CAHKT-nETEPEyPrCKMM FOCYAAPCTBEHHblH YHHBEPCMTET BOCTOHHWM OAKYJIbTET HHflMHCKOH
CCTaeacTiiiepHa B KnacctmecKyK)
noco6ue
CaHKT-IIeTepSyprcKoro 2003
: R. (J)HJIOJI. HayK npoc)}. B.F.3pMaH (CFI6ry) H KaH,n. (J)HJIOJL HayK JXOIX. H.B.FypoB (CF16ry) HH/JHHCKOH (J)HJiojiorHH K nenaTH
yneHbiM COBCTOM BocTOMHoro (|>aKyjibTeTa
TaBacTiiiepHa C.C. BBeACHHe B KjiaccMHecxyK) caHCKpHTCKyio MeTpHKy. yne6Hoe noco6He. — CI16.: H3^-BO C.-fIeTep6. yH-Ta? 2003.— 76 c.
M3dctHue nodaomoejieno npu (puHaHcoeou noddepotCKe Flocojibcmea Mnduu e MocKse, FeHepcuibHoso Koncyjibcrnea Hnduu e CauKm-Ilemepdypee u l^enmpa UH6UUCKUX uccjiedoeanuu npu
J1nuen3Hfl MA ^ 05679 OT 24.08.2001 nozurtHcano B nenaTb 7.07.2003. OopMaT 60x84'/16. ByMara 0(|)ceTHa«. neMaTbO(j)ceTH Yc^i. neM. JI. 4,28. THpa>ic 100 3K3. 3aKa3 $ . 199034, Camcr-rieTepGypr, yHHBepcMTeTCKaH Ha6., 7/9 Ten. (812) 328-77-63; ([)aKC (812) 328-44-22 E-mail:
[email protected] www.unipress.ru LJOn THnorpa(|)HH M3#aTejiLCTBa CU6FY 199061, C.-neTep6ypr, CpeAHHH np., 41
Om aemopa ffaHHoe yne6uoe nocoSue pa3pa6omano na ocuoee Kypcoe neKuuu no meMe "Beedeuue e KJiaccunecKyw cancKpumcKyto AtempUKy" u npedHasnaneno dm cmydeHmoeuudojioeoe cmapuiux Kypcoe ((pmiojioeoe, ucmopuKoe). Aemop ebipaotcaem znySoKyio npU3HamejibH0cmb IJocoJibcmey Muduu e MocKee, FenepajibNOMy Koucyjibcmey Hnduu e CaHKm-F[emep6ypee u U,enmpy uuduucKiix uccjiedoeauuu npu CndFV 3a (j)uuaHCoeyio noddepjKKy dawiOBO u3daHiw. Ocodyio djiaaodapnocmb xonemcH ebipa3umb npocj). Hlpuuueaca Aiiun UlpuHueacany (Fcmdyps), Hbu ayduo-3anucu ucnojib3oecuiucb npu nmenuu Kypca u pa3pa6omKe noco6m no MempuKe, a maKoice npocp. T.M.OpaucKou (FaM6ypz) u npoopMe. HMCHHO pHKe y,nejiHjiocL oco6oe BHHMaHHe, nocKOjn>Ky pHTMH3OBaHHtiH T, Kaic H3BecTHO, jtyHine coxpaHaeTCH H P&KQ MoaceT 6brri> BOCcraHOBjieH npH BO3HHKHOBCHHH GIHH6OK. 2) GMi>icjioo6pa3yK)maJi 4>yHKi^Hii. MeTpiwecKH ynopOToneHHa^ pent - 3TO TO^ce peiib, noaTOMy OHa noAHHmieTCH npaBHjiaM npOH3HOiueHHH, CHHTaKCHCa, HHTOHHpOBaHHH H T.A- 3HaHHe MCTpHKH ^a He TOJIBKO JUUI npaBHjn>Horo npoH3HonieHHfl, HO H ^KaHHa CXHXOTBOpHblX TeKCTOB. 3) 3cTeTHHecKaa ^yHKUiPw. Bonpoc 06 3CTeTHMecKOH pojiH «BjiaeTCH Hpe3BbnaHHO cjio^KHbiM H eiue Majio H3yHeHHWM, HO Bce-TaKH He Sy^eT OHIH6OMHI>IM yTBep^a,eHHe, HTO MeTpnica ecrb O#HH H3 KjooneH K nOHHMaHHK) nO33HH, a HHAHHCKOH B OCO6eHHOCTH. 1.2. HCTOKH CailCKpHICKOH MCIpIIKM B caMbix paHHHx naMHTHHicax HHAHHCKOH cjiOBecHOCTH - Be#ax Mbl HaXOAHM y>Ke pa3BMTyK> CHCXeMy CTHXOCJIO5KeHH5I C MHOSKeCTBOM CTHxoTBOpHbix pa3MepOB. MeTpw (Hxcwdac) B ApeBHeii HHAHH nacTO O6O)KeCTBJMJIHCb H IiepCOHH(j)HIJHpOBaJIHCb (o6bPIHO B O6pa3e MH<J)HHeCKHX cynapn), Ha^emuracb nyAecHbiMH CBOHCTBaMH, no3TOMy HM eme H MarHHecKaa ^yHK^3^- TaK, HanpHMep, sanmpu, Han6ojiee noMHTaeMbra MeTp, COCTOHIUHH H3 Tpex nad (T.C cxpyicrypHbix e/HiHHU. CTpO^bl, CM. HH>Ke) no BOCeMb CJIOFOB B Ka>K^OH? HCnOJIb3OBajICH PJISL o6peTeHiw eAHHCTBa c BpaxManou - a6cojnoTOM. Tpuiumy6x (4 nadu no 11 cjioroB) - Merp KiuaTpHeB H uapcKoii BjiacTH. Yutnux, cocroflmHH H3 28 cjioroB, cHMBOJiH3Hpyer B Be#ax »cH3Hb, cueAOBaTejibHo, c ero
