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ST. PETERSBURGSTATEUNIVERSITY HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT
D. G. SAVINOV
ANCIENTSETTLEMENTS OF CHAKASIA TORGAJAK
m St. Petersburg 1996
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(npoercm Ns 96-01- 16033) CasrHonÂ. I. fipenHneroceJreHnrXaxacnu: Topraxrax.- Cll6.: I-{eHrp, 1996.- l12 c. (Archaeologica Petropolitana, II). IsBN 5-85803-073-4 l0xuaq Cx6apr (MuHycnHcxaq KorrroBr4Ha)- crpasa ÀpeBHHXu flpKux lrynbryp, Ho pa3nuqHble BuÀ[,r apxeoMofI,l.]IbHHKH, MeHbIUeBcefo 3Àecb t{3-vateHbt HepaBHoMepHo. ilyrlue Bcefo ucc.[e.uoBaHbl itofHqecKHxnatr{iiTllHKoB rtoce,reHrlq.floce,reHne ]'opraxrax - ca].roe Kp]rnHoe ].r3Bcex H3BecrHbrxB Hacrotrree BpeMq noceneHltit anoxu no:Às 1988-1990 rr. Heii 6pouru - HaxoÀHTcr Ha rore Munycltrcxori xor,roar{Frrr. Pacxonxr.r nocereHrlrt npor43BoÀruIrucs Ha lrcc,reÀonariHoriqacru nocereHr{fl (6oree ll00 xs. rrr) HaxoÀr,rocb ceMb xHr'II{uI. 14: nsx nsrb pacnoroxeHbl BOKpyf orxptirou "nnoiua,Âu", lrueourefi. cKopee Bcefo, pHl/anbHoe Ha3HaqeHne.HaiiÂeHo 6o,rlruoe KorlrqecTBo (6o,ree 150) npeaveron u:6pou:ur Kocru, pore H KaMr{s;}{ecKolr}Korucxu $parueH'roB KepaMHKHor 300-400 cocyroe. H: HHX peKoHcrpyupoBaHo202 cocyrc. CpeÀu saxoÂoK KaK Hau6oree HHrepecHbreMoxHo orMeruTb 6poHroBbte cepnbr, 3epHorepKH,HaKoHeqHrKlt crpex, npeÀMerbt KoHcKoX ynprrxH, KaMeHHbteKpb[uKH or cocyÀoB H .tp. c l.r:o6paxeHugnarloruaneri, H Ir,'rHTKLt Oco6oe 3HaqeHHeHMeror npou3BeÀeHlrnHcKyccrBa- KaMeHHoe143BaqHHe aHTponovopQHureH reoMerpnrtecKl{epucyHKri saiineHurre B cre uuaJ.rbHo o6opy;ronaHHbrxHHulax; N{HoroqucreHHbre Ha r&rrbKax(222 sxt.). npe!ï.craB-rrroulueuonsril, Ào cHX nop Heir3Becruurùnrr ÀpeBHero HapoÂHofo rBopqecrBa. floce.reHue orHccr4TcrrK no3rrierrry3Tany Kapec)'xcxoù Ky.rrbrypbrH Àarupyerct X-lX ns. Ào H.3. Cyaa no HMeIoH, cKopee Bcefo, BerH no[inMcq ÀaHHbtr{,xHTe,'IHTopraxaxa 3aHHMarucbcKoroBoÂcrBot't,oxoroii, 3eMJ,teÂer.tueM ,rryocepruii o6pa: xu:Hlr. Haù.rexHue npeilMerbr xoucxoli )'nprDKr{cn}rÀere,'tbcrByrcro6 ocBoeH}.ru}rKe B 3To BpeM.q pa3,\HqHbrerpaarlunn, )r'qacrBonaBulneB c,roxeHHH BepxoBofo xoua. flo,tyleHHbre MarepuaJ'rbrno3no,qqtor BbrtrBI.