåáíîñòè, òàê è íåïîëíûì.  îñíîâó ñèñòåìû çàïðîñîâ ê äîëãîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè ïîëîæåíû àâòîàññîöèàòèâíûå ïðèíöèïû íåïîëíîå îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè ñàìî ìîæåò áûòü âîïðîñîì. Íà îñíîâå âàðèàíòîâ íåïîëíîãî îïðåäìå÷èâàíèÿ, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â îòêëèêå êîíû â ôàçå îòâåòà, àíàëèòè÷åñêàÿ êîãíèòèâíàÿ ñèñòåìà âûðàáàòûâàåò íîâûé âàðèàíò îïðåäìå÷èâàíèÿ, êîòîðûé ñòàíåò âîïðîñîì â ñëåäóþùåì êâàíòå àêòèâíîñòè ñîçíàíèÿ. Âîïðîñ, ïðèñóòñòâóþùèé íà ïåðâîé ôàçå, âõîäèò â ñòðóêòóðó ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîçíàíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ îáúåäèíÿåò êîìïîíåíòû âíèìàíèÿ , è . Âîïðîñû î òîíêîé ñòðóêòóðå ñîçíàíèÿ, î ñàìîðåôëåêñèè è î ÷óâñòâóþùåì ñóáúåêòå 9 Âîçìîæíûå
àíàëîãèè ñ êâàíòîâîé ìåõàíèêîé, êâàíòîâîé ïñèõîëîãèåé è êâàíòîâûì ñîçíàíèåì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëó÷àéíûì ñîâïàäåíèåì.
6 Ðàöèîíàëüíîå è èððàöèîíàëüíîå îñòàþòñÿ ïîêà îòêðûòûìè. Îäíàêî, èìåþùèõñÿ äàííûõ âïîëíå äîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ôîðìèðîâàòü ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðîèçâîëüíîé ðåãóëÿöèè ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ ñîñòîÿíèå ñîçíàíèÿ ñ çàäàííûìè ñâîéñòâàìè, ïðè÷åì ñàì ÷óâñòâóþùèé ñóáúåêò áóäåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ äàííûì ñîñòîÿíèåì. Ýòî ñâîéñòâî ïðîèçâîëüíîé ðåãóëÿöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêîé îñíîâîé äëÿ ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ïñèõîòåõíèê "èçìåíåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîçíàíèÿ". Ïîõîæå, ÷òî â êîòîðûé ðàç ÷åëîâå÷åñòâî ïîëó÷àåò â ðóêè ðû÷àãè óïðàâëåíèÿ ñòèõèÿìè çàäîëãî äî òîãî, êàê ïîñòèãàåò ñóòü ýòèõ ñòèõèé. Òåïåðü íàñòàëà î÷åðåäü ñòèõèè ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî ñîçíàíèÿ.
6
Ðàöèîíàëüíîå è èððàöèîíàëüíîå
Ðàöèîíàëüíîå ýòî òî, ÷òî èìååò èíòåðïðåòàöèþ â ñèñòåìå çíàíèé î ìèðå. Òî, îòíîñèòåëüíî êîòîðîãî ìîæíî ïðåäìåòíî îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñû ÷òî, ïî÷åìó, çà÷åì è àíàëîãè÷íûå. Âîñïðèÿòèå èððàöèîíàëüíîãî ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ýìîöèåé, ïîëîæèòåëüíîé èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîé, íî íå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ îùóùåíèåì ïðåäìåòíîñòè ïðè÷èíû: îòâåòîì íà âîïðîñ "Çà÷åì ?"áóäåò õîðîøî çíàêîìîå "Íàäî!". Èððàöèîíàëüíîå ýòî òî, ÷òî íå èìååò ïðåäìåòíîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè â ñèñòåìå çíàíèé î ìèðå, îäíàêî ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ýìîöèåé. ×èñòî èððàöèîíàëüíîå âîñïðèÿòèå ñëó÷àåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðåäêî, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ èìååò ñìûñë ãîâîðèòü î òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíè ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè âîñïðèÿòèÿ ôåíîìåíà. Ìîæíî âûäåëèòü ïÿòü ýòàïîâ æèçíåííîãî öèêëà âîñïðèÿòèÿ âíåøíèõ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñîçíàíèþ ôåíîìåíîâ è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ âïå÷àòëåíèÿ.
Íåâîñïðèÿòèå ðàçäðàæèòåëü, âîçäåéñòâóþùèé íà îðãàíû ÷óâñòâ íå âûçûâàåò îòâåòíîé ðåàêöèè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû è íå èçìåíÿåò åå ñîñòîÿíèÿ.
Ïîäïîðîãîâîå âîñïðèÿòèå ðàçäðàæèòåëü âûçûâàåò ðåàêöèþ íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû è èç-
ìåíÿåò åå ñîñòîÿíèå, ïðèâëåêàÿ ê ñåáå ðåñóðñû âíèìàíèÿ. Îäíàêî ýìîöèîíàëüíûé îòêëèê, ôîðìèðóåìûé ïðè ýòîì ìåíüøå ïîðîãà îñîçíàíèÿ äëÿ äàííîãî òèïà ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ, çàäàííîãî òåêóùèì ìîòèâàöèîííûì ïðîöåññîì.
Íåïðîèçâîëüíîå âîñïðèÿòèå èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ âûøå ïîðîãà îñîçíàíèÿ
â êîòîðîì îí ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ â âèäå ñìóòíîãî îáðàçà (îáùåé èäåè, ...). Îäíàêî ïîñëå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïðåäìåòíîé êîìïîíåíòû âïå÷àòëåíèÿ óòðà÷èâàåòñÿ è íå âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ ïðîñòûì óñèëèåì.
Ïðîèçâîëüíîå âîñïîìèíàíèå ðàçäðàæèòåëü ïîëó÷àåò èíòåðïðåòàöèþ â êîíòåêñòå òå-
êóùåãî ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà è åãî ïðåäìåòíîå ñîäåðæàíèå ìîæåò áûòü âûçâàíî â ñîçíàíèå ïðè îòñóòñòâèè íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà îðãàíû ÷óâñòâ. Âïå÷àòëåíèå îò ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ ìîæåò áûòü îñìûñëåíî, íî íå ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî â âèäå ñèìâîëà äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è èíôîðìàöèè î íåì äðóãîìó ñóáúåêòó. Íà äàííîì óðîâíå âîñïðèÿòèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ äîëÿ ñóáúåêòèâíûõ çíàíèé î ìèðå.
Âåðáàëèçàöèÿ (ñèìâîëèçàöèÿ) âïå÷àòëåíèå óäàåòñÿ âûðàçèòü â âèäå ñèìâîëîâ, âîñ-
ïðèÿòèå êîòîðûõ ïî àññîöèàòèâíûì ñâÿçÿì ïðèâîäèò ê ïåðåæèâàíèþ òàêîãî æå âïå÷àòëåíèÿ.
Íà ýòàïå ïîäïîðîãîâîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ, íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïîñòåïåííî íàêàïëèâàåò èíôîðìàöèþ î íåì. Ïîñêîëüêó ýìîöèîíàëüíûé îòêëèê ïðîïîðöèîíàëåí âåëè÷èíå îæèäàåìîãî óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè, áîëüøèé îáúåì ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòè ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ â íèçøèõ îòäåëàõ ñèñòåìû âîñïðèÿòèÿ áóäåò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü åãî ëó÷øåìó àíàëèçó ñ ýòîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ. Ïðè ïðåâûøåíèè ïîðîãà îñîçíàíèÿ ðàçäðàæèòåëü íà÷èíàåò ïðèâëåêàòü ê
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7 Èíòåëëåêò è èíòóèöèÿ
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ñåáå îñíîâíûå ðåñóðñû âíèìàíèÿ, ÷òî ìíîãîêðàòíî óâåëè÷èâàåò èíòåíñèâíîñòü îáðàáîòêè è óñêîðÿåò æèçíåííûé öèêë âïå÷àòëåíèÿ. Åñëè íà ýòàïå íåïðîèçâîëüíîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå îïðåäìå÷èâàåòñÿ â êîíòåêñòå äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè, îíî ìîæåò áûòü âîñïðîèçâåäåíî â êîíòåêñòå ïðîèçâîëüíîé äèíàìèêè ñîçíàíèÿ. Îäíàêî åãî ïåðåäà÷à äðóãîìó ñóáúåêòó òðåáóåò íàëè÷èÿ â åãî ãíîñåîëîãèè ñõîäíûõ ñòðóêòóð. Ýòî äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåïî÷êè ñèìâîëîâ, âîñïðèÿòèå êîòîðîé ïðèâåäåò ê àíàëîãè÷íîìó (ïî ðÿäó êðèòåðèåâ) âïå÷àòëåíèþ. Ïîèñê òàêîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ("ïîèñê íóæíûõ ñëîâ") òðåáóåò âðåìåíè è óñèëèé.  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ òàêàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ìîæåò áûòü íàéäåíà, òîãäà ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ âåðáàëèçàöèÿ èëè ñèìâîëèçàöèÿ âïå÷àòëåíèÿ. Èððàöèîíàëüíûé ýòàï âîñïðèÿòèÿ ôåíîìåíà íà÷èíàåòñÿ íà ñòàäèè íåïðîèçâîëüíîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ. Ïî ìåðå íàêîïëåíèÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèè ôåíîìåíà â ñèñòåìå çíàíèé, ñòàíîâèòñÿ âîçìîæíûì åãî ïðîèçâîëüíîå âîñïîìèíàíèå â òîì îáúåìå, â êîòîðîì ýòà èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ îñóùåñòâëåíà: âîñïðèÿòèå ôåíîìåíà ïîñòåïåííî ðàöèîíàëèçèðóåòñÿ. Íà îïðåäåëåííîì ýòàïå áóäåò ïîëó÷åíà èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ â ñèìâîëüíîé ñèñòåìå çíàíèé, â ðåçóëüòàòå ñòàíåò âîçìîæíîé âåðáàëèçàöèÿ èëè ñèìâîëèçàöèÿ âîñïðèíÿòîãî ôåíîìåíà. Íà ýòîé ñòàäèè ðàöèîíàëèçàöèÿ ôåíîìåíà äîñòèãàåò ñâîåãî ìàêñèìóìà.
