===jZgbdKF;hg^Zj_gdh
AG:DB IJ?IBG:GBY QZklv \lhjZy Dgb]Z^eymqZsbokybihklmiZxsbo\\mau
Fhkd\Z GIHH;J:AHey^...
190 downloads
235 Views
3MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
===jZgbdKF;hg^Zj_gdh
AG:DB IJ?IBG:GBY QZklv \lhjZy Dgb]Z^eymqZsbokybihklmiZxsbo\\mau
Fhkd\Z GIHH;J:AHZ\Zcl_ijh[_`bfkyihg_dhlhjufbawlbomf_gbc 1. I_j_ibrbl_ klbohl\hjgu_ ijbf_ju \ l_ljZ^v jZkklZ\vl_ \ gbo agZdb b khklZ\vl_ ko_fu
6
Blhiheymoh^yl Ghke_^boha_jguck\_l_e Blhiheymoh^yl GhgZfhklZ\eyxl\_l_j :fbjk\_leydh\gZoeug_l Bijhreh_\g_fihlhg_l Bdjhohlgh_k_j^_qdh JZkdjh_lkygZeZ^hgb N_^_jbdh=ZjkbZEhjdZ
B\k_odh]hex[be YjZaex[blvm`_g_\kbeZo ey^hfZ^eyihey^eyem]Z Qlh[ljZ\Zfbi_eZhdjm]Z Bfhj_rmf_eh\^Zeb" Hfgh]hebgZ^ha_feb >eybklbgu\_jubijZ\Z Qlh[aZk_dZbebaZklZ\Z Ex^_cjZa^_eylvg_fh]eb" >KZfhceh\
mohfk\h[h^gucohly[u\p_iyo[uebjmdb Ygbdh]^ZhkiZk_gv_k\h_fg_fhex Z ihlhfm qlh \ h^gbo ij_^eh`_gbyo hgh \uklmiZ_l \ jheb khxaZZ\^jm]bo —\jheb\\h^gh]hkeh\Z G_imlZcl_\\h^gu_keh\ZgbkdZdbfb^jm]bfbZ\gh ihjZ [u ij_djZlblvky ^h`^x h^gZdh hg ijh^he`Z_lky ihqlbg_^_ex
23
GZ^__fkyqlhkjZ\g_gb_\Zfm^Zehkvbqlh\uhl\_lbebijbf_jghlZd bh]_g [ue ba\_klgufnbehkhnhf>j_\g_c=j_pbbh^gZdh`behgg_\^hf_Z\imklhc[hqd_lZd dZd kqblZe ^hf baebrg_c jhkdhrvx 6. Fu ]h\hjbf gZ e[m gZibkZgh h ex^yo h dhlhjuo fh`gh fgh]h_ magZlv ih \ujZ`_gbx ebpZ ;ueb h^gZdh \ klZjbgm ex^b m dhlhjuo gZ e[m [ueh h[hagZq_gh dlh hgb lZdb_ Ijb pZj_ :e_dk__ FboZceh\bq_ [mglh\sbdZf \u`b]Zeb gZ e[m agZd [mdb beb [md\m [ b bo ijhreh_ gZ\k_]^Z hdZau\Zehkv gZibkZgguf gZ e[m ih E L =jb]hjyg 7. E_lhf 1612 ]h^Z jmkkdb_ \hckdZ ih^ dhfZg^h\Zgb_f FbgbgZ b Ih`Zjkdh]h g_ lhevdh hklZgh\beb gZr_kl\b_ iheydh\ gh b jZa[beb bo gZ]heh\m eyfgh]bo ba\ZkwlhhdZau\Z_lkyg_e_]dbf^_ehf>Z\Zcl_h[km^bfijbqbgu\Zrboljm^ghkl_c DZd\uagZ_l_^__ijbqZklb_khklhbl\jh^kl\_gguohlghr_gbyobk]eZ]hehfbk gZj_qb_f Wlh dZd [u ]b[jb^ ]eZ]heZ b gZj_qby dZd ]j_cinjml — ]b[jb^ ebfhgZ b Zi_evkbgZ ?kl_kl\_ggh qlh ^__ijbqZklb_ bf__l koh^kl\h k ]eZ]hehf h[hagZqZ_l ^__ijbqZklb_ dZd b ]eZ]he ^_ckl\b_ gh lhevdh ^h[Z\hqgh_ : k gZj_qb_f hgh koh^gh l_f qlh aZklueh l_ g_ bf__l hdhgqZgby g_ baf_gy_lky >__ijbqZklby \ ij_^eh`_gbb fh]ml hl\_qZlv gZ l_ `_ \hijhku qlh b gZj_qby — gZ \hijhku h[klhyl_evkl\Ghlhevdh^__ijbqZklbyhl\_qZxlgZ\hijhkuq l h ^ _ e Z y " q l h k ^ _ e Z \ " q l h k ^ _ e Z \ r b " Bf_ggh ih wlbf \hijhkZf fu fh`_f m\_j_gghhlebqZlv^__ijbqZklbyhlex[uo^jm]bokeh\ Z bg_dhlhju_kmnnbdkumgboihoh`bm^__ijbqZklbyrb\rbijbg_krbgZqZ\rb Z m ijbqZklby_klvkmnnbdk\r gZiZ\rbc Dh]^Z d g_fm ijb[Z\ey_lky hdhgqZgb_ bc wlh fh`_l k[blv \Zk k lhedm G_j_^dh ijbqZklby b ^__ijbqZklby b hdZgqb\Zxlky ihoh`_gZi_\ZygZi_\Z\rZyLhevdhwlhym^__ijbqZklbykmnnbdkZmijbqZklby — o\hklbdhdhgqZgbyZy G_ imlZcl_ bo Ihfgbl_ qlh ^__ijbqZklby — wlh g_baf_gy_fZy nhjfZ ]eZ]heZ Z ijbqZklbybaf_gyxlkykdehgyxlky B\hijhkumgbobf_xlg_lhevdhkoh^kl\hgh b jZaebqb_ m ^__ijbqZklby \hijhku h[klhyl_evkl\ b \hijhku q l h ^ _ e Z y " qlh k^_eZ\" qlh k^_eZ\rb" Z m ijbqZklby qlh ^_eZxsbc"qlh^_eZ\rbc"qlhk^_eZ\rbc" 2.?s_h^bggZ[hjkeh\DZdb_bagbo²^__ijbqZklbybkq_f\ubog_i_j_imlZeb"
KdZaZlv kdZaZ\ kdZaZ\rbc j_rblvky j_rb\rbkv j_rb\rbcky kf_ykv kf_xsbckykf__lkyaZ^mfZ\rbckyaZ^mfZ\rbkvaZ^mfZekykbyykbyxsbckbylv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,
:l_i_jv^Z\Zcl_\ueZ\eb\Zlv^__ijbqZklbybaihlhdZkZfuojZaguo keh\
39
3.AZibrbl_dZ`^h_keh\h\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu
Kms_kl\bl_evgu_
IjbeZ]Zl_evgu_ =eZ]heu IjbqZklby GZj_qby >__ijbqZklby
E_lZy ^hdjZkgZ kbyxsZy mfqZeZkv \_k_eZy f_evgbpZ gZdZgmg_ ihijhklm r_e_kl_eZ gZjbkh\Z\ ijhkljZgkl\h [_aex^gZy gbdh]^Z jZa\_k_eb\rbkv hklhjh`_gi_j_\h^klj_fbl_evghmiZ\fZeurbih^fb]gm\rbih^gy\rbgZ^_xkv gZ^_`gh kfhljysbc kfhljbl_ev g_ ]ey^y ih^jm`_kdb k\ys_ggZy k\_lysZyky hk\_lbl_evhk\_s_gb_k\_leh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 4. I_j_^ \Zfb i_j_imlZggu_ ihkeh\bpu JZkimlZcl_ bo i_j_ibrbl_ b ih^q_jdgbl_ ^__ijbqZklby
1.G_^Z\rbkeh\Zg_kmcky\\h^m 2.Kgy\rb]heh\mdj_ibkvZ^Z\rb^_j`bkv 3.G_agZy[jh^mih\hehkZfg_ieZqmlIjh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u II.
