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(Ub~.J ~W} lji$'~ ~~jT
(~ _P-1-' ~.i ~IS"',~,~ .f-9~) UbJ9U"
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t'ti' ~~.,,~ 4J)J-' -£.
.)~ ~~.,,~ ~'.Y. ~l;.o
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~~ ~~..; .)~ ~l,j~-' .J]"1 ~Ub~.) -' Ub~~ ,Ub~~ ~~ ..;......, Jf9
~J~ ~~ ~·~· :~ii ~tow; 0~·~ ~· ~~j ~tow• (~lAo ..S.J~ .9 ~..Utp .9 JiG ~ .J~)
·:·
-lrt.!. ·~lr,l r-"'lr.l
:._.t,Ji.;
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•IS;,...; IS _,k;
Rahnama TOEFL "General English Reading"
:;_,i~--1;
rL _, .JI_,.:.s.
cYt; •..:.>--!.)m; 0~~ •01~ ots:..!..;b ._Y.lA.. ,I.......:J.J ..::..1).~.;:;1 :_r:.l; .~ 0· • • :jld ,\1"'AV 0\:.:_.,j :j,l , rr'fA\f-H .J..A7'\'f\. r
rr'f\rr·'f - rr'f· .o,.rv :.;t ·""
:.;t." ..s~
..s~
·c..>)"'}...;lj c..>l~ 0 ~~
'74._r..;
·..r.~ ...r..~~ .)~ yJ jf
.~;,~ IS-IJT~ .J->1 ~ ~ IJ ~ \-.
: )1 J.l .$'
~J
.f
,(~....;\.>.)St.. o~u
j\..J_,k.
:("":'.._/-:
_/1 \..1
(..LoT~)= ,..L::.~ ...:.:.I;, ;, .»:-_, .::_,:,.a..~
.JT jl
~
..liil; J:>
.s-;, y,._,.
-Y
..~iiL;
..;1.:-- r :> JY J:> .~li .,:r..l .:> y, ._,. ..liil; ~ r '..S.. ~.T'T ~~ .J~j J:> .:> y,._,. ..liil; ~ ......lS"' j_,l r t..l
Example: 1- car park /ka: pa:k/ (...::........1 .:;_,:,.-..
2- underestimate
Cpl
~ .sl~ .J~ :>y~ ..liil; r)
I,And~r 1 estimeit/
(:>):>)}(e).:;_,:,.-.. 0T jl ~ 0~ :>Y,._,. ..liil;
..;t.:--r ......lS"' .,:r..l J;,)
0).1Wi~~·.J Phonetic symbols vowels
1 2 3 4 5
('ei.t leave
lli:v/
happy
/hxpi/
live
/IIv/
e
ten
/ten/
X
cat
/kxt/
I:
12 13 14 15 16
1\
cup
/kAp/
3:
bird
/b3:d/
;:)
about
/;:J 1baut/
ei
say
/seii
;:JU/(US)ou
open
/;:JUp;:Jn; (US OUp;:Jn/
6 7 8 9 10 11
a:
father
l'fa:o;:J(r)/
0
got
/got/
J:
horse
/hJ:s/
u
book
/buk/
u
situation
/1
u:
too
/tu:/
sltJu 1eiJn!
17 18 19 20 21 22
a1
five
/faiv/
au
now
/nau/
JI
boy
/bJJ/
I;:l
near
/m;:J(r)/
e;:J
hair
/he;:J(r)/
U;:J
poor
/pu;:J(r)/
(~&
consonants
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
p
pen
/pen/
b
bad
/bxd/
tea
/ti:/
d
did
/did/
k
cat
/kxt/
g
got
/got/
tJ
chain
!tJeml
d3 f
jam
/d3xm/
fall
/fJ:I/
v
van
/vxn/
8
thin
18m/
0
this
lois!
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
s
so
/s;:Ju/
z
zoo
/zu:/
shoe
!Ju:/
3 h
vision
f'v13n/
hat
/hxt/
m
man
/mxn/
n
no
/n;:Ju/
lJ
sing
ISilJI
leg
/leg/
r
red
/red/
J
yes
/jes/
w
wet
/wet/
s
:~.No jl
~~ .:,T .S ~ J.~
I.)L...d .J~
,..:.,_.I
.......l5' ~I
4.; ~ ..r_;....I ....a..:.; f'hrepi/ :$ _;;:, f'j :..;_.~ ~
JL...!o ·~.)1.9 _;;:, "..l:..l!..._;" ...L....;.;\....A ,;:,~ .h......J.; ..s~ _;\..:_j ~ ~~ ~
"1.1" ..L:.,;\.. ",_,. • ..sl~ y
,, ~~ •• ..L:.,;\.. ....':',,. • ..sl~
t..l :·~··
0 1~
.YP
·· ~tr·
..L;.;t.. .. lo!S'"..
0 1~
•
YV
•· ~lf"·
..L;.;t.. .. ~··
0 1~
•
YA
··~ 7r .. ..L;.;t.. .. li .. 0 1~
.Y~
··~~.. ..L:.,;\.. --~·· ..sl~
.r .
.. l,)l.o .i' ..L:.,;\.. '\J'' ..sl~
• ,.,,
".9' ..sl~
_,.,,
.:.
•
··~-,-- ..L:.,;\..
.::.)...t; ::.y. J
~I~ .:r..l .''~f~" ..t;.;\.. ··~_r ~·· ..sl~
f'f' .f'f
--~.. ..sl~
.r~
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~·
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.,.C,J,' ..!A,
~""'::r .. "l::Y' ..rr:f~ ..' ..tc~ ..
""115" ul~ ~0, "l::Y'
.,r IJ .s.:.~j .s~ ':J_,II..r..j ,.:.y;, JJ..lA... o)l_, /' .sl.r. 1.5-~.JOT-' 1.5-~~.i. .1..it _,.:.~I).$'~~ jl ....J')\;>.1 .S' .:>Jy......., J.:.
J~ ,_:. .T.i.S" ~~ IJ ~l:S y~ _, ~-'? 0.:.:~
i..t,.;.
l:;t; _, : . _? i.S" Jl.;...;.l
_, ~ .J..\> f.J 1.5-~.JOT ~ .:.y;, ..;l::>- _, ~ ~ .s.~_,..T _, .s.~l:::..r. ~~ .Jl:-- ~ ....J..b. ~~ .s.~.r"T .1..it ..r..j .:.)y J.:. ·r-"'.:. ~\5' IJ ~j r>- ji.J....e>J.:.Y· Jil..i> J:)> ..:r..l jl ).:> ~ r .si.J....e> ...::.....-1 o...L.:. _?~ j-} ::.)_,A.-.51 ~} ).:>) ~1.:>1.5" ~~ :~~~' ~L:f.> /r/ ·'
,~ .si.J....e> _/1 ~ •.:.).:. .JT ~ .si.J....e> ~ ~ .s.~l:::..r. ~
;:; I.;-; j>- 1.:> ,A~ r _;, \.>. ~
_, .:. y, ~ .1..it
J.:.
L..l .:.Y,i.S" .1..it .s.~_,..T
...L.:. ~ ..:..... \....> _/1 L..l ,•..t,.;. .1..it
..t,.;. ~ .:...:_,.-..
:~ .1..it ~ IJ r ~ ...L:.....9~ .s. ~_,..T ~ _, .1..it ~ _/1 ....,..; ·-l:T i.S"
British:
American:
Ex: 1- park /po:k/ /po:rkl 2- letter /leta(r)/ /Ietar/ 3- underline 11Anda 1lam/ /-dar 1l-/ 4- underestimate 11Andar 1estimeit/ ------. 11Andar 1estlmelt/ .k..it .s.L;l:::..r. ~~ J.:. r .o.f J;-ie ~~ .si..L...o> ,r .si..L...o> jl ~ .J~ __,..:.T Jt:... ..:r..l
J.:.)
.(~..}} .S.~.r"T _, .s.~\:::..r. ~~ ._:r.:: .:.Jy ..:r..l J.:. _, .:.Y,i.S" T) /o/ .si.J....e> .s. ~l:::..r. .1..it ).:. •.:. )y ~
J.:.
~;.; ~ ~1_,.. .:. J_,A.-51 ~ _/1 : /o/ _, /o:/ •Y
.s.~_,..T ~ ~ _/1 ..;-; ,...::.....-1 •..t,.;. J.~ (.~ T) /o:/.si.J....e> ~ .s.~_,..T ~ ).:. (.k..... _,:... ::._,..;.1.5" .~ ~
.JT "T" .si.J....e>
.s- .s.~_,..T /o:/ ~ 1J .s.~l:::..r.lo/ .si.J....e> ~ ...L:.....9~ :~ J.~
British: Ex: 1- console /konsaul/ 2- consolidate /kan sohde1t/ 1
/au/ .si..L...o> .:.)1_,.... -........A~ _,.51
J.:.
~~
• .:. _?
American: /ko:nsoul/ /kan 1so:hde1t/ ~~_,.. .:.J_,i.ST ~ ~~
r-"' j~: /au/_, /ou/ .f'
"'--: _/1....,..; .::. Yi.S" J.~ .s.~_,..T ~ J.:. (.t _,) i) /ou/ .si.J....e> ~ .s.~l:::..r. ~ J.:. ~ ...L:.....9~ .s.~_,..T ~~
British: Ex: open /aupan/
American: - - - - - - - - - - - + /oupan/
abhor l;)b'h::>:(r)l v. detest, hate (loathe, abominate, dislike, execrate, disgust) jl :,~ J'! .r:? .jl ~~~ _;;; .jl :,~ J'! _;;;... .jl ~~~ ;\..:-;t Ex: I abhor someone who is constantly changing channels with a remote while I'm trying to read in the same room. ~ ~ I; .J _r-:_r-_,.1.; .._sujl_;\5 '))~ ol; j1
J? ~ •A
,J\.;1 )~
.:.r .J~I_,>- ..r)~ ~r
~ j1
i _;:.;... 0
.J:.S -.5"
abjure I ;)b'd3u;)(r); (US) ;)b'd3ur I v. renounce, abstain from (abandon, give up, refrain from) :;~_;!
..s; .jl ~~~..r. ..;:.........~ ,(jl) ~ ..r. .jl :;~_;! .,s;l~~_,:.
Ex: In vain, the entire family tried to importune him to abjure gambling . . ~;b .r. ..Sj~}-4j j1 ...:..........~ ~~ .;5.f ..rWI Jl 'c .~ ~ dyl>- ..s~l
abortive
I ;) 1b:):t1v I
adj.
fruitless,
useless,
failing
(unsuccessful,
it....;
futile,
unproductive, failed)
Ex: The divers made an abortive attempt to rescue the dog from the murky waters . ...~.:...~>~ ._:..,~ ~_,ll~ .._s4;l.Jl:-- )I;~\.; ~~.?.f ._slo~~ ,__,:;,'JU .Jl...>l_,.':I
abound l;)'baundl v. exist in great numbers (be full of, overflow with, teem with, swarm with) jl :,~>!A ,~1~ :,IJI} ,:,~>! :,IJI}
Ex: The western pl,iii!l~ used to abound with bison before those animals were slaughtered by settlers. ;_,k 'c ...:.......... >;~ .JI.r.-4-- ..k..., y l.o..h; .S d- t.....;.:.. J\S' j1 ~ Y. .;; (~.r"l) '-:"' ):- .._st.....:....;,~ -.;..;,iS J~ -~~ )LS:...;, ..si.. ._sl...o.j~ - •-ls;.. .:..;~~ i _,~ JL J~ ..>..:1_,.:; ~ ~~ ..S .jJ.r. ._st...}..:..;"':..:;:,y
acme /'rekmi n. peak, pinnacle, zenith (climax, apex, summit, culmination) ~ .:,r.;>t [o.rf:- _, o~~] ,.W ,JW' '[.JI
r Ex: At the acme of his power, the dictator was obsessed with the belief that those who dissented were trying to usurp his position . ..X.S ~ IJ Jl 1t.c.. ~)~ ...r-- ._r.;Wt>... .S ~.? J # ._;.;...) ~ _?:J ..:r.,l ,.;.,J..U c_JI J~ JY~~
acrimonious
/,rekn'm~uni~s/
adj. bitter (caustic, sarcastic, sharp, spiteful,
vitriolic, venomous)
·t::-
.)I~ ··--"? [.:r>---1 Ex: We tried to ignore her acrimonious comments, but that took considerable restraint. ...::.....;.b ..s~~j ._s)..C.::..:..:_,>- ~ j~ .J.:._. ..:r.,l Lol r"!~ ~~~t; IJ Jl .~:} J
acute
/~'kju:t/
& .;...1_,12; r"!~_? ...r--'
adj. sharp, keen, severe (urgent, pressing, vital) .;.,..~
·rJ
·1.5~ ·~.r." .~.w.
Ex: After the catastrophe, there was an acute need for emergency housing . ...L.:..s" ..rL>-1
/'red~m~nt/
adamant
'.JI..U)t Ex: The disgruntled adherent switched his loyalty to the opposition party . ...L.!. .)bi.;J .:,i ~ ~ J.::........ .r.; ....All>...'-:":r- ~ ...r"l)t; )bl_,.....
admonish /:ld'momJ/ v. warn, reprove (reprimand, blame, rebuke, scold) ,j.)l.) .)U:a.>l ,,j.).;! .;:.J.r- ,,j.)b )..I..!..A ,,j.).;!
...:...-.~
Ex: I suspect that my father will admonish me for coming home late . ...cS .:;.....'j... ly ~\.>. ~ .:,..~..oi .r..~ ~~ ~.)~ ~..s"
.?J
adroit /:l'dr'Jit/ adj. skillful (skilled, expert, dextrous, masterly) Ex: My nephew is quite adroit at making model airplanes . .~)~ ..s~~j .;....Jlf.o ~~_,..... ..:..SLo ...:...;.:.L.. J~ ildj_,..l_,.:. I ~ldjJ~I.r.
advent /'redvent/ n. the coming of an important event (arrival, appearance, approach, occurrence)
ur- ,,:,.1.oi ·.}-!'~ ,.)J;.J ·;H Ex: With the advent of mandatory safety inspections, some of the more decrepit automobiles have been eradicated . .~lo..L.!. c_.J\.>. ·~.J j1 ;•~.r-} ..sU.J.J~_,.:. jl._s~l..lo.J •..S.J4-I._;.....:,I._sU.....-st.....ti; .J..,GI~ ~ c~_,..) 0~_;....
advocate /'a:dv;}keit/ v. be in favor of, support, (back up, uphold) jl ;,;~ .f ...s;l~l_,.,. .jl ;,;~ .f ._s;I..U )> .jl ;,;~ .f ~L...>
Ex: The general was sure to advocate that we give the enemy no respite from the bombings. .~...G ~} (1;:"' ~~ "" .)1).:-~ ...... bl ~ .s ~Y. .J.:...... .:r-1 )..ti )> ~\...\5 Jl_,;)
aegis /'i:d31S/ n. shield, protection, sponsorship, (guardianship, supervision, auspices)
.,:., ) ua; ...;..l;l.i..-
'~ L...>
Ex: It was fortuitous that at the last moment the mayor offered the aegis of his office in finding a solution to the problem . .~ .f i 'J\s.\ j.C..- ,) -sl.r. .)>- oiJ .;?~ J~ IJ -s)~ k . : . .;_ l...> •lSI• ~ .;}- J~ .Ji;.J .:r..?l J~ )~ k
afflict /;l'fhkt/ v. trouble greatly, distress, (burden, harass, oppress) ;,;~_; )~~ ~;,;~1~ ":-'1~ ,;.;~b ~)
Ex: Citizens of several Kentucky mountain communities are afflicted by the worst poverty in the nation . ....Glo-W )y:.5 )~ ~ _,A.; .j:.)...L;..W )G.;~ .}'l:.:S .jl.;.._.,. § .uh:.... .j:....\.:..:>; JL>I
affluent /'a:flu;lnt/ adj. rich, (wealthy, well off, moneyed, well-to-do, opulent) .;.;..,.;J}
.~_,..
Ex: Under duress from the tax officer, the beggar admitted that he was truly ajjluent . ...::......1 ..J.:...,.:;J) t'9IJ J~ .S ~ .f ....JI_;;:-1 ..:..>l::.l\_. J.Y'\.. J\...:...9 ~ I~
alacrity /;l'lrekr;lti/ n. briskness, lively action, (eagerness, enthusiasm, swiftness, promptness)
.J.lJj.r" ,Jl... J
.}''1~ •
)~ ,.l:.l.!.;
Ex: The waiter moved with alacrity because he perceived they were big tippers . ...w.~IJ"' ..y.~ i~I.JL4 .S ...::........;b<J"' l.;:j ~.f<J"' ..::.Sy- .bL.:..; J .}"Jb; ~ .:.,_,......)5'
allay I ;}'lei/ v. calm, soothe, (relieve, lull, alleviate, sedate) ;.;~.;
c!) .;.;~b :,r..>-; .;.;~.; rl)
Ex: It is difficult to allay the concern of parents about how susceptible their children are and how easily they succumb to drugs . ...:......1 )_,..:.~ ~
I.SJ\5 'J..l>...o
~1_,.. .;:1.;: J~ .J\...:..;I...Gj} ~ J -s.r..l.;'-:-"-::-"1 ~J.Y' J~ .:r....l.liJ .jl_,.s:; c}J
alleged Nled3d/ adj. reported, supposed, (claimed, declared, stated)
0
r+" ~ •..w. ~,)1 , • ..w. ..;.;~:;! ,•..w. .;~1 Ex: It is symptomatic of some newspapers that an alleged criminal is regarded in print as guilty . . .;.;.;S :.l...l...li 1 ts:....l:S :.y>- ..._.t.;jJJ 1 :. 11 ('"P 1 ~ s:..,_ .S ..::........1 .:r-1 ~ ..... L;jJJ j1 ~ ...r"l,;.:. ..}J;.J
alleviate
l~'li:vieitl
v. make easier, lighten, (reduce, lessen, diminish, relieve, ease,
allay, abate)
iJ,)_;!
e.) ,iJ.l.il..!.iJ) ,iJ,)_;!
~
Ex: If we cannot alleviate the harmful effects entirely, at least we can attenuate them. -~ _;~ J _;~ 11 t+l ~ly.s- _J;I..L> ,~ c!J t.~....; I; J~~j ._,..;.;i_y- ~1_,:; }I
allude
l~'lu:dl
v. hint, suggest, (refer to, mention, touch upon, cite) iJ,) _;!
_;!~
,iJ,) _;! o.;UI
Ex: You can be sure the candidate will allude to the moribund state of our economy and offer his panacea. I; J _r>- (j->- ol1 ) I.SJ)...l.-!. y J J .,..S ...l..;l.ly'- o1 UI L... :.La:il 1 ~.....L.I ~ J "-! ~~~l5 .S ~~ .;....6 .Jb ..l.Aiy'-
aloof
l~'lu:f/
J~
adj. distant, apart, reserved, (remote, detached, distanced) o.)l=il
.;J.) ,1~ 'JJ,)
Ex: Although many people say this is a propitious time to invest in the stock market, there is a tenable argument for remaining aloof ~ .}.:1:. \...I ..:.......I ..r ))"'. )j~ ):. 1..5)~ - 01/.i---"' •..L:- ..::..:}S).• ,0J.r-"-' ._rt.....;..JL....;\
.. .:. . . . \ ·~.? '-:"'_f.:>:- ..s~l:.J~ ..s~~·.r.:..r. antipathy I ren 1tip;)8i I
n. dislike, distaste, hate, (aversion, enmity, hatred,
abhorrence, hostility) ;~}I
.j;J
•-.$}~
Ex: Her antipathy towards men was based on rather nebulous events which she construed to prove that they were all perfidious. I; .)b.r" tl-.; .,s:U J...,-: Jl ~ "'-! .S ...:.....;\~ ~~ J ~ ..:.:I)>\>. J~
......:.,J
,.)I~ ..r" "'-! ~ Jl
Jl-:- jl
.~.? u" ...::....:\,;
antiquated /'rentikWeitidl adj. out-of-date, obsolete, (old-fashioned, automated, archaic)
t,_;.. '.r!..u -~ Ex: Is it banal to say that good manners are antiquated in our milieu? ~...:........\ o..l..!. ~..\.9 \... o~.A.Al-:- J ~ )~ .jl~l~i .S ~~ ...:........\ ...:..,..;j L;,i
antithesis I ren 1ti8;)SIS I n. exact opposite, (converse, contrast, contrariety) J.l.i.. .JaA.j ,,)\..,.a:..o 'J ...;.;i .J.~Ai ,,.w. Ex: Len, the gregarious twin, was the antithesis of Lon, the reticent one . . ~y, _r.?..._;,_J J 0_r ~ c)JI J.l.i. ....k.i.; ...:........).) u"J~ \...1 ·.}~\...... c)JI ,.)_,l J
J_ ..s}.9J~ j1
apathy /'rep;)Sil n. lack of interest, unconcern, (unresponsiveness, indifference, passivity) -.$.).)""'
,._}.),;.oJ.)
·.P~.r.
Ex: The feeling of apathy was so prevalent during the election campaign that the candidates hardly bothered to make speeches. "'-! .jl~ ...::........>- j ~\..\;.,.t;\5
.s.) y, o.) ,;-_5
0~ .jl:.l>.;.;l ...::..>~
J")\..>. ).)
p"J,..y<J'. J
cJ.)rJ.) ._r~l ,,.t;,)l.)~.) _,>-
appalled l;) 1p:>:ldl adj. dismayed, shocked, (horrified, hideous, outrageous)
;.....:..... ,.s_,.;.·?-;I~ Ex: Each long holiday weekend we are appalled at the carnage on our highways.
·r-:ru- .s.,_;,
~.1)' )~
).)
(..::..:L;.)\..,a;
jl ~~)
-sr..,; _,.. 0..~:.) jl .~ _,:.I ..;'1;, ..::..:')~ ).)
:tppellation I 1rep;) 11eiJn I n. a name, (title, epithet) ~
,.:,1_,.:;
,~li
Ex: Because he was the scion of the richest family on our block, Lenny was given the appellation of "Rockefeller."
·r-:.)b Jl
"-:
"foiJ" ~
.)y, \... .jl....;;4i ..s~ d_,.;\>. :,r-j~J} ,.t;j}
trbiter /'a: bit;)(r) I n. judge, (adjudicator, arbitrator) Ex: The Supreme Court is our ultimate arbiter oflegality.
,fl.Jy;
A . ..\..!.~if t.. ....lJA.:> ._sly-~ ..sl.r. ~w..; ~ _,.
arbitrary /'a:b1tr ~ri; 'a:b1tri (US)
'a:rb~tr
...:r...r.:-1 Jy::.s Jt,_;IY-~
eri/ adj. based on whim, dictatorial,
(whimsical, capricious, unreasonable, irrational)
..:.1.._.,!.;Jj ''"'.)'~'
'i.S.JJi ;.)
.:.ro ·.s"'.~h
Ex: To my mind the decision was unreasonable and arbitrary . . ~ Y. .G\:._,5' Jjj ) .).h:.. .d- ~ .:_,1 :r _):;.; .., archaic I a:'ke11k/ adj. out of date, (obsolete, old-fashioned, outmoded, antiquated) IS'"'! ..u
't,_.;.. ')~
Ex: With all candor, I cannot wish for a return to the archaic times when a moribund
o...l..s-
society provided an opulent existence for some, but a loathesome life for the majority. .:_,1 Jljj ~)) .w.,.~ )~ ..S ..jiJ)~ '\~} _r. -.;_;,j,S )~ .)1))~ ._, ~ ~ jj) ~I '!""~ .G~~L,.. ..X..:....:,b ..SJ~..:_.j) _}..J:.j .,s_r.5
o...l&-
L..l ..J:,~Y. ~ J jl,; )~
.}:l9
ardent /'a:dnt/ adj. passionate, eager, (avid, fervent, zealous, earnest, enthusiastic) ..r' }~Jf. ·4.!ii p ,JI;..!.o '.),.:.f.
Ex: The ardent baseball fan went to every home game .
.~.? .5' J
~
..j:L>- ...;:_,~L.. il...;
)~ J~ ~ ....r"' }4J.x )bl_,....
array /~'rei/ n. arrangement, system, (line-up, assembling)
Ex: The president faced an imposing array of reporters . ...\...!. "-":-ly 01)5:;
.r.>- ~ J ..j'l )o .....4..,p ~ )~ ...,;-))
artifact /'a:tifrekt/ n. an object made by hand, rather than a thing as it occurs in nature jl-....:.......~ ·~ ,J~
Ex: It has been suggested that the man who builds a better mousetrap will find the world beating a path to his door to possess this artifact. ,) ._, \.j .J.:S ...L:..A>I_,.> ~ )IJ Jl .GL.>. J~ ~4 L,;~ \.) r \L...; ~j~ ..Sfi ..fY' .J.; u-5 /' ..S ...::.......1 o..l.!. d ( ... \.j .)
.r.
...L:..A>I_,.> i ~ Jl .Gl.>. ...J _,1
._,
-l- ~_,... ..jY.:r..~ ....,l,;.r.
ascend
/~'send/
.5.: .Jifd' ..j\5:;,:P' ._r..o'11...y.) .GL..~ ..::,1~
v. rise, (climb, go up, mount, levitate, soar)
~)_,... ):;,
' :.rJ; ~4 ·.r--~>.r. ,:.J~;S ~~ Ex: Inexorably the determined climber began to ascend the Himalayan peak . ...I:S )y.- (~~) ...::........;_,1
ascertain
/ 1 reS~ 1 tem/
w "-: L;
)_?\?I; ~f" ,~ );.f->'_,5
v. discover, find out about, (learn, determine, get to know, (J..U ~ ,(.)~ ;S ....A..!S ,(.)~
ferret, detect, realize, assure)
Ex: In order to ascertain the relationship between his friend and his brother, he kept a wary and discreet vigil. .) JJl,:;) .r' _;:.::...-, J) -' J)l_r.
~ ~I; jl ..t;l_,.:: L; _t;L.., Jif (:::-"' "-: .Gi.1l:.:>...o _, .ji_J.; ~ I; ~ _,I
ascetic I ;J 1Setik/ n. one who practices self-denial and devotion, (recluse, hermit, solitary, self-denier, abstainer, dervish)
\.:'.UI...S ;l•
,.;.._J;~ ,._j ;l~
,.alj
Ex: The cave of the ascetic lacked the opulence and lush decoration of his former mansion . . ) Y. ._,,;.I _}:.9 ...:;... ) ..•..,. ._,-S} 0 .r.-" I; _,5) _, ..:.. t.as::.• I ..U L; ) _?if ._} ..t; j 0 i J) ~ ..U 1..5; L; ..v. Ij ..S 1.5 J tiasinine /'resmam I adj. silly, stupid, (idiotic, foolish, senseless, inane) Ex: How asinine of the boy to fabricate that bizarre story! ....::........1 O).? ~ .r' I; ...r....J;- -' ~ 0\.;.....,b .:.r;.:>;
..s ...::..,....,1 0b\.; )~ s .r-; 0l
asperity I re 1sper;Jti I n. harshness of temper, (roughness, severity, bitterness, sharpness) ._;..;. J~ ,_;.:;... j '..P~
,._;')1.>.1 ~ '.:..:. _,.:.:;.
Ex: We were amazed at the display of asperity from our normally phlegmatic neighbor. -r-:~ o)j~ ..}.:>-
aspirant
Nspai~r;Jnt;
)Y.
)~y>-
J \1)
'J~ ..S 0\.."-!L...,.. _}')G:-1~ jl
re5p;Jr;Jnt/ n. candidate for high position, (ambitious,
1
expectant, wishful)
rl.i ...s4~ ·~·~ ·~r\.j Ex: The publisher scoffed at the reports that he was an aspirant for the job of Secretary of State . .~}~)~"-:I; ...::..,....,1 ~).>- ;yl ...::...)jJ..:........; 1.5~~ _,1 &..;1 .r. ._r..o ...::...L.:.))' ,~L; aspire I ;J 1Spai;J(r) I v. strive for, (seek, pursue, struggle, desire) (.)~ ;S Jj) :(.)~ ,(.)~ ;S )~ ,(.)~ ;S ..f'"iw Ex: I had a premonition that Eli would aspire to the position of captain . ...I:Sif _;":}.; ._,....t;t...}..:........;...., CJ~j I.S 1.r. J~
..s ~bif ~ jl
asset /'reset/ n. a valuable thing to have, (property, estate, capital, wealth) Jl_,..l ,...::...J} ·...r-';1~
Ex: The childless man's will stipulated that all the asset of his company should revert to the original owners . .))}.r. ~I .Jl:->\.....::....., ..l:.~ J-:5~ Jlyl \\...; ..s ).? c:-~ ..t;j.},J. );" .,_.t.;...:....,....:._,
assiduous /;)'sidjU;)S /(US) -d3u;)s/ adj. devoted, attentive, (diligent, industrious, hard-working, serious, laborious) 4JI_h ,4Jij,_J.) ,4JI~
Ex: Florence Nightingale was a paragon of mercy in her assiduous care for the wounded soldiers . .:>y, ~J .JIJ~r jl,.Aft" .J ...::.,.j[J fo ~c ~;')u
astute I ;)15t)u·.t
~US)
;)'stu·.tl ad}. KUu, 'F>\\n-wd, \acute, (\U\ck-w\tted, cunning,
clever) .}.j
'r.
,o~..i\S .r..j ,.$.;. ;j
Ex: My neighbor was astute enough to discern the adverse features of the mortgage . ..J:S
...SJ.) \J (:..r"'J
L) ~ ti.J ..,_...,L.C k_l_r, .S
:>Y.
.}.j
J..LQ.;\ ii"-:.L.....
atrophy /'retr;)fi/ v. waste away, (wither, shrivel up, decay, wilt, degenerate) ,J.I..!.~.:_?;~
Ex: The prodigy allowed his musical talent to atrophy as he redirected his career. .:>.JJ ~ ._;1~ y :>\..V..:....,\ ;,\;, oj~\ ~\)).)..LA>:>~\)~ ...::.,.j _} ~ ._jj.J ~ y
~L;
attenuate j;)'tenjueit/ v. weaken, thin, decrease, (reduce, lessen, diminish, abate, decline)
:.?J
~ ,,J.\..!. ~
·:.?4 .;..o.\S
Ex: The strength of his appeal was attenuated by the flamboyant embellishments for which many had a strong aversion. -~l: ~\5 .JI ~~~ .J ..::...> J~ ...L.:. -.:..A _t;;, Y. _);::.o ,)I JII.SJ~ .s ..)..r. .J J)j_r, ..::...>~
attest /;)'test/ v. certify, (affirm, confirm, testify) ,j.) ~
...~.::! \;
,,j.) ~
~l,t
,,j.) ~
..:..>~I
Ex: An expert was summoned to attest to the authenticity of the Rembrandt found in the Nazi cache of stolen masterpieces . • ~ ;:> u-sjl....; u IJ (-s...L.:.U ._;u.;) Llr.l; JUT .J;, Y. ~I.J \.j _t;_t;l_,.,;. I) I; .JL..\.:..:.J\5 j1 ~ ..J:S ~\.;
,_t;;,.?i f -s)~
....;.J.r-"
1.5.7>' -st.... )LS::..AL.:.
..r~
atypical I ,ei'tipikl I adj. nonconforming, (odd, unusual, peculiar, eccentric) '-:-!.}>
.J
J ~ ,.JJl...;:...\.j ,...j
.r .J":A> •• ~\j ._j";}..>.
Ex: It is the atypical fisherman who does not embellish the story about the fish that got away . ._,....:.c ~L. ~ ..L:S:.; .....L:_~ '-:-'L.; .J '-:-'T ~ I; ;, _,.,:. '-:-'')l.i jl ~_} -sl.A.~L.. -sl_r-L.. .s -sJ~L.. (!J.;..;jif ....J'l4j .:_r..l ).)
~~
?
1 <Jy>; ·~ -s 1.Ur- ~L.. ~) ...L.:.~if ...,..,..)> .J ~
au courant j;)u 'kju:ro:n/ adj. up-to-date, (modern, fashioned, moded) j.JJ .1A ,..t.\j.JJ ,(j).lA ·~~
Ex: Styles are such transient things that what is au courant today, is archaic tomorrow . . :>Y:,if
'-:-'.r->'-" o~.) .J ~~ \;,}
o.)Y. ..l.o
j.J/\ .S (.$)-?; .$ ..::.....,\ )jS:>.Jj .j~ .1A
audacity j:):'dres;)ti/ n. boldness, daring, (fearlessness, intrepidity, bravery,
courage, recklessness, temerity)
_;-4-.F. •..r.IJA.f. ,d.r:- ,..:..;4 Ex: It is common to hear people disparage those who paint in the modern genre; they speak about the audaci(v of the artist who submits a high white canvas with a black border as a serious work! )) 4i ...:..._...,I ,..L..:, ._s)[$. ~\5 J.:.:.S<J'" ·~)~I) .)J..Lo ~Jr.:; .)l.:.lA.; i)/' .s ...Jk.. .:r-1 .)~ ._s_;... JlSJ.L.:. ---(,_ 01_,:-..: ~ ._s\...~l>- L IJ
..5 JY.
~ i y;
---(,_
.S ..l:.:S - ) ..r"'\.12; j1 ~I }>\>. "--! •..\.:..:...!,1) j _,.;
automaton j:):'tom~t~n I n. a robot; a mechanical "person"
~~ ~:~1 ,~1 ~:~1 ,..:,4JJ
Ex: The time is approaching when human workers may be replaced by automaton . ...::.......1 0~) I} jl>- )) ,... ,) .,_;...,. AJI.o ·~
Ex: Who is not vulnerable to some measure of avarice? ~~ .r.l;~T
c:-1' J ..r>r- j1 .jl_r.o .r.l.r. )) ~ ~
aversion /~ 1 V3:Jn (US) ~'v3:r3n/ n. strong dislike, opposition, (distaste, hatred, repugnance, abhorrence)
..
Ex: The female aversion to mice is considered absurd by boys . ...:......,1 )bo.x.>- \... .r-; ._sl;. •cf' Y' jl \... ;:.>-) avid
/'revid/ adj. eager, (enthusiastic,
~
) ...r';
keen, fond, fervent, zealous, passionate) ~..!..!. .x.,.;~ ,_;\.::..!.. ·~.;> ,.C..Jj)
Ex: Bill Clinton is an avid reader of mystery stories . . ))) (..Y-L..,....) ~ 0 t....:,L:.....b .:_,..t;ly- "--! ..s..t:..L..:. o">lY .:,~ ~
assiduous Ns1djuas /(US) -d3uas/ adj. devoted, attentive, (diligent, industrious, hard-working, serious, laborious) ..;I~ ,...;lj_,..J.:. ,..;I~
Ex: Florence Nightingale was a paragon of mercy in her assiduous care for the wounded soldiers . ..:>Y. ~j .)lj~.r" ji..;lj_,._b) ..;\~ ~\.r" ;.:>,,A.;+')...:....,;\) fo ~L; __,....;/>\.!
astute /a 1stju:t (US) a1Stu:t/ adj. keen, shrewd, (acute, quick-witted, cunning, clever)
•.b
·r. ,...;\S'J!,J '~JJ
Ex: My neighbor was astute enough to discern the adverse features of the mortgage . .J.:S
s ;.:> I; cY') l:) :_?.--.. r'J '-:--"L.L; .1:.:1_,..;, .s .) ""' J.j )..L.f>\.. -sl?.\.. .s -shL. (!..l,;,.;jd'
-.,j'J ~j .:r.,l ).) ~~ ;510~ ·~ -si.U_.r>
hL. ~) ~~Y. ..lo,jJ.r"l .S -.5~ .S ..:....,.,1 )JS.:>jj .)~
..lo
audacity h: 1dresati/ n. boldness, daring, (fearlessness, intrepidity, bravery,
1r awesome
/':J:sam/ adj. inspiring terror, (awe-inspiring, venerable, awful,
impressive)
·~4 ·..:..+.'4 •;Ar; Ex: Many of those who witnessed the first atomic explosion reported that it was an awesome sight. ..SI:....; •'-:-":+"
SL......; J ~ J~ J~l o_,k;... .S ..,t;~b
_;.;1)'
..,t;~Y. ._,..;1 ~ .:r.JJI J~l ..u.L.;
4L5 )..SJ~
badger /'bred3a(r)/ v. pester, nag, annoy persistently, (harass, torment, bother, hound) ~ ;.,~b~ ,;.,~.f ~":J.S ,;.,~.f ~~I ,;.,~.f ._;.;jr" ,;.,~j }> ,;.,~j ._;.;
Ex: The teacher continually badgered the pupil for the missing assignments . . ~_?
Ex: Men believe that women's conversation is filled with banal comments concerning clothing or food . ...G ~ h 4
Ex: The ingrate refused to accept Cindy's belated gift . .~ _,5 t_l:.:;,.l IS~~\.; ~ ISJ~\5 \.? _r..l; jl ._,...\.:....:..;..;>- i~i .:,\ belittle lbi'htll v. make seem less important, (disparage, decry, undervalue, underrate, underestimate, depreciate, derogate) .:,~~
._;_,s ,.:,~b ·~~IrS ,.)~_,5 ~
Ex: A !though Ralph can't play, he doesn't hesitate to belittle the efforts of our football team. ~y ~ IS..J.:~; \.. Jl:"~ ~IS~..}')\.;.:,~~
S:.;_,5"'
~
\..\
J:S ~Sj~ Jl:"~ ~~_,.;~ .....;J\) ~)'\ . ..l.>~~ ol;
belligerent I b~'hd3~r~ntl adj. warlike, (aggressive, quarrelsome, hot-tempered, pugnacious, disputatious)
Ex: His belligerent manner caused him to lose one friend after another. . ..u..Jv_ ..:.........~)IS~~ j\...,.....; ~I; ._r..;L:...._,~ .S ...\...!. ~~ _,1
:.r> ):J;
benevolent I b~'nev~l~ntl adj. kindly, charitable, (friendly, amiable, altruistic, humane, humanitarian, philanthropic, beneficent) 4-i\.::...J~ j>
,4.i1JlS' ~ ,4-iU.I_,.>~ ,ol_,.>~
Ex: We all have moments when we vacillate between selfish and benevolent desires . .~\..d' ~~/ ...;L:...._,..l&-_,;-' ...;~~~~~ ..;...~~ .:.r.: .s (""'Jb ..J~j )~ _;lbJ \.. . . . . . . bereft I b1'reftl adj. deprived of, (robbed of, devoid of, destitute of) Ex: The catastrophe left him bereft of all his possessions . .~ _,5 i -'.r"
~I)~ ~~ jll; _,I ~ IS~
besiege lb1'si:d3l v. surround, hem in, (encircle, enclose, encompass) (,).),; 41:.1.>1 ,(,).),; •,....~-o
Ex: By running up a white flag, the besieged troops indicated their desire to withdraw from the fray . .J.:.:S ~~
4
~ jl ~_,...;l> .S ~~b .JL:..; ~ r-;~ 0~.r. '1~ ~ o..t..!. •.r"l>... IS~Jfi
besmirch I bi'Sm3:tJ I v. soil, stain, dim the reputation, (sully, defame, tarnish, taint, smear)
H. :.J::.~ '":"'I_,>,;,;::.~~\,;~,;,;::.~ ..J..;S [...::.,,~]
Ex: The candidate tried to besmirch his opponent's record . ..XS '-;"'1_? I;::.~
0;
~L.. ::..}.,f' .._;:.,;,~.:; .j~l.>.:.J ::.yL.;
bias /'bards/ n. prejudice, (bigotry, partiality, penchant, intolerance) ..S;JI~ ·~ •._sj;J..J> )>
Ex: The bigot's bias precipitated a fistfight. .J.:.::._;~ ::.;~ J::.j ~~ ~ ~ ~
bigot /'brg;:lt/ n. a person who is intolerant of other people or ideas, (fanatic, zealot, sectarian, dogmatist, chauvinist, jingoist)
fo .;~ •&/' ·~ ·~ Exl: One politician, a notorious bigot, hopes to get support as a presidential candidate on the basis of his prejudices and intolerance . ...l....t_W. 0::.~ ~ J ...::.,~ _.,1[;.:. ~ -::......-1 )J~I-::......-1 ._jJ.r" ._s_}J .:;yS J ~ ~ .S ._s).4.:...-l,..-..XS ~I; 01~::.
..::....,k>- ..SJ~ -::.......~; ...::.,L\.>..;.;1
::.yL.;
.)1_,.:-y ~ ..GI_,:: .)1~::.
Ex2: Attacked by the irate crowd, the bigot asked the police for sanctuary . .::._r. ol:..; u-).; ~ ::.y ci} )} ~ r::./' .J.....,.... ::.)y .s &/' J ~ ~ bizarre I br'za:(r) I adj. odd, peculiar, strange, weird, (uncommon, abnormal, queer, outlandish) ) ~ \j ' ..... ) lA::.. ;:S-
,J_,_.. ;:S- '..s::. \$. ;:S-
·~)> J ~
Ext: It would be rather bizarre for a young man to come to school.tVearing a dress . . ..L.J..f' _,k:.: ....,....,__}- J ~ .).-? ~l:: .......,;..L.o ~ ..;L.;j V"'l:J ~ .Jiy.- ::./'}I Ex2: Most of us scoff at and belittle bizarre behavior.
·r..f'
~ J o::.b )} ~ ::.;y IJ J~L.; J ....,....,__;.. J ~
._s\...).:jJ L. _;51
blase /'bla:zer (US) bla:'zer/ adj. indifferent, not responsive to excitement, (apathetic, uninterested, nonchalant, phlegmatic, uncaring) ::. .r-' ,..::,J\,i;.,r. ,b-l.,r. .o::. )::.
Ex: People have become so blase about the once thrilling, now mundance flights into space . ...Gio..l.!. 0JLA:;~ )~ ,..\:..::....... ._s::.l.Y 0_,:.51
JJ ..G::.y ~ .Jl..j .S '.f-L.a.9 ._s\...,..A.... ::.)y )::. \::./'
blatant /'blertnt/ adj. disagreeably loud, very showy, shameless, (flagrant, ;Ji~ _r. ,..;L. _r.._r. ,._;~J
obvious, flaunting)
Ex: With blatant discourtesy the reporters continued to harass the bereaved family . ...G..l.!.<J"' )::.ly:- o::.ly[;.:. r-l_r- ...::.... .r.; ._si..;L. _;-';~ ?W ~ 01}s::; _r.ibliss I blrs I n. happiness, pleasure, (ecstasy, joy, elation, rapture, delight, gladness) ~.,> ,..::,j.J •
._r.y. ,..::,::.L......
Ex: Oh, what bliss could be seen in the eyes of the ardent couple as they announced their engagement! !::. j.,f'
C..Y' 0l.;i
..st...~
;::. ~ ~ J
...::_,;:,\,__., ..G::..? (>\&.I
L) I)
::. y>·
..s::. yL.; ._;..;,L.Y C..Jj
~K.....
10
blunt
lbiAntl adj. plain-spoken, (frank, candid, outspoken, straightforward) •.).r...r.
·~r-
,..s) L:.r_,;.,_,J ,_;w ''-"".)~ .~..s) [~J
Ex: A string of caustic epithets was directed at the recruit by his blunt sergeant . ..) _,5 -\:...1.::- jL_,..... JL:; I; ..::.....;. j -:..>WS' jl ..?"yo •.j"'.)..L .J~ _,} bogus
l'b;)ug;)SI adj. counterfeit, fake, (fraudulent, spurious, artificial) .).-; ·..)>JJ.) '..s!'"j.j
Ex: He had the audacity to try to foist a bogus dollar on me . ..)jl~ :_ro ~I;~ ;'h ......~ ..::.._..1_,.,.:..5' ..:...}-~~
bona fide
l,b;)un;) 'fa1dil adj. genuine, (real, authentic, original, true) ~I ,..:..JL.,.:.I4
•.riiJ
Ex: When we saw the hundreds of bona fide petitions, we realized that the number of people who supported the candidate was legion . .....c_ ..J...:.:S._r ..:......:.~ •.Al>..:;l .)_rol; .Ji ji..S -s.)l)l .)I.M; ..s !'"'~ ·r-:..1:..) I; ~1_, ) ... _,k \.....~....:> .?J ...::.._..lyCJ
brash
I bra::J I
adj. impudent, (bold, self-assertive, audacious, aggressive)
;~ ''":-'.)l._r.
,tw •J;.r.
Ex: My mother liked the salesman's brash personality, but he irritated most people . ...L:V \.).!" ~ ~J ~~ ~ ._:r-1 Lol ..::.....;.1.) ..::.._.._,.)I;.~_,)
brigand
tl=.....S ~ iJ.)Lo
l'bng;)ndl n. robber, bandit, (outlaw, ruffian, highwayman, pirate) .;$~.)j
,.)_).) ,J;l..... ,.Jf>l;
Ex: They captured the brigand, and he was incarcerated for a mandatory period . ....G.)l:......} .JI...Gj ~ 1.5;~1 _;..Jvo -sl.r. I; _,I_, o.) _,5 ~.)I; .J.7"'I; ~i bristle
l'bnsll v. stiffen with fear or anger, (horripilate, frighten, petrify, horrify) .:,..w.
'";-'A- ,.JJ...:.--; ,.:,..w. ..::.._..1; ...rS .;; "'"! Y'
Ex: Upon seeing the snake, the cat began to bristle with fear . ...t...:. >uff
I bAf I
..::.._..1; .._;:,:, ~ yo
....r; jl ;Lo .J..\.;.) ~ ~}
n. a fan, follower, (devotee, enthusiast)
4..!..;1
;bl~ ·~ }4J.r. ;I..U )>
J.)
Ex: The firemen did not have to cajole the enthusiastic buff into helping them extinguish the blaze. L..:.5
...s:....,s _;-;i .j.)_,5 ..}yol>- ).)
~~ ~ ...GJbl_, IJ ~i_,.) ;bl_,... .}~j '-:'.T'; ~_G.)~)~ .Jl;L.:..;._r.;i
.(.)_?.5' IJ )5 ._:r-1 ~L;lk_,b ._;,.)_,.,.:. .J~)
tulwark l'bulw;)k; (US) protector, defendant)
-w3:rkl n. protection, (support, mainstay, safeguard; ~lA.> .~b.. ·~ L-
Ex: Some feel that the United States should be a bulwark to the inchoate democracies around the world . ...t...:.~ .Jl.p- _,....1_,....
I.S4Y
._s::;1_,5yo.) I.SL,ilk; .5'1>- ..\.;~
o...l>..:..o
..:...'Jl;_l ..S ...G~ \...~
" burgeon /'b3:d3_j ...~...!.) ,;.,...~...!. u~
Ex: While some moribund economies atrophied after World War II, others burgeoned under the salubrious effects of loans from the U.S. >~ .?--:.:> ..?- .r. Lol ~-':.:>} ;~ i J:> ..;~ 4 jl ~ ,~ -s:>l..a.:.91 -st...rl.k; ) ~ ~}I
. .,
-~~
t.;p ~/'i
jl,?} iiJ ~ (:':'\.:;;
cache I kreJ I n. secret hiding place, (hide-out, secret place, hidy-hole)
·~
Ex: Through a fortuitous remark, the cache of the art thieves was discovered. ·.:..j) _,J ~ J _)l...i;l._j_r> ~~ )>~..., ..S? ).~i ~)L.., .~
cacophony lb'kof<Jnil n. discord, harsh sound, dissonance, (discordance) ?L..AI.i ,,_,iJ.jyl.i '..F-IJi~
Ex: Electronic music is considered nothing more or less than cacophony by many . . ~ ._s:~ y .}Jjy\;?. ..s.:r.; i::__;.; ~J_?.ll ~ y .S ~~ :>1)1 )..SJ~
cajole lb'd3;:,ull v. coax, (wheedle, flatter, lure, tempt, soft-soap, butter up) (.):>
;S
.,u.\A;;..
.)4j'-:-' ~ 4
,(.):> j
J~ .)4j'-:-' ~ 4
Ex: The parakeet refused to be cajoled into entering her cage . .:>JJ ~ 0JJ:> .S ...::....;I:>IJ .}~j'-:-' .r; ~ ~~ IJ
.)>_,1
callous l'krei<Jsl adj. unfeeling, (insensitive, cold-hearted, hard-hearted, heartless, stony-hearted, cruel) .:..Jl.i;._r. ,.:_, _r.}>._r. 'c.r'l....>l._r, ,J~
J
Ext: It takes a callous person to watch with equanimity as a gullible, naive girl falls for the Iine of a loathsome boy. ~\..:...__,....L.....S.;->:> ~ .S ~~ c.r'L.:.-1~ J J_L k -';_~ .jL..;I
il) j~ JJ o:>bl ~\;? Ex2: Who can be callous about the presence of many indigent families in close proximity to affluence? ~ j~ J ..L...:.~ u r ..suo:>lyl> JL:S J:> l.SJ~ ...:........~ ..st...d_,;~ J~ .ut..;. ~~Y.f ..,-5 ~ .~L..: :>~~
J
~~L..: .:;.,J\...i;~
callow
l'krei<Jul adj. youthful, inexperienced, (na"ive, immature, innocent,
unsophisticated)
d .... ,~.#..r. ,rl>
Ex: It was deplorable the way the capricious boy led the callow young girl on a merry chase . .:>Y. ~1..::...9) )~ :>_r..f )~ "-:~~ J o:>L... ..5_;.>-:> .J:>j JY -sl.r. j~~ ..;---; .S ~)) calumny l'krei<Jmnil n. false accusation, slander, (calumniation, defamation, libel) ~~,l_;;il,~
Ex: The woman was noted for her vituperative calumny against her innocuous, although senile, neighbor.
IV .J.:S<J" ~~ -s_r.:..oi...:...;l..hl )}>"'-:~~))d. J.;::; "-:,l-Ao~ .Jj
canard /kre'na:d; 'krena:d; (US) b'na:rd (baseless rumor, mere lie)
,)i
.s ...L:.;....;b<J" .._.,.
I n. a made-up sensational story,
..,;a-. '-:"jS
•t_J;.:~
#
•..rL...I.r, 4A!\...!.
Ex: The mayor vehemently denied there was any antipathy between the governor and himself and blamed this canard on their political opponents. ~ul )>\..:>. "'-: IJ ~ ~ c.r"'l:-- .JW\.:>.... J ~)~ ~ y;- J _}Jl:>.l ),.t;\...} J Jl ~ .S ~_?'-:-":.iS:.; i...t;,..t...:. )~ k .~ b ) ) ,_;:, j .r" ~)yo c.r"' u d. "-':. L.;, :..r.;..>;
candid /'krend1d/ adj. frank, open, honest, (truthful, sincere, plain-spoken, outspoken, blunt)a ..::...,...I; J
..s) ,J,:,L.,.. ,•.:~ ~.r. 'CjrP ,..s)
Ex: In my candid opinion he is a sanctimonious fool. ....::.......1 ...,~I .._,.....l.A..o ~ ~~ Jl ("'..J<J" ~~~ Jl OJ~)~ 1/
candor /'krenda(r)/ truthfulness)
...::.......1)
J
..5) _)>.;}I
n. frankness, honesty, (openness, honesty, sincerity, ...:..>l_r-P
·..r..,! ..s) ·..r..~')
,..:...il-l...
Ex: When we cannot speak with candor, we utilize euphemisms. ·~if .~u.:......1 i"% ~ l:. ~ ~ cd.~~ ·~>) ~.r.l) ~~ ...J.r- ..::...>-lrP ~ ~~_,;~ ~K.... cant /krent/ n. insincere or almost meaningless talk, (hypocrisy, insincerity, pretence)
.s.J~ •,J..JJJ.:I '.J'.JJ •4) Ex: The diplomat was astute enough to see through the cant of the Machiavellian ambassador. ..AA~ ~ I) j\:. $.:, p, ~ -s} ~ .s ~ Y. $.:, )j )..LLi ...:...~~ capitulate /b'pitJuleit/ v. surrender, make terms, (yield, submit, give in, succumb, accede) .J,:, ~
Jr.i
I; ... ~l_r!. ,.J.l..!. ~
Ex: Despite tenacious resistnace, they were ousted from the strongpoint and had to capitulate to the enemy. ,,.t; r ~ ~~ _r.l_r. )~ ..t;...t:_~ .J )~) o..t...:. Jy- -.s"',.t;\...} ...J }> jl ,._;t;L::- ..:..,... 3\..i.. ~ ~ ~i capricious /b'pnJas/ adj. fanciful, whimsical, (impulsive, freekish) ..;L... _,.lly, ,..;lj\.:-.--"'
Ex: When the acrimonious discussion about his capricious actions had attenuated, he was able to vindicate his conduct. .J.:S tt.;~ ~ ~
,_;:.... J
).:~)
jl ...:.......;I_,; •..t...:. ..,;....,\5 )I ...;ljl:--.Y" );.9) ~ ).}'"
)~ .x..; ..:...1~\A.:;;I
..:.....t...:. jl
.?J
carnage /'ka:n1d3/ n. slaughter, (butchery, massacre, mass murder, bloodshed, bloodbath) ~~
J:i •.s:r..)~ •.r,l...ai ')\;;.!S
Ex: We found it impossible to mollify the irate owner of three prize cats as he viewed the carnage caused by our large dog.
lA ~ .r}- .~ Y. \.. ..5 J.T. ~
..k._.,
y
~~ .)~
.:...::s
..u.L.;.
