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Hannah Arendt
IO
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O
TO TPITO MEPOI ANO TO EPTO NHTET TOY ONOKNHPOTITMOY
Itrleragpaon:
fruwn Aapga
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@ COPYRIGHT I95I, O 1958, 1966, 1968, 1973 BY HANNAH ARENDT @ COPYRIGHT RENEWED 1979 by MARY Mc Carthy West @ COPYRIGHT 1988 yto rllv eluluqvtrri y)'cilooo oe 6?uov rov r6opo: EKAOEEIE EYPYAAOE A@HNA
-
Tftlo5@: THE ORIGIT{S OF TOTALITARINISM PART III: TOTALITARINISM
Etoayoyi I To nprito Xerpdlpcqo qq > ouprllpcilOnre ro q0w6rropo rou 1949, 6qlc6ri zdvor cn6 t6ooepc lp6uo petd
ritta qq Xrtlepr{q feppcv{cg rcr hy6repo on6 t6ooepc 1p6vla rprv ro 0dvato sou Etdhv. H * pcitq 616oo1 tou ptpliou 6pve to 1951. Tc Ip6vrc rou rdpcoc ypdqowdq to clr6 to 1945 rcr pstd, pou gcivovtar tcirpc, cva6poptrti, ocvq rpd)q aepioDog oxeorriqqpep{cq petd ort6 6excetieq, cvctcpcpiq, orlyluo1q, Kar xcOap{q qpixqg: encvootdoaq, rou or(ol,otl0qoav tov llpdrto llcyr6opro ll6]cpo, dvo6og tcov olorlqpooxrbv xrvqpdtrov xcr unov6peuorl rou rorvopouleuoro0 ouotrlpatoq, rot6mv x60e loyrlg vdeq, tupcw{eq, ecorctrrdq rar 1preootoflKdq,, povoxoppottrqv
o;n6
rcr otpcoortrx6q, 6rrtctop{eq,, xct telrxd q gcwo}revtxd otcOeprfl eyratdotaoq ol,oxl,qpoltrrcbv rcOeotcit, yvcoor6q ouui0roq ps rov czratql,6 tit)"o , 6ev czroteluofoe 060oro Dnpnyopic tno tqv sl,eu0epia, cl,l,d avoyvrbpl(e rn 6uvat6rlrc pq ovroT(Dvrotrxcbv c,vtrqdoerov cvdpeoc otrq,rd(erq,, xar rdiroq cvdpeoo oro l,o6 Kor rrlv rupdpvqoq, rdrro on6 roppouvlotrr6 xa0eortirq,. O tp6roq evdpyercq c,n6vcvtt orouq, 6rcacovofvteq,, q s. Entnl,6bv, 11 e(nynon nou 66oroe o Kpoforote yto ro eyxl,r1parCI, rou napo6e1,6rav (n tpe),n 6uontotio rou Etdl,tv) ouyr), rt 6tu,v o i6roq, pnpootti oto 17o Iuv66pto tou K6pparog, ro <Euv66pro rrrrv Nrrrltrfiv> 6nroq ro Xoportrlproe, 6r1)"oloe: (oeL 177). I l. Eto i6to, oel". 252. 12. Lro i6ro, t6toirepo oe}.. 240 rar 446. 13. Iro i6ro. 'Ol,eq ot 6q),rioetg, outotl rou ei6ouq eivar noppdveg, on6 ova<popdq rrlg lreneori.
Bl.. er6tx6tepo rn ae)". 248. A}"l,d 6tontotcirver xo.veiq, rr eivor XopCI.Krnproor6, 6tr aurof
to 1934, n ou orlpave tr'1v op1r1 tqg peyderro0dprolq. 14. Xto i6to, oel.. 310. 15. 'Ooo yptiprrlrav ndvor o' our6 ro 06po oyvoo0v ouvrlOroq outq trlv eva),),aruxr'1 l,rlor1, ener6rl entrporei I Koro,vorlrrl pev, o,l.}.ri totoprxd crorlptrtq avtil,qryq, 6tr orr' rov A6vrv p61pr tov ltdl.rv unrlp(e pra o1e66v opal"n ovdntu(r1. Eivot ol,r10ero 6tr o Xtri),tv pil,ofoe
rou ei6oug ot fioporTlprloerq 6ytvuv nol.6 ondvreg perti l,r1g
o1e66v navra pe l"evtvtorrxoriq 6poug,, 6,ror cirore peprxiq eopdq <paivetor oov q p6vq 6ra<popri ov tou Ltril,tv. 'Aolero ov outri
q novlptti tou ltti),tv tlrav eorepp6vq,
I ol,rj0ercr eivor - 6noq to ncpctqpei no1,6 oolotti o Tucker, o.zt., otl.. l6 (aeL. 229). 20. Mra ev6rae6pouoa cvogopri tqg lreneod (1931), unoypappi6er autrl rq v6o >, aurl tr1 xot t6re o npcotoq . T6te pdporo pra v6o enrrpont1 ratrlyyeil.e opdocoq >, Kolorrlv rotqyopic 6trrlrav orotvrordq. H rotqyopic dgrooe oryriotyti oto orlpeio vo crgopti Kol opyovropofq, nou 6ev ei76ov tinora ro orovrottx6 (et6rrri rqv EppcrooprplKavrxrl Evolp6vq Entrponrl Atovoprig,), yro vo 6rlptoupyrlOei 11 evt6ncooq 6tr 6l,or or Eppoior rlrov orcovrot6q, Kol 61,eq, or olrovtonrdq opri6eq >32. To v tr1q, Eubv. Oriwlre r6re, pe ernl,rlxtrxq xo0op6tr1to, n6oo poOui evr6nororl out6 ro 66ypa t1q, va(rottrrlq, r6eoluoyioc, eiye rdver orov Etrilvrv - 01 npcilreq, ev6ei(erq, outrlq rnq eTnpporlq ei2gav rlrgovlorei perd ro o0pgcovo avdpeoa orov Xirl"ep Kor tov Erdl,rv. Aut6 e(rlyeitat xupicoq, ps rnv npoqavrl nponayov6ronrrl u(io ev6q tdrorou 06porog, otrl Poroio ror o' 6l,eq, nq, 6opug6pouq,, 6nou ro ovargpatxd oto0rlpcrro rirav eupftoro 6ro6opdvo Kor 6nou 11 awrcp poirrl n ponoydv8cr r1tov avdro0ev e(arpetrrd 6q poqrl,ri q. Emrn2u6ov, ouml 11 166o proq eovtaottrrlg noyr6optoq ouvopooioq, np6opepr onq ol,oxl,qpottxdq gti'o6o(irq ylo noyx6opro r(up1op16io 6vo g6vto nol,ti zrro Totproor6 r6eol,oyrrri napri 11 Ouol, Etptt, o Ko7rrrol,rop6q, Kl o lpTrrptaltop6q. H avotl6tri xar aventqril,oKrrl uro06rqon ev6q, ro1upropof nou eile flvtt, oro pdno 61,ou tou x6opou, To ,rro qovtp6 onpd6r rou vu(topo6, ata32. Armstrong o.7[., oe]u.236.