H[hkh[e_ggh_h[klhyl_evkl\h \ujZ`_ggh_^__ijbqZklgufh[hjhlhf >__ijbqZklby \klj_q_ggu_ \Zfb \ l_dkl_ fh]ml [ulv eb[h h^bghqgufb g_jZkijhkljZg_ggufb eb[h jZkijhkljZg_ggufb lh _klv bf_xsbfb ijb k_[_ ihykgbl_evgu_ keh\Z >__ijbqZklby k ihykgbl_evgufb keh\Zfb gZau\Zxlky ^__ijbqZklgufh[hjhlhf _j`Zdm\rbggZ^]heh\hc =jmabgdZmadhxljhihc Koh^beZd[_j_]mIhjhc HgZkdhevabeZkj_^vdZfg_c Kf_ykvg_eh\dhklbk\h_c FXE_jfhglh\
DlhkdZq_ldlhfqblkyih^oeZ^ghxf]ehc" ?a^hdaZiha^Zeuckgbfkugfheh^hc Dhlpm\_kvba^jh]gm\fZexldZijbgbd H[gy\_]h^_j`blb]j__lklZjbd h[Z\hqgu_kdZam_fu_ —h[klhyl_evkl\Z \ujZ`_ggu_^__ijbqZklbyfb b^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfb kaZiylufbb[_agbo Ijhkfhljbl_l_dkluij_^u^ms_]haZ^Zgbybhl\_lvl_gZ\hijhku 1.AZ\bkbleb\u^_e_gb_^__ijbqZklgh]hh[hjhlZhl_]hf_klZ\ij_^eh`_gbb" 2._fhdjblZ hgbhldjuebZlhfgmxwg_j]bxlhevdh\ XX\_d_ G _ k f h l j y g Z q l h " ²ijb^Zlhqgh_mklmibl_evgh_
58
3. LZddZdj_[ylZ[uebhlebqghwdbibjh\Zgu^eyihoh^Zhgbg_[hyebkvgb^h`^y gb\_ljZ I h q _ f m " —ijb^Zlhqgh_ijbqbgu L_i_jv ij_h[jZamcl_ wlb ij_^eh`_gby aZf_gb\ ijb^Zlhqgu_ qZklb jZkijhkljZg_ggufb hij_^_e_gbyfb Ihkljhcl_ ij_^eh`_gby lZd qlh[u jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby klhyeb i_j_^ hij_^_ey_fuf keh\hf dZd b ijb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gby ey jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby g_[_ajZaebqgh \ujZ`_gh eb hij_^_ey_fh_ keh\hgZjbpZl_evgufbebkh[kl\_ggufbf_g_f hf[jh\kdbc 14. hf[jh\kdbc 15. _nh 7.>mjZdb [hevr_\k_]h]h\hjylhfm^jhklbZg_]h^ybh^h[jh^_l_ebIZmevWjgkl Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,,
: l_i_jv \uibrbl_ ba \Zrbo ij_^eh`_gbc ]eZ]heu ]h\hj_gby b ihkfhljbl_ ^hklZlhqgh eb hgb jZaghh[jZagu DZd fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb h^ghh[jZab_ ]eZ]heh\ ]h\hj_gby =h]hev kdZaZe Lheklhc gZibkZe — h^bg ba kZfuo m^jmqZxsbo g_^hklZldh\rdhevguokhqbg_gbc
116
Fgh]hh[jZab_keh\kb]gZeh\ bbof_klh Kdhevdh`_keh\kb]gZeh\ijyfhcj_qbfh`_l[ulv\yaud_" h[jh_mljh 8.Gm\hl_s_ 9.AZ\ljZ\^\_gZ^pZlvqZkh\hldju\Z_lkyke_llmjbklh\ 10. Kl_deh jZa[be y 11. Zg_m`_eb" 16.Gb\dh_fkemqZ_ 17.Hklhjh`ghLZfkehfZgZklmi_gvdZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,,
Fgh]b_ g_ \u^_eyxl ijyfhc j_qb \ ijbf_jZo lZdh]h lbiZ m gbo ihemqZ_lky lZd Lhgy kfhlj_eZ gZ ahehlu_ emqb b ijh]h\hjbeZ k ]em[hdhc ]jmklvx G_m`_eb gZrZ ^jm`[Zm]Zkg_ldZdm]ZkZ_lk_cqZkkhegp_"GHkljh\kdbc BkijZ\vl_hrb[dmbihijh[mcl___h[tykgblv Ze_dh^Ze_dh ... , qlh[u ...pZjkl\h 51. 1. Ljm^gh ... dmjblv" — kijhkbeb ... . FZjd L\_g hl\_lbe Kh\k_f ... , y ... [jhkZe 2. H^gZ`^u dh]^Z ... \ :f_jbd_ ... kdZaZeb DZdhc \u \ukhdbc — Qlh \u" — m^b\e_ggh ... <eZ^bfbjh\bq — Y ... ". 3. ... b kijhkbe _]h Zy ... ), 4Lhevdh ... ), 5Hq_gvijhklh ... ), 6KlZg_leb ... ), 7, 8, 9,10, 11
