Форматы письма в английском языкеУчебное пособие по английскому языку (для студентов очной и заочной формы обучения)

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Ростовский Государственный Университет

ФОРМАТЫ ПИСЬМА В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ Учебное пособие по английскому языку (для студентов очной и заочной формы обучения)

Ростов-на-Дону 2003

Учебное пособие обсуждено и утверждено на заседании кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов РГУ Протокол № 2 от 17 октября 2003 г. Составители: доц. Числова А.С. Ст. преп. Акопова А.С. Ответственный редактор: ст. преп. Тукодова М.М.

Учебное пособие составлено таким образом, чтобы помочь студентам дневной и заочной формы обучения приобрести навыки письма и составления писем с использованием соответствующей лексики. Учебное пособие включает теоретический и практический материал. Может быть также использовано для широкого круга обучающихся.

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Методическая записка Настоящее пособие предназначено для развития навыков письменной речи у студентов гуманитарных факультетов университета, а также для всех желающих совершенствовать навыки письменной речи. Цель пособия – развить у студентов навыки письма и составления писем с использованием соответствующей лексики и учетом некоторых стилистических особенностей, ознакомить студентов с основными нормами ведения деловой и частной переписки. Предлагаемая работа обусловлена следующими мотивами. В настоящее время все больше и больше возможностей общаться письменно, через электронную почту, которая является самой быстрой на сегодняшний день. Оценка навыков и умений овладения иностранным языком в образовательной системе тесно связана с прогрессом в письменных видах работы. Экзамен по английскому языку включает написание эссе, делового письма или просто записки. Письмо - важнейшая часть изучения языка - представляет собой интеллектуальную мыслительную деятельность, которая требует достаточно времени на обдумывание определенной темы, анализа и организации фоновых знаний. Затем пишущему необходим соответствующий язык, чтобы структурировать свои идеи в форме логически последовательного рассуждения (дискурса). Из практики опытного педагога известно, что студенты часто обеспокоены таким аспектом обучения на английском языке, как письмо. Они с такой же боязнью относятся к написанию абзаца, как и к написанию исследовательской работы. Их волнует то, смогут ли они выразить свои мысли ясно, без ограничений в правильности использования грамматики, пунктуации, орфографии. Часто, на первых порах обучения языку, мало внимания уделяется творческому аспекту письма, т.к. все внимание сосредоточено на грамматике, пунктуации, орфографии. Именно поэтому у студентов развивается страх перед письменными заданиями, а все то, что они напишут, кажется им, состоит сплошь из ошибок. Эти страхи мешают им и часто делают процесс письма как медленным, так и безрезультативным. Без практики письма студенты испытывают трудность в достижении ясности, доходчивости, понятности и четкости, что является целью любого письменного задания.

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WRITING A LETTER 1. The parts of a letter Every well-constructed letter is made up of six essential parts. All letters – friendly, social and business-conform to this basic outline. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

The heading The salutation The body of the letter The complimentary close The signature The superscription (envelope address) The Heading

The heading of a letter is placed (one and a half centimeter from the top of the page) in the upper right-hand corner. It includes the writer’s address – his house number, street, city, state (in case of the USA), the country, and the date on which the letter is written. Abbreviations should not be used except for states. Two forms of the heading are permissible: the block form and the indented form. The block form is probably the most frequently used. Whichever style you adopt you should use it consistently for the complimentary close, for the signature, and the address on the envelope. Indented / Step Form 1436 Cherry Boulevard Granville, Ohio October 4, 20___

Block Form Rural Route 2, Box 39 Waterville, Minnesota August 28, 20___

The date is very important and should never be omitted. It goes immediately below the address – never above it, or on the same line with it. Do not abbreviate the month (like ‘Jan.’, ‘Apr.’, ‘Oct.’, ‘Nov.’). You do not need ‘st’, or ‘rd’, or ‘th’ after the day of the month. February 1, 2003; May 3, 2003; June 10, 2001. A comma should be put between the day of the month, and the year, to separate the numerals and prevent confusion. 186 Laring Avenue Buffalo, New York July 16, 20___ The Salutation

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It is to be written at the left-hand side of the sheet above one and a half centimeter below the heading. The point at which you start the salutation will be your left-hand margin. (The salutation should start at whatever point you want the margin to be.) Since the salutation is your greeting to the recipient of the letter, its wording will depend largely upon your relationship to her or to him. The first word and the name of the person being greeted are always capitalized. ‘Dear Miss Smith.’ For most letters a comma is used after the salutation. 186 Laring Avenue Buffalo, New York July 16, 20___ Dear Kate, Forms of Salutation Here are some forms of salutations used in letters by Englishmen and Americans:

Personal letters

English Dear Mr. Brown: Formal Dear Miss Smith: Dear Mrs. Stockwell: Dear John, Informal Dear Mary, My dear Jane, To close My dear Max, friends My dear Miss Brook, The Body of the Letter

In writing the body of the letter, start a new paragraph every time you change to a new subject. Begin each sentence with a capital and end it with a full stop or some other appropriate punctuation mark. The body of the letter is, of course, its most important part. It is here that you accomplish your purpose by writing your message clearly and interestingly. If you consider the content of your letter as representing you, you will be careful of what you say and how you say it. Yet many people send poorly written and uninteresting letters to their best friends. They do not value or respect friendship as they should.

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186 Laring Avenue Buffalo, New York July 16, 20___ Dear Kate, We were glad when the postman left us your letter today. Although you have been away only three days, it seems like thirty. My parents and I are pleased that you are having a good time and a complete rest. Bob was over for supper last night. He has had a course in camp cooking and grilled a steak for us. Bob says that he will write you a letter tomorrow. Have a good time. The Complimentary Close The close is the complimentary ‘Good-bye’ before you sign your name and put the letter into its envelope. Its wording will depend largely upon the tone of the letter and upon your relationship to the person to whom you are writing. The complimentary close should begin approximately halfway across the page and one line below the last line of the body of the letter. Only the first word should be capitalized. A comma should always follow the close. English and American Closing Phrases Here are some of the complimentary closing phrases: Yours affectionately, Affectionately, Lovingly yours, Always yours, Love, As ever, You should never begin the complimentary close with ‘Hoping you are well’, ‘I am’ or anything else as vague and dull. The Signature If you have used the indented style in the heading, you will sign your name one space below and a little to the right of the beginning of the complimentary close. If you have used the block style, you will begin your name directly beneath the first letter of the complimentary close. Do not place a full stop or other mark of punctuation after your signature. You will sign only your first name or a nickname if you are writing to a relative or a good friend. In all other letters you should write your name in full. 6

A man does not write ‘Mr’ before his name. A woman does not write ‘Miss’ or ‘Mrs’ before her name unless the person to whom she is writing does not know her status. The correct title should be enclosed in parentheses. There are some basic rules to observe: - Always sign by hand, in ink. - Write legibly, so there can be no doubt as to the exact spelling of your name. - Sign your name without any accompanying titles. Here are a few examples of signatures used in letters: Yours very sincerely, Always yours, James Corbold Dick Sincerely yours, Robert Anderson

Sincerely, (Miss) Anges Jones A complete letter 186 Laring Avenue Buffalo, New York July 16, 20___

Dear Kate, We were glad when the postman left us your letter today. Although you have been away only three days, it seems like thirty. My parents and I are pleased that you are having a good time and a complete rest. Bob was over for supper last night. He has had a course in camp cooking and grilled a steak for us. Bob says that he will write you a letter tomorrow. Have a good time. Lovingly yours, Ruth

Superscription The name of the organization or the addressee should be written as it is given in his letters. For example, if he signs as ‘James Robinson’, you’d better keep it in the address as ‘Mr. James Robinson’ and not as ‘Mr. J. Robinson’. The line that follows gives the number of the house and the name of the street (the number of the house is always placed before the name of the street). The name of the town, the post code (Br.) / zip code (Am.), the name of the country – each on a separate line – complete the envelope address. 7

When posting a letter to the USA you should not forget to write the name of the state (in Britain – the name of the country) after the town’s name. It comes useful as there may exist several towns with identical names in different states. E.g., you may find 5 towns named New York, 5 Philadelphias, 12 Bostons, etc., in the USA. The names of the states (except Idaho, Iowa, Ohio, Texas, Utah) are often addreviated, e.g., New York – N.Y. Air Mail Mr. John J.Carson 300, Lincoln Street Chicago, Illinois 87501 USA

Christine James 6, Coner Road Liverpool L17OAD Gr.Britain

Dillard H.Gates, Ph.D., Physics Loyola University Department. New Orleans (LA) 23050 USA