Ao6HBajraci> #ojiroH 2KH3HH. JHoicazamu (12 cjnoroB x 4 nadbi) u nauKmu (8 CJIOIDB x 5 nad) - J\JW o6peTeHna o6HJii>Horo CKOTa. Epuxamu (36 cjioroB) jxnsi cjiaBbi H npH3HaHHi!. Anywmy6x (8 cuoroB x 4 nadbi) - JIJISI o6peTeHHfl Mecra Ha He6ecax. Bupadotc (30 cjioroB) - JUIR OSHJILHOH ronnH. B B KjiaccHHecjcyio 3noxy, H3 CTaptix BeAHHCKHX BO3HHKJIO HOBblX CTHXOTBOpHtLX pa3MepOB. CJIOB HeoSxo^HMO CKa3aTi> o cjioBe "chandas", KOTopoe ynOTpe6jMK)T RSW 0603HaHeHHfl MeTpHHeCKOH peHH. CJIOBO 3T0 BectMa >sipeBHee H 3a(})HKCHpOBaHO y^ce B PHrBe^e. CymecTByeT nonyMpHaa 3THMOJiorHfl, Bocxo^ama^ K jiHTepaType 6paxMaH H ynaHHuia^, r^e H3JiaraeTCH MH$ O TOM, Kaic 6orH, y6oaBniHCb CMepTH? npoHHKjiH B TpoHHoe 3HaHHe (TpH Be#M) H 3aKpbijiHCb (3aimiTHjiHCb) HxaiwacaMH (chandobhir acchadayan, ^xaimorta-ynaHHinaAa 1.4.2), T.e. 3Aecb CJIOBO BO3BOAHTC« K Koprao "chad" - "noKpMBaTB". Ilo^o6Hoe xojiKOBaHHe BCTpexiaeTca B IlIaTanaTxa-SpaxMaHe (8.5.1.1). 3Ty me 3THMOjiorrao npeAJiaraeT ilcKa B "HHpyicre", HO, BepOHTHO, 3aHMCTBya ee H3 6paxMaHHnecKOH jiHTepaTypbi. TaKoii XOR MLICJIH BnojiHe onpaB^aH, H6O, iIJIO cica3aHO Bbinie, pent BwnojiHHeT (^yHKutmo coxpaHeHHH, TeM 6ojiee, ecjm pent o cB^meHHOM 3HaHHH. 3HaMeHHTbiH KOMMeHTaTop Be,a Ca^Ha T, HTO "MerpHHecKaa pent 3amHmaeT Bapm>i-(|)OHeMi>i" (KOMM. Ha ^HaHBaTa-6paxMaHy 3.19). B caHCKpHTe ecrb eme O^HH OMOHHMHHHWH KopeHt "chad", o3HaHaiomHH "crpeMjieHHe", "jKenaHHe", "npoHBjieHHe BOJIH" (^xaTynaTxa 1.801: "chadl urjane"), a TaK^ce 3a(J)HKCHpOBaHO H OMOHHMHHHoe OTrjiarojibHoe HMH "chandas" B 3HaneHHH BO3MO^CHO, o6a CJIOBH poACTBeHHw H CKJIOHHW BO3BOAHTb ASHHOe CJIOBO KO BTOpOMy KOpHK). T.e. MO>KHO 6bijio 6bi noH«Tb icaic 1.3. CHCTeMI*! CTHXOCJIOJKeHHJI 1.3.1. BeAHMCKan MexpHKa IlepByK) (BeAHHCKyK)) CTaAHK) pa3BHTHM CTHXOCJIO5KeHH« Ha3bIBaK)T CHJIJia6HMeCKOH. CHJIJia6HHeCIi TpeXCTHIHHil, HeTBepOCTHHIHJI H T.A- CTpO^H o6bIHHO ACJiaTCa Ha ABe HaCTH, H ecjiH B OAHOH- Tai*cAy nojiOBHHaMH cTpoc[)w 3B(J)OHHH He nponcxoAHT H3-3a He6ojibinoH (nay3w) B HTCHHH. JJjw Be^HHCKHx MeTpoB xapaicrepHo KOJiHnecTBO cjioroB, npOH3BOjn>HOCTb HanajibHbix (KaK npaBHjio, nepBLix neTbipex) cjioroB H HeKOTopaa ynop^AoneHHOCTb B 3aKjnoHaiomeH Macro na^bi (KaAeHnjtm, KOTopaa, KaK npaBHjio, cocraBjraeT nocjieAHHe 4-5 CJioros). B Be^ax MM o6Hapy)KHBaeM TpH ocHOBHbix THna CTHxoTBopHbix pa3MepoB: a) BOCbMHCJIOHCHblH, 6) B) OT B 3THX Tpex THnax Bbi#ejiaeTCJi TpH caMwx CTHxoTBopHbix pa3Mepa: ra^rrpH, TpHnny6x H /pKaraTH, o KOTopbix B AHrapea-6paxMaHe H3JiaraeTc^i HHTepecHbrti MH$ O 3THX Tpex pa3MepoB. Bo-nepBbix, MeTpw, KaK H Boo6me Penb (Vac), TCCHO CB^3aHbi c pmyajiOM COMM 6eccMepTHfl. C noMombio PenH HJIH ^[xaimacoB, KOTopwe cyTb TO^ce 60 rn o6peTaK>T Co My. B yKa3aHHOH 6paxMaHe (AHTapea-GpaxMaHa 3.25-28) TOBOpHTCH, MTO H3HaMajIbHO BCe MeTpbl 6bIJIH OAHHaKOBblMH H COCTOHJIH H3 neTbipex cjioroB-aKniap (3aMeTHM, HTO name Bcero Merpw onpeAejiniOTCii HMeHHO no KOjiHHecTBy cjioroB B naja,e 6e3 yKa3aHH« KOJinnecTBa naA HJIH no oSnjeMy KOjiHHecTBy cjioroB B CTpo({)e). 