{Tb riy-ribryp[,r 3rroxu no3ÀHeù 6poH:rr N'lrrHycnncxoùxor,rosuHsr. O.lua r,t3HHX cBq3aHac rpynnaMH IIputu]'ronoHace.reHvfl Lr3lJeurpa,'rsHoii Asr,ru. flocerreHue TopraxaK npeuMyruecrBeHHo l{cno,'rb3ogaJlocbB rlerHee BpeMt, KorÀa 3Àecb npoxoÀHnx ce3oHHbre(oceHuue H,'ru BeceHHHe)npa:.quuxu. Xapaxrep nro6paxeunÉ Ha rzurbKaxr HaxoÂKH Ha (tI-]louliutu>no3BoirqrornpeÀnonararb, qro oHH 6rr,tu csqsauul c lrÀeeÉpeuHKapHauulr,o6ecneqeHueMxH3HeHHoro uurÇqaxeHruHH H pox.ileHueruÂereii. Taruv o6pasov. nocrpoiixu Topraxaxa Mor-)r oÀHoBpeMeHHopaccMarpr{Barbloxnoii Cu'upw. ct Ii KaK caMbrepaHHHe coopyxeHHg ÀpeBHefoHaceJIeHHrr I4z;:awe paccquTaHo Ha apxeonoroB, r.{cropr{KoB,:rHorpa$on H Bcex r{HTepecyptuuxcq naMqrHHKaMr.rÀpesueii Kynbrypbr. Ha nepooù cmpaHu4e o1,totrcxu: I-irqsxa c aHTponoMopSusrna u:o6paxeHueM
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20
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22
Xaxncru. Topraxax A. F. CaeHHoa. flnraxrE nocEnEHhe
Topbrx HaxoÂrallncb(u,rn coxpaHrlnct) npeÀMerbr, TaroKeHMeBUHeorHotueHue r o6plgonofi cropoHe xH3I{H HacereHHqTopraxara. Ortre,rrHue npH3HaKH TopraxaKcKHX xI4lIHtu (nanpnuep, KpynHbrepa3Mepbr,uer,ry6oxue KorJroBaHbr, TpexqacTHbrenepeKpblTH.sH KpbITbIe ilepexoÀbl MexÀy xl4nuuaN{H) r{MeIoT ÀOCTaTOqHO [IHpoxuft Kpyr aHaJroruri s xuJruuax crenuoË 'r ,'recocrenuofi notrocbr 3noxu 6poH:tr IMa,rnruua, 1990;Kysrlruna, 1994,c.67-86; 6o6pon, 1993 w ap.]. Cnaa xe orHocHTcs 14nocereHne Kauesutrù ,ilor I. Vz :g.uxuau6o.nee6rnsxnl{L{, Brrr'rorbÂo rIo,'Isoli lrÂeHtnqHocrn, oKa3brBanrcq paccMorpeHHbre Bbrrrre xHJ'rHU{a3noxH no:Àseri 6pon:rr Ha nre MnHycNHcxoù xor,rosl{Hbr - noce,leuu.a TyHvyx l,r EupraHon (xnnlrura 3, 4). Buecre c ropraxaKcKuMH oHr4 orHocrrrcfl r oÀuoù ycroùvunofr ÀoMocæoI4TerbHoriTpag.LUJHH, no sceri BepoqrHocru feHerlrqecrui cB.rr3aHHofic arqpoHoncxori. Tax, no E. E. KyrtMXHoft, [Kystr'.trHa,1994, c. 76]. K oco6essoctgM aHÀpoHoBcKHXnocrpoeK orHocrrrct r.{ KapKacHo-cror6osa-flKoHcrpyKu}u, 6orbuoe xoJIHqecrBo onopHblx ctol6oa, ÀB)r(cKarHoe HJIH qeTbrpexcKarHoenepeKpbrrve, a raroKe o6rclanxa creH qepe3 onpeÀeneHHbIe 6penuavu, 3aKpenJIeHHbrMH HHTepBaJIbr BepruKa;rbHrtuu crol6uKaMu, H B HeKoropbl{ cnyr{a;rx- BbulereHne yuonoù qacru xI4-
.ruura[Kysruuaa,1994, c"77-79;puc.8,5; 91.Bce 3TH npU3HaKH XOpOIXO
nocereHuqTopraxax. Hontru, noxa-nyfr,qBrqercs
