"
5,36' 1\'/ j it
(, I
MOCKOBCKHR
OPAEHA TPYAOBOrO KPACHoro 3HAMEHH
HH)I(EHEPHO-KeT 6bITb HCnOnl>30BaH TalC>Ke CTYAeHTaMH.
ac
nHpaHTaMH. npenQllaBaTenRMH 1'1 COlpYAHHKaMH M~4l~. >KenaIOUlHMH osnaAeTb HaBblKaMH peweHHR 33Aa'l 1'13 o6nacm HenHHeMHOM onmKH. ICBaHTOBoM 3neKT POHHKH. cneKTpOCKonHH 1'1 APyrHx AMC~HnnHH. KOTopble SXQART S YKuaHHblM
pasaen cPH3MKH.
Ilpenacnoaae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1. HeJIHHeHHhle BOCnpHHM'lHBOCm ••••.•••••••..••.••.•••.••••••• 5
2. Feaepanaa onraxeocax rapMoHHK H napaseerpasecxae npoueccsr 7
3.KoM6HH~HHoepac~RRHe •••.••••• '"
4.,UsyxtPoToHHOe
•••.• : •.•••.••••••••• 9
nornoureaae
10
5. HeJIHHeiimul reoMeTpHlleCKlul onTHKa •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • 11
6. Korepearaue nepexonaae npoueccsr ~ 7. c1loTOHHOe JXO . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 8. CBepXH3JI}"IeHHe JlHKH •••••••.••••••••.••••.••••••••••.•••. 9. Korepearasre npoueccsr pacnpocrpaaeaas KopoTKOrO CBeTOBoro HMnynbca . 10. OnrH'leCKaJI xorepeamocrs
"
12
14
15
16
19
11. Korepeanase CBoiicma tPOTOHOB . • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • . . • • . . • • • . • • • . 20
12. Korepearaue COCTOJlHHJI :meKlpOMarHHmOro nonJl • • . • • • • • • . • . • • • •. 22
13. CTamCTHlleCKHe csoacraa tPoTOHOB B napaMelpH'IeCI IClIK
E •ope KoropoH .
.....
3aBe,QOMO He
.
Bropoi rapMOIIIIKlI B cpe,Qe.ooJIa,lJ.lllOllleii
.
.
lJ-,",~U)' (1),x1 {r.>,(J,-CJJ~ (eJJlYI\l», -CtJ,GJ,-fJ).
1.5. .lJ,aTIt BY80A COOTlIDweB8ii KneiBMaBa e fK8311Tlt YCJJOBU HX . IIpIboteBllMOCTH.
·L6.
OneBHTIt Ko:JCI+HQlleBT BenHReiBoi lIOJIJIpII3YeMOCTH rpersero
IIOpH.QJCa .JUUla1O".ac:>~. 1.7 .Onpe,QenHTlt OTJDl1IHIrIC OT II)'JIJI' KDMDOH8liTltI TeH30paeenlmeiiHoii ,wCIIpllJll\AHJlOCTHBTQPOrO DOpJWCa ,IUUl KpllC'laJIJlm,Diellllllero 'IO'Ie'lIHyIO
rpyrmy ai~'lpIIJf: '1J1.d, (KllPJ, ii j jj~ p (f;&d'{18~ V, 0, j , CjV (tJ~H8!J§'9Td. (~~A~'vJJ$) (T@}o .. i.&. Faa Cl!M]OO~X~1Il K~' ifi:f mI!Ut~m
mIOCXOIi GIlerolBl@OO
lWJmW
8MlDIHTyADi
If.
I!!l
~
!S
l!l!@m
. ~.I¥JlIl!IlTIt
2(}J Ill! :§~ o' npe~ei 38,QIl'IH IIOJI)'1Iin1>YCIlOBIle pa3ll0xreHHll
BeJIBReiisYJD IIOmIpIll=-QHiO" 'IllCTOTllX
. 1..9. Ha
JIPllM'Pe
IIOJDIOi noJUlPII3lID,RII 8 p~ 110 CTeReUM ~
JOOJll!lI 1JlLIll~oi
CMroooi
BOJIBltl.
UQll• .J1JmeiiHMii IHraPMoIIB'IeClCBi O~ 1lIU000000CJlBO BBeIlIllfeM none C UCTOTai' &ll II ~ fE, (MOAeJli> J1o.. pe_). ODpe.QemITr.' HeJIIIJIeibIIJI BOCIIpIDIM'IIIBO'~ =- reBepa QJIIO BropoBe TJJCTItlli rapMoBHK. Pac:c:MOTpe'l'lt . . 1C8ICIIX.ciotax lIpOIICltOWlT pe3JCOe BO~C18l11e aMIIJJIlTYJlW rapMOBIIICII e oupe.QeJlBn BepxJlJOlO rp8HllllY poem. 1.1I. B npe.QltJAYlllei 3ll,Qll'le yqem. 3a1')'XllBIIeKone6emdi ~ O · 3lIeKTpOMIll'lIIIlTHOftll
j
l
pa.
4
s
if
1.1i.