30
To oAoKAHPertKo TYETHMA
0r1re q tel"euta,ia ozr6non rtpnq c,n6
tov Erd)"rv oro vsl(p6 ouvd6el.rpo xo.t ovti(11,6 roD orrlv npoonti0eto ol,or)"1prottxr1q, KuplopXiug, pr rov onoio, rpoq peydl,l tou ),6nq, 6ev eile rcorop0rrloer va ouvriryer pto p6vrpn oupecovia. O Etdl,rv, 6xac, o Xitl,ep, n60c,ve orq p6or'1 proq epu(rootrr(q, enr26eipqoqq,. Kr 6tav npOe out6q, o Odvatoq,, n roropio nou oqrlyeirat our6 to ptpl"io, Tc, y€yov6to, nou npoono0ei vo xa,tcrvoqorl Kc,r vo e(qyr1oer, 6rpro,oo,v o'
dvo tdppo, toul"ri1rorov npooolprv6.
Io6vroq
1966
TO OAOKAHPCITIKO EYETHMA
Ot rcavowrcoi d,vlpcotrot 6ev (epouv nT@E
d,a efvat Suvatd. NTABINT
POY'TE
33
KEOAAAIO IPOTO
Mta Kowrovia )$)pi6 rd(et6
1. Ot pd(eq Tinoto 6ev lopoxtrlpi(a rol,ftepo to ol,orl,npcrltrrd rovrlpato yevrxti, xat t6roirepo rr1 66€o rov op11y Eivot rel'eirog l"crv0cop6vo, vo potefer xoveig 6tr ot enrtulieg rou Xirl,ep o (Werner Best, Die deutschePolizei,lg4l, oel,. 99). 9. Xlettxri p'aur6 to 0ipo, q petonol,eprrrl feppovic tr poorp6pet rol,l,ri 6rog, nou 0o voprpoTrolofoe
xor 0' c6(ave r1v
(Himmler, "Die Schutzstaffel",
oro
Grundlagen, aufbau und wirtschaftsordnung
des
MIA KOINONIA XOPIE TAEEIE
4t
6rtiprero tou zrol"6pou, 6rov or ovc,To1,tr6q, ratorr(oelq, fipotrrl0euouv perar 6xovo,v 6uvorti to arpan6xe6o e(6vtooq€, pzr6peoe 1 feppcrvia vo ryr(oroorrloet 6vo ol,r10tvd ol,orl"1protrr6 xa0e-
ydl"eq crvOpcbnrveq pd(eq,
otoq. (Avtiotpoeo, or riv6uvot ol,oxl,qporrtrof ru0eorcrrroq eivo,t rpopolttrd peyril,ot otrq loprq pr rov fio,rponopd6oro ovoro)"rx6 6eononop6, tqv Iv6icr Kol rrlv Kivo. Yrudplet erei prcr o1e66v ove(rivrl,qtrl zrprotn 6In yro, vo tpdger rov pn1ovrop6 tr'1q, ol"orl,npoltrxnq, KuplopX(aq, pn1ovtop6 fiou ouooorpefet e(ouoia Kol Kcr,rootpdget ovOpcbnouq,. Kr aur6 to oio0rlpc Trou Xopoxtqpi(er ro <pa(, to crioOrlpa 6tr eivo,r dlpqotoq, oV onotel,ei <parv6pevo evrel.d)q, rorvotiplo yro trlv Eupconl, 6nou eivo,r ouv6,rslo rnq, pc(trr1q avepyioq, Kor rqq, 6rlpoypoelKnq crvtinru(r1q, rorv rel.euraiorv sro,r6v nevrlvto 1,p6vtrlv, r(uprop1ei sxei on6 ororvtq, Kr erc6r'1l,ritvetot pt rnv neprgp6vnon rTlq a(iaq, rqq, ov0pdlnrvqg, (ronq). H petpronti0ero ra,r ot l"ry6tepo qovrr6q, p60o6or 6rcrup6pvnonq 6ev pzropofv vo ano6o0oriv oto q69o proq,l,crirnq e(dyeponq,, ol,l,ti oclv nol,6 oopop6repl onerl,rl proq nXnOuoprorrlq, onoydpvoonq trlq i6roq trlq lcbpoq. M6vo 6rov uzrripT6ouv peyd-
rou pfiopofv va ?(pnorpofiorq0ofv Xropiq our6 va plo o6qyrloer os Koro,orpentrxq SqpoypaelKn peicrroq, eivat 6uvotrl n rpedvton rou oX,orl,qpcotrxod xa0eotorroq,, Trou ofiorel,ei xdtr 6taqopetrr6 on6 to o2uoxl,lpcottr6 xivrlpa. To ol"orl,qporarti rrvrlpoto eivor 8uvotri navroti 6zrou undplouv pd(eq, ,Iou, Tlc, tov 6vo 11 tov dl,)uo ),6yo, ovorol,U?TTouv 6fl efirOupo0v rdnoto nol,tnrcri opyrivolon. Or pti(eq 6ev evcbvovrd,r oz16 tq ouvei6qorl ev6q xotvof ouprpdpovtoq, 6ev 61,ouv trlv r8raimprl ereivq 6rdp0polon rorv rd(ecov zrou exgpri(etol pe u1v enr6iol(r1 ouyrerprpdvorv, reploprop6vorv Kor npoort> ("Die neue Komintern" oro Der Monat, Bepol,ivo, 1949, Heft 4).