3TH ^IxaHAacbi npHHJura O6JIHK nTHi^ CynapH H OTnpaBHjincb Ha HeGeca, r/je o6HTaeT CoMa. ,3^caraTH npojieTeji TOJibKO nojiOBHHy nyTH H BepHyjica, noTep^B npn 3TOM Tpn cjiora. TpHiiny6x TO^ce BepHyjicn HH C neM, noTepaB OAHH cjior. FaaTpn 5Ke Aocrnr uejiH, HO npn 3TOM noAo6paji yTpaneHHbie ApyrHMH MeipaMH nerape aicniapbi. T.o. Tenepb y Fa^Tpn BoceMb cjioroB ( 8 x 3 na^w). Ho npn STOM ocraBniHecH ABa Merpa, 6yAynH ym,ep6HbiMH, He MoryT coBepnrarb pHTyan. H TorAa FaaTpH BOCcoeAHHiieTca c ocTaTKaMH TpHniTy6xa (8 + 3), no3TOMy Tenepb y TpHinTySxa 11 cjioroB (11 x 4 naAw). Taioice H JJ^KaraTu, BOCCOeAHHHBniHCb C FaaTpH H TpHHITy6xOM (8 + 3 + 1), CTaHOBHTCfl ABeHaAU,aTHCJio)KHbiM (12 x 4 naA*>i). OAHOM
BoCbMUCJIOJICHbie pO3Mepbl B BOCbMHCjioacHbix BeAHHCKHx Meipax nepBbie neTbipe cjiora npOH3BOJibHbie, a nocjieAHHe (KaAeHn;Ha), icaK npaBHjio, XXXX KJ LJ X BCTpexiaiOTGH BOCbMHCJIO»CHHICH C "TpOXeHHCCKOH" XXXX U X
nocreneHHO AamibiH MeTp cxpeMHTca K ynopjmoiieHHocra H B nepBbix H npHHHMaeT cjieAyiomHH BHA: X KJ L^X x Han6ojiee pacnpocTpaHeHHbiii H noHHTaeMbiH BOCBMHCJIOHIH B BeAax - eanrnpu (gayatri), KOTOPWH COCTOHT H3 Tpex naA. Crpo(})a Ha JIBQ nacTH: 16 + 8.
IIpHMep C "flM6MHeCKOH" Ka^eHlUHeH! agnim lie purohitam yajnasya devara rtvijam I hotaram ratnadhatamaim \\ (PHrBe^a 1.1.1) FIpHMep c "TpoxeHHecKoii" Ka/i^Hi^HeH: tuvam no agne mahobhih palii visvasya arateh I uta dviso martiyasya II (PHrBe/ja 8.7.1) pacnpocTpaHeHHfciii BOCBMHCJIOJKHHK - 3TO anyiumy6x (anustubh), COCTO^IUHH H3 Menbipex naA no BOceMb CJIOFOB, T.e. 16 anoroB + 16 cjioroB. MeTpHHecicaji crpyicTypa TaKaa TKQ, KZK H y rampH. npHMep: k yas te sarpirasute agne sam asti dhiyase I aisu dyumnam uta srava a cittam martiyesu dhali II (PHraeAa 5.7.9) B npoaecce pa3BHTHa B ^aHHOM MeTpe npoaBjwexca TeimeHmw HeneTHwx H HCTHBIX na#: npuneM neTHbie ocraiOTCH Hce, KaK onncaHO BLiuie, a B HeneiHtix npeAnocjieAHHH cuor x x x x u -— •— X xxxxu — u x 10.136.07a 10.136.07b 10.136.07c 10.136.07d
vayiir asma upamanthat pinasti sma kunansiama I kesi visasya pMrena yad radreii^pibat saha II (PHrBe^a 10.136.7) aHyinTy6xa iuiaccHxiecKoro pa3Mepa - UUIOKIL
JJpyrUQ pa3H0BH£H0CTH BOCbMHCJIOtfCHHKOB B Be#aX OTJIHHaiOTCfl OT yKa3aHHbix Bbiine TOJIBKO KOJimecTBOM naA, npHHeM OHH BocnpHHHMaiOTOi B KanecTBe "paciuHperow" HMeroniHxcn MeTpoB. Macro "#onojiHHTejii>Hi>ie" na#bi BBirjDiA^T KaK pe(J)peHbi (noBTopti). Pa3Mep nauKmu (paiikti) npozjcraBjifleT CO6OH "paciuHpeHHe" aHyniTy6xa Ha o#Hy na/^y, T.e. OH COCTOHT H3 nnTH BOCI>MHCJIO^HI>IX na,A (Bcero 40 cjioroB). fleneHHe CTpo(})bi: 2 na#Bi + 3 na^ti. TIpHMep: itthi hi soma in made brahma cakara vardhanam I savistha vajrin ojasa prthivyS nih sasa ahim drcann dim svardjiyam II sa tvamadad vfsa madah somah syenabhrtah sutah I yena vitram nir adbhiyo jaghantha vajrin ojasa drcann dnu svardjiyam II (PnrBeAa 1.80.1-2) Pa3Mep uaxananKmu (mahapankti) npeACTaBJiaeT CO6OH "paciiiHpeHHe" anyinTy6xa Ha ^Be na^w, T.e. OH COCTOHT H3 uiecTH BOCbMHCJiO5KHbix naA (Bcero 48 cjioros). ^ejieHHe CTpo(J)bi: 2 na^w + 4 na#bi. TlocjieAHHe ^Be na^w - pe(|)peH. mahi vo mahatim avo varuna mitra dasuse I yam aditya abhi dmlio raksatha nem agham nasad anehdso va iitdyah suiltdyo va iitdyah II
