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COOTBeTCTBeHHO KaHT yBH.ueJl OCHOBY KaK .uJlJl cYIL\e-
A. npH.uaeTCJI, BCJle.u 3a
CBeTY B ero nocpe.u-
CTBOBaHHJI caMOH npHpo.ubI, TaK H )lJlJl B03MOlKHOCTH
HH'IeCKOH CPYHKL\HH coe.uHHeHHJI '1YBCTBeHHoro H
a6COJllOTHO .uOCTOBepHoro HaY'IHoro ee n03HaHHJI B
CBepX'IYBCTBeHHOrO MHpOB. )],JlJl A. PeJIU2Ufl B ee 06-
oc06eHHOCTJlX anpHopHbIX CPOPM '1YBCTBeHHOCTH H
reme,
40
AflATI1f1 paccy,nO'lHOH ,nClITCJlbHOCTH 'ICJlOBCKa, a B H,nCliX pa-
paCCMaTpHBacr KaK OPy,nHC ano,nHKTH'ICCKOrO 3HaHHlI.
3YMa (Eor, 6CCCMcpTHali ,nywa, cB060,nHali BOJlll) -
TCPMHH «A.» 0603Ha'laCT CYlK,nCHHlI Hc06xo,nHMOCTH
OCHOBY ,nJlll Bblpa60TKH pcrYJllITHBHblX npHH1{HnOB
B OTJlH'IHC OT CYlK,nCHHH B03MOlKHOCTH (np06J1CMaTH-
TCOPCTH'ICCKOH H npaKTH'ICCKOH ,nClITCJlbHOCTH 'ICJlO-
'ICCKHX) H CYlK,nCHHH ,nCHCTBHTCJlbHOCTH (acccpTOpH-
BCKa. KaK pCaK1{Hli Ha 3aCHJlHC H,nCH a6COJllOTHOrO
'ICCKHX).
H,nCaJJH3Ma H JlOrH1{H3Ma
rezeJIfl
B 30-40-c rr.
19
11. C. HapCl
KJIIO'IIITb 1I3 lKII3HII HapO,ll;a rrplIHl\lIrr BJIaCTII. Ha ero
IICXO,ll;HbIM rrYHKTOM K-POll lIBIIJIOCb O,ll;HO 1I3 3Ha'le-
MeCTe ,ll;OJIlKHa rrOliBIITbCli «cB060,ll;Hali
B. fP.
ACMYC
crpaHeHlIe He TOJIbKO cpe,ll;1I peBOJIIOl\IIOHHbIX HapO)J;HIIKOB 70-x rr. B POCCIIII, HO II B ,ll;p. cTpaHax (B I1Ta-
IiAKYHHH MlIxalIJI AneKCaH,ll;pOBII'I (1814-1876)
JIIIII, I1crraHIIII II ,ll;p.).
A. 11. BOJloOUI/
Pyc. peBOJIIOl\IIOHep, lI,ll;eOJIor aHapXU3Ma II HapooHUlJeCm6G. B 1836--1840 lKlIJI B MocKBe, YBJIeKaJICli Y'IeHlIlIMII (/Juxme II FeZeJlR, IICTOJIKOBbIBali BJIlIlIHlIe Ha Hero OKa3aJIII rrpe,ll;CTaBIITeJIII «JIII6epaJIb-
pal\lIlI, rrplIMbIKaJI K MJIMOrereJIbllHl\aM ((PeaKl\lIlI B lepMaHIIII», 1842), IICrrbITaJI BJIlIlIHlIe lI,ll;ell (/Jeitep-
HOll TeOJIOrHlI» B. XepMaHH II A. lapHaK. B 1905-
6axa, 'ITO rr03,ll;Hee CKa3aJIOCb Ha pa3pa60TKe E. lI,ll;ell
TeM rracTop B Aapray. C 1921 -
«aHTIITeOJIOrII3Ma». Y'IaCTHIIK peBOJIIOl\1I1I 1848-
3aTeM B MIOHcTepe II EOHHe. B 1935 3MIIrplIpOBaJI B
1849 B ITpare II .D.pe3,ll;eHe. C 1851 -
lllBelll\aplIlO, rrperrO,ll;aBaJI B Ea3eJIbCKOM YH-Te. B CBO-
B 3aKJIIO'IeHIIII;
1921 -
CHa'laJIa aCCIICTeHT rracTopa B :JKeHeBe, 3arrpo1i1i Ii T. ,n:.). E.
rr03HaHlill- HOMIiHaJIIiCT. OCH. CO'l.: «,lJ;eoHTOJIOrnll,
3aCJIYlKeHHO C'IIiTaIOT O,n:HIiM 1i3 IiHTeJIJIeKryaJIbHbIX
IiJIIi HaYKa 0 MOPaJIli»
(1834). A. C. E020MOJl06
JIIi,n:epOB COBp. 3ana,n:a, ero B3rJIlI,n:bI Tpy,n:HO li,n:eHTIic!>1il.\lipOBaTb KaK '1IiCTO KOHcepBaTIiBHbIe IiJIIi '1IiCTO
IiEPr
(1876-1950) -
JIli6epaJIbHbIe, OH OT,n:aeT ,n:OJIlKHOe Ii li,n:ellM MapKCU3Ma, HaCTOllTeJIbHO OTBeprall IiCnOJIb30BaHHbIe cnoco-
HbIH-ecTecTBOIiCnbITaTeJIb, 3Hl.\IiKJIOrre,n:IiCT, BHeClIIliH
6bI IiX BOnJIOll.\eHlill B lKli3Hb. Ero lKe npli3bIB K peli-
0plirliHaJIbHblH BKJIa,n: B pa3JIIi'lHble pa3,n:eJIbI reorpa-
JIeB CeMeHOBIi'l
pyc. y'le-
,n:eOJIOrH3al.\1i1i COnpOBOlK,L\aeTClI npe,n:OCTepelKeHlillMIi
c!>lili, IiXTIiOJIOrlili, KJIIiMaTOJIOrli1i Ii ,n:p. He rrOTepllJIIi
o npliHl.\linliaJIbHOH JIOlKHOCTIi JII060H li,n:eOJIOrlili,
CBoero MeTo,n:OJIOrli'leCKoro 3Ha'leHlill pa60TbI E. B
OTBepralOll.\eH peJIlirH03HbIe Ii KYJIbrypHble Tpa,n:lil.\lili,
06JIaCTii IiCTOpli1i Ii KJIaCclic!>IiKal.\1i1i HaYK. Ho oco-
npli3bIBalOIl.\eH K «MlITelKaM» IiJIIi BO IiMlI COBpeMeH-
6eHHo 60JIblIIOe c!>IiJIOC. Ii MeTo,n:OJIOrH'IeCKOe 3Ha'le-
HOCTIi, IiJIIi C l.\eJIblO ee nOJIHoro orplil.\aHlill. OCH. CO'l.:
Hlie IiMelOT Tpy,n:bI E. B 06JIaCTii Teoplili 3BOJIIOl.\IiIi,
«MapKCIiCTCKIiH COl.\liaJIIi3M B AMepliKe»
1967),
(1952,
«CTaHOBJIeHlie nocTIiH,n:YCrpliaJIbHoro 061l.\e-
(1973), «KYJIbrypHbIe npOTliBOpe'llill KanliTaJIIi3Ma» (1976), «COl.\IiOJIOrH'IeCKlie 3aMeTKIi» (1980), CTBa»
«06Il.\eCTBeHHbIe HayKIi nOCJIe BTOPOH MIiPOBOH BOHHbJ))
(1982) Ii ,n:p.
cpe,n:1i K-pbIX rJI. -
«HoMoreHe3, IiJIIi 3BOJIIOl.\lill Ha
OCHOBe 3aKoHoMepHOCTeH»
(1922).
B HeM E. rrpe,n:JIo-
lKliJI HOBYIO KOHl.\errl.\1i1O 3BOJIIOl.\1i1i -
HOM02eHe3, IiJIIi
3BOJIIOl.\1i1i Ha OCHOBe 3aKoHoMepHocTeH, rrpoTIiBorroCTaBIiB ee ,n:apBIiHoBCKOH KOHl.\errl.\1i1i 3BOJIIOl.\1i1i rryTeM eCTeCTBeHHoro oT60pa, K-pall, C ero T. 3p., eCTb
II. E.
3aoopo:J/CH/oK
TlixoreHe3 (OT rpe'l. tyche -
CJIY'laH), T. e. 3BOJIIOl.\lill
Ha OCHOBe CJIY'laHHocTeH. IloJIeMIiKa E. Ii ero rroc-
liE ME
.5I.K06
(1575-1624) -
HeM. c!>IiJIOcoc!>-naH-
JIe,n:oBaTeJIeH-HeOHoMoreHeTIiKoB (A. A. JI1061i1l.\eB,
TeIiCT, coxpaHIiBUIliH TeCHYIO CBlI3b C TeOJIOrlieH. Ca-
C.
MOy'lKa, OH He C03,n:aJI nOCJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHOH Ii CTPOH-
CTaBIiTeJIlIMIi COBp. cIiHTeTIi'leCKOH Teoplili 3BOJIIO-
B. MeHeH Ii ,n:p.) C ,n:apBIiHlicTaMIi (a 3aTeM rrpe,n:-
HOH CIiCTeMbI. CBOIi ,n:liaJIeKTIi'leCKlie ,n:ora,n:KIi 0 npo-
l.\lili) BbIBeJIa Ha npliHl.\lirrliaJIbHO HOBbIH ypoBeHb 06-
TIiBOpe'lIiBOH nplipo,n:e Bell.\eH Ii Mlipa B l.\eJIOM OH
cYlK,n:eHlill MeTo,n:OJIOrli'leCKlie BorrpocbI 3BOJIIOl.\IiOH-
BblpalKaJI lI3bIKOM n03TIi'leCKIiX 06pa30B Ii CIiMBOJIa-
HO-TeOpeTIi'leCKIiX IiCCJIe,n:oBaHIiH. EbIJIO rJIy6lKe
MIi, 3aliMCTBOBaHHbIMii 1i3 xpucmuaHcm6a, acmpo!lO-
rrOHlITO COOTHOlIIeHlie TaKIiX MOMeHTOB Ii aCrreKTOB
2UU, aJlXUMUU Ii Ka66Gflbl. B ero CO'l. npOCToe nepe-
3BOJIIOl.\IiOHHOro rrpol.\ecca, KaK CJIY'laHHoe Ii He06-
JIOlKeHlie 61i6JIeHCKliX MIic!>OB, O,n:YXOTBopeHHoe CIiJIOH:
xo,n:IiMoe, rrpepbIBHoe Ii HerrpepblBHoe, rpa,n:YaJIbHOe
peJIlirli03HOH Me'lTbI, nepeMelKaeTClI C rJIy60KliMii Ha-
(rroCTerreHHoe) Ii CaJIbTal.\IiOHHOe (cKa'lK006pa3Hoe),
6JIIO,n:eHlillMIi. Eor Ii nplipo,n:a, rro E., e,n:IiHbI, BHe rrpli-
CrpYKTYpHoe Ii ,n:IiHaMIi'leCKOe Ii ,n:p.
B.
PO,n:bI HIi'lerO HeT. Bo BceM co,n:eplKliTclI npoTIiBope-
r. Eop3eHKo6
'1lie, ,n:alKe B Eore 3aKJIIO'IeHO ,n:06po Ii 3JIO. B 3TOM paJ,n:BoeHIiIi E. BIi,n:eJI IiCTO'lHIiK PaJBIiTlill Mlipa. PlI,n:
IiEPrCOH
COBp. 3arr. c!>IiJIOCOc!>OB rrpOllBJIlIeT OC06bIH IiHTepec K
rrpe,n:cTaBIiTeJIb uHmyumu6u3Ma Ii «f/JwlOcoqJUu :J/CU3-
AHpli
(1859-1941) -
c!>p. c!>IiJIOCOc!>,
MIiCTIi'leCKOH cTopoHe Y'leHlill E. OCH. rrpoli3B. E.
HU». Ilpoc!>. KOJIJIelK,n:e paHc (l90~1914); '1JIeH
«ABpopa, IiJIIi YTpeHHlIlI 3apll B BOCXOlK,n:eHIiIi ••. »
(1914). JIaypeaT H06eJIeBCKOH rrpeMli1i (1927). E. rrpo,n:OJIlKliJI Tpa,n:Iil.\1i1O c!>P. cnupumYGflU3Ma 19 B. OH rrOCTaBIiJI 3a,n:a'lY C03,n:aHlill
(1612)
6bIJIO OCYlK,n:eHO KaK epeTIi'leCKoe. J1,n:eli E.
OKaJaJIli BJIlillHlie Ha rrOCJIe,n:YlOll.\ee pa3BliTlie c!>IiJIOCOc!>1i1i (raMaH, re2eJlb, llleJl.llUH2, CO!106be6, EepOR-
e6,
C. CPpaHK Ii ,n:p.).
p. aKa,n:eMIiIi
rro JIIiTeparype
«rr03IiTIiBHOH MeTac!>1i3IiKIi», rrpeo,n:OJIeBalOll.\eH O,n:HOCTOPOHHOCTb KaK MexaHIiCTIi'leCKIiX, rr03HTliBliCTCKliX
B. B. Keruena6a
crroc060B c!>IiJIOC. IiCCJIe,n:OBaHlill, TaK Ii YM03p1iTeJIb-
aHrJI. Mopa-
JIIiCTCKOH MeTac!>1i3IiKIi. OCH. rpe60aaHlill «rr03IiTIiB-
HOCTb Ii crreKYJIlITIiBHOCTb Tpa,n:Iil.\IiOHHOH pal.\IiOHa-
IiEHTAM
J1epeMlill
(1748-1832) -
JIIiCT Ii rrpaBoBe,n:, O,n:IiH 1i3 TeopeTIiKoB aHrJI. 6YPlKY-
HOH MeTac!>1i3IiKIi» E. -
aJHoro JIli6epaJIli3Ma. B 3TIi'leCKOH Teoplili E. CBO,n:IiJI
HbIH
MOTIiBbI rrOBe,n:eHlill K y,n:OBOJIbCTBIiIO Ii crpa,n:aHIiIO, a
a6COJIIOTHoe.
MOPaJIbHOCTb -
K rrOJIe3HOCTii rrocryrrKa (ymwlUma-
orr bIT,
onopa Ha Henocpe,n:cTBeH-
C rrOMOll.\blO
K-poro
B Memaf/Ju3uKe,
rrOCTliraeTClI
rro E., IiMelOTClI ,n:Ba
l.\eHrpaJIbHbIX MOMeHTa: IiCTIiHHoe, KOHKpeTHOe 6pe-
56
SEP,aJlEB MJI (.llJII1TeJIhHOCTh) 11 nOCTl1ralOll\aJl ero HeI1HTeJIJIeK-
ryaJIhHaJI
UHmYUI1W1 KaK nO.llJII1HHhIH c!>I1JIOC. MeTO):l. B
IiEPMEB -
HI1KOJIaH AJIeKCaH):lpOBI1'1
(1874--1948)
pyc. c!>I1JIOCOc!>. Y'II1JICJI B Kl1eBe: B Ka):leTCKOM KOp-
pa60re «HenOCpe):lCTBeHHhle ):laHHhle C03HaHI1JI» (1889)
nyce, 3aTeM B YH-Te. 3a CBJl3h C C.-):l. napTl1eH 11 npo-
.llJII1TeJIhHOCTh nOHI1MaeTCJI KaK OCHOBa Bcex C03HaTeJIh-
ryl1l.\l1J1 KaK cnoc06 nOCTl1lKeHI1J1 .llJII1TeJIhHOCTI1 npo-
MapKCU3Ma 6hIJI I1CKJIIO'IeH 113 YH-Ta 11 CO«Jle2QJlbHbIM MapKcu3MOM» 6hIJI HenpO):lOJIlKI1TeJIhHhIM. YlKe B CChIJIKe Ha'laJICJI nOBopoT E. OT MapKCI13Ma K (omu'1eCKOMY C0I1UQJlU3MY» 11 3aTeM K peJII1f1103HOH l1):leoJIOfl1l1. C Ha'l. 20 B. O):lI1H 113 f!1. l1):leOJIOrOB 6020UCKameJlbCm6a. Y'IaCTBOBaJI B Hanl1CaHl111 nporpaM-
TI1BOCTOI1T I1HTeJIJIeKryaJIhHhlM MeTO):laM n03HaHI1J1,
MHhlX MaHI1c!>eCTOB pyc. l1):leaJII13Ma: «TIp06JIeMhl
HhIX, ):lYllleBHhlx np0l.\eCcoB. ,anI1TeJIhHOCTh, B OTJII1'me OT a6CTPaKTHoro BpeMeHI1 HaYKI1, npe):lnoJIaraeT nOCTOJlHHOe TBOp'leCTBO HOBhlX c!>0PM, CTaHOBJIeHl1e, B3al1MOnpOHI1KHOBeHI1e npolllJIoro 11 HaCTOJlll\erO, Henpe):lCKaJyeMocTh 6Y):lYll\l1x COCTOJlHI1H, CB060):lY. I1H-
naraH):ly
CJIaH B BOJIor):lY. TIepl1o):l ero YBJIe'leHI1J1
(1902),
l1):leaJII13Ma»
nO):l'lI1HeHHhIM npaKTI1'1eCKI1M 11 COl.\l1aJIhHhIM nOTPe6-
(1918).
HOCTJlM 11 cnoc06HhlM ):laTh 3HaHI1e JIl1l11h OTHOCI1TeJIh-
Ta; O):lI1H 113 OCHOBaTeJIeH BOJIhHOH aKa):leMI1I1 ):lYXOB-
HOro, a He a6COJIIOTHoro. B pa60Te «MaTepl1J1 11 naMJlTh»
(1896)
E., paJBI1BaJi KOHl.\enl.\111O
UHmeJ/JleKma,
«BexJ1»
(1909),
6eCCI1JIhHhlM nepe):l JlBJIeHI1J1MI1 C03HaHI1J1 B lK113HI1,
TIocJIe OKTJl6pJl -
HOH KYJIhryPhI. B
«113 f!1y6I1HhJ»
npoc!>. MOCKoBcKoro YH-
1922 BhlCJIaH 113 CCCP. )J(I1JI B Eep-
JII1He, r):le C03):laJI PeJIl1f1103HO-c!>I1JIOCOc!>CKYIO aKa):le-
Bhl):lBl1raeT Te311C 0 TOM, 'ITO TeJIeCHhle c!>YHKl.\I1I1, CBJI-
MI1IO. 3aTeM nepeexaJI B TIapl1lK, pe):laKTl1pOBaJI
3aHHoe C HI1MI1 BOCnpl1J1Tl1e 11 OCHOBaHHhlH Ha BOCnpl1-
lKypHaJI «TIYTh»
JlTI1I1 I1HTeJIJIeKT Opl1eHTl1pOBaHhl Ha npl1cnOC06JIeHI1e
KpynHhlx np0I13B., npl1HeClIIl1X eMY Ml1pOBylO 113BeCT-
(1926--1939).
3):leCh OH C03):laJI PJl):l
K onpe):leJIeHHhlM YCJIOBI1J1M, Ha peaJIl13al.\111O npaKTI1-
HOCTh. !1JIococ!>l1J1 E. Bnl1TaJIa B ce6J1 MHOlKeCTBO PaJ-
'1eCKI1X ):leHCTBI1H, a He Ha C03):laHl1e npe):lCTaBJIeHI1H 0
Ho06pa3Hhlx I1CTO'lHI1KOB. B pa3JI. nepl10):lhl ero B):lOX-
KaHm, MapKc, EeMe, 11l0neH2aY3p, HUl1me.
peaJIhHOCTI1, 0 CaMI1X Bell\ax. Teopl1lO n03HaHI1J1 E. 060-
HOBJIJlJII1
CHOBhIBaeT C nOMOll\hlO 3BOJIIOl.\110HHOro Y'leHI1J1. B
113 pyc. MhlCJII1TeJIeH Ha Hero 3aMeTHoe BJII1J1Hl1e OKa-
pa60Te «TBOp'leCKaJl 3BOJIIOl.\I1J1»
(1907),
C03):laHHOH
nO):l BJII1J1Hl1eM c!>I1JIOCOc!>1111 nJlOmUHa, 3TO yqeHl1e npo-
Muxau.n06cKuii, XOMJlK06, /l.ocmoe6cKuii, COJlO6be6 11 ):lp. PaHHI1H E. nhITaJICJI CO'leTaTh rYMaHI13M
3aJII1
TI1BOnOCTaBJIeHO KaK MeXaHI1CTI1'1eCKOMY, TaK 11 TeJIe-
MapKca C aHTpOnOJIOfl1'1eCKI1M COl.\l1aJII13MOM MI1XaH-
OJIOrl1'1eCKOMY 3BOJIIOl.\110HI13MY, Bl1):\eBllleMY B 3BOJIIO-
JIOBCKOro 11 MeTac!>113I1KOH
l.\1111 oCYll\eCTBJIeHl1e onpe):leJIeHHOrO nJIaHa, l.\eJII1. TIo
B033peHI1J1 E. npe):lCTaBJIJlIOT C060H O):lHy 113 paJHO-
E., l.\eJIh 3BOJIIOl.\1111 JIelKl1T He Bnepe):ll1, a
n03a):ll1, BhIC-
HeOKaHmuaHcm6a. 3peJIhle
BI1):lHOCTeH 3K3I1CTeHl.\l1aJIhHOH c!>I1JIOCOc!>I1I1. I1JIOCO-
rynaJI B c!>opMe I1CXO):lHOrO «B3phIBa», npl1Be):llllerO K
c!>11J1 E. aHTpOnOl.\eHTpl1'1Ha -
paJBepThlBaHl110 lKI13HeHHoro npol.\ecca. TIoHJlTl1e lK113-
TI1, CB060):lhl 11 TBOp'leCTBa, cY):lh6hl, CMhlCJIa lKI13HI1 11
np06JIeMhl ):lYXOBHOC-
HI1 CTPOI1TCJI no aHaJIOfl1l1 C np0l.\eCCaMI1 C03HaHI1J1, CO-
CMepTI1 BCer):la 6hIJII1 B l.\eHTpe ero c!>I1JIOC. pa3Mhllll-
OTBeTCTBeHHO lKI13Hh npe):lCTaeT CnJIOIIIHhlM nOTOKOM
JIeHI1H. TIo E., «JII1'1HOCTh Bo061l\e nepBI1'1Hee 6hITI1J1»,
TBOp'leCTBa HenpephlBHhlX Ka'leCTBeHHhIX 113MeHeHI1H,
6blmue -
11306peTeHI1H. I1HTeJIJIeKT 11 I1Hryl1l.\111O E. npe):lCTaB-
CTI1, naCCI1BHOCTI1,
JIJleT 3):leCh B BI1):le o6beKTI1BHO 06YCJIOBJIeHHhlX c!>0PM
Hoe, TBOp'leCKoe. TIoHJlTl1e 06beKTI1BHOrO Ml1pa E. 3a-
BOnJIOll\eHl1e npl1'1I1HHOCTI1, He06xo):lI1MO-
oyx -
Ha'laJIO cB060):lHOe, aKTI1B-
lKI13HI1 11 n03HaHI1J1, nepBOHa'laJIhHO 06be):lI1HeHHhIX B
MeHJleT TepMI1HOM «06beKTI1Bl1pOBaHHhIH MI1P», I1H-
:JICU3HeHHOM nopbl6e (elan vital), HO pacxo):\JIIl\I1XCJI B
TepnpeTl1pyJl ero KaK «06beKTI1Bal.\111O peaJIhHOCTI1»,
np0l.\ecce 3BOJIIOl.\1111 11 npl106peTalOIl\I1X B XO):le PaJ-
nOp0lK):\eHHYIO cy6beKTI1BHhIM ):lYXOM. 1.JaCTI1'1HO npl1-
BI1TI1J1 npOTI1BOnOJIOlKHhle xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1. Teopl1J1
3HaBaJi COl.\l1aJIhHYIO 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTh 6h1TI1J1 JII1'1HO-
3BOJIIOl.\1111 HaXO):lI1T 3aBepllleHI1e B TPY):le E. «,lJ,Ba I1C-
CTI1, OH BMeCTe C TeM C'II1TaeT f!1. B '1eJIOBeKe TO, 'ITO
TO'lHI1Ka MOPaJIl1 11 peJIl1f11l1»
(1932), CO):leplKall\eM co-
onpe):leJIJleTCJI ero BHyTpeHHI1M Ml1pOM, a He BHelllHI1M
JIU'IHOCmb, no E., npelK):le Bcero KaTe-
l.\l1aJIhHO-3TI1'1eCKOe 11 peJII1f1103HOe yqeHl1e. E. npOTI1-
OKpYlKeHl1eM.