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Èíòåëëåêò è èíòóèöèÿ
Ñ âîñõîäÿùèìè ýìîöèîíàëüíî-àíàëèòè÷åñêèìè è íèñõîäÿùèìè ìîòèâàöèîííî-ñèíòåòè÷åñêèìè ïðîöåññàìè îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè òåñíî ñâÿçàíû äâà òðàäèöèîííî ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëÿåìûõ äðóã-äðóãó ôåíîìåíà: èíòóèöèÿ è èíòåëëåêò. Îáà îíè ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ êàê ñïîñîá ïîääåðæêè ïðèíÿòèÿ ðåøåíèé. Èíòóèöèÿ ("èððàöèîíàëüíûé" ðàññóäîê) ïîçâîëÿåò ïðèíÿòü ðåøåíèå òàì, ãäå èíòåëëåêò îêàçûâàåòñÿ áåññèëåí ïî ïðè÷èíå ñóùåñòâåííîé íåõâàòêè èíôîðìàöèè. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, â ñëó÷àå äîñòàòî÷íîñòè èíôîðìàöèè äëÿ ïðèíÿòèÿ ðåøåíèé, èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûé ïðîöåññ ïðîòåêàåò ãîðàçäî èíòåíñèâíåé è ñ ìåíüøåé äîëåé îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ýìîöèé â îáùåé êàðòèíå ýìîöèé. Êðîìå òîãî, áîëüøèíñòâî çíàíèé ôîðìèðóåòñÿ èìåííî âî âðåìÿ èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ, òàê êàê ïîðîæäåíèå äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâîâ ïðîèñõîäèò â êîíòåêñòå íèñõîäÿùèõ ïðîöåññîâ. Êàê è áîëüøèíñòâî ôåíîìåíîâ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ, ñóáúåêòèâíî âîñïðèíèìàåìûå èíòóèöèÿ è èíòåëëåêò íå èìåþò ïðÿìîãî ìîçãîâîãî ýêâèâàëåíòà. Ìîæíî òîëüêî ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî âî âðåìÿ èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûõ ðàññóæäåíèé ïðåîáëàäàþò íèñõîäÿùèå ìîòèâàöèîííûå ïðîöåññû è ìîçã ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íàõîäèòñÿ â ìîòèâàöèîííîì ðåæèìå.  îñíîâå èíòóèöèè ëåæèò âåðîÿòíîñòü ïîÿâëåíèÿ èñêîìîãî ðåøåíèÿ â ìíîæåñòâå ïîáî÷íûõ àññîöèàöèé, ñîïðîâîæäàþùèõ âîñïðèÿòèå ðàçäðàæèòåëåé. Äàëåå ýòî ðåøåíèå îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ âî âðåìÿ óæå óïîìÿíóòûõ êîãíèòèâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Åñëè èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûå ïðîöåññû íîñÿò ÿâíî âûðàæåííûé äåòåðìèíèðîâàííûé õàðàêòåð, òî èíòóèòèâíûå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèé, ïðè÷åì ôàêòîð íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè ôîðìèðóåòñÿ âíåøíèì ìèðîì, à íå âíóòðåííèìè ïðîöåññàìè. ×òîáû èíòóèöèÿ ìîãëà ðàáîòàòü, êîíöåíòðàöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ äîëæíà îñëàáíóòü ñ îñëàáëåíèåì êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ ðàñøèðÿåòñÿ ìíîæåñòâî ïîáî÷íûõ àññîöèàöèé, ðàñøèðÿåòñÿ "áàçà" èíòóèöèè.  ýòîì ñîñòîèò îñíîâà ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèÿ10 ëîãèêè è èíòóèöèè : îñëàáëåíèå èíòåëëåêòóàëüíî-ìîòèâàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ ïðèâîäèò ê îñëàáëåíèþ êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ è èíòåíñèôèêàöèè èíòóèòèâíîãî ïîèñêà. Óñïåøíûé ïîèñê ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ýìîöèåé, ïåðåâîäÿùåé ñèñòåìó âíîâü â ðåæèì ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ íèñõîäÿùèõ ìîòèâàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ. 10 Â
èñòîðèè èçâåñòíû ðàçëè÷íûå ôèëîñîôñêèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ, àáñîëþòèçèðóþùèå ëèáî èíòåëëåêò (ðàöèîíàëèçì), ëèáî èíòóèöèþ (ýêçèñòåíöèàëèçì, èíòóèòèâèçì).
8 Ðàñùåïëåííûé ìîçã è ìåæïîëóøàðíàÿ àñèììåòðèÿ
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Èíòåëëåêò è èíòóèöèÿ ïðåêðàñíî äîïîëíÿþò äðóã-äðóãà. Èíòóèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû âñåãäà ïðîòåêàþò â îïðåäåëåííîì êîíòåêñòå âîñïðèÿòèÿ êîòîðîìó ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îïðåäåëåííàÿ êàðòèíà ôðîíòàëüíîãî òîðìîæåíèÿ, îñòàâøåãîñÿ ïîñëå ôðóñòðàöèè èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîãî ïðîöåññà. Äàííûé êîíòåêñò âîñïðèÿòèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îãðàíè÷åíèåì äëÿ âîçìîæíîãî ìíîæåñòâà ðåøåíèé. Ñàìî æå íàéäåííîå ðåøåíèå ïîçâîëÿåò ïðîäîëæèòü ïðåðâàííûé ðàíåå èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûé ïðîöåññ. Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, ñòîõàñòè÷åñêàÿ ïðèðîäà èíòóèöèè ðàñøèðÿåò îãðàíè÷åííûå âîçìîæíîñòè äåòåðìèíèðîâàííûõ àëãîðèòìîâ èíòåëëåêòà. Èíòåëëåêò è èíòóèöèÿ íå ïðîñòî äîïîëíÿþò äðóã äðóãà, îíè íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé. Âîñïðèÿòèå íîâîãî íà÷èíàåòñÿ íà èíòóèòèâíîì óðîâíå è ÷àñòî ïðîèñõîäèò â áåññîçíàòåëüíîì ðåæèìå11 . Íî îáÿçàòåëüíûì, íå çàâèñÿùèì îò ñóáúåêòà, ïðîäóêòîì èíòóèöèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñîçíàíèå è ðàöèîíàëèçàöèÿ. Åñëè èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûå ïðîöåññû äîìèíèðóþò â íàó÷íîì ïîçíàíèè (îíè íåîáõîäèìû äëÿ äîêàçàòåëüñòâà óòâåðæäåíèé ), òî èíòóèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû äîìèíèðóþò â êóëüòóðå, èñêóññòâå, ìèôîëîãèè è íåêîòîðûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ ôèëîñîôèè. Òåì íå ìåíåå íàóêà äàæå â íàøå âðåìÿ îñòàåòñÿ ìèôîëîãè÷íà, à ìèôîëîãèÿ, ñòàíîâÿñü ìèðîâîççðåíèåì, ïðèîáðåòàåò ÷åðòû ðàöèîíàëüíîñòè[12].
8 Ðàñùåïëåííûé ìîçã è ìåæïîëóøàðíàÿ àñèììåòðèÿ  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ â íåéðîïñèõîëîãèè ñóùåñòâåííûé èíòåðåñ óäåëÿåòñÿ ôåíîìåíó ðàñùåïëåííîãî ìîçãà, ñìûñë êîòîðîãî ñâîäèòñÿ ê õèðóðãè÷åñêîìó èëè òðàâìàòè÷åñêîìó ïîâðåæäåíèþ ìåæïîëóøàðíûõ ñâÿçåé è, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ìîçîëèñòîãî òåëà. Ïðè ýòîì ïðîèñõîäèò "ðàññèíõðîíèçàöèÿ" ðàáîòû ïîëóøàðèé, èìåþùàÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïðîÿâëåíèÿ â ïîâåäåíèè ñóáúåêòà, êîòîðûå ìîæíî óñëîâíî ñâåñòè â òðè ÷àñòè÷íî ïåðåêðûâàþùèåñÿ ãðóïïû: 1. ðàññèíõðîíèçàöèÿ âîñïðèÿòèÿ; 2. ðàññèíõðîíèçàöèÿ ìîòîðèêè; 3. ðàññèíõðîíèçàöèÿ ñîçíàíèÿ. Ðàññèíõðîíèçàöèÿ âîñïðèÿòèÿ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî ñóáúåêò íå ìîæåò íàçâàòü ïðåäìåò, îùóïûâàåìûé ëåâîé ðóêîé èëè ïîïàäàþùèé â ïîëå çðåíèÿ òîëüêî ïðàâîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ. Ðàññèíõðîíèçàöèÿ ìîòîðèêè ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â íåñïîñîáíîñòè ïðîèçâîëüíîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðàâøàìè ëåâîé ðóêîé ïðè èçîëÿöèè êàíàëîâ âîñïðèÿòèÿ ïðàâîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ. Ðàññèíõðîíèçàöèÿ ñîçíàíèÿ äåòåêòèðóåòñÿ â îïûòàõ ñ ïðåäúÿâëåíèåì ñóáúåêòó êîìïîçèöèè ïðåäìåòîâ, ïîñòðîåííîé òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî îòäåëüíûå ïðåäìåòû öåëèêîì ïîïàäàþò â ïîëÿ çðåíèÿ ðàçíûõ ïîëóøàðèé. Ïîñëå ïðåäúÿâëåíèÿ êîìïîçèöèè ïðåäìåòîâ ñóáúåêòó ïðåäëàãàþò âûáðàòü èç äðóãîãî ìíîæåñòâà ïðåäìåòîâ îòäåëüíî ïðàâîé è ëåâîé ðóêîé òå, ñ êîòîðûìè âîçíèêàþò àññîöèàöèè. Ïðè ýòîì ñóáúåêò-ïðàâøà óñòîé÷èâî âûáèðàåò ëåâîé ðóêîé àññîöèèðóþùèåñÿ ïðåäìåòû, õîòÿ è íå ñïîñîáåí îáîñíîâàòü ñâîåãî âûáîðà, òàê êàê äàæå íå ïîìíèò ïðåäìåòîâ, ïîïàâøèõ â ïîëå çðåíèÿ ïðàâîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ [4, 11]. Ñóòü ôåíîìåíà äåñèíõðîíèçàöèè ñîçíàíèÿ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ òàê æå, êîãäà ñóáúåêò íå ìîæåò äàòü âåðáàëüíîãî îò÷åòà î ñâîèõ äåéñòâèÿõ, ñôîðìèðîâàííûõ ñ ó÷àñòèåì òîëüêî ïðàâîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ. Ê ýòîìó îòíîñÿòñÿ íå òîëüêî äåéñòâèÿ ëåâîé ðóêîé (ó ïðàâøåé), íî è èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ðå÷åâûõ êîìïîíåíò (èíòîíàöèîííûõ) êàê "÷óæèõ", "ïðîèçíåñåííûõ êåì-òî äðóãèì". 11 Òàê êàê ïñèõè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû öèêëè÷íû, òî âîïðîñ î ïðåäøåñòâîâàíèè èíòóèöèè ïðèíàäëåæèò ê êëàññó âîïðîñîâ î êóðèöå è ÿéöå. Îäíàêî, â ôèëîãåíåçå èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûå ïðîöåññû ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ïîçäíåå.
