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1914
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1914-1918
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"51
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paB):(aHHOCTb pl1CKa, Ha KOTOpblH OH nowen.
6blJIO CPOlJHO HCnpaBJIHTb. 3CKa,D,pa cjJOH lllnee, 060rHyB MblC rOpH, yHWI-
qepLJHJInb Bce)J(e CLlen YMeCTHblM HamlcaTb bHTTI1 ycnoKOHTeJTbHOe
TO)f{IlJla 6bl Bce aHrJlIlHCKOe cy,D,OXO,D,CTBO B 10)f{HOH ATJIaHTHKe. TIo.u
nHCbMO: "LJ.oporoH bHTTH! Ha.uelocb, lJTO B 6JTH)f{aiiweM 6y):(yl.l.\eM Bawa
yrp03011 rYr6eJII1 OKa3aJlHCb MHorOLIHCneHHbIe TpaHcnopTbl C BOHCKaMIl,
3cKa.upa 6y.ueT yCHneHa B03Bpal.l.\eHHeM o.uHoro 3a6ny):(wero KOTa ("ITPHH-
Haxo.uHBwHeclI B TOT MOMeHT y n06epe)f{bll 10)J(HOM A
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XI1l.l.\HOro 3Bepll-"KYHH 3JTH3a6eT". Ho H ceHLlac BbI MO)f{eTe CMeno CMOT-
nac yrnH H npocne.uOBaTb B bepX3l1Bel-l, nOCKonbKY "OI-lH CpOlJHO Tpe6yloT-
peTb B nHUO 06CTOllTenbCTBaM. "LJ.epcjJJTHHrep" TaKoii }Ke HOBbIii, KaK H
B Cpe):(H3eMHoe Mope 06eCnelJHBaTb npl1KpbITHe CTapblM 6pOHeHocuaM,
nH cMoryT OTnpaBHTbClI B nYTb -
WTypMyJOl.l.\HM LJ.ap.uaHennbCKHH npOJlHB.
13 HOH6pH, nHTHHua. LJ.0 3Toro pa601lHC
He ycnelOT 3aKOI-ILIHTb KJIa):(Ky nepeMbILleK H3 orl-leynopl-loro Kl1pnWIa Me)K-
YnpllMblH CT3P):(H He nOClJHTaJI HY}KHbIM B TOLIHOCTH HCnOJTHHTb npH-
,D,y KOTJIaMH "I1I-1BHHcH6na". C006l.l.\HTb TaKOe MOpCKOMy BOJIKy cTapoii
Ka3 A,D,MHpaJTTeHCTBa: "CJTe):(OBaTb K lOran lKe-
,llOBaHHlI. Kl1J1 Ha cy,n: '-lHTaTeJIeH CBOI1 "He3aWOpeI-lHbIH B3rnJltl" CTO-
611Tb nlO60ro BocnHTaHHoro yenOBCKa: "JIOPtlbl AtlMl1panTeHCTBa BnonHe
pOHHero llellOBeKa Ha IOTJlaH,n:cKoe Cpa>KeHl1e. OH c06paJl 11 TLl..\aTeJIbHO l o6pa'60Tan OrpOMHblH MaTepHaJ1. Y cnel..ll1anl1CTOB ero onyc nony ll1J1 Bbl-
y,llOBneTBOpellbI. .. "; "JIOp,n:bl A,llMHpaJITeHCTBa He MoryT npH3HaTb, lITO B 3TOM MeCTe tlOnYl1.\eHa KaKa}l-nH60 I-leCnpaBe,n:m1BOCTb ... "; "
TYlHreM", 06ccne4l1BaJ-Oll.lI1H npl1KpblTHC KOJlOHHbl rJIaBHblX CI1Jl, 6blfl aTaKOBaH nO)];BOAHOH JlO)];KOH "U-53" 11 nOJIy411JI nOna)];aHHC )];ByMlI TOpne)];aMYI. OH OCTaJlCli Ha nJlaBY, 11 cra, nOlKaJlYH, MO)((HO 6blJIO oT6yKcI1poBaTb Ha 6a3Y, HO 4cpe3 4ac B Hero nonaJla ew,c O)];Ha TopneAa, 11 Kpei1cep yweJl nOll BO)];y. 3TOT CJIylIaH KpaHHC BCTpeBO)((I1JI ,l()((CJIJII1KO. OH npl1Ka3aJl noBepHyTb Ha 180 rpaAycoB 11 ,llBl1raTbC5I B 06panioM HanpaBJICHI111 AO TCX nop, nOKa "cwryaI..\l151 He np05lCHI1TC5I". I1pOWJIO 4 4aca, npe)(()];e IleM KOMaHAyJ-Ow,HH ¢JIOTOM BHOBb Ha6paJlCli CMeJlOCnl nOBepHyTb Ha lor 11 BO306HOBHTb )];BII)((CHl1e HaBcTpelly npoTI1BHI1KY· K 14.00 JlHHCHHble Kpei1cepa bl1TTH HaXO)];I1J1HCb B KaKHx-HH6YAb 40 MHJlllX OT 1-IHI1 H CC COI03HHKOB 6blJIa nOJIHOCTbJO YHHlITO)f{CI-la.
