تعارض ادله اثبات دعوی - در امور حقوقی

‫ﺳﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﺮاردادي‬

‫‪ :‬ﻋﻤﺮواﻧﻲ‪ ،‬رﺣﻤﺎن‬ ‫‪ :‬اﻳﺮان ‪ .‬ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ و اﺣﻜﺎم‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮان و ﻧﺎم ﭘﺪﻳﺪآور‬

‫‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا )در اﻣﻮر ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ( ‪ /‬رﺣﻤﺎن ﻋﻤﺮواﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻧﺸﺮ‬

‫‪ :‬ﺗﻬﺮان ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺮﺳﺎزان ‪.1390 .‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‬

‫‪ 246 ، 14 :‬ص‪0‬‬ ‫‪978-964-8884-62-3 :‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﺑﻚ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﭙﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ‬

‫‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ص‪ 245 -240 .‬؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬

‫‪ :‬ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮي‪ -‬اﻳﺮان‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬

‫‪ :‬ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮي‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬

‫‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ‬

‫ردهﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﻨﮕﺮه‬ ‫ردهﺑﻨﺪي دﻳﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫‪7 1389 :‬ت‪8‬ع‪KMH 1780/‬‬ ‫‪347/55064 :‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻠﻲ‬

‫‪3355130 :‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‪ :‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻓﻜﺮﺳﺎزان‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻛﺘﺎب‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا )در اﻣﻮر ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ(‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‪ :‬رﺣﻤﺎن ﻋﻤﺮواﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎرﮔﺎن‪1500 :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﺖ و ﺳﺎل ﭼﺎپ‪ :‬اول‪1390 ،‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‪ :‬وزﻳﺮي‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺑﻚ‪978-964-8884-62-3 :‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‪ 60000 :‬رﻳﺎل‬ ‫دﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات‪ :‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬خ اﻧﻘﻼب‪ ،‬خ وﺣﻴﺪ ﻧﻈﺮي‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺨﺮ رازي و خ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻪ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪021 -66960760 :‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﺮي )آﺷﺘﻴﺎﻧﻲ(‪ ،‬ﭘﻼك ‪ ،22‬واﺣﺪ ‪4‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬار ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺻﺮفﻧﻈﺮ از ﺣﻘﻮق ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ وﺟﻮد دارد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي را ﺑﺮاي اﺷﺨﺎص ﺑﻪ رﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ از ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق و ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻣﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ از ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪ اول ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ اﺛﺒﺎت اﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮق و ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ و آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ ﺣﻖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺛﺒﻮت وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻋﻲ در اﺛﺒﺎت آﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دادﮔﺎهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا اﺣﺎﻃﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻧﺤﻮه‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊآوري دﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ دﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ دﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت اراﺋﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ و ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا ﺗﺴﻠﻂ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫در زﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ اﻳﻨﺠﺎﻧﺐ در دوره ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﻛﺘﺎبﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺧﻮاﻧﺪم ﻛﻪ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮ اﻣﺎره و اﺻﻞ ﻣﻘﺪم ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ و اﻣﺎره ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ اﺻﻞ ﻣﻘﺪم اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻜﻦ در ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻴﺎن ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا در ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺧﺎص از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺷﻬﻮد‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻴﺎن ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ و ﺳﻨﺪ ﻋﺎدي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﻟﺬا از ﻫﻤﺎن‬ ‫زﻣﺎن ﻓﻜﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا را در ﺳﺮ داﺷﺘﻢ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺧﻮد را در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺧﻮاﻫﺸﻤﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻨﺠﺎﻧﺐ را از اﻧﺘﻘﺎدات‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮات و‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات ﺧﻮد ﺑﻲﺑﻬﺮه ﻧﮕﺬارﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫رﺣﻤﺎن ﻋﻤﺮواﻧﻲ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮاي ﺣﻘﻮق ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬ ‫ج‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪1...................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ اول‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎت‪5............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎت ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪5...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ‪5..................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ادﻟﻪ‪ ،‬اﺛﺒﺎت و دﻋﻮا‪5......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ادﻟﻪ‪5.................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬اﺛﺒﺎت‪6...............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬دﻋﻮا‪6...............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪7..........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬اﻗﺴﺎم دﻟﻴﻞ‪8...........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬اﻗﺴﺎم دﻟﻴﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق اﻳﺮان‪8...................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻨﺸﺎء‪8...................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪9.........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ادﻟﻪ‪10........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺣﺼﺮي ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﺼﺮي ﺑﻮدن ادﻟﻪ‪10..................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‪13.............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺷﺸﻢ ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻧﻴﺎز ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪم ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪13.............................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‪ -‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت‪15...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬اﻗﺴﺎم دﻟﻴﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ و ﻣﺼﺮ‪15................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت ادﻟﻪ در ﺣﻘﻮق اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ‪15..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت ادﻟﻪ در ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺼﺮ‪16......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا و ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت اﺣﻜﺎم‪16...................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪم ﺣﺼﺮ ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪18................................................................‬‬ ‫ح‬

‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ‪18.............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪاﻧﺎن‪19....................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪20..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ‪23..............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ‪24................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻌﺎرض‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰاﺣﻢ‪24............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض‪24..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪25...........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﺗﺰاﺣﻢ‪25..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪26.................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪26.................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪26.................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬دﻻﻳﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ و دﻻﻳﻞ اﻗﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪28 ..........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬دﻻﻳﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪28................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬دﻻﻳﻞ اﻗﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪29...............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ و ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪30....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪30..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪30................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻌﺎرض‪32........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬وﺟﻮد ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دو دﻟﻴﻞ‪32.........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺎﻓﻲ و ﺗﻜﺬﻳﺐ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪33.....................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬وﺣﺪت ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‪33..................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺣﺠﻴﺖ ادﻟﻪ)ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ(‪35...............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬اﻗﺴﺎم ﺗﻌﺎرض‪36...................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪37...............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺑﺴﻴﻂ و ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪39.......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اراﺋﻪ و راهﺣﻞ ﻣﻮرد اﺧﺘﻴﺎر‪40.....................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت و راهﺣﻞﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اراﺋﻪ‪40.......................................................................‬‬ ‫خ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ :‬راهﺣﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﺎ ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت اﺣﻜﺎم‪40........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺨﻴﻴﺮ‪40..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ‪41.............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ :‬راهﺣﻞﻫﺎي وﻳﮋه ﺗﻌﺎرض ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪42.......................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻘﺪم دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ‪42............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‪43......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪43..................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪45....................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪46.....................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺗﻌﺪد ادﻟﻪ‪46.........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬راهﺣﻞ ﻣﻮرد اﺧﺘﻴﺎر )راهﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ(‪47...................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ دوم‪ :‬ادﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻰ‪54..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول‪ :‬اﻗﺮار‪55..........................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار‪55...................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ اﻗﺮار‪55.........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻗﺮار‪55..................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﺮار‪56..................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬اﻗﺴﺎم اﻗﺮار‪57...................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻗﺮار‪57........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻗﺮار در دادﮔﺎه‪57..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻗﺮار ﺧﺎرج از دادﮔﺎه‪59..........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻗﺮار ﺷﻔﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﺎرج از دادﮔﺎه‪60.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻗﺮار ﻛﺘﺒﻲ ﺧﺎرج از دادﮔﺎه‪60....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار‪62..............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار ﺳﺎده‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﻴﺪ و ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪63........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار ﺳﺎده‪63....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار ﻣﻘﻴﺪ‪65....................................................................................‬‬ ‫د‬