8 Ðàñùåïëåííûé ìîçã è ìåæïîëóøàðíàÿ àñèììåòðèÿ Îáà ïîëóøàðèÿ àíàòîìè÷åñêè ïî÷òè èäåíòè÷íû, îíè ñîäåðæàò îäèíàêîâûå íàáîðû ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ óçëîâ, âêëþ÷àþùèõ àíàëèòèêî-ïåðöåïòèâíûå, ñèíòåòèêî-ìîòîðíûå è êîíòðîëüíîýíåðãåòè÷åñêèå ìîäóëè. Ïðè ýòîì íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ëþäüìè ñ ðàñùåïëåííûì ìîçãîì ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ïîëóøàðèÿ ìîãóò ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü íåçàâèñèìî äðóã îò äðóãà. Ó çäîðîâîãî ÷åëîâåêà ìåæïîëóøàðíûå ñâÿçè îáåñïå÷èâàþò ñîïîä÷èíåííîñòü äâóõ "ñîçíàíèé" èëè äîìèíàíòó îäíîãî, ÷àùå ëåâîãî, ïîëóøàðèÿ. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ [1, 4, 11], ÷òî ðå÷åâàÿ ôóíêöèÿ è âåðáàëüíîå (îñíîâàííîå íà ðå÷åâîé ôóíêöèè) ñîçíàíèå ëîêàëèçîâàíû â ëåâîì ïîëóøàðèè. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñèãíàë ïîñòóïàåò ñðàçó â îáà ïîëóøàðèÿ áåç ðàçäåëåíèÿ. Ïðè ýòîì ïðàâîå ïîëóøàðèå îáðàáàòûâàåò èíòîíàöèîííóþ, ìåëîäè÷åñêóþ êîìïîíåíòó ðå÷åâîãî ñèãíàëà. Äëÿ çðèòåëüíîé, ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé è ñåíñîðíîé, à òàê æå ìîòîðíîé ìîäàëüíîñòåé äàííîå ðàçäåëåíèå íå ñòîëü ÷åòêî âûðàæåíî: ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿ ïîëóøàðèé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ àíàòîìè÷åñêè. Íå âñÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà òðåáóåò íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî ó÷àñòèÿ ìîçîëèñòîãî òåëà (ãëàâíàÿ ìåæïîëóøàðíàÿ ñâÿçü). Ìíîãèå ïðîñòûå äâèãàòåëüíûå ðåôëåêñû, à òàê æå âñå ìîòîðíûå àâòîìàòèçìû îñóùåñòâëÿþòñÿ çà ñ÷åò ìîçæå÷êà è ñðåäèííûõ ñòðóêòóð, êîòîðûå, êàê ïðàâèëî, îñòàþòñÿ íåïîâðåæäåííûìè ó ëþäåé ñ ðàñùåïëåííûì ìîçãîì. Ïîýòîìó â "îáû÷íûõ óñëîâèÿõ" äåñèíõðîíèçàöèþ òðóäíî îáíàðóæèòü: îíà ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà íåîáõîäèìî âûïîëíèòü êîãíèòèâíûå îïåðàöèè. Ïðîáëåìà îáíàðóæåíèÿ äåñèíõðîíèçàöèè ñîçíàíèÿ îñëîæíÿåòñÿ òåì, òî "ñóáúåêò" ïðàâîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ íå ìîæåò äàòü î ñåáå âåðáàëüíûé îò÷åò, òàê êàê ïðîñòî "íå óìååò ãîâîðèòü": ñïîñîáíîñòü âåðáàëèçàöèè îñòàëàñü â ëåâîì ïîëóøàðèè. Ðàñùåïëåíèå ïîëóøàðèé12 ÷àùå âñåãî ïðèâîäèò ê îäíîìó èç äâóõ ñöåíàðèåâ ðàçâèòèÿ [1]:
• ÿâëåíèÿ äåñèíõðîíèçàöèè, ÿâíî âûðàæåííûå â ïåðâûå äíè ïîñëåîïåðàöèîííîé ðåàáèëèòàöèè ïîñòåïåííî èñ÷åçàþò è, â äàëüíåéøåì, ìîãóò áûòü îáíàðóæåíû òîëüêî ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ñïåöèàëüíûõ ìåòîäèê; • ÿâëåíèÿ äåñèíõðîíèçàöèè óñóãóáëÿþòñÿ ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì äâóõ ñóáúåêòîâ, ÷àñòî êîíôëèêòóþùèõ ìåæäó ñîáîé, â ðàìêàõ îäíîãî ÷åëîâåêà. Ðåçóëüòàòû íàáëþäåíèé çà ëþäüìè ñ ðàñùåïëåííûì ìîçãîì ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî íàøå îáû÷íîå ñîçíàíèå íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîðîäíûì.  êàæäîì èç ëþäåé æèâóò äâà ÷åëîâåêà "ñîãëàñíûå âî âñåì" äðóã ñ äðóãîì îáû÷íîé ñèòóàöèè, íî ïîñòåïåííî íà÷èíàþùèå æèòü êàæäûé ñîáñòâåííîé æèçíüþ, êîãäà ñâÿçü ìåæäó ïîëóøàðèÿìè íàðóøàåòñÿ. Ìåæïîëóøàðíàÿ àñèììåòðèÿ äîáàâëÿåò îïðåäåëåííûé óðîâåíü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ áåññîçíàòåëüíîãî: ïñèõè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû, ïðîòåêàþùèå â ïðàâîì ïîëóøàðèè òðóäíî ïîääàþòñÿ âåðáàëèçàöèè ââèäó òîãî, ÷òî ïðåäñòàâëåíû äëÿ ëåâîïîëóøàðíûõ (ðå÷åâîå ïîëóøàðèå) îïîñðåäîâàííî ÷åðåç "èíòåðôåéñ" ìîçîëèñòîãî òåëà. Óïðîùåííî ìîçã ìîæíî ñðàâíèòü ñ äâóõïðîöåññîðíûì êîìïüþòåðîì. Äâà ïîëóøàðèÿ ýòî äâà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîðà, êàæäûé èç êîòîðûõ âûïîëíÿåò ñâîè ïðîãðàììû, îíè ñèíõðîíèçèðóþòñÿ ÷åðåç âèðòóàëüíî îáùóþ ïàìÿòü. Êàæäîå èç ïîëóøàðèé (ïðîöåññîðîâ) ðàáîòàåò â ðåæèìå ðàçäåëåíèÿ âðåìåíè, äàâàÿ êàæäîìó èç ïàðàëëåëüíî æèâóùèõ ìîòèâàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ íåêîòîðûé êâàíò âíèìàíèÿ. 12 Ýòà
îïåðàöèÿ ïîêàçàíà ïðè òÿæåëûõ ôîðìàõ ýïèëåïñèè.
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9 Ìåòàôîðà èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè
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Ìåòàôîðà èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè
Èìååòñÿ ïîìåùåíèå ñ Èíôîðìàöèîííîé Äîñêîé íà ñòåíå.  ïîìåùåíèè íàõîäÿòñÿ Ó÷àñòíèêè è Äèñïåò÷åð. Ïåðåä íèìè ïîñòàâëåíà çàäà÷à ñîñòàâèòü ìîçàè÷íîå èçîáðàæåíèå ïòèöûïåòóõà. Êàæäûé èç Ó÷àñòíèêîâ ðàñïîëàãàåò ôðàãìåíòàìè ìîçàèêè îñîáîãî òèïà. Ïðîöåññ ïîñòðîåíèÿ íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ òîãî, ÷òî ïðîèçâîëüíûé Ó÷àñòíèê ïðèêðåïëÿåò ê Äîñêå íåêîòîðûé ôðàãìåíò ìîçàèêè. Ïîñëå ýòîãî âñå ó÷àñòíèêè ñìîòðÿò íà Äîñêó, è íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ ïðåäëàãàþò ïðèêðåïèòü ñâîè ôðàãìåíòû. Äèñïåò÷åð, ðóêîâîäñòâóÿñü ñâîèìè êðèòåðèÿìè, âûáèðàåò èç íèõ îäíîãî, ðàçðåøàÿ åìó ïðèêðåïèòü ôðàãìåíò ê Èíôîðìàöèîííîé Äîñêå. Ïðîöåññ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ öèêëè÷åñêè äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà Ó÷àñòíèêè ïðåäëàãàþò ôðàãìåíòû äëÿ ïðèêðåïëåíèÿ ê Äîñêå. Âñå îáùåíèå ìåæäó ó÷àñòíèêàìè ïðîèñõîäèò òîëüêî ïîñðåäñòâîì Èíôîðìàöèîííîé Äîñêè. Äèñïåò÷åð ðàçðåøàåò ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ ìåæäó ó÷àñòíèêàìè, íà÷èíàåò è çàêàí÷èâàåò ïðîöåññ ïîñòðîåíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ, íî íå ïðèíèìàåò â íåì ñîäåðæàòåëüíîãî ó÷àñòèÿ.  êëàññè÷åñêîé ïîñòàíîâêå Èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ Äîñêà ðàçäåëÿåìàÿ ïàìÿòü, õðàíÿùàÿ ñîñòîÿíèå ðåøåíèÿ ïîñòàâëåííîé çàäà÷è. Ó÷àñòíèêè èñòî÷íèêè çíàíèé ïðîãðàììíûå ìîäóëè, ðåàãèðóþùèå íà èçìåíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ äîñêè è, â îòâåò íà íåãî, ïðåäëàãàþùèå íîâîå èçìåíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ. Äèñïåò÷åð êîíòðîëëåð óïðàâëÿåò ïðîöåññîì ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è, ðàçðåøàÿ êîíôëèêòû ìåæäó èñòî÷íèêàìè çíàíèé. Ïîæàëóé, èç âñåõ ïðåäëàãàåìûõ ôîðìàëüíûõ ìîäåëåé â Èñêóññòâåííîì Èíòåëëåêòå, ìåòàôîðà èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå áëèçêîé ê ìàêðîñòðóêòóðå ìîçãîâûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ äîñêà êðàòêîâðåìåííàÿ ïàìÿòü (ÊÏ). Ýòî îáðàçîâàíèå íå èìååò ÷åòêîé àíàòîìè÷åñêîé ëîêàëèçàöèè. Îñíîâíûì îðãàíîì ÊÏ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèïïîêàìï, ñîõðàíÿþùèé äàííûå êîðêîâîé ëîêàëèçàöèè ýìîöèîíàëüíî îêðàøåííûõ ñîáûòèé: ãäå è êîãäà îíè ïðîèçîøëè. Îäíàêî, ãèïïîêàìï íå õðàíèò ñàìè îáðàçû, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå ñ êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè ñîçíàíèÿ, ýòè îáðàçû ïðåäñòàâëåíû àêòèâíîñòüþ ñàìîé êîðû, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ ïî ñîâìåñòèòåëüñòâó åùå è äîëãîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòüþ. Äâóõñòîðîííåå ïîâðåæäåíèå ãèïïîêàìïà ïðèâîäèò ê ñòîéêîìó êîðñàêîâñêîìó ñèíäðîìó: ÷åëîâåê ïîìíèò î ïðåäìåòàõ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ â ïîëå çðåíèÿ. Ïî ìåðå âûõîäà èç ïîëÿ çðåíèÿ ïàìÿòü î ïðåäìåòàõ (ñîáûòèÿõ) óòðà÷èâàåòñÿ. Ó÷àñòíèêè èñòî÷íèêè çíàíèé ìîòèâàöèîííûå îáðàçîâàíèÿ, êîòîðûå áóäåì íàçûâàòü ìîòèâàöèîííûìè öåíòðàìè (ÌÖ). Òàêîå ïîíÿòèå óäîáíî òåì, ÷òî ó÷èòûâàåò ñïåöèôèêó àíàòîìè÷åñêîé ëîêàëèçàöèè: ÌÖ ÿâëÿåòñÿ àññîöèàòèâíûì ó÷àñòêîì ìîòèâàöèîííîé ôðîíòàëüíîé êîðû. ÌÖ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîòèâîì, îí ïðîñòî "ïðåäñòàâëÿåò" ôðàãìåíò åãî ïðåäìåòíîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ. Ìîòèâ ýòî ñîâîêóïíîñòü ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ, ñóùåñòâóþùàÿ â êîíòåêñòå. Îäèí è òîò æå ìîòèâàöèîííûé öåíòð ìîæåò âõîäèò â ñòðóêòóðó ïðîèçâîëüíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ìîòèâîâ. Ìîæíî òàê ñêàçàòü: ìîòèâ ýòî ïðîãðàììà, ìîòèâàöèîííûé öåíòð ýòî ïîäïðîãðàììà. Êîãäà Ó÷àñòíèê (ÌÖ) îáíàðóæèâàåò â ïðîñòðàíñòâå èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè "èíòåðåñíóþ" äëÿ ñåáÿ êîíôèãóðàöèþ, îí ðåàãèðóåò ýìîöèåé, èçâåùàþùåé Äèñïåò÷åðà (ñèñòåìó âíèìàíèÿ), èçâåùàþùåé î òîì ÷òî åìó åñòü, ÷òî ïðåäëîæèòü äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïîñòàâëåííîé çàäà÷è (äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè).  îðèãèíàëüíîé ìîäåëè èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè èñòî÷íèêè çíàíèé ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåäåëèìûìè è ìîãóò èìåòü âåñüìà ñëîæíóþ âíóòðåííþþ ôóíêöèþ.  ïðîòèâîâåñ ýòîìó, ÌÖ èìåþò ïðîñòóþ ñòðóêòóðó, à èõ âíóòðåííÿÿ ôóíêöèÿ ïðåäñòàâèìà ïðàâèëîì âèäà "if A then B". Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ áîëåå ñëîæíîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ ÌÖ ãðóïïèðóþòñÿ â àññîöèàöèè, ïðè÷åì àññîöèàöèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ ìîæåò âõîäèòü íà ïðàâàõ àòîìàðíîãî ìîòèâàöèîííîãî öåíòðà â äðóãèå àññîöèàöèè. Àññîöèàöèè ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ ýòî îïûò, íàêîïëåííûé â ïðîöåññàõ àäàïòàöèè ê îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå.