MIA KOINONIA XOPIT TAEEII
43
ofttqtovo pe Kov6vrq TTou 6ev avayvcopi(ovtar evepyd fiapa crn6 pta perov6rTlro. H 6eftepq outondrn Trou ror6ppryov ro ol,orl,r1poaxri rrvrlparo 0ecopo6oe autdq trq, pd(eq, Xrrrpiq oqpooio, rtg xioteue oX,r10rvd ou66tepeq, v6pr(e 6tr olrlpdn(ov to poup6 . To yeyov6q 6rt, pr lno pov6tovq o],],ri oenpnp6vq oporopopgia, 11 i6ro t61n efie n]"i\a lnCI, tlri(o ar6porv, 6ev touq epn66toe va 0eoprloouv rouq eauto0q, rouq, otoprrd
oTroru1np6vouq,, o6te vo nrot6tyouv 6tr o x6opoq rouq o6irr1oe. 'Oprrlq autrl rl rTol(rvtptxrq nrxpicr, o,v Kol ovoropoy6tov oe ndpnol,l,eq atoprrdq, rcrr prpovop6,veq, neprntcooerq,, 6ev u,norel,o6oe rorv6 6eop6: flcp'61"q tqv t. @I. Ilandbudr der SA, Bepol,{vo 1939 xar 'Die sturmabteilungen' on'rov Victor Lutze, aro Grundlagen Aufbau und Wirtschaftsordnuag des nationalsozialistischen staates, No 7A). 26. I6rc{tepo autoproypoqic tou Pep e{vcr 6vc rlaorr6 napd6erypo outo0 rou e{6ouq ccov rerpdvorv.
Pdrl ritov
I
52
To oAoKAHPorrKo EYETHMA
pdpoq tou r6opou, 6ev 0c 'tov t6oo e6rol,o vc ratoludper raveiq, tqv e(ouo{c rcr 16oo 66oro},o vc rq 6lcolptloer: 'Epl,src 6p pdvo rr1 c6uvopio tnq, proorr{q eplctrxriq tdEqq, al}'d Ko,r tov avoplrr6 lapaxcipc ro)v Kot-
petopoMq.
O A6vw p(ropcq Kcl ev6ev e{1e ro 6votrrto, ev6q pc(rrof ly6tq: Aev ritov ral6q voodoe cn6l,uto vo ovayvopi(el rcl vc cvcl6er tc 1,60q tou oto rorv6, npd11to avtiOeto zpoq,touq nrc otorl,eub6eiq, xcv6veq trlq 6qpcyoryiaq. Al"X,d pr6peoe cp6o2e.EzrnMov, q 6qproupyic ev6q eororeptxof 6rcpaqpiou, oto onoio 6fipefie vc rcrcypdeovror Kor vo eyrpivovrar 6l,eq or petarruioerq cn6 fll prc n61,r1 oqv rilJ,r1 oul-rzrl,ripcooe fllv Korcorpoeri r1q ypc> (oto {6ro, oel,. 2). 55. Ernv rpriq ypopl1ri cut. Autd t'cy6prc <Xdvowcr pdoc otov d(eoto r6opo tqq 6ld,{q, coorrlq, q0txrlq xar 6ev E6pouv mc nriq, vc 6rorpivouv tqv olrl0erc trr'ro ogdlpc> (Die Geschichte eines Hochverrdters, abL, ?67 xar 269). H opogulogrl{o outrbv.trov r$rXrrrv rirov touldl,rotov ratd dvc p6poq prc drqpooq cvt(6pco1q, crdvcva otqv xorvrovic,
-
-
76
To oAoKAHporIKo EyETHMA
sErst kommt das Fressen, dann kommt die Moral> +, npoxdl,eoe epeutu66n lerpoxpottilroro cft ' 6),ov onol,6roq, ?ov x6opo, ov Kor T1o 6rogoperrrof q I6youq. O 6Xl,og lepoKporo$oe, yrcti 6rcpve t1 qp6oq rotd ypdppc. H proup(ouc(io, ener6rl, e(ofiatqpdw1 t6oov rclp6 an6 qv i6ro fllq,fllv urorptoic, {tav xoupaopdq cn' outri tqv 6vrcoq rar 0eorpo6oe 0c0rd oog{a
tqv 6rqpcol rnq Kolotun{cq nou cnotelofoe tov rcv6vo tqq (ro{g tqq. H elit, t6loq, em6ri q crordl,uryq fllq,uror(plo{oq riccv 6vc Ooupdolo 06apc. To 6pyo e{1e to cvtt0eto crpfrbq ozor6},eopc on6 ereivo nou ei1,e eirr6ril(er o Mnpe26t. Aev {tov ara 6uvot6 va r-otcrr},ri(er xcveiq touq aototlq! Xepoxp6tqocv or i6ror tqv cnorril,uyq tqq xpug{q touq qtloooqicq rl q 6lpoor6tqtd tqq azo8eirwe * nvefpo tou un6xoot"lou. AIId, 6tcv cvdpqre ofllv e(,ouoin, o ol,orlqprooop6q 6pa0e Tp{yopo ,rat€, ro smlerplpartr6 zvedpa 6ev rirav yvcbpropo ron 61lou xcr p6vo rr 6tq 6l,lrrrore, 6va tdtoro avefpo 6ev propo6oe no;p6. vc cnerl{oatt1v lrpoord0erc olrrriq rupropXicg ndvco otov dv0proro. An' t' dl")uo pdpoq, n 6X,IetVq qftrrbv ev6orcoprbv 6ev crotelofoe, ofte outrl, t5to(tepo wcirpropa tou 61lou Kor, oG reX€uta{c avdl,uoq, propo$oe vc 6r6c10ei oe 6vo oleord ofvtopo lpovtr6 6ldotqpa. fic touq, cpe{Irxtouq pqXauopo6q rupupflcg rar e(6wo6rlg, rl ouwouop6vq pd(a rrov g0"rotciov rltav rohl rclfrepo ulr*6, rrov6 na eyrl,ripota nol6 p,eTclfrepc cr6 reiva tcov 6{0ev ezcyyel,patubv rou ei6ouq,, cpre( ta eyrl,ripata autd va {tav rc}ud opyovcop6vc rar vo e{1ov tqv elorteprr{ 6Vn ouvq&op6vr1q
epycoiaq.