BOnOCTaBJIJleT «3aKphlTOe 06-BO», co cBoHCTBeHHhlMI1
ropl1J1 peJII1f1103HOrO C03HaHI1J1, 11 n03ToMY npOJlBJIe-
eMY «CTaTI1'1eCKI1MI1» MOPaJIhlO 11 peJIl1f11eH, nO):l'lI1-
Hl1e '1eJIOBe'leCKOH CYIl\HOCTI1, ee YHI1KaJIhHOCTl111 He-
HeHHhlMI1 I1HTepecaM coXpaHeHI1J1 pO):la, «OTKPhITOMY
nOBTOpl1MOCTI1 MOlKeT 6hlTh nOHJlTO JIl1l11h B ee OTHO-
nepCOHQJlU3M ):lOnOJIHeH
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lIIeHl111 K Eory. PeJII1f1103HhlH
peJIl1f11l1), COCTOJlll\eMY 113 1136paHHhlX JII1'1HOCTeH,
y E. Y'leHl1eM 0 «KOMMIOHoTapHOCTI1» -
«BeJII1K11X MOPaJIhHhlX repOeB» 11 peJII1f1103HhlX ):leJlTe-
'1eCKOH 11 MI1CTI1'1eCKOH PaJHOBI1):lHOCTI1 KOJIJIeKTI1BI13-
JIeH, 0pl1eHTl1pOBaHHhlX Ha 6JIaro Bcero '1eJIOBe'leCTBa. 06-Ba nepBoro Tl1na, no E., npe):lCTaBJIJlIOT C060H ry-
lKI13HhlO 11 c!>I1JIOC. KyJIhrypOH POCCI1I1, Ha'lI1HaJI co CJ/Q-
nl1KoBYIO JII1HI1IO 3BOJIIOl.\1111 11 oCYJK):\eHhl Be'lHO Bpa-
6J1HOrjJUJl06. «KOMMIOHoTapHOCTh» npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIe-
MeTac!>11311-
Ma, Bhlpa60TaHHoH, no ero MHeHI1IO, pyc. HapO):lHOH
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Ha C03):laHHOH 3ana):lOM TeOp1111 11 npaKTI1Ke I1H):lI1BI1-
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):lyaJII13Ma, COBp. ):lerYMaH11311poBaHHoH Mallll1HHOH
JIOBe'leCTBa, pa3BepThlBaHI1e caMoro lKI13HeHHOro
l.\I1BI1JII13al.\l1l1. I1JIOCOc!>I1J1 I1CTOPI1I1 E. npoHI1KHyTa
nepcoHa-
MOTI1BaMI13CXamOJl02UU; paccMaTPI1BaJI Tpl1 Tl1na Bpe-
JlUlM, 3K3ucmeHI1UQJlU3M, KaTOJII1'1eCKI1H MO):lepHI13M, c!>I1JIOCOc!>111O A. TOHH611, Td/JIpa oe l1lapoeHa, Ha
MeHI1 (KoCMI1'1eCKOe, I1CTOpl1'1eCKOe 113K3I1CTeHl.\l1aJIh-
nophIBa. !1JIococ!>11JI E. OKaJaJIa BJII1J1Hl1e Ha
M. TIpyCTa 11 ):lp.
Hoe, I1JII1 MeTaI1CTOpl1'1eCKoe), OH f!1. 06p. 03a60'leH npe):lCKa3aHl1eM Toro, KaK «MeTaI1CTOpl1J1 BXO):lI1T B
11. 11. SJ/ay6epz
I1CTOPI1IO», 060CHOBaHI1eM npl16JIl1lKeHI1J1 KOHl.\a I1C-
57
5EPHWTEHH
TOpHH. 3TH MOTHBbI OC06eHHO CHJIbHO rrpOllBHJIHCb B ero rrOCJIe.llHHX pa60Tax. TpY.llbI E. CO.lleplKaJIH KPHTHKy COUHaJIHCTH'lecKoro rrpe06pa30BaHHlI POCCHH.
eTCli peaHHMaUHlI <j>HJIOCO<j>HH E. H 3aHMCTBOBaHHe ee UMMaHeHmHou WKOJlOU, 3MnupUOKpumU/lUlMOM, npazMamUlMOM, paHHHM Heon03UmU6UlMOM H T. .ll. CO'l.:
BMeCTe C TeM 3a Py6elKoM OH BblcryrraJI H C rr03HUHH
«OrrbIT HOBOH TeopHH 3peHHlI» (1709), «TpaKTaT 0
3amHTbI Pyc. KYJIbryPbI, rrpOTHB pa3JIH'IHbIX <j>OpM pYCO<j>06HH. Ero rrepy rrpHHa.llJlelKaT HHTepeCHble pa60TbI 0 XOMliKOBe, JIeoHmbe6e, ,n:OCToeBCKOM H .llp. OCH. rrpOH3B.: «Cy6beKTHBH3M H HH.llHBH.llYaJIH3M B
Ha'laJIaX '1eJIOBe'lecKOro 3HaHHlI» (1710), «TPH Pa3roBopa MelK.llY rHJIaCOM H $HJIOHYCOM» (1713).
06meCTBeHHOH <j>HJIOCO<j>HH» (1901), «$HJIOCO<j>HlI CB060.llbI» (1911), «CMbICJI TBOp'leCTBa» (1916), «$H-
IJEPHAJI
JIOCO<j>HlI HepaseHcTBa» (1923), «HoBoe Cpe.llHeBeKOBbe» (1924), «$HJIOCO<j>HlI CB060.llHOro .llyxa» (19271928), «0 Ha3Ha'leHHH '1eJIOBeKa. OrrbIT rrapa.llOKCaJIbHOH 3THKH» (1931), «PyccKali H.llell» (1946), «OrrbIT 3CXaTOJIOm'leCKOH MeTa<j>H3HKH» (1947).
c.
5020MOA06, if. C. HapcKuii aHrJI.
<j>H3HK, COUHOJIOr HayKH, 06mecTBeHHbIH .llellTeJIb. EbIJI '1JIeHOM JIOH.llOHCKOro KOpOJIeBcKoro 06-Ba (c 1937), aKa.lleMHH HayK pll.lla cTpaH, B T. 'I. AH CCCP (c 1958), rrpe3H.lleHTOM-HCrrOJIHHTeJIeM BceMHpHoro COBera MHpa. KpoMe HCCJIe.llOBaHHH B 06JIacTH <j>H3HKH, 6HOXHMHH, KPHCTaJIJIorpa<j>HH E. rrpHHa.llJlelKaT
M. A. MaCAUH
pa60TbI (HJIOCO<j>. errHCKorr aHrJIHKaHCKoH uepKBH B K.JIoHHe
YKa H 06meCTBO», 1953; «HaYKa B HCTOPHH 06meCTBa», 1954), 0606malOmHe .llOCTHlKeHHlI HayKH B ueJIOM, pacKpbIBalOmHe ee <j>HJIOC. 3Ha'leHHe, pOJIb B HCTOpHH '1eJIOBe'leCTBa. E. rrepBbIM BbI.llBHHYJI rrOHliTHe
IJEPKJlH ,n:lKOP.lllK (1685-1753) C 1734 -
A.
,n:lKOH ,n:ecMOH.ll (1901-1971) -
(I1pJIaH.llHlI). I1cxo.llll H3 TOro, 'ITO '1eJIOBeK HerrOCpe.llCTBeHHO BocrrpHHHMaer TOJIbKO CBOH (opMHcTCKOro HarrpaBJIeHHlI B MelK.llYHap0.llHOM pa60'leM .llBHlKeHHH. C 1878 rro 1901 6bIJI H3rHaH H3 repMaHHH (Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aKOHa EHcMapKa rrpoTHB COUHaJIHCTOB) H 60JIbllIYlO '1aCTb 3TOro BpeMeHH rrpOBeJI B AHrJIHH, r.lle C6JIH3HJICli C MapKcoM H CTaJI 6JIHlKaHllIHM coTPY.llHHKOM 3HZeJlbCa; rro HX peKOMeH.llaUHH CTaJI pe.llaKTOpOM opraHa c,n:ITr -lKypHaJIa «EY.llymee». B 1896--1898 OT'IaCTH rro.ll BJIHlIHHeM aHrJI. <j>a6HaHueB H Tpe.ll-IOHHOHHCTOB BblcryrrHJI B lKypHaJIe c,n:ITr «HoBoe BpeMlI» C UHKJIOM cTaTeH, ro.ll crrYCTli BOllIe.llllIHX B KHHry «ITp06JIeMbI COUHaJIH3Ma H 3a.lla'lH co-
BaHHe H.lleH B YMe Eora. C ueJIblO orrpoBepmyTb aTeH3M H MaTepHaJIH3M OH rrO.llBepraeT KpHTHKe rroHliTHe Mamepuu KaK BHyTpeHHe rrpOTHBOpe'lHBOe H
UHaJI-.lleMoKpanfH», B K-POH rrepBbIM rro.usepr rrepecMar-
6ecrrOJIe3HOe .llJIli rr03HaHHlI. OCHOBa 6epKJIHaHCKOH KpHTHKH MaTepHH - H.lleaJIHCTH'IeCKHH HOMUHaJlUlM.
py PM OCH. rrOJIOlKeHHH OpTO.llOKCaJIbHOro MapKcUlMa: arsepr TeopHIO a6COJIIOTHoro H OTHOCHTeJIbHoro 06-
E. OTBepraeT TeopHIO nep6U'lHblX U 6mOpU'lHblX Ka'leCm6 (JIOKK), 06'bllBJIlili Bce Ka'leCTBa '1HCTO cy6beK-
HHmaHHlI rrpOJIerapHaTa, TeH.lleHUHIO K COUHaJIbHOH rrOJIlIpH3aUHH KarrHTaJIHCTH'IeCKOrO 06-Ba H K 060-
THBHbIMH. OTpHuali MHPOB033peH'IeCKOe 3Ha'leHHe HayKH, E. C'IHTaJI 3a.lla'leH yqeHoro «HaY'lHTbCli rro-
CTpeHHIO KJIaCCOBOH 60Pb6bI, HeH36elKHocTb yrJIy6JIeHHlI 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX KPH3HCOB H peBOJIIOUHOHHO-
HHMaTb lI3bIK TBOpua», a He rrpHTlI3aTb Ha o6bllcHeHHe C06bITHH TeJIeCHbIMH rrpH'IHHaMH. C 3THX rr03H-
ro rrepeXO.lla K COUHaJIH3MY. ITo y6elK.lleHHIO E., rro
UHH OTBepralOTCli HblOTOHOBCKali TeopHli a6COJIIOTHOro o6beKTHBHO-peaJIbHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa H TeopHli TliroTeHHlI, T. K. OHa roBOPHT 0 eCTeCTBeHHOH rrpH'IHHe .llBHlKeHHlI MaTepHaJIbHbIX TeJI, B TO BpeMli KaK caM
Mepe pa3BHTHli H 3peJIOCTH KarrHTaJIH3Ma rrpOHCXO.llHT POCT 6JIarococTollHHlI llIHPOKHX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHlI, B03paCTaer pOJIb HOBbIX Cpe.llHHX CJIOeB (CJIYlKamHX H 3aHliTbIX B c<j>epe yCJIyr), YKperrJIlilOTCli cTa6HJIH3HpYlOmHe <j>aKTOpbI pa3BHTHli 06-Ba, TaK 'ITO rrOllBJIlI-
E. rrpH3HaBaJI aKTHBHOCTb JIHllIb .llYXOBHOH cy6cTaHUHH. OrpHuaTeJIbHO OTHOCHJICli E. K C03.llaHHoMY JIeu6HU/leM H HblOmOHOM HC'IHCJIeHHIO 6eCKOHe'lHO Ma-
eTCli BrrOJIHe peaJIbHali B03MOlKHOCTb MHPHOH TpaHC<j>opMaUHH KarrHTaJIH3Ma B 60JIee CrrpaBe.llJlHBOe (coUHaJIHCTH'IeCKoe) 06-BO. ITo B03BpameHHH H3
JIblX, rrOCKOJIbKy rrpH3HaHHe 6eCKOHe'lHOH .lleJIHMOC-
3MHrpaUHH B repMaHHIO E. BblcryrraJI 3a rrepeopHeH-
TH «peaJIbHoro rrpOCTpaHCTBa» rrpOTHBOpe'lHJIO OCH. rrOJIOlKeHHlIM ero <j>HJI0CO<j>HH, Be.llb 6eCKOHe'lHO Ma-
TaUHIO c,n:ITr Ha pe<j>opMHcTCKHH II)'Tb Pa3BHTHlI, pacCMarpHBali H.lleaJIbI COUHaJIH3Ma He KaK BbITeKalOmHe
JIoe He BocrrpHHHMaerCli. Co 2-H rrOJI. 19 B. Ha'lHHa-
H3 MaTepHaJIHCTH'IeCKoro rrOHHMaHHlI HCTOPHH, a KaK
58
EEPTAJIAH1I
JIIO~BHr <jJOH (1910-1972) -
aBCTp. 6HOJIOr H <jJHJIOCO<jJ (c 1949 -
B CiliA H Ka-
Ha~e). O~HO BpeMlI 6bIJI 6JIH30K K Heon03umueU3MY T. Ha3. BeHcKo2o KpY:JICKa, HO B ~aJIbHeHllleM BblcTynHJI C KPHTHKOH pll~a aCneKTOB Heon03HTHBHCTCKOH nporpaMMbI «e~HHoH HaYKH». DbIJI O~HHM H3 aBTopOB
3a~aHHbIMH,
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nocTPOeHHbIMH, a He B03HH-
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HHryHl\HOHHCTbI H KOH-
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CTBeHHble oc06eHHOCTH
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HOCTH (~ocTHlKeHHlI cHcTeMoH O~Horo H TOro lKe KO-
HOBbIe CBOHCTBa H 3aKOHOMepHOCTH
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peaJIbHOrO MHpa H TeM caMblM paCIlIHpllIOT HalliH 3Ha-
JIOBHlIX) H H30Mop<jJH3Ma (H30MOprjJU3M u 20MOMOP-
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MOJIOrHll HrpalOT pellialOllIYIO pOJIb B
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npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHhlX CBOHCTB OXBaqeHHOH
CHCTeM», 6bIJI pe~aKTopoM H3~aBaeMoro C 1956 elKe-
Ha6JIIO~eHHlIMH qaCTH BCeJIeHHOH, a pa3BHTHe KOCMO-
rO~HHKa «General Systems» ( IlJI OCOCl> lUI -
BapHaHT 6HoueHTpHcTCKOH
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pa3 60JIbllle TaKoro BalKHoro
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19
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20
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20
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H MaTeMaTHqeCKHX TeopHlIX -
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peaK-
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MapKcU3Ma. CO'l.: «HJIOCOHJI lKHBoro OnhITa»
npaKTH'IeCKOMY CTpeMJIeHHIO K npaBe,lJ,HOMY 06paJy lKH3HH. HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHhIM HCTO'lHHKOM 60ron03HaHHJI B pa3BHThlX peJIHrHJlX JlBJIJleTCJI CBJlmeHHbIH TeKCT: Topa B HY,lJ,aH3Me, EH6JIHJI B xpHCTHaHCTBe, KopaH 3eH,lJ,-ABeCTa -
B HCJIaMe, THnHTaKa B 6YMH3Me, B 30poaCTPH3Me. Y HeK-pbIX Hapo-
,lJ,OB 3anpemaeTCJI npOH3HOCHTb BCJIYX HMJI E.: TaKHe Ta6y OTpalKeHhI, Hanp., B BeTXOM 3aBeTe HMJI E. «51xBe» 3anpemeHo npoH3HoCHTb, npH 'ITeHHH OHO 3aMeHJleTCJI Ha «A,lJ,OHaH» (eBpeHCK. «MoH rOCnO,lJ,h»).
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KOHL\enL\HIO ,lJ,aJIhHeHlllHM pa3BHTHeM HJIOCOHH (1913), «BonpochI COL\HaJIH3Ma» (1918), «Bce06maJi opraHH3aL\HOHHaJi HaYKa (TeKTOJIOrHJI)>> (19131921,1989 (nepeH3,lJ,aHHe), «0 npOJIeTapCKOH KYJIbType, 1904--1924» (1924) H ,lJ,p.
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liorOHCKATEJIhCTBO - peJIHrH03Ho-HJIOC. Te'leHHe, B03HHKlllee B Ha'l. 20 B. B cpe,lJ,e pyc. JIH6ePaJIbHOH HHTeJIJIHreHL\HH- HJIOCOOB, JIHTepaToPOB, «HOBonpaBOCJIaBHhIX» CBJlmeHHHKOB (Mepe:JIC-
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(nceB,lJ,OHHM MaJIHHoBcKoro) AJIeK-
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HaKo, BbIBO.llHMbl .lle.llYKTHBHbIM nYTeM H3 HCTHH .llp.,
3. TyccepllR (B npo-
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r. KaHmopa. B JTOM CMblCJIe E. MOlKHO
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TblO npe.llJIOlKeHHlI, HO caMOCTOllTeJIbHO He lIBJIlieTCli
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lKeCTB, C03.llaHHe K-POH -
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paKTepH30BaTb KaK JIOrH'-IeCKOrO nJIaTOHHCTa (B COBp.
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72
EOHABEHTYPA CMbICJIOM. OH BbIcrynaJI npOTHB paCnpOCTpaHeHHlI B
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B 3THKe E. npH,l\eplKHBaJICli B3rJIlI,l\OB, 6JIH3KHX K YTH-
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73
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76
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B. B C. B 3Ha'leHHH cy6beKTa CJIylKHT BblpalKeHHeM
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TaJIbHOH TeopHH npHpo,goycrpOHCTBa (reoPHH Bcero).
B. H. KHR3ee, P. 0. Kyp6aHoe
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B. A.
B3A11MO,LU:HCTBHE -
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1897
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94
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BII,n:
PO,n:
H
(B JlOrHKe) -
KaTempHH, BblpalKaJO-
KJlaCCaMU
LUHe OTHOlIleHHlI MelK,LlY
(B '-IaCTHOCTH,
06beMaMH nOHlITHH). I1pe,LlMeTbI KJlaCCa JOT
8.
npe,LlMeTOB KJlacca
A,
E
HbIX 3JleMeHTax KYJlbTYpbI, KaK peJlHrH03Hble 06pll,LlbI, 6paKH H norpe6eHHlI. I1MeHHo 3TH 3JleMeHTbI pac-
COCTaBJlll-
CMaTpHBaJOTCli B Ka'-leCTBe OCHOBaHHH HOBOH HayKH
eCJlH OHH 06Jla,LlaJOT Bce-
06 06-Be. I1PH 3TOM ,LlOnYCKaeTClI, '-ITO Bce HapO,LlbI,
MH CBoHcTBaMH, 06LUHMH ,LlJlll npe,LlMeTOB
A,
H Hapll-
pa3BHBaliCb napaJJJleJlbHO, npOXO,LlllT TpH CTa,LlHH (3no-
,LlY C 3THM HMeJOT HeK-pble cneUHqlH'-IecKHe (OTJlH'-Ia-
XH) pa3BHTHlI: 60lKeCTBeHHYJO (peJlHrH03HYJO), repo-
JOLUHe HX OT Bcex ,Llp. npe,LlMeTOB MeTbI TOB H
E,
E.
A
A)
CBOHCTBa; npe,Ll-
B TaKOM cJlY'-Iae COCTaBJlllJOT
P.
,LlJlll npe,LlMe-
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8.
He npe-
A
TeH,LlyeT, npHnHCbIBali ee ,LlpeBHHM erHnTliHaM, HO
Ha3. OTHOCHTeJlbHO ,Llpyr ,LlPyra COOTBeTCTBeHHO
HanOJlHlIeT HOBbIM CO,LleplKaHHeM, nOJlarall, '-ITO OHa
I10HlITHlI, 0606LUaJOmHe npe,LlMeTbI KJlaCCOB
8.
PO,LlOBbIM H BH,LlOBbIM. Hanp., lKHBOTHble -
P.
HOlIleHHJO K opraHH3MaM; opraHH3MbI BOTHbIX.
P.
no OT-
xapaKTepH3yeT ueJlOCTHbIH UHKJl pa3BHTHli JlJ060H
,L\Jl1l lKH-
HaUHH. KalK,Llali H3 3THX 3nox OTJlH'-IaeTCli OC06bIMH
npe,LlCTaBJllleT He'-lTO 06mee B npe,LlMeTaX,
COCTaBJlllJOLUHX em BH,LlbJ.
8. -
npaBaMH, 3aKOHaMH H 06bI'-IallMH, OC06bIM «aBTopH-
oc06eHHoe (cneUH-
TeTOM BJlaCTH», cpopMaMH npaBJleHHlI, cnoc06aMH
qlH'-IecKoe) B npe,LleJlax 3Tom 06mem; npH3HaKH, xa-
06meHHlI, BocnHTaHHlI H MbIlIlJleHHlI. DOJlblIlOH HH-
paKTepH3YJOmHe
P.
H
8.,
CYTb a6cTpaKUHH H cyLUe-
Tepec npe,LlCTaBJlllJOT ero paccylK,LleHHlI 0 B3aHMOCBlI3H 3KOHOMHKH H nOJlHTHKH, 60Pb6e COCJlOBHH, CMeHe
CTBYJOT JlHlIlb B OT,LleJlbHbIX npe,LlMeTax.
E. K.
BOUW6WlJlO
8.,
nOJlHTH'-IeCKHX CHCTeM H T. ,Ll. I1Jle6eH, nOJlaraeT
cTpeMliTcli H3MeHHTb roC-BO, rocnO,LlCTBYJOLUHe lKe
BH,n:IIMOCTb
nOHliTHe, BblpalKa-
COCJlOBHlI cTpeMliTcli coxpaHHTb ero, HO 3TO He Bce-
JOmee MOMeHT 06MaH'-IHBOCTH B BocnpHlITHH 06beK-
r,Lla HM y,LlaeTClI, n03TOMY apHCTOKpaTHli CMeHlIeTCli
Ta HJlH lIBJleHHlI.
(KalKHMocTb) -
8.
HMeeT ,LlBOllKHH HCTO'-lHHK. C 0,Ll-
,LleMOKpaTHeH, K-pall CO BpeMeHeM BblpOlK,LlaeTCli B
HOH CTOPOHbI, 3TO cOBOKynHocTb 06beKTHBHbIX xa-
aHapXHJO, '-ITO 06YCJlOBJlHBaeT nOllBJleHHe MOHapXHH
paKTepHCTHK npe,LlMeTa HJlH npouecca Ha ypoBHe lIB-
KaK e,LlHHCTBeHHoro Cpe,LlCTBa npeO,LlOJleHHlI Bce06me-
JleHHlI, C ,Llp. -
ro xaoca H pacnpeH. I10pOKH lKe MOHapXHH npHBO,LlllT
cnoc06 06bllcHeHHlI 3THX xapaKTepH-
CTHK cy6beKTOM HJlH HX npe06pa30BaHHe B npouecce
K pa3JlOlKeHHJO BceH COUHaJlbHOH CHCTeMbI, 06-BO
nOJlY'-leHHlI HHcpopMaUHH 0 HHX. Hanp., B pe3YJlbTaTe
BHOBb B03BpamaeTCli B COCTOllHHe BapBapCTBa, H Bce
Pa3JlH'-IHblX K03CPCPHUHeHToB npeJlOMJleHHlI CBeTOBO-
Ha'-lHHaeTCli 3aHOBO. Qepe3 npH3My CMeHbI Tpex 3nox
m Jly'-la B B03,Llyxe H BO,Lle naJlKa, onymeHHali HanOJlO-
paCCMaTpHBaJOTCli H BonpOCbI pa3BHTHli ,Llp. 3JleMeH-
BHHy B BO,Lly, KalKeTCli Ha,LlJlOMJleHHoH. TOT cpaKT, '-ITO
TOB KYJlbTYPbI: 1I3bIKa, npaBa, MOpaJlH, CPOPM npaBJleHHlI HT.,Ll.
B YCJlOBHlIX KanHTaJlH3Ma BJla,LleJleu 6aHKOBCKoro BKJla,Lla nOJlY'-laeT npoueHT, BJla,LleJleu 3aBO,Lla 6bIJlb, a BJla,LleJleu 3eMJlH -
BbI'-IHOCTH TpaHccpopMHpyeTcli B C03HaHHH B
8. Tom,
'-ITO 3TH CPOPMbI ,LlOXO,LlOB He CB1I3aHbI ,Llpyr C ,LlpyroM H '-ITO 3eMJlll nOpOlK,LlaeT peHTY, npe,LlnpHliTHli 6bIJlb, a ,LleHelKHbIH BKJla,Ll -
A. H.
npH-
EJlCYK06
peHry, B CHJlY em npH-
npH-
npoueHT, B TO BpeMli KaK
Ha caMOM ,LleJle BO Bcex 3THX CJlY'-lalix MbI HMeeM ,LleJlO
BIIHA -
OC03HaHHe HapYlIleHHlI HpaBCTBeHHoro HJlH
JOpH,LlH'-IeCKoro 3aKOHa; OTHOlIleHHe JlH'-IHOCTH K CBOeMY 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOMY ,LleHCTBHJO (6e3,LleHCTBHJO) H ero nOCJle,LlCTBHlIM. Onpe,LleJlllJOmHM OCHOBaHHeM
8.
lIBJllleTCli cB060,Lla BbI60pa JlH'-IHOCTH: '-IeJlOBeK CBO-
C cpopMaMH npHCBoeHHlI HeOnJla'-leHHoro TpY,Lla pa60-
60,LleH, a 3Ha'-lHT, OTBeTCTBeH 3a CBOH nocrynKH. I1c-
'-IHX. 3a,Lla'-la HCCJle,LlOBaHHlI '-IaCTO COCTOHT B aHaJJH3e
TOpH'-IeCKH nepBoe npe,LlCTaBJleHHe 0
MexaHH3Ma B03HHKHOBeHHlI
8.,
B nOHCKax ee KopHeH
H,LleeH «P0,LlOBOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH»
8.