Ham
nonapaayessocrs onaosrrexrpoaaoro
peHQ,ll B none }];Byx CBeroBhIX BOJIJI C IJaCTOTaMH
(Vf
aroMa B MOneJIH ITo
H
H llMIIJIHTY
{.}Z
HCIIO.JJb3YJl
anexrpasecxoro nOM E 1 R £2. COOTBeTCTBeBHO. Paccssorpers peso HaHCHbIe CJIY'laH H npoaaanasapoaarsax. 1.13. B passxax MOneJIH Jlopeana nonymrrs CBJl3b Me)lQJ;y .JJHHeiiJlOH BOCnpKHM1DIBOCTbIO H He.JJHHeHHOH BOCnpHHMtUIB"OCThIO aroporo nopJI,IJ;Ka (co )J,llMII
BOCTb HR3WerO
HHHeM 'to H cosepuaaanax Ma.JJble KOneOOHHJI aMUJIHTynoH oX (X« OnHCbIBaeTCJI Bhlpa)l(eHHeM
Z
-r.: -
( 5.83+2£1.1 X
Z
peneneaaa
E9- I"".
«~ •
.
XY
cpensr,
Ou,eHKOH }J;.JJJI on
YqxTbIBaH sro, onpenenars MllI'HHT-'
pasncax MOneJIH IhHHra (OnHOMepHbIii: BapHllHT)
-MOne.JJH. Paccssorpe'rs noseneaae HaMllI'HH'IelDfOCTH B
3aBHCHMOCm OT resereparypsr T HOT 8MUJIHTy)J;bl nOJIJI H. 1.25. Monenb MarHHTHbIX BOJIllKOB - xopowo H3BeCTHaH MOneJlb B KBaH
Ilars
06'bHCHe
TOBOH PanHocPH3HKe, rne OHa ~no~eTCH MJI O~~ npeneccaa CIIHHa
BO BHe~eM MarHHTHOM none: H'2 + H t S GJt.. , H ,;H f ::: D • HaiiTH He.JJHHeHHYIO HaMafHHqeHHOCTb B 'Mone.JJH MarHHTHblX BO.nqKOB H OneBHTb HR
co
nona KaK
TeHCHBHOCTb H3.nyt1eHHJI BroPOH rapMOHHKH.
UJ:=w~+oLlE.J2.
Onpenerrars nepBYIO HeJIHHeiiHyIO BOCnpHHM'lHBOCTb B nOH MOneJIH. 1.17. HaHTH OTKnHK rapMOJlHlleCKOrO OCUH.JJJIJlTOpa, xacrora
xoroporo
2. rEHEPALI,MR OnTM'tECKMX rAPMOHMK
M nAPAMETPM'fECKME nrousccst
H3MeHHeTCHco BpeMeHeM no 3aKOHy
CU(i)=Woi-",cosQi, <X« -Ha neHCTBHe CBeTOBOH BO.JJHbI C aMU.JJHTynoH
E.
«52 , (6)
c.J o H IJaCTOTOH W
CcJ»
R
, (B)
csaraa, qTO pe30HaHC GJ 0 =: UJ He BbmonHHeTCH. 1.18. Orrpenenan, He.JJHHeHHbIH OTKJIHK anexrpoaa,
2.1. Ilorryxars Bblpa)l(eHHe }J;.JJJI yrna CHHXpOHH3Ma ,!I;IIJI nOn())l(HTenbHOro (n. > 11." , . Paccsaorpers paarrasasre KOM6HHa
. IIonpo6HO
CJ z
n
onaoocaoro KpHCTaJUIIl
UHH 06bIKHOBeHHoH H He06bIKHOBeHHoH BO.JJHbI. BbI'IHC.JJHTb yron CHHXpOHH3 Ma
aaxonsnreroca B
B YC.JJOBHHX npe,lJ;bI}J;ymeH 3alJaqH
E
H 'laCTOTOH
onpenenars
1.20. Onpenenars He.JJHHeHHYIO BOcnpHHM'UIBOCTb xoro xpacranna. " ---' 1.21. Macrae CBOHCTBa :meKTpOHOB B TBepnOM
CU.
xpacranna
K.1lP,
B KOTOpOM ocymeCTBJIJleTCH
renepauaa
BTOpoH rap
B KpHCTa.JJ.JJe C OTpHIJ,are.JJbHOH }J;HCnepCHeH. 2.3. KaK CBH3aHbI yrnst CHHXPOHH3MR B OnHOOCHOM KpHCTa.JJ.JJe, aeofi-
YC.JJOBHe, xorna
nOJIJlpH3aUHIO MO)I(HOnpencrasars B BHne pHIJa no creneHHM aMU.JJHTy}J;bI
nnH
MJHHKH H3.nyt1eHHH pyfiaaoaoro nasepa. 2.2. Onpenernrrs yrOJI cHHXpoHH3Ma }J;.JJJI reaepauaa BTOPOH rapMoHHKH
6ecKOHeqxo rrryfoxoii OnHOMepHOB: nOTeHUHa.JJbHOH HMe Ha BHeIIIHee anexrpo MarHHTHOe none C aMn.JJHTynoH 3neKTpH'leCKOrO nona
E.
XOjJ,HMble }J;.JJH renepanaa BTOpoH H rperseii rapMoHHK. 2.4. Ilonysars Bblpa)l(eHHe MH yrna CHHXPOHH3Ma B }];ByxOCHOM KpH
HeMamqeCKOrO )I(H}J;
cranne.
rene xoponro H.JJ.JJIO
2.5.