80
TO OAOKAHPOTIKO EYETHMA
Aev e(vct, Iorn6v, ra06l,ou tulc{o 6tr, ot ozrivreq,6ro}rapopfuq, evcw{ov rrov pc(rxrbv 0r1pto6td)v ltou Dranpdl0qxcv cn6 rouq,vc(i evcwiov trov Eppcirov Kcr tov l,ccbv tqq cvctol,rrrlq Eupcbnqq, ut{p(av 6,p1o, 6p torv
otpctrortrrrbv rl rdtotou dl,lou rpripatog qq ouwouopdvlq pd(cq torv aBroo60cotrov. qtl,rotcirov , a)'h6. crp0rilg autrbv trov ouvtp6gtov tqq rpdl' tqq rbpcq tou X{tkp, rou {tav tumro{ ernp6oronor tou 61lou@. 'Ooo ylo tov XipXep, tov toltip6tepo dv0pcoto tqq leppaviog petd to 1935' 6ev cvrire rc06)uou o'exeivtl tq Eexiw1oe p'6vc 6rdtalpc tou Xiplep, tnv 16 Oe9poucpiou 1942, nou (Odrel,Ioq, K6potev, K€wpo Eppatx{q, fll"npoq6pnoqq,).
TOOAOKAHPOTIKOKINHMA
87
fir6oetq, opo(eqKav afi6 6va Korv6, fiou 6Ev (tcv npoetorpcop6vo yra lna t6rorou ei6ouq ouvdnercs. Bcorxri, rl olorlnpoloro[ rupcpdc ftpoonc0ei vc neprop{oer flq,ftpofiaTcv6roor6q pe066ouq tqq p6vo otqv elcoreprrrl nol"rtrrrl tqq { orlg op66sq tou rrvril"rctoq, rou pptorovtcr oro efcoreprx6, Tro vc rouq rEpotrq06ryer ro rcrri),X,qlo ulrr6. 'Otov pepx6q eop6q o eyg6proq apooql,wrop6q dplrrcr or ofyrpouoq l"re rrl ypop,l"iri tt1q rponcydv6cq nou cnopMrer oe e(coteptrri rctovdl,oroq (cut6 6pve oq Proo{o oq 6rdpKEro rou noMpou, 6p 6tcv o Etdl,rv ouppdmoe ps rov Xitlep, ol,ld 6tav
n6lcpog evcvtiov tou X{r}uep rov tono06rqoa oro orpcr6ze6o trov 6r1porpctubv), e(qyo6v r6te orov e0vrx6 nl,q0uop6 ,r6. 'Otou eivar 6uvat6, q 6rdrproq cvdpeoc oto r6eoluoytr6 66Tlrc, rou npoopi(etar yto rouq, lrunp6vouq, Kcr orrlv ro0apri nporcydv6c, aou npoop(e?cr yrc rov e(roreprr6 r6opo, rcOupcbveror rrplv or6pc to rwripotc cv6pouv otqv e(ouoic. H o16oq avdpsoc ornv npofic,ytiv6a Kol ?ov rpooqlutrop6 efcptritar ar6 66o napdyovteq: t1 6r6otcor1 rou rruipatoq, Kol tqv e[toteprxri risoq. 'Ooo nro prrp6 eivar ro rirrtlpc, t6oo reproo6repq ev6pyera 0c 6arcvrioer Tra rc0cpri rponcyriv6a. 'Ooo yta rnv e(olreprxrl n{eoq, nou 6ev pnopei vo cyvoqOei tel,eiroq cr6po xcr zrioro on6 6va ol6qpo0v zropcr6toopc, 6oo peTaX,ftepn e{vcr, t6oo fieprco6tepo or oloxl,npcotrro{ 6rrrdropeg 0c colo}"q0o6v pt tqv evepy6 tcponoo
Eleuxri p'aut6 ro06pc, unrip|e pro nol0evdtog6pouoo cvoqopd, perlpepopqvio 16 loul,bu oxetrrri lre prc ou(rltlorl nou 6pve oto oplqleio tou tD{pep, ncpouo{a tolv P6(epnepYx, Arippepq,, rcr Kdrtel. O Xitlcp dplroe rovi(owoq, nq, cx6l,ou0eq <pootrdq, cp16q>: <Eivcr ma olpcwlr6 vo pr1 6e{lvoupe xcOcpd tov te}.rx6 poq ot61o o' 6X,o tov x6opo (..,) Aev rpdner vo'vcr ro16 Oarnp6 6tr (tc Srotdlpato oletrxd pre tq 6tatripnol tlq, tdE1q otc ratel65.