CB1I3aHO C
(EepiJRee):
Bce 3a
H npaBHJlbHOM 06bllcHeHHH lIBJleHHlI, B nepexo,Lle OT
Bcex OTBeTCTBeHHbI, '-ITO BblpalKaJJOCb B KPOBHOH Me-
8.
CTH, B Bepe B npOKJlllTHe pO,Lla. qeJlOBeK He OT,LlaBaJJ
'-Iepe311BJleHHlI (CB1I3b lIBJleHHH) K
CYUjHocmu.
3. B.
EeJ'lepe6lJblX
ce6e OT'-IeTa B TOM, '-ITO COBeplIleHO HM caMHM, a '-ITO lIBJllleTCli CJle,LlCTBHeM pOKa (Tpare,LlHlI 3,LlHna).
BIIKO
,n:lKaM6aTTHcTa
(1668-1744) -
HTaJJ. CPH-
JlOcocp-06meCTBOBe,Ll, OCHOBOnOJlOlKHHK TeopHH
mOpU'leCKOZO Kpyzoeopoma,
uc-
nCHXOJlOrHH HapO,LlOB H
KOMnapaTHBHoro MeTO,Lla HCTOpH'-IeCKoro n03HaHHlI. CBOH H,LleH H3JlOlKHJl B pa60Te «OcHoBaHHlI HOBOH HayKH 06 06meH npHpO,Lle HaUHH»
(1725).
Onpe,Lle-
8
aH-
TH'-IHOCTH B03HHKaeT KOHuenUHlI «HeBOJlbHOH BHHbI»: '-IeJlOBeK cOBeplIlaeT npecTynJleHHe no HeBe,LleHHJO. «HHKTO He ,LleJlaeT 3Jla no c06CTBeHHOH BOJle»
(Co-
Kpam). Ho H HeBe,LleHHe 3aCJlYlKHBaeT OCYlK,LleHHlI (ApucmOmeJlb). AHaJlH3HpYli
(B.
KOHKPeT-
Hoe H a6CTpaKTHoe), no BH.uaM TBOp'leCKOH .ueJlTeJIb-
BOCllPIUITHE -
PY3a6UH
'1YBCTBeHHbIH 06pa3 BHellIHHX
CTPYKTYPHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK npe.uMeTOB H npOl\ec-
HOCTH(B.HaY'IHOe,H306peTaTeJIbCKoe,xy.u0~eCTBeH
COB MaTepHaJIbHOrO MHpa, Henocpe.uCTBeHHO B03.ueH-
Hoe, peJIHrH03Hoe H T . .u.). B. Y'IeHOrO nOMoraeT no-
CTBYIOIllHX Ha aHaJIH3aTOpbI (opraHbI '1YBCTB) ~HBOT
3HaHHIO MHpa, C03.uaBaJi rHnOTe3bI, Mo.ueJIbHble npe.u-
HbIX H '1eJIOBeKa. Cy6cTpaTOM
CTaBJIeHHJI, H.ueH 3KcnepHMeHTOB. HeOl\eHHMa pOJIb
HUfl, 06pa3YIOlilHe HenpepblBHbIH KOMnJIeKC B npo-
B.
JlBJIJlIOTCJI
0UlYUle-
B. B npol\ecce xy.uo~eCTBeHHOrO TBOp'leCTBa. 3.ueCb
crpaHCTBe H BO BpeMeHH. KJIacCH
npc,UnOqTCHHe HaCJle,UCTBCHHOCTH nepe,U BHCIllHCH CpC-
BCKa. OH BHCC CYIl{CCTBeHHbIH BKJla,U B TaKHC 06JlaCTH
,UOH B COCTH3aHHH 3a npCBOCXO,UCTBO, paCKPblJl 60Jlb-
qeJlOBCK03HaHHH, KaK aHTpOnOJlOrHH, rCHeTHKa, nCH-
IllHC 3BPHCTHqCCKHe B03MOlKHOCTH MaTCMaTHqCCKOrO
XOJlOrHH, 3THorpa¢HH. 0606Il{HB OrpOMHbIH 6HOMeT-
MCTo,Ua H nOKa3aJl OrpaHHqCHHOCTb 3MnHpH3Ma H
PHqCCKHH MaTepHaJI no H3MCHqHBOCTH H HaCJlC,UCTBeH-
cy6bCKTHBH3Ma YM03PHTCJlbHbIX nOCTpocHHH, K-PbIC
HOCTH ¢H3HqeCKHX CBOHCTB qeJlOBeKa, 1. ocrpo nOCTa-
,UOMHHHPOBaJIH B TO BpeMH B 3TOH 06JlaCTH HCCJlC,UOBa-
BHJl Bonpoc 0 HaCJlC,UYCMOCTH HHTCJlJleKTa H ,UaJI Ha
HHH. B CHny TOro qTO BJlHHHHC ¢aKTopa HaCJlC,UCTBCH-
Hero nOJlOlKHTCJlbHbIH OTBeT, MaTCMaTHqeCKH 060CHO-
HOCTH HM 6blJl0 H3yqeHo JlyqIlle, qeM B03,UCHCTBHC CpC-
BaB B CTaTbC «HaCJlc,UCTBCHHbIH TaJIaHT H xapaKTep»
,UbI, OH B HCK-PbIX MOMCHTax HBHO cro npCYBeJlHqH-
(1865)
H KHHre «HacJle,UCTBCHHbIH reHHH»
(1869)
YT-
BaJI. l1MCHHO B PYCJlC 6HOJlOrH3aTOpCKOH TCH,UeHl\HH
BeplK,UeHHe, qTO B HaCJlc,UyeMocTH Y qeJlOBCKa HeT
JlelKHT ero nonbITKa 06bHCHHTb B03HHKHOBeHHC Mopa-
npHH1\HnHaJIbHOH p33HH1\bI MClK,UY ¢H3HqeCKHMH H
JlH H peJlHrHH ,UCHCTBHeM eCTeCTBeHHoro OT60pa.
nCHXHqCCKHMH napaMeTpaMH. l1M 6bIJlO npoBc,UeHo
Hanp., OH HC 3HaJI, qTO O,UHH If TOT lKC rCHOTHn B P33-
HCCJle,UOBaHHe 60JlbIllOro KOJlHqeCTBa cCMeH TaJIaHT-
HbIX YCJlOBHHX PCaJIlf3YeTCH B p33HbIe ¢eHOTlfnbI, no-
JlHBbIX JlIo,UeH H BnepBbIC ,UOK33aHO, qTO o,UapcHHoCTb
3TOMY roBOPHTb 0 npCBOCXO,UCTBC TOH IfJlH IfHOH paCbI
HaCJle,UYeTCH HC TOJlbKO no MaTCPHHCKOH, HO H no OT1\OBCKOH JlHHHH.
T.
K. YlKe npH p0lK,UeHHH Bce JlIO,UH
l1JJ1f,
BHC KOHTCKCTa C01\HaJIbHbIX cpe,UOBbIX YCJlOBHH 6bIJlO He OqeHb KOPPCKTHO. CnpaBe,UJlIfBOCTH pa,UH Ha,UO OT-
HaCJlC,UCTBCHHO OTJlHqalOTCH P33HOH CTenCHblO o,UapCH-
MCTHTb, qTO BOHHCTBYIOIl{HM paCHCTOM
HOCTH, P33Jl. Ha60poM cnoc06HOCTCH, TO, KaK nyMaJI
I1pe,UcTaBJleHIfH
1.
1.
HC 6bIJl.
0 HaCJle,UCTBeHHOCTH BO MHOroM
1., nOHBJUleTCH B03MOlKHOCTb HCnOJlb30BaTb 3TO 06CTO-
cnoc06CTBOBaJIH nporpeccy B nCHXOJlOrHH H aHrpono-
HTCJlbCTBO B KaqCCTBC 6HOJlOrHqCCKoro KpHTepHH 01\eH-
JlOrHH, T. K. OH H3yqaJI HH,UHBH,UYaJIbHbIC P33JlHqHH Y
KH C01\HaJIbHOH BalKHOCTH P33Jl. KJlaCCOBbIX CTPYKTYP.
JlIO,UCH nocpc,UcTBOM TCcTHpoBaHHH, aHKeTHpOBaHHH,
)J,aHHbIH TC3HC HCnOJlb30BaJICH HM H npH YTBCplK,UC-
HCqHCJleHHH KOPPCJlH1\HH MClK,UY ncpcMcHHbIMH, T. c.
HHH, qTO paCbI HMelOT HCO,UHHaKOBYIO CTenCHb ,UOCTO-
cnoc06CTBOBaJl pa3BHTHIO nCHXOJlOrHH Ha OCHOBC
HHCTBa B CMbICJlC ,UapOBHTOCTH. «CPC,UHHH ypOBeHb
06beKTHBHoro no,Uxo,Ua MaTeMaTHqCCKOrO aHaJlH3a
a¢HHCKOH nopO,UbI no caMOH YMepCHHOH 01\eHKC no-
(ncHxoMerpHH). Ho BMCCTe C TCM a6COJlIOTH3a1\HH re-
qTH ,UBYMH CTeneHHMH BbIIlle HaIllero c06CTBeHHoro,
HeTHqeCKOH KOMnOHeHTbI npHBo,UHJla 1. K ynPOIl{CHHIO,
T. e. HaCTOJlbKO, HaCKOJlbKO HaIlla nopo,Ua BbIIllC a¢pH-
Orpy6JlCHHIO H cYlKHBaJIa B03MOlKHOCTH 3THX 06Jlac-
KaHCKHX HCrpOB». C ,UCHCTBHCM TCX lKC 6HOJlOrHqeC-
TeH HCCJlC,UOBaHHH, H60 OH HaCTaHBaJI Ha npc,Uonpc,Uc-
KHX ¢aKTOpOB, K-pbIe npHCYIl{H OpraHHqeCKOH 3BOJlIO-
JleHHH HHTeJlJleKTa qeJlOBCKa HaCJlC,UCTBCHHbIMH ,UeTCp-
1\HH (HaCJle,UCTBCHHOCTb, H3MeHqHBOCTb H eCTCCTBeH-
MHHaHTaMH. K COlKaJICHHIO, BonpocbI npaKTHqCCKOrO
HbIH OT60p),
1.
CBH3bIBaeT H 6Y'uYIl{cC qCJlOBCqCCKOrO
06Il{eCTBa B nJlaHC eBrCHHqCCKOH nCpCneKTHBbI, r,Uc lKe-
npHMcHcHHH CBrCHHKH
1.
npHxo,UHJlOCb pCIllaTb 6C3
my60KoH npopa60TKH 06Il{CCTBCHHbIX HaYK H 3HaHHH
CTOKOCTb CCTCCTBCHHOro oroopa ,UHKOH npHpo,UbI 6y-
3aKOHOB C01\HaJlbHOrO p33BHTHH. 3,Uecb OH BbIXO,UHJl 3a
,UeT 3aMCHeHa Ha C03HaTCJlbHOC H aKTHBHOC ynpaBJlC-
npe,UeJlbI CBOCro npc,UMeTa cTporo HayqHoH ,UCHTCJlb-
HHC 3BOJlI01\HCH qCJlOBeqCCKoro po,Ua, qTO n03BOJlHJlO
HOCTH H qYBCTBOBaJI CC6H HC OqeHb yBcpeHHo, qTO Ha-
1., 6C360JlC3HCHHO ,UocTHrHYTb 60Jlb-
IllJlO CBOC orpalKcHHc B cro caMOKpHTHqeCKOM OTHO-
6bI, no MHCHHIO
Illero cOBepIllcHcTBa JlIO,UCH (H(1950), «3CTeTHKa» (1953).
«K 060cHoBaHHIO OHTOJIOrHH»
JIOCOCPHJI npHpO.llbI»
B. PH.lIPHX
HeM. CPHJIOCOCP, npe.llCTaBHTeJIb
HeM. KJlaCCU'Iec-
1788-1793 Y'IHJICJI B TI06HHreHcKoM TeOJIOrH'IeCKOM HHcTHryTe (BMecTe C
1lJeJl.1lUH20M H reJIb.llepJIHHoM).
1801-1806 lKHJI B HeHe. B 1808-1816 .lIHpeKTOp rHMHaJHH B HlOpH6epre. C 1816 npocp. CPHJIOCOCPHH B YH-Tax reH.lIeJIb6epra (1816-1818) H bepJIHHa (c 1818). r. Ha'laJI KaK nOCJIe.llOBaTeJIb «KpHTWleCKoH CPHB
KaHma H cI>HxTe, HO YlKe BCKope, no.ll BJIH-
uppa/,fUOHaJlU3Ma H 60JlIOHmapU3Ma. Cpe.llH pa60T r. HaH60JIb-
JIOCOCPHH»
IIlee BJIHJlHHe HMeJIa «cI>HJIOCOCPHJI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHO-
.lIeHTaJIbHOrO» (cy6beKTHBHoro) H.lIeaJIH3Ma Ha T. 3p.
O.llHH H3 npe.llIIleCTBeHHHKOB COBp. IIlKOJI
(1869).
JlHHeM illeJIJIHHra, nepeIIleJI C n03Hl\HH «TpaHCl\eH-
llJoneH2aY3p, OCHOBOH 6blmUf! OH
«a6COJIIOTHOrO» (o6beKTHBHoro) H.lIeaJIH3Ma C ero m.
C'IHTaJI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe .lIyxoBHoe Ha'laJIO. l1.lIeJl
npHHl\HnOM TOlK.lIeCTBa paJYMa H .lIeHCTBHTeJIbHOcTH.
TaKoro Ha'laJIa npOHH3bIBaeT 3THKY r. l1.CTO'lHHKOM
Cpe.llH .lip. npe.llCTaBHTeJIeH HeM. KJIaCCH'IeCKOrO H.lIe-
c'Iac-
aJIH3Ma r. BbI.lIeJIJleTCJI 060CTpeHHbIM BHHMaHHeM K
ro»
KaK H
HeC'IaCTbJl, no ero MHeHHIO, JlBJIJleTCJI lKeJIaHHe
mbJl; OTKaJ OT Bcex lKeJIaHHH -
nyrb K 6e360JIe3HeH-
HCTOPHH .lIYXOBHOH KYJIbryPbI. YlKe B paHHHX CO'l. r.
HOCTH, e.llHHCTBeHHOMY BH.lIY H e.llHHCTBeHHoH 3aMe-
TOJIKYeT HY.lIaH3M, aHTH'IHble peJIHrHH, xpHCTHaHCTBO
cry-
He C'IaCTbJl. ,[(JIJI.lIOCTHlKeHHJI 6e360JIe3HeHHOCTH He-
KaK PJl.ll 3aKOHOMepHO CMeHJlIOIl\HX .lIPyr .lIPyra
06XO.llHMO oCB060lK.lIeHHe '1eJIOBe'leCTBa OT BJIaCTBY-
neHeH PaJBHTHJI .lIyxa. CBOIO 3noxy r. C'IHTaJI BpeMe-
IOIl\HX Ha.ll HHM rpex HJIJII03HH: 3eMHoro C'IaCTbJl, c'Ia-
HeM nepeXO.lla K HOBOMY, HCnO.llBOJIb BbI3peBIIleMY B
CTbJl B 3arp06HOM MHpe H C'IaCTbJl, .lIOCTHlKHMoro no-
JIOHe xpHCTHaHCKOH KYJIbryPbI MHpOnOPJl.llKY, B 06-
Cpe.llCTBOM npe06pa30BaHHJI H COBepIIleHCTBOBaHHJI
paJe K-poro JlBCTBeHHO npocrynalOT '1epTbI 6YPlKYaJ-
06-Ba. ,[(JIJI Y'IeHHJI r. xapaKTepeH my60KHH neCCH-
HOro 06-Ba C ero npaBOBbIMH H HpaBCTBeHHbIMH npHH-
(1807) .lIYXOBHaJI
MH3M, HeBepHe B B03MOlKHOCTb COl\HaJIbHOro nporpec-
l\HnaMH. B «cI>eHoMeHOJIOrHH .lIyxa»
ca nYTeM aKTHBHOrO BMeIIlaTeJIbCTBa B XO.ll HCTOPH-
KYJIbrypa '1eJIOBe'leCTBa npe.llCTaBJIeHa B ee 3aKOHO-
'1eCKHX npOl\eCCOB.
MepHOM PaJBHTHH KaK nOCTeneHHoe BbIJlBJIeHHe TBOp-
B. repMeHeBTlIqeCKoro rr03HaHHlI, rrOJIeMH3l1pYli C ra.L\a-
lIHTeprrpeTal.{Hli rrpe.L\rrpllHHMalOTCli He BrrOJIHe rrpaBO-
II BbI.L\BlIraeMbIX HM MeTO.L\lIK
MepoBcKliM rrOJIOlKeHlIeM 06 orrpe.L\eJIeHHOCTH rrOHH-
MepHble rrorrbITKlI HCTOJIKOBaTb B KaqeCTBe r. C1'pYK-
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YCTOCM, LlHcn03HUHcH, HpaBCTBcHHOH onpCLlcnCHHOC-
UKU CC C4HTanH CLlHHCTBCHHOH
CBOHCTBO YMa, PaJyMHOH
.lJ,.,
no KnaCCH<j>HKaUHH
.lJ,.).
(cmo-
CnpaBCMHBOCTb
TbIO) xapaKTCpa (HpaBa, :yroca, TCMnCpaMCHTa, «LlYIIIH»)
CCTb HpaBCTBCHHa» Mcpa B pacnpCLlcnCHHH npCHMY-
4) npeLlCTaBAAeT C060H LlC»TcnbHOC 06Hapy-
Il{CCTB H HCLlOCTaTKOB COBMCCTHOH lKH3HH nIOLlcH. My-
4cnOBCKa;
BOHHCKM .lJ,., cnoc06 nOBCLlCHH», n03BOn»lO-
lKCHHC HpaBCTBcHHoH CYIl{HOCTH 4cnOBCKa, pcanH3YeT-
lKCCTBO -
c» B nocrynKax, COOTHCCCHHbIX C npaKTHrycMblMH B 06-
Il{HH npCOLlOneTb <j>H3H4CCrylO 60nb H crpax CMCPTH,
5)
BblcrynaeT KaK CB060.LI-
KOf.L\a J'foro TPc6YeT Mopanb. YMCpCHHOCTb npeLlCTaB-
HbIH (caM04HHHbIH, npcLlHaMcpcHHbIH, C03HaTcnbHO-
n»eT co60H HpaBCTBCHHbIH cnoc06 nOBCLlCHH» npHMC-
BC 06paJuaMH nOBCLlCHH»;
B3BCIIICHHbIH) 06paJ LlCHCTBHH, B XOLIC K-pOro HHLlHBH.L\
HHTcnbHO K qyBCTBCHHbIM YLlOBonbCTBH»M. ApHCTOTcnb
npHHHMacT Ha cc6» PHCK C06CTBCHHbIX PCIIICHHH;
paCIIIHpHn KaTanor
6)
pOCTb (BMCCTC C BcnHKOncnHCM), 4CCTonlO6HC (BMCCTC
Lle»TenbHO npoTHBoCTOHT nopory. CpCLlH KOHKpeT-
.lJ,., Ll06aBHB
K HHM KpOTOCTb, Il{cLI-
HbIX TCOPHH .lJ,. HaH60ncc 3Ha4HTcnbHbIMH, 0603Ha4alO-
C BcnH4aBOCTblO), a TaKlKC LlPYlKcnI06HC, nlO6c3HOCTb H
Il{HMH BalKHCHIIIHC HCTOPH4CCKHC BCXH B cc nOHHMa-
npaB.L\HBOCTb.
HHH »Bn»IOTC» TCOpHH Tcnb CB»3blBaeT .lJ,. co
ApucmomeJ/Jl H KaHma. APHCTOC'laCmbeW, BH.LI}I B HCH H nYTh K
cqaCTblO, H CyIl{CCTBCHHYIO 4aCTb caMoro C4aCTb». TIo-
B n~HCTH4CCKOH H cxonaCTH4CCKOH 3TH-
KC P».LI.lJ,. 6bIn LlononHcH Tconorn4CCKHMH (60rocnoBcKHMH) .lJ,. BCpbI, HaLlClK.L\bI H nI06BH.
B HOBOC BpCM» npo-
H30lIInH H3MCHCHH», B KOHTCKCTC K-PbIX TPaLlHUHOHHblH
HHMM .lJ,. KaK HaHnY4IIICC, COBCPIIICHHOC COCTO»HHC
KaTanOr .lJ,. 6bIn, C OLIHOH CTOPOHbI, paCIIIHpCH, a CLIp.
LlYIIIH, ApHCTOTenb BH.L\HT 3TO COCTO»HHC B TOM, 4TO HC-
-
PaJYMHo-a<j><j>CKTHBHM 4aCTb LlYIIIH cnylIIaeTc» yKaJa-
lKH3HH; C<j>OpMHpoBanacb.lJ,. TcpnHMOCTH (TOncpaHTHO-
CMCIl{CH H3 UCHTPa Ha ncpH<j>cpHIO HpaBCTBCHHOH
HHH ec PaJYMHOH 4aCTH, nOLl06Ho TOMY KaK pe6CHOK
CTH), 3aL1alOIl{M HpaBCTBCHHYIO MCpy OTHOIIICHH»M K
cnylIIaeTc» YKaJaHHH OTUa. PC3ynbTaTOM »BAAeTC» 06-
nlO.LI}IM LlPyrnx BcpOBaHHH H y6elK.L\CHHH; B CB»3H C TOp-
naLIaHHC ccpemiHoH . .lJ,. H nopoKH pa3nH4alOTc» HC npe.LI-
lKCCTBOM MCll{aHcKOro (6yplK)'aJHOro) J'fOca HaLl apHC-
MCTOM, a cnoco6oM, KaKHM OCyIl{CCTBAAeTC» TO HnH HHOC
TOKpaTH4CCKHM Ha YPOBCHb 06ll{cCTBCHHO 3Ha4HMblX .lJ,.
Llcno; rpaHH MClKLIY HHMH »BAAIOTC» nO.l\BHlKHbIMH. Cc-
6blnH nOLlH»TbI TaKHC Ka4CCTBa, KaK TpYLI, 6CPClKJIH-
pcmiHa -
HC apH<j>MeTH4CCKM <j>opMyna, a COBCPIIICH-
BOCTb, npHnClKaHHC H LIp.; npH COUHanH3MC -
TaKHC,
HbIH H npHTOM KlllK,LIbIH paJ KOHKpCTHbIH BbI60p, 3aBH-
KaK KOnnCKTHBH3M, conHLlapHocTb H cnpaBcMHBoCTb;
C»Il{HH H OT TOro, KTO BbI6HpaeT, H OT 4aCTHbIX 00Cr0»-
H3MCHHnOCb COOTHOIIICHHC .lJ,. H 061l{C3Ha4HMblx HOpM
renbCTB BbI60pa . .lJ,06poLleTCnbHbIC YMCHH» (npHBbI4KH)
B nonb3Y nOCnCJlHHX.
A. A. ryceuHoB
4cnOBCKa COOTHCCCHbI, no ApHCTOTcnlO, C npHBbI4HbIMH <j>opMaMH nonHcHoH lKH3HH, K-PM npCLlCTaBnjleT co60H BOnnOIl{CHHbIH, npCLlMeTHO PaJBCPHYTbIH PaJYM • .l1:06pOLleTCnbHbIH HHJlHBH.L\ OKaJblBaeTC» OCH. HCCYIl{CH
.l1:0IiPOJIIOIiOB HHKonaH AncKcaHLlpoBH4 (18361861) - Pyc. MbIcnHTcnb, KpHTHK H ny6nHUHcT, B
KOHCTPYKUHCH nonHcHOH MopanH. KaHT PaJBHBaeT CBOC
<j>Hnoco<j>HH -
MaTcpHanHcT H aTCHCT; copaTHHK
lJep-
165
POKA3ATE.!lbCTBA SblTl1fl sorA
1856 ne'laTanCJI B lKypHane «CoBpe1857-1861 BeJI B HeM OTneJI Kpl1TI1KI1 11 6116JIl1orpaq,l1l1. 3a 5 JIeT lKypHanI1CTCKOllneJITeJIbHOHblweBCKOZO. C
)1,OrMATH3M (OT rpe'l. dogma -
MeHHI1K», B
nOCTaHOBJIeHl1e) -
CTI1
)1,.