ClpHPYIOT MOne.JJb KpoHHra-IIeHHH: anexrpoa }J;BH)I(eTCH B OnHOMepHOM no
OneHHTb yrOJI CHHXpOHH3Ma B KpHCTaJIJIe Te.JJJIYpa }J;.JJJI reaepanaa
BTOpOH rapMoHHKH or CD 2. -nasepa ( (tu)::4,794, (2. '-» : 4,856,
no
00
VeX) = L 8 (x-na.) 6
Eel IKeT ObITb cpenax C HOPM~iJThHOH JJ:l'lCIIepcHeii.. 33. Onperrernrn, yrOJI xonyca aHTHCTOKcoBCKOro EblHY'KJIeHHoro pac ceJIHHJI H3 ycnOBHJI rrpocrpancrseaaoro (BOJIHOBoro) casxpoaassra. 3.4. B03MO)KHO 1IH cnoaraanoe aHTHCTOKCOBc-,coe paccesnae? OTBeT 060
Onpenemrrs B rrpH6JIH)l(eHHH 3a,D;llHHOro nona HHTeHCHBHOCTIt air
CHOBaTb.
3.5.
MO)KHO Jill CHH3HTI,
nopor
BbIHpX,lJ;eHHoro
passaaoacxoro pacce-
HHBJI npa
ycnosnn, 'ITO: a) rrorepa otiycnoaneasr TOJIbKO aepxanasor:
5) norepa otiycnonneasr nOTepJIMH B cpene? 3.6. MO::f rropor BblHy)K)1eHHOrO paraaaoacxoro
HanbHoii BOnKbI npa IIapaMeTpH'leCICOM neJIeHHH '1aCTOTIJI.
HHHH H3MeHHB )J)IHHy HllemcH C aKTHBHoH cpenoa?
8
aoro KOM6HHaII,HOHHOrO paccesaaa,
3.7. Onpenerrars
-
npasepsr.
2.31. B rrpH6nu)l(emm 3a,D;aHHOrO nona onpenemrrs panayc JIY'UCa asrry aropok rapMOHHKH, eCJIH OCHOBHoe H3nY'leHBe - raYCOOB ny"'lOK.
BbIIIonHeH B
rapeso HHKH H HHTeHCHBHOCTIt OCHOBHoro H3JJY'1eHHJI COBIIa,D;yT, ecna reaepanaa ocy mecranaercan ycnoBHJIX npocrpancraeaaoro CHRXpOHH3Ma. 2.i9:B rrpH6millreHHH 3lli:nllDioro nOIDI ,muTH IIpoCTJ>aHCTBeHlfYlO 3aBB CHMOCTIt aMUnHTy,D;bI BOnKbI CHrHllJIa B napaMe'lpH'leCICOM reaeparope, 2.20. Orrpenemm, ,HHKpeMeHT napaMetpit'leCICoro YCH1IBTeIDI B npa 6nH)l(eHHH sanaanoro nonK. OQeHHTb ero Bemf'lHHy WUI l t: All0 ~ ,~ = , 1011.-_ 2' . , = t.ODjW"lo 10 urn/eM. ' , OQellllTl>
,"
2.22. HaRTH Ko3lfxtlHuueHT npe06pa30BaHHJI,,D;IDI cJl)"laeB napasserpa seocorc cno)l(eHBJI H Bbl'IHTaHHJI 'Ill.CTOT. (8 npH6nK)I(emm 3a,D;aHHoro nOJ!H). 2.23. Onpenemrrs BJIHJlHHe $a30BOro paccornacosaaaa Ha HHKpeMeHT aapacraaaa B IIapaMe'lplflleCKoM ycamrrene. 2.24. Onpenenars Ko3$quiII,BeHT napaeserpaaecxoro rrpe06pa30BaHHH 'IllCTOTbI asepx, CQHTaH BbIIlOJIHeHHbIM ycnOBHC $a30Boro CKHXpoHH3Ma. 2.25. Bsmecra YCiIOBHe caMOB036Y'!C,o;eHHJI OIITH'leCKOrO nspasserpa qeCKOrO reaeparopa, 2.26. BbIBeCTH COOTHomeHHe, MJHJlli-Poy ,D;ID1 napaMetpH'IeClCOii reae paUHH H napasserpanecxoro yCHJIemm: eaeroasrx BOJIH. 2.27. Hcxo,D;JI H3 COOTHoIlIeHHii Mmmepa onpenenars, rne K03$cPHIJ;H eHT npeo6pa30BaHBJI BO sropyio rapssoaaxy 60JIbIlIe: B 1"e ImH a LiNg o~? 2.28. OQeHBTb K03$$HIJ;HeHT rrpe06pa30BaHHJI :80 BTO~ ~:fMOHHKY B MOgenu raaa CBo60,D;HbIX anexrpoaoa KOHUeH'lpaIlHH N", 10 eM • 2.29. Onpenenars Bemmmy Ko3$PHUHeHTa YCHJIeHBJI H:myqemUJ: BonHbI cy6rapMoHHKH npa 06J1)"1emm ICpHCTaJIJIll npycrara H3J1)"1eHHeM CO z rrasepa. 2.30. Bcerna na npa reaepanaa rapsaoaax MO::f$eIC THBHOCTh npeoepaaosanas, nepeana K pe30HaHCHbIM yCJIOBHJlM, xorna nena
pacce
llaCTOTY, aa KOTOpOH HMeeTCH MaKCHMYM BbIHYJKJJ:eH
'}
, 3.8. BbItlHCJIHTb K03qxpHUHeHT YCH.1JeHIDI BblliyxItJ;Yll.\eH 3a)1,l11JH onpenenars noporoayto MOT
HOCHMMeTOH'lHbIM KOneOOHHeM aa qaCTOTe
•
:::
4.8. Iloxasars,
'ITO
THBHOCrn nBYXI.o;yru:eii 3llna'lH rrplf E ::: 10 B!CM. /~ BOB: BOlImI C Haup1VKeHHOCTblO 3neKTpHlJ:eCKOrO
"-'
B rrapax
HaIIpIDKeHHOCTh
W
/2 7F c.