1940,
Al,ki 6X,c tc oncpa{r1ta pdtpa - erteMoerq, propofv xcr npdner vc ouveltotofvr>. Aroluo60noe pra oufitlorl petotoniosrq rln0uopo6 rou 6ev ovoqdpetor rc06X,ou o'outd ltou eifie o Xitl,ep, xr 6nou o X{t)ep 6ev ouppetdXer. Eivor epgcvdq 6tr 6ev (Ntouxoup6vro L221, Kfvr'po Eppoix{q, fll"npoq6pqpevo e6der1) teivouv fipoq, lno axpoio 16o11:
oqg). 6. Eletxd pe tqv reno{01o1 tou Etrihv 6tr o X{ttep 6ev 0o enrte06tcv ofll Proo{o, pI. Isaac Deutscher, Srari, : A Political Biography, Nda Y6prn xat Aov6ivo 1949, oel,. 454 xct r8rcitapc fil orlp. tqq oel,. 458: <Mdvo to lgl8 o enrxegal,riq, tqq errtpomiq rou o1e6iou, o ovonl,lprotr{q npco0unoupl6q N. Voznesensky, onord).uye 6fl to ott(ovoptKti o166rc po to 1941 qodltrlrav pe pdoq tqv erpriv,4, rr 6tr 6va v6o o166ro npoocppoopdvo otov n6lepo gtrdlrqre p6vo Fetd qv dvap[n tcov el0porpclr. H dtoyrl tou Nt6rtoep 6ler oripepa enrpepcror0a{ on6}"utc, Lie fllv ovaeopd rou Kpodotoeq tdwr ottq cwr6pdoaq tou Etdllv ylc t1 yeppcvrr{ eiri0eo1. BX,. tov nou d,ByoLe oto 206 Euv66pto, rou petc6601xe cn? to State
Department, New York Times, 5 Iouv{ou 1956.
88
To oAoKAHpnrIKo EyETHMA
yriv6o. To ouorcoor6 orlpeio eivo,r nroq,or cvdyreq,qq rporaydv6ag unoyopefovtar n&vto an6 rov e(roteprr6 16o1ro, evri tc i6rc ta rrrlpcrc npo-
trpofv va rctcqe$youv orov npooql,uoop6. Avriotpoec, o tel,eutcioq cur6q,, x&vto ouvo6eu6pevoq czr6 rrlv rpopoKpctic, au(dveror pc(i pe tr1 66vcpr1 tcov rrvqpdtrov rl pe qv azop6voroq tcov ol,orrlpcocrrbv xa0eotd)trov, o,nop6vooTl ,roD ro ftpoorcrs6er an6 rrlv e(roteprrri empporl. Evril n nporaydvDc anorelusi pdpoq rpcypctrrd tou >, rl rpopoKpotic eivcr rdrt *eproo6repo. Tc olorl,lpcotrxd, ra,0eotro e(arol,ou0o6v va tq lprloqtonoro0v cr6pc rr 6tav dlouv emreul0ei or yuloluoyrxoi t1q ot61ol. H npcypcoK{ qq epiKn e{vol6u o,oreiror ndvro
o'6vav rl,10uop6 rel,e{coq unorcypdvo. Exei 6rou
61er rprrioer
orlv tel,sr6tltd
11
paoil,eio tou rp6pou
rr1g, 6rcoq, otc orpcr6ne6c ouTxevrprioecoq,, tel,eirrrq. 'Hrcv, pdlrorc, pqtd cnoyopeup6vrl
e(agcv(prcr or1 va(roorri feppovioT. M' dl,l"c l,6pc, q nponay&v6o 6ev eivar rapd 6va cn6 ro,6pyo,vc, ioroq,to mo onou6o,{o, rou XptloUronole{ o olorl,qporoop6q 6vcvtr roD pq ol,orl,qprotlxo6 x6opou. Avt(Oetc, Tl rpotrorpo da aiotel,ei tqv i6rc rqv ouoia tou xaOeotrirtoq. H frtcrp(ri tqq 6ev e(aptdtor cz6 unoKerlrevrKof q, yulol,oTtroriq ri dllouq t6torouq, ncpdyoweq, cr prp rilq 6ro)q, oro rorvopoul,eucr6 xo0eot>e. Eivar eniolq ck[0era, norq urdpla rdnoro ototle{o p{cq otrq uaep0ol,txdq eovtcorioerq t>.