Hanl1Can pJln my60KI1x TeOpeTI1'1eCKI1X CTaTell
MHeHl1e, Y'leHl1e,
HeKpI1TI1'1eCKl1ll, onHocTOpOHHl1ll,
aHTI1I1CTOpl1'1eCKl1ll Tl1n MbIllIJIeHI1J1, K-PbIll B BOCnpl1JlTI1I1, Ol.\eHKe, nOHI1MaHl111 peanl1ll He Y'lI1TbIBaeT cne-
no BonpocaM I1cKYccTBa 11 HaYKI1, 3aTparl1BalOml1X
1.\11q,I1'1eCKl1e YCJIOBI1J1 MeCTa, BpeMeHI1, nellCTBI1J1 11
np06JIeMbI nenarorl1KI1, JCTeTI1KI1, q,I1JIOCOq,I1I1: «0
CJIeno npl1BeplKeH OnHalKoUbI YCBoeHHOll nOKTpl1He. fHOCeOJIOrl1'1eCKl1ll 6a3I1C )1,. JlBHOe I1JII1 HeOC03-
3Ha'leHI1I1 aBTOpl1TeTa B BOCnI1TaHI1I1»
(1857), «Opra-
HI1'1eCKOe pa3BI1TI1e '1eJIOBeKa B CBJl311 C ero YMCTBeH-
(1858),
HaHHoe I1rHOpl1pOBaHl1e nI1HaMI1'1HOCTI1, KOHKpeTHO-
«Po-
CTI1, np0l.\eccyaJIbHOCTI1 ucmUHbl, HapYllIeHl1e I1JII1
6ePT OBeH 11 ero nOnbITKI1 06mecTBeHHbIx peq,opM»,
I1CKalKeHl1e nl1aneKTI1KI1 a6COJIIOTHOrO 11 OTHOCI1TeJIb-
HOll 11 HpaBcTBeHHoll neJITeJIbHOCTblO»
«lJTO TaKoe 06JIOMOBmI1Ha?», «TeMHoe l.\apCTBO»
HOro B Hell. IToCJIenHee conpOBOlKnaeTCJI rI1nePTpo-
(1859), «Korna lKe npl1neT HaCTOJlml1ll neHb?», «lJep-
q,l1ell K.-JI. 113 CTOPOH I1CTI1HbI, I1CTOJIKOBaHl1eM I1X KaK
TbI nJIJI xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 PYCCKOro npocToHapOnbJl»,
pa3 11 HaBcerna naHHbIX, T. e. BnOJIHe 6e3YCJIOBHbIX,
«JIy'I CBeTa B TeMHOM l.\apCTBe»
HenpeJIOlKHbIX, He TPe6YlOml1x nanbHelllliero OnbIT-
caHnp faBal.\l.\11 11 ero
(1860), «OTel.\ AJIeKnpOnOBenl1» (1861) 11 np. ITpl1
Horo 11 JIOrl1'1eCKoro 060cHoBaHI1J1 11 npOBepKI1. ITcl1-
06pameHI111 K q,I1JIOC. np06JIeMaM
)1,.
C n03111.\I1ll Ma-
xOJIOrl1'1eCKl1ll q,YHnaMeHT
)1,. -
CJIenoe nOBepl1e aB-
Tepl1aJII1CTI1'1eCKOrO aHmpOnOJlOZU3Ma OTCTal1BaJI
TOpl1Tery, I1HepTHocTb yMa, KOHCepBaTI1BHaJi npl1Bep-
npl1Hl.\l1n enl1HCTBa npl1pOnbI 11 '1eJIOBeKa, q,113110JIO-
lKeHHOCTb npOllIJIOMy, HeKorna YCBoeHHbIM KaHOHaM,
rl1'1eCKI1X 11 nCI1XI1'1eCKI1X np0l.\eCCOB B '1eJIOBe'leCKOM
q,0pMYJIaM, yCTOJlM, Hecnoc06HoCTb B03BbICI1TbCJI Han
OpraHl13Me, OTBepraJi I1neanl13M, dYaJlUW (KaK CKPbI-
PYTI1HOlllKI13HI1. COl.\I1anbHbIe OCHOBaHI1J1
rylO
q,OPMY I1neanI13Ma), BYJlbZapHblii MamepUaJlU3M.
nOpaTI1BHbIll (KJlaCCOBbIll, rpynnoBOll) I1JII1 JII1'1HOCT-
B Bonpocax rHOCeOJIOrl1l1 BbIcrynan npOTI1B aZllocmUlluwa 11 cKenmullu3Ma. Onl1paJiCb Ha I1nel1 {/}eiiep6axa, )1,. KPI1TI1KOBan OCH. nOrMaTbI Xpl1CTl1aHCKOll
HbIll Jr0I13M, 3al1HTepeCOBaHHOCTb B no.u.ueplKaHI1I1
)1,.
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Ml1pOBl1neHl1e 11 Ml1pOBOCnpl1J1Tl1e, OH BeneT K pa3pbI-
)1,. -
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Henpl1KOCHOBeHHOCTI1 Hanl1'1Horo nOJIOlKeHI1J1 Bemell. B nOJII1TI1Ke eCTb aBTOpI1TapI13M, MOHOnOJII1J1 Ha
KpbIBali cymHoCTb 11 oc06eHHocTI1 np. q,OPM peJIl1r11-
By CJIOBa 11 neJIa, TeOp1111 11 npaKTI1KI1, 06YCJIOBJII1BaeT
03HOlll1neOJI0rl1l1 (I1HnYI13Ma, 6y.u.u113Ma, MycYJIbMaH-
cy6beKTI1BI13M, BOJllOllmapUW, ceKTaHTCTBO 11 B KO-
CTBa, Y'leHl1JIl1e3YI1TOB 11 np.). YnOBJIeTBOpeHl1e HYlKoU,
He'lHOM C'IeTe caMonl1CKpenl1Tal.\l1lO. JIY'lllIl1ll cnoc06
nOTPe6HocTell, I1HTepecoB HaponoB, pa3BI1Tl1e I1X ca-
60Pb6bI C
MOneJlTeJIbHOCTI1
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TBOp'leCKOe n0311TI1BHOe pa3BI1TI1e
C'II1Tan BalKHellllIl1M KpI1Tepl1eM
TeOpl1l1, YMeHl1e OTTanKI1BaTbCJI OT TBepnOll nO'lBbI
I1CTOpl1'1eCKoro nporpecca. IToKa3bIBaJi COl.\l1anbHYIO
peanbHOCTI1, o6beKTI1BHbIX q,aKTOB. CXeMaTI1'1eCKI1-
06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb '1eJIOBe'leCKHX nellCTBl1lll1 BMeCTe C
OKOCTeHeBllieMY, MeHTopCKOMY, '1BaHJII1BOMY, TeHneH-
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TeM onpeneJIJIJI neJITeJIbHOCTb KaK Hal160JIee cymHOCT-
1.\1103HOMY MbIllIJIeHl110
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OCHOBaHHoe Ha npl1Hl.\l1ne KOHKPeTHOCTI1, K-PbIll OPI1-
06HapYlKI1Ban orpaHI1'1eHHOCTb aHTPonOJIOrl1'1eCKoro
eHTl1pyeT Ha paCCMOTpeHl1e I1CTI1HbI B YCTaHOBJIeH-
npl1Hl.\l1na. ITo cpaBHeHl110 C lJepHbIllIeBCKHM
)1,.
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npOTI1BOCTOI1T MbIllIJIeHl1e,
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JIJIJI MeHbllie BHI1MaHI1JI pa3pa6oTKe COl.\l1anI1CTI1'1eCKOll
npI1MeHI1MOCTI1, YCJIOBl1ll q,OpMl1pOBaHI1J1 11 q,YHKI.\I1-
TeOpl1l1, HO 3aHI1Man 3neCb npl1MepHO Te lKe n03111.\1111,
OHl1pOBaHI1J1. I1cTI1Ha I1CTOpl1'1Ha, nI1HaMI1'1Ha, Ka'le-
Me'ITali 06 06-Be, rne 6bI «3Ha'leHl1e '1eJIOBeKa ••• onpe-
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neJIJIJIOCb ero JII1'1HbIMI1 nOCTOI1HCTBaMI1», a «MaTepl1-
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He3aBI1CI1MO OT CTeneHI1 ee
aJIbHbIe ooara npl106pcranl1cb KaJK.ubIM B C'IpOroll co-
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pa3MepHOCTI1 C KOJII1'1eCTBOM 11 nOCTOI1HCTBOM ero TPY-
HbI HenonYCTI1Ma. OrclOna B Ol.\eHKe I1CTI1HbI He06xo-
5e-
nl1MO npl1HI1MaTb B paC'IeT BCIO nOJIHory Cl1ryal.\l1l1, 11
JlUHCKOZO, YKa3bIBaJi Ha COl.\l1aJIbHOe Ha3Ha'leHl1e
JII111Ib JTO cnoc06HO 3anaTb nOHJlTl1e peanbHbIX npo-
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nOpl.\l1ll npOI1CXOoUJlmero.
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B. B.
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I1flbuH
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nOBaHl1JIlKI13HI1. Bl1oUJ1 CBOIO m. l.\eJIb B np06YJK.ueHI1I1 11 pa3BI1T11I1 caMOC03HaHI1JI POCCl1llcKOro 06-Ba, OH nOJIa-
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Macc B COCTOJlHI1I1 pa.ul1KanbHO npe06pa3oBaTb cyme-
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CTByKlJ.LUIe nOpJloUKH, CJIOMaTb OTJII1'1alOml1llCJI «KOpeH-
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nOKa3aTeJIbCTBO OCHOBaHO Ha nonymeHl111 KOHe'lHOC-
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pl1anbHOll npl1'1HHbI. TeJIeoJIOrl1'1eCKOe nOKa3aTeJIb-
6epanbHoro JII1TepaTYPHoro OOOI1'1I1TeJIbCTBa, Tpe60Ban
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OT nepenoBbIx JIlOnell peBOJIIOI.\110HHOro «neJIa».
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My KOl1TeKcry ero MOPaJIbHOro 3Ha'leHilli. no KpaHHeH
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pbIX lIBJIlieTCli 6e3YCJIOBHbIM. Ho pe'lb l1,1!eT 0 TaKOH 6e-
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JKI13HEHHhIH nOPhIB
(cpp. elan vital) -1\eHT-
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paJIbHOe nOHjlTHe H,lleaJIHCTH'IeCKOll TeopHH 3BOJIIQ-
HeBeKOBOll MblCJIH B Y'leHHH ¢OMbl AKBHHcKOro, a Bce
1\HH Eep2coHa, H3JIOlKeHHOll B pa60Tax «TBOp'leCKajl 3BOJIIQ1\HjI» H «~Ba HCTO'lHHKa MOPaJIH H peJIHrHH».
nocJIe,llYIQll\ee pa3BHTHe CPHJIOCOCPHH PeHeccaHca H HOBOro BpeMeHH C'IHTaer np01\eCCOM, HMeBIIIHM He-
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nOKJIOHeHHe HaYKe, pO,llHBllleeCjI, Ha ero B3rJIjI,ll, B Tpy-
no MH. paCXOMll\HMCjI, napaJIJIeJIbHO pa3BHBalQll\HM-
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KOll rpa,llH1\Hell H HMeer npoTHBOnOJIOlKHblM nOJIIQCOM
THBHajl H pa3YMHajl -
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TpH pa3JI. HanpaBJIeHHjI 3BO-
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JIjler BalKHelllllYIQ '1epry naHopaMbl 3ana,llHOeBpOnell-
1\HOHHOro np01\eCca no ,llOCTHlKeHHH HaHBblClllell CTa,llHH pa3BHTHjI OCTaHaBJIHBaerCjI H Bpall\aeTCjI no Kpy-
CKOll CPHJIOCOCPHH 20 B. H MOlKer 6blTb npeO,llOJIeHO JIHlllb B03pOlK,lleHHeM BJIHjlHHjI TOMH3Ma. )1(. CBjl3bIBa-
ry, B TO BpeMjI KaK 3BOJIIQ1\HjI H,lleT no ,llp. JIHHHjlM.
er 6Y,llYll\ee COBp. KYJIbryPbl C B03pOlK,lleHHeM BJIHjI-
BeplIIHHa 3BOJIIQ1\HH -
HHjI peJIHrH03HO-HpaBCTBeHHbIX 1\eHHOCTell. OCH. CO'l.:
«OTKpblToe 06ll\eCTBO», 06be-
,llHHjllQll\ee «H36paHHbIX JIH'IHOCTell» Ha OCHOBe XPHCTHaHCKHX )TH'IeCKHX npHH1\HnOB.
11. 11. Enay6ep2
(1921), «¢HJIOCOCPHjI Cpe,llHHx BeKOB» (2 T., 1922), «~yx Cpe,llHeBeKOBoll CPHJIOCOCPHH» (2 T., 1932).
«TOMH3M»
E. JJ. ry6MaH
187
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3 3AIiJIYJK,lJ.EHHE -
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(game). Game rrpe,110CTaBJIJleT crropTCMeHY MHHMylO
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B
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KaK JlCHbIM 06pa3 pe3YJIbTaTa. TOJIbKO B uCKYccm6e
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JlH3al.{HJI cYll.\eCTBYIOll.\ero 06ll.\eCTBeHHoro COCTOJlHHJI.
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11.
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11.
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HbIH C 06pa30BaHHeM HeK-pbIx a6CTpaKTHbIX 06beK-
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TOB, rrpHHl.{HrrHaJlbHO HeocYll.\eCTBHMbIX B orrbITe H
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11.
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JlBJlJlIOTCJI rrpe.l\eJlbHbIMH CJlyqaJlMH Tex HJlH HHbIX
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11.
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a6CTpaKTHbIX HMrrepaTHBHbIX Tpe60BaHHH, 06pall.\eH-
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11.
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TBep.l\Oe TeJlO», «H.l\eaJlbHbIH ra3», «a6COJlIOTHO
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11.
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IfCTopIfKa, KaK If BCliKoro IfHoro YLJeHoro, JlBJIJleTCJI C
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TIf CHIfMalOTCJI B BhICllleM e,llIfHCTBe. K. rrOHIfMaeT
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KOro rrpOlllJIOrO rapaHTlfpyeTclI, rro
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CTOJIhKY, rrOCKOJIhKY BCli IfCTOPlfli eCTh IfCTOPlfli MhIC-
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113
K.,
TOJIhKO rro-
3Toro Te3lfCa BhITeKaeT T. Ha3. MeTO,llOJIOflf-
K.,
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repaKJIIfTOBCKIfH rrOTOK Bce06mero CTaHOBJIeHIfJl, a
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IfJIOC. peJIeKCIfJl MhICJIIfTeJIeH orrpe,lleJIeHHOH lllKO-
caM
JIhI He MOlKeT CLJIfTaThCJI rrOJIHOMOLJHhIM rrpe,llCTaBIf-
rrpoeKT «MeTa1f3IfKIf 6e3 OHTOJIOflflf», MeTa1f3IfKIf
TeJIeM MeHTaJIIfTeTa LJeJIOBeLJeCTBa. C
,llp.
CTOPOHhI,
K.
oTcTyrrlfJI OT 3Toro Tpe60BaH1f1l, BhI,llBIfHYB
KaK IfCTOplfLJeCKOH HaYKIf 06 a6COJIIOTHhIX rrpe,llrro-
K.,
6e3 a6COJIIOTHOro rrpe,lleJIa, K K-POMY CTpeMIfTCJI LJe-
ChIJIKaX HaYLJHOrO MhIlllJIeHlfli. ComaCHO
JIOBeLJeCKOe caMOC03HaHlfe, HeB03MOlKHa If BCJI cxeMa
a6COJIIOTHhIMIf, 3TIf rrpe,llrrOChIJIKIf JIelKaT B OCHOBa-
6Y,llYLJIf
ABlflKeHIfJl LJeJIOBeLJeCKOH MhICJIIf, HYlK,llalOmaJlCJI B
HIfIf Bcex JIOflfLJeCKIfX paCCYlK,lleHIfH If BhIBO,llOB, He
HaLJaJIe If KOHl\e KaK ,llBYX orropHhIX TOLJKaX, MelK,llY K-
rrOJIaralOTCli C03HaTeJIhHO, a rrpe,llrrOJIaralOTCli HellB-
phIMIf pa3BepThIBaeTCJI IfMMaHeHTHO-He06xo,llIfMhIH
HO. MeHlIlOTCli 3TIf rrpe,llrrOChIJIKIf HeOC03HaHHO, If 06
AlfaJIeKTIfLJeCKIfH rrpOl\ecc. OTIaJIKIfBaJICh OT IfCKYC-
If X 1f3MeHeHIflf MOlKHO Y3HaTh TOJIhKO a posteriori, Ha
CTBa, rrpOl\eCC caMorr03HaHlfJl He06xo,llIfMO 3aKaHLJIf-
OCHOBe IfCTOplfLJeCKoro aHaJIlf3a.
BaeTCJI IfJIOCOlfeH, HO eCJIIf IfJIOCOIfJl paCTBOpJl-
eT B03MOlKHhIM rrpe,llBapIfTeJIhHO, ,ll0 If X OKOHLJaTeJIh-
eTCJI B IfCTOPIfIf, TO rrpOl\eCC YXO,llIfT B 6eCKOHeLJHOCTh,
HOro 1f3MeHeH1f1l, KOHcTaTlfpoBaTh «HarrplilKeHlfll» B
11
Bce lKe
K.
CLJIfTa-
If IfJIOC. IfCTIfHa CTaHOBIfTCli He,llOCTlflKIfMOH. 3Ta
CIfCTeMe rrpe,llrrOChIJIOK, 06pa3YIOmlfx T. Ha3. ,llIfHaMIf-
K.
LJecKYIO JIOflfKY l\IfBIfJIIf3al\lflf. Harrp., KPlf3lfC COBp.
AIfJIeMMa 06YCJIOBlfJIa rrOCTOllHHhle KOJIe6aHlf1i
K.,
MelK,llY ,llOrMaTIf3MOM a6COJIIOTHOrO If,lleaJIlf3Ma If pe-
3arr. l\IfBIfJIIf3al\lflf, rro
JIlITIfBIf3MOM. BpeMeHHoe rrplfMlfpeHlfe MelK,llY HIfMIf
HOro OTKa3a OT ee m. rrpe,llrrOChIJIKIf -
AOCTlfrHYTO B «OLJepKe IfJIOCOCKoro MeTO,lla})
3YM KaK OCHOBhI opraHlf3al\1f1f BceH COl\lfaJIhHOH lK1f3-
(1933),
me CO,lleplKlfTCli Teoplfll If,lleaJIIfCTIfLJeCKOH
AlfaJIeKTIfKIf.
K.
ClfHTe3lfpyeT ,lllfaJIeKTIfKY rrpOTIfBO-
IlOJIOlKHOCTeH fereJIli If ,lllfarreKTIfKY pa3JIlfLJlfH KpoLJe. CTPYKTypa ,lllfaJIeKTIfLJeCKOH CIfCTeMhI
(K.
eCTh CJIe,llCTBlfe rrOCTerreHOT BephI B pa-
Hlf B ee TeOpeTIfLJeCKOM If rrpaKTIfLJeCKOM acrreKTax. CIfMrrToM 3TOro OTKa3a
K.
BIf,llIfT B IfJIOC. Ifppal\lfo-
HaJIlf3Me If ero rrOJIIfTIfLJeCKOM BhIpalKeHlf1f -
alllIf3-
HaJhI-
Me, K-PhIH, rro ero y6elK,lleHIfIO, rrpe.!.\CTaBJIlieT C060H
BaeT ee «lllKaJIOH 0PM}» TaKOBa, LJTO KalK,llOe 3BeHO
C03HaTeJIhHYIO BpalK,lle6HOCTh l\IfBIfJIIf3al\lflf. AHaJIlf-
K. pe3KO KPIf-
B lfepapxlflf ee 0PM caMO rro ce6e KaLJeCTBeHHO crre-
3lfPYli TeOpeTlfLJeCKlfe IfCTOKIf alllIf3Ma,
l\1fIfLJHO If TeM caM hIM OTJIIfLJaeTCli OT OCTaJIhHhIX,
TIfKYeT rereJIhllHCKIfH KYJIhT roc-Ba KaK BhI30B KJIaCCIf-
lIBJIliliCh rrpOTIfBOrrOJIOlKHOCThlO rro OTHOllleHlf1O K
LJeCKOH rrOJIIfTIfKe, K-pall, HaLJIfHali C aHTIfLJHOCTIf If
JloKKa, OTCTalfBaJIa If,llelO rrOJIIfTIfLJeCKoro
BhICllleH If HIf3111eH. Harrp., HaYKa rrpe,llCTaBJIlieT CO-
BrrJIOTh ,ll0
60H oc06yIO 0PMY 3HaH1f1l, OTHOCIfTeJIhHO He3aBIf-
KOHceHcyca KaK rrplfHl\lfrra COl\lfaJIhHOrO yrrpaBJIeHlfli.
K.,
CIfMYIO If OTJIIfLJHYIO OT Bcex OCTaJIhHhIX, If B 3TO lKe
l1.llelf
BpeMli OHa rrpOTIfBOrrOJIOlKHa peJIlfflflf KaK IfCTIfHa 3a6-
lOT orrpe,lleJIeHHYIO POJIh B rrepeoplfeHTal\1f1f 3arr. If-
HerrorrYJIlIpHhIe rrplf ero lK1f3HIf, HhlHe Ifrpa-'
JIYlK,lleHIfIO If IfJIOCO1f1f -
KaK 3a6JIYlK,lleHlfe IfCTIf-
JIOCO1f1f Ha rrYTh OCTOPOlKHOro «B03pOlK,lleHIf1i Me-
He. ITaoc rr03,llHIfX TPY,llOB K. COCTaBJIlieT 3amlfTa
Ta1f3IfKIf». KOHl\errl\lfli a6COJIIOTHhIX rrpe,llrrOChIJIOK
HaYLJHOH IfCToplforpalflf, K-PYIO OH rrpOTIfBorrOCTaB-
rrOBJIlfliJIa Ha IfCTOplfLJecKYIO lllKOJIY ¢W/OCo¢UU
JIlieT ,llBYM OCH. aJaM rrpe,llhICTOPIfIf IfCTOplfLJeCKOrO
If 6hIJIa rrOCTaBJIeHa B CB1I3h C rrOHlITlfeM
3HaHlf1i -
KOMrrlfJIlITIfBHOH If KpIfTIfLJeCKoH. ITepeXO,ll
K HaYLJHOH IfCToplforpa1f1f
K.
CB1I3hIBaeT C T. HaJ. 63-
KOHOBCKOH peBOJIIOl\lfeH rrOCJIe,llHeH LJeTBepTIf
19
B.,
KYHa.
COLJ.: «HOBhIH JIeBlfaaH»
Plflf»
(1956),
HayKU
napaiJuZMbl
(1942), «l1.llell (1947).
IfCTO-
«ITpIfHl\lfrrhI IfcKYcCTBa»
M. A.
KUCCe,?b
254
KOMEHHATOPHA5! JlOrHKA
KOMIiIiHATOPHAR. JIOrliKA nare -
coet\HHlITb, CO'leTaTb) -
(OT JIaT. combi-
MaI.\HH, KOHe'lHall l.\eJIb KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOrO t\BHlKe-
Ot\HO H3 HarrpaBJIe-
HHlI; r) TepMHH yrrorpe6JIlIeTClI HHort\a t\JIlI 0603Ha-
HHH BMameMamUlJeCKOUJl02UKe, 3aHHMalOIUeeClI aHa-
'1eHHlI cpaKTH'IeCKH YCTaHOBHBwerOClI rrOCJIe OK-
JIH30M rrOHlITHH, K-pble B paMKax KJIaCCH'IeCKOH Ma-
T1I6pbCKOH peBOJIlOl.\HH
TeMaTH'IeCKOH JIOrHKH rrpHHHMalOTClI 6e3 t\aJIbHeHWe-
tIp. cTpaH 06IUecTBeHHO-rrOJIHTH'IeCKOrO CTPOll, BbIC-
ro H3Y'IeHHlI. K HX '1HCJIY rrpHHat\JIelKaT rrOHlITHlI rre-
ryrrall B TaKOM cJIY'Iae KaK CHHOHHM rrOHlITHlI «peaJIb-
1917 B CCCP, a 3areM H B pllt\e
peMeHHOH, CPYHKI.\HH, rrpaBHJIa rrOt\CTaHOBKH H T. II. B
HbIH COI.\HaJIH3M)}. ITpet\cTaBJIeHHlI 0 K. KaK 06-Be Bce-
KJIaCCH'IeCKOH MaTeMaTH'IeCKOH JIOrHKe rrOJIb3YIOTClI
06IUero 6JIarorrOJIY'IHlI H rrOJIHOrO COI.\HaJIbHOro pa-
rrpaBHJIaMH t\BYX POt\OB. ITepBble CPOPMYJIHpYIOTClI
BeHCTBa H rrepBble rrOrrbITKH HX rrpaKTH'IeCKOH pea-
rrpocTO H HCrrOJIb3YIOTClI 6e3 BClIKHX orpaHH'IeHHH.