.j~ ...,....,..~ .)~ ~ ~I)
.s ,..:.......;_;\} "-'.} . . . . ,
-~ J.f __,6 "-'.
castigate l'krestrgertl v. correct by punishing, (punish, discipline, chastise, rebuke, reproach, reprimand, admonish)
(.J.)_j
~jr'
,(.J.)_j
.:.,lj~
,(.J.)_j ...:..sW ,(.J.)_j
~
Ex: The kindly foreman was too reticent to openly castigate the clumsy new worker . .J.:S ...:....;\......:. lli \J
catastrophic
_r.L
I ,kret:}'strofik;
..l;.~ })S . :.......;lj__,....; .S ~y, ~~ J..\A.;l .JL_,+o }J'<S.r
b'trestr:}fi kl
adj.
disastrous,
(calamitous,
cataclysmic, devastating, tragic)
)l,;l; ,._;.;_,..l; ,.r.-i~u
Ex: If the Draconian regulations are to continue unabated, they will have catastrophic results. -~J_,i ..~.:J>I_y> JL "-'. ._s)}'L (:\.:;; •...l:-:1.: ..... bl .)~ ..:...-;....., ..:...IJ_;.. .:r-1 }I
caustic l'b:st1kl adj. sarcastic, biting, (cutting, stinging, acrimonious, virulent) ·~.,S ')\~ -~ •• x.:J ·.r.-i.c..J, [·.r.f--' ~] Ex: In a caustic article, the drama critic slaughtered the hapless actors . . ..t;\)~~ i:i r~ ) \) ...:...>..:..!.: ..s~~? .~ .r> ·.x.:~ JtA.. )~ ...... L.:..: ~
J.i;;....
celerity ls:}'ler:}til n. speed, rapidity, (dexterity, agility) Ex: He accepted the lucrative position with celerity. . (..L:;\j) ~ ~ J~
t:r
IJ )~ ~~ _, .)L ..:........; _,1
cessation I se'se1Jn I n. a stopping, (end, termination, finish, ceasing, halting) ~.; ·t\hAil ,4 yl:
Ex2: The cessation of the shooting was replete with benefits for both sides . ...:.....;.b olr"' "-'_ ..s~l:j L'L. ~ }> ._s\_r. t_Sjl..t;\_,J
----0 y
chagrin I'Jregnn (US) J:}'grml n. feeling of disappointment, humiliation, (annoyance, irritation, displeasure, resentment)
)>1> )JS.J ,.....A....b ,~.))) ,._,..lS ~ '~) Ex: To the chagrin of many taxpayers, some citizens seem to cheat the government with impunity. jl) _t; _,......;. ..:;.,\j~ ~I .JJ..L.: i..r"'u; .J\_t;-'k j1 ._slo...u:. ,.)~ ..~.:J>~ ..:;_,L,J\.. ~ ........... i.; _, ~J ~ .J"': _, L
...I.:J>~...,. '-:-:!_,..; \)
..;:.J_,~ (.J~\_t;
..:;_,L,J\..
...;:)>
charisma lb'rrzm:}l n. quality ofleadership inspiring enthusiam .:.,J.r.>; ·..::...+.' ·"-!~ Ex: Even those who were not fans of the movie star candidly admitted the charisma that surrounded him. ·
l'\
charlatan I'Ja: l;}t;}n I n. pretender, fraud, (quack, mountebank, sham, imposter, swindler)
Ex: They could discern that the faith healer was a charlatan . ...:.......I ..s~~ ~~~ ,JL..J .:.>i
chicanery
I J1'kem;}ri I
..s ~~.r. ...s; ~~
n. trickery, underhandedness, (fraud, fraudulence, ..SJ~} •._;~ •..SJ~lf:;
craftiness, deceitfulness, duplicity)
Ex: The reporter divulged the blatant chicanery involved in the awarding of the contract.
....::...,:..\.... _;.u I; ~b).} .sll=l )~ )~i c}L;.;
')~ .r?-
chimerical lkai'menkll adj. visionary, imaginary, fantastic, (fictitious) ~y.~ ·~'J jl JJ:J "'! ·...r.4JJ •.;~::>
Ex: The scheme sounded chimerical, but we were indoctrinated to believe that it could work. ....:.......1?-1 J.L; ..s ))~ ~~.? ~ L.. "' L..l ..L:--),_;" A JL> ,Ji
rs
·c>
clandestine lklren'destm; 'klrend;}staml adj. secret, undercover, (surreptitious, concealed, hidden, underhand, cloak-and-dagger)
..s'r •.._;:Jj:J .~~ Ex: The spies thought their meeting was a clandestine one, but throng of F.B.I. agents gathered outside the building .
.4i ~ _y....
.JL...;;;.L... .J.J.r:.
..si . . ,: ..il .JIJ_,..L. L..l ..:.......I ~~ .JL.;. ~ ..s ~~.?IS" ~ .J\....r~ .~~.?
t_41
cliche l'kli:Jei (US) kli:'Jeii n. a commonplace phrase, (platitude, banality, hackneyed phrase)
J.l::.:-- ..slJ.._j? •..sl~ ._j? ,.;.., ) ~ .s...:.> ·~ Ex: If you juxtapose cliches with another, you often get completely opposite lessons about life . ...\:_iiJ" ...:........~ ._}~j ~JY J~ ..s~~ )\.,.\5 ..st.....rJ~ ..\:_)~ r-"' ):.5 IJ .,.sl~ .,sL.o...i.r- }I
clique I kl i: kl n. small, exclusive group of people, (circle, coterie, gang, band, mob)
•J} ,..lj4
.~:Jj):J
•
.s..f';
Ex: It is not long before a young star has a clique around him who sporadically get their names into the newspapers. )~ ..:r.-1 jll) ~...,>- 1t; lf"\5' j1 /' l; ~r.f ~ 01~ ..s? .)~.;....., .r..JJ.J~ 4
-~
,),).r.> ,.\!i
Ex: F.B.I. was cognizant of clandestine gangland meeting . .~_,., otSi .ji)S::.f~ .;.;~ ~ ~ jl-.si
.f.
...JI
comely /'kAmli/ adj. beautiful, handsome, (attractive, good-looking, pretty, lovely, charming, appealing) '":"'I~
,._;y ._;._,.;.
.~j
Ex: He was reticent about revealing his clandestine meetings with a comely young girl counselor at the camp . . .) jL...
..;u .) _,., .IS_,.);~ J-'t.:... ..s .f.. ~j _,
01~ .;;>~ ~ 1) -.?'....;~ -s~ )} ..::........\~ ~
_, .) _,., )b )J _,1
commodious /b'm;:Judi;:JS/ adj. large, spacious, (roomy, capacious, extensive) SJj-!
'J'.)~
Ex: In his sumptuous house he had a commodious den in which he kept an array of trophies as incontrovertible evidence of his ski II. ) --s.)\.:....1
r1--- .X...... .jl~ \) .SJl.:--; :r.'~ .:_,i ).) ..s ...:;.....;.\,) .SJb~) ..s )j'. ~(.;l;l ,.) ~ ~ J_;:... ).) .SJ ....:.....:.bif 6:, .)~ ...::..-)4--
compassion
/bm'preJn/ n. sympathetic feeling, kindness, (pity, tender-
heartedness, tenderness, mercy, sympathy.)
..:.JiJ
·.s'4.J+" •r>; •..sh:i......P
•I.S.)yJ...Jo
Ex: We all felt deep compassion for the innocent progeny who were bereft of their parents who had succumbed during the conflagration. -.s.)L:_j .S.)J~ ,__...,L-..,..1 .;.;.) Y. .~b..::........~) .Sj__,.... _;;.;l ~.)~
).) \) .) ~ ).)\..
J J..l;
..s ........ ~
.j\5~ _,5 ~
·r-:.).? compatible /bm'pret;:Jbl/ adj. harmonious, well-matched, (well-suited, likeminded, reconcilable, consistent, congruous, congruent)
..s_;.:... 'Jy; J
~ 'Jy; .~w. 'J\! jL...
Ex: The boy and girl discovered they had many compatible interests .
..;.;;~.) r-" \, -.s.)l:_j ..s _;;.-;.. .
..;;~
..s
.;.;~ ~)
_;:.:;-.)
compensatory /,kompen'seit;:Jri (US) bm'pens;:Jb:ri/ adj. serving to pay back, (remedial)
.,r.: '...r:".J'.
IJ'
Ex: Compensatory education may help minority groups to cope with their plight. ..l:/r. .)~ ...::..-')~ •¥ jll; .xS ._l
complacent lbm'pleJsntl adj. self-satisfied (smug, contented, self-contented, self-righteous)
.j. ,J~::> ..;y. ,_;....Ja.. :ly.
jl ,..,....I;
:ly.
jl
Ex: The guard was so complacent about the danger of escape that he gave the prisoner only a cursory inspection . . ~!~ i~l IS.r.r ..)-?-1; ._,.,;j~ ~ .S ~Y. )>l>- .~_,..) .ji..Gj }} .)=:- ~JY' J~ ;..LI~ J:l ,,j.) ~ .U\..;>1 ,,j.)l.) ~ljl ,,j.) ~ .....A;\...i:l.,.
Ex: His gloom was now compounded by the failing mark on his geometry test. .~ _? 01~ _,~ I; _,I ~I;\; .......,..I:Jo 0\;..:;..1 J~ 0~ ;Jl,; • _r:, comprehensive I ,kompn'hensiV I adj. thorough, (inclusive, all-inclusive, allembracing, exhaustive, complete, perfect)
J-lS -~\..:- ......,. 't"lo:Ex: In order to get the job, he had to go through the drudgery of filling out a tenpage comprehensive questionnaire . .J.:S.;; il~l ~ ~~j ...::....A..:.. ~ I; ,sl~ .~ (::"~ .._,~:....:.....,.;; ~ ~ Y. J~
concoct lbn'koktl v. devise, (invent, make up, think up, fabricate) ,j.) ~
Jo.=:- ,,j.) ~
~ r'
Ex: It was necessary for the interloper to concoct a convincing story in order to gain access to the exhibit. .J.:S !'""".r' o.x.:S ~L; .jl:..-b \..>.:..,_L..; ,s'11.5 ~ d-l,:...~ ~ ~ )~ J_,...a..; ~~~ concomitant
lbn'komJt;Jntl
adj.
accompanying,
attending,
(attendant,
associated, affiliated accessory, auxiliary)
.r..~Li'-:"'~1 ~,:>)A.• ,~i_,; ·~\..:- ,.1~ ,,:>\..j ~ •(/Y..,. Ex: There are many concomitant dangers to obesity . .~)~ ol~ "-:I) ,S~~j
..r..i;l;'-;-'41 0 l p
J:, _;.. ~~
concur lbn'b:(r)l v. agree, (accord, be in harmony, be in concord, cooperate) ,:>~ ..,....I; ,,:,.) ~ ...:..Aily ,,:,.) ~ 1.5;~ ,,:,.)-"! ._:;.;1_,..
rr Ex: If I can get my parents to concur, I' II join the Peace Corps. ·iY:.,d' ~ o~ ~)J ~~I; I; i ;~L..
J ;..\.;~~~}I
condescend /,kondr'send; (US) ,ko:n-/ v. stoop, lower oneself, (deign, descend, unbend, humble, demean)
(.)::..?
~ l;; ,.,:_,;..;.1.1! ...:..:,..
,(.)::..? ....ilaJ [...:....,...,~ _r-j "-!]
Ex: He had such disdain for us, he would not condescend to speak before our group . •..1:.5 ~ L.. OJ} -sl.r. J ~)~...:..:,.. L.. .r!
condolence
/bn'd;)UI;)nS/
n.
pity,
..t..:..;
_r:.L>
~
(sympathy,
.s ~~ .....~~I;
compassion,
L.. ;...tA.;i
comfort,
commiseration) ~ •i.S;I.ll::. 'i.S::.;..l..Jl
Ex: When my neighbor's dog was run over, we sent a condolence card. ·f'""!~\.::.....} ~ 0;\S' ._,..':.:.l.r. •...:....;; ~L.. _r-j L.. ":L-.A. L
...?J
condone /bn'd;)un/ v. elcuse, pardon, (overlook, disregard, wink at, forgive, ignore)
:?J ·~::.u ,(.)~ .jl (.)~~A Ex: Do you expect me to condone that reprehensible act with such celerity? ~~ -s~Jj ..:,r.l "-!I) JJii_r. ~ ,Ji
conducive
/bn'dju:srv; (US) -'du:-/ adj. leading, contributory, instrumental, useful, advantageous)
.s .SJb )\.h.:;\ .:.r j1
~~
helpful, (contributing,
..;4 -~~ ·~.J"' ~~
'":-'1.;...
Ex: The bedlam in the study hall was not conducive to good work habits . .~,..; ....,........\.:.... Sl..,1 .J..,l;l_,>- ...r';~ '-:" _,;.:. ..:;..,~\&. ~~~ -sl.r. .....JU... _JL ..):-}...:.
confidant(e) /,konfr'da:nt; 'konfrdrent/ n. one to whom you confide your secrets, (close friend, bosom friend, second self, crony)
Ex: A teenage boy's father should be his true confidant. . ..t,.;~ Jl
) r l ._r!IJ i .f>'-" ...~:. L ..; ;..I.; .01~ _,; s~. -s'.r.
conflagration /konfl;)'grerJn/ n. great fire, (blaze, raging fire, holocaust)
~ J.!;> ·~ i.Sj.,...._r.;l Ex: Who could imagine a more bizarre story than the one having to do with a cow causing the conflagration in Chicago? ;_,.........;
o~y-: ,Ji j--\&. J\S
.S:.,.
.S I;}'~~ .Sj_,.....,._r;i ,J\.::.....b jl )~ c}\.::.....b ..,l;lfd' ~ ~ ~..1:.5
confront /bn'frAnt/ v. come face to face with, (face up to, stand up to, be faced with, encounter, be encountered with, face) ~ (J.W. ~ly ·~ (J..l..!. Jf,JJ
Ex: Why do we refuse to confront the unsavory problems of our times in a candid and incisive way? ~ ~ d' t_L:..I .._;W:,L; J .._;L;~L.:. ;_,1 .w ~ _,>- .:,L.. j )}'t.; ..:;..,~ ~ ,J..t,.; J.T.JJ jll~
,.,. congenial lbn'd3i:ni<JII adj. sympathetic, agreeable, appropriate, desirable, (friendly, pleasant, amiable, companionable, compatible, kindred) ":-"\:... ,ol_,.;.l~ '"':"'_,.l.k.
•.J.,....b ,;\! jL.. ,J~~
Ex: The tree in front of my house has the dubious honor of being the spot voted the most congenial by the dogs of the neighborhood! !..L.:.~ ..b.,. -st....~ -sl.r. .Y4 :.r..; '7'-"'t:.. .S ·~ _? ~ I_; r_,h...L Jl:>.::.il .:.r-1 :y .._;[>. -s}.>:- ..:...>- J~ "-:L
conjecture
I bn'd3ektJ<J(r) I
n.
guess,
suppose,
(guesstimate,
inference,
presumption, presupposition, speculation) .)jol.iW' ·..r.J.>
Ex: It was sheer conjecture on the detective's part but it led to the arrest of the vexatious counterfeiters. ,_}->..• ~~ -s~~ "'-,: ~ ._,;j...;W' .:.r-1 ...:....:~ J~ L.l ~y, .~i_;t5 ~ c}j..;W' .lW :.r..l ~}I ·-':.~} (~41 ~I)
conjugal l'kond3<Jgll adj. relating to marriage, (connubial, matrimonial, marital, spousal) dyl> ,:,.,. \S '/',.;. J ,:, j '._r.,_;.lJ j ( ~ .1..Y. .1")
Ex: Arguments over money have often led to conjugal havoc . ...:.......1 o..L.:. d_,;L> .Jyl5 ~4J.} ..:..S.~ ~I
connoisseur l,kon<J'S3:(r);
(US) -'sur I
JL. JL.. .r _r. ~J?.
n. expert, professional, (authority,
specialist, gourmet, epicure, aesthete) .,si.U.r- •..rW;\S ,~
••.r?-
Ex: The connoisseur scoffs at the dilettante, who has only a veneer of knowledge .
.~_r.?~ )} -si.Uy-
~ .lfr--1 ~JY ~I~)~ ..}J\5 ~JY J~ ._?....::..I ;J ~ J~ ._;.;.-JJ .:r.~ ~ .l;_J
·-A .?J
contort lk;}n't:>:tl v. twist violently, (wrench out of shape, bend out of shape, wrap, deform, misshape) Ex: The paroxysm of coughing served to contort her body until she could gain a respite. ...L.!. '-:-' ~ ._rJL> ._;IS ..::...>-l_r-..1 jl ~ Lol ~./ J ~ ;-)\..; ~l:;~_,5 .Jif.""J ._rs~_,.:. jl ..lo..:
covert l'k,\V;)t; 'buv3:tl adj. secret, hidden, (concealed, surreptitious, furtive, stealthy, private, underground) ..Sr" -~~ ,,Jl.f;
Ex: Woodrow Wilson stated that he found covert agreements to be reprehensible . .J:,I~u-- P, IJ .jl+-; ~L,o~,.oL:.L;I_,.; ~.J .S ..:....;.b J4J::>I 0_,.....1:._, JJ~JJ
covet l'kAV;)tl v. want, envy, wish, (desire, long for, yearn for, crave, aspire to, begrudge)
~ <J.:o J! ..s..;.J -~ ~ ,J.:o .f u.:ol.....> ,,:r-1_,.> ,.:_,;..;.!.:. IJ ... ._sJ..i)
Ex: A favorite parable has to do with teaching the lesson that one should not covet that which belongs to someone else . . ~jJY. ..L....> .JI~~ Jlyl "': ~ ...L:~ .S ..U...l; IJ ..yJ~ .,:r.l JL;I "': ..l:~ ~\.>;- ..:..,.K:.- ._.) r -
Ex: Why did Silas Marner crave wealth and practice cupidity?
,.:,.) .? \:....i
~~Y. .SjJ...G\jl.. J~~ "-' J ..:.....;.b ..:.>J} ~ .SJj) }Jl.. V'~ I~
criterion lkrar tr::>ri;m; (US)- 1trri::>nl n. model, standard, test, (measure, gauge, 1
norm, touch-stone, barometer, scale, yard-stick) ~ ;~ ,.)_;1~\.:....1
,S'j...
,._,...~
•;\.:.o.o
Ex: The platitude, "I know what I like," is often used to rationalize our lack of a criterion for things about which we are dubious . ._sly, J~ J S"Jv. ~~~ "--:?:" y ._sly, ~1 1 \·)~ ..;._,_,~ ~ ~b.f' i~Y .yo" ..S ~ i')\5 ~ .:_r.l -~JJ.f' J\5:.: !""')~ ..t:~} ~i ~JY J~ ..S ..f..L.. )::->;
cryptic /'knptrkl adj. puzzling, (confusing, mysterious, mystic, vague, codified)
.r.-1.;1.,....1 ''-.S.J""
•.Sf';
:r+."" ,.x;S ~
Ex: Although his remarks appeared cryptic at first, we began to see how really pertinent they were . . ...G~y, '-:-"'L:... J ~ )...1..9 ~WI_, ..s 1""'~-f" i~ l..l ~J.f' ~ ~ 1..~1 J~ _;..;1_,1:.; ~}I culminate /'kAlmmertl v. reach the highest point, (peak, come to a climax, reach a pinnacle) .:.>...~.::-;
:>.,.,.. [..-''
~
Ex: The party will culminate with the award for the most original costume. ·~J ..u.1y- ~y-
culpable
/'kAlp::>bll
adj.
deserving
l.,.~jl ~
jl
,.:,~ .f
.Jiyli
Ex: We should be prudent in our play or work during very hot weather, because the sun has the power to enervate and debilitate those that scoff at its effects. ~~ L; ~;~~ IJ ..:.-J..G .:r-1 ':-'bi JY l.r.j ~~ ...,.._;1_,. ~ r.J Jl,......: ...sl_,... J~ ..SjL l:. J Jl5 \K_., -L:L ..t:,$ .._,.:, ..s~ 1_;T (;~l:_j) ..:.-1)1
.s ~ ,_;, ...s~l)l
....~ J ~
debris /'debri:; 'de1-; (US) d;)'bri:/ n. ruins, fragments, (rubble, wreckage, litter, remains)
_)Ji
,~I_,>
Ex: After her house had burned to the ground, Mrs. Wiley searched through the debris for her valuable jewelry . ..:,.,l.r"IJ-":" J~~
"---" 0i ...su"---"1_;>- 0~ J~
.,L.;.
_,:.....S'l>- "'o ._k~ J ..::-.:>- .r' _r.I...;L>- .&:_1 jl
..L...: J;.J
~l>-
.,;:__;5 1.5" __,.:. ..t:.......:, j)
decade /di'keid; 'deke1d/ n. ten years Ex: After a decade of connubial acrimony, the couple decided to consult with a marriage counselor. ....L:S ..:,., ),_;... dyl>- JJL.:... ~ ~ \; .J.:.:;j.J ~ .5-,_;,L; j ....J')\.:>-1 JL., 0~ jl ..L...: _,.... ,_;, J 0j decadence
/'dek;)d;)ns/
n.
decay,
(degeneration,
deterioration,
decline,
degradation, corruption, collapse)
..r!.4J} ,~w
,JIJj ,.ki.J::a.,..,jl ,~~""'
Ex: Rumors of Rome's decadence were rife among the barbarian tribes . . ~ Y. Lo.0~j r '
.r.
(~ J)
.r..r. J. ~
~ i JJ c.SJ):>Ir,"l ..b\k;..;l ..:,.,~L,
decapitate /di'krepiteit/ v. behead, (execute, guillotine) .J~..r. r ' ,.:,~ j .:,~
J
Ex: We do not decapitate criminals because of our aversion to such repugnant punishments. ·r·ub J~ _;1 c.SJA;~ ..:.-lj~
:r.->:: jl l.r.j ~ ].._,.:,
0~.J 1) 01}~~ l.
declaim /di'kleim/ v. speak loudly, (speak out, protest, rail) .;r.>l.,.~jl oiJ ~4} J~b
,.;r.>l.t:l
oiJ IJ.,pJr' ,.J~.f
_;.l> .r,
Ex: I knew that my father would declaim against Mother's choice of ostentatious fabrics . .~jl.t:ILS'"
ol)
..s~l:.} J ~~~ ')~\.. h...., y
J.r.
J J)j _r, ..SlA.;" Jl:.
..\.:./- }ol>- "'o \ J..\.; .S ~~~1.5"
decorum /di'b:r;)m/ n. politeness, correct behavior, (decorousness, propriety, decency, courtesy, dignity, respectability)
'":-'.)I ,..;..SI_,;; ,_;1.)'-:"'l.)i
Ex: Repress your uncouth manners and act with decorum at the party . .,:_? ).:;;J '-:-'.)1 J ..:.Sly~ . j 4 J.) J )~ Jl:S IJ .).,>-..:.51_;~ }:jJ
decrepit I di'krep1tl adj. broken down, worn out, (feeble, infirm, disabled, enfeebled)
Ex: When released from incarceration, he was gaunt and decrepit . ...;,...)of~·~ J ~
._;.'1 ,..t...:, .)1) .ji..Gj) ..?J
deem ldi:ml v. believe, judge, (consider, think, regard, suppose, reckon, account) ;? .} _)ia; .;.) ,.:,.) ~ .).J~ ·.:,r-!.~1 Ex: Whom do you deem to be the bulwark of the Republican party? ~ ..t...:,~ .I~)~ '-:-' j> ~I..L. ~ "-.:>;
..?of ~
defamatory I d1'frem;)tr i; (US) -t:ni I adj. damaging character by false reports, (slanderous, libellous, calumnious, backbiting, malicious, abasive, derogatory, insulting)
_r..oi~ •;.r" .Y' ._r..oll_;il
Ex: I resent your defamatory remark that depicts me as a culprit. ·~ ..:..;..I).; Jl.:--; ...L:.) _?..) ..r- \ f':'-' .....~ .:.,1~ 1_,.. .S ~ .r.-il_r:.;l _,J;..;J4J'>I)
degrade ldi'greidl v. make contemptible, lower, (debase, belittle, demean, abase) .:.,.)_? ~~ ,.:_,.)-'"' .r.-i~ ,.:_,,).>-:
.:.,L_,...s
Ex: Harry held the fallacious belief that the menial job would degrade him in the eyes of his friends . ...\:Sof .....~~ __r-;\.::.....J.) ~ -.5~ IJ Jl ~ ~ .S .)_?of .:.,W' o~l 4.; -.5./'
deleterious I ,del;)'tJ;)ri;)s; (US) -tir- I adj. bad, harmful, (injurious, hurtful, damaging, destructive, ruinous, disadvantageous) ~ '_ri:a.A ·.;~.J4j
Ex: The gist of the report was that smoking will have a deleterious effect on health . ....::........1 _,...a.. ._ro')L.., -.sl..r. ._:.,~L,:..) J~l .s .)y, .:r-1 ._;}}~c)
delineation I di,lmi'eiJn I n. sketch, description in words, (outlining, draft, definition, depiction, portraying) _;I~ 'rJ_r.J
•c__r.
.~_,; ·~>'
•r:-J
Ex: Then he gave an incisive delineation of his fulsome opponents as an antiquated group, complacent about the noisome conditions in a moribund city. ) ...S ~-~--h ~J_} .JI_,:s- 4.; IJ .).,>- JIS\:.J .:.,Wb:.... .:_,i .)> .S ..:..>-by; -.sl·~~ .jl~ ._, ~ -.5J
..) .? .)\:. ,.x..:....... ._,..;,1) -.sl....;t...l.,>-.).,>- )_,1 .., ·-.s.)-'"'~.;
JL>- ).) k
s~ J
.1.o1_r.
delude ld1'lu:dl v. fool, (deceive, mislead, dupe, cheat, misguide, defraud, beguile, swindle) .j.) ~ ol~ ,.:,.) ~ ~ ,.j.)b '-;-!} ,.j.)j J_,! ,.:,.) ~ J~l
Ex: We must not allow fulsome praise to delude us about our actual abilities.
,.. )JY ; )
I;\..~ j-:~
L;
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~\.;,..... J ~
);y I;\.. ..S)-:·•iJI/1
;~ _;l_f:) .S (""":""') oj~l ..L;L.; ..X..:S ol_rS .;1..._,...;1_, ._sl...>.)U~..;
deluge /'delju:d3l v. flood, (inundate, engulf, submerge, drown, soak) VI ·\
.r-s
-...A.:.S
demeanor ldr'mi:n;}(r)l n. conduct, bearing, (behavior, appearance, mien, comportment) ._;.;... ,..:.JL>
_,
'J\:j J
Ex: His demeanor was atypical; usually phlegmatic, he was belligerent and garrulous during the broadcast. . ;:.....;,\>. .r.. c~~)l; L;.) ..;Y-.7:_,.~; - _, rl) 'J _,......... .s _,1 .)-'"' ~.d- . _,.;. ).:..; ) . _t.;, _,... u;, ._j
.r.r..
demur ldr'm3:(r)l v. object, (protest, dispute, dissent, hesitate, cavil)
J
-.:raJ ;lS" ~ •.:.,.::..;.b .}.--.! ,,j.).f ~l_rl [_,__.;]
Ex: As the audience watched the master deploy his chess pieces. they applauded his virtuosity. ...:.- )--+- •.L~.? ._,. . . L...:.L..; ~I..:.__., I ..6...... y IJ ~ _)....:. ..sU.o-* .:_?} JK: J 0~b ..::..S J->- ;l...a.>- .S ;_,k;w .J:,~ _,::...-,...s-
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deprecate l'depr;)ke1tl v. express disapproval, (criticize, deplore, denounce, reproach, disagree) ,j.).f ~~ ,,j.).f ~
·4 ,j.).f ..:..A)\,;.,..
Ex: The cynic will deprecate the motives of anyone who tries to ameliorate the iniquities in our society . ...:......i)i;;,..
•..l...:L,._;
:.r.5"~J J L')L...:.II; \.. ....._.\.:.:- ..sU...,:JI~~ J.;.5 ~ ..S ~ /' ..:.-\..1-Ajl L ~~~!)I
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deride ldi'raidl v. ridicule, scoff at, (mock, jeer at, sneer at, make fun of, laugh at, scorn) ,j.)b ;I}
fo-J
.);.Y' ,,:,.)
.f •_r-
Ex: The Wright brothers didn't become distraught when a skeptic would deride their work . . J:,..G~ ...::_...,...1}; )l_.,1 ~~~.f)}~ ~JY I;~~ )5 ~~ J Sl.(.;. i~j
..__l~.r. ..::.......~ ~~
,.,. destitution I ,dest1'tju :Jn; (US) -tu :Jn I n. extreme poverty, (dire poverty, indigence, pauperdom, impoverishment, penury, insolvency, privation)
~JT"" ,..._;-.JS.;; -....;-~ -~~
p
Ex: As the traveler followed the tortuous path up the Kentucky mountain, he was sickened by the destitution which he saw . ._;.>.;.1..-: J _,....o •~ .J..L..:.~ j1 ~ y-S v- _)> I; ._?L:.:S .;t.:......... _,5 ....a.:.. r'" J ~..r.: .r.:--- .s ;_,k;w }L..... ...t...:.
o.J ~,.'JL:.- ....a.:.. ?L.... J..:...L.!.
desultory l'des;}ltr i; (US) -t::nil adj. occurring by chance, disconnected, (haphazard, random, unmethodical, unsystematic, sporadic) ~J.f. ,-..,j.,u..f. ,o..I:SI~ -~ o..I:SI~
Ex: Larry's compositions proceed in a desultory manner despite the supplication of his English teacher . . ..l:..:....J> .k,) _, J'o...\.:S\_, )•\ ../-:_, -'..T; .W.. , v .;,1 ~ IC:I .Jl; . \ •• ~l; .I...:>\ _$. ~ \r. , ,'J ~.,.;~,-\..,L.:.;I • ~...:>· -' v~J -'-: ·-' r-I...#J Q
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deter I dJ't3:(r) I v. hinder, discourage, (put off, prevent, stop, dissuade, prohibit, impede, obstruct, inhibit) .)~ ~Lo -~1,)
j4 ,.:,,) .J c=-
Ex: This did not deter her from getting into a deplorable situation due to her rash and perverse actions .
.~ _r:. ..s;~.....i...,l
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detriment l'detnm;}ntl disadvantage)
J_,:;; '"'w.
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)b)
-::..1>- ~
n. injury, damage, hurt, (harm, impairment, loss,
Ex: A settlement that causes detriment to neither side is imperative . ...L.!.~../ ..SJJ~ ~L....} .} JL>- J .......kl ~ )> jl rl~ ~ .S .).>- ol;
0~ _? I~
devout I d1'vautl adj. religious, sincere, (pious, reverent, godly, prayerful, sincere, religiously committed) ~-J,)~-Jb.:r,.,)
Ex: Although he was a devout adherent of the party, he remained aloof during the vitriolic primary campaign . ..S _r.? ._;, ~ .~ Y. ..,;~ .S '-:'? ....) Jl Jl\;.:,.;:;1 ...::_,~ J )> J~ \...I ~ y, '-:'? ~ )J..9 )> J ~ ~_}I .~ _? J~l ._,! )>'-" J
dexterity I dek'ster;}ti I n. mental or physical skill, (adroitness, nimbleness, agility, skilfulness, deftness, skill)
.f-Y>:r."
-~.r.j
,u;lf,-
Ex: With dexterity he thwarted the pugnacious and belligerent adversary . .~ ~ y- ~4 J _,L.L>- ..r.: ~ J ..::...,JW ~\... ~ y. ;..;, l
J'
diatribe I 'da 1;}tra1b I n. bitter criticism, (tirade, stream of abuse, denunciation, abuse, verbal onslaught, reproof)
. o..l.i:}
,)\A;;,i\ -~~ ,)\A;;.i\
•t:}J ;.r-
Ex: When a large expenditure is imminent, my father goes into a long diatribe on the
need for economy. ~..r>JJ j1 J o::.~ ..L:5'~ ,J...J>:"-.J.r' ..;;..;JJ~
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dilettante l 1dd:l 1trenti I n. one who has great interest, but little knowledge, (amateur art-lover)
.)_,.l.oi ..:.-p ~ Ex: The dilettante will scoff at those who admit that they know very little about modern art . • 1~1 ::.~ ~ ~1::.~ .s::.~j f.?; ..l;.~ _,.... ::.)_,.- )::. .ci.f wl_;:&-1
.s 1) _;LS )_p.•i ..:-J::.? ...." .::.r?..$'
diminutive I dJ 1minj:ltiV I adj. tiny, small, (little, petite, minute, miniature) }~,jS •.iU '~ ·~.iU ·~~ Ex: Europeans drive diminutive cars because their narrow roads and high prices for gasoline are not conducive to or compatible with our large ones. J '":-"'L. •l-;J) J::. .:.r.,_r.;.; .s'Y~ ~ J ._(;,;4 ..>LAo::.\.:.:- l_r..j ..l,; ~.f )_,...... ~ § ..>LA .._b. _,;I LA.)4J) -~ (l.A,J..~.r"i) L..
..5JY, .sl.A.._b-_,;1 4 )~ jL...
discern ldi 1S3:nl v. perceive, (see, notice, observe, make out, distinguish, detect, find out, realize) ~
.J;;,I,)
,.:,,) _;! ..S .),)
,.:,~
,.J..l;.,)
Ex: When we could discern the city lights, we knew we were safe at last. ..~....... . IL.., ·{"'!- ) (""' J ~
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disciple I dJ 1SaJpll n. follower, (apostle, pupil, adherent, devotee, votary, fan) .J.r.;
'.s ;~.,.,..
'..l;..J"
Ex: Billy the Vampire is the only extant disciple of Count Dracula. ...::-1 'Y§IJ::. ..::...:.S e..l,;l..j4 ..l;.J" ~
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discreet ldi 1Skri:tl adj. careful, cautious, prudent, (judicious, tactful, considerate, wise, sagacious)
J.:i,)
·~-'"'.).J,) ._};.~i ,,1,1.:;:...
.Jil$
Ex: Despite the plethora of efforts to write her life story, the recently divorced movie queen kept a discreet silence. ~ ._;l ........ l$..~,;j ,:_;.-;;. .sl.r. .S .s::.~j .st.A._r.")); ~~ ,..::-1 ci.J J'.>'J,. i~I.S .~ •JI;;.... J_,.; ...::-1
o::...? )~\ \) .sl..;\kb..,. ..;;..;_p..... •• ...Loi
disdain ldiS 1deml n. contempt (scorn, contemptuousness, scornfulness, deriding, sneering)
.SJ'.P ,..:.J~
·~ ,..;;..;).t>
Ex: When the curtain came down, the critic's face registered the disdain she felt for the lackluster play. ~ ~li ..LA:;.. •.*';' )::. c_JJ..s! ~t...; .:,i"' ~ ~ ..:.JL>- ../Y ...Loi .J::-!4 ~t...; .::.~ .s .?J
disgruntled /dis'grAntld/ adj. unhappy, displeased, (discontented, dissatisfied, annoyed, exasperated, irritated) .)_,:.!.>li ._;~ ·..r"l;li
Ex: It is the prevalent mood for youngsters to be disgruntled with the world situation. .~ ~I}; .jl.y:- ~ J jl .s ...:,_.,I .:r-1 .jl.;l_,.-:- y _;51 ..,..1"'- "::>" JJ
dishevelled /di'Jevld/ adj. disorderly clothing or hair, (untidy, bedraggled, disordered, messy, unkempt) ...A.}S
' "="" .J"l.i ,o •.I.:IJj
Ex: The nondescript, indolent beggar was in a disheveled condition . . .:.y,
..,_.;.J"L; J ·~J) ,JL>-.f. ..rWL; 0 1~ ~JJr
dismantle /dis'mrentl/ v. strip of covering, take apart, (take to pieces, disassemble, pull apart, tear down) ~.).;! o.)~ ,~.).;!I~~ jl ,~.).;!
.J4 ~ jl (..;:.,t....k;]
Ex: I plan to dismantle the stereo set and clean all the components. ·~ ~
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s j~ IJ y,._;.-.1 .~.::. ~I_,>- of
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disparage /d1 1Sprend3/ v. discredit, belittle, (slight, decry, depreciate, devalue, demean, deprecate, derogate, undervalue, disdain, deride, scorn, contempt) ~,) ~ ~li -~,).;! ~ -~,) ~ ~
.,s
Ex: The affluent storeowner disparaged the efforts of his small competitor, saying that he could always tolerate that kind of rivalry. ~ ~ ~ ..:..........l.r--"'l>- ..S ~ J ;)~ ~L; I;::._,>- ..>4•::._,.> ~J ..;:.,~j ,.J.:,.,.,;J) ).::.ojlM . J.:S ""l..>.; IJ ..?. t; J
disparate /'diSp;lr;lt/ adj. different, (dissimilar, inconsistent, uneven, inequal) UJL.i:;..
,...:...tol:-!o._r.
'~
Ex: Regardless of how disparate their crimes were, all the prisoners were freed by the general amnesty . . J:..J.._.:.} :.I) .Jl:...r. u JI.A; .:? } _,..k; ;.::. .JJ~ 0~\J:. j of~ 'of~ ~ ..._.~ J.:k
disperse /di'Sp3:S/ v. scatter, spread, break up, (dissipate, distribute, diffuse) ~,).;! ~ .~.) _;-.! .~..l:S"I_r.
Ex: The fluffy seeds of the milkweed are dispersed by the wind . . J:. .r=v ..;.>-.; .::.~ ~.,; J_r..--1
·L:S' ..t:.,;L. ..s.? ..s~•J.:.
disseminate /di'semmeit/ v. spread, scatter, (distribute, circulate, dissipate, disperse, diffuse) ~,).;! ~ ,~,) _;-.! .~J:.l.!JI ,~..l:!l.r.
Ex: We are quick to di!t·seminate calumny, but reticent about things that may be construed as compliments . .:,\~.::. j1 ~ J ....A....;~.:,!_,...:....; ..S _};L. .::.;_,. ;.::. \..1 r-sof _;.>..;I; ..;:.,~L:. c:;.r .)-.:>- ~L.;I \.. ·~~of ..;.. _,.L>-
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dissent I d1'sentl v. differ, disagree, protest, (not ratify, disapprove, object, express disagreement with)
.J.)Y. ~ .?'-" ,.J,)Y. ..;:..JL.i.:,. -~1..\.i ~1_,; -~b ·~ ....i~l
Ex: The gist of his ominous suggestion was that we dissent from the majority opinion. .-:......-1 ..;;_, y\.4.:... -.:...:;51 _.k; ~ Lo _.k; .s .)-" .:r..l _,I _r.-1~-4-J .)~ ~ ._s\.:...... distraught I di'str::>:tl adj. mentally confused, crazed, (mad, insane, deranged, frenzied, frantic)
Ex: The soldiers were distraught to learn that their furloughs had been canceled . . ..
dodder l'dod~r I v. tremble, shake, (totter, teeter, stagger, quiver, falter, shuffle)
:?.) ol.) 4.!$.) ~ •:?.) .J~ .J~ •:?.) .Jij) .Jij) Ex: It was deplorable for us to see her doddering around the house with the aid of a cane. _.)))-..Sf" .S ~~.) ._;jy r-:..L.:. --i.-1.:... .)..:?doleful /'d~ulfl I adj. sad, melancholy, (mournful, sorrowful, depressed, gloomy)
.:,1p .~It" 'J~J..I.il •• .;;;S ...::...>1.).., .s~ -~ Ex: Doleful expressions abounded throughout headquarters on the night of the election. ..)J.?c/ ~ "-'
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.rt.;.r ).) ..;;..,~L>..:.;I ~
domicile I 'domisaJI; (US) 'doum- I n. home, (house, residence, dwelling, abode, lodging)
,., Ex: A man's domicile is his castle. c"~y.~ 1 ~1 ~y- . ._a.,.:.t;:- C!:t'" ..s J.=-...ll
'7'.r.i:> ..:r-1...., .)u) ....::.........,_,1 ~~., ~ ~
s.,. ..;\;.:.
dormant /'d::>:m;:Jnt/ adj. resting, asleep, (sleeping, slumbering, inert, inactive, latent, passive, motionless, immobile)
..;:.., ~ ,JW ;:i> ,._; yl> •'-;-'1_,.>
Ex: He was appalled at the apathy concerning the important issue that had remained dormant for so long a time. -~JY.. ._r..l\;... ~-'"' •.;.;~... ...:_.,~ ~...~.o ..s ~ ...J..:........ "-! ~ C0'l.f--o) _;_,lA;u: jl
r....,
dregs /dregz/ n. most worthless part, (sediment, deposit, residue)
Ex: At the bottom of the beautiful milk bottle, only the dregs remained. -~Y.
• .;.;\...[;:- "-: '7'.>--'J
.k. _;>- ,_; L.!. J \S
Ex: She does her homework on Fridays to save herself from the drudgery of having to do it during the weekend . ...GL ~\ 1 ~
0\..;4 1 ~
....r-:Y~ .jl..:. 1 \5
dubious /'dju:bi;:JS; (US) 'du:- I
jlt:;
..l.....:.y...,-
~
...sL.o.jJJ 11
._r.:.Lo.~_,l
adj. doubtful, (uncertain, unsure, hesitant,
skeptical, suspicious)
J.)J.)
.s~
,.).).,.
Ex: When the duplicity was revealed, the jury became dubious about John's innocence. dulcet /'d.\ISit/ adj. sweet or melodious to the ear, (musical, lyrical, silver-toned, euphonious, soothing, agreeable)
jl_,.:..!..; ·~.) '("!')\,.[~yo]
Ex: The blase devotee of the opera was awakened from his ennui by the dulcet tones of the new soprano. '~Y. o..G ~_,Ji'7'1f- J ~ ~J>"..f. 0..G jl..S IJ 1) )...L:....p 043'\.; •..J..:.~ ...Syl_,;y }f-:;,_/ .:r-1 -~.? )~
dupe /dju:p; (US) du:p/ n. a person easily tricked, (simpleton, idiot, half-wit, daft, naive) o.)\.....
r.)i •JJ4..;.,.> ~.)i
·c,lo.)\.....
Ex: The wealthy dupe consented to buy the often-sold Brooklyn Bridge. -~~ ~Y. o..G ..::.:>-_,) )~ ..:..r.~ ..S 11 c:..r. :..r}SJ_r.l; ..G _ri:>\;... L_,J
r.)i
o~L.. .;.;..,.:;_,)
duplicity /dju:'phs;:Jti; (US) du:-/ n. cunning, trickery, (deceitfulness, doubledealing, guile, chicanery, artifice, dishonesty, knavery, two-facedness)
rv ~
•.J:J; ,4A> ·~.J.J~
,lu •.,;}4:>
Ex: Duplicity is the stock in trade of all adroit counterspies . •...l...!.~.s- c.r" _,....,~ J...,.; s .r.j .JIJ_,..t.. r~ I.SI.r. i j'-1 .k _,...:. I.S} ~
duress ldju'res; (US) du-1 n. compulsion, force, (coercion, pressure, constraint, enforcement) .J.Jj
•.r.: •"":"'~ .J1
'.JI.!.i
Ex: The confession was signed under duress, the attorney claimed . ..::....,..1 o...l...!.
ci}
~ J J\..!j
.r..j ...Jip-1 .S ~ _j \s-~1 .J\.::.....~b
edifice l'edihsl n. a building, mansion, (structure, construction) .::.> .JL.s- ,.Jl..:>\...
Ex: We originally planned on a skyscraper but had to settle for a truncated edifice. ~ ..::..>-\.... r .r.. !'"'...\...!. J~ ~~ J~ L.l r---~.f i.SY.J.._.L;J'. -L ~JY J~ 1~1 ·~
.)"'. _;;1_,; .., .t;§
.Jl..::>-1.....
efficacy l'efik:lsil n. power to produce an effect, (effectiveness, efficiency, effectuality, productiveness, productivity, efficacious)
oJ~.J'! )y •1.$.J.JO.J+! •1,$.1.oi.J\.S' ·~)1 ,..,.1.)\S'
Ex: The efficacy of new drugs cannot be determined without a plethora of evidence . ..;....,..; ..:--~1
J.li ~l:_j S).1.o .JJ-4 ·-4.~ i.St..J)~ 0~y; )y
effigy l'ef1d3il n. a likeness (usually of a hated person), (image, model, dummy)
wkW .~~~ (;~ ~] Ex: The coach of the losing team was hanged in effigy .
.£.~.? Y-Ji _;1>. IJ o.J:.j~ ~ i.J'.r . . (..~i . effrontery I I'fr:\nt:lri I n. boldness, (impertinence, insolence, impudence, audacity, temerity, cheek, presumption) .::.> )···-=:" •..:...>-liJ •.r.J.J,I.
Ex: Do you have the effrontery to take that supercilious and facetious attitude toward something as sinister as this? ~.r-~ -.::..!.b I.Sr.i_rk J ~~~ ._;_}:, ~ '.s'_,.;, ._:r-1 o.; _)lt;lo.; ~ t; I.S)~ I; ..:--;4 .:_r..ll:_i
egotist l'eg:ltist; 'i:g:l-1 n. a vain conceited person, (self-seeker, egocentric, egomaniac, egoist, narcissist) ..,.;-1.) ~.r j1 ·~~.r •• 1.,;-~.r .~..:;....~y. r~'
Ex: However, we are not surprised to find that the best performer is also an egotist about his ability . ....1...!.~-s" f"""' l::....~ _r>- ,._;li.J'.. L;l_,; ~JY J~ ,..w. _;..A ._:r._T+. ..S ~ }I ~ ._r:, ~ JL>.)+!
egregious l1'gri:d3i:lSI adj. remarkably bad, (notorious, glaring, flagrant, blatant, outrageous, shocking)
~ .J~ ,..S~ .J .J~ '.J~.S:..;,j •J.>U
Ex: The bank teller's egregious error was difficult to correct. -~ Y. ~ )5 ,.._\S ~ 0\:.~b ,JLj) '-:-'1~ .J..l,-S
.JJ.r.::
elucidate /i'lu:srdert/ v. make clear, (clarify, explain, illuminate, throw light on, explicate, elaborate, shed light on) ~~~~ ~ y
J
·.r>L... ;r.JJ
Ex: The judge ordered the censor to elucidate his reasons for removing passages from the book in such a capricious manner. ..,_;I) ''":"'L:5 j1 ~Lo.~ c.>"' I~~ ,_Lt>- )J.Y' J) IJ ~ _,..,:. J:'h t; )\) J__,::.....) J_,.....;L... ;yi... ._, ~\.9 .~jl...
:r-))
elusive /i'lu:srv/ adj. bard to grasp, (evasive, slippery, difficultto catch) Ex: All his life he found happiness elusive, but wealth easy to come by . ...l.ol./ ...:.........~..; -::....>-1; J.,.,.:. ._:..,J) \..1 )Y. ._r!l; ...:.......) ~_,..,:. .fiJ~j J}> ))
emaciated /r'merJiertrd/ adj. abnormally thin, wasted away, (thin as a rake, gaunt, skeletal, anorexic, bony, scrawny, cadaverous) ~~.f.-~,._;~/'.)'~
Ex: The emaciated residents of the Warsaw Ghetto managed to win several skirmishes from the Nazis . ..;.:,.;5 ~ l.A.._s);.r. ..s.r?;) ..\:..>;" ;) -~.....)_,.; (.)y) y;J ~ ..S).*- ~ ~ J j-':1 .)l5L...
embellish /rm'behJ/ v. adorn, touch up, (exaggerate, elaborate; bedeck, decorate, adorn, ornament, embroider)
~~~~ '-:"'\,; J
'":"'i
,;.;~_; ..SJ\S" ...::.....~ ,:.;~1~
s ..r. J tl.!. -.;r--1)
Ex: Everytime the irate motorist told about the accident he had a tendency to embellish the story . ....1:.5 .._; -s.r.l.r. ·4 .j.).f
Ex: The wish to emulate a great person is laudable . ....:......-1 _;~~ .S):r. ~ ._(.._
~li;
L .J~.} ..::...;L;) ._syj)
encomium len'bumi;}ml n. high praise, (applause, acclaim, commendation, tribute, laudation) 11-~ • ' \.;..... ,\;.; ..r--:...,-!
Ex: The modest prodigy treated the fervid encomium that followed his performance as though they were a mere bagatelle. ~ JL· ..r. ...>J..;k ..l...oi ...,\.-...: ..SJ ) yl ..sir.I ) ..u.., 6 ..SJr.r., '"'~ ~ L"'l_,:. ...A.:l _..::_.,\ d.::A_,;
encumbrance lm'kAmbr;}nsl n. burden, handicap, load, (hindrance, hampering, impediment, inconvenience, load)
't\..o
~ ~ J ..:.......,) ~ ·~ J -.1.:-i ,..::...-.) '-:-'~1 •)4 •)4.r' Ex: It is amazing how lithe football players can be, despite the encumbrance of the safety features oftheir uniforms. r-"' j~ •.JL..:..:L.,.......-~ ~I_;$ 4 J ..::_.,,) ..sL.,....:..,........ ~_,# (._;:.~..r'i J~~) L.,...:......)~~ 6 ..::.._.,\ ~ ...x:S ..Sj~ S'il:; J j} J.:J_,.;._,...
engross lm'gr;}uSI v. absorb, (engage, preoccupy, rivet, grip, captivate) ),) .:,...\..!.
.j_;;...... ,.:,...\..!. ... '-:-'JJ..:...o 'J,) -
.J...\.!. J~ IJ~
.:;_,Jr"'
"-!I
Ex: Engrossed in his crossword puzzle, he failed to notice the paucity of customers in the restaurant. . ..t;Jb ,).Y':"J .J\J~J J,) c)"..t;l 0~_,.::.:.. 6 J...:...; :-P ,)Y. ._.t;)JJ JJ-~ .J,).} j>- J}- .s Jl
enhance lm'ha:ns; (US) -'hxnsl v. intensify, heighten, (increase, promote, improve, augment, boost, reinforce, enrich) .j.)b ~1)1 :.:,,)\,)..._._,.'f. .J,)J)I ,.J.)_r.
~4
,.:,.)b
~\A;)
Ex: It will enhance your enjoyment of an opera if you know what the plot is about in advance. ·-l:..r.: ...5~ .:;_,jj ~L..; j1 ,)J...;,.f' ~L ~1-t:. cP. jiiJ l.r.,i ~L..; (.:;_,L}5) L_,b }1
enigma I 1' mgm;} I n. riddle, (mystery, puzzle, brain-teaser)
£.• .)~
.jl; ,L....,.
Ex: I could not solve the enigma of why an altruistic person should exhibit such cupidity. ~.r> )IJ ~ J
._r>_r>-
.:_r..>; ..L:L Jl
.J.- ._s}'}::,_l i~i I~
.S ~ j>- i~.? ._sl_r.IJ ~ ..:.r..l ~1_,.;,;
ennui lon 1wi:l n. boredom, (tedium, lethargy, lassitude, sluggishness)
J'j..
.JJ-.J> ..r. .J.;....>
Ex: The fledgling pianist knew that his mentor would take umbrage at his yawning during the lesson, but the feeling of ennui was overwhelming . ..L...o.l_? ...::_.;,..\)[; G- ~ .J\k.;b... •J.J
entreaty I m 1tri :ti I n. appeal, plea, (beseeching, pleading, petition, solicitation) .r'~l ,...::.,......1_,.> ;.>
Ex: The murderer made an entreaty to the governor for a pardon .
.~?. )} _,As- ~ ).}'" \; ~.? ~ )~l:--- J~ ...s:.,..~
epitome II 1Pit;}mil n. person or thing that embodies or represents the best, (symbol, representation, embodiment, model, typification, example, exemplar)
~,... ··~ d.J ·J..- -~ Ex: The Taj Mahal in India is said to be the epitome of grace as an edifice . ...::......1 ...;:.~j J ·~ ~L..; .:_,L::....,J..w. )~ ~
c.t .jl::....,L )I ~rd' 4
equanimity l 1ekW;} 1nim;}til n. calmness, self-control, (composure, self-possession, level-headedness, equilibrium, serenity, tranquility, ~oolness) ._s.>~_,.> •..?JJ J.>W •..s)~_,.>
·~~
,_;..1)
£.1
Ex: l.These turbulent times required a leader who does not go into a capricious pique, but rather one who faces acrimonious criticism with equanimity . ..:;.,l~l.-1
.s ..;:.....;b .sr.) ..., jt,; .~ .i:rT .)1)_,~ ..:r..l ...l:S .kb- I; ~ _,>- .s~ _r, _,>- J .._,.:...1) ,,..L} J tt
.s.r.i.;-- (.; '4J
; \4,J
intellectual,
w\s. : j.;> (.; '.c.-:.; 1.)
Ex: The erudite man was more than merely bilingual; he spoke five languages .