TO OAOKAHPOTIKO KINHMA
9t
or vo(rordq r06voweq, ,Eioteucv cl,q0wd to 6olpdtd rouq,, fio)q 6ev zeprop(owcv va ra X,prlolponorofv Tta rrlv rpoztcydv6a rouq,: . Bl. Poliakov, o.n., oeX,. 321 xar tc woxoupdwo nou ncpc06ter. 17. Ivldoc
touq,
94
TO OAOKAHPQTIKO EYETHMA
1r)'r^etqpi6egtt. E&6 rcr zroX,l,o6q, cubveq,, o1e66v 6l,q q euporcirri Iotopic eile pd0er touq cv0pc6nouq,vc rpivouv rdOe ,rol,rtrrri apd(n oe oX6oq pe ro cui bono ?Iq, vc rpivouv 6Ic rc nolroxd yeyov6tc ofpgcova pe ro oulre6powa rou rc aporclofocv. 'Eror, pp60qxav Eaeurd pnpootd o'6vo,v telc{oq dyvrooro ncpdyovrc. flol,6 rcp6 npr crE'rqv rotdl,qryl tqq e(ouo{cq,, q olorlqpcotrrri zrponoydv6c e{1e 6ei(er ol,ordOcpc a6oo l,iyo or pd(eq rc0o6qyo$vrcr cr'to zepp6qto dvotrrro ?qq outoouwrlpnoqq. Al,16 l,6yor rou 6qpcplytro$ lcpcrrripc tqq,, rcv6voq 6ev qv 6l,cge oopcpd u,E6Vq. Aut{ q rporcydv8c Xporotder tqv ezrtufa tqq, 6p 16oo orrl 61payoT{c, cIId otq ouvei6qoq 6tl to,oupq6pov, oc,v oull,ofrri 60vapq, 6ev yfvetcr cto0qt6 ncpd p6vo 6rc,v to, cnapcitqro 6irruc ernrotrrcov{oq av6peoc oto dtolro Kor fllv opd6a e{vor otc0epd. Mrc apoacydv8c, pcoropdvrl crorleiotrxd oto oupg6pov, 6ev propeivc e{vcr anotel*opocrri oe p6(eq nou 6ev avrixouv oe rcv6vc norrtlr6 rl rorvrovrr6 oripa rcr ozotelodvtct cn6 6va 16oq ctoprxcbv oupeep6vt, pnopofoe vc 'vcr ro e0pctx66. Aut6 zou yoriteue firproo6tepo tlq pd(eq otc flpcot6rol,Ic ritov to 06pc 44. >
(Reden). 45. O Henri Rollin,L' apocalypse de notretemps, flcp{or 1939, unootqp(et 6o to llprot6xolla eivar to mo 6qpoqrMq, 0rFI{o petd tn B{0Io (oa},. ,()). Ynoypatr{Gr qv opor6tltc nou undpler
cvdpeoo otc flport6rol,l,c rcr taMonita Sercta nou npcotoer660,1xcv to l5l2 ror roulrouv1939. Autd rpoorc0odv v' oro6ei(ouv prc lqoouiflxq ouwrpoo{o , tpdxtopeq, torv pco6vrov. Alld r1
politiques et histoiques qui prouvent 1' existence
pooov{o 6ev aivor ropd q ot yXpovrl ovopco{c 1rroq, (ercvootccrriq, o{peor1q,> tou unlple advtc ror rou zrolroxrl t1q, {tcv vo enrt(0etcr 50. Ta llpcor6xolvl"a * cpouo{c(av qv rcrdrtqoq tou r6opou oov t"no npq,Kflxri m0cv6tr1rc, urovoo0oav 6tr 6ev eivor rcpd 06pcr dprveuolq ri rovqpiaq rr 6tr rcv6vcq 6ev 0c epn66l(e pra virq tq ecvrcooKof r6opou. O p60oq rr. Toul,dlrorov orlv nepi,rroorl rou Etd,lrv, 6ev pnopei vc e(nn0e{ aut6 to zreiopa pe cqv yu1ol,oflo rou ye6tq, ,rou n emrul{n tou tov rdver vc yiveror rr o i6roq 06pa tou eouto6 tou. M6)urq rc ouv0riporo fllq nporcydv6cq cutriq evrc10o6v oe prc , 6ev pnopo0v vc q$youv o7r' ?q p6oq r(ropiq vc 6rcxrv6uve0oer xoveiq va yrpep{oer 6lo to orro66p1pc. H olorl"qprotrrr{ fiporcayriv6o ril}'c[e tqv 6woro qq 6w0vo6q eppctrriq, ouvcopooioq,: Az16 6vc cvc-
rerpevtr6 fip60l,qpo ztpoq ou(rirqorl, rrlv 6rcve ouorcotrr6 ororleio tqq, napandwr to EtdIw nou > Souvarine o.z. oel. 431), Elecrd pe rnv rnfri outriq trlq rapepprlwioq (pI. Alfred von Martin, >, ato Zeitschrift ffir KulturgeschLbftte, Band 27, ru Arnold Koettgen, , nou ritcv or p6vor dtorpot vc yivouv p6)u1 rou K6ppotoq xcr touq, exotowd6eq, Xrl"rd6eq ouprcooriweq,, nou litcv nol6 >?s, 6voq, yeftrroq, otpat6q rou vo pod(er 6oo yivrror rov \reuroorpor6 rcov erplvlorrirv (avixcvol vc 1(atcludpouv rrl ouv-
I
lr,r
tcypaarcri 06on ev6q otpcrou p6oo oto zrolutur6 ocbu,c, or erpqvtot6q eilov rorawei),er 6),ouq touq orpoflorlKodq ogpctropo6q oov opd6eq 6ol,oq6flcp6l,o vt3' H 0682. Etouq, l,6youq, tou fipoq roDq, Eq,-Eq,, o Xiplep yiver, tovi(ovraq, t1 oopcp6tqtd touq,. Aq no6pe,
t6vt$ ndvto to eyr?rripatc rou
olenrd
eix,ov ri6q lre tr1v e[ol,60psuoq ro,v Eppotolv,
|rllrrlve: > clluri xcrvoto vo ro Io). O kCprel"q,, o.n., oeL.266, olper6vei oto i6ro nve6po: pdtpo. Autd {tov ndvto lno pt(rxd cn'trq npotdoerq, tou xowrXiplep pprricoe 6tcv rou cvcxoiwrocv tqv (Hitler,s Speeches, oel.. l2). Exeivrg enoX{ raveiq,6av pnopofoe vo xotoldper rnv fipoTporu (o.r.).
qv
TO OAOKAHPOTIKO KINHMA
r35
Krrll.rdro)v efvcr govep6, 6ev cl,l,6(et ovoyKoottKd rq >s. Tel"rrti, o Etrilrv enfiFo"}ue o'aut{ tq 6opri tou K6pparoq, rouq drcprtouq, ol,oxllprotrrofq, rav6veq rou ouvopotrro6 tou tpripotoq, rar p6vo r6te avcrrilutye tqv avdyrq ev6q xevtprro0 p00ou Trc vc 6lotqprioer tq or6ep6vtc rerOcplic praq puotrrriq vv ova,yrorotrirrov. To rp6p1,r1pa, 6proq, eivor 6tr or ouvro;l6teq 61ouv ptc euv6r1tr1 tdot1 vcr or6ntovror Troq or p60o6or rov ouvolrotrrriv etcrpet> (o.2., oel". 96-97).