JIH3al.\HH rrpOCJIelKHBalOTclI C my60KoH t\peBHocTH -
TaKOBO, Harrp., rrpaBHJIO modus ponens. OHO CPOPMY-
Ht\eaJIbHOe rOC-BO flJlamOlw; orrpet\eJIeHHble KOMMY-
JIHpyeTclI TaK: eCJIH BblBet\eHbI rrpet\JIOlKeHHlI «ECJIH
HHCTH'IeCKHe '1epTbI B xpHcTHaHcTBe (oc06eHHo B
A,
paHHeM); HeK-pble MOHaweCKHe 0pt\eHa H peJIHrH03-
TO
«B»
H
«A»»,
TO BbIBOt\HTClI rrpet\JIOlKeHHe
«B».
3TO rrpaBHJIO t\ocryrrHo t\!lll Ot\HoKpaTHoro aBTOMa-
Hble CeKTbI B cpet\HHe BeKa H B 3rroxy B03polKt\eHHlI;
.rIp. (Harrp., rrpaBHJIO rrOt\CTa-
pa3JIH'IHble KOHl.\errl.\HH YTorrH'IeCKOrO COl.\HaJIH3Ma
TH'IeCKOrO BbIIIOJIHeHHlI .
HOBKH) CPOPMYJIHpyeTclI O'leHb CJIOlKHO H rrpet\rrOJIa-
16-17
raeT pllt\ orpaHH'IeHHH H orOBopOK (6e3 HHX OHH He
t\p.). OIUYTHMbIH war B KOHKpeTH3al.\HH rrpet\cTaBJIe-
BB. (Mop, KGMnaHerUW, Ma6Jlu, CPo E3KOH H
MorYT HCrrOJIb30BaTbClI '1HCTO CPOPMaJIbHO). Ot\HOH H3
HHH 0 KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOM Ht\eaJIe H K. KaK Ht\eaJIb-
3at(a'l K. JI. lIBJIlIeTClI C03t\aHHe TaKHX CPOPMaJIbHbIX
HOM THrre 06IUeCTBeHHoro YCTpOHCTBa 6bIJI Ct\eJIaH
18 -
BO 2-H rrOJI.
rrpaBHJIY rrOt\CTaHOBKH.
B03polKt\eHHlI H HOBoro BpeMeHH Ha rrepBbIH rrJIaH
4. n. ropcKuii KOMlPIECKOE (rpe'l. komikos -
Ha'l.
19
CHCTeM, rt\e He 6Yt\eT Bcrpe'laTbClI rrpaBHJI, rrOt\06HbIX
B. ECJIH B YTorrHlIx 3rrOXH
BbIt\BHraJIOCb CTpeMJIeHHe K paBeHcTBY Bcex JIIOt\eH H Bce06IUeMY 6JIarorrOJIY'IHIO, TO B TBOp'leCTBe Oy3Ha,
BeCeJIbIH, CMew-
CPypbe, CeH-CUMoHa C HeMeHbweH CHJIOH rrot\'1epKH-
KaTeropHlI 3CmemUKU, BblpalKalOIUalI B cpop-
BaeTClI He06xot\HMOCTb rrepecTpoHTb lKH3Hb 06-Ba Ha
Me OCMellHHlI HCTOpH'IeCKH 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe (rrOJIHOe
KOJIJIeKTHBHCTCKHX Ha'laJIaX, 'ITO rr03BOJIHJIO 6bI KalK-
HOH) -
HJIH '1aCTH'IHoe) HeCOOTBeTCTBHe t\aHHoro COI.\HaJIb-
t\OMY '1eJIOBeKY HCrrOJIb30BaTb Bce CBOH rrOTeHI.\HaJIb-
HOro lIBJIeHHlI, t\ellTeJIbHOCTH H rrOBet\eHHlI JIIOt\eH, HX
Hble B03MOlKHOCTH H t\06HTbClI CBoero rrOJIHoro OCBO-
HpaBOB H 06bI'IaeB 06beKTHBHOMY XOt\Y BeIUeH H 3C-
60lKt\eHHlI. OY3H Pa3BHJI Ht\elO C03t\aHHlI rrpOH3BOt\-
TeTH'IeCKOMY udeGJIY rrporpeCCHBHbIX 06IUeCTBeHHbIX
CTBeHHbIX H rrorpe6HTeJIbCKHX KoorrepaTHBOB, cI>YPbe
CHJI. K. rro CBoeMY rrpOHCXOlK.L\eHHIO, CYIUHOCTH H 3C-
-
TeTH'IeCKOH CPYHKI.\HH HOCHT COI.\HaJIbHbIH xapaKTep.
60TaJI TeopHIO HH,l\YCTpHaJIbHOrO 06-Ba, K-poe B rrpo-
Ero HCTOKH KopeHlITClI B 06beKTHBHbIX rrpOTHBope-
THBOrrOJIOlKHOCTb HHt\HBHt\YaJIH3MY 6yplKya3Horo 06-
Ht\elO C03t\aHHlI cpaJIaHCTepOB; CeH-CHMOH pa3pa-
'1HlIX 06IUeCTBeHHOH lKH3HH. K. MOlKeT rrpOllBJIlITbClI
Ba CPYHKI.\HOHHPOBaJIO 6bI KaK rHraHTCKHH I.\ex, B K-
rrO-pa3HOMY: B HeCOOTBeTCTBHH HOBoro H cTaporo, CO-
POM KalKt\bIH HMeJI 6bI paBHble waHCbI 3aHlITb rrOJIO-
t\eplKaHHlI H CPOPMbI, l.\eJIH H cpet\CTB, t\eHCTBHlI H
lKeHHe B 06-Be B COOTBeTCTBHH co CBOHMH crroc06Ho-
06CTOllTeJIbCTB, peaJIbHOH CYIUHOCTH '1eJIOBeKa Hero
CTlIMH H B K-POM Ha MeCTO yrrpaBJIeHHlI JIIOt\bMH CTa-
MHeHHlI 0 ce6e. BHt\OM K. lIBJIlIeTClI, Harrp., rrorrbITKa
HOBHTClI yrrpaBJIeHHe BeIUaMH. KaK H HX rrpet\we-
6e306pa3Ho2o, HCTOpH'IeCKH 06pe'leHHOrO, 6ec'IeJIo-
CTBeHHHKH, OHH OrrHCblBaJIH 6Yt\YIUee Ht\eaJIbHOe yc-
Be'lHOrO JIHl.\eMepHO H306palKaTb ce611 rrpeKpacHbIM,
TPOHCTBO 06-Ba C rrOMOIUblO rroHlITHH «COI.\HaJIH3M)}
rrepet\oBbIM H rYMaHHbIM. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae K. BbI3bI-
H «COI.\HaJIHCTH'IeCKHH)}; caMH lKe TepMHHbI «K.» H
BaeT rHeBHbIH CMex H CaTHpH'IeCKOe, OTpHl.\aTeJIb-
«KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKHH» B rrOJIHTH'IeCKHH CJIOBapb H B
Hoe OTHoweHHe. K
HMeeT pa3JI. CPOPMbI: caTHpa,
c. c. rOJlbOeHmpuxm KOMMYHII3M
WHPOKHH rrOJIHTH'IeCKHH 06HXOt\ BOIIlJIH BO cI>paHI.\HH rrOCJIe rrOt\aBJIeHHlI rrapHlKcKoro BOCCTaHHlI
IOMOP H T. t\.
(OT JIaT. communis -
06IUHH)-
a) 06IUeCTBeHHbIH udeGJI, BrrHTaBWHH B ce611 rYMa-
1839, 6JIa-
rot\apll CO'l. Ka63, Ea6e¢a H B oc06eHHocTH rrOCJIe Bblxot\a B CBeT «MaHHcpecTa KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOH rrapTHH)}
(1848) MapKca H 3H2eJlbca.
IToCJIet\oBaTeJIH
Ka63 H cI>ypbe, B '1aCTHOCTH IT. ,[le3aMH H )1(. ITHHO,
HHCTH'IeCKHe Ha'laJIa '1eJIOBe'leCKOH I.\HBHJIH3aI.\HH,
CTaJIH rrepBbIMH rrporrOBet\HHKaMH K. rrpHMHTHBHoro
H3Be'lHble CTpeMJIeHHlI JIIOt\eH K Bce06IUeMY 6JIaro-
TOJIKa, crpeMlIIUeroclI OCYIUeCTBHTb 0606IUeCTBJIeHHe
rrOJIY'IHIO, rrOJIHOMY COI.\HaJIbHOMY paBeHCTBY, cB060t\-
MaTepHaJIbHblX 6JIar rrot\ 3rH,l\OH rOC-Ba. «KOMMYHH-
HOMY BcecTopoHHeMY pa3BHTHIO; 6) KOHl.\errI.\HH, y'Ie-
CTH'IeCKHH MaHHcpeCT)} cTpeMHTclI OTMelKeBaTbClI Ok
HHlI, rrOJIHTH'IeCKHe t\BHlKeHHlI, pa3t\eJIlIlOIUHe H 060-
HOBpeMeHHO H OT rrpHMHTHBH3Ma H rpy60H ypaBHH-
CHOBblBalOIUHe 3TOT Ht\eaJI, BblcryrralOIUHe 3a peaJIH-
TeJIbHOCTH paHHero (rrepBOHa'laJIbHoro) K., H OT CO-
3al.\HIO ero Ha rrpaKTHKe; B) 06-BO, KOHKpeTHbIH THrr
I.\HaJIbHOrO rrpOlKeKTepCTBa COI.\HaJIHCTOB-yrorrHcTOB.
opraHH3al.\HH 06IUeCTBeHHOH lKH3HH, OTBe'laIOIUHH
K. B «MaHHcpeCTe)} orrpet\eJIlIeTClI KaK «HMMaHeHTHoe
TOMY HJIH HHOMY rrOHHMaHHIO KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOrO
BblpalKeHHe peaJIbHoro t\BHlKeHHlI» H CTaBHT rrepet\
Ht\eaJIa; B COI.\HaJIbHO-CPHJIOC. TeopHH MapKCH3Ma cpop-
KOMMYHHcTaMH 3at\a'lY pa3pa60TKH Hat(elKHoro Hay'I-
Mal.\HlI, CJIet\YIOIUalI 3a KanUmGJIUlMOM, BTOpall, BbIC-
HO-TeOpeTH'IeCKoro CPYHt\aMeHTa 6Yt\YIUero KOMMYHH-
Wall rro cpaBHeHHIO C CO/,jUGJlU3MOM cryrreHb 3TOH cpop-
CTH'IeCKoro rrpe06pa30BaHHlI 06-Ba H HaXOlK.L\eHHlI Ha
255
KOMMYHJ13M
TIOH OCHOBe 3cpcpeKTHBHblX nyreH H CpenCTB ero npaK-
cneKTHBa, eCTecTBeHHo-HCTOpHlJeCKaJl HanpaBJIeH-
TH'lecKoH peaJIH3aUHH. nOpblBaJl co BCJlKOrO pona
HOCTb pa3BHTHJI UHBHJIH3aUHH, a He 3aBepllleHHoe
«yronHJlMH», MapKC H 3HreJIbC HnYT naJIblile ueJIeH
HneaJIbHOe COCTOJlHHe. I1MeHHo B 3TOM OHH YCMaT-
yronH'leCKHX COUHaJIHCTOB, KBaJIHCPHUHPYIOT K. KaK
pHBaJIH HaYlJHOCTb cBoeH KOHuenUHH. nOpalKeHHe
«panHKaJIbHblH COUHaJIH3M», npOB03mallialOT npeBpa-
napHlKcKoH KOMMYHbl (1871) H nOCJIenOBaBlilee 3a
rueHHe npOJIeTapHaTa B peBOJIIOUHOHHblH KJIaCC H YC-
3THM nepeMerueHHe ueHTpa peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60Pb-
MaTpHBalOT B JIHKBHnaUHH lJacTHoH c06CTBeHHOCTH
6bl H3 HJlOC. rrOHliTHe, 0603Ha'la1OIUee o6zqellue. rrpH
(. KaY¢MaH). Cpe,U-
K.
3TO CBlI3b, rrOKOllIUa-
K.
lKe
MeHTe 6Y,UYIUero 06-Ba, rrOJlHTH'leCKHX H H,UeOJlOrH-
CTBOM YCTaHOBJleHHlI
'leCKHX rrpe,UrrOCbIJlKaX H YCJlOBHlIX ero ,UOCTHlKeHHlI.
xo,Ue K-POH JlIO,UH y6elK,UaIOTClI, 'ITO HX pane,UHHlIIOT
06bllBJllleTCli ,UHCKYCCHlI, B
B. H. Kypae6
06IUerrpHHlITble HOPMbI MbIllJJIeHHlI H PO,UHHTTO, B 'leM OHH pa3JlH'lHbI H HH,UHBH,UyaJlbHO HerrOBTopHMbI.
KOMMYHHKAlJ,HR CBlI3b, co06IUeHHe) -
(OT JlaT. communication -
I)
«I1H,UHBH,UYaJJbHO HerrOBTopHMoe» -
HH¢OpMal\HOHHOe B3aHMO-
3TO B ,UeHCTBH-
TeJlbHOCTH TIUaTeJlbHO MacKHpyeMble cy6beKTHBHble
,UeHcTBHe MelK,UY 06beKTaMH, B K-POM pa3JlH'la1OT
CTpaXH, TpeBom H 3a60TbI, B K-PbIX JlIO,UH (KalK,UbIH
HCTO'lHHK HH¢OpMal\HH, reHepHPYIOIUHH co06IUeHHe
Ha CBOH Jla,U) HCrrbITbIBalOT B KOHe'lHOM C'leTe He 'ITO
,UJlll rrepe,Ua'lH; rrepe,UaT'lHK, rrpe06pa3YIOIUHH co06-
HHoe, KaK CBOIO ¢aKTH'leCKYIO rrpHHa,UJlelKHOCTb K
IUeHHe B CHrHaJJbI, rrepe,UaBaeMble rro KaHaJJaM CBlI3H;
orrpe,UeJleHHOH rpyrrrre COBp. 6yplKya3Horo 06-Ba.
KaHaJJ CBlI3H; rrpHeMHHK HH¢OpMal\HH, ,UeKo,UHpylO-
3TOM CBeTe ,UHCKYCCHli OKa3bIBaeTCli Bcero JlHWb
B
IUHH CHrHaJJbI H rrepeBo,UlIIUHH HX B co06IUeHHe, H
cpe,UCTBOM rrpOllCHeHHlI TaKOH rrpHHa,UJlelKHOCTH.
a'upecaT, K-POMY rrpe,UHa3Ha'leHa HH¢OpMal\HlI. TaKali
TepMHH
06IUali Mo,UeJlb
K.,
rrocTpoeHHali
K.
WeHHoHoM H
Y.
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yrroTpe6JllleTCli TaKlKe B WHPOKOM
CMbICJle KaK 06IUeHHe.
YHBepoM, OXBaTbIBaeT caMble pa3JlH'lHble HH¢opMa-
3. 10. COJl06be6
l\HOHHble YCTpoHcTBa, Ha'lHHali OT 'lHCTO TeXHH'leCKHX cpe,UCTB H KOH'lali lKHBOTHbIMH H JlIO,UbMH.
KOHBEHlJ,HOHAJIH3M (JlaT. conventio -
Max H Mo,UeJlllX, Y'lHTbIBaIOIUHX oc06eHHOCTH
weHHe, ,UorOBOp) -
B cxeK. MelK-
coma-
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B. A. CWUPHO(J
cjJopMYJIa K. He OTpalKaJIa )leHCTBHTeJIbHYIO HCTOPHIO HaYKH H cjJHJIOCOcjJHH: H3 Hee BbIna)laJI, Hanp., l.{eJIbIH
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nepHO)l B pa3BHTHH 'leJIOBe'leCKOH MbICJIH -
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palKaHHeM )lHaJIeKTH'leCKOH TpHaJ(e, 3aHMcTBoBaHHoH
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eM OM HJIH B03MOlKHOM Ha OCHOBaHHH HMelOll.{HXCli
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Cpe)lCTB) paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX B cjJOPMaJIbHOH CHCTeMe
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OrlOCT (1798-1857) -
cjJp. cjJHJIOCOcjJ, oc-
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l.{HaJIbHbIH npeCTHlK, MaTepHaJIbHOe 6JIarOnOJIY'lHe.
HIlKOM CeH-CUMoHa (1818-1824). HCXO)lHbIH Te3HC
3TOT OTKa3, KaK npaBHJIO, BbIpalKaeTCli B HeraTHBH3-
«l103HTHBHOH cjJHJIOCOcjJHH» K. -
Tpe60BaHHe, 'lTO-
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260
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1986
(KYH-U3bI JlHbU3IOCO). C
KHT. q,OH.llOM KOHq,y-
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UHJl, Y'lpeJK.lleHHbIM B 1984, Ha'lBll H3.llaBaTbCJl eJKeKBaprBllbHHK «l1ccne.llOBaHHJl KOHq,YUHJl» (AH (6-5
BB . .n;o H. 3.) -
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6eJIOKYpbl). Eom He rrpeBOC-
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(naHmeu3M). B qYBCTBeHHO-¢1f31f-
qeCKOM Mlfpe HaqaJIO -
3eMJIlI, qhlf KOpHIf rrpocTlfpa-
IOTCli B 6eCKOHeqHOcTh. MopCKoe .n;HO qaCTlfqHO rro.n;HlIJIOCh, qTO .n;oKa3hlBaeTcli OTrreqaTKaMIf MOPCKIfX lKlfBOTHblX B ropHhlx rropo.n;ax. He6ecHhle CBeTIfJIa crycTIfBllllfecli If BOCrrJIaMeHIfBllllfeCli IfcrrapeHlfli. COJIHl\e KaJK.n;hlH .n;eHh HOBoe If .n;JIli KaJK.n;OH MeCTHOCTIf CBoe. ITo.n;JIIfHHali IfCTIfHa JIIO.n;lIM He.n;ocTyrrHa, JIlflllh MHeHlfli y.n;eJI Bcex.
A. H.
KYAHH YIfJIJIap.n; BaH OpMaH (p. 1908) -
'laHblUle8
aMep. ¢If-
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mU3Ma, a TaKlKe JlOZU'leCKOZO n03umU6U3Ma, 6y.n;yqlf BeHcKozo KpY:JICKa. O.n;HaKO B
HeK-poe BpeMli qJIeHOM
.n;aJIhHeHllleM rro.n;Bepr KplfTIfKe pll.n; OCHOBOrrOJIaralOIIlIfX HeOrr03lfTlfBlfCTCKlfX If.n;eH. B 1953 BhICTyrrIfIT, BOrrepBhlx, rrpoTIfB paJrpaHlfqeHlfli T.HaJ. aHaJIlfTlfqeCKif X rrpe.n;JIOlKeHIfH, 'I.e. rrpe.n;nOlKeHIfH JIOrlfKIf If MaTeMaTIfKIf, 3aBlfclIIIllfX TOJIhKO OT 3HaqeHlfli COCTaBJIlIlOlIllfX If X TepMIfHOB, If CIfHTeTlfqeCKIfX (3MrrlfplfqeCKIfX) rrpe.n;nOlKeHIfH, OCHOBhIBalOIIllfxcli Ha ¢aKTax. BO-BTOPhIX, rrpOTIfB pe.n;YKl\IfOHIfCTCKoro Te3lfCa 0 TOM, qTO KaJK.n;Oe OCMblCJIeHHOe rrpe.n;nOlKeHlfe 3KBIfBaJIeHTHO HeK-pOH KOHCTPYKl\1f1f 1f3 TepMIfHOB, yKa3hIBalOIIllfX Ha Herrocpe.n;CTBeHHblH qYBCTBeHHhlH orrhlT cy6DeKTa. I1CTOqHIfK 3TlfX «.n;orM»
K.
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K., rrpOBepKe B HaYKe rro.n;nelKlfT CIfCTeMa B3aIfMO-
CBlI3aHHhlX rrpe.n;JIOlKeHIfH Teoplflf, a He OT.n;eJIbHhle
271
KYJJbTYPA
npe,llJIOlKeHIUI, nmOTe3bI. 3TI1M 06bllCHlieTCli YCTOll-
H 06lIIeHHlI JIJO,llell. B lKI13HI1 06-Ba OHH 06eCneQI1Ba-
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(KOIt6eltlJUOItIlJlU3M). TaKlKe MOryT (1843), «TIoHJlTlie CTpaXa» (1844), «oOJIe3Hb K cMepTm>
(1849). II. II. raiiiJeHlw
KIOBhE )I(0PlK (1769-1832) -
q,p. eCTeCTBOlicnbI-
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BaeT BnOJIHe onpe.lleJIeHHbIe 1i3MeHeHIiJI .llp. ero qacTell. YCTOllqliBOCTb KOppeJIJlTIiBHbIX CBJl3ell K. paCCMaTpliBaJI KaK CBli.lleTeJIbCTBO Heli3MeHJleMOCTii BIi.llOB Ii npaBOTy peJIlim03HbIX KpeaUIiOHIiCTCKliX npe.llCTaBJIeHlill 06 IiX cOTBopeHIiIi. TeM 60JIee qTO B naJIeOHTOJIOmli OTCYTCTBOBaJIli .llaHHbIe, YKaJbIBalOIUlie Ha HaJIliqlie B reOJIOmqeCKIiX CJIOJlX npOMelKYTOqHbIX q,OpM MelK.llY PaJHbIMIi TlinaMIi opraH1i3MOB. C 3TliX n031iUlill K. pe3Ko KpIiTIiKOBaJI 3BOJIIOUliOHHYIO KOHuenUli1O 3. )I(oq,q,pya CeHT-l1JIepa 0 e.llIiHCTBe opraHli3aUlill lKIiBOTHbIX. K. 6bID pelllliTeJIbHbIM npOTIiBHIiKOM Ii 3BOJIIOUIiOHHbIX B033peHlill)f(. JlaMapKa 06 1i3MeHqIiBOCTii lKliBOll nplipO.llbI, XOTJI npli3HaBaJI caM q,aKT nOCTeneHHoro COBepllleHCTBOBaHIiJi CTpOeHIiJi lKliBhIX CYIUeCTB npli nepeXO.lle OT 60JIee .llpeBHIiX K n03.llHelllllliM reOJIOmqeCKIiM nJIaCTaM. MHoroKpaTHaJI CMeHa q,JIOpbI Ii q,aYHbI, 3aq,IiKClipOBaHHaJI B CJIOJlX reOJIomqecKIiX OTJIOlKeHlill, Ii cnOHTaHHoe B03HliKiiOBeHlie HOBbIX TlinOB opraHli3MOB 6bIJIIi OmJlCHeHbI K. C n03liUlill reoplili KaTaCTPOq" IiJIIi KaTaKJIIi3MOB.
C. A. [JacmYWHblii
277
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COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM
CTH» H peQ>opM, KOHQ>YUHaHUbI -
no J1., .1\OCTaTO'lHbI 3aKOHbI apHCTOTeJIeBCKOH JIOrH-
n060pHHKaMH
«.1\peBHOCTH», no.1\ K-POH nO.1\pa3YMeBaJIaCb npaKTHKa H
TeopH~
«cTpOHTeJIbCTBa COUHaJIH3Ma» .1\0
«KYJIbTypHOH peBOJIIOUHH»
1966-1969;
npoTHBo-
.1\JI~
npoBepKH HCTHH pa3YMa,
KH (TOlK.1\eCTBa, npoTHBOpe'lH~ H HCKJIIO'IeHHoro TpeTbero); .1\JI~ npoBepKH «HCTHH Q>aKTa» He06xo.1\HM 3aKOH .1\OCTaTO'lHoro OCHOBaHH~. J1. He TOJIbKO pa3-
CTO~HHe KOHQ>YUHaHCTBa H J1. HHTepnpeTHpOBaJIOCb
BHBaJI Tpa.1\HUHOHHYIO CHCTeMY apHCTOTeJIeBCKOH
KaK CTOJIKHOBeHHe H.1\eOJIOrHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa-
CUJlJl02UCmUKU, HO H ~BHJIC~ pO.1\OHa'laJIbHHKOM COBp. MameMamU'IeCKOU Jl02UKU. 1'f.1\eaJIoM J1. C'IHTaJI C03.1\aHHe YHHBepCaJIbHoro ~3bIKa (uC'IUCJleHUR),
60BJIa.1\eJIb'leCKOrO H ll\e.1\ll\ero eMY Ha CMeHY Q>eo.1\aJIbHOrO 06-Ba.
Jl. C.
flepeJlOM06
K-pbIH n03BOJIHJI 6bI Q>opMaJIH30BaTb Bce MbIIllJIeHHe. B 0611\eCTBeHHO-nOJIHTH'IeCKOH .1\e~TeJIbHOC
JIEU6HUIJ. rOTQ>pH.1\ BHJIbreJIbM (1646-1716) -
TH J1. BblpalKaJI HaCTpoeHH~ KOMnpOMHcca HeM. 6yp-
HeM. Q>HJIOCOQ>, Y'IeHbIH, 0611\eCTBeHHbIH .1\eRTeJIb.
lKya3HH C Q>eO.1\aJIH3MOM.