Sometimes instead of the name of the street and the number of the house a sender prefers to give the number of his P.O. Box (personal box for correspondence at the Post Office) in the return address: Richard Dates P.O. Box 2753 Santa Fe, N. M. USA If the addressee stays at a hotel the letter is sent to the hotel’s address with no other information on the envelope but the addressee’s name: Mrs. F.Baker Mr. J.A.Read The Excelsior Hotel Heritage Hotel st 45, West 81 Street 47/8, Leinster Gardens London – 47 New York Great Britain 10024 USA The choice of addressing a person on the envelope depends on his matrimonial and professional position: • • • • • •

to a man – Mr. John Doe, Mr.Doe, Mr.J.Doe; to a married woman – Mrs. John Doe (the husband’s name is given); to a single woman – Miss Doe, Miss Mary Doe; to a divorced woman – Mrs. Mary Smith (her maiden name is given); to a widow – Mrs. John Doe (the husband’s name is preserved); to the rector of the college or the University – John Doe, President of Oxford University; • to a professor of the college or the University – Professor John Doe or John Doe (M.D.), Professor of … ; • to a scientist with the degree – John Doe, Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) / M.D. (Doctor of Medicine). 8

2. Business letter writing Business cannot be carried out without letters. Poor and unsuitable letters hinder business and cause confusion and loss, while well-conducted correspondence is an indication of efficiency that is so strong a factor in success. The choice of stationary should be carefully made. Stationary should always be good but not thick and expensive-looking which gives an impression of waste and pretentionness. Better not to use lined paper. Plain writing paper is always correct. A letter should always be typed or written to have an appearance of “fitting” the paper. It should never be squeezed up at the top or begin low down on the sheet with the end crowded in at the bottom. The width of the margins at each side is a matter of taste, but they should be uniform; fairly wide margins give a much better appearance than narrow ones. A long letter should always be broken up into a number of paragraphs and a paragraph should rarely exceed six or eight lines. Greeting (Salutation / Address) When the name of the person is unknown it is always correct to begin a letter with: Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Madam (both for married and single women). But: ‘Dear Miss’ is never used. If you don’t know the sex of the person to whom you are writing, you should use ‘Dear Sir’ irrespectable of sex. But: ‘Dear Sir / or Madam’ should not be used. The forms ‘Sir’ or ‘Madam’ are more formal, more abrupt and better avoided. You may also address a person using his official position: ‘Dear Professor’, ‘Dear Mr. President’. If your addressee is not a stranger it is much preferable to use the surname: Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Mrs. Smith, Dear Miss Smith. Addressing is always followed by a comma, but in American business letters it may be followed by a colon rather than a comma; Dear Mr. Black, (:) ; Dear Sirs : (,). The Text (Body) of the Letter The text is the main part of the letter. It includes everything the sender wants to say. The style of the letter is very important. Use everyday English (high-flown phrasing should be avoided), make your sentences short and clear. The information 9

should not be too detailed but not too abrupt. Always sit down to write a letter intending to please the addressee. There are certain phrases and clichés that can help you to make your letter sound proper: a) opening phrases Thanks: Спасибо за письмо о … (от …), которое мы получили …

(We) thank you for the letter of … (dated …) which we received … We are obliged for your letter of …

Весьма письмо…

Confirmations: We wish to inform you that …

благодарны

за

Ваше

Сообщаем Вам, что …

1. We acknowledge your letter of … We are in receipt of your letter of … We have received your letter of … In connection with our letter of … In confirmation of your cable of … / of our telephone conversation 2.

In reply (answer, response) to your letter of … With reference to (Referring to) our letter of … we wish to inform you … With further reference to … We learn from your letter that … We are surprised to learn from your letter / telex that …

Подтверждаем получение Вашего письма … Мы получили Ваше письмо … Мы получили Ваше письмо … В связи с нашим письмом … В подтверждение Вашей телеграммы … / телефонного разговора … В ответ на Ваше письмо … В соответствии с нашим письмом … мы намерены сообщить Вам, что … Далее в соответствии с … Из Вашего письма нам известно … С удивлением прочли в вашем письме/телексе, что …

Information: Your letter enclosing (stating that, asking us to do …) has been considered (given proper attention)

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Ваше письмо, включающее (утверждающее, что … , с просьбой …) было рассмотрено

We are pleased (glad) to inform (advise) you that … We have the pleasure in informing (offering) you that …

Мы с удовольствием сообщаем Вам …

You are no doubt aware that …

Вам без сомнения известно, что …

Please, note that …

Учтите / пожалуйста, что …

We have to remind you that …

Мы вынуждены Вам, что …

We enclose a copy of a letter from … about … (in connection with)