K
3neKTpWIecKoro
= 12988
nee
nonH
aTOMbI
JIa3epHoro
eM -1, pe30HaHCHOH Alm rrepexolJ,a
,npH KOTOpOH '1aCTOTa Paoli paBHa
• B03MO)I(H0 nu npoBep;eHHe TaKoro JKCrreplfMeHTa?
orrTH'le~oiiqa.
d:«
AHDonllblii: MaMeHT lITO Macca aTOMa
1 ne6aii,
Te~PaTYPY
T::
300 K
H
BeA)'T ce6J1 KaK OAHH aTOM. IIpIlIlJIU,
paaaa Macce npOTOHa.
6.6. qepe3 IUUIHH}Jpll'leCKHii nyqOK nasepnoro H3JIyqeHHJI HHteHCHB HOCThIO 1 fBr/CM 2 nponeraer }J;ByxypoBHeBbIH aTOM CO CKOPOCThIO V ,AM nonbHblM toIOMeHTOM cL:: 0,5 ne6aii H pe30HaHCHblM nepexonose ]:U1J1 nora H3JIY'leHHJI. Onpenemrn, BeJlllllHH}' V ,npH KOTOpOii: 3TOT aTOM OKa:llreTCJI B Bo36yJKneHHOM COCTOJIHHH nocne nponera naaepaoro nyqKa lJ,HaMe'lpoM 1 MM. 6.7. OnpenenHTlt BpeMeHHOe nOBeneHHe nOMpH311IJ,IIH nBYXYPOBHeBOii: CHCTeMbl, HCDblThlBaIODleii: OIITll'leCKHe HYTaIUIH B nasepaosr none HllIIpJDKeH 'lo -3
HOCThIO E = 100 D/CM. IInOTHOCTh pe30H3HCHblX aTOMOB n. = 10 CM , AHD~~~ MOMeHT cL:: 1 ne6aii:, BpeMJI 06paTHMoii ~naKClIIlRH : 10 C, BpeMeHll aeo6pamMOii penaKCllUHH T, T~ DO • Heonaoponao yl.llHpeHHIJI nHHHJI HMeeT rayccosy etx>PMy. OueHHTh 'laCTO~ HyTllIlHii. 6.8. OueHHTh 'laCTOTy ODTll'leCKHX HynIJ,Hii B ycnCJBHJIX npe.z:u,mymeii 38,Qll'IH, ecna apesseaa Heo6paTHMoii peJJaKClUUIH T1 H T Z pasasr H T1 :: 2..0= 10 c. 6.9. D JJa3epllblii: IIY'!0K lJ,HaMe'lpOM 1 M nepneJmHK}'JIJIPHo BJIeneT co CKOpOC1lo1O V = 10 &I CM/c xancyna C pe30HaHCHblMII aTOMaMH.IInoT HOCTh aTOMaB n. .. 10 5 CM- 3, AHDonbHblii MOMeHTd= 0,1 ne6aii.Onpene nars HHTeHCHBHOCTlt H3JIY'1eHHJI, npH xoropoa BpeMJI nponera paDHO nepaony onrasecxax HYTllD,Hii:. 6.10. IIpH KaKOM ycnoBHH H3 CKOpoCTh HapaCTaHHJI nepenaero cl>poHn onnnecxoro HMllynbca onrasecxae HYTaIUIH nayxypoaaeaoa pe30HaHCHOii: CII CTeMbl Ha6mo,u,aThCII He 6ynyT?
=
=t:
T:- =
=
-.
6.11. IIpHKOTOpOii: CTBeHHbI.
Ou,eHHTh IDITeHCHBHOCTh ODTH'leCKOrO H3JIyqeHHJI, npH Konipol'
nBYXYPoBHeBbie aTOMbl ra311, HMeIOUlero
8blBecm
cl>oPMY caraana
3llTyxaHHJI CBo6onHoH HHnyKIJ,IIH H
HHTb IDlTeHCHBHOCTh nasepaoro H3JIY'leHHJI,
one
npa KOTOpOii: neKpeMeHT HX 3llTY Tf -.iT't. =10-6 c , T* ~D-1C C • ' -J xaHHJI paaea 2 T2,' ~ .. 1 ne6aH, 2. 6.12. HaiiTH 'laCTOTY H neKpeMeHT saryxaaaa caraana CBo6onHoii: HH nyKlJ,HH B ycnOBHJIX npenwnymeii: 3a/lll'IH, ecna IDlTeHCHBHOCTh xorepearaoro H3JIY'leHHJI 6blna paaaa 10 MDTICM 2. • 6.13. Haiim ycnoaae, npa KOTOpoM '1aCTOTa onraaeocax HYTalJ,HH pasaa
=..