..) ..? of ~ eruption
.J~j ~ ...,
...s:l: ...::..........b~
.J~j _,, .IW ...t:.......:..b ~ .;-' )
/I'rApJnl n. bursting out, (outbreak, outburst, explosion, flare-up, venting) ,:,I.:A1> ,,:,\.#- ·~ ,.JI;,_i
Ex: Fred had been known for his gentle ways, so his friends were stunned by the eruption of angry words that issued from him. -Jy~ _,1 .Jt...~ jl ._r.;,j ..:;.,W5 ._;jy ..,:..;L:......_,~ .:.r:l.r.l:., '~Y. w_,.r- ~ _, ('"7-)l. ;l:J; ~b _,bl>- . _, ~! ...L~ ·~j..:.....£....:;
..).:>- ..t..i
escalation l,esk ::J le1Jnl n. an increase, intensification, (development, growth, increase, height, intensity, acceleration, extension, enlargement) ~...I..!.; ,..:.,..l.!. ,~ljl
,_;.;-J
•..;;
Ex: Many derogatory statements were heard from those who were opposed to further escalation of the conflict. ...L~_? ..>;~ -J~j_r.l; .s~\:j _r.-T~_y ..:..W5 ..L~_, ..>~;~ ~
-...
.s ...,:~i
eschew IIS'tJu:l v. avoid, (abstain from, refrain from, abjure, forgo, shun, renounce, forswear) jl ,j.) ~ y~l .jl ,j.) ~ 41 .jl ,;_;-.:.; ..S;J.)
Ex: Once he sought the limelight, but now he eschewes all interviews . ...l:S of
ethics
(.$)).)
r-"'
0~.? ~L.a..
j'e(hks I n. code of principles, (moral
j1 ._;:.->- ')\;.. \..I .)Y.
..::_., ~ j~.) ...,
.j\.. j _,I
code, morality, morals, virtues) ..:..y~l •..)~1 ~ ,J~I ~
Ex: A special management committee was asked to investigate business ethics. _, ~ .jU;j~ _, ..::_.,;~ .......:.,..j ;, ..:;_,L:.iJL>.I c::-:lY; ,;_,.. ;~ t; ..::..Jl: C::..:;yl. ...;-:._r...t.. •.J;.J ~ ---~
euphemism genteelism)
/'ju:f;}mJZ;}ml
n. a less offensive term, (polite term, hypocorism,
Ex: The word "expired" is a euphemism for "died." ." 0~ /'" .....15 .sl.r. ..:,......,\ (.$~ ~
":_;.-::,:;5 )~" .....15
evaluate I I'vreljueJtl v. appraise, find the value of, (assess, gauge, judge, measure, size up, weigh up, rate, rank) .j.).? .s).iS..;. j_;l ,.:,~ ,.:,,) .? ..F.4.i.;l
Ex: When I asked the English teacher to evaluate my plan for the term paper, her incisive comments were very helpful. ~ )~ _,I ....;\..;, .Y' :r.; ...:;..,\_,)>; ,..\:.5 ._,:l;.j) ~; .J\.i. :_;.-:;, y .sl.r. \) ~ )> \,; ~I.,>- C,Jl:j ~I.:....., I jl ._?-' ...G~I_,
evanescent l,i:v;:)'nesnt; (US) ,ev- I adj. fleeting, passing, momentary, (vanishing, fading, ephemeral, short-lived, transitory, transient, fugitive, temporary) J.iS .)Jj ,IJ.iS ,_;:j J ,)4 jl ,._;li
Ex: The optimist knows that the vicissitudes of life are evanescent, and he always looks on the sanguine side of things. OL(; )_,_.I ~...~.::--1-' ~ ~ "-: ~-' J.:..::......> )iS ~_,j ,.J ..l,;j ...:;_,\....:")\..\; .s ..l,;b~ ~_;, .,>- ~ . .XS~
eventuate
/I'ventJueitl
v. result finally, (end in, result in, lead to) "'!.J~l.:o;-.ii,"'!.J...I.!.~,"-!.:,...1.!.~
Ex: A thorough investigation eventuated in a comprehensive report . ....~.::--~1 C"~ _;, )} s.,_ ....;\) "-: ·J.-\5
...r" )f.
-'
~
evince /I'vmsl v. show plainly, exhibit, (indicate, reveal, display, manifest, demonstrate, signify) .j.)b
.iJ.r.
,.).)I,)
.J\.!.j
Ex: Youngsters often do not evince any curiosity about the lives of their parents or grandparents . . ..~.:J>~~ .J\.!.j ~ .,>- .st.....S J.lu~L.. _, 0 J.T.J..l..; L:. .:r...DI_, ,.J ..~,; j "-: ~ .SJ~ ....; ~ ~~ .J\;1.?." _;, exacerbate IIg'zres;:)beitl v. irritate, make worse, (aggravate, worsen, intensify, exasperate, deteriorate) .).)_? }J.., ,.:,.)_;
r.>"J ,.:,.)_? ~
Ex: The arrest of the spy did much to exacerbate relations between the two countries. ·..l:.~}
JP _,~
~ ~~_,) .J..G ;r-?-' ~ Y ..r _,....,~ .s~~
excoriate l,eks'b:rieitl v. criticize severely, (denounce, censure, condemn, blame, rebuke, reprimand)
.:,,)_? ...::..;W ,.:,.)_?
..;,...."j..,.
,.:,.)_? ,;::.;r'
Ex: Even though she was piqued at his indolent manner, it was pathetic to listen to her excoriating him in public.
£.r
.~ ~""' ~l._i...,\.; )-:! .jl~~ ._s* J~ _,I .j~ _? ..:...;k.;, \..I ~ y, o..G ...,_j "-: .j~ _,I ._sLo.._sjL._L:.;" j1 ~}I excruciating /Ik'skru:Jieitii)/ adj. agonizing, torturing, (racking, torturous, insufferable, unbearable, severe, exquisite) ox:.S ..;!~.) ')J"·:-... u.~ ,.x...:.s
Ex: With excruciating slowness, the minute hand inched its way around the clock . .~_?if ~ ...::....>-L ~ ..SJJ IJ .) _,.>- ~ ._slo..W ...;1-"~ ._s.xS ~ ...::....>-L "-:P exhort
/Ig'z:J:t/ v. urge strongly, advise, (persuade, encourage, prompt, stimulate) .j.)
..,s 4.::-P _,; ,.:,.) ..,s ..; )\A- ,.:,.) ..,s .:;.:_,. .;. ;
Ex: Doctors exhort obese individuals to go on diets . ...GA ...,:. 1 ~ r-::)J ..wif ~.Y J~ )~ ~ 1 } 1
"-: .JL5:....;,_;,.;
exonerate I Ig'zon;)reit/ v. free from guilt, (absolve, acquit, discharge, vindicate, exculpate) .j.)
..,s .:,.r.' ,.:,.) ..,s ir.
Ex: When the jury began to deliberate, they were prepared to exonerate the culprit. -~..? ~')\$.1
r+-"
.J~..? .,_;~ ._sl_r.l; ~_,.>- .)'~t..l.;y jl..~....: •..G
expatriate /,eks'pretri;)t; (US) out, proscribe, outlaw)
;y ~;~_,
~ ~
.s:,..K...
,eks'peitri;)t/ v. n. exile, (deport, banish, expel, cast
.:,.) ..,s -w \s..W ~ Ex: The itinerant poet, living abroad for twenty years, was a voluntary expatriate. -~Y. ci..r..-\ I)-~~ -~y, ·~..? .)'..Gj )y::s jl CJL:;. )~ jL ...:.........-: -.::_,..~..o...., 6 .;~_,1/"L;, expedient /Ik'spi:di;)nt/ adj. advisable, fit, (suitable, politic, judicious, opportune, propitious) ~ •4.::-P _,;
J.l.i ,~l:.,.
Ex: Because she had committed only a venial offense, he thought it expedient to abjure a severe punishment. -.::_,lj~ jl 6 ..::.......,\ .jl ~ ~..? _,>:.J (~L;) .~ Y. o..G 0 _,. I) ~j$ J:L; rr. (~)_,I 6 ~~ j1 ..AS _,k; ......! r
-'I
..l:. ...L:.
expedite /'eksp;)dait/ v. carry out promptly, (accelerate, speed up, hurry, hasten, precipitate, quicken) .j.)l~ ~~I IJ ._s)S ...::....>-.r "-: ,.j.)b i~l IJ ._s)S i;~ ..j~ _.? 0_,.....;
Ex: We hoped that the arbiter would expedite the solution to the fracas that had been so elusive for a long time . ...\:S 1..1.:; .) ~""' o..G\.. ...A k 'J Lo.-.::_,..Lo 6 .._,:.Lo.._s_;$ ;.) ._sl_r. I; _}>- ol; ...::....>-r' "-: ..Gij=.: ~ ('""'.) y, ;I_,~ I exploit /Ik'spbit/ v. profit by, utilize, (take advantage of, abuse, impose upon, misuse, profit from I by, capitalize on, milk) .j.) ._r:.s •.*- ,.:,.) )W:;...i ,.:,.) o.)\,4;;..... 1~ _,..... .;,1 .j.) i.SJb ..r.•*-
..,s
..,s
..,s
..,s
Ex: Advertisers spend large sums to exploit the lucrative teenage market. )jL jl 1.;" ..wif -.:..,_)-A~ e:_Jl:-- (_j\)";j~ -sLo.\~ .Jw \.) ..S;~ -.::_.,~ .:.,W..L.o
"--: .b_,_,_,.. JJL.r-
...W ..s;I~_,-!•A: .jl.;l~ _,:,
expunge IIk 1SpAnd31 v. erase, (remove, rub out, wipe out, cross out, delete, blot out, obliterate, clean) .j.).? ..s~ ,.j.).?
._jl>
Ex: After having made the rash statements, the senator wished that he could expunge them from the record . .J:.S 01> )._,; j1 1) ~ ,:_,!
.s ..:.......I_,>- .)JJi .J~j ..r. I) ._si.:.'J~ .:.,L>...... ~~ jl ~ JYL...
expurgate /'eksp:)geitl v. remove objectionable parts or passages, (censor, bluepencil, clean up, bowdlerize, purge, purify, sanitize, emasculate) jl .j.)j
\J
,.;,.)_?
..s.JI...S~
,.;,.)_? ).,.....l... ,.).)_?
~\;!J
Ex: At times, the producer must expurgate some of the things said by these children because they are too candid. 4\ ._su...J ..r-> jl ._?..r. ...:.......:.~if o.x.:S ~ ..;:_,L;J\ ._,...l5' •..Gjif 0 .r- o.) _,.;...,: k \.A.~ .S ~~ jl .J.:S )_,....;L.
extant I ek 1strent; 1ekst:)ntl adj. still existing, (in existence, living, remaining, present, existent) .~1...)4
,.)y;y
Ex: Hundreds of extant copies of Shakespeare's signature came from the same prolific forger. ...~..oi ..:.........~ ._sl.u.r- J&-~ .:.,t..._.. jl ~ ._sL.a.,.l jl .) _y:- _,.. ~ t.....w,
extinct IIk 1Stii)ktl adj. no longer existing, (died out, defunct, vanished, wiped out) ..;_,..l> •._,;.;:...
Ex: The dinosaur is an extinct species. ...:......-1 •..t_.; ~.;:... ..SJY~
.:, _; ......-u'" ~~ <W .JL;\_y:-y ,.x.;Su'" ~ J w,._,....; .)_,:. .;..;,JS j\ t..._r)')jc ..?J
extortion I Ik 1St:>:Jn I n. getting money by threats, (force, coercion, compulsion, exaction, oppression, blackmail)
..,...".>\.::.>1 ·1..5~ JJ) ·..s~l>-1
Ex: When the business manager was accused of extortion, his colleagues sought to oust him from the firm . ..x.:S
c'.r>-' ..::.Sr- jl ') J' _1:-::jJ
~ ~I)S::........
..t_.;
r- ..r.:..Lo ..?J
._r)\.:>.\ ...., ~ , J
extraneous 1Ik 1stremi:)SI adj. foreign, not belonging, (external, exterior, irrelevant, extrinsic, alien)
..r: )\> ·~'-':- ,.ku._r. Ex: The astute voter is not susceptible to the many extraneous shilbboleths that saturate a politician's speech .
..) r.? ._,..:, )} )...L..:;.....~ .S:..:. ,}~ J.) .) _y:-y
.hu...,: ._s\.A. )\.,....;, __,;\.; ~ ,..S _r.:j
o...\.:...l.:...:.i ~ jl r ' ,(.)~ :.y. ...::.......~ ;::. .;:.l..Z jl ,(.)::._;$ .;::.'..,;
Ex: When the College Board scores were promulgated, my sister had good cause to
exult. ....::.....,.:.~.:..;~
4 jl r
-s)l..;
jl i ..r"'l_,.,.:. •• ~b ~ ...:;.,ijl;:.. l ~ J t'>l.s-1 ~
exultation I ,egZAI'terJn I n. triumphant joy, (rejoicing, joy, jubilation, elation, exhilaration, delight, ecstasy) .;:.l..Z ')~ ,._w .J6....:.Y.
Ex: When the hostile forces were driven from the gates, the population was filled with exultation . ....L.. .;W •..s.JL.. _..A\1; ,W
Ex: His face wore the most dolefulfarade. ...::.....;,b I; ..::Jl> .j:)•)~L.. _,I o~
facet l'fresrtl n. one side or view of person or situation, {aspect, angle, side, dimension, factor)
Ex: Edna recalled with nostalgia many facets of her school days . .);Jiif )ol.>- 4.: ...:;_,~ ~ .._,;..Lo ~~I )II; -s)~j ..;.,1_).1.>- \.;)~
lf::J'si:J::Jsl adj. comical, humorous, witty, Uocular, funny, flippant) .?- ~ ';I::. .c.> '.r.- i _;:lo Ex: There is something facetious about an egotist who has the temerity to begin a
facetious
0
speech with, "In all humility .... " _L.:S t_Jr.;, " ..... ~_,) _, L""ly JL.S ~"...:-)~~~I;~~~ ...:-;4 ~ ..u.l_,>- .)Y. ...:>-l...t.;l .::..L.:.)}' ~ ~ ~\.S:;
..6..0 ..r;j~
.s ~~
jl
...~;i ;.:. falter
/'hlt;)(r)/ v. stumble, hesitate, waver, (oscillate, vacillate) .J:..f
~.:.;
,;.,.:.1.:. .Jl.!.;
J;J; ,.J.:..f ..s..;.
Ex: Though he knew well the danger involved, the knight did not falter as he entered the dragon's cave. :..r>- ~ 1.5..1;:.) ,\.A:.)I ;~ ~ :.JJJ i~ L.I.:.Y. ol5'i .:._y>- ~;y\... .::..l_.k>- jl !J'.Y'- ~~I ~_r.:L;. ~1_,.;, fastidious /fre'stidi;)S/ adj. particular, choosy, selective, (fussy, finicky, picky, pernickety, critical)
'-""''_,....J ._r.f..:..;;...,. •ct).:OJj ·..!.:....; ~ Ex: He was so fastidiou.o; about table manners that he lost his equanimity when his son reached for the bread. jL..; ?b.r. 1.5l.r. I;...;:.::.--.:.
fatal
._;..r-; ._?J 45 :.Y. ~..;_;;.._, J
..r"IJ-'J I.S;y>-1..~ :r-'.r' '-:"'bi :.;y ;:. ;...\i;l
/'feitl/ adj. deadly, disastrous, (mortal, lethal, tenninal, killing, death dealing)
J4~ 'J4~U 'J\.? r •JJj._!r ,.J;..;.S Ex: To the consternation of the distraught parents they learned their son was accused of using the lethal weapon on that fatal occasion. ~ _,.. ~ ).:0 .:,L.:..r-', .s ..,L;..L.!, .r.>-~ ..,\;:;,..r!..s" .7""'0 ...::-.!..>- J J • _;+!.:. JL.S ;.:. .s )>l;.:. .Jl.!..;_,; ;.:.L. J )~
!.V
....::........1 • ..~...!. ~} ....,..LI
j...>-...,
~ c>.N:>G
fatuous /'fretJuas/ adj. foolish, silly, inane, (stupid, pointless, senseless, nonsensical, childish, idiotic, brainless, mindless, asinine) ...;~.f-41
,...;\A...>I
Ex: The new employee wanted to gain favor with his boss, and his obsequious desires led to the most fatuous behavior. .J:~......;li._:..l ....S ..\....!. ...:......L ....;\.A.k:.., 0Jj) .>:I J J.:.S ~ IJ .._;:..-; J ~L. _,]2; ...::........!_,>-._,. ...\.:~ ..w JlS" __t;
.r. .r' Jl
jl \... ).:j)
feasible l'fi:z;}bll adj. possible, (practical, likely, workable, doable, achievable, attainable, accomplishable, realizable)
.).- ,._;.;.:;. .;_fEx: It's feasible to build an electric auto, but wouldn't you need a terribly long extension cord? ~...\.:)~ jl.,.; ~ .~WIJ~ ~IJ ~ ._(;_ ~ .J;S._r:, ~ L..l,...::........l ~ J.r. ._h._,.;I..::....,;.L...,
feint lfemtl n. a false attack, (misleading attack)
._;Ir-"1 .u.Ex: The Germans were duped by the Allies feint toward the south, leaving the way open for the Normandy invasion. 0 ..GL.. _;, ..:..t,.W- 0 1.r. .1) "-l.--.f-;...J..: J ...~..:~} \....)WI '-;--!} ...::......~ "-:"'.f.":- 0 _,.., ~ ~ 0 1~ ._,;lrl ...4.>. ..G j~
felicitous lf;}'IJsJt;}SI adj. happy, (joyful, fortunate, lucky, successful, prosperous) ~.i.l .~u ,J6s.!._,> ·~..P Ex: On that felicitous occasion the amount of money he spent was irrelevant. .~_,;, r+' Sl.,i ~.?c.? ~jj ~_,... .)l )~ .s Jx. )..li.
·:r...r.-
felon I 'fel;}n I n. a person guilty of a major crime, (criminal, lawbreaker, offender, wrongdoer, delinquent, miscreant, culprit, villain, gangster, bandit) J~·.}l.o:
Ex: Since the boss learned that Bob associated with a known felon. he fired him. -~.? c.l.r>-11) Jl ~)~ J...l J ...::....!) ...JJ.r-- )~
.s:.:. ~ "-:"'~ .s ~ ._.....;) 0)-";
ferment l'f3:mentl n. uproar, agitation, turmoil, (tumult, commotion, agitation, turbulence, disruption) ._2W.;li ,_;.)~ ._;.~1 •'-;-'_,.;.i
Ex: With each generation it becomes the vogue for the youth to be in a state of
ferment. ._t;)~ ._r.,_l} ~\...,.;,};
J
'-:-'_,..;.i ~ '.1~ ...\.:~ __)..-.;
(j\;1)":"
fervid l'f3:VIdl adj. intense, enthusiastic, passionate, (fervent, ardent, impassioned) ;.S...\.o:" ,._r.;i ')~_;!, ,.;.,);>.;~, ,J\;;.!.. Ex: His fervid appeal for action threw his adherents into a frenzy . ...::....;.b\J 0.f.":- ~ IJ ._r;I)...U_,b ,~I...UI
~ Jl J~ .r. c>W.L- ~ ,.t;..t;;; I; ..f.~~ ~IS' ,?J .:>y,
.J~y, x..;)...u..:...; '..f.~~
.:,i
l.r.,j ;;l::!l._,. _,.k.:>- -1.; ~~ .},.t;j ,.t;;;l;;._,. .J~
fetter /'fet~(r)/ v. hamper, (restrict, limit, hinder, impede, obstruct, constrain, confine, restrain) iJ:>~ :>J~ ,iJ:>~ ~
Ex: The senator inveighed against the policy because he felt it would fetter our Air Force. ~ J ;;J..L>.A I; Lo ...F-1_,... I.SJ.r) d--'~ ~ .S :.y, ~ l.r.,j ;;_?;;\A;:;\ ..:,...L..:.-~.; ..;.......,~ .:,i jl ;f'l.:..... ...J.:S...s"
fiasco /fi'resk~u/ n. complete failure, (scandal, disaster, catastrophe, ruination)
C.Wa.;i I ,..:.-..S:.!. ,._r.l,....J , 1..1"' lS li Ex: In an acrimonious letter, her father described the project as a complete fiasco . .:._?
~
j.-lS'
~~I;
•)J.r, ,.x.; ,si.._.L; ;:. .};~
fiat /'fa1ret; 'fi:ret/ n. an official order, a decree, (edict, ordinance, command) J_,;-:>
,iJ\.o) ·~
Ex: One cannot govern by fiat the sedentary mayor quickly learned; it is necessary to get out and meet the citizens if you want their cooperation . .)\,.t;J~ ,s;K..,... }'I ~J.:S .::...,..~ .JI~;; ..r. ci}' 1_,;\ ~f.:'..:......:..; ;bk .S ~ ~ ,.t;l_f'~ r:.i .,;_;,S ..::,\:;')\,. ~~ ~ ~;;y jl J -4J..r. .JJ.r.. ;;_,>- _?;; jl..t;~ ..l:-'-1_,>-._,. \)
flabbergast /'flreb~ga:st; (US) 'flreb~rgrest/ v. astound, (amaze, dumbfound, stun, stagger, confound, daze, astonish) iJ:>~ o:>j~ ,i,):>~ ~ ,iJ:>~ ..:,.*-" J ..:,\,..
Ex: When the judge exonerated the charlatan, we were all flabbergasted. ·r-o,.t;Lo ..::...-*" J ..:,Lo 1.. ~ :. .?
..:. ~
t; ;;~
r:.i ......,~:;
..?_,
flagrant /'fleigr~nt/ adj. outrageous, glaringly bad, (obvious, notorious, blatant, scandalous, shocking, shameless)
Ex: Parking in front of a hydrant is a flagrant violation of the city's law . ...;.......,\ ,s k .) _,; u ) K..:.i ._,;.A.; '.} L.:..,; .,r..;i _r.. J.lA.. .J;;.? ..5) 4 flamboyant /flrem'b:H~nt/ adj. showy, colorful, (theatrical, ostentatious, swashbuckling) o:>lil,r. .,.fJ} o,P. ,_,.ua:,. ,W:>~ ,J..r. J JJj,r. ,.jl_,6....k A ,.x.;S o_r.;-
Ex: The flamboyant actress refrained from giving autographs to her fans.
£.'\ .~.?
flay
j
../' ._s)~~_,.>-
_r.;I;I..U_,1 ~ .LA.. I 0~1~ jl L..;~ _,.>- J o~ul _,..; (.)j) ~ ....:...
/flei/ v. strip off skin, scold harshly, (peel, pare, hull, decorticate) ;;~~ "':"'~ .;;~_! '-;-/._p.; .;;~b .)1....,;.~
~;;.J:.S ...:;......~
Ex: He castigated his opponents and went to great lengths to flay them with accusations of megalomania. ~ .;:-,-:.b ~ 4i 0~ ,;--5 ~ ~ \; ~b../' ~ _,.,.:. ~ .s~~j ..:....-j J -:;_.j_} ../' ~Li;:;l ~~ ~ \J _;.;WL.:... _,1 .J.:.S '-:-'..fo \) 0~ J,;\~ •._r.,..5Jf.~ _,:;-
fledgling /'fie d3h1J/ n. little known, newly developed, (budding, embryonic, incipient, nascent; beginner, novice, apprentice, trainee, new recruit, tiro, initiate, novitiate, neophyte, rookie, fresher)
.)y..;i •4:>;_,:>: ·~ [~ ~] '.)_,;Loi ·~.# Ex: The fledgling poet lived a frugal life. .~.? ../'
f
-~.,;,.c.-..).,; .J\.f'.,; ·J~i'
.}J,; j
..f..Y':"-.jr '
~
J# _,; r-L.:.
flout /flaut/ v. show contempt, scoff, (defy, scorn, disdain, spurn, mock, deride, ridicule, sneer at, jeer at) .;,:.>l.l.il ..;:......~
•:.?p
1.5~ .;;~ ./ ~ .;;~ ./ •~
Ex: According to studies, many motorists flout traffic laws . . J,;_;$~
.,s~ \J _J.x.:,\J J l.l.il -~ ;;~,} ~\.i
Ex: They are dubious of such an artist and accuse him of trying to foist as a work of art a rudimentary exercise. J~ J d::..914 ~)I~~)~ ..r-' ~I~ .J.:.:S.f r+'" \J Jl J .x.:;,._,. ..S~ ._s.X....lJ> .:_r...;; "-: ~j .J.:.S ~\.i
foment urge)
.:,\_h.) ~ -.5./J' .,s)l .J\,.:s- .., \)
/f:m'ment/ v. stir up, instigate, (incite, provoke, agitate, excite, arouse,
;;~_! ~.r. •?l.l.il ·'.) ~ -~ \)~,) .:r-'~ .;;~_! ~~' -~'r. Ex: In order to foment trouble, they fabricated a deplorable and blatant untruth . ..J.:.:S L' .... ,J..r"'i \; ...1.:..:.>-L... ...:.....;....; J ...;\....r'IJ', ' IJj.J...·~ I.'1"''i forthwith /,h9'wi9, ,f':J:9'wio/ adv. immediately, (right away, at once, instantly, straightaway, quickly)
~u~ .i.); ·r~ .)~ .s..)~..r. Ex: Upon seeing the show, he called the TV studio forthwith to protest.
0•
..xs ,~~~.) ::.~ __,..;.1?1 t fortuitious
/f:>:'tju:rtj
~ .J"'"'.r.._,.t ..s"'"'::._,:...-1...,
f:n'tu:rt ~
Ex: Roger's fractious behavior compounded the bad relationship he had already had with his partner. .::._,..;, ;..l: -::......:.bAr-~
.s .S..l: ...h;IJ ..G ...:...s.~ ?\J
~ )::.9)
frail /freii/ adj. delicate, weak, (breakable, frangible, delicate, infirm, fragile)
Ex: His awesome mental dexterity compensated for his frail physical condition . .::. _?../ .jl_r.::- IJ _}I~ ~ ._,1 Jls. .fA~ ..;:.,J,.t; fraught /fr'J:t/ adj. filled, (full of, teeming with, replete) .J \..!. .r' '_,1.... '• .cSi 'A Ex: Fear permeated the crippled airplane as the passengers realized that their situation was fraught with danger. "-:L.. '-7"'~ ..sl.....:;lyo .r. ~_, _, ...,...s-J •..:........I.St;_F. ~~ ~-' .S ~~ l...::;lyo .JL,...:..;_,...... ._?_, .~1
fray /frer/ n. a fight, (quarrel, dispute, conflict) ~ ,1y,) ,,) ;;.
Ex: After the fray, the feuding families agreed to patch up their differences . .~)~ J\.:5 \) ..;:_,\j')\::.>.\ .x.::;.} ~ ly-;:,-' 4 j1 ~ '('"'""'L:;.;:. ..st...o:>ly\>. frenetic
/fr;J'netik/ adj. frantic, frenzied,
(panic-stricken,
wild,
hysterical,
distraught, agitated, mad, crazed)
.J!.J ~ _;,1 ,..,...L...1 ~ ••h..f-- .J _}y;r, •).J"-'1-"!,) ._r.oi~~
Ex: They were vigilant in order that their surreptitious meetings would not be discovered, and it often required frenetic changes of plans to preclude exposure . .:_,~ _;\j) t ::.-" t... ..... t; .r. )::. ..r"u ..::..1~ r _;1.::.-... _,..1 ._:r..l .s : .3 ; _,1 ~~ .G\... .?'-" ..::..~ ~::.-" ._,.J;I_,...
Ol
.~i ~
.s.;$,l.o:- ..::,~
frenzy tfrenzi I n. wild fit, (mental derangement, madness, mania, insanity, wildness, hysteria)
iJ_,;.:>;
.J~.),.:. .J.:.t,._~
Ex: In afrenzy, the teenager overturned every drawer while searching for the car keys. ..xs ~~ 'J ~Lo ~.J-' t ~J r-"" ~ ') LA ,.:.s ..:;.,~_,:;:.... r\....j .s)_,~,Y-~ ..:..lb.~ .:,ty:-;.
fretful tfretfll adj. worrisome, irritable, (distressed, upset, miserable, irritable, querulous)
Ex: Around income tax time fretful faces are ubiquitous . ..A.Yd' o.l;,~ ~ ........,. o~ _r.;Lo J .:,1):; .sLAo ~ ,..:;.,L:JLo ~b;; .JL. j .5.,_~;
frugall'fru:gll adj. thrifty, (economical, sparing, saving, unwasteful, abstemious) ~.~l,j.r'
Ex: Frugal shoppers occasionally badger supermarket managers for bargains . ...~:..ot>~d' )} 1 L.:..; ...:...>U 11 l.A.~J} .JI,r....\.o .~ .:_rj.J .sl.r. ..:...li_,l ..s"'\5' ...L.,a.:.i. .J\)~,r>
fruitless
l'fru:tl:;~sl
adj. useless, (futile, vain, abortive, pointless, unsuccessful,
unavailing)
r~}~ ·~~ ·~~ ··~*- 'J~.r. Ex: After a fruitless attempt to wrest control of the government, the traitors were incarcerated . ..A...L.!. 0 ..l.:.S:.;\ .:,I.A.j ~ ,..::..J_,~ ...:..........~ jl J_;;S .J~ _? - ~ i~ }\; ..}"j.:; jl ~ •.:r.:~>-
frustrate lfrA'streit; (US) 'frAstreitl v. counteract, foil, thwart, (defeat, baulk, nullify, baffle, stymie, forestall) .:,~.? )l..r. •.:;~).iS~ •.:,~.? Jk~ ..:,~.?
.;:.;- •.:,~.? ":-'i .J'. ._;.A.;
Ex: The warden frustrated the prisoners' attempt to escape by adding more guards . .~_? .,?'- .:,I.A.j jl ) } ~ \1 .Jl,:.;I.A.j ..}"j.:; ,\..1..:,~ ~\.M,j .:;~_? .UWI ~ .JI.A.j ..;-);
fulsome
l'fuls:;~ml
adj. excessive, insincere, (extravagant, immoderate, inordinate,
overappreciative, overdone)
,r.oi~t.:.- ._r.oiJI~I ,...~>
jl ~ •..S~4j
Ex: The actress received fulsome compliments from her friends but trenchant criticism from the reviewers . ..L:.,j
.s\..1...1.._4; ~ ,:r...Lt:::.... I.. I ~ _? ..:.....9~ 1 ~ ._,.:..;~;...._,~ ....9 )> jl 11 .s,r.i-.A.ll:-o .sLA~
J
~r' (.Jj) ~.f-A ..A.~_,$' \) ,,
~
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furtive l'htiV I adj. secret, stealthy, (secretive, surreptitious, sneaky, clandestine, covert, wily) 4-i\..T"' ,4-i\#o.o ,4-i\~ j~ ·~'J'!.
...;
~ j~
Ex: In a furtive manner she removed her shoes and tiptoed up to her room . ...:.....9) ._;;~;t ~ ~JJ4 ~JJ4 J ~JJiJ~ \) ~~ ..j..:.ly.
futility
lfju:'tii:;~til
n. uselessness, (ineffectiveness, fruitlessness, abortiveness,
or pointlessness) ,).))'!
J
·..J-'-!lA.:! ,..;,).*-!
}l._r,
Ex: In spite of his efforts to cajole the girl, she remained aloof, and the futility of his efforts made him lugubrious. .Lt.. .)L ..SJ? J _r.?......;. _J 0~ ..5;:.>-~ J ~1_,:.; L.l J.:S Js.li::.. I; ..5;:.>-.) .) _? c}"YC ~I ~ ~ •...L..:. ~ J...GI
_;.;!....>- j
~.) y, )I,_,: _,bb- ~ ;.;, _;.) ~
galvanize /'grelv;)naJz/ v. excite or arouse to activity, (stir, rouse, stimulate, invigorate, startle, jolt) ~ ~biJ .~l.r. ,.;.,,) .;S ..s:..._~
Ex: A dictator will use any pretext to galvanize his people into aggressive actions . ..)ji~IJ ..;1~6:-.;; JW-1 ~I; J-o.)..r" t; J.:Sif o~\A.:.....I._sl~.r .r"' jl ;y~~ ~
gamut /'grem;)t/ n.
range, (spectrum, scale, series, scope, variety) ~ i.Sl.\..:...;_,..., ,.:_,~\;~ J~l ·~
Ex: The actress ran the gamut of emotions in a poignant performance that thrilled the audience. ~ J "-:I; .JI}L..;.L..;
J
..::...._..:.1~
._r:..:L..;
~I; ..:...L.L..,..I \UI J t}l .~1)\; ~
s:.,_ ;.) (~j)
~? ..);Ji
garbled /'ga:bld/ adj. confused, mixed up, (jumbled, unclear, puzzling, baffling, complicated, ambiguous)
\*-'" '.;., l_r.> ,ci.!.i Ex: Although the message was garbled, its salient points were clear enough . . ~y, .:_r,JJ
'rtf
_}\5" oji...GI ~ ~j .)..:>1 ..;...K; '\~ i~l ~ ~
garrulous /'grer;)l;)s; BrE also 'grerjui;)S/ adj. talkative, wordy, (chatty, chattering, gossiping, loquacious, verbose, mouthy, gabby)
Ex: The garrulous person goes to great lengths to eschew work . .~J.r. )~ ;lS" .r..j jlt J.:Sif ..S;lS".r"'
._j.T.;;
,~i
gaudy /'g:>:di/ adj. showy, flashy, (bold-colored, over-bright, garish, glaring, tawdry)
Ex: Today, the trend is to more and more gaudy dress . •...\.:....!.>;-:.} .r. J J;j_;; ._sLA...,..~
.G)~
J:L..; ~
~1}1
fill.\ jJJ .:r-1
gaunt I g:>: nt/ adj. thin, haggard, (cadaverous, skeletal, emaciated, skinny, bony) }~ ,.~ ,~l..lJI ~ j:-'J
Ex: Women strive for the slender and au courant gaunt look . •.X........r. ~ \I...GI )'-'1 jJJ
..1..o ~ .x:S i f
genocide /'d3en;)Sa1d/ n. planned destruction of an entire people
,_}-'J
c}"YC ~[;;..
or Ex: The United Nations has outlawed genocide as the ultimate crime, which must be eradicated . •~ _r:, ,)1 0~.;5 ~ ...:..,_J .r. ..1,5\.; J .~ .;5 \ ~ J tf-"-" . :. . ,. ~ (.JI (JI_,;s- ~ IJ _rs ~ ,..L:>Wo Jl- 0L. jl....
...::....) genre 1'3o:nr;); 13fJr;)1 n. a certain form or style in painting or literature, (genus, species, kind, sort, type, variety, style)
Ex: Modern abstract painting is a highly lucrative genre . ..::.......1 ))\~_,....., o~Wij~ -sjl) •..\.:...\.::- or,\ ~li;
germane ld33: 1meml adj. appropriate, in close relationship to, (relevant, pertinent, applicable, related, connected, fitting, suitable, proper)
Ex: Epithets are not germane when motivating a child to a task . .......:.~~ ~ •1.5)5 ~~~ ~ S ~ § 0~ .;5 J:.~ -sl.r. '-:-'WI J ...:..:t.w. j1 d-4:.....1
gesticulate ld3e 1strkjulertl v. move the arms energetically, (gesture, sign, signal, motion, wave)
,J..l.il...fi
..::-.~Jr" ..;..\S"?
4 ,.J..l.il...fi OJL!.I 4 ,.:,~\.)
.:,~ ..::.-.)Jr'
Ex: I often marvel as I watch the traffic officer gesticulate at the onrushing cars. -s~~j -sU.J-:.:.-_,;1 ~ IJ ~ _y.
J_,k:.. •.::........~ ...:..:1)...:.1 ..;:.):> j1
.,\;I_,;' _}' .x..;IJ J ._¢l....:.AIJ _,......il
r-:._,. ._?J
·~ " ~
J:.>- ..,\;L..,.r.
gist I d3rstl n. essence, main point, (core, nucleus, kernel, important point, main idea)
..,_lh.. ~ ·tr" y ~I ·~ ...:..:\.(; .J.-ol \l:; Ex: She tried to get the gist of her message into a 25-word telegram . ..xS j.i::..o -sl........ts" '1'0 -ilft ,_. (J~j jl ..;~':>\11 ...\:.::......;1_,:-; <JI}-;)}
glib I glrb I adj. smooth of speech, (slick, smooth-talking, sweet-talking)
l
~; J '":"' _;;; [ j~j ,.J4j '-:-' .r; .j4.J4j
Ex: The charlatan was able to wheedle money out of the nai"ve audience with a glib talk on the medicine that would expunge pain. I.SJ)~ ..L.:? ~~ J _,....; -s)..l..A.. J ..,\; .r. Cj IJ J~ .~L... J-_,..Pl> ~ .Y- \ j J '-:-' .r; 0~j L ..::..........;1_,; ~~ ~~i .~~ ~~ jl
:.f.......
gratuity I gr;) tj u: ;)ti; (US) gr;) tu: ;)ti I n. tip, (perquisite, fringe benefit, bonus, 1
1
recompense, boon)
iWI
Ex: He took umbrage when I offered a gratuity to augment his small salary.
.Jol.)4
Of. ....L..:. ;y>J~ ~~_,.;,~J-r.;\;...;~ l; ,~b
J-b4
~~
_,, ~ ._;.:,_,
gregarious I gn 1ge;)ri;)s; - 1ger- I adj. sociable, (company-loving, companionable, outgoing, friendly, cordial, hospitable, genial)
...r:-" .jl_,;
"l...- ...; ~ ·~ ,/.:.,> •._r~l
Ex: At the party, the gregarious hostess scurried from group to group, making friends and influencing people. ~ .:,L...a4+- ~L.A._,~ ~ ..r"\.:>. _; .Y':' _, ~ ~ .}4 r--'r ;~ 'i ji_,;.J4 .J~_r.o ~\.:>.
P _,.,;- -'
,...:....,;,!.iS' ....s"' ....... ~)) ..;:.;:...
,;;l -' ...L..:.....s"' ..::,_,_,~ ~~ ~
.~.? ....s"'
grimace lgn 1meis; 1gnm;)sl n. facial expression of disgust, (frown, scowl)
r>' ·~ J r>'
Ex: She could not abjure a grimace when she saw the disheveled figure. ,...t:S::; r-"' . .:.. . . .;!_,::; ..t:.~ I; _,1 o..t,!_,)
~1.];, ._;.:,_,
grotesque I gr;)u 1teskl adj. strange, bizarre, fantastic, (weird, outlandish, freakish, odd, peculiar, ridiculous) ;l.)o...\:..>
,...s.-.:a.. •;Ji..f~ ·~~ J ~
Ex: He was made up in the most grotesque way for his role as a man from outer space. ..,t;~ _? r-'-_? If.'.../-_, ~ ;~ j):o ~ .y._L..;..; .JL..;I ......~ ~ J~ ~j~ ~l..r. I; _,I
guise I gaiZI n. manner, appearance, mien, (costume, outfit, style) ) \Mi) ,. ,r.:.
'!...:- '.1' u;
·~
,.,:.,,_s
Ex: In the guise of maintaining national unity under military rule, there was a paucity of even innocuous dissent. .~ Y. ...r~ :;.;, )J~l:-- .)lilt.:.:... ._;..> ~ r.S '.f\k; ~l>- J;.)> jl J..o ...:.O..l>-' ..~:;,A,.. 0 ~ )~
gullible /'gAI;)bll adj. easily cheated or fooled, (credulous, unsuspicious, na'lve, simple, trustful) JJ4.)Jj
'C._,J
o.)\....
Ex: Explaining that the bookkeeper was merely a gullible dupe, the judge freed him from complicity in the crime . .~ _? ~I) _, .:, y;; i _r;- ;~ ._;-.-...J..Jo jll; _,I ,..::,_,\ ._r- _,J o~L... ~~ i )~\::5 .S ...,_lk... .:r.,l ~ _,; L ~I,;
gusto /'gASt;)ul n. enthusiasm, enjoyment, zest, (zeal, fervor, verve, relish, fondness, appetite)
c:.J
'.,:., jJ '~ '...; _,.;, J) _,.;,
Ex: He began to eat the food served at the sumptuous feast with gusto . .:>;_ri- ~-' ~ ~Y. o...L..:. -'r oP, ~ r-"l..r" ;~ .S I; .f-1~
habitat /'hrebltretl n. natural environment, (natural setting, abode, residence, dwelling)
._;;~ [ .JLI] .~ ~ ,~j
J.:o-.- ,o~j [.JI>:>-]
Ex: The alcoholic was found supine in his favorite habitat Ryan's Bar . ...t;~_? \~ .JL,; .f>_,_} "-!-'_,..;... ~ _;1...;')1.&. ~;yo ..;;4 ;~...::......... ...:.0;7"' ~ \J .}SJI ~~~
00
halcyon /'ha:lsi;)n/ adj. peaceful, calm, (mild, tranquil, gentle, placid, still, quiet) l4.,.o J
r::- 4 'r.-i r::- 'i')
Ex: During the turbulent days of the war, they wished for the halcyon days of earlier times . .J:.~ _; -'-! (._:,Al; .?~ J~) • ..L..:...; ~ • )•••...:. S., L....;, ~ J:.iy-If-\~ ..s ~y, .:r-1 ..;L:..; Jt&. '-;'J-' haven /'he1vn I n. place of safety, (refuge, shelter, sanctuary, asylum, sanctum)
.~~.:;
·.:r-' ~ ·.:rot.
Ex: In inclement weather our barn is a havetfor many animals . ...::.......1 ..:.oLI_r.> jl i.SJ~
.lS:..t; \... .J:__,k
,..\&.L..L ._sl.)-" J~
havoc /'ha:v;)k/ n. ruin, (devastation, destruction, damage, ruination, despoliation) '-',)-'!\.j
·r. J
s J" ·.}'.r-J ·-.r.'r
Ex: The virulent plague caused havoc among the populace . ...L!. ~1_,.91 .s~y,L ~~
heinous
/'hem;)S/
..._(4.. .Jy-\k
adj. hatefully evil, (atrocious, abominable, abhorrent,
reprehensible)
..I.:-4·~.J·~·~·~ Ex: "The most heinous thing I have done," he said in a stentorian voice, "is eradicate the untruth that my party is not compatible with progress." l..; .:.r- '-:-' :r:> ..S ..:.......I ·~ y, tJJ~ .:r-1 ._;S ...:•.u ilo~b ~~I .Jy5"l; ..S .s)S" .:::.;.:....-;, j" :...::.$ \.... J ._si~ L
." .::__.;, )\5' jL...-:...!~
heresy /'her;)Si/ n. unbelief, dissent, lack offaith, (apostasy, dissidence, atheism) ..:;..;~ ,~..:;...;...
,,)l...l.i) ,,)b.JI
Ex: He accused the leader of the opposition of political exhorted to burn his effigy. ,...t,;lj_,...., \) J\
~,)i
\j ,).,..:.
..s:.._~
h~sy
, and the mob was
\) f,).T' J ,).? ~ .rl:- ,)\..l,j)"" \) .:,\.A.l\.>... r."'J J\
heterogeneous / 1hetara 1d3i:nias/ adj. dissimilar, (unlike, divergent, mismatched, unalike, incongruous, incompatible, disparate)
...:......~\; .~~\; ')~" ·~" Ex: Our algebra class is heterogenous one in which bright students are juxtaposed with slower ones . ...l;\o.J,;L:...;
!""" )l:S' \)
hirsute /'h3:sju:t; (US) bearded, unshaven)
r rS J ..;.rl: 01j_,...i._;;b &
..;.
_,:>;
~ ...;-~ ..r'% L. _r.; ._r")\S
h3:rsu:t/ adj. hairy, (hair-covered, woolly, shaggy,
1
_,l~
•4 i.Sj" .J J.t.J ~ ,_,... •..Y.J) ,_,...A
Ex: You may have discerned that it is no longer the latest vogue among boys to permit their faces to become hirsute . ...;:......\ d.:.!\ ..l.o jl h.) x..\: ~) .;:-:,b 01_;--; .j::-! ).) 45 ._slo..l..!. ~ p J~ \j b histrionics I 1histri 1omks/ n. display of emotions, (ostentation, showiness, conspicuousness, flamboyance, gaudiness, pretentiousness, showing-off) ..r~ l,jj~ ·~
)\.;.i)
,~\lao •!,jjl...~~
Ex: Saying that he would not tolerate her histrionics, the director fired the temperamental actress. lf"...l..A.) ....S \J J\ ,) _? ..!.AI_,>.; ~ \J ~_;.... ~6:- .:,i .f.f-A- ._sj\; h.) 45 ~ .:.r.,l ~ \: .)b }'J\S
,,).? c.'? I ,)Y. :;;. c.'..ro hoard /h::>:d/ v. hide, store, accumulate, (store up, stock up, stockpile, pile up, save, amass, heap up) ~\,)
.t:. ·~~~ ,.:,,) ;S
.:,~
.;;:;-.J.l.il
,.:,,) ;S •.;::>~
Ex: lsn 't it a pity we can't hoard the ideal days of autumn? ~tub.!:, \J
.s_r.j4 ._s~j
._sU.jJJ ~~Y~ 45 ~ ~
hoax /hauks/ n. deception, (practical joke, jest, prank, trick, cheat, swindle) '-:"'.).~
•...s:..lS'
Ex: The practical joker had the temerity to perpetrate a hoax upon the Dean of Boys. ,J,; .r. ...s::.ls' :;;, LA .r-; •J}.r "'; 1.; ,) _? ..::..i?. ..::.,.;.:.\J,;\If" ..::......,) \J 0\h,) 45 ~ homogeneous / 1homa 1d3i:nias; (US) 1houma 1d3i:nias/ adj. same or uniform, (identical, alike, unvaried, consistent, similar, comparable, analogous, correlative) ..,....~ .:,~ ...:......~
. .
Ex: While they started out as individuals, they became a homogenous group whom the leader could motivate as he willed . ..;.........1_,.,:.u .si.WL:-- .o.; j:...t;
J ..::.....! }' CJI .jl_r.:;....
iconoclast /ar'kon;}klrest; (US) ar'ka:n;}klrest/ n. image-breaker, attacker of beliefs, (tradition-breaker) ~~w ·~~ .~.:..:..... Ex: The iconoclast was in favor of jettisoning one of the traditions that had become an intrinsic part of his life . . .)Y. aL ._;I._J._t;j jl
A'l •? .S .)Y. ._¢\..o....::....;..... jiJ.-_ ~llS' )\.:.5 )..!..9}> ~..::...:...., .)}
idyllic I r'drlrk; (US) ar'd- I adj simple, peaceful, (calm, tranquil, naive) Ex: City dwellers often yearn for the idyllic life in the country. ·._t;)y>-<J" I) 0~\.:......J) il) J a.)L... ...J._t;j
..;.;_r-->
~~ 0~ _,+.
ignomm1ous I ,rgn;}'mrni;}S I adj. humiliating, disgraceful, dishonorable, mortifying, scandalous, discreditable, disreputable) 4.0~ •)4
(shameful, .;_:..L.,.aj
·~
Ex: There was bedlam as the favored team went down to ignominious defeat at the hands ofthe underdog . .L
4 ~ - ~ ..;~ }~ ~
jl )..!..9)>_,; ~ ._?J
ilk /Ilk/ n. kind, sort, (type)
tj ._:r-1 .;1 ,._;.w .;r-1 .;1 [ofthat
~l
Ex: It is often fruitless to argue with racists, bigots, and others of that ilk . ...:....-.1 .sla,)*- )5
._;w ~ jl .s}:..,) ,)1_}1 J
imbibe /rm'barb/ v. drink; (quaff, swallow) Ex: If you imbibe, don't drive!
~ ,..:....... _,;.)lj ,)1_;1 ~ 0,) _? ~
oA imminent /'Immant/ adj. likely to happen, threatening, (impending, fastapproaching, approaching, forthcoming, menacing, looming) ~,);:. ·tj,,11":-!) Ex: The senator loathed it when people said that an atomic war was imminent. •..Lo~
._r.;,_y;- ....;.;> .:r.l Ji.JyL ,..::...,..1 ~,) y
t.Sh,) ~I
4
tjiJ .x.;;S if ~,) r
~~
impeccable /Im'pekabl/ adj. faultless, (perfect, flawless, unblemished, ideal) j.o\S ·~cJ.
,._,...w;'""
Ex: Although basically frugal, his taste in clothing is impeccable . ...::.......1 ~ J ~..s! ._;.;~~ ~.!""~ ~ Lol .W.~.f <J'..J"':"o.r" ~,)j\frPI ~}'I
impede /Im'pi:d/ v. interfere, block, hinder, (obstruct, hamper, handicap, bar, retard, stop)
~,) ~ 1.5~~ •.;,::.:.1->j~ .~.w. ~Lo
Ex: Nothing could impede the bigot from his vitriolic verbal attack. ,.) _,.;. ..,_-;;.. ~ o.,l; p J .}UJ ~ ~\... ..:..-...;1_,; ~ ~ ~
imperative /Im'peratJV/ adj. urgent, necessary, compulsory, (important, vital, essential, crucial, critical, indispensable, mandatory, obligatory) 1,$.)~1 •IS.JJ.r#
·rj'J
Ex: In the nuclear age it has become imperative for the nations of the world to learn to live in peace . ..X.:.S ..}.,l;j U...., J
c:-
.)->
r-"'
~ .,l;jy~ \.; ..::...,..1 o.W. I.SJJ~ yl .:r-1 0'+-:- t.Sl.a..:...l.. t.SI.r. •r-"1 ~
J,)
imperceptible /,Impa'septabl/ adj. extremely slight or gradual, (unnoticeable, unobtrusive, unapparent, subtle, undetectable, indistinguishable, indiscernible)
..s.),) J.li~ •cJ...r:- ·~.)JJ ''-"',...-I.; Ex: He had always appeared virile, so that the imperceptible decline toward senility went unnoticed until he succumbed and began to use a cane. L.; ,..~..!.....;
..::..J.# 15_,_ "' Jl ~.!"" _,_.,..,.L; ..:..JI
0;
r- ~ ~.)_;. ,)_, ..w. .l"'uo 15_; ..},A; j .),) ~ ...:..J.} ..::....,..,) "-: <J'..t.-. J J...!. ~Sr.; r-L o_,;>-'J~ ~I
imperturbable /,Impa't3:babl/ adj. calm, steady, serene, (collected, selfpossessed, cool, tranquil, inexcitable, easygoing)
.IAl- ·rl) ·->~Y. Ex: The speaker remained imperturbable while his audience shouted caustic comments about his mendacious activities. ~!) J ,) ~ _y;- Jl
,A;,)
impetuous
/Im'petJuas/
.;5I f Jl.r.l
.:,I_,;;;.... ..::....,..1 ,)L; t.Sl.a-::...:JW ,)JY
adj.
impulsive,
J,)
1.5.x.; ..;...1_)2.; .>~.) ~ 1 t.,a.;.. ~I..>
(hasty,
precipitate,
J,)
headlong,
spontaneous, heedless, unreasoned)
J.J->cJ. '.)~\'"" ··~ ••-> ,i!l:..!. ,4.'J~ Ex: They were so moved by the idyllic setting, they exchanged surreptitious, impetuous kisses. ,.,l;,).;S J-1; J ,).) ol...ooY. ~ Jl::>-l._r. J ~.)j.) .S .x.;j.J )} U....,~ J o.)L.. ~ ~\.;..::...,..; 0\;.,;-
0'\
impious /'rmpi~s. rm'pa r ~s/ adj. lacking respect, irreverent, (godless, ungodly, unholy, irreligious, blasphemous, derogatory) _r..ol ~,; ,4JI>W ,4J4,)1._r. ,4Jl...\.:..!.j~ J ,4Jl...\.:..!.j1.J.>
Ex: In the milieu of city street life it is not atypical to hear impious comments about authority . ...::......,..; ~ 01..~ ..:.JJ)
)JY J)
_r..-i..:...;t....l ..::..1_,.1:2.; 0~
k
i.S\..>.0~~ ~ ;)
implacable /rm'plrebbl/ adj. cannot be pacified, inexorable, (unappeasable, unpacifiable, unpacified, unyielding, relentless)
~ •• ~~ -~1)t; ,.:;...:;.....r"
Ex: The detective was implacable in his search for the murder weapon . . )y ~ j::-9 ..:.Ji 0)_? I~ i.SI..r. )~ i.S~
J,)
.l5i)5
implore /rm'pb:(r)/ v. plead urgently for aid or mercy, (appeal to, beg, entreat, plead with, beseech, request, supplicate) j1 .j,).;!
1;..~:.,.,1
.j1 .j,).;! l:...J •""! .j,).;! ...,....\..;;)1
Ex: The sick child's mother implored the doctor to come immediately . .~l,: i;~ ..S )_? ;,) 4J1__,...a.o
Ex: Although Eddie was not sanguine about his chances, he continued to importune his boss for a winter vacation. ~ ..L...oo..A: oj~l L...; ...:...........1~-l;
._rS
o~.; I; ~ ~ ..;L;I;
(pass/code word)
._;1_, ;j,S }I .~_,.;,../
.;.t
impunity /Im pju:n:}til n. freedom from punishment, (exemption, immunity, 1
excusal, pardon, amnesty)
..::..:;..1 .~~~ .~l-..