TO,'rbKOpacnoIIoxeHHe nocTpoeK rro nepHMeTpy cno6oÀHoli r ,r o O . C . C o s e r o n o ù [ C o n e r o a a , 1 9 8 7 ] ) ,K o r o BoJIoc. cKpennel{Hq cJIyxHTb ra,rrrcax) Ànq KaK N{H(pororu3l'lpoBaHpbre N{brt{Hrepnperl.{pyeM HaxoBaxHyto Kareropl{}o oqeHb H Or.u,elrHyto peanbuttx cBg3aHHbIX co6ltrul"l, Hoe oro6paxeHl4e - 5 sx:. (puc. 3). Bnepnrre c 6ops6oli KapacyKcKoroH npliunoro rafapcKoro AoK npeÀcranrlslor ilcaJwrt paHHr4xncalwù HariÂeuo s coH a c e . r r e H HI C r ra e u H o n . 1 9 9 5 ] . T e H À p y f u e ( < n t t c o - TaKoe Ko,'IHqecTBo r{TO [O3BOJ'I9OT BbICKa-KOMnJieKCa, OÂHO|O Klle>) TampUbI H ); orBepcrur B HeM cÀe;raHbrrcar 6u n oÀHOH IIOCKOCTH,HO CIefKa pa3BepH]"Tbr IIo oTHoueHrllo Àpyf K Àpyry. BepxHnù KoHeu ncarn.q 6lur cJToN{aHJ H pruloM cneJlaHoetue oÀHo ÀonoJTHI4TenbHoe Kplrnoe orBepcrue (pHc. 3, 4). Cnetyer orMe-
roHcxoËynpqxu. He.{ronoÀo6uoeutr Ha6lnÀaeru n pa:uoo6pa3r,rurnnoB 6poHsonux yÀHn paHHecro.r$cxoroBpeMeHH [Eoroneuxo,1986,c. 15-16]. To
H ÀPYTOCMOXHOPACCMATPHBATb B3AHMOCBq3AHHO: KaK OTpa)KeHHenOCJIeÀOBaTeJIbHbIX STanoB co3ÀaHHq KOMnTIeKCaCHap.qX-eHUs, BepxoBoro KoHq TIITb, qTO OÀHH H3 KOHUOB HA 3THX ÀB}'( NCANXSX cHaqara 3Har{HTeJrIbHo BapbHpy}or ncaJrw, ynorpe66rlr cneuxa.nlHul,r o6paeou noÀpa6oraH H 3anoJrflButwecs,c KoxaHbrMll (u_arxnrr.rn)ylwtauu; zanHpoBaH. Ha o6:rouxe ilcaJ'rng r43 xr4JrHUJa 3, TH- TeM croJlb xe pa:uoo6pa3HblMl4 oKa3blBalorcq cafror'rofKqecKr.t cooTBeTcTBytuero npeÀbrÀy'tur4t\{, Ha 3ToM Mbre paHHHe6pou:onue ynJ4nanpv yxe ycrorBuleMct Mecre Bbuie:TeHapeJrbeQHa-a (pnc. 3, 31, xapaKTepeoQopr'l,reHus ncanvtit. c6m.lxatoura-sero c 6o,ree [o3ÀHuMH ficu:tl.ltMu apxaHflpoÀolxag paccMorpeHHe npeÀMerots, cÀecKoro THI]a. ncanHii c pe.rrte@Holî JraHHbrx143pofa, Heo6xoÀNvoorMernTb cpe3aHHbre , xax 6tt o6beÀHHqlouHù npll:Haxu ncaocTpbte KoHubI potoB, BO3MOXHO HCnOJ'Ib3OBaBUHenui,t uz xnnnru 3 u 4, 6rn saùÀeH n norpe6ennn cs Nrs npocBepnr4BaHurr orBepcruù (ra6l. XIII, t apxaHcKofo BpeMeHHHa ruraro Vxox - IOxuuË A,rd); o6pa6orauHtrfi u o6pesaHHtrfi c Àayx KoHuoB raù [flo,rocrlrax, 1993, prac.3]. Bce ropraxaKcKue KycoK pora - 3aroroBKaNrs ilcanwfl? (ra6,r. XIII, ncanuv 6luin clor'.raHlr (prc. 3, 2-, Amr cvnbHo 4; ma KpynHbrx npeÀMera, cKopee Bcefo cBq3aHri3Ho[reHbr (puc. 3, ^f n uecrax KpenJ,'reHr{g peMHbre c o6pa6orxoË nor{Bbr.OÀHH l.rs H}tx - 6u,{Hrî Hei,t,qro foBopHTo HeÀo;rfoBeqHocruHcnojrb3oBa- pot c 3anonHpoBaHHbtM or pa6orlr KoHuoM - Mor HHq noÀo6Horo poÀa lrpeÀMeroBn neo6xoÀuMocrn HcnoJrb3oBarhcsNrs. pbrxreHuq 3eM;rr,r(ra6l. XIII, 3aMeHbIHX HoBbIMH.OqesraÀHo,npaKTI,tKoBaJIocb H KoHA; lpyroù, c oÀHHM o6-ror*raHHrrM.rlrrr,rHHbrM > nca,'lnù, KaK 3To BHÀHoHa npHMepe uoM, clynHlttult u xtl-