W
'laCTOTe OCIJ,HnnJDJ,Hii: CHrHana 3llTyxaHHJI CB06onHoii: IDInyKIJ,IIH pa3HOM BKnlO'IeHHH nOM,
urrapxoacxoro nons.
asrasaauiero 000 JlBneHHJI !/cnOBHJlX, 'ITO
-,0 (*) T~ "10 cJ1t.Jst 10T2. If
6.14.
npa
CKaqKOo6
Ou,eHHTb HHTeHCHBHOCTh- _nll~PHQ~..g
oL = 1 ne6aii,
1; '" Tl"10-
C.
IIonyqHTb BbIpa)l(eHHe ]:U1J1 nomq'H3lllJ,HH JlBYXYPoBHeB()H cpeAbI
If pa3HOCTH HaceneHHoCTeii 3HepreTll'leCKHX ypoBHeii B npH6nft)I(eHHH aAMa6a TH'leCKOrO cnenOBaHHJI. OueHHTb nOnpaRKY K mrneHHoMy nOKa3arenlO npeno MJIeHHJI, OTBe'lalOmylO 3ll jfilneHHe caMocl>OKyCllpOBKH, eCTIH ,lJ;HrrOnbBbm MOMeHT
13
-16 -1 Ae6aH, xoauearpanaa pe30HaHCRbIX aTOMOB n: = 10 CM .penasc f -0 canaoaasre apesseaa Tz. = 10 CH 'IllCTOTHlUI paccrpoiixa ~w -10/ T 1 • ..J
1.4.=
0,1
8. CBEPXH311Y'4EHHE AHKH
11 ,.
6.15. B yCJIOBHJl:X npeAbmymeH 3a~'IH onpenemrrs Mal
H3JI}"IareJIbHOrO OOCToJIHHJI,Hcnonb3YJI KpHTepHii
Apesa-Koypreaca.
OTHOWeHHe ,lJ;lIHTenbHOCTH 2.1i-BMfiynbca K ,IUDlTenbHOCTH 3$ -HMDynbca. C1JH Tan, 'ITO 3HeprHJI HMfiYJIbca DpaKTHlJeCKH He H3MeHJlnaCb.
9.6. Onpenenars cxopoers pacnpocrpaaeaaa nHHHH OnHCbIBaeTCJI l}>ymHK penaxcanaa
JaBHCHMOCTH
V ~1
K WIHTenbHOCTH HM
.
9.7. 1-13 reopesrer nnoIIl;a)J;eii cnpeaenars }JJIHuy pe30HaHCHOi cpensr Ha xoropoa ynbTPaKOp~1IiiHMII}'nbc ~O~,ru.IO 3.1inpeBpamrCJI B 2 ii • HMIIynbc. Pe30HaHCHaJI 1JaCTOTa W
•
e,
10 C , AHnonbHbIH Ma~ :meMeHT
- nnoraocrs nayxypOBHeBbIX aroMaB n .. 1020 CM ~3 nepexona a-:: 1 new, J
BpeMJI
Jf.
T 2. =
-10
10 c.
9.8. Kuc
1:P =
10 HC B
nornoareaaa
j
~3
_
Koanearpanaa napoB n: == 1 C , )J;HDonbHbIH MarpH'lHbIH aneMeHT nepexona ol :: 7,2· lO'18'CrC3 en, Jlwr naaaoro nepexona c..> /Z1i c ~ = 12988,7 CM- t (KoypreHc,1968). C).
r
9.1 L 2 11 -BMfiymca ,u;rnrreJIbHOCThlll p = 10 HCnHHeaHo nOnJIpH30BaH aoro anexrpoeaarmrraoro H3nY1JellHJl pacnpocrpanaerca B cpeae, Haxo)J;JIWeii CJI B nocroJIHHOM aKCHanbHOM MllI"HHTHOM none HaIlpJl)l(eHHOCTbJO H:: 1 spcren, Onpenemrrs yron nosopora sexropa
ecna CKOpOcn. pacnpocrpa10 x 10 CMjC - CKOpOCTb caera B BaKYYMe), aeonsoponnoro yWHpeHHJI HeT, )J;nHHa cpel1bl e::10 CM. 9.12. Ha CKOnbKO H3MeHHTCJI pesynsrar npe,ru.I)J;yIII;eii Ja,B,a1JH, eClIH 2 IIIHpHHa Heo)J;Hopo)J;HO yIIIHpeHHoii nHHHH TaKOBa, 'ITO T:- = 10- Z;p ?
V
HeHHJI
nonJIPHJaUHH,
HMIIynbca COCTaBHna 0,1 C (c:: 3
9.13. 21i
-HMIIymc ,u;rnrremHocThJO·lO HC nHHeiiHO nOJIJIpH30BaHHoro
H3nY1JeHHJI npoii)J;JI sepes JI1JeiiKy C pe30HaHCHbIMH aroMaMH acnsrrsraaer sa
,;
nepsocy, paBuyIO ero }J,1IHTenbHOCTH. ll,mma JI1JeiiKH tr =10 CM. Ha KaKoii yron nOBepHeTCJI sexrop nOnJIpR311D;HH H3ny'1eHHJI aroro HMnynbca, ecnn ,B,aHHYJO JI'IeiiKy nOMeCTHTb DO BHeIIIHee MarHHTHOe none HanpJl)l(eHHOCTbIO 1-1 = 0,1 spc reTiJ (Heo)J;HOpo,r:un,IM ywHpeHHeM npeHe6pe'lb) •
9.14. rnOmeHHJI'1
J
'" 0,1 CM HMnynbca,
llByxypoBHeBaJI
_,
3-1
cpena, HMeIOIIl;aJI KoJ4ll}>HII;HeHT pe30HaHCHOro no
r=
~ 10 CM H KoJ4lcPHD;HeHT Hepe30HaHCHOrO nOrnOmeHHJI nOnHOCThJO HHBepmpoBaHa. Onpenemrrs npol}>Hnb C1llD;HOHapHOrO
go.