отметьте, напомнить

Копия письма от … о … (в отношении) прилагается

Apologies: We offer apologies apologize

for the long delay of our reply in answering your letter

Просим извинить за задержку с ответом

Please, accept our apologies for … We

regret are sorry

We

regret are sorry

We

regret are sorry

Примите, пожалуйста, наши извинения … to have to remind you Мы с сожалением that … вынуждены напомнить Вам… to learn from your Из Вашего письма с letter of … that … сожалением узнали, что … that we are unable to К сожалению, мы не meet your request можем удовлетворить Ваши требования

b) English phrases Links: Apart from the above (said) …

Помимо вышесказанного …

In addition to the above … In view of the above (said) …

В добавление к вышесказанному … Учитывая вышесказанное …

As a matter of fact … In fact … In this connection …

Действительно, на самом деле, фактически … В связи с этим … 11

In connection with your request … In connection with the above (said) …

В связи с Вашей просьбой … В связи с вышесказанным…

The point is … The matter is … In the circumstances …

При данных обстоятельствах …

In our opinion …

По нашему мнению …

We believe / think / feel / …

Мы полагаем / нам думается …

First of all …

Прежде всего … Во-первых, прежде всего …

Дело в том, что …

In the first place … Stressing the point: We find it reasonable / necessary / important / to note … I would like to note that …

Мы считаем целесообразным / необходимым / важным / отметить… Хотелось бы отметить …

We’re taking the opportunity to remind you … We have to admit that …

Мы вынуждены признать, что …

Answering the request: As requested by you …

Согласно Вашей просьбе…

As to As regards With regards to In accordance with Under

your

Пользуемся случаем напомнить…

request order claim

Что касается Вашей просьбы / заказа / претензии / требования …

the contract enclosed

We would welcome the opportunity In case of delay

In case of

В соответствии с приложенным контрактом …

Мы бы приветствовали возможность

in delivery in payment in sending people

В случае задержки доставки / оплаты / отправки людей …

your refusal your failure to make payment

В случае Вашего / неуплаты …

отказа

c) Closing phrases The closing phrase(s) may follow the text of the letter or may begin a new line.

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Thanks: Thank you for your interest in our journal

Благодарим за интерес, проявленный к нашему журналу

Thanking you in anticipation Your early appreciated

reply

will

Заранее благодарен be

(Будем) признательны незамедлительный ответ

Hopes and Wishes: We’re looking forward to hearing from you … We’re looking forward to (receiving) your consent /approval/confirmation/ Hoping to hear from you I hope to see you in … We expect your early reply We expect to hear from you in the near future We are expecting your representatives/officials/ to arrive for the talks We (I) shall be pleased to answer your inquiries We assure you that …

С нетерпением ждем Вашего письма /сообщения, известия … С нетерпением ждем Ваше согласия/одобрения/подтверждения/ В ожидании Вашего письма Надеюсь увидеть Вас Ожидаем скорейшего ответа Надеемся получить Ваш ответ в ближайшем будущем Мы ожидаем прибытия Ваших представителей/официальных представителей/ на переговоры С удовольствием ответим на ваши вопросы Заверяем Вас, что …

Requests: Please, reply at your earliest convenience Please,

inform us let us know

On receipt please, of the letter, will you

in the possible time cable telex

за

shortest

your confirmation

Просим ответить по возможности скорее Известите нас/дайте нам знать/ как можно скорее По получении письма телеграфируйте, пожалуйста, подтверждение

Offers: If we can be of any assistance, Если нужна наша помощь, не please, do not hesitate to contact us колеблясь, сообщите об этом For your convenience I enclose a copy of … Для удобства a copy of … is enclosed прилагается копия Here are a few letters illustrating the style and layout of business letter writing. 13

Letter No 1 48, Gorky Street Moscow 127000 Russia telex … telephone … September, 28, 2000

ITP Administrative Office 7, Main Road Bombay India

Dear Sirs, In connection with your enquiry and in confirmation of our talk with your representative Mr. Simpson, we are informing you that if requested we could send a group of highly qualified experts to render technical assistance in constructing a heavy machine-building plant … The general conditions on which we usually send our experts abroad are the following: You are to reimburse us for the following expenses: - monthly salaries in $ USA - round trip air travelling expenses, tourist class - the insurance of experts with Ingosstrakh of Russia against professional risks and accidents … The number of experts sent will depend on the volume of works. The period of their stay in the country is to be agreed upon during negotiations. Awaiting your reply, Sincerely yours, N.K. Smirnov Acting Director General Letter No 2 5, Blunt Street, Sydney Australia telex … telephone … January 8, 2001

Mr. D. Smith The Manager Uni-Export Instrument Ltd. 2, Manchester Road Manchester Britain 14