5. C.
BHec 60JIbll\OH BKJIa.1\ B pa3BHTHe MaTeMaTHKH (O.1\HH
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JIEMMA
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JIOrHKe -
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OT KOJIH'IeCTBa YCJIOBHbIX cYlK.1\eHHH B 60JIbIlleH no-
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He Y.1\OBJIeTBOpeHHbIH naCCHBHbIM xapaKTepOM
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TeJIb, OCHOBaTeJIb napTHH 60JIbIlleBHKoB H COBeTC-
.1\eJIHMble, .1\YXOBHbIe cy6cTaHUHH, 06pa3YIOll\He yMO-
llHCJIO MOHa.1\ 6eCKOHe'lHO, KalK.1\a~ H3 HHX 06JIa.1\a-
KOro roc-Ba, TeopeTHK MapKCU3Ma. PO.1\HJIC~ B ce-
eT BocnpH~THeM H CTpeMJIeHHeM, 'ITO 06eCne'lHBa-
Mbe HHcneKTopa Hap0.1\HbIX y'lHJIHll\ CHM6HPCKOH
eT, no J1., nO.1\BHlKHOCTb, aKTHBHOCTb H .1\e~TeJIbHbIH
ry6epHHH. OKOH'IHB rHMHa3HIO, nocTynHJI B Ka3aH-
xapaKTep cy6cTaHUHH. B 3TOM npO~BHJIaCb .1\HaJIeK-
CKHH YH-T, oTKY.1\a 6b1JI HCKJIIO'IeH 3a Y'laCTHe B CTy-
THKa ero y'leHH~. MOHa.1\bI, no MHeHHIO J1., Q>H3H-
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.1\H'IeCKHH Q>-T TIeTep6yprcKoro YH-Ta (1891). I1cnbITaJI BJIH~HHe H. l.JepHbIUJe6cKo2o. TI03HaKo-
CTe C TeM 06pa3yIOT e.1\HHbIH pa3BHBaIOll\HHC~ H .1\BH-
lKYll\HHC~ MHP, K-PbIH peryJIHpyeTc~ npei)ycmaHo6JleHHOU 2apMOHueu, 3aBHC~ll\eH OT BbICIlleH MOHa.1\bI (a6COJIIOTa, Eora). TIoH~THe npe.1\YCTaHOBJIeHHOH rapMOHHH nOCJIYlKHJIO OCHOBOH meoi)Ul1eu J1. (, HO H paC'iJIeHlIeT Ha KYCO'iKH H 3JIeMeHTbI, lleMOHCTpHpYlOlllHe llHaJIeKTH'ieCKHH cnoc06 MbIIlIJIeHHlI TO C TOH, TO C IIp. CTOPOHbi. ,[{HaJIeKTHKa 3T0 llBHlKeHHe n03HaHHlI BIlIHpb, HalllynbIBalOlllee B3aHMOCB1I3H H B3aHMonepeXOllbI MelKllY pa3HblMH H llalKe npOTHBonOJIOlKHbIMH noHliTHlIMH. 3TO TaKlKe llBHlKeHHe BrJIy6b, H He TOJIbKO OT lIBJIeHHlI K CYlllHOCTH, HO H OT CYlllHOCTH nepBoro nopllllKa K CYlllHOCTH BTopom nopllllKa H T. ll. (caMa CYlllHOCTb OTHOCHTeJIbHa). TIPH 3TOM 06HaPYlKHBaeTCli B3aHMOCB1I3b CYlllHOCTH H lIBJIeHHlI, npellbIllYllleH H nOCJIellYlOllleH cTallHH llBHlKeHHlI, aHaJIH3a H cHHTe3a, B xOlle pa3BHTHli npOHcxOllHT
286
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lKeH 6bITb nepepa60TaH ,ll;eJlTeJIbHOCTblO paCCY,ll;Ka,
roro, COqCTaHHeM KaKHX 3JIeMeHTOB OHH JlBJIJlIOTCJI, H
OTJIHqHOH H OT Oll.\Yll.\eHHJI, H OT pepaHKHllOC . .l1HCl\HnllHHaM. 3Ta Tpa.l1Hl\HlI,
(06Il\eCTBeHHbIMH HHcTHryTaMH, paCTYIl\eH npOH3BO-
HeCMOTpJl Ha Bce TPY.l1HOCTH, pa3BHBaeTCJI H B HaIllH
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.l1HH. POCCHHCKali COl\HallbHali npaKTHKa nOClle.l1HHX
TaJlbHbIMH, Hepa3peIllHMbIMH, KaK, Hanp., npOTHBope-
lleT cnoc06CTBOBalla TOMy, 'ITO HHTepec K MapKCH3-
qHlI MelK.l1Y HH.l1HBH.l10M H 06-BOM, CB060.l10H H JK3UCmelll1ueu. M. KpHTHqeCKH OCBeIl\aeT pll.l1 BalKHbIX npo-
My BHOBb CTall B03paCTaTb.
M. H. Fpel{KUU
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MAPKCH3M-JIEHHHH3M -
TepMHH, 0603Haqa-
MOlKHOCTH CB060.l1bI H rYMaHH3Ma, np0.l1YKTHBHOCTH
IOIl\HH CHCTeMY c!>HllOC., 3KOHOMHqeCKHX H COl\HaJlb-
H .l1eCTpYKTHBHOCTH HayKH H TeXHHKH. M. HCClle.l10-
HO-nOllHTHqeCKHX B3fJlll.l10B MapKca H 3l1ZeJlbCa, pa3-
BaJl npOl\eCCbI COl\HaJlbHbIX H H.l1eOllOrHqeCKHX Ma-
BHTbIX B HOBbIX YCllOBHlIxfleIlUllbIM. CaM TepMHH «M.-
HHnyllJll\HH H HX pe3YllbTaTbI -
ll.» BBe.l1eH B 060POT B Haq. 20-x rr. .l1llJl 0603Haqe-
l\eCC c!>0pMHpOBaHHJI T. Ha3. «O.l1HOMepHOrO» qellOBe-
HHJI HOBoro 3Tana pa3BHTHli MapKcu3Ma, CBJl3aHHO-
Ka. «O.l1HOMepHbIH» qellOBeK, no M., xapaKTepH3YeT-
B qaCTHOCTH, npo-
ro C .l1ellTellbHocTblO JIeHHHa. CaM JIeHHH HHKOr.l1a
Cli nOllHOH YTpaTOH COl\HallbHO-KpHTHqeCKoro OTHO-
He npeTeH.l10Ball Ha C03.l1aHHe OC060H, l\ellOCTHOH
IlleHHJI K 06-BY. B COBp. 06-Be 3TOT THn llHqHOCTH CTaJl
TeopeTHKO-c!>HllOC. CHCTeMbI H paCCMaTpHBall ce611
MaccoBbIM, B pe3YllbTaTe qero, no M., MaCCbI YlKe He
TOllbKO yqeHHKOM MapKca H 3Hrellbca, a CBOH
MoryT 6bITb HOCHTellJlMH peBOlllOl\HOHHOH HHHl\Ha-
BKlla.l1 B TeopHIO llHIllb KaK qaCTb MapKCHCTCKoro
THBbI -
yqeHHlI.
60THbIM, CTY.l1eHqeCTBY, Hal\HOHallbHbIM MeHbIllHH-
H. M. flalloa
OHa nepeXO.l1HT K «aYTcaH.l1epaM»: 6e3pa-
CTBaM. M. CTOHT 3a «BellHKHH OTKa3» KaK OT KanHTallH3Ma, TaK H OT COl\HallH3Ma, HCKalKeHHoro, no ero
MAPKY3E
HeM.-aMep.
MHeHHIO, TOTaJlHTapHOH CHCTeMOH BllaCTH H nOllH-
c!>HllOCOc!> H COl\HOllOr, O.l1HH H3 oCHoBaTelleH H Be.l1Y-
THKOH cOCYIl\eCTBOBaHHJI H copeBHOBaHHlI C KanH-
Il\HX npe.l1CTaBHTelleH f/JpaIlK¢ypmcKou UlKOJ/bl. B
TallH3MOM. COq.: «O.l1HOMePHbIH qellOBeK» (1964),
1933 3MHrpHpOBaJl H3 repMaHHH B iliBeHl\apHIO. C
«KoHel\ YTonHH» (1967).
1934 -
rep6epT (1898-1979) -
H.
B CiliA. Ha c!>HllOC. B3mll.l1bI M. OKa3allH
n. C/JapMaH
BllHJlHHe H.l1eH TezeJIJI, MapKCQ, XauiJezzepa, f/Jpeu-
iJa. M. 3allBHll 0 cBoeH npHBeplKeHHocTH MapKcu3MY,
MAPCEJIh
O.l1HaKO CqHTaJl He06xo.l1HMbIM ero 06HoBlleHHe nYTeM
coc!>, .l1paMarypr H KpHTHK, OCHOBonOllOlKHHK KaTOllH-
ra6pHellb (1889-1973) -
c!>p. c!>HJlO-
COe.l1HHeHHJI C JK3Ucmelll1UQJlU3MOM, a TaKlKe C c!>peH-
qeCKOrO JK3Ucmelll1UQJlU3Ma. M. np0.l10lllKHll Tpa.l1H-
.l1H3MOM. C 30-x rr. yqaCTBOBaJl B pa3pa60TKe «KPH-
l\HIO c!>HllOCoc!>CTBOBaHHlI, H.l1YIl\YIO OT Aezycmulla.
THqeCKOH TeOpHH», BbIcrynHll C KPHTHKOH COBp. 6yp-
c!>0pMHpoBaHHe ero B3mJl.l10B OKa3aJlH BllHJlHHe H.l1eH
lKya3Horo 06-Ba Hero KyllbryPbI KaK «ac!>c!>HpMaTHB-
WeJ/J/ullza, KbepKezopa, Eepzcolla, }J,:>ICei1Mca. B 1929
HOH», YTBeplK.l1alOIl\di cYIl\ecTBYIOIl\ee. B m. Teope-
M. npHHJlll KaTOllHqeCTBO. I10clle oCYlK.l1eHHlI nanc-
THqeCKOM TpY.l1e -
«Pa3YM H peBOlllOl\HlI. rerellb H
KOH 3Hl\HKJlHKOH 3K3HCTeHl\HaJlH3Ma
Ha
(I 950) M. Ha3b1-
nOlle-
BaJl CBOIO c!>HllOCOc!>HIO «HeOCOKpaTH3MOM» H «XPHC-
MH3HPOBaJl C Hal\HOHall-COl\HaJlHCTHqeCKHM BapHaH-
THaHCKHM COKpaTH3MOM». HllOCOc!>HJI M. nO.l1'1epK-
CTaHOBlleHHe COl\HaJlbHOH TeOpHH» (1941) -
315
MACCOBOE C03HAHlfE
HYro aHTHCHCTeMHa. OH rrOJIaraJI, 'ITO HaY'IHO 06beK-
MAPTH
THBHhlH rrOnXOn K neHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH a6CTpaKTeH H
MbICJIHTeJIb, rry6JIHUHCT, rr03T, HneOJIOr H BOlKnb Ha-
Xoce XYJIHaH (1853-1895) -
KY6HHCKHH
He MOlKeT 6bITb OCHOBaHHeM Koro Pa3BHTHJI. TIpH3HaHHe MaTepHaJIbHOrO e,llHHCTBa
blOXHep, MOJIelllOrr) HrHOpHPYeT COl.\HaJIbHO-HCTO-
MHpa JlBJJJleTCJI HCXO,llHbIM npHHl.\HnOM cjJHJIOC. MamepuallU3Ma B npOTHBOnOJIOlKHOCTb BceM H,lleaJIHCTH-
pH'leCKYIO npHpO,llY C03HaHHJI, TPaKTYJI nOCJIe,llHee KaK HenOCpe,llCTBeHHOe CBOHCTBO M03ra. «CTbI,llJIHBbIH»
'leCKHM KOHl.\enl.\HJlM, B K-pbIX B Ka'leCTBe cy6cTaH-
M. He,llOOl.\eHHBaeT eCTeCTBeHHO-npHpO,llHOe H3Mepe-
l.\HH Bcex JlBJIeHHH B MHpe npHHHMaeTCJI 60lKeCTBeH-
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KHX H COl.\HaJIbHbIX CTOpOH. AHTpOnOJIOrH'leCKHH M.
ee KOHKpeTHbIM cjJopMaM, Hanp. K BellleCTBY HJIH aTO-
(C/Jeuep6ax, lfepllblwe6CKuu) -
MaM, T. K. CYllleCTBYIOT HeBellleCTBeHHble BH,llbI M. -
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M. H OUQJleKmUKU, B T. 'l. B nOHHMaHHH 06llleCTBeH-
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HbIX OTHOllleHHH. M. -
,llHHaMH'leCKaJl, 3BOJIIOl.\HO-
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318
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20
B ero KHHre «.IJ:eMoKpaTHli B AMepHKe»
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322
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1938-1941. ITpeL\CTaBHTeJIH HOBOro nOKOJIeHHJl3TOH
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PaJIHCThi KpHTH'leCKH OueHHJIH KOHuenUHIO npHMH-
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npHBeCTH K HOBOH PaJHOBHL\HOCTH
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(1908-1961) -
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nOHHMaeTCJI xapaKTepHOe .llJlJl npelKHeH q,HJIOCOq,HH
Ha3.
q,YH,llaMeHTaJIH3Ma,
no,ll
HeHIllHM npHHUHnOM COUHaJIbHOH peKOHCTpYKUHH
y6elK,lleHHe B TOM, qTO Bce JlBJIeHHJI, B TOM qHCJIe H
)J,blOH CqHTaeT HCnOJIb30BaHHe TOJIbKO MHpHbIX
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6bIJIO HaCHJIHJI.
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10. K.
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IllecTByeT. CaM )J,blOH BbIBO,llHT npOTHBOnOJIOlKHOCTb MaTepHaJIH3Ma H H,lleaJIH3Ma H3 CJIOlKHBillerOCJI eIlle
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Haille BpeMJI, nOJIaraeT
IIPAHC PHqap,ll (1723-1791) -
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TaBJIeHHJI. OnbIT He 3HaeT pe3KHX paCna,lleHHH Ha He-
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Mbe CBJlIlleHHHKa. ITOJIyqHJI 06pa30BaHHe B He-
B HeM ,lleHCTBYeT npHHUHn HenpepbIBHOCTH. JII060e
CKOJIbKHX ,llYXOBHbIX aKa,lleMHJlX, 3aTeM CJIYlKHJI B
pa3rpaHHqeHHe HMeeT JIHillb OTHOCHTeJIbHOe 3Haqe-
pa3JI. HOHKOHq,0PMHCTCKHX KOHrperaUHJlx. YMep B
HHe, n03TOMY OKOCTeHeHHe COBOKYnHOCTH Tex HJIH
XaKHH (AHrJIHJI). HaH60JIbIllHH HHTepec npe,llCTaB-
HHbIX H,lleH B BH,lle «MaTepHaJIH3Ma» HJIH «H,lleaJIH3-
JIJleT MOpaJIbHaJi q,HJIOCOq,HJI IT., H3JIOlKeHHaJi B
Ma» HenpaBOMepHO. CTaBJI 3a,llaqy COBepIlleHCTBOBa-
«0603peHHH OCHOBHbIX BonpocoB MOPaJIH»
HHJI COUHaJIbHOrO onbITa H onbITa Bo06Ille, )J,blOH
BO MHorOM npe,llBapHBIllaJi 3THKY KaHma. H,lleH IT. no-
,llOJIlKeH 6bIJI peIllHTb H Bonpoc 0 cnoc06ax TaKOH pe-
JIyqHJIH pa3BHTHe B 3THqeCKOM HHTYHTHBH3Me
KOHCTPYKUHH, 0 C03,llaHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOIllero MeTO-
KJIlOqeBbIMH ,llJIJI IT. 6bIJIH np06JIeMbI onpe,lleJIeHHJI
(1755),
20
B.
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no IT., TOlK.L\eCTBeHHO TPe60BaHHIO OCYllleCTBJIeHHlI
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Cocp, IT.
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BeTCTBOBaJI 60Pb6y KOJIOHHCTOB AMepHKH 3a He3aBH-
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(1790).
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0. B.
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HHJI, OCYllleCTBJIJleMbIe HM B rrpHp0.L\HOM H COUHaJIb-
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454
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1982).
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iJUJleMM (Harrp., ¢aTaJI1I3M -
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482
PAJ1X 'leCKoro aHaJIH3a H yrO'lHeHHlI 3Ha'leHHlI CnOB. ITo P., paCnpOCTpaHeHHble B <j>HnOCO<j>HH H nCHXOnOrHH cnoC06bI OnHCaHHlI nCHXH'leCKHX npOL\eCCOB npHBO.lVlT K 0IlJH60'lHOMY nOHHMaHHIO C03HaHHlI KaK OC060H cy6cmaHI1UU, HaXO.lVlIL\eHCli B Tene, nO.n'lHHlIIOIL\eMClI MeXaHH'leCKHM 3aKOHOMepHOCTliM. OH BbIcTynHn npOTHB .naHHOH .nYaJIHCTH'leCKOH (aIIlH3Ma. B pa60Te «MaCCOBal! nCHxonorIDI <j>aIIlH3Ma» P. yrBepJK.naJI, 'lTO <j>aIIlH3M KaK onpe.neneHHbIH
THn 06IL\eCTBeHHoro nopll.nKa npo.nYL\HPYeTCli HeBpoTH'leCKHM xapaKTepOM H KopeHHTCli B .neCTpYKTHBHOM cnoe nH'lHOCTH COBp. 'lenOBeKa. ITpOL\eCC 3ane'laTneHIDI penpeCCHBHOH COL\HaJIbHOH CHCTeMbI B nCHxonorHH nlO.neH oCYIL\eCTBJ1lIeTCli B narpHapXaJIbHOH ceMbe, K-PYlO P. HmBaJI «<j>a6pHKOH CrpYKTYPbI H H.neonOrHH 06IL\eCTBa». 113yqeHHe COL\HaJIbHbIX npH'lHH HeBp03a npHBeno P. K MapKcU3My. C'lHTal! <j>peH.nH3M H MapKCH3M B3aHMo.nononHHMbIMH, P. nOnbITaJICli Ha OCHOBe nCHXOaHaJIH3a HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb B3aHMOOTHOIIleHIDI MeJK.nY 3KOHOMH'leCKHM 6mHcoM H H.neonOrHeH. OH npHIIlen K BbIBO.ny, 'iTO KnIO'leBbIM 3BeHOM 60Pb6bI 3a nepeYCTpOHCTBO 06-Ba .nonlKHa CTaTb ceKcYaJIbHal! peBOnlOL\HlI, H C03.naJI BHyrPH repMaHCKoro pa60'lero .nBHlKeHIDI opraHH3aL\HIO «CeKc-nOJ]». ITO.n06HOro po.na .neliTenbHocTb npHBena P. B cepe.nHHe 30-x rr: K KOH<j>nHK1)' KaK C pa60'lHM, TaK H C nCHXOaHaJIHTH'leCIillM .nBHlKeHHeM. «CeKCYaJIbHal! peBOnlOL\IDI» H .np. nOIDITIDI P. BHOBb npH06penH nonyJ1llpHOCTb B 60-e rr., 6y.nyqH BOCnpHHlITbI .nBHlKeHHeM «H08bIX Jle8blX». OCH. CO'l.: «aIIlH3Ma» (1933).
A. B.
COKOJl06
PAMAKPHlIIHA (HaCTOllIL\ee HMlI- fa.na-nxap qaTTep.nlKH) (1836-1886) pe<j>opMaTop uHoyu3Ma, 06IL\eCTBeHHbIH .nellTenb I1H.nHH. P. BblcrynaJI C nponOBe.nblO e.nHHoH BCe'lenOBe'leCKOH penHrHH, <j>Hnoc. npe.nnoCbIJ1KH K-POH B311TbI H3 8eoaHmbi H IIlaKTH-TaHrpbI. OH nbITaJICli npHMHpHTb pmn. IIlKonbI Be.naHTbI, npe.ncTaBHB HX B BH.ne cryneHeH HOrH'leCKoro .nYXOBHoro OnbITa. ITpH3HaBali BbICIIlHM Ha'lanOM 6bITHli nHIIleHHbIH BHyrpeHHHx pmnH'lHH a6conlOT (HHpryHa 6paxMaH), OH B TO lKe BpeMli Bblcrynan npOTHB KOHL\enL\HH HnnlO30pHOCTH MHpa, no.n'lepKHBaJI BalKHOCTb 06IL\eCTBeHHOH .neliTenbHOCTH. ITocne.nHlIli noHHManaCb HM BeCbMa Y3KO H CBo.nHnaCb B OCH. K <j>HnaHTponHH H 3a6OTe 0 Bce06IL\eM «.nYXOBHOM COBepIIleHCTBOBaHHH». B 3TOM P. BH.nen KnIO'l K npeo.noneHHIO 6e.nCTBHH «lKene3Horo BeKa» (KaJIH-lOra), OTnH'lalOIL\erOCli BceMaCTHeM .neHer, 3aCHnbeM HH03eMHbIX nopa60THTeneH H T. .n. B ero BblCKmbIBaHHlIX 0 KaJIH-lOre lIpKHe 06nH'leHHlI nocne.ncTBHH aHm. KOnOHHaJIbHOro rocno.nCTBa CO'leTaIOTCli C y6elK.neHHoCTblO B B03pOJK.neHHH HaL\HH nocpe.ncTBoM BepbI. ITponOBe.nb P. He BbIxo.nHna 3a paMKH naCCHBHoro npOTeCTa npOTHB KOnOHHaJIbHbIX nopll.nKOB. TeM He MeHee ero nponaraH.na e.nHHoH penHrHH B ycnoBIDIx TOmaIIlHeH I1H.nHH C ee MHOrO'lHcneHHbIMH penHrH03HbIMH CeKTaMH H Bepoy'leHHlIMH, lIMlIBIIlHMHCli nepelKHTKaMH <j>eo.naJIbHOH H.neonOrHH, 3ByqaJIa KaK cBoe06pmHbIH npH3bIB K HaL\HOHaJIbHOMY e.nHHCTBY. B. C.
KOCmlO'IeIiKO
PAHEP Kapn (1904---1984) - HeM. 6orocnoB H <j>H)]0CO<j>. C 1922 - 'lJ1eH op.neHa He3YHToB. B 1948 P. CTaJI npo<j> . .nOrMaTH'lecKOro 60rocnoBIDI B YH-Te I1Hc6pyKa, a B 1962 - npo<j>. <j>H)]OCO<j>HH penHrHH H xpHCTHaHcKOH aHrponOnOrHH B YH-Te MIOHXeHa. ITpeno.naBaJI TaK-
483
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nOJIOlKeHHe 0 !jJH3HqeCKOH H nCHXHqeCKOH HepaBHo-
lliIeTCJI BalKHeiIrllHM :meMeHTOM B H):IeHHOH CHCTeMe
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H):IeH 3. ITIIIHBaPbI, M. EJIoH):leJIJI, TeiiJlpa iJe lllapiJe-
«HH3IIIHe», Ha npH3BaHHbIe C03):1aBaTb BbICOKYIO K)'JIb-
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rypy H rOCnO):lCTBOBaTb H Ha He cnoc06HbIe K 3TOMY,
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CJIYlKHJI OnpaB):IaHHIO arpeCCHBHbIX BOHH, MaccoBoro YHHqTOlKeHHJI JIIO):IeiI. B COBp. MHpe nOJIHTHKa, OCHO-
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P.
PACCEJI EepTpaH
(1872-1970) -
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nepe):l EOroM. B OTJIH4He OT MH. KaroJIH4eCKHX TeOJIO-
BOJIHKH. B HaqaJIe CTOJIeTHJI
P.,
OTKpbIB JIOrHqCCKHH
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napa):lOKC (nOJIyqHBIIIHH cro HMJI) H pa3pa6aTbIBaJi
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T. Ha3. TCOPHIO ):ICCKpHnIIHH, COBMCCTHO C Yaumxe-
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Koro 060CHOBaHHJI MaTCMaTHKH (HOZU14U3M). Ero ncpy
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P.
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H 06bI):ICHHbIM C03HaHHCM, a cymHOCTblO !jJHJIOCO!jJHH BbIcrynalOT JIOrHKa, JIOrHqCCKHH aHaJIH3.
P.
6bIJI 0):1-
HHM H3 OCHOBOnOJIOlKHHKOB aHm. lIeOpeaJIU3Ma, a 3aTCM ( B
C. B. ,aeplOi'UH
P. HapJl):ly C
HHHIIHaTopOM ITaryoIllcKoro ):IBHlKCHHJI, MClK):lyHapO):lHbIX BCrpCq yqCHbIX, BbIcrynalOmHX 3a MHp H HayqHoe COrpy):lHHqCCTBO. EOJIbIIIOC 3HaqCHHC B COBp. ycJIOBHJlX HMCeT BbI):IBHHYTaJi B MaHH!jJeCTe IIITcHHa
(1955)
P. -
3HH-
H):ICJI 0 Hc06xo):lHMOCTH MbICJIHTb no-
484
PACCYf/.OK 11 PA3YM
HOBOMY B JI.L\epHbIH BeK. OCH. COq.: «Hallie rr03HaHHe
OH He B COCTOJlHHH rrpeO.L\OJIeTb. «KOHeqHbIM» MbIllI-
(1915), «I1cCJIe.L\OBaHHe 3HaqeHHJI H HCTHHbI» (1940), «qeJIOBeqeCKOe rr03HaHHe, ero c¢epa H rpaHHl.\bI» (1948) H .L\p.