"!"opr"nNnx t{g nsûËfiEi.ir,,iç1 TTAX{:ÀKn i'nane" $81.i;lr-.*:ee;*r.rrniÀrË -rrr.rule i. qTû fûBopriî o eauuoir u:o6p;:itre.rlsr-.ii rpar.i:oôpuictr.{ur{tt, r ro:'opoi.r fii}{ocrirct H ^q.aHHoe r accuarH l t e B o : r r c x H C . \ ' n p o L L l e r r t r o.l.i K o f r H C i l p prrnaenroli$nrvpxlr sBJ.rr{ercsraKoro xe }la3\iepâ KOII f t (l rie Baî'âtl ia,l 5KA. ; BË,iel"{tl.lTbl iti XC,tiOô uuure xHJrH- H a-roÀxl,rN: Top raxaKa nor.'r Hocrblo noÂTBepxnalor ilta 3 H B xrlrruu{e 2) 6svlt HaiineHu IJ'IHTKHrrec- TaKoexpoHoiroruqecKoeonpeÂeneHHe.CleÀyer orqaHr{Kac nerpofnuQalrlr. C.relyer orMeruTb, r{To MerHTb,qro ts loxHoù .iacrn MlrHycnucxoù xor:roc.uluari HaxotrKi.rnerpor-nu$oB B ftocer'reHqecKotv{sltHu cefiqac orKpbrro 6o.rrrruoeKorHrlecrBo nerKoN{fr.rleKcesoo6u{e tiBJTeHHe yHHKarbHoe, por,ruSon B KapacyKcKoMcrure, B ToM qr.{c,'leH r{rie}ouee 6o,.tsu.ioe 3HaqeHl{e.u,u npo6leMbr ÀarnHaHeceHHbtxliâ ft:'tHTâX,I43 KoTopbIX cTpoLIJ'IHCb potsKr{ HacKanbHbrxll:o6paxeHuù. O6e nrurKtr orpa-{bl KypraHoB rarapcxoil Kynbrypbr [Cannuon, ilpqN{o!'ronbHbrxoqepraHlrù, pa:uepou 24 x 27 c*q 1 9 9 3 1 .H e x o r o p b r eH 3 H H XB n o j r H eM o f . r r H6 l r r l s t r vt 29 x 26 clr; oiruH r43 yrnoB Kaxnolt N: n,rr{ToK 6uru xHreJrrrMu Topraxara. Oco6trii uHrepec cKo.fror B rlixuei.t qacrl{ n,rrror ebt6lttu ll:o6panpeÀcraBnsrcru:o6paxeHu-rrHa nrHrKe, pa3Mepot\{ x e i { t { f l c T o f l l l l t . l xI o u a - [ c t r , B b t n o - [ H e H H b rBe o  l { - 32 x 2l cM, xcrro,Tb3onaHnou ts KaqecrBexoHrp$op-
31
Fnlea lll. Beu.lecreeHHuexAxoAxl4lrg nocEneHnsToprA)Gx ca B orHo\{ }{3 }q?mHoB N{orHJIbHHKaEcllHo I, pacrro.ToxeHHoro B HenocpeÀcrBeHHoù 6,rll:ocrH or Topraxaxa. Ha oluoli cropoHe n,rHTKH HaxoÀHTcq KoM[o3HUH.q H3 pacnOnOtsecb\1a Hacb[ueHHa' B TOM XeHHbIX nO Kp,Vry ,'lOUlaneH, BbIIIOJTHeHHbIX (pHc.7). cTnne He Kapac)xcKoM \apaKrepHo\{ xe l{cKlr0qeHo, r{To ÀaHHaJi n,'IHTKa nepBoHaqanbHo HHIIJ \{OI.-IA HAXOTHTbCfl S OÂHOI1 H3 (ll.ttr pacno,'IoxeHHofo rano6,rn:ocrlt Topraxara KOfO Xe nOCe:reHll.g). 9ro xacaetcl BonpocoB ceMaHTHKw (wtu xapaKTepa Hcno,'Ib3oBaHlla) noao6nttx uso6paxeHulÏ, To 3.[ecb HeMaroBat{FIbIM npeÀcraB,'I.ttercg ro o6croqTe.ïbcrBo, qro o6e [,'IHTKH 6bLTH qsHo HaMepeHHo noBpexÀeHbt (npu 3ToM cKo,rorbl HMeHHo qacrH c Ir:o6paxeunqMH ro,ToB nouaÂeu) H 3areM coxpa-
Tq roqHoe coÀepxaHr,reoopflÀa, KoHeqHo,onpenennrb rpyÂHo. klcxotl. H3 xapaKrepa xonnoguqHeË H3 Monlrbnl.tKa EcuHo I H J { J T H C bB C N E U H A I b H O O T B E À C H H b I X J L T I q 3 T O | O M E C -