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KOHUY
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CJIC)lCTBHlI MOpCKOH 6JIOKa)lbl CTaml BCC OCTpCC 01llYlllaTbC5i B [cpMaI-lI1H,
1901
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22
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32
1916 r. rO)la.
B
HaCTOlllllCC BpCMlI Mbl HC MO)f{CM C yBcpeHHocTblO yTBCp)f{)laTb, C KaKoro
nOJIHOCTblO y)lywa5i cc 3KOHOMHKy H npOMbIWJICHHOCTb, ypC3a5i paUHOH
BpCMCHl-1 aHa HaLlaJIa npOllBJI5iTb K My)f{CCTBCHHOMy 3JICraHTHoMy a)lMl1pa-
nHTaHHlI B TblJIY 11 Ha ¢pOHTC.
JIy B paCUBCTC neT I-1HTCpCC HCCKOJIbKO HHoro xapaKTepa, llCM TOT, KaKOH
))lCCb Ha HCKOTOpOC BpeM5i npC)lCTOHT OTBJIClJbC5i OT np06JIeM MOp-
06bl LIHO Bbl3bIBaJDT Y mO)lcH TaKl1e JIl-1lJHOCTI-1, KaK bHTTH. bl-1TTH 6blJI )laBHO
CKOH BOHHbl H ncpcHTH K np06JICMaM HHTHMHoro xapaKTcpa, nOCKOJIbKY
3HaKOM C cynpyraMl-1 [o.n:¢PI-1-OCCCT. OH BCTpcLlaJIC5i C Hl-1MH Ha KOpOJICB-
XpOHOJIOrHlJCCKH KpH3HC B JIHlJI-loli )KH3HH ,U3BH)la bHTTH nOlJTH COBna)la-
CKHX npHcMax H OXOTax. MbIOTaHT KOpOJI5i OKa3£1JI CO)lCHCTBI1C 3TCflb bHTTl-1
CT C I-la3HalJCHI1CM cro KOMaI-l)lyJOlllHM ¢JIOTOM. TCM 60JICC lITO aBTOp Ha-
B cc nonblTJeBpane 11 MapTe 1917 r.
I1IOIIJO 1917
)TOT MI1HH MaJIbHblH ypo-
17 anpeIlll 1917 r. bl1TTI1 Bbl3Banl1 ):(llll ,nOKIla,na B A,nMl1panTeHcTBo.
repMaHCKl1e cy6Mapl1Hbl YHI14TO)l(I1JHI 500 000 T. IToTepJ-l cpe.L\H nO,llnon-
B JIOH,nOJ-l 01-1 neTen KaK Ha KpblJ1bllX: npe6bIBaHI1e B CTOnI1Lte, nYCTb ):(a)J(e
HblX JTO,llOK 6blJIII He3Ha41iTeIIbHbi H npaKTI14eCKH He YBenWIHBamlCh no
caMoe KpaTKoBpeMeHHoe, 06eLUaJlO BCTpeLly C 1O,[{)J(I1HI1. CeMeHcTBo [o,n-
npH4HHe He3cPcPeKTI1BHOCTH cpe,nCTB 60Pb6bl C HliMH. C Ha4ana BOHHbl ,ll0
epPI1-
anpenll 1917 L, no pa3nH4HblM ,naHHbIM, 6bIJlO YHI14To)l(eHo OT 54,n0 58
r.
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cy6Mapl1H. B TO )I(e BpeMll B cepe,nHHe 1917
eMy Haxo,nHTbClI npl1 oc06e MOHapxa B BI1H):(30pe.
ran 120 ,neHCTByJOlllYlMH no,nBO,llHbIMH JTO,llKaM 11 , 113 06LUero LIl1cna 140.