‫‪ -3‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪66..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار در دادﮔﺎه)ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ( و اﻗﺮار ﺧﺎرج از دادﮔﺎه)ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ(‪67 ..‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻗﺮار در اﻣﻮر ﻛﻴﻔﺮي‪69...............................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪70..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬اﺻﻞ ﻋﺪم اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪71.........................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ ادﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺮ‪71..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ ادﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﻟﻪ‪72...............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ ادﻟﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪74 .................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎت ﻋﺪم اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار‪76....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض دو ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪76...............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺧﻮاﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ اﻗﺮار ﺧﻮاﻧﺪه‪76...............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮارﻫﺎي دو ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪه‪77.................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار و اﻣﺎرات‪79.................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪79...........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻗﺮار ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪80............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم‪ :‬اﺳﻨﺎد‪82.......................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺪ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﻨﺎد‪82.......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺪ‪82.........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻨﺪ‪82.................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬اﻗﺴﺎم ﺳﻨﺪ‪83........................................................... ......................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻋﺎدي‪84...............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﻨﺎد‪84..............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﻗﺪرتاﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲاﺳﻨﺎد‪ ،‬ﻣﻮارد ﺿﺮورت ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ و ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ اﺟﺮاي آن‪85.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﻨﺎد‪85.........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻮارد ﺿﺮورت ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ‪85..................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ اﺟﺮاي ﻋﺪم ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ‪88.........................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ارزش اﺳﻨﺎد در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪90........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﺳﻨﺎد‪91................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ذ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ -‬ﺣﺪود اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﺳﻨﺎد‪94....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻀﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻘﺎم آﻧﻬﺎ‪94............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪94 .................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ -‬اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺳﻨﺎد‪95 ....................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﺳﻨﺎد ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪97..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﺳﻨﺎد ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت )ﮔﻮاﻫﻲ(‪97.......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض اﺳﻨﺎد ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪100...................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﺳﻨﺎد ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪103...........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﺳﻨﺎد ﺑﺎ اﺳﻨﺎد‪104...................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ‪105............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻋﺎدي‪107.............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻨﺪ ﻋﺎدي‪110.............................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪111............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪112 ...................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪112..........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻣﺎره‪112...............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬اﻗﺴﺎم اﻣﺎره‪112.................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺎدﻳﻖ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪113................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪114 ........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪115................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪116.............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪117......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت‪117.........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‪119.................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪120..............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪121..............................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ )ﻗﺴﻢ(‪122...............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ‪122................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ر‬

‫اﻗﺴﺎم ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ‪123..................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺑﺘّﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ دﻋﻮا‪123..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺑﺘّﻲ‪124..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬اﻣﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺑﺘّﻲ‪124......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺑﺘّﻲ در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪129........................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪130...........................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪133................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪134.............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ )ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻳﻤﻴﻦ(‪134.............................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ )ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻳﻤﻴﻦ(‪135..................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ )ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ(‪136.................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪137.................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻈﻬﺎري‪137.........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻈﻬﺎري‪138.......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻈﻬﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪139............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ادﻟﻪ اﻗﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪142 .........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول‪ :‬ﺷﻬﺎدت )ﮔﻮاﻫﻲ(‪145................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدت‪145.........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدت‪145.................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻬﺎدت‪145...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ‪146.................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬اﻧﻮاع ﺷﻬﺎدت‪146.............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ -‬ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺷﻬﺎدت‪147.............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدت‪148........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﺎم ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪148.............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻣﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪149..............................................................‬‬

‫ز‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪151................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺮ ﺷﻬﺎدت )ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ(‪155 ..........................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬دﻋﺎوي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺮ ﺷﻬﺎدت)ﻗﺪرت اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ(‪155 ..............................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺮ ﺷﻬﺎدت در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ)ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ(‪156 .....................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ‪157........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻣﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ‪157.....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪157.......................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪157............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪158...........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪161.....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺷﻬﻮد ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪163............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت‪166...........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪166.........................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ‪167.....................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ‪167..............................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻧﻮاع ﺷﻬﺎدت ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدﺗﻲ از ﻫﻤﺎن ﻧﻮع‪168.......................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم‪ :‬ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪169..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪170.......................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪170.............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪170......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪171 ..............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪172............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬اﻣﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪177..........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪180.........................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت دﻋﻮا‪181.....................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ‪184...................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪185.......................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪186....................................................‬‬ ‫س‬

‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪187..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‪189.......................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ در ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻋﺎم‪189.........................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬اﻣﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‪189.......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‪192........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪194........................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪195....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎ اﺳﻨﺎد‪195............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدت‪197........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪198 .....................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‪198.............................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪201................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪203..............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪203.......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬اﻣﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪205..........................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪206......................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪208..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﻨﺎد‪208.........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‪209..............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪210.............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪212........................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪214.....................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ارزش اﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪214....................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪214.........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ اول‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪214...................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ دوم‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺎدﻳﻖ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪215................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﻮم‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ و ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪215..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪216..........................................................................‬‬ ‫ش‬

‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬اﻣﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪219............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ در اﻗﻨﺎع ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‪220......................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ادﻟﻪ‪224....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اول‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﻨﺎد‪225 ..........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪226 ...............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‪227...............................................................‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎرض اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻣﺎره ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪228............................................................‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي‪229........................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫واژهﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪236 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﻣ‪Ĥ‬ﺧﺬ‪240......................................................................................................................................‬‬

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