TO OAOKAHPOTIKO
KINHMA
I4I
aDr6, oeof o{U,ore Kara6iK1 fllq awardtqq 6fl q euflotio eivar prc c6uvcpia trov zrporr6yov@v Kr cwnoy{cot), ri 6norov 6ev ei16e
1nc, > rpo6l^euoq
rdrro ord 1,72 npdna
rotd
Eav0ri pol,)uui rar ycluavd priuctro. H olpcoic cuto6 rou eeopproop6vou patotopoU r(tav 6rt q opyrivrool cve(optqronor6to,v 6,tor cn' 6)uc ro 6DyKexprpdvc 6r6riypcro proq quLeorriq <enrotrlpqq>, 6rorc rr u,v ritcv aurri, rcOcilq Kl oTr' rov d,vrtoll.rrtrop6, olq, oDyKc,Kprpdvl 0eropia o26,eurd pe rr1
rcr ro p6)uo trov Eppoirov, ra0rbq, 1 1plotp6rr1tri tqq 0a 6zcue vo undpler perd rqv e(ol,60peuorl touq,lrl. O pcrorop6g ritcv aoqai,r(q Kct ove(dpcqtoq c,r' fl1v rrnorlpovu(6u1ta qq ,rponaydv6cq lripq orqv enrl,oy{ prcq elit ,rou eiye enrlsyei cn6 prc rr2. Ero ril,Io drpo, rdt, or vc(i pnopofocv 6ror vc p1v eivcr 8oypatrroi Kct vc npoogdpouv q qrluia rouq (Der weg der ss. Der Rerbisfdiirer ss. ss - Hauptamt - Schulungsamt. ((AEv npoopi(stor pc 6r6ooq>, lcopfq lpepopqv{a, oe}u. 25.) l12. M6hq 6pve op1r176q, rcDv Eq,-Eq, rc 1929, o Xiplep ro0rdpcooe qv op1'ri qq eul,etrrriq emloy{q, Kcr rnq ycpr(lroq, vopo0eoicq, npooOdtowcq,: >, New York Times, 5 Iouv{ou 1955.
t52
TO OAOKAHPOTIKO EYETHMA
Erdl,w ouyrdvtprooe trq ezr06oerq tou ndvco oto o1e66v Ee1oop6vo ofv0qpc toD Tp6rorr, axpfrilq ener6ri ei26e ano<paoioer vo lpnolponouioer rrlv i6ro tcrtrrrto. Eq vc(rorrxri leppavio ritav >, rpdypc ltou, xo,tri ouvdzcrc, onotrei Dupxri pr(oonaottroro{1oq rrr. Irati 9. BI. Theodor Maunz, o,n., oeX,. 5 rar 49. Mropo0pe vo ouptepdvoupe n6oo or vo(i oy1go6ocv touq, v6pouq, Kor rouq, Kovovropotlq nou etlcv or i6rot eyra0r6p6oer rar zou taxtrrd 61poororor6wouoov on' tov W. Hoche pe tov tkl,o Die Gesetzgebung d* Kabinetts IIitIer @epoX,i-
vo, 1933), cn6 prc ncparripqoq lgou 6xove dvcq, ot'touq, er&rofq touq, oto ouvtcypcnx6
6ircro. Aut6q,dvtrloe 6tr, nap'6ln t1v onouo{a
}naq, vdcg ouvoX,rxriq, voptx{q, tdEnq, <e{LE , ao.l'. 273), E6par o Maunz e{vor o p6voq, ct'touq, vc(ror6q,Oeorplorofq
fver ncp'6Ia cutd prc ouvol,rrri avc0erbplol> @I. Ernst R. Huber, a@ T.eitschift fiir die g*ante Staatswisseaschaft, Band l0l, l%0/1,
10. Maunz, o.n., o€1, 49, fud6,tr nou ovdgepe out6 to pTovdq, xor to ultoypdpproe cpretd. H ad,tl ovdTxoq tov ndwe t6pcov r\q Yefiiigungen, Anordnungen, BekanntgBben, ltou owKewptb0,rlxcv rcr tun60rlxov otrl 8rdprerc tou noMpou crr'rnv rclretrcpic tou Kdppatoq, odpqorvo pe 6rotcyri tou Martin Bormann, enrtpdner vc 61el xove{q pro oDyrerprpdvl err6vc aurrlq qq puotrxrlq vopo0eo{oq, rou otrlv ouo{o xupepvodoe rq vo(rotrxri leppcv{o. Efpqtovo pe tov tp6loyo, or t6por . Tdooeprq ozr'cutodq, touq, tol,6 otdvouq, t6pouq,, tou oe ox6oq p'autofq ro BrBIio tou Hoche (BI. onp. 9) 6ev elvcr aopd 6vo rdl,uppa, gpioxowot otlv Hoover Library. Aut{ rltcv q tou X{r}"ep otouq, voptrofq, to 1933 nou cvogdpet o Hans Frank oto Nation alsozialistische Leitsiitze fiir ein neues deutsches Strafrecht, Zweiter Teil, 1936,
ll.
oel.
8.