JIeHHe JlBJIJleTCJI JIHllIb rrOCTOJIbKY, rrOCKOJIbKY OHO OC-
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A. A. flKoenee
TaHaBJIHBaeTCJI Ha orpaHHqeHHbIX orrpe.L\eJIeHHJlX, Kpble rrpH3HalOTCJI HM qeM-TO rrOCJIe.L\HHM» (rereJIb). rereJib He 0TPHl.\aeT OTHOCHTeJIbHOH rrpaBOMepHOCTH paCCY.L\Ka. O.L\HaKO OH rrO.L\qepKHBaeT, qrO KOHCTPYKTHB-
PACCY)1,OK II PA3YM -
B HCTOPHH ¢HJIOCO¢HH
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BalOTCJI paCCY.L\OqHOH .L\eJlTeJIbHOCTblO. EOJIee TOro, B
YPOBHJI MbICJIHTeJIbHOH .L\eJlTeJIbHOCTH. l1.L\eJl pa3JIHqe-
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486
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487
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30BaJI pa3HbIe BapHaHTbI 3Toro 110HJlTHJI: «06IL\ee .lleJIo», «peryJIJlI.\HJI I1pHpO.llbI» (l1peO.llOJIeHHe «CJIeI10H
BTOpJleTCJI. B Y'leHHH JIeu6HUlJa 0 npeoycmaHoBJleHHOU zapMoHuu B3aHMO.lleHCTBHe MOHa.ll I1pe.llOI1-
CHJIbI» I1pHpO.llbI, Be.llYIL\ee K BocKpeIIleHHIO), «cYI1paMOpaJIH3M» (BbICIIlaJI HpaBcTBeHHocTb, CBJl3aHHaJi
pe.lleJIeHO DorOM, B 06beKTHBHO-H.lleaJIHCTH'IeCKOH
C «.llOJIrOM BocKpeIIleHHJI») H .llp. 3Ha'leHHe JII060ro 3HaHHJI OI.\eHHBaJIOCb . 110 CTel1eHH I1pH6JIH)!(eHHJI ero K «l1aCXaJIbHbIM BOl1pOCaM», HJIH K H.llee Bce06-
CHCTeMe llleJlJluHza pa3pbIB CB060.llbI H He06xo.llHMOCTH JIHIIlaeT peaJIbHbIX HH.llHBH.llOB B03MO)!(HOCTH CB060.llHO .lleHCTBOBaTb, y TeZeJlfl JIH'IHOCTb BbIcryl1aeT B KOHe'lHOM C'IeTe JIHIIlb opY.llHeM a6COJIIOTHoro .llyxa. B CHCTeMax MeTaq,H3H'IeCKoro MaTepH-
IL\eH «l1arpoq,HKaI.\HH». ITaHaI.\eeH OT COI.\HaJIbHbIX 30JI H aJIbTepHaTHBoH KaK KaI1HTaJIH3MY, TaK H COL\HaJIH3My OH 06bJlBHJI «I1CHXOKpaTHIO» -
YTOI1H'IeCKYIO
aJIH3Ma (To66c, pp. MamepUaJlU3M 18 B. H .llp.) OTpHL\aHHe 06beKTHBHOH CJIY'laHHOCTH, OTO)!(.lleCTBJIeHHe I1PH'IHHHOCTH H He06xo.llHMOCTH TaK)!(e BeJIH
06IL\HHY, «06be.llHHeHHe CbIHOB .llJIJI BOCKpeIIleHHJI OTL\OB». Bo B3mJl.llaX . 6blJl PM 1103HTHBHbIX MOMeHTOB (OCY)!(.lleHHe MHJIHTapH3Ma H BOHH, MbICJIH 0
K . TeOJIOm'leCKHH . HCXO.llHT H3 I1pe.llOl1pe.lleJIeHHJI C06bITHH HCTOPHH H )!(H3HH 'IeJIOBeKa BOJIeH
Ba)!(HOCTH HaY'lHbIx OTKPbITHH H .llp.), HaXO.llJlIL\HXCJI, KaK I1paBHJIO, 110.ll CI1Y.llOM peJIHrH03HbIX, MOHapxH-
Dora; B ero paMKax H.lleT 60Pb6a Me)!(.llY KOHL\el1L\HJlMH a6COJIIOTHoro I1pe.llol1pe.lleJIeHHJI (aBrycTHHH3M, KaJIbBHHH3M, flHceHu3M) H B033peHHJlMH, I1bITalOIL\HMHCJI COBMeCTHTb BceMorYIL\eCTBO I1pO-
'IeCKHX, aHTHMaTepHaJIHCTH'IeCKHX H aHTHCOI.\HaJIHCTH'IeCKHX H.lleH. CHcTeMa . H3JIO)!(eHa H peKOHcTpYHpOBaHa 110CJIe ero cMeprH B. KO)!(eBHHKOBbIM H
BH.lleHHJI co CB060.llHOH BOJIeH 'IeJIOBeKa (KamOJlU-
IJU3M, npaBOCJlaBue).
B. ITeTepcoHOM, H3.llaBIIlHMH .llBa TOMa CO'l. CBoero Y'lHTeJIJI 110.ll Ha3BaHHeM «HJIOCOq,HJI 06IL\ero .lleJIa» (1906-1913).
M. A. MaCJlUH
595
CPEHEPAEEHP
(J)E,lJ;OTOB
reOpnlH TIeTpoBI1'1 (1886-195
I) -
rro ,llYXOBHbIM CTI1XaM» (1935), «CBlITOH l1nl1rrrr,
Pyc. qmnococp, KynbTyponor, I1CTOPI1K, rry6nl11\I1CT.
MI1TpOrrOnl1T MOCKOBCKI1H» (1938), «CBlITbIe ,[{peB-
Y'Il1nClI B TeXHOnOrl1'1eCKOM I1HcTI1TYTe B TIeTep6yp-
HeH pycl1 (X-XII BB.») (1959), «PyccKall penl1n103-
re, 113 K-pOro 3a Y'laCTl1e B C.-,ll. ,llBl1lKeHI1I1 6bIn I1C-
Hall MbICnb» (B 2 T., 1946, Ha aHm. 1I3bIKe), «COKPO-
KJIlO'leH 11 BblcnaH 3a rpaHI11\Y; BepHYBlIIl1Cb B 1908
Bl1ma PYCCKOH ,llYXOBHOCTI1» (1948, Ha aHm. 1I3bIKe)
Ha pO,lllmy, rrpO,llOnlKl1n 06pa30BaHlle Ha I1CTOpl1'1eC-
my60Kall 11 TOHKall pa60Ta Y'leHoro-l1cTopI1Ka cO'le-
19 I 4 -
TaeTClI C cpl1noc. OTCTYrrneHl1l1MI1, BbIBO,llaMI1 11 0606-
1918 -
rrpI1BaT-,l101\eHT TIeTep6yprcKoro, B 1920--
meHl1l1MI1, orrl1paIOml1MI1ClI Ha lICHO O'lep'leHHbIH
1922 -
rrpocpeccop CapaToBcKoro YH-Ta; B 1922-
cpl1noc.-MI1POB033peH'IeCKI1H cpYH,llaMeHT OPI1n1HaITb-
1925 pa60TaIT rrepeBO,ll'lI1KOM B '1aCTHbIX 113,llaTenb-
HOro Xpl1CTl1aHcKoro MbICnl1Tenll. B HI1X . HapI1CO-
KOM OT,lleneHI1I1 TIeTep6yprcKoro YH-Ta. B
CTBax. B
1925 . 3MI1rpl1pOBan 11 B0306HOBI1n
rrperrO,llaBaTenbcKYIO ,llellTenbHOCTb: 1926-1940 -
BaIT 1III1POKYIO KapTI1Hy CTaHOBneHl1l1l1 pa3BI1TI111 pyc. ,llYXOBHOH MbICnl1, BbICTYrrl1n rrpOTI1B CBe,lleHl1l1 Ha1\l1-
npocp. DorocnoBcKoro I1HCTI1TYTa B TIapl1lKe, 1943-
OHaITbHO-Crre1\l1cpl1'1ecKOro K penl1n103HOMY. Be,llymaJI
1951 ~ B rrpaBocnaBHoH ,llYXOBHOH CeMI1Hapl111 B
TeMa Bcero TBOp'leCTBa . -
HbIO-l1opKe. C 193 I rro 1940 . (coBMecTHo C
11. 11.
B CBoeH KYnbTYpOnOnl'leCKOH KOH1\err1\1111 . I1CXO-
CmenYHoM) 113,llaBaIT
,llI1T 113 l1,llel1 «HoBoro rpa,lla», rrpeO,llOneBaIOmero TO-
IiYHaKoBbIM-oH,llaMI1HCKI1M 11
¢w/OcoqJU5I KYJlbmYPbl.
JKypHaIT «HOBbIH rpa,ll», rrpOrraraH,lll1pOBaBlIIl1H l1,llel1
TaITbHbIH Kpl1311C Benl1KI1X KYnbTYP EBporrbI 11 POCCI1I1.
Xpl1CTl1aHCKOro C01\l1anI13Ma. l1noc. B3mll,llbI .
OH paCCMaTpl1BaeT KynbTYPY 3cxaTOnOrl1'1eCKI1, He rrpl1eMneT KaK l1,lleIO 6eCKOHe'lHOrO rrporpecca, TaK 11
rrpeTeprrenl1 cnolKHYIO 3BOnI01\I1IO: OT
MapKCU3Ma K
cpl1noc. l1,lleaITl13MY 11 OT Hero K xpl1CTl1aHCKOMY MI1-
rrpe,llCTaBneHl1e 0 cpaTaITbHOM KOH1\e KYnbTYpbl. . He
pOBOCrrpl1l1TI1IO. CKonbKO-HI16Y,llb 3aBeplIIeHHOH 11
MblCnl1T KYnbTYPY 6e3
OPI1n1HaITbHOH cpl1noc. CI1CTeMbI . He C03,llaIT. TIpe-
3CXamOJlOZUU, a 3cxaTOnOrl1IO
I1CCne,llOBa-
BHe KYnbTYpbI. Pyc. KYnbTYpa, rro ero MHeHI1IO, POlK,llaeT He CB060,lly, a I1HTennl1reH1\I1IO, nIO,lleH l1,lleHHbIX,
Hl1l1 rro I1CTOPI1I1 Cpe,llHeBeKOBOH KynbTYpbI, rrpel1My-
HO 6eCrrO'lBeHHbIx ( (3HZel/be). MaTepHaJIH3M H aTeH3M . CTaJIH HCXO.AHbIM
IOTCli B . KaK O.AHH H3 THnOB npOllBJIeHHlI BJIaCTHbIX OTHOllIeHHH, nOCKOJIbKY no.A BH.AOM «06'beKTHBHOC-
nyHKTOM CTaHOBJIeHIDl q,HJIOCOq,HH MapKCU3Ma. lioJIee COpoKa JIeT CnyCTll nOCJIe KpHTHKH MapKcoM B «Te3H-
TH» BocnpOH3BO.AHTCli CHryal\HlI, KOr.Aa O.AHa '1aCTb '1eJIOBe'leCKoro pO.Aa, HMeli CBOH c06CTBeHHbIe HHTepe-
cax 0 eHep6axe» orpaHWleHHocrn q,eHep6axoBcKOro MaTepHaJIH3Ma 3HreJIbC nHCaJI: «3a HaMH OCTaeTCli HeolIJla'leHHbIH .AOM '1ecrn: nOJIHOe npH3HaHHe TOro BJIIDl-
CbI, O.AHOBpeMeHHO penpe3eHTHpyeT H HHTepeCbI .Ap. ero '1aCTH. 3TO COOTBeTCTByeT Cnel\Hq,H'IeCKOMY noHHMaHHIO «o6DeKTHBHOCTH», CKJIa.AblBalOmeMYCli no-
HIDl, KOTOpoe B HaJ.l.I nepHO.A 6ypH H HaTHCKa OKaJaJI Ha
Cpe.ACTBOM HaY'lHbIX npe.ACTaBJIeHHH, HecymHx Ha ce6e ne'laTb «MacKYJIHHHCTCKOH opHeHTal\HH». B
Hac eHep6ax B 60JIbllIeH Mepe, '1eM KaKQH-HH6y.Ab .APYI'OH q,HJIOCOq, nOCJIe fereJlll». CO'l.: «K KpHTHKe q,HJIOCOq,HH fereJIlI» (1839), «CymHocTb xpHcTHaHCTBa» (1841), «OCHoBHbIe nOJIOlKeHIDl q,HJIOCOq,HH 6y.nymeI'O» ( 1843), ero 6naro.!lapllJlll, 3a 6ec-
KOBbIX (aKYCTlIKa), TenJIOBbIX, 3JIeKTp"'leCKlX, Mar-
nOMOllIHOCTh HaKa3bIBaJlll. O'leBlI.!lHO, B rnyOOKOll.!lpeB-
HllTHbIX II OnTlI'leCKlIX JlBJIeHII ll. KnacClI'leCKaJl .
HOCTll JIIO.!llI He Ha.!leJlJlJlll 1I36paHHbIe lIMll npe.!lMeThI
CTpeMlIJIaCb 06'bJiCHlITb npll'lllHbI 3TlIX JlBJIeHlIll Ha
CBepX'beCTeCTBeHHbIMll CBOHCTBaMll II .!laJKe He O.uyxOTBOPllJIlIlIX.
CyTh nepB06bITHoro . 3aKJIIO'laJIaCb B TOM,
OCHOBe 3aKOHOB MexaHllKll HblOmoHa. B
19
B. BbIJlC-
HlIJIOCb, 'lTO . lIMeeT .!leJIO co cneUlIcpll'leCKllMll 3a-
'lT0 'leJIOBeK BlI.!leJI B nOpa3l1BllIlIX ero B006paJKeHlle
KOHoMepHOCTJlMll. TepMO.!lllHaMllKa 1I3yqaeT nOBe.!le-
npe.!lMeTax CBOllCTBa, K-pbIe He YCMarpllBaJIlICb B 3TlIX
Hile 60JIbllIlIX MHOlKeCTB MOJIeKYJI, .!lJlJl K-PbIX xapaK-
npe.!lMeTaX npll nOMOllIlI 06bI'lHbIX opraHOB 'lYBCTB.
TepeH He06paTllMbIll nepexo.!l OT MeHee BepOJITHbIX
ITocrynaJI TaK, nepB06bITHbIll 'leJIOBeK .!leJIaJI npe.!l-
COCTOJlHlIH K 60JIee BepOJITHbIM, B TO BpeMJI KaK c06-
MeTbI «'lYBCTBeHHO-CBepX'lYBCTBeHHbIMlI», np"'leM
CTBeHHO MeXaHlI'leCKlle npoueCCbI He 06JIa.!la1OT no-
CBepX'lYBCTBeHHbIe CBOllCTBa np"nlCbIBaJIlCb cpeTlI-
.!l06HOll He06paTllMOCTblO. C .!lp. CTOPOHbI, B KJIaCClI-
llIaM Ha OCHOBe JIlI60 CJIY'lallHbIX aCCOUllaUlIll, JI1I60
'leCKOll 3JIeKTPO.!lllHaMllKe BbIPOCJIO y6elK.!leHlle 0 He-
HeBepHO nOHJlTbIX np"'llHHO-CJIe.!lCTBeHHbIX CBJl3ell.
CBO.!lllMOCTll 3aKOHOB B03HlIKHOBeHlIJi II pacnpocrpa-
KpOMe TOro, 'lTO 3JIeMeHTbI . MOlKHO 06HapYlKlITb
HeHlIJI 3JIeKTPOMarHllTHoro nOJIJI K 3aKOHaM MexaHllKll.
npaKTlI'leCKll BO Bcex peJIlIrllJlX, OH llIlIPOKO pacnpo-
T. 06p., B
crpaHeH B ccpepe 6bITOBbIX cyeBepllll II npe.!lpaccy.!l-
xaHllKll. BMecTe C TeM MeXaHlI'leCKaJI TeOpllJl TenJIa
19
B. . Ha'laJIa 3MaHclInllpOBaTbCJI OT Me-
KOB. TaK, coxpaHlIBllIaJlCJI BllJIOTb.!lO HallIlIX .!lHell Bepa
nOKa3aJIa B3allMHbIll nepexo.!l MeXaHlI'leCKlIX npouec-
B aMYJIeTbI, TaJIlICMaHbI, npe.!lMeTbI, np"HOCJlllIle Y.!la-
COB B TenJIOBbIe, a yqeHlle 06 3JIeKTP"'leCTBe YCTaHO-
'lY lIJIlI OTBO.!lJlllIlIe onacHocTb, JlBJIJleTCJI He 'leM
BlIJIO nepeXO.!lbI MeXaHlI'leCKlIX npoueCCOB B 3JIeKT-
lIHbIM, KaK nepelKlITKOM nepB06b1THOro .
p"'leCKle II 06paTHo. B
A. H. KpacHuKo6
19 B.
6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, 'lTO
MeXaHlI'leCKlIe, TenJIOBbIe II 3JIeKTPoMarHllTHbIe npo-
601
f!>I1JlI1[J[JOB
uecchl CBJl3aHbi B3aHMHblMH rrepeXO.llaMH rrpH coxpa-
CTBa HaY'IHoro 3HaHHJI, ero 06beKTHBHOH l.{eJIOCTHOC-
HeHHH KOJIH'IeCTBeHHOH Mepbl BCeX JTHX BH.llOB .llBH-
TH rrO.llMeHJleTCJI rrOHCKaMH yHHBepCaJIbHoro, e.llHHO-
lKeHHJI -
ro, HJIH, TO'lHee, e.llHHCTBeHHoro Jl3blKa HaYKH. BMec-
JHeprHH. ITPHHUHrr COXpaHeHHJI JHeprHH
(Coxpal/el/UJI 31/epZUU 3aKOI/) . B KOHue 19 -
CTaJI OCH. rrpHHUHrrOM
TO aHaJIH3a MelK)lHCl.{HrrJIHHapHbIX OTHOllleHHH, CBJI-
Ha'laJIe 20 B. 6h1JIO 06HapYlKeHo
3eH KOHKpeTHblX HaYK, HX e.llHHCTBa CPH3HKaJIHCTbi
MH. HOBbIX, paHee HeH3BeCTHbiX cpH3H'IeCKHX JlBJIe-
CTpeMJlTCJI rrepeBeCTH Crrel.{HcpH'IeCKHe BH.llbl cyll{e-
HHH -
CTBYlOll{erO 3HaHHJI Ha Jl3h1K CPH3HKH H Ha JTOH OCHO-
B03HHKHOBeHHe H pacrrpocTPaHeHHe Pa,llHO-
CHrHaJIOB, peHTreHOBCKHX JIyqeH, pa,llHOaKTHBHocTb.
Be .llOCTHrHYTb HX YHHcpHKal.{HH. 3.lleCb rrpOJlBHJIOCb
8
cBoe06pa3HOe B03pOlK)leHHe
TO lKe BpeMJI B ueHTPe cpH3H'IeCKOH MhlCJIH OKa3a-
JIaCb OTKPblTaJI Mel/de.JIee6blM rrepHO.llH'IHOCTb XHMH-
l/eOn03UmU6U3MOM
Me-
xaHHCTH'IeCKoro rrpHHUHrra CBO.llHMOCTH. ITorrblTKH
'1eCKHX CBOHCTB JJIeMeHTOB. OTblCKHBaJi rrpH'IHHbl
C03.llaHHJI e.llHHOrO, YHHCPHl.{HpOBaHHoro Jl3b1Ka H rre-
JTHX JlBJIeHHH, . BKJIIO'IHJIa HOBbie pa3.lleJIbl- aTOM-
peBO.ll Ha Hero BceH CHCTeMbl CYll{eCTBYlOll{erO 3Ha-
HYIO H JI.llepHYIO cpH3HKY H 3aTeM CPH3HKY JJIeMeHTap-
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HbiX '1aCTHl.{. ITepBble TPH .lleCJlTHJIeTHJI 20 B. -
3HaHO KaK caMHMH rrOCJIe.llOBaTeJIJlMH ., TaK Hero
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MJI KPYTOH JIOMKH KJIaCCH'IeCKHX cpH3H'IeCKHX rrpe)lCTaBJIeHHH 0 cTPoeHHH
Mamepuu,
KpHTHKaMH
(KpUmU'IeCKUU pa"lUOl/aJlU3M).
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A. P. [Jo3Hep
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20 B. pa3BHTHe CPYH.llaMeHTaJIbHOH . rrOlllJIO rro .llBYM OTHOCHTeJIbHO caMOCTOJlTeJIbHbIM, HO TeCHO B3aHMO-
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HOB '1YBCTB H HrHOpHpYlOll{ee rrepBH'IHOCTb MaTepHH
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cep. 19 B. OHH HCXO.llHJIH H3 JKCrrepHMeHTaJIbHO yc-
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ro MHpa, H caMO rr03HaHHe -
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,lla lKe eMY C IlOMOll\hlO ,llHaJIeKTH'IeCKHX YXHll\peHHH He Y,llaJIOCh 3Toro C,lleJlaTh, OH 06paTHJlCJI K Cpe,llCTBaM MaTeMaTH'IeCKOH JlOrHKH. O,llHaKO 3,lleCh OH CTOJlKHYJICJI C Ilapa,llOKCaMH, pa3peIIIHTh K-phle 6hIJI He B COCTOJlHHH. OTcryIlaJi OT rereJleBCKOH Tpa,llHI.\HH, OH C,lleJlaJI m. xapaKTepHCTHKaMH 'IeJlOBeKa BOJlIO, HHTepec H l.\eJleIlOJlaraHHe. HaH60Jlee my60KHM MhICJlHTeJleM, Ilpe,llBOCXHTHBIIIHM MH. H,lleH 60Jlee Il03,llHeH q,HJlOCOq,HH,6hIJI
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qepKHBaJIH, qTO Y lKHBOTHbIX eCTb Cnel\Hq,HqeCKHH
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paCCYlK,lleHIfH, Teoplfif 3Ha'leHIfJl, rrp06JIeMbI Jl3bIKO-
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17
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17
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HbIH qJIeH
IOpreH (p. 1929) -
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aJIbTepHaTIfBHbIX rpynn Ha conpOTIfBJIeHlfe If HeHa-
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.n;eHl\IfH B nOJIIfTlfqeCKOH )!(1f3HIf 3an. 06-Ba, C1'peMIfJI-
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Cli HaHTIf HOBbIH q,YH.n;aMeHT .n;JIli «KpIfTlfqeCKOH
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He.n;OOl\eHK)' pal\IfOHaJIbHbIX HaqaJI B COBp. )!(1f3HIf, ero
CTBOBaHIfli X. COCTaBJllIeT q,IfJlOCOq,lfli CB060.n;bI If KOM-
.n;lfaJIeKmqeCKal! Teoplfli
MYHIfKaTIfBHoro .n;eHCTBlflI, K-pbIe, comaCHO ero T. 3p.,
CTOHT n03umu6U3MY If mexHoKpamU3MY. OCH. COq.: «Te-
pa/fuOHGllbHOcmU npOTIfBO-
CO/fUGllU3a/fUU qeJIOBeKa
Oplfli If npaKTIfKa» (1963), «TI03HaHlfe If IfHTepec»
If JBOJIIOl\1f1f 06-Ba. fJI. YCJIOBlfeM JMaHClfnal\1f1f qe-
(1968), «TexHIfKa If HaYKa KaK «1f.n;eOJIorlflI» (1968),
IfrpaIOT peIllaIOIllYIO pOJIb B
JIOBeqeCTBa X. CqlfTaeT .n;OCTIf)!(eHlfe pal\IfOHaJIbHoro
«TIp06JIeMbI JIemTIfMal\1f1f B n03.n;HeM Kan1fTaJI1f3Me»
COOTHOIlleHlfli HayqHO-TeXHlfqeCKIfX B03MO)!(HOCTeH If
(1973), «K peKoHc1'pYKl\1f1f IfCTOplfqeCKoro MaTeplfa-
l\eHHOCTHbIX oplfeHTal\IfH JIlfqHOCTIf, HaYKIf If nOJIIf-
JIIf3Ma» (1976), «Teoplfli KOMMYHIfKaTIfBHoro .n;eH-
TIfKIf, nponaraH.n;lfpyeT If.n;elf BOCCTaHOBJIeHlfli e.n;IfH-
CTBlflI» (198 I), «cI>IfJIOCOq,CKIfH .n;IfCKYpC Mo.n;epHa»
CTBa 3HaHlf1i If IfHTepeca, IfHTeJIJIeKTa If .n;eHCTBlflI,
(1985), «TIoCTMeTaq,1f3IfqeCKOe MbIIllJIeHlfe» (1988),
IfH'I)'Ifl\1f1f If pa3YMa B paMKax Teoplflf ::JICU3HeHHOZO Mupa. 3HaqlfTeJIbHOe MeCTO B ero Tpy.n;ax 3aHlfMaIOT
«cI>aKTlfqHOCTb If 3HaqIfMOCTb» (1993) If .n;p.