Ex: The border guards allowed the doctor to cross the frontier with impunity . .J.:S ;.r,Y j/' jl ..::..:;..\ ~
\.j
~~b •j~\ $....;,);
\J •""':"~
Ex: Through an inadvertent error, the guided missile sped out of control. ...w. c:.;L>- J_;:S" jl_, ...::.....; } ..::..s-r ...w. ...:...:Lu $....;, _,.. •1.5.-'i--' .L.:..;.I .s:.,_ )>\.>.
.f.
"'c
inane II 1neml adj. foolish, (silly, stupid, idiotic, absurd, ridiculous, senseless, asinine, mindless)
Ex: Orville Wright was criticized for his inane desire to fly . . ~~~~../ ) }
~L •.J ~.f.
Ex: Stones are inanimate objects that have no life of their own . ...L:....:.~../
.;..L:>- ,..Lit.; ..s ..L:..:......A>
.j~ .~1 ~
incapacitate I 1Inb presJteitl v. disable, make unfit, (debilitate, unfit, immobilize, 1
cripple, handicap, indispose) .;,:>l...l.il ;lS' jl •.;,:>L... .JI~IJ •.:,~ ;S ~~
Ex: He was ashamed to admit that a pesky skin rash incapacitated him for weeks at a time . .~ _? ../ .r:-lY L,..~ l.SI.r. I; _,I ..;_,\;_,I IJ"'\S' •• ~)) ._;;.-. y; ..:....:-.-L> . . .r ;~ Ex: By telling the truth, we stopped the incipient rumor from spreading . .~}
~Y. o..W. ()_,.;, ojG ..S I; 1.5\~L.:.
._r.,;--S 1.5~
.~ ~ ~ \...
incisive I In 1SaiSIV I adj. acute, (keen, sharp, astute, shrewd, perspicacious; caustic, biting, stinging, sarcastic)
,, Ex: Our editor castigated the proposal with his incisive commentary .
....:.J.? .)lA:.;I .)~ ~ I; "-;.)R ·~.r" .J .x.; IS~ ~y
~ Lo ~.).)""'
inclement lm'klemantl adj. unfavorable, stormy, (rough, squally, blustery, severe) ~\.i_,J.. .~I.....U [IY']
Ex: She blamed her absence from the game on the inclement weather, but we knew that it was sour grapes. tL....) jl ~I ~b" Lo Lol.)_}.f ..:;;_.":}..,. ~L.L; .sly>~~ .Sj~ J) ..;.S_r. i~ ~~I; ..}.)y>- .JI
....::......1,_;1~_,... (...1...!.~-1) •jJ~ "-! I) ~,)
indigenous I m'd1d3;}n;}s I adj. native, (original, aboriginal, autochthonous) ~ ~_;I~ 'iJ" Y.
Ex: The forest was replete with the kind of wildlife that is indigenous to Africa . ..A..!.~._,. LA:)I ...,.Y. .s ,) Y. ~ J ..:.,L:>- ..sf..;./ jl ~ A indigent /'md1d3;}nt/ adj. poor, needy, (impoverished, penniless, beggared, destitute, penurious, impecunious) .l:.o j
~
'.rJU •..:-..~.::+
,..:.,_.~
Ex: The indigent client was surprised when she was accosted by her social worker in the elegant restaurant. ..)_?
~
;l,....o ,..l.!. J.T.JJ ,)y'- d-41
;l5~..\..o ~ ~ .JIJ_,:;....J J~ .,?J ~
..s_r...
indiscriminate /,mdi'sknmm;}t/ adj. choosing at random without careful selection, (unselective, indiscernible, unparticular, undifferentiating, unmethodical) ~ ..;_,),t; ,t;l,; ·~ ~),t; ,t;l,;
Ex: Modern warfare often results in the indiscriminate killing of combatants and innocent civilians alike. ~~ l_r.,j ,)~._,. ·~ 01.,t;Jk
r
J 01Ar"
r
0-.l.!. ...::...:.5 "-! ~ ~~ •0)..\..o ..st....h~l4 jlo,)\A.:..,I ,.,t;).,t; ~ ..;_,),t;? i&.. t....c."j.,_.,
indoctrinate /m'doktnneit/ v. teach certain principles, (instruct, brainwash, drill, initiate) .j.)b
,.sY..,. ,.s,.:.:.....;. ,.:,,) .,!
I.QJI •"'!
oJ,).,!
~
Ex: In order to indoctrinate the captive, his jailers repeatedly reviled capitalism while praising communism. ~yS l..l .,t;~l,)._,. it.:....:.,) (..s),)"-!,l..,)"") ~l:.:;l5"' ~ ),) ~ '.r--"1 .J~b ..s;M ..s~ ...:....p- 0\.;~I,J.;j ,.,t;,)_,:;...." IJ
indolent /'md;}l;}nt/ adj. lazy, (idle, slothful, sluggish, lethargic, slack)
ci;IJ ,JL>._r. -~ Ex: During the most sultry days of summer, one often hears the indolent, "Is it hot enough for you?"! "--c 1_,...... ~ y -sl..r/' :~~d' I;~ .:,r-1 ~ .S:,. 0~j jl ~I 0\:......;l.; -sl.A.jJ; .:,r.;if;" _r, J_,k ;~ r~j !"~.u}'
_}lS"
oj\..1,;1
inebriated lr'ni:briertrdl adj. drunk, intoxicated, (inebriate, drunken, tanked up) ...:.-.,. •1.:--- ,J_,J ,..::.....,.. Ex: He was usually sedate, but when inebriated he became hostile . ...L:v ~ r~i :..?d' ..::...-. c?J Lol :.Y. ..i-:?
J
rl) r~i 'J__,......
ineffectual I ,rn r'fektJu;)l I adj. not effective, (ineffective, inefficient, inefficacious, impotent, incompetent, failure)
~ ~
J ..::-.)
r.)i ·~.roJ. r.)i ·J!~\; r.)i
Ex: The play was so blatantly bad that the impresario fired its ineffectual. .:.? cl_,.,:.l I;:.~ ~L...; ~4 J ..:........:. ~j~ ;\!; .r....L.o .S:.,;}o :.Y. cw..:..;l ._r.>L; ;}o..., ~L..;
inert lr'n3:tl adj. without power to move, (inactive, idle, indolent, slack, lazy, slothful, dull, sluggish, lethargic, stagnant) ~
,JL><J! ,..::.-.,.. ,..;..S .I"" if.
Ex: Seeing the inert player, the manager dashed out onto the field . ....:....;t.:...;. .Sj~ 01~ j>-b '-: ,(o..l::. ~\) J~ J ...:........... ~j~ 0..l:~ L ~ .r....lo
inevitable I rn'evrt;)bl I adj. sure, certain, unavoidable, (unpreventable, inexorable, inescapable, ineluctable)
~ 'f-~l;_r.} ·.r.~l;'-:-'l:::..:-1 Ex: It is inevitable that children question what their elders accept as tradition . ....;.T.d' jl_;...., .r.j ..1,;)~ J~...:..;....... J r-"J 01_,.:-v '-: t..._?';_r. ..S I;~~ LS.r..i;L'-;-'~1 ;_,k o.; .Jl$"~_,5
inexorable lrn'eks;)r;)bll adj. inflexible, unrelenting, (adamant, unyielding, strict, ..::...:;.... .r' 'f-~l,;....;l.\a..;1 ,o.l.i.) ~
severe, rigorous, cruel)
Ex: Television sleuths are inexorable in their pursuit of lawbreakers . ..x.:.sd' ~ ....a.:>....... .,.... ~l5 ,0l.:.5::..;.0_,;t; ~ ;~ .Jx.r.._,.l.; ..st...J\:..r- .st...~.....+
infallible lrn'frel;)bll adj. exempt from error, right, (unfailing, foolproof, dependable, error-free, faultless, flawless, impeccable, unimpeachable)
~).)~ ·~ ~r~
•• ~:S<J!
·.r.~l;Ua>
Ex: An infallible sign of spring is the blooming ofthe crocus . .-.:.......1
;4-: .)...L.oi ...~.... ;~...~....
~L.:..;
•JS 01? j
.J~b
y
infamous l'rnf;)m;)sl adj. having a bad reputation, (notorious, disreputable, illfamed; abominable, outrageous, disgraceful, shameful)
~ 'JJir r- ,...:.-;.j 'JA.r-1_,...; ·rl;~ Ex: The bombing of Pearl Harbor was referred to as an infamous deed . ...G .).1; p ~ 0 1 ~ C..l:hr ;~) _.r.;t... J_,; .JIA~
infraction I rn'frrekJn I n. violation, (breach, transgression, contravention, intrusion,
infringement, encroachment)
.;.;-s,.;. ·P
~~_,.;~,;
Ex: We do not condone or tolerate an infraction of even the most trivial kind. ·r-:.J~~ ~~) .J ·~~ ~ •.}? Jl,....; .h ,IJ ~~y\j .:,~~ l..
ingratiate lrn 1greiJieitl v. win confidence, charm, (seek the favor of, curry favor with) ~:l~ Lo:- ~ J~
..s.; 1.) ~~ .~~~ ._;..__r..:l~
Ex: Under the aegis of a zealous campaign manager, the candidate was able to ingratiate herself into the hearts of the public. J~ J~ IJ ._;.,~ _r>- ..::..........;1_,; .~ _? ..f ~ ~ .J i.S~ .}"~ ..r...M ~..::.;I ~ ..r-L ...1:.5 ~ ~~/
inherent lrn 1 hi;}r;}nt, - 1her-; (US) - 1hir-l adj. inborn, (inbred, innate, hereditary, instinctive) ..Sj!}>
•.)JJ:l • ._;1~
Ex: Certain mice have an inherent alertness that enables them to conquer the researchers' labyrinths .
..sL... y))A
~IJ ~ ...S ~jL.._,.. J~\j IJ ~~ .S _t;)~J~ .r. ._;1~ i.SJ~ Y" t.f . . ~.,..~I) .ji~.J.J.;
inhibition l 1rnhi biJn; 1Ini bl n. restraint, (shyness, reticence, reserve, repression, 1
1
embarrassment) ~ _r.
•...r.JrS •..:J~ Ex: After two drinks the usually phlegmatic dentist lost all his inhibition . ...::......:.1~ J\.:5 IJ -.:.J\::->- .J .._s!.J_rS -.:.JL> .Jl il..; ·~ .J~ i~ .J~ ~~ _,; jl ~ ,_;.1\::->- ..__. .~_,....it.. u..~ J~ ~~_,.. ..st...,_ril..~.>-...,: ~JY J~ .S ..f..~\ ...t:....:.L
..5~ u..~ ~1_;1
initiate I I 1niJieitl v. start, set going, (begin, commence, institute, launch, trigger) ~:l ~
t.Jr- .~:l ~ j\$1
Ex: She could not imagine how she was going to get him to initiate a conversation about marriage . •..1:.5 j~ c_I.J~) ~JY J~ IJ ~.r ~)~\.J
\J
.J\ _t;i~
.s ~J~ _;:.:....~
"'-!
c.>"IJ
innate II 1neitl adj. natural, (inborn, inbred, connate, hereditary, inherent, intrinsic, indigenous) ~ ·..s:ll~l..l>
Ex: His innate cunning allowed him to see through the spy's subterfuge.
·..sP ...;1~
iO -~ .r. ~
...r _,....~
...\.:.!; ~ ...t...:. ...:...s.~ __,.:.1_;1~ .;_r..j
innocuous /I'nokju~sl adj. harmless, mild, innocent, (unhurtful, uninjurious, safe, danger-free, non-poisonous)
.;l)._r.
·..:ro' ·P...r. •;.rP...r.
Ex: There appears to be no such thing as an innocuous heresy.
-~)~ ~~J "jv:-~ ~ ..::...:.....," 0\_ry ~ -s'•..Lo-'; i.r'lk inordinate lm';,:dm~tl adj. excessive, (immoderate, over-abundant, extravagant, extreme) • jl~l jl ..;..:.. ,,1, __;... ,..;:.,..W, ~ ,...\.> jl
,J-t.
Ex: In an attempt to show how assiduous he was, the executive spent an inordinate
amount of time on his report. -~.?
._j .r"'
._;....;. ))' ~
i.SJJ \) ;,S..l>-
j1 ~
..::...;J .~ ~ 0~ Y.
[.; _,5 ..::..~\
))>:..o ~
_;'JC )~ '.T-.M
insatiable lm'seiJ~bll adj. cannot be satisfied, (voracious, insatiate, unappeasable, greedy, hungry, gluttonous, eager, desirous)
..;J..!:, rw ...;J..!:. w. ;1 ·~.r ·.r.~li..s.r."' Ex: The American consumer appears to have an insatiable need for new products . . ~)~ ..l;.b:- -s\...':/\5 ..Lo? ~ _r.l;L;i.S..r.:-' ~L..; .5-l5:.;...r'i o..l.:..S ._j ..r-4" .J...-,J.f )2:.: insidious lm's1di~sl adj. sly, seductive, treacherous, (stealthy, surreptitious, sneaky, cunning, crafty, intriguing, tricky) _r.oi...:...i~ .~I).S::.• •;~ .~4~_,..
Ex: In some insidious way the glib salesman played upon my repressed desires and
sold me a gaudy sports car. ~\... ~,..."-:_ J ~ y--5 ·~\.A.::___,\ • .>-" ._:ro o...t...:. ~ _,5r
-st... Jj) j1 ;,Si...;L;~ y J_}o ~ j~0~j (;b.K.,) oLJ} ....::....>-1~1
..:r-
~
\)
~ J ~I J ~ ~ jJJ
integral I 'mt1gr~l, m'teg- I adj. essential, (necessary, indispensable, requisite, basic, fundamental, inherent, intrinsic, innate, vital) .r'l...l •.}\..:.> •.S;J_rP ·~ j':/
Ex: She seemed to be an unimportant member of the president's entourage but
actually she played an integral role in White House affairs. l...4:l ~ JJ"'I J~ .)l:->- ~ l}IJ J~ \...\ ~Jd' ~ ~~~ _,...;:.s- J~
tl.S
....,-:;J
....:.....~JJb J~
J\
-~.?~
interject I ,mt~'d3ektl v. insert, interrupt, (throw in, insert, introduce, interpolate, interpose, add, mingle) ,J.J.i~ J ,j,) .f ~ ,<J.J.i\.o:d
Ex: Most viewers hate it when a commercial is interjected into a suspense drama.
i.SJ~
p. ._c_ ~ )ot>- ~ JJi. A~ .G~L> .r. ~ ._ .jl...lil_r.,JWl>
Ex: The emissary from the president tried to allay the fears that a deleterious internecine feud was inevitable within the party. jl...lil.r..JW\.>. ..:..... _r=>- ......
,_;I~ .~'J •.JJ;~
Ext: Man sets the price of gold; it has no intrinsic value . .(...::..........! ~.s.) ~)...li .ril_, ~ UL,.,I )~ ')li, .J.r-; ..t:S- .t..:.~cf' r-"' I}:;_,;~ i~ ._?_, ,...:.........\ J 4 1IS.?'-~ ........,Ji .S ~~ jl inundate ;trnAndeitl v. flood, (deluge, overflow, submerge, engulf) :.J~.f J}> ,:.J~..r. ~i _.r.j
Ex: Even though his boat was almost inundated the skipper was loath to radio for help . . ..t::.... ~ il::; ~W ..:....ilu~ ISI..r. ...:......:.l..t.; ...:......... _,J I..L>t; \..I JY. .J.t..:. Jj> JL> ;J i::_;; ._rs .S::.:I rS- ~ invalidate lm 1vre1Ideitl v. deprive of legal force, nullify, (void, annul, cancel, veto, negate, revoke, refute, rebut) ;.;~ .f
Jl:>4 ,;.;~ .f .)~\~
Ex: The general was sure to invalidate the court-martial's decision once he learned of the flagrant bias of the presiding officer . .J.:.S (>ls-I JkL IJ ..5'\k; o\S' Jb IS\J ..:.....; _? ~ ,.t..:, .lS'i .j~\.. ~I JK..;.\ ~ jl Jlj) .S If'~ invective
I In 1VektiV I
n.
insulting,
abusive
speech,
(abuse,
denunciation,
admonition, vituperation, railing, fulmination)
:.r-".; •._r.}'l_r...lJ
,~w
Ex: It is difficult to keep invective out of our discussion about the enemy . ....:.........1 ~ )\5" ~\;.J ~~~ ):.5 ,~J O)~)J
.)J.?
~ \~
inveigh I In 1Veii v. attack verbally, (rail, protest, criticize, denounce, complain, fulminate, condemn, abuse, vilify)
;_;,) .f i ~ ,;_;;.J ~1.4;;1 ~4 ~ ·~ .:,r>U" ·~ ;.;~ .f
..fl> A
.jl
:?! --'!
Ex: The pickets agreed to inveigh against the law that curtailed their freedom . •..>.:.:.S i~ oJ_? JJ..l>...o IJ ~~ ISJI) .S _}y\j \.:; ..t.;~J ~ly ~
r-"'
~ .j\S'..>.:.:.S ~~I
inveterate lrn 1vet;}r;}tl adj. habitual, firmly established, (confirmed, inured, hardened, addicted, deep-rooted, deep-seated, long-seated, long-established) .J\S" ~ ,ISI.U ~
•;4-i
.~l....4 •;bo~.•!.u
Ex: Doctors agree that it is imperative that inveterate smokers give up that imprudent habit. ...>.:.:.S ..5 j I; _}'>\As- .r.f- -:...> J \s. .:r.,l -L; ~ ; \# IS t...IS; ~ .S ..t.;~ 0 K...:. ~ inviolable
lrn 1vai;}I;}bll
adj.
safe
(from
destruction,
etc.),
(inalienable,
untouchable, unalterable, sacred)
..;i:> ~
jl ;.;~ ,4J\.. _ro.o
·.:.r-' ·~'
Ex: Despite the inexorable torture, 007 kept the inviolable secret of the labyrinth leading to the underground headquarters . ..;..::- j..r.j ...?..t.;t...} JL. ~
.s I) ..f..Y ;iy> ...;t.._ro.o ).J ,....o_,..y. ~St...~ rS- y:1. 007 .)_,..\..
_..::.._,:.\.....; __,.;.~..; ...L.!..f ~
irascible /I'rres:}bl/ adj. irritable, (quick-tempered, short-tempered, nervous, snappy, snappish, touchy, furious, querulous)
~·~\,_,:;-~
Ex: His profligate son made the parsimonious old crank even more irascible. -~.? ;~ ...?- '~Y. ~_,;. J ~ •_;-:; .f~T ..s I;.;.;.. ~'1_;.) jaunty /'d3:>:nti/ adj. sprightly, gay, (bouncy, buoyant, lively, merry, joyful, carefree, cheerful, happy, glad)
JL> r" ,JI:>._r. ,.,;._,:;- r'
,J~ ,.)U
Ex: With his cap set at a jaunty angle, the amicable sailor strutted down the street. J; J ~ ,.) ~ ...::.._..:.1~ __,.;. r ..SJ; ..SJ~ ._? r ~ I; ~'"% ~l> ;.) ~b ...:........ J.) J i _?::, _,>- .JI_,l. . ...::....9 J.f ol; .J~l:>- ..Sy
jeopardize /'d3ep:}darz/ v. endanger, (risk, expose to danger, imperil, menace) .:,r:.>l.l.il •_,kl:;... "'-! ,.:,r:.>l.l.il
Ex: The trapeze artist was squeamish about having to jeopardize his life . . .) Y. .lol.::>... J ..r'L>- ._}.,>-?...Gj .:;.>I...GI _).>- ~ ;.) (S .r-')
)a> "'-!
j~~ .X... jJ>
jettison /'d3etrsn/ v. throw overboard, discard, (unload, eject, throw away, throw out)
~.) 4.;.)
"'!
·~;;J.) ,;,;:;.._;
Ex: The pilot decided it would be imprudent to jettison his fuel over the populated area. ...:.......I ,_/Y..As.
.d- ~ ._;,§........ .uk:...o 0 JJ
~ 1_,... -:..>- .r- ~J
..s .).? _?:J .JL.l>-
jocose /d3;}'bus/ adj. humorous, merry, (cheerful, gay, high-spirited, buoyant, joyful, rejoicing, joyous, happy, glad) ,)\,.;. ,;bo..c.>
,_r-..oi..,>_,.!.
Ex: It is difficult to be jocose in the presence of so many doleful people . ...:.....,...1 0 .;\y.) )5
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).) j.)y, ,)l.,;,
jostle /'d3osl/ v. shove hard, (bump against, knock against, bump into, bang into, collide, jolt, push, elbow)
"'!
,j.)j ~ ,,j.)l.) ~
Ex: When John attempted to jostle the old lady, she struck him with her umbrella . . .) j .:,~ --:
0 1--:_,.....:, ..;. .r; ~ Jl .~-4
J" I; .:..r--- ~~ ..:.......I_,.>-._,. .:,~ ...?J
jubilant ;td3u:b l;}nt/ adj. joyful, in high spirits, (rejoicing, overjoyed, exultant, elated, thrilled, ecstatic)
Ex: We were jubilant when our indolent cousin got a job. ·r-::...L.:. JL::....;. _,.>-.).? 1-L:; ~ .JW:;.;' I.S~~
...?J
jurisdiction /,d3u;}ns'dikJn/ n. power, range of authority, (administration, leadership, sovereignty, mastery, right of judgement) ..::,1.;~1 •.;~1 ,..:,.,JL.A;
J>
Ex: Saying that it was beyond his jurisdiction, Judge Klein refused to rule on the case . ..)_?.:. ;.)L.. o..LJ.r, .)JY J.) ~ .j:l_r.l; J ..:.....,...JI ..::.,IJL::;.>-1 j1 ; \ } ~y .:r-1 ..S J ,J:')\S ~Li
juxtapose /,dy.kst;}'p;}uZ/ v. place side by side, (place parallel, put adjacent, compare)
~1.1!
r-- ~ ,~1.1! r-" ;L:S
Ex: If we were to juxtapose our philosophies, your materialism would conflict with my idealism. ,:_;......- (._,:.i)'JW') ~io..L..;,I l...,
y
(~l)'o.)l..) ~4;L. '!"")~ ("""'
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..J.S...,. 1-l,; __,..;. )iA; labyrinth /'lreb;}nn8/ n. arrangement of winding passages; (maze, warren, network, circuitous course)
~
J.)
~ .r--" '.,. .;1 _ill>
.r.l-'.) '~).) .r" .,J'j.S
Ex: After wandering through the labyrinth, the young hero came face to face with the dragon who was indigenous to the caves. L>. }i:. .Jl,.- J.) ..S J.,_.) )' ~ly ~ L>..) )I ~ ...L.:. (_)\,) )'r ~ J.) ~ _;:.Lt..) (.)l,.- J.) ~I j1 .L...; jl_y:- .)Lo-*' ..)_;._,. ..},;:,j
laceration l,lres;}'reiJn I n. jagged wound, (wound, injury, cut, gash, slash)
V•
...::....>l_r:- ,._; ;4 '~""'"" j
Ex: The medic reached into his kit to find a bandage for the ugly laceration . ...t:S 1-L:; Sl.:..:..> J ..$)4 ,) --sl..r. I; -.s..GL l; ~ ..r. A ..., ..:.....,~ ..s:..;,:r, lackluster
/'la:ki.\St~(r)/
adj. dull, (uninteresting, boring, spiritless, unanimated,
dull-witted, vacuous)
;Ji..::.JW' ,•.;;;S ~
Ex: Speaking in a monotone, the politician was booed for his lackluster address . ...W Y" ;l..a.> .h.. y ~.? ;Ji...:.JL5 _;1~ ):>~ ~ _? ~ ~ _;>-I~ ;_,k '-: .S )..L...:....~ laconic
/l~'komk/
adj. expressing much in few words, (brief, concise, succinct,
short, economical, elliptical, to the point)
':r: .Y'
•\.; _,$"
Ex: His speech was usually rambling, but this time I found it brief and laconic . . ~y, ol;_,.) J ? y ........;~ .:r..l \..I ~Y. ..;Jr.J. ':J~ _,1 _;1~ lampoon /la:m'pu:n/ v. ridicule, (satirize, mock, make fun of, laugh at, parody) ?I..GI ..;:......) ,.).)\.) .;\} .. lj+-1 .)J.Y' ,.J.).f ·~
Ex: Jonathan Swift was never reticent to lampoon the egotist in order to bring him down with alacrity.
L:
I; --s~~ ~ ..::......1.?~ l_r..j ~_;._,.:, -s)~~.? \.:......~.? ~_;
s:.:_ 0~.? ·~ jl ://' -:..A:.r .Jl;\.;~ ...t:S '-:-'1? iL...; ~)
landmark /'la:ndma:k/ adj.; n. historic, turning point of a period, (milestone, watershed, critical point, historic event) ~ ~
,s;;r. .)\~J) •,_s,;.,!J\.;
Ex: The Battle of Midway was a landmark victory in the U.S. campaign for ultimate victory over the Japanese . .r-: ...,.:4 LSjJ_r.; --sl..r. IJ ol; l_r..j ..W~ '-:-' ~ K:_,..i ~lk; 0L,i..s- J~ ~Jt; LSjJ.r.; ~(.,_ •LSJ..l,.-o ~ _r, .~p
largess(e)
/la:'d3es/ n. gift, gratuity, liberality, (generosity, beneficence, charity, alms-giving; gift, present, contribution, donation)
t.....,_;-;1.)
kindness,
4.!....\A ,.U.l..o:> ,~\.NI ·~
Ex: He felt it would be ignominious for him to accept any largess from the charlatan whose Machiavellian schemes had made him affluent. ...::......1 J~...:.J~ ,•..w ~_,; ~.? ~ -st...........:.A.; ~ .s ~L,..:. i~i .Ji --s\;.1...\A .:?..r...i; .s ~.? .?J .._;;,~.? ~ lassitude /'la:Sitju:d; (US) -tu:d/ n. weariness, fatigue, weakness, (tiredness, exhaustion, debility, lethargy, listlessness)
. .
.
e- ..:.
~·0-J>;·~
Ex: l.After the frenzy that accompanied the burning of the effigy, they were all acutely aware of a feeling of lassitude . ...G~.? 0.?; J ~ ..rL>-1 ~ ~~ ~ ~Y. .S:..~i .j..Gijy ~ ol~ .S ~ .J\:.y .Ji jl ~ Ex: 2.After playing with his progeny, he staggered back to his room where he was overcome with lassitude.
VI •.r-?;
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~ .S ;) y, ~~ J) J ~ .r. _;..;t;l ~ .JiJ_,.>-_,1; _,1; ,_;.;I.,.L;j} ~ .j).} ~Sj~ jl .1A; .~
latent /'leitnt/
adj. lying hidden, (dormant, inactive, potential, unrevealed,
concealed, unapparent, invisible, covert)
Ex: At the age of 42, the artist first became cognizant of his latent genius . .).r. ~ ;) _,.>- .:.>4-i ~ ~ J~ ~JIISI..r. cPL. t "I' .:_;- J) .x..fJ> .)i laudable /'b:d:lbl/ adj. praiseworthy, (commendable, admirable, deserving, creditable, noteworthy, laudatory)
~ J!li ·.}-!\.::..... J!li •..;~~ ··~~ Ex: The paradox is that Javert's inexorable pursuit of Jean Valjean was both laudable and despicable . .~I...:.J _;; ~ J ...:........! ~\:...... J.lj ~ JJij ..6....y .:.>1.)1_, .)lj .)l..l.f. ~ .s ...:......~I ._,A.il:.:i lax /lreks/ adj. careless, negligent, (slack, neglectful, heedless, unmindful, permissive, lenient) .J~IJ+.- .;$ ,.;$.JL...i ,_y'l
. J+.-
Ex: Because the watchman was lax, thievery was rampant at the warehouse . . ) Y.
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legerdemain /'led3:ld:lmem/ n. sleight of hand, deceptive adroitness, (juggling, conjuring, prestidigitation, trickery)
..r-~; •IS.J4·~ ·~~~
Ex: They were engrossed as an ill man was "cured" before their eyes; some of the more urbane said it was legerdemain. l.; 4...5 .J..4i jl ~ ..,t;..L..!. J.J>'-0 J '":"'J~ ~ ~ .Jl..J) .J~ IS* ~..r" i)i ~ .S ..?J ....::......IIS~~J\5"
.:r-1 .S ~.5' .,.l;)y, .JI}::) j1 ;..:.Sly
legion /'li:d3:ln/ n. a large number, (too many, a great number) ~4.) ~l..w
,p ,.JJ'!jl
Ex: "The number of my followers is legion," said the flamboyant politician. " ....:......I ~ ~ ,:r .JIJ.r-; )I.M.j 11 oJ" wj...J'l _,Alk:.. )..L...:....l:--
a
lethal /'li:SI/ adj. deadly, (fatal, mortal, death-dealing, murderous, destructive)
I.JS..,..
Ex: The jockey received a lethal kick from the fractious horse . . ;) j ;) _,.>- J 1$")_,..... ~ J ~.5 ..r"
•.)4..!..,.. •;Ji.! J' IS ..l5J
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lethargic I l:l'So:d3Ik/ adj. lazy, indifferent, (sluggish, inactive, slothful, torpid, apathetic)
...::..-.... ,.;:...JU...;. .~ .r'.,> ·~
Ex: We are all susceptible to a lethargic feeling after a heavy meal. ·~~.5' .;:... _,.,:.)
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levity /'lev:lti/ n. lightness of disposition, (light-heartedness, carefreeness, lightmindedness, facetiousness, jocularity)
vr ..}:l_,l -~ -~ •..Sr~ [~] Ex: Dean Flanigan admonished us for our levity at the graduation exercises . .~.? ._;:, j_r ~lt_.;u r-"1_,.. J.._,.,.; )~ J ~} ):>\>. .., I; 1.. , •...15:...:..;b ~) ,.J~')\j ._st;i
libel /'laibl I n. degradation by writing or publishing, (defamation of character, denigration, vilification, derogation, slander)
..::......r ...s.:a ,l_;.il Ex: Publishers of newspapers and magazines augment their staff with lawyers to represent them when they are sued for libel. 4i J._~L; ,J:,.?.--. )} .j_,;t; ~h., ~JY .::..... .;>- ..._- 4.; J:S'J il..c.:..:....l L
liquidation /,IIkWI'deiJn/ n. disposal of, killing, (murdering, assassinating, eliminating, destroying, annihilation, obliteration) ;J}
,;_r:;s •'";-'l.....> ~I~.,_;
Ex: After the liquidation of the gang leader, a mammoth conflict arose among his ambitious lieutenants who aspired to be boss. ;~ ~
t) ,J:,J:,I;J.r,._,. .r ;~ .:.........[:J I.SJj) .S 3 1 -.,....lk•~ .JL;J~ .:r-: ,.JI)~~ J:,~ .r."' J JJ} j1 ..~.o.; .~}
lithe I la16 I adj. graceful, (agile, flexible, supple, limber, pliant, lissome) ~~ .;; ·.r-~._jlk-.;1 ,..s'J~
·r;
Ex: It was a pleasure to watch the lithe body of the ballet dancer as she performed the most difficult steps. ;~ :li~.r i~l ~.r> _r.l..;c.JL.6..;1 J i _r, 0.L ~ IJ ..;:..,\5
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livid /'hv1d/ adj. pale, (furious, infuriated, enraged, exasperated, angry, indignant, wrathful, mad) 4:.> J}i.r. -~ -..;~ Ex: The rabid baseball fan lost his equanimity and became livid when the star pitcher became pugnacious and was removed from the game. ~~ J~ ).,~j_,k ,,.L.;, c_I?II.Sj~ j1 J ~b.:.........~ jiiJ ~.»- J_;.S J~ I.Sj~ .:_? '-:-'l;.;; ~y •;L:..., .S -?J
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loath /l:w8/ adj. unwilling, reluctant, (disinclined, averse, opposed, resisting) ._QJ Lo;... , ...,._ I. Lo,:.. l.i , ..r-..f. L•
Ex: Since we felt that the ruling was arbitrary, we were loath to obey it. ·r-:-~IJ:, .JL.:..; 0T ._sl.r.-1
4.;
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loathe /l;}ub/ v. hate, (detest, abhor, abominate, dislike, execrate, disgust) jl 0>)'! )j:-! .jl 0:l.Jo! _;;;...
Ex: I loathe spinach but I love other green vegetables. ·i)~ .:......... J~ I; ..;:..,~)-:-"'.f.._~ L.l i _);:.o c_\.:...,~
Ex: She advocated lugubrious music as appropriate background for the funeral scene . .)_? ..::....:k>- •j~ ~ ~ ..sl.r. ._,......,L.. ..s14j .)l_,:.y ~~I:..;? ~y ._;..:;..; j1 J 1 lurid /'lu;)nd, 'lju;)r-; (US) 'lur-/ adj. sensational, (melodramatic, exaggerated) _r...oiJI):-1 .~~.&. '...r"l......>-1
Ex: The newspaper switched from mundane coverage to lurid reporting . .)b ~ ~~.&. J ...s....L,..I ..;:..,L..;.))' ~I)~ ....;L,.o~.&. J J~ ..s,r.>- ,_;...::,_,; j1 IJ )~ ....~ --..L;jJJ
lush /lt-..J I adj. luxurious, elaborate, (luxuriant, sumptuous, grand, palatial, opulent, lavish)
Ex: The lush stage setting drew applause from the theatre buffs . .~l.r.IJ
.:,i
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;t.:; ~ ..Sjb_r,~
Machiavellian /,mreki;)'veli;)n/ adj. governed by opportunity, not principled, (devious, cunning, crafty, wily, sly, insidious, opportunistic, treacherous, perfidious, two-faced, double-dealing, deceitful, dishonest) '-:"t. .).J~\.. .~lj4..l,;j j ·~4;_,.. .~1)' 4.l.:> .~1.)4~ .r.'
Ex: We are ready to rationalize Machiavellian activities on the part of our side if they are to the detriment of our adversary. -~ ~ _,.; 1) ~~ ~r"L>- r-"' L. ..L:S ) )J ~r" :_r-;,) ~ .x..;1~ L. ....;I_?~ ..sLA..::...)w _?1 magnanimous /mreg'nrenJm;)S/ adj. generous, noble, (benevolent, open-handed, big-hearted, liberal, altruistic, philanthropic, self-sacrificing) ~l..c....:il_,.;. .~lx...;.J~ .~I;...A4
,4__.1a;
Ex: A somber examination of those indigent families, bereft of hope, sunken in apathy, should motivate us to be more magnanimous in our attempts to improve their lot.
Vf. L. ..\:_~ ..Gio~ ..J~.rJ~ J ._;_,tA;~
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J d~ ...:;.....,~ jll; ~~ -\:AI.S ..r--~ ._sl...o~lyl>- ~~~ '.f""J.J'.
~ ;...;1~1~ J ;...;!..~_,~.>....., .jl.;l ..::......;,_,;./"' ~r.f: ;_,12;... "'.)~t...c.Y-">~ J~
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maim lmerml v. disable, cripple, (hurt, lame, incapacitate, impair, mar, mutilate, paralyze) oJ.) .f .JI_,;I.i ,.j.) .f ~l.i ,.:,,) .f ~
Ex: When it seemed that Reggie would maim his opponent, we broke up the fight. ·('""!~~~ 0~41y-~"' J.:S .._,.a:;L; I; ._;.A.:_r- ..ul~~ .._r;-; .S ...l:--J ~ c.?J
maladjusted l 1mrel:l 1d3i\Strdl adj. poorly adjusted, disturbed, (unstable, illadjusted, muddled, neurotic, problematic)
.r-~l.i~; •.:r-)1~ •;l!j\....l.i
Ex: The Bureau of Child Guidance has been the salvation for some maladjusted children. ....:;.....,1 '~Y. J\.S'jLL; .J\5~_,5
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'JJL.:... .Jl..jL
malady /'mrel:ldi I n. disease, (disorder, illness, sickness, ailment, infirmity)
.//'
'~).) '"")~
Ex: Once the virulent malady has run its course, my temperature dropped .
....::...;~ _r...ts" ~ •...l:--J
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malevolent lm :l 1lev:ll:lntl adj. ill-disposed, ill-intentioned, (malign, malignant, malicious, maleficent, evil-minded, ill-natured, hostile, spiteful, revengeful, vicious) ...;lj;J./ )> ,...;~...l.il~ ,...;t...l_,>~ ,ol_,>~
Ex: He had no qualms about opposing the clique who insidiously exerted a malevolent influence on the president. .s...::, ,..G)~)~...;-:!; ..SJJ ._sl...;lj;J~ /- ~\; L; ..G~ _,5~ ...;~ .s ._s..G~ ~ ...::....4Jt>... ~))" )~ _,1 .~I..G
ol; ~ ~ ": ..S-\:.~; J
malign I m :l 11arn I v. abuse, slander, (libel, defame, smear, calumniate, vilify, derogate, disparage)
.J~ .f ~
,.:,,) .f ...;...:?;;.;>-- ·~ oJ.)j ..:.....+ .jl oJ.) .f ..s'-~ ~
Ex: It is most common to malign the wealthy for their avarice . ...:-1 ..s.)~ ~IS ..S/'1 .JI..c.....;J} ..S)J...I.iiJl.. J ~ .;> .);~ ;.) oJ.) .f ..s'-~ ~
malignant lm :l 1lrgn:lntl adj. likely to cause death, (dangerous, virulent, uncontrollable, deadly, fatal, life-threatening, lethal)
o.x..!S ,..S\.i }a> ·~~
Ex: The surgeon finally located the malignant tumor that had afflicted his patient for many months . .~ .f l..l,:; ~ Y. d~ ri:; ol.. .)-!~ ._si.J'. I; ~/' .S ~..\:. ;y y j.>..- ••?'JL CIT-
malleable /'mreli:lbll adj. capable of being shaped or formed, (pliable, easily influenced, adaptable, impressionable, susceptible, amenable, governable) ;l!j\.... ,l.r-~ ,~1; ,.1; ~.r" ·.r-~
;;t.
Ex: He ingratiated himself into their confidence, and the malleable crowd was shaped into a subjugated mass.
vo ._slo~ _,_;
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malnutrition
/,mrelnju:'trf n; (US) -nu:-/ n. faulty or inadequate diet,
(undernourishment, poor diet, inadequate diet, starvation, anorexia)
":-" \:...li .F-1 j ; ~"'! j) '":-" \:...li ~ .1A; '~ .1A; ~ .J-"
Ex: The emaciated prisoners were obviously suffering from advanced malnutrition . . ~~Y. o..L:. }~~ 0~ "-;,i;.; • j - ' "-: .~ .j~\~j .S ~Y. \_,.J...... )l.l5
mammoth /'mrem;)8/ adj. huge, (enormous, giant, gigantic, immense, colossal, massive, elephantine, king-size, titanic)
~~~ • ..S;~;~
Ex: Mammoth placards announced the opening of the new movie .
.~~.? ~~~ 1) ..~.:....~.::mandate /'mrende It/
..s~ col ..}Jr.)~ ..st...~)l5~
n. an authoritative order to command, (authority,
authorization, warrant, order, command, decree, ordinance)
;\.:=>1 ,...:.J\SJ •;\.:=>1
._Ia.!_;; ·;~:>
,.:,\..}
·f-
Ex: As a prelude to his victory speech, the mayor announced that he considered the large vote to be a mandate from the people . .jl..._,.i _,~c)\~\) o..t..i ..::...........~.: ~ ..si) ~.? r":>I.Y\ .~~ ..S)J..r.::, _;k; .r. ._s..t..l)~ ....~c)\~.)~_,+,
..xs._,. ~ r~ r
..J _,1 jl
manifest /'mrenifest/ adj. evident, obvious, (clear, plain, apparent, noticeable, distinct, blatant)
~~ •:.I" .r."
·e-"IJ •;~i •:.r-J)
Ex: It was manifest that an arbiter would be needed because neither side would capitulate to a plan foisted on them by the other side. ~~ .r. .f.:~ .__9 _,1 .s ~ "-: ~~ _,;, r"\.,.. ~ )> jl ~~~ l_r.j ..L:.~._,. j~ ~ ...5:.: "-: .s ~Y. ..ft-:.~ . ..LAo~)~
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manifold /'mrenif;wld/ adj. complex, many, (multifarious, multiple, multifold, numerous, several, various, abundant)
~ •(..F" ,;>~ •• >:'I .:>4j )~ ··~ Ex: Burdened by her manifold responsibilities, the young executive was precluded from enjoying her new wealth . . ~_r.: ..:oil _;,lojL: ..:OJ} ji-::........;1_,;~ ~ J ~..to..:.. ._sL..-=-::J_,.:....... )L.:,j _r.j ,.jly:- _r...L.
martinet /,mo:t1'net; (US) ,mo:rtn'et/ n. strict disciplinarian, (disciplinarian, hard taskmaster, stickler for discipline)
..5..:..> ~:>i •._;1;;.. ~:>i •.r.f ~ ~~i Ex: When one enlists in the army, one expects to be under the aegis of a martinet. ...L:.L _r$ ~ .JIJ_}.. ~~~ ~(..,_ _,I J~\.. ~ )~ Jlk::;\ ..l:S ._,. \t;~ ._;..;;I J~ ~ ._? _,
masticate /'mrestikeit/ v. chew up, (munch, champ, chomp, crunch, eat)
Vi Ex: To aid in digestion, you must masticate each piece of meat one dozen times . ...~.;~ }-: .~)_,~ IJ.::......;,~ ~ .T" d--!.~ ~ ~ "--: ._ , • .)1_,.;1> ..s_,.i4 ,..c..JL... ,:.,;
Ex: A clever salesman will always ask a matron if her mother is at home. '---: ..I.;L..:. :c:-"_,.i) ....; ~ -::........1
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J_r..
J.) _r.J~l.. ~~ ..S L..r;\5" ..I:...JL.., ~\.>.
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maudlin
/'m:):dhn/
adj.
sentimental,
(mawkish,
over-sentimental,
tearful,
lachrymose, emotional, weepy) o~.i\.U\$ ,~\$
,..,....L-...>1 ,_;L..L-..>1
Ex: A good barometer of the reunion's success is the number of maudlin songs that the alumni sing . ..__;~; ..\:.:>; .j')~lt_.;\.9 ~
..s -::........1
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megalomania /,meg;JI;J'memi;J/ n. abnormal desire for wealth and power -.r.lk.:...J..u -~SJj!.)_Ji- ,:.,_p; Ex: Hitler's megalomania was a veneer for his insecurity and feelings of inferiority. -~Y. .SJ ...:;..}.- _, ~~ i.M- -~1
menial /'mi:ni;JI/ adj. humble, degrading, (lowly, low-grade, low-status) 0 /'JJJ ,...,.)\$ ·J~ ~....;4l...:....A.IS ,o~,jiJ~..l> ,o~.i4l. .f_,.i ·~ Ex: Although she did not find it congenial, we cajoled our daughter into doing some of the menial tasks around the house. -~~ i~l IJ ...;t.,:. o/ )JJ .st... }5 j1 .s)..L .r.>'-'. J~ ·tV •JL::.....
vv mercenary l'm3:S;)n;)ril adj. motivated by desire for gain, greedy, (moneyoriented, grasping, acquisitive, avaricious, covetous, bribable, money-grubbing) )~ ,..::......J.)J~ ·~~ •1..5.)\..o
Ex: Behind the
fa~Yade
of ostensible benevolence there was a mercenary streak . ....::.....:.b .).J"':".J j-j 1..5.)\..o 1..51.p1 •;ts::..;;i 1..5;l5h 3 .JL>I.:,i ~
metamorphosis I ,met;)' m:):f;)SIS I n. change, (transformation, transfiguration, alteration, conversion, transmutation, transmogrification)
J_,.,..; ,. - _ a?..!.
~
,..:;..._y. ~ ,,_; ~ J.) ,.db..:... I
Ex: In a remarkable metamorphosis, her lugubrious mood changed to one of levity.
t_,_...::, .J I~.J.r.
~ .w .}..~ ·~ o.)WI,j_,.; .J\;..;..,..,1 .....:tifarl v. embarrass, humiliate, (humble, disgrace, shame, dishonor, abash, degrade, abase, deflate) .j.)
.f ~ ,.j.)\.)
..::..J~
Ex: Good sportsmanship requires that one not mortifY a defeated adversary . . J.:S:.; ~ IJ ~ y-
-...A:...r
Jts:..;, jJJ ~} .S ...:.-.,1 .:r..l (_}1_,.4-; L) i.SJK.;, jJJ JJG:.I ~b ..., j'l
motivate /'m::lutivertl v. inspire, stimulate, provoke, (persuade, prompt, actuate, impel, induce, incite, encourage) .j.)
.f ~}
,~l..r. •'! .j.)\~ • ~I
Ex: Complacent people are difficult to motivate to altruistic actions . ....:.-.,1 ~ )\5 ,..;L:.... J..ls- y c5L.. )\5 ~~~ "-: oly-~ y- ~1)1 ~;
mundane lmAn'deml adj. worldly, (earthly, terrestrial, secular, temporal, fleshly, carnal, sensual) ..s~\..
.J-w_:r)
-.;~ .;r-1
•iS_,.;.)
Ex: The philosopher dealt with spiritual things, ignoring the mundane ones . . ..::.....9
.J....,. ·..~:.~\.; I) i.S_,;,~ ) i.S~l.. ;yl )
..::.....,.:.b.X..5' i.Si-"-"
))-"1 "-: ._j ~
::1
lmju:'nifrsntl adj. generous, (liberal, bountiful, open-handed, charitable, big-hearted; plentiful, ample, copious) .)4j ;~ ,.JIJI} ~~ ,..c.....;Jlo:..... ,..;l..c.....;Jlo:.....
munificent
Ex: He was surprised by the munificent gratuity given by the usually parsimonious termagant. ...!...!. ~ ..)-? ~.? ..::.....9\.:)~ ~ ) ))_,.;, .Jj .Jl ._j )> jl i.SI..;I~ )t.,;,_, _rb~ .s -?)
murky /'m3:kil adj. dark, obscure, (gloomy; dirty, muddy, dingy; questionable, doubtful, enigmatic, nebulous, mysterious)
V\
Ex: The murky quality of the artist's latest painting is the antithesis of her former style. -~~of '"'-! .J-->-i r+.-" -' \ ~l; . }J;.J myriad /'miri;}d/ n. countless number, (great number, scores, multitude, legion; millions, thousands)
.Jl...!.:! ,.).,lW ·~~
~ ·~.)4j ~l..w
Ex: Once the hoax had been concocted, a myriad of problems arose .
...l.oi ..\;.~ ~)~ ..::..>~ .~ ~Y-J(,;. .5.:,_,;, .s ..?J nadir /'neidi;}(r); (US) 'ne1d1r I n. lowest point, (lowest level, the bottom, the depths, zero, the pits)
,.uw; ..:r..J.:r:l4 Ex: He looked upon the last-place finish of his team with equanimity; from this nadir the only place to go was up. ..::........ ,,.b.
..:r..J..:.r=~
_).~of ~j ..:.....- ji..S ~.r.-' ~ ...::...>-1-A,;I ..s"'~ (J-1 ~~Jp_,5) ~ ·~4 ._:r._,>-i "! ~~_r,_,;- ~ _,1 -~ Y. 'Y~
._j
)o "!
~}
naive /nai'i:v/ adj. unworldly, unsophisticated, (innocent, artless, childlike, simple, ingenuous) .)..!"llt .F. ·~,...-. ,..S~ :c__,Jo.)\... ,o.)L...
Ex: The urbane gentleman was flabbergasted by the fervid interest in wrestling shown by the nai"ve young girl. ..A,;\....::..>.*--"_,..::..>\.. •..~;.~ ._rs J-j.JJ "! 1J i~ _, S4 S;;>-~ ..~;.~ o'":N- ._?_, ,.:,b'-:-'bi ~ .)} nascent /'nresnt/ adj. beginning to exist or develop, (beginning, budding, embryonic, incipient, fledgling)
4JJI j>l_,.. .).) .~; 'JH.i- ,.)~_,; Ex: Their economy was in its nascent state, it would soon be a developed one. -~of ci h
.)l.,.:ci1 ~ "! ._}.~ ~.)-'Y. _,..:....;.b)}~~~ y ....1.> /'
J.)
.~_,;
jp ~j ~WI
nebulous /'nebj;}I;}S/ adj. unclear, vague, (uncertain, indefinite, indeterminate, imprecise, abstract, ambiguous, amorphous, indistinct)
~J.) ·~~ ··~ '\*-" Ex: Because the contract offer was a nebulous one, the union leaders balked at it. ...t.:.:...:.b ..~;..); .:>i ~W....1 J.) "-!.)\.;..;\.:JI_..r.AJ ,.)y, ~t; _, r+.-" ~.)~,.)b)} .S ~j jl nefarious /m'fe;}ri;}s; (US) -'fer-/ adj. villainous, vicious, (wicked, evil, iniquitous, criminal, atrocious, vile, sinful, heinous)
? _r. •JJ_r. •;!rEx: We were distraught upon hearing the venom spewed forth by the nefarious bigot. ·!'"!~ o.)j..::..>_r..>-' ~j '!'"!~ 1.) ~1~1jy4"-' ~I..::..> _,A.; ~l...J_r>- JJ_r,-' ~ i.)j .)i ji.S ..jjJ negligible /'neghd3;}bl/ adj. trifling, inconsiderable, (trivial, insignificant, paltry, petty, minute, minor, small)
Ex: It was fortuitous that the accident occurred when there were negligible numbers of children in the bus. ,,.t;,)Y. ...r'Y.YI ~r .JI5J_,5 ji.)",.t;l.~ ,...J.)t...a.;
t)J ilL .s ~Y. dtA;I ~15
nepotism /'nep ;ltiZ;lm/ n. favoritism toward relatives, (patronage, partisanship, partiality, the old boy network) .;;~
.}.ou
-~',_..;.
.sl.o:- 4!
~~J; -.;;~,;;4
Ex: Your efforts to ingratiate yourself into your boss's favor are nullified by the unmitigated nepotism manifest in this firm. ,.)).1,; .slo...l;,U ~) _,J.i; ~ ~ L.,.;. .sU._;.")t; ,.)Jb J.}"':'j .).ol5 .Sj~.}J~ ..::..S_r. ..:r.,l )~ .)~
nettle /'net)/ v. irritate, (provoke, ruffle, annoy, exasperate, irk, vex, bother, pester, harass, torment, disturb, trouble) ~.).f O.).)Ji ,~.).f ~l:-.- -~-""~)
Ex: Although the comic's quips seemed to be mild, they began to nettle the nightclub's owner. ....l;,J _? ...;~ .K;.~ ..s:Jt.. ~~ ~~ ~JX: I.. I .)Y. r-:.-y.._. i.r"'U;. .s.J...S ~? .st.-~ ~,}I
neurotic /nju;l'rotrk; (US) nu'ra:-/ adj. suffering from a nervous disorder, (mentally ill, mentally deranged, mentally disturbed, psychopathic, phobic)
~.r.~'J.) -~'J.) -~
Ex: Irritabi Iity is one of the salient features of a neurotic personality . ....::.......1 J.;.~.JIJJ ~ Jts::...:.T .st.-~ jl ~ .s.r..l;~,r:;
\.:. ~L>-
neutralize /'nju:tr;llarz; (US) 'nu:t-/ v. counteract, (offset, counterbalance, compensate, make up for, negate, nullify, annul, invalidate, frustrate) ~.)
.,s e.) ,.j.) .,s ..r>
Ex: Dr. Meyers prescribed medication to neutralize the acid condition which had incapacitated my uncle . ..XS .,;:.:;- .)Y. o..l..!. r-:._,....;:- .jlyl; ~~ .S \J -.>...l.z--1 ~J \; J_j Y.~ \) ~j)b j.r..l.. _;SJ
nirvana /nr;l'va:n;}; (US) nrr'v-/
..:.....!+. [I.)Y.
~~ ).) l
Ex: Rosalie found solace in the conviction that one day mankind would reach Heaven, Utopia, nirvana . .;..)~ ~
.),.:..v- ~)., l;\J~ J
(~!..) ,u....;,t.; ...:.;_..Lo) ~:;_,.;i ·~ ~ .SjJJ _....:..:
.s .)~\ ..:r.,l ~
JljJ)
.Jbv" _;....1)
noisome /'n:HS;lm/ adj. foul, unwholesome, (disgusting, repugnant, repulsive, unpleasant, disagreeable, detestable, obnoxious) ~ ,.x,! •• J:.:.S .::....>1); •• .c.;;
Ex: It was inevitable that they discover the hidden body by its noisome aroma . ..J.:.:S i f ......t.:S ,)i ~ .SY. .Y.,}> j\ IJ o..l..!. 04-:; ~ •/-'1~ ~~ .S J Y. i _,1.... ~15
nomadic /n;lu'mredrk/ adj. wandering, (migratory, roaming, roving) .r.~
·.:r-!-' ~~ •..r-J.) 4! ...;\,> ·->'·~
Ex: In the desert, nomadic tribes wander back and forth, enduring much privation.