158
TO OAOKAHPOTIKO EYETHMA
av 61er Koveiq qv op13l 6tr or rolfovteq v6por e{vor tour6oqpor pe tr1v ro16ouoc qOrrri 6rcoq rpopdl,X,er oq ouvei6loq 6l,rov, 6ev eivar nru, a,ncpo,irlro vc 6qpooronorofvtor tq, 6ratdypctc. H Eoprstlrri 'Evrooq, 6rou q ,rporno-
vootcnr{ 6loirqorl rotcpyriOqre cr' r1v ero,vd,oto,oq rr
6nou
to rc,0e-
ot (Franz Neumann, Behemoth, 1942, llog&pr1lro, oel. 521). - 15. An6orcopc an'tov Boris Souvarine, Sra/ine: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism, Ndc Y6pr1, . 1939, oel,. 695. 16. Stephen H. Roberts, The House that Hitlq Buirt, Aov6{vo, 1939, a*. 72. 17. O 6rraotrlq, P6prept X. T(dxoov, oto l,&yo nou ltpoogcbvloe otnv apfi tnq 6rrqq tqq, Nupeppp6ppq, otrlprEe 6lrl rou rnv ovdX,uol trlq tolrtrx{q 6optlq, t1q, vo(toor{q leppovlaq, ot1 ouvrlzrcp(q , nou ppioxowov oe ouvefi ofyrpouoq, xc0olq, {tov . (To
ut6pvrlpo, nou
6ev 61er unoypcArl
6vov
n qpepopqv{c, ppiore-
O OAOKAHPOTIEMOE ETHN
EEOYIIA
161
lroipu rou acX,rod Ynoupyeiou E(coteprrcbv qq Billelporpdooe. Or vc(i 6)uo to zpooornrr6 xor 6ev to ratdpyqocv not6, cl,ld 6urrflplocv nopdl,l,ql"c to ratrt6 ypageio E(oteprxcirv tou K6pparoG, F' enrreqcX,riq tov P6(evpxepyr2t. Ka0rilq autri 11 urnpeoia ei1,e sr6rreute{ orrq oldoerq pr uq qooroor6q, opycvriroerq tqq Avctohr(q Eupci>r4q xal torv Bal,rcvirov, 6npro6pTtlocv 6vcv dll,o opycvlop6 yrc v' u,wo,y, oro {6ro, lll, ae\.27. 22. E6pqorvc p' 6vo Drdtclpc rou iD{pep onq, 12 Auyo6otou 1942. B\. Verfiigungen, Anordnungen, Bekanntgaben, o.r., No A 54/42. 21.
1933
23. . 25. O Deutscher, o.n., otl". 255-256, ouvoryi(er 6tot t1v cvcgopd tou Ettilr,rv oto l2o Euv66pto,
lll)
162
TO OAOKAHPOTIKO EYETHMA
oroia 6pofoav, pe roDq,nDpriveq Lrel,6v tou pnoloeprrtro$ x6ppatoq,, or ovtrrp6o(oltor rqq, zpaYpaurriq e[ouoioq,, nou e{1,4v 6toprotef an'tr1v Kevtptrr{ Enrtponri t1q M6oIaq rcr {tov un6)"oyor o'ourri. To xpforpo oqpeio otrlv relueutcia autri e!6l,t(n 6ev {tcv q xcrdxtqorl rov Eoprdr c7I'ro K6ppo, a)')'d to YeYov6q 6u x. Aurri q ouvftap(q 66o xupepvrl6t@v, fiou I pra ritav nluoopattr{ rcr n d)')',n npaypoTlrri, onotel,ofoe rctd rdnorov tp6no ouvdnerc rnq {6toq TI1q, encvdoraonq, ral npoqTliolre tqq oroluutapprr[q 6rrtatoptoq tou Erril,w. flup'6I' cutd, evc(r orvc(i oprdorqrov va 6taqpriooDv rrl 6loir1orl a<parprbwoq rlq r60e e(ouoio, o Etril'rv lperdorlre v' ovcouioer trlv xup6pvqorl-gtivrcopa,, rou or1q, o.p:y'6qttlq 6eraerioq,tou'30 eile ldoer 6)"c rnq, ro ru,0tlxovtc ral {tav o1e66v EeXoop6W otr1 Poroio. EtoriYaYe to oopunr6 Efvtcypa oov ro ofppolo rr1q,6rop(nq, clulud rcr tqq a6uvopfaq rcov Eo0rdt. Kcptd on'rlq,ropoypdqouq,rou 6ev eile tot6 tr1v ztopcprrp{ apcror{ oqpoo{o orq potorrti (rori ror vopo0eoic. Mn dlovtcq xo06lou qv aifl,q nou 6{ver q nopd6ooq, ciT}uq arapcirqtq 6e lrro errovtxti ru06pvrloTl, n p (Felix Kersten, Totenkopf und Treue, Appo6plo). cvtrotorlo6ocv otrq otpcnortrrdq, r! 6rorxqnr6q zepro16q,, o6te ooq 21 6rcrp6oetq, tnS Eq-A, trq l0 nepro26C6 torv Eq,-Eg, trq, 23 ftiveg tqg lrtLeprrriq veol,cioq,... Aut6q or 6roqopdq, eivor r6roitepo E\rrunrootoxdq, orporJ 6ev 61ouv 1"6ryo 6nap(1q> (Roberts, o.n., 30.
(or
32 Gaue...6ev
oel.. 98). 3l . >.
q
33. Bl,. onp. 31.
166
To oAoK HPoTIKo EYTTHMA
6eq 61aoav 6tor rqv e(ouoia rouq,. Xt1 6rdpxela tqq.aprirtrlq rpdolq tou va(rooxo6 rc0eorr6toq,, cp6oroq, perri trlv ruproyui tou Prirlotcyx, tc ESA aorofocv rrlv Trpoypotlrri e(ouoio rcr to K6ppa r(tov arlvriq, pra rp6ooyq. Apy6tepa, q e(ouoic n6,pcoe orr' ro, Eq-A otc Eq-Eq xar rel,rrd cz' tc Eq-Eq otrlv Ynlpeoia Aogal,eiaq,3a. E6