pacnpocrpaaaenneroca B :noM: cpene co CKOpoCTbIO CReTa. C1JHTaTb,
'ITO Heo)J;HOpO)J;Hoe ymapeaae OTcyrCTByeT. Ou;eHHTb )J;JDITenbHOCTh H aMIInHTyAY
B HeO)J;Hopo)J;Ho ywHpeHHOii
OT OTHOWeHHJI BpeMeHH 06paTHMoii
Dynbca
t
T:p :: 1 nc.
9.4. On;eHHTh B ycnOBHIIX npe,ru.I)J;YI1leii 3a,B,a1JH MHHy pe30HaHCHOii nornomaiouiea cpema, npOXO)J;JI KOTOPYJO 21i -BMIIynbc acnsrraer Ja)J;ep)l(Ky pasayio ero ,lJ;lIHTenbHOCTH. 9.S. BbIBeCTH reopessy nnomaAeii MaK-Konna H Xaaa, H Ha ee OCHOBe Ou;eHHTb crenem. C)I(3THJ1 31f'-HMIIymca, npa ero pacnpocrpaaenaa B naCCHBHOM -nornorarene (fH66c H Cnawep, 1971). Crenens C)l(amJl onpe)J;eJIJleTCJI KaK
V
013
-10 / :1,.
x 10
9.1. On;eHHTh BenH1JHHY :meKTpHlJeCKOrO nons npsssoyronsaoro (cjloPMa Jlopeana H l}>0PMa Taycca) 21; -BMfiynbca, ecna AHnOnbHbIH MOMeHT nsyxypce aesoro arossa pasea O)J;HOMy )J;e6alO. 9.2. Bo CKonbKO pas H3!'>'1eHHTCJI ,lJ;lIHTenbHOCTh CTaII;HOHapHoro ynsrpa KOpOTKOro HMnynbca, pacnpocrpaamomerocs B pe30HaHCHOii nayxypoBHeBoii cpene, ecmr ero aMnnHTyAY yaeJlH1lHTh B )J;Ba pasa? 9.3. Ilonysan, BbIpIDKeHHe ,lJ;lIJi CKOpOCTH pacnpocrpaaeaaa cranaoaap aoro ynsrpaxoporxoro HMIIyJIbca B pe30HaHCHOii naYXYPoBHeBoii cpefe H one HHTh nnOTHOCTh HJnY1Jareneii, npa xoropos sra CKOpOCTb paaaa 10 CM/C. )1HnonbHbIH MOMeHT ol.:: 1 )J;ew, pesoaaacsaa 1JaCTOTa l.v :: lO'~ -1,}JJIH_
KOpOTKOro HMfiymca
21f ~ynbca WIHTeITblDCTbJO
9.10. TIPH pacnpocrpaaeaaa 21; ~JIbca B cpene, nOMemeHHYJO BO aaeuraee MarHHTHOe none ua6mo,B,aeTCJI mraHTCKOe ,aPaAeeBCKOe spameaae sexropa IIOnJIPH311UHH. Ou;eHHTb nocToHHHYJO BePAe }J,1IJI pe30HaHCHorO nepexo z z Q *" ,B,a 51' - P1/z B napax KaJDIJI, HMeIOIUJP(, reMIIeparypy 300 C (T 2. =3,5 x
9. KOrEPEHTHblE npOlJ,ECCbl PACnpOCTPAHEHHR KOPOTKOro
CBETOBoro HMnyflbCA
TeITbHOCTh HMIIynbca
<meHHTb CKOpOCTh
O)J;H0POlIHO ~peHHoa cpene, eClIH KO~JUU{eHT pe30HllHCHOro COCTaBnJleT 10 3 CM -1 _
py6HHoBoro 06pa3n;a H MaKCHMlUIbHO B03MO)lQfYJO CKOpOCTh pacnana csepx
,
sroro HMnyJIbca. 9.lS. B ycnOBIUIX crpororo pesoaaaca B OTCyTCTBHH HOO)J;HOpO)J;HOro yuIHpeHHJI 3BOnJOII;HJI ynsrpaxoponeoro OnTH1JeCKOrO HMnYmca B ,lJ,BYXYPOB HeBoii cpene OIIHChIBaeTCJI amyc-ypaRHeHHeM r Op)J;OHa :
.
r)J;e
6J:'t
=:t
d·E Itt:: iJ67a"[. 9.16. Ecna
~1
H
WeHHJlMH cHuyc-ypaBHeHHJI
6'Z.