AI
....l:.:S 1.5' ~ I; I.SJ~j ..::.....::- J.?"-' J .,t.;b )'r
~ \.A..J~l:-:
)J
-~~§ J:~
nominal/'nommll adj. slight, (token, trivial, minimal, insignificant, symbolic)
..;:r: ·~" Ex: For allowing his ferocious mastiff to appear on a commercial, the trainer was paid a nominal sum. 1.5~L; ~ ,.) .,_...;, .J""L.J;, .j.H.T..yL P, '-~ )J _;.1~)) oJ:S 0~ ~ .)1.) oj\.::-1 45 ~.SI._s:,;" ~ ...L!. -:,.;.:.IJ,;-;
nondescript l'nond1sknptl adj. undistinguished, difficult to describe, (indefinite, indeterminate, indescribable, indistinguishable, vague, featureless) ~...uu,~"
Ex: The detective had little to go on because of the nondescript nature of the criminal. ,..l,.\.)
~~I~.S.)~j )5 -:........;1_,;~ olSl;l5 .)_,;, ~ )~ ~Y' 45 ._¢~~ jl
nonentity lno'nent:}til n. one of no importance, (nobody, person of no account, cipher, non-person, lightweight, ordinary person) o.)\::.il ~ ~ ~.)i
,._),_,. ~.)i
Ex: He was a precocious youngster, but he soon reached the nadir of his career, lost all of his prestige, and became a nonentity. )I; J_r>- ;~I il..,j ,.)_? ..::...;1 &-- .:r.,;~4 ~ J~ o~ JJ JJj k Lol ,)Y. ._¢l.:..':::.....l r> ·~~ ~ Ex: Although the former farm girl pretended to be urbane, a feeling of nostalgia
.:,.kJ
I-SlY' ,\.t.~~
always came over her when she heard country music. ~ ~ ~ Lol o..L!. .JI~bl J I.Sk 45 J_?-1 . / y
~L... 45 1.5_r>-J ~)'I
._¢\::.....,))
.)>..-
~ Y' .J~
nuance l'nju:o:ns; (US) 'nu:-1 n. slight variation in meaning, tone, etc., (subtlety, nicety, trivial difference)
..;:r: ,:,L.._,; .~,;; ...:,..J\Ar •..;:r; J) Ex: In reading the satires of Jonathan Swift, one must be vigilant in order to catch each nuance . ...,; ~;; ...:,..K.; ~ ~~~ t ..L!.~ ~6.:. J .j.:';:r.; ~~ .xs1.5' .Wlh.. I; ..:...i.:.r .J\.;1.;\.::- _;:J. ),;1 45 ._rS/'
nullify /'nAhfaii v. abolish, cancel, (annul, disannul, void, invalidate, revoke, abrogate, renounce, veto, negate, obliterate)
,j.),;! ..;;:... ,,j.),;!
~
,,j,),;! ._;;> ,,j.),;!
~
,,:,,) ,;!
J1o4
Ex: In order to nullify the height advantage of his adversary, he abjured smoking and did an inordinate amount of exercise until he was the acme of lightness and dexterity.
~ ....S ~ _? .:.r..~ ;..l4;i _, ~ _? ..5; I; ;~ ,.xS ._;:;>- I; ~ ~ ~? ..s..li ~ j~l ~~~ .&.;1 )>1.>-
4;
·..l:--; ~~ -' ~ C-'1
nurture /'ng:tJ:}(r)/ v. nourish, support, {encourage, promote, foster, boost, further, assist, help, contribute, strengthen) iJ~~ ..::...~1 ,iJ~~ ~.;. ,iJ~~ ~t.- ,iJ~b ..}JJJ'.
Ex: In order to nurture good will, the management will do anything to accommodate its guest's special needs. ' ...L...ool~ ~ ~.r>
.:.,4 •.J.u ..st..jl~ c!J
~ ..s"l..lil..:..f/' .~~~.:.,.->.;.,~I ;_,h;..
4;
·~.r...Lo -~;_,i
nutritive /'nju:tratiV/ adj. having nourishing properties, {nourishing, healthgiving, healthy, healthful, beneficial) .,s.l.;...
•..s1""!.1A;
·..s~ ,~1»
Ex: Mothers should be vigilant that their children's food has the proper nutritive value. ...I..!.~ )~ ;~ .r. ..r."l:...o ..y..l~ ,__..!:. j) j1 ~j ..5 ~ _,5 ..sl~ .S .X..:.~;~ ...1:.~ ..JI;~L.
obese /:}u'bi:s/ adj. very fat, {overweight, plump, stout, chubby, tubby) ,1,.}-o J~ •.;~ )~ Ex: His insatiable hunger for sweets soon made him obese. ...I..!. _,1 .k _,A...}~~~ ~Jj .)-:>- ,..:_,~.f!.r-- ..)~)~ ..sl.r. _,1
.r..i;~..S.r--' ..slf:.-:.1
obliterate /a'bhtareit/ v. erase, wipe out, {eradicate, efface, blot out, rub out, expunge, delete, cross out, blue-pencil, remove) iJ~ ~
.,-. ,iJ~ ~
;;!
~) ,iJ~ ~
..54 ,iJ~ ~ ~~l;
Ex: No matter how one tries to delete material from a computer, it is almost impossible to obliterate it. ..L...D ;~~ ; _,_k ~ ~j ..:.,~ _? ~ .S ~1.1: ,.;_;S ..J .b- ; .r-;-o 15" j1 I; ._,.JU... ~ J.;S ..r-' ~ ;.J.i:.; /' .~I
J..-.-o .r}- ~_;;
obloquy /'oblakwi I n. disgrace, sh~me, dishonor, {discredit, humiliation, ignominy, infamy, scandal, odium)
cWcl1 ·~J.r.i~ .~1_,.....)
Ex: John Wilkes Booth's egregious act remains an infamous obloquy . .~L. ..u.l~ .;~ ;_,ir _,..;. .f-1_,.....,) ~ .:,ly- 4; .;..,Y..A-' ..:.,~ ;~.>:..;.i _, ._r.>-u
J---'"
obscure /ab'skj ua(r); (US) -jur/ adj. unknown, lowly, unclear, {indeterminate, opaque, mysterious, vague, indefinite, remote)
Ex: Space telescopes are making our obscure planets ever clearer. . ~jl......s" ;;._,..;._,; jJJ 4;jJ; I; l.. ....:>-l:.....:.~ .;.,1).::_. ~J .f-L..;..; ..s4-i~
obsequious /ab'si:kwias/ adj. seeking favor, fawning, {servile, subservient, submissive, slavish, menial, abject, flattering, ingratiating, oily, bootlicking) ~\Al..:;.. .~\... .1.~ ~
.u.
tf,l.. j nw~-.r.
AT'
Ex: Uriah Heep's obsequious manner nettled all but the most gullible .
.~.?...,. obsess
l;}b'sesl
..,;~ c}·~L- ~1;1 .?.'-! ,IJ
o\.4..0> ·'-:;-::"'
1JY- ....LAG:;- }::.i)
v. haunt, preoccupy, (monopolize, be on one's mind, possess) (.)::._;$;I~.:,~"'~ ~,j,j IJ ~,jfo
•?'- J_,..;..:..
I;~_,:;-.:,~"'~
Ex: The stockbroker was obsessed with the idea of becoming a painter . .~.?...,. ;~_,.,:...:.; ~ y>- ..:r"~ .Sy IJ .:,..\...!. .f\...i_; ?J 'i4-- J'h obsolescence l,obs;}'lesnsl n. process of wearing out, (ageing, moribund, going out of use/ fashion, dying out)
!,j.r.:;,.,~::..J""} •!,j.r.:;,.,# · # .~J:._,.;. ~ Ex: The obsolescence built into many products could be regarded as a flagrant insult toward the duped consumer . .._j.r"-" '--: ~ JK..:.i ~.f......-;. .:;1_y._,-1J ~_,_;,._,. .J,;~ t...':ll5 ~ )~
.s .s.r..i;..J~_,....; ..}J;..J
.~.? ~ O~Jy>- ~} o..\:..S
obviate l'obvieitl v. do away with, eliminate, (neutralize, abolish, delete, erase, rub out, cross out, efface, obliterate, strike out, withdraw) (.)~ .r.
,(.)::. ;S
?:!) ,(.)::.;S .....; )o.r.
Ex: The necessity tor preparing sandwiches was obviated when the picnic was postponed. ...\...!.
c!) r.; ~).J,;L... ~ .::.,., J.J.ri> .~bl ~ s:..;, . .~ . .s ..? )
occult l'okAlt; ;} kAitl adj. secret, mysterious, supernatural, (magic, magical, mystical, mystic, unrevealed, hidden, concealed, cryptic) 1
.:.~jl; ·jY'/' ·~ J_,i ,(.)~
Ex: He looked for a propitious moment to exhibit his occult abilities . . ~jl.... JK.;.\ IJ
octogenarian
~_y>- ~ J~ .J .:,4-:-; .st..._;t.;l_y
l;
~Y.
...r.-"1;...
~Y' J~~ "-: .JI
I ,okt;}d3- .s~ rt.; .jl_y:- y ~~ ~~ . ~b ,J•li...J...; •.
'L...; ..;" y . ..r:.
ominous l'omm;}SI adj. threatening, (menacing, minatory, sinister, unpromising, unlucky, ill-fated, augural, premonitory) S\:.... j ·~~ ,r.-i-4..1.fl' ,(J~.J.._
Ex: After the weatherman had seen the ominous clouds, he prognosticated rain . .~_? ..}.J,;J~ ~~ .SL:......j .st....r.l.:,-4~ jl..u.., ...r"\.:....:.1_,... ...r\.:....:.Jl5 omnipotent lom'nJp;}t; ........... ~1)1
opprobrium /;)'pr;)ubri;)m/ n. scorn, insult, (disgrace, abuse, obloquy, ignominy, discredit, contempt) ..;..,JIA.> .~U.I '~
Ex: The coach heaped opprobrium upon the fledgling player. -~~~ ;i} .s~l;.J ~ J .:.r-"'.Y ~JY' I) ~)JL;
•.:r."'J'
J '-!_r:..j~ ~J~ ·~r
opulence /'opj;)l;)nS/ n. wealth, riches, (affluence, richness, prosperity, value, asset) .}.JJI 'if-1),) ,..;..,J}
Ex: It was not until the wreckers began to dismantle the old edifice that they discovered its real opulence . ....t;~..r. ~ .Ji ~IJ ..fj) "-! .~i ...t;~_? ._;l:;.....~
..;..,}.•s-
~~ "-!
U_r. .JI)S:,I__,.>- ._?J
originate /;)'nd3meit/ v. begin, arise, (rise, flow from, emanate from, issue from, stem from)
;.?} ~.) •.;,~
c.Ja.o ,.J...\.oi ,)~.J'! ·:.?} ...:..!.!.i
Ex: Some bad habits originate in adolescence and continue throughout a person's life. ...c.:S.s" I~ 4-obl ~
rs- __,.>-i 1.; J ...t_;.;$.s" J5:.!.
.;I~_,:, )~ -4 ..;..,\)~ jl ~
ostensible /o'stens;)bl/ adj. outward, pretended, seeming, (apparent, professed, claimed, purported, alleged, supposed) a..l.!. \;.)I •.j; .)~ •..}Jr.! ,.J4W •I.S.J"'~
Ex: While the ostensible enemy was the opposition leader, the main purpose of this rash behavior was the eradication of all opponents . .,w~;;...
rt...; ..;s...:......) ··~.r.l:;..;. ..;..,~ ._:r-1 ._;.....1 ....;..I.A t..l .~""" ....AJ~>... •J} ~) ·.S.r"'u; ~~ ~t:.. )~
ostentatious /,osten'teiJ;)S/ adj. showy, (conspicuous, obtrusive, flamboyant, gaudy, flashy, pretentious, vulgar, swanky)
a.)uiA
._r.oi _...,.ua. ,4ii.J"'U:.:.. ,~W ,4i4W,)_,.>
Ex: In an ostentatious display of histrionics the star refused to perform . .~.? t_l:.::..l ~ .slr.-1) •• ~ul_x J ~ .s):a) ~l.i! ~t...;..., ~ .s? •Jl:;..... oust /aust/ v. drive out, eject, (force out, thrust out, expel, evict, throw out, dispossess, dismiss, fire, sack)
.r"-1-'"l .JJr.! ,.;,.) ~ [.1_;>1 ,.;,.) ~ .JJr.! ,.;,,) ~
&-
Ex: The ushers moved with alacrity to oust the disorderly patrons . ....t;..l.!.
Jts:: ...:......~ rt...;
~6; ~ ~ ~ .Jl;._r.:... .:;.>l...t;l .JJ.r.. ~ .J\.;~)~
Ao
overt lau'V3:t, 'auV3:tl adj. open, (obvious, noticeable, observable, visible, plain, manifest, blatant, conspicuous) ~ ,.J4L..; •.i4 •;I.S:.;. Ex: Overt acts of violence by the prisoner jeopardized his parole . ...:...,.:.1~1 )>.>- "'o I; _,1 .!:>_,__,..:... .s~l) ~J ,._;l~j ._;lY ..r:--1..::...;_,...:..:,:. ..:..,.\..1-t_;l
pall I p::>:l I v. cease to please, become dull, (become tedious, grow tiresome) .:,~ ;JtJ')I,. • .:,~ • .J;;S ~
Ex: The host exhorted his guests to eat to pall. .~ _,...;, ..::....>- .S ~ ;~ ;..\i; i t ..::....,..;,1~1_, I; .J\.;4 •.:,~.7::-"
palliate l'prelieitl v. alleviate, relieve without curing, (ease, soothe, mitigate, allay, dull, sedate, assuage, abate, relieve)
.:,~b ~ ,.:,::..f rl) [.s;~J
Ex: The drugs could only palliate the symptoms, not provide the cure . ...1:.:.5 .)\.. J~ I; i.SJ~ ~1_,:; \..I ..1.:-A~ ~ I; i.SJ~ ~')\.&. .hi9 ~I_,; \... J)~
paltry l'p::>:ltril adj. petty, worthless, (meager, trifling, minor, insignificant, trivial, derisory, piddling) ~\.j
·.f>.i)..r. ,...S.l.il
Ex: They exacerbate a paltry difference of opinion into a prodigious conflict. .~jL...if j:....; ..\o..l..!. .s_;$J~ S;, "'o l_,;i J .~ _? ..\o~ I; ...y..? _)..; ....J')\.;>.1 S;, ~~
panacea l,prena'si:al n. cure-all, (universal cure, universal remedy, elixir, nostrum) ·~ •J;I..W.J-
Ex: Many people hoped that the United Nations would be the panacea for the problems of our time . . ..L!.~ \.. .)\.. j ..:.>~ ik; i.SJ)..l..!. _,; ...L::>.:.o J.L. .)\.. jl.... .s ~~ Y. )J..L:-- 1 i~ _,.. jl i.SJl:-:
pandemonium
I ,prenda'mauniaml
n.
disorder,
uproar,
(tumult,
turmoil,
commotion, clamor, chaos, bedlam, confusion, disorder)
._,;.1~1 -~..r. ._;.~1 •'-;-'_,.!.1
Ex: There was pandemonium as the presidential nominee entered the convention site.
,..;_j} I) I;~~ u-"'1~1 J '-:-'_,...;,i
,..L!. .:,~1_,:5 JL... ~)J i.SJ~ ..:.......~; ~_y\.; ~I~ "'o
parable l'prerabll n. a moralistic story, (allegory, moral tale, fable) ~ ·.).:W ~~ ·"'~ ~~ ,_;')1..>.1 ~~ ·J:.W Ex: The expression, "sour grapes," is the gist of a famous parable about a fox who couldn't get what he wanted. "'o
.s ..:.....,.,I ....,..~))
~J.Y' )~ )~ ~
c.~if
Y.
..s:.: "'o J:,Y...r" ".:.if Y. .sif "---')~ ..::....,..;,~ "'o ~~"
.sif "---'J~ ..::....,..;,~ "'o ~~
c.')\h...:,l
"'o} =cr"J~ )~>·~)~..:.......I_,.,:. if~~
paradox l'preradoksl n. a statement that at first seems to be absurd or selfcontradictory but which may in fact turn out to be true, (self-contradiction) L.,;._,..a.il::;.. ·.r.-t._,..a.ii:J J_,.i
A'\
Ex: One ofthe great paradoxes of American life is that though minority groups have suffered injustices, nowhere in the world have so many varied groups lived together so harmoniously. ~U...;JI~~ )~.) ~IISV.._,} ~I~ r.ls. -"' ) L..:S
I"
'
...,...:
c
L....i J ..re. ·w \.,. ..;Y"'"'! e. 1 £.I....:.....; I.r'-·
).) .}.J:.j ISL.,;._,.;.il:.:;.. YL.. jl ~ ...:......iii . ,-v..J.re L;.) . ,-L>-. \!.:" ? .) Lol J:.lo..L.!. ...., - ...., )
.::.......1 .:r-1 ~_,...i
....r--
,)\.,_)· ,. ·- J
..J.::.S .}.J:.j
paragon
/'prer~g:m;
(US) -ga:n/ n. model of excellence, (example, model, pattern,
exemplar, paradigm, criterion)
J..!..r ' '}:II Ex: The town planners looked upon their utopia as a paragon for other communities . .£..) _? IJ" .K;
paramount
/'prer~maunt/
_j.,_.)
t"l~ ._;..;....r"' J p1 .JI~ .) _y;- "~Lo )"
Ex: Unless my boss modifies his parsimonious attitude, a fractious picket line is going to be erected. ,,)\;,;1 ..ul_y;- ol; o.).) jl ,.~~ ,o.)\.::il
.A.o jl ,~
Ex: We wish for halcyon days when the warlike solutions will have become passe. 4' j-> ol; ~ 4 j>- ol; ,.)i ).) C r-:;b I; .}J:.l.o .)I;. -
pecuniary /pi'kju:ni;)ri; (US) -ieri/ adj. financial, (monetary, fiscal, economic) ..s~L..a.:;il
.JI..o -..s~l..o
Ex: Clarence Day deemed that pecuniary matters are best handled by men . ...\:..:.5 j>- I; JL. 0":}S...,;_. ~J .J:ri. ~ .x.;l_,;.f ..S ~ .:,b_,.. .J:_I ..S ~y, ...\A::....... -.5) ._r,;"YS
pedagogue /'ped;)gog/ n. teacher, (schoolmaster, schoolmistress, tutor, instructor, educator, educationalist)
;IS;_,..i ·~ Ex: Mr. Ford is proud to be called a teacher, but he demurs at the title of pedagogue . ...::........\ .....All>... II ~II .J\_y ~ _r.)5 L l..l ) •...L:--L.; II .r-!~" ..s J.:S .f )~\ ) J} ._sui
r
penance /'pen;)ns/ n. atonement for sin, (self-punishment, atonement, reparation, amends, mortification, repentance, penitence)
4.1 •
.J'
Ex: Following a lengthy diatribe against mendacity, the priest imposed penance upon the sinner . .)? ~_,; ~ )~ 1) ;K..LS ))~ 0~~s- ~ ..\;.;'-' r.i~lA;;\ ..,ib ~~.r.~ ) ~ ~
·.J..P
penchant /'p6J6; (US) 'pentJ;)nt/ n. a strong leaning in favor, (strong interest, fondness, preference, taste, inclination, passion) }IJ .}.- .~.W. oj':}.s.
Ex: I do not wish to deprecate your penchant for cowboy music, but I find it banal. ~ L.l ~~ (.:,U~_,~ ./~) ....s'-Y.\5 ~yo...., I; k...':. ..l:,L ..;')Is- t)..!,; ..:.-._,)
r-s..r
r-s
.L~ ~ _, J~~ -.5\~ y
penitent /'pen Jt;)nt/ adj. regretful, confessing guilt,
(repentant,
contrite,
remorseful, conscience-stricken, sorrowful) ,)L-:., •....A...\.:..
.. '
-~~\; \
Ex: The invertate gambler became penitent and contrite when faced with the results of his reprehensible behavior . ..1:,),} .:,~ J !'~L.; L
~lyo )_y'- ...::....;j ).::.lJ ~ly L ._;jy }5~ j~JW
pensive /'penSIV I adj. thoughtful, reflective, (thinking, contemplative, meditative, cogitative)
Ex: The fervid marriage proposal made the shy girl pensive . . ~_r. J) ~~I; ._rl~ _;.>~ •t..IJ~jl..:.,)_;:-- J ;Y,.r., ~~
penury
/'penj;)ril
n. poverty, (impoverishment, pennilessness, destitution, ._;.....~
privation, pauperism, beggarliness)
•P .._;.....~
Ex: His fortune fluctuated between penury and wealth. -~y. .Jl-_,.; J~ ..:.,J) J ~ ~ Jl.;:_;,_,.;r'
perceive IP;) 1Si:vl v. understand, know, become aware of, (discern, appreciate, recognize, be cognizant of, be conscious of, know, grasp, comprehend) ~ ;.,,)-'! ....i.iiJ .jl
;.,..w. .1!1 ,;.,.) ;S
...s ),) ,;.,..w. '-'>;_,:...
Ex: The eminent scientist perceived difficulties in putting the invention into practice . . ~ y. .__i;IJ ,) y>- c_l_r>l .J~ _? ~ ..:.,":}S...:... ~ ~ .r. ~b
peregrination I ,per;)gn'neiSn I n. travel, Oourney, trip)
;.... ,..:., )t....
Ex: The sedentary twin was content to follow his brother's peregrination on a map .
..x.s J~~ ~ ..SJJ 1) .;.J~~.r. _;-.-, .s ~ y. ~l_; .:r-1 ~ .sr r5 J
~
..st... _,.u J~
jl
J..:
peremptory lp;)'rempt;)ril adj. absolute, compulsory, binding, (imperious, highhanded, imperative, bossy, irrefutable) ;.>;~1
,4J4l....r-=';
,_r..-1~
,4JI_,-1
Ex: No one had the temerity to disobey the officer's peremptory orders . ..xS ~r' ~I ..S;~I J .GI_ri ..:.,1;_,.:...-~ jl .;:_;,u.~
u\_r.-
~
perfidious I p;)'fid i;)S I adj. treacherous, false, (traitorous, treasonous, untrue, disloyal, unfaithful)
Jl:>4 ·~~~::> ,~;.,~
')\!~
Ex: They made an effigy of their perfidious enemy and burned it. .,.t;~
perfunctory
lp;) 1 ft>~]kt;)ril
_;.;T ~ 1_;i J
~L- ~.»- ~..:...;L,>- ~,) j1 ~)i ~~
adj. done without care, superficial, (cursory, desultory,
hasty, hurried, offhand, careless, inattentive, negligent)
._IJ~ 1.1! 4 ·~
•;.$)"" r'
Exl: Edith gave only perfunctory attention to the new millennium, skipping our New Year's Eve party. ~~
:r-;, \.. ~ . .,_. . :. __,;4 J~ J
~I,.L; .JL.:..; ;.>~\;_j .U~ J
o:- y
(~..l;:-
.J}) ~..b:- •}.i-"' ~ ~ ..::.-:~1 -~ _?..:,
Ex2: I construed the doctor's perfunctory examination to indicate that I was in good health. _..:...,...1
'-:".P- ii.?)L c-!'J
..u.~
.JL.:..;
.s ~y. .:,r.l ?~ ..Srr ..:.;_\..... jl :.r' ~
permeate /'p3:mieitl v. spread through, (pass through, pervade, diffuse through, extend throughout, soak through)
A'\
Ex: A terrible odor which was impossible to expunge permeated the skunk handler's clothing . . ~ Y. ~ .r.f- Y. ,JI 0~ .r. ~ jl .S i.SJ_,b ~ Y. ·~ ~ ~ yiJ ...s'...r" ...r'~ jl ..}~ J ..Sy,
pernicious lp;)'nJJ;)sl adj. harmful, causing injury, (destructive, ruinous, _,.;a;. ,S\.i )a> •'-:'J..-. injurious, damaging, hurtful, dangerous) Ex: The dictator's pernicious rules failed to intimidate the leaders of the underground. .~jL... '-:' r r I) ...;-:- j_r.j ~ 01.r."' J ..:........;1_,::; JY~~ ..Sl; )»- .;.,I)_,:..~
perpetrate l'p3:p;)tre1tl v. commit, (carry out, perform, execute, effect, effectuate, bring about, pull off) ..,,).; 1.r:-l ,.:,,)1,)
r~1
,.:,..w.
~
.r
Ex: In order to perpetrate the swindle, the jaunty confidence man adopted an amorous approach toward the wealthy widow. ~_,..> i.S)~..r-:-"''>\5 ~ i.SI_,...-:-1 i.SI.r. ~Y. .~_? ~ ~__,>- ~ IJ J.;.,.:;J) ·~ ~l..::YI .S i.S~J__,>- .r.
..}__,>- ~.r'
.~_? '--;'\;;.,:;;1 \)~~Is.,_,.,;,
perpetuate lp;)'petJueitl v. cause to continue, (keep alive, keep going, keep up, preserve, maintain, continue, keep on, go on) ..,~
rJ1.lJ ,.:,,)b .... 1.)1
Ex: Don Richard hoped that his son would perpetuate the family business, but Mannuel was too involved with chimerical schemes to want to run a restaurant. ~__,>- J~ i.St.......:.A.; J_j- .)~ _,1 l..l ..v.~ .... bl \J J~I_,;L> .U_r- Jyl.. ..}.r-; .S ~Y. )J..L:--1 ~)~J .)_,~ ..J:S o)~I IJ
_j ~I_,;L>
.JIJ_,:...J ..:.......I__,>-~ .S ~ y,
,J..,;
persevere I ,p3:SI 1VJ;)(r); (US) ,p3: rS;) 1VIr I v. persist, (go on, keep on, keep at, struggle, insist, not give up) .J~);J ;1.1""'1 ,~1,) )~
Ex: If we persevere, we can overcome many of our inhibitions .
.r-s ~ ~ly
j1 i.SJ~
.r.
~lf"v- ~~ ...::...:,1~ Jl52.; }I
perspicacious l,p3:Spi'keiJ;)sl adj. acutely perceptive, shrewd, (discerning, sharp-witted, acute, intelligent, wise, sagacious, prudent) ~0:. '.J::!
..S:.u 4 ,~
,.;:..,..;.Y. ,. .;:., ..r.-4! ~
Ex: Senator Thorpe was perspicacious enough to realize that the scurrilous charge would have little effect upon the voters . ....::.....;.l:b' ..v-1__,>- 0~ ..\:.A~ i.SiJ i.SJJ ._; ..GI ~~ Jl ~ .:/' _,.. i4:il ~ .s ~ y, ...;:., ~~ )..!A.;! y JY JYL..
pertinent l'p3:tm;)nt; (US) 'p3:rtn;)ntl adj. to the point, (relevant, fitting, apt, applicable, appropriate, suitable)
'-:-"' \:... ') ,y>- ,) ) ,) "'! ''-:-"'I:.:;.. '.u,J! .r Ex: During the trial the astute lawyer was able to elicit the pertinent information from the key witness . . ~ CJ)f.:'.
i.S~ ..v.L.:. .J~j J'._j
jl I) ...,........t:.. J ..bY...r" ..;:.,\s.")\.11 ..:......;I_,;
..sJ'._j ._h5J
•.....SL>...
J'>l> )~
peruse lp;)'ru:zl v. read carefully, (scrutinize, scan, read thoroughly, pore over)
.).,lj\_,.> ..:...h
":
Ex: After being admonished by his father, he began to peruse the want ads daily . ....GI_,.>- .5' ..::..j~ ~ IJ Lo.o~.ot;jJJ il~l.sLo.vPi jJJ ./' .~ _? ..:...;k.,;, IJ _,I .YJ..l; ~I jl ~
perverse /p;;/V3:S/ adj. contrary, persisting in error, (wayward, troublesome, unruly, disobedient, rebellious, stubborn, wilful, headstrong, pig-headed)
r'~_,.> ·~~
.jl:-o:J
Ex: When I correct my kid brother's math errors, he is perverse enough to insist that he is right. ~ ~u~l~ ....s ..>.:..5.5' lr.,I.Sj4J ~ ~.5' ~ IJ ~P J~l.r. ~~J .;..Lo.~I.S ._?_, ...:......J
pesky
/'peski/
adj.
annoying, (disturbing,
irritating,
irksome,
harassing,
j\..... r'~J~ •i.S~J-"
distressing, problematic, worrying, bothersome)
'l'"'""'.i"
Ex: Every time his accountant called with pesky pecuniary problems, Ben was very blunt with him. IJ _,1 ~~~ ·~..r-;._r. _,
.SJ
,...:........;.I.K._,. 0~ J~ _,1 ~ IJ j\....._,....,~J~
JL. ..;:.,~ )..t:L>- .S ..::..jJ./' •cr. .~1~.5'
phenomenon /f;}'nomm;}n/ n. unusual occurrence, (marvel, prodigy, rarity, miracle) o~WIJ)> •-'!~ ••-'!~
Ex: There was no paucity of witnesses to describe the phenomenon of the flying saucer. ....G~.} .5' ~
y
I) o...G _,; ~~ •-'!.A; .S ~b ~ .Y':" J -s~~j .jl_ul.;,
phlegmatic /fleg'mretik/ adj. calm, hard to rouse to action, (cool, composed, serene, tranquil, placid)
~1)
,._;....1)4
.~.;-.:..,.>
Ex: Harriet's egregious error disturbed even her phlegmatic employer. -~.? ...::.L;.l :;.:; I) _,I ~
r _,.,:. ~) ~ •....:..:.)Lo. ~u .~1
phobia /'f;}ubi;l/ n. persistent fear, strong dislike, (aversion, abnormal fear, strong hatred)
-'-!..1..!. j;; ,_;IJJ
...r j
Ex: She could not countenance the sight of a lethal weapon; it was tantamount to a phobia with her. ...:....;,b .s-'!..l...!. ..y; )5 ..:::1 j1 :Jy-; ~y ~1_,... Ji..?/ .si"->..h
/'pitns/ n. small amount, (insufficient amount, tiny amount, peanuts, chicken-feed, shoestring) j\;;..c..!. ,~\J J,A>
pittance
Ex: The tip he had been offered was a mere pittance, and the taxi driver threw it on the ground in disdain . . ~.} 0
placard
_r, ,j-::" j l.SJJ ~ ~ I) .;_;, o~b Jl ~ ..S l.S_r.::;-\.; i~l ~L; okl)
/'plreka:d/ n. poster, (public notice, bill, sticker, advertisement) .);\!~
,4:..!._,.; ;\.....:.
Ex: The police posted a placard asking all citizens to desist from looting . ..G)~.r. JJ~ J 0;\S. jl-:.......~ L; -::.......1~ .ji.GJ~ ~ )l.S~;l5Y\; ~ ~ ~
plaintiff
/'plemtif I n. the complaining party in law
Ex: The egregious calumny of the defendant worked to the advantage of the
plaintiff ,.;_;, iL...; ._?L.:.
& ~ r+- )ts::..:.i ~
platitude /'plretitju:d; (US) 'plretitu:d/ n. commonplace or trite saying, (cliche, truism, hackneyed expression, stereotyped phrase) .s'~
.....; ,;> ,J4 .....; ,;> ',).,_,. ._j ;>
Ex: During the most sultry days of summer, one often hears the platitude, "Is it hot enough for you?" ~.jJ; J_,k J~
plethora /'ple8;}r;}/ n. excess, (over-abundance, superabundance, superfluity, surplus, surfeit, glut)
rWI J t_,.;l ,.,:., JS
Jl
,,)ljLo
Ex: When the teacher asked why the homework had not been done, he was greeted by a plethora of incredible alibis. j-.!._,.,..; ~~ ;:;;JL; J--._'h iL_;I J t_,....;l ,,GI.,;;,..;._,:.; I; .Jl.:.;.\..>.~ I~ ..S ..l:--.r., ~ j1 ~ ,?J ..G~I~
plight /plait/ n. predicament, dangerous situation, (trouble, difficulty, tight corner, jam, disaster) .;:_S"j.j '~~ '~
J
,...Sl:..i.....l ~J
Ex: The plight of the refugees who wandered about in a desultory fashion moved us to tears. ~~~ ;I~ ~L_; ~ IJ L.. ..G~ y, .Jb} .r-" ._i )o ;)i J ._i )o J-_1 --i.U.._s: ..S .J~ ..l.Al; ;L...._4_,1 ..:...,......;.J .~ ;Ji;~ I; .J~I
poignant
/'p::nnj;}nt/ adj. moving, painful to the feelings, (affecting, touching,
'\f pitiful, piteous, pitiable, pathetic, sorrowful, painful, tragic, heart-moving) o.l:.o\.) ,J~ ,~l}t ,;l.lf~l;
Ex: The sermon was poignant enough to bring tears to the brash delinquent's eyes . ..) JJ\ ;.) I; IJ.r,._s: ;LS:..o.i.:S ._CI ..S .) Y. o..l:.A.) .:,ts:.; 0~ .J:;s._,..
ponder l'pond;)(r)l v. consider carefully, (think, consider, reflect, meditate, contemplate, deliberate, ruminate)
,J~,l;\
,,:,,)\,) ) } 4>; _,; .)).,..
··J~J.)
,j.) ~
Joh ··J~J.) ,j.) ~
fo '-:' .,>
Ex: In the hospital, the alcoholic had time to ponder over the need to be abstemious . ..xS ~ '-:" ~ (_}5JI ..:;_,~J_r...
._j _rAG;.)) .) ~ ..SJJ
..;l:-.o .)JY ;.)
\.; -::.....;,1.) ..::_.jJ 0\.:..... ) ...~ J.) JSJI ,)\::.,...
potent l'p;mtntl adj. powerful, strong, intense, (effective, efficacious, vigorous, mighty, influential) -4~
•..s.;
,..c.....;J..U .;;..
Ex: When Ben's muscles began to atrophy, the doctor initiated therapy with a potent new drug .
..)~ ur- ..s~ -4..~.::- ..sJ).) .......
Ex: He gave his adversary the dubious prerogative of choosing the weapon by which he was to meet his inevitable end. ~\;.:. ~_,_,;- ~.J....:.j ": l}~l; .:_,j ~Y. J .xS '-:-'L>..:;I
11 "->-t.; .J ~ )5 ......~ ~ "P."Iy
J)
L..
- 1~ ,._;, ld_,;l.>- .., -=-:-; ~ ~ _, '-" ~ ,c.r>J .J /' y:.
profound /pr;) 1faund/ adj. deep, intense, {keen, great, discerning, philosophical, weighty, serious, erudite, wise)
Ex: It is easy to construe a superficial remark to be a profound one . ...::.-.1 o.)L... -s)5 ,~ _):O;J4J'>I ": ~ _}0;)41'-I.S.,. ~
profuse /pr;) 1fju:s/ adj. overflowing, abundant, {copious, ample, plentiful, bountiful, luxuriant) .)4j ;~ .)IJ ,.J\JI)
Ex: The connoisseur was able to glean a worthwhile painting from the profuse variety of poor ones at the exhibit. -.s~L ~ •• ~t.....; ~...,...: _, ~ -.sL~.~t; .:,1_,1_; 1u1 _, t_';I.JI.z. )..::........;1_,.; ~u; ._,..,~.:..;)\5
progeny !' prod3;)n i I n. descendants, {children, offspring, kids; successors) .JI..l.ij} ,..,j')\.>.1 ,,) ~JI
Ex: The Bantu chief and all his progeny were noted for their valor . ....G~ Y. rLY J '-'""'L> ~ }~j .:_,~~ )>L> "'o ~)I..,:. I ~~ J _,;:;~
~ ~)
prognosticate lprog'nosttkettl v. predict or foretell a future event, (forecast, foresee, prophesy, forewarn) ,:,~1~
r.> ,,:,~ ;S ..F-A ,,:,~ ;S ~~
Ex: The mayor refused to prognosticate as to his margin of victory in the election . .~.? -s)~~ _,.,:. ...::_,~t.>..:;l )~ ~ _,.,:. .SjJ.r-; .J.....:.u ~JY' )~ ..f-::'..f-::; ;4.11 jl ;~~ k
prohibition
l,pr~UJ'biJnl
n. the act of forbidding certain behavior, (forbidding,
banning, barring, disallowing, prevention, hindrance, impediment)
...s)~j4
't:"
·~~
Ex: Although a New Jersey high school principal placed a prohibition on boys wearing their hair long, one student fought in the court and won his case. j1 ~ L.l ~ Y. ·~ _?
u---- .)I_,..-; -sl.r. I; ~
I.S.Y' _;;..;,1~ ._r? _,.;, -s\..l..)l:..... .r.c~ j1 ~
.r...l..o
~I ~ ~
..;..,_~.} o...GJ_,; o...Gr. J ~ ol5'~b "'o \) l.r-L. jljyl_r-;1~
prolific
lpr::~'hhkl
adj. producing abundantly, (fertile, productive, active,
hardworking) ..Uy '.JIS .r. •.J4.r.
Ex: The usually prolific novelist was frustrated by her failure to come up with a good plot. ...L!. -'::--it; ,..t:S 1-l:; ._r;l:.....b -sl.r. .s.Y:. .;!_,;:; ..?J ~ Y. )5.,..; -slo..i:...-;y '.1 r-"-'" ..s •...._..-:y.Jl..;
c> . :. . .
promulgate l'promlgettl v. make known officially, (publicize, announce, proclaim, state, declare, disseminate) ,:,~ ;S r~1 .,:,~ ;S ,:,~1
Ex: We implored the faculty advisor to promulgate the requirements for the presidency of the club . ...t:S ~~~ L J \J .K.:.~ ...:.......lu .k:.l_r. L; r-:~.? ...r'L...:ll .~b JJL.:.... "'o L.
propagate
l'prop~gettl
v. produce, multiply, spread, (communicate, reproduce,
proliferate, breed, circulate, transmit, distribute, publish) ,:,~ ;S
A
,,:,~1~ ~~..;.1 ,,:,~ ;S
J..).;
.,:,~ ;S ~
Ex: I must inveigh against your attempt to propagate the belief that your political system will result in a panacea for all problems . ..l..:.~ .L.!. ..u.l_,.,:. ...::.,..>~ ~~ -s'r. ._...:J)..L!...,; "'o J:~ L.....:.
...rl:-- 1lb ..s .~
.:r..' "'"u ;~ .Jl.:...!.')\.; ) .~ ~L-~ j1 ~
propinquity I pr~'PI!JkW~ti I n. nearness in time or place, (proximity, closeness, adjacency, contiguity)
Ex: Astronauts are alert to the propinquity of sudden accidents . . ...l:.::.-..A>
)L,...:...>. .}45'\.; ~~L> .:, _; ./" .j~ Y. ~ _,.!1'-:-!.}
.r.""'-!4 ,~,J.;IJJ:>
,J:,l=,...
Ex: In the bedlam that followed it was not prudent to appear too apathetic . .:> y;, ..sl.:,">lil>- )\5 .J,J.;t.. ..;:., _,u.; ..y. ..~.>- jl ~ •..t.T ~ ~-"' ~ ..s ..y.~i )~
pugnacious lpAg'neiJ;)sl adj. quarrelsome, (aggressive, belligerent, bellicose, combative, quarrelsome, fighting, battling)
J I.JS-:> •,:r.> '~_;.\.>A '_/.-;.1> fi. Ex: Since everyone can outpunch my cousin, he cannot afford to be pugnacious . ...L.:.~
:..r->- _, ~t.,.:. .r, ...U~._r:, _,1 ...sl.r. .:r.l.r.\:.: ..I.:~J:> r-:r _,......; ..S~ j1 ,J.;I_,;...,- ._rS./" ..S ~i j1
puissant lpju:'Isentl adj. powerful, (potent, mighty, authoritative, strong) ..c..; J..u ,.;.;....J ;-;
,._s_; 'J.ci.o
Ex: Although the debater's rebuttal was puissant, it was totally irrelevant. ....:.....;;I,J.; ~ :J ~ )~ \..1 ~Y. ..sjj )'o)'>L.. ~) J,b
A.>;}i
pungent l'p,\nd3;)ntl adj. sharply stimulating, biting, (stinging, acrid, acid, smarting, aromatic, spicy, hot) .;.;; ..SY. -~ ,.;.;; ~
Ex: The pungent odor of burning leaves marks the autumn season . .. : . . . . .\ .;:,;4 ._l...a.9 .:,t.:.; • ? r-' JL> ;~ ..s\.A.S .r.
.x..;
...s-"-
puny l'pju:nil adj. weak, unimportant, (paltry, petty, trifling, trivial, insignificant, meager)
Ex: We were surprised by the puny resistance put up by the voracious tiger to its capture. •("'"'-~.? ~ .).-? ~b .jl.:.,; ~~ jl ~ ..:....._,lio )K.;. J.lio )~ ..:.......} .r. ..s ("'"'-.1:.~ ,_?., qualm lkwo:m; kw:J:ml n. twinge of conscience, (state of being consciencestricken, scruple, compunction, remorse)
Ex: He had a serious qualm about hunting for the nearly extinct quarry . . ...L,;. .S..l:...c.;. .J\~., ~~~ )~~ .:......;.b)} .._,..;.1_;;1 .._,..;. f'.-4 )~ ~_;; ..s I.SJK.;. ? quandary
l'kwond;)ril n. doubt, dilemma, (awkward situation, predicament, plight, perplexity, jam, tight corner, uncertainty)
.)>\..>. ..., _,1 difficulty,
I.SJ\.:;,;} ·~ ):. .)""' ·~~
,...s:..;. Ex: He was in a quandary about which selection from his extensive repertoire it would be feasible to perform for the children . . ~ Y. ~~ /' ,...c.;,~ l_r.-1 J.li .J\5 ~ _,5 -sl.r. ..S ,J.;_ L.o..GI; t : ...9 4>- ~ jl .sloG I; ~l:>,;:;\ J~ _,I quarry l'kwori; (US) 'kw:J:ril n. something hunted or pursued, (prey, victim, prize, big game)
)IS:.!.
Ex: Although it seemed inane, they sought their quarry in the midst of rustic surroundings that were not its natural habitat. ~~ )K.;, JL:-:~ "-; ~.,_; JY~ ~ o~j ..S ._,.:\.::......)) ~ .J~ )~ ~~ l..\ ~J,f }2:.: .GI..i..>-1 ~.}\
..x.::.:.s ..f quell l'kwell v. put an end to, (defeat, suppress, terminate, finish, end, conquer, (J:._f '-:-'~ r •"'! (J~ (J4~ ,(J..l.i~J}
subdue, extinguish)
Ex: In order to quell the riot, the police sallied forth with tear gas . ....c.;.).,~ )_,T ...s::..:.1 j\5 ~ ,._;:.,)_,.;, .J.,t;L.:..;_,; quip I kw1p I n. joke, (witticism, sally, wisecrack, jest, satire)
)_,h-....,...,.+ _rlo
.~
Ex: Hamlet remembered that Yorick was always ready with a lusty quip . .~)~ o~L.T )~•..L:.>-
...9
~ ~ .u.)..\
.S:.,. ~
.S:.,.JY-
..S ~)_,\ .)>\..>. "-; ~
rabid l'rreb1d; 'reib-1 adj. fanatical, furious, mad, (extreme, overzealous, bigoted, biased, intolerant, narrow-minded, prejudiced)
Ex: It is not prudent to malign or castigate, or be derogatory in any way toward a rabid political adherent. -~~ ) } ..:,..;t.,.\ ., ~\A;;\ •...,.:./ .J.; ~ J..Y \) ~
...r"l:-- )..U> .s:.,. ..s ..::....-.,; .G')l;lY
raconteur I ,rrekon't3:(r) I n. a skilled story-teller, (teller of tales, narrator, relater, romancer) _,A L.
...s,! ~
•1.5 ~~ .;>
..s,! ~
Ex: Well known as a raconteur, he was never chagrined when asked to tell a story from his large repertoire . ..:...->-\); r5.r"' ...L..:S .....A.:.r-J \) .j\::......b .J.:_t............; ~ ~ jll; ..t;.:....,\~,f ._j-'f'.-4 .s_l........; jl,_?_,
....\...!.~
rail /red/ v. scold, use abusive language, (inveigh against, declaim against, rage against, protest strongly, complain bitterly, criticize severely) ;.;~~
._r.w .;.;~~ ..::..,;~1
,;.;.y~ .;.;~~ ~\S:.:.
Ex: While all disgruntled men may rail against malevolent or Machiavellian leaders, democracy offers a way to ameliorate iniquities through the ballot. il.h; •..~.:.....!.~ ~u '":"'LJJL::S"L.. J .I_,_.>-~_,.:. .:>l.r:-"'; ..::_....~ j\...:........1 ~ ..r"l}; ~1_;1 ~~ ~L> )~
->4 -s.}=:- .4-:,.:)1-l&- ;.F. c!) ~ I) "IJ i J~l.)) ...;:):> jl .SJ'lL.. i~ /' l:. ..rl.?yo~ raiment /'reim;)nt/ n. dress, clothing -~ )j5' ..s"" .JL;I
Ex: The potpourri of au courant fashionable raiment includes the fatuous and the discreet. ~ J .~L... ->~..rl:l r-"' J J..r. J J)j ..r, J ~ ->~..rl:l r-"' J-L.:. ..l:~ J jJJ .M -siA..rl:J ~ ...\..!.~if
/'rremp;)nt/
rampant
adj.
going
unchecked,
widespread,
(uncontrolled,
unrestrained, unbridled, pandemic, extensive)
·~ ;-! ,~l.!. .~1)
Ex: When the plague was rampant on the island, Dr. Arrowsmith's wife died. -~y;--' .Jl.o:- ~I .SJ) ?~ .T"'"""-"' .~_; 1--l:; ~ •..r..? i~ )~ .Jy-lk ..s::,..~
rash I rreS I adj. too hasty, reckless, (impetuous, impulsive, careless, heedless, thoughtless, imprudent) ....~\$.
.r.i> ··~ -·~ .i-!~ .....'1~
,J~
Ex: It was exceedingly rash of the lightweight to insult the belligerent longshoreman. .~_; j..s- .._;')l;t...~ .~WIJ_,.; ..K.....I ~ _}JIS '-!.:_r-Ay J~ .J-'1 J .JjJ ....~ i~i
rationalize /'rreJn;)laiZ/ v. use or give a reason other than the real one, (explain, account for, justify, make plausible, reason out) 4;~1~
o_,.lo:-
~ ,;_;~~
4-?;y
Ex: It is pathetic the way some citizens rationalize their apathy during election years. ...c.;S..s"" ~y ...:;..~t>.;;;l .JIJJ~ J~ IJ ~_,.:. ,JJ\.i.;-.F. .JI~Jk ~ .S ...:........1---A.....t ~L
raucous
/'r::~:bs/
adj. harsh, shrill, (strident, sharp, screeching, piercing, grating,
rasping) ~~~ ,;.;L..I._r. ,._;.l_fo.!~ ,.c.; •..l:-1..!.
Ex: There were raucous complaints about the inordinate number of fatal accidents caused by inebriated drivers. c..L.:. L~
....;:----o ~
._}.X.:.IJ jl ~\.; JJi.s'/' ._:.,L;~I....a; ) .•...;,;.F. ~l..t._; ~)_)"' )~ .S.x.; J
..l:...l.!. ..:;.,l:_l5:..;.
raze /reiZ/ v. destroy, (tear down, pull down, knock down, level, bulldoze, flatten, demolish, ruin, wreck)
'.. ;;~ ;S "-:"!~ ,;;~ _;S ~ .Y.li .;;~ ;S
yo.o .;;~ ;S ;;I .t-J
EX: Following the revolution, the people razed the subterranean dungeons of the dictator. -~~.? ....,....,__r 1J JYL:S:.:.~ .5--:" j_r.:j .st_.,J~L:---- ·'-:""')l0.; 1j1 ~ ~~ r realm I rei m I n. special field of something or someone; kingdom, (country, empire, domain, monarchy, territory) <J"'\..!.~4 -~ ,.Ja.>. •J_,.l; Ex: The cruel king would not allow the prince to enter his realm, restricting him to the forest, which abounded with wild animals.
~ ~J ._:..L.;I_r.>- jl_;-;
JL:- "-! \) Jl J ~Y _r,l--' .)L:.J_,_...... .h....._,.; ••)~\ . j 4 J~ .}SJI ..:.>~J_r... ;;~ y J~ ..b\_}1 )>\>. "-! -s~\.:j 0\.J"' y .~1
ci} ))
recant ln'krentl v. withdraw previous statements, (change one's mind, apostalize, tergiversate, defect, renege, disvow, disclaim, renounce, apostatize, relinquish, repudite)
,:? j
~ IJ ~Y- ..J .f"" .jl ;;~ ;S ~_,;
Ex: When the clergyman refused to recant, his superiors were so nettled that they relegated him to an isolated parish in Alaska. ~ \) J\
u
~~ ~ 0~ Jl J_,.!L... ;;~L>-JJ -~.? t_bl ~.»-
.._j.r
~}
..;--; jl._;-;;s ,.?J
-~~ _? ~ K...,':Ji J~ .~!;;\ JP .sl.uh:...
recoil ln'bdl v. draw back, (jump back, pull back, shrink, flinch, wince, cower, quail)
Ex: As the snake prepared to strike, the girls recoiled in horror. -~~ ~ ~ J ~ .)\_,.:.>-~ •..t...:. d..i ....l.->- .sl.r. ).• ~lS':.,.
. ,. . . . \) .»-
recondite /'rebndaitl adj. secret, hidden, obscure, (esoteric, abstruse, cryptic, inscrutable, complex, mysterious)
'.r- ,._;:;... .
r-' ··~
I*-" •.s _r..oT) Ex: The poet's recondite language precluded any understanding of her theme . ...t...:.if J'
redolent
1L:;
s )~ ) ~\... .y-L.;, r+-" J ·~ .:~j
l'red;:Jbntl adj. fragrant, (sweet-smelling, scented, perfumed, aromatic) .r-.:Y~ ·~Y- -~
Ex: The redolent scent that came from the bakery created in Mary a sense of nostalgia for her grandmother's bread . . ...::...,;.I.,~.; I ..::...>..;v- ..5 ;_;.u~l.. .S .j\.; J L.......:...:.~ ~t: 4..; I; ..Sr ,...L.oiv" 0J.r.. ..,.:1_,.;1.; j1 .S ..S.r.i;J~ ,Sy,
redress ln'dresl v. to right a wrong, remedy, (rectify, put/set right, make amends for, compensate for, make up for, recompense for, atone for) (J:.~ C..~l ,,:_,_,~,:,I~
Ex: There seems to be no way to redress a grievance against at omnipotent ruler. ..) ).,L; ,) _,:>;" J ~ 0 ;..l..9 ;..l..9 r-SL>- ~ ,fll~ J r-l1 .:.>lr. ..sl.r. ._,..I; Cit' i_,...11
refute I n'fju:tl v. prove wrong or false, rebut (deny, reject, disconfirm, invalidate, disprove, negate, confute, contradict, discredit) ,:_,,~~IS I; ..Sf?;,:.,~,,:.,,)~ J~l ,,:.,:.~ Jl:.~ ,(.).)~ ,)J
Ex: He did not waste time trying to refute an irrelevant and tortuous argument. .J:S ..:....,t; I; .k,;o5. J ·~ J)l.x:....,l 0~ l; ~~ -=...:;J --!)lei CJJ..l:
Jl
relegate l'rehgeitl v. assign to an inferior position, (the opposite of promote, debase) (J.)b
J_;:;
,(J.);.Ji
..r.'4
Ex: When they tried to relegate the star to a minor role she was furious . . ...:....;) ),)
•;~
jl..W...)
J_r; ;..:r-:4..;.;.; '-""'
..s\..41 4..; I; o;l... ~? .,L;~_? ~ ~~
remiss ln'misl adj. careless, negligent, (neglectful, lax, slack, forgetful, inattentive, heedless, thoughtless)
...:...i:.~ •;~IJ+- •Ji~ ·~y,_r.
Ex: We would be remiss if we overlooked the importance of the Internet to the interchange of ideas and information. ·('"'.lo~ ~ i.S;~IJ+..- J ._?,o5. ~ r ('""'.~ o..l:_~\.; ...:;..lY')\1,1 .J ...:;..1_)2.; J,~ ;, I; ...::...; ?I ~I }I
remote I n'm;)utl adj. distant, hidden away, (far, far-off, far-away, far-removed) o:.l::ii;.J.) •;J.)
Ex: Ben's reprehensible table manners led his brothers to seat him in a remote comer of the dining room . . k~ ..S;y:>-1~ jl;l j1 ..slo.)~I;J.) -1~ _r..- r ' :_r. ..l; ul.)l...
remuneration ln,mju:n;)'reiJnl n. reward, pay, (payment, salary, fee, emolument, stipend, profit, recompense, reimbursement, wages, earnings) ,) :,..;-.,) ,.;.., ?.' ,.) f'
,_;1,)4
Ex: DerekJeter 's remuneration from the New York Yankees made him a millionaire many times over. ~.r.JI_,.:s-..., )~ .:r..~ .s ~ ~~ ,..;:...j} ...S;y,.y; ..su..;::;t: ~ j1 ?." ...S.;: .s __,.:L...,)_;...:....,)
;+
repent I n'pentl v. regret, desire to make amends, (feel remorse for, rue, be penitent, be regretful, be contrite, reproach oneself) (J:. ~ ,:,l.r.":" ,,:.,,) ~ ..:...,.l.,l; ._,...l->1 ,,:.,..\..!.