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9 Ìåòàôîðà èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè
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Ðåàêöèÿ àòîìàðíîãî ÌÖ íà èçìåíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè áóäåò íàçûâàòüñÿ áàçàëüíîé ýìîöèåé. Êëàññè÷åñêèå áàçàëüíûå (áàçîâûå) ýìîöèè, âêëþ÷àþùèå ãíåâ, ðàäîñòü, ñòðàõ, áîëü, ïîëîâûå ýìîöèè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê èíñòèíêòèâíîìó óðîâíþ ïñèõèêè è îáðàçóþòñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå àêòèâàöèè âðîæäåííûõ áàçàëüíûõ ìîòèâàöèé, ðåãóëèðóþùèõ èíñòèíêòèâíîå ïîâåäåíèå.  îáùåì ñëó÷àå ê áàçàëüíîìó (áàçîâîìó) óðîâíþ ýìîöèé îòíîñÿò âðîæäåííûå ðåàêöèè. Ïîñêîëüêó îäíîâðåìåííî ñðàáàòûâàåò ìíîæåñòâî ÌÖ, Äèñïåò÷åð äîëæåí âûáðàòü èç íèõ íåêîòîðîå íåïðîòèâîðå÷èâîå ìåæäó ñîáîé ïîäìíîæåñòâî, êîòîðîìó áóäåò ðàçðåøåíî èçìåíèòü ñîñòîÿíèå èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè. Âíóòðåííÿÿ ëîãèêà Äèñïåò÷åðà äîëæíà âêëþ÷àòü îáîáùàþùèå ýëåìåíòû, íà óðîâíå êîòîðûõ îòêëèê ÌÖ áóäåò ïðåäñòàâëåí â âèäå ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî ôîíà. Âû÷èñëèòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ, ïðîòåêàþùèé â Èíôîðìàöèîííîé Äîñêå îòíîñèòñÿ ê êëàññó âû÷èñëåíèé, óïðàâëÿåìûõ ñîáûòèÿìè (event-driven computations). Ýëåìåíòàðíûì ñîáûòèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ èçìåíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè. Âû÷èñëåíèÿ íîñÿò íåäåòåðìèíèðîâàííûé õàðàêòåð: ïðîãðàììèñò ñîçäàåò ñòðóêòóðó äîñêè è ìíîæåñòâî èñòî÷íèêîâ çíàíèé ñî ñâîèìè âíóòðåííèìè ôóíêöèÿìè. Ýòî óäîáíî äëÿ ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ ÷àñòè÷íî ôîðìàëèçîâàííûõ çàäà÷ (òàêèõ êàê ðàñïîçíàâàíèå îáðàçîâ), êîãäà èçâåñòíû îòäåëüíûå ýëåìåíòû ïðîöåññà, íî íå âñÿ äèíàìèêà â öåëîì. Ïðè îáû÷íîì ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ äëÿ ìàøèí ñ ôîííåéìàíîâñêîé àðõèòåêòóðîé ïðîãðàììèñòó â òî÷íîñòè èçâåñòíû âñå ýëåìåíòû äèíàìèêè ñèñòåìû, êîòîðóþ îí ñòðîèò èç ýëåìåíòàðíûõ êóñî÷êîâ îïåðàòîðîâ. Îïèñàííàÿ âûøå ìîäåëü èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè (ÈÄ) ïî÷òè íè÷åì (êðîìå àïðèîðíîãî íåäåòåðìèíèçìà äèíàìèêè) íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ìàøèíû Òüþðèíãà: âåäü ïðàâèëà ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ ïðåäñòàâèìû â âèäå "åñëè òî". Íå ñîñòàâëÿåò òðóäà òðàíñëèðîâàòü èíôîðìàöèîííóþ äîñêó è ìíîæåñòâî ÌÖ â îáû÷íóþ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòíóþ ïðîãðàììó, ÷òî è äåëàþò â ðÿäå ðåàëèçàöèé. Îäíàêî, êîíòðîëëåð áîëåå ñëîæíîé ÈÄ ìîæåò èìåòü ðåæèì, ïðè êîòîðîì èçìåíåíèÿ âíîñÿòñÿ íå â îñíîâíóþ ÈÄ, à â åå êîïèþ, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî âîçìîæåí îòêàò ê òî÷êå ðàçâåòâëåíèÿ (àíàëîã òðàíçàêöèè).  òàêîì ñëó÷àå ïðîöåññ ðàçðåøåíèÿ ïðîòèâîðå÷èé ìåæäó ÌÖ ìîæåò ïðîòåêàòü èìåòü ñðàçó íåñêîëüêî àëüòåðíàòèâ è ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ÷àñòè÷íûé ïåðåáîð âàðèàíòîâ â ãëóáèíó äåðåâà àëüòåðíàòèâ. Îäíà èç âåòâåé àëüòåðíàòèâíîãî ïðîñ÷åòà âàðèàíòîâ áóäåò îïòèìàëüíîé, à ñîñòàâëÿþùåå åå ìíîæåñòâî ÌÖ âîéäåò â íîâóþ àññîöèàöèþ ñëîæíûé (êîìïëåêñíûé) ÌÖ, àêòèâàöèÿ êîòîðîãî áóäåò áëîêèðîâàòü ïåðåáîðíûé ïðîöåññ ïîäîáíî òîìó, êàê ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò ó ÷åëîâåêà13 . Òàêîâà ôîðìàëèçàöèÿ ôóíêöèè íåïðîèçâîëüíîãî âîîáðàæåíèÿ. Íåïðîèçâîëüíîå âîîáðàæåíèå ñîâìåñòíî ñ ôóíêöèåé çàêðåïëåíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòà äîáàâëÿþò ê èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêå êîãíèòèâíûé óðîâåíü è ñïîñîáíîñòü ê ïîðîæäåíèþ íîâûõ ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ. Òàêîìó ïîâåäåíèþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñëåäóþùèé ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé äèíàìè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ. Åñëè èñõîäíàÿ çàäà÷à äðîáèòñÿ íà ïîäçàäà÷è, îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíî, îäíàêî êîëè÷åñòâî óíèêàëüíûõ çàäà÷ ïîëèíîìèàëüíî, òî ñâåäåíèå ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîé çàäà÷è ê ïîëèíîìèàëüíîé âîçìîæíî ïîñðåäñòâîì ââåäåíèÿ òàáëèöû ðåøåíèé. Òàáëèöà ðåøåíèé ýòî îòîáðàæåíèå âõîäíûõ äàííûõ ïîäçàäà÷è íà ðåçóëüòàòû åå âûïîëíåíèÿ. Åñëè ïðîöåññ ðåøåíèÿ èñõîäíîé çàäà÷è, âûäåëèâ ïîäçàäà÷ó, îáíàðóæèâàåò â òàáëèöå ðåøåíèé îòîáðàæåíèå, îí èñïîëüçóåò åãî.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå ðåøàåò ïîäçàäà÷ó è çàíîñèò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå äàííûå â òàáëèöó ðåøåíèé[7]. Íåïðîèçâîëüíîå âîîáðàæåíèå áóäåò ýôôåêòèâíî â òåõ ñèòóàöèÿõ, êîãäà ñòðóêòóðà ðåøàåìîé çàäà÷è óäîâëåòâîðÿåò óñëîâèÿì ïðèìåíèìîñòè äàííîãî ìåòîäà äèíàìè÷åñêîãî ïðî13 Ïîïàäàíèå
â ñèòóàöèþ, â êîòîðîé îòñóòñòâóþò âàðèàíòû ïîâåäåíèÿ ïðèâîäèò ê âûäâèæåíèþ ãèïîòåçû îá îïòèìàëüíîì âàðèàíòå. Ïîñëå ïðîâåðêè ãèïîòåçû ïîëó÷åííûé íîâûé âàðèàíò ïîâåäåíèÿ çàêðåïëÿåòñÿ è ïðè ïîïàäàíèè ÷åëîâåêà â òàêóþ æå èëè àíàëîãè÷íóþ ñèòóàöèþ, ôðóñòðàöèÿ (àêòèâàöèÿ êîãíèòèâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ è ïîðîæäåíèå íîâûõ ãèïîòåç) óæå íå âîçíèêàåò, à èñïîëüçóåòñÿ çàêðåïëåííûé âàðèàíò ïîâåäåíèÿ
9 Ìåòàôîðà èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè ãðàììèðîâàíèÿ. Îäíàêî, â ðåàëüíîñòè äàííûå óñëîâèÿ áóäóò âûïîëíÿòüñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî ðåäêî. Äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè êîãíèòèâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ â ñèñòåìó êîíòðîëëåðà èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè ìîæíî ââåñòè óðîâåíü âûäâèæåíèÿ ãèïîòåç, ãåíåðèðóþùèé ãèïîòåçû â âèäå àññîöèàöèé ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ. Ðàçðàñòàþùàÿñÿ ïðè ýòîì áàçà ÌÖ òðåáóåò ââåäåíèÿ â êîíòðîëëåð ÈÄ ñåëåêòèâíîé ôóíêöèè âíèìàíèÿ. Ñ áëîêîì âûäâèæåíèÿ è ïðîâåðêè ãèïîòåç ñâÿçàí óðîâåíü êîãíèòèâíûõ ýìîöèé, êîòîðûå âûðàáàòûâàþòñÿ êàæäûé ðàç, êîãäà ñôîðìèðîâàííàÿ (íî åùå íå ïðîâåðåííàÿ) ãèïîòåçà (â âèäå àññîöèàöèè ÌÖ) ðåàãèðóåò íà èçìåíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÈÄ. Îñíîâíîå îòëè÷èå êîãíèòèâíîé ýìîöèè îò áàçàëüíîé ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî åå âûðàáîòêà ïðåêðàùàåòñÿ ïîñëå çàêðåïëåíèÿ ãèïîòåçû. Áàçàëüíûå æå ýìîöèè âûðàáàòûâàþòñÿ âñåãäà. Ñ ýòîé îñîáåííîñòüþ ñâÿçàí ýôôåêò ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî èñòîùåíèÿ, êîãäà ýìîöèîíàëüíûé îòêëèê îò ïîâòîðíîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ ïîñòåïåííî óìåíüøàåòñÿ, îñòàþòñÿ òîëüêî ïðîñòûå ýìîöèè: ïðèÿòíûé-íåïðèÿòíûé (íà çàïàõ), ñëàäêèé-ãîðüêèé (íà âêóñ), ÿðêèé-òóñêëûé (íà öâåò) è ò.ï. ×òîáû ïðåäîòâðàòèòü áûñòðûé íåîãðàíè÷åííûé ðîñò êîëè÷åñòâà ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ, íåîáõîäèìî ââåñòè ìåõàíèçìû íàïðàâëåííîé ãåíåðàöèè ãèïîòåç. Ñäåëàòü ýòî ìîæíî çà ñ÷åò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èíôîðìàöèè î òåêóùåì ñîñòîÿíèè ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è. Îäèí èç âàðèàíòîâ ðåàëèçàöèè òàêîãî ïîäõîäà ñäåëàòü èíôîðìàöèîííóþ äîñêó äâóõôàçíîé.  ìîòèâàöèîííîé ôàçå ïðîèñõîäèò îáû÷íîå ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è. Åñëè æå êîíòðîëëåð îáíàðóæèâàåò ñåðüåçíûé ìîòèâàöèîííûé êîíôëèêò, îí ïåðåêëþ÷àåò ñèñòåìó â êîãíèòèâíûé ðåæèì, â êîòîðîì ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ àíàëèç ñîñòîÿíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà, à ðåçóëüòàòîì áóäåò ãåíåðàöèÿ ãèïîòåçû. Ìîòèâàöèîííàÿ ôàçà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñîñòîÿíèþ ýêñòðàâåðòèâíîìó âíèìàíèþ, à êîãíèòèâíàÿ èíòðîâåðòèâíîìó. Îäíîé èç ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ çàäà÷ äëÿ ñèñòåìû íà îñíîâå ìîäåëè èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè ìîæåò áûòü çàäà÷à ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ðàçáîðà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ñèìâîëîâ è ïîñòðîåíèÿ àáñòðàêòíîãî ñèíòàêñè÷åñêîãî äåðåâà (abstract semantic tree, AST) äëÿ êîíòåêñòíî-çàâèñèìûõ ñëó÷àåâ.  