vida deva aghanam Sdityaso apakrtim I paksS vayo yathopari vi asme sarma yachata anehdso va utdyah suutdyo va iltdyah II (PnrBe,na 8.47.1-2) Pa3Mep uicmeapu (sakvarl) npe/jcraBjraeT CO6OH "pacuiHpeHHe" naHKTH na #Be na^w, T.e. OH COCTOHT H3 ceMH BOCbMHCJiOHCHbix naA (Bcero 56 cjioroB).fl,ejieHHecrpo^wi 2 na#i>i + 5 na^ IlocjieAHHe 2 najw - pet})peH. IIpHMep: pro su asmai puroratham Indraya susam arcata I abhlke cid ulokakft samge samatsu vrtrahi asmakam bodhi codita tidbhantdm anyakesdm jiyakd ddhi dhdnvasu II tuvam sindhur avasrjo adharico ahann ahim I asatmr indra jaj&ise visvam pusyasi viriyam tarn tva pari svajamahe tidbhantdm anyakesdm jiyakd ddhi dhdnvasu II (PnrBeAa 10.133.1-2)
MeTpw HMeiOT TpexHjieHHyio CTpyioypy. "aa^iHHa", nocjie KOTOporo cjie;iyeT i^e3ypa, cpeAHeii nacTH H Ka^eHEtHH. U,e3ypa cjie/iyeT nocjie HCTBepToro HJIH n^Toro cjiora. 3aiiHHbi COCTOHT H3 4-X HJIH 5-H CJIOrOB, npHHeM pHTM OHH COCTOHT H3
3axiHH H3 MeTbipex cjioroB:
x— x 10
3HHHH H3 IDITH CJIOrOB.'
a) ())
X X
X• X XUX
a) KJ KJ — (ije3ypa nocne naToro cjiora) 6) ^ u (u,e3ypa nocne iieTBepToro cjiora) (nocneAHHe neTLipe cjiora) "TpoxeHMecicafl": JIOTLTHH + KparicHH + IlpOH3BOJIbHBIH.
B HTore nojiyMaeTCH TpH pa3H0BHAH0CTH OAHHHazmaTHCJiOHCHoro Merpa: a)
x— x— x , u u | — u —
6)
x — x u x, u u | — - u — x |
B)
x— x—, u
u -— | —
x|
w —
x |
O6mee Ha3BaHHe Bcex OAHHHaAi^aTHCJiOMCHHKOB mpuuimySx (tristubh). CaMbiH pacnpocrpaHeHHWH BapHaHT TpHimy6xa H3 neTbipex na# no 11 cjioroB (2 najihi 4- 2 na^w), HO pe,AKO BCTpenaiOTca H TpHiirry6xH H3 AByx (dvipada, PB 7.17) HJIH Tpex (viiaj, PB 3.25) na^IIpHMep: hiranyagarbhah sam avartatigre kVu"\tasya jatah patir eka a sit I sa dadhara prthivim dyim utetnam kasmai devaya havisa vidhema II (PHrBe/ja 10.121.1) adityiaam avasa nutanena sakslmalii sarmana samtamena I anagastve adititve turSsa imam yajnam dadhatu srosamanah II (PHrBe^a 7.51.1) JJeenadiiamucjioMmbie mempbi Meipw, Ha3biBaeMbie dycaeamu (jagatl) co6oii "pacnrapeHHe" TpHniTySxa Ha OAHH cjior, T.e. B a)
x — x — x, u u | —
g)
x-
X
, KJ ^J
KJ —
I
KJ
11
KJ
x I KJ X
CTaH#apTHfeiH MeTp AHcaraTH COCTOHT H3 HeTtipex na# no 12 cjioroB. IIpHMep: ananudo vrsabho dodhato vadho gambhira rsvo asamastakaviyah I radhracodah snatkano vilitas prthur indrah suyajna usasah suvar janat II (PHrBe.ua 2.21 A) CMeutanuhie mempbi FaflTpH H A^caraTH o6pa3yK)T uejibin p ^ T.H. CMeinaHHbix O6pa3yK>TCH OHH CMeineHHeM na^ yica3aHHBix MeTpoB. Yiuuux (usnih): 8 + 8 + 1 2 (Bcero 28 cjioroB). IlpHMep: agne vijasya gomata Isanali sahaso yaho I asrae dhehi jatavedo malii sravah II (PHrBe^a 1.79.4) llypayuihux (purausnih): 12+8 + 8. IIpHMep: apsu antar amftam apsti bhesajam apira uta prasastaye I deva bhavata vajinah II (Pn:rBe,aa 1.23.19) KaKySx (kakubh): 8 + 1 2 + 8. IlpHMep: adha hi indra girvana upa tva kaman mahah sasrjmahe I udeva yanta udabhih II (PnrBeAa 8.98.7) Bpuxamu (brhati): 8 + 8 + 1 2 + 8 (Bcero 36 cjioroB). saclbhir nah sacivasu diva naktam dasasyatam I m5 vam ratii- upa dasat kada cana asmad ratih kada cana II (PHrBe^a 1.139.5) Camo6puxamu (satobrhati): 12 + 8 + 1 2 + 8 (Bcero 40 cjioroB). IIpHMep: janaso agniin dadhire sahovfdham havismanto vidhema te I sa tvam no adya sumana ihavitS bhava vijesu santiya II (PnrBeAa 1.36.2) 12