Dear Sirs, This is to advise you that we shall no longer be able to deliver you spare parts Nos… The point is that these spare parts are no longer produced. The manufacturing plant has started the production of more updated type which is in full conformity with the latest technology. The spare parts to be supplied in the future have a number of advantages. One of them is the fact that the offered model is more reliable in operation. We ask you to consider our offer and if you have any remarks we shall be ready to discuss them. We hope that our proposal will suit you. We shall adjust the cost of the spare parts under the present contract on the basis mutually agreed upon. Yours faithfully, F. Grey G. & E. Bradley Limited 3. Science communication Letters on science communication are part of business correspondence. Their contents may differ considerably but stylistically and structurally both types of letters are mainly the same. And the recommendations (on the use of lexical phrases, style and layout) to business letter writing also refer to science correspondence. However certain types of science communication stand more or less apart possessing the style and cliches of their own. The most typical of them are those dealing with a) participation in a conference, b) publishing an article in a journal. An invitation to a conference is usually a printed circular (booklet or leaflet) containing a short invitation and information on the conference and sponsors, the programme, its topics, committees, accomodations, fees etc. Usually such circulars are supplied with a printed Reply (Application/ Registration) Form which should be completed in block letters or typed and sent back to the Organizing Committee. Such forms may differ in the extent of the detail wanted but generally inquire on the date of the arrival and the departure of a guest or a participant of the Conference, the type of accomodation he needs, people accompanying him, the topic of the paper submitted and the like. The printed circular is not the only form presenting such a matter. Sometimes (though seldom enough) an invitation may be represented in a typed form, one of the variants of which is given below : “On the recommendation of the organizers we should like to invite you to participate in the following meeting ... We hope you will contribute to its success by presenting a paper or simply by taking part in the discussions. The emphasis to our meeting is ... Participants are expected to arrive at the Institute on ... Sunday afternoon and to depart the following Saturday. The Institute offers rooms and board. You will have no costs during your stay”.

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4. Private letters The structure of a private letter doesn’t differ from that of a business letter. Differences in style are induced by the informal character of the message. Private (personal) letters are usually handwritten. White stationary is most popular and always correct. The language of private correspondence is still more informal. a) opening phrases: Thanks: Thank you for your letter I received a Спасибо за письмо, fortnight ago, so it’s time I wrote back. которое я получил 2 недели назад, пора мне ответить. Thank you for your kind letter. Спасибо за Ваше доброе письмо. Thank you for your letter. I’m glad to Спасибо за письмо. Очень receive a book. обрадовался, получив книгу. Your lovely letter of Dec. 8 was Очень признателен за received and truly appreciated. It was nice to Ваше чудесное письмо от 8 hear from you and to know you are well & декабря. Приятно узнать, что happy. Вы чувствуете себя хорошо и вполне счастливы. I was very pleased to get your letter. Очень обрадовался, получив Ваше письмо. I was thrilled and happy to receive your Страшно обрадовался, letter (col.) получив твое письмо. (разг.) Statements: I have received your letter with the news that … I’m taking this opportunity to write you a few lines … I’ve enjoyed very much having made your acquaintance and I hope we’ll meet again …

Получил Ваше письмо, где Вы сообщаете о … Пользуясь случаем, пишу Вам несколько строк … Я был счастлив познакомиться с Вами и надеюсь, что мы еще встретимся …

Apologies: At last I have found time to write to you a few lines …

Наконец-то я выбрал время, чтобы черкнуть Вам несколько фраз … Мне следовало написать гораздо раньше, но у меня было столько дел Прошу простить за мой запоздалый ответ … Вы должно быть подумаете, что я совсем забыл о своем обещании писать Вам …

I should write much sooner, but I have had much work to catch up with (infor.) I regret being so tardy in writing to you … (infor.) You must be thinking I have forgotten all about my promise to write to you … (infor.) 16

I’m sorry to be so long about answering your letter … I’m sorry that I haven’t written sooner (I I have been both busy and maybe a little lazy) … (infor.)