ñëó÷àå, åñëè ãðàììàòèêà (íàáîð ïðàâèë ðàçáîðà) ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíòåêñòíî-íåçàâèñèìîé, ãðàììàòè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññîð òðèâèàëåí, à ïðîöåññ ðàçáîðà õîðîøî ôîðìàëèçîâàí. Íàëè÷èå ñèìâîëüíûõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòåé, ïðàâèëà ðàçáîðà êîòîðûõ çàâèñÿò îò ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàçáîðà êàê ïðåäûäóùèõ, òàê è ïîñëåäóþùèõ ôðàãìåíòîâ, ñóùåñòâåííî óñëîæíÿåò ïðîãðàììó ðàçáîðà (parser, ïàðñåð) è òðåáóåò ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîãî âðåìåíè âûïîëíåíèÿ ðàçáîðà. Ñèñòåìà, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ìîäåëè èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè, à òî÷íåå, çàëîæåííûå â íåå ýâðèñòèêè, ñïîñîáíû äëÿ ðÿäà ÷àñòíûõ ñëó÷àåâ âûïîëíèòü êîíòåêñòíî-çàâèñèìûé ðàçáîð çà ïîëèíîìèàëüíîå âðåìÿ. Äðóãîé çàäà÷åé ìîæåò áûòü ñîñòàâëåíèå ãðàììàòèêè, íåîáõîäèìîé äëÿ ïîñòðîåíèÿ AST ñ çàäàííûìè ñâîéñòâàìè. Íàãëÿäíîñòü çàäà÷è ïîñòðîåíèÿ AST ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå ïðàâèëà õîðîøî ñîîòíîñÿòñÿ ñ ìîòèâàöèîííûìè öåíòðàìè îíî îïðåäåëÿåò óíèêàëüíî èìåíîâàííóþ ãðóïïèðîâêó àòîìàðíûõ ñèìâîëîâ èëè èìåí äðóãèõ ïðàâèë. Êàæäîå ïðàâèëî, ïðèìåíåííîå ê âõîäíûì äàííûì ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èç ñåáÿ óçåë äåðåâà AST. Èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ äîñêà ðàçäåëåíà íà äâå ÷àñòè, íà îäíîé èç êîòîðûõ íàõîäèòñÿ èñõîäíàÿ ñèìâîëüíàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü, à íà äðóãîé ñòðîèòñÿ AST. Ïåðâûì íà äîñêó çàíîñèò èíôîðìàöèþ íàèáîëåå îáùåå ïðàâèëî ãðàììàòèêè, êîòîðîå áóäåò â äàííîì ñëó÷àå îïðåäåëÿòü öåëü ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è (äîìèíèðóþùóþ ìîòèâàöèþ). Ïîñêîëüêó ïîêà íà äîñêå ïðèñóòñòâóåò òîëüêî èñõîäíàÿ ñèìâîëüíàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü, àêòèâèðóþòñÿ ïðàâèëà â ñîñòàâ êîòîðûõ âõîäÿò ñèìâîëû. Åñëè îäèí è òîò æå ñèìâîë âõîäèò â íåñêîëüêî ãðóïïèðîâîê, âîçíèêàåò ñîñòîÿíèå êîíôëèêòà ïðàâèë è çàïóñêàþòñÿ ìåõàíèçìû åãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ. Ïðîöåññ ðåøåíèÿ âûðàæàåòñÿ â "ñîíàïðàâëåííîì äâèæåíèè" öåïî÷êè ïðàâèë îò îáùåãî ïðàâèëà ê ÷àñòíûì (êîíêðåòèçàöèÿ) è îò ÷àñòíûõ ê íàèáîëåå îáùåìó (îáîáùåíèå). Ïðè ýòîì "âîñõîäÿùèå ïîòîêè" áóäóò ñîîòíîñèòñÿ ñ ïðîöåññàìè â àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ (çàòûëî÷íî-òåìåííûõ)
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10 Âîïðîñ î òüþðèíã-ïîëíîòå îòäåëàõ êîðû, à "íèñõîäÿùèå ïîòîêè" ñ ìîòèâàöèîííûìè ïðîöåññàìè â ìîòèâàöèîííûõ (ôðîíòàëüíûõ) îòäåëàõ êîðû.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò âûáîðà óïðàâëÿþùåé ñòðàòåãèè íèñõîäÿùèå ïðàâèëà ìîãóò ðàñêðûâàòüñÿ íà îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî óðîâíåé "âíèç", ïðè ýòîì ôðàãìåíò ñèíòàêñè÷åñêîãî äåðåâà îò êîðíÿ ê òåêóùèì ëèñòüÿì áóäåò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñåòè (ìîòèâ ýòî íåêîå ìíîæåñòâî ìîòèâàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ), êîòîðàÿ â ñîçíàíèè ñóáúåêòà ïðåäñòàâëåíà ìîòèâîì. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî, õîòÿ ýëåìåíòû ìîäåëè èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè õîðîøî îòîáðàæàþòñÿ íà èçâåñòíóþ ñòàòè÷åñêóþ ñòðóêòóðó è äèíàìèêó ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, ñàìà ìîäåëü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèøü óäîáíûì îïèñàíèåì ìàêðîóðîâíÿ ìîçãà. Ó÷åò æå â äàííîé ìîäåëè êîðêîâîãî ìèêðîóðîâíÿ (ñëîè è êîëîíêè êîðû, ìåæêîðêîâûå ñâÿçè, òàëàìî-êîðòèêàëüíàÿ äèíàìèêà è ò.ï.) ïîòðåáóåò ââåäåíèÿ â ìîäåëü äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ÷òî ëèøèò åå ïðîñòîòû è íàãëÿäíîñòè. Óäîáíûì ìîäåëü èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè äåëàåò òî, ÷òî îíà ðåàëèçóåò âû÷èñëåíèÿ, óïðàâëÿåìûå ñîáûòèÿìè.
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Âîïðîñ î òüþðèíã-ïîëíîòå
×åì îòëè÷àåòñÿ ìîçã æèâîòíûõ îò ìîçãà ÷åëîâåêà? Ðàçâèòèå ìîçãà ïðîèñõîäèëî â îíòîãåíåçå óñëîâíî-ïîñòóïàòåëüíî, "óäà÷íûå" ýëåìåíòû ñòðóêòóðû ìîçãà äðåâíåéøèõ óíàñëåäîâàíû âñåìè èõ ïîòîìêàìè. Ìîçã ïîõîæ íà ñëîåíûé ïèðîã, â êîòîðîì ýâîëþöèÿ íà êàæäîì íîâîì ýòàïå äîáàâëÿëà íîâûé ñëîé. Ñíà÷àëà ïîÿâèëèñü ñïèííîé ìîçã, ñòâîë è ïðèëåãàþùèå ñðåäèííûå ñòðóêòóðû. Ïîòîì ïîÿâèëàñü êîðà è òàëàìóñ, ïîòîì ëèìáè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà. Íà ïîñëåäóþùèõ ýòàïàõ ðàçâèòèå ïîøëî â ðóñëå èçìåíåíèÿ ìèêðîñòðóêòóðû è êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê êîðêîâûõ îáðàçîâàíèé. Ó ïðèìàòîâ, ïðè äâèæåíèè îò íèçøèõ ê ÷åëîâåêó óìåíüøàåòñÿ äîëÿ ïëîùàäè ìîòîðíûõ è ñåíñîðíûõ çîí è óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ äîëÿ àññîöèàòèâíûõ çîí. Òðåòè÷íûå çîíû êîðû, îòâåòñòâåííûå çà ìåæìîäàëüíóþ èíòåãðàöèþ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé, ó æèâîòíûõ âûðàæåííûå ñëàáî, ó ÷åëîâåêà çàíèìàþò ñóùåñòâåííóþ äîëþ ïëîùàäè êîðû. Îäíè òîëüêî êîëè÷åñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè âíåøíèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ìîçãà, òàêèå êàê ôèçè÷åñêèé îáúåì ìîçãà èëè îòíîøåíèå ìàññû ìîçãà ê ìàññå òåëà åùå íåäîñòàòî÷íû äëÿ ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ "óìñòâåííûõ ñïîñîáíîñòåé". Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìàññà ìîçãà íåÿâíî îïðåäåëÿåò êîëè÷åñòâî íåéðîíîâ è ìåæíåéðîííûõ ñâÿçåé, ò.å. âñ¼ ðàâíî ÷òî êîëè÷åñòâî ìèëëèîíîâ òðàíçèñòîðîâ â ìèêðîïðîöåññîðå, íî îíà íè÷åãî íå ãîâîðèò î òîì, êàê ýòè ýëåìåíòû ñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé. Îòíîøåíèå ìàññû òåëà ê ìàññå ìîçãà ïîçâîëÿåò êîñâåííî ñóäèòü î äîëå êîðû, îòâåäåííîé ïîä àíàëèç ñåíñîðèêè è ñèíòåç ìîòîðèêè. Îäíàêî èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïåðâè÷íàÿ çîíà ìîòîðíîé êîðû ó îáåçüÿí çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå òàêîâîé ó ÷åëîâåêà, ïðè ìåíüøåì îáùåì îáúåìå êîðû. Ïëîùàäü ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí êîðû îïðåäåëÿåò îáúåì èííåðâàöèè îðãàíîâ òåëà, îäíàêî ïëîòíîñòü äàííîé èííåðâàöèè ìîæåò áûòü ðàçëè÷íà è íèêàê íå êîððåëèðóåò ñ ìàññîé äàííîãî îðãàíà. Íàïðèìåð, ïëîòíîñòü èííåðâàöèè êèñòè ðóêè èëè ãóá â äåñÿòêè ðàç âûøå, ÷åì ïëîòíîñòü èííåðâàöèè ñïèíû. Êîðà áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé, åñëè åå ñâîäèòü ê ÿ÷åèñòûì àâòîìàòàì (CA), ÿâëÿåòñÿ òüþðèíãýêâèâàëåíòíûì14 âû÷èñëèòåëåì. Ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî ïðè óñëîâèè äîñòàòî÷íîñòè îñíîâíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîðû ìîæíî ðåàëèçîâàòü ëþáîé àëãîðèòì èëè ëþáóþ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü îïåðàöèé, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííóþ äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ íåêîòîðîé çàäà÷è. Ìàêðîóðîâåíü ìîòèâàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, êàê ïîêàçàíî â ïðåäûäóùåì ðàçäåëå, ñâîäèì ê ìîäåëè èíôîðìàöèîííîé äîñêè, òàê æå ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ òüþðèíã-ýêâèâàëåíòíîé. Îäíàêî âîçìîæíîñòè ïî âûâîäó íîâûõ çíàíèé ó ÷åëîâåêà è æèâîòíûõ ñóùåñòâåííî ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ. 14 Ýòî
çíà÷èò, ÷òî íà íåé ìîæíî ýìóëèðîâàòü îáû÷íûé êîìïüþòåð.