AmutuaKeapu (atisakvari): 8 4- 8 + 8, 8 + 8, 12 + 8 (Bcero 60 cjioroB). npHMep: susuma yatam adribhir gosrita matsara ime somaso matsari ime I k rajana divisprsa asmatra gantam upa nah I ime vam mitravaruna gavasirah somah sukra gavasirah II (PHrBe#a 1.137.1) AmbHuimu (atyasti): 12 + 12 + 8, 8 + 8, 12 + 8 (Bcero 68 ejioroB). IlpHMep: sa no nedistham dadrsana k bhara agne devebhih sacanah sucetuna maho rayah sucetuna I malii savistha nas krdhi samcakse bhuje asyai I mahi stotfbhyo maghavan suvlriyam mathlr ugro na savasa II (PHrBe^a 1.127.11) 1.3.2. Ha nepBOH cra^HH pa3BHTH« CHCTeMbi craxocjioDKeHira B i BH^HM Hanajio o4>opMjieHiw CHjuia6o-MeTpiwecKoro CTHxa. Ho OKOHnaTejibHO CHjuia6o-MeTpHKa ycroHjiact B KjiaccH^iecKH^; nepHOA. TOJILKO O^HH p33Mep B KJiaCCHHeCKOH CaHCKpHTCKOH nO33HH OCTaeTCH He nojiHOCTbio yperyjiHpOBaHHbiM: 3TO uuioKa - caMtiM pacnpbcTpaHeickbiH H3 HHAHHCKHX p33MepOB, KOTOpblH COXpaHfleT CTpyKTypy nO3AHeBeAHHCKOrO aHyuiTy6xa. IlOHTH BCe pa3MepW KJiaCCH^ieCKOH CaHCKpHTCKOH II033HH CHJIJia60e, T.e. HHCJIO CJIOrOB B HHX nOCTOHHHO, H nOJIO^CeHHC ROJITVLX H cjioroB HeTKo onpeACJieHO. HHBIMH cjiOBaMH, Ka>iinaa nay3a. OCHOBHOH upumxnu nocTpoeHHfl, a xaioKe HTCHIW CHjuia6o-MeTpHHecKHx CTHXOB MO)KHO c(JK>pMyjiHpOBaTb OAHHM CJIOBOM: uampa (matra). Mampa - 3TO 13
jno6oro KpaTKoro cjiora, npHneM AJiHHa juo6oro .AOJiroro cjiora JSPJUKHSL npHpaBHHBaTbCfl #ByM MampoM: u u =no33HH nonuia Aajibiiie: OT CHjuia6o-MerpHHecKoro CTHXa K HHCTO MCTpKHeCKOMy HJIH KBaHTHTaTHBHO-MeTpHHCCKOMy. KoJIHHeCTBO CJIOrOB B CTpO(})e THKHX MeTpOB MOHCeT MeHflTbCH, HO AJIHHa, Bbipa^eHHaa B Mampax, ocraerca HeH3MeHH0H. KBaHTHTaTHBHwe pa3Mepw He HanijiH uiHpoKoro npHMeHeHHH B caHCKpHTCKoii no33HH. B 3TO ace BpeM)i pa3BHBaK)TC>i T3K Ha3biBaeMfcie "neceHHbie" pa3Mepbi HJIH zana-nxandac. 3TO TO5Ke "MepocHHTaioiuHe" pa3Mepbi, HO OCHOBHOH e,zniHHJjeH cneTa B HHX «BjiaeTC« He uampa, a xaicr (earn), paBHbiH no AJiHTejitHOCTH neTbipeM MampaM. HanpHMep, O^HH H3 caMbix pacnpocTpaHeHHwx pa3MepoB TaKoro po^a apm COCTOHT H3 neTLipex CTHXOB - nad, npnneM nepBaa H TpeTbH HMeiOT no Tpn zanu HJIH 12 Mamp, BTopaa - 4,5 aanu HJIH 18 mamp, a HeTBepTaa nada - 15 Mamp, T.e. COCTOHT H3 3,5 ean c OAHHM KpaTKHM cjioroM 2-H H 3-H eauoMu. HeneTHbie H neTHbie zattbi, O K npaBHjio, B pHTMHHecKH KOHTpacTHpyK)H^He napbi, B pe3yjibTaTe nero BO3HHKaeT HCHBOH H neBy^HH PHTM: I vj u — I u — U 1 . 3TH pa3Mepbi
T3KHCC He HCnOJIb3OBajIHCb UIHpOKO B CaHCKpHTCKOH nO33HH, nO3TOMy M03KH0 CKa3aTfc, HTO B OCHOBHOH CBOeH MaCCe CaHCKpHTCKHe
1.4. ^ojirwe H KpaTicne cjiorw HmpiHCKHe TeopeTHKH pa3JiHHaiOT ecrecTBeHHyio ^ojiroiy (dirgha) KpaTKoCTb (hrasva) cjiora H MeTpHHecicyio ^ojiroTy (guru) HJIH (laghu). CaMa no ce6e MerpHHecicaH AJiHHa cjiora OT i naeTC^ TOJibKo OAHHM: AOJITHH cjior Bcer^a paBeH ^ByM no AJiHHe 3ByMaHH^. KpaTKHe H ^ojirne cjiorn B MeTpHKe ie,zryK)rnHM o6pa3OM: 1. KpaTKHM CHHTaeTCfl JIK)6OH OTKpblTHH CJIOT, COAep>KamHH KpaTKHH rjiacHbiH (a, i, u, rf 1). 2. ^ojirne - Bee CJIOTH c /^ojirHM rjiacHbiM (a, I, u, I) HJIH ^ByrjiacHbiM (ef of ait au) H jno6oH 3aKpbiTbiH cjior. IIOMHMO Bcero ^OJITHMH CHHTaiOTCH CJIOTH c aHycsapOH, aHyHacHicoii H BHcapron.