52. 1. ... dhehggu Ih fZrbgZf — ^hg_kehkv 2. ... d mkZf Fheh^pu Z ...\Zeyx — ...Zjlbkl ... . 3. ... , dhlhjuc ... ,qlh ...khkeh\b_ ... .Gm`gh ... ,fkv_>xfZ —_\bpudjZkZ\bpu >mr_gvdbih^jm`_gvdb JZau]jZcl_kv^_\bpu JZa]meycl_kvfbeu_ :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yghhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9
?s_ h^bg fZe_gvdbc k_dj_l h[jZs_gbc hgb bgh]^Z h[t_^bgyxlky \ ^jm`_kdbc khxakf_`^hf_lb_fhHZcdhjufg_h[_j_aZ @_elhc^Zcdhju[_j_aZ =Ehg]n_eeh 7.L_i_jvdjZldhjZkkdZ`bl_k_[_h[h[jZs_gbbbihlj_gbjmcl_kvjZkklZ\vl_agZdbb aZibrbl_ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\gm`gucklhe[bdlZ[ebpuJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc
G_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ h[jZs_gby
JZkijhkljZg_ggu_h[jZs_gby
P_ihqdbh[jZs_gbc
158
IjhsZcg_fulZyJhkkby KljZgZjZ[h\kljZgZ]hkih^ B\ufmg^bju]hem[u_ BluihkemrgucbfgZjh^ FXE_jfhglh\
KibfeZ^_g_pfhcij_djZkguc ;Zxrdb[Zx Lbohk\_lblf_kypykguc OZjfk
Ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv dZdbfb qe_gZfb ij_^eh`_gby y\eyxlky \ wlbo ijbf_jZo f_klhbf_gbylub\uIjZ\bevgh_keb\uj_rbebqlhb\lhfb\^jm]hfkemqZ_wlh ih^e_`Zsb_ Ih lh]^Z ijb q_f `_ lml h[jZs_gby" Gb ijb q_f Lu b \u aZ j_^dbf bkdexq_gb_f Wc lu B^b kx^Z gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Zxl h[jZs_gbyfb Z lhevdh ih^e_`Zsbfb G_\a^mfZcl_\u^_eylvboaZiylufb Bgh]^Z \ ij_^eh`_gbyo k h[jZs_gbyfb ih^e_`Zs__ khojZgy_lky Z bgh]^Z bkq_aZ_llZddZdklZgh\blkyg_gm`gufM[_^bl_kv\wlhf 160
8.Ih^q_jdgbl_bijbf_jZohkgh\ubjZkklZ\vl_agZdb
Dm^ZlZddmfmrdZ[_`brvlu[_ah]ey^db" Ijbey]dZ[jZlbhl^hogb Khk_^dZkeurZeZevlu^h[jmxfhe\m" B:Djueh\
Rbjhdhlukl_iv IhjZkdbgmeZkv DfhjxQ_jghfm IhgZ^\bgmeZkv :Dhevph\
Ex[exl_[yI_ljZl\hj_gv_ Ex[exl\hckljh]bckljhcguc\b^ G_\u^_j`Z\gh_l_q_gv_ ;_j_]h\hc__]jZgbl :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9
:l_i_jvih]h\hjbfhibkvfZoIbkvfZ —wlhlhl\b^ibkvf_gghcj_qb\dhlhjhf h[yaZl_evgh\klj_qZxlkyh[jZs_gby 9. Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf g_kdhevdh hlju\dh\ ba agZdhfuo \Zf ibk_f gZibkZgguo ba\_klgufbebl_jZlmjgufbi_jkhgZ`Zfbj_\g_]j_q_kdb_ [h]b ih ij_^Zgbx h[blZeb gZ ]hj_ Hebfi Wlb [h]b bo gZau\ZebhebfibcpZfb[_amqZklghhlghkbebkvdkljZ^Zgbyfb\heg_gbyfex^_cZkdbnufu^ZZabZlufu KjZkdhkufbb`Z^gufbhqZfb :;ehd
H_keb[[uey lbobcdZd]jhf _\bpu djZkZ\bpu JZau]jZcl_kv^_\bpujZa]meycl_kvfbeu_
^mr_gvdb
ih^jm`_gvdb
6. ... ,h[_j_aZ ... ,[_j_aZ 7. 1. ... , g_fulZy Jhkkby kljZgZ jZ[h\ kljZgZ ]hkih^ b \u fmg^bju ]hem[u_ b lu ihkemrguc bf gZjh^ 2. ... , feZ^_g_p fhc ij_djZkguc ... . 3. ... , g_m^ZqZ b m^ZqZ ... !\Zijhkluo\hijhkbl_evguoij_^eh`_gby I_j\h_hkeh`g_ghp_ihqdhc
189
h[jZs_gbc 3. h[Z\hqgu_kdZam_fu_²h[klhyl_evkl\Z \ujZ`_ggu_^__ijbqZklbyfbb^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfb kaZiylufbb[_agbo«««««« H^bghqgu_^__ijbqZklby[_aaZiyluo«««««««« Kfhljbf\i_j_^«««««« Ki_pbZevgucjZa]h\hjhljm^guokemqZyo«««««««« Ghk\ulZsbrv²o\hklm\ya«««««««