B ,nHeBHI1KOBbIX 3anHClIX [o,ncPPI1-
KIiH epnoT nOnOnHJlnClI
Hee y)J(I1Han )l3BI1,n bI1TTH". E):(Ba JlH 31'0 6blIl npOCTO CKpOMHblH TI1XHH
Ll.OH3MelI\eHl1e OT 550 ,no 850 T H 3Ha l IHTenbHO npeBOCXOLl.HnH pa3MepaMI1
y)J(I1H ):(nll .L\BOI1X. B03BpaTHBWI1Cb I-Ia "KYI1I-1 3nI13a6eT", OH 6yKBanbHO Ha
Te cy6MapHHbl, C KOTOpblMH [epMaHHlI I-1a4ana MHpOByIO BOHHy. OHI1 I1MeIlH
O,nHOM ,nblXaHI1I1 nHweT eH nHCbMO: "IO,n)J(I1HH, ,noporall, COH 3TO I1nl1 lIBb!
rOpa3,ll0 6onhwyJO aBTOHOMHOCTb nnaBaHl1l1, Boopy)\{aJIlICb HOBhlMH
Bcero O,nI1H ,neHb Bblcwero 6na)J(eHCTBa, 1I e,nBa Mory nOBepl1Tb, 41'0 3TO
weHHblMIi nmar.m Topne,n, HX CpeLl.CTBa 60Pb6bl 3a )J(I1BYLleCTh nOCTOllHHO
6blno Ha caMOM ,nene ...
5I
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JIo,nKaMI1. Honble nO,llBo,nHble 1l0,nKIi HMemr BO-
yny4-
cOBepweHcTBoBallHcb.
41'0 ,na)l(e He Mory npHcTynl1Tb K pa60Te". TaK pa3BI1BanaCb 3Ta CTpaCTb,
)llliJ 60Pb6bl C nO,llBo,nHbIMI1 no,nKaMH 6pl1TaHCKOe MopcKoe KOMaH-
KOTOpylO )l3BI1,n bl1TTI1 11 1O,n)l(I1HI1 fo,nepPI1-
,nonaHlie pacnonarano B 06w.eH CnO)l(HOCTH 280 3CMHHuaMI-I. OLl.HtlKO He
11 Tw.aTenbHO CKpblBalll1 01' OKpY)l(aIOLUI1X.
MeHee 100 H3 HYlX 6blJll1 3a,neHCTBOBaHbI ,nnJl 3CKa,npeHI-IbIX Hy)l(L1. -
C epeBpanll 1917 L xapaKTep MOpCKOH BOHHbl B eBponeHcKHx BO.L\aX
,nnll
conpOnO)l()I.eHIHI TlI)I(enblX Kopa6neH, nOCKonbKY bl1ITI1 He I1MeJT npaBa c6pa-
$no-
Kap.L\HHanbHO nepeMeHI1JTClI. 31 lIHBapll [epMaHHlI oepl1LtHanbI-lO 06bllBHJIa
ChlBaTb CO C4eTOB n03MO)l(I-10CTb CTOJTKHOBeHl1l1 C rnaBHblMH Cl1nal;'1i
o Ha4ane "HeOrpaHI1LleHHOH no,nBo,nHOH BOHHbl" npoTHB ToproBoro cy,no-
Ta OTKpblToro MOpll. OXOTOH 3a nop,Bo,nHbIMH nO,llKaMH B npl16pe)l(HbiX
xo,nCTBa cTpaH AHTaHTbI. Y)I(e B OCeHHl1e MeClILtbl 1916 r. ):(a)l(e B ycnoBl1l1X "OrpaHI14eHHblx" onepaLtI1H repMaHCKI1X no,nBO.L\HbIX no,nOK nOTepH 6pH-
BO,llaX 3aHliMaJII1Cb MHOrO 'Il1CneHHble Tpanbllll1KIi, CTOp0)l(eBble Kopa6nl1 H np0411e Bcnor.lOraTenbHble BoeHHble cY.L\a, HO IiX ycnexl1 6blnli BeCbMa
TaHCKoro ToprOBoro epnoTa CTanl1 yrp0)l(aIoLUe paCTH, COCTaBI1B 146 000
CKpOMHbI.