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11 Çàêëþ÷åíèå
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 îïûòàõ ïî âûðàáîòêå óñëîâíûõ ðåôëåêñîâ ó æèâîòíûõ áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ó ñîáàê ñ áîëüøèì òðóäîì óäàåòñÿ âûðàáîòàòü óñëîâíûé ðåôëåêñ òðåòüåãî ïîðÿäêà15 , ó îáåçüÿí øåñòîãî ïîðÿäêà. Øåñòèóðîâíåâîå äåðåâî ïîçâîëÿåò çàêîäèðîâàòü óæå î÷åíü áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî âàðèàíòîâ ïîâåäåíèÿ. Îäíàêî, ó ÷åëîâåêà ïîðÿäîê óñëîâíûõ ðåôëåêñîâ íå îãðàíè÷åí.  ýòîì ñîñòîèò îäíî èç êà÷åñòâåííûõ îòëè÷èé ìîçãà æèâîòíûõ îò ìîçãà ÷åëîâåêà è äîëæíî îáåñïå÷èâàòüñÿ íà ñòðóêòóðíîì óðîâíå. Äðóãîå âàæíîå îòëè÷èå ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî ó æèâîòíûõ îòñóòñòâóåò àáñòðàêòíîå ìûøëåíèå, îíè ñïîñîáíû ðåøàòü "óìñòâåííûå" çàäà÷è òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà âñå íåîáõîäèìûå äàííûå ïðèñóòñòâóþò â ïîëå çðåíèÿ. Ýòî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íåñïîñîáíîñòüþ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ óñëîâíûõ ðåôëåêñîâ âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ, òàê êàê äëÿ àáñòðàêòíîãî ìûøëåíèÿ íåîáõîäèìî ôîðìèðîâàíèå äëèííûõ àññîöèàòèâíûõ (ðåôëåêòîðíûõ) öåïî÷åê. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, íå ðàçâèòû ñèìâîëüíîå (âåðáàëüíîå) ìûøëåíèå è ñèìâîëüíûå êîììóíèêàöèè.  ñèëó ïðîñòîòû ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ óñëîâíûõ ðåôëåêñîâ âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî êîãíèòèâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ÷åëîâåêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ òüþðèíã-ýêâèâàëåíòíîé: îíà ïîòåíöèàëüíî ñïîñîáíà ôîðìèðîâàòü ïðîãðàììû ïîâåäåíèÿ ëþáîé ñëîæíîñòè, îòðàæàòü â ãíîñåîëîãèè ëþáûå îíòîëîãèè. Îäíàêî, "åñëè ãäå-òî ïðèáàâèëîñü, çíà÷èò, ãäå-òî óáàâèëîñü". Ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì àáñòðàêòíîãî ìûøëåíèÿ ïñèõèêà ïîëó÷èëà âîçìîæíîñòü ðåàëèçàöèè íîâûõ ñòåïåíåé ñâîáîäû. Èçìåíèëîñü ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ðåñóðñîâ: âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü êîðû (äî ÷åòâåðòè åå ìàññû) ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ôðîíòàëüíûå îòäåëû, îòâåòñòâåííûå çà ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïðîãðàìì ïîâåäåíèÿ, çà àáñòðàêòíîå ìûøëåíèå. Ïëîùàäè æå ïåðâè÷íûõ çîí óìåíüøèëèñü, ÷òî îçíà÷àåò óìåíüøåíèå äåòàëèçàöèè âîñïðèÿòèÿ ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ è óìåíüøåíèå ñëîæíîñòè è áûñòðîòû ìîòîðèêè. ×åì âûçâàíû òàêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ â êîãíèòèâíûõ ñïîñîáíîñòÿõ ÷åëîâåêà è æèâîòíûõ? Ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïðè÷èíà êðîåòñÿ â ñòðóêòóðå êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè. Äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâîâ íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû ìîòèâàöèîííûé êîíòåêñò áûë ïðåäñòàâëåí äîñòàòî÷íî äåòàëüíî. Òðàâìàòè÷åñêîå óìåíüøåíèå îáúåìà êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè ó ÷åëîâåêà ïðèâîäèò ê óñèëåíèþ âëèÿíèÿ ïîáî÷íûõ àññîöèàöèé. Æèâîòíîå æå ïðîñòî çàáûâàåò, "ñ ÷åãî âñå íà÷èíàëîñü". Âïîëíå âîçìîæíà ñèòóàöèÿ, êîãäà êîëè÷åñòâåííîå èçìåíåíèå õàðàêòåðèñòèê êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè ïðèâåëî ê êà÷åñòâåííîìó èçìåíåíèþ õàðàêòåðèñòèê âñåé ñèñòåìû16 .
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Çàêëþ÷åíèå
Èçâåñòåí òåñò Òüþðèíãà, ãîâîðÿùèé î òîì, ÷òî AI áóäåò ñîçäàí òîãäà, êîãäà ïîâåäåíèå ìàøèíû ñòàíåò íåîòëè÷èìî îò ïîâåäåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ñàìîãî ÷åëîâåêà. Êàê âèäíî èç ìàòåðèàëà äàííîé ñòàòüè, â îñíîâå îïèñàííûõ ôåíîìåíîâ ñîçíàíèÿ è áåññîçíàòåëüíîãî ëåæàò äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòûå ìåõàíèçìû, à ñëîæíîå âûñîêîóðîâíåâîå ïîâåäåíèå äîñòèãàåòñÿ èõ ñóïåðïîçèöèåé ïîäîáíî òîìó, êàê áîëüøîé êðàñèâûé äâîðåö ñòðîèòñÿ èç ìàëåíüêèõ è îäíîîáðàçíûõ êèðïè÷åé. È õîòÿ ïîêà åùå ðàíî ãîâîðèòü î áëèçêîì ïðîõîæäåíèè òåñòà Òüþðèíãà, ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ ìîæåò íàó÷èòü ìàøèíó "÷óâñòâîâàòü", à òî÷íåå, åå õàðàêòåðíîå ïîâåäåíèå áóäåò òðóäíîîòëè÷èìî îò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ïîâåäåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà. Ïðè ýòîì ïðîáëåìà íåâû÷èñëèòåëüíîãî [15] ïî Òüþðèíãó õàðàêòåðà âàæíåéøèõ ïîçíàâàòåëüíûõ ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, òàêèõ êàê èíòóèöèÿ è îñîçíàíèå ðåøàåòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ââåäåíèÿ â êîíòåêñò ðàññìîòðåíèÿ íåêîòîðîé Òüþðèíã15 Óñëîâíûå ðåôëåêñû âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ ïîëó÷àþòñÿ íà îñíîâå óñëîâíûõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé è óñëîâíûõ ðåôëåêñîâ 16 Â
òåîðèè ÿ÷åèñòûõ àâòîìàòîâ, íàïðèìåð, ïîêàçûâàåòñÿ, ÷òî îíè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ òüþðèíã-ýêâèâàëåíòíûìè, íà÷èíàÿ ñ íåêîòîðîãî çíà÷åíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñòðóêòóðû
Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ýêâèâàëåíòíîé âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ìàøèíû ñî ñòðóêòóðîé, áëèçêîé ñòðóêòóðå íàáëþäàåìûõ ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ.
Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû [1] Ëóðèÿ À.Ð. Ëåêöèè ïî îáùåé ïñèõîëîãèè. ÑÏá: Ïèòåð, 2004. 320 ñ.: èë. (ñåðèÿ "Ìàñòåðà ïñèõîëîãèè"). [2] Ëåîíòüåâ À.Í. Ëåêöèè ïî îáùåé ïñèõîëîãèè: Ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå äëÿ âóçîâ ïî ñïåö. "Ïñèõîëîãèÿ"/ Ïîä ðåä. Ä.À. Ëåîíòüåâà, Å.Å. Ñîêîëîâîé. - Ì.: Ñìûñë, 2000. [3] Ê. Âàëüâåðäå. Ôèëîñîôñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ. Ì.: Õðèñòèàíñêàÿ Ðîññèÿ, 2000, 416 ñ. [4] Å.Ä. Õîìñêàÿ. Íåéðîïñèõîëîãèÿ: Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ âóçîâ. ÑÏá.: Ïèòåð, 2003. 496 ñ.: èë. (Ñåðèÿ "Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ âóçîâ"). [5] Ð. Íààòàíåí. Âíèìàíèå è ôóíêöèè ìîçãà./ Ïåð. ñ àíãë. ïîä ðåä. Å.Í. Ñîêîëîâà. Ì.: Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1998. 560 ñ. [6] Ìàóíòêàñë Â. Îðãàíèçàöèîííûé ïðèíöèï ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ìîçãà - ýëåìåíòàðíûé ìîäóëü è ðàñïðåäåëåííàÿ ñèñòåìà. //Äæ. Ýäåëüìàí, Â. Ìàóíòêàñë Ðàçóìíûé ìîçã. Ì. Ìèð. 1981. ñ 15-67.. [7] Àõî, Õîïêðîôò, Óëüìàí. Ñòðóêòóðû äàííûõ è àëãîðèòìû. [8] Àíîõèí Ï.Ê. Ïðèíöèïèàëüíûå âîïðîñû îáùåé òåîðèè ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñèñòåì. //Ïðèíöèïû ñèñòåìíîé îðãàíèçàöèè ôóíêöèé. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1973, ñ. 561. [9] Ò. Ãàâðèëîâà, Â. Õîðîøåâñêèé. Áàçû çíàíèé èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûõ ñèñòåì. Ñï-á.: Ïèòåð, 2001 ã., 384 ñ., Ñåðèÿ: Ó÷åáíèêè äëÿ âóçîâ. [10] Nii, P. Summer 1986. Blackboard Systems: The Blackboard Model of Problem Solving and the Evolution of Blackboard Architectures. AI Magazine vol.7(2), p.46. [11] Ïñèõîôèçèîëîãèÿ.Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ âóçîâ./Ïîä ðåä. Þ.È. Àëåêñàíäðîâà. 3-å èçä. Ñï-á. Ïèòåð, 2004. 464 ñ.: èë. [12] Ëîñåâ À.Ô. Ôèëîñîôèÿ, ìèôîëîãèÿ, êóëüòóðà. Ì.:Ïîëèòèçäàò, 1991. 525 ñ. (Ìûñëèòåëè XX âåêà). [13] Èëüèí. Å.Ï. Ìîòèâàöèÿ è ìîòèâû. ÑÏá.: Ïèòåð, 2004. 509 ñ.: èë. (Ñåðèÿ ¾Ìàñòåðà ïñèõîëîãèè¿). [14] Ìîðîçîâ À.Â. Èñòîðèÿ ïñèõîëîãèè: Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå äëÿ âóçîâ. Ì.: Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé Ïðîñïåêò, 2003. 288 ñ. (¾Guadeamus¿). [15] Ïåíðîóç Ðîäæåð. Íîâûé óì êîðîëÿ: Î êîìïüþòåðàõ, ìûøëåíèè è çàêîíàõ ôèçèêè: Ïåð. ñ àíãë. / Îáù. ðåä. Â.Î. Ìàëûøåíêî. Ïðåäèñë. Ã.Ã. Ìàëèíåöêîãî. Èçä. 2-å, èñïð. Ì.: Åäèòîðèàë ÓÐÑÑ, 2005. 400 ñ. (Ñèíåðãåòèêà: îò ïðîøëîãî ê áóäóùåìó).