14
3. IlpoH3BOJibHO TpaiayiOTCfl cjiorn, nocjie KOTOpbix cjie#yK)T coneTaHHfl kra, pray bra, hra. B TOICHX cjiynaax, B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT Tpe6oBaHH>i MeTpa, cjior ipaioyeTOi JIH6O KHK 3aicpbrrbiH, JIH6O Kax OTRPMTBIH. HanpHMep, B CJIOBC viprah (MyApeu) nepBbra cjior 3aKpbrrbiH, T.e. AOJiran, H iipoH3HOCHTbCfl CJIOBO 6y#eT xax: vip-rah. Ho ecjra pa3Mep Tpe6yeT, HTO6W nepBtoi cjior AaHHoro cjiOBa 6WJI KpaTKHH^ TO OH 6y,o;er np0H3H0CHTbc« HHane: vi-prah 4. TaK >Ke npOH3BOJibHO TpaicryeTCH nocjiQAHHH cjior B JHO6OH nade, T.e. KOHeHHblH CJIOr, He3aBHCHM0 OT CBOeH KpaTKOCTH HJIH ^OJITOTbl, IIp0H3H0CHTCH KaK KpaTKHH HJIH AOJITHH B COOTB€TCTBHH C Tpe6OBaHHCM
1.5. KowpoBKa MeTpoii H ycjioeHbie o6o3HaH B
HHAHHCKOH CHcreMe o6o3HaneHHH jim KpaTKoro cjiora Qiaexy) cjior na (H) HJIH 3HaK danda (I), AOJiroro (zypy) JIH6O cjior za (^t), JIH6O 3Haic aeaepaxa (s). TaK, HanpHMep, pa3Mep undpamdotcpa (11 cjioroB) MOJICHO 3anHcarb AByMH cnoco6aMH*. CHMBOJIW:
2. 55 155 115 155 Ho Taicaa 3anwcb? B o6meM, He Hcnojib3yeTca, a Bee CHjijia6HHecKne pa3Mepbi B TpaAHUHOHHbix TpaicraTax no onHCbreaiOTca c noMOinbio CHCTeMbi ean. Fana - 3TO rpynna, cocroiiniaa H3 Tpex cjioroB H CHMBOJiHHecKH npeAcraBjieHHan B BH^e OAHOFO cjiora. Bee aanbi H HX o6o3HaHeHHfl nepenHCJieHbi HH^Ke: 1. ^r i s$ 2. T SIS 3. ICHO 3anncaTb
15
1.6. Hjcnne caiiCKpiircKHx CTHXOB. caHCKpHTCKoro CHjijia6HHecKoro CTHxa OT npHHaToro B pyccKOH HJIH eBponencKOH no33HH. 3TO, KOHeMHO, CBfl3aHO C TeM, MTO B pyCCKOM H3WKe HCT 0Iin03HU,HH AOJHTHX H KpaTKHX cjioroB. Ho Bee )*ce MOHCHO ycMOTpeTb HeicoTopyio aHajiorrao B pyccKOM neceHHOM TBOpnecxBe, r^,e TCKCT IIOJXHUWIQTCK B OCHOBHOM pHTMHKe My3bIK3JIbHOH, a He eCTeCTBeHHO-CJIOBeCHOH. CaHCKpHTCKHH CTHX r MO»CHO Ha3BaTb "M) 3biicajrbHi>iM", H Me^K^y ero HcnojmeHHeM H HCT 6OJII>IIIOH pa3HHi;bi (3aMeTHM7 HTO B HauieM noHHMaHHH CTHXH He MHTaiOT, a noiOT, Hcnojib3yfl npocTenuiHe MQJIQJXUK, HTO He HCKjnonaeT nepejiOKeHHH Ha 6onee cjio^cHyio MCJIOAHK), H Tor^a CTHX craHOBHTca yace necHefi). ECJIH npoAOJDKHTb aHajiormo /jajibme, TO MOH j> * U B TpaAHUHOHHOH caHCKpHTCKOH McipHKe ^aHHaa Mejio/nifl 6bi
,HaHHbIH pHTM nOJIHOCTbK) COOTBeTCTByeT CaHCKpKTCKOMy ,I3,eC«THCJ10>iai0My pa3Mepy Mamma. FlpHMep: pitva raatta madhu madhupall kalindlye tatavanakufije/ uddivyantir vrajajanaraiiiah kainasakta madhujiti cakre// IIpH HTeHHH CaHCKpHTCKHX CTHXOB CJie/iyeT npHH^ITb BO BHHMaHHe 4>aKT, HTO rpaHHE[bi CJIOB H cjioroB MoryT He coBna^aTb, T.e. ecjin CJIOBO 3aKaHHHBaeTca Ha KpaTKHH rjiacHbiM, a cue^qyiomee HaMHHaeTCH Ha rpynny corjiacHbix, TO AaHHbiH cjior 6y#eT TpaicTOBaTbCH icaK AOJIFHH. npHMep: 3aunci>: siva siva siveti prajapatah
TOT
: si- va- si- va- si- ve- tip- ra- ja- pa- tah U U U
U KJ
U U U 16
—
HacMOTpa Ha cymecrBeHHoe pa3JiHHHe CHCTCM CTHxocjio:aceHHfl B pyCCKOH H HHAHHCKOH II033HH, MeTpHMCCKOe nepeJlOHCCHHe CaHCKpHTCICHX CTHXOB Ha pyCCKHH H3bIK BO3MO3KHO. H TaiCHe nOnblTKH 6bUIH. B CBOeM HcropHH eBponeHCicoro craxa" (M. Hayica, 1989) M.JI.FacnapoB myTOHHoe nocjiaHHe M.BojioinHHy OT jinua HHAHHCKOFO no3Ta i, HanncaHHoe B.H.^pxo. flaHHoe nocjiaHHe HMHTHpyeT caMWH pacnpocTpaHeHHbiH H3 HHAHHCKHX BOCbMHCjio»cHbix pa3MepoB - uuioKy, r#e B Kaj3&m\nnx (nocjieAHHx HerBepocjio)KHflx) AOJirnx H KpaTKHx HepeAOBaHHeM yAapHbix H 6e3yAapHbix: ArHH TWMH BOcnoftTe AeTH ARKTU ! - JTK)6OBb, Hh5l
IIpHBOAHTCH HeCKOJIbKO CaHCKpHTCICHX CTpOC}), HailHCaHHblX nonyjmpHbiMH pa3MepaMH, c nepesoAOM, HMHTHpyiomHM 3TH pa3Mepbi B CTopoHe, nocicojn>Ky npoH3HeceHrao pa3MepoB).