l' B oKT1I6pe, 145 000 l' -
B H01l6pe 11 109 000 l' -
B ,neKa6pe. Ho 3TH
AHrJIl1HCKlilt rl1,npoepoH npeMeH nepBoH MlipOBOH BOHHbl npe.L\CTaB-
LtHepPbI OKa3anHCb npOCTO CMeXOTBopHblMH no cpaBHeHI1IO C TeMI1 nOTepll-
nJln C060H BeCbMa npl1MI1THBHOe yCTpOHCTBO, Ii C ero nOMOlllbIO HeB03-
MH, KOTopble ToprOBoe cy,nOXO,nCTBO COI03HI1KOB nOHecno C epeBpanll no
MO)l(HO 6blJlO onpeLl.eJII1Tb HI! paCCTOJlHIiJl ,nO 06beKTa, HI1 HanpaBneHHe
HIOHb 1917 r.
ero ,llBI1)1(eHIiJl.
BeJll1K06pl1TaHI111 OKaJallaCb 3a)J(aTOH B TI1CKaX 6ecnow.a,nHoH no,nBO,nHOH BOHHbl. K anpemo 1917
r.
bonee COBepweHHblH "ACLl.I1K" CTaJl nOCTynaTb Ha BOOPy-
)J(eHHe CO BTOPOH nOnOBI1Hhl 1917 r. JIa-MaHw 6hlJl npaKTI1LleCKI1 nonHO-
nOTepl1 ToproBoro eplloTa COlO3HI1KOB
CTbJO neperopo)J(eH MIiHHblMH nOllllMYI 11 MOLUHblMI1 npOTI1BOnO,ll04HbIMI1
11 HeihpaJlbHblX cTpaH 01' ,nei1cTBI1H repMaHcKHx no,nBo,nHbIX no,nOK ,nOC-
CeTJlMH 113 eTaJIbHbIX TpOCOB. Ho 11 3Ta Mepa He npHHecna cyLUecTBeI-lHoro
Tl1rnl1 250 000 l' B He,nemo, 3Ha4HTenbHO npeBblcHB ,na)l(e TOT nOKa3aTenb,
06ner4eHIHI eOI03HHKaM. bonee Toro, TaK Ha3bIBaeMhlH ")lyBpCKHH bap-
KOTOpblH HeMLtbl nepBOHa4anbHO ,nnll ce611 HaMen1J1H. B Te4eHI1e o,nHoro
pa)l(", KapayIIl1Bwl1H 3TH eeTH H MI1HHble noml, nOCTOllHHO nO,llBepranCJl
TonbKO anpenll aHrnl14aHe nOTeplllll1 373 ToproBblX cy,nHa, cyMMapHblM
HanaLl.eHHlIM repMaHCKI1X 3CMHHl.(eB I! no,nqac Hec 0W.YTl1Mble nOTepl1.
TOHHa)l(OM 869 103 T. bOnbWI1HCTBO Cy,nOB YHI14To)l(anocb Ha 3ana,nHblX
B JlHBape 1917 r. bHTTH npe,nnO)l(Hn MOpCKOMy MIfHI1CTpy KapcoI-lY
no,nxo,nax K bpl1TaHCKI1M oCTpoBaM, B JIa-MaHwe, Cpe,n113eMHOM, I1pnaH-
oCYLUecTBI1Tb nocTaHoBKy rpaH,ll1103HblX MHHHblX noneH B [eJIbrOJIaH,llC-
,nCKOM 11 CeBepHoM Mopn. ITo no,nC4eTaM 3KcnepToB npo,nyKToB nJnaHl1l1
KOM 3anHBe 11 TeM caMbIM nOJTHOCTbIO 3a6nOKI1pOBaTb Kopa6nH npoTHBHH-
160
Ell
6 JIll" 111 ega a JI b.1I {; II a x a
"KopafiJlII
II
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Ka B er~ nOpTaX. O~HaKO .L!:)KenmtKO 6blCTpO OXna.llHn ero nbln. IlepBblH MOpCKOM JTOP~ COBepweHHO cnpaBe~m!BO yKa3an, lITO ~n~ 3Toro nOTpe6yeTC~
He TonbKO
lfY~OBM~Hoe KOJTMlIeCTBO
MI1H, HO M
nOCTO~HHoe
naTpynM-
pOBaHl1e MHHHblX noneH CI1naMI1
BOHHCKOH
Bblpa3HJIl1 OnaCeHl1l1, 'ITO cYllleCTByeT HeKHM npe.n.e.TI, .n.aJJbWe KOToporo
L(epCKI1M 6yHTOM. OTBeTOM Ha Hero 6blJJ MlITe)l( pll,UOBoro COCTaBa.