Извините, что я так долго не отвечал на Ваше письмо … Прошу прощения, что не написал раньше (Я был очень занят и может чуточку ленив) …

b) Ending phrases: Statements: It was a pleasure to have met you

Очень был рад познакомиться с Вами … Посылаю письмо авиапочтой, чтобы Вы получили его быстрее … Пора заканчивать … Пока все / Вот и все. Этим заканчиваю письмо. Время от времени будем писать Вам и надеемся получать от Вас ответы на наши письма. Больше ничего не идет в голову, поэтому заканчиваю. Написал (страшно) много, пора заканчивать (закругляться). Ну, я уже достаточно чепухи намолол. Не буду больше надоедать Вам …

… I’ll send a letter airmail so you should have it soon … I shall close this letter now … That’s all for now. This will end the letter. We will try to write occasionally and would hope that you would write to us also. Well, I can’t think of any more to say, so I’ll finish now. (informal) I seem to have written a (awful) lot, so I’ll finish now. (informal) I’ve rambled on long enough. (col.) I shall bore you with no more words about … (col.) Hopes and Wishes: Hoping to hear from you … Do let me hear from you (when you have time to write) … Looking forward to seeing you/hearing from you. Please, write to us whenever possible as we should very much enjoy hearing from you … When you can spare the time, please write and tell us about your activity … (informal.) Write again when you have time. (informal.) Please write and give me all details about … (informal.) I promise not to be so tardly in answering …

Жду ответа … Пишите мне (как только будет время) … С нетерпением жду ответа … Пишите нам, когда есть возможность, нам так приятно получать письма от Вас. Как только выкроите время, напишите нам, пожалуйста, о Вашей деятельности … Пишите, как только будет время. Пожалуйста, напишите мне и расскажите все подробно о … Обещаю не опаздывать с ответом. 17

I hope you’re prompt in writing … (informal.) Drop me a line (col.) I’ll try to drop a line later (col.)

Надеюсь, Вы не будете медлить с ответом … Черкните мне несколько строк. Позже я черкну несколько строк.

Regards: Give my best regards to … your husband Kindest regards to … Best wishes to … (you and your family for good health and happiness)

Большой/сердечный привет Вашему мужу. Наилучшие пожелания (доброго здоровья и счастья Вам и Вашей семье) Передайте от меня привет…

Remember me to … Give my love to … (inform.) I’ll close now with very warm regards И в конце письма (передаю) to you from my husband. сердечный привет от моего мужа. Mr. Brown Мр. Браун передает sends kind regards and best wishes with mine/ большой привет и joins me in extending our most sincere wishes for … наилучшие пожелания… Complimentary Closing: Its form depends on the person to whom the letter is written. Only the first letter is capitalized. A comma follows the close. ‘Sincerely (yours)’ is rather formal. Then follow some informal closings in an increasing scale of intimacy : (Yours) Affectionately (yours)’ - most popular. ‘Yours (ever)’; ‘Best wishes’; ‘Good luck’; ‘Best of luck’; ‘Your friend always’; ‘Love from’; ‘Lots of love from’; ‘With love’ (the last three usually between young ladies). Signature: The signature in a private letter is simply the name of the person writing the letter. A letter to a good friend may be signed with the first name only. As in: (A)

148, Hay Green St. Birmingham B30IRG 24th June, 200... Dear Jane, 18

Thank you for your letter - I see I received it a mouth ago, so it is time I wrote back. I expect you are as busy as I am - in fact I only have one exam, but we have had to write various essays during the year. Up to now I think I have done quite well, but I’m not taking any chances, so I must do revision. By the way, I don’t think I told you I’ve got a job as a teacher. I’ll be teaching mainly German and French but I hope I’ll be doing some Russian as well. The school is not very far from my home, so that is quite convenient. Next Saturday we, that is my family, are going to a wedding in London. My cousin Mary is marrying a doctor. I hope the weather turns out nice. If it does, I’ll take some photos and send you some. That’s all for now, Lot’s of love from Chris (B) Dear Hilda, I have just heard that my mother has suddenly been taken ill, and I would like to go and see how she is. The trouble is I can’t take my dog Tim with me. Do you think you could possibly look after him for a week? You had him a week last year, you remember, and you said he was no trouble, and got on well with your dog. If you can have him, I can bring him along any time that suits you. He has his own bed and bowl, and I will bring enough tinned food to last him a week. But if it isn’t convenient, do not hesitate to say so. There are quite good kennels near here, and they will take him if I ask. He has been there once before and seemed to get on all right. Love, Sarah (C) Dear Sarah, I am very sorry to hear about your mother’s illness, and I am glad that you are going to Scotland and see how she is. It will be nice for her to see you. Of course I will look after Tim. We thoroughly enjoyed having him last year and my dog missed him when he left and looked for him everywhere. I’m sure he will be delighted to see him again. Will you bring him on Tuesday afternoon? Or if that doesn’t suit, any time on Wednesday. Don’t bother to bring dog food, I have plenty. I hope you’ll have time to have tea with me when you bring Tim, and that by then you’ll have had better news of you mother. Love, Hilda