Iar. Bepolruo, 3ToMy npeÀulecrBoBa,rlHKalc{c-To pHTvarbHbteÀericrsHg, npt{ Koropb|i nTHTKHc l.t:o6paxeHur{N{r{nouaLeH Hrpa,rlHonpeÂe.[eHI{yiopo.qb, n o c . r cL r e r o( H . ' r i lB n p o u e c c er a x n x l e l i c r e t t i t ) F I a t t 6o"ree :Haqurr{aJrrlacrb lr:o6paxenur (ro,rona) orKifr brBàrracb(no:uoxxo. 3aKarbrtsilflacbB Àpyro\.l N{ecre?). Bce 3To Mof.qo npoucxoÀt{TbB pal\{KaxnpeÂeHr{H Ky.itbToBo-feHetu'IolHqecKoro utl KrIa, xocTrIB.t
(no ro,'ttlvecrny )KHBoTHIIX Cpe^u ÂoÀ{auHHX ue,rrcuilporarltii oco6eii) nepBoeMecro 3aHHMaer cxor (osua- 79, Ko3a- l8); aropoe- rpyrrHr,tti porarrrù cxor (xopona- 37), Tperbe- notrtaÀb - co6axa(5). TaxoecoornoueHne (26):uerneproe pa3,'lHqHblxBHIIoB ÀoN{auHhx xHBoTHbIX B Hat{3Ta6o.nrueù crenenr coorBercrByer HaqaJtbrrbtM naM ocBoeHfil orfoHHofo cKoroBoÀcrna.Cpeall annpeilnepBbleÀBa N{eCTa 3aHl.lMa}oT KHXXLTBOTHbTX
32
nocEnEHHqXAKAcHH.Topraxnx .Q. F. CaenHoa. ,Q,ReaxNE
craBr4rerr.t crerrHoliSaynu - Kocyjrfl(33) il KynaH pauaer BHHMaHHeB roM H ÀpyfoM cnr{ae orc}r(10). Àa-nee,no creneHHy6unaHnt, c.lreÂyrcr 6lacrBue KocreË pu6 (n TopraxaKe Bcero HecKo,'rbKo r-opoaHrnio;reHb(6), apxap (5), ,rocu r{ MeÀBeÂb nossoHxos), xorg o6a noceleHKs HaxoÂt4JrtHcb Ha (no 3) u r. n. Ko,ruqecrseHuuircocras rcocreiiÂt4- 6epery Hr:ll B HenocpeÀcrneHHoii 6rusocru or pe-
Kr.TX XHBOTHbIX CBHÀeTenbCTB.VeT O TON{,qTO OXOTa xu" BepomHo, MecrHoe Hace,TeHHe He 3aHt.{MaJ'Iocb HfpzlrraBecbr,racyuecTlleHHyroponb B xo3grrcTBeH- prr6o,roncrnou. Hori xlr:Hlr HacereHr{qTopraxaxa. C;ieÀyer orveI4cxow H3 Bcero cKa3aHHofo, cJ'te.[yer,qro xoqTo npi4BeÀeHHbIe 1'141b. B np]{Hur4fle, . co3qiicrBo .[,aHHbre xureleù Topraxara HocI4lIo Kotlnrr'ieKcOTBCTCTB!'}OT OCTeOIOft{qeCKI4N{ OnpeÀe,leHHqÀ{ IIo MaHbIfi xapaKTep:B HeN{coqera,rlHcborroHHoe H npHpacKoiraHr,roro repna-[a]\{ B 1961-1962rr. xlrJ'rr{ua ÀoMHoe cKoroBoncrgo, nolitueHHoe 3eMJIeÀerTHe H Ha noceJ'reHrrn KaueHutrù ,rlor I, coÂepxaquMcqB oxora. 3ro o6tr.{Haq xol{6},rHaunq pa3nnr{Hbrx tsHorr{ere M. iI. fpt:Houa. Ko,rHqecrsooco6eli: xo- Àon xo:glicrseHHotâ Àeqre,'IbHocrHHaceJ-teHllq roppoBa- 6; 6apan- 12;xo:e,r- 2.,rouraar- 5; co- Ho-cre[HbIX paùoHoB, coxpaHqBrutucs e ]OxHoù 6ara- 1; xocyrt - 2; vapan- 2; xa6ari- l. 06Cuînpu ao arHorpaQuqecxofi coBpeMeHHocrl4.
eeoÆKAI . o KonHqEcrBE HAf.qEHHbtx KocrEË rfl,nsss'tno xHnHu1,nM n BHÂOBOM COCTABE X$4BOTHb|X
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