HeML(bl He noH.n.yT, COl.JTlI yCJJOBHlI C_lI1WKOM YHJ13I1TeJJbHbIMH. ECJJI1 COI03-
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HHKI1 6y.nyT ynopHo CTOllTb Ha CBoeM, eCTb pHCK, 41'0 KpOBOnpOJJHTl1e 3a-
OTKpbITblM Heno.n.4HHeHl1eM, OQJI1-
nOJJI1Tl1l.JeCKI1M MOTHBaM, KOTopble 6blJJI1 nOLlaBJIeHbl )l\eJIe3HOH pyKOH 11
TliHeTCli ellle Ha ro.n.. YJM:I1CC OTnpaBI1Jl H3 IJapl1)l(a nHCbMO nl1TTIl, B KOTOpOM 06PHCOBaJJ CJJO)/{HBWYJOCli CI1TyaUl11O CJJe.n.YJOlllHM 06pa30M: "BbICWl1i;J BoeHHblii COBeT peWIIJJ, 'ITO yCJJOBHeM nepeMllpIUI 6y.n.eT c.n.a4a
160
cy6MapvHI 11 I1H-
nOBJleKnl1 3a C060H )/{eCTOl.JaHWHe Kapbl. nOcJJe COcToliBweHcli pacnpaBbl Hl1l.JerO no.n.06Horo 60JJbWe He nOBTOpllJJOCb H Hl1l.JTO He .n.aBaJlO MaJleHWero nOBo.n.a nOJlaraTb, 41'0 3anyraHHble MaTPOCbI Tenepb, B npeMBepHI1 CTaB-
TepHl1pOBaHl1e Ha.n.Bo.n.HbIX Kopa6JJcl1, nepe411CJJeHHbIX Ba~m, B HelhpaJJb-
wero COBepweHHO OlIeBI1,UHbIM OKOH4aHHlI BOHHbI, peWI1JII1Cb 6bI pHCKO-
HOM nopTY co CHlITblM 60e3anaCOM VI HenOJJHhlMH JKHna)/{a.\llt H8 60pTy,
BaTh co6CTBeHHbIMH )/{113HlIMI1, y4acTByli B KpynHoM MlITe)/{e. Pa3yMeeTcn,
3a I1CKJlIOlleHl1eM "na.n.eHa ", KOTOpblH oml HaOTpe3 OTKa3aJJI1Cb BKJlJ0411Tb
OHH He c06HpanHCb )/{epTBOBaTb )/{H3HhIO 11 yCIaCTByli B MOpCKOM cpa:>Ke-
B YCJlOBIIll 0 nepeMl1pl1l1.
51
nOJly411Jl 3aBepeHI111 npeMbep- MI1HHCTpa, .n.aH-
Hble MHe B npI1cyTCTBI1H OCTaJJbHblX 4JIeHOB Ka611HeTa, 'ITO 011 11 Bce OC-
HI1I1. nOJTOMy, Kor.n.a OHI1 B.n.pyr OKa3aJJI1Cb nepe.n. Bbl6opOM -
nOTepllTb
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nOCKOJlbKY MHE: JJ.yMaeTclI, 'ITO Kor.ua l-IeMuaM HX C006Il.(aT, OHH OTK~\)hYTCH
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none 601l. OHl1 nocTymlDVI TaK nOToMy, "ITO C4V1TaJJI1 caOH .n.eHCTBl1l1 npa-
TO, CITO HaM HY)/{HO ... ".
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OKT5I6pll Weep OT.n.aJl
Xl1mlepy npl1Ka3 "HaHeCTlI y.n.ap aHrJllIHcKoMY epJIOTy BCeMI1 l-HleIOlllH\1H-
30
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Cli CHJJCiMJ1". XHnrlep HeMe.n.JJeHHO pa3pa60TaJJ nJJaH OnepaL(111L IfCXOLlSl 113
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oKT1I6pn. PeWeHl1e llleepa HOCHJJO He BoeHHbIH, a nOJlI1Tl1'leCKH J:'l xapaK-
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apTHJInepl1ei1 KaJIH6pOM 203 MM. AMepHKaHCKHe KpeHcepa TI1na "COJIT-
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