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РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ НАВЫКОВ ПИСЬМА Цели Так как мы хотим, чтобы обучаемые писали самостоятельно и получили удовлетворение от письма, мы начинаем со следущих целей: 1. Интегрировать письмо в процесс обучения наряду с чтением, говорением и аудированием. (Задача письма при этом расширяется.) 2. Развивать стратегию следования намеченной цели и достигнуть результата. Таким образом, письмо является инструментом для развития логического мышления. Действия Устная дискуссия, так называемое построение плана в уме, и чтение текста являются педагогическими подсказками, для того чтобы сделать письмо целостной деятельностью. Мы начинаем с того, что просим обучаемых обсудить предложенную тему. В данном случае – преимущества и недостатки наличия в доме телевизора. Во время дискуссии строится дружеская обстановка. Основываясь на этой информации, студенты делают свои рекомендации. Устная деятельность способствует поиску творческих идей и подготавливает их к формированию новых. Чтобы убедиться, что студенты ничего не пропустили, им предлагается по плану предсказать содержание текста, который они будут читать. Конкретные факты и план помогают студентам прийти к определенным выводам. Обучаемые свободны модифицировать и расширять идеи, основанные на плане, дискуссии и тексте. Это дает студентам необходимую информацию перед тем, как они приступят к письму. Пошаговая технология 1. В группах по пять человек, студентам дается 10 минут, чтобы обсудить и записать преимущества и недостатки по данной теме. Затем одна группа перечисляет преимущества, добавляя и те, которые есть у других групп. И точно так же вторая группа представляет недостатки, включая идеи других групп. Оба списка пишутся на доске в виде фраз или предложений. Advantages

Disadvantages

TV programs provide recreation.

TV violence stimulates aggressive behavior. TV programs inform about current Violence leads the viewers to perceive events. the real world as more dangerous than it may be. TV programs fill up free time. Selection of programs may cause a conflict in the family. TV programs provide access to new Watching TV becomes a habit and one ideas/learning. loses the desire to create alternative forms of recreation. TV programs educate. Watching TV breaks down 20

communication within the family and social life suffers. TV programs help to find jobs/career Slang and catch words become an active choices. vocabulary. Такой вид деятельности придает студентам уверенность в их способности формулировать идеи и приносит удовлетворение от участия в образовательном процессе. 2. Студентам дается расширенный план, чтобы помочь им организовать и прояснить свои идеи. Plan 1) Advantages of watching TV. 2) Disadvantages of watching TV. 3) Means of influence. 4) The significance of an experiment. TV or No TV purpose of commercials manipulating of viewers’ attitudes

public relations

service

impact on views selling

adults

children

product means of influence

music soothing

stimulating

setting ordinary

character portrayed

exotic

men housewives

women

children

career women

3. Затем обучаемые читают текст, относяшийся к данной теиатике. Мы выбрали текст, обеспечивающий информацию для письменных заданий. Text of the Reading Passage Think it Over – TV or NO TV? Today there is a television set in almost every house. In some countries, you can choose among as many as 40 different channels. Some broadcast only a single type of a program – news, sports, music, theatre, or movies; but most show a variety of programs, giving viewers a wide range of entertainment. In our country a recent survey indicated that the average person spends three and a half hours a day watching 21

television. Housewives were the largest group of viewers, spending an average of about five hours watching TV. For families with children, a major problem is getting the children away from the television to do their homework. What impact, then, does television have on people’s lives? To find it out, an unusual experiment has been carried out recently. Forty-four families were asked to disconnect their television sets for one month. The families were studied to see how their lives were affected by the absence of TV during this period. Four families could not find any other way to spend their free time. Among those who successfully kept away from television, several interesting observations were reported. Some parents were glad to end the daily struggle among family members to decide what program to watch. In some families, some members of the family went to bed earlier. The others found other things to do, such as reading or playing volleyball. Many families found that they had more time to talk and play without television. Dinner times were more relaxed without the pressure of TV. On the other hand, some families said they greatly missed their favourite program. The father in one family without television started gambling, and another began to drink heavily. Some children found they had nothing to talk about at school; they no longer could talk about their favourite comedians, singers, or actors. Several mothers found they had less to talk about with their young children. At the end of the experiment, most of the families wanted to have a television back in their homes. But they said that in the future they would watch only certain programs, and not allow their lives to be governed by television. После чтения текста мы предлагаем упражнения на охват содержания и понимание контекста, такие как ‘True or False?’, найти из ряда предложенных главную идею текста, и упражнение на закрепление вокабуляра. Sample Exercises: I. True or False. 1. The passage shows that fewer people are watching TV nowadays. 2. The aim of the experiment was to study how families could behave if they did not watch TV. 3. The quality of family life has improved because of TV. 4. TV has bad effect on children’s eyesight. 5. Watching TV often gives people things to talk to each other about. 6. The experiment described in the passage was a failure. 7. Parents often become heavy drinkers if they do not have TV to watch. II. Choose the statement which best expresses the main idea of the passage. 1. More experiments should be carried out like the one described in the passage. 2. TV is in every home and is here to stay. 3. People should not allow TV to have control over their lives. 22