H. H.llempo6
np06JIeMbI COl\lfaJIbHOro n03HaHIflI, aHaJIlf3 K-pbIX npoBO.n;IfTCli B OCH. C nOMOIllbIO zepMeHe6mUKU. TIoCJIe.n;HlIlI
xAii):J:ErrEP
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re, cI>peH6ypre. OCH. KaTeroplfeH If.n;eaJIIfCTlfqeCKOH
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THCKOM TOTaJIbHOCTH, YKJIOHHTbCJI OT Tex ¢OPM opraHH3aUHH, K-pbIe HaBJl3bIBaJOTCJI aBTopHTapHbIMH pelKHMaMH. llpH 3TOM OH peIIIHTeJIbHO OTBepraeT KOH-
Ha nYTH ¢OpMHpOBaHHJI 6YPlKya3HoH CaMocmu, cy6beKTa BJIaCTH. rOCnO)lCTBO BbIpalKaeTCJI '1epe3 TOlK-
uenUHJO peBOJIJOUHOHHOro BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa. Bce BH)lbI
)leCTBeHHOCTb, K-paJi JlBJIJleTCJI xapaKTepHOH '1ePTOH
npaKTHKH B TOTaJIbHO HHTerpHpOBaHHOM 06-Be, C'IH-
BceH 3an. KYJIbTYPbI -
TaeT X., xapaKTepH3YJOTCJI HppaUHOHaJIbHOCTbJO;
)l0 KYJIbTYPHOH HH)lYCTPHH. TpeTHH nepHO)l B TBOp'leCTBe X. HaHMeHee H3yqeH. B CBoeM )lYXOBHOM 3aBe-
e)lHHCTBeHHbIM HeOT'IYlKAeHHbIM BH)lOM Tpy)la OCTa-
OT OJIHMnHHCKoH MH¢OJIOrHH
1950 no 1969 r. H cYMepKH» (1974)
eTCJI KpHTH'IeCKOe MbIIIIJIeHHe, K-poe He npOCTO B03-
lIlaHHH «3aMeTKH C
)leHcTByeT Ha nOJIHTH'IecKYJO lKH3Hb, HO caMO JlBJIJI-
OH He npOCTO BocnpOH3BO)lHT neCCHMHCTH'IeCKHe MO-
eTCJI no npeHMYlIleCTBY nOJIHTHKOH. HeTOlKAeCTBeH-
THBbI ¢HJIOCO¢HH ilioneHraY3pa. He HapO)lbI H KJIac-
HOCTb MelK)lYBce06IIlHM H oc06eHHbIM, C ero T. 3p.,
CbI, a HH)lHBH)lbI COCTaBJIJlJOT, no X., KOHKPeTHYJO HC-
MOlKeT OCYlIleCTBHTbCJI nepBOHa'laJIbHO HMeHHO B
TOpH'IecKYJO peaJIbHOCTb. OHH MorYT o6be)lHHJlTbCJI,
KpHTH'IeCKOH TeopHH, np06HBaJOlIleH 6peIIIb B «YHH-
HO TOJIbKO H3 '1YBCTBa COJIH)lapHOCTH -
BepcaJIbHOH CBJl3H OCJIenJIeHHJI». KpHTH'IeCKaJl Teo-
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20
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Bce OHH )lOJI-
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JIHTb TpH 3Tana. llepBbIH CBJl3aH C ¢OpMHpoBaHHeM
a6coJIJOTHoe H 'ITO CBepIIIHTCJI CnpaBeAJIHBOCTb H y6HH-
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OH npHCYTCTBYeT B HaIIIeM CTPaCTHOM lKeJIaHHH. CO'l.:
C pa3pa60TKoH He-
2 T. (c T. AAOpHO) (1962), «KpHTH'Iec1-2 (1968), «K np06JIeMe HCTHHbJ))
raTHBHoH TeOJIOrHH H B03BpalIleHHeM K npHBaTHbIM
«Socioiogica»,
OnbITaM. HaH60JIbIIIee BJIHJlHHe Ha TBOp'leCTBO X.
KaJI TeOpHJI». T.
nepBoro nepHO)la OKa3aJIH Y'IeHHJI LUoneH2aY3pa H
(1969).
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CHJI, opHeHTHpOBaBIIIHXCJI Ha MapKCH3M B HaY'IHOM, a
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He B naPTHHHO-nOJIHTH'IeCKOM OTHOIIIeHHH. X. 6bIJI
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)lHpeKTOpOM 3Toro HHcTHryTa, B K-POM COTPY)lHH'Ia-
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Y
cmOUK06 JIOrHKa )leJIHJIaCb Ha pHTOpHKY H
npouecca COBp. 3nOXH C ueJIbJO onpe)leJIeHHJI B03MOlK-
CHnna».
HocTeH «npaBe)lHOH lKH3HH» Ha OCHOBe aHaJIH3a 3KO-
)lHaJIeKTHKY.
HOMH'IeCKHX CTPYKTYP H KYJIbryPHbIX ¢eHoMeHoB. HaH60JIee 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe CO'l. Tex JIeT - CTaTbJl «Tpa-
npeAJIOlKeHHJI, npaBHJI CHCTeMaTH'IeCKoro )leJIeHHJI
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(1937).
B OTJIH-
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Bcex npeAJIOlKeHHH Ha npOCTbIe H CJIOlKHbIe, npaBHJIbHOro H HCTHHHOro apfYMeHTa (BbIBO)la) H )lOKa3aTeJIbCTBa B npon03HUHOHaJIbHOH JIOrHKe.
n. c. ilono6
643 XPHCTHAHCTBO -
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(Hapll.llY C 6yddu3MOM Ii UCJlaMOM). B03HliKJIO BIB. B BOCT. npOBIiHl.\liliX PIiMCKOH IiMnepli1i KaK peJIIirHlI YrHeTeHHbIX, IiCKaBWIiX 1i36aBJIeHli1i OT 6ecqeJIOBeqHbIX YCJIOBIiH lKli3HIi B npliXO.lle MeCCli1i (cnaCIiTeJIlI). XpliCTliaHCKali Ii.llell B03.llallH1i1i 06eIl.\aJIa CTpalK.llYIl.\IiM Ii 06e3.ll0JIeHHbIM 06peTeHlie CqaCTbli Ii CB060.llbI B l.\apCTBe He6eCHOM. Co BpeMeHeM X. B
Hlie 0 Jl020Ce l/>UJlOHa AJleKCaHdpuucK020), n03.llHIiH CTOIil.\1i3M. fJepBOHaqaJIbHoMY X. He 6bIJIIi 1i3BeCTHbI nOliBIiBWlieCli n03lKe npe.llCTaBJIeHlili 0 Tpolil.\e, nepBOpO.llHOM rpexe, 60rOBOnJIOIl.\eHIiIi, KpeIl.\eHIiIi, npliqaIl.\eHIiIi Ii .llp • .llOrMaTbI. fJpol.\ecc cP0pMlipoBaHlill xplicTliaHcKoH .llOrMaTIiKIi pacTlIHYJICli Ha HeCKOJIbKO CTOJIeTIiH. CcP0PMYJIlipOBaHHbIH HIiKeHcKIiM Ii KOHcTaHTIiHOnOJIbCKIiM BCeJIeHCKIiMIi c060paMii
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rpynn IiMnepli1i cnoc06CTBOBaJIIi ero KOCMOnOJIIiTIi3M, MIiCCIiOHepCKall.llellTeJIbHOCTb, YHliBepCaJIli3M HpaBCTBeHHbIX npIiHl.\linOB, HIiBeJIlipOBKa KJIaCCOBhIX Ii Hal.\IiOHaJIbHhIX pa3JIliqliH. rJIaBHOe B X. yqeHlie 0 60rOqeJIOBeKe I1licyce XpliCTe CbIHe 50lKbeM, K-PbIH coweJI C He6a Ha 3eMJIIO, npliHlIJI cTpa.llaHlie Ii cMepTb .llJIli IicKynJIeHlili JIIO.lleH OT nepBopO.llHOrO rpexa, BocKpec Ii B03HeCCli Ha He60. B 6y.llYIl.\eM, no xplicTliaHcKoMY yqeHIiIO, np01i30H.lleT BTopoe npliwecTBlie XplicTa .llJ111 cY.lla Ha.lllKIiBbIMIi Ii MepTBbIMIi. fJpliBeplKeHl.\bI X . .llOJIlKHhI BbInOJIHlITb 3anOBe.ll1i XplicTa, 6e3ponoTHo nepeHocliTb TliroTbI lK1i3HIi, KaK 3TO .lleJIaJI XPIiCTOC, a B03.llallHlie 3a 3TO OHIi nOJIyqaT B 3arp06HoM Mlipe. Ha cP0pMlipoBaHlie li.lleOJIOrHli X. 3aMeTHoe BJIlillHlie OKa3aJIIi BOCTOqHble KyJIbTbI, MeCCliaHCKlie Ii IiY.lleHCKlie ceKThI (Hanp., 3cceHbI), IiY.lleHCKO-rpeq. cPliJIOCOcPlili (yqe-
60JIee .llJ1IiTeJIbHOH 6hIJIa 60Pb6a, CB1I3aHHali C pa3HhIM OTHoweHlieM K HeK-pbIM 06pll.llaM, nOqliTaHli1O IiKOH Ii T . .ll. B opraHIi3al.\IiOHHOM OTHoweHli1i X. HIiKOr.lla He npe.llCTaBJIlIJIO C060H e.llIiHOrO l.\eJIoro. B XO.lle CBoero pa3BliTli1i OHO paCnaJIOCb Ha 3 OCH. BeTBIi: npa60CJla6Ue, KamOJlUZ!U3M Ii npomecmaHmU3M. B CBOIO Oqepe.llb, B KalK.llOH 1i3 HIiX BbI.lleJIIiJIIiCb pa3JI. TeqeHlill, HanpaBJIeHlill, rpynnhI, CeKTbI. B HaCTOllIl.\ee BpeMli B X. npOIiCXO.llllT BeCbMa CJIOlKHble Ii npOTIiBOpeqliBhIe np0l.\eCCbI. C O.llHOH CTOpOHhI, Ha6JIIO.llaIOTCli COl.\liaJIbHO-nOJIIiTliqeCKali .lllicPcPepeHl.\lial.\lili xpliCTliaHCKIiX l.\epKBeH, .llYXOBeHCTBa, nOllBJIeHlie JIeBbIX TeqeHIiH Ii rpynn, nepeCMOTp npelKHIiX COl.\liaJIbHbIX .llOKTpIiH Ii YCTaHOBOK, a C .llp. IiHTerpal.\lili pa3JI. xpliCTliaHCKIiX KOHcPeCCIiH, OCO6eHHO 3aMeTHali B 3KYMeHliqeCKOM .llBlilKeHIiIi Ii .llelITeJIbHOCTIi BceMlipHoro COBeTa l.\epKBeH.
M.
n. H06UK06
644
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KaTOJIH'IeCKHM T. Ha3. «JIeCHbIM» KaHTOHaM. B
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KYJlbTYP 1f3MepJleTCJI rrplfMepHO TblCJI'IeJleTlfeM, U. lKe rrpe,uCTaBJlJleT c060ii 3rroxy IfCTOII.\eHIfJl If X TBOp'1eCKOrO rrOTeHI.\lfaJla, Ha'laJlO yrra,uKa If rrOCJle,uyIOII.\ero Bblp0lK,lleHIfJl. EII.\e 60Jlee 1IIlfpOKlfM pacrrpocTpaHeHlfeM C cep. 20 B., a TaKlKe cepbe3HbIM BJlIfJlHlfeM B 06II.\eCTBeHHblx HaYKax If B 06II.\eCTBeHHoM MHeHIfIf, oc06eHHo Ha 3arra,ue, CTaJla rrOJlb30BaTbCJI KOHI.\errI.\IfJl perlfOHaJlbHbIX I.\lfBlfJllf3aI.\lfii aHfJl. IfCToplfKa ApHOJlbiJa ,l(:JIC. TOUH6u, K-pyIO OH rrpe,ucTaBIfJl B 12-ToMHoM IfCCJle,uOBaHIfIf «fIocTlflKeHlfe IfCTOPIfIf» (1934--1961), a TaKlKe BO MH. ,up. MOHorpa¢IfJlX Ii rry6JlIfKaI.\IfJlx. B OTJlIf'llfe OT YM03pIfTeJlbHblX If crreKYJlJlTIfBHbIX KOHI.\errI.\lfii ,lJ,aHIfJleBcKoro If lilrreHfJlepa, a TaKlKe rrOJlbCKOrO IfcToplfKa
3aI.\lfii, «oc060ro rrYTIf» ,uJlJl pa3Hblx cTpaH If Hapo,uOB. B 6y,uYII.\eM, rrO-BIf,uIfMOMy, B0306Jla,uaeT TBOp'1eCKOe COBMeII.\eHlfe 06elfx 3TlfX KOHI.\errI.\lfii. fIoKa lKe rr060pHlfKIf BTOpoii rrapa,ulfrMbI, Bpo,ue aMep. rroJlIfTOJlOra C3MI03Jla XaHTIfHITOHa, rrpe,uBOCXIfII.\aIOT, 'ITO 21 B. 6y,ueT CTOJleTlfeM CTOJlKHOBeHIfJl If BoiiH MelK,uy I.\IfBIfJlIf3aI.\IfJlMIf.
3. A. Apa6-02Jlb/
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A. A. ryceuHo6
,ulfeii B PaJBIfTlf1f U. JlBJlJleTCJI c03,uaHlfe «yHIfBepCaJlbHorO roc-Ba», a B HeM «YHIfBepCaJlbHOii pe-
IJ;HOJIKOBCKHH
KOHcTaHTIfH 3,uyap,uOBIf'l pyc. Y'leHblii If MbICJlIfTeJlb, O,uIfH 1f3 oCHOBaTeJleii KOCMOHaBTIfKIf. BbICKa3b1BaJi If,uelf 0 B03MOlKHOCTif OCBOeHIfJl OKOJl03eMHOro rrpocTpaH-
JllfrHlf», cBoero po,ua «KYKOJlKIf» (KOKOHa) rrOCJle,uyIOII.\eii U. K HaCTOJlII.\eMY BpeMeHIf cOXpaHIfJlOCb Bcero HeCKOJlbKO I.\IfBIfJlIf3aI.\lfii, HO B Ka'leCTBe rrpe-
(i 857-1935) -
06Jla,uaIOII.\eii If Half60Jlee rrporpeCCIfBHoii ToiiH61f
CTBa, paCCeJleHIfJl '1eJlOBeKa B KOCMoce, U. 060CHO-
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BbIBaJl If X cBoeii «KoCMIf'leCKOii ¢IfJloco¢lfeii». OH C'IIfTaJl, 'ITO Bce MHoro06paJife Mlfpa, BKJlIO'IaJI '1eJlO-
649
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IJ;1fIJ;EPOH
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.L\peBHepHMCKHH opaTOp, qlHJIOCO¢ H nOJIHTH'IeCKHH
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.L\ellTeJIb. Ero ¢HJIOC. CO'l., HanHcaHHbIe rJI. 06p. B
MapK TYJIJIHH
(106-43 B
.L\O H. 3.) -
lJeJIOBeK, O.L\HaKO, MOlKeT KOHTPOJIHpOBaTb XO.L\ HX
¢opMe .L\HaJIOra, 3KJIeKTH'IHbI.
pa3BHTHli H .L\alKe C03H.L\aTb npHHUHnHaJIbHO HOBbIe
U;. CKJIOHliJiCli
6HOJIOrH'IeCKHe CYIUeCTBa, nepeCTpaHBaTb CBOIO
TepHli .L\JIli OTJIH'IeHHlI peaJIbHbIX npe.L\CTaBJIeHHH OT
6HOXHMH'IeCKYIO npHpO.L\Y. COCTaBHOH '1aCTblO B3rJIlI.L\OB
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(45),
6a3HpYIOIUaliCli Ha ero HarypqlHJIOcocllHH H BKJIIO'Ia-
3JIa»
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(43)
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6JIare, 0 .L\06p0.L\eTeJIliX KaK e.L\HHCTBeHHOM HCTO'l-
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'1eCKOrO npOCTpaHCTBa. 11M 6bIJIH BbI.L\BHHYTbI Teo-
POH, no ero MHeHHIO, paCKpbIBaeT TOJIbKO npaKTH-
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JIHTH'IeCKHX CO'l. (TCI)EPH AHTOHlf 31l1JIH Kyrrep (1671-1713) -
aHfJI. <jJlfJIOCO<jJ If MOPaJIlfCT. HarrHCaJI pll)l pa60T
rro 3TlfKe, c06paHHblx rrO)l 06I1.\lfM 3afJIaBHeM «XapaK-
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HOCTH MOpaJIlf If ee He3aBlfClfMOCTlf OT COUHaJIbHbIX
Hallie MOpaJIbHOe rrpeBOCXO)lCTBO. O)lHO H3 ueHTPaJIb-
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1711).
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HbIX rrOHlITHH 3CTeTHKlf
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peaJIhHOCTH Bhlcillero nOpll.l\Ka, T. e. (OCTeTHqeCKOH
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we.
COq.: «0 qeTBepOJlKOM KopHe 3aKOHa .L\OCTaTOqHO-
ro OCHOBaHllJl»
(1836);
(1813; 1847);
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(1841),
(2 T., 1851). II. C. rypeeu'l
ll36elKHbIll rrpouecc YMllpaHllJI CMepTeJIbHO paHeHHO-
(1880-1936) -
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Tell C T. 3p. llX 3HaqllMOCTll .L\JIJI rrOllCKa CMbICJIa qeJIOB03HllKaeT TaKlKe
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eT C060ll MOP¢OJIOmJl KYJIbTYPbI W., MOlKHO BbI.L\e-
BeqeCKoro cymecTBoBaHllJI.
Y Hero
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TOHa yHHBepcyM 3H.l\OCOB npe.l\CTaBJISIeT 06JIaCTb Beq-
HO OrpaHHqHBaIOT 3rOHCTHqeCKOe CBOeBOJIHe. ,n:p.
1I0ro, HeH3MeHHoro, cy6cTaHQHaJIbHOrO, TO .l\JISI
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OH cYll\eCTByeT Cpe.l\H CTPYKTYP BpeMeHHoro C03Ha-
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BaeTCSI HpaBcTBeHHocTbIO, 6a30Bble Tpe60BaHHSI H
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rypHo-pemOHaJIbHbIX TPMHQHSIX), no CYll\eCTBy, Ha-
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qero MOryT 6bITb
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HOH) meO!lOZUU, rrOJIaraBllIeH, '-ITO Eoz He HMeeT am-
TI. C1>eHepa6eH.u, M. MaJIKeH H .up.). ):{p. cYllIeCTBeHHbIM rrYHKTOM pacxolK.ueHHH CpeJlH 3KCTepHaJIHCTOB
pu6ym06 H He rrOMaeTClI orrpe.ueJIeHHIO. COfJIaCHO 3., 6e3JIH'-IHbIH H 6eCKa'-leCTBeHHbIH a6co!llOm eCTb '-IHC-
lIBJIlIeTClI Borrpoc 0 TOM, BJIHlIlOT JIH COUHaJIbHbIe <jJaK-
Tall 60lKeCTBeHHall CYlllHOCTb, «60lKeCTBO», HJIH «HH'-I-
TOPbI TOJIbKO Ha HarrpaBJIeHHe H TeMrrbI pa3BHTHlI Ha-
TO» (, Kpyr B )lOKa3aTeJIbCTBe. ITpHBe)leHHe B Ka'IeCTBe )lOKa3aTeJIbCTBa Toro, 'ITO HY)!(HO )lOKa3aTb. Cog ito ergo sum - JIaT., 1I MbICJIIO, CJIe)lOBaTeJIbHO, cymecTBYIO. OCH. rrOJIO)!(eHHe CPHJIOCOCPHH
CJJOBAPb J1HOfl3bJl!HbIX TEPMJ1HOB
Bepe, rrpHMaT BepbI Ha)l pa3YMOM. Cpo Sacrificium intellectus.
Credo, ut intelligam - JIaT., BeplO, 'IT06bI rrOHliTb. «51 BeplO, 'IT06bI rrOHHMaTb, a He CTapalOCb rroHlITb, 'IT06bI rrOTOM YBepOBaTb», - 3alIBJIliJI AItCeJlbM Keltmep6epuUCKUU, C'IHTaBWHH Bepy OCHOBOH rr03HaHHlI. Cum principia negante non est disputandum - JIaT., COTpHl.lalOmHM OCHOBbI He crroplIT, T. e. 6e3 COmaCHli B OCH. rrOCbIJIKaX HeB03MO)!(eH JIOrH'IeCKHH crrop. Dasein - HeM., HaJIH'IHOe 6bITHe, cymecTBoBaHHe, rrpHCYTCTBHe. Definitio essentialis - JIaT., cymeCTBeHHoe orrpe)leJIeHHe. De omnibus dubitandum - JIaT., COMHeBaHCli BO BceM. 11CXO)lHbIH rryHKT CPHJIOcocpHHjJeKapma, K-PbIH rrpOB03maCHJI COMHeHHe e)lHHCTBeHHO rrpaBHJIbHbIM MeTO)lOM rr03HaHHlI. Deus ex machina - JIaT., 6YKBaJIbHo: 60r H3 MaWHHbI, T. e. He'ITO, rrOlIBJIlilOmeeCli HeO)!(H)laHHO, H3BHe. Deus sive natura - JIaT., Dor, HJIH rrpHpO)la, T. e. TO)!()leCTBO Dora H rrpHpO)lbI B CPHJIOCOCPHH Cnu-
jJeKapma.
Coincidentia oppositorum - JIaT., COBrra)leHHe rrpoTHBOpe'IHH. HUKOflau KY3altcKuu yrroTpe6JIliJI 3TOT TepMHH )lJIli 0603Ha'IeHHlI YCTpaHeHHlI rrpoTHBOpe'IHH B 6eCKOHe'IHoM. Common sense - aHm., «3)lpaBbIH CMbICJI». Conditio sine qua non - JIaT., HerrpeMeHHoe yCJIOBHe, YCJIOBHe, 6e3 K-pOro HeB03MO)!(HO C06bITHe. Consensus gentium (consensus omnium) - JIaT., MeTO)l )lOKa3aTeJIbCTBa: TO, B 'IeM comaCHbI Bce, 'ITO rrpH3HaeTCli BceMH, 06blIBJIlieTCli HCTHHOH. K TaKOH aprYMeHTal.lHH rrpH6eraJIH cmOUKU, l)uqepolt H CPHJIOCOCPbI WOTJIaH)lCKOH WKOJIbI. Contradictio in adjecto - JIaT., rrpOTHBOpe'IHe B orrpe)leJIeHHH. Harrp., KBa)lpaTHbIH TpeyroJIbHHK. Contrat social- cpp., 06mecTBeHHbIH )lOroBOP (06UJecm(JeItIt020 iJo20(JOpa meopUfl).
Credo, quia absurdum - JIaT., BeplO, rrOTOMY 'ITO 3TO HeJIerro. 113pe'IeHHe, rrpHrrHCbIBaeMoe Tepmyflflualty H 03Ha'ialOmee rrpH3bIB K CJIerrOH
It03bl.
Dictum de omni et nullo - JIaT., CKa3aHHoe 060 BceM H HH 0 'IeM. Differentia specifica - JIaT., BH)lOBOe OTJIH'IHe, xapaKTepHali oc06eHHocTb. Docta ignorantia - JIaT., Y'IeHOe He3HaHHe, T. e. «HaY'IHbIM rrYTeM» )lOCTHrHYToe rrOHHMaHHe He06blITHOCTH 6eCKOHe'IHoro, 60)!(eCTBeHHoro, HerrOCTH)!(HMOCTH 60ra. E-
YCJIOBHbIH 3HaK B JIOrHKe, 0603Ha'ialOmHH 06meOTpHl.laTeJIbHOe Cy)!()leHHe. E - rrepBaH macHall JIaT. CJIOBa nego - OTpHl.lalO. Elan vital - cpp., )!(H3HeHHbIH rropbIB, )!(H3HeHHali 3HeprHlI. IToHliTHe CPHJIOCOCPHH Eep2colta. Ens - JIaT., cymee, 6bITHe, cymHocTb, Bemb. Ens a se - JIaT., cymee, lIBJIlilOmeeCli TaKOBbIM 6JIaro)lapli caMoMY ce6e, B OTJIH'IHe OT ens ab alio - 3aBHClimee OT )lPYroro, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe, coTBopeHHoe. Ens cogitans - JIaT., MbICJIlimee cymecTBo. Ens entium - JIaT., cymHocTb cymHocTeH.
716
CllOBAPb I1HOH3bl'lHbIX TEPMlfHOB
Ens rationis - JIaT., MhICJIHMali Bemh. Ens reale - JIaT., peaJIhHali Bemh, HCTHHHO cymee. Ens realissimum - JIaT., B CXOJIaCTHqeCKOH