( SG)
s l n: d, .!lOKa)I(HTe
sro,
JlBnJIIOTCJI ,lJ,BYMJI pa3JIH1JHbIMH 'laCTHbIMH pe-
Fopnoaa,
ro Me~y HHMH
cyntecrayer coornome
HHe - npeo6pa3OBaHHe 6eKJIYHJlill:
af (6, - 6'.1.): 2 a,. sin[( 6,1- 6l)/2] ,
H3MeHHTCJI pe3YJIbTaT npe)J;bl,lJ;yIIl;eii 3a,o;aU, eCllH BeO)J;HOpO)J;
IDe ywHpeHHe oTcyTCTByer nOJDIoCTbIO'?
a~ (6, + 6 2.) = 2 0;1 5in[(
•
j
)/2. ]
sh(vt
-ifZ
C h'((f,
+ If'z.) {2
EClIHonpenenars KaHOHHtIeCKHH HMllYJIbC :11= iJ ~ / (5 1 ' TO ycnoaae, onpenenmoutee rmomana CTaIJ;HOHapHbIX HMllYJIbCOB, npasser BJm ycnOBHH KBaHTOBaHHH Bopa. .IJ.oKa311Tb no yTBepX(}J.eHHe. 9.24. B pasocax m -CXeMbI noJIYtIHTb reopessy nJIOll\a]J.H, 0606ll\eHHYIO aa cJIY'IllH Bblp0)K}J.eHHoH nayxyposaeeoa cpensi. Onpe}J.eJIHTh, B xaxaxcrrysaax caMoHH}J.yUHpoBaHHaH np03pa'IHOCTb B03MO)KHa. 9.25. Cpe}J.H CTaIJ;HOHapHbIX peweHHii ypaBHeHHii caMoHH}J.yIJ;HpOBaHHoH np03pa'IHOCTH 2 J( -HMnyJIbC - no O}J.HO H3 B03MO)KHbIX peureaaii. ECJIH peao HaHCHaH cpena 6bIJIa rrpensaparensao B036yX(}J.eHa (HO He HHBepTHpOBaHa) H HeO}J.HOpO}J.Hoe YIIlHpeHHe npeHe6peJKHMO MaJIO no cpaBHeHHIO C O}J.HOpO}J.HbIM, TO B yCJIOBHHX crpororo pesoaaaca HMeeT MeCTO HeJIHHeHHaK nepHO}J.H'leCKaK BOJIHa. HaRTH Bblpa)KeHHe }J.lIH aMlllIHTy}J.bI 3JIeKTpHtIeCKOrO nOJIK H 3aBHCH MOCTb nepaona nyJlhcaIJ.Hi{ OT creneaa npensaparemaoro B036yX(}J.eHHH B nOM
i
cnysae. 10. OnTM~ECKAR
KOrEPEHTHOCTb
j~ J
}J.eHCTBHTeJIbHO 4.1f-HMllYJIbC, xorna
ITbmaer B 0)];110 MepHOM pesoaarope cnyqaiim.Ie cPJIYlCrya~ HHTeHCHBHOCTH. 'uOKa3llTb, 'ITO
ero
CTenem
xorepesraoera nepsoro nopsmca
paBHll
e)];ll~e
11.4.
AJIJI acex npo
10.7. Ilycrs cra6Hm.HbIH CBeTOBoH nyqoK C03,11,llH nyTeM B036Y)J(lJ;eHHJI nsyx MOil; pesoaaropa. Jloxasars, 'ITO OR xorepearea B nepsoss nopJlAKe AllJI scex nap T01JeK. 10.8. Flyers B pesoaarope Bo36y>K.ueHbI TOJIbKO ABe MOIJPI, Hem.ITbmaro IUHe Re38BHCHMbIe cJI}'1J8ihIbIe raYCCOBbI cPJIYlCT}'llD;HH, DplflleM cpensae 38 6oJIbWoH npOMe»eyTOK BpeMeHH HHTeRCllBHOCIH 06eHX MOil; OIJ;HH8KOBbI. Onpe
nenars creneas xorepearaocra nepsoro nopJlJJ,K8 H 3llBHCHMOcu. BpeMeHH xorepearaocra OT pa3HOCIH '1aCTOTH3JI)"IeHHJI 06eHX MOil;. 10.9. Iloxasars, 'ITO IJ;JIJI mo6oro xaOTH1JeCKOrO CBeTOBoro HCT01IHHKa KOppemlUHOHH8JI cPfHKUIDI sroporo noPJlAK8 0Dpell;eJIJleTCJI BeJIIl'IHHOH KOp
1JeCKOrO
nepsoro nopsmca.
creneas KorepeHTHOCIH aroporo nopJl,llKa xaora csera sepea crenens KOrepeHTHOCIH nepsoro nopJI,IJ;ICa. IIoKa38Tb,
10.10.
Bbrpa3HTb
'ITO xaoTH'leCKHii
cser
He MmKeT 6bITb KorepeHTHbIM· BO BTOpoM
nopamce
H3JlyqeHHJI,
cnw;HOHapHaJI BOJIHa
xorepearaa
CTaD;HOHllPH8JI BOJIH8
xorepearaa
BO acex nopamcax.
_
10.14.
HaiiTH
COOTHoweHHe MeXCAY BH,IJ;R)CTbIO HHTeIXPepeHIntOHHI>IX
nOJIOC B JKCJIepHMeHTe lOHra H creneasio KorepeHTHOcIH nepsoro nopJIAK8.
10.15.
.!loKa38Tb, 'ITO 3H8J1 BHIJ;HOCTb HHTePcPepeHIntOHHbIX nOJIOC MOllC
HO onpenenars CJIeKrpaJIbHbIH COCTclB H3JI)"IeHHJI.
cMeumRHOe COCTOmlHe, HMeeT
see
MOnbI
xoroporo
creneas
KOrepeHTHOCTH
HaXOilllTCJI B
B npOH3BOJIbHoe
korepeHTHoCTH
nepaoro nopanxa
pasayio
CBeTOBoro
xcrepenraoss COCTOJIHHH.
11.6. Pennrrs npensmymyto :EJJ,a'lY AlIH crenesa KorepeHTIIOCTH IIPOH3 nopamca. 11.7. HaUTH crenens KorepeHTHOCTH nepsoro nopHAK8 )l;lIJI H3.i1yqeHHJI '!erHoro rena.
BOJIbHOrO
{
~ I f
npa KaKHX YCJIOBHJlX. 10.11. Haiim creneas xorepearaocra aroporo nopJl,llKa IJ;JIJI xaora '1eCKOrO CBeTOBoro nyqKa C JIopeHlleBbIM (H C rayccoasae) 'IllCTOTHbIM pac
10.12. IIoKll3IlTb 'ITO KJI8CC11'JeCKaJl B nepsow H BTOpOM nopJIIJ;K8X. 10.13. Iloxasars, 'ITO KJIaCCH1JeCKaJI
nepsoss nopsruce. Md.rr,a H3JIyqeHHJI, B036yx
()(:> COL\eplKRTCH J n > epOTOHOB. 12.4. Iloxasars, '!TO xoreperrrasre COCTOHHIl:H He 06pa3YJOT oproronans
L\HUIerOCH B KOrepeHTHOM COCTOHHHH
'ITO
J. ) . "
U /\,'"
"paanoxeaae
HemiOH
cynepnosanaea
I at. ).
HaHTH
HBJIHeTCH na
MHO)I(CCTBa xorepenraux COCTOIDrnH (CBOHCTBO rrepe
npencraanesae
i.,F..:au/at :: HU
12.7. Iloxasars, 'ITO ecna 101.>
yHHlJ:TO)l(eHHH
epYHKl.J;HH OT orreparopoa pO)I(AeHlIH H
F (a..+, a..) npencrasneaa B HOpMllJIhHOH <PapMe, TO < 0(. IF (a.~ a-)Jfl" :: F( oc: 1t', fl)
00
f(f) :::exp(-Fi-)f,)::{'L j n >
WUI H3
14••A3OBWA nEPIl:XOA
T.
BCMCTEME
ABYXYPOBHEBblX ATOMOB
13.4. Onpenemrrs epenaee 3Ha'leHHe aanpJOKelrdOCTeH 3lIeKTpHtlecrnemr)lmcH
14.7. OneHHTb KpHTH'leCKytO resmeparypy, DpH xoropoa DpoHCXOIl;HT cjlaJOBbIH nepexon B CHCTeMe nayxypoDHeBhIx aTOMOB, B3lIHM0neiiIcmylOJUHX C peJOHaHCHbIM O)J.HOMOnOBbIM :meKTpOM8nmTHhIM noneM C nmrlloH BOJIHhI
Pj(o)=/nJ)(nj/
j
13.10.
OueHHTb
.\ ~ 100)lt, . ,lbmoJIbHhli MaTpHlJHbIii :meMeHT nepexona ci
JqxpeKTHBH)'lO IlIYl\IIOBYIO resmeparypy napasserpn
13.11.
HaHTH
14.8.
xapaxrepacranecxyro HOH CBJi3Hssmonaserea.
- tleCKOrO yCHnHTenH OnTHlleCKOrO naanasoaa.
I
"-'L __ ~
3ueprHlO B IlJlHHOO MOneJIH. 14.2. IIpH KaKOM ycnOBHH B O,QBOMOnODOH MOnena
CB06QJ:U1YIO
H nposepars ClCeiimmroBwe OOOTHOweHIIJlMe)lQJy HHMH.
13.9. Peunrrs npensmyuiyro aanasy, ecna
Ii
HaiiTH
14.6.
Ii
O,QBOMOnOBU MO,ne.nbJlHKII onpenenaercs raMBJIi,roHHllIlIDM:
f, .na
I m: 1 ,m.z >, ecna B nepso
Inf
,
t'L 2.
14.12.
PeIlIHTb npenhI)J;)'InYIO 3a)J,ll'ly nJIX CJIY'Illx He3KBHIl;HCTaHTHOrO
cnexrpa H nsyx peJOHaHCHbIX MO,u; :meKTpOMarHHTHOrO nona.
,. •
HO }llIH napasserpasecxoro npe
2S
Iii ;11
PEKOMEHAYEMAR nMTEPATYPA
III!
14.13. KaK H3MeHJITCJl pe3)'JUTaTbI
i
. Ii
npe~ynnlX 3ll1l/lll, eCJIH )J;Ba
83 rpex 3HepreTH~CKHX ypOBHei COBDll,IJ;lIOT, a nepexon Mexmy HHMH sanpe mea,
Ii;!
14.14. HaUm ycnosse CWIbllOii: CBJl3H, KpHmqeCKYIO IeMJIepaTypy H ypaBHeHHe, onpeneneomee rrapaMeTp nopamea B OjJ,HOMOIJ.OBOi MOlJ.emI
1;1
JIIepre1H'leCKlDf YPOBHJI J:UI~p3mO BWj)'O)J(fl;eHbl. 14.15. Pennrn, npelJ.bllJ.YlUYIO 38Wlqy npa rrpoH3BOnl>lIOH Kpamocm 8b1poxc.neHHJl 3Hepre~CKHX ypoBHeH. 14.16. IIoKa311Th, qyO B MOlJ.emI .!bu