US MS I \SS
KyM- Ky )KeM- qy. FyCHKTO ne
MOM TeJIO ra HHTb na 6pa- cjie- TbI HHT- CH
no rpyua Ta-
KpblJIOKOH
17
TO eTOKpa-
ny- IIIHCe CMyrcax- CTOCTO- TO-
TblN J1OH nax 10!
S IS 11 IS IS IS
B cepa- up CBeTHT Tex Ha npe-
npapanop, My-
Be,a-
HOM Ma noKa Apo- ro
BceHeHe ra-
iTja 3a6po3e-
V Myie-
MyTHeHoco-
acy oceM nyH6eA
MO B^aM AeHer
H H Bbl ^py-
6ecHeKpyroK
npnTy TOnpH-
3y-
^ipeKblH TpHH Ka-
^a CBCT B3ra H.
SSISSIISISS
J ApyBOT
Her Ho
J 3ba! npaBMHH
CKaB^a pe y .
npHnpaiiie ocex
cTpaBtl 6emi-
CTHO me. Apov HBI.
PeKOMeii/jyeMasi jiHTepaTypa: A.Macdonell "A Vedic Grammar for Students". London 1962. C 436-447. V.Apte "The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary". Delhi 1996. Appendix I, "Sanskrit Prosody". Arati Mitra "Origin and DeveJopement of Sanskrit Metrics". Calcutta 1989. A.Keith "A History of Sanskrit Literature". Delhi 1996. C. 415-421. A.il.CbipKHH "O6i>>iCHeHHe CTHXOTBOPHWX pa3MepoB" // ITaHHaTaHTpa. M., 1958. C. 324-339. M.Jl.FacnapOB "OnepK HCTOpHH eBponeiiCKOro eraxa". M, 1989. C. 51-55. 18
2.
"Tpw
COHCKPHTCKHX pa3MepoB Bbi6paHbi cTpo(j)bi H3 3HaMeHHTwx uiamaK (CTOCTHHIHH) ExaprpnxapH. Bbi6op He cjiynaeH, nocKOjibicy 3TO OAHH H3 HCMHorHx TeKCTOB, B KOTOPOM npeAcraBjieHO Bee MHoroo6pa3He HHAHHCKHX MCTPOB: O6LIHHO aBropti H36HpaiOT JIH6O OAHH , JIH6O HecKOJibKO, HO pe,znco npnGeraiOT KO BceM BO3MOHCHOCTHM Crpo(})bi pacnojio^ceHw He B aBTOpCKOM nopWKe, a no MerpaM (npHHi^nn pacnpeAejieHHH 3aHMCTBOBaH y B. Airre, OH Hcnojn>3yeT B CBoeM onepKe no HHAHHCKOH MeTpHKe B npHJiO3KeHHH K ero caHCKpHTCKOMy cjiOBapio): 1) CHjuiaGH^iecioie pa3Mepw c paBHbiMH nadaMu B nopHAKe BO3pacTaHHa cjioroB B nadey 2) cmijiaSHHecKHe pa3Mepbi c HepaBHbiMH nadajuu, 3) MeTpHnecKHe pa3Mepbi. Ka^waH CTpo(|>a CHa6>KeHa KOMMeHTapHeM, r^e 3TO Heo6xoAHMO. riocjie yKa3aH0, KaKoii H3 utamaK OHa npHHa^jie^KHT: ^TT
a" HJIH "CTO CTpo4> o
^5° - "IIIpHHrapa-inaTaKa"
HJIH "CTO
CTpo(j) o JIK)6BH",
HO nojiOBHHy caMoro TeKcra BxapTpuxapH.
2,1. CwjijiaSHHecKHe Mcrpki c paBiiOMepiii>iMH nadaMu. 2.1.1. B0CbMHCJ10>KHI>ie MCTpbL Boci>MHCJio>KHHe MeTpti npoHCxoAHT H3 Be#HHCKoro cmyiumy6xa, H paCnpOCTpaHeHHHH H3 HHX - UUIOKO, eAMHCTBeHHblH H3 pa3MepOB, B KOTOPOM He AO KOHua ynopaAOHeHa MerpHHecKaji CTpyKTypa. IlDioKa COCTOHT H3 neTbipex nad no BOceMb CJIOTOB; 1-il, 2-H, 3if, 4-ii H 8-H cjiorn npOH3BOjibHbi, 5-H Bcer#a KpaTKHH, 6-ii Bcer^a AOJITHH, 7fi AOJirHH B HeneTHbix nadax H KpaTKHH B neTHbix: HeneTHbienadu: X X X X U X nerabie nadbi: X XX XU — U X H3-3a KOHTpacTHpyionjiHx KOHUOBOK UUIOKCX HanoMHHaeT HHTOHainiK) »CHBOH H, no3TOMy HeyAHBHrejibHO, HTO 3TO OCHOBHOH pa3Mep MaxaGxapaTbi H H HTO OCHOBHJIH Macca HaynHoi jiHTepaTypbi Tome HanncaHa 19
UUIOKOU. B "BMCOKOH" ace IIO33HH 3TOT pa3Mep pe^KO ynoTpe6jiHeTCH, a ecjiH H BCTpenaeTca, TO name B AH#aicrHHecKHx CTpocj)ax. 3TO MO>KHO O6T>HCHHTI>
TeM, HTO uuioKa BocnpHHHMaeTCH no3TaMH KaK "npo3aHiiecKHH" pa3Mep H33a ero npocroTbi H o6meynoTpe6HTejibHOCTH. \\\
ii
J M W
II
\ n
S .- JieneuiKa, KycoK, no^anKa - pa3HOBHAHocTL 6apa6aHa noponioK THna xajibKa, KOTopbiM nocwnaeTCH MeisiGpaHa 6apa6ana
a. H°ld^4l - ropHoe ymejibe c. 'HHi - CBH3B, o6meHHe d. ^ ^ ^ ^ " I ~flBopeuHH^pb
a. ^vO^rRT - y#ap pyKOH c. ^RT — noBe#eHHe - HenOCTOHHHWH, MHMOJieTHWH,
20
- CTpaHLI CBeTa, T.e. HHKaKHX ORGyKR HOCHTfe,
c. d. duINn
: - K qeMy MHe [TorAa] napu?