A
Êðàòêèé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ
Àâòîìàòèçì àêòèâíîñòü íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû, ïðîòåêàþùàÿ áåç êîíòðîëÿ ñî ñòîðîíû ñî-
çíàíèÿ. ×àùå âñåãî ãîâîðÿò î ìîòîðíî-äâèãàòåëüíûõ àâòîìàòèçìîâ, â ðåàëèçàöèè êîòîðûõ ó÷àñòâóåò ìîçæå÷îê. Îäíàêî ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ëþáîìó óñâîåííîìó îïûòó: ê óðîâíþ ñîçíàíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ òîëüêî ïóñêîâûå ìåõàíèçìû, òîãäà êàê ñàìî ïðîòåêàíèå óæå çàïóùåííîãî ïðîöåññà íå ïîäêîíòðîëüíî ñîçíàíèþ.
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A Êðàòêèé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ
Àêòèâàöèÿ êîðû âîçáóæäåíèå êîðû ïîñðåäñòâîì àêòèâèðóþùèõ èìïóëüñîâ. Áåç àêòè-
âàöèè ðàçäðàæåíèå, ïîñòóïàþùåå â êîðó ïî àôôåðåíòíûì êàíàëàì áûñòðî çàòóõàåò, íå âûçûâàÿ ñóáúåêòèâíîãî îùóùåíèÿ.
Àôôåêò êðàòêîâðåìåííàÿ, íî î÷åíü èíòåíñèâíàÿ ýìîöèÿ. Âî âðåìÿ åå ïðîòåêàíèÿ ÷à-
ñòè÷íî èëè ïîëíîñòüþ áëîêèðóåòñÿ ñîçíàíèå (ïðîèçâîëüíûé óðîâåíü ïñèõèêè) è çàïóñêàåòñÿ ïðîãðàììà èíñòèíêòèâíîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé áàçàëüíîé ìîòèâàöèåé. Àôôåêòû âûïîëíÿþò, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, îõðàííóþ ôóíêöèþ è çàïóñêàþò âðîæäåííûå ïðîãðàììû ïîâåäåíèÿ òîãäà, êîãäà îáóñëîâëåííîå (ïðèîáðåòåííîå) ïîâåäåíèå äàåò ñáîé.
Àôôåðåíòàöèÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü íåðâíûõ ïóòåé, ïåðåäàþùèõ âîçáóæäåíèå îò ïåðèôåðèè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû â ãîëîâíîé ìîçã.
Áåññîçíàòåëüíîå ìíîæåñòâî ïñèõè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, íå ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â ñîçíàíèè. Áëîê àíàëèçà è îáðàáîòêè àôôåðåíòíîé èíôîðìàöèè ñîñòîèò èç òåìåííîé, çà-
òûëî÷íîé è (÷àñòè÷íî) âèñî÷íîé äîëåé ïîëóøàðèé ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà.  äàííûé áëîê ìîçãà ïîñòóïàåò âñÿ àôôåðåíòàöèÿ, èäóùàÿ îò îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ.  ýòîì áëîêå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé, êîðà êîòîðîãî õðàíèò íåîáõîäèìóþ äëÿ ýòîãî èíôîðìàöèþ.
Áëîê ñèíòåçà ýôôåðåíòíîé óïðàâëÿþùåé è ìîòîðíîé èíôîðìàöèè âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ëîáíóþ äîëþ. Èç äàííîãî áëîêà èñõîäèò âñÿ ýôôåðåíòàöèÿ, óïðàâëÿþùàÿ êàê âíåøíåé ìîòîðèêîé îðãàíèçìà, òàê è (ïîñðåäñòâîì òîðìîæåíèÿ) àíàëèòè÷åñêèìè ïðîöåññàìè â áëîêå àíàëèçà è îáðàáîòêè àôôåðåíòíîé èíôîðìàöèè. Êîðà ëîáíûõ äîëåé õðàíèò êàê ìîòîðíî-äâèãàòåëüíûå ïðîãðàììû, òàê è ìîòèâàöèîííûå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ïðîòåêàíèÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííîé ïñèõè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè.
Âèñî÷íàÿ äîëÿ â íåé ëîêàëèçîâàíà ïåðâè÷íàÿ è âòîðè÷íàÿ ñëóõîâàÿ êîðà, à òàê æå
òðåòè÷íàÿ êîðà àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî îòäåëà ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà. Êðîìå ýòîãî, âèñî÷íàÿ äîëÿ õðàíèò ðàíæèðîâêó ïî âðåìåíè ýïèçîäè÷åñêîé ïàìÿòè, à òàê æå ó÷àñòâóåò â ïðîòåêàíèè ýìîöèîíàëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Âíóòðåííÿÿ (ìåäèàëüíàÿ) ÷àñòü âèñî÷íîé äîëè ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîðêîâûì óðîâíåì ëèìáè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû.
Âíèìàíèå ñïîñîáíîñòü ìîçãà ðåàãèðîâàòü òîëüêî íà îïðåäåëåííûå òèïû ðàçäðàæèòå-
ëåé. Ðàçëè÷àþò ïðîèçâîëüíîå âíèìàíèå, âõîäÿùåå â ñòðóêòóðó ñîçíàíèÿ è íåïðîèçâîëüíîå âíèìàíèå îðèåíòèðîâî÷íûé ðåôëåêñ.
Âðîæäåííûå ïîòðåáíîñòè ãðóïïà ïîòðåáíîñòåé, ìåõàíèçìû ïðîòåêàíèÿ êîòîðûõ çà-
ëîæåíû â ñòðóêòóðó íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû è íå ìåíÿþòñÿ â ôèëîãåíåçå. Êðîìå òîãî, ýòè ìåõàíèçìû ñëàáî âàðüèðóþòñÿ âî ìíîæåñòâå èíäèâèäîâ.
Ãèïîòàëàìóñ îñíîâíîé öåíòð ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ìîòèâàöèé, ðåãóëèðóþùèõ æèçíåäåÿ-
òåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà.  íåì ðàñïîëîæåíû ÿäðà, ðåàãèðóþùèå íà èçìåíåíèå õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà êðîâè.
Ãèïïîêàìï îäèí èç îñíîâíûõ îðãàíîâ êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ íà âíóò-
ðåííåé ïîâåðõíîñòè êîðû âèñî÷íûõ äîëåé. Õðàíèò èíôîðìàöèþ îá ýìîöèîíàëüíî îêðàøåííûõ ñîáûòèÿõ. Ïîâðåæäåíèå ãèïïîêàìïà ïðèâîäèò ê êîðñàêîâñêîìó ñèíäðîìó, ñîñòîÿùåìó â ðåçêîì óõóäøåíèè ïàìÿòè î ïðåäìåòàõ (ñîáûòèÿõ) ïîñëå èõ âûõîäà èç ïîëÿ çðåíèÿ.
Äîìèíèðóþùàÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ ãëàâíàÿ ìîòèâàöèÿ (öåëü) äåÿòåëüíîñòè, ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê êîòîðîé âñå îñòàëüíûå, ñóùåñòâóþùèå ìîòèâû ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîä÷èíåííûìè.
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A Êðàòêèé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ
Çàòûëî÷íàÿ äîëÿ â íåé ëîêàëèçîâàíà ïåðâè÷íàÿ è âòîðè÷íàÿ çðèòåëüíàÿ êîðà, à òàê æå ÷àñòü òðåòè÷íîé êîðû àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî îòäåëà ìîçãà.
Èíòðîâåðñèÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ íà äîñòóïíûå íåïîñðåäñòâåííîìó âîñïðèÿòèþ ïàðàìåòðû âíóòðåííåãî ìèðà ÷åëîâåêà.
Êîãíèòèâíûå ïðîöåññû ïñèõè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû, ðåçóëüòàòîì êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûâå-
äåíèå íîâîé ïðîãðàììû ïîâåäåíèÿ, äîïîëíÿþùåé èëè êîððåêòèðóþùåé ôðóñòðèðîâàâøóþ ìîòèâàöèþ.
Êîëîí÷àòàÿ ñòðóêòóðà êîðû ìàêðîîáðàçîâàíèå â êîðå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà, îò÷åòëèâî
íàáëþäàåìîå â ìîòîðíîé è ìîòèâàöèîííîé êîðå (áëîê ñèíòåçà ýôôåðåíòíîé èíôîðìàöèè), îäíàêî ïðèñóòñòâóþùåå è â äðóãèõ îòäåëàõ êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé è òàëàìóñà. Áëàãîäàðÿ êîëîí÷àòîé ñòðóêòóðå, ñâåðõó êîðà ìîæåò áûòü ñõåìîòè÷íî èçáðàæåíà êàê ï÷åëèíûå ñîòû.
Êîðà áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé íîâîå îáðàçîâàíèå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà, íàäñòðàèâàþùååñÿ
íàä ñòâîëîâûìè îáðàçîâàíèÿìè è ñðåäèííûìè ñòðóêòóðàìè è ðàñøèðÿþùåå èç ôóíêöèþ. Ïî ìåðå ðàçâèòèÿ ìîçãà â îíòîãåíåçå êîðà ïîñòåïåííî ñòàíîâèòñÿ îäíîâðåìåííî ïàìÿòüþ è ïðîöåññîðîì ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà, òîãäà êàê ê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ïîäêîðêîâûì ñòðóêòóðàì îñòàþòñÿ òîëüêî ïóñêîâûå è êîíòðîëüíûå ìåõàíèçìû. Ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ ïî÷òè ñèììåòðè÷íûõ îòäåëà, ïî îäíîìó íà êàæäîå ïîëóøàðèå, êîòîðûå ñîåäèíåíû ìîçîëèñòûì òåëîì òîëñòûì ïó÷êîì àêñîíîâ. Êîðà êàæäîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ ðàçäåëÿåòñÿ íà ëîáíóþ, çàòûëî÷íóþ, âèñî÷íóþ è òåìåííóþ äîëè. Êàæäàÿ èç äîëåé ñîîòâåòñòâåííî íà çîíû êîðû: ïåðâè÷íûå (ê êîòîðûì íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîäõîäèò àôôåðåíòàöèÿ èëè ýôôåðåíòàöèÿ), âòîðè÷íûå àññîöèàòèâíûå è òðåòè÷íûå àññîöèàòèâíûå.
Ëèìáè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà äðåâíÿÿ ñèñòåìà ìîçãà, â ñîñòàâ êîòîðîé âõîäÿò ìèíäàëèíà,
ãèïîòàëàìóñ, ãèïïîêàìï, îïîÿñûâàþùàÿ èçâèëèíà è ÷àñòü ìåäèàëüíîé êîðû âèñî÷íîé äîëè. Âîçáóæäåíèå â ëèìáè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå öèðêóëèðóåò ïî êðóãó îò îäíîãî îðãàíà ê äðóãîìó (limbus êðóã). Ëèìáè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì ñóáñòðàòîì êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè, à òàê æå ìîòèâàöèîííî-ýìîöèîíàëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ.
Ëîáíàÿ äîëÿ ïåðåäíèé îòäåë êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé, â êîòîðîé ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà âñÿ
ýôôåðåíòàöèÿ ìîçãà. Ðàçäåëÿåòñÿ íà äâå ÷àñòè ìîòîðíóþ è ìîòèâàöèîííóþ. Ìîòîðíàÿ êîðà (ïåðâè÷íàÿ è âòîðè÷íàÿ) óïðàâëÿåò ìûøå÷íîé ìîòîðèêîé, à ìîòèâàöèîííàÿ êîðà óïðàâëÿåò âíèìàíèåì â àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëàõ êîðû.