III. Highlighting some vocabulary from the reading passage. 1. Do you _________ the news on TV? 2. I watched a good ________ on TV last night. 3. Often there is _________ to watch on TV so I read. 4. После того как студенты определятся с преимуществами и недостатками по данной теме, их просят реорганизовать основные пункты, с тем чтобы они могли написать два параграфа. Спустя пять минут мы проверяем их результаты. 5. Студентам дается 30 минут, чтобы завершить свои письма и проверить их. Затем они обмениваются работами, чтобы просмотреть еще и работы своих сокурсников. Они подчеркивают ошибки и делают исправления карандашом. Таким образом, они практикуются в исправлении ошибок. Затем работы собираются для окончательной проверки. Приводим еще один пример написания сочинения Essay Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should make learning enjoyable and fun for their students. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. This essay demonstrates clear competence in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactic levels, though it may have occasional errors. Can you find them? A paper in this category: • effectively addresses the writing task • is well organized and well developed • uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas • display consistent facility in the use of language • demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice I do strongly support the idea that teachers should make learning enjoyable and fun for the students. This I support by the following reasons. First let us take the psychological component of a student. A child or student will be more receptive to anything including studies, if the subject matter is presented in an interesting and enjoyable manner. If not, there is every likelihood that the student will be unwilling or will reject the matter presented, as he considers studying to be a burden on him. My second point is that the present day student faces tremendous amount of distractions such as interesting television programmes, drugs, distractions from opposite sexes and many more. To get the students away from all these and to get them interested in studies there is obviously no other way than to make learning interesting. The present day students are also pressed with tremendous amount of competition from other students. With this mounting pressure on them coupled with the 23

expectation of the parents it will lighten the burden on the young students with a more acceptable form of presentation that is in an enjoyable and fun manner. Retention is another factor that should be considered important. Any presentation, which is given in an interesting or enjoyable manner, can be retained well by the students. If the subject matter presented is more interesting the student will forget the subject matter presented in days or even hours. When presenting a subject matter the teacher should create a desire amongst the students to ask for more knowledge on the subject and this can certainly be obtained if the subject matter is presented in a fun and enjoyable manner. It can also be said that the present day communication system is so advanced and there are ample teaching aids and techniques to make teaching fun and enjoyable. So why not utilize the opportunity to the full so that the student at the end can benefit to the full. Last but not least I wish to say that by making teaching fun and enjoyable the life expectancy of both the students and the teacher can be extended. Заключение Педагогическая модель, которую мы используем для развития умений и навыков в письме, сфокусирована на стратегии развития логического мышления. Эта модель состоит из трех этапов. На первом этапе преподаватель заинтересован, главным образом, в поддержании устной активности в ‘brainstorming’ для развития идей по определенной тематике и в активизации креативного мышления. На втором этапе, преподаватель предлагает студентам некую структуру (каркас), чтобы помочь студентам прояснить и организовать свои идеи в логической последовательности. План и чтение текста используются на данном этапе. Третий этап подразделяется на две стадии. Преподаватель дает студентам полезные педагогические подсказки, чтобы помочь им сформулировать образцы письменного задания и настоящее письмо. Здесь роль преподавателя ограничена исправлением синтаксических ошибок для четкости и указания на неточности в организации идей. Предлагаемая педагогическая модель имеет для преподавателя преимущества. Во-первых, эта модель делает работу преподавателя для создания дискурса по определенной тематике проще. Во-вторых, она позволяет студентам сделать более плавный переход от контролируемого и направляемого письма к свободному написанию письма, что является конечной целью по обучению письму и завершающим этапом проверки на экзамене. И, наконец, модель побуждает студентов к размышлению, рассуждению, что является необходимым для достижения логичности и последовательности в письменном дискурсе.

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