~ cjia6eioT .) - MOJio/jeeT
KpoMe - 6yKB. Ta, y KOTopoH Kpyn>ie CKJIOHW, T.e. KpyTo6eApaa, KpacaBHija — JIO33, CO^amaflCfl aMpHTOH cHFTPT *TcrfcT
^FfT ^TFT
d. ilH (Hapeq.) - HMCHHO
-
H KaK 5ice
ee nocjie 3ix>ro [Ha3Baxb] JIIOGHMOH?
21
b. M^l *T ) KOMMeHTapHH! - jiyHHbiH b. H^Iilcrl - TeMHWH can4)Hp rpaHaT
a. *\fi ~ a)TaacejiwH, 6) njiaHeTa lOimrep b. ie pa3Mepw B KJiaccHnecKOH IIO33HH BeAHHCKOMy mpuiumydxy. Y BxaprpHxapH MW BcrpenaeM nnTb pa3HOBHAHOCTeH T3KHX pa3MepOB: lucuiuHu, pamxoddxama, dodxaKa, uudpaeadjicpa H ynadjfcamu. IIocjieAHHH - civieinaHHbiH pa3Mep. Ero CTpyioypa coBnaAaeT c pa3MepOM undpaeadDtcpa, 3a HCKjnoiieHHeM nepBoro cjiora: B undpaeadotcpa nepBbiH BcerAa AOJirHH, a B ynadoicamu IIpOH3BOJIbHbIH, HO HHKOrAa TOJIbKO AOJirHH HJIH TOJIbKO KpaTKHH.
II 3 II V l l l d i l II ^ II
SS55 5 \SS \SS
25
a. ^TI^fT - roTOBHocTt ncnojiHan. b. n\*\
a, ^"Clld^ - JIOBKHe ABH3KeHHH GpOBeH ftf: - HrpHBoe npninypHBaHHe KOKeTJiHBbie Kocwe B3rjumi>i C. dlCilH*^ yR^RT ^f K^RT ^f - rpaU[HO31IOCTl> H B RTiVlMQHHnX, H B IIOKOe
a. %7I^[ - BHimiy c. Hli - ropoA d. "^tl - nemepa 26
SIS 11 IS IS IS
Kpan rjia3a II X II
5 I IS 11 S 1155
1FTT (530)
b. TTK c. "JHji ~ HOJKHOH 6pacjieT
27
(6axysp.) - "Ta, y KOTOpoH na CTonax-Jicrrocax SBCHJIT
5 5 155 115 155
a. *T "'T^IHIdiC^ - Henpe,n;B3aTO, 6ecnpHCipacTHO b. KecTBa, >KHBymwe B d.
clef:
a. cfcf! l^H^ ~ HIITO c Toro? c. 37
- yBa>KaeMfeiH (HEMH) ~ SoraTCTBo
: II
p a. HrlCl - 6ejn>iH c. ^KiiMctH^^Ci^l (GaxyBp.) ~ (KOJIOACU), Ha KoroptiH nocraBHjiH KymuHH c ^rfr+Vl - 06x0WTh d. ^!U>SIC1<J) H ~ KOJio^eu .OJIH "He»mcTbix"
38
a. ^F^T - 6jia>KeHHWH, C, M^TT - TpH CKJiaAKH Ha JKHBOTe y HCeH d. ^TIcpTcT - BH#, o6pa3
- HCKyCHblH, J1OBKHH d. ^^H^H^crl^ - c6HBaHHe cnecH c KaMbi
(Sf) KoMMeHTapHH*. a. 3T^F^ ~ 6ejiocHe>KHbiH b. ^Ki4]^ ~ AOM, pflAOM c KOTOpbIM HaXOAHTCH
39
KOMMeHTapHH! a. fl b. " ^ 1% %
^
cIT:
(sy)
f% %RT
KOMMCHTapHH! C. Q. 2,1.5. IIsiTHa^iiaTHCJio>KHi>ie O6iu.ee Ha3BaHHe 3THX pa3MepoB amuvuaKsapu. Y ExapTpnxapH BCTpenaeTCH TOJIBKO OAHH pa3Mep - MCUIUHU. II \ \ II H l f d i ) II %\ II
iimiss
SISSISS
40
b. ^T^Rt - 6oraTCTBo d. TeRTCPcf, - BOJIOKHO CTe6ilH JlOTOCa °IKUI - a) nperpa^a, 6) CJIOH
a. qc^hd5 - ofle»aa OTUiejibHHKa, cflejiannas H3 Kopu b. Piiy^ ?! Iq^lq: - Hexpa3JiHMna
: II
a. ^ilqi^T -- pacreHHe, JieKapcTBeHHoe pacreHHe b. WTnT^T^ - co3Be3AHe c. TT^PT^F^ ~ "ujapcKaH 6ojie3HL", d. 41
• nepexo/jHTb,
a. tfftlN ~ HeKTap b. H