Ìîçæå÷îê êðóïíîå íåðâíîå ÿäðî, ðàñïîëîæåííîå â îñíîâàíèè çàòûëî÷íîé äîëè. Ðàç-
äåëåí íà âå äîëüêè, êàæäàÿ èç êîòîðûõ óïðàâëÿåò ìîòîðèêîé ñìåæíîé ñ íåé ñòîðîíîé òåëà.  îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ìîçæå÷êà íàõîäÿòñÿ ìåëêèå íåïðîèçâîëüíûå êîìïîíåíòû äâèæåíèé. Ïîñëå óäàëåíèÿ ìîçæå÷êà íàðóøåíèÿ ìîòîðèêè (âûïàäåíèå ìåëêèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ äâèæåíèé) êîìïåíñèðóåòñÿ, îäíàêî äâèæåíèÿ òðåáóþò ïîñòîÿííîé êîíöåíòðàöèè âíèìàíèÿ è ïðèâîäÿò ê áûñòðîìó óòîìëåíèþ æèâîòíîãî.
Ìîòèâ îïðåäìå÷åííàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü, ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ â ñîçíàíèè ñóáúåêòà, ò.å. òî, ÷òî
ñïîñîáíî óäîâëåòâîðèòü ïîðîäèâøóþ äàííûé ìîòèâ ïîòðåáíîñòü. Íàïðèìåð, ïîòðåáëåíèå ïèùè óâåëè÷èâàåò êîíöåíòðàöèþ ãëþêîçû â êðîâè, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ïðåêðàùàåòñÿ ñòèìóëÿöèÿ ÿäåð ãèïîòàëàìóñà "ãîëîäíîé" êðîâüþ. Ðàçíîîáðàçíûå îáðàçû ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïèùè, íàïîëíÿþùèå ñîçíàíèå âìåñòå ñ ÷óâñòâîì ãîëîäà ýòî ìîòèâ èëè îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå òåêóùåé ïîòðåáíîñòè.
Ìîòèâàöèÿ ïðîöåññ ïîñòåïåííîãî îïðåäìå÷èâàíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòè, îò÷åòëèâî ïðîÿâëÿþ-
ùèéñÿ òîãäà, êîãäà íåïîñðåäñòâåííî óäîâëåòâîðèòü ïîòðåáíîñòü íåëüçÿ, à íåîáõîäèìî
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A Êðàòêèé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ âûïîëíèòü íåêîòîðûé ïîèñê. Ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïîèñêà áóäóò ïîñòåïåííî âûñòðàèâàòü ñòðóêòóðó ìîòèâà.
Ìîòèâàöèîííàÿ ñåòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü íåïîëíûõ îïðåäìå÷èâàíèé ïîòðåáíîñòè. Ìîòèâàöèîííîå òîðìîæåíèå èñïîëíèòåëüíûé ìåõàíèçì ñèñòåìû âíèìàíèÿ, âûïîë-
íÿþùèé ïîñðåäñòâîì ôðîíòàëüíî-çàòûëî÷íûõ àññîöèàòèâíûõ ñâÿçåé òîðìîæåíèå îáøèðíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ îòäåëîâ êîðû äëÿ ïîäàâëåíèÿ ðåàêöèè íà íåðåëåâàíòíûå ê äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè ðàçäðàæèòåëè.
Îáóñëîâëåííîå ïîâåäåíèå ïîâåäåíèå ñèñòåìû, íå çàëîæåííîå ÿâíî íà ñèñòåìíîì óðîâíå, ïîÿâëÿþùååñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå àäàïòàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ â íåðâíîé ñèñòåìå. Ê îáóñëîâëåííîìó ïîâåäåíèþ îòíîñèòñÿ âåñü óñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíûé óðîâåíü ïñèõèêè.
Îðèåíòèðîâî÷íûé ðåôëåêñ èíòåãðàëüíàÿ áåçóñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ìîçãà
íà îòêëîíåíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ îò óæå èçâåñòíûõ, ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â íåñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé.  íîðìå áûñòðî óãàñàåò ïî ìåðå ïîâòîðíûõ ïðåäÿâëåíèé ðàçäðàæèòåëÿ è âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ äàæå ïðè íåáîëüøîì èçìåíåíèè åãî ïàðàìåòðîâ.
Îïðåäìå÷èâàíèå ïîòðåáíîñòè íàõîæäåíèå â ïðîöåññå âîñïðèÿòèÿ òîãî ïðåäìåòà, êîòîðûé ìîã áû ïðèâåñòè ê óäîâëåòâîðåíèþ ïîòðåáíîñòè.
Ïîòðåáíîñòü îáúåêòèâíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ, ñêëàäûâàþùàÿñÿ â íåðâíîé ñèñòåìå, êîãäà òðåáó-
åòñÿ âûïîëíèòü ïåðåõîä â íîâîå ñîñòîÿíèå äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ñîõðàíèòü çíà÷åíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ. Íàïðèìåð, ïèùåâàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü îçíà÷àåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü ïîâûñèòü óðîâåíü ãëþêîçû â êðîâè. Äûõàòåëüíàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü ïîääåðæàíèå óðîâíåé êèñëîðîäà è óãëåêèñëîòû â êðîâè.
Ïîòðåáíîñòè ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ìíîæåñòâî ïîòðåáíîñòåé, îòâåòñòâåííûõ çà ïîääåð-
æàíèå æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè îðãàíèçìà. Äàííàÿ ãðóïïà ïîòðåáíîñòåé ðåãóëèðóåò âíåøíèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ïñèõèêå ïðîöåññû. Îòíîñÿòñÿ ê êëàññó âðîæäåííûõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé.
Ïîòðåáíîñòè ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ êàê íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîõðàíèòü ñîñòîÿ-
íèå ñîçíàíèÿ èëè áàëëàíñ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ èëè äðóãèõ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé. Ïðîèñõîäÿò îò ïîòðåáíîñòåé ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ìåõàíèçìà ïîðîæäåíèÿ íîâûõ ìîòèâîâ (ò.í. ñäâèã ìîòèâà íà öåëü).
Ïîòðåáíîñòè ïñèõîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ìíîæåñòâî ïîòðåáíîñòåé, ðåãóëèðóþùèõ ïðî-
òåêàíèå ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ áåçóñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíîãî óðîâíÿ, ê êîòîðûì îòíîñÿòñÿ ðåãóëÿöèÿ âíèìàíèÿ, ðåãóëÿöèÿ ìîòèâàöèîííûõ è ýìîöèîíàëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Îòíîñÿòñÿ ê êëàññó âðîæäåííûõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé.
Ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ ðåãóëÿöèÿ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå çâåíî â ñèñòåìå ðàçðåøåíèÿ ìîòèâàöèîí-
íûõ êîíôëèêòîâ. Îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ íà áåññîçíàòåëüíîì óðîâíå áåçóñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíîì óðîâíå è ïðîíèêàåò â ñîçíàíèå â âèäå ôåíîìåíà "ñâîáîäû âîëè".
Ïñèõîôèçè÷åñêàÿ ïðîáëåìà ôèëîñîôñêî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêè-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïðîáëåìà î ñîîòíîøåíèè "äóõîâíîãî" è "òåëåñíîãî" â ÷åëîâåêó.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ êàê ïðîáëåìà ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ñîçíàíèÿ è ìîçãà.  åå îñíîâå ëåæèò îòñóòñòâèå ïðÿìîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ôåíîìåíîâ ñîçíàíèÿ (ìûøëåíèå, âîëÿ, ïàìÿòü, ëîãèêà, èíòóèöèÿ è ò.ï.) è èçâåñòíûõ ìîçãîâûõ ñòðóêòóð. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èç àëãîðèòìè÷åñêè íåðàçðåøèìûõ ïðîáëåì.
Ðåòèêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ ïó÷îê àêñîíîâ â âèäå ñåòêè, ðàâíîìåðíî èäóùèé èç âåðõíèõ
îòäåëîâ ñòâîëà ìîçãà (âîñõîäÿùàÿ ÐÔ) êî âñåì îòäåëàì êîðû áîëüøèõ ïîëóøàðèé.
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B GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE Íèñõîäÿùàÿ ÐÔ áåðåò íà÷àëî âî ôðîíòàëüíîé ðåãóëèðóþùåé êîðå, â ñòâîëå ìîçãà ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ âîñõîäÿùåé ÐÔ, à òàê æå èäåò äàëåå â ñïèííîé ìîçã. Âûïîëíÿåò íåñïåöèôè÷åñêóþ àêòèâàöèþ íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû.
Ñäâèã ìîòèâà íà öåëü ïðèîáðåòåíèå òåêóùåé öåëüþ äåÿòåëüíîñòè ìîòèâîîáðàçóþùå-
ãî çíà÷åíèÿ. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå â ñîçíàíèè ñóáúåêòà ìåõàíèçìîâ îáðàçîâàíèÿ äî÷åðíèõ ìîòèâîâ íà îñíîâå ðîäèòåëüñêîé äîìèíèðóþùåé ìîòèâàöèè è âíåøíåé îáñòàíîâêè, â êîòîðîé ðàçâåðòûâàåòñÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü.  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ öåëü ìîæåò ïðèîáðåòàòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå (íå çàâèñèìîå îò ðîäèòåëüñêîé ìîòèâàöèè) ìîòèâîîáðàçóþùåå ñâîéñòâî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî îáðàçóþòñÿ êëàññè÷åñêèå ñîöèàëüíûå ïîòðåáíîñòè: ïîòðåáíîñòü â èñêóññòâå, êðàñîòå, ïîíèìàíèè è ò. ï.
Ñëîèñòàÿ ñòðóêòóðà êîðû Ñîçíàíèå Ñòâîë ìîçãà Ñòðåññ Òàëàìóñ Òåìåííàÿ äîëÿ Òðåõáëî÷íàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ìîçãà Ôðîíòàëüíàÿ êîðà ×óâñòâî ×óâñòâåííûé ôîí Ýêñòðîâåðñèÿ Ýìîöèÿ Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèé áëîê Ýôôåðåíòàöèÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü íåðâíûõ ïóòåé, ïåðåäàþùèõ âîçáóæäåíèå îò ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà ê ïåðèôåðèè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû.
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GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.2, November 2002 c 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright ° 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free"in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the eective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modi cations made by others.
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B GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law. A "Modi ed Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modi cations and/or translated into another language. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not t the above de nition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose speci cation is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent le format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modi cation by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent"is called "Opaque". Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modi cation.
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B GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machinegenerated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page"means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a speci c section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ"according to this de nition. The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no eect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: FrontCover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to t legibly, you should put the rst ones listed (as many as t reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using
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B GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modi ed Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modi ed Version under precisely this License, with the Modi ed Version lling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modi cation of the Modi ed Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modi ed Version: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modi cations in the Modi ed Version, together with at least ve of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than ve), unless they release you from this requirement. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modi ed Version, as the publisher. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modi cations adjacent to the other copyright notices. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modi ed Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modi ed Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History"in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modi ed Version as stated in the previous sentence. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History"section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
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B GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements"or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modi ed Version. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"or to con ict in title with any Invariant Section. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modi ed Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modi ed Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modi ed Version by various partiesfor example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative de nition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to ve words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modi ed Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modi ed Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms de ned in section 4 above for modi ed versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodi ed, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but dierent contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
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B GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate"if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modi cation, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
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B GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may dier in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document speci es that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version"applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that speci ed version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: c YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or Copyright ° modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with... Texts."line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
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