,:.,~
,,:.,,) ~
~,.
Ex: After every election we repent, in a belated criticism, the apathy and complacency of so many people who failed to vote. )) ...s I; -.Pl....:j )l.r--'1 J~~ J _;_,U;~ r-?if ...r- ,..:.,jJ.r..) .,s)lA;:;I .):> ._;~l>..:.;l OJJ) .r"' jl ~
·r-? .)I~ ,,.l;lo)~ ..:_5_,.;, ..:.,~l>.;,;l repertoire /'repatwa:(r)l n. works that an artist is ready to perform, (collection)
lr:-1 .Ja....i>. jl .)' ~\..i .JJ~ .S .,s;~Si
[.c.. _...:.A]
~;,; ~ ,.:,~ ,.:, jN •;\.:.il ,~ ,...:..-.~ ~~ 1 Ui
'-'I.,YI.) 1 Ui ,.x$ IJ"
Ex: Her virtuosity was demonstrated by the works she performed from her repertoire . . )~ ~L; )_;$../ l_r.-1 Jai>. jl._$)\..l .:,_,~ .S .,s;Gl ~I;)_,:>- ..:...;4.-- J .,s)\.:....,l.,s_, replenish
I n'plemJ I
v. fill again, restock, (refill, top up, fill up, recharge, reload,
stock up, replace, renew)
.J~ ../
'*
•;4J~
,,;.;.:;..._; •;4P ,.J:;../ J'.. •;4P
Ex: He was reticent about emulating those who, after eating almost to satiety, rushed to replenish the food on their plates. I..J.....i:. ..SJ-"' ~ o;l....:J) ,1.;)~ o);y>- o,?,? l; &:1 jl ~ .S )~ .jLS ~\.;) ...LA>l:. J )~...::........:. ..:_SL... _,1 .,.t;)_?if
.r.. •;~J) I;)_,:;. .,st... ...,..Ai.~ J
,.t;).r.if r~
replete ln'pli:tl adj. completely filled or supplied with, (full, full up, full to bursting, satiated, sated, brimful, teeming, brimming, crammed) 1U
.r' ,,.x,Si 'J'.. ,_,1.... .~\.:.il
Ex: The football game was replete with excitement and great plays . . )~ ":'"' _,:;. .,s\.A..,sj~ J .:_,~ jl ;L:.r ' J~ ~ ~L..
repose ln'pauzl n. state of rest, (relaxation, leisure, ease, respite, sleep, slumber, inactivity, stillness, passivity) ·~ ,..:.-1_;;....1
Jl> )~
Ex: While the palace guards were in repose, the rebels' coup began in earnest. ...l.!. ..:...;...G rt....; ~ .:,~)_,.;. .sl;)_,s- ,,1.;)~ ..:.-1_,:;......1 JL>- 1 ) ~ 0 ~;~ ~~
v_r.
reprehensible l,repn'hensabll adj. worthy of blame, (blameworthy, blamable, reproachable, censurable, condemnable, reprovable, culpable, shameful, disgraceful) ..:;....!.j
,~ •;Ji~ _r. ,,_;:.;.r' .}.U
Ex: The brash student was forced to apologize for her reprehensible conduct. ...J:S ~1_,:>-...::..;l.....
_;.;:...;.j Jl;:;J ~~
l; ..l.!,
)~
t\::...S' j_,..i.,;..;b
repress ln'presl v. put down, (hold back, keep back, hold in, bite back, restrain, suppress, keep in, inhibit; put down, quell, quash, squash, subdue) .:,~ ../
J _;;S •.:,~ ../ ":'"' ~ .r' ,.:,~ ;.Y- J}
Ex: I had to repress my desire to interject my criticism during the debate . .\)_? J_,::S )5 .:r-1-.sl.r. I; ~L..; \..1 ~.:_,~I;\)_,:>- )lA;:;I o)'L:.... J_,k 1 ) r---1_,:;-../ reprimand l'repnma:nd; (US) -mrendl v. show sharp disapproval, (rebuke, scold, chide, reproach, reprove, admonish, blame, censure, criticize)
:;:> _j o.l.>lj.o ,:_,:> _j
._r;:;r" ,:_,:> ~ ~j
Ex: When Ed arrived late, he knew that his father would reprimand him. ,;;, _? ..I.Aiy>- o.l.>.lj-o \) _,1 ._,.;, J..\; .S ~\;;,..;" ..ui .._;[>.
"-: .T-;;, ;;,\
._;jJ
reproach I n'pr::~utJ I v. rebuke, reprimand, (criticize, find fault with, censure, blame, admonish, condemn, reprehend, scold, reprove) ;.,:> _j o.l.>lj.o ,:_,:> _j :>\.4;;.;1 ,,J:> ~ ._;.;jr'
Ex: You should not condone his sordid behavior; rather, reproach him for his fractious manner . . ~::. ) } ,_;.:,jr' ::.Jy ..;..L: ..:...b~ L>
repudiate ln'pju:dieitl v. reject, decline, (disown, cast off, abandon, forsake, desert, discard, refuse, renounce, disvow, abjure) :,:>_; ..:..All:i..o ,:,:>_; JI.S:.il
·.;r.i.r...Y ,,;,:>~;;,)
Ex: The general attempted to repudiate the testimony of the lieutenant, claiming that the young officer was not an authority on low level bombing . .ft.~
t_U;) J::.
01).-7~ ;;,J_,_. J::.
0\y:- _,-!I .S ::._?..;"
~::.\
_, ...l:S
::.J \J
:,1_,::.....
..::...::.~
;;,_?..;" ._}")\; Jij) •...:........\ o;;, y! j~
ln'pAgn::~ntl adj. distasteful, repulsive, (abhorrent, repellent, disgusting, sickening, disagreeable, offensive, objectionable, loathsome, hateful, reprehensible)
repugnant
).,!.;~ 'JJit.* ,~1..:;.,;:. Ex: The sight of the corpse was repugnant to the squeamish onlookers . .::.y, JJi_;,~ ...r'L,.. J Sji.;J;;, .:r-}>1.; 1..5\.T- oj4- o_)a;.. repulse ln'pAisl v. drive back, (reject, refuse to accept, decline, turn down, spurn, rebuff, repudiate, veto, deny, pass up, knock back)
:,:>.; :>) ,,J:> ~
c!;;,
Ex: Management is sure to repulse any request for increased remuneration . ....l:S ::. J IJ :> _r..;:...,:> J.-:1_}1 !$W.ti; ...;, /..r"' ...:........\ ~ ..::._,.r...M
reputed ln'pju:tidl adj. thought, supposed, believed, (considered, held, reckoned, judged, assumed, presumed)
..... ~ .~ ~w ...... ~ )~ ..... ~ ..;,J;U Ex: The drug is reputed to have a salubrious effect on nerves . .~).iS if~
r-.:- !.SJJ I.SJJi~ )I J..b...o ::.\y .S ...:........I...JJT'
requisite l'rekwiZitl n. requirement, (need, want, prerequisite, precondition) ,1.
J
r- ·ji.:J ~~4 ·~j~
Ex: One mortifying requisite for the position was that he would have to work for one year under the aegis of a fatuous egotist. ol_,....>-::.y>- \;;,i ~ ..::..._..,;;,.r..j J~ ..:......Lo "-: ::.y, )~ _,1 .S ::.y, .:r-1 ~ ;.,i o..l:..S ~ ~1_,.:. j1 ~ ..xS )\5
J...>-1
resourceful ln's:>:sfl, -'z:>:sfll adj. able to meet any situation, (ingenious, inventive, creative, imaginative, quick-witted, clever, bright, talented, gifted,
H. capable) ~·)·~· ,,jl.);lS' ,~1;.)4 '...r.:!J.J
4 Ex: The store owner was resourceful enough to run a sale the day after his building had been razed by the flames. '~r--' _;.....;i l51_,..u.__.;, ;.) ..}iojL. ~ 1.5-4 ..~,:oo; '• x.;S.)-' ..bo..o Ex: The rebel's innate hatred of restrictive decrees led him to crave freedom all the more.
..)r
-.s.)l) ...:....:..; ~ t; ..t...:. ...::......~ ,..;I~ -.st...<J\.. ~ jl .._,.;.
Jr .)I)_;;.;
reticent l'ret1sntl adj. silent or reserved, (restrained, diffident, uncommunicative, unforthcoming, secretive, tight-lipped, close-mouthed, quiet, mum) rl) ,..::.$\..... ,_;_,.~.:;.. ·;1.).),.>
Ext: Most politicians are reticent when asked to divulge their ambitions. ;~I 0~ •..L:.:S ~ .)y-->- ~ -sL.o.Jj)
.)JY' ;.) t;
.)rif Jl_;....., <JI).4.:.,.,l,...- ~
).?J . .J.:.:Sif
Ex2: Even under repeated questioning, the witness remained reticent. ,.).? )~I 0 ~ •J?-o -st... ,J-,7':' j~ ..;:..;..:;
~ ...Lo>l:.
retort I nb:tl v. answer, reply, (respond, rejoin, riposte) ,j.)\.) ~4 ,,j.)b ':-'I~
Ex: He refused to retort to the rash question about his propensity for imbibing. ,.) .? -.s;l.).) _,.,.:. ·-s)~J_,..:... "" c.Tl: L..; .)JY' ).) ·~ Jl_;....., .w ,j.)b t:--4 j1 Jl retrospect l'retr;::,spektl n. looking backward, (on looking, thinking back, on reflection, with hind-sight)
~jS "'! ~~
4 •.A..\,;I.J4 ·.S~.i4
Ex: In the future we will, in retrospect, regard today's bizarre behaviors as quite ordinary. ·~if~ -.5.)~ Sl.\51; •j.J.r'l '-:-'..):- J ~-st...)::!;:;.;, •..t:.:i ;.) ,-.::..::.,:;5 ._, ..?~ L reverberate ln'v3:b;::,reitl v. reecho, resound, (ring, vibrate, echo) ,j~
,,j.);Ji;.) oj)
"'! .~~ jiJ,;I~ (I..L.o]
Ex: The rescue team heard the miner's voice reverberating through the caves . . ~ .)Y. o..L.:. ji...GI~ t... ;~ <Jl:-o ;.) .S I; ~..w -.si..L.o .0~ ~
revere
/n'vi~(r);
(US)
rJ 1VIr/
v. honor, respect, admire, (look up to, think highly of,
esteem, defer, reverence, venerate, adore, idolize)
oJ.).? ~ -.;r.!.l.lt rl.r>l ,.:,.) .? r'-P ·.:r.!.l.) ..:.....r Ex: There are not many people in this world whom one can revere . .~1~ )} t"'_?.:; _, ~ .);y I;~~ .jl~ li ..G)..G .)~ _, -s~~j ~1)1 ~~ .:r-1 ;~
revert I ri 1V3:t/ v. return, (go back, come back, reappear, reoccur, come again)
-:rs.r.
~ .J~; Ex: After taking the drug, she began to revert to the days of her childhood . ....::........1 .;..;.5 )"'. J-1-.J ~ y5 01;_,~ "-! ~.? '-'. ..L.>-1 •;..l>..o .~\... ._; _,.....,.
) .u.:
revile /n 1vad/ v. scold, (rail, carp, criticize, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, chide, reprove, upbraid, berate, censure, castigate, haul) ~ .:>~j;J ...:... ;:. -~
;_;;g I_;..~ .jl oJ.).? ..s'-~ ~ -~ .:,.)1.) r~.:..:..)
Ex: Ezra Pound, the expatriate poet, was reviled for his pro-Fascist remarks . ...;;...j} )} ~ ~JY '-",;,1~\j .st... _..12; ;4J'ol ykl>- "-! ·LS~ .r"L;, •...G~I)I
rhetoric
/'ret~nk/
n. use (sometimes exaggerated) of language, (oratory,
eloquence, power of speech, delivery)
..sj4.J4j •...:.....>L..:U -~Ua> .~~
Ex: At a time that requires tangible proposals, all he offers is unconscionable
rhetoric . ._,....1>1)1 .Sjl.;.J~j ..6._Aj _,I ...:)~~ it...; ·r-o)~ j~ ~ .st...~~ J t....c._,.1 "-! 6 .)\... j jl u )"'.
.:r.' )~
rife I ra1f I adj. widespread, (prevalent, predominant, common, general, extensive, ubiquitous, universal, global, rampant)
.r.$1}
,o.)
.;-$ ,~ \..!.
,~1;
Ex: Criticism of the author was rife among the coterie of intellectuals who used to praise him . . ~ Y. ·~ _;......S _, c;:l; ,..G.)_?._,. J.:l.:...., IJ _,1 ~ 6 _;1~ JJ .YL>... ~ J~ •...l:........:.y jl ~li:;;l
rift /nft/ n. a split, an opening, (fault, break, breach, fissure, cleft, gap, crack, cavity, hole) ,_/.;-.) J.) •...HS:...!.
Ex: He alluded to the rift caused in the school by the plethora of hirsute boys who ignored the criterion for appearance.
l-:
.st...~ ~~j ~\..t....;
.jl
j.-lY 6 ..:....;,I.) J41ol _, ~_? 'JL;,I........,;..u ;~ ,..ui ~~Y. ?~ _,~
.J.:.:S~ ..:...:.lY; I;
....:....I) ~LJ:; ;~
"o
"-:.l:S L i.SJ
6 ~ J.:..L lSY J ._,.::...,_J
romp /romp/ v. move in a lively manner
;,?; J .j.)_?
J\..o~ ,.J.)_? ~ -.:>~.? j:> J ~
Ex: When the intercity competition began, our team was supposed to romp over our hapless rivals . ...LS JL...tSj I;~ .s~) ~., ;~;
\. .
~
...L..:, ur--sk ~ ...A.:L. 6 ...?_,
roster I' rost:l(r) I n. a list of names, (list, listing, rota, roll, register, schedule, agenda, calendar, directory, index, table) '-'"\...I ..:.. .J~ ''-""\...1
.::.-.:l ''-""\...1 ..::-.Jfi
Ex: The coach knew he would have to add experienced players to the roster to compensate for the spate of freshmen on the team. ~ ..;..__.,~ 4...; LSiol...;_r.-j ~ .Jl:.>:;.j~ ..:.....,..\ J~ ~ ~ LAJJI JL... i J:>:..A .J\_r.- LSI.r. 45 .:.....,.jb...,- ..s'-/' ..XS .UW.I
rudimentary l,ru:dr'mentril adj. elementary, (basic, fundamental, introductory, early, primary)
· '!~ ·~\; ·...r-1~1
Ex: Since my grasp of algebra is rudimentary, I cannot solve the problem. ·~ j>- \) .J!_. .:r-1 ~~_,;~ ~ 15..1.:::-- .r.- ,_r'J)
j)
45
•1.54
4-.ii jl
rue lru:l v. regret, (be sorry, feel apologetic, feel remorseful, feel pity, feel regretful) .)"I
.J.l.!, .JL....!.. .;. .......b - • '"I .) oJ,) .Jor
Ex: You will rue that display of histrionics when you are fired . •...L.!. .l,:.AI_,>- .:,~
)_,>- LS.;$.UYJ LSjl.._;All> jl..::....9_,;i -4.l.!. - I j1 .~ _; ~ 1.) L:15 ._,.....li.o r-o.r ..:;IS' ~l.r"L; .:;~ _; ~:;, ~ 1_,..., ~ )~.J .s ../&.... ...;.....;) ;1.}
sanguine I'SreiJgWtnl adj. optimistic, (confident, assured, hopeful, buoyant)
~y>
~ ~ _;. ,> '(.r-! _;. ,>
Ex: Because the malignancy had gone unchecked, the surgeons were not sanguine about the patient's chances. ,J,;,)~ .:.r:.J-.»- )~ ..S.)_r.+: ___.....;L; .)))-" ).) .)l>l_r:- ,,)Y. • ..t..:..; J_r;S •• ~ ~~ .s ~~ jl
I s~'ta1~ti I
satiety
n.
excess,
overly
full,
surfeit,
(surplus,
oversupply,
superabundance, superfluity, overindulgence, satiation)
t..l:-!.1
Ex: The host exhorted his guests to eat to satiety. .J,;J~ ll&. t~' ..L> t;
.s -::.....;.b lr'
.:.>L4
.Jl:_r.-o
saturate l'sretJ~reitl v. soak, fill up completely, (wet, souse, steep, douse, drench, overfill, surfeit, glut, satiate, sate)
ZJ.)_J t..\.:-!.1 ,.JJ,;l...:>
Ex: Television in the new century was saturated with the rebirth of the old quiz shows .
.~
t~l " ,J,;j}
Ex: As the scion of a family of wealthy bankers, Rothschild never had to face the vicissitudes of life. ,..t..:..; ~ly ..}J,;j ..s~~ J w~-:>I.AL ~ ;5~ ~J) )£.;~
d_,.;\.:.:- ~ J,;j_} .J\y. "-' ,.JG:-
scoff lskof; (US) 'sb:fl v. sneer at, (jeer at, mock at, gibe at, taunt, laugh at, ridicule, make fun of, poke fun at, revile, deride)
ZJ.) .J
0
~
,ZJ,) .J
~)
Ex: I don't understand modem art, but I neither loathe nor scoff at it. ·~.,/ J-'·_,.>....-.o ~) iP .:,1 jl ~Lot 'iJA,5....;).) .r ..~:.~? jl l'skru:t~naiZI v. examine closely, (study, inspect, survey, scan, look over, investigate, peruse, probe, inquire into, sift) ,j.) .J ..r') .J'. ..:..,.;.) '!
scrutinize
Ex: No sooner did the lawyer scrutinize the extortion note than he called the police . . .)j ~ ~ "-' .S .)Y. o.)~ J,5J l'skAr~l~s; (US) 'sb:r- I adj. coarse, (abusive, vituperative, insulting, offensive, disparaging, defamatory, slanderous, scandalous)
scurrilous
o..c..ij ,..::...,.;._)
,_r-o\.)!o"y
Ex: Vigilant censors protect the public from listening to scurrilous language on television . ..::........k.9t.-. c} J-!..r.._,t ..su.uL.r. r-1..:,::-" _,.; J -::.....;. j .J~j "-' 0.).? .;..t .r.'.r. ).) ') r.).,.. ~ r ..s~ ~ .J.:.:S.f
,... scurry l'sk.ui; (US) 'sk3:ril v. run hastily, (hurry, hasten, make haste, rush, dash, sprint, scuffle, scamper, scramble)
Ex: He watched the rats scurry across the street. .~.? 1.5" L.:.~ ..,\;..\.;J~d' 0~l.>-
._?f- J~
.A;..;' .A;.;'
.S I; ~ y Jl
sedate lsi'deitl adj.,v. quiet, still, undisturbed, sober, (calm, tranquil, placid, dignified, earnest, gentle; relieve, tranquilize)
0:l.? ~1)
-0:lb ~ ~~1)
,:.rf.:-. -~ -}y
Ex: There is something absurd about a well-dressed, sedate man throwing snowballs . ...J.:S '-:-"t.;.:; ~.r. .u _,15' } _;.. -' _;. >;~ ~ r -5::. .s -:.......1 .__
,o.)WIJ~
Ex: A viable peace was brought about as a result of the diplomat's singular contribution. ...~..ol ~~ Y. )..1:.4 J .].s- ~ ,. .::-t....~~ .~WIJ_,.9 l.SJ~ ~ J~
sinister l'smrst;)(r)l adj. evil, ominous, (wicked, bad, vile, vicious, cruel, malicious, malign)
.
~~ ..;~ ,~_,.;.
Ex: The stool-pigeon, the detective's confidant, told him about the sinister plot. .~b Jl ..., I) ..;~ ....:1 y .r.>- .~ Y. .l5'i)5 ~l...:s-1 ~ JY' .s .J::->;.r.>-
skirmish l'sb:mrJI n. small fight, brief encounter, (battle, fight, clash, conflict, confrontation, engagement, combat, quarrel) J~ J ~ ,.)JY. J .)j •.S.;$J:.
Ex: The precocious boy enjoyed an intellectual skirmish with his elders. -~A>" u.ll ~.»- l.£1A_?'JY. ~ ....;I~JJ
J..G:- J ~
jl._,:\.:.::......1 ~~
slovenly l'siAvnlil adj. disorderly, careless, (slattenly, untidy, dirty, unclean, messy, unkempt, dishevelled, bedraggled, rumpled)
••:..h._r. ·~..r. ·~ _,.~; .~
Ex: She loathed doing menial tasks, and she did them in a slovenly manner . .~b__,. r~~ ~ ~ 1) ~~ '"'tJ~ ~..., 3 ~-'"'? ....;~\.....::....- ~..., ..:.......1_»-__,. .s )L(;_r.>solicit ls;)'hsrtl v. beg, seek earnestly, (ask for, request, apply for, seek, plead for, crave, beseech, implore, petition, importune, supplicate)
.J:. ;S
~.l.:...ol
Ex: Daily the volunteers went out to solicit funds for the indigent families.
•.:,:. ;S W.\A>
,,, . ..>.:,~.? ..f
JL. ..s...s -sl...:>\.4; ...::.......~ -st.d_,.;L>- -sl.r. J ...\:..:..9J,f 0J.r.. jJJ ./' .JL11_,b
somber /'somb;)(r)/ adj. gloomy, sad, (depressed, melancholy, dismal, doleful, mournful, joyless, cheerless)
ci} -~JJ:.I .~1~ Ex: The deleterious results of his irate outburst put the previously jocose audience in a sombennood. _..>.:,...:,, _, ~ )~~ ..>.:,~-" J_,s:..;. _, ~L:. ~ .s r-"' -sJL..:..:>- .s ~-" .:r..' _,, ..~.:..- ._- Jl ..J~L..) ..::....,...~
stagnant I 'stregn;:,ntl adj. motionless, dull, inactive, (still, unflowing, standing, foul, stale, sluggish, quiet, inactive, static) ...S _r;..r, ,.x:.S ...:;......> .:.W" ,.lSI;
Ex: The iconoclast has the propensity for reproaching those who feel complacent with leading a stagnant existence . .T>jr-' J ~L .:.,w ~ 0 ~J} .~b)}
...:..;t.......;,
~JY
,..:.....I
stereotype /'steri~taip/ n. unvarying pattern, (conventional type, received idea, symbol, standardized image, cliche) .:~W.~\.i~.~
Ex: The laconic Clint Eastwood is a stereotype of the strong, silent Western hero . ...:......1.)_;.-.J .st....~ ..:..SL...)
.x..._j)...\.! .)L..~ ~) ~L...;
.--i_;>
rS ~)_,::....;.1 ~
stigmatize /'stigm~taiZ/ v. mark with a disgrace, (defame, slur, slander, vilify, disqualify, deprecate, denigrate, dishonor, disgrace, decry) .J.:~
.f I_,... J
,.J.:~
.f ~~~
Ex: It was asinine to stigmatize his opponent as a bigot and thus exacerbated an already bitter campaign . .s . AL:>.;;;I •jJl:--- ...t...:. ~~ )5 .;r-1 J ~y, .sl~lL...:>-1 )l5 ~ r~T ~ .:_,ly."' ~~ ~) .:_,~.; \L;~
t:t
.~.)
rt ..L...L.:..;" - ,..;.....:.b ~->,1.:j ""'t"' ..T·...I
·_,
w ~I
u-· ~,.~ . ..~
stipulate /'Stipjuleit/ v. specify a condition, (set down, lay down, state clearly, make a condition of, demand, require) oJ.) .f .,1;\,:.J ,,:,.).f ,j:!N ,,:,.).f .;r.o ,,:,.).f j, _r. ,,j.) .f e.~
Ex: We repudiated the contract because it did not stipulate a cost of living bonus . . ~y, • ..L.:...; .l.OW .:_,T
J.)
Jit..!. .~WIJ_,.; &
l.r..j ~~~ ):.5 IJ ~~~)} L.
strident /'straidnt/ adj. shrill, harsh, rough, (raucous, discordant, screeching, unmusical, coarse)
Ex: Her strident voice added to the bedlam. strife
I stra1f I n. discord, disagreement,
(conflict, friction, dissention, dispute, '.SJI! .)\...~ ,....J'.>\:>1
hostility, animosity, difference)
Ex: Each spouse said that the other was culpable for their conjugal strife . ....t...:.~..s" _;_,..;.L;j -.i')\:>.1 .;r-1 J.f--o .Ju..~ ....!)> .s .J:.~.?..s" ~~l.:_r.::>;-Jj jl
\1..15" /'
stunt /StAnt/ v. check in natural growth, hold back in growth, (retard, slow, impede, hamper, hinder, curb, restrict, stop, prevent) jl
oJ.) .f
.f ~\j
Ex: The reporter wanted to elicit the pertinent facts from the reticent witness so he could substantiate the charge of moral turpitude against the high city official. ~~1-.L;I_,.-:: .S:.,J)> ~ 0y.r-: IJ .J,Y...r" .._;,_li>- ,0_,.>- r-5 y ...::..SL »ol.;, ..)Lj .r..j jl..::-ly>-.s- _f-.;,)} •...1.:.5 ..:;..,L;IIJ
k
"-:4 ..t:.L iLA.. _}')\>.1
~u
subterfuge /'5Abt;)fju:d31 n. ruse, trick, (wile, ploy, stratagem, artifice, dodge, intrigue, trickery)
Ex: The experienced teacher realized that Ricky's stomachache was merely a subterfuge to keep him from taking the French test. ...t:S:.; ...::..S
subterranean
_r. .........;1; .J~j .jl>..;...l )~ ~; ..::.....-1 fo 'li _,....,
~) ~)~ J~
.s ~ "-:r
I 15Abt;) 1remi;)nl adj. underground
~ ~
~j_r.j
Ex: After two years of confinement in a subterranean dungeon, the prisoner was thin and wan . . ~ y, o..l..!.
~..r" ) _}-'1
•...r.:- j
.r..j J~l:--- ~ )~ ...;--:>-
JL )~ .)..!_;I) iS" )
..W
,jl..!_; j
succinct l5;)k 15II)ktl adj. vague, undefined, not specific, (brief, concise, short, compact)
:r: y
••
t_,s- -~ -~\,; ·.:.r:-"1,; '\*-""
Ex: He could say the most vitriolic things in a succinct way.
110
...t:S
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~[; J
r+.-" _; J.)-"
"-: \J l_,.._j ,->
,:_r;_;,.;.:, p ..:......;If .5' ;l~i
succulent /'sAkj;)l;)nt/ adj. juicy, (moist, luscious, mouth-watering)
Ex: The connoisseur of fine foods declared the restaurant the ultimate in the preparation of succulent meat dishes . . ~ \J
)y>- ....;"-" ..::..;_~ )...l:l ~~ ..st....l~ ~
J)
)_? i".>\>:.I.JIJ_,:....J "-: JLY ..st....\~ ._rU)5
succumb /S;) kAm/ v. give way, yield, (give in, submit, surrender, capitulate) 1
~J..!. ~
Ex: Besieged by debts, the corporation finally had to succumb to bankruptcy . . ..\...':. ~ ~)J .r. 1..r. )) t~ 1 r )y_ o..L':. ._y'>...l: J}- .s
..:..S_r:,
sullen /'SAl;)n I adj. ill-humored, grim, (sulky, sour, glum, gloomy, dismal, cheerless, surly, cross, angry, frowning, glowering, grumpy) ..r~
,.:..f J.!
Ex: Despite all attempts to mollify her, she remained sullen about the levity caused by her slovenly raiment. ..::..__yL _;,14 J ...,..._; ..r"t; ..su._rU ~I _,.bl.>..: l..l ~ tl) \J J\ \.; ('""!.) _? ..s)~j ..st...._r.)l.; ~I ~ ~ ..J:,l.. ._ry
J 0 } ,)Y. o..L':. J\ ..S.T..JJ,)
sultry /'s,\ltri/ adj. extremely hot and moist, torrid, (airless, stuffy, sticky, trifling; sensual, sexy, voluptuous, seductive, erotic)
._;1~
..:.r:-!Ji :.::. .f ~::.
•...r; _r.
'":-',1 r
J
~j
Ex: When he learned that the movie was to be replete with sultry scenes, the cautious banker refused to underwrite its cost. 1_,....;\ ..::....>-L...... ....:..:_Y" ..:......>-b_r, ,..\...':.~ .jl~ ..st....~ )_r, ...:.....,...,\ )} ~ .S ~ ._?J J\5.&.H>•.• )..\.S:;L
.) _?2, •l,a..l
sumptuous /'s.\mptJU;)S/ adj. lavish, (luxurious, deluxe, opulent, magnificent, gorgeous, splendid, rich, costly, expensive, extravagant) "-'l...~:..oJJL:;.....
·"-''.J4J:. J
...:.....,...,::. .... li.L!.
·J6:..- ,._,s:..;.4
Ex: The sumptuous feast was prepared with impeccable care .
...\...':. ):} .r. ,_rj ,..~;..;\J ~I )...Lo.; S....;.j; superfluous /su:'p3:flu;)s; Brit also sju:-/ adj. excessive, surplus, (spare, extra, unneeded, unnecessary, inessential) .)UI
•..s:.4..) ,:.ljl..
Ex: Because he was an itinerant worker, he had to disdain carrying superfluous equipment.
'" .;)_? .f .SJb~_r:. ~L...;I ..).!L.J
J...> jl ;)Y. .s;)}•JJ;) })5 ~.r-;
supine l'su:pam; Brit also 'sju:-1 adj. lying on the back, (flat on one's back, prone, prostrate, horizontal)
Ex: From a supine position, the hunter emitted the animal's mating call. .;) _? .f ~ IJ .JI_r.>- ~ .sl..~.... ;)Y. o~l_,>- ..::....:..; 4; .S ._;ll>-
I ,sAph'kerJn I n. earnest prayer, (plea, pleading, beseeching, begging, imploration, petition, appeal, prayer, invocation)
supplication
J;)
...s"; JIS::...;.
entreaty,
•J...y
.,s;lj .~;) ·~
Ex: Through supplication, the fraternity head hoped to end the strife among the members. -..!.:~ .J~4 .l...2&-l .f.'; w'.>b:-1 .S;) _? .S)J~I ;4J'>I .I..~.~ J;) 4; ~ ~ I.SJ;)I_r. J..;... _,>-I ~I ..r-)J
surfeit l's3:frtl n. excess, superabundance, (surplus, oversupply, superfluity, glut) ~;) ~
,,)4_j
;I:-! ,)\..W •• _;1~1
jl
..f.-:! ,;)4_.) ;1-lA.o
Ex: When can we expect a respite from the surfeit of TV commercial? ~!'"'_,..;. ..::..>-\)
,i,;r._,l; ...::...~ ......... .:r-1 _r,
jl
\.j ~~ ....:...;.!;)
;\.k::;l ..l.:~...?
surge 1s3:d3l v. rush suddenly, (gush, stream, flow, flood) oJ,);Ji
~~ ,.J.J.,.;. r.JI.I""
Ex: Chicago put its heaviest players up front. but they were helpless as the Giants' line surged toward them. w):> 4; ~~ ~ d'"Li;) .b.,:.._?.., t...l ;)b)} .t..k> .b.,:.);) I;;)_,>- ~~j~ .:r.;.JjJ ~ }'~ ~ .~...\...!. .~t...);)
surmise
ls~'marzl
Sl.l5 ~;))Ji i .r':'""' ~i
v. guess, (conjecture, suspect, deduce, assume, presume,
gather, imagine, suppose) oJ,)j
..r.J.>
Ex: Edna had surmised that she would be charged a nominal sum and so she was outraged when she got the bill. •J.rS ji..L;.;) I) JPU .._rj.., L..l .J....:.:S._,..,. '":""'L>- Jl ~ ..s~t; & ...:_.,)~ 4; I) ...:.:r ;)Y. o;)j ._r.J.> \;;)~ • ..:..J));)
surreptitious
l,sAr~p'trJ~s;
(US) ,s3:r-l adj. stealthy, accomplished by secret,
(clandestine, sneaky) ~~.~I-'!,~,)_);)
Ex: With a surreptitious movement, the meticulous bookkeeper emptied the ash tray . .(;) ..,_:..; .J~ ..l:.S .....Jlk.. r--'""1.7" I;) ;) _? JL> IJ I.SJ~~ I..~... J.r".J. J ~IY- ..b.')l.~ JI..!.:I.:S"
susceptible I s~'sept~bl I adj. easily affected, unusually liable, (impressionable, credulous, gullible, vulnerable, sensitive, emotional)
IIV
Ex: Ethan Frome soon learned that his querulous wife was susceptible to a variety of ailments . ...1...!.~15" .r.~~~ LA1.5J~ t_,.;l .r.l.r. J~ _;..a>.~~ ..S ~ ~Jj ..)..:;- ~ J} 0lfjl
symptomatic / 1Simpta 1mretik/ adj. having to do with signs or symptoms, indicative, (signalling, characteristic, suggesting, suggestive) J! Jl.) ,..:;...-.":}..s. -"'~
Ex: The sordid rioting was symptomatic of the problems facing the large cities. -~~ Y. J.T.JJ lfjl ~ ..5 J.:T. !.St..k ..s ~ Y. ._;"))S...;... .Gl:.; ,~L.;. _,>-\.; J-~1 J '-:"' _,.;.i .)
taboo /ta 1bu:/ n. adj. forbidden by custom or religious practice (prohibited, banned, proscribed, vetoed, outlawed)
·e-
r~~ '!'"!T" Ex: It is taboo for certain South sea islanders to eat some foods before they marry . ...::-.1 tf--" CIJ~ j1 j1 ~ LA I~ ,_?.r. 0~ J_,>- ''-:"' .f:>:- i.S~J~ _r.ly:- .:.r:SL... j1 ~ 1.5l.r.
tacit /'treSit/ adj. understood, implied, not stated, (implicit, unstated, indirect, undeclared, unspoken, unexpressed)
~r-'>-~-~_,1; Ex: His egregious behavior brought a tacit reproach to his mother's eyes. -~.? ~li;;l ~_,.1.; Jl ..;_;. j )l;;j) jl ·0~.? .K; ~ ~ ~ .;)~l..
taint /temt/ n. v. contamination, undesirable substance that spoils something, (contaminate, pollute, adulterate, infect, blight, befoul, spoil, perish) iJ~~ ...~...ou ,iJ~~ • .)_,li ~.)w
,_;.);i
Ex: Unsanitary conditions in the bottling factory caused hundreds of cases of soda to be tainted by dirt and foreign objects. The health department refused to allow the soda to be sold . ..?"J\.>. .~1 J .J~j ,_;:)> jl ~L..:._,.; i.S~ LA..l..P ..~...!. ~~ .t..~L..:._,.; 0~;5 i.S~ .G\.>.)5 _;:-:.1~~ .1z:1_r. .~ y
._;;;. J}
\.A~L.;. _,.; ._:r..l ~~~ oj~l ..;_;.1~ OJbl .~ y 0~ _,ll
tangible /'trend3abl/ adj. having actual form, (touchable, palpable, tactile, visible, concrete, real, actual, distinct) ~ ,~IJ\.1" _,...1..
•._,-I
J.Li
Ex: Mr. Dixon belittled our request for tangible proof of his loyalty . .~ ~ ....sP." y .~ _,>- i.S;bl..iJ ~IJ S ;.>vo ...;1;1
.r. ._;.:... lo
~.SL.i>I.A; ~ 0~~ i.St.;i
tantalize /'trentalaiZ/ v. tease or torment by offering something good but not deliver, (torture, frustrate, make one's mouth water, entice, titillate, allure) iJ.)~ -_,..._, ,iJ.)~ '-:"'i IJ ..,...S J.) ,iJ.)I.) '-:"'I~ ,iJ.);S ~~I Ex: It is reprehensible to tantalize a young child with the promise of a reward for being good when you have no intention of giving it. .~ '-:"'i IJ Jl J~ J--!)> ._:,-.:.1 j1 J ~ j....&- 0l ~ lol ~~ •.r..~ J_,; i.SJl;;j~ _,>- .k ~ ~ i.SI~ ~}I .~lo..l...!. ~ _,.. I; _;:..:. j J~
j..s-
tantamount /'trentamaunt/ adj. equivalent, identical, (equal, as good as, synonymous)
11A f-)~ ·~~L... '!-'.r. Ex: At the zenith of his career, he was tantamount to a final arbiter on matters of economic policy . ....:....;.b i\.:; ;~I -s~Lcil ..b..,:.. ": ..bY./ JL. )~ ,._r.:....l> OJJ~ (.J\ )~ )\
..r--
taut lt:J:tl adj. tense, keyed up, on edge, (critical, tight, tensed) ._;IT"!
,tj.;.,:.;
•r:>"J
Ex: There was a taut international situation caused by the proximity of unidentified submarines to our coasts . . ..l;.~ _} .jlp,. .jl~ ~~I ~~ \.. j>-1_,...., ": ._,..,~;....;,\.; -.>~_}~;~ .r..j .)...\..!, s._~ j
temerity lt;:)'mer;:)til n. foolish boldness, (effrontery, impudence, audacity, cheek, gall, recklessness, foolhardiness)
(o~J~I)
dr:-
,l;_r. ,..;:..,).••-":"
Ex: For having the temerity to declaim against the majority leader, the freshman senator was given the worst committee assignments . .~ ~ ~1.£;1 ~~ ": IJ -=--:_,.:51 .r."' J ~ Y. .~ _? ,:.)_r.- 6 ...\..!, )~IJ -.>;ts'oj\.:; JYL:......, 4-::.;y\... J.}-\.:
tenable I 'ten;:)bl I adj. supportable, defendable, (justifiable, defensible, arguable) ..:...:L- J.u ,J_r.i J.u ·t:..U~ J.u Ex: When he found his sinecure was no longer tenable, he felt it a propitious time to resign. 1_,....9
lb.:__., I
-sl.r.
.:>L. j .:r..~ ~.? _?.J ...;~ y>- ~ •..t..:.~._,...; t_\..9~
J.u h~
._;1_;\A..:._,....:.; ~ ~
.?J
....::........,1 oJ.,....-)
tenacious lt;:)'neiJ;:)sl adj. tough, stubborn, (clinging, firm, fast, tight; persistent, pertinacious, determined, resolute, purposeful, unshakable, stubborn, obstinate, strong-willed)
~
,&u ,. ;:. . .;. . . r ' ~"'l.:;:>..... r ' '"''~ ,o~Jijl:-=:J
Ex: He held on to his antiquated beliefs with a tenacious obsession . . ~y_ ·~ ._;l~..l9
..t.:.W. J ;LS:91 ": •.k.:>....... _,...... ~
.f'Y
~ J ...;--~ J~ Jl
·)~ .Jj
termagant l't3:m;:)g;:mtl n. a scolding woman, a shrew
,-U:a.:L .Jj
Ex: Why do you remain docile while that termagant besmirches, maligns and belittles you? ~-sl...-:.......:.. il) ...::........,_,; 0~.? ~
J
0~.? ~~.()~.?it.;-\.: J~ 6 -sl~
()j ,)
J.l.i. )~ l_r;-
terminate l't3:mmeitl v. end, (bring to a close, bring to end, bring to conclusion, close, conclude, finish, stop, discontinue, put an end to) .:,~
.J ~ Y.l..i ,,j~l~ .J4 ~
Ex: It seemed incongruous to terminate his employment just when he was so successful. .J.,....- Jif JO.:-: ~ .r.f- .~.?...,. ~ ..;.; _,... )\..\5 ...; ;\5 )~ 6 ..;t.. j )~ ...::........, )~ Jl ()~.? cl_,..,.:-1
terse lt3:SI adj. concise, brief, compact, (succinct, short, to the point, crisp) ~ ··~? ,.~.;_,s •?..Y'
11'\
Ex: The mayor made a terse statement in which he rebuked his election opponent for making a contemptuous accusation . . ~b)} ._r.;.p:, ~JY \.;):AI~_,; ...:;.;\..~1 c_)> )>\>.'-:I; ~.r>- J~l.>.;.;i ~J .o\.;_,5 ~ ;~ )~k therapy 1'9er;:,pil n. healing or curing process, (treatment, remedy, cure) .)\.. ;~ .~IA.o ,IJI.M
Ex: In order to complete the therapy, the doctor said a trip to a warm, dry climate was mandatory . ...:.......;b -~ jl
. .._jl_,kl •;
Ex: Under duress the normally timorous husband was coerced into demanding a raise. ..xs ...;_;.,.. _;.:1;1 ) ~.,; ·~~ jl...:.,.;..l; )~ L. ~\.. .s ~~~ .J\5-L:.,;I; h~ -?)
,,... tradition /tr~'diJn I n. custom that has been handed down, (belief, practice, convention, ritual, lore, culture)
Ex: Eskimos have a tradition of rubbing noses to show affection .
...W\....:
I; ~ yi- ~ •.;:.,LL>-1
.Jl:-:
-sl..r. ..G)~
r-" J
!.,. ~I
tranquil /'tr a:IJkWII/ adj. quiet, (peaceful, restful, reposeful, silent, calm, serene, placid, undisturbed) ..:..SL. ,~!)
Ex: A firecracker terminated the tranquil climate of the neighborhood . . ~j ~ ..r. IJ ....b... il) J J L .Y':"
.-si.U; J~l
transient /'tra:nzi~nt; (US) 'tra:nJnt/ adj. passing, short-lived, fleeting, (transitory, short-term, impermanent, temporary, brief, short, momentary, flying)
..;u ,;:;s :.Jj ,t):;s Ex: The young lover was susceptible to transient feelings of jealousy when he saw his sweetheart talking with his best friend . .:..>_d-
J .;:.,~L.,... JjS~Jj V"'L.,...I ;~~ .J:Sif ~ _;.;.-,J~ ..:_r.._.rl.; ~ ._?~
..S ..l:~
c?J
.JI.r-:- ~~
. ..G
tremulous
I 'tremj~l~s I adj. quivering,
(trembling, shaking, quavering, vibrating,
nervous, weak)
Ex: The widow's tremulous hands revealed her nervousness . .~Lif ;K...::.i I; _;-;~ y, ~ .o .r.: -Jij) -J\.:.....,~ trenchant /'trentJ~nt/ adj. keen, incisive, (cutting, pointed, sharp, biting, pungent, caustic, acrid, sarcastic; clear, clear-cut, distinct, defined, crisp)
:r.-o ·~'J ·:.r-JJ ~~ ·..s~ ··~.,s Ex: General Fox submitted a trenchant report on the enemy's latent strength . .~.J ...;1;1
·eu
:_r.-:;,~ o_,i)~ -Jij ~))"' )~ ..;\.....bL; _;,)}' .....;
,o:;l;il~ ~ ·~'.s:
Ex: The most trivial defects may have a deleterious effect upon the efficacy of that new process. ...).;)~ ...L:..L;:- ..~.:..;.i) 0i ...,:i)5
truncated /tr.\IJ'keitid;
LSJJ
LSJ~l,.j
;1 ..l:.J_,;if
--:-:~ ..:r,.}.}?
(US) 'tr ,\l)keitid/ adj. cut short, (shortened, reduced,
decreased, trimmed, curtailed, abbreviated)
II'\
Ex: It is frustrating to have one's lengthy remarks printed in truncated form . ....L:I,..L..:, '-:;""'~ ,..L..:, J_,_;L... J ,t; _,5 .,:_, Jr" ~ L. .j'l }:> .,:_,1_,1:.; ~ ~ ..:.......I ,.;.;.;$
~II.;
turbulent I 't3: bj;)l;)nt/ adj. unruly, agitated, (disturbed, unsettled, troubled, distraught, in turmoil, rowdy)
Ex: There was turbulent atmosphere in senate chamber. -~Y. L.~ ~ .?-" \:_., ~ )~
turpitude /'t3:pitju:d; (US) 't3:rpatu:d/ n. vileness, evil wickedness, (sinfulness, vice, immorality, iniquity, evil, corruption, depravity, degeneracy, misdeed) ..::,_;~_r.,~w
Ex: From any facet of his life, the acme of moral turpitude was reached by Adolph Hitler. ....:....9\.: ..:........~ _)')G:.I ~u c_JI ~ ..;1..} ...L:j ...s~~ r~.....; )~? ......4.lJ~i
tussle
/'tASI/ v. struggle, (wrestle, conflict, fight, battle, toil, combat) ,J-1..!.
.;$.)~
,,:_,~ _j oj.;\.:-o
Ex: Our conscience must always tussel against our yearning for what we know is taboo. ...\:.5 oj}~· ..:.....;,j ._s~}5 i~l ._sl_r. .j~l-.4; ._s~lr J Jl:-.ol ~ ~ ..L:l: L. .ji~J tyro /'tair;)u/ n. beginner, novice, (apprentice, trainee, probationer, new recruit, tiro, novicate, neophyte, rookie) .;lS' oj\.; '-.54
Ex: Although he was erudite about a copious number of things, he was a nai've. callow tyro when it came to relating to people. -~Y. ~r.-s:
J
...S..l:.:-.o ,,~l.., ._,..~i 'i~.r" L: .J:,L;) ...:..,...j )~ L.l ~Y. ~b .jiJI.} ..S~...:..,...j )~~I~~
ubiquitous /ju:'bikWit;)S/ adj. being everywhere at the same time, (everywhere, omnipresent, ever-present, all-over, pervasive, universal)
r" l> ~ 'r" l>
\..:-
"-w\
'.;$I}
Ex: Sprinting all over the court, the ubiquitous referee called one foul after another. 0i J w _,b .:r-1 ,~ ~~~ JL... J~ ~L> J~ •..r-"l> ~ ~~
jl ~ ~ 1) r.?.'-" ._s~w':>l>- ,...:....9 J..f' w _,b
-~ _,.,...;,._,.. ..r. ...s?-:~ ultimate
f',\ltim;)t/ adj. final, (last, eventual, terminal, conclusive) .; \So
'.:r. _,.>I •If- 4'
Ex: Gaining better housing for all was the ultimate goal of the zealous reformer. -~Y. ...s~ J Jr .x .,_u,c':>l..:>l ~~ w...\A .~ ...sl..r. .r+. :_?:.-... ~~ umbrage /'.\mbnd3/ n. resentment, offense, (pique, chagrin, vexation, irritation, exasperation, annoyance, anger, bitterness, huff)
,:,..I.!. ...:.....>l.;li ,,:,..I.!.
.;_,.,;.l~ ,,:_,~.;
Ex: I was flabbergasted when he took umbrage at my whimsical remarks.
(take
4>
,,.,.. ·i...l,.;. 0-*"" J .:..La
,...L.!,
...::...>-\};
.:.r- r.i.?-_,.;, .,slAJ?
ji ..?J
unabated I 1 An~ 1 beJtidl adj. without subsiding, (continuous, continual, incessant, ~~.Jlf..o • .:.....w. .Jw 4 '..r!~l.ii.S.r."" constant, stopless) Ex: The plague continued unabated, and the hapless Friar John was unable to deliver the note to Romeo. ,..\,;l..._r. .f-oJJ ~ \) .._.1,; ...:........;\_,::;OJ~.)~ .r.\} J ..;_;.\,) .._.\,)\ .)~ .,S}~~ J ~~
unconscionable I An 1 konJ~n~bl I adj. without conscience, unreasonable, (amoral, immoral, unethical, unprincipled, unscrupulous, dishonorable, dishonest, corrupt) J_,A....l.i ,.:,\~ J ,J"j..:j.. ·~'~J!J! ·~'~ J;:.J>
Ex: It was unconscionable to Abraham Lincoln to keep a book he had borrowed without making tenacious efforts to return it. J ~)~ J.:, ~y>- ~_;; ~Y. ci.J ..:..,.;La\~ ~~I:S ji.S \) .,r.I:S ~Y. .JI~J .j')l_,:. _,.1 cr.' A it....!) .sl.r. ..,t;l~
.J.r. ~~I:S ~ l;i t
.x.s:;
.s ~ ,_;.."jU
/'AIJktju~s; (US) -tJu~sl adj. affectedly emotional, (sycophantic, ingratiating, obsequious, fawning, servile, insincere, flattering, effusive, glib) _r.oi.;W .~~ .~l...A~
unctuous
Ex: We had to wince as we watched the newcomer try to wheedle and ingratiate himself into the teacher's favor in the most unctuous manner. I)~.,....>- •Hi_;.L..,; Jl:-! ,_;..)) ~ r-- .:,i ,.J~;? ._;...,.~~y>- J ..,...}.;~ ~ ~Jb ...r--' ~)Jojt .S ~..\;,~ ._jjJ ·~~.?
r>' ~I),; ..:.,...L.!, jl ,...L:S ~ ~ J~ )~
underwrite I 1 And~ 1 raitl v. agree to finance, (sign, countersign, endorse, initial, approve, confirm)
.s4 oJ.) ;S W...l •4 oJ.) ;S ..:..Ail_,.. ,.:,.) ;S .r..f-..r!j ,.:,,) ;S ..JIJ4 Ex: When our rivals agreed to underwrite the cost of our trip, a myriad of suspicions began to form in my mind . ...:..J.J ~ ~~ )~ t.....)O~.,...... iu1 J ,..~,;~.? ..::....01_,.. L.,;..... ~~ .r.G ~ .:,~y) ~K...
t.Y'
universal I ju:ni 1V3:sll adj. present everywhere, (general, all-embracing, allinclusive, comprehensive, worldwide, global, widespread)
~~~ ·~~ ,...,.~ ·~~ Ex: Would relations between countries be simpler if a universal language were spoken rather than hundreds of separate ones? L;i •..G~.? ._.... ~
r-- ~ .j~ ...5_;..:..... .J~j ~ ~ ..1:..0 •....A.~.:.>... .J~j lA..~.....o .s~ ~ lAJP iL..; .JI ~...L.!.~
_;.:,L...i ~j ~
.k.;IJJ
unkempt I 1An 1kemptl adj. untidy, neglected, (dishevelled, disordered, disarranged, tousled, messy, messed up)
~.J"'l.i .~i ·~..I'! J ~ .J.) •t,A J ~ ,4::>-u ~ ~ Ex: Children think mothers are asinine to get upset about unkempt rooms. ,.,t; _,.;,_,.. ...:...>-IJt; ..,..; _,.t; .,slAJtl )>\>. ~ ..1:..0 .S .x.;bt; .JL:.;IJ~L. .X:S if ~ .J\5' ~ .,5
unmitigated I An 1mitigeitidl adj. unrelieved, as bad as can be, (absolute, professional, complete, thorough, perfect)
If!"
~~,)
..;..;. ')~ rw ....;.ua. -.sl.u.r
Ex: He wasn't exactly an unmitigated liar; he merely embellished the truth a little . .~~~if ":-'t J ":-'i ._rSI; ~ ..6.0 ~~~ ._si.Ur- ..sPJ)~ So~~
Jl
IAn'seJV~ril adj. disagreeable, offensive, morally bad, (unpleasant, nasty, objectionable, repellent, repulsive, disreputable, vulgar, rude, uncouth, undesirable)
unsavory
~L.!.\.i -~L.!. _,.>\.i •Y _,.ua..~; ·~
Ex: It is reprehensible, but it doesn't require much gossip to give a person an unsavory reputation . . ~ )...G ..s~l:j if..~ J..,_ J ~ "-: j~ WIJ _,;:, ~ . .:;_, ~ 0~.? )~......:...L>- \..I •..::........1 ~L;,I.; '-'w. .:,:I unwieldy IAn'wi:ldil adj. bulky, difficult to handle, (cumbersome, unmanageable, awkward, clumsy, unmanoeuvrable)
I;
Ex: Mary was so disgruntled about having to move the unwieldy piano, she procrastinated for days. ;l.S ..:,.-:.1 _,.bt;;. ~ "-: .~_,., ;_,.>.]~ .)::>- ..t:.S ~~I; JUJ..,_ J ~ ..Sy~ .Jl ~_,., ;~ &.:1 j1 <Sr ,..:.._,:.I...GI ,_;., ~ ~ jJ; ~ .sl.r.
urbane /3:'bem I adj. polished, witty, polite, civilized, (elegant, cultivated, cultured, refined, courtly, civil, courteous, well-mannered, mannerly)
.JI~bT .ybT ..s,)l:-- ,..:..SIJ4
Ex: By embellishing her work with urbane humor, the sophisticated playwright succeeded on Broadway. L ..SJ~I_r. ;L....:; ;~ )>L>- ~ "--' J ~ y-5 ...::.....1) ._;~~ y _rb ~ _,; ~ I; ~ y>- )I ,~} u-;:y._.L.:..,L..; ,...t..,;, J.r.JJ ~)'
usurp lju:'z3:pl v. seize, annex, grab, (take over, expropriate, take possession of,
:? }
appropriate, commandeer)
;Jj
"'! ,,:>,).? ~
Ex: It is during a period of ferment that a dictator can usurp power. ...t:.S ~I; ..::..o;..ti ~~ t_W_,I ~ ;~ ..6.0 ...Giyif ;y~~ ~
utopia lju:'t~upi~l n. place of perfection, (ideal society)
,)41\.o:oS'\.i -~Lo) ,.u..;.u ~..~.o Ex: In Lost Horizon a character recoiled at the idea of living in a utopia . .~rif ~ ~t..) )~ ._}...Gj ~ ~ .J\::....,b ..su.~ jl ~ ,",.J..::...S J.il" )I)~ vacillate
l'vres~le1tl
v. hesitate, fluctuate, (waver, dither, equivocate, be irresolute,
be indecisive)
Ex: We are all familiar with the cliche that he who vacillates is lost. ·~
valor
l;,.;.l
11
.\:S- .r, _, ...;k..a>- _};.; )>L:>- ~ -~ Y. •
.x.:s ....-:....> J c_JJ.J,
vehemently /'vi:amanthl adv. violently, eagerly, passionately, (ardently, impassionately, fervently, fervidly, vigorously, earnestly, zealously) ...:..-;l_r J .;_,.;. 4 ,4-ili\:.!.o .~.,.:.;- 4 •.s.J.:J "!
Ex: He objected vehemently to a vote taking place in the absence of a quorum . . ~ y, ·~ j '-:"'L..a; ..l>- ~ .)~.X.....~ .si; ~I..W l_r.j ~ _? ._,;.1~1 .s_;$ .si; ~ i.A;....L..:. _,I veneer IVa 1nia(r); (US) Va 1nir I n. thin covering, (show, display, appearance, guise, mask, pretence)
Ex: The lieutenant confessed to a veneer of ignorance in order to properly evaluate his corporal's resourcefulness . .J.:S .._f.~j)l; -..>.)";" .r' .st.....)L;I_,; ...,.:-'\:.. ;_,k ~ I; ~b J~ J Ju;I J ._,;.W.I _} J:.l ~ .)I_,:-. venerable j'venarabll adj. respected, worshiped, (venerated, revered, reverenced, honored, esteemed, hallowed)
Ex: The prodigy revered the venerable master. ...::.....;.b .fl.} I; ~ ~
).fJ.T.
~t:....l
ri.L. .~t.;
venial /'vi:niall adj. pardonable, forgivable, (excusable, allowable, tolerable; slight, minor, trivial, unimportant, insignificant) ..::.-.A '-> l.i '·l.l""'~r • -!-• .;: l.u •..,--.!...!.:0.. I. l.i • I1.11 •.,.-. •.;:
Ex: Betty's childish fabrications were judged venial sins, although they mortified her mother. .~ y, .~ _? ..::....>-1;1.; I; ,__.;. ;~L. ~ y. J:...l.;. ._;!; ~ J.li .jU.\:S .JI_,:....; •._;..,. .._;\5" ~ _,5 .st.....}~.Jl:....b venom j'venaml n. poison, spite, malice, (toxin, toxicant)
~ ~!""'
•.J"j
Ex: Clym Yeobright's mother succumbed to the venom of a snake bite . . ~.n-' .:.,~ ..r- .s;t.. .;...;, )' .r. ~l.r.x r-''% ;~t.. vertigo /'v3:tigaul n. dizziness, (giddiness, wooziness)
~ .r'
Ex: I would never have the temerity to walk across the steel girders high up on a new building; an onset of vertigo would surely follow. J4-~ L.hi ~J"; •rJ.r. oiJ ..l;....l>:- c!'f' .JL..;;;.:.L. .....~ ..::..K....Is~'Y~ .r} ol.!. .SJJ ~~ ..:..-i?. }y. ·('_,..;.<J" ~.r'
vestige /'vest1d31 n. trace, evidence, (mark, sign, indication, track)
ll'O
Ex: After therapy, there remained hardly a vestige of his phobia . . ~ Y. ,_t;~ (..$~ -L... ~ .:>1;:.>~ t; .x..::..i}.f ~b J" 1.5LA..:.........) LA~ virtuosity
I ,V3:tJu'os;:,ti I n. great technical skill,
(skillfulness, mastery, expertise,
..::..;lf.o
prowess, excellence)
•..S,)l;....l •
.J_r.>
Ex: The eminent artist, famous for his virtuosi(v. was admired by classicists and beatniks alike . ...ld~ )_} ~ .);y .~ Y. J~ ._}
.r.>- J 1.5~\.:.....l "-! .S I; ~.r. .x......!--"' .LA._mA J .)~I}.::...;..... ..SJ~./'
virulent l'vir;:,l;:,nt; -rj;:,l- I adj. full of hate, harmful, (deadly, lethal, fatal, noxious; poisonous, toxic, venomous)
...;- .~T_,p.j •;Ji.Sr ·;~4j -~ ·~ Ex: Europe's population was afflicted by a virulent plague known as the Black Death. __t;~ Y. o...L..:. "ol:-- S ;" it; "-' ._(4. .jy-lk "-' ")~ 4J) .J\.:SL... 11
vitiate l'viJieitl v. destroy the use or value, (invalidate, invalid, void, nullify, annul, negate) oJ,) _? ;\.is-11.1! ,.;,.) _? '"-:'"'!~ ,.j.) _? '":"'I__.>
Ex: The irrelevant evidence seemed to vitiate the prosecutor's case and precluded a conviction. ....t...:. i .?.'-" ..:.....:0 ~ ~l.. J ,) _? ;~I.J. I; .j\.:.....~1~ ._t;J.r, ·~J
;:>
..5:4o ._slA._s)...~ ~.)_,:51!'""
wary /'weari; (US) 'weri/ adj. watchful, shrewd, (careful, cautious, chary, alert, attentive, heedful, vigilant, observant)
-:-il_,. -~1_,. ,,!,\.:;:.... Ex: Her father warned her to be wai')Of her too many dates as this would attenuate her chances of finishing college . ._r....~..:J:. .:>:. _,s r~..; .._,...;L!. .;:._,.;,
Ex: What one person finds whimsical, the other may find asinine . ...I..!.~ .G\.4....;..1
..sh:. :.} ..sl.r. ...:........I J--o ,J:.b _;:.k _,4; ~ ..S I; ~i
wince /WinS/ v. draw back, flinch, (grimace, blench, shrink, recoil, cringe, squirm) .:,~ ~;::. ·~
•:.?) ~.Y
,iJ::.~
r-->1
Ex: The hostile rebuke made the usually phlegmatic boy wince . . ..I..!.:.~_,;- s~ ~~ ~~ J..;..l...!..._r:,jr
wistful /'WIStfl I adj. longing, pensive, wishful, (yearning, forlorn, dreamy) .JU.I_,> ,.X....Jj}
Ex: To be candid, there is little to be wistful about in the "good old days." • " ••_, 1. " _ ,, 1 i .e. -~ o;;.;...l:l '-:"' _,;- ._suo jJJ ~ j'; J.:.o JjJ '('"0~
...:........, 1) J
""
u)
wrest /rest/ v. take by force, (seize, twist, wrench, snatch, take away, usurp)
;?} JJ.i ~ Ex: With the help of his brothers he was able to wrest the leadership of the company from his partner. . :>;J~J~ ._;S..,__r. ~ j1 JJ) ~ IJ ..::..5 _r. .::...;_..r.:...Lo -.:........;!_,; _;..;IJ:.I.r. .S...S ~
yen /jen/ n. strong desire, strong longing, (hankering, want, wish, fancy, craving, lust, interest) ..;~1 ,.;"j..s. •J..a •J.i}
,,... Ex: His yen for imbibing and romping with girls worked to his detriment. ...L.:. it...; Jl )~ "-! .jl_r.>-~ ~ ~~~ J ..s)~l_,..:. "-!
Jl
.j'")\.$-
zealous /'zel;,sf adj. enthusiastic, (ardent, fervent, fervid, passionate, impassioned, devoted, eager, keen, earnest, vigorous, zestful, fanatical) .x,.,.j"j.s.
'J \;;.!... ') _,.;. .1,
Ex: The fund raiser was so zealous that he solicited money from Salvation Army Santa Claus . .~.J ...Jk Jx.;,;, "JA~ i.SJK:...J •1.;--")? ..s ~y, _;.)S "-! ~~ J J_,.;.,.r., .:.,~ .:;5 ~ ..;~s.1 zenith /'zeni9/ n. summit, top, prime, (highest point, acme, peak, pinnacle, climax, meridian, apex, apogee, vertex, high noon)
JW" •t.JI •.ili
Ex: Under the aegis of an adroit master, he reached the zenith of his career. ·...l::--J _;.I~...:.....;~ CJI "-!
··.r.>- ~\::.....I.S:.,. ..::_.,)lk.; ...:_.:,;
~~~J ~ ~..,\l~ ,~..,\l~~~~ ~~ ~ ~
ur"~' w~J J~ ~~~ ~u~ ~ ~~ :~_,;
'-! .S~.t...>Lf .,;,U"jl_9 .i. .w...i ,(~J~ .9 .,;,.UI_,.> ~ _9) ..SJI~ .;;.,J!f.o)! .w...i ~ 4$' ~~~I} .,;,'-!) J~ ~~}'0 .jUy,. .9 ~"i ..s"'-~J .9 "'-.U~ •"'-.U~ ~ I.S!.t.;..:,T .9 ~~~ ..SJli" ~ J:Wi .~)L..,.gO juL..T IJ .,:,trjl-9 ..s/-~4. ,~1
~~~~i~~
:0lA.. "-: jL~ ,;.,;~
aab-/abs-
_w, ,, _,:,
·r-'- ,.,; ..))-':
:..sl:..v"'jL.~-1>~
:.J.:,S 1.1::- ·..:J.: ._,~
abdomin-
~
-able
;L.......:....i..o.J..,;~
-ability
jL.r---1 ) ..:....---!,
-ably
Jt.o
~LiM.;;.JY~
j
L. ._lj
..:....-..r, .)lS'
atheist l'ciEliistl abstraction l,a:b'stra:kJn!
..sjL.I~ '[.1_,>.;..1
abnormal /a:b'nJ:mll
~~·..s>~
abdominal /a:b'domml/
..L .>---!,
~~1..~>1..\.i\.i
asexual I,CI'sckJu;}l/
~~,l,~.t'·~l~;el
valuable /'va:lju;}bl/
X.....:.j) .o..l>j;l •._;..-}
probable l'prob;}bl/
~-J~I
manageability /,ma:md3;} 'bii;}ti/ suitability l,su:t;}'b!l;}ti: ,sju:-/
..s.r.~J;;S
,J_;;:S ~l.i
..}..~>jl.r. •..J.;-..w
unbelievably I,Anbi'Ii:v;}bli/
._;, _,s:;;J4j)> ~
acid /a:s1d/
ac-
..? Y' ;-;
,~ ,..t;.; .;-;
..1,-1 •..; j
acute /;}'kju:t/
..}yo~·~
acerbic /a's3:b1kl
?~J.:J
IJ',lS'i •.:,~;
academy /;}'ka:dami/
academ
o~l;.~b :j ·.? .r.~ ,_s;,;..1 •..si.S _,... [~ 1
.s_,... .1'~ .s...:. [~]
acidic /;} Sidikl 1
acid acou-
..? ;
.--~,-1
t_L..:..-1.,)~
r-'-
antiacide /a:nti'a:sJd/ acoustics /a'ku:stiks/
..; ; ·..s..l,-1 ..J....I
-
.J,..;,
- ..r-·i
,J.....,I
...r'W..:...J-"' [~_01
,,., acr-
acrimonious l,rekn m:>uni:>sl
tt
aero
,.I;;
'C.JI •.1.1)1
.x.l, ·t.Li:;;l
~,..~:hsl
...,...I~J_,s-1 ,(;,1,;)'!)
....u ·.i•
(~}"_,...;.>
act
..:..s,~-r~~-~
actin-
tLt...:. •.Y.r.. •.......,;\
;,.;r JW
activate I rektivcit/ actinic lrek umk/
.;.~,...,.!. ..;..~....!....:.; (~ .J.~J') [~_;,il
actinism l'rektmiz:>ml
.;.~,...,.!.
r::::-z r~_;,.; 1
accuracy I rekj:>r:>sil
-acy ad
;L..r--1 ~·
..l,;~
,.....; )> ~ •<Sy ~ ~
-a de
..;.~.,:. ·~\_;.,:.
aero·
~1_,..,,_,..
~·,j-;.l
infancy l'mf:>nsil
4P·~·~
advocate I redv:>keitl
jl
~.:,~
orangeade l,onnd3'e1d; (US),::~:r-1
Jl.ii r. :...\..!.· . ,. ~~·J.r.i
aerodynamic l,e:>r:>udai'nremik ; (US):,crou-1 aeroplane l'e:>r:>plem; (US) 'er;,-1
~,,..
aesthetics li :s'eeuksl
aesthe-
.;.\,;) •..SI;>I •..rL>-1
af-
;> ,.....;_;, ~ ·~
;,.;r ~'-
adhere l:>d 1hi:>(r) ; (US);,d'hirl
....... ~.s!l.:!i
aestheticism li:s ectiSiz:>rnl
IS! l..·..:..JIJI~ .• J •
afloat I:> fl:>ut/
affafro-
after-
ag
~· ,.....; )> ~ •S.,- ~ ·~ ~
·~}i ·-r.~}i
;JI:..:.
afire l:>'fai:>(r)l affix /;,'f1ksl
J-;.!.o ·.?1 ;>
;_,, ;r ........... ,;_,,;r .UL.PI ,;_,,;r Jlo.ll
affiliate l:>'flli:>t/
"'~IJ
-:......r,A\,.-
;1~-~.i~
;)j •
..:..s r- .~.I.!. •J_,;,
aftercare I a:ft:>ke:>(r); (US) 'reft:>rkerl aftershave l'a:ft:>Jciv; (US) 'reft:>rJ-1
'-'~ ..siA..:.,ilr c._;..;.,r,>
c_')\..pl jl
JL..r--1
..l,;~
;,.j
agent /'e1d3:>nt/
Sy ~ ,.....;_;, ~ ·~
~
-agogue -agra
•Sr."; ,..:_,l.u. ~.>I.>
~.}·-'!.I.!.·~·
;,IS:;
.J-Is
s,..S ••_,.,.s jJ\.o:U ·..f~ r. •o.S.J.:.~ r. ;,..10~ •.:F-'J:'l ~ "!
synagogue I sm:>gog/
(.JL,..,IS'~)-....?
demagogue l'dem:>gog/
~} >;>
r',.. (..,-i.,->
4 ·4•;• •..r)' l.;;..:.,r,l
~~
agrologist 1:> grol:>d3Ist/
agro-/ agri-
.;,.1.
~'J•.i' '.s!_,.!.l.ij
agglutinate la'glu:tmeit/
podagra lp:>'dregr:>/
~
;ljf;IS ··~l...i
shortage I'J::~:t1d3/ aggression 1:> grcJnl
agg-
..r. (.:.fi~> (..:..;,....>
agitate I red31teitl marriage l'mrendy
-age
..i"J"
;\:' .;.~}1 .s!~J"i
Afro-American l'refr:>u-1
..:.s-U ·j;Jl:S •..SL>-
agronomist l:>'gron:>mist/ agriculture l'regnkAitJ:>(r)
..r~..S~
o.Si;J\...:$~
Si;JI.!S
shopaholic !,Jop:l'hohk: (US) -'h:l:hk!
-aholic
o.;_,>- .o~
J..,.
..::..:.5 •.._..;...!.\.&.
~,Y. ~.,...
chocaholic l,tJok:l'hohk; (US) -'h:l:l-1
.,J"
..::.-"j.S,.:.
}AI •..:-:..1!~
refusal /n'tju:zl/ ..);_,....,ljl...,.-1..).;~
-al
.s)>>; •e._l:.:.ol •>J
rival /'raivl/
~.r---~j
jl....;:.....i....
intentional /m'tenJ:lnl/
-a lese
;,;..w ..5 ;Y.
., J'
-algia
.l..Ai ..SJJ j I •..S.;..;
albino /rei bi:n:lu; (US) -'bamo I
.~,A-
alba-
.JotS:; ...w)
1....-t:..:.;l..u .._.s:.:. y] ~ ·
ali-
;.; ..llj ,.Jij
adolescent /,red:l'lcsntl
alibi l'rel:lbai/
,, J"
.:..::.s •..::.-"j.S,.:. .;.:.~
altruist /'reltru:Istl
;_;I.J.._,
al-
.:..::.s .~>,Yo~.,....;.:.~
J:. ':·loS ...-~·"'-:
.._j ...
~>I>~.~>_?
allocate /'rel:lkeitl
.S..,...i ...
~~>I> ~ .~,t,
J
>;>I
...,...l.,.:a.:.,;.l
~>.? ~j.f
All-inclusive !,:J:I m'klu:s1v/
all-
.jll.. .c:-L,.
.J-15
~~..:- ,.J_,....:.
t*'~IS"
all-important I,:J:I Im'p:J:tntl
all-
.f.,_, -~J\A:..
allergy /'rel:ld3i/
..:...,....L..- •.s.J)i
allegory /'rel:ly:lri: (US) -g:J:ri/
.srJ........; ·J.W
allopathy I rel:lpre9i/
,.f.,_, j-
.~_,U;:.
,~
'":"'J\;.; _~.....,
altitude /'reltnju:d: (US) -tu:d/
alti-
am
t\.4; ;I jl ;.;,_?..;:..:... .jl
;?}
..;")U:..'-;..!.s.
"-!;,!
.s~ ·e..l.ii;l
altimeter /'relumi:t:l(r): (US) rei'Um:lt:lr/ example IIg'za:mpl: (US)-'zrempl/
Wc_JI•~e._l.ii;l
sample l'sa:mpl :(US) 'srempl/
..;_,w [... J .::_,..I
amiable /'cimi:lbl/
am-
.J..;>
(~\ >i..L..>I
allophone l'rel:lf:lun/
alter-
rw
..;.u.. J>l.i
all-powerful !,:J:I 1p:lu:ll1/
amorous l'rem:lr:ls/
'JJ" ,.JI!.
r.l:l.) -~bt.:.-J.) ..;\A.,:.~.~.;.:.~
,,.,. ambidextrous l,xmbi dekstmsl
ambi-
~JO ,..._;~ Jl , - J;, ,- Jl
~IJ;,
ambiguous lxm'bigju:lsl
r+.' •J4:Jl
ambivalent lxrn'biv:ll:lntl
.;1....,:..:-Jl •..sf"; JJl
ambit I xmbJtl
ambiambl
ambula-
J>_?
.:...5~
·..:?;
jJj r'_lj ·~.;J; o\J
,:_,,; r.b
l.J! ·"'-''>
[:._,.
._,..;'S_,..i
amblyopia l,xmbli':lupi:ll
(~~~)._.;_.,l.,.i
?...Y.) ~~'.) ..:.-J.)
amiable l'cimi:lbll enamored II'nxm:ldl
amo
.U')U:..~_..;...::..s.
amp hi-
.._; )> Jl •J> /' ·Jl
am phi-
~.........,.,}'
ample
,:_,,.? ..s ;y ..5 JY. •.)15 ;;, .? ~_,;;
amyl-
...,_t..:;
j-!.1,. -~
amorous l'xm:lr:lsl
~~\$-~~~
amphibian lxm fJbj:lnl
~jJ.)
~\.>. •._
amphibious lxm'fJbj:lsl amphitheater !'xmfi9i:lt:l(r)l
(~~~'}
ample I xmpll amplify !'xmphfaJI
(,)o _?
jl.....-:....i..., .l.i _,......;
..;lc....L:.; j\..\.o..O,; ("'
American l:l'menk:lnl anarchy I xn:lkil
0)~
•...; :;L.~ ..G~
J,.i •.._,.::.,.,
ana-ana
JJ~·...;
:jL...._.£-o
t J r '.r!Y~u\i 1Z,..I'J1Z,./' ·rJI,;j •._,...~o;..r.
•..h•oJ.
anhydrous l,xn'hmdr:lsl
._,ioJ'; l,i.~
ancient l'emf:lntl
.!.iH
vl.:....:...;l,: .-...J;L....Jio;b
..r!..l.i •.;1:..4
anathema l:l'na:S:lm:ll
>}>.~
Americana l:l,men ko:n:ll
._r.IS:;ri ._j)•..JIO)I>
..:..Sr.
attendance l:l'tend:lnsl
-a nee
-ancy
jL.i"'"'""'l ..G)"-;
j\.....1"""'\ ....;_,.....,
.l._,,.. )
..,!~;'i
ancestor l'xnsest:l(r)l
an-
[1-W> I
..:..;_,A;
amylaceous l,a:m:l'leif:lsl
historian lhi'sto:ri:lnl
an-
~ •>4j
.)IS ojl.l.il jl
ovarian l:lu ve:lri:m; (US)ouver-1
-an
jl:.i _;..i
jl..:,:.L.,)
)_,..i;o.> •
acceptance l:lk'sept:lnsl
..;A.J,.;
hesitancy I hezJt:lnsi/
.}>Jl
vacancy l'veik:lnsil
.)\.>. ,."j.;.
·J...>}
;,_,L .,p! ·~ joy.
android l'xndroidl
andro-
_?l. .; ,, ;'
Anemo
;L
angi(o)-
J\.cr
·.J...JJ
polyandry l,poli'xndril
/'~~
anemometer l,xn ImomJt:l(r)l
~>4
angiography 1,xnd3i:lu grxtil
j4 j...;-) .)l},._y.i
.s; (j.>.,
..;L-3'; Jl}
anglophile /'reiJghmt1ul/
anglo-
)X....J> •~J> ~I
.:;\.:....K;I .._, .b .Y..l"
~I
animate /'remme!l/
anima
JL>- .r .,_.;3 ·CJJ
ani so-
cSJL...t; ._,l_,t;
~ ~,1, C.Jj ·~ ~~ ~~..:-
animated /'remmcitid/
JL>- .r' ,,_.;j.r'
animation l,rem'meiJn!
(.sjl....) _,.; )5) ._.;l-..;4~
l,rems:~u'metnkl
anisometric
·~·f!!
ankyl (o)-
l,reiJki'I:~usis/
ankylosis
JL...
~jL.~,.L;--~
vacant
/'domm:~nt/
Anthro
anthrop
jl ~~ .....,.:.., . J,-0
•.P.-
A ·r,i .,:,L;I ·r,~ .,:,L;I
A
anti
~~ •..u.~l>...
\Sy ~ .J
);) p ..
apoapt aqua
-ar arachnarch
(US) -'ur-/
~ ·r..IA..
antenatal l,renti'neitl/
·.r.,L:-
~~ljjl~
anthropology l,ren8r:~'pol:~d3i/
,,_...l:...:.~WI
anthropomorphic 1,ren9r:~p:~'m::l: f1k/
·._j> ~ -~
> ~ •l.Sy ~ ·"'-!
anthropoid
l,ren9r:~'pol:~d3il
appendage
..:.-~ •.:r.JJI
.:r.;'lt.; •.J;.J.--"1
..:.-~.~
approach /:~'pr:~utJ! /:~'p:~uni:~/
•.f-;r+'
t:JJ..P ~>.? ~~ .~>.? ~
/:~'pend1d3/
aponia
jl.....;....i.., _.;_,......,
jl.o:-;,.;I.Jw
/:~'pend/
append
l.f'. ·~J-'-:
jl...,Yli _.;_,......,
l..,;~WI
antifreeze /'renti fri :z/
/:~'pend/
._.,j
,_.-l:...:.~WI
/ren'up:~9i/
antipathy
append
•)y>:- •..,......t:..
.;\:...J> .)WI
l,ren9r:~'p::lid/
~
)1$ jl...
.;_,ff~WI ,.;lj\!;ljWI
philanthropicl,fii:~n'9ropikl
adapt
~ ~J..!.
ttj J >j>._.;
/:~'drept/
~,.? )S' jl... .~,.? ..,_...l:.;:.. .~>b .j>J
kwretikl
aquarium
/:~'kwe:~ri:~m:
aqualung
l'rekw:~lt.r)/
.,s) ·.r.' (US)
:~'kwer-/
burglar
/'b3:gl:~(r)/
/'regj:~l:~(r)/
/'mon:~k:
(._,...,1_,. J;\...
o.>j.)
~.!"·~
perpendicular / 1 p3:p:~n'dikj:~l:~(r)/ arachnid /:~ rrekn d/ monarch
rJ!),s-i
~ .}.L...J
/'lai:~(r)/
regular
..s.;_,:;
~>J)I.~>.? ~
aquatic/:~
liar -ar
..:...~ 'jts:.:...>.>
l,ren'ti:~ri:~(r):
anterior
~...:...._,.....
.;r.'jli •._;.:...:.b ~J>
!'s3:v:~nt/
anthropology
A ·r>i ..JL;I
app-
o.>j..:..+,
,_.-l:...:.r, .!"
anthropo-
ap-
.l..\......,)S:...:.i •• ..~.o.S-.~f.
pleasant /'pleznt/
;L...,Yli
•.;L,JL...
iJ)L... ,,}:)\.....
/'veJk:~nt/
servant
ante
.;~\....,
anniversary 1,rem 1 v3:s:~ri/ dominant
-ant
J-i.-~~~1
l'renju:~l/
annual
ann-
"'-!}.r.i>·"'-!}1;
y;...:.-,..')IJ .• ~.y;...:.,_ru
ankyroid I renk1r::nd/
(US) -a:rk/
archbishop l,a:tJ'biJ:~p/
~u ..,s>~
.;~j_,;~.o:-
IJ ;t..} •r-SL>~I....A.0.-1
1l"O archaeology l,o:ki ol:ld3i/ arch( a)
...:......li
arch I-
jL.
•.:* ·..ro..li ..:..>-L.
J
.~
._...l:.!.~.r.· ,._...I:.!..J\;;...~
archaic /,o:'keuk/
~
..S.Jl.....o
monarchy I mon:lki/ archy -ard
..:....:.hL ·~J~ •..:..-.)-~ jL.j. .;$
arter(i)-
.Jlo_,..! •.5) ..5?J""
arthr-
J-.a.-I
~ •'!
ascribe /a'skrmb/ ascend l:l'send/ assemble /a'sembll assimilate /a'simalcitl
i.S.r-- "
"' .. ,
jL.~!jL....:....C....
Ji> ; jL.r-'1 I j.
.,\;_,....,
.,t;_,....,
.j..o:W ,J I> .j..o:W
·~~
.J..o:W ·~ ............. .,t;-"1 "'!.J.)b~
,:,• .;$ • JA"" .J•.;S ~ (""' JJ• ,,:,,JJI (""'•} .J>.;S .c.;L.A .,:,._;S ,:,~ 'J\;;... .::.-..":N-
asteroid /'restar;,Jd/
'JIJ,:>I ,.$Jl,~~-._...I:.!. •.)\;;..
astronaut l'restr:ln;,:t/
.J_,;I...i>i
attrition /a'tnJn!
.f.!L.)
atop l:l'top/ accurate /'rekjar:lt/
-ate
•J.PU.. ~JJ
asterisk I restansk/ astronomy /a sto nami/
at-
jJj)
jJ}) "!')l;,.o
articulation /o:,tJkju'leiJn!
(""'
aster
.J-!1~ ~
arthritic /o:'9ntikl
"',._j_;,"' ,..,
~ _,.
.,:, • .;$
•.A~ ·~ ..1-r- '!*' .._,)...PI
arteriosclerosis /o:,uariauskla'rausJs; (US) o:r tiriuskl:l'rousJs/ arthritis /a: 9raltlsl articulate /o:'ukjuleJtl
i.S.r--
>JIJ ,("!) .JJ.,-J ~
primary /'pra1mari; (US) •:IJI •.:r,IJI ,JJI C., .k Y-.1') -,meri/ library /'la~brari;'laJbri; (US) 'la~breri/ .;~l:;S' arterial /o:'trariall
as-
~ j!),Si
disarmament /dJs'o:m:lm:lntl arrive I ara1v/
arr-
~~J,)~WI
.:..~l.:.o:-IJ~\;
armory /'o:m:lri/
c')I.... •...J....I
arm
•..:......
isolate /'ais:lleJtl
~~
.).
-~~
cr-" ...:.-.J• .J> _;$ I_r:..o ,,:,, _;$
l..~o:"
primate I praimeitl
-=-~.r,-._;.....;.;
delegate /'dehgatl
•• ~;;...; ··~L..O
sulfate I sAlfen/ ateliosis l,ret:lh':lUSJs/
.:-lA!_,.. ._......;~.;
.w.J
-ately athl
jl-..l,iJ
~~_,....,
tf .,_J-j)) •.SJ4 ~
-athon
.:,_,;1)..
SL:.. ,j'l.}>
,.:,_,;I;L.
)>
.Jyi;L.
.Jt,.;_,.; .Jyl;l..
(o_r- "" '"" ~...J)o
.
._;.~ .:,~
.;.,.J-"'.1-W>,.J~
attach /:l'tretJ!
.J>.,S
attract /:l'trrekt/
.:_,, .f -,..L:- ,.:,,.f y..l.:-
audio I :>:di:lu/
cSJI~,._......
audition /:>:'diJn!
...... ~... •..;.1_,:..:.
audio-visual /,:>:di:lu VI3U:lV
e\; ...1:.10,>-
benevolent /b:l'nev:ll:lnt/ bisect lba1 sckt/
bil-
~b;j oo_,Aj ol~
~~1_,.,;-
(.)>
.,s . . . . . . . ,(.),.,s r-tJ> ._,;~.:- J>
biliary /biii(._,...C-"]
bile-duct I, bail 'dAkt/
J> ·J>
\)....:> '), ;b}
brady-
...:....,.\ ,J;.S
bradycardia l,brodi ka:dia/
brev
..... \:; _,5
brid
~
..1:;_,5
,_,....~:..:..(,!
botanist /'bot:lmst/
-bound
;L,..:.,:.I ·c>J:.S •._..\:; _,5
..s~.::- "!
boldly /'b:luldli/
fog-bound /'fugbaund: (US) 'f::J:g-/ snow-bound /'sn:lubaund/
brevi
... ~I;S'
..:.-J;:, "":"'l;S
botany /'bot:lni!
·I/
J> •..,!t;J>
bibliophile /'bibli:lfaii/
blot lbault/
botan
.... )> J>
1)....:> .,sir,
binoculars !bi'nokj:ll- 'JIS_,>.;
beneficial 1, bem f!SII
bene-
,_,.,;.
...,..~:..:..(,! ... ;J .}'!."""'1 ~4o ;J eJ.a••
.~\.. .....i.r. ~ .r.f~.t.
..,...Li iJ4.rP .,sJ:S
brevity I brevatil breviary I bri:viari; (US) vi
...... \;_,5
....,'j.> ._,l::S'
.,s ....,'j.> ,iJ,.,s ,.,. _,5
iJ>.,S
~
,(.)>_,$ .!;_,5
IT' A
bronchial lbrol)kiall
bronch·
._s\.;
by·
..):r:- •./}
.,slo.J!li
bronchitis lbroiJ'kartrsl
~J..r.
bystander l'barstrenda(r)l
bye·
..;:r:- ·cr} ._r_,.:-1.;
cac(o)
.~
•..,....,...:.; J jl} ,,:,,
cad
.? ..:..il
._..;.:...
-cade
v;~l.oj;
calc·
J:.:._ .~ i J:.:._ .~ i ~j •
calli
._r_,.:.
_,l;li.}l.!.l...;
by-product l'barprodAkt!
o.r.'\.:- .1,1_,;
bye consideration lhar kan srda'rerJnl cacophony lb kofanil
'of} J.,...-.. ,_;.....;. ...Ja,.."j...
U'!IJi~
decadent l'dekadant!
.b.:.. ,JIJj ~ JJ
cadence !'kerdns/
>J} [,_,.i.,.-y]
caddish l'kredrJ! calcium I
~,,_,.\.;
/'maut;~kerdl
motorcade
..:-J_,s;...l ,~_,;1 jl ..)IJ)S
krelsi;~ml
~ :.»;.5" ~~
calcify /'krelsrfarl calligraphy
lk;~'lrgr;~fil
~.f-!-Y-
.r ._,l>IJ..>..I
calorie l'krel;~ri/
calor·
..:-),;>
.Lo.}
bicameral
cam caner·
J;,- •...;1.>- •.jl;l,~~
.:>tbr.4?
,s)IS
calorific l,kreb'rrfrkl
lj..:- ),;> ,lj.,s);l
l,bar'krem;~r;~l/
~J>
camp lkrempl
.I!J>)
cancerous l'krens;~r;~sl
._;tbr
incantation l,rnkren'terJnl
cant·
0.-GI_,>- j1 3 \ •.)-t.:l_,...>
cantor l'krento:(r)l
ts.~ ~,)JJ
,:,1y. r
captain I kreptrnl
cap( it)
cap
~~ .o..CL..} '.r'" . ._.,.....; J
("""
carbonize l'ka:b;~narz/ '":"Y";
J~j -~ J~j
,._.L..I
~), ')l:;j.J •r.-1
capsule l'krepsju:l: (US) 'krepsl!
carbo(n)·
~o..I..S
.)> ;S ~, ,;,,;S r.-1
encapsulation lrn,krepsju lerJnl
caps-
,o..l.ilo}
carboniferous
/,ka:b;~'nrf;~r;~sl
Jri .J>;S J~.i ~ ./!..Y J~j -~J~j
)>.J::..
cardiology l,ka:di'ol;~d3il
card(io)
._J.;
cardiography l,ka:dr'ogr;~frl
,s))J!>JIS •..,_l.i ~
..)1}J!>JIS •..s;\~..,J.i
cardiac l'ka:direk!
cam I
~}
cat·
....._,.t; ·~
carnivorous lka:
catastrophe lk;~'trestr;~fil
cata
•..,...,...,i ,JJ}
•>J} -~4
..s, _,.,I.; •..:..il
cataclysm
l'kret;~klrz;~rn/
catastrophe lka
....,.u
nrv;~r;~sl
trestr;~fil
catabolism lk;,'trebolrzaml
)_,;.;..:.~ ~-""":"u-~
..,.,_,.:.i
•""":"u
,....OIJ
~-..J,)b.
4:>~ ,s> )!\,; ·4:'~ ~
dl>- y ._.;l>-
cav-
cavity l'krevati/
t'J~ ··~
cavern lkrevanl
...4fS ')~
cave lkeivl
)
concave lkon'keivl precede lpn si:dl
~J ·0.Loi
ce /cede/ ced
0.1.oT ... jl
proceed lpra'si:d; (US) prou-1
~J ·0.Loi
ceed
J..i .0,-Y. rJ.A.e ·.?; ;p, ·:?; _,1.:- •:?; ~ 0>~ ~J.r.:
deceive ld1 si:vl ceive
0>.? ..:..;~e)> ·~.?
-cele
;yy ·r;J
celer
"-:-"'t.:_::.·~r
;_,, ~
cystocele lsista'selal
~~~..:..J.r
...,..,,.)"" •.:r.-j;!j
cellar I sela(r)l cellular l'seljala(r)l
.)}--
century l'sentJaril
... . ~
percent lpa'sent/ 0> j
_;..:..;,
·0>.?
t 1Jr
.s..w. •..W.;>
paracentesis l,prera sentasisl
0Jr.! J .)j~
;.,~
centimeter I senumi:ta(r)l
..sr.
r..w.
~
•..w.
Vi"
centigrade l'senugreidl
..,.W. .._,.;> jl) >I} ._;il.. ((._;.~)
geocentric l,d3i:au sentnkl centric
~:? .r' ')J'>"'
·:?.r'
egocentric
jSy •...;t,... ,J....,J
cep
0>.? ..:..;i.e;> ·~.?
cephalcern cept-
(o~l)
?J" .;r.-j .)a-J •..;~,.o ·~? ;"
decentralize l,di:'sentralaizl
,.;, ~ jS _,..;.~
.;,~ . .r.M?.r-'
~·..t5·r-
..:...i4;>.T u!IJ!~·I
discern ld1 s3:nl
.J
cerebr-
~
cert
0..1.!.~
.)..I.!.
......:I}> ,.)..\.!. .Jij:.
reception In sepJnl
u!l;!~
receptive ln'septlvl
•..l.i.A·'.~-~
cerebration l,sen'breiJnl certify l's3:UfaJI
0>.}
;,;......,..lf:;ll[~..d .J>I>~•.J>I>;,..;
concern lkan s3:n/
0>.? 1_,....
0>~
;_,,~J~·:?A
reception ln'sepJnl encephalitis len,sefa'laitasl
.;,,.? ~ ·0>.? I~ ..:.JI.eJ> ·0> .r. ·~
accept lak'sept/
cerebrum I serabram/
cervic-
..W. \:;
,,~,~ .;l.lo>~ •;J""">Y.
I egau'scntnk; i:g-1 central I sentrall
centra (center)
.J>;Ji
;:-- ._.;;l..
centipede l'sentipi:d/ centi
~
(Jl.. , .. ) 0) ........
\:;_w,,_w,
cent centesis
,;.,,,, '-:-!)
.;,;-IS ... ~.r' jl
accelerate lak'selareit/
J_,L ,...s::;\:;1
J~l
:?.J ,;.,,~ ..s;> ,;.,, ~ ;J-A' [r~l .•a:.. ..:..;! J rJJ
conceive /kan'si:vl
decelerate l,di:'selareit/
cell-
~
;A-..,..~
t!' JAN •.s;,M ..:..,JW
.J>~ ..;el~ ,.;,~ J.!..l.,oo; ,.;,~ ..~.:ii
certainly l's3:tnlil
~.W:.i •..S..:....r.
cerviticitis l,s3:vi saJtJsl
~ J .J>J .,.,If;) I
cervix l's3:v1ksl
~;0>}
H.• pr~uses;
process I
cess
chant-
.J~J""·J.r--
.)..1,;1_,.>- )Ji ,.)..1,;1_,.>-
(US) pro:sesl
~Pj ~lJ~_r.
enchant lm'tJa:nt; (US) -'tJrent/ chant ltJa:nt; (US) tJrent/
~· ;S J>\.:- .~. ;S
chloro
..::...,.Oy
~· ;S "':"":!,\; .~. ;S ..,..,I
chastise ltJre'staizl
:r.-
.5.;~
achieve
~· ;S ,1.Jr- •)Ji
.5.;)
chromo
.5.;)
~·JJi ..:.....~ •.:.~ ._;jy
(US) 'kb:r-1
b:r~sl
chromatics
.J\..j
chrono
.J\..j
JL..Yu
..~,;_,.....,
..,..w..!;J
rt-.5.;) (J'jo·~· ......\,
chronicle l'kromkll
.,.t;....\!
lkr~'nom1t~(r)l
chronometer
electrician II,lek'tnJnl suicidal l,su:I said!: ,sju:I-1
j;l.:.
-cidal
)>..!;; ·~J
momil~(r)l
physician lfi'ziJnl
-cian
~·;S ~ ·~·;S
lkr~u'mreuksl
chromometer lkr~
if-~l..j ~._;S •• ..S:...:.~
J?. J\S' ~ 'J~ f.
...rs,_,.,.:. .}.\..:.. ~
i.SJ\...::;1
homicide I homisaidl
clde
.:.r-:.s
cine
,..y.~
circu-
circum
·;S ._.A.:..yo
,_,>1)> (o~ •._,....;;]
lkr~'mretik/
chronic l'kromkl
chron
.}.iJ)S ·~.r...r.l...--'
choreograph l'kori~gra:f; -grref; (US) 'b:ri~grrefl chromatic
chrom
,.!,;\..).~)
l~'tJi:vl
chlorophylll'klor~fii;
chorus I
).,-....
........ jiJi ·•Jr-
chief ltJi:fl
chie
•.sr- ,..;.:.)
.)1_,;
chasten l'tJeisnl
chast-
~~.~':" ,.l,;JJ
ls~k'seJnl
succession
Jl)>l ._h,>...
~yly::,
...
pesticide l'pestisaidl cinephile l'smifaill
~
J.a ·J.a
JS..:..ii •.;.s.~ ~J r-Y._;..!.l&.
circuit I s3:k1t/ circumstance I s3:k~mst~ns; -sta:ns;-strens; (US) -strensl circumference Is~ 'kAmf~r~nsl
).M ~1_,.!. ,._,..;1-"7 J ....il)>l ~_..~~ •• .r-1>
.!.,.-
•.r.b excise lik'saizl
cis( e)
0-'!_r.
circumcision
~·;S
~
.... ~ •..rf,
incision lm's13nl
cit cite
civ
&' ·~-'!?.
l,s3:k~m's13nl
city l'sitil citizen l'sitiznl
.J+!o ..\,; J .J+!o •,s .J+!o •.;r.-:.; .J+!o
,.J>))j), J.r-- ~
excite lik sait/
~·JJi ~~~.~If.
~l_r.(crt-1]
incite lm'sa1t/
~·
/ .*"' *"'
r• / .
civil l'sivll civilian
ls~'vili~n/
~.l,;IJ_,..!.
,,:,,;S
.$..._~
..).M •..r l.w:-1
.;;_,.!$ •..,.ua.;~ >)
HI ,~,
.0> j >\;.) ·0> j .__; _,.,..
claim
proclaim
lpr~'klciml
0> j >\;.} ·0• j .__; _,.,..
~l.A.,;..~J)
clar clare
~~~.:l
l..G .~) j .:l~}
-..:...-._si...a>
claustro
_,...~,..J~
l'klrem~r~sl
clamorous clarify
l'klrer~fml
clarity
l'klrer~til
.)~.,..~,..r.
.J>;S :.r!-J.J .0>_,1~ •.:; • .;..,.;.....;
c_.,.;> J •._)L.o ,_;.:.J.J
declare ld1 kle~(r): (US) dr'klerl claustrophobia l,kb:str~'f~ubi~/
0> _? .>lfJOI .0> _? ~'UI
~ ..s\....a.i".>i.rJ
decline ldr'klaml ,_;.-.1.}
cline
·J.~
.:?.r..Y ·0•;S >.> ..,s.;
recline ln'klaml
.J.J.,.!S )i.>> •.)>b
closet l'klozlt:(US )'kla:z~tl
clos
~~L.A.;.~
[...
J~_,..;
clud
.....:_,.;..J
clus
cog-
S-.5 •r-" L •_/.,_ .JS:.._ L
._/.,_JS:.._ l; .l;
r-" l;
coli-
.._;::......
0.,1.;l.;& .0..1.:. J-~
l,k~urg'zistl
..sJr ~·~ ._,?...;~ ~·~
~j
._}.,~.;;
!"-" 4 •.:; •.;
cognate l'kogneitl
!"-"
.,~J.a.>
lb'lreb~n:Itl
.)\5'
·~r-"
!"-" 4 .0>,? ..S.>~
'-! •_/.,_.JS:.._ L
0>,?
collect
L olr-"
!"-"4
.:;y..;. S-.5
copilot l'bupaii;Jt/ collaborate
.,...,.. S-.5
.:;, ;S ..Jl> ,.:;, .?
recluse lnklu:s; (US) reklu:sl
~
·.f-.:
('-"~,,..:.JI_,.;)
exclude IIk'sklu:dl
coexist co-
..S.>\.,.01
(W.C.= water closet) include lm'klu:dl
~
•'-!.)
0>j ,~. ·0>j
kla:m~(r)l
clamour I
clam
0.,1.;\-""" •0> .f ~'UI
exclaim IIk'sklciml
0~j
lk~'lektl
•} •.:; • .; r::;:": .J>.>Jl
complete
com-
r-"L
'.r(,_.JS:... l;
lk~m'pli:tl
.)~ ~L.;
compassion lk~m'preJnl
..s.>_,....l··~.J
contact l'kontrektl
con-
r-"L
._j..,_JS:.._
L
confederation contrary I
contra corcord
.....<Jl.:.. •• l..a:;. •..L..P
r-"L
._j..,_JS:.._ l;
.._,...li •.)..l...A
,._;.;1_,.;
corp
·0~
correlate l'kor~lt:It: (US) 'k:nl cordial l'b:di;Jl;( US)'k:l:rd3~ll
cosm
_j..,_.L.? ..,...... ·0•.? >;
~-~}
k:l:p~r~ll
~.!;
..1.......1:-\·j~ J~.x.._,:.;
;_,,.; ~ .0>,? c_'.)l.....l
correspond l,kor~'spond: 0>~ (US) k:l:r~'spa:nd/ cosmopolitan l,kozm~ pol1t~nl cosmic l'kozmrkl
·J.i'J'
~·.;~
l'k:l:pjul~ntl
lk~'rektl
•.:,:..:.~> _,1;1:;
.J)\.;.>1
corpse lb:psl
correct
,Jl.i;;l ,,b.;\
..- •.:,:..:.~> ~u..
._.!.WI~
,._,;lf.o:-
.Jih, •._,;4,5
1£.r
coty
s,.
counter
..,.t&. •....All>.. •..L..>
cotyledon l,koti li:dnl kaunt~(r)/
encounter lm
cour cour
-cracy craft
:.:o.,s
J.;:,_., ..:.,. . ,__.,
en ,J, •.J.;
~_,..;l.:i
•...:.J_,:. •...:-~
.:_,, _,5 ..,1 ..jo r::;
counterattack courier
.;I,
s .r. l....-L...:..l,-5']
;-? )>•4 ~,.? '-4\A..
4 ~~
l'kaunt~mta:k!
..s;;~
l'kuri~(r)l
~-.wou
encourage lm k.u1d3: (US) -'b:r-1 discourage /d1s'kAnd3: (US) -'b:r-1 democracy ldi mokr~si/ aristocracy
~,.?
.].!.,...:;
~,_p
J'..!!l.
.~,.? ~
crat
~
i_.jlo}
·:SL> .).ti )>
..SJ ')'l.. ._jl_r!.l ~~_,..
spacecraft l'speiskra:ft: (US) -kra:ft/
~w..;
cranium
..sl~
l'kremi~ml
autocrat I
:>:t~kra:t/
democrat
l'dem~kra:tl
~
... lS,_,.,:.
..siJj\..} •..;.u... ..SJ')'L..
increase I'IIJkri:sl
ere-
J-;1)1
-~J
increment
.J.J.,_)i·.:f-"'l..
.J> _,5 ;JL
creation lkri'ciJnl incredible secret
cret crlm
cross
.J>.,S.J~
..}}•>J-'
..:...A.L>- •._;10- -~)i
.....a,:.;
e:i'lA.:.o
,~1
IIn'krcd~bll
l..... '.r' .jiJ
i'si:kr~Uvl
...;\...,.... .jyJ" .)>jiJ
criminal l'knmml/
J~l:..:- •.;~..:-
,._j')l>.
incriminate /m'knmmeitl
·~ ..:;t,..
crusta
~..L.,.,o.~
cryo
~ •.J..r""'
cross-cultural l,kros'kAltJ~r~l: (US) ,kr;,:s-1 cross fire l'krosfm~(r): (US) 'kr;,:s-/ crustacean lkr.\'steiJnl cryosurgery
r
~,.? ~*" ._:r...;~> ~
..;.:.... } ~!.,. d'~.i;..
..;t..l""" •.j~ •jYJ"
l,kri:~u s3:d3~ril
cryptography
cub-
.j~ );>
-cule
;~; .~_,>
:.:o.,S ._r:,jr'
..r.-"rJ ~~1_,.,:.
cubicle /'kju:bikl/
agriculture I
cult culus
~)
•.:....:.5
.jo.? ':"!.....>-
... ..SJJ
~lS-~)
molecule I mohkju:ll culpable l'kAlp~bl/
J_,s:Jy
calculus
!*" •J~I:! .?ir- .}.u
'J~I:! •..,.........
a:gnk.\ltJ~(r)l
cultivate l'kAltlveit/ l'ka:lkj~l~sl
..r'..r':'
~.,.f'J
culprit l'kAipnt/
culp-
r._,..th.;l
..s>l....:-'1
lknp'togr~til
incubate I mkjubeit/
_;;i
..:..- ~..:_;;._
cryptogram /'knpt~gra:rn/
crypto
•JJ4
.)> _?.; JJ4
l'si:kr~tl
secretive
.~1}1
~,.? ._;10- -~-'-.)i
credence I kri :dnsl
cred
r-Sl>
r,J" )..U)>
..;;
I'IIJkr~m~nt/
create lkri'eitl
crea
-~>_?>.,..J>
(US) erkra:ft/
cranial l'kremi~l/
crani-
p,
...r-1.? y> •..SJ ')'l.. ~, J"
l,a:n'stokr~sil
e~kra:fi:
aircraft I
•.J...>. ..L..>
..SiJJl.!S
.;,=-:.lS
.~,!,
..,...~.....>-
.;. JJf, [._,..Pld
succumb /sa'kAm/ cumb
.)~ jl;>
cur
•.l:!',...
cuneiform I kju:mhm/
.}
cune
.;,~~
recumbent /n'kAmbant/
J..,:. ,~ j.k,:.] ~~ ._slo_,!
~
.)>l:;' JLI> ..SJ;
current /'k,\Tant;(US) k3:r-/
:J~.r:-~~ ,J.,....... ·~'~
occur /a'k3:(r)/
,J~\~ ..SJJ •.;,~\:il Jl,i;;l
recur /n'k3:(r)/
,J~I:il Jl,i;;l ·~~J~ ,,J~ 1 1_,s;;
accurate I rekjarat/ cura
.::_.,J;Iy •..:....,.;1..1"' .S...S
cut
..:..-~
J.~~ ·~
curator /kjua'relta(r); (US) kju'r-/ subcutaneous /,sAbkju'temias/
..s..l.l.:-_;.j •.f-.Ji..J!j
cutaneous /kju:'tcmias/
..s..l.l.:-·.f-J'.
advocacy I redvakasi/ -cy
jl-,.-1..1,;~
cyano-
.f.i (~)
~l- •..SJI..U)o
..SJb:-:+. ·..s~~ ..:..J~
cyaneous /sia'nju:as/
•._r.r-_I •._;:...;_,_;SJI
cyber-
normalcy /'no:mlsi/
,.;,._),
...,...,,. ,J_,:...... '.J!..\,o
.;,_A •.r.-
cybernaut /'saibano:t/
.r,l
.:...;_F!I.;.~IS'
..s;_,.,..t>
cybercafe /'saibakrefei/
.;.;.;IS'
bicycle /'baisikl/
.,;.~p
cycle
t~".r.'•
recycle l,ri:saikl/
-cyst
........j.~[._.s:....:.j!]
cyst /cystis
;1;>1 •....;~
hydrocyst I haidrasist/
.J.!,;l:>- ~IJ ·.:fi~j~ yl jl
r...:......? [.._?:-;._..,]
cystitis /,sista'taltls/
.. ~ ~JJ /ylf:ll/..rloi
l.._?:-;.,,1
cystocele /,sista'si:l/
.. ~ .;,~l:i' ~~
r....-j~\....:..1
decolonize l,di:'kolanaizl de-
dede-
o..l:.A\5
!jl-._;:...
~4 ,,jJ,.;
..\,;~
JJ• •;J>
.JW-IS' ... ._,:. j 1 1 jl •.;,~ _? ).l4..r,
depart /d1 pa:t/
.;,~ ~J~ •.;,~ '..Lo:-
dethrone l,di:'Oraun/
.J~,JJj
defoliate /,di:'faulieit/ deplete /di'pli:t/
deca
\,;o.:.oJ
,, ,..:.,SI_;~ •..,.-l:....~
dece
·.:r'.J ..l.,..l.i
.J~.? JJ.;-
,;,,_?
~
.;,,.? ..r.l>j..! J'; .J•_;.
~ ,,Jolo ,_;..IS'
.J>.? decade I deke1d; d1 ke1d/
dec
.:fi~ JIJj •.:fi~ ..fJ>IS'
devalue l,di:'vrelju:/
.J•JJi
,Wa.;,. •.;,~.? J" _,>....,.
de-
decline /di'klam/
....:...;\=,.
decimal /'desimll decade /'deke1d; d1'keid/ decathlon /di'kreOian/ decent /'di:snt/ decency l'di:snsi/
Jl- ....... ..SJL!.&.I •..;>J.A• JL. ·~ .....
.;!!..~
.,sl.oJoj~J
J~ ,...,.....~;:. ,.:...\) )iJ ,.:...;\;..
IH decilitre /'desrli:ta(r)/ deci
.r> .,._A>->-;
demi
.....,;.,..,_;
demo
~-r>.l"
dent
.jl~>
;.) ._..., .;.) (""> ~
decibel i'desibel/
l..b- .....,; .l..b- ~
democracy /di'mokrasi/
..s;-:~~..
demography /di'mograti/ dental /'dentll
r, .1"
._...w~ ..sjl...JI~, ,.JI~, ("' .k .Y.J')
dentist !'dentist/
j\....;1~, .$...:.);'I~,
dermatology /,d3:ma'tolad3i/ dermatitis / 1d3:ma'talt!s/
...i--'>< •..:.-_,
derm
._...,
.}.
demi-god !'demigod/
,_...w..:-~ ·-=-~ ~
._,..1..1 •..:.-~ ..,...~t;JI ...:..-~
epiderm l,epi 1d3:m/ dextro
_,....1.. ...:.-)>·~
._r:-;1>- -=-~ •.J_JJ -=-~
dexterous /'dekstras/
~~-..S':I~._,....l.o
:? } J')U, ,_:,,!, J')U,
divorce /di'v:J:s/ didi-
.r.'.r.P•...;\5'_,,.p
•...;..)>
jl •.:;L,.. jl ·'~
dioxide /dai'oksaid/
..1,--5'1
dilapidated /di'Irepidelt!d/
._,I_,>-
..s>
I~)
.:,, ~ .J4 ,.:,, ~ ,L:.t
dilate /dai'Ieit/
J.;Js
•'-!1?
diameter /dai remita(r)/ dia-
1~ ·~ .0~ jl
,.:,,_;
die /diet
~
,.J>j
._j?
;..i
diagonal /dai'reganl/
..s;J..;_r:. •..s)ai
dictation /dik'teiSn/
.Jl.o ).;_,;.-.> .T ,')1..1.\
predict /pn'dikt/
~
.J>~ ....._~..;..:.
dichotomy /da1'kotami/
dicho
~L; J.:l ~J)
diem
).J)
dif
..;\5'1~-.:..-.,.;.1~
dign
._,;.;)
dimensional
~-..t..;
dis-
jL..~..G~
._/;.\5'J, •._,._lip~
per diem / 1p3: 'di:am
'JJJ ./' ,..;I)JJ
(a.m.) e--" . _,....u.
ante meridiem l,renti ma'ndiam/ different /'ddrant/
.0)./s~~;.~
dit
dog
1,9ri:da~'menSanl:
..s~
.....
.J>~ __,...;~,;,.:,,~ .JI_,;I,;
.J>~
._;p.J...i> ,.:,,~
indite /m da1t/
.j>l>
doctor /'dokta(r)/ •.j>b
_;,;_,.i
;.; .. ~
,..,.1...;
...,._~>;..c!
.:,,~ 1..!.,;1 ,.J>J.r-
>;>·.t! 'Jl:...·~.?
kingdom
/'kuJd;:~m/
._,..u,4
pardon /po:dn/ ~~.~~b
don do min
:J; ,.5 ~ _,>.> .;,)>Y.
dorm
..,.,,,..
dors
rS ............, ..
donate
r5L>-
.,u.~
/d;:~u'neit/
:J>~ .l..u.l
dominate /'dommcitf dominion
/d;:~'mmi;:~n/
dormitory
/'d;):m;:~tri:
.1. :J,l;\J :J\..o) '.1. :J>.t! ~~
u!'J;~..o; -~P
(US)
/'d;):m;:~nt/
dormant
'd;):rm;:~t;):ri/
.~,,....
JW ~ •..:..St.. •':-'1_,.> [ ...
dorsal /'d;):sl/
..:...!.:
~ J..t!r
·A l~;cl
double-life l,dAbl laif/ double
ju>
dox
·P
~t,
._j> "'.~t,
;l.i:>-1
.;\!p ..}..lij
double-play l,dAbl'plei/
.;\!J, ._sj4
endow /m'dau/
~Jb
dow down-
·.r.l,~u;
.)>; .• ..L,A&.
drome
·~'-':- ,:JK,.
dub
,;.,_;; •..s:...:
downstairs l,daun
:J~,:J,~.....UJ
ste;:~z/
orthodox
h:6;:~doks/
doxology
/dok'sol;:~d3il
dubious
.x.; :JIJ4 'JI.? J ..;;- •.:.-:' i .::.-;>
c-:-' .L:.S •-'- [.,.....1.]
/'e;:~r;:~dr;:~um:
/dju:bi;:~s:
(US)
'er;:~droum/
.;,\tJ; ·J>
duet /dju'ct: (US) du'et!
due /duct
..:..,l...~.to
,;_,; ~
j.>-
(._A- y) ..}!_,.>J> •._sji_,;J>
conduct .5-~l; ,;_,,~
due a
..:..,I..Lo
o>JJi) ,J,.-.. •..L,l_,;
conductive /k::ln'dAktiv/
~pi~~
I; I...)
/k;:~n'dAkt/
;_,,~..:..,\..~.to ,:J,~
induce /m'dju:s; (US) 'du:s/
j;~ ~\;;.;...\
.,.1,1
.?4 ~lp
dynamo /'damamau/
!J.r.
dyne /dam/ .)If.~_;_(;
(Jfl> .,s_,$oj'..LI _1,-IJ)
dynamite !'dam;:~mait/
pleurodynia
J )J
[..s:;),;J
S;>W.r. ·4~ ,JW
l,plu:r;:~u'damia/
.,4: , J,
dystrophy /'distrafi/ dys-
.;1_,..;..1
..:..,..4>
dynamic /dai'nremikl dynia
,~\, ~IJ>
'riJ, duration /dju'reiJn:(US)du-/
dyn
..S.r."J
~:J>~ ~; ,:J,~~l.i;..
;_,,~
..s~
p
·..s>lA ,,..c.;$
endure /m djua(r): (US) -'dur/ dur
.}.li.r->
..L_>;
jlJ> ,.;\!p •
production /pra'dAkJn! ,;_,, ~
,\!,J)
..s_,s:.:... ,,.I'
(US) du:-/
indubitable /m'dju:bitabl: (US) -.?
enrage /rn'rerd3/
0>.?
sadden /'sredn/
-en
;L...J-J
_t;~
en-
.J.n> •..SJJ
.J---1> 'J,
-en
jL...~..C~
,,j,.? ..! Jf:
..;t,..- ,,j,.?
~
oJ>.? Jl>-r' ,,j,.?
,w.
oJ>.? JL.., ;I ..::-~ "'! ,.J>.? ......,_;,
encounter /;;)n'kaunt;;)(r)/ encase lrn'kers/
;!Jf;
oJ>.? oJJf'•~>[-r~Y-l
presidency
.,$.;~ ..:.-~;
j>'-b -~;;>
en do
~J.,~;j,~,
l,end31'm~(r};
engineer >l..l.:.....l •..:...)4-o
engine
-ent epi-
JL..
jL.. r---1/
•rl; r
r 1r
.;.;_,.....,
,,, .r-5
equa
~~ •LSJL. •.r.l.r.
equi
LSJL. •.r.l.r.
;L..j
.r. .s
jL..~
j)
!""' ,J,\..,o
equality
II'kwol~til
..:,.,IJL.,. •..SJ'/1'.
farmer I
fa:m~(r)l
.;lS:::...:S •j.;Jl.:S
teacher !'ti:tJ~(r)l
.;I! jj"l
ergonomics
bindery
.;lS .r.!JJ
~..r.~~~.~~
..f _jAl ,lla.> .ol,.:-!.1
error l'em(r)l bakery I
·!""-
.;lS ..,....l:.f.o ("" .b.Y./)
l,3:g~'nomiksl
be1k~ri/
.,$j~ •..r,l_,;~
l'bamd~ri/
.)l.o....P [olS')5]
n8r~sa1t/
~_,> :r} L5i.AJ_,¥
chinese /,tJai ni:z/
~
J:S._..
~'j,
esoteric l,es~'tenk; ,i:s~-/
.....,ib;... ,..:,.,Jli:,.
epidemic /,epi'demikl
equivalent
-er
;_,ij"
/p~ reni~ll
centennial
~
..r.l.:.f.o
engine I end3ml perennial
enn
(US) -'mrl
..r.l,.,j •...,..L->1 ·...:->-
1,ren~s'8i:3~1
esthetics li:s'Seuks; es-; (US) es-1
jj".J" 'L5r' ~w.w
.•;a:.. ..fy
~I.S:ilS ,I.S:ilS
~j ~j~ .~j
•.)t.~
...s:.,....
~
l...!.,:;.o
~~ eJ\...
..:,.,\;, •.ro,! •/'.Y. "':-"':"IJ •..$.;J.,;.
·r j'l
:..J!}>r'
J.}..$..:J.
....-..r.•...,.:.*..,..l:..!. i-" ...,..l:..!.~l:!j
ItA -et
.,. y. ,,1_;_,;
.s.>;_,s
owlet I' au lit/
..lA.:-"':"~
l'kor;:~net:
coronet
(US) 'b:r-1
~u....J ~J}
expel IIk'spell
ex-/exo
~~JJI
.ft:
.u....J ~J} (..., .l.y;-)
primeval /prai'mi:vll
ever-
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politics I
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illegal II'Ii:gl/
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human-kind l,hju:m:!n'kamd/
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-lateral
w)> ·~ ·.h.i
translate ltra:ns lei! : tra:nz-1
0..l.il>}.r. ·0>_,$ ~}
correlate l'kor;Jielt; (US)'b:r-1 lateral I' la:t;Jr;JI/
0>~ J.~/' •.;,:.;.~> ~J
..r.'"':-·~·.s}.:S
unilateral I ju:nr'la:tr;Jll
..,;~.:- ~ . ~
bilateral l,bai la:t;Jr;JII
..,;~.:- J> ... }>J>
equilateral l,i:kwi'Ia:t;Jr;JI/ idolatry lm'dol;Jtril
-Ia try
;L.r--1 ..1.0.,....,
I au
;_,,.? ;,:-.; ..:_;.-::.
laundry I b:ndri/
lav
;_,,.? ;,:-.; ..:_;.-::.
lavatory lla:v;Jtri; (US) -t;):ril
~~~
...
lawful I'IJ:fll
law
0yli
~-.:.:..:?·"':-'~1
j:SJ •..;_,;- JJL.:.. .01-lip 0>JJi>} ·0>JJi
select l$1 lektl
... i.S.r."J""
0> _,$ ':"'l.:.;;;\
coalition-led l,bu;J IIJn .. .I 1
0..1.01_,>- •.:,_,.;li
0..1.01~
legal l'li:gll
,:,_,.;li
lepto
0> _,$
.s....;_,s
-let
c:!' J
;L. ._;:... ..1.0.,.-.;
..J_,.;
·~
•.s....;_,s
leuko -lev
;_,,.? ..\.:.L .;_,,.r. ~~
levo
~
.;.,;u~
,,)
J'.t!t.. •..1:--ll;
careless l'ke;J(;Js; (US) 'kerl;Jsl piglet l'pigi;Jt/
;.f...
libra/e
....,1.;5
libri
J,t..;
lict
jy.-- •• ;~1
.
..I.,A-J~
lever l'li:v;J(r); (US) 'lev;Jrl
0> .r.
elevate l'ehveJtl levoduction II;Jv;J'dAkJnl
'S4 ...L:-J ·~ ...... , 0> .r. 'S4
.s·}~l~l
:., _,$ u. J ,;;, _,$ ,,)
liberate I hb;JreJtl liberal l'hb;Jr;JII
.:~lji ~·.)1) ~~J.ib1)
libretto lh'bret;Jul
licit l'hsitl collide /k;J lmdl
liev
"'.~·J.r-
;_,,.? .u ..:,, ,s ,-'+e
.;~\.;S
(l.r.l
equilibrium l,i:kwi'hhri;Jml illicit II'IIsitl
elide li'lmdl relieve ln'li:vl believe lhi'Ii:vl
,.;:...;,..r.
~.s~ .s~~
leukocyte l'lu:k;Jsait; -k;Jus-1
library l'laJbr;Jri; 'lmhri: (US) -brcril
lide
0jli
s;c
.J.,i...
liber/e
,\;\~
.s jl; ..:.-~ ._sl)>
leptodermous l,lept;J'derrn;Jsl hopeless I h;Jupi;Jsl
-less
_}.li
illegalii'Ii:gll
·~ •..S::,;L •
L]
·vr-- ..;_,.;u
j\..:--
legislate lled3Isleitl
leg
[.si;
._j~\i.S.r."J"!
legible l'lcd3;Jbll
leg
!'""'}
0>_,$ ..,..l.:,;:;\
elect II'Icktl
-led
'...
J.:l. •.; _,.; li
0,. li
lawyer l'b:j;J(r)l collect lid lektl
lect
(~)
t.')l..;,)'l._sJ\...::..
..s::, .:r->,..r.) 0jl.f ,J,t..;
j\..:--~ •.;_,.;u~
jl,...
t..Jr-- .._; _,.;li
;_,, _,$ , J~ .r. ,;_,, _,$
....;,~.,.a;
;,,_,s ....;..;_ •.:;>-1..1.01 [L>.... .61 1 1 0>1> ~,,:,,_;~I}
,,>! ..L4;... •
.;,:.;.~>,~A;&.\
child-like !'tJaildlaiiJ
-like
~
·..P ..J.;.;I..
)J..S>.,S ,.;IS,_,!
lady-like !'leidilaikl
)jJ~
linear I hni(r)l
..s~..S...~
J..,:.
lin
rectilinear l,rckti'Imi(r)l
.l.)a.>._sl)>·~
duckling l'dAkhiJI , ;L. _;....,..
-ling
._;L.~~ _,5
..S>) ""':)"; ·...;.~.!" ""';)";
princeling l'prmshiJI
J.,.:.S ~ o>lf"l..:.
~'..r.
..:..,...tol._;. J ~.,s
linguistics /hl)'gwistiksl (% ..)Lj
lingua lis litera
>;y"_r. •..:..S.r
loc
~·\.,a; ,, .)~ .r.
.wu...~
literate I htrt/
~
·~'J>
ol~C.,. •.jts:.,.
log
.:_;;.... ·~')IS •.WU..
-logist
..r l;_;,-
..? J" 'Jj! >J.i •• l.i_,!
IIvdl
long-lived l,loiJ 'hvd; (US) b:I)-/ locate llu'kcit/
,J'i~ ..s __,.... .J>_;$
r')IS •.:_;;.... •~
loqui
r')IS •.:.:>--
luc
.....-L.:- - ,..:.._,:.L.;. •...:u..
._r.L.:-);
•;y
lud
~.}
,.:_,,,
,Sj~
,_:;,.?
..rl:..:.~j
monologue /'monlog; (US) 'mo:nb:g; -lo:g/ eloquent le'lkwnt/
._;._,!..S.. •..!.h'J"
soliloquy /s'hlkwi!
..r...tlf:' ·...;.~..S..
.ji~·JJi.:,~j
geology /d3i'old3il
.rl:..:..:r.-.i
genealogy l,d3i:m'reld3il
.rl:..:.Jl:' •.rL:..:...,......
translucent ltrrens'lu:snt: trrenz-/ lucid /'lu:sidl
~~ •:rJJ ·~'J J'ij •...J~ •.:,~...:...>;> ·~~.;~,) • ..c.;,;..
delude /d!'lu:d/
.J>_? ol_yo! ,.j>l> ~}
prelude l'prelju:d/
deluge /'delju:dy
.,..lQ.,.,.J.,ti;.)~
..;..SI_,;.;i [o_d- J
•.)'-? J
•
;y
._r.L.:-J;
•;y
;i.;J
.;\.i _,; ~:? J J,- ,.:,, ..;$ J_j-
~
J,illuminate ll'lu:mmeit/
Ius
I.Jts::..]
-HI:.. ·c...l.o
interlude l'mtlu:d/
lum(in)
I~
~ •...Jts::...~
dialog l'daiIog: (US) -b:g/
0,)\,)
lug
•_,.... .J';
.:,ts::..
ludicrous llu:dikrsl ._sjL .( ._..:.,!...:) .:_,, _? lr.-1
~
location llu'keiJnl
biologist lba1 old3Ist/
-Iogue
..s.. (._s;L.......)
(~..,_,c.,.) ._}1}~ (_r._,....;)
lithograph /'h8gro:f/ I,J::~:t
._;.>1
~ .)~ ..t..;_ ,..t,;_
monolith l'monh81
eulogy l'ju:ld3il
-logy
•...J.L...a;
..J:.:...)4 ,,,_,...~
literary l'htrri; (US) -reril
.j~l_y>-
:.r- ._,....
.. ~j _,,
collision lb h3nl
short-lived
-lived
.rl:..:..J~j
bilingual l,bai'hl)gwll
•'r- .....15 ,w;l •..J.T
litho
,.;\.,.;\;.
.:_,, ..;$ .... ,.)_,. ,,:,, ..;$ :rJJ
luminary l'lu:mmri: (US) -neril
~.)y-
luster I'IAst(r)l
..;-::-;-),) •..; .r. .~
lustrous /'IAstrsl
.......
••.)l;._
~~·J'.r.·•..c...::..;..;.)
lir lust lut lute-ly
-lysis
c--"'J ·~J; :....,:;....._:;.
~
;;
jL....Y
~ _,....,
._..;4J} ·J>- ..)> ~ ,,) "-rV
illustrate I 1l:Jstreit/
.J>b c.~.;;,~ ~JJ
dilute ldm'lu:t:- lju:tl
.J>~ ~1.-J,~ .;.;J
ablution I:J'blu:Jn!
·JJ ..:...Jlflo [...,....l..]
~J
luteous /'Iu:ti:Js/
.t.;.J >Ji
carelessly I ke:Jl:Jsli: (US) kerl:Jslil slowly /'sl;:,uli/
..s.Y..s! ~ ·..?>~T."
analysis /:J mdJsisl
lys
"-rV
lyt
~;~
~-~T."
analyse /'ren:Jlaizl
.J>~ ~ ,_),~ ~T."
hydrolyte l'hmdr:Jlmtl
macro
.)'}S •.5 ;f.
-made
jLr-
magna
~-..5;;.
magni
..$ JY.
main
~.;,.;(...
._r.i ~T."
electrolyte II'lektr:Jlan/
-:..:JJ~I • .)..r.~~
macrocosm l'mrekr:Juk oz:Jm/ macroeconomics l,mrekr:Ju,i:k:J'nomiks; (US) -krou ek:J'na:m-1 hand-made l,hrend'meid/
.) 4,5" •_,5'1 .) 4-o:- •r.?
.)'j.S ,~1
j\.....~.)
magnanimous lmreg nremm:Js/ magnify l'mregmfai/
)~Jj',
remain ln'mcm/
mal
.;~
o.l.a.•.,o~
-~
._;.>IJ\; ,._;, J~ •..SJ~
malnutrition /,mrelnju:'tnJn: (US)
~nu:-/
malicious lm;:,'IIJ:Js/
"'!..i.A;·~
~~~~ •• 1_,>-~
-malacia
./'} ·r}
osteomalacia l,a:sti:Jum;:,'leiJ;:,I
malaco-
.:.?r} ·r}
malacology l,mrel;:,'kol:Jd3il
male
..;u..,..;. ··r ..L
malefactor !'mrehfrekt:J(r)l
.)1_,>.:.-.1 ,f) ..,..w.;~; ol_,>~
mammall'mrenll
mamm-
0~·~
mammary l'mrem:Jril
J 1..~>1.:....• ,\A.)~ ('-' .bY.r')
[...,-L;.c:.-d
..s.,.,.:. ,JS, ~ man
.J~t.
·riJ,
permanent /'p3:mJn:Jnt/
man
,_,..._?l..,Yli
..L:.~.)
gunman l'gAnm:Jn/
.1.Y..r'
)~~-t!b.~
seaman I si:m:Jnl
-man
..5Jj',
.).,\;\.. 1.:-..r. .;.;..~:Lo
remainder ln'memd:J(r)l
o~\ ... J-"'.~
·Jia'-'-4
.J> ~ ~,.. .;.;, ~
malady I mrel:Jdil
~~
.)1_,1.. ,, J_,;4J>
c:--
JJL.,
·c:---
>j>
taxman /'treksmren/
.:...l,ll.o
J_,.i.
manual !'mrenju;:,l/
..s~
.._;-.>
manufacture l,mrenju'frektJ:J(r)l
;_;,~
.l.,l_,; ·?L..
,:Jp .t,;L. [._,..-L;:JIJ:J
mania
.S;r.>:; ""
.!>-
jl ~
....;')(
.s)> .r.:J~ ~~xi
shipmate 11Jipmcit/
-mate
~4J>.r.j
~4J> ·""4J> (.;S :J\..J, ,:J>.;S
,,j')\5 .,j_,.,i,. ~...
..rr--1
miscegenation l,misid3;J'neiJnl
~)_,..\..
mission I miJnl
miss
.J>l:.....} ,J\....,)
.r.:. ·~ ._r....! •;J.W.
emission II'miJn! remit In mit/
mit
.J>l:.....} ,J\....,)
-mittent
.J>l:.....}
._;.r.l
l.o>I.J'
.; _;:.. •~ .,!t.,! •tF'
miscellaneous /,mJs;J'Iemi;Jsl
~,~ Jl..;l.~>l:.....)
transmit ltra:nz'mit; tra:ns-/
~~, ~
J\.. ;I
.~,\:....,)
.J>~
intermittent l,mt;J mit;Jnt/
..s)J>I •":"'J\:.:..
mnemonic lm'momk/
mne
·>\.,:.,...k;\.,.,.:r-:0
mob
.r.-·~?
o.,l;;Ji>4
amnesia /a:m'ni:zi;J; (US) -'ni:3;J/ mobile I m;JuhaJI: (lJS)'moubll
._,.:._,.-1) •..J>J>j>4
;1.,- •..s_,..:..
~ ~...r. •
mock-heroic l,mok hi'r;JuJk/
mock-
..s''+: ~1_,4:
mockingbird !'mokiiJb3:dl
(1.:.,.-)..U.....i::/
._...;IJ _r.i-
mock-fight l,mok 'fmt/
./J;>~
molder l'm;Juld;J(r)l
mol
.J>_?
>~I.?\..
.wl> ..s...s
..;s?...r. -~.,5-
immobility I,Im;J'bJI;Jti/
._;...,-._.,')G.ft\..
demolish ldi'mohJ!
~, ~ ~1./!J .~, ~
'-:-!foJ J_,s:J_,..
monitor I momt;J(r)l ~.~.:lb_;l..t...:...
.
• \....,._j\j
)
molecule /'mohkju:ll
mon
•.r.L>...
;?} _,la;;d
.~,~ J_;;S
premonition ..,..U ._,.. l->1 ";J•!.h , .....-:I _,J, l,pri:m;J'mJn: ,prem-1 premonitory /pn'momt;Jri; (US) ~.,t..:.~ •._,.....; -to:ri/ fishmonger /'tiJmAIJg;J(r)/ ..;J)U""L.
·r,.;.
monger
mono
..:?JI- ·..rJ.r :j\..j>-u jJ}I- .jl> .r..- .jS'I.r..-
~
...>.;._s:,
rumourmonger /'ru:m;JmAI]g;J(r)l monotone l'mon;Jt;Junl
ji>_Y,""'!L:. ·J'.Y.""'!L:.
.;,..I
,..:...>\~
..:..>I~
monochrome l'mon;Jkr;)uml
S:.;S..
monogamy lm;)'nog;)mi/ .r. Jb :j\..,...-1 ..(;_,......,
-mony
mor
morph
...:..JI..,..~~J
·~t..o
'rr; J
..,.,~>i
.)'>\.,:-1 .-:......;>
•..:..J>-"' •.s..,.._.
·r} ·~
~;
._sl.w>
..S.r-"" S;
matrimony /'ma:tnm;Jni; (US) -moo nil sanctimony l,sa:IJkt;)'m;)unil moral I mor;Jl; (US) 'mo:r;Jl/ immorality l,lln;)r<el;)ti/ amorphous /;) mo:t'::lsl morphology /mo:'fol;Jd3il
._r._,;.tj ·~'J>jl ..,.:.J).lAj •._r.l..;._,....l.i.o
..)')I.> I .;t.s:.;...;, ..S;4J~..r.
·~;>
•..,., .Y-
•..:..l,.i')l.>l
..w.
rl" ~J~ ·~..r. ..,...w~;(...--Lo~;>
'" mortuary /'m:>:tJ:m: (US) :-tJuen/
;Ji..! /' ~'r. ..;u
mortal l'm:>:tl/ top-most !'topm::lust/
-most
,J-}- 'Jj'JL ·J~
..:..5_;>
mot
J.}~ ·J.}~~
southernmost /'sAo::lnm::lost/
j!}.J,~
..;s.1"" :;,;_,..
motor /'m::lUt::l(r)/
.:..$ .1"" •
motion /'m::luJn!
~IS:;
·J+>: ..:..S .1""
mountaineer l,maontJ'm::l(r): (US) -ntn'I::lr/ mountain /'maunt::ln: (US) 'mauntn/
o§.
N
~\;....to~ •• ~
.J. 1..:-!6:-
much-abused !mAtS ::l'bju:st/
mut
myst
nai
._;..)... ..1:.>-
multiply !'mAltiplai/
~·'· .}-!1)1 -~· § ..,... _,;.
multitude /'mAltitju:d: (US)tu:dl mutation /mju: teiJn!
.s.r.s •'.IN ·.s•4.i >l..W ..;....; ..;~}·
transmutation l,trrenzmju:'teiJn: trren-1
.;.f}• ·~
j')
..llp
~
r•;LJ.,.. Se
A"~·~.}.u~
mystify /'misllfatl
~·.f
mysterious IJm'sti::lri::ls: (US) -'stir-/ naive lna1 i:v/
r!;•...- -~·.f rd
~-.:,.-i)...-'·.i_,...r' ~ J-A"-' •.s~ ,,,L.,..
renaissance /n'netsns: (US) 'ren::lso:nsl
·•;4J• ..U_,; ,._,...;\....;) .::..~,>- ~~
.,;u _,;~;
nanometer l'nren::lumi:t::l(r)/
;.-_,;~;
--
nasal l'neizll
nas
tL-> ..._;.:,
nas
.)~..I.!_,:..
~:..ll_,.;
nature /'nellJ::l(r)l nativity /n::l'tlv::ltil
navi
~·.f ,j-l.o>J'[l.~..p)
..:.Jl>
J> ~·~_,; .~_,;
,,.J..!. ..U_,;.. ojli _s>lj_,;
natal I ncitll
naut
,_,i-l.o> •._;.,..v!
nasalize l'neJz::llaiz/ nascent I nresnt/
nat
..
.r.:A'
immutable II'mju:t::lbll
nanosecond !'nren::lusck::lndl
nano
.s
...:-I ci} )) ,,l.i;.,.\
j-'~ -~
~..~..!.
.}.u ...s ~
.,.. >;_,.. ~
.>Lj )\.,.-:
...,.,;. .) ~ •);.J
:? ) ~4
•J+>: •.:..$ .1""
~IS:;
movable /'mu:v::lbl/
multinational l,mAIII nreJn::ll/
multi
>;.f-1'~
~.I..!. ) , - .jl
movement /'mu:vm::lnt/
mov
[.jt;.,-]
.::..y_,;.. ;_,..i.. •.;;. J ,:,AS )_,..i..
mortician /m:>:'uJn!
-5.r'
mort
.,;~,;., .......
>;,;- :_,.;L..
)--·.J-!~·.JL>L
....,tu•
,\!,I.J
J-a.:..o .:-.;> J..o J
disconnect l,diSk;)'nekt!
& ,:-, ;S I_,... ,:-, ;S l..l.o:-
necrology /ne'krolad3i/
~.; ~~ ~:-1!./' ;t.i
necropolis /m'krop;}IIs/
~\:...;~ .~l:-._,j
~·;>
necro
en
·~y
,,,/'
necromancy /'nekr;}umrensi/
neg
>; .;lS:;i
·~
c_IJ) ;l...a>-1
negation lm'geiJn!
;\S.ol •._;;.
negative /'neg;}tiv/
.fo
neologism /ni olad3IZ;}m/
neo
~~Y·~~
..1.;..\.o:- :.....\S ,ojiJy
neocolonialism l,ni:aub'l;}uni;}liz;)m/
_,.; ;l..w.:..l
neonate /'ni:;}uncit/
,1_;_,.; r_,c :r. >
polynesia l,poh'ni:zi;): (US) ,pa:l;}'ni:3;}/
nesia
'f.-?
;>
r.._, ·wt - y_
micronesia l,mmkr;)uni:zia: (US) -'ni:3;), -'ni:J;}/
_;Lr--'1 ,.; _,......,
neuro
y~l-~
nic
..s/' ,._,..,..i ·~l:!j •;_,.;.
e'J>
;>
..s;J~ .r.l.r:'
hardness l'ha:dn;}s/
-ness
~~I
happiness /'hrepm;}s/
neurology /nju;}'rol;}d31: (US) nu'ra:l-/ pernicious /p;} mJas/
olz......
10~
;\,'!:!.) .y_;;... ~~;li ....... l,-
nigrometer l,mgr;}U 'mit;}( r)/
~...,...~,.-
negrophile /'mgraufail/ nocturne /'nokt3:n/
noc
y~l.;;;~
.;;j}J;.,.; '..r'l,:.;.~
nigritude l'mgr;}tju:d/ ...:........,.. .J::
~l:-.n-1:- )..~;;....J•
l)a.:.-
(._r'\i;)
.:-;_,:5:.
-,....:. c~
innocent /'m;}snt/
nom
..s/',._,..,..1 .:_,, .r (~
;_,.;. .r. ,, L;t .r. .P.r. •;_,.;.._r.
nominate /'nomineitl
•;rot; -~·;1.4 -~·;> ...};"-'
·r--1 •(~
nomen
..,...;;; J,.k;,:-_,.;li .• ~\.j
r--1 ·r~
.1. .Y.J"> •..;l,.!-
innocuous II'nokju;}s/
:-• ;S gastronomy /gre'stron;}mi/
nom
(~ y) ~
~
nocturnal /nok't3:nl/
noc
•..;>o- ,._;;.-
._...lS.u.~y.
neuropathy /nju;) ropo61: (US) nu-/
nigro-/negro
..sr.,l~ .J!I.r:-
e'J>
IJ.;..>,;lS ,:-, ;S ._roi.:.!...SI;Y.
astronomy /a'stron;}mi/
~~ ·._rol.:.!._r;-1
taxonomy /trek'son;}mi/
... ~.....,.,~
nomenclature Ina menklotJa(r): (US) 'naumankleitJar/
•..s).:.Lt.; ~ .;;).i.!..t.;
1'\A
·L.
nonstop !,non stop/
·. ..L • ......... ~
non-
)
nor-
<north
WJ ~ ojli ·~Y
•oj\.;
~~)
denounce /d1 nauns/
nounce
.J..t,.\;.~
~,~ r~·~,~ ~
pronounce /pr •c$;~Lr:jL.r--1 ..L _,.....,
-ocrat
~..I.!. ... ~1.. ·~·~ .....U_,:.. .)...,,~\...
occlude lJ.J....;. •.:.i-!
democracy /d1 mokr.r
.,s- •..S; ~L....;I_r-1
...;1_r.1 ..:......
..s; ~~....
.
r, /' ;~..u;. ..;.;1~ _,..,
.-..:...... _,... ).ti )> .; ':!Lr.J\..1_,.>-
vi_?
technocrat /'tcknI ..I..,;
A~ ...s..:.~A
offstage /,of'stcid3: (US) ,::d-/ offload !,of 'I:Jud; (US) :>:f'loud/ official I:J'fiJII officer /'otis:J(r):
oligo
~.:....!.:(jl::;)
;_,,_?
~
,;.,,_? ._.ll.o'- [;L] .,s)>l \.T-J
(US)':>:!~/
)~ ~I
.)_?..,.
chocoholic /,tJok:J'hohk: (US) -'h:>:l-/ humanoid I hju:m:Jn:>Id/
:;L....:..A...>
~ .Ly-;
)J;.,L..;I , ..1.:.;\,. ;.,WI J.;;l.o . }
(;.,~ '-"-""') JJ,;..JS [~_;,]
..J>.)y.J\... ·.5~
oligarchy l'ohga:ki/
-.:....,lil ~ ~ ,._r.)!,.ll ~ .,sl..o;.,l.,~.;,
oligophrenia l,ohg:Ju'freni:J/
-ologist
geological /,d3i::J'lod3Ikll
..)»~
~ .Lr-;
:;L..i"""l ~ .Ly-;
._,- Lr;y_,;.o~
-om a
..r""W.;r.oj
)>; jl
..r""W.;r.oj J;bJ~ _,.W~j
psychology /sai'kol:Jd3il
..rW;.,I..u
geology /d3i'ol:Jd3i/
,rl.:...:..;r.oj
carcinoma /,ka:si 'n:Jum:J/
·r~..,_;
't"'L>
.J-1> ·"-"
J5 ...,.:L> ....... ~\.:...:.
..wu... •._,-Lr~-;ts'
..:.......Y.
...;u..1""' ,JS,
...:JJJ.i ~..:,...y.Li.r,; ~...l.:..WJJ.i
JS omnivorous /om'mv:Jr:Js/ astronomy /:J'stron:Jmi! operate I op:Jreitl
oper
•,rl.:...:..;r.oj
biologist /bai'ol:Jd3IStl
omnipotent /om'nip:Jt:Jnt/
-onomy
(1
oligosperm l,ohg:Ju'sperm/ -ological
·r""' .,_;I
J_,.:......
oft-repeated claim /oft: (US) :>:ft .. .I
oligadontous /,ohg:Ju'dent:Js/ .S..., § ...S .LI .,.5 .> J..b.A
~).;;....:;....
operator l'opareit:l(r)/
)I_,...~ .....
r~ ·..rW.r>-1 ;.,,_?~,;.,,_?.>IS
~ •.)_,;1) ,J_,.:...... •._s..~.,<W
IV· opisthodont /'opise;ld;lnt/
opisth(o)
~
._,.<s.
-~
..,......, "I.~,;, i.SIJb .l.Ai
opisthogastric /'opise;lga:stnkl
•-""" ~ .>> ~IJ
opisthenar !'opise;ln;lr/
opt
.j>.? ":"'G;.:;:
..:.-o:~ ~
option /'opfn/
":"'1.:.;;.;1 '"ts::.-1 'Jl.,;>-1
adopt /;l'dopt/
"•.? ":"'1.:.;;.;1 ·"·.? Jl.,;>-1
optician /op'ufn/
opti -or
·M-
'-"L,;
;L.j?ti
..h)~.jl..~
optical /'optikll
r--' ..~,;_,.....,
i.S.J""'o!·~
governor I gAv;ln;l(r)/
)..!,;\.) '"I~
monitor /'monii;l(r)/
)H; •r'-:'
orator I or;lt;l(r): (US) 'J:r-/
)p.- ,.jl;.:.-
oratory !'or;ltri: (US) ''J:r;lt'J:ri/
or-
•"'!1,6..}
.:;Lo,
..S.>p.-
._...l.l.!. ~.;lA>
oral /''J:r;ll/ intraoral l,mtr;l''J:r;ll/
.}lA> ~1,
orbit /''J:bit/
orb
,_::..> ..;>; .o ..r..l~
~~ j JJ~ ~~¥ .r;
ordinal I''J:dml: (US) 1'J:rd;lnl/
.jl.o} •;J'--'>
r~..;.J.-15 •....l,.... J
·).r.'
~,)b
~j(,.Js.)
.}-;loG- ~.J.)\.)
organize I 'J:g;lnaizf organ I''J:g;ln/ originate /;) 1fld3Iniif
orig
t_J ..r.::. .j\i.l
JY-,) ~~; ~~
.jo_? ..s"..!,;l.ojl.. .,.j~ ~ ,~
,.jl.ojl.. ~)~I •.J.,...J
~.) ~~\.) ~.) -~...~...!. jlS-1
:.?} emporium /em p'J:ri;lm/
-orium
.~t.,.
,,JL '"' .b .Y..J" !-W_j) L
-ose
..., Jl.;.,.- •... ;L.;-> ,,, _,Ji-
.,s.l)- -..}J} ·-,r;j
migratory /'mmgr;ltri: (US) 'maigr;lt'J:ri/ explanatory lik'spla:n;ltri; (US) -t'J:ri/ comatose I bum;lt;lus/
,...;~.>....J....I
.~t.ji
•x..:-~-.r:-4~~
.y1_,> ...:-,.
ooJ,Jiyl_,;..
W" ;>.WI;>
psychosis /sa 1 'k;lUSis/
osis
i.S'Y..-1 ·~ .,s'Y..-1
laboratory /l;l'bor;ltri; (US) :'la:br;lt'J:r/
... .x..)) •...:.JL-.~}
..;.> .1. ~J.,...,... ·~ ,.;.......), ~J~...:.-.;Jo..::..-;J
armory /'a:m;lri/
•J.s- !oL(,G,. ,.jK.
._.-\:..:.o..l,; r,
hypnosis /hip 1n;lUSis/ neurosis /nju;l 1f;lUSis/
._Mr,.jiJJ
r;.;H ..SJ~) .jiJJ ·-·----···
1VI
·.s-
-otic
:;\....:....J "' .- )>; ~.~.:ll.:lJ~ •._.:;..r.
-otomy
..r.- ._s\; .,_,;~ ._s\;
tracheotomy l,trreki'ot;Jmi: (US) ,treiki'a:t-/
.:.P j
famous I fcim;Js/
-ous
..c _,....;
jl.....:...A...,
·-c:t_,;. .-.JJ.r.
out-
o.JIJlf, ·J~
venous /'vi:n;Js/
.-~
..SJ...JJ •..;..r"l:-
outhouse /'authaus/
..;).Jl..:.>\..
outlive /,aut'hv/
J)fi
.;,~~
... .)1~
~~~
("' .b_y..r)
.;l .....~ .-) ~...-; ,- jl ));:;
.._,>-}
ovarian /;Ju've;Jri;Jn/
ov-
~
ovary /';Juv;Jri/
.....~ ·-~.....~ .-) (...~
over-
;~ ~-~ • .1.>- jl
0)r
~\.w.;
overplay /,;JUV;J 1plei/
-~ .J>b ..::..,.....\ ..s>4.i ~.J>b~.).,>
.;:;~.:.~,
ol; j1 •.S ,- _,-1_,- •.!.>
overland /';Juv;Jlrend/
._;.,..) ''J jl -~ ''J jl
oxyaster l,oksi'rest;J(r)/
oxy
•..5'.1G.; ~.._~r
:r; !...W
·~
;.-; _,.,. .;,-; s _,; >j}
~
oxycephally /'oksis;Jt';}li/
~
pac
.._~\).~
pachy-
_r.- •..:...ill.~
A
pacific /p;J 1Sifik/
-~
oxyblepsia l,oksib;J'lepsi;J/ pacifist /'presifist/
..S_y o}:...
~)i ,b.,; I )..U;.. ~,\,
.......f ,,j,b ..; ;-!
..;;-! ·'-i
wr parity I
par
...SJL.. '-"'-"
prer;:~ti/
apartheid -e1t/
/;:~'pa:talt;
.... ~·...s.r.l.r. ...s.r.l.r.\,; ·...s•ly ~ -~";1-:i
4
~~.SJ..l;
~ 1 .)4 ~~;4
..s•JJ...o.Jo •._sj_,...h •.?'., .1.1.,.;)
'JJ> jl ._,...L..>-1
.....·t....JJ pathology !'pre6;:~l;:~d3i/
patho
c$.)L.., '; b Y.r'
pathy
._,...L..>-1
,_,.
patri
pau
pear
·;~
s .,t;l •;S '_r.1>
.jl:..;
pathogenesis /,pre6;:~'d3eniSis/
..S.iJ-h •..S•JJ...o.Jo
patricide /'pretnsaid/
..,:..SJ.. J •
patriarchal l,peltri'a:kl/ paucity /'p:J:s;:~ti/ pauper
/'p:l:p;:~(r)/
appear
/;:~'pi;:~(r); (US) ;:~'pH/
disappearance appease /;:~'pi:z/ peace /pi:s/ pedestrian
ped
4
pod
"
ped
S•.f
pel
0>1> j-> ,_;,1, ;W
J 'JL....> J" •J 'JL.... J~
•.r.-5 I~
_,..u.
0-W ~ ,0-W ~~\,;
r'}
0•.f
~ /p;:~'destri;:~n/
pedal /'pedl/
pediatrician
/,pi:di;:~'tnJn!
/p;:~'dol;:~d3i/
expel IIk'spell repel /n'pel/
.~.~ ···~.~.~ jl~ ,.,...,\S"J
tripod /'traipod/
pedology
,_r.4i
.0-W J~i .0-W ~JJ 0-W
.0>1> j)-"
._;...1)
._r.lj._sJL..,
l'simp;:~6i/
sympathy
I dis;:~'pi;:~r;:~ns; (US) -'p1r/
peas
..s)}A 'cr"w~i
~~
4o.oo
Jl.iloi..S...:.;,: cr"w..s.~
0> .f [.1_,.;..1 .0..t;IJ :;Jr.! 0-I>IJ ...r-'l .:; • .f
c!•
IVl" -pellent
0, _,
e·
.0..;1_.
repellent /n'pel;}nt/
:.w. -~'·
penalty /'pcn;}lti/
pen
._.a,:.; •' L:...: I •\h.,:.
penalize l'pi:n;}]a!71 repent /n'pcnt/
pen
pend
-penia pens
~t...,...:.., •....A....\:;
0> _,$ 01jui
..:.-ljl.:-o-~
~·_,$
-~·_,$ ..:.-ljl.:-o
'-'?
0-1.! 01....,.!.: .0> _,$ .... ,.
penitent l'pemt;}nt/
r•~.; .0~...,.:-:
podant /'pend;}nt/
;:,i [_,:....-} ...t:.,.;>}l
perpendicular p3:p;}n 1dikjul;}( r)/ dependent /di'pcnd;}nt/
~I;:Ji -~Li
·..s•rs
/ 1
._..:..,-15 .01..1.0
._,-s .>r-
.:_.=.!b &, ._;!....
leukopenia /lu:b'pi:ni;}/ suspense /s';J spens/ pentagon /'pent
..y... ._sU.J_,.L! _,:..IS"
J •Jlla:;i ...:.~ ~
-~~
•._,..w. ~
pent( a)
~
peps
0>_,$ ~
pepsi-cola /'pcpsi-k_,$ ~
dyspeptic /dis'pepuk/
....... u. ._,... .... ~
permit /p;} 1mitl
j\:.:u
per-
~~...~> j1 ,Jy j1 ·~j •.b _;,.
perpetual /p...o
ph a phageopharma
._s_,.o\1; ..........
>}b} ....,... .0yl_r.: -~~'.i r~ ~J
..._ J..!!r
·..r ;4 i _,>
•.y .,
s.r.
Ju '..r' J4
I
":'.,s-._r, '"'- lu> ..o!i ,J:!JJ> ..rJ~ ~ir .~l..o!l
perspolis /'p3:Sp ..:..j, ....
~~lj
impersonal 1Jm'p3:s:lnl/
perso
~~ .:>.:~b ojb:-1 ~.)~
perimeter /p;}'nmJt;}(r)/
peri-
'S,S ....-;;
·ll:- y.
peruse /p;}'ru:z/
per
~ 'Jl;..
f,
pharmacy I fo:m ,.;\,> J)>
1Vi /f;:~ los;:~li/
philosophy .j)U:. .......~
phil(o)
philanthropy bibliophile
-phile
;U;:._..J,,..;')l>-,~
-ph ilia
._s;l....,> ·~,;_,_1} ·.f-J>
-ph iliac
1}-·~J>--
phobe
-phobia
jW
·:r.- ·Y..}
,_,..I_,..- [_,..l;..;,,:,l JJ ·.S;.}- .__,.....; ..
.__,.....;-_,..I;"
•.SY..}-
phobically
..:-:;.}- .....;u_....-
phone
~.,....I..L..o
phono
I..L..o.~.r->•IJi
phos-
J.Y
photo
~
,f-J> A •.5-J>~W\ j4'":"'\;5' •.;......J>'":"'\;5'
anglophile /'a:IJgl;:~ufaii/
~I ,1_,;-t_,.. ,.;......p~l
francophilia
l,tra:nk;:~u'fiii;:~/
haemophilia
l,hi:m;:~'fiii;:~/
..h;_,;. ·..H yJ>
necrophiliac
l,nckr;:~u
j~o.)~ •..:.-J.lO.)f"
,f-J> ......;\}
fiiia:kl
/'a:IJgl;:~ut';Jub/
-~t.;_-:,,
j_,..L;,:,IJJ
•.:r-..~S - ·...r; - ..._.,...!__,.Aphobic
lfi'Ia:n6r;:~pi!
~ cU.:..-J,) ..i.....J..j
/'bibli;:~fml/
anglophobe
·..rlT' •..r,;
r.....;y.a; \;
·.r.y.a; •;y
-phyll
.5.r.
-phylaxis
-:..,>ly •..:..k\..i...
r.-~1
xenophobe
!zen;:~' f;:~uh/
claustror,hobia /,kb:str;:~ f;:~uhi;:~/
acrophobia
~
r.-"'~ ·.r'..r""'~ ·..r'..r" ~ .,sw..i
.,sw..i jl ..... j
/,a:kr;:~'t';Jubi;:~/
t.\.i,;)jl_,.;
aquaphobic /,a:kw;:~'t';Juhik/
..,.., jt_,.; J~,
claustror,hobic /,kb:str;:~ t';Jubik/ claustror,hobically kb:str;:~ taubikli/ microphone /'mmkr;:~t';Jun/
I
~
~ .,sw..i jl ~ij!}
..r-~ -~~ . . .
l't';Jun;:~gra:f: (US):
~~\..1}
'foun;:~gra;f/
phosphorus
l'fosf;:~r;:~s/
photograph
l't';Jut;:~gra:f: ( lJS): 'fout;:~gra:f/
photogenic
.}IJ_,; ~..S.ri-J ~_ti-J
/,t';Jut;:~u'd3emk/
chlorophyll/'klor;:~til: (US)
d ... ~
~.L"' b Y.J"
..s.r?;..;. ·..sA
~,.? ~
pire
physiotherapy expire
lik'spai;:~(r)/
placid l'pla:sid/
.;;,.? cr"i; .,:,, .? , j..:..>plac
plaud
~,.? r')
_,..t.,..
.I..L..o J.r"
placebo
/pl;:~'si:b;:~u/
placate /p!;:~'kell: (US) 'pleikeiti applaud /;:~'pb:d/ applause /;:~'pb:z I replete /n'pli:tl
~
pie
.;;, .? J.-15 .;;,.?.r. ~>.?
~:r)-._H
physicist /' fiZISISt/
I fizi;:~u'6cr;:~pi/
plethora
/'plc6;:~r;:~/
complete /k;:~m'pli:t/ supplement
/'s,\phm;:~nt/
_;._,;.
(.5 _r.j,-! ~.r.- ·.r.>J)S
'kb:r-/ prophylaxis !,prof! la:ksis/
physiology l,fizi'o!;:~d3i/
physio
~ ~
physical !'fiZikli
phys
..si)>"'! ~J~
earphones I'I;:~f';Junz: (US) 'Irfounzl phonograph
.r'..r" )~,
.,sw..i jl
~~~:,.)
..r'w, _,s:.:; ·..s.l}Y-:r) ~~ ..r'w-,-,-1 ·....:'JY-:r) ~,JJI f.
r, .~,~,~Jr.'; ..;-:.:. r') ,,~_,;.
..,..::.lS ..SJ)> •J)> J~
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:.r.>-;
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r')
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'-4J...to
-~>j ...AS
.i+':'-'"
·.r. •.r.-
>4j ).14. -..s>4j ,..:.,.
;s
~,.? J-lS
~,.? ~
IVO plen pleo-
plenty I plenty/
0>_} .r, ·.r, .1>-
jl ~ ·~
·•4j
plete
0,.J.r.. ·.r..
plex
.r? J, •..,'l ..,'l
pli plic
J
e::-"'"
.0~ ·0>_} \;
0>.? ;y.
.s.r? ), ,..:j(;,:., ,._,'l
01JI) •.s>ld ol..w •.S>4j ).lA.
l'pli:~nrez~m/
pleonasm
complex I kompleks: (US) kem'pleks/ pliable I plaJ~bl/ pliancy
~pb ~.~.:~ ..St.;
ri.J-! .ci~ I"" J, ··~ ~\;·~~
/'plai~nsi/
.j..l.!.\; •.s.r...i.:\.:..,;1
pliant /'plaiant/
~._...,,) >Ji ~~~
complicate /'komphkeJtl plicate l,plai'keitl
plica-
~~·~ ·.r.-
)~ _,- •• ..cSi •.r. .,.;.!.1,01
replete /n'pli:t/
0>_}
ri.J-! ·0•.? ·~
.:>.:~,;! }.:~~ ~Jb~ ~•.:~;_,.>.\.;
plicature /'phk~tJ~(r)/
..J•JJ:>- :r.;
plication /,plai'keiJnl plod
plur(i)-
J;; J..;:;
.I~Jr
.;-:-.:. ~)~ .!~j •,,)-.:~
explode
lik'spl~ud/
plural I
plu~ral/
pluriaxial
.jj:r.; ;\; •;,r."; 0..1.!. ~ .0..1.0\S;
ploy
ISJJ""' ~
.~>IJ 0i J> \.:- .:;;~ J, JJ-A> J~ ~0> f. )~
.f~ ''-"''l-
,'J- ,._,'l
.r.l.r.
plywood l'plaJwud/
.f-':t .....
~.';t ..... .;:;.;
multiply !'mAltiplai/
0>./ ...... ~
pneumatic /nju: ma:Uk: (US) 'nu:-/
r --~
pneum
._;:....:.
pneumo po
,,L
·~)
S..~.>l.~._,.
.)>\; .~;
pneumonia /nju:'m~unia: (US) nu:-/ poor /p;,:(r); pu~(r): (US) pur/ /p~'da:gr~:
podiatry
s_y
poli
._jl_.,
!o;l.;;l
·r _,; ,0,~> y,....,
polis
-*" r> _,..
•-*"
_....:.
.).).)
~.);.) ~
4 ..s;.:.~ 0>./ ...... ~ .;; • .~ ~
•..~.>;.:r;s;..:r; ~;..,.
polished /'pohJtl
.
..,..,,..~.
o>j__,.siJ ,~ ,JI.r.
(lo.-*" •)>1...:....-1,-) ..r-- .1.:>- •.:-1,-
pol~si/
police /pa'li:s/
(~~ .;:_.,;.,.1
tmpahs/
politics polit
~
impolite I,Impa'lait/
/m~
>4 4
.:..,... •.,)1.;..1;
4 ,J, •..r _,A; IS;~
/pa'daJ~tri/
/~'p;,mt/
metropolis
.:..' ·:?} :?} )~
,, _r.;\5 ,,,li:....,\
deploy ldi'pbi/ ply
.0>.? ~
~~·r::::-:
l,plun'reksi~l/
pluripresence I plun'prezns/ employ lim'pl:H/ ~
·r;
/'pol~tJks/ political /p~'hukl/
Jr-.-> .r.l: ..;4_,..;
-*";;'J,S •#;>\.
(Lo.-*" ')>I ~) .;......l,- (~) •.:-1,....-1:- •.;J..o
IVi politico-scientific /p;~
politico
-)_,..I.,-
politico-military
IJtik;~u ..
..... ~~-- ...... ~.,...
.I
/p;~'IItik;~u .. .I
\....... ..s" uor .......
polyglot I poliglot/
poly
.:r.~-~
)} ,;;,_,> pon pop
polygon
~ .~l.lS'
/'pohg;~n:
postpone
.... ~. J:.>. .J
(US) -gonl
/p;~'sp;~un/
?'-'"'~\;"-!
.J~b
popular
r;J )',.
/'popj;~l;~(r)/
populace
.;;;_,>
0>.r. •b
c..r!- .:;,\,
_,_,;. . ..:.., ;J.i
~ J'
poverty I povati/
}J
impoverish IIm'povanJI
:;, ~ _,A;
power /'paua(r)/
pow
empower IIm'paua(r)/
oJ! l;IJ' •..:... ;.U ~;..li ~~.)b •j~l .~.)b ;~I
"'! jl._j.j_;l.jl~.jlj.,_i
pre-
\.....~
predict /pn'd1ktl
.fj)
prehend
0>? .5;> .;;~
press
)L:...;
preter
j\~
prim
j:l)l
prlmo
.:_..:1)1
depreciate /d!'pri:Jieit/
;;,~I'""'},:;,~ o>\.•1 _,:.j;l_r, .4,-01)'
j>b J _;,;.;
apprehend !,repn'hcndl compress /kam'pres/
~~--·1
:;, ~
preternatural/,pri:ta nretJr;~l/ /'pra~m/
primary /'pra1mari: (US) -meril primordial /pra1 m:l:dial/
prince lprmsl
jl
l"f' ,:;,~ .5;>
:;, ~ .5 ;> .,:?lu> ~I_,:..
.;;, _r.i
pressure l'preJa(r)l
principal /'pnnsapll
prin
.,:;-lS" ... _,:. j;l
:;,~
comprehend l,kompn'hcnd/
prime
~.)b
:;,~ ~.;.,;
prepare /pn'pea(r): (US)-'per/ precious /'preJas/
prec
r.
jl
~jl..,-:,~jl~
compound l'kompaund/
pound
,.)>b;l}
j~lj
postwar l,paust'w:l:(r)/ potent I pautntl
_,~.~;.ti
"-!
~.:;,~~
expose IIk'spauzl
pot
·~>.r
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:;,~ >)J
impose IIm'pauz/
pos
'
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o>WIJ.,O
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L!j
,,,WIJ;~
~.j_,l
.f-jl?
~L;\
j-'!JIS
- -~\;. •"-: t jl.i. .- .J..i>
proper
.~~ '..:-;' -~ 2> y. S!L.
property /'prop;Jti/
,,_~.:..._i.~~- . .~
prospect i'prospckt/
·.l_G\~
prosper /'prosp::l(r)/
pros-
.J}S
ovenproof (\' npru:f! proper /'prop;J(r)/
:..~-~i.Jj•
-~J
j.,.._;l--i_-"1
._r.l;l> .j\..
•-4i j..l.!
? ~~ .;;~ >J .~\..ji ..;._.;.>
probation /pr;J'bciJn! bulletproof /'buhtpru:ll
-proof
.:;>?
·t';.,-
._.